a THE rr NA TU RAT TS fT - bet ae A 2 MONTHLY JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. EDITED BY WM. DENISON ROEBUECK, F.LS., ae F.R.P ei RECORDER TO AND Ex-PRESIDENT OF THE CoNCHOLOGICAL SocteTy; Hon. peat > OF THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ phe Jomnt-AuTHOR OF A ‘ HANDBOOK TH gg. 4 s E RA DFC bie aida AND “Th aamiaem Society, CLEVELAND NATURALISTS’ ‘T Pies: Marron Naturauists Society, LivErPoo. ATURALISTS’ FIELD CLUB; ETC., ETC. ; WITH THE ASSISTANCE AS REFEREES IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF J GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., GEORGE T. PORRITT,. F.L.S., F.E.S., ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S., W, BARWELL TURNER, F.R.M.S. 1897. we LONDON Lovett Reeve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C. MCCoRQUODALE & Co. LIMITED, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON; AND LEEDS: BASINGHALL af REET. s807. PREFACE, THE Editors have again to thank their supporters and contributors for their active co-operation in promoting the welfare of ‘The Naturalist, and in making it worthy of its position as one of the oldest natural history journals. in the kingdom, dating back, as it does, to the year 1833. They are pleased to note yet again the active assistance of their Lincolnshire friends, and are glad to know that in the future, increased attention is to be paid to other counties—including Derbyshire and Sstiochamchire neither of which counties have of late years bulked so largely in scientific literature, compared with their neighbours, as. could be wished. The Editors would repeat the expression of their desire to receive more papers on geology, and upon biological. and general phenomena of animal and vegetable life, and. they trust that friends who desire to see such papers. inserted, will bear in mind that they will always have a favourable reception, provided they embody the results of original work and practical investigation. + THE NADY RALIST For 1897. THE POSITION OF ANNUAL FLOWERING PLAN ALBERT HENRY PAWSON, F.L.S., Farnley, Leeds; President of the Botanical Section of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. AMONG the many problems which offer themselves to the observer of vegetable life, the question of duration is not the least interesting. Why, when most plants live for several or many years, do a few o them exhaust themselves in two summers, while a large number run their whole course between spring and the succeeding autumn ? One would suppose that there would be no place in the world _ for these monocarps, which perish as soon as they have ripened their ed, and every year must seek a new habitation on this already overcrowded globe. How does it happen, in the fierce competition which rages unceasingly among all forms of vegetation, that those which each year voluntarily abandon their sure footing on the earth are not soon jostled out of existence altogether? What spot is € t on which they can hope that their offspring may establish themselves ? Beati possidentes/ This seems to be the maxim of our native herbs. The grasses teach this lesson, for in our latitude they seem to inhabit the earth. They are ever green and spreading; they contrive to endure the rigour of the winter and do not die down into the ground, like most of their fellows, but grow until the last breath of autumn is past. They take advantage of any warm spell of weather among the frosts to strengthen their position, and they are above ground and ready at the first approach of spring, while most other herbs are still sleeping. But even the perennial plants which disappear under ground during the winter still possess their stations. As soon as the warmth of the season calls them into life again they throw up vigorous growth from their established root-stocks and usually quite overpower any seedlings which may be attempting a settlement. A January 1897. 2 PAWSON : THE POSITION OF ANNUALS. According to the doctrine of the survival of the fittest, the doom of annual plants would seem to be near. Biennial plants evidently do not occupy a much better position, for although they hold their ground for two years they produce seed but once. The other so-called monocarpic plants of tropical countries, not annual or biennial, as the Banana and the American Aloe, seem to me to be misnamed, for although they apparently perish after flowering, they usually give out suckers from the root and so enter upon a new existence on the same spot. If we turn to the species themselves and examine the ordinary conditions of life of the annuals of our own flora, we find that they O not as a matter of fact occupy the same ground as the perennials. They are the outcasts, the plants of waste ground, of dry and barren places, of rocks and sandy shores, of water-margins, of any spot where the rivalry of the true possessors of the soil is less keen. Seeding abundantly and growing rapidly, they are always the first to seize any newly-exposed soil, but they do not long retain their conquest. A heap of road-scrapings by the wayside is occupied at first by a gay crop of poppies and charlock and scentless mayweed, with groundsel, goosefoot, and fumitory, but the docks have got foothold before autumn, and the creeping-thistle, and in two years more they and the grasses share it between them. If a turf is taken from the sward, chickweed and annual speedwells and lady’s mantle may revel on the bare spot for a season, but the grass soon recovers its inheritance. Crumbling banks, where a fresh surface is often exposed, are a great resort of foxgloves; they maintain themselves with difficulty at a hedge bottom. Some annuals get their living as a snatch-crop on wall tops and dry rocks in the spring before the heat of summer begins, as Saxifraga tridactylites, Draba verna, and some short-lived grasses. The seedlings are up and in flower before the snow is well off the ground, and by the time the stones have become too parched to support any but the lowest forms of vegetation, they have sown their seeds and withered away. A large number of our annuals seem to be as dependent on man as the common mouse or the house-sparrow. He is always disturbing the ground and making room for them, and they follow him assiduously. How else could they live? Sir J. D. Hooker observes in the preface to his /Zora, ‘Few who have not gone into the subject have an idea how many plants would disappear from our Flora were the soil left undisturbed by man and the lower animals which he rears.’ What would the charlock do without the corn- fields, or the groundsel outside a garden, or the shepherd’s purse missing the waysides? The aliens and colonists would be forced to Naturalist, * PAWSON : THE POSITION OF ANNUALS. 3 return home; the little speedwells and geraniums would be sent back to the rocks ; the clans Zamium, Galeopsis, and Fumaria would disappear, and the strong tribes Chenopodium, Atriplex, and Poly- gonum would lose half their numbers. Of nettles we have two common species, one perennial and one annual. The perennial plant grows strongly amongst other vegeta- tion wherever it establishes itself, while the annual (Urtica urens) villages. Of dog’s mercury also we have two sorts. The perennial is one of the most aggressive plants in our flora, often in shady positions destroying all other herbage ; the annual, although it grows large and branching, can survive only in cultivated ground. I was led by these reflections to examine the list of our British plants to see more exactly what position the annuals and biennials hold among their fellows. The number of our flowering plants may be taken at 1,800 species, which-is probably as many as would be allowed by most botanists. Some 300 of these are annual, and about 60 biennial: a fifth of the whole, therefore, is monocarpic. Of the 300 annuals, at least 70 are practically confined to cornfields and cultivated ground (this list includes most of the aliens and 4 colonists); 20 are sea-shore plants or inhabiting brackish mud-flats ; and waysides, and on dry sandy ground; nearly 20 more are para- sites, feeding on perennial plants. Of the 50 or 60 species which remain, and which form an inconsiderable part of our flora, some are very uncommon, and there are very few indeed which can be found ordinarily growing in perennial herbage. Among these, Linum catharticum is con- spicuous, and the three annual gentians and the nearly-allied common centaury. These are all found in pastures where the ground is well covered by grasses. Their roots are small, and their position is similar to that of the semi-parasitic Zuphrasia. Can these be also dependent on perennials ? The annual vetches and Corydalis claviculata and Galium aparine do not shun crowded ground ; they choose bushy places and spring up in the dark among briars and brambles ; by means of tendrils or hooks they climb out into the sunshine, and thus flourish where most vegetation would be choked. Biennial herbs link together the annual and the perennial, for some of them, if they are sown early, will often flower and die in the same year; yet others will occasionally, as the foxglove, by means of offsets, prolong their life beyond two years. Again, January 1897. 4 NOTES— BOTANY. there are annual plants which, springing up late in the year, or otherwise hindered from flowering, may, as pee, assume a biennial character. The greater number of biennials also are plants of waste, stony, r very dr coating as Glaucium, Draba, Arabis, Cheiranthus, Brassica oleracea, Reseda, Hyoscyamus, Solanum nigrum, Digitalis, Ahem Fokion, Cynoglossum, and others; but there are many b 1 which seem to be able to hold their own pretty well among the ihe ag Some of the umbellifers do this, as Cherophyllum temulum, Heracleum, and Anthriscus sylvestris. thistles too, and notably the burdock, are not easily crushed out. These, how- ever, cover so much ground with their crown of leaves, that when they die away they leave a bare spot, which their seedlings often seize upon. It is noticeable that many biennials have this habit: it is an advantage which annuals, being usually smaller, do not possess. It seems probable that if our country were to become unin- habited, a great change would soon take place in our flora. The cornfield weeds would at once be extinguished, for the perennial plants would not delay to take possession of these choice lands ; the rs iperes er 2, run aanlee walls and ruins would be left to the rock plants, and some of the wayside annuals might still obtain a share of the roads and stony tracks, but they would no longer flourish in their present profusion. Indeed, there can be no doubt that a large proportion of our monocarpic plants would disappear entirely, while a still greater number would be driven into the inhospitable situations which are their natural home. ay MeN aca Anthemis nobilis L rth Lancashire.—Mr. William Duckworth writes to me that in July spa or 5% he found paved nobilis on the r oadside r Kirkhead, a hea near Kent’s Bank. m corneum, Pisidium pusille. Stuviatilis, the water shells in the Tarn, and four spec additions to the published list]. Nat., June 1891, pp. 175-176. | OES OR OE ETS — a BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1890 AND 1891. 31 F, W. Fierk York S.E. Exhibits [to nch. Soc. ; Limnza peregra from Riplingham (details given), Vertigo na atolls and V. pygmea from Speeton ; last also from Drewton Vale ; named varieties of Helix hortensis from Cottingham and of H. sebariis hon Burstwick near Hull]. J. of Conch., Oct. 1891, p. 398. F. W. FRIEKE [sic]. York S.E. [East pi Shells ; brag edentula and V. pygmza from Speeton Cliffs ; last-named also from Drenton {sic] Valé; Lz, — ca peregra swarming in maak pond atoll devoid of vegetation, on the Wolds at Phere era ; Helix hortensis var. anea from Cottingham, an moratis hyalozonata Viseslehiale yee Burstw - near ull}. Conch, Sari, Oct. 7th 1891 ; The Conch., Dec. 24th, 1891, ‘ HILDERIC FRIEND. Cumberland, order Sketches. . . Note aR the Conchology of Cumberland, I. Marine Shells {begins wih mention of Helix nemoralis and Z. oo ‘as occurring on the Solway shores]. Young Nat., Ap. 1890, pp. 61-6 HILDERIC FRIE Cumberland, Westmorland. [Exhibition Pe " Bultin smc — as new to Cumberland, and of He ertcetorune “ metnor Hf. virgata vars. albescens and rae from a rae: Linas agrestis, L. arborum, Ari . horten. Bulimus obscu : Vitrina, Zua, H. aculeata, A. gn stg Canwaisune, Vertigo stentala; Zoniles : sel eg 2, cellarius, Z. allia H. hispida, H. seriwea, H. cantiana, — . aspersa, H. hortensis, a nemora alis, Z. nitidulus, Z. erystallinus, os —— Arion minimus, A. bourguignati, and Limax maximus]. Nat., » P- 302 R. - ee York Mid W. and S.W. Arion minimus (Simroth) a British Slug [found in Lister Park, Bradford, and in Bolton Woods, near Ilkley]. J. of Conch., Oct. 1890, pp. 267-269. J. C. Smiru. Cumberland, Westmorland. Donations to Collections [of Conch. Soc. “ Cheeni. en 9, from Edenhall, CEES rland; Unio marga ioe river land ; Azodonta cygnen from Great Salkeld, connate a aE ‘Conch., Oct. 1891, gi 390-1; The Conchologist, June. 24th, 1891, p H. T. Sorritr. ue S.W. Exhibits [to Conch. Soc., Dec 1890: Testacella Bicone from Ferniehurst, Shipley ; details eich on of Conch., ae 1891, p. 310. R. ae Lanc. S. and i Cheshire. e Occurrence of Acme lineata Drap., in Lancashire and Cheshire “nae? of its habitats at Rashi ap Wood with Corychinm, etC., Clifton, va Manchester with Zovztes excavatus, at Marple an t Fleet- 3 ; tele Pisidium pani Verti o pygme@ x pulchella at hase (record unsatisfa story) a and at Blacon Point, Cheshire (aio) J. of Con Jan. 1890, pp. 161- R.STANDEN. Lance. S- Sinistral Helix nemoralis in Lancashire [found near Buses by F. C. Long: var. "Yibellula 12345]. J. of Conch., Jan. 1890, p ie R. STANDEN. c. S. Helix aspersa monst. sinistrorsum aden - Lancashire [at wiles 3 details given]. J. of Conch., Jan. 1890 4 RoBert STANDEN Chesh., Soins : York Mid W. and S.E. — ad crac of vg yeaa fontinale and P. roseum from Bir 4 cinereum from sh ping Ing iin corneum var. com, Tosiata from Gass — Canal, Hollinwood, large — from Askham Boe, very oblong and a flattish’ S. ovale from cial nwood, and Helix ae from Pocklington ; Conch. Soc ah hg Sent J. of Conch., Oct. 72-4 R. STANDEN. Derbyshire, Chesh., Fa W. and S., York Mi Mid W: q Report of the Manchester Branch [of Conch. Soc. ; Helix 4 at Darley Dale, Culaetanns at Jah oe Vertigg substriata at Helks a Wool 4 Ingle'on, I. pygmea at Clitheroe, Zestacelia scutulum at Sale. isidium roseum “and P. nitidum at yaa d and Live l, Spheriunz JacustreN~ Eh near Liverpool, Limnea auricularia an ao v. albida at Levenshulme — _— ogee. and Fai — at Leasowe, Cheshire, and Rossall, > P. 314. cs. ]. J. of Conch., Jan. 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY : MOLLUSCA, 1890 AND 18o91. 39 R. STAND Lanc. W. & S. Testacella scutulum and its occurrence at Foston (? Forton), Lancs taken by W. H. Heathcote; reference also made to former records of 7 estacella at rma As all many years ago, and at Red Scar near Preston, vee Conch. Soc., June 11th, 1 Bt The Conch., Sep. 29th, 1891, p [R.] STANDEN. Edis: ie ail Excursion to Lostock tra iad 2oth, 1891; noting capture of Spherium lacustre, Limnea auricularia, Planorbis nitidus, dae rile Z. fulvus, Succinea seein and albino “e/zx perio. Manch. h. Soc., July 6th, 1891 ; The Conch., Sep. 29th, 1 [RopertT] STANDEN. Seah! Report of Manchester Conch. Soc. Excursions, to the rest Canal, Jy 18th, ety i Lathkill Dale in August ; noting Spherium rivicola, S. ovale, Zonites wecrmetd and Z. e secon in or beside the canal, ae elix cen wend gab m Hester HT. lapict Hi. ericetorum, vrupestris, H. aculeata, cc tioeaiiiie. Clauiilia reese and Vertigo eae a Latbhiil Daley, “The Conch., Dec. 24th, 1891, p. 56. R. A. SUMMERFIELD, York Mid W. Donations to Collections [of Conch. Soc. : Limn Planorbis za stagnalis, carinatus, and Bythinia ie found in er as out an old pond at North Stainley near Ripon]. J. of Conch., Oct. 1891, p. 394. T. TA nor [teste index]. Isle of Man. On the Mollusca of the Isle of Man [based on the writings of Edward Forbes, whose records are repeated in parallel columns, one devoted to those from the ‘ Malac. Monensis’ (1838) and the other to ‘ eS y armies seca Trans. I. of Man N.H.S., vol. i., 1879-84, publ. 1888, pp. 28- = J. W. T bine e [Exhibition of Planorbis lineatus from gees Fierke ; Conch. Soc., 7th May, on Ji pecs Pathe wee ey Ped +3! JoHN oA <7 York S.W., Furness, Westmind., Durham, Lanc. S. The V; setae of Limne gta (Miill.) [discussed at length, the type defined and the principal varieties described; specimens mes es in the counties specified being heel’ 0 or referred to]. J. of Conch., Oct. an pa er tig pp. 284- Ww. Derbyshire, York N.E. patos of Limn catula from Winster, Derbyshire, and Spheriuon ovale from “Blue o Bettige: York]. Conch. Soc.; The Conch., ne, 1891, p. 28. J. W. _Tavton York Mid W., Lanc. S. H near Yi arbustorum Boubeé [at Bishopthorpe near ork (J. = Morland), Ball Busk yi {f, Madison, and Clitheroe (R. Wigglesworth)]. J. of Conch., July 1891, p. 3 JOHN W. Tay.or. York S.W., Lanc. W. Exhibits [to Conch. Soc., March 4th, 1891; Limnza auricalavia var reflexa from the Huddersfe Id Canal, = var. "acutalis from Newsham near Preston]. J. of Conch., Oct. 1891, p. 388 J. W. Taytor. Lance. S. ayreay to Collections [of Conch. Soc. ; large Limnza auricularia Shey calves at Levenshulme near Manchester, coll. 20. vi. *90, R. Standen]. J. of Conch., Oct. 1891, p. 389. February 1897. 40 _ BIBLIOGRAPHY: MOLLUSCA, 1890 AND 18o1. Joun W. Taytor. Derbyshire, York Mid W. and N.E, Exhibits BJ Conch. Soc. : Sphzrium ovale from Blue Bridge, York (W. C. Hey); Helix arbustorum v. luteofasciata D. &M., from Matlock (H. E, Craven), and v. canigonensis srtreh pein orn aig ie near ‘oa W. i. a wiles Oct. 1891, 4 J. W. Tay or. Derbyshire. q Helix lapicida v. subangulata Pascal [found in Dovedale shes 7; Musson; : now in writer’s collection]. J. of Conch., Oct. 1891, p. FRANK TURTON. k S.W. aig gs [to Conch. Sepa : bisa a3 Limnza peregra from cance J. of Conch., Oct. 1891, Epcar R. Waite. York Mid W. — ae [to Conch. Soc. : iene oe from Headingley, with notes]. J. of Conch., Oct. 1891, a Epcar R. WaAITE York Mid W. [Testacella scutulum f ound at ae Serene? and Boston cha Testacelle also ce to]. Conch. Soc., . 7th, 1891 ; The Conch., Dec. 24th, 1891 55. W. WEsT. York N.E. [Exhibition of Balea and Bulimus obscurus from between Seamer and pyc renee ah Conch. Soc., 8th Oct., 1890]. J. of Conch., Oct. 1890, p. 275: R. WIGGLESWORTH. Lance. S. Banded Cochlicopa Lubrica [found at Clayton-le-Moors, Oct. 3rd: of the ovate form of the species ; description given, but no name]. Sci. Gora Nov. 1890, p. 263. R. WIGGLESWorRTH. Lance. s. elix Hort var. Trochoidea (Clessin) [in correction locality ; ae Lanc., not Clayton-le-Moors, as tad by Wins) Sci. Goss., Nov. 1890, p. 263. R. eidaibvestveibet Lanc. S. and W. Exhibits the Conch. Soc.: Helix rum from Simonstone and Clitheroe ; A. hortensis ioe eto rig of se Oct. 1891, p. 397: R. ak ese Lanc. S. [Varieties of Helix arbust and H. hortensis from eric Conch. Soc., 2nd Sep., 1891; Th The Conch., Dec. 24th, 1891, J. W. WittiaMs. ic H elix hortensis, var. trochoidea (Cless.) in Worcestershire [and also at Clayton-le- ~ seat oT thar lag ; locality afterwards corrected Simonstone, by R. W.]. Sci. Goss., 232 J. W. WiLutaMs. Lane. Ss. ew Shells from Southport [giving localities for Amalia os Zone prceanl 9 = excavatus, Helix aspersa, H. virgata, igo pyome Pupa rot hag = by G. W. re Cackovtne ath ace 1891, pp F. W. Wortron. th Yorkshire. of Achatina Acicula in the Cardiff District in tw New Localities fe fchaetadty ng a a pein as to their Lae taken from Saxon co they were first noticed British list by Mr. nities Day Tks Cacwilt Nai. See oe 1889, vol. 2% 43. 41 ‘THE CHEMISTRY OF SOME COMMON PLANTS. P. Q. KEEGAN, LL.D., Patterdale, Uliswater. Wuat is the reason why so very few members of the grand army of plant grubbers (collectors) ever take note of the fact that the true scientific study of plants consists not in naming them (which is mere literature), but in analysing them? Possibly the reason of this neglect in most cases is that persons who take an interest in botany in an intensely literary country like our own, strongly object to what Wordsworth would call ‘murdering to dissect.’ If they do not hesitate to press the very life out of a collected plant in order to preserve it for the herbarium, they at all events are exceedingly averse to ‘misshape the beauteous forms of things,’ in order to satisfy the cravings of ‘our meddling intellect.’ No doubt it is true that for anatomical analysis the parts of plants are killed, dissected, prepared, -etc., for the microscope, yet at the same time this mere ‘ dry bones’ dissection may convey a very inadequate conception of the life of the plant itself. Anatomy is a grand step towards physiology, but a more effective and bounding step is taken when the chemistry of the plant is studied, for then inasmuch as the very elements or principles which are the most direct and immediate products of the -enginery of the vital process itself are clearly detected and distinctly separated, we can thereby attain to a fuller, juster, and more adequate idea of vegetable life than by any other means whatsoever. It may be held, moreover, that in this way we really ‘ dissect to live,’ so to speak, and not ‘ murder to dissect.’ In directing attention in this paper to some of the chief chemical constituents of a few of the commoner species of plants (all obtained in the Lake District), it is hoped that a keener interest in a subject, which is at once exceedingly interesting and eminently scientific, may be excited in the minds of amateur botanists, and of all who are iat ane in shen inter We will commence with the ‘bold, joyous, -and lav rcup (Ranunculus bulbosus). ‘The brilliant golden shimmer ‘of the corolla is due to a pigment called carotin (on account of its presence in carrot root), which is amassed in discoidal bodies especially towards the base of the petal; in other parts, especially _ When the flower is fully expanded, it seems diffused in oily droplets or amorphous granules ; but in either case, the starch which exists in minute grains in the subjacent tissue, acts as a sort of reflector contributing greatly to enhance the effect of the pigment. The February 18 1897. 42 KEEGAN : THE CHEMISTRY OF SOME COMMON PLANTS. flower heads contain a considerable quantity. of sugar, starch, oxalat of calcium, and soluble phosphates-—in these respects approximating it and adding a little alcohol a dense curdy precipitate is immediately produced of myrosin, a nitrogenous ferment resembling vegetable albumen ; its solution froths when agitated, and when heated wit HCl a peculiar violet colour is observed. It is this body, at one time | Bird’s-foot Trefoil (Zosus corniculatus). Who has not observed the brilliant orange and crimson tints of this gay and charming — species embroidering the banks and meadows ? Very few indeed a h latter predominates, the colour of the petals, or parts of them, is deep red ike all, or most, Leguminosz this plant is specially rich ™ proteid bodies, containing 13-57 per cent. in the dry substance, KEEGAN : THE CHEMISTRY OF SOME COMMON PLANTS. 43: which 1o‘g1 are pure protein and 2°66 amides, or about 4 per cent. nitrogenous bodies in the fresh plant. There is also fat, resin, sugar,. and pectin, but no tannin. The rdle played by the latter body in. most plants is here taken by an ingredient which seems identical with luteolin. It yields all the reactions of quercetin, which it closely resembles, except that its alcoholic solution is coloured olive-brown or red-brown by perchloride of iron, and not deep green as in the latter case. Yellow Bedstraw (Gadlium verum). This extremely cheerful and pretty denizen of the driest wastes and sand-banks is exceed- ingly interesting from a chemical point of view. Its aspect is. palpably yellow, and the tiny flowers are tinctured by carotin, and have in addition much yellow resinous matter, an iron-greening tannin C™H8O8, rubichloric acid C“H®*O*, citric and quinic — starch, much oxalate of calcium, but very little asc a curious purplish substance (possibly purpurin) insoluble in cold alcohol or benzene after purification; there is also a eles of ferment (vegetable rennet) in the flowers which has the power of coagulating boiling milk. The stem and root have pretty much the same composition, the most remarkable feature of which is the intense colouring-producing power of some of its constituents. Rubichloric acid, for instance, which forms a colourless solution in water, when boiled with a few drops HCl suddenly produces a deep- blue, then green colour, and deposits a dense, dark-green precipitate which is soluble in ammonia, and fused with potash does not yield. any benzene derivative. Daisy (Bellis perennis). This ‘the emprise and flowre of flowres all’ is rather bereft of important or interesting chemical constituents. The florets of the disc are tinged by carotin enclosed in chromo- leucites of a granular structure; the florets of the ray when they are crimson-tipped or all deep pink: owe this soluble pigment to a tannin anhydrid e other constituents of the plant are resin, inulin, an. iron-greening tannin in small quantity, malic and tartaric acids, etc. The presence of inulin in the capitula serves to explain the rapidity with which daisies spring up on a just close-shaven lawn. Dandelion (Zaraxacum dens-leonis). The familiar milky juice- issuing from the plucked stalk of this plant is an earnest that it point of fact, it does. The flowers are coloured by carotin contained. in homogeneous hickiebiibeccttbets which are derived from chloro- leucites. The milk saps of plants in general always contain resin, caoutchouc, essential oil, albumen, a sugar, fat, tartaric acid, a colouring matter, and mineral salts. The peculiar bitter principle of February 1897. 44 KEEGAN : THE CHEMISTRY OF SOME COMMON PLANTS. the Dandelion, to which its diuretic, tonic, and stomachic effects due, is called taraxacin, and is crystalline, neutral, and non-volatil it is soluble in hot water, and sulphuric acid dissolves it with a pi coloration. The root contains inulin, especially in the autum by yielding protocatechuic acid only when fused with caustic alka he red pigment of the stem and leaf stalk is identical with antho- cyan (isomorin), and all the tannin in this part of the plant see used up in its production. y Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia). Save for the stainless azure blue of the corolla, nobody would imagine that a meddling chemist could make anything out of this lean and wiry herb. Its analysis, however, proves rather a surprise ; for it contains a very considerable quantity of resin, wax, and fat. There is also a tanniD similar to that which prevails in the allied order Composite ; al a bitter or acrid principle which is not a phloroglucide, and yiel fine reactions with strong mineral acids. Mucilage and sugar ay ‘etc., in not yielding coloured anhydrides, and also indicate a nice balancing of the acids and bases present in the sap of the petal cells. strongly coloured pigments as phlobaphenes and humus matter with much mucilage abound in the tissues. In early summer quinic acié and quercetin are present in notable quantity, while later on an easily oxidisable tannin predominates which is very similar to that of t horse-chestnut bark, yielding anhydrides, phlobaphenes, and colo matters readily. This tannin, when fused with potash, yi protocatechuic acid and phloroglucin, whereas the latter body is ® ‘obtained from the tannins of the higher plants we have hithe Na KEEGAN : THE CHEMISTRY OF SOME COMMON PLANTS. 45 treated. The berries contain about 6 per cent. fruit-sugar, and 1°3 per cent. citric and malic acids in nearly equal quantities ; their colouring matter is turned blue by oxide of lead, and not green as in most other cases, a fact which points to the complete conversion of tannin into pigment, Primrose (Primu/a veris). ‘Two colouring matters are engaged in the decoration of the very conspicuous though not particularly vivid corolla of this species. At the base, where the tint is more deeply orange, a number of chromoleucites tinctured by carotin are assembled, while the rest of the petals are filled by a pale yellow soluble pigment. Although the tints are comparatively feeble, nevertheless a chemical investigation clearly reveals the fact that the plant is capable of exhibiting an infinitely richer wealth of coloration than what it actually does show in our climate at all events. I seems almost impossible to exhaust the flower heads of substances which yield vivid and powerful orange and yellow dyes. The odour of the flowers is due to a butyraceous volatile oil; they also contain a neutral wax or fat, resin, and a body which gives all the reactions of luteolin or quercetin, and is the source of their soluble colouring matter. ef curarine ; it is white, crystalline, froths when its aqueous solution is shaken, and dissolves in sulphuric acid with the gradual production ‘of a reddish-violet coloration ; its chemical relationship has not been determined, but it is probably a constructive element aiding nutrition. Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata). Although this extremely beautiful plant grows root and stem right in the pools and shallow waters, it must not be considered that its chemical constituents are considerably dissolved away by the aqueous element. Far from it ; in fact, even the infusion of the plant sweetened with sugar gelavinmes in a few days, owing to the presence of a pectin compound or a kind of starch called inulin. Stems and leaves have much wax, also a tannin which is iron-greening, and when oxidised yields protocatechuic acid, but no phloroglucin. The most palpable ingredient of the plant is a bitter principle menyanthin C*H®O%, which is only slightly soluble in cold water, is yellow and amorphous, and when warmed with a dilute. acid yields sugar and a volatile decomposition product of a penetrating odour like oil of bitter almonds. There is much resin, and a pentosan, oxalate of calcium, and probably also mannite or gentianose. ettle ( Urtica urens). It may be wondered how many people who have experienced the ‘tropical ferocity’ of this plant inquire or care about finding out the particular principle to which they owe their tem their temporary irritation. Even the most vandalistic plant-grubber February 1897. 46 KEEGAN : THE CHEMISTRY OF SOME COMMON PLANTS. might surely devote a few minutes’ cogitation to the matter. Ther@ very atmosphere in which the plant breathes, especially if the sun be ; high and strong, seems redolent of ammoniacal odours ; and this fact affords a tolerably safe presumption that it is rich in nitrogenous matters. In May, the fresh leaves contain about 54 per cent. protein, which is a very large proportion. When the herb is distilled with — water, carbonate of ammonia and formic acid are obtained—bodies — ‘which indicate the presence of nitrogenous and resinous matters, anda were at one time fastened on as imparting acridity to the sting-fluid; but a more searching investigation has shown that they have got little to do with it, and that this inflammatory property is not due to an — -alkaloid nor to any volatile body, but to an unorganised ferment derived from the albumen of the very large gland which occupies _ the greater portion of the stinging hair. ‘The extreme depth of its verdure is owing to the large amount of carotin which the plant © Se larger than any other common plant. According to , at the fl g peri d the dry leaves contain 171°7 mgrms. — per loo piel or over a ya/gp part of their weight, and it darkens — the natural tint of the shicrcabyll In fact the benzene extract of the leaves gives the deep blue reaction of carotin with sulphuric acid -at once ; no other leaf known to me does this. ‘There is no alkaloid — in the leaves, but they contain a curious glucoside which, boiled with acids, yields a dark brown, almost black, tarry substance which is soluble in alkalies, and is not a derivative of benzene. There is very little tannin in the plant ; what there is seems to be viridinic acid, aS the yellow decoction left to dry in the air yields a fine emerald green residue which is turned red by sulphuric acid. About } per ‘cent. : fat, 7 or more per cent. resin, and much mucilage with stale: nitrate, — and oxalate of calcium, complete the list of constituents of a higl ve remarkable herb. Ribwort (Plantago lanceolata). ‘This plant contains protein — {about 2°65 per cent. in May), sugar, resin, very little fat, much carotin, viridinic acid, and a bitter principle which boiled with aci the liquid on filtering and cooling deposits an azure blue substance which is not indigo. rass. For the account of a mere rough qualitative analy: it would be invidious to mention any particular species of the one third is about the middle of May composed of amides amido-acids; and it is these bodies which are supposed to Nat NOTES AND NEWS. 47 transformed in the body of the cow or horse which is put to grass into the hippuric acid which is so abundant a constituent of the urine of these animals. Again, grass contains a large quantity of fat, which is really vegetable wax mixed with a solid hydro-carbon, various higher alcohols and phytosterin being present therein as bases, instead of glycerine, as in true fats. There is also a con- siderable amount of gum, pentosans, mucilage, etc., which contain galactose in such quantities as to enter (as lactose or milk-sugar) the milk secreted by the mammary glands of herbivora. There is little or no tannin in pasture-grasses ; but there exists a small quantity of a yellow glucoside—either rutin or an ally—the same body to which the yellow aide of straw is due. ‘The ‘heaven-sent balm’ of new- mown hay m t be unpoetically referred to as a substance called ‘coumarin, Guia is related to the cinnamic acid present in man balsams, and when fused with potash yields salicylic acid. The chlorophyll of grass seems to be associated with the wax (and not with resin, as in nettle, etc.) which it very solidly tints in its entire mass, and doubtless some of the peculiar characteristics of the emerald green of field and sward may be attributed to this circumstance. NOTES AND NEWS. We most heartily | rs ae hy publishers and the new editor (Mr. fy nt) of ‘The Zool on their — adherence to its old traditions, cand also that the changes introduced are decided improvements. ign on the wra onthe air td among ritish soeniliale the exclusion of re of societies’ m and the decid Sed pibli iographical convenience of giving the correct number (667) of the January part, thus showing the continuity of the magazine m 1843. OE. An object of considerable interest and value has recently been presented to t Bradford Corporation, in the form of a segment of a section of Seguoia pata andin i ra John Clayton, a well-known Be — bota: nist, to whom great credit is due in been carefully studied by Mr. Clayton, and he affirms, without fear of contradiction, —S only one properly defined ring is produced in one year, thus the 1,335 rings ‘Mark Twain’ prove that the first ring was formed so many years before the wee cut shete instructive on the exhibit by Mr. Clayton, which efere below, renders the exhibi' may be consul nce Library, im y t race 8 interesting. It Aevid also be observed that a similar segment from the same tree is on in the Museum of Owens College, Manchester. February 1897. 48 NOTE—BOTANY. : 4 BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. British Butterflies | being | a Popular Hand-Book for Young | Students and Collectors | By | J. W. Turt, F.E.S., | [eight lines of titles] | London : | George Gill & Sons, | Minerva House, Warwick Lane, E.C. | 1896. [Crown 8vo, 476 pages and 9 plates, price SST: THE author of the book now before us has for his design to produce an ‘up-to-date book on British Butterflies in which the recent and’ generally-accepted schemes of classification are [to be] embodied. and logically set forth,’ and to prevent the young entomologist from having to unlearn what information he may have gleaned in his reading. With these objects our author enters very fully and clearly into’ the various subjects which have of late years occupied the attention of lepidopterists, and it is a striking exemplification of the change — hich ; which has come over our lepidopterists to find a text-book of butterflies which gives synonymy and well-thought-out chapters on Variation and Hybernation, and which emphasises the absolute necessity of labelling all insects with dates, localities, and other particulars. he author also expresses sound views on the necessity of. expressing the relationship of species by the correct use of generic names, and does not shrink from bringing the nomenclature of our insular insects into line with that used for the group at large in accordance with their natural affinities. Chapters on the practical work of collecting and preparation are given, and each species is treated of comprehensively if somewhat briefly, no aspect of the subject being overlooked. As to the get-up of the book it is nicely bound in an ornamental cloth case, with all edges gilt, and the type is clear and readable. We would however suggest to the publishers the vast improve- NOTE—BOTANY. An East Riding Sedge: a Correction.—I wish to correct a mistake in the: name of a Carex which occurs in the 99th circular of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, published in 20 of its ‘Transactions.’ When I went over the ground i i 49 ARTISTIC AND SCIENTIFIC TAXIDERMY AND MODELLING. Artistic and Scientific | Taxidermy and Modelling | A manual of instruction in the methods of pre- | serving and reproducing the correct | form of all natural objects | including a seg on | the modelling of | foliage | By | Montagu Browne, F.G.S., F.Z.S., etc. | Curator of the Leicester Corporation Museum and Art Gallery; | Author - ‘ Practical Taxidermy,’ ‘The Vertebrate Animals of Leicestershire and Rutland,’ etc. | with 22 full-page illustrations and 11 illustrations in text | London | Adam and Charles Black | 1896 [Small 4to, pp. xii+ 463+ 22 plates; price 2Is. WE must heartily prangalies the author of this book, Mr. Montague Browne, Curator of the Leicester Museum, on the accomplishment of a piece of work ‘which does credit to him and to all who have been concerned in its production. At a first glance this work, with its intended for a table-book, so embellished is the cover with gilt, but a look inside reveals a text-book on the art of preserving and displaying animals and plants. It is in no sense a second edition of the same au os sa ‘ beet Taxidermy,’ though it covers and extinguishes that e haat ook the volume is somewhat spoiled by putting the chapter on the preserving media at the front instead of at the end of the book, where their various compositions could be better referred to and at less risk of soiling the general reading matter. The disturbance of a fixed habit is never pleasing. These preserving media are so fully described that seventy pages are devoted to them, and though it may be somewhat difficult to see the relationship at times between ‘ Artistic and Scientific Taxidermy’ and the preserving of Radiolaria in a 50 to 70 per cent. solution of alcohol, or Starfishes in a 20 to 30 per cent. solution of the same fluid, or the reason why many of the recipes are there at all, yet personally we thank the author for the care he has taken in collating them. The preserving substances which the author claims to have discovered are marked M.B., and one is struck to find many of these are very familiar. One is an alcoholic solution of bichloride of mercury, with which we perhaps it does not matter materially, to being told that their methods since they agree with those of a certain writer, who has them in his book, are his not theirs. February 1297. > . 590 NOTES AND NEWS. Our experience with acetic acid as a preserving or preparatory — fluid is rather more favourable than that of the author’s, and it has helped us in some cases when preserving insect larve. The book, except perhaps in the really excellent technical descriptions of how skins are made, or skeletons set up, or flowers | modelled, is not intended merely to be read, but to be used for reference, hence it bristles with particulars of the compositions and applications of the necessary materials for the subjects it discusses. It was with great pleasure we came across the strong con-— demnation of the use of arsenic as a preservative agent, and the substitution of others of a non-poisonous character. ur own — experience is that arsenic is too dangerous to the user, and useless as a preservative of skins. ‘For the preservation of mammals — arsenical paste is quite useless, causing the hair to ‘sweat’ from — the skin and not allowing the operator to stretch it without injury when modelling ; added to which it is quite impossible to relax such a skin by soaking in water. . . . Arsenic is only a drier of skins.’ The work is illustrated by plates prepared from photographs, and these are excellent and fairly numerous (22 in number), and many — of them are full of examples of the methods of modelling, especially in paper, of which the author is an adept. The book, as a Curator’s guide to that part of natural history to which the author has given so much attention, we sincerely welcome. - Would that all local museums could be so subsidised by Corporate grants like to his own, that they might purchase specimens and pay men, as at Leicester, to display the beasts and birds in a natural — fashion ; without that aid this book could not have been written. — But the ‘book i is also a successful attempt to teach a better system of © preservation and display of natural history objects to taxidermists, by whom it must, when it is known, be appreciated.—H. CROWTHER. ay os TS ai ealeepmalaante agape aay yn eere SA eral Soe ae: os eam ppeaaptemmeme ES =| pon malian este =, SES =P NOTES AND NEWS. Ata Faas of the Hull poeatinc and Field Naturalists’ Club, held on January 6th, 1897, Mr. T. Sheppard handed round some huge bones which had recently ri dug up in the vicinity of Goole, and sent over by Mr. Thos. Bunker of that place. comparing these with the large whale’s skeleton in the Hull Museum, they proved to be part of the bones belonging to the y whale—no doubt a relic ee the old whaling days. They have several grooves an impressions on them, which have evidently been made by a plough-share passing fe ighbourhood of the Humber, gate-posts, or as orname d ones are to be seen in So otis. at fot of the villages pony pre situated a good dias rae the THE STUDY OF WILD FLOWERS. How to Rages! | tester! bags) x | by the | Rev. GrorGe HENsLow, M.A., F.L.S., etc. | For the Use of Schools and Rigs Students. | With 57 ea ae Rit, 5. 1 1896 [Cr. 8vo. cl. pp. 2 3 To appreciate this littlke work adequately to its merits would be to eulogise it in one of equal length. Not to newly exemplify ‘the olly of Praise,’ we can only (but with good conscience) advise all interested in learning or teaching Botany to buy and use this. To the didletante botaniste of the ladies’ school it should prove a godsend, with its attractive insistence upon accuracy in observation, from the simplest thing upwards. The author—an old teacher known to fame for the infectious nature of his con amore methods—very justly points out at start, that the great use of botany in schools is ‘the t ae the young mind in systematic observation and accurate habits’ ; his i. ondered ; met Plus manner, and the Parnassus elsewise unattainable is reached. The fire may be ever so well ‘ laid,’ but without the match it cannot title sufficiently indicates the aim and scope of the book. ce) ewo m are taken one by one, through all the orders ; and the remarks upon each are marvels of judicious compression, the aids to examination and dissection of the floral envelopes concise and accurate. One omission only strikes us: under Primulacez, there is no mention of the unique seven-stamened Wintergreen ( 77/entfa/is), nor is the normal five-part Lysimachia (common enough either as ZL. xummudaria or L. nemorum) of which it may be a specialised development, alluded to, and the striking and frequent Flowering Rush (Bzfomus) with its nine stamens, gets no special mention under Alismacez. The difficult thing for a critic in the case of this work is to ferret a century of practical study. The critic, in self-defence, would like to take one short paragraph as an instructive example. Not to pick, he opens at page 172, and there we find ‘1. Men'tha sylves’tris, Horse-mint. The genus Mentha has 7 species, and a large number of sub- species, according to Hooker’s arrangement. They are Strongly-scented ; more than one has the odour of hg phony, as the common sige AL, aquatica, and the true e peppermint, JZ. officinalis. The horse-mint is Tare in England, being the commonest in the East, as Palestine, where it is a 1897. 52 NOTES AND NEWS. cultivated. | It is the species alluded to in Scripture (Matt. xxiii. 23). Av M. viridis, is cultivated in gardens. The peppermint is also a doubtful ng M. aquatica is softly hairy, with ovate leaves, the glomerules large, pale la in colour, the pedicels and flowers very hairy. It isa common plant by waters and very strongly scented.’ It would be hard indeed, to add anything to this, for what is directly stated must inevitably (and safely) be inferred from t ample reserve in the words used. Certainly nothing reser be out vba distinct loss. e of the woodcuts is not quite satisfactory,—the 55th figut of ‘nisin Plantago, has the petals relatively too large and crimp at the border. On pageg7 Vicia Cracca is said to have ‘bright b “ flowers : we should say they are of a vivid violet, rather. On 210, writing of the two smaller Duckweeds, the seater mig facies not being indicated. Z. minor is always green, inclining yellowish, whilst Z. gidda can be told at once, yards off the dike scums, by its peculiar coppery red hue, and a lumpy appearance d to the obese light-floating fronds jostling one another more or le out of the water. The remarks upon, and the philosophy of the remarkable po of self-adaptation to circumstances of the Batrachian group Ranunculus, are very well put; the difference of structure in air-grown or under-water capillary leaves, and the fact that neith kind of dissected leaf can live in the wrong medium, being fu explained. The axillary corms in the Pilewort are sufficiently de with. The work, indeed, is that rare thing—a true mu/tum in parte the disciple of Flora.—F. A. Legs NOTES AND NEWS. We have had the pleasure of receiving a collection of Fossils from the Eocene of Barton, etc., sent us by R. Charles, Highcliffe, Christchurch, F o ire as i discovery of n 3 on will he practically encouraged in his abanaee 53 BIRD-NOTES FROM THE MID-TRENT VALLEY. F. B. WHITLOCK, Nottingham. My last instalment of notes from the Mid-Trent Valley covered a period extending nearly to the end of 1894 (vide Naturalist, 1895, pp. 63-68), and closing just previous to the setting in of the severe weather which characterised the advent of 1895. The frost commenced in earnest on 29th Dec. and _ lasted practically until the 2oth of the following February. It was varied, however, by occasional thaws, and from 2oth to 26th January we had a heavy flood out. The severest cold occurred about roth February, when the Trent was full of drift ice and its margins were frozen on either side to a width of eight or nine yards. ‘The thick- ness of the ice in the latter instance being sufficient to bear skaters. In several places where the floes had jammed a solid surface seven or eight inches in thickness was formed, strong enough to bear ony and cart. Exceptional weather of this kind naturally had considerable effect on local bird life, the Duck family being chiefly concerned. Prior to December 1894, we had the average number of Mallards (Anas boschas) and a few Teal (Anas crecea), but later on, during the extreme cold, the Trent was visited by Tufted Ducks (/udigula cristata), Scaups ( Fuligula marila), Wigeon (Anas penelope), Golden- eyes (Clangula glaucion), Goosanders (Mergus merganser), and Pochards (Felicwis ferina). These species occurred in varying numbers ; the Tufted Ducks perhaps being the most common, and the Giiendess only turning up singly. On February 21st I saw three exceptionally handsome Pochards, their grey backs looking almost white in the bright sunlight, and though they were fully one hundred yards away the chestnut of the head and neck was plainly visible. On December rst I counted 61 ducks of various species on the wing at the same moment. Coot. Fulica atra. As is customary during frosts this species appeared on the Trent, but none remained to breed the following spring Little Grebe. Podicipes fluviatilis. This species was also very much in evidence during the hard weather, though it breeds very sparingly in the county. I stalked an individual when the Trent was very low and clear. When it dived it appeared to me that the halbones wings had the tips directed February 1897. . 54 Woodcock. Scolopax rusticola. As a result of the se Chiffchaff. Phylloscopus collybita. I found a nest _ find the exact spot. However, some weeks later the nest” WHITLOCK: BIRD-NOTES FROM THE MID-TRENT VALLEY. upwards and at an angle to the plane of the body. I position seemed to act as an aid in keeping the bird below surface. At the place of observation the river-bed deepe very gradually towards the centre. weather, Woodcocks were common in Nottingham Mar The majority, however, came from a distance. About third week in February one dealer received 180 in a si Scotland. They were of the small red-brown race, and in very poor and emaciated condition. wing. Vanellus vulgaris. We had large numbers u four eggs. I intended watching the period of incubatio this case, but on passing the place a week later I noticed egg had disappeared. Thinking the remainder would likely to follow, I took them home for the benefit of a inmate. A few days afterwards I found a second nest som thirty yards distant from the previous one, containing 4 si egg. I was surprised, however, by the fact that the full clute . was not completed within the next week. I took this home also, and found it matched the three a the first both in shape, size, and markings, and have little doubt that had been removed to the second nest by the parent birds consequent, perhaps on my taking too great an interest in th ormer. With regard to spring migrants, the Yellow Wagtails (aot rai) and Sand Martins (Cofile riparia) arrived vitae early date, being first observed by the i account of the cold and strong east wind. I noticed a W Wagtail ( Motacilla alba) the following day. It was no May 1st that I saw the first House Martin (Chelidon urb two eggs at the foot of a young sapling, on May 2nd. In same wood another pair of birds were breeding, but I ¢ N WHITLOCK : BIRD-NOTES FROM THE MID-TRENT VALLEY. 55 young was found under a large oak tree. I had searched in vain in some low brambles, but it was actually placed in a small hollow in the ground, the entrance being quite on a level with the latter. Such a situation is very unusual. Common Whitethroat. Sylvia rufa. I saw a nest of this species in a curious situation. It was in an orchard, the tenant of which to preserve some young trees from the rabbits, had surrounded each with small-meshed galvanized wire. The parent birds had constructed their home inside the circle formed by the latter. Pied Wagtail. Motacilla lugubris. A pair of these birds built their nest inside an empty beer-barrel at Beeston Brewery. ‘he barrel had no head. From May roth to 24th I visited West Cumberland, but observed nothing of special interest except considerable flocks of Turnstones (S¢repsi/as interpres) in summer plumage. A Ringed Plover (4 giaditis hiaticula) however had laid her eggs inside a small tuft of marram grass, which is not the usual practice with this species. There were young Sandpipers (Zotanus hypoleucus) out on May 21st. It was rather ridiculous to see the Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) perching on the chimney-pots, as was often to be observed, in one small town on the coast. Pheasant. Phasianus torquatus. I had the blue-green variety of the egg of this species brought to me for identity. Red-Legged Partridge. Caccabis rufa. I saw three nests of this species all very close together. Two were in spinneys, and one in a hedge-bottom. Whinchat. Pratincola rubetra. I saw a Chat as late as October 6th, having seen the same bird a week previously. all appearances it was a Whinchat.._ I was loth to kill it to settle the question beyond dispute. Cormorant. Phalacrocorax carbo. On October 6th, after strong winds from west and south-west, I met with a pair of these birds fishing in the Trent. They looked like old ones, but were rather shy. With the aid of a glass I watched one of them feeding. Once or twice it came up with a fish, but more often with a tuft of water-weed, which it swallowed with ifficulty. February 1897. 56 WHITLOCK : BIRD-NOTES FROM THE MID-TRENT VALLEY. * Swallow. Hirundo rustica. At dusk, on 13th October, a flock of about thirty-five Swallows passed over to north-east. Redwing. Turdus iliacus. On 15th October, with light E. to N.E. winds and drizzling rain,a many Redwings were to be heard passing to south-west. They were accompanied at times by some larger birds; from the whistling of the wings, the latter were probably ducks. Peregrine. Falco peregrinus. A young female example of this species was shot near Normanton-on-the-Wolds about November sth. It was erroneously recorded in a local. newspaper as a Honey-buzzard. On December tst I was watching a large flock of Lapwings which, for some cause or other, were very restless. ‘They had reason to be; for I soon detected the presence of two fine Peregrines which swooped down into the flock, scattering them in all directions. | They, however, collected themselves together again and rose to a great height. Meanwhile, one of the Peregrines had attacked one of a pair of Redshanks which were accompanying the Lapwings. Both pursuer and pursued passed close to where I was standing and presently rose to a great height. The Falcon easily overtook the Redshank in fair flight, but the latter avoided the stroke by the rapidity with which it turned. I cannot say what was the — end of the affair, but I rather think the Falcon was successful, — as I saw a single Redshank in company with a large flock of © Golden Plovers (Charadrius pluvialis) later on. The Redshankis — very scarce here in winter. But to return to the Falcons. Soon — after the above incident the pursuer rejoined its mate, and both — commenced an attack on a party of Hooded Crows. About twelve of the latter were sheltering in a small ash-tree. One of | the Falcons would buffet a Crow out, then both would follow — up the attack, but immediately two or more of the Crows — : | aad SF a = ee aa as Pers would fly out to the help of their comrade, until the Falcons a gave up the attempt. These birds appeared to be male and female. The former an old bird with blue-grey back. A note one of them uttered was like ‘hek-hek.’ : | Hooded Crow. Corvus cornix. This crow was common both — | in spring and autumn. They are very fond of the watel, — frequently taking a bath and looking like huge Wagtails as they — wade into shallow pools left by floods. q Tree Sparrow. Passer montanus. One of two specimens; 7 shot for a friend, had a anes tinge of grey-brown in the = chestnut colour of the cro ———a 2 Naturalist WHITLOCK : BIRD-NOTES FROM THE MID-TRENT VALLEY. 57 Water Rail. Rallus aquaticus. I frequently observed a pair in a particular haunt throughout the winter. Col. Irby writes of a croaking note uttered by this species (Ornith. Straits of Gibraltar). I have heard a sound of this nature issuing from a marsh in the very early part of spring, but have attributed it to frogs. Have any readers of the ‘ Naturalist’ heard the Water Rail uttering a note as described by the former ornithologist ? Golden Plover. Charadrius pluvialis. _A considerable flock spent the winter of 1895-6 with us. They were up and down the Trent Valley continually. I handled a few of them that were shot. In March 1896 I came across them on the Leicester- shire side of the Trent, at Sawley. They then numbered about 200, and were in company with a single Redshank and large numbers of Peewits. At that period they showed no signs of the black breast. Bohemian Waxwing. Ampelis garrulus. An example of this species was procured at Smalley, in Derbyshire, on 26th January, 1895. Fieldfare. Turdus pilaris. We had a few remaining with us throughout the hard winter of 1894 and 1895. ‘They frequented the margins of the river a great deal. On February 3rd I put one up which attempted to cross to the other side. It was so weak, however, that it fell into the water several times before this was accomplished | ‘Gulls. Laridz. A young Lesser Black-back (Z. /uscus) was shot at Wollaton about 24th February. On January 3rd I saw two or three examples of Z. canus or ridibundus. On 6th of the following month I saw individuals of Z. fuscus (immature), and an adult Z. canus or tridactylus. In contrast to the severe winter of 1894 and 1895, that of 1895 and 1896 was exceptionally mild, and as regards bird-life very uneventful. I paid many visits toa marsh for flight-shooting, meeting with moderate success. All I killed were Mallards. One evening, I think a Tufted Duck came to feed, I supposed it was of this species from its harsh call-note. On 29th March my residence of upwards of ten years in the Trent Vailey came to an end. I can now no longer hear the roar of Beeston river, or watch the migrations of the Lapwing from my ‘sitting-room window. Any further notes I may send therefore, will | only be oS items relating to casual visits to my favourite old hau aaa, i 58 NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA. BRITISH SEA BIRDS. British Sea Birds | By | Cuartes Drxon | Author of | [four lines of titles] | with eight Sieaibeliions | by | Charles Whymper | London | Bliss, Sands and : Foster | 1 [8vo, cloth, price 10s. 6d.; pp. 295+8 of advertisements+ — 8 plates). ORNITHOLOGY in the hands of Mr. Charles Dixon is a many-facetted _ subject, of which he turns first one aspect and then another to one — view in the many works which he has successively published. This time it is the Sea Birds which we are invited to notice—and — the term proves to be an unexpectedly comprehensive one. For not : only are the truly marine species included, but also the innumerable host of birds which spend part of their annual movements upon the coast-line, thus emulating those of the human kind who—the serious — business of life suspended for a time—seek health and relaxation at — a sea-side watering place. Mr. Dixon’s concluding chapter is devoted to Migration on the Coast, but need hardly engage our serious attention, especially at a time when so authentic a paper as the Digest of the Migration Reports as that which was read to the British Association at Liver- pool last year, and of which we expect to give a notice soon. a Mr. Dixon’s literary style is flowing and interesting, and this and — his other works will do good service if they arouse that intelligent — interest in ornithology which will lead to a demand for the standard q works on the subject. _ One word of commendation we must give to the pagar 4 ne of which is used for the embellishment of the cover, and the A idichi: Messrs. Bliss, Sands & Foster, are thoroughly to be 7 congratulated on the attractiveness of the get-up. NOTE—LEPIDOPT , RA. 4 i Bape ame —On Mid- “= f Coremia pat ahggea mld in summer-day, it when I was living at Panton, I m way to Warren Hill opse with a view to find ing soormnmgr cbt oft “Epstr eria heparata (= obliterata Hufn.) ), which I had en ther pare I took ther Li but JZ, albicillate, ie Nola Dipion and Titties eda I altog find i of grace 1896. I captured, however, @ r greater interest, viz., Coremia pete pe fe orrhoé Hb») was a fine female e specimen, quite freshly emerged, anes althoug’ pe alive for over a ee it n ener ay so far as I kno also eat knotgrass ay ag aviculare), as I ¢ h from persona “ os H. or, M.A., atch Rotae, Maldon, 59 THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE AND ITS TENTH YEAR’S WORK. THOMAS TATE, F.G.S., Leeds, Hon. Secretary to the Committee. DurincG the year our knowledge of the ice-borne erratics of York- shire has been extended chiefly along the borders of the county. An extremely interesting report from Mr. Thornton Comber directs attention to certain observations made near to Pickering. Con- cerning these deposits Mr. Fox Strangways writes, ‘On either side of the great valley (vale of Pickering) there are seen rising on the flanks of the hills certain sands and gravels which, although wholly unlike each other in their included fragments, were probably formed by the same agent and at the same time. Both the sands on the south and the gravels on the north side of the valley are formed almost entirely of fragments derived from the rocks against which they abut, proving the entire local nature of the agent by which they were deposited. Immediately associated with these sands and gravels are the lacustrine clays and alluvium which occupy the remainder of the valley. The whole of the central, low-lying plain is covered with these sands and clays, which are of considerable thickness. The gravels of Pickering are derived from the Oolites generally, those of Malton mostly from the Oolitic limestone, those at Norton from the chalk.’ Seeing that this is all quite local material, is it not possible that Mr. Loy may have mistaken a coarse grit for a granite, as is often done by untrained observers? and a careful look-out for further evidence should be maintained by all members residing in the locality. The true boulder clay, ‘a vast accumulation of clay and stones, hugs the coast in a most striking manner, and does not on an average extend more than two miles inland.’ All these facts point rather to an extra-morainic freshwater lake in some way related to the gorge at Ayton, and to the yet more remarkable gorge cut by the river Seven at Sinnington. From the opposite side of the county Mr. Robert Law, F.G.S., records an important series of observations made in the Walsden valley. The boulders coincide in character with those found in the Calder valley, and indicate that the latter valley has been fed by way of Littleborough. It does not follow that all the boulders found in the Calder valley have come down the Walsden valley. The distribution of the boulders rather suggests that, after passing Littleborough, part have been deflected to the north-east by the high moors around Alderman Stones (1350) February 1897. : 60 TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. into the Cragg Brook valley to Mytholmroyd; while the more southern portion, after being pushed to the north by the Green Withens (1400’), has crossed the watershed along Blackstone Edge, descending the Ryburn valley to Sowerby, North Dean, and Elland. If this be so, systematic exploration of the country extending from Littleborough to Blackstone Edge, and of the high ground lying” between the foot of Turley Hole Edge and Ripponden should reward the explorers with evidence thereof, and we earnestly com- mend this bit of research to the band of active workers already familiar with the various. kinds of pebbles likely to be found. Turning to South Yorkshire, Mr. Hemingway has contributed another batch of the ‘finds’ peculiar to the Dearne Valley (see Report for 1894). These rocks are quite unlike the pebbles obtained from boulder clay in close proximity (Carlton, East Gawber, Smithy Green), and two or three may be Norwegian. The writer accompanied Mr. Hemingway in a careful examination of the area to which these boulders are restricted, but he is unable to explain their presence there, unless it be that they were brought from the coast in connection with the making of the Barnsley Canal, which was navigable in 1799, the Act of Parliament having been passed in 1793. During our annual meeting held in Doncaster, October 1894, Mr. Corbett first brought under notice of this Committee several remarkable exposures of boulder clay in that district. These have been investigated by our Chairman, under the guidance of Mr. Corbett, and their extremely valuable joint report thereon will be found herewith. Lastly, coming to the coast, the Hull Geological Society’s East Riding Boulder Committee have completed their elaborate explora- tion of Holderness, adding 2,600 boulders to those previously recorded. In the method and thoroughness of this work our Hull friends have set an example of which all British glacialists will do well to take note. The following reports received during the year have been accepted :— Reported by Mr. C. T. THORNTON Comugr, L.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., Pickering: South of Pickering there is a line of conglomerate composed of perfectly rounded stones about twelve or eighteen inches in diameter, bound together by a small amount of clay ; they are evidently water- worn. I saw them recently exposed during drainage operations along the south side of Vivis Lane (alt. roo ft.) North of Pickering there is said to be a line of boulder clay and debris running east and =] : Naturalist, TATE : THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 61 west, a short distance up the hill. I visited it in company with ~Mr. Loy, of Keld Head, the owner of the land, who declares that he has found pieces of smoothed granite while ploughing was in progress- He also said that the line of stiff-clay backed up the water in the land higher up the slope, and that he had had to drain through it in several places ; he also pointed out that all the ponds in the pastures were in the same line. While draining he found the clay packed with debris. I saw no granite, but there was a quantity of stone on the surface, mostly different kinds of grits and limestones. Mr. Loy said that below the subsoil it was ‘all red rock,’ probably sandstone. This place was up Crook Lane about half-a-mile north-west of Pickering (alt. 150 ft.). We then went over Wrelton Cliff and along Highfield Lane, about three miles further west, and were joined b Mr. Harrison, of Riseborough, the owner of the land. Wrelton Clift {alt. 208 ft.) is an outlying spur shown by a railway cutting to be Kimeridge clay. The sides and top are coated with a stiff-clay of different quality, full of smoothed pieces of grits, limestones and spar; by the roadside are blocks of smoothed and scratched grits with a skin on them, up to about two feet in diameter; they were said to have been dug out of the land when the road was widened a few years ago. Mr. Harrison said that when excavating for a cellar the clay was full of ‘cobbles of different sorts’ (alt. 166 ft.). The Report is accompanied by a carefully prepared tracing of the district, from the six-inch Ordnance sheet, No. g1. The attention of Mr. Comber having been called to the following extract from Prof. Carvill Lewis (Glacial Geology, p. 196), ‘Above Levisham are great piles of talus made up of angular debris which has slipped down from the cliff sides. The valley now becomes wild, with steep. rocky hills on either side, and choked up with heaps of talus, made by landslips and avalanches. No trace of drift. The local debris is. heaped up much like a glacial moraine at the highest part of the [Pickering] valley’; he remarked :—‘ This evidently refers to what is known locally as Signe Moor which is five miles to the north of Pickering and on an entirely different formation. ‘The Moor is just above the Kellaways rock, and shows no sign of boulder clay, but along the foot of the tabular hills which stand above it is a mass of angular talus evidently fallen from above as it is comprised of the same grits that cap the hills.’ Reported by Mr. E. HAWKESWORTH, Hunslet. SALTBURN.—Boulders placed in Saltburn Gardens for ornamental a ; probably taken from bed of Skelton Beck which runs. close b com oe a 62 TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. Shap granite ‘e- Sis eat 40x 30 X 30” a ee vidi ext «+» 36 x 20 x seat Whin Sill? ... oF ze icc8® BM BR BY 99 3” eee eee ef of SKELTON Becx.—In bed of stream just above North Eastern Railway viaduct :— Whin Sill... aes yi doe 8G) %26 %/129° oy Sipe on aia ane vee’) 23 O21 CCERRT. jeicwe siaile ve we wees) WR MOLEX 24 Mite. MISE, Juncrion. - Saltburn and Skalion. Valley: — Whin Sill... a de UB Rs TO) Bee SHINGLE BED on beach S. of Saltburn : — Shap granite EY OK BOM gy Easincton Breck.—First iad. a daa up from sea, second about two miles :— Shap granite Be ey i2. 0% 20 ere” i 6g fhe vii e289] ROgEre 20° HASELGROVE to MARSKE OLD CuuRcH, seen in Boulder clay cliffs or ach :-— Carb. limestone (scratched) 12 x 10 x 6” in clay. i = tes --» 28 x 20 x —” in sand. Yoredale limestone (corals) 26 x 18 x —” Carboniferous limestone ... 42 x 29 x 9” asalt nu wee obo 3900 2B Uk ES 9 Carb. limestone (corals) ... 19 x 19 x 8” ,, Basalt ee th eed) Bgl OG 206" a Carboniferous limestone ... 23 x 17 x 7” 4, Basalt ee ued a ne a ai Gasboniférous fiineatone reg Weta} eae das 9. Basalt - 34 x 26 x —” in cliff. (Surface quite flat aid striated right across.) Whin Silk. bis 696 x rg) x6" incliff. Sona limestone... its 46 R86 HO 967 711%, Carb. limestone $6 16 XK Yo" 17 ,, », (beautifully senutched ) PTs Ko OT 1, ” bee ESR Wee ty ms (scratched) ‘ae . x 17 x —” at foot of cliff x 38 x —” in sand. Basalt (beaiiifully scratched) ; x 23 x 20” on beach. Rerbonilerons lim aie 38 24 x 15” inariftin cliff. OTE :—Regarding nae vaaaaled in Haselgrove, Saltburn, — the pate stream which flowed down this valley to the sea seems tO Naturalis TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 63 have been tapped in Pprection with some drainage works ; no water seems to have come down for some time, and where the mouth of ih stream was, there is now a bank of blown sand. Some of the boulders have apparently been removed, and the smalles ones must be covered with a thickness of sand. : Rosin Hoop’s Bay:—From Bay Town to South Cheek on the beach. Shap granite ... vino) BO Ie aaihe. gt Mica schist... con 46 OP RQ are ake SAR Bg Ot a2: Shap gran nite 26 x 26 x 16° Mt. cpiees (corals) 36 396° x12" Shap gra wes . almost nage is sand. Mt. Scene 40% 25 x (Producta) ee Kt & “9” Shap granite ... 60 x 31 x 27” (saddle-shaped). Basalt ... wae ee Ie eae” Mt. limestone .. Ghee BS: 46K . abov Shap granite ... eel GE x 6 x 34° Gopransidel shaped). Reported by Mr. T. SHEPPARD, Hull, and Mr. H. Murr, Bradford. Rosin Hoop’s Bay.—The following boulders, unless specifically stated, were found on the beach, but have undoubtedly been washed out of the Boulder clay which here caps the Lias shale. Shap granite: 81 boulders varying in size from 42” in diameter to a few inches. By far the greater proportion were found near the Cliff, though a few were seen amongst the numerous boulders which are only visible at low tide. Pink granite: Close grained 43 x 30” on the fore shore, just north of Mill Beck, buried in sand. Several smaller boulders were seen. White granites: About six over a foot in diameter, three Dalbeattie. All the above well rounded. Gneiss: Some up to 20” in diameter, one with hornblende abundant. One nearly a foot long, seen in the Boulder clay near base of cliff, north of Mill Beck. Augen gneiss. Two, averaging a foot in diameter. Schists: A few seen, one garnetiferous 24 x 18” at foot of cliff. Quartz Porphyry : Armboth Dyke, two small boulders. Porphyrite on the beach, 48 x 48 x 36” Do. of Fredericksvaam 8 x 5”,and many smaller ones .. Seen. February 1897. ep Hawks CLoucu.—Alt. 300 ft MYTHOLMRoOyD. —Alt. 300 ft. :-— BREARLEY.—AIt. 28 Bis UppeR eT ise 350 ft. :-— BRANTON.—AIkt. 600 ft. :-— TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. Basalts : About thirty both fine and coarse-grained, averagi two feet in diameter, strewn on the beach, and one or smaller, seen in the Boulder clay. No glacial striz. Rhomb-porphyry: One 12 x 10”, another 7 x 6”, a Augite syenite: One 4$ x 34”, and two or three smaller seen. Carb. limestone : Pusuilitecous of all sizes, both on and in cliff. One, north of Bay Town, about 60 x 8) covered with sea wee Millstone grit: One a6. x 24 x —” on the hens any two in the c Brockram : About eight, averaging 5” across Mag. limestone (botryoidal variety from Rogkart: Both in ola : and on beach. Trias sandstone: A small boulder in clay at base of cliff | Gypsum: One, a foot across, at the base of the cliff; a peo in the clay. Lias : Local rocks and fossils occur in clay and on the beach. Oolite : Chiefly ‘ Dogger,’ in large boulders, both on the beach and in the cliff. Black Flints: A few seen on the beach, but none noticed i0 the clay. orted by Mr. R. Law, F.G.S., Fennyroyd Hall, Hipperholme. Calcite veinstone ... ‘3 ol Gk Oe Silurian grit, glaciated a Pink quartzite - i ia 2x . un x Nw hp uncaster granite vai ve Buttermere —— ral as Ue Rhyolite Quartz andesite Felsite, 2s, Volcanic tuff yn eX SKS Nw & NST he 5 Buttermere sede goers ee 6 oarse granite wee x wun a nN x N Rhyolite Granite... wes nae a TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 65 HicH Gre.—Alt. 600 ft. :— Vein quartz eee : et ope Fae Meet BouLDER CLouGH.—AIt. 300 ft. :-— Vein quartz oe Xa (All the above biulders were : eollneta by Mr. Thos. Broadbent, of Vicarage, Sowerby.) Lone Lee Quarry, WALSDEN VALLEY.—AIt. goo ft. :— Ennerdale aes: aes sae (10, RD ee Volcanic ash Sen Gee a A es ee in > S$... Se ee Garnetiferous ash... ee st 193 40 oe ae Pink rhyolite “ee ay ont Bete hee Borrowdale andesite ve Roving 7 wat ae | ee aie & Buttermere granophyre ... eI ee s isa Si et Oe ee Porpherit iyi PRE NS Oe war WO Eskdale panite CGarSse «... Gee ei Ee Muncaster granite, grey ... 1-26 ale Eskdale granite, red —.... ores giceoay 1 Ute STONEHOUSE FARM, WALSDEN VALLEY.—AIt. 800 ft. :-— Granite (built in wa ° 6 ad Far Ho_LiincwortH, WALSDEN VALLEY.—Alt. 750 ft. :— Buttermere granophyre : be Coarse granite... i sg Se IO Granite... é a Is eT WINTER-BUT-LEE, WALSDEN VALLEY.—Alt. 600 ft. :-— Coarse granite a oF wae i Granite Se Bs: Granite eS oe eae ee i Quartzite _ ae i. Le. MILLWoop, TopMoRDEN.—Alt. 600 ft. :— Felspar porphyry, grey... a ae eG eS NortH Dean and ELLanp (Reported, 1893, p. 367). ‘There are two or three pebble beds on the right- -hand side of the Walsden Valley, one is near the canal at Winter-but-Lee, which is glacial drift. Most of the pebbles are very much rounded and water-worn ; all are very small, the largest I have found in this drift pebble bed ‘did not weigh more than a few pounds. It seems to lie in a hollow in the third millstone grit and is not more than 40 or 50 yards in length, the breadth cannot be determined, but the thickness appears to be from three to twelve feet. Immediately above this March 1897. E 66 TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. pebble bed, at a height of about 180 feet above the level of not succeeded, so far, in finding any foreign stones in them, though _ ice-action. They nearly all consist of grit and sandstone. Accompanying this report is a one-inch sheet on which all localities are indicated. Reported by Mr. HENRY WHITEHEAD, Littleborough. BLACKSTONE EDGE. Borrowdale Volcanic ash... Gs: 4. ee Reported by Mr, THOMAS SALTONSTALL, Zodnorden. MYTHOLMROYD.—Alt. 300 ft. = Herewith I send specimens of a large collection of glacial boulders extending from the viaduct, by Stocks, along Nest Lane and Roger Gate to Little Stubb, Stubb Clough (400’), and Stubb Bridge ; covering an area two-thirds of a mile long and a quarter a mile broad, as shown on the accompanying 6 in. Ordnance Sheet, No. 230. 4 [The specimens sent indicate the erratics usually found in the Calder valley: Buttermere granophyre, Eskdale granite, Old rhyolite Borrowdale andesites, etc., besides some local rocks.—T. T-] 4 The contour of the valley here is noteworthy ; at Hebden Bridge 4 above, and at Breerley below, the valley is considerably narrowet, 8° — that the accumulation appears to lie in a basin. ‘There are othet gravel-beds one hundred feet above the present river-bed, but they ' contain no foreign rocks, at least I have not seen any. j Reported by Mr. Joun Burton, Horbury. Battye Forp.—Alt. 153 ft, :— - The London and North-Western Railway Co. are constructing some arches forming a viaduct across the Calder valley, but : digging all the foundations except one they have only dug down os the boulders and laid the broad foundation-stones immediately upon | it, and therefore thrown nothing out to view but soil and san@— Close to the river, on the north side, they have dug a deep founda tion of large dimensions for a massive block of a pillar to rest upO which has to bear one end of the iron girder which is to span the : Naturalis TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 67 river. From this foundation they have dug over one hundred tons of gravel and boulders which can now be seen in two heaps. I have carefully examined them, but have found nothing new ; the boulders are similar to those in other parts of the valley which have been examined, the Buttermere granophyre being the, most plentiful. I crossed the river and examined the foundations of the girder on the south side, but there the river runs close to the natural bank, so that the foundation, for the most part, rests on the solid rock and afforded no boulders. Reported by Rev. W. Lower Carter, M.A., Hopton, Mirfield. BATTYEFORD. I enclose the specimens of rocks from the Battyetord excavation exhibited at the Whitby meeting of the Yorkshire Geol. and Pol. Society. [They include:—Borrowdale andesites 10, Buttermere granophyres 2, Old rhyolite 5, Eskdale granites 4, Ennerdale grano- hyre 3, Felspar porphyry 1, Granite (not Lake Country) 1, and Carboniferous grit 1.—T. T.] Reported by Mr. W. Hemincway, Barnsley. DEARNE VALLEY.—Old Mill Wharf; alt. 190-170 ft. :— Ma 57 Gneissose granite . ... 9 X 5 x 4 oval 58 Granite, coarse grey --- 8X 5X 3° well rounded. 59 Felspar porphyry Cx 5k 5 ms 60 do. ke eee: - 61 o. (vesicular)... 4 x 4% "3. = 62 Old rhyolite 7 tx £ - 63 Basalt... bes Se eS: 64 do. au ae ox oe ke * 65 Mountain limestone oe ioe ee ay me cported by Mr. J. H. Howarrn, F.G.S., Bradford. BowLanp.—Alt. 600 ft. -— | Borrowdale andesite.—T.T.} 4 x 3 x 3° well rounded. Reported by Mr. W. Cupworrn, Bradford. BRAprorp.—Lister Lane, near to Peel Park ; alt. 600 ft. :— ‘When excavating for main drain along north side of Peel Park, the corporation officials came upon a pocket of Mountain limestone boulders, at a depth of from five to six feet from the surface. They were mostly small in size, grey in colour, fossiliferous, all well — polished and striated. They were enclosed in yellow (bleached) boulder clay.’ March 1897. 68 TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. Reported by Mr. J. H. Lorruouse, Harrogate. HARROGATE.—Alt. 400 ft. :— Excavation in Station Square 12 xX 12 x 8 ft. deep, July and 17th, 1896. Modern land surface, dark soil, 12 inches. Ye clay, containing a large number of Millstone grit boulders a 3 ft. 6 inches. In this bed the boulders were small in size, an of them more or less round as if waterworn. Dark blue containing angular and subangular boulders of Millstone grit n larger than those in the yellow deposit, also a number of Mout limestone boulders of various sizes from 2 or 3 inches to 12 1M in circumference. There was a great difference between the ye and blue deposit, not only on account of the colour, but also si shape, and character of the boulders contained. I am certain the were none foreign to the drainage area. I examined many spe to find some trace of ice-marking, but failed to do so. From ano excavation in the boulder clay capping the Yoredale beds of Stray on Prospect Hill, a Millstone grit boulder, 14 x 9 ft., wei 13 tons, has been removed and placed with a suitable inscription! the Valley Gardens. This boulder was saved from destruction 4m conveyed to its present resting-place at the suggestion of Mr. G. P who also wrote the inscription. om Reported by Messrs. H. H. Corbett, M.R.C.S., avd Percy F. KENDALL, F.G# DoncasTER DIsTRICT. ; Batsy (Pit belonging to the Doncaster Brick Company) :— In this pit about 40’ of very hard Boulder-clay is exposed. It wholly unstratified and is closely packed with stones which are neatly all well-striated. he most abundant stones are magnesian limestone. Most these above the size of pebbles are picked out by the hewers are burned for lime. The records show that about one wagon of the boulders is sent up for each 1,000 loads of clay. Various rocks from the coal measures come next in abund: and constitute probably 90°/, of the remainder. They are ch (in order of relative abundance) sandstones, clay-ironstones (some with cone-in-cone structure), shales, and coal (including well-striat _cannel). Millstone grit; carboniferous limestone; chert; 2 gypsum, often in masses weighing one or two hundredwelg® bunter quartzite; red and green poikilitic sandstones, some salt pseudomorphs and ripple-marks. . The floor of the pit, covering several acres, is strew? with heaped-up boulders, and looking carefully over these we found 3° — Na TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE 69 40 igneous rocks, they were, with two exceptions, andesites or andesitic breccias of Lake District types; the exceptions were :— 1.—A block of the Quartz Porphyry of St. John’s 14 x 11 x 8” sub-angular and with no visible strie; and 2.—A block of Red granite less than a foot long: its source has not been recognised. The largest stones are the coal measure sandstones, which range up to about two tons weight. Baby (Pit belonging to Mr. Gibson) :— This pit shows the same bed of Boulder-clay. In carefully looking over many thousands of stones which covered the floor of the pit we could find only five igneous rocks, all Lake District andesites. Ba.py (Pit belonging to Mr. Cockin) :— We examined some thousands of boulders here (not, however, so many as in the last pit), and could find no igneous rocks at all. Woon’s SAND PIT :— Among the stones extracted from the boulder-clay at this place, was a Lake District andesite, and a specimen of Yoredale (?) limestone with Hyalonema parallela. Baxey (Beastall’s Sand-pit. In this excavation Boulder-clay rests on Triassic sandstone. We found Shap granite and Andesitic Agglomerate. These stones, we are happy to state, have through the instrumentality of the Doncaster Natural History and Microscopical Society, been secured for the town, and have been placed in the New Free Library. Reported by Mr. Percy F. KENDALL, F. G.S. YorK DISTRICT. Bi_proucn (Gravel-pit on the edge of the village). Pebbles of carboniferous sandstone, limestone, and chert; triassic red sandstone ; and magnesian limestone occur in the order of prevalence. A small boulder of Shap granite was found in a road-side heap near by. BiLproucH (Gravel-pit 400 yards E. of the windmill). A sandy clayey gravel was exposed containing stones ranging up to 1 ft. 6 ins. in diameter. Many of the stones were broken, and the fragments slightly displaced. A few stones, chiefly carboniferous limestone, were scratched. The varieties, in order of prevalence, were :—carboniferous sandstone, limestone, and chert ; triassic red sandstone; magnesian limestone; clay-ironstone; and dolerite (? Cleveland Dyke). March 1897. 7O TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE FULFORD, NEAR YORK (Gravel-pit south of Rose Hall) :— In this pit horizontally-bedded gravels rest on boulder-cla is below the water level, and consequently invisible. The majo of the stones are carboniferous sandstones, then in order ferous limestone, chert, and a few Lake District andesites. Hicu Carron (Gravel-pit in supposed moraine) :— Gravel bedded at a high angle towards (apparently) N. 30° W. The stones range up to about 6 in. or 7 in. dial They include carboniferous sandstone, limestone, and chert; fli red triassic sandstone; Lake District andesites ;_ magnesian lit stone; brockram ; and shap granite ; Carrock Fell diorite. of the stones were highly polished, apparently by wind-ac One hundred and eight stones scooped up at random proved comprise 62 sandstone (most, if not all, carboniferous) and carboniferous limestone and chert. Hortey (In railway-cutting through ridge of boulder-clay.) : This cutting is through typical boulder-clay of a reddish col containing many stones. The stones rarely exceed a foot in len and only three were seen exceeding two feet. They were 1, Carboniferous sandstone, 30 in. x S41. x: 7s 2; Carbonife limestone (well scratched) ; 3, Coa desitic aggl te contain fragments of pink Rhyolite. It was very well rounded. ing the stones in order of prevalence they were Carboniferous sandstone, limestone, and chert ; Keuper marl with salt-pseudomorphs) ; fibrous gypsum ; red triassic sandsto lias (some crowded with Gryphea incurva ; magnesian limestone; Lake District andesites ; basalt two or three pieces (? Whin Sill); three Shap granite ; one Scottish granite (? Loch Doone). A care! search failed to yield either chalk or flint. a REPORT OF THE EAST-RIDING BOULDER ‘COMMITTE q SEPTEMBER Ist, 1896. The Committee, since the presentation of the last report, ha noted upwards of 2,600 boulders, chiefly in Holderness. TABLE AA.—Gives the results of the systematic survey of bould In situ in the cliffs of Holderness between Spurn and Bridlingto™ TABLE BB.—Gives an analysis of three representative beach’ gro TABLE CC.—Refers to Red Cliff (N. Ferriby), and is similar to AA Taste DD.—Refers to Redcar and Saltburn, and is similar to AA. 3 The remainder of the report consists of notes of inland —s : a ‘ yee ‘srapudut por [BIO] Pq} Jo SUOYe sq) 01 aiva Aut ye “ited ur atip st vasttio py jo YON suomoas ayi jo atiids ut syo01 sapavg at Jo Aqosw9s aaneyar oa. pene $ ‘sua ; Jajjews pe12aegs pue H Woljoes UT ‘sajautuip ut yaay @ ‘aqtueAs a71sny jo ajdues ouy v yA Buoje ‘yoveq * yous) syooiq © ayy $i Aejo aya ur Supjoys peasesqo e1om | NiOd NUOdS GNV NOLONITGIAA NAAMLAd LSVOO SSHNYACIOH AHL NO GHLON SuddINOd— "VV ATEVL 5 | } ) | pee | ) i i aS ‘gums core [de | se | tor] gt | ee | 48 65 aS of | 28 | o& | doe] 4 tL | St ‘} eee a “9-0 os ole ee mat} = : ET Zobel ee “UE aa - “EE 788 26-81 0-0 mst “ ‘oqo ‘sstaun “sTyDg ‘seruwaLy (ea ——ae se — | ——-———- —— = 49.3 Sol ae 70-6 10-6 8.8 Bl on 16-08 498 29-18 | 08-88 20.08 78.86 2USB | 29-06 “06 syoy oandnis s9y0 pur sipysug. a © 6 9, 2 PAKS eae °, ° 3 % | % 3. 9, 9, 9 2 209 Sai 1b 20-4 a o2 = rg i tel 9.8 vA 3 106 | ig. TT| at iole§ a9-8 9-81 “be9 } sauoispurg Aparyo ‘sysoy Itozosayy 190 o es - i yi | Ter vA . 4 Gy ] vA « | % Je 4 a 4 yA je ys = rs je he . oD. A . v4 ° ts " j . oe oe % “L-0T nae ee 20-4 8-L1 6-E1 0.92 78-98 6 Sa x8 £06 26-8 EE at 098 £B-ET le9 i 4eqg a 9 oe 9, %, as Sie aes 0, 9, 0, 9, 9, 9, J a, 9, : “o0L)) [a9 bon Let |288 | — | = |xoT |zRgT| wae |798 yee 19.9 vu HL | ZL } aoa bers . | | ee | | | “npn |% 9 0 ° 9° 9 : £108 sos | Meee a ee Bee | Fr | ex | GET | 9 8-8 he aa a 26-81 Zbe§ ) snoaajruoqava Ayatyo 91a “siLtg ‘ouoIspurg aa 9, | | a, fae | BAK Ae | ‘ | 6 — x 9, e vA \ rs K %, if TA YT Nt, YO 1°e oO %, R vA A ao Ke = — £6L i tg fe td aus ees 1 | Z IL vES At | 1 aL | 101 | Sg ee we a } UOT] HO i | ; hg teat { seit soit at sol sol sojl sol so]t al sajl *sayl SATA | Seq “OTL Z é ox bl ida itt a-ak PIN TN i: ray IN ue LN Ha THN ue | TN TN NIOIIO ef) w| #£! 27/4 = ae | 3 7 a| £ = . & | 23 | os =e |i 2] 3 e | 2 | Bele 38 5 Fe lee | § e e | = | Se | gb eg lome| ee | oe | © | SE |2 Bl Fa | oF | 88 BE | ot ‘ | 33 ee 4 he ate *e 5 wo gE z pl a ae | | ot | ae ‘MHLAWVICL NI 7 See wz i ~ ‘ h Ae > . = . : Hog | 2 |e | 22) 28 | eB lees] SS | ge | Be | Se |EES Blas | oe | | 2 ne # |) © | Be] Ze eS | ng. 4a | 63 eS =a el ot a2 e 2a ao SduvMdQ) ANY LOO INO gO el ge | ge | Fe [Eee] Be | FE) | ae lp E) S| °F | 8 BS | Fz ¢ | : ‘ Lad =] cs) = : | i a sa i3°%| f2| @| § Fa J| 32 : so | fy Z suaa tno" \ : e | : er je Fi 3 BB | 5 he. de as | ; Talala tela] 8 {-@ oon oO | 4) 3 oe je] ¥ ‘aSequsoied aanvpar ay2 9A13 adAy yYaep ur samnBy oy ‘voNdes yova Uy payou siepjnoq Jo Jaquinu Teno” g aya aqvorpur adAj 142] ul samy oyy, “YAvuIpury 10 ainiway [vANIvU paxyavu-[jaa euros Aq payeorpur Ayyensn “aja ‘9 ‘gq “y suondas OjUL paplAIp 94k JsvOd JO soyTUl we of ayy UOstudu0s jo eoulatuaAUOS 40,7 —“uat[yy SPUE>e4 pry Kay YOIYM wos Syi[d oY OF aSO]I 49M AO ‘AYO oyI UE MAIS UF adam palufnqen seplnoq ayt [TV ¢ 72 TATE: THE eo BOULDER COMMITTEE. Three typical groups of boulders on the beach of the Holde coast, illustrating the Selective and Arranging power of the waves. ees Sa ene g cg ae ee 2.2 . w Gs eee. TABLE BB, o“S eSig |) spe AMR ee aé%es aah | 2568 | ¢F88 o ri BOULDERS ges | 5am | 8.2" ovo — . _—" . oF SEH | SS" | sews © o-° o i * pred > OnE Foot anp Upwarps oar £3 g= ¢ at (eee In DIAMETER “eo sw © or) oO 4 Group J. | Group II. |Group II. Carboniferous limestone : 12 52 210 | Sandstone, Grits, } - (Probably x auction f sae 134 9 © 7 SMS ee gy oa aS ee o I 8 | ES Se 4 sl ied Flint 25 4, ~.,,,|28 large I 3 A numbers Ee Other Mesozoic rocks a 4 3 a : Basalts, etc. ... 2 42 485 — Granites, etc. i ees 29 TOTALS 148 109 778 | 1,035 TABLE CC. Keported by Mr. J. W. STATHER. NorTH FERRIBY. In the boulder clay cliff on the Humber shore near North Ferriby, and on the adjacent beach, 373 boulders noted of 8 i” and upwards in diameter, the classification of which yields the | following results :-— ¢ Per cent. 69 Carboniferous limestones... 18°5 104 ——— grits, conglomernte etc. fencbibiy Keasky all foi ocks 2 Soto, etc., probably neatly all of Ssiie Age RE es Pip 10 oll {intaaing 2 Vik flints) Bee a a 88 d other eruptive rocks = woo a ee 32 needs sry pies He as Co ee = = TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 73 TABLE DD. Reported by Mr. Pau Davis and My. J. W. STATHER. REDCAR AND SALTBURN, In the boulder clay cliffs between Redcar and Saltburn (four miles) 133 boulders, a foot and upwards in diameter, were observed. The classification of these boulders yields the following rene — cent. 50 Carboniferous limestone oo 28 Sandstones and grits of celiediy carbosifcrens a age 12 Sandstones, origin —: but aueet hs in eet carboniferous 9'0 5 7 Magnesian limeston dod Lias ee 2s a Es we ANS 21 Basaltic reeks pee oe te sist ees ee we ASS “133 100°0 Amongst the thousands of smaller boulders on the beach only three pebbles of granite were noted. Augite-syenite, Rhomb porphyry, garnetiferous schist, and other rocks common in Holderness, not observed SALTBURN. At Saltburn, at the side of the road down the cliff east of the pier, is a large boulder of shap granite (5 ft. x 5 ft. x 4 ft.) There are two others not so large in the Spa Gardens. ‘GUISBOROUGH. At Guisborough there are two large boulders of shap granite in the Abbey Gardens. SNEATON; NEAR WHITpY. A boulder of shap granite (4 ft. 6 ins. x 3 ft. x 2 ft.) at side of highroad, half a mile south of the village ; 400 ft. above sea-level. Reported by Mr. W. S. PARRISH. SWANLAND. This village is situated on the Wolds (overlooking the Humber), 265 feet above sea-level. None of the boulders noted show Striations, and all have been moved ; but probably only from the adjacent fields. 1. A block of ee tuff, near the pinfold (4 ft. = 2 ft. 4 in. x2 ik. 2. A rounded ‘Hock of red granite (not Shap) at corner of Ferriby Road (2 ft. x 1 ft. 6in. x 2 ft. 4 in 3- A block of Whinstone risanates near Mr. Carrs house, used asaseat. (4h 4m. x f.% 2 ft). 4. A ape sandstone at the west end of the village. (3 ft. 5 ins. yo oi eS Se March 1897, ~ 74 TATE: THE YORKSHIRE BOULDER COMMITTEE. 5. Alsc several more boulders of whinstone (smaller above) near the pond, and a sandstone (1 ft. 6 in. PGi, to f7.). Reported by Mr. F. F. WALTON, F.G.S. Coniston (Holderness). At road-side, near the pond, north of the village is a boulde fine-grained white granite, somewhat rounded and weathered reddist ah. our « by af ¢in. x 2.3 in. SKIRLAUGH. On roadside, outside ‘Carpenters’ Arms,’ a boulder of ba 18 4 At gateway, oppesite above, a rounded basalt, 17 x 15 x 12 piste (in Holderness). ootpaths on each side of main street are paved with boulde from 2 ie in diameter downwards. About three out of every are basalts, the remainder mostly carboniferous sandstones. There is a group of four — at north end of v illage at co! of Sproatley Road, as follows No. 1.—Basalt, Secheiag oblong, and flat on one 5 3 26 ii No. 2.—Basalt, rounded, 2 ft. gin. x 1ft. 5in. + 1 ft. 4in. No. 3.—Basalt, rounded, 2 ft. 1 in. x by 1 ft. Sin. x 1ft 8 No. 4.—Dolerite (?), 2 ft. 3in. x 1 ft. 8in - Also at corner of Burstwick Road there are two basalts, about 2 ft. in diameter. ATWICK. Reported by Mr. W. H. Crorts. A boulder of shap granite, near the old village cross, 12 x 9 x HorRNSEA. Reported by Mr. JNO. NiCHOLSON. A group of boulders in Harker’s Yard (near the old Cross), follows :— 1. Carboniferous limestone (?). Is well-rounded, but has side as flatasa table. (4 ft. x 2 ft. x 1 ft. 2 in). 2. Basalt. we CTE. TE Gis) i 3- Carboniferous limestone. (1 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. x — in.) 4. Basalt. (1 ft. 6 in. * 20 % 10 .). Hornsea. At south end of the old village, at junction of the Hu with the main street, a boulder of dolerite (4 ft. 9 in. x § x 1 i. 6in ee _ A:sandstone boulder (2 ft. x 2 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 9 in.). 75 A PROBABLY NEW SPECIES OF AZECA (AZECA ELONGATA) IN THE BRITISH ISLES. OHN W. TAYLOR, F.L.S., Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France, In the monograph of the genus ae published by J. R. weiter in 1850, he divides the species he considers as belonging to this genus into four sections or series, which he distinguished as Azecastrum, Alsobia, Agraulina, and Flypnophila. Our suggested new species belongs to the section Azecastrum, which is especially characterised by a strongly dentate aperture, and is restricted in its distribution to Central and Northern Europe. The proposed new species to which I am desirous of directing the especial attention of conchologists, in the hope that more specimens will be forthcoming, may be known as Azeca elongata sp. nov., and described as having a shell of an elongate form, composed of about 9} slightly convex whorls, increasing gradually in size, of a yellowish-brown or chestnut colour, smooth and glossy, with very lunt at the apex, suture impressed, mouth pyriform, acutely angled posteriorly with a broad marginal callosity a raised thread-like rib, an seca tridens Pult. x : . Azeca elongata Taylor x4 _likley, nr. Leeds, 4 furnished with a strong and ke ton, v orks z or comparison with ollecte Azeca elongata. somewhat posteriorly inclined 4, -oleged by enticle on the middle of the Outer margin, an an cone convex, simple pointed denticle at the base of the columella, and on the penultimate whorl there is a small denticle about midway between the outer lip and the columella. Length 9 mill., breadth 24 mill. Aperture 2} mill. long. Compared with Azeca ftridens this form may be immediately recognised by its elongate shape, which markedly contrasts with the almost exactly pupeform shape of the typical 4. ¢ridens. There are 93 whorls instead of seven only, and they also increase more slowly in size, the last whorl being comparatively smaller than in Pulteney’ S species. The aperture is more broadly expanded than in A. ¢ridens, and not nearly so compressed posteriorly, and its armature is strikingly March 1897. 76 BACKHOUSE : OCCURRENCE OF THE LITTLE OWL IN YORKSHIRE. | distinct, for while the denticle upon the outer lip is stronger, and the tooth at base of columella though of similar size is different in character, there would seem to be a total absence of the peculiar winding columellar lamella which is so conspicuous a feature in A. tridens, and has been supposed to represent the Clausium of the e OV : denticle in the figure of A. ¢ridens. On the penultimate whorl there is merely a slight denticle to represent the twin spirally windings lamellz present in its ally. : The first specimen seen of this species was exhibited at a con q versazione of the Chester Natural History Socicty in 1886, as Pupa — secale, and forwarded to me at my request by Mr. G Shrubsole, who informed me that the specimen had been found in orth Wales Another specimen was detected in 1895 in the collection of Mr. Alfred Leicester, of Liverpool, by Mr. R. Standen, and at his suggestion forwarded to me. This last specimen was found by Mr. Leicester in 1893 by a stream-side in a wood at Ingletom, — Yorkshire, and is absolutely identical in its character with the Wels specimen. The illustration is from a photograph of the Ingletom example ak THE LITTLE OWL IN YORKSHIRE. _ JAMES BACKHOUSE, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U., Daleside, Harrogate. REALIZING to the full the meagre nature of the chronicles relating to the occurrence of the Little Owl (A+hene noctua) in Yorks! ire, is with no little satisfaction that I have to record the capture a beautiful example near York. The specimen in question is an adult female, and was shot i the neighbourhood of Escrick, near York, on December 24th, ae being taken in the flesh to Mr. Edward Allen, of Feasgate, mounted it very ably ok The Little Owl Lee noctua) is resident throughout most 0 Europe south of Scandinavia, but in this country occurs only as a very rare visitor. The accidental occurrence in Yorkshire peculiar little bird is the more interesting, following that of 0 n ca noctua, though presumably it hailed from much nearer home was the case with Offs macqueenit. CAREX AQUATILIS Wahlb. IN LAKE LANCASHIRE. ARTHUR BENNETT, F.L.S. Croydon, Surrey. Amonc a large parcel of Irish plants sent me by Mr. Praeger were two British from Lake Lancashire, ‘Windermere, 1895, R. Lloyd Praeger,’ both of which are additions to Mr. Baker’s Flora of the English Lake District, 1885, one being Ca/amagrostis lanceolata Roth., the record of this not having been confirmed (I have specimens gathered at Dufton, Westmorland, by Prof. Oliver) as occurring at rea Lonsdale. r. Praeger has kindly furnished me with the following note on the facies for the two species :—‘ Edge of Blelham Beck, Winder- mere, Lancashire. The stream flows from Blelham Tarn into Windermere, debouching at the Ambleside end, half-a-mile south of the mouth of the River Brathy. If you row up the stream you will find Carex aguatilis growing on the north bank, a short distance from the mouth. Ca/amagrostis grows on the south bank a little further up. The sedge was found by Miss Knowles and myself; the grass by me. Date August 8th, 1895.) The ground imme- diately around the Tarn is about 500 ft. above ‘sea-level,’ the depth of the Tarn is given at 138 ft. in the Bathymetrical Survey of the English Lakes by H. R. Mill (Geographical Journal, July and August, 1895). The Tarn is fed by small streams, and also connected with a smaller Tarn near ‘ Randy Pike.’ The highest land which seems to drain into the Tarn is about 1,000 ft. from Claife Heights. The other, Carex aguatilis Wahlb., is the lowland form. Mr. Baker notes under L. Lancashire, ‘In the Whitehaven Cata- logue, C. aguatilis Wahlb. is reported from St. Bees, but no doubt the name is incorrect, as it is a high-mountain speciés,’ p. 221. At the time this was written no one would have thought of accepting such a plant without specimens, for 25 years before this we find it even doubted whether we really had Wahlenberg’s species in Britain (see Hooker and Amott, Brit. FL, ed. 8, p. 508, 1860), and by so good an authority on the genus as Dr. Boott. Its occurrence in Wales (about 52° 15”) was to some extent a surprise, but still more so when it was found to be an Irish plant, and so far south as Kerry. It seems a very interesting case of distribution when we come to look at its European range ; I know of no station south of Livonia and Ingria (St. Petersburg) in Russia, and this cannot be under 57° N. Lat. We may call Kerry 52° ; but March 1897. * 78 BENNETT : CAREX AQUATILIS IN LAKE LANCASHIRE. the flora of Kerry and that of Livonia or Ingria are quite unlike a to other species. zy notes that both himself and Dr. Boott had some hesitation in com- bining ‘ the aguatilis of the Clova mountains with the lowland plants from the Clyde and Almond rivers,’ and he remarks that Dr. Boott has made a note against two specimens from the Almond river, ‘very like stricta (Lam.) of America.’ Even more like the American plant are those from the Perthshire Isla, West Sutherland, and Donegal. The specimen I possess for Mid Perth, named by Dr. Almquist ‘ C. aquatilis epigejos Vaest. f. videtur’ (on the labels themselves) are puzzling. In the Fl. Fennica, p. 270 (1895), Dr. Almquist says: of this ‘Genuina (= C. aguatilis x rigida) apud nos incerta videtur.’ If this statement is correct, it seems difficult to accept the Scot plant as such, coming as it does from ‘The White Myre of Methven.” One can scarcely think of rig/da in such a position ; aguatilis would be likely enough. The Perth plant, to me, looks much more like what would be produced by such plants as aguatilis x Goodenovtt Jjuncella. Almquist says that this hybrid = C. arcuata Laest. (Bid Kann. Tornea Lappm., p. 43, 1860). On a specimen named l the late Dr..B. White ‘the mountain form of C. aguatilis’! from Caenlochan, I noted on the label, ‘Is it not near C. /imuda Fr. What is this? C. aguatilis v. epigejos Fr.? or C. rigida v. inferalpina Sea In Fries’ original description of ‘ Carex epigejos, Botaniska Notiser, p- 105, 1843,’ he gives as a synonym ‘ C. aguatilis Hooker, Brit. Flora, ed. 4, p. 336’; as the then known station for aguatilis was * Tableland above Caenlochan, Forfar,’ it is likely enough that Fries had seen a specimen. Of course, this cannot be absolutely rel on, as he also gives as a synonym ‘ C. aguatilis epigejos Laest + Act. Holm., p. 339, 1822.’ This is now known to be a form of aguatilts, not salina. r. Almquist has written on this label—‘ Certainly to be brought to the former ; leaves very like the latter.’ I quite agree that this cannot be put to aguatilis. Both Nyman and Almquist agree that Fries’ epigejos = C. bicolor Ny\. (non All.), and is referable to sadind My remarks were noted on the label in August 1895. I now thit that my middle suggested name may be the correct one (1 fh 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Lindale Hill, near Ellerhow Cartmel, Mrs. ee Hodgson ; Bigland Woods ; wet hedges about Stoney Crag near Ulverston. Campanula rotundifolia 1. C.F.R., _ 1861. Phytologist, 237- Rougholme. C. J. Ashfield. Linton, Lake Country, 325, « Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of! Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Rougholme is a headland to west of Humphrey Head. ow PETTY ; CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. 87 Vaccinium oxycoccus L. = O. palustris Pers. C.F,R,, 1897. {Hudson and others chronicle this from Lancs., but too vaguely to enter here]. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 265—as O. palustris Pers. Stribers mosses, Haverthwaite, Wilson. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 325. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Kirkby Moor. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 145. Wilson and Miss Hodgson repeated. High marshy ground over Coniston, Miss S. Beever. In ‘Hortus Inclusus,’ 1887, 60-61, Mr. Ruskin mentions planting a large area, on the moor above Brantwood, with this species. The plants were received from Miss Beever. No record for V. Vitis-idea 1... Vaccinium uliginosum L. C.F.R., 1670° 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 265. On Reake mosses near Holker, Wilson; and repeated. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 144. Vaccinium myrtillus L. C.F.R., 1570 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 325. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Andromeda polifolia L CFR... 1807. {Mentioned as a iicshin plant by several of the old botanists, but not located for North Lancashire—if located at all]. 1796. Withering, ed. 3, 398-9. Causeway Moss and Rusland Moss, Furness Fells, Jackson; and repeated in all subsequent editions. 1805. Turner and Dillwyn, Bot. Guide, ii, 368. 1835. Watson, New B. G,, i., 301, but ascribed to ‘B. G.’ 1840. Baxter, Phzenog. Bot., v., 361. 1843. Jopling, ey and Cartmel, 267. Ellerside Mosses, Wilson. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Angerton Moss, Rey. F. A. Malleson. Ireland Moss. Stockbird Moss, and on all the good peat tracts between Ulverston and Haverthwaite. 1885. Baker's Flora, 143-4. Jackson, Wilson, and Miss Hodgson repeated. ae Erica DC. C.F.R., 15§r. ‘Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 26. Peaty moors (afnes inferred). 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 325. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Erica Tetralix L. C.F.R., 1570. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 325. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Erica cinerea L. C.F.R., 1597- 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 267. Rocky pastures ; common in Furness and Cartmel, Aiton and Wilson. 186I1. — 237. Humphrey Head, C. J. Ashfield. 1864. Linton, March 1897. $8 PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE’ FLORA. ~ Lake Country, 325. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Pyrola. There are no North Lancashire records. Moneses grandiflora Salisb. C.F.Ra= 1846. Phytologist, 428, as P. uniflora L. Bardsea, near Ul ston, by Chas. Wright, W. Borrer. 1885. Baker's Flora, 1 “Reported by the late Mr. Wright, of Keswick, from a wood nt Bardsea. No doubt a misnomer.’ Wright was a guide, and this not the only plant reported by him which has not been confirmed.” Statice Limonium L. C.F.R. 1597 Limonium, 1680, see 1889. 1796. Withering, ed. 3, 321, ‘both vars.—the 2 vars of Ray’ Lancashire coast at Low Furness, Gough; and repeated in subsequent editions. 1805, West. Antiq., ed. Close. Frequent ss sea coasts of Furness, Atkinson; and repeated in 1842. ‘Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 26. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 267. Shore at Bardsea, Aiton. Copsehead, Cartmel, Wilson. 1869. Aspland’s Guide. Within six miles of Grange A. Mason. 1872. J. of B., 61. A Statice, probably this, east side of Walney Island, June 1871, Chas. Bailey and J. Barrow. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Once frequent about the sho Salthouse, near Barrow. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 174. Saltmarsh Barrow. Grange-over-Sands, not plentiful (? J. G. B.). Westm. Note-book, 185. Lawson’s Note-book, circ. 1680. 9 the south-east end of Harlside, on the sand, Lawson. Hazrls (or Yarlside) is near Barrow. Statice rariflora Drej. FR. 17% 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson—as S. dahusiensis Fr.—on the slate rocks, Greenodd shore. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 174. M Hodgson repeated. Saltmarsh, Isle of Walney, F. A. Lees. 1892. Naturalist, 82. Oyster ground near Barrow, L. Petty. Statice auriculzfolia Vahl. C.F.R, 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson—as SS. dinervosa G. E. Sm— Tridley Point to Greenodd, abundant. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 17* Miss Hodgson repeated. 1892. Naturalist, 82. Sandgate Marsh, Cartmel, L. Petty. Armeria maritima Willd. C.F.R., 15 Gramen maritimum minus. Circ. 1680, see 1889. : 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 267. Sand Hall Marsh, near Ulverston, Aiton. 1857. Phytologist, 257; On the grass * Britten and Boulger’s Index, 186, speaking of Wright and his daught 7 poo ‘but the accuracy of both was doubtful N: PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. 89 and sands below Humphrey Head, Dr. Windsor; and repeated Phytologist, 1860, 257 ; 1861, 260; 1862, 259. 1861. Phytologist, 237. Shore between Cark and Humphrey Head, C. J. Ashfield. 1864. Naturalist, 39. Beach below Humphrey Head, Leo H. Grindon. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Saltmarshes, frequent. 1885. Bakers Flora, 174. ‘Common all along the coast from St. Bees to Arnside.’ 1889. Westm. Note-book. Martindale’s extracts from Lawson’s Note-book, circ. 1680—‘ Close by Dunner- holme in Furness,’ Lawson. Hottonia palustris 1.. C.F 1597. 1843. Jopling, bes and Cartmel, 268. Mill- gam, Ace Aiton. 1869. Bolton, Geolog. Fragm., 121. Urswick Tarn. 1874. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Aiton’s locality repeated. 1885. Baker's Piét, 172. Aiton’s locality repeated on Miss Hodgson’s authority. Primula vulgaris Huds. C.F.R., 1538. - 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Primula veris L. C.F.R., 1568. 1775. Jenkinson, Brit. Pl., 27. Plentiful in many parts of North Lancashire. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 268. Common in Furness and Cartmel, Aiton and Wilson. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Primula hybrids. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Frequent in the woods on the limestone. Primula farinosa L. C.F.R., 1597. (1775. Jenkinson, Brit. Pl., 27. In soft ground in Lancashire, Westmorland, and Cumberland.] 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 268. In the marshes near to Kirket (or Kirkhead), Cartmel, Wilson. 1869. Aspland’s Guide. Within six miles of Grange, A. Mason. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 171. ‘Not found on the Coniston Hills, and Miss Hodgson omits all mention of it from her catalogue of Furness Plants.’ Lysimachia vulgaris L. C.F.R., 1548. 1861. Phytologist, 258. Between Humphrey Head and Cartmel ‘C. J. Ashfield. 1869. Aspland’s Guide. Within six miles of Grange, A. Mason. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Wet hedges, near Urswick Tarn. Brathay Woods, near the Lake. 1885. Baker's Flora, 172. Miss Hodgson repeated. Windermere. Coniston Water. Drawn from Pull Wyke by Miss Wilson. March 1897. go PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. Lysimachia nummularia L. C.F.R 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Bardsea Mill Pond. Pul Wyke, near Brathay Hall, Mr. Stalker. 1885. Baker's Fl repeated. . a Lysimachia nemorum L. C.F. Raa 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 268. At Bardsea, Aiton. Waitham Wood, Cartmel, Wilson. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Old Hall Wood, near Ulverston. Woods near Graithwaite. Trientalis europza L. C.F.R. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 268. Has been found on the hills in North-west Furness, Aiton. 1885. Baker's Flora, 17i4 Aiton repeated. [1867. Eng. Bot., ed. iii., vol. 7, 142. In Englan confined to the northern counties, from York and North Lancashire Glaux maritima lL. C.E.Ry ta 680. See 1889. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 268 Muddy saltmarshes near Duddon, Aiton. Cark, Wilson. 84¢ Otley. Guide, ed. 8, 139. On the coast near Flookborough. 1857: Phytologist, 258. Grows plentifully on the shore below Humphrey Head, Dr. Windsor; and repeated in 1861, p. 260, and 1864. Naturalist, 39. Leo H.Grindon. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgsom Saltmarshes, Plumpton to the Isle of Walney. 1885. Baker's Fl 174. Walney; Flookborough; Ulverston; Grange. 1889. Westm. Note-book, 185. Martindale’s extracts from Lawson’s Note-book, circ. 1680. ‘ Roosebeck,’ Lawson. Anagallis arvensis lL. C.F.R., 153 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality: 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Flowers purplish blue. Roose” beck, Mr. R. Ashburner, jun. Flowers reddish brown. Wallops at Colton. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 173. Ashburner repeated 3 _ cerulea. Miss Hodgson repeated. Clarke’s F. record for A. coerulea” Schreb. is 1548. Anagallis tenella 1. C.F.R., 193 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 268. Grounds of Conishead Priory, Aiton. Near Wraysholme Tower, Wilson. 1857. P hyt0 logist, 257. On the side of the lane, Flookborough to Humphrey Head, Dr. Windsor. 1861. Phytologist, 258. Ditches betw Humphrey Head and Cartinel, C. J. Ashfield. 1864. L Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1869. AS Guide. Within six miles of Grange, A. Mason. 1874. J- of Miss E. Hodgson. Little Croft Park and Ghyllbanks, near Ulversto®- 1885. Baker’s Flora, 173. Ascending to 350 yards on Coniston old _ Man (? J.G.B.). PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA, Ot Centunculus minimus L. C.F.R., 1724. 1796. Withering, ed. 3, 198-9. Saltmarshes and meadows near the sea-side, Newton-in-Cartmel, common, Isaac Hall, and repeated in all subsequent editions; and in 1805, Turner and Dillwyn, Bot. Guide, ii., 366. 1835. Watson, New B. G., but ascribed to ‘B.G.’ 1839. Baxter, Phzenog. Bot., iv., 296. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 173- Hall repeated. ‘Modern confirmation wanted.’ Samolus Valerandi L. C.F.R., 1629. Anagallis aquatica retundifol. Ger. First reported by Lawson to Ray, April 1688 1718. Derham, Phil. Lett., 213. At Marsh Grange in Furness, Lawson. 1848, Ray Corresp., Ray Soc., 197 et seq. Lawson to Ray in full. 1861. Phytologist, 260. Shore below Humphrey Head, west side, Dr. Windsor. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Canal Foot to Tridley Point, and several places on Plumpton shore. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 173. Damp sandy hollows of the coast at Ronnard, F. A. Lees. Miss Hodgson repeated. ‘On the shore at Flookborough, Kent’s Bank, and Grange. First recorded by Lawson.’ Note.—Ronned, local pronunciation = Roanhead or Ronhead, on the coast between Askham and Barrow. Fraxinus excelsior L. CER, £643. 1774. Pennant, Tour, 1772, ii., 29. ‘Observe that the tops of all the ash trees were lopped ; and was informed that it was done to feed the cattle in the autumn, when the grass was on the decline ; the cattle peeling off it as a food. In Queen Elizabeth’s time the inhabitants of Colton and Hawkshead remonstrated against the number of bloomeries then in the country, because they consumed all the loppings and croppings, the sole winter food of their cattle.* 1796. Withering, ed. 3, 58. Pennant’s statement repeated, and in all subsequent editions. 1842. Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 26. No locality. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker's Flora, 147. ‘The finest tree I remember stands just within the entrance gate of the grounds of Furness Abbey,’ J. G. Baker. Ligustrum vulgare L. C.E.R., 1562. 1796. Withering, ed. 3, 10. Rocks of Dunnerholme and above Cartmel Wells. Atkinson, and repeated in all subsequent editions. 1805. West, Antiq., ed. Close, 378. Dunnerholme only. 1830. Otley, Guide, ed. iv., 146. Humphrey Head, and repeated in all following editions. 1842. Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 25. 186r. Phytologist, 238. Between Humphrey Head and Cartmel, _* Lhave to thank the Rev. Canon Ayre for a sight of Pennant’s volume. March 1897. Q2 PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. C. J. Ashfield; and on p. 261, Dr. Windsor repeats Hump Head locality. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common, locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Plumpton Rock Fine at Penny Bridge. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 147. ‘ Truly wildo the limestone cliffs, as on . . the steep western escarpment Humphrey Head.’ Vinca major L. 1892. Naturalist, 84. A garden escape on the Ulpha R 1887; almost gone now (1890), carried away, L. Petty. #} locality is the site of an old garden, long since disused, and qul overgrown with grass and trees. & Vinca minor L. C.F.R, i 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Leybarrow Wood, but neat a cottage. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 147. Frequent in parks and neat gardens, as, for instance, at Coniston Waterhead and just north Newby Bridge, J. G. B. Note.—In Leybarrow Wood, it seems now nothing more than ' garden escape, 1896. . Blackstonia perfoliata Huds. C.F.R., 157% 1892. Naturalist, 82. Near Cark, 1891, W. Duckworth. [ 1866. Eng. Bot., ed. iii., vol. 6, 72.‘ Extends as far north as the count of Yorkshire and Lancashire.’ This, of course, refers to southern divisions]. Erythrea Centaurium Pers. C.F.R., 15: Centaurium minus CB. flore albo. First reported by L@ to Ray, April 1688. 1690. Ray Syn., ed. i., 159. With a white flower, nigh Cart Medicinal Well, Lawson; and repeated 1696. Ray, Syn. ed. 224. 1718. Derham. Phil. Lett, 215. Lawson to Ray, 1688, full. 1724. Ray, Syn., ed. iii, 286. 1763. Martyn, Pl. Cantab., | 1848. Ray Corresp., Ray Soc., 197 et seq. Lawson in full. 1864 Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of Miss E. Hodgson. Marsh lands not infrequent. 1885. Bake Flora, 148. ‘Ascending to top of Hampsfell, over Grange Lawson’s record included under Z. /itforalis. 1889. Westm. Noe book, 113. Lawson repeated in Martindale’s ‘Early Westm. PL Ree Erythrea littoralis Fr. : 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Plumpton Saltmarshes 5 shore under Humphrey Head. 1878. J. of B., $8. Mr. James Bre points out that the specimen in Miss Hodgson’s herbarium, suppose? to be this, is really £. pulchella. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 14°7 Miss Hodgson repeated. 1892. Naturalist, $2. Low marst Raven Winder, L. Petty. 93 NEWTON’S DICTIONARY OF BIRDS. A | Dictionary of Birds | By Ls eck baie Nero | ene by I sy sey I with contributions from | R D LYDEK ..| CHa W.SHUF Hoste = ae ten acti: (Sheathb: bill-Z yg. odactyii, together with Index and Introduction) | London 2 —_ and Charles Black | 1896 [8vo, paper boards, pp. 833-1088 +i.-xil, + 1-124]. Wit the fourth part—which was issued by Messrs. Black a day or two before Christmas—this »wx/torum annorum opus of Professor appeared in ‘The Naturalist.’ In the part with which we are here concerned the principal author has a multitude of articles more or less short, but all interesting and many of great importance. Of these Sheld-Drake, Shoveler, Skua, Snake-Bird, Solitaire, Song, Swan, Tapaculo, Tinamou, Tody, Touraco, Variation (‘a seductive subject, and, it may be added, a greatly neglected but vastly important one), Warbler, Weka, Zosterops, may be specially noticed. r. Gadow’s contribution consists of articles on Skeleton, Skull, Sternum, Stomach, and Vascular System, together with several lesser ones. It cannot be doubted that the book is greatly enriched in the contributions of this gentleman; and no praise can be greater than that accorded them in the preface by Professor Newton. ‘They cannot fail to place the enquirer, be he beginner or advanced student, in a position he could not hope to occupy through the Study of any other English book, and, what is better, a position whence he may extend his researches in many directions.’ Mr. Lydekker has an article on the Stereornithes with illustra tions after Sefior F. Ameghino. The term Stereornithes, it may be remarked, is used to comprehend a group of extinct, flightless birds from South America. It was expected that the remains would prove of great taxonomic importance, but the most recent investigation has shown that this can no longer be entertained. Dr. Shufeldt has a short article on the Surf-Bird, Aphriza virgata. _ The introduction, which is based upon the article ‘Ornithology’ in the ninth edition of the ‘ Encyclopedia Britannica,’ is a history of ornithologists and ornithology written with admirable conciseness and yet with a charm of style that captivates the attention, while there are some beautiful passages that cannot fail to lay hold of the memory. The latter part—wherein the chief additions are found— Teviews the various attempts that have been made to establish a Natural Classification of Birds, and will be intelligible to the initiated on ly. The last dozen pages are extremely interesting, as they embody the author’s views of the present aspect of the subject, but it would be impossible to adequately state them here either so briefly or so clearly without transcribing them. Professor Newton March 1897. 94 NOTES AND NEWS. has not formulated a classification of his own ; indeed, as he hi has told us, to do so would be the assumption of knowledge in t possession of no living man. But he has shown us where the ea system-makers failed, and how some later workers have copied failures, or magnified them, so that some of the later systems GO: £ jntt@dacsion (it occupies 120 pages of close—too close—prin contains references to over 500 authors) is invaluable, and for manner of treatment we have no expressions save those of ad tion. In the vast literature of ornithology these pages must alway hold a high place, and those who may read them will always grateful for the pleasure, no less than the profit, afforded there In concluding this notice we should like to take the opportunity afforded us of directing attention to those names of birds sage in an unfamiliar form. Albatros (we note with pleasure that . Salvin has adopted this spelling in the 25th volume of British Museum ‘Catalogue of Birds’), Avoset, Cuckow, Daw, will be sufficiently illustrative. It is not always pleasant to % what is familiar by what is strange, but it should never be repugh® to rectify error, and we feel sure that sooner or later the propriety ¢ the changes here made will be recognised. ‘The author is well a to have paid considerable attention to nomenclature, and ornithologist knows that his judgment in matters connected hee with is neither bey nor capricious. W. C.J BeBe St. Leonard’ s-on-Sea " NOTES AND NEWS. Before us lies a reprint from ‘The Glaciali ists’ Magazine’ for of a paper by Herbert Muff and Thomas Shecaerd —entitled w paper gives a full account of observatio ns mad last year, with discussion of their bearings on the subject of f glaciation in gato. om old friend Mr. Robert Standen, assistant keeper at the Mau ra ‘te of his paper on ‘ The Lan y don interesting and vabusble scaihienca ma dis ‘work ce hinges rep 95 BIBLIOGRAPHY: Papers and Records published with respect to the Natural History and Physical Features of the North of England. FERNS, FERN-ALLIES, AND CHARACEA, 1888-1889. THE present instalment has been compiled and edited by WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S. Previous instalments of the Bibliography of these groups were included with that of Flowering Plants, and appeared as follows :— For 1884, in ‘ Naturalist,’ Sept. 1885, pp. 331-336. » 1885, . June 1886, pp. 174-179. » 1886, +s Dec. 1890, pp. 359-374- » 1887, ¥ April-May 1891, pp. 125-133. » 1888, 4 June 1891, pp. 189-199. The counties and vice-counties of which cognizance is taken are the following, as named and numbered in the Watsonian scheme :-— 53, Lincoln S.; 54, Lincoln N.; 56, Notts; 57, Derby; 58, Cheshire ; 59, Lancashire S.-; 60, Lancushine W.; 61, York SE. ; 62, York N.E.; 63, York S. W.; ; 64, York Mid W.; 65, York N.W. 66, Durham ; be Northumberland S. ; 68, Chevictlanas 69, West. morland with Furness ; 70, Cambirand and 71, Isle of Man ANON, [not signed }. York Mid W. cursion to ae and Gordale Scar [Jun d, 1884; Polypodium phegopteris, P. dryopteris, and P. calcareum sted S= Report of the Lower Seis Street Schools’ Natural History Society, Oct. 1884, p. 10. ANON. [not signed]. Westmo rland. a. ren ad in Westmorland [found by Mr. Wright, growing in a bog a few thy from Kendal]. Westm. Note Book and Nat. Hist. Record, vol. 1, part 2, June 1888, p. 44. ANON. [not signed]. Westmorland, ield-Meeting of the Kendal Natural History Society [at Longs! Aug. 2nd; Lycopodium alpinum and Selaginella selaginoides mentioned as seen Or not seen]. Westm. Note Book and Nat. Hist. Record, vol. 1, part 3, p- 64-65. ANON, [not signed]. - York Mid Ww. ao Frees celina ees opy of ancient document, dated 1592, ger oO rT Langfellowe. as to the oe of oe us Holinghall, in which it is —— that brackens (P%eri ilina) w Pikes hy by the sides be “Nicholl-riddinge Gilly Varksh. a art 13, Oct. 7888. pp. 2 ANON. [not signed]. Lanc. S. Li jaturalists’ Field Club [at Ashurst B — ane roth, 1889 ; Equisetum sylvaticum noted}. Research, Sep. spikaa ts ANon. [not signed]. Lanc. S. Man icroscopical Society [at a. and Lees; Asplenium ruta-muraria noted]. Research, Oct. 1889, p. 9. March 1897. 96 BIBLIOGRAPHY : FERNS, FERN-ALLIES, AND CHARACEA, 1S ANoNn, [not si a Isle of Ma wae “5 Sulby Glen [Isle of Man], Aug. 28th, 1889 [noting Polypotiun ahaowsenki and Comserpe by the streamlets PEE, into Sulby en]. Proc. I. of Man N.H.S.; Yn Lioar Manninagh, Oct. 1889 Pe ANON. [not signed]. — Manx Natural History and Antiquarian Society [at S Sep, 1889; Lastrea seams, Osmunda, and Polypodium rms f Research, Nov. 1889, p. 115. H. Coo York [Presidential] A the Tyneside Naturalists’ pies: Club i. van aah, eh LPotppodiein onlvare, 4 Aspidium aculeatum, A. @ i A. ron -mas, won — ta, Athyri rum fee Jenin, pp triche man trid ca ont noted b day Spence as growing ncaa note Heer tween Askrig: d Hawes; ce of ee ) a Ss Lond , 4 biblio Garden | 1885 [8vo cloth, pp. viii. +262; the usual introductory an ae graphical matter—and an enu meration, fen localities, of 40 ferns, lycopods, Pilulavia, and nine horsetails]. - W. B. B[ARBER]. Mose 0: Natural History Society [noting Stag’s [Lycopodium sp.] from Lake District]. N.H.J., Oct. age | 1889, p. 124 A W. H. Beesy [distributor]. Cum < e The Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles—Report for [8vo, 1884, p. 81; notes anent Chara polyacantha from Cumberland]. ARTHUR BENNETT [distributor]. Lanc. S., Ch € Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles.—Report for : a iBvo, publ. 1885 ; notes on Nephrosium oe in Delentes e Forest, #7 ara braunit Gmel. at Reddish]. Bes BENNETT. We rs ge and Furness Records of Plants, additional to those in the 2nd E Top ogra Botany for the county of Westmorland leiving speeches for . Asp u : enumerating six species of Characez not yet setcinded Yor tid likely er in Westmorland]. Westm. Note-Book and Nat. Hist. Réenl part 3-4. ROBERT Brown [signature to introductio Cheshire, Lass > ora | of | Liverpool. | Third A: aide: | — | Liverpool Ni Z Field Club. | 1887. | — | “en jee sage | — | Liverpool : | = — = Fearnall & Co.), 20, Old Post Office Pla ie vo, printed c fae Cheshire stations gi Spidium angular e, Nephrodinn Spinal ve bigs 7 Sharir ee edn sylvaticum m, and Chara syncarpa ; wcens and Ophioglossum vulgatum; and 1 counties na £¢ ssiksitsen pete Rosert Brown. York Mid W., Lane 5 ical Résumé [of notes made at the 1888 Excursions of Oppo Nat. F, Club, anent cf oe viride at Ingleton, tphrodium dilatatum at Scarth 1, Ormskirk, 8th Sep.]. Proc. [4 Nat. F. Club for 1888 (publ. 7889) ot 40 and 43. Natu BIBLIOGRAPHY : FERNS, FERN-ALLIES, AND CHARACE&, 1888-89. 97 ROBERT BRowN Cheshire, Lanc. York rie W. _— of 2 of the Most ee er Plants noticed [by L ool F. C.] during the Ex ag in 1888 [enumerating Aguisetum maximum as a eke at Meols and West Kirby, Chediee 5th May, 1888, nine species o Ferns = sol yan 13th June, Agutsetum maxinum at Speke an ale, th June]. Proc. Liverp. N. F. Club for 1888 (pub. 1889), pp. 45-47. RoBert an Lanc. S. Additional Le iliies to the Flora of Liverpool, found within the fifteen miles’ radius, and recorded in 1888 [giving stations for Zolyfel/a segiettnsel in Learachi Proc. Liverp. Nat. F. Club for 1888 (pub. eae 9-52. JAMES CROSTON. Dackeisies. On Foot ye ough the Peak; or, a Summer Saunter through the ‘lls and ales of Derbyshire. N inth edition, crown 8vo., pp. xiv + 350. . an each. ohn Heywood, 1889. Price 3s. 6d. [Contains a catalogue 0 of Ferns and Mosses Bo in the neighbourhood of Castleton]. [Not seen.] GEorGE CLARIDGE Dru Cumberland. The Botanical Gachenee Club of the British Isles.—Report for 1888 [8vo, publ. 1889; at p. 241, Lastrea dilatata at High Raise, 2,500 feet]. T. W. eas ON. York Mid W. [Po um phegopteris noted for Winterburn, “ "i note on] Spirza “qndale in Upper Airedale. WNat., Nov. 1889, p JAMES FLEMING. Cheshire Rambles durin e Year 1887.—Bramhall [July 2nd ; — noted in pond at Mile Bhd ha Rep. Manch. Microsc. Soc. for 1887, pub. 1888, p.65. WILLIAM FowL ie N. and S. ae ‘Sand and Clay Plants [enumerated according to the references; Ophioglossum vulgatum, guise maximum, vets ‘Bech, oo 2 filix-famina, Lastrea oreopterts X-MAS, L. Botrychium, Lycopodium clavatum, L. anu undaiumt, and Selaginalta selaginsides noted with localities and soil- -preferences]. Nat., 53°355- aan FRIEND. Notts, York S.W. The Flora we = District [of prin — and - Dukeri sete La er Cystopteris paar [senes n Cr) Blechnum, Aspleni “mt _Lastrae tia, sotaaraen | my ‘Clu ss’]. Sissons’s ‘ Beauties of - ood Fore: a Guide to “Dukeriee’ “abd Wickson, ond a. _ "1888, 34: JaMEs Ganves. oe Se The Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles.—Report for 1885 [8vo., publ. 1886, note on Prarnieo palustre from Bamborough, = p- 140}. Joun HANDLEY Sedbergh: | A Few Notes on its Flora, | By | John ~— ee _ Sedbergh : [Jackass & Son, Printers and Bookbinders. | — fase 85. [Sma 8vo, 8 pages: notes bah occurrence of Lycopodium clavatum, L. alpinum, soe £, selago on Holme Fell]. W. B. Hemstey. Holiday Jottings in the Isle of Man eee abundance of Osavsinde regalis]. (Gard. Chron., Oct. 22nd, 1887, p J. F. Hints, Sec. York Mid W. ‘awe Bootham. Natural History Society eemacenecns noted at rough]. N.H.S., June 15th, 1889, p. [W. . sores [not gg Cumberland. Ferns in the Lake ry [noting es of Osmunda near . Keswick]. ’ Gard. Chea poe, 16th, oe nie —_ HowartH ete reface ae York List of Plants, | c ee the | Neighbour urhood of Shekel | — Prt Jooatan Salt, | and now in meg fi “a Sheffield Public Museum. | = | 18 G April z 98 BIBLIOGRAPHY: FERNS, FERN-ALLIES, AND CHARACEA, 188 a aneyais te the Sheffield Literary and behave mg re: Socie +57 pages printed cover ; localities given in North of Ex Me ferns, = tev paula, and five equisetids]. ork N.E., Mid W.. e Ferns a Aegis | including vend i Niderdale, | and around A Thirsk, - Scarbro’, and tby. | — y | | — | Edited by | B ‘B. LeTall, 1,M.A., pa Alfred be ‘Waller ee William Sessions, 15 & 16, Low Ous usegate. | I 1884. [8v panel Bes 5 36 ferns, Pilularia, and six Equisetids enumerated with nu J. M. JerFcoTT Isle of I Address of the Retiring President Lite a Manx name for Osm Yn Lioar Manninagh, Ap. 1889, pp. 56-58. Pp. M. C. K[ERMovE]. Isle of J Bincnae logical Observations [made in the Isle of Man; ; giving. Lal: jesse Yn Lioar Manninagh, July 1889, pp. 84 Pp. M. C. KERMODE. sle of N Addres ate Reti — President delivered | 1886 tee titles of books and papers dealing erin ‘the ferns of the Isie Man]. Back T eesaiuncwr of the Isle of Man N.HLS., i. 70; publ. with Lioar NMannfaagh, Oct. 1889. P. Fox LEE. York | [Ferns obse cpt the > emnies Naturalists’ Union at ge olntany June, I 1889 5 ; Cystopteris fragilis, Nephrodium filix-mas va —_* Poly, sae ba pheg vopteris, P. dryopteris). Nat., July it, PP * P. Fox rk Mid) [Plants noted by] the Yor —— sige garg Paras ot tae July, br pore ae palustre at Birk EE. ma aia in Valley; and Asplenium ruta- nas and A. pie ona at Knaresb0 Nat., Aug. 1889, pp 237- 9. FREDERIC ARNOLD LEES. N.W., Mid W. The Flora | of | West Yorkshire | ce a ‘ ake h "of the re . oe. PP. 499- nd 799-500 3 Ferns, 5 Lyco) oe a Pilularia, 7 Equisetids, and 12 epee : elerenee also in the introductory chapters]. B. B. LeTa York, ae Natural History Club [Pillwort (Pilularia & rage a the first “rt on Tillmire, though long reported there}. h, 1889, p Roe: ae Zig-Zag Ramblin gs by a Naturalist Elegie Darlington ; the list Flora of Dastingven* includes 10 ferns and 5 equisetids, ‘with Small 8vo., — 1884, pp. I iis: . wes Conicnaeg sinaed: at a] Fi eld Meeting of the Ken dal Natu octet {at war Fell, 1st Aug. 1889; Lastrea pinulose var. L. rigida and Phegopteri hla gig Westm. Note Book and * Record, “at & Dec. 1889, p. 175. J. A. sgt riness [not signe Nader ae Early Westmorland Pl ant Records [for e Ziymenapiyliom ea ge in es ae Bol get ep. 153-1 [Asfle ithe wt se Caton i oficinar Scolopendriui, 4 anes thelypleris, Phesopt ts a pterts ; ss ol, oe Sats in um, Botrychium, Equiset uni arvense, FE. limosum, Lycopodium selago, L. pate a tet L. alpin sees ” slaginella selA, BIBLIOGRAPHY : FERNS, FERN-ALLIES, AND CHARACES%, 1888-89. 99 Chara? treated of; followed by an account df a note book of Thomas Lawson’s, including notes of Lycopodium gigs Westm. Note Book and Nat. Hist. Record, part 8, Dec. 1889, pp. 179-1 MOSLEY. York S.W. Observations Anston Stones,- May 1889 [anent Pea et ae y ster S iibece and 4. ruta-muri wie Nat., Aug. 1889, R. P. M[urrRay]. am of “ae atti ens’ ting] i Appeals Germanicum ” Leperte ed as taken at Dalby f orhich ie er suspects to b2 — eous]. —— "Masai, p. 8 » p- 67. s query is replied in same pot y W.S., who states that it was Saddeenteghty pa ey pe that the aie is given as Manx in one of the guide-books] GEORGE wane _— Lancs pag ia The Botani xchange Club of the British Isles.—Report for [8vo., one he on Chare at Daeptog Fen, Reddi-h, and Southport, p. re | NICHOLSON, Derbyshire. e Bo change Club of the British Isles.—Report for 1887 a — 1888, p. 195 ; Zguisetum capillare and £. sylvaticum at Shirley}. W. H. TER Derbyshire. A comet tion t o | the Flora of ont ees | Being an Account of the | Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Char e found in the County. | By | [3 Jines as author} | Lon don er 18 [8vo., 156 pages and “fe Idin ng map ; prel im minary, statistical, " geological, physio- RASS By and ——— notes ; 26 ferns, 2 lycopods, 6 equiseta, and 4 characex are included; 8vo., cloth, pp. 156, and map; London: Bell and Son, price 7s. 6d 2m W. H. PAINTER Derbyshire. itional N otes on the Flora of Derbyshire [mentioning Osmun régalis, Equtsetum —— Zap tv en and Z. clavatum as new ped ecords]. J. o -, June 1889, p 8-9. =... P.O0 Che ? Rubies duri eo the year 1887.—Ashley [June 11th ; Nite bia i in the ponds]. Ann. Rep. Manch. eae Society for 1887, pub. mse, pp- 63-64. J. F. pee ON. Cheshire. On the Botany of the Cheshire Meres [a brief note, mentioni site: um aciuleatunt, Ophieglasinm vulgatun, “speniun marinum, Lyco- podium inundatum, and Fzlularia, with their itats, as ch SL eae met with]. Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinb., vol. 14, ait 3 (1883), p M. 2 Ronox. Northu aheclask ‘Ss. Additions to the Local Fauna and Flora, with Remarks on some New Habla, etc.-f oo eygew g cole eheereed 1874 in a ditch skirting the a stle Town Moor, a Lough ; details given ; also oe, Sragil. nied Cc. Went + fetes d rag Lough]. Nat. Hist. ns. No ses b. Durh. and Newe:, vol, "8, “pe t; cubh 884, pp. 185-9: a 189 earn in part 2, pub. 1885. M. B. Tet York N.E. rt for aS 3 full details of work don gal [Reps the season ; aby Polya oes opteris, P. plewren s, Asplenium aot muraria, and Eskdale } antum- — in Esk and sg has tby Third Ann. Rep. Malton — ., 1885-6, publ. 1886, p M. Bo GSuar York —_ otany roaae rt on investigations by Malton members in 1 including Lelppetionh ———- at ae oo Beck a vulgare, P. phe, gop teris, P. dryo es s, Lastrea oreopter wah nig —_ Z dilatata, —— leery a fume filix- fein at Rosedale, ae 2 h Ann. ons Malton F. Nat. & Sci. Soc., 18867, publ. 1887, | pp. 17-19. April 1867. 2. 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY : FERNS, FBRN-ALLIES, AND CHARACE&, 1889-81. M.S erns ohaery ed by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Robin Hi ay [21st June, 1889; Polystichum angulare and Polyp: tum cules Fyling hall and Howdale Beck]. Nat., Aug., 1889, pp. 230- WALTER W. St N ork ostes on Fungi: with List of ca aa collected chiefly in East York cs] Sian mention of their pier n Lastrea dilatatu at Pond Wi adidas Nat., July 1889, p G. Is obs ‘of ships Excursion to Dalby, Aug. 1888 [with notes Asplenium marinum, A. Caan Osmunaa, and Adiantum be es — Vannin Tes. Jan. 1889, F ork Mid W. an Yorkshire : | its Scenes, Lore and Legen ends. | [fo ur lines prize essay] | | M. Tait | [seven Sass supplementary to title] | = | Leeds: | E. J. Ame Printer and Publisher, 3, Briggate. | — | 1888 Small. 12mo, 100 and ma Ps ‘ ae nces at p >. 4 to Scolopendrium on Crav en limestone platea' za). [Ray's | ord of Osmunda for dome Westmor — and eit netentaly Korine dh in a note on] Brassica monensis. Tra of Man N.H.S., i. 13-18; published with Vannin Lioar, No. re co : 189 ork MPSON. Florula Sedbergensis. | ~~~ | A Catalogue | of | Floweri tee Plants | and | Ferns iy amen in the aprile of | Sedbergh. [8vo, 20 and printed cover; dated May 1886 at end of Preface; a bare enumerat re sient am English names; 23 oak 3 Lycopods, and 4 we CaF. sSicia Der Calen Nature, 1886 [for Burton-on-Trent; dates given Sar Eleventh re soa. Burton-on-Trent N. H. and Arch. 7) Pp. 22-2 AS. tdci So : Durham and — NW. Teesdale ties [found by Writer and Mr. Weldon Tysteon pratenss eand £. variegatum). N.H.J., Nov. 15th, 180, we 1 ec. Report of the Botanical and Micr oscopical Section [of the Bu Trent N.H.S.], 1887-8 [noting Agu/setum limosum and E. wyleatcum ei ~~ d Asplenium ceterach at Dovedale]. Ann. Rep. Burt ton-on-Tr N.H h. Soc., 1887-8, publ. 1888, pp. 17-18. . J. A. shape York N.E. and Mid Strensall Common [much ry within past two — a te Sera of Pils roel sere fer a noted ; skham Bog # in danger of partial destruction, but not as far as the ha unts of Osun — thelypteris|. Sci. Goss., Sed 1889, ay 23. E. M. Woop. [Fern noted at a] Field Meeting at Burton and Willaston. jane 1887 [Nephrodium — at Haddon Wood]. Liverp. Sci. dtud. rind ee =e p. ie Emiy M. Yor: id carat oe Ferns s and tee Lycopods noted by] Liverpool Field Ne ng'eton [June 5th, 188 R -20. TREVOR Basi. Woop : ihe Resonech aly. os P2127 vor “ [List of] Plants of, Langstrothdale, Mid-West Vockssicia for some ; 19 ferns, no ead -allies, listed]. Nat., Sep. 1889, pp- or T. W. WoopHeap. . ae [Ferns, etc., noted by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Uni Teesdale [in Aug. 1889 ; Cryptogramme crispa, apeahie’ A. trichomanes, A. viri ity Cystopteris fragilis, Polypodiu P. dryopteris, Lycopodiun m selago, Lyc. clavatum, Lyc. alpin selaginoides, E guise‘um pratense, E. variegatum). Nat., Sep. ¥ PROTECTION OF BIRDS. Wild Bird Protection | and | Nesting Boxes, | with illustrations of various designs of boxes, | brackets, etc., that have actually been | used by wild birds for Nidification, | and a full List of the Orders made under the ‘‘ Wild | Birds Protection Acts” on the aa 5 of County Councils, with the names | of the mg geen | By | R. B. Masefield, M.A., By ve President of the North St siorashtie | Rina Field Club. | — | Lee Taylor Brothers, atates | 1897 [8vo, cloth, with wood engravings in a text and 9 collotype plates. Price §/.] WE English are now fully alive to the necessity and great desirability of protecting and encouraging our native birds, none more so than the naturalists whose out-door recreation is the observance of the habits, manners and customs of our feathered friends. This makes the appearance of the book now under notice very opportune. The title-page is so full that it leaves little need to explain further the scope of the work, so that we may at once proceed to discuss the four parts or chapters which compose The first part deals with ‘ Wild ea Protection,’ reviewing in ae es the history of legislation in relation to birds from th of the Carta Foreste of 1225 to that of the very eadeadia Wild Birds Protection Act of 1894. The sketch is necessarily but a slight One of a subject so full of interest that a detailed and exhaustive account of avian legislation from the pen of one who, like our author, possesses the necessary combination of qualifications for such a task, would make a most useful book. The second part, devoted to ‘Medizval Bird Laws,’ oo the Elizabethan Acts authorising the destruction of verm The third part is the principal one, and describes id illustrates by woodcuts various forms of boxes and other contrivances calcu- lated to give facilities for nidification and so encourage the increase of our bird population. So much can be done by those who have the opportunity, that all such suggestions as those given by our author will be joyfully acted on by many who would wish in their small way to emulate the example of Squire Waterton, in whose hospitable domain so many of the birds of the air found an inviolate sanctuary. The law facilitates this now-a-days, insomuch as it is now practically impossible to shoot our native birds, and it only remains for us to follow the example of Waterton and our author, and select from the various designs of nesting-boxes which Mr. Masefield describes and illustrates. We are indebted to the courtesy of the publishers for the opportunity of reproducing one of the illustrations, representing a composite or family nesting-box, which Mr. Masefield nds to be readily occupied by various small birds. Of course it is poo Bay means a new thing to provide these facilities, for a North pril 1897. 102 PHASCUM FLCERKII IN EAST YORKSHIRE. of “England naturalist, Mr. Thomas Altham, of Bashall Bowland, has systematically for some years done this woods in his neighbourhood, both fitting up boxes and by adapting sui trees to the purpose. We have also s adopted a very useful measure wh those putting up farm buildings can adop with ease and with little trouble or exper ~ but which Mr. Masefield does not allt to. At Wilstrop, near York, the Mr. John Harrison, when erecting buildings, adapted them to the wu ~ Starlings by the omission of bricked! and there ; and the writer remembers have seen the same thing done elsewh notably near Crackpot Gill, Swaledal The fourth and final part gives in alpha- betical order the text of the various Orders made in English and Welsh counties for the extension and variatiol of the Wild Birds Protection Acts, and stating the species dealt will in each administrative area. This is also a valuable and us part of the book, and we hope that in any future editio Mr. Masefield will tabulate and classify this information, and a list showing the scientific as well as the vernacular names of various birds scheduled for protection. If this was done the va of the book would be incalculably increased at the cost of a little time and trouble. The interest of the work is enhanced by insertion of nine co ollotype plates showing the places of nidificatio the Bullfinch, Nuthatch, Wren, Spotted Flycatcher, Redstart, and Blue Tits, and Starling. ‘Altogether the little work is full 0 suggestive interest, and we wish it every success. It is nicely got up, well printed, and encased in grey cloth, embellished with blus and gold. NOTE—MOSS SSES. Lact Hascum Fleerkii : an Addition to the Moss Flora of the Eas Last Nov . : P se are an = Present known is J piepal se senoi gee — etakciase Pheri Ci . Chemist, Market We witheitate pn oom - +Say. J. J : Nat LINCOLNSHIRE BOULDERS. * JOHN H. COOKE, F.G.S., Thorndale, Lincoin. FIRST PAPER. - Since County Councils have become a power in the land, a marked improvement in the state of the roads of the kingdom has been noticeable. But to make good roads suitable material is required, hence it is that we find that, in counties such as Lincolnshire where road material had to be carted from a distance and is therefore expensive, no opportunity is lost to utilise such treasure-trove as the Glacial Beds of the county may supply. In the course of my daily peregrinations through and around Lincolnshire, I frequently hear of large erratics that, having lain in neighbourhoods for untold centuries, have quite recently been sacrificed to the exigencies of our rgth century civilisation. As the opportunities that I have for seeing and for personally collecting specimens are exceptional, I am now keeping records of all boulders that I come across. I retain specimens of all of the rocks catalogued, and I need hardly say that my collection will be at the service of any who may be interested in this subject. ABBREVIATIONS.— A. = angular; S.A. = sub-angular; R. = rounded. Goxhill. 1. Dolerite (S.A.), 24 in. x 21 in. x 20 in. At the corner of the. High Street. 2. Shap granite (S.A.), 9 in. x gin. x 8 in. In the side-walk on left-hand side leading to the church. The side-walks of Goxhill contain great numbers of boulders of Dolerite, Basalt, Granite, and Quartzite. 3. Secondary sandstone, 48 in. x 36 in. x 30 in., in the pond between Ranby and Bennisworth. - Habrough. 4. A heap of boulders that had been collected from the adjoining fields for the purpose of making road metal contained many specimens of basalt, granite, flint, and one boulder of andesite. Yarborough. 5. Augite granite (R.), 45 in. x 36in. x 33in. Thisis the boulder -. of the village. April 1897. Ss = : it: 104 COOKE: LINCOLNSHIRE BOULDERS. Alvingha 6. Porphftitic granite ae ) 18in. x 15in. x 12in., at gate Rainforth’s farm 7. Shap granite (R.), 14in. x 7in. x 7in., in the ditch of second field from No. 6. : North Elkington 8. Basalt (R. ), iia x 18in, x 15in., Birkenshaw’s Fara g. Basalt, 21 in. x 18in. x 16 in., Hee s Farm. Louth. 10. Dolerite (S.A.), 24 in. x 20in. x 18in., Greyhound yr Kelsterne. 11. Basalt (S.A.), 33 in. x 22in. x 18 in., Gateway of Kels iz. Basalt (S.A.). 22 in, x 18in. x 18 in., in the adjoining! yard, nl. 13. Granite (S.A.), 24 in. x 18 in. x 12 in., Rising Sun Pp : house. Baumber. 14. Quartzite (S.A.), 54in. x 24in. x 18 in., at cross roads. 15. Dolerite (S.A.), 15 in. x 18 in. x 14 in., Lion Inn. - Donington-on-Bain. 16. Basalt (S.A.), 13 in. x 12in. x 12in., Railway Inn. 17. Grey granite (R.), 30in. x 18in. x 12 in., Gray’s yard. 18. Basalt (S.A.), gin. x gin. x gin., Gray’s ya ard. 19. Basalt (S.A.), r8in. x r2in. x 12 in., Neve’s shop comer 20. Basalt (S.A.), 15 in. x gin. x The yards at Gray’s and Neve’s contain many small granitic basaltic boulders. Into the wall that surrounds the church there have been built many large rounded boulders of sandston€ # of quartzite. Tetney. 21. Basalt (S.A.), 33 in. x 20 in. 22. 3 x x 12in., at Travis’s corner. | ” » 36in: x 26in. x 17 in., on G. W. Simon's F. 23. ” » %I2in. x 42in. x kin, ae : , 24. ” » I6in. x 12in. x 12 in., Z é 25 ” ” 241n. x 18in, x 15 in., vs a 26. ” » 241M. x 22in. x 11 in., ES . ot ” » 241M. X 2rin. X 12 in, y ” 28 ” 9 2710. X% g4 im. X 15 in., sj pi » 33M. x 24in. x 12 in., at Archer's corner 3°. ” ” 24in. x 24 in, x 12 nh, i v6 * TRAVELLED SHAP GRANITE ON WALNEY ISLAND. 105 ai. Saas, (R.), 24 in. x 24 in. x 12 in., at Stark’s gateway. 32. salt (S.A.), 12 in. x 12 in. x 12 in., in Stark’s yard. $3. re » 30in. x 20in, x 18 in, in Willow’s yard. 34- 18in. x 18in. x 18 in., in E. Pender’s yard. 35: Sandstone (R. ), 18 in. x 15 in. x 15 in., near Plumtree’s gate. 36. Dolerite (R.), 18 in. x 15 in. x ‘12 in., in Plumtree’s yard. 37. Basalt (S.A.), 20in. x 15 in. x 10 in., Plough Inn yard. 38. i2in: x 10in. x IOI, — 5, = Dolerite (S.A.), 16 in. x 13 in. x 12 in., near +: Pindar’s gate. és 18 in. x 18 in. x 12 1n., in S. Broadley’s yard. __Augite granite (S. A. ), 12 in. % 121M. % JIS igs e 5 Limestone (S.A.), 20 in: %. 2010. % 10 10,. 51. Basalt (S.A.), 12 in. x 12 ip. x 12 in., e ‘cs 52. Dolerite (S.A.), 24 in. x 18 in. x 18 in, ss Zi 53. - Flint: (A.), rg in. x 15 in. x 8 in., 54. Basalt (S.A.), 24 in. x 18 in. x 14 in, in Archer’s Seay 55- 2in. X 12 in. x 12 in. 56. Dolerite GA), 12 in. x 9 in. x 9 in, “Lingard garden, Hoop 57- Dolerite (S. ree 44 30..% 12 we * 12 in., in Lingard’s yard. 58. 14 in. x 12 in. x Io in., 59- Gunruae (R. ), 24in. x 18in. x 18 in., in Miss ‘Sutton’ S "yard 60. Quartz-Poiphyry A ‘ 12 in. x gin. x Q in.,in S. Stampe’s yard, Hoop E VOTE—GEOLOG ¥; _ Travelled ranite on Walney Island.—The other day I was shown in the paving of a side street in Ulverston, a rounded, thavelled piece of Shap Granite. All the stones used in front of certain "basins premises were brought thie i ngst them ; more specimens to be found at the same place still. Large quantities of yeors were removed from Walney to crush for concrete for Manchester Ship Canal, and : rant beach shows no sign of diminishing ; there must be a good su pply under r. The idea that the piece under notice was once ship’s ballast will not, i ‘thisk, meet the case, for if so, it probably came from some portion of the ‘Cumberland sea-board. Mr. R. Smith, who ees out the Aaah to me pois a believer in oes geese) nightmare), considers it ice-borne. _In size it is about five inch S. L. Petry, Ulverston, tach 7 eg April 1897. THE LAND-PLANARIAN, eo eMus TERRESTRIS (Mug IN LINCOLNSHIRE. H. WALLIS KEW, F.Z.S. Ir may perhaps be worth while to record the occurrence of this little planarian in Burwell and Haugham Woods, where I colle it, in March, under logs and fallen branches. I am not aware it has been previously reported from Lincolnshire, but there 1 reason to suppose that it is at all rare or local in many parts of islands. Since its presence was first remarked upon in 1846 by Rey. L. Jenyns (afterwards Blomefield) it has been found in sever counties —careful search for it in suitable spots having, I belie been usually successful. e extent of its range northwar however, requires investigation. Considerable interest surrour which, in the dense, damp forests and elsewhere in the tro presents conspicuous forms of large size and great beauty coloration, One of the large species, Bipatium kewense Moseley, pro from the Oriental region, is well known to occur, from ? to time, under glass in gardens in England and Ireland, and many other parts of the world; and I may mention _ rece not long ago, through the iiwiness of “Mr. G. Ke specimens of it from the nurseries of Messrs. B. S. wat & at Upper Holloway, London. The worms were obligingly exam for me, and identified as Bipalium kewense, by Professor J er | NOTES AND NEWS. The town of Silloth i in Cumberlan 1 has lost a 3 tow nsman by the d h » who was a native of Monimail in Fife, his fat ial p as fond ne travel, and could travel to purpose. He Was well known all over the di district as a keen politician of "pronounced 0 107 THE CHRONOLOGY OF FLORA. First Records | of | British Flowering Plants. | Compiled by | WiLLtam A. CLarkKe, F.L.S. | Reprinted, with Additions and Corrections, from the | ‘Journal of Botany,’ 1892-6. | together with a | Note on Nomenclature, |— | London: | West, Newman & Co., . . . | 1897. [Demy 8vo, pp. ii. +103. Price 3s. 6d PARADOXICALLY the fullest thanks of botanists are due to Mr. Clarke for the thankless labours of this work—surely labours of love, for the ways to it are thorny, and the gaps and side tracks tempting to error many indeed. Every field botanist should possess it, if only as an example of method, of careful delving in the very broken ground of early British Botany. Though only a small book, thoughtfully provided with an index, its centum of pages are cram-full of suggestive facts, the bringing together of which has meant immense labour. Following the plan squared by Trimen and Dyer in 1869 as to their Middlesex area alone, for each species-name (barring dubious splits and varieties) in the ‘ London Catalogue’ of 1886, the reference is given (date, pater, and extract) of its ear/iest observance in Britain. A work of such a kind finds its meed of praise in the standard of accuracy itself raises: no such dealing with a multitude of (often obscure) details can be quite flawless, and yet this comes very near to that most-to-be-wished-for consummation. Nothing but a comparative analysis of the result in one or two chosen directions, leaving all the rest untouched upon, can make a review of such a work ‘improving.’ The writer, therefore, will take Yorkshire and Lincolnshire—as best known to him bibliographically —and try to give some idea of the fascinating mine of treasure to which, like the dy of its portals is the ‘Open S : It will gratify those more specially interested in the county of broad acres to learn that.out of the 1,440 species whose first notice as British has been traced back, Yorkshire has the honour of furnishing 7o ‘Earliest Records’—a much larger number than for any other area of like size, if we except that of the ‘home counties,’ Cambridge, Essex, Herts, Surrey, and Kent, which lay nigher at hand to the herbalists and botanists of the 17th and 18th centuries. Of these seventy, it is remarkable that only two (Senecio palustris, How, 1650—and Eriophorum gracile, Woods, 1835) are extinct ! One other in its ‘ first-record station’ (Pyrola secunda, Ray, Cat., 1670, not 1690 as our author has it) at Hazlewood, near Aberford, 1s an ambiguity ; for another species of the genus has grown there from time immemorial, and grows there still. There is no record for the true thing save as a name until 1724, I think ; and the stations for it are in a quite different part of the county. April 1897. a 9h 108 REVIEW: FIRST RECORDS OF BRITISH FLOWERING PL Some corrections of Yorkshire ae beyond those noted i in Addenda (pp. 95, 96, 97), must be made. The first record for Audus aoa should bear date 1640, Yorkshire,’ Parkinson, p. 1015, anticipating the Ray Cat. notice 30 years. Then, Ray’s record for Potentilla verna of 1670 is the first, b Johnson’s general one of 1541 ‘in montosis’ really had refere the P. alpestris (maculata) of Northumberland and Teesda hill districts of North England, where (as at Giggleswick with 1 to Hudson’s record for verna) the true vera does not grow. visited Teesdale, there first noting Potentilla fruticosa likewise, 1633, and the cinquefoil that grows so finely along with the s species is all a Zestris : he did not differentiate it from verna,h —or rather, evidence that he did, is lacking. Again, Merrett’s earliest record (1666) of Sedum anglicum Ingleborough (Pinax, p. 111) in the mud of the slate stones, is dro for the Yarmouth record of 1670. There cannot be much dt what Merrett meant by his ‘Sedum minimum flore mixto ex | et rubro’ when S. anglicum is a feature still, of the high S$ rocks, S. and E. from Lakeland to Morecambe Bay and the Lune ie Fells. Mr. Clarke, too, follows Dillenius’ mislead, I hold, in referrin the Merrettian record of 1666 for Saxifraga aizoides—‘ Sedu illecebra, fol. oblongis, floribus luteis maculosis’—to Sedum cil (which has not a yellow spotted flower), the first certain re which is Ray’s of 1677. That is a small point, hovena within a decade of years, and between two such shining lig early days it doesn’t matter to whom the award of merit is @ An omission among the Hawkweeds is the Hzeracium maculae record, of 1666 also, ‘ betwixt Ingleborough hill and Settle’ (Pin 99), a puzzling form, one extreme passing well as Gibsont, the 0 as vu/gatum with maculate leaves, a spotting in which several © Composites of the locality partake. Carex paradoxa was known at Askham Bogs, near Baines (who wrote in 1840), and gathered by Dr. Spruce in 1° but Dr. Moore’s in Bad. Man. may be the first record in | p I think not, although I have not the exact reference. PF were exhibited either at Edinburgh or London, and a report give some such journal as the Atheneum: I retail from memory Mr. Newbould told me, and I possess all his notes and MSS. € —they are too voluminous to go through at present. Before we leave Yorkshire let mé say that Geranium By still persists ‘ad ripam fluvii inter Bingley et Keighley — as in the days of Hudson and Re NOTES AND NEWS. 109 Trichomanes, alas! has gone from Bell Bank. Mr. Clarke’s work does not embrace the ferns ; and one hardly dare set down on paper what one thinks about the origin of the present habitat in the western half of the West ees ‘e real ‘Killarney’ fern. It does grow therein, but—— day-tripper might go westward and (with a light portable aes gather and spn it; aye, and the true Maiden-Hair also if they but ‘knew the ro As for Lincolnshire, for so long fies hate only eight of these earliest records for all England come from within its marches. ese commencing with 1597 (Cochlearia officinalis and Atropa, both Gerardean), range through 1633 (Gentiana pneumonanthe and ii Gerardean, too) to 1690 (@. Lachenalit, Ray), and 1695 © (Obione pedunculata, Plukenet) to 1839 (Viola stagnina, Nicholson), 1845, and last, but far from least important, 1881 ;—this being the date of the discovery of Sedinum Carvifolia by the Rev. W. Fowler, thereby confirming his connection in ‘ Apostolic succession” with those Fathers of Herbary, Gerarde and John Ray! The records for Northumberland begin with William Turner, whose ‘ Names of Herbes’ (1548), and in a lesser degree his Herball (1551-68), furnish most of the earliest notes for any county. Amongst them is the first mention of the Common Heather for Britain (1551), Meum Athamanticum, and the horseradish. ‘The first Scottish plant to be recorded was Zrienfalis by Bauhin in 1620. The Scotch Fir, Cesar notwithstanding, found its standard-bearer in John Parkinson, so late, comparatively, as 1640. The first Hibernian plant to be placed on the roll of fame was Arbutus Unedo, the Strawberry-tree (also in 1640 by the same compiler) which might thereby, not unfancifully be held to warrant the still prouder title of the Irish aurel. F. ARNOLD LEEs. NOTES AND NEWS. As the 9th edition of the London soe ae has been noticed in these columns, — little ent be said except in praise of Mr. . A. Clarke’s ‘ First Records of ts, 1892-1 West, Newman & Co., 3s. 6d.). Some at any rate of our readers will appreciate the eficits ofa writer, of sound knowledge, to a ae record the first appearance in print of our in such a manner as t understandable to botanical people. As ary, ‘a note on eee, ated an index complete he volume. In the a, ym order a Tooue Catalogue, edition 8, is followed, so we get no Buda and no Carex Hudsonii Ar. Bennett, but in place of the latter a name that may not be more agreeable to Mr. es—C. elata All. (1785)= C. stricta ee plt7g2) and Mr. Os rke proceeste: ¢ ‘For ea eg @ ny synonyms see B 1. Cam., 260; Ray, Syn. ed. ii., 412 (espa. > But Potentilla —— Neck. “eos Silla fetal Salah at A osirks In loo! through the book we noted that in on area named € page, Vorkehie heads the list of first seconis with 60. ,Westiorland o Nowhumberlan 17, Lancashire 14, Lincoln 8, Cumber land 7, Cheshire 4, Tham 3, and two each for Derby, Notits., ee Isle of Man. Again we must say,. April 1897. the casing of this particular book we hace a hatte 20 have had it twi i 1 ill : ou aie eae nd of his work w t is thoroughly good place, and reminds us of Butler's s Base cat ill Mr. Clarke forgive pee quote Authorities Sor what he wrote. THE ROSEATE TERN STILL A BRITISH BREEDING BIR E. G. POTTER, York. Ir is with pleasure that I record the fact that this ele; beautiful bird (Sterna dougalli) is not yet extinct as a breeding species, and that it has still a regular nesting haunt i British Isles Readers will be aware that eminent and leading ornith stated in all recent works on British ornithology. Indeed, Mr. Henry Seebohm states :—‘It is doubtful whether the. Tern nests in any part of the British Islands at the present t However, for the last few years I have known of a colony’ birds nesting annually in Britain ; but, of course, for obvious: I must refrain from disclosing the precise locality. In — satisfied them (the B.M. authorities) that this Tern is still breeding species. It is satisfactory to know that this rare species has a portion of these islands where they are not likely to molested by man; in fact, as can readily be supposed, it is 7" the madding crowd, and it is to be hoped that those gentel! are already aware of the habitat in question will keep it the sake of the birds and of British Ornithology I might also point out that their eggs are readily distin from those of the Arctic and Common Terns. . Warch 3rd, 1897. : Sn BWemoriam. ALEXANDER HENRY GREEN. Apart from his general reputation as a geologist, the late Professor Green’s eight years’ connection with the Yorkshire College and his Presidency (in 1891) of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union had made for him a wide circle of acquaintance in the North of England, and to all who knew him his death last August must have been a matter of sincere regret. Born in 1832, he received his early education at Ashby-de-la- Zouch Grammar School under his father, the Rev. T. S. Green. Proceeding to Cambridge, he studied mathematics, and graduated as Sixth Wrangler in 1855, being elected in the same year to a Fellowship at his College (Caius). The effect of his mathematical training is very clearly to be traced in his subsequent work, giving a stamp of thoroughness to his methods and precision to his results. Geologists, as he remarked at Leeds when presiding over Section C of the British Association, are in continual danger of becoming loose reasoners, grasping at general ideas without submitting them to quantitative tests; and, although he modestly pleaded guilty to the same tendency, his own writings are noticeably free from the weakness which he deprecated. The same clearness of view and desire to face the exact conditions of every debatable question are found in his ‘ Physical Geology.” His lectures and writings were remarkable for lucidity, the language being chosen to reflect accurately the image in his own mind. His lecture-notes were marvels of neatness. Green’s active career divides into three periods: his connection with the Geological Survey from 1861 to 1874, his residence at Leeds, and his tenure of the Professorship of Geology at Oxford, where he succeeded the late Sir Joseph Prestwich in 1888. In the course of his work for the Geological Survey he mapped considerable tracts of the Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks of the Midland counties, and especially of the Carboniferous rocks of Yorkshire, Derbyshire, etc. Of the numerous official memoirs of which he was author or joint- author, the most important was ‘The Geology of the Yorkshire Coal-field,’ published in 1878. It was as an authority on the Carboniferous formations and an expert in matters connected with coal-mining that he was best known; and in 1882 the Cape Govern- ment selected him to examine and report on the coal-formation of that colony. Green’s residence in Yorkshire could only be regarded by his friends with mixed feelings. He did much excellent work there, April 1897. MEMORIAM—ALEXANDER HENRY IN MEMORIAM—ALEXANDER HENRY GREEN. 113 published good books, and accumulated valuable knowledge. Whenever an opening offered itself he taught clearly and vigorously. But his students were few, and there was great discouragement. It is a peculiarity of our examination-ridden age that the highest attainments in the teacher will not attract students unless there is also the bribe of a place in some professionally serviceable class-list. Geology counted for very little in examinations, and accordingly Green had very few students. He was at last obliged to teach Mathematics as well as Geology. During this anxious and disappointing time, Green worked away bravely. He was always busy, and always managed to have on hand some solid piece of routine work, which helped to keep him in tolerable spirits. He walked much in the open air, taking care to visit every new geological section of interest in the West Riding. His contributions to scientific journals were pretty frequent, and he was often invited to lecture. But at times he felt that his faithful services had.not met with the reward that was due. To so busy a man the removal from Leeds to Oxford must have been in some degree a retirement, although the duties of his new office were by no means trifling. Occupying the Chair of Buckland, Phillips, and Prestwich, he was in the midst of ground rendered classic by the work of those and other geologists. Those who attended the meeting of the British Association at Oxford in 1894, and took part in the excursions which Professor Green organised and carried out to famous localities in the neighbourhood, can judge of the pleasure that he would take in such surroundings, and they will not have forgotten the readiness to impart information and the genial humour which added zest to any expedition under his guidance. He was before all a field-geologist. To him geology was an open-air pursuit, and the love of this the most important side of the science, fostered no doubt by his life as a geological surveyor, never left him. In the address to which allusion has already been made, he advocated this practical study as a subject in the education of boys, a word which, he remarks, is intended to include girls also. Of the various official positions which Professor Green held at different times, we need not make detailed mention. He was well known at the Geological Society, and fulfilled more than one term of service on its Council, where his wide knowledge and sound judgment were highly valued. The Council awarded him the Murchison Medal in 1892, and he was elected a Vice-President of the Society two years later. He also served for a time on the Council of the Royal Society, of which he had become a Fellow In 1886, April 1897. i H II4 NOTES— ORNITHOLOGY. Green was a man of simple tastes. He hated every k pretence, liked plain food, plain writing, and plain speech. H never afraid to say ‘I do not know,’ and would make good- hu 10 fun of the practice of giving a hard name to a thing in the b that it was thereby explained. Those who had dealings of any k with him found that he was straightforward and honourable. friends. knew that he was also considerate and_ self-sacri e€ was thoroughly respected. Weppebanaking discovery, no brilliant _ fallacious doctrine is associated with his memory ; he was Si a hard-working and useful student of science. As a teacher he was eminently practical. Beginning with a of sandstone and a piece of granite, he would show how they be studied by pounding, washing, treatment with acid, etc. Daubrée, and these he would exhibit to his class. In the field students were taught early to develop their own resources. — would set them to some simple piece of mapping or section-dra subsequently going over the work with them to check and criti when necessa _ Some of the facts cited above are taken from a notice 10 ‘Geological Magazine’ for October 1896, while for infor relative to Professor Green’s work at Leeds we are indebted Professor L. C. Miall and Mr. W. W. Watts. A, NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y. Red-backed Shrike at 5 orgie ye Kis gug a in June vig my friend Mr. W. Hewet nf et, 3 York, mate occasio! it is somewhat unusual for t this common Southern-English migrant to a ertiea locality as Spurn Head in the noone ‘sani —E. G. POTtets rescent, t Vork, Mash 18th, ies line Clutch of Eggs of the Sparrow Hawk.—Whilst rambling a wood not far from York on May 21st, 1 06: I espied a large nest of i on the over-hanging branch of a large fir tree, about 30 feet from the gr parallel with it. Being well acquainted with Sparrow Hawks’ pre: : : : su eggs of the Sparrow Hawk (4c in. et nisits). I do not think such a ee has previously been recorded, and I believe it has always been pnders v4 Fe it was sie an two feet in iameter ; sal it would appear the made provision for a large family. The nest was anne i Hiwis themselves, pe certainly no one had pre bed - Porrer, 14, Bootham Crescent, York, “March 18th, 115 PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE (OMITTING PSOCID2 AND EPHEMERID/). G: T.: PORRITT,: F.L.S.;-F-E.S., Crosland Hall, Huddersfield. As nearly ten years have now elapsed since I made an appeal in this Journal (see ‘Naturalist,’ June 1887, p. 180), in connection with these insects, it seems desirable that an account of what has been done should be placed on record. ‘The list is very far from complete as representing the species which must occur in our large county, and it will continue to be so until we have more workers on these orders. To me the study of them has been, and still is, an intense pleasure. No other group of insects can be more advantageously worked—indeed, perhaps none so well —along with the lepidoptera; and if I can induce some of the students of the more fashionable order to take an interest in these as well (together they only contain a comparatively small number of species), I am sure they will be more than repaid, and may, indeed, in time come to regard them as the more fascinating groups. It is worth noting in this connection, that with one exception, all our present-day British neuropterists and trichopterists have commenced their entomological career as lepidopterists. Some of the members of our Union, and others outside it, have assisted me right well by sending specimens they have casually captured whilst working at their own special ite oe and in this connection I must especially thank Messrs. G. C. Dennis, John Harrison, S. L. Mosley, William Hewett, B. sioaes, William Mansbridge, and J. W. Carter. PSEUDO-NEUROPTERA. ODONATA. Leucorrhinia dubia. I have taken this rather local species on Thorne Moor at the end of May. Sympetrum scoticum. Abounds on Thorne Moor and Riccall Common, and no doubt on other similar heaths. Libellula quadrimaculata. Thorne Moor. lula fulva. Mr. S. L. Mosley took several specimens of this very rare dragonfly at Askern in June 1888, one of which I have in my collection. #&schna juncea. Sandburn, York. April 1897. 116 PORRITT : NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA OF YORKSH 7Eschna cyanea. York (Rev. W. C. Hey) ; Thorne. the preceding species are so nearly alike, it is impossi distinguish them unless captured. One or other, or both ¢ them, probably occur all over the county, but still very rare in some parts of the south West Riding. Huddersfield, Wharncliffe Rocks (plentiful on the small ponds near the he are localitiés where I have seen them. : feschna grandis. = (W. C. sey Parkin says it used to be common near Haw Park, W; Calopteryx splendens. Also abundant at Castle Howard, ms to be almost confined to the open river, whereas its relative C. virgo prefers the waters shaded by hedges and wo Mr. G. C. Dennis has taken it at Newton-on-Ouse, near York Lestes sponsa. Common at Thorne; and on Strensall Co York. Ischnura elegans. Probably on dimable old ponds and riv all parts of the — sii Castle Howard ; Hudders Agrion cyathiger very pretty and common § Huddersfield ; oii Askern; Barnsley (J. Harms Castle Howar : Agrion pulchellum. Castle Howard (G. C. Dennis); Sandburn Agrion pue te punt Bishop’s Wood, Selby; Askham Bog, York ; Castle Howard. Pyrrhosoma minium. Abundant. ‘Thorne; Bishop's Selby; Wharncliffe Craggs ; Doncaster. PERLIDA: | Dictyopteryx microcephala. Sent to me from Bolton: near Ilkley, by Mr. J. W. Carter. Perla cephalotes. I took this insect at the Tin Brigg Falls, near Skipton, on the occasion of the Union's &x© there, June 20th, 1891 ; Mr. Wm. Hewett found it ina between Redmire and Aysgarth, on May 2rst, 1893; 4 specimens labelled ‘ Pickering,’ also from Mr. Hewett. Chloroperla grammatica. Probably common ¢v& Huddersfield ; Dunford Bridge ; Grassington ; Barnard) Aysgarth. PORRITT : NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE, I17 Isopteryx burmeisteri. Pennyspring Wood, Huddersfield, abundant. Isopteryx tripunctata. Common. Dunford Bridge; Wharncliffe Woods ; Grassington ; Bolton Woods. Teniopteryx mnebulosa. Taken by Mr. G. C. Dennis at Pickering on February 1st, 1895. An early species, but this is probably its earliest recorded date. Tzniopteryx risi. This species, only recently added to the British list, was taken by Mr. Robert McLachlan and myself at Dunford Bridge, on June 18th, 1895. Leuctra geniculata. Scalby Beck, Scarborough; Pickering. Leuctra fusciventris. No doubt abundant everywhere. Hud- dersfield; Dunford Bridge; Horton-in-Ribblesdale; Malham ; Castle Howard ; Hayburn Wyke; Pickering ; Saltburn. Nemoura variegata. Another very plentiful species. Hudders-. field; Wharncliffe Woods; Bolton Woods; Askham Bog, York; Bishop’s Wood, Selby ; Castle Howard. Nemoura cambrica. Huddersfield; Grassington (W. Mans- bridge). Nemoura meyeri. Very common. Huddersfield; Wharncliffe ; Malham; Horton-in-Ribblesdale. Nemoura marginata. Dunford Bridge; near Huddersfield ; Wharncliffe Woods: Horton-in-Ribblesdale. Nemoura cinerea. Plentiful. Huddersfield; Askham Bog, York; Grassington. NEUROPTERA-PLANIPENNIA. ‘ SIALID#. Sialis lutaria, Abundant everywhere. Huddersfield ; Wakefield ; Doncaster ; Castle Howard. Sialis fuliginosa. Not uncommon, and appears rather later than ‘S. lutaria. Huddersfield ; Skelmanthorpe; Dunford Bridge Castle Howard, common. RAPHIDIHD. Raphidia notata. Not uncommon at Bishop’s Wood, near Selby; Haw Park, Wakefield ; York (R. McLachlan). - Raphidia xanthostigma. Wharncliffe Woods, fairly common ; Green Farm Wood, Doncaster, not uncommon ; Castle Howard. 118 PORRITT: NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA OF YORKSHI PANORPID:. Panorpa communis. Very common in most places. Don Saltburn ; Castle Howard. Panorpa germanica. Perhaps even more abundant tf th specimens are almost without, approaching variety bored marked. Huddersfield; Dodworth; Wharncliffe ; Brad Doncaster; York; Selby; Thorne ; Castle Howard. OSMYLID:. Osmylus maculatus. This beautiful insect is abundant alo stream in the wood at Castle Howard. Sisyra fuscata. Castle Howard. HEMEROBIID:. Micromus paganus. Very common in the south West Riding” ut I have not noticed it so much in the other divisiois | Huddersfield, abundant ; Wharncliffe Woods. a | Hemerobius nitidulus. Huddersfield, in fir woods. Hemerobius micans, Common. Huddersfield; Dunford Bri Wharncliffe Woods ; Wakefield ; York. Hemerobius humuli. Plentiful no doubt everywhere. H field; Mirfield ; Dodworth ; Selby ; Saltburn. Hemerobius orotypus. Probably as abundant and as distributed as A. humuli. Huddersfield ; Dunford Grassington. Hemerobius marginatus. Much rarer than the last twos and I have only seen it in the eastern side of the cou Askham Bogs, York ; Castle Howard. : Hemerobius limbatus. Abundant in fir woods, etc. ; south Wi Riding specimens especially are often very dark in 4 Huddersfield; Dunford Bridge ; Thorne Moor ; Sandbura, Hemerobius atrifrons. Thorne, near Goole ; Sandburn, *%™ Hemerobius subnebulosus. Abundant probably everywhett ! and very variable in size and depth of colour, many bie: almost black. Huddersfield; Dunford Bridge ; Horsforth ; Doncaster ‘Hemerobius nervosus. I have taken this at Askham Bos at Sandburn, York, but have not seen it elsewhere. Hemerobius concinnus. I have taken the typical brow at Warthill, York; but at Sledmere, where it is plentiful, we PORRITT : NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE. IIQ the whitish-hyaline form seems to occur. Until I found this form at Sledmere it had scarcely been observed in Britain, but Mr. C. A. Briggs has since found it in Surrey. It is well worthy of a varietal name. CHRYSOPID. Chrysopa flava. Abundant probably everywhere. Huddersfield ; Doncaster; Castle Howard ; Saltburn. Chrysopa vittata. Closely allied to C. fava, but not nearly so ommon. Huddersfield; Bishop’s Wood, Selby; Sandburn, York ; Castle Howard. Chrysopa alba. Very common on the east side of the county, scarcer on the west side. Huddersfield ; Doncaster; Selby ; Castle Howard. Chrysopa flavifrons. Green Farm Wood, Doncaster; Sandburn ; York ; Castle Howard. Chrysopa tenella. This small species, formerly considered very rare in Britain, seems to occur all over our county, and is not uncommon even in my own garden. Huddersfield; Wharncliffe Woods, common; Askham Bogs, York ; Bishop’s Wood, Selby; Thorne ; Castle Howard ; Saltburn. Chrysopa vulgaris. This, which ough? to be common, seems to be our rarest species. I have searched closely for it, but the only Yorkshire specimen I have ever taken was on the hill behind my house, beaten out of a sallow bush on June 12th, 1894. Chrysopa aspersa. Sandburn, York; Thorne, near Goole. Chrysopa ventralis. I have a very strong opinion that this is only a variety of C. asfersa, from which it only differs in having the underside of the abdomen black. Whenever I have found one common, the other has, I think, always occurred with it, and although I have only taken a few specimens in all in our own county (including both forms), the rule holds good at Sandburn, the only place where I have taken more than odd specimens. Sandburn, York ; Green Farm Wood, Doncaster. Chrysopa phyllochroma. A beautiful specimen on Thorne Moor, July 18th, 1891, is the only example I have yet seen. Chrysopa perla. This d/we-winged species (all the rest of the genus have green wings of various shades) is very common In many of our woods. Wharncliffe Woods ; Dodworth; Green Farm Wood, Doncaster; Bishop’s Wood, Selby; Sandburn, York. April 1897, I20 PORRITT : NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA CF YOR TRICHOPTERA. Phryganea grandis. Castle Howard, fairly common; Bogs, York. Phryganea striata. Apparently much commoner than J i Huddersfield, plentiful; Wharncliffe Woods; Bradford. Phryganea varia. Thorne Moor, abundant ; Huddersfie specimen; Skipwith, near Selby (Rev. C. D. Ash); Br (J. W. Carter), Phryganea minor. A single specimen given to me by Mr. Dennis, taken at Askham Bogs, York, is the only one J seen, E Neuronia ruficrus. Common on the pond at Wharneliffe; worth ; Doncaster ; etc, : ; Grammotaulius atomarius. Askham Bogs, abundant ; Wood, common ; Thorne; Huddersfield, rare. sent to me by Mr. John Harrison, of Barnsley, a YO example, but the precise locality of which he was do Askham Bog, York; Castle Howard ; Bretton Park, W: : (G. W. K. Crosland) ; Bishop’s Wood, Selby ; etc. Limnophilus rhombicus, Abundant probably everywhere. * dersfield ; Bradford ; Castle Howard ; etc. Limnophilus flavicornis, Askham Bogs, York, common; tc. Limnophilus marmoratus, Thorne Moor, not uncol Wharncliffe Woods, near Penistone. Limnophilus stigma. Huddersfield, one specimen; Bogs, York. : Limnophilus xanthodes, A single specimen at Castle in June 18096. Limnophilus lunatus. Common probably everywhere. Hi field ; Thorne ; York ; Beverley (W. Hewett); etc. PORRITT : NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE, 121° Limnophilus politus. Of this local species Mr. John Harrison sent me a specimen ‘certainly taken in Yorkshire,’ but in which of his “lepidoptera collecting’ localities he did not know, Limnophilus_ centralis. Probably abundant — everywhere. Huddersfield ; Wharncliffe Woods ; etc. Limnophilus vittatus. Equally abundant as_ the last. Huddersfield ; Barnsley ; York ; Saltburn ; Doncaster ; etc. Limnophilus affinis. Huddersfield; York ; Saltburn, abundant. Limnophilus auricula. Abounds in Askham Bogs, York; and at Bishop’s Wood, near Selby ; I have also taken it, but not so freely at Thorne and Castle Howard. Limnophilus griseus. Also an abundant species, especially on the east side of the county. Askham Bogs; Bishop’s Wood ; Thorne ; Wharncliffe Woods ; Dunford Bridge. Limnophilus extricatus. Common about old ponds, ete. Huddersfield, abundant ; Askham Bogs ; Castle Howard. Limnophilus hirsutus. Askern ; Castle Howard ; Saltburn; and other places. Limnophilus luridus. An abundant species at Askham Bogs, York, coming freely to the lepidopterist’s ‘sugar,’ but I have not taken it elsewhere. Limnophilus sparsus. No doubt occurs throughout the county, and is especially abundant on tree trunks at Sandburn, York. Huddersfield; Wakefield; York; Selby; Castle Howard; Saltburn. Limnophilus fuscicornis. This local species is abundant at Castle Howard in June. Mr. J. W. Carter sent me one taken in the Bradford district; and Mr. S. L. Mosley gave me an example from near Wakefield. Anabolia nervosa. Probably one of our most abundant species everywhere. Huddersfield; Bradford ; Castle Howard ; Picker- ing; Scarborough ; etc. P hacopteryx brevipennis. One of the very rarest of British trichoptera, there being only some half-dozen specimens known in collections. In January 18go I found in Mr. G. C. Dennis’ boxes a specimen taken at York (probably at Askham Bogs), which he kindly gave to me; and during the same year Mr. George Jackson took two more (also believed to be at Askham Bogs), which are now in Mr. Alfred Beaumont’s collection. Mr. McLachlan pa it from Scarborough in —— 1862. April 1857. 122 PORRITT: NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA OF YORKSHI : _ Asynarchus ccenosus. Entirely a northern species. Ab on the high moorlands in the south West Riding, Marsden, near Huddersfield, and Dunford Bridge. I have taken it on Thorne Moor. Stenophylax alpestris. Another great rarity in Britain, an own county locality—the wood at Dunford Bridge—is no only precise spot where it is known to occur. The specimens taken there were by Mr. John Harrison, of Bat in 1891, since which time it has also been taken by myself and Mr. William Mansbridge, as well as again by Mr. Harrison. Stenophylax infumatus. Mr. G. C. Dennis took a fine spe of this northern species when collecting with me at Howard on the 13th of June last (1896). geet ry rotundipennis. 138 As will be seen from the foregoing, not half the oe British: Species are yet recorded as occurring in our county, and it suggests. at once at_once how much there is yet to be done. With our large area, April 1897. 126 Pe MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. and immense variety of ground, there is every reason to believe when as thoroughly worked as the lepidoptera have been, our portion of species will be quite as large as is the case in that a : Our dragon-flies especially want attention, as it cannot but be | a number of others occur with us. I have indeed little ao that I have seen both Platetrum depressum and Orthetrum ceri in such places as Sandburn, but not having actually captured have been compelled to omit their names from the list. With se earnest workers in the field, a few years’ time ought to see quite b as many more species added to the list. Who will assist? nee "alert Sclavonian Grebes at Easingto et in Holder —A Sclavonian eh iy crite) shot ie on Febru th, also peer on the 15th y 7t ales,—PuHILip W. Loren, Easington, ” Match Ist, 1897. VOTES—BOTANY. _ Cephalanthera ensifolia Rich. in Yorkshire : An Early Record the record on page 435 of Lees’ ‘ Flora of West Yorkshire’ it would an this plant was first found at Tadcaster by: O. A. ir be ta It may the® be'w: si ther a Herba ? the Natural His men Tecsorpanied or the label : i 7. Caria, ws pigs ‘nite 8 w. | Near Tadcaster, Vorkshit «Flore Mr. Mumby (sic).’ Os s Giles Mun ig Gus (author of the 'y oS ¢ oa he wo cane a9 oa he time, having been born at York in —W. WEsT, jun., London, S.W., Maa 19th, (Sey. Comi cal Cri —A ‘record’ in sblrotaey has been achieved Oy witty editor of the "Fousial 3 Botany.’ In the March number, a upon a recent ‘ Kew Bulletin’ (No. 121), the foe of which , said the Time rged by Kew G oes ill o an expe “ ack, of abet cocksurety of pesca geal rorae cared a i” one = icious and catholi li f ‘the cat’ critice: tributing . w ch ‘t olic application o =? Ad ber Page cn 10 fxs 55 apna Art of Makinz ‘ceil 127 PLANT-RECORDS FOR LAKE- vastus hoa. JOHN HENRY, Barrow-in-Furness. THE following plants, which have been kindly examined for me by Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, F.L.S., are, I am informed, not in the list for North—i.e., Pabe _ Americar ee : ‘can homoptera ; such observations, moreover, FOWLER : ADDRESS TO LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS. 15t sh to make, have been mostly limited to the immediate neighbour- I entomology, workers may be found os wii emu ate such ardent geologists as Mr. F. M. Burton and Mr. Cooke, such indefatigable botanists as Mr. Peacock and the Rds W. Fowler, and such world- renowned ornithologists as Mr. eaux | we consider the physical feniieds of Linidolushive we shall see a8 it Fd ey to contain a large and varied insect fauna, for { may roughly be. di ae into ae districts, which are quite ait in i character; to begin with, there is the large coast line, bounded by great sand- pee on rahice: the low thicket of the buckthorn iors catharticus) and coarse reeds and grasses give shelter to numerous good inse = saat various orders ; in passing, we may notice that these dunes in summer are the haunt of 2 rare Natterjack Toad ae calamita), sehich has been found by members of the Union o mer excursions to Mablethorpe ‘iid the Surrounding district ; in the second place there are large expanses of wh i e Msé€ct fauna of its ow ; quite recently one of the least common Species of British Carbide se or ground-beetles, Bembidium stomoides, has been found in large numbers near Torkse sey ey by t the : 0 has done a great deal of good work at the beetles of both ee and, Nottinghamshire. If we look a a geological map of the county we shall find that the whole saris tier portion, comprising nearly one-fourth of the County, is made up of drift or ‘alluvial deposit ; north of this, and these somewhat in a direction from N.W. to S.E. are two broad “trips of Upper Oolite and chalk, separated by a narrow set) irregular cou insect fauna of these divisions ; in great measure, of course, it pends upon the flora, wrk undoubtedly varies with the —— oodru > bal Fas and the permeability or impermeability of the soil has more to do with the matter than chemistry. om 1897, ne id flight in the | i ith i ly glancing rapid flig Q ing up and down with its peculiar y hat when pide: of Newball Wood, near Wragby. I ptr at pe r first came to Lincoln I was introduced to po oli tr. Barber, of Lincoln (an excellent taxidermis — ; oy Were dealers from Hull, who, with the retail price fixed at i += we able to make a very fair profit out of a good day ae cone Were, therefore, very pleased when Mr. W ordsworth, “ag of Ea a er ee 5 PR a ne — 2 3 Sy ae ee Beri sions eee i ee : idlands is ‘Une of the best localities for beetles in the whole of the Mi entirely shut up now be in : ctically that there are a large number of localities which are pra inaccessible. If a] wer . i stance, notably the drainage of the Fen district. ‘The Siete for perhaps, is the Large Copper Butterfly, which has not be who can about fifty years, although there are several now living se in a ens. A of mine, now far advanced in years, Oana a boxful for a halfpenny apiece, and now £7 is not an Price for fen insect which has been extinguished by drainage, and a : ‘@nosa (the Reed Tussort) has comparatively recently ere FOWLER: ADDRESS TO LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS. 153 Council of the Entomological Society to enquire into the matter generally, and, if possible, to devise a plan by which some of the rapidly disappearing species may be yet preserved. is, perhaps, may seem to have but little bearing upon the natural history of the county, but I have not much doubt that some 0 those now extinct insects were once common in the Lincolnshire fens ; in fact, through Mr. Barber, whom I have before mentioned, I thought I had secured some evidence of the occurrence of the machaon), the most conspicuous of all our British insects, ought certainly to occur in Lincolnshire, and I believe that it has been found, but I cannot come across any authentic record. ‘This meensinl species will soon be exterminated from its chief haunt, Wicken Fen, but it will still linger in many inaccessible localities n betule (the Brown Hair-streak) and Afatura iris (the Purple “Mperor) are well worthy of record. A stray specimen of Vanessa vtopa (the Camberwell Beauty) has occurred this summer at Brace- In elitea artemis (the Greasy Fritillary) and oe Gonepteryx rhamni (the Brimstone) may be noticed as very sa and of Satyrus tithonus (the Large Heath) only three specimens Hp apparently, been taken. These were captured by the Rev. G. aynor (from whom I have received some most valuable notes) ©ccurrence of the Death’s Head Moth caterpillar during 1895 and noticed. Unfortunately a considerable number have a. Large and Small Elephant Hawk Moth (Cherocampa — C. forcellus), and the Broad and Narrow-bordered Bee » 154 FOWLER: ADDRESS TO LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS. Hawk Moths (Macroglossa fucifermis and M. bombyliformis) have been taken at Panton, and Newbal ue Woods; and among other things may be mentioned the Alder Moth (Acronyeta alnt which used to be one of the rarest British moths, but is appal around Lincoln, and the Swallow Prominents (Ptiledonta dictea and P. dicteoides), which have been found the Lincoln and Market Rasen districts. (e) has spa’ farmers, and I feel sure that all persons interested in her wor ne. Lincolnshire, ™! | the consideration of the best way to deal with insect pests (especially those that attack cereals) ought to be of paramount importane%"— y been taken up by anyone except Mr. Ralph © interest. We are far behind the people of the United << ie matter. There a State E reports, in their style, fulness and excellent illustrations are issues of what such reports should be. It is true that Miss Ormerod *" excellent yearly reports in her private capacity; but our reports are, as rules meagre in the extreme, and ‘< much entomologists have little or nothing to do with them. T his is ™ : to be de lored, for insect attack, more or less serious, < We can care. the excitement caused by what people thought ¢ : vasion of the Colorado Potato Beetle. Its imp? € notes of various species. The inary town seriously sent up to London an orelt™ ling confident that at last the dreaded pitt FOWLER : ADDRESS TO LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS. 155 come and that they were the fortunate discoverers of its advent. Most of us, too, can remember the more recent scare concerning th season favouring its increase, or other causes which require careful Investigation) that its attack becomes serious. There are, unfor- the Hessian Fly. ong them we may mention the Frit Fly fritid), an insect closely alliec he Hessian F omyia sternal the Saddle Fly (Diflosis eguestris), first discovered as rit i : fe) S ( Siphonophara) granaria), the Corn Sawfly (Cephus pygma@us), the Corn Thrips (Zhrz t least, the Wire- list of pests, but fortunately they never appear to attack at once, and even in the same localities their ravages are sporadic ; one farm, for wnstance, may be ravaged by wireworms in one year and little : n or i fi ay be Just’ reversed. Evidently, then, there are many problems to be solved—problems requiring careful examination by skilled specialists, but likely to repay a hundredfold the cost of their solution. i ‘for this reason that we would ask for the appointment of a State Entomol infected district, t which he has ob (Ieerya) ; Tuin stared the proprietors in the fi until Professor Riley, w ; cies a erefore imported numbers of these insects to the infested icts, and on being placed on the orange trees they oo multiplied until they practically exterminated the ‘mealy 156 NOTES AND NEWS, presidential address. be : I would conclude by again returning to the subject of the : Museum, and expressing a strong hope that it may not be lo = e obtain, through individual or collective generosity, suitable building, and in that case I feel sure that we shall soon ge e together a collection of objects of interest which will be fully worthy of this large and important county of Lincolnshire. NOTES AND NEWS. ; ie A further commemoration of the ‘ fift years of Science’ of Dr. Le Sorby, F.R.S., whose investigations during that period have been 50 so valuable and rich in results, is to take the form of his portrait being A fond under the auspices of the Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society. he de has been opened for that purpose, of which Mr. Arnold T. Watson, of the “sf Office, Sheffield, is acting as treasurer. F . : ig mark 8 indomitable energy, will not be surprised that he has already made his a a cette in New Zealand, where he is settled at Ormondville, in the 2 y i i es! a Om We have received a second series of fossils from the Middle Eocene of Bari Hants, from Mr. R. Charles, Highcliffe, Christchurch, Hants. The Se who interests himself in Tertiary Geology finds but little scope 10 where, saving the despised Drift, we have nothing of geological interest the chalk and the mo gail of the New Forest, with their rich fauna of the Eocenes and ig? Charles. have already drawn attention to the excellent collections issued by *°™ that we and the “Series 2’ which lies before us deserves the same commend bestowed on the earlier collection. Her ils of the tropical wa : t Barton i 157 ON THE COLLECTION OF FRESHWATER ALG. W. WEST, F.L.S., anp G. S. WEST, A.R.C.S. Wuerever a place is kept permanently moist, Algz will develop. They are found on damp rocks, walls, palings, shaded tree-trunks, spouts, rain-tubs, etc. They are met with again in all kinds of running water from the tumbling cataract and rapid torrent to the slow majestic river. In perfectly quiet waters they are most prolific, whether it be the tiny moor-pool or the expansive lake. Some even find shelter in symbiotic relationship with other plants, for instance, an Anabena lives with the aquatic Lycopod Azo//a, and another lives with the Hepatic Blasia, to say nothing of those associated with fungi to form the compound dual organism known as a lichen, or those symbiotically connected with such animals as Hydra viridis and certain species of Amada. Many of the larger Freshwater Algze can be seen as green slimy masses floating on the surface of, or attached to, the sides of ponds, ditches, rivers, etc. Small tufts of these should be carefully collected in tubes or small bottles. Constantly dripping rocks yield quite characteristic species, and even shady moist rocks have an algal flora of their own. There can often be found on vertical moist rocks (especially limestone) coriaceous patches, or gelatinous masses, of a red, brown, green, bluish-green, or blackish colour ; the algz of which these masses consist are always most interesting. The green slimy Masses even in brick-ponds and similar places are often of great interest. But there are a large number of alg, often the most. beautiful ones, which are very minute, and the places wherein they abound are not usually obvious to an inexperienced eye; these forms are ceeangts to be found about the stems and leaves of constantly Ny al plants, such as Utricularia minor, Myrtophyllum, acs a, Nuphar, Isoétes, Potamogeton, Scirpus flutans, etc. Among H eat arma contortum, S. plumosum, HHypnum scorpioides, soak uatum, fontinalis, ele, are usually richly clothed with me ee ste To collect from plants of this kind, the best way Is cid i €m (or portions of them) from the water with as little should opal and allow them to drain a minute or so; they the aa gently squeezed over a wide-mouthed bottle, allowing he filled 8 water to collect in the bottle. The bottles should not out. We wax: full, or in carriage the corks are liable to be forced. ay fave known about a thimbleful of such a slimy squeezing 158 FLAMBOROUGH BIRD-NOTES. to yield more than a hundred (or even three hundred) species ii : many thousands of individuals. This is not the rule, however, a5 a similar squeezing from another locality might yield hardly mor than one or two species, and these of the commonest. a These alge should be examined when freshly gathered, i é possible, as they are then in the living state ; but if this ee : convenient, they may be preserved by adding 6 grains of crystal is carbolic acid to each ounce of liquid, or by adding a few ae pieces of camphor to the liquid. It is often convenient t0: pia alge for future examination, and in such a case it is better ay preserve them in liquid than to dry them, because in soaking ott : dried algze they very often do not re-attain their original form. oe As we are at present at work on an Alga-flora of — . which it is intended to complete this year, we shall be z a indebted to any readers of ‘The Naturalist’ who vil material for us, during the forthcoming spring and summer, from any — of the following districts, some of which are at present totally 2 unrepresented in our gatherings. ee N. Ripinc.—Lower Wensleydale, Richmond, Note Thirsk, Cleveland district, Hawnby and district, Kirby Moo ae Pickering, and Castle Howard. field, W. Ripinc.—Saddleworth, moors about Penistone and SheilieX ae atfield Chase, and district south of Doncaster. rahe | E. Ripinc.—Market Weighton (and district south of ™S ee Pocklington, and Great Driffield. a Other districts of the county, such as the mountain iim a districts of the W. Riding, have been very well worked. the We have already some 800 species of Freshwater Alge ae - county, but being anxious to make the ‘Flora’ as comp plants possible, we particularly wish for squeezings of submergee 2 and small tufts of alge from all available places. Needless to Be all help will be Properly acknowledged. All gatherings © re addressed to W. West, 15, Horton Lane, Bradford. H NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY. citents.—Matcl 9 . Flamborough Bird Notes.—Spring and Summer Visite zel (Til Pied Wagtail (Motacilla lugubris) : aes on in March, Ring to ne torquatus) and several Wheatears (Saxicola anunthe) ki ed Wren (& aa pers, he told me that on April a ergata qistatus) struck against the ]j h Iso observ A think (Hirundo rustica) thet I hay his season, which I ly. I have been € seen t “ upon the look-out for the Redstart (4% fs its appearance yet.—MarrHew BAILEY, 1$9 BIBLIOGRAPHY: Papers and Records published with respect to the Natural History and Physical Features of the North of England. HYMENOPTERA, 1890 to 1892. THE present instalment has been compiled and arranged by WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S. The previous so aaa of the Bibliography of Hymenoptera have appeared as follov For 1884-1887, in Picea May 1888, pp. 153-155- » 1888-1889, = Feb. 1890, pp. 39-42. € counties and vice-counties of which cognizance is taken are the following, as named and numbered in the Watsonian scheme :— 53, Lincoln S. ; 54, Lincoln N.; 56, Notts; 57, Derby; 58, Cheshire ; 59, Lancashire S.; 60, Lancashire W.; 61, York S.E. ; » York N.E.; 63, York S. W.: ; 64, York Mid W.; 65, York N.W. ; 66, Durham ; 49: Northuisberand S.; 68, Cheviotlaned: 69, West- morland with Furness ; 70, Camberland 5 and 71, Isle of Man. ANon, [various observe rs]. Derbyshire. Calendar of Nature, 1879 [about Burton-on-Trent : a, rig naa 4th Ann. Rep. Burton-on- I'rent Nat. Hist. and Arch. Soc. ANon. [not signed]. No Reese = rr 4th, = ig re = ede fag ies har rey St ed (R. Y. Green) tad. Wikicla. Sep. 188) ies Blackett Ord). Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. Du rh. and Newc., vol. 10, part I, 175- ANow. [signed R.L.]. ounter between a Spider and a p fat sgpeons deocribed ; ; specific names not given]. Field, Taek oe 7888, p. 840 ANon., [not soe York N.E. Thirsk t Naturalists’ Society [Szrex gt shown bd Leonard Thompson, sence 17th Sep.]. Research, Oct. p. 6 ANon. [not signed]. anat? N.E. pe of . . Donations to th Newcastle] . . from August e Museum Toth, 1888, to Fails: sons 1889 [Sirex po any Easingwold (w. 3 Adamsy Nat.” Hist. Trans. Northumb. Durh. and Newc., vol. 10, part 2, 1890, p. 314- ANON. [not signed]. Isle of Phenological Observations i Isle of Man; Red Ant (Formica 7 —— Spears. May Ist.; Wasp (Vespa es etc.), female, May 20th]. Lioar M ee anninagh, ‘Aprils ‘i ANon. [not signed] pril 1890, pp. Soe 9 ns [made in the Isle of Man; dates given for Sirex Sigantea (sic)]. Yn Lioar Manninagh, July 1890, p- 177- Stapaies ne — Furness. t = Ants sod a the Monument on the Hill of Hoad, ane both this year and last, during thunderstorms ; the ants swept up ‘ia oat by baskets full}. goer pt Water, Sept. roth, 1892, p. 289. 1897. 160 BIBLIOGRAPHY : HYMENOPTERA, 1890 TO 1892. ANON. [not signed]. asion of the Barrow Monument by Ants [is Annual, about August, since sel when the monument was erecting]. Land and Water, Oct. 9. E.G; ALDERSON. Notts. A Sirex gigas tts. [at Worksop, where as occurs regularly, and S. juvencus os ‘aes twice]. Ent., Oct. 1891, p. 248. ; JosePH ANDERSON, jun Durham. sip: een of Size i ag Siricide [a female of Sirex juvencus taken at ttlepool by J. E. Robson, 30th Sept., 1890, measured only I 1} inches: fio lip to tip]. Ent., Dec. 1890, p. 384. J. A[TTERBURY]. Derb Calendar of Nature for 1882 eer Burton-on-Trent ; fis seet, Stapenhill, 11th Feb., Vespa sp., Bretby, April 2nd], 7th Ann. Rep urton-on-Trent N.H. and Arch. Soc., genus ending 31st March, 1883, P- — York N.E. BARKER. ‘Sirex gigas [rather common among the fir woods near Hackness, oo Field, Nov. 24th, 1888, p. 759. T, BATALHA-REI Cheviotland. Note on the Plants ts and Insects observed at the Wooler Meeting [Sem _ 16th and 17th, 1887 : Ne Bombus a = ae . lapid ‘arius, B. derhamel/ ‘Ss, an Andrena afta? ee ocalitis Nat. Hist. Trans. Northumb. ‘Darks and Newc., vol. 10, part P- _oG. C Bieneit. Pimpla graminelle [cocoons received from J. Gardner, of Hartlepor who found them spun up in webs of Orgyia antiqua, presumably at Hartlepool E.M.M. — 1891, p. 131. T. R.} a Isle we eS [Exhibiti of a series of uae — bred from Manx _ i has, uae South Lond. Ent. Soc., 9th Oct. 1890; Young Nat., Nov. : P- 209. [T. R.] Bitiups, York Mid W [Opinion that Aulax hieracii Bouch. was the maker of galls on pee st collected near Leeds by W. Mansbridge) South Lond. Ent. Soc-, April 1891 ; Ent., June i261, i +: * BILLups. Yorkshire, i lateralis, Panz. [has Yorkshire and Newcas e assignee Ents icles by by Edward Séundees!. E.M.M., July 1891, P- M198 : y : A = G. W. Biyta he” | Do Sakihde Bees Swarm ? [discussed from chee ns made a8. oe Mount, Scarborough, on Bombus terrestris |. May 1899, P- : Harry B. Boorn. oe, rk Mid W. ooo a Notes from West Yorkshire [anent cageasge ed pes gigas in 1888 near Bradford]. Garner, Nov. 1st, 1888, | for; , one : J. Bowman. Lime-trees [the destruction of bees accounted 1888, P- mentioned, bat presumably Sunderland]. Sci. Goss., Feb. 7 J. Bowman mere The Wood Ants agar rufa) [and their — etc., 35 hat Lady : woods near Morpeth, a: nfinement ; on p. 200 mentions ed 4 5 oc hee et Bola , is the only one in the seat agg Fpeth where this Ant occurs ; here, i 1889), described]. Sci. Goss., Feb. 1889, pp. 32-34, fig. ro 3 and Sept ee BIBLIOGRAPHY: HYMENOPTERA, 1890 TO 1892. 161 Joun B. eel N. ‘ Near Lincoln.’ urther Additi to the Rev. T. A. Mar: wagers iis trom ocr of British deithomiiee | e(L zssonota trochanterata n.sp., described from a fe female taken by Mr. mpion near Lincoln]. Trans, Ent. Soc. Lon , 1889, par 3 (Oct.), p. WittiaM Buck Ler. “o Larve | of the | British Butterflies | ere | Moths. a By a ena ‘ss | William Buckler, | edited by H. T. Stainton, F.R.S. NaS Bs first portion of the eer | London: | Printed for me Ray 5 y- | —] MpDcccxcl. [8vo. ; note of Hydrecia riseeeg sent July pad: Staele, and presumably taken at Snupietie: infested with 477 pe alvearius). heviotland, Northumber ‘Ss, Dur , Chesh., Lanc. S., e ; Monograph | of the | British | Phytophagous Hymenoptera. (Tenthredo, Sirex and — Linne ; I Vol. aia Pete : London ; | Printed fo ei ti ee erik Fab., Manchester, p. 100 3 Tenthredopi cordata (K (eae, te Sa siacheaten: p. 104; 7: dorsivittata Cam., a specimen fro nehester district p- : Pachyprotasis antennat lw a Maabtiester, . 1255 Messi: 12-functata (L.), common in Dun Park, near chester, § me DALY sing ecim P. 175; D. fissus Htg., specimens seen fro m M a ee York, p. D. megapteris Cam., Manchester district, p. a7 D. elongatus Thoms.. i Is land, p. I lL. 38 5 TMi," fetndnee (KL) Pe cimen seen taken by Joseph Chappell in vanchester district, 259 Harpiphorus lepidus : , TW 2 ga Voseph Chappell), p. one ; Emph bylus prikest “a ae ured b ork, p. 282 ; Heptamelus ochroleucus (Steph.), North pies praca (Marshall), P- 303; and A¢halia ancilla Py , Manchester, p. 307]- The same work, vol. IL. . » MDCCCLXXXvV. [8vo. cloth, pp. vi. 4233+ 27 plates with explanatory leaves ; records of Dineura testaceipes (K1.), N orthumberland, 16; Nematus appendiculatus Htg., found in Manchester district, York ) 8; NV. obduc. + 60. us R P. 112; NM. leucogaster Htg., specimens seen fro Se (Chappell), P. 113; MV. consobrinus Vol., Foe snd > (R 2 spe S fs ing am ev. T. A. Marshall), p. 132 ; : wv. jennie: (Fab iy Pinto Manchester, rorkshire, bp. 135; 4. sicloosiioach dis (Pz.), near Newcastle (Bold), Ma nehester, x. ham, p. 155; MW. di/ineatus (Kl.), York G. Binnie), p en nelanocephalus we seen from York (Binnie), p. 166; 4. arcti Thoms., Nn Specimen t iowets ha pe a in Manchester district, p. 181 ; leucostictus Hite, seen from Manchester, p. ae and J. herbacee Cam., found at Allon nby in Coinberleind ks Tnchbstd, p- 207]. . HI. . .. mpccecxc. [8vo o. cloth, pp. iv. + 274+ 17 plates leaves ; records of 7; iedisawen scalesit Leach, Lake District : 2 to hav vus sertiferus (Fourc.), Shernton, near Har on, vale 7th, 1885 tails given, p. 82; PE saa re pia ay L-), Bamaaie deg Bouch., Cheshire, : (MEA (D. Sharp), P- 230 ae Phenog: cients wie sao - Marshall), p. 237]- L ‘¥ 162 BIBLIOGRAPHY : HYMENOPTERA, 1890 TO 1892. A Monograph | of the | British | be te: (Yonder Ase ps d Vol. IV. | By | Peter Camero Printed : Ray coon. Ss f upecexcin, [8vo. cloth, pp. iv. -+248+1 Sof ibe p. 180; Nematus f fags anne Sal , Chediee, D. or a pe : (K1.), ay nee to beech hedges in i Chat = 5 eee es a : (Htg.), Whitley Woods, Yorkshire (Mosley), details given, te z neat one on Aulax schon Isleof Mis : Miss “saeheat rivera "E.M.M., Dec. 1890, p. 314. ; P. CAMERON. localities. 1 tae pe \, er gemme | pilosus), 4. radiets (trilineatus), A. steboldi (testa oa (inflatr sermeed Uru i é A Trio te 0, sae gt: ventris (similis isa ver lenticularis (scorn). v- M. umipennis (rio Ne: is given a 570 NM. numismatis (vesicatric) ; after the systematic Soc. (ot ibe mia Tr ieee Rap Ma sch. Microsc. Rees 65-72 and lite the Galls of Mid-Cheshire. | Part II. hee | localities for Diastrophus rubi, Rhodites rose, Pe ‘pusilla a, Xestophane eglanteria, Rh, rosarum, Rh, spinosissine, Blennocampa fallcal, Bye brevitarsis, Aulax hieracii, A. glechome, Nemat rh Tran N. saliciscineree, Euura pentandre, and £. nigritarsis|. Fs ee and plate Rep. Manch. Microsc. Soc, for 185. publ. 1893, P 3 and 4, - of i i, Salar, hy ae gigas at Dou e of Man, meritioned . in apse Re of] E Termological Section (oF Isle of Man N.H.S.]. 5 i. Ap.-Oc if 1891, P- 2 Lane. : a E.Di A: CockerELL. aiany ae Souttpt : and “mrtg Sates um (fam. Chalci h, 1884, Se t._ ES ie ies Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., May 7t ray pee HILDERIc tai Th i ry of Lophyrus pini be observ Sandy ae * Scoteh fir * lbs chide near Wigton, Cumber 3, and } titho p tions, figu te. ]. at., Susie 1889, Pp. 97- eas. ated [not tan aos Sirex saves ed as doing immense damage t at Ghee Cumberland}, Wesl.. Nat., Oct. 1889, p. HILpertc FRIEND, Pine Destroyer urgus piniperda) [wi : — p- 18902 has recently bred Loph g Arf: eae yrus rufusin Carlisle}. Jn. of Microse Tan od # BIBLIOGRAPHY : HYMENOPTERA, 1890 TO 1892. 163 WILLOUGHBY GARDNER. Cheshire. stigma [male, and a Colony of Pompilus Snubs @ at Wallasey, July 5th, 1891 ; the ‘second see for this coast, first being near Southport, June 1879, by Benj. Cooke]. E.M.M. Ta 92 . WILLouGHBY GARDNER. erty Lance. S., Yorke’S: bg eliminary List of the Hymenoptera-Aculeata of Lancashire a Cheshire, with notes on oe ae of the Genera feuhienating coe ra F. fusca, Lasius fuliginosus, L. niger, L. umbratus, L. Po coniracta, Leptothorax acer vorsen, Myrmica rubra, races eupénadéi: ecient, scabrinodis and lobicornis with Lancashire and Cheshire localities, and eae f i e for cuntc. ]. Brit Nils abstract in Ent. aad I sth, 1892, p. 23 ; andin Nat., May 1892, p- 150. lities for Myrmosa melanocephala, Sapyga 5-punctata, Priocnemis gan e Ceropales mimbin Pompilus rufipes, P. niger, P. Leen: P. » P. pectinipes, Astata stigma, Trypoxylon figulus, Tachyt. petiaiies,” Ammophila sabulosa and hirsut foe Bri Nat., Feb, 2, pp- gr [For Déodontus minutus, Pemphredon lugubris, P. unicolor, P. lethifer, onesie ae Boe: n pa itt ou: spinous, Gorytes +s Mellin rvens ceris arenar vipes, C. leucostoma, C. podagricus, C. pend ene C: elongata ey “Gini C. vagabu us, 3 _—* maculatis, cribrarius, C. llarius C. cephalotes, C. chrysostoma, C. inte erupts ejeta us uniglumis, an and O mucronatus), Brit. Nat., May 189 92, PP. 89-91. [For Vespac aie V. vulgaris, V. germanica, r ufa, sylvestris, v norvegica, Ody us spinipes, vs callosus, 0. parictum, 0. spre 0. Agee serra oO: send rifasciatus j C. Zé inata, C. tesana, G [For Propis commun a fay FP: . hyalinata, P. confusa, P. pictipes, Sphecodes gi oS subg sone spp B rupee gs é eect igatus, cylindricus, H. aibipes, 4. villosulus, H. atri ai, a minutis, a Bisse g gotten m gr eigors 7: suneulorun, oe Sneath hannelas Hon and 4. le pus). Brit c rostom. r rua ws reel quadridentata, C. elongata, and C. acuminata). é » Pp. —— Like _Meg gachile maritima, M. " willughbiella, M. “rcumcincta, M. ce 4 i fa, O. santionelana O. cerulescens, O. jabrontri O. aurule 3 Pe hora retusa, A ta, Bombus muscor rsewe, a ees and va istin nda, rtorum fh Vv ce a dla, B. pratorum, lapponicus, B. syl: ut, B. derhamellus, Linc. N. Juvencus [and its occurrenc gts) e, also that of S. gigas, at and near Lt acer yl. Sci. Goss., Nov. 1886, p. 259. > ince of the Female : cote igas and S. juvencus, in ata ___lncolnshire} Nat., Ap. 1891, oe f 164 BIBLIOGRAPHY : HYMENOPTERA, 1890 TO 1892. T. Gisps, Junr. Cal 0. ture, 1883 [at Bretby near Burton-on- Trent; , date gies 1 for Bee (Apis Well ifica)|. 8th Ann = Burton-on-Trent N.H. and Arch Soc., year ending 31st Dec. 1883, publ. 1884, p ig : Derbyshire, Calendar of Nature, 1888 [Bee (47s eee) seen 15th April], Ann Rep., Burton-on-Trent N.H.S. for 1889, p | THOMAS Gripes. The Influence of Temperature on the Progress of Vegetation ee Za early months of the year [discussed, and table pre re ce z . average, earliest and latest dates of daasonios of ‘ Apis melly oe ee near Burton-on-Tren Trans. Burton-on-Trent Nat. Hist. 2 ve Arch, Soc, vol I 5 i kite sia glomeratus recorded as present in enormous q say sverhe bra. ae 4 an umably near Sheffield ; figures given]. Brit, Mt a - 1891, p. 8 oc. Hieewe York wet Sparrows Feeding on Larve af Nematus ribesti at Greetland Halifer|, Nat., July 1892, p. 21 heshite. J. R. Harpy. anc. S., ee Insecta [of Manchester District]. III. ieee ptens ode Honey-making Bees [enumerated, with localities, in systematic pared by the number of 47 species, all Bees]. eal ae of Manchester, ae at the i Local Committee for the members of the British Associatl anchester Meeting, 1887, pp. 75- 7. jotland. James Harpy. Che pane eport of the Meetings of the ets naa Nateraie pe pe [noting Form, cites umbrata, numerous hills about Brugh wake Club for ioc and in hes -on-the- ae Proc. ee Nai oe T6389, No. 3, pub. 1890, p. 44 LE. W. Hewerr. bones Sirex juven ~_ near York [one at Heslington, Sep. and, 1891 f common seventy years ago on the towers of York Minster, and 1329}. Et Minster Fly’; but entirely disappeared after the fire of Feb. Oct. 1891, p. 248, wi ee ETT. = ex gigas at Vork [several “within the past few weeks]. Oe 1891, p. 248. Notts ASG. HORNER. . . “Soe on of several Eat Forest, then ce tand probably parasitic on) C7s ie pr rote Lond., July 6th, ore xxxii; E.M.M., Aug. 1887, p- 725 p. 2 15; Young Nat., Aug. 1887, p. 160; and Zool., Aug. 1 P. M. C. K{ermopg]. Phenologic al Observations [giving Manx dates for ‘Red ant, / Aste ext * Wasp, —— Yn Lioar Manninagh, Ae rep ar Manninagh, Ap.-Oct. 1891, pp. 292 and for ie wef Yn poy Miksiasen, Ap. 1892, p- 349. ve T. A. Mansa York NT heetink of B British Brac rt II. tara chry Nees, found in Yorkshire ee sce A ag ee U. pallidus Nees found in the Yorkshire ys ; yi Cur., ors (p. 98); AL atrater ee Hemp seeming bred by Porritt iP 110) ; ‘M. m res t Scarborough (p. 113); AZ. ictoenti "wee E : 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY : HYMENOPTERA, 1890 TO 1892. 165 Yorkshire by author (p. 127)]. Trans. Ent. Soc. 1887, p (June), pp. 96-127. [Same title]. Part III. 'Laye-s8 pogo Hal., ‘aale, from ingham, Yorkshire (p. 173); and Déospila 0 Nees, taken ir Trans. E oo “aga I ot 5 part 2 (June), - p- ek es 204. [Same title]. pit ¢ Vv. [wi notes for ~ Saiagaia of — Opius truncatus Wesm., and O. esdibe Wesm. ]. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., March 1891, pp. 442 ah. Jas. eh EY Mason: Lin Sirex juvencus near Alford, = [at Tothill, a female 18th pale 1889]. Nat., March 1890, p. P. B. Mason. ? Derbyshire. [Exhibition of the South European Crematogaster scutellaris Oliv., from Mr. Baxter’s fernery at Burton-on-Trent]. Pro c. Ent. Soc. Lond., June 5th, 1889, p. xxiii.; rep. Zool., July 1889, p. 276. Ss. L. eda York S.W. by] The Yorkshire Nat turalists’ Union at Bretton Park — Jone une, + : fa alls of Andricus terminalis and A. rover’ noted]. Nat., S. L. Moster. York S.W. Galls [enumerated, in botanical order, in cluding those ca by Biorhiza aptera, A phil Siatheix ra dics, ae sa us numisnatis NV. lenti- cularis, ophanta seutellaris, Spathegaster = Andricus curvator, D re, phanta a 7sa, ge lothrix gemme, graee us terminalis, Cynips kollart, Ti rigonaspis megaptera Rhodite tes rose, R. egla Sainte rie, Nematus gailicola, and N. saliscis-cineree ; localities occasionally given]. Nat., Sept. 1892, 273-276. 8. L. Mostey. York S.W. and S.E. Additional Yorkshire Galls [and ir Makers Be! Spurn ; Eurytoma a nis, NO — ame pal Pe in a Whitl ey Woods ; Bi cores renum at Woodsome and Honle ey Woods ; ates spinosissine, no locality; 2. rosarum at Shesbeys and Diastrophus rubi, no locality.] Nat., Nov. 1892, pp. 337-338 G. W. M[urpocH]. —— Early Swarm of Bees [( Apes ers en —— near Kendal, o: 16th April, 1850} Field, May 31st, Harry Netson, York Mid W. sae at Crossgates [near Leeds, 15th Sept., 1892]. Nat., Nov. is: Pp. 325. R. Newsrea Cheshire. ‘2 Cheshire Plague of Caterpillars [of Mematus ribesit Curt., which committed great devastation in one district]. Ent., Jan. 1891, p- 19- R. NEwstea ZAD. e. , &c., taken in the Nests of British Vespide or pbmecreget V. vulgaris mentioned with 2 rage localities ; an undeter pecies of hay sad also noted]. E.M.M., Feb. 1891, pp- 39-41; bibl. pig in Ent. Record, Feb. 16th, 18 say a 1ogl, p. 307- : to the food bel certain Dipterous larve found in nests of Vespide {in Cheshire gens Te lo pag dies —on a nest éor Bombus “hae infested by Visesieune canicularis|. E.M.M., Mch. me p. 78. R New EAD. Cheshire. Red-ts B e Bees eaten by Shrikes [in the mies Fabs, je Lanius peer was feeding its young with Bomobus mp iobacce Fa rius L., and B. muscorum L.| Ent., Aug. 1891, p- 193- * Nowers [Sec.]. Sicbyehire: Srna’ of Nature [for 1878 and 1879, 2 ut Burton-on- ent; dates given for Apis mellifica — ben, 1880, P ena gt Ann. Rep. Tren jag baton on Tres rent Nat. Hist. and Arch. S 166 BIBLIOGRAPHY : HYMENOPTERA, 1890 TO 1892. J. E. Nowers Derbyshire. Calendar of Natur ure, 1886 [for Burton-on-Trent ; Bees (? Be a | seen at Burton, 20th March, Wasp (Vespa, sp. not stated) seen, Ashby Real, 5th May]. sch Anni . Rep. Burton-on-Trent N. H. and Arch. Soc., for ee 22-23. Dovuctas H. Pear ee Notts Sirex juvencus in Notts pes 4 Chilwell, Oct. 8th ; 5S. gigas common there]. Ent., No ov. 1892, p G. H. Puriirson. York N.W. ddress to . . the e Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, read . Bank 1885 [Sirex ga noted as taken at ee Swear of 1884]. Nat Trans, Northumb. Durh. Bay Newi. vol. 8, p sie CHARLES cs [not signed]. ton atural History ings. On Wasps, chiefly rehe peihavbeland, megs Hamham, Bradford, ete. » concern pen pose I: 5 . rufa wanton 4 in ere peal of detail}, Sci. Goss., Jan. 1885, pp. 15-17- CHARLES Ropgs Northumberland S., Durham city of ‘Was ps (Vespz) [at Newcastle-on-Tyne a om BR Hd date gs appearance of Vespa rufa and V. Sinaia ov. . 262, W. DENISON ten York N.E in Sirex juvencus at Pickering [July oe. n, 1890, found by W. Fletcher a box of toys]. Nat. » Nov. 1892, p a SE W. H. St. Quintin. Yor Sawfly larve [Lobophorus pini attacking [Scotch] Firs lt, great damage in a 4o-acre hein presumably at Scampston fa Fie June 29th, 1889, p. ee 26, F J. H. SALTER and N, N Lane. } os) P way tote esological a [26th March, Afzs mellifica first seed, N.H.J., April rth, 1890, p RICHARD Souru. ner * gigas in Durham [one at High Force, 8th August, at Bishop > 11th August, 1890]. Ent., Sep. 1890, p. 292 R. A. SUMMERFIELD, i 7 Sirex juvencus =r on [a female at North Stainley, 17th SeP» Nat., Noy, 1892, p. 325 Cr gl Tae of Nature, 1886 [Female Wasps (Ja, _SP- a killed April Sages tath Ann. Re Burton-on-Trent, N.H. @ for 1886, pub. 1887, p %3 and S.W: Hitin EW, ork Mid W., S.E., N.E., N.W., 5. Sirex juvencus at Adel f peetess obtained goth Sep. Ae 180% 5 et numerous about uvencus has Leeds Harrogate, Huddersfield, ie Hull]. Nat., Jan. 1892, p- 15- id. We ork M H. B. Witson, ov. 1894 ane oeices | in Leeds [a female, 22nd Aug., 1892]. Nat» 4 W. I Yoon oth in A ust [1891 ; a botanical — with eae SPinosissimee Sci. Goss. » Jan. 1892, p- 5. JOHN M. Younc. Campo of Triphena fimbria [near Rotherham; infested ee mixtus Grav. ; fide T. R. Bien Ent., Aug. 1890, ide : 167 A CRITICAL CATALOGUE OF LINCOLNSHIRE PLANTS: FROM ALL KNOWN SOURCES. Rev. E. ADRIAN WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK, L-Th,, F.L.S., F.G.S., Vicar of Cadney, Brigg; Organising and Botanical Secretary of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Unton. ; THIRTEENTH PAPER. See explanations given in the preceding papers, viz. :— Nat., 1894, pp. 85-92, 133-130, 213-220, 257-263, 337-344. Nat., 1895, pp. 95-102, 289-301. Nat., 1896, pp. 53-60, 181-188, 245-252, 309-316, 325-332. Nat., 1897, pp. 133-140. Calitumum maririmum 1. A mistake of Dr. William Stukeley’s— he was an antiquary and no botanist. His Jéin. Cure., 1724, P- 32, Says :—‘ C. maritimum, of which we may expect a good account from Dr. Blair, of Boston.’ He was referring to Salicornia herbacea \.., called ‘Samphire’ in Lincolnshire. His mistake was copied by the Thompsonian Zzsf writers, and has been ever since, Gay HE PIMPINELLOIDES 1. Recorded by L. Plukenet, 1685-8, . In Brit. Mus. copy of J. Ray’s Catalogus, 1670 (Press Mark, 968, f. 2). It was an aggregate name including @. Lachenalit C. Gmel., in his day. He saw this latter species growing at Whaplode, near Spalding—it is growing there now—and named it rightly enough at the time. He was a botanist. His MS. Note on Jnula Helenium L. settles the question of locality. Ewa NTHE PEUCEDANIFOLIA Poll. (i.e. G. silaifolia Bieberstein). Div. 17. Near Quadring, Spalding, c#vca 1837-8 ; Dr. Richard eakin, in Horigraphia Britannica. See note on GE. pim- Pinelloides L.., just above. It looks as if this were but another rendering of L. Plukenet’s MS. note, without acknowledgment. oe Lachenalii C. Gmel.+- Native. Divs. 1.5.6.8.9.11-13. 17.18. . € crocata L.+ Native, but rare. Divs. 6.10.13.15- eo fluviatilis Coleman.} Native. Divs. 14.16.17. (Ar. B. & AL) Selinum Carvifolia L.+ Native, without doubt. Div. 2. Caucalis daucoides Lt Alien. Divs. 13.14.16. This is the .. “eptophylia of Hudson, not Linnzus, that T. J. Woodward Considered his Carlby specimen to be. See P. Miller's Gardeners’ and Botanists DHict., 1797, under C. daucoides. Caucalis atvensis Huds.+ Native. Divs. 12.14.16.18. I have — for other northern Divs., but no proof specimens. 897, . 168 WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : CATALOGUE OF LINCOLNSHIRE 1] Lonicera Xylosteum L.t Alien. Bird-sown? Div. 15. Belton 1896; Miss F. H. Woolward. ; GaLium ErEcTUM Huds. This name must be removed from oUt Lincolnshire Zis¢. I followed the 3rd &. B. too closely, I feat, : without regarding the nomenclature of the 8th ed. of the London Cat. All our specimens must be classed under the 4 species G. mollugo L. for the present. We all make mistakes. : Galium mollugo L.+ Native, rare and local. Divs. 2.8.10.13-15-15 Galium tricorne Stokes.+ Alien.t Divs. 5.6.7.13. Asperula cynanchica L.+ Native. Divs. 1.13-16. ne Asperula arvensis L.t Alien. Div. 13. Lincoln, by Fosstyke 1896 ; Messrs. Lees, Sneath and Peacock. : Anthemis tinctoria I.t Alien. Divs. 2.13. Artemisia Absinthium L.+ Alien. Divs. 7.9.10.12.16. Artemisia maritima L.t Native. Divs. 4.9.11.12.17-18 Var. gallica Willd.+ Native. Divs. 4.12.17. Petasites albus Gertn.+ A planted alien. Div. 2. ; SENECIO sQuALIDUS L, Alien. Div. 14. Anwick, 18553 Dr. Joh ‘ Lowe in Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, 1856, p. 13- : oe Senecio paludosus L.t Native, but quite extinct now. Jee) it was on the Rey. H. J. Wollaston’s authority that this specie 4 was recorded for Brayford Water, Div. 6 or 13, oF bot , P. Miller’s Dictionary, 1797. Arctium intermedium Lange.t Native. Divs. 2.11.14-16. a Carduus pycnocephalus L.} Alien. Div. 6. Lincoln, 19% Rev. R. W. Goodall. a Var. tenuifolius Curt.t Alien. Div. 4. Sandy ground — : Cleethorpes, 8.1892; F. A. Lees. ee a Cnicus palustris x pratensis.+ Native. Div. 7 [™ Warren, 1877; F. A. Lees. ad: ] Cnicus oleraceus L. Alien. Div. 16. By the side of ms Me between Market Deeping and Croyland, before 181 : Oldham. Again found there by the late Mr. Cole, ie about 1823. There were specimens in the Herban the late Mrs, M. Stovin, of Ashgate, near Chesterfield, and with bi Mr, Edward Edwards, who helped the late R. A. Pryof 2 Flora of Herts, a Crepis taraxacifolia Thuill.; Alien? Divs. 7-9-1 << WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : CATALOGUE OF LINCOLNSHIRE PLANTS. 169 Hypocheris maculata L.j Native. Div. 13. Highdyke, Leadenham, 1896; Peacock. ‘A very interesting addition to the County Flora. Your specimen is like those from Essex, Cambridge, Suffolk, and Nerthampton. The Cornish, Car- narvon, Westmorland (Lake Lancashire) being much more luxuriant and generally with two or three heads.’—Ar. B. Sovcnus paustris 1. Native, but extinct now. Div. 12. A. Voung’s notice (Lincs. Agric., 1799, P- 232) seems to have been the first and last record for this species. As we have Senecio palustris DC. in his Zist too, he can hardly have made a mistake. There is no specimen at the Brit. Mus. from the Banks’ Herb., and I cannot find one elsewhere. Hvrorrrys monorroea Crantz. Native, if with us still. Div. 6. lose to Summer Castle, Fillingham, in fir wood. Rev. if Dalton in Bot. Guide, 1805. His collection of plants is in the York Museum. ‘I find in our Herbarium three sets of specimens of A. monotropa. Two have no locality, the third is marked ‘Studley Woods.’ —H. M. Platnauer, Curator of York Museum. ‘I must tell you that I believe the fir-wood where these rare plants grew was cut down in 1840, and is now ploughed land.’-—Mrs. Portman-Dalton, by letter, 11. 3.1895- Primula acaulis x veris.7 Divs. 1/2-5-7.8.10.11.13-15-17- Lysimachia thyrsiflora Ait. Divs. 1.12 or 17. Boston, Lincoln- shire, 1842; R. Kippist and J. Woods. Specimen in Herb. Brit. Mus. Lysimachia punctata L.+ Alien. Div. 8. Redhill, Louth, an escape from a garden near, 8.1892; J. Larder. Lysimachia ciliata L. Planted alien, I believe. Div. 3. Brocklesby Woods, 10.8.'49; Dr. B. Carrington. In the Herb. Royal Bot. Gard. Edinburgh. ‘In the handwriting of Dr. B. C’—T. B. Balfour. ‘ Naturalised.’—Dr. B. C. in Bot. Gaz., 1849, p. 323. Centunculus minimus L.+ Native. Div. 7. Sandy lane between Osgodby and Middle Rasen, along with Radiola, Cerastium Semidecandrum, etc. Seen first 22-7-'77; again 23.7.78; es. anthemum peltatum Gmel.t Div. 15. Syston Lake. ‘This species appeared in the lake at Syston some To to 15 years ago. It must have been brought there by one of the wild fowl which frequent the water, as I do not know of any spot where it grows in this district. The single plant first observed = spread all over the shallow portion of the lake, and has 170 WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : CATALOGUE OF LINCOLNSHIRE PLANTS. become a nuisance ; luckily it cannot grow in deep water.— Sir John H. Thorold, Bart., by letter, 19.3.96. But another suggestion of the way it may have been carried to Syston has been hazarded. ‘Cattle are greedily fond of this plant. Ihave — seen them at Syston up to the shoulders in mud and wate, — regardless of danger, and only intent on devouring every scrap within reach. There is also no Zimnanthemum on any pondat Belton close by. This goes against the bird-sown theory, 3 — there is a constant interchange of waterfowl between the Belton and Syston waters.—Miss F. H. Woolward. Myosotis strigulosa Mert. & Koch.+ Native. Divs. 1.2.67. (F.A.L.). Mentha vulgaris Sole. Native. Div. 7. By clayey ponds in fields by the highroad between Rasen and Nettleton; F. 4 Lees. B.R.C., 1877, p. 219. The specimen—a poor one- in the Brit. Mus. Herb. was passed by the late Prof. Babington Salvia pratensis L.+ Alien, brought with foreign grass seed. Divs. 11.15. Stachys germanica L. There is a good specimen at Kew 10 Dawson Turner's Herb. It is localised—‘ Mr. Davies, {o™ Easton, near Grantham.’ Div. 1 5. (Miss M. Lane-Claypo") i Plantago Timbali Reichb. fil'} Alien. Div. 13. Lincoln, Y Fossdyke, 1896 ; Lees, Sneath and Peacock. _ : BeTA maritima 1, See under Frankenia levis L. in rath pap Also 8th paper Crit. Cat. ; Wat, 1896, p. 183. Atriplex prostrata Bab. Native. Divs. 3.4.17. ATRIPLEX LacINIATA L, No specimen of this species is kno™ Watson quoted the Howitt J/S. and had no specimen I fine — But as it has often been recorded for Divs. 9.12, it will tum 92 - Most certainly. ' Atriplex pedunculata L. Divs. 11.12.18. For Div. 18 sec We Tsay under Frankenia levis L. in this paper. Salicornia appressa Dum.t Native. Div. 9- 1880-95 ; Miss Mackinder. Verified by Mr. Ar. Benne™s 3 Says it has only been found in Kent before, and adds—‘In ™ a eyes it is at most a sub-species of S. herbacea L.’ : Rumex maximus Schreb. See Mr. W. H. Beeby J. of B., 1884, p. 20, and “his Herb. for specimens. lf to the synonymy of other workers in writing in MY | Crit. Cat. Nat., 1896, p. 185, because I have the follo : extract from a letter (6.4.’96) from Mr. Ar. Beant : SaltfleethYs : WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : CATALOGUE OF LINCOLNSHIRE PLANTS. I 71 notes—‘I find I do not possess #. atifolius Borr., but I have seen the specimens gathered by Mr. Beeby in 1883, and I agree with him in considering they are of this variety.’ But after my 8th Crit. Cat. appeared in print, I received a long letter from Mr. Beeby, from which I extract fully, for it clearly shows how much we want a Variorum London Flora—a limited edition—publishing by a company of specialists with every edition of Zhe London Catalogue. ‘With regard to the Rumex with which my name is connected, I do not think that what I have recorded or said is quite correctly stated. I do not go further than to say that the plant which I recorded as R. maximus Schreb. is not R. maximus Schreb. Whether it be 2. latifolius Borr., I cannot say, as I am not quite clear whether that plant is really a var. of 2. Hydrolapathum, or Whether it is a synonym of R. maximus. If the latter, it certainly is not a var. of R. Hydrolapathum. Again, var. latifolius is in either case a f. with subcordate leaves, so that my note, as altered, does not quite make sense. I thought I might just explain the point against the time your Mora is published. It is, of course, not worth while to notice it now. Equally, of course, I sée quite clearly that the statement is due to a reliance on synonymy which I regard as doubtfully correct, but for which I do not wish to be responsible.’ Whether I live and have time to publish my /¥ora or not, I want this series of Papers to reflect fully the whole truth as it is known about the Flora of Lincolnshire, and so thank Mr. W. H. Beeby for his note. . Asarum europzum L.t Alien. Div. 2. Old garden place, Manby Hall, Broughton Wood, circa 1884; Miss F. H. Woolward. It __ Was along with Petasites albus Geertn. Eriophorum vaginatum L.t Native, if with us now. Div. 7: Dryish bog, Osgodby Common, Usselby Corner, 22.7.'78; * A. Lees. Specimen sent from his Herb. Salix fragilis L.+ Native. Divs. 1.6.7.9.12.13-18. Catabrosa aquatica Beauv.j Native. Divs. 2.7.13. Poa Pratensis L. var. strigosa Gaud.f Native. Div. 9- Mablethorpe sandhills, 7.1894; H. Charman. Lorruy WHITWORTHIENSIS G. Sinclair, is the correct nomenclature for the stoloniferous variety of Z. perenne L., found in Div. 7. See Sinclair’s fTort. Gram. Wob., 1825, pp. 211-217- ordeum marinum Huds. Native. Divs. 3.4-9-11-12.17- ___ Specimens in Watsonian Herb., Kew. June 1897. 172 LEES: A NEW LINCOLNSHIRE PLANT. ASPLENIUM VIRIDE Huds. Div. 11. Toynton St. Peter’s Church, 1860; Rev. J. Dodsworth’s /xterleaved Flora. ‘The church was restored some twenty years since. The outer walls areall comparatively new, and during the ten years I was at Toynton, I left in June last, I never saw anything of a fern growing on the church. ‘The whole tower was re-pointed from top bottom, as it had suffered a great deal during some tremendous gales about two years ago. "Rev. W. J. Margetts, 23.996. This thirteenth paper eee the whole series up to the date of | our present knowledge. All the Herbaria and Bibliographies Lee Register, as well as the ‘field no . get exception of the genera Rubus, Rass and Salix. Other papers will : follow at distant intervals as new facts accumulate. I wish again thank most sincerely all the specialists and earnest workers who have | assisted me so kindly and at much personal inconvenience. . Since the above was in ole I have received notes from Mr. F. Arnold Lees, as follow e ) Trifolium filiforme L. Satine Div. 9. Somercotes, May 18975 : Benjamin Crow (F.A.L.). a _ Veronica montana L. Native. Div. 8. Acthorpe Wood, May | 1897; B. Crow. Ranunculus repens forma lingulatus F. A. Lees. (A shade grown var. or state with all simple, ee ribbed, ronguelite flammulaceous leaves.) Native. Div. 8. In shade, Wood, May 1897; B. Crow (F.A.L.). Se gaere sash _ A New Lincolnshire Plant.—At the eleventh hour, just as the ¢ mstalment of Peacock’s Critical “SP are has passed the proof- . . Benj. Crow, of eee u -» with equall sessile trifoliate capillate inflorescence, gathere about Dineen" ’s birthday i “s sandy pre neal . Fag not given in Watson’s 77 opographical Botany for t ah oe n to doubt asset Bas r% tae, 5 F'TBSO for * +1867. I held. ope NOTES AND NE WS. ict We have to congratulate the pmo sae and Philoso osophical their recent choic ¢ naturalist es C ¢ of a President in so industrious 4 Mee oe ‘osm: Ivill, MA, FL geal is so wide oa i colletio mn al ” nchologist, a botanist, sad a lepido — emia Aa, cet rere omar a ae scienti 173 HENRY BOSWELL: WEST YORKSHIRE MOSSES. WILLIAM WHITWELL, F.L.S. Mr. F. A. Lexs has well indicated (Nat., May 1897, p. 132) the nature of Mr. Boswell’s connection with Yorkshire bryology: not special, but general—as a universal referee and helper. Having had the pleasure of some degree of personal acquaintance with him during my official residence at Oxford, 1870-77, kept up by frequent correspondence in after years, I may be permitted to add my testimony to the charm and generosity of Mr. Boswell’s friendship. It was not until after my removal to York, in 1877, that I paid any attention to mosses, but Mr. Boswell was an excellent phanerogamic botanist as well as muscologist, and was always pleased to be consulted about my specimens and records. His chief interest had, however, already centred itself upon the study in connection with Which his great reputation has been won, and had passed beyond the Moss-flora of our own islands to embrace that of the world itself. I well remember spending an evening at his pleasant villa residence _ on the Woodstock Road, and being astonished by the quantity of Material he had brought together from the most distant and various countries. His Sphagnums alone seemed to me enough to occupy a life-time. Mr, Lees, in his brief appreciation, somewhat misrepresents Mr. Boswell’s social position. He was not a saddler, but a manufac- turer as well as retailer of portmanteaus and bags. He inherited the business from his father, as a well-established one, at the age of 25, and through it as well as by marriage he was placed in Possession of means sufficient for ample comfort and culture—means which he used well. A most kindly humour marked his conversation as well as correspondence. The four letters which I subjoin are siven—out of many—as pleasant illustrations of this, and also as being incidentally connected with West Yorkshire species, enabling me to correct two records in Mr. Lees’ ‘Flora.’ It was one of the Charms of writing to Mr. Boswell that he was sure to reply before long, and almost always to enclose some ‘good thing’ or another— often several—for your acceptance. _ TU have no skill to appraise his work, but know the estimate formed of it by men qualified to judge. I speak of the friendly senial man, the ever-ready helper ; to moss-students what Mr. Arthur ehnett is to collectors and recorders of our flowering plants. Higher praise I know not. 174 WHITWELL: WEST YORKSHIRE MOSSES. The University of Oxford, in 1881, expressed its appreciation 0 Mr. Boswell’s attainments, and of his services in connection with own herbarium, by bestowing upon him the degree of honorary I fear that growing absorption in his subject, and ever-increasing. Property of the University. Barbula) The first letter I give has special reference to a Zortula (Ba 7 from the bridge over the Lune above Sedbergh, which had Oa me, it seemed so much larger and stouter than Z. murals. Mr. ee Lees in the ‘Flora of West Yorkshire’ has assigned it to — ( Lortula) rigidula. The Brach thecium rivulare mentioned was we ‘ near Stirton, and has found record in the ‘ Flora.’ The Salsa ' Sulsola Kalj Linn., the most curious ‘casual’ I have ever met 0. ; DEAR S1R,—Your Tortula is Z. muralis, equally common on brick and equally common, I should say, in every county occur with fruit. It seems not to come down to the lowlands. I have it several times barren, and my fruiting specimens were sent Yorkshire ene : Yes! I remember the Sa/sola very well. Houses now cover the gr Druce. Y fi exotics a time ago, and I still reckon myself in his debt. 8 There used to be some good mosses in Craven; look out for oo. moors, Yours very truly, H. Boswell Somewhat Surprised that the Zvrtula was held to be the only, I sent Mr. Boswell another sample, which o¢ following €pistle—thoroughly characteristic : the OXFORD, 5th May, MY DEAR S1k,—The second Zortu/a sent is the same aS ie Z Tespect it differs from ordinary muralis 1 cannot discern, and y' accustomed to think I know that plant for some years. ' 7 g WHITWELL: WEST YORKSHIRE MOSSES. 175 There is also a variety rupestris which occurs on stones, rocks, and quarries, and is nearly twice as large. Frequent in North Oxon, and must be also in Craven. The var. estiva is rare, occurring in shady moist places, and hence ripening a month later. This is smaller than the common form. I am loth to suppose that I have been mistaken about these things all this 4 rh but still am not unwilling to learn. If, then, it is not mzra/is, there wes the question—What is it? “Bat i in truth this is ‘ wrote sarkasticul,’ and I believe you may safely call your moss by that name. Your Brachyth. rivulare is, 1 think, correct, but much too far decayed to be worth anything. Here is a better specimen to compare. Iam glad 7. revo/uta pleased you, and now send 7. convoluta to match it. Yours very truly, H. Boswk i. Mr. Boswell sent me authenticated Zortula rigidula Dicks., and I do not wonder (my moss knowledge being so slight) at any confusion between the two species. The next letter has pleasant personal references to ourselves, and also gives my authority for the record of Bxyum ( Webera) albicans in the ‘Flora of West Yorkshire,’ for the Aire valley locality of Skipton Woods. The specimens, it should be mentioned, were ‘m a very juvenile condition : OxrForD, 17th Mar., 1887. ; MY DEAR S1R,—Accept my many thanks for your kind congratulations on the te It was altogether an unexpected. honour on my part ; to say I think it oi tage : yd would, I suppose, sound ungrateful ; at any rate it is a proof “ap iberal spirit — broad-mindedness of the University nowadays. © find you had removed to London. It must be a great . Your moss is as like Hypuum fluitans ‘as 1 to Hercules’: just about! It is smallish form of Bryum albicans (Wahlenb.)—not a very common one, and here extremely rare. ve not done much in British bryology lately, having so many foreign parcels to hand, but aes this winter have made out three new species for our own urinal viz. :—Campylopus adustus DeNot., Bryum obtusifolium Lindh, ynchium abbreviatum Schpr., but if you take the ‘Journal of Botany’ you will see all ar them therein next month. Also in the January number an article on Jama If you kno oi e€ going abroad, try to induce him to send mosses. They are very little oak, Be = in + i you speak of wanting names; I will try t them. ebster sen t me some Hefatice months ago; they still Oe on ps pra rfect spite, a Too. large to swallow and too hard to bite,’ — cheeses in the trough ; but I mean to wrestle again with them very soon. am glad to hear Dr. Lees is near the end of his labours. Yours very truly, ec H. BosweELt. June 1357, I 76 NOTE—LINCOLNSHIRE HYMENOPTERA. Thad reported Mnium affine Bland to my friend Mr. F. A. Lees in the course of the preparation of the ‘Flora of West Yorkshire, from the Boroughbridge road, York, on the strength of an opinion _ expressed by Mr. Boswell when I showed him certain specimens specimens to Mr. Boswell for a second examination, and they were then recognised as being JAZ. rostratum. They were only barren shoots. The mention of Polygala austriaca was occasioned by my discovery of the plant at Caterham. a OxrorD, 3oth July, 1888. : ee I was so dept barren shoots resemble those of affine very closely, but it is a plant of drier p wo 4. affine likes rills and marshes, 1 suppose that Lees knew the ground, and tit the locality was dry, and hence came his doubts. + T have: n British mosses I have no news lately, but as some compensation I of received four or five hundred from India and Tasmania: beautiful things ma"Y them, but hard work and taking up much time. Polygala austriaca is a nice find 3 I never fell in with it. i hope the remove carries a good increase of pay, and that the - Soon pass. But it is a season enough to make one ill. Yet how mosses are growing ! will : j o Yours very truly, - aa - The official ‘remove’ alluded to carried’ no pecuniary : re whatever! My correspondent rightly spoke of ‘ Nidd —. ae : connection with the supposed J. affine; the Boroughbniegt the < locality should have been given under N. instead of W. i ™ ‘ Flora.’ : NOTE—HYVMENOPTERA. Sirex juvencus and other Lincolnshire. Summer (Sept. 1896) a fine specimen of Serex juvencus alive, : of Sirex giyas. “And along with these an exceedingly fine § striking Ichneumon Rhyssa Persuasoria, This specimen measure inches from its head to the end of its long ovipositor. It seems pro unusually grub must have fed upon Sivex larve, which appear to have nie Syumon last year. All these specimens were received from } - neighbour Woolward, of Belton, near Grantham (Lincs.), and were taken in tha - hood.—A, THORNLEY, South Leverton Vicarage, Lincoln. —ist 477 THE HARVEST MOUSE IN YORKSHIRE. OXLEY GRABHAM, M.A., M.B.O.U. For the last two or three years I have been endeavouring to discover whether the Harvest Mouse (Mus minutus Pallas, Mus messorius Shaw) is an inhabitant of our county; but so far, I am Sorry to say, the evidence has only been of a negative character. Tam afraid that most of the records are not to be entirely trusted, and in this Mr. Denison Roebuck agrees with me. I have often been told of harvest mice occurring, and have even had so-called specimens sent to me, but they have always turned out to be the Long-tailed Field Mouse (AZus s/yvaticus) ; still, I feel sure that in a county like ours, affording such a variety of geological formation, ete., the little animal must occur, and I shall be very glad if any readers of ‘The Naturalist’ can put the question beyond doubt. I have taken every species of British Mouse, with this exception, in the County, and I hope in time to find it also. They are most Interesting little animals to keep. I had twelve sent me from Norfolk Jast Winter, but unfortunately they had all been put into an empty cartridge box without any food, and when I got them, not only were they all dead, but only one was in a fit condition to stuff. They had fought and literally eaten-each other ; some were minus heads, others minus eyes, and all save one in a deplorable condition. A second lot of six fared better, as partitions were made in the box, and one mouse and some food placed in each division. I kept my mice in a large vivarium. I put some hay in, which they soon split Up and wove into a beautiful compact ball, and I placed a fresh sod of turf in €very ten days or so, in which they burrowed and took great delight. I found they preferred wheat to oats or barley, and they were fond of an occasional drink of water. With their prehensile tails they would climb about the hay which they had not made into a nest, and hang on just like monkeys. I gave them to my friend Mr. James Backhouse, and am glad to say they are alive and well. In colour they are a bright fawn above, distinctly reddish on the rump, pure white on the throat and belly, the colours being sharply defined, The nose is rather pointed, and the eyes bright and small, and they are the smallest of British mammals, with the 178 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. difficult subjects for the taxidermist to: treat naturally, and even it the national collection at South Kensington, where most the specimens are exquisitely handled, there is room for considerable improvement amongst the mice. They are so small that it is vey difficult in modelling the lips with clay, not to get those that have — pointed noses, too blunt, and vice versa. Again, the tails in some — species, like AZus sylvaticus, are very delicate ; if left unskinned they. = w wrapping the whole length of the tail without splitting it. Am exact representation of a mouse hunched up into a small round ball with | the fur fluffed out, a position often assumed by the Harvest Mou = is almost impossible of attainment. | : ; _ NOTE— DIPTERA. Chironomus sylvestris at Lincoln.— Chironomus (oa Van de “= svlvestris.—A pair ‘in cop.’ dropped on my book here on the 27th Ape a | The or — of the long black thin body of the i ale with t i for; of the female ae bust me. —JAS. Ear erkeley says of it, ‘mol erie i Me Contloasts is a lover of re in all its for ee thered an Le ish pe him. m the the ‘ibs ora, ‘stem 4 inch high, cee deeply but regularly costato-lacumost, "4, ot at the top and forming Seicaations paar saath ofthe ¢ the cups ree : present the appearance of a cluster of pillars su orting a fon : fretwork between them.’ Both are sani speci si —W. Fo os Livers Vicarage, May 14th, 1897. lean Gaaae is aware, it ia record the East ing. interesting ores of Fh e fruiting of Hy yg Ae K May 21st, —. Siganten Wm. InGHAM, B. 179 SOME NEW RECORDS FOR THE MOSS-FLORA OF NIDDERDALE AND WENSLEYDALE: C WITH ADDITIONAL LOCALITIES FOR NORTH YORKSHIRE AND SOUTH DURHAM. RICHARD BARNES, The Gardens, Saitburn-dby-the-Sea. SINCE contributing the notes on the bryology of the marshes adjoining the Tees estuary and other portions of North Yorkshire (see Naturalist” May 1892, pp. 151-153, and June 1892, p. 186), I have had the pleasure in the districts referred to, of gathering in new localities a number of mosses and hepatics, which, with some few exceptions, are sufficiently uncommon to be considered worth placing on record. In regard to the Moss-Flora of Wensleydale, a few rare species have been added to those gathered at the Aysgarth meeting of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, May 1893, and as no detailed list of the latter has yet been given in the ‘ Naturalist,’ it may at least be of some interest to bryologists to include them with the others more recently met with, * yanostomum commutatum Mitt. Orthotrichum stramineum Hornsch. beri Hedw. Orthotrichum tenellam Bruch. Seligeria Doniana Sm. *Bryum concinnatum Spruce _ Seligeria pusilla Hedw. Mnium cuspidatum Hedw. need tristicha Brid. Fissidens decipiens DeNot. Didymodon cylindricus Bruch. * Anomodon longifolius Schleich. "Tr: sinuosus Wils. Eurhynchium Teesdalii S Tichostomum mutabile Bruch. Rhynchostegium tenellum Dicks. : omum mutabile Bruch var. Rhynchostegium depressum Bruch. m Sch. *Amblystegium Sprucei Bruch. : crispulam Bruch. *Amblystegium confervoides Brid. hitidum Lindb. *Hypoum incurvatum Brid. ifolia Schpr. *Hypnum ochraceum Tu *Hypnum polymorphum Hedw. crmedia Bri *Hypnum elodes Spruce ‘toni Schpr. *Hylocomium brevirostrum Ehbrh. obtusifolium Schrad. Lejeunea calcarea fastigiatum Bruch. *Cephalozia connivens Dicks. 180 BARNES: MOSS-FLORA OF NIDDERDALE AND WENS! During November 1896, I had the opportunity of making! short excursions in Upper Nidderdale, which were accompanied ' the good result of finding the greater part of the rarities a noted for Wensleydale and Upper Swaledale. In some parts mt district the same physical features may be observed, t so wide a scale, as occur in Upper Swaledale, and from believe the 7 will, on a still closer and more 1, equally as rich in musci and hepatice two dales Seltaaly referred to. The following species date alluded to above were new to the Nidd drainage area‘— Dicranella subulata Hedw. Orthothecium intricatum Hartm. Seligeria acutifolia var. longiseta Lindb. | Eurhynchium pumilum Wils Seligeria tristicha Brid. Eurhynchium Teesdalii Sm. Blindia acuta Hedw. Rhynchostegium depressum Broch. Didymodon luridus Hornsch. Amblystegium Sprucei Brach. r Didymodon sinuosus Wils. Amblystegium confervoides Bri Barbula recurvifolia Schpr. Hypnum ochraceum Turn. a viridissimus var. rupestris Hypnum stellatum Schreb. tensum Brid. Ecorse nudum Dicks. Lejeunea Rossettiana Massa. Webera annotina Hedw. Cephalozia laxifolia Hook. Cylindrothecium concinnum DeNot. In regard to nomenclature the London Catalogue of Mosses, 1880, has been followed merely as a matter ye a With the exception of a few instances that ‘ indiéated, the localities are marked with re ake ie =a respective districts : : D. (Durham portion of Teesdale). T. (Teesdale—Yorkshire — e€ more eritical mosses contained in this list _ examined and verified by Dr. Braithwaite, F.L.S., and the by Mr. M. B. Slater, F. L.S., to both of whom my sincere kindly tendered, ACROCARPI. SPHAGNACE#. pe eee? fimbriatum Wils. Pilmoor, Thirsk; eck (N.). um strictum Lindb. Richmond (S.) ; Cosh at ish male inflorescence. — BARNES: MOSS-FLORA OF NIDDERDALE AND WENSLEYDALE. 81 Sphagnum teres Angst. Lockwood Beck (C.); Codhill Bog (C.); Hawnby (R.). molle Sull. var. Mulleri Schpr. Snilesworth, Hawnby (R.). tenellum Ehrh. Pilmoor, Thirsk. WEISSIACEE. i Systegium crispum Hedw. Clay bank near Thirsk. _ Gymnostomum tenue Schrad. Deepdale (T.). um commutatum Mitt. (= Bardula curvirostris var. commutata (Mitt.) Lindb.). Whitfield Force (W.). _ Weissia viridula Brid. var. densifolia Schpr. Ettersgill | Beck (D.). A plant of shorter growth occurs near Winch Bridge (Yorkshire side) which appears to belong to the above. Cynodontium polycarpum Ehrh. Holwick (T.). Specimens of the above gathering have the capsules without the strumiferous neck, and bear the rest of the distinguishing characters of typical C. polycarpum. CC. strumiferum was the plant Dr. Spruce gathered, and which he refers to in his ‘ Musci and Hepatice of Teesdale.’ Dicranella crispa Hedw. Lounsdale (C.). Schreberi Hedw. Deepdale (T.); Holwick (T.); on aclay bank near Thirsk. The var. e/ata I have noted in most, _ if not all, of the glens in this part of Cleveland. subulata Hedw. Blayshaw Beck (N.); Lockwood Beck (C.) ; by the side of the Rye, near Hawnby (R.). rufescens Turn. Abundant by the side of Blayshaw ‘ Beck (N.) ; and in similar situations at Hawnby (R.). ium longirostrum Web. & Mohr. On rotting tree- stump, Hawnby (R.). New to North Yorkshire. atrovirens DeNot. The Westmorland side of Maize Beck is the only locality mentioned for this plant in Baker's ‘ North Yorkshire.’ It occurs, however, in two or three Places on Holwick and Cronkley Fells (T-). BRUCHIACE#. /Archidium phascoides Brid. Holwick Fell (T-). Pleuridium nitidum Hedw. Billy Bank Wood, Richmond (S.)- _ Pleuridium alternifolium B. & S. Bainbridge, Wensleydale. SELIGERIAC. EAE. Seligeria Doniana Sm. Rokeby (T.); How Stean Beck (N-); = Gill (W.); Park ae Gages (W.); Hawnby (R.)- 182 BARNES: MOSS-FLORA OF NIDDERDALE AND WENSLEYDALE, jasae Wr pusilla Hedw. How Stean Beck (N.); Whiteld ll (W.). ee acutifolia var. longiseta Lindb. How Stean Beck (N., Seligeria tristicha Brid. Very plentiful ee - v two places on dripping limestone rocks, How Stean N.); Aysgarth Force (W.); Whitfield Gill (W.); in oon places on the north side of Addelburgh (W.); and at the High Force Park Scar Waterfalls in Semerdale (W.). Campylostelium saxicola W. & M. Wiley Cat Wood, Slape Wath (C.). Fairly well distributed throughout this part of North-East Yorkshire, Blindia acuta Hedw. Blayshaw Beck (N.); How Stean (N.); and Ravensgill (N.). : POTTIACEZ:, Pottia intermedia Turn. On garden ground, Thirsk. Didymodon luridus Hornsch. Deepdale (T.); Rokeby (T) near Thirsk; and at Kilvington Mill, Thirsk ; Hawnby with fruit ; Saltburn (C.), with fruit; Greenhow Hill (N.). Didymodon flexifolius Dicks. Middlesmoor (N.), i seven! places ; and at Greenhow Hill ( Didymodon cylindricus Bruch. Whitfield Force (W.); Hams (R.), with perfect fruit. Didymodon sinuosus Wils. Blayshaw Beck (N.)5 Goydon } te Hole (N.); Rokeby (T.) ; Thirsk. Ditrichum homomallum Hedw. Blayshaw Beck (N. ); Raver gill (N.). Trichostomum mutabile Bruch. Addelburgh es ; occurs on the sea banks near Saltburn, the leaves certainly more linear than in typical Z- Mpg yt et apex of the leaf, so characteristic of Z. 7% m, 18 wanting, and, therefore, I think it can ne “thee to the above species. sch Trichostomum mutabile Bruch. var. oh Addelburgh (W.). Trichostomum crispulum Bruch. Addel Trichostomum nitidum Lindb. Askrigg (W-)5 ™ ~ Force, Semerdale (W.) ; Deepdale (T-). Barbula rigida Schultz. Pierce Bridge (D-)- c); and 2 Barbula ambigua B. & S. On walls at Skelfon 77 clayey ground, Saltburn (C.). burgh (W.). wall neat BARNES: MOSS-FLORA OF NIDDERDALE AND WENSLEYDALE. 183 ula marginata B. & S. On the north wall of Thirsk Church, and at Kilvington Mill, near Thirsk. recurvifolia Schpr. Aysgarth Force (W.); Whitfield Gill (W.); Pateley Bridge (N.); and Greenhow Hill (N.). Barbula cylindrica Tayl. Pateley Bridge (N.). Barbula revoluta Schwg. Aysgarth Force (W.) ; Barnard Castle (D.); and of very general distribution throughout N idderdale. Barbula angustata Wils. Hedge-bank, near Thirsk ; Lingdale (C.); Levisham, Y.N.U. Excursion, The plant from the last- mentioned station is a very distinct form, the margin at midway of the leaf having from 6—8 rows of elongated cells. Barbula ruralis L. var. arenicola Braithw. Sea Banks, Redcar (C.), October 1892. Barbula intermedia Brid. Askrigg (W.); Aysgarth (W.); Helmsley (R.); Hawnby (R.). Barbula os Wils. Hawnby (R.); Rokeby (T.); Richmond (S.) CALYMPERACEZ. Encalypta ciliata Hedw. Cragdale, Semerdale (W.). GRIMMIACE:, Grimmia orbicularis B. & S. Near the Abbey Bridge, Rokeby .); Barnard Castle (D.). New record for the county of ae itrium polyphyllum Dicks. Saltburn (C.); on walls by ie road from Skelton to Lockwood Beck (C.). Amphoridium Mougeotii B. & S. Upper How Stean Beck (N.). Zygodon viridissimus Dicks. var. rupestris Lindb. Upper How Stean Beck (N.). Unlike the type or Z. Stirtont, which latter grows in more extended patches, apparently preferring the gritstone formation. —— Stirtoni Schpr. Goydon Pot Hole (N.); Addelburgh V.) vote D: oe Grev. Rookhope Burn, Weardale, co. Durham. obtusifolium Schrad. Rokeby (T.); Leyburn (w. h y. Ni U. Excursion, May 1893- fasticiatum Bruch. Rokeby (T.); Wensley, Y.N.U, ee May 1893 ichum pumilum es Swartz) Dicks. (= O. Schimpert — Rokeby (T.)- * 184 BARNES: MOSS-FLORA OF NIDDERDALE AND WENSLEYDA otrichum tenellum Bruch. Saltburn (C.); Rokeby (1); Wensley (W.), Y.N.U. Excursion, May 1893. Orthotrichum pallens Bruch. Rokeby (T.). Orthotrichum Lyellii H. & T. Askrigg (W.), with fruit. "FUNARIACE.. Discelium nudum Dicks. Goydon Pot Hole (N.); near old lead workings, Greenhow Hill (N.). se Ephemerum serratum Schreb. By side of pool, Saltburn (Ch BARTRAMIACEH:. Amblyodon dealbatus Dicks. Coatham marshes (C.); Holwick | Fell (T.) ; Richmond (S.). ; Meesia uliginosa Hedw. First gathered in Teesdale by Spruce near Winch Bridge. I have recently gathered it on Holwick : Fell (T.). BRYACEA. Webera annotina Hedw. Greenhow Hill (N.); Saltburn (C) Zieria julacea Schpr. . Cliff Gill, Upper Swaledale, with fru Bryum inclinatum Swartz. In pasture near Saltburn (C.). a to Philibert’s discovery regarding the peculiar structure ‘ - peristome of B. pendulum, much confusion seems tO have " as to the difference between that species and %. casi In Dixon and Jameson’s ‘ Student’s Handbook of Br. eo allusion is made to the fact that most herbarium base marked ZB. pendulum have been found to belong to B. inthe yet, strange to say, the examples that I have received pe to be the latter species have all possessed the disting? the character of &. pendulum pointed out by Philibert Ke re oblique lines connecting the articulations of the teeth ° exostome. In Lees’ ‘West Yorkshire’ the somew occurrence of B. inclinatum is noted, and, so fat a "7 experience is concerned, I have found (and especially m the north-east portion of the county) B. pendulum gee much commoner plant of the two. Seaton Bryum Warneum Blandow. Sea banks, Saltburn (C.); Snook, Co. Durham. Bryum lacustre Brid. Deepdale (T.); Holwie Lockwood Beck (C.). a Bryum calophyllum R.Br. Lockwood Beck (Ce a hat wncomme? , Fell (Pi BARNES: MOSS-FLORA OF NIDDERDALE AND WENSLEYDALE. 185 uliginosum Bruch. By the side of the Rye near Hawnby (R.); Holwick Fell (T.). Bryum bimum Schreb. Coatham marshes (C.). Bryum bimum Schreb. var. cuspidatum Bry. Eur. Ettersgill Beck (D.). Bryum murale Wils. On lime rubbish, near Croft, with male flowers. — argenteum L. var. lanatum P.B. Holwick (T.), with It, Bryum concinnatum Spruce. Aysgarth Force (W.); Whitfield Gill (W.) ; Deepdale (T.) ; Holwick Fell (T.) ; High Force (T.). MNIACELE. Cinclidium stygium Swartz. MHolwick Fell (T.). Mnium cuspidatum Hedw. Whitfield Gill (W.). Mnium affine var. elatum Br. Sch. (=M. Seligeri Juratzka). Coatham Marshes es Mnium stellare Hedw. How Stean Beck (N.). oe subglobosum B. & S._ Lockwood Beck (C.); Slape fath (C.). POLYTRICHACE. Pogonatum aloides Hedw. var. minus Bry. Eur. (=. aloides Hed. var. Dicksoni Turn.). Lockwood Beck (C.). AMPHOCARPI. FISSIDENTACE#. Fissidens exilis Hedw. Hedge-bank, near Thirsk. Fissidens crassipes Wils. (= Fissidens fontanus Schpr.). Swale, near Keld (S.). Fissidens decipiens DeNot. (= Fissidens cristatus Wils.). How Stean Beck (N.) ; Whitfield Gill (W.), with fruit ; Hawnby (R.), with fruit. In the CLADOCARPI. RIPARIACE#. Fontinalis anti tica L. var. gracilis Lindb. How Stean Beck (N.); Swinner Gill, Upper Swaledale. The form that Occurs in the two localities named above seems to agree closely with the descriptions in the text-books, and may with some pencneee of certainty be referred to the above variety. 1897, 186 BARNES: MOSS-FLORA OF NIDDERDALE AND WENSLEYDALE : LESKEACEA:. Anomodon longifolius Schleich. Askrigg (W.). : Thuidium recognitum Hedw. Maize Beck (Westmorland); — Greenhow Hill (N.), in great plenty. HYPNACEA:. Pterogonium gracile Dill. Richmond (S.). Cylindrothecium concinnum DeNot. Greenhow Hill (N.). Orthothecium intricatum Hartm. Whitfield Gill (W.); Pak Scar, Semerdale (W.); How Stean Beck (N.); on an outcropol the limestone at the bottom of Ladhill Gill (R.). Some interest is attached to the occurrence of this species in the last mentioned — locality, for although it is more or less generally distributed throughout the western dales, I am not aware of instance of its having been gathered eastward of the Central Valley. Eurhynchium pumilum Wils. How Stean Beck (N.): Eurhynchium Teesdalii Sm. Wensley Mill (W.); How Ste Beck (N.). Rhynchostegium tenellum Dicks. Aysgarth (W.); Pat Semerdale (W.); and at the lowest waterfall in Skell Gi (W.); How Stean Beck (N.). a Rhynchostegium depressum Bruch. Askrigg (W-); ae Semerdale (W.) ; Goydon Pot Hole (N.); Blayshaw Beck (*- Plagiothecium latebricola Wils. Very fine on rotting — by the Rye, above Hawnby (R.); Leckby Carr, near Tope in tolerable abundance. Amblystegium Sprucei Bruch. Aysgarth Force (W.); M (W.) ; How Stean Beck (N.). seat Amblystegium confervoides Brid. Askrigg (W.)i AY Force (W.) ; Goydon Pot Hole (N.). Bridge Amblystegium serpens L. var. tenue Schpr. Winston which : on both sides of the Tees; Richmond (S.); 4 fore Pot closely approaches the above variety occurs at Coes Hole, Nidderdale, and at Saltburn ea C). Amblystegium radicale P. Beauv. Coatham —_ pa Se tial varium (Hedw.) Lindb. Marske Mt, -S Park Scat I] Beck ill Gil . ork- Amblystegium irriguum (Wils.) Schpr. Gainford, 0" the V | shire side of the Tees; Liverton Beck (C.). Re. Amblystegium riparium L. var. longifolium — = stumps in a pond near Northallerton. Faun BARNES : MOSS-FLORA OF NIDDERDALE AND WENSLEYDALE. 187 Amblystegium riparium |. var. abbreviatum Schimp. Coatham Marshes (C.). Hypnum filicinum L. var. vallisclause Brid. (= Ambdystegtum fallax (Brid.) Milde. In pools below Cronkley Scars (T.). Hypnum filicinum L. var. gracilescens Schpr. (= Amblystegium filicinum LL. var. trichodes Brid.). Langdon Beck (D.). Hypnum incurvatum Brid. Winston Bridge (T.).; Aysgarth Force (W.); Askrigg (W.). Hypnum Patientie Lindb. (= %. arcuvatum Lindb. ; Sch. Syn.). Hawnby (R.); by West Stonesdale Beck, Upper Swaledale. Hypnum ochraceum Turn. Blayshaw Beck (N.); Whitfield Gill (W.) ; Gainford (D.) ; Hawnby (R.) ; Saltburn (C). Seer polymorphum Hedw. Rokeby (T.) ; Aysgarth Force ’.). Hypnum elodes Spruce. Pilmoor, near Thirsk ; Semerwater (W.).; in a bog near Wensley (W.). Hypnum chrysophyllum Brid. Saltburn (C-). Hypnum polygamum B. & S._ In wet pasture, near Saltburn (C-)- Hypnum stellatum Schreb. var. protensum Brid. Greenhow Hill (N.). Hypnum giganteum Schpr. Pilmoor, near Thirsk ; Semerwater (W.); Widdy Bank Fell (D.). Hypnum sarmentosum Wahl. In addition to the locality men- tioned in Baker's ‘North Yorkshire’ for this plant, it may be noted that it grows plentifully in two or three places on Holwick Fell (T.), and also in wet places neat the White Force (T.). Hypnum cuspidatum L. A form occurs on Pilmoor which Dr. Braithwaite considers intermediate between the type and the var. pungens Schpr. Hypnum stramineum Dicks. Ladhill Gill (R-); Snilesworth (R.); Blayshaw Beck (N.). | Hylocomium brevirostrum Ehrh. Whitfield Gill (W.), with Tuit. ; HEPATIC. cunea a Lib. Keld (S.); Richmond (S.); Semerdale (W.); Whitfield Gill (W.); Mill Gill (W.)- jeunea Rossettiana Massal. Ettersgill Beck (D.); Rokeby (T.); How Stean Beck (N.)- Cephalozia Francisi Hook. Hawnby (R.); Lockwood Beck (C.). Cephalozia fluitans Nees. Leckby Carr, near Topcliffe, Y.N.U. ___Excursion. June ify. 188 '. NOTES—ORNITHOLOGY. Cephalozia laxifolia Hook. Slape Wath (C.); Snilesworth (R. } Blayshaw Beck (N.). Cephalozia curvifolia Dicks. Easington Beck (C.), on rotting tree-trunk ; Ravensgill (N.), on sandstone ie Found first in Nidderdale by - Teesdale at Brimham Roc Cephalozia connivens Dicks. Leckby Carr, Tope V.N.U. Excursion ; ne: Thirsk ; Addelburgh (W.). Cephalozia catenulata Hiibn. Roxby Woods (C.). Cephalozia catenulata Hiibn. var. pallida. Easby Moor (C.), Kantia arguta Nees & Mont. Growing very fine in several places near Saltburn (C.). Ptilidium ciliare Nees var. pulchrum. On trees at Gainford (T.); Hawnby (R.); Gurtof Gill, Boltby, near Thirsk; Guisbrough (C.). pe ORT HOLVG b — tter is an in acpi ime on ae of the easter (Calis arenaria) i in ritish Islands fs Fe ough my n cpa 1 “ind 2 nut ring the records of the a scaeNe of = Scie on the Me onethalire conta 1 ee named, often in considerable n Zor instance, on June ii a few small flocks’ on the sam e part of this coast. saterpres) is the birds of regular occurrence in June. The Turnstone (Senepstls ) another species which may be seen on the coasts of Merioneth an as the until ners after the middle of June, though not in such large eee hapa A very much scarcer = at this season is the full ing, a << note of its presence in summer, namely, a pair of birds in Bipece dress on coe e 7th, 1894, on the aks near Barmouth.—G. Aber: 1a, Penrhyndeudr aeth, ree North Wales, pe 8th, Flamborough Bird Notes.—Arrival of r Visi oe phonics), March 22nd ; Ring Ou ee ‘Fanta Pp po a, xs FS Seq = z. 3 5 2 B=) a) S2§ 2 Fe Ee wn a oe is r + “ > Mr. ). Ha 1; April 2 pene 5 Apri 28th, Cuc 00 (Cucu ues canor aia wit : send 3 April 29th, Pied Flycatcher (Afuse eicpe tricapilid Lace, A opoe (Upupa epops) seen, a splendid specimen; May 4th, pe ae (Edicnemus edicnemus) ss. a mt cen very rare. Strange 3S ~ the latter two birds css their appearance on the endian May 519s ~ of Hooded Cro “7 Paseas cornis), rather late in th : reed Mr. Hall, the lighthee eeper, sent m aaa (Rui psone 50 - ki with flying against he lighthouse ; May 6th Mn (Eudromias morinellu us) seen in a field n © Dotterel Inn by - —Martuew Battey, eietenaetarsg Sas pik, 1897. SOME NIDDERDALE MOSSES. LLEWELLYN J. COCKS, Godolphin House, Harrogate. Tue following notes of observations made in this district during the past eighteen months will, I hope, be of interest to bryologists. The localities mentioned all fall within the Nidd drainage. Anisothecium crispum Lindb. (Dicranella Schrebert Schimp.) i bog at the foot of Birk Crag, Harrogate, and its variety e/atum (Schimp.) in a swampy field on Oak Beck Farm near. Seligeria Donii C. M. and S, setacea Lindb. are both abundant on rocks by the Nidd at Bilton Banks. (My friend Mr. R. Barnes has recently found the much rarer S. /ri/arta Lindb. on the limestone in Upper Nidderdale, a district which I have not yet visited. His keen eye has detected the same plant in Swaledale and Wensleydale.) Phascum curvicolle and Pottia recta are both frequent on the ground in disused magnesian limestone quarries in the Knares- . borough district. Tortula marginata Spruce is on rocks near the Dropping Well, Knaresborough. Tortula angustata Wils. On hedge-banks in Bilton Park. (A very pretty moss, and quite distinct from 7: subulata.) Both these Tortule are previously unrecorded for West Yorks. Mollia tenuis Lindb. (Gymnostomum tenue Schrad., plur. auct.) is by no means uncommon on the magnesian limestone. It is particularly fine in Nidd Rock Quarry, near Ripley. ollia calcarea Lindb. (Gymnostomum calcareum Nees and Hornsch., Schp. Syn.) I have recently gathered at Knares- borough. This is now first recorded for Yorkshire. It is very rare in Britain, having been found only in Derbyshire and Scotland. Mollia tenuirostris (Hook. Tay!.) Lindb. (Didymodon cylindricus Br. Sch.) occurs sparingly at Bilton Banks. Barbula revoluta (Schrad.) Brid.—unaccountably described as ‘rare’ in ‘The Flora of West Yorkshire’—is plentiful in the limestone districts and on the mortar of walls off the limestone. It covers the rocky sides of Knaresborough Railway Station. Schistostega osmundacea Mobr. still flourishes in great luxuri- 3 See in the abandoned sandstone quarries at Guy's Cliff, 1897. ca oo 1go PETCH : GRASSHOPPER WARBLER IN HOLDERNESS, Pateley. Bridge, whence it was first noted. by Nowell. I have also unearthed it at Brimham Rocks (north side) and in rabbit — burrows at Birk Crag, Harrogate. At the last-named place I also find in plenty Stableria gracilis Lindb. (Orthodontium gracile Schw.). The only other Yorkshire locality noted for this rare moss is the Strid, Wharfedale (Spruce). I am inclined to think it may be more commonly distributed than would appear, for since it is very shy in fruiting it is quite possible it may have been mistaken for some of the smaller Dicranacez, such as Dicranoqweissa cirrhata, to which it bears a superficial resemblance. Bryum proliferum (L.) Sibth. and Mnium pseudopunctatum Br. Sch., are both close by on Oak Beck Farm. I have not had the good fortune to find the former in fruit. Cryphza heteromalla Mohr. grows on the bole of a large beech : by the roadside west of Ribston. This appears to be very rare in our northern counties. Thuidium hystricusum Mitt. (now separated from 7. abietinum of the 1877 from a quarry near Wetherby. Thuidium recognitum (Hedw.) Br. & Sch. is common In places. clit : = . fs x , Plagiothecium latebricola Br. & Sch. grows in or Wood, and I have this month found it in fruit neat Bridge, Pannal. Amblystegium radicale (P. de Beauv. at Farnham, near Knaresborough. similar ) Mitt. is on a hedge-batk Bagnall is Amblystegium chrysophyllum var. 8. erectum aa addition to the West Yorkshire list. It grows 17 dense ( the banks of the cutting east of Ripley Station. pee: I should state that, where there bas been any pean cei a doubt as to the identity of any of the above plants, inl submitted specimens to Dr. R. Braithwaite, who has very” o either named them or confirmed my determination. March 1897. NOTE—ORNITHOLOG ¥. pe Grasshopper War Holdertiess.—On Thursday, May eh Te 8 p.m., I heard the Grasshopper Warbler (Zocustella navia) neat a the first Um bird was singing among some low bushes by the roadside. ee May, 1897 T have met with it in Holderness.—T. PeTcH, Hedon, Hull, e el * * 191 a - AN ANGLER'’S BASKET. An | Angler's Basket | Filled in Sunshine and Shade | through the space of forty years: | being a collection of | Stories, Quaint Sayings, and Remembrances ; | with a few | Angling Hints and Experiences | by | of ‘North-Country | Flies,’ ‘The Book of the Grayling,’ &e., &e. | Manchester: | Abel Heywood & Son, . - + | London: | Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., . . . | 1896. [Crown Svo, cloth, pp. ii—xiv. + 1-148. Tuus little book, a posthumous work, full of interest as it is, and characteristic in its manner and style, as well befits its late and ever to-belamented author, does not contain very much that concerns the naturalist in his character of student of the finned denizens of our fresh waters, but every now and then, here and there through the book, are numerous if sometimes casual notes of value as to the habits and customs of fish. ‘The time of year at which Zhymallus thymalius is at his best, the position which the plucky little game fish Salmo fario takes up in the streams, a slight sketch of sea- fishing at Filey with the results thereof, the local names of the Gwyniad of Ullswater, and numerous other bits diversify the witticisms, tales and short poems with which the book abounds. Altogether, the book is interesting, and we sincerely hope the results of its sale will yield a substantial return for the benefit of the widow of its author, a portrait of whom constitutes an appropriate frontispiece. ote NOTES AND NEWS. ‘ati of ‘the life and scientific career oe ohn Whitehead, one of the most March ‘ Journal of Botany’ contains an ve notice by its editor i the late J H ort i er fs was born at Dukinfield in Cheshire in 1833, and died at Oldham on the The ‘ Annual Report and Proceedings of the Barrow Naturalists’ Field Club banshee: ‘ " , ahte and tific Association, vol. xi., 1895-6,’ has just been issued. its ch report’ of the General Committee they point out that the Society is losing this ces Field Cin i ming a Eierery Society. Rorewamned by papers " W. B aring, and of these "Sebmerged Peat . Kendall, C.E., and H Gaythorpe, on ‘ Submer ea : » i * "s called scientific. The only the botani t z,t vialis anw —- mong i "Amsinckia lycopsoides, a Californian r — oo Station; an tag Cé. plant on Walney ; of course, a mpletes the 21st year of the Society’s exist . The coming session complet the v ence. We hope this fact will stir u sufficient enthusiasm en i roceedi of the Society rather less mou 1 reading. i P ings : Iceland, The literary character of Swift or Defoe, accounts of trips to Norway, history and Grindelwald have notbing to do with the work of a local natunss done, and ry in England, especially in a district where so ranch remains to De “one, and where, too, the Society is in a solvent condition 192 BARRETT’S BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. The | Lepidoptera | of the | British Islands | A descriptive, account of Families, Genera, and | Species et to bee. Britain and | Ir s TT, ne” | Vol. III. | Heterocera, | Bombyces, ai: Oe Ce “ad eae Ses | 1896 | [Svo, cloth, 396 pages}. WE are pleased to seeltoarie a hae instalment of Mr. Barretts excellent account of the British Lepidoptera, and can only ae and emphasise the commendations which we h on the first and second volumes. In this third treated of are the Bombycide, Endromide, Saturnide, Drepa and Wotedontide, of the Bombyces, which occupy about half be volume, the other half being devoted to the families Cymatophoride and Zrifide, of the Noctuz, the great genus Agrotis occupying 2 ee ane of the space. e are sorry to see that the author has not emancipated himsell from the ake of using capital letters for the initials of certai specific names, and that he still employs the redundant between the specific name and that of its author. e The appearance of succeeding volumes will be eagerly looked by lepidopterists, whose debt of gratitude to Messrs. Lovell & Co. is enhanced with each successive volume of the series. NOTES—ORNITHOLOG y The Long-eared or Horned Owl in Lincoln N.—When ee and I were fond tig Laan this bird (Asie a otis L e pre it "fom oe See When hen. mature Be One, named ‘ Dick,’ was never in his life confined ina Rigth ai plantation about I rds fr my athe’ s house (at ovilt : near Alford), from which a particular whistle would always fe a well that a mouse or bird was ready for sed to take : my The mouse held by the tail or the bird by a leg was snatched by ‘ Dick’ with his talo ast under my almost on his k at the instant og or cat on the fa nd encounter with him ; indeed he once attacked a small boy who had offered sor Seatiesity which ‘ Dick’ resented, and somewhat severely, just mi i er relative ' ti ed himself one fia by appropriating a $s Il dressed a i ie Pog ah near him, and bol it, so far at least as the Ieets of d ae down his Se ious age and d i fab too narro as. Pabrec Mason, The Lawn, Lincoln, a May, 1897- la ee were late this year, however, probably owing to the cont not hear the Blackcap Warbler (Sylvia atricapila at | opposed to April 28th of last year; and the first Grey "Flys grtsola) I did not see until May 1 14th, as pommian ee o May was the 17th before the pair cameo. that nested on ARMITT, 18th May, 1897. ; / 193 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS TO THE YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION: DELIVERED AT LEEDS, NOVEMBER 26th, 1896. JOHN CORDEAUX, F.R.G.S, M.B.O.U., Great Cotes House, R.S.O., Lincoin. Lapies AND GENTLEMEN,—A chief duty to-night, on the termina- tion of my year of office as President of our Union, is to express my thanks for the very great honour you conferred when you elected me. My second duty is to vacate the chair in favour of my most 1—The first Excursion was on April 18th, to Hackfall and Tanfield and the banks of the Ure to Ripon. Mr. H. Crowther Occupied the chair at the meeting. Botanically, the meeting was a great success; the most remarkable plant found was a little mountain one—Hutchinsia petrea ; the seeds probably washed down from some Wensleydale ridge. Il.—The second, May 25th—Whit Monday—to Bolland, was a four days’ excursion. This was, altogether, a great scientific ss, although the attendance was by no means what was ra was collected, and the . the vale of York, and form the successive terminal moraines of the IV.—The meeting on July 11th was arranged for : Woods, Roche Abbey, and the district bordering on Nottingham- The scientific results were most noticeable in the excellent Work done in diatoms and the micro-fauna of the district. V.—On August 3rd (the 126th meeting of the Union), Staithes othe neighbouring coast was visited, from Runswick Bay to 1897, a. fi Pa ade CORDEAUX: ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS, Boulby Cliff. The principal features were the strength geological contingent; and the list of birds, noted by Mr. McLean, who is a local resident, included over one hundred spe VI.—The sixth and last meeting was the ‘Fungus F Selby, September roth to 22nd. This was the most successful held by the Union. Every member of the Yorkshire Mycological - Committee was there; also several visitors from other parts England. Altogether, we have great reason to congratulate ourselves 00 success of the excursions for 1896. : The year now ended has been a very eventful one in the nis of the Union from the fact that we have lost by death three © Presidents within eighteen months, whereas we had not lost one the nineteen previous years. We have also to deplore the death Mr. Thomas Hick, Chairman of the Fossil Flora Committee, * three distinguished life-members. : The first of the Ex-Presidents was Professor William ! Williamson, one of the oldest Fellows of the Royal Society: Professor of Natural History and Geology at Owens College. et are few men, his contemporaries, who have done more There is an excellent memoir of him in our journal. — The next to leave us was Henry Seebohm, the ornithologist ; he died November 26th, 1895. His travels and pri ‘Siberia in Europe’ and ‘ Siberia in Asia,’ also his ‘ History Birds’ and other books, and numerous papers in other journals, have placed him in the front rank ornithologists. He was a most generous and kind-h ie the whole of his magnificent collection of birds was bequ the British Museum, and is now national property: - The third Ex-President was one who filled the P chair in 1891, Professor A. H. Green, F.RS» Geology at the University of Oxford. He was in of European geologists; author of the classical wo genial shire coal-field. He was, moreover, one of the most | amiable of men, always ready to dispense his V for the benefit of local workers and local societies In we In Lord Lilford we lost a most valuable life™ the splendid works, ‘The Illustrations of British Birds,’ > ghere DS magnificent volumes of the ‘Birds of Northamptonshit® ig ember. and i rs * * CORDEAUX: ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS. 195 patience and noble endurance till the end came. In these days of compilation, his writings have a special value, as they are the result of his own personal observations. It would be impossible to specify all his numerous acts of liberality to his fellow-workers. The Rev. H. F, Barnes-Lawrence, of Bridlington, was long a valued member of the Union, his membership only ceasing with his death, We are all deeply indebted to him for the share he had in promoting the first ‘Wild Birds Protection Act.’ Although never a member of the Union, I cannot let this oppor tunity pass by without noticing the death of a well-known Yorkshire naturalist, Peter Inchbald, of Hornsea, who, during the period of his life as a schoolmaster, instilled the love of Natural History into some who have since achieved distinction. The societies which constitute the Union are thirty-six in number, with 2,906 members; a large number, certainly, when we consider ar total number of members who attended the meeting of and hard-working geologi i of ng geologist, has informed me of the existence , three boulders of the same in North Lincolnshire; the first and * 196 CORDEAUX: ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS, second on the authority of Mr. T. Sheppard, of Hull; one a hill-top near Barton-on-Humber ; also a pebble in situ, 18 & in the boulder-clay cliff of South Ferriby; and a third built a Saxon wall of the roth century at Irby-on-the-Wolds. The other erratics are undoubted indications of a much further extents to the south of the vale of York glacier than is generally supposed The downward progress of a glacier depends much on and smoothness of its bed. The movement is more rapid centre than on the sides, where the ice abuts on the flanking ™ The movement has been calculated at 64 inches in the four sume to its resting-place. immense crescentic terminal moraines, crossing the of York, mark the lines of the successive retreats and pauses of great glaciers before a slowly-altering climate. Between these soil is a very tenacious fine warp, probably the bed of an. lake, the water being dammed by the more southern ates sucking and holding power of tenacious glacier mud pe very curves of a great glacier. During the present autumn tunities of seeing some of the finest ice-fields and glace Northern Europe. Chief of these, the Svartisen, just Arctic Circle, descended majestically from an ice-fiel miles in length—a stream of solid ice, some hund thickness, and filling a broad valley. It was, ™ arr covered with new-fallen snow, and its fair white surface we parallel lines and curves of stones and rubble, es ) & to time, from the overhanging rocks ; ultimately, to 0” nd, of g lateral and terminal moraines. In places where the ‘bare thet perpetual sunshine of the long Arctic summer, has laid oe the colour is malachite green, and the walls of the are But no words, written or spoken, can give the faintest we oe Surpassing loveliness of the tints. At the same UMS he Staggered at the grandeur of the forces which have been ©” instruments in fashioning these northern lands. oes __ From an ice cave at the foot of the glacier ee a siderable stream of milk-white water, which SOOM O° cou iver entering the Fjord a mile below. ‘The intervenll8 ° =e *- CORDEAUX : ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS. 197 covered by a series of high parallel ridges like the waves of the _ Atlantic; these are called the terminal moraines, and mark successive _ Stages of repose when the ice cliff has remained stationary. ‘These _ moraines are covered with a carpet of Arctic plants of great interest; also willow scrub and Arctic birch (Betula nana), What most _ Surprised me was the luxuriance and profusion* of more southern plants: yellow blooms of the European globe flower (Z>vd/ius _ @urepeus), masses of rose bay or French willow herb (Zpdobium _ angustifolium), meadow sweet (Spirea ulmaria), golden-rod (Solidago _ ‘Wirgaurea), water fig-wort (Scrophularia aquatica), feld gentian the influence of a loosened soil and sunlight, and that they n a flora ie before the glacial period, overran the entire palzarctic During this ice age, Arctic plants, such as we now find in the _ ‘Rorth, were present with the musk ox, the reindeer, lemming and _ S#0wy owl, as far south as the northern shores of the Mediterranean, ancient flora must now be sought for in high altitudes; the Summits of the mountain ranges of Europe, of in high northern latitudes at the sea level. In the Yorkshire hills and high moorlands in the north-west of ” county still linger some relics of the Arctic age: such as the alpine scurvy-grass (Coch/earia alpina), which grows in the greatest : usion on sea cliffs near the North Cape; the cloudberry (Rubus ), the Knot-berry of Yorkshire, the ‘ Noops’ of Northum- berland, and the Multibcer of Norway; the purple saxifrage ; Stepetala, one Yorkshire station ; the plant was everywhere in 4 August, in Arctic Europe, and I found few examples of the large 198 CORDEAUX: ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS, daisy-like flower with a yellow centre ; bird’s eye primrose (Pr Jarinosa) ; the alpine lady’s mantle (Adlchemilla alpina), with having the underparts silky; the bog-bell (Andromeda polifile a familiar plant of the tundras ; the exquisite Smilacina bifolia,’ the dwarf cornel (Cornus suectca), in the Forge valley near borough, and Picketing moors ; this latter is a very common on the low rocky islands and mainland of Arctic Norway. I first became acquainted with the cornel, I could not under how it was that the apparent single flower became in the aul changed into a cluster of small dull-red berries. The flowes * very small, and arranged in a terminal umbel, and four large, broad, white, petal-like bracts, which give the appea® of a single flower. Bears are said to be very fond of the bemes and to get fat on them. The localities for these and several northern plants will be found in Mr. Arnold Lees’ excellent Flora West Yorkshire. : et There is an obscure little plant common both in Yorkshire® : Lincolnshire, in the shelter of old woodlands and hedge-rows, 2% | favourite of mine, for I take it to be a plant of most ancient which, in these latitudes, has adapted itself to the changed condit™® we of a temperate Climate ; it is known as the tuberous (Adoxa). Its medicinal powers are said to be great. : Adoxa loves the greenwood shade, ere, waving through the verdant glade, peas Her scented seeds she strews. : ‘ ik ‘ This plant is found near the tops of Highland ere hk grows in sheltered spots in the bleak, treeless tundras a in tt and has recently been found growing in Kolguev, an : Arctic seas. pe got ae he N the are Be and ‘Discovery,’ between the parall “e 80 deg. north latitude, sixty species of flowering plants We” and five species of handsome butterflies. - nolidays To those botanists who have spent weeks of he a Searching the summits of the Yorkshire hills and Scot CORDEAUX : ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS. 199 for the scattered remnants of the old glacial flora, the flowers, fruits, exquisite tinted lichens, and the mosses, on the Arctic tundras, come asarevelation. For in the space of a very few square yards it is possible to find a dozen rare and much prized plants, and many others not found in Britain. One most striking feature of the tundra is the extraordinary abundance and fertility of the small fruit-bearing plants. The delicious cloudberry, with its terminal orange fruit, gives quite a colour to the ground, it is the commonest tundra plant. On the Yorkshire moors it is a shy fruit-bearer. Then there is a perfect net- work of the cranberry or crakeberry, the bluish-black berries in excess of the leaves; black bearberry (Arctostaphylos alpina); the scarlet clusters of the cowberry ; the dull-red of Cornus suecica ; wortleberry ; and the larger fruit of the bog wortleberry (Vaccinium uliginosum) ; red berries of the low-growing cranberry (exported in great quantities from Russia) ; the black-berries, with a glaucous bloom, in dense clusters of the dwarf juniper (Juniperus nana). All this profusion of small fruit is not wasted in these wilds, for in a few weeks after ripen- ing, it is buried deep in snow, remaining sweet and good, and in the spring, when the snow melts, and before. insect food is available, supplies an inexhaustible source of food to the tens of thousands of migratory birds, which go to nest on the bare, wind-swept, treeless tundras of the Northland. On the same ground as the cloudberry, was a plant in growth and appearance much the same, a short, erect, slender, wiry stem, and ternate leaves, which fade to a wealth of scarlet and purple in autumn. Each little stem is crowned with a lovely deep joured blossom, but I found no berry, for it requires even a higher latitude than the mainland of Sub-Arctic Europe to produce and ripen fruit of the Arctic brambie (Rubus arcticus). Coveries, chiefly made through the researches of Mr. H. B. Hewetson, ident of the Leeds Naturalists’ Club, in connection with the The forest-bed between Kilnsea and Easington, which is repre- Sented by a thin seam of peat and vegetable matter resting on clay, hazel, bi _ Oak ; one trunk of the latter hada woodpecker's hole init. The bed 200 CORDEAUX: ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS. contains many hazel-nuts, entire or as shells ; these-are grooved by the teeth of a small, also a large, rodent, probably mice and squirrels. The animal remains, recently found, are mammoth, old and young: Bos primigenius—the Urus of Ceesar—a male, a magnificent skull and horn cores; Irish elk; large race of fallow deer ; red deer; reindeer; two species of horse; otter, an entire skull; wolf; wild boar; probably hyena, as some large shoulder-blades and ribs of an ox are bitten through in a manner of which only these strong-jawed brutes are capable. Some other remains are, I think, referable to Azson priscus—the European bison (erroneously called Aurochs), now only found wild in the Bialowieza Forest in Russia (the hunting ground of the ancient kings of Poland), where, although every care 1s taken to preserve them, they have dwindled down from 1,900 in 1856, to barely 500 at the present time; also in the Caucasus. he presence of man is shewn by boughs of trees partly cut through, or nicked and sharpened stakes, and an occasional worked flint. The tumuli on the same horizon, for they rest on the clay bed, indicate central interments, either by cremation or in which the corpse has been doubled up in a short chest of rough-shaped logs; and through the whole of the mound are flints more or less worked, those nearest the body being the most perfect in workmanship. The south and east slopes of the tumuli often reveal, at no great depth, coarse urns filled with black soil and fragments of bone ; these are cinerary urns, inserted long afterwards, probably during the Roman period. The whole of this south-eastern corner of Holderness is full of interest. It is highly probable that, at the time of these earliest interments, referable to Neolithic man, there was no North Sea as we know it; indeed, subsequent to the new stone age, the spiral, star, and butterfly ornamentation found on certain chalk objects in a Yorkshire barrow —presumably of the bronze age—are, according to Mr. Arthur J. Evans, suggestive of some ancient line of communication (and, I think, probably a land one) with Mycenz and the Nile valley. There is no more interesting study than the trade-lines of the early world. By what routes did amber from the shores of the Baltic spread over and far beyond Europe, Irish gold (in 1796 the gold-washings of County Wicklow amounted to £10,000) and Cornish tin from west to east, jade from east to west, the large panther-cowry of the Indian Ocean to the Swiss lake-dweller? Glass studs from Yorkshire barrows, probably used in ornamentation, are not to be dis- tinguished from those taken from Egyptian tombs. There are evidences of very considerable oscillations of tempera ture, and a reversion, after the era of the forest bed, toa much colder a Naturalist, es et op nome. 5 ream CORDEAUX: ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS, 201 climate. This is suggested by leaves of the Arctic birch (Betula nana) in the laminated peaty beds of Holmpton cliff, and the Arctic willow at Bridlington from the same horizon. In gravels of Kelsey Hill, remains of the walrus and reindeer have been found; and great numbers of a shell (Corbicula fluminalts), now extinct in Europe, but living in the Nile, the Lake of Gennesareth, and rivers of Asia Minor. Much yet remains to be worked out by the Geologist and Anthrop- ologist in connection with Holderness. Messrs. Clarke and Roebuck in their ‘ Vertebrate Fauna of Yorkshire,’ published in 1881, includes a total avi-fauna for the County of 307 species. These include 120 resident and summer visitors, 47 winter visitors, and 140 periodical, casual, or accidental visitors—a total of 307. Since this, no less than 22 species have been added to the list, chiefly through the much greater attention given in recent years to the immigration of birds, particularly the smaller species, in the spring and autumn. A revised list of York- shire birds should now include : Turdus torquatus var. alpestris. — An occasional immigrant at Spurn in the late autum Saxicola deserti. Desert Wheatear. tke see Saxicola stapazina. Black-throated Chat. Spurn. yanecula suecica. Arctic Blue-throat. Spurn. Sylvia nisoria. Barred Warbler. Easington and Kilnsea. Phylloscopus superciliosus. Yellow-browed Warbler. Beverley. . Phylloscopus borealis. Arctic Willow Wren. Flamborough. Doubtful; may perhaps have been referable to some other species sf Leaf Warbler. 8. Aypolais icterina. Icterine Warbler. Easington 9. Muscicapa parva, Red-breasted Flycatcher. Seashorough, 10. Zonotrichia albicollis. American White-throated Sparrow. Near Hull — . TONEY DS 11. Emberiza rustica. Rustic Bunting. Easington 12, Emberiza ciotdes. Brandt’s Siberian Bunting. Peete; 13. Acanthis hornemannt. Greenland Redpoll. Kilnsea and Easington. 14. Pyrrhula major. Russian or Northern Bullfinch. Kilnsea and unmanb 15. Loxia bifasciata. Two-barred Crossbill. Easington. 16. Anthus rupestris. Scandinavian Rock-pipit. Holderness coast. . Motacilla flava. Blue-headed Wagtail. Easington. ioe! on 19. Turtur orientalis. astern Turtledove. Scarborough. N ° Otis macqueeni. Macqueen’s Bustard. Near Marske, 1892; — Oct. 18, 1896. 202 CORDEAUX : ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS. 21. Chen hyperboreus. Snow Goose. Near Beverley. ee: 22. Uriabruennichi. Briinnich’s Guillemot. Scarborough and Filey. Altogether now a total of 329 species—a splendid list. Several o - these during the same period have also occurred on the Lincolnshire e side of the Humber, also four which so far have not been recorded for Yorkshire. These are the American Red-breasted Snipe (Mace : rhamphus griseus), Indian Roller (Coracias indicus), Water Pipt (Anthus spipoletta), and this year, in September, the Greenish Tre | Warbler (Phylloscopus viridanus) shot on the Lincolnshire coast, near North Cotes, by Mr. G. H. Caton Haigh. This is an Asiatic speci® ; which bears a strong resemblance to the Arctic Willow Wren, the bi, — however, being much smaller. This is the third occurrence Europe, having previously twice occurred on Heligoland. In the autumn of 1877, I commenced taking observations on the : migration of birds, by sending schedules and letters of instruction - the lighthouses on the north-east coast, from Spurn to the ip mouth. The result of the first enquiry was interesting from ® number of Blackbirds recorded at Spurn and Flamborwngt # | November, more particularly in the last week of that month. 1879, in conjunction with Mr. Harvie-Brown, we worked the Ware cast coast of Great Britain, from the Shetlands to the English Channel. From 1880 to 1887 inclusive, the work was undertake? by a Committee of the British Association, for all the coasts = : Britain and Ireland and outlying islands, and annual reports : published, — In 1888, one of our Committee—Mr. Wm. Eagle Clar former Secretary of this Union-—was instructed to make a par . the whole of the information furnished to the Committee, °! examination de novo of the whole of the vast mass of ame schedules. This work, after immense labour, was only ee read the present year, and (in Mr. Clarke’s absence) presented sation i by me, as Secretary, at the Liverpool meeting of the meee z September. ‘The Times,’ in commenting upon the work on the this meeting, says: ‘The long report by Mr. Eagle Clarke, ' 4 work migration of birds, was one of the most valuable pieces of - Presented to the section,’ : con T will now, very briefly, give a few of the most imp0 roe Guat clusions arrived at so far as they concern the east coast : Britain, but especially the Yorkshire coast. a coast of : Continent! Great Britain. The first, between Britain and Northern nest Europe. The birds which travel by this line are S$ sco Northern Europe. In the autumn, the initial movemen ab CORDEAUX: ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS. 203 mences in July, and continues to the middle of November; they pass the North Sea in a S.W. direction in a broad front, one wing of which touches the Shetlands, and the other the north coast of Norfolk. Then there is the east to west route, chiefly used by day migrants, and composed of birds such as are generally ranked as partial migrants. This immigration commences late in September, across the more southern parts of the North Sea, from E. to W. or S.E. to N.W., and often covers the coast line as far north as the Tees mouth and beyond ; another stream of this E. to W. movement passes along the south coast, and, finally, into south-east Ireland, and further still, as in the case of larks, which are shown to travel northward, up the Irish Channel, to the Hebrides. Again, from the end of July to the middle of November, there is a great emigration of both summer visitors and partial migrants from N.W. to S.E., from the coasts the south-eastern counties ; these emigrants, in many instances, being composed of the very same species which are, at the same time, entering the country by the E. to W. route. In the spring, birds return from the same sections of the eastern Seaboard, to their summer quarters, as witnessed their arrival in the _ In the autumn, we are aware that enormous numbers of various pass Heligoland by an E. to W. route, but we have no proof that they come across the North Sea in the same latitude, although digest, which fills a closely-printed pamphlet of twenty-seven pages, every line of which is worthy of consideration. It cannot be doubted that, henceforth, as regards the British islands, there is now estab- _ lished a firm basis on which may rest a sound, a proper conception of many of the phenomena of British migration. eee to be extracted from the enormous mass of information now teduced to order. July 1807. Reo meadow near the edge of the moor above Vads0; the! 204 CORDEAUX : ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS. There are many phenomena connected with migration, conceming which we require much more knowledge. For instance, the hei at which birds travel, and under what conditions; closely ¢ ae with this is the question of speed ; much difference of opinion exists : amongst ornithologists on the subject: some hold that at a great altitude, three or four miles above the earth, birds are capable of progressing greatly beyond their ordinary and normal flight. Thea, we want to know, do the young invariably come in advance of the old in the autumn migration? Herr Giitke’s observations, ranging over half-a-century, are strongly indicative that this is the case in the majority of instances, : The migrations of the lemming in Norway have been often quoted to illustrate what has been called misdirected instinct. Peri in certain years, these little rodents increase to such a degree, thit the superfluous population of the fells migrate in immense numbers the lower valleys and coasts, and then, on the first calm day, #2 Westward out to sea, presumably to the land which has gone — é and it is said that all these vast hosts perish with their heads * Se _ West. Once, a ship off the mouth of the Hardanger Fjord is repom® to have sailed for some hours through these migrating swarms: 7 4 a very pretty story, and one that always interests an audience, ae I am afraid the facts, and deductions therefrom, are not pepe” — On enquiry. In the first place, it was a steamboat and not : nee and the time was about twenty minutes. The mouth five 0 . Hardanger is a long distance from the open sean twee ie thirty miles at least, and many, both small and large at intervene, Lemmings are known to swim across fjords and me the sea, during their migrations, with all the ease of a water Fa other animals do the same. On one night in August @ © foot reindeer, after midnight, swam across a channel, passing just Se os of our steamboat. I can find no evidence that the pape : from the outside islands into the open sea—the north Atla et y. course, immense numbers perish on these emigrations, devou"™ Owls, hawks, foxes, cetaceans of various sorts, gulls = also wil fowl; sharks and large fish take their share ; the reindeer , ieee them wholesale, and the stomach of these dee und filled with their remains. rticulty When at Vadsé the second week in August, birds PSas the waders, had already collected for migration. I obse 4 of greenshank, golden plover, etc., along the coast. ee Le One of the most beautiful sights, as an ornithologist. ¥ small we “ver Seen, was a flock of 150 to 200 ruffs and reeves 12 # ramen : CORDEAUX : ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS. 205 was marvellous, running to and fro, and picking up some small object which they found amongst the newly-mown grass ; when put up they rose in a body, but only to circle round near the ground, alight again, and instantly renew their search for food. A pretty little stream or beck ran through this meadow, fringed with willow scrub and Comarum palustre in flower; the scrub abounded with ‘Lapp buntings, red-throated pipits, and blue-throats—it was a charm- ing spot. Another interesting sight was the numerous flocks of » phalarope in Vardé and Vadsé harbour, and in the Jar f jord ; they sat on the water like small butter-bowls, each little head, as they paddled to and fro, nodding incessantly; they also showed great tameness, even keeping the water when only a few yards beyond the sweep of oars of passing boats or surrounded by shipping. All these congregated birds, about to leave their nesting quarters, were not driven south by lowering temperature or lack of food; they left because the duties of incubation were over, and their time for moving had arrived. Certain writers on ornithology in recent years have indu in speculations on the possible origin of life, as we now see it on the globe, on some great and at present submerged Polar continent, and in this way have endeavoured to account for the dispersion and differentiation of birds along the various coasts of the Old and New World, by ages of excessive cold—that is, glacial epochs—alternating with mild periods. The most recent discoveries in the Arctic ares entirely fail to support these theories. The Jackson-Harmsworth expeditions, the long ice-wanderings of Dr. Nansen and his colleague the drift of the Fram, all point to one conclusion: that north of Franz Joseph Land stretches towards the Pole a vast ocean—the abode of great cuttle fish—the Queen Victoria Sea, of almost immeasurable depth, which fact alone is entirely against any former Polar continent. Drayton, in the Polyolbion, song 28, says of Yorkshire : “A Kingdom that doth seem.’ this is no exaggeration when we consider that Yorkshire contains 3,882,851 acres, OF nearly two millions more than the next largest county, Lincolnshire. I need scarcely say there is no other county which can show such a diversity scenery, or so magnificent a seaboard. In fact Yorkshire, if cut off from all the rest of the world, would practically be selfsupporting —a kingdom in itself—containing within her bounds everything that can contribute to the comfort, welfare, and even luxury of mankind. Not less remarkable are the glorious relics of a past history— Toads, camps, and battlefields, ‘howes,’ barrows and entrenchments, : ong noble ruins of great religious houses—those poems 206 CORDEAUX: ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS, in stone—Fountains, Bolton, Rievaulx, Kirkstall, Byland, and Whitby —again the richest of Ecclesiastical architecture in York, Ripon, Beverley, Selby, and many another priceless monument of bygone ages. Not less noticeable, when we consider it, are the traces 0 successive waves of the various races, which from the most remote — period—long before the dawn of history—from paleolithic man downwards to the close of this Nineteenth Century, have occupied the soil, and who have loved, and fought, and bled, and in tum passed into the unknown country, from the very land—a portion which we occupy this evening. In considering the present position of man, we are apt too often to talk of a gradual advance from the lowest savagery to the highest civilisation. This is only true to a certain extent. Man, or some — sections of mankind, have adyanced rapidly—most rapidly—o certain lines ; and the cultivated and intellectual European is an enormous advance on the primitive hunter of the Wold. Ye there are races which, in the long procession of the ages, have stood absolutely still. The world has swept past them in the race of centuries, and left them stranded in a back eddy. There a© tribes yet, and many of them, who have scarcely emerged from the stone age. Neolithic man, in his first communings with nay when he first felt her magic touch—in the days before writing” — scratched on the tusks of the mammoth, or horns of the re : the likeness of those animals. So perfect are these sketches that We are astonished at the skill of the early Landseers and Bonheus ® — the race, At the present day, visit a camp of Lapps or Sam - and we are offered for sale pipes, spoons, and other articles of c~ : on which are etched figures of precisely the same character. hoofless reindeer, with a prodigality of horn. If a horse 18 aie r it is the clump-headed, hog-maned, rat-tailed wild horse 0 Immeas the Bushmen—feeders on wild fruits, reptiles, and ee: language is a series of grunts and clicks; the extinct dress this evening uch a W “s devolution, as well as evolution. Ancient man was, by force a surroundings and habits, a healthy man; the weakest rs vid strongest survived to die of old age, or wounds infil beasts or foes in battle. He knew and cared nothing for from or of the many ills which flesh is now heir to. A ul, Fo jam a Yorkshire barrow, shows a flat palate, a broad and deep e ld Suggestive of former powerful muscular attachments ; teet: eis - CORDEAUX : ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS. 207 skulls) regularly worn down. The skull of the British chieftain, buried in a dug-out oak in the Grisethorpe barrow, and disinterred in 1835 (probably belonging to the transition period between the neolithic and bronze ages), is suggestive of the highest capacity and intellectual power—a veritable ruler of men. Now, as medical men know, we too often find weakly-developed facial muscles, narrow chins, high-pointed palates, mis-shapen and prematurely-decayed teeth, contracted nostrils, throat affections, and ; centuries of soft, warm, cooked foods, and easy mastica- tion, have perhaps had their share in the production and perpetuation of this type. The time is drawing near when the midnight clocks will strike the last hour of this wondrous mother-age—the rgth century. ically we are now standing between a dead past and a living future, and, on looking back to the early days of this century, even the least thoughtful amongst us cannot fail to be struck with the enormous strides of science and the advances in mechanical inven- ton, and their appliance to the service of men. Not the least are the means for lightning exchange of thought, and the extraordinary facilities given for cheap and rapid movement from place to place,. So that there is little excuse for any not secing something of world we live in; when talking of progression I must not overlook —Pperhaps not the least of these remarkable and useful inventions— the bicycle, which has helped so many of our members to attend the Field Meetings. "ery near future, may make it possible to locate and diagnose a Waves which exist in the ether. A knowledge of the short waves a the long waves above our vision may be obtained through ‘ 208 CORDEAUX: ADDRESS TO YORKSHIRE NATURALISTS. A ultra-violet rays, although not visible to ourselves, are apparently Seen by some insects. From which we may learn that— Other eyes than ours Were made to look on flowers; Eyes of small birds, and insects small special instrumental appliances. It is a remarkable fact that The tiniest living thing That soars on feathered wing, : Or crawls among the long grass out of sight, Has just as good a righ To its appointed portion of delight, As any King. : : Education, and a knowledge of what man has done in the ee is not now the prerogative of the wealthy, but has been browgit within reach and understanding of all classes, and every individal whose brain capacity is equal to the reception. Your noble Victo® Senses cannot grow and feed’ the mind when the fetters of — are allowed to hold them back from the living touch of Na a - + . ‘It is the man who is in touch with things, and not d deadening words; it is the man who learns from the br se Nature, and not from the weak and broken transcript of 2 a words of others ; it is the man, before writing, who 1s the itera . thought and sight, and the unfailing source from which lites" may draw its health and life.’ It is a subject of much regret that our forefathers a rule, leave fuller records of their natural surroundings een wore birds, fishes, and flowers ; these, a century ago, must et NATURAL HISTORY NOTES. WHAT TO NOTE AND HOW TO MAKE NOTES. GREGORY O. BENONI, No man knows how much the world has lost by some of her the man of action, the stories of the talker, the bon-mots of our convivial and versatile companion at our last field meeting, who was the soul and life of the whole affair, and the notes of the observant naturalist, whose opportunity of seeing what is best worth recording is infinitely greater than any the late Richard Jefferies ever had, if his power of clothing his memories in living language may never be comparable with that ‘nature poet’s’ wonderful gift. of keen-minded men see things almost daily which are worthy of permanent record—the field-mouse in the hedge stealing hip and haw, when in a prolonged frost the snow wraps the ground with that thick white mantle so destructive to animal and bird life— or the young oak thrusting up from its abandoned home and store after a mild winter, as he stalks his rabbits down the wood side. But few, how few, realise the truly valuable facts amongst the crowd of things they see, or take the trouble, if they know how, to make 4 note of them. We mean to make notes that will be of value in refreshing the memory at any time, or for future publication. What to note is the difficulty of all young naturalists. Mere bare lists in any department of natural history, without any annota- tions, are of comparatively little value ; at most they only appeal to g at geographical distribution. The fact of such species being found in a given spot is recorded, but the nexus oe the sparkling touch of life to the thing recorded is wanting. For instance, the young botanist, who knows his plants fairly well, in Yorks} is adding hardly anything to our knowledge of nature by bare lists of species which grow in his neighbourhood. But let him take the new drift maps, published by the Geological Survey, 1 nis hand as he walks, and accurately note the ——- ee ‘ying outcrops and soils he passes Over, : be that connecting link which makes his work live. If the elevation, dity, porosity, and impenetrability of the surface has nothing to do with the distribution, he has di the chemistry of the — anda quantitative and qualitative analysis of the plants will 4 18g. ° -we made no notes, and missed the nexus, and are ignorant W2) 210 BENONI: NATURAL HISTORY NOTES. show it. He has pointed out to the chemist where his work has begin and what the problem is he must settle. Had as m been known as might be discovered with a little trouble on very question of geological distribution, thousands of acres we not have been sown down to permanent pasture with expen seeds, which the land could not support till the passage of | had accumulated its fertility. When a young lady drew a picture of the heath-covered wolds of Lincolnshire the other a magazine article she had just missed the nexus, which was a important to the truth, if not the loveliness of her description. wolds are chalk, but our English heaths cannot stand a particle lime in their love for silica. Our wind-blown sandhills and comp are clothed with their fair pink bells, and so to a perf i inaccurate mind the chalk hills must be, but nature having i otherwise it is not so. The point to catch and note for ever nexus or connecting link between the thing observed or the . seen and its environment. Nothing is there by accident, nothing done in nature without a motive, an all-sufficient reason. ‘Whea we observed all the birds flying in one direction on Salis ury Plait as if a bush fire were behind them, we did not doubt there’ a very good reason, and found it later in the * dew-pond’ at the time of day, nor the different species of bird this moment. The water was full of newts and lower life me re if we remember accurately a solitary species of Potamogetom, frequented was not surprising, as these ponds are sometimes wild fowl. “- But the point to notice is that what we did not find * missed for good, first, because we did not picture before oUF the connecting link and work till it was discovered ; and, s¢ The we did not make any accurate notes at the time for future ree droppings of birds were on the low firm ral - ae horses and cattle from the water, while the sheep could ee into the water ° evening drink or bath, regardless of the un i contained. We never made a note of what was growing" pond to see if it differed from the surrounding here noted how frequently the birds left droppings after be stupidity of these lost opportunities, how mad it makes © BENONI: NATURAL HISTORY NOTES. 211 future work! Sidbury Hill stands, on or just beyond the family property of the late Sir John Astley, of sporting fame, and this suggests an incident of observation which only required an accurate note to have made it of value. Late one day he shot a wood pigeon at Elsham, in Lincolnshire, with such a distended crop that he could not help noticing it. Opening it, he found it not only remarkably full, but was also struck by the number of the species of These were sown in a flowerpot of the largest size and placed in the forcing-house. A full and varied crop of the weeds of our stubbles was the reward of his care, but no botanist was called in to name the species and work out their numerical relation, and so field naturalist knows to his cost. What days and weeks have we all spent fruitlessly on the look-out for something new, when it was only our own stupidity. which prevented us seeing what was just distribution than land plants, we had to visit a deep unfrozen spring twenty times in the great frost of 1895 before the bright green foliage struck our mind’s eye, and it flashed into our vacant organ that the deep warm springs in the north, and by contrast the deep cool springs of the south, could keep an uniform temperature in a limited area and preserve a flora and its attendant life, which would become a centre of distribution should the climate change to greater warmth or cold. We must brighten and polish up our faculties in the field if we would find plenty of material worthy of our note-books. An unknown quantity of unobserved connections lie around us the moment we leave our doors ; if we do not find some one else will. How to make notes is our next point. If you have not invented 4 plan—a good one, mind you, of your own—try this one; it is perhaps the simplest and most effective yet discovered. We all have our favourite books, even when we get better; Bell’s Quadrupeds, 2nd ed., and Yarrell’s Birds, 4th ed., are ours. Now, for example, you want to make a note of the long-tailed field mouse. Take _ a half sheet of ordinary note-paper and write the number of Bell's Page 293 in the left-hand corner, then the English or Latin name, or if you like, opposite. Underline these names, and in the right- hand corner add the figure 1 to signify this is the first page devoted to species. Then make your notes, carefully recording place, date, and fact, or anything you consider important to notice. In vl oat sketch the underlined parts are reproduced in #falics. 212 BENONI: NATURAL HISTORY NOTES, 293. Mus sylvaticus L. Long-tailed Field Mouse. Bottesford, Lincs., 7.11.69. Dug out nest. There wasa bolt. ad stored acorns, nuts, and wheat. Cadney, Lincs., 24.9.93. Watched one carrying wheat toi nest. s Harrington, Northamps., 8.7.89. Young oak springing up fon deserted winter store in field by Larkland Wood. a If we are dealing with our bird-notes we work just the same. _ 3 weak 320. Scolopax rusticola L. Woodcock. | Broughton Wood, Lincs., 1872. Very plentiful this year, I helt The same. 1876. First seen 18.10.76. 2 Harrington, Northamps. Big fall in 1870, Mr. Cheney tot me, after rough N.E. winds. a Cadney, Lincs., 1894. Watched one through hedge of ot wood turning over the dead leaves and eating worms, throug ‘i field-glass. o The left-hand figures refer to Yarrell, volume 3, page = fies | the notes accumulate a little case of deal, 12 in. long, 8 in. wid and 3 in. deep, stained throughout but varnished ‘only on the ouls® ; keeps them neatly together, in the order of the left-hand — while at the same time they may be turned over like the eo a book to find the sheet required, after the general index of Be'® Yarrell has been first consulted to give the right number. If pe gets damaged by mistakes or an accident it can easily be ‘oftes without spoiling the look of the whole series of notes, ed eee ches the case if a book is used. It is also much easier to write 0m than in a book. : ol A friend of the cynical order, who knows his own foibles as he sees other men’s, suggested that note-paper is a ae d illustrations, and pointed out how they enrich any call gould notes. He enclosed one, as a specimen of what these 4 of lest like—a sketch of a bird shot with an ounce of water Inste? He maintained he had never heard of water-shooting success him how to proceed. Whether in his hands it has be ; . . ‘ : cannot say, In saving damage to the plumage of delicate birds we ae his cartoon is the last communication we have had on the ee In another paper we purpose to make a selection fron these cil we ofa N orth Lincolnshire naturalist to illustrate how a ally oo : casual jottings, which only take a few minutes to C@! of years: and record, become as facts accumulate in the passage 213 ON THE HEPATIC AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND. GEORGE STABLER, Levens, Milnthorpe, Westmorland. FIFTH PAPER. For previous papers see‘ The Naturalist,’ Oct. 1888, Ap. 313-329 + May 1896, Ap. 133-2405 Sept. 1896, pp. 277-284 ; and Jan . 5-12. 188. Tetraplodon bryoides (Zoega) Lindb. Tetraplodon mnioides (Sw.). Meldon Hill (R. Spruce, 1843) ; Helvellyn (Borrer) ; Foulshaw Moss, on the bones and fur of a hare (Barnes a Stabler, 1869); Witherslack Moss (1885); Hill Bell; Stain- moor (1890) ; Helvellyn (Miss Wright). [On summit of Sca Fell Pike, on bone of a sheep; Barnes and Stabler, 1870]. Fam. @DIPODIACE#. 18, CEdipodium Griffithii (Dicks.) Schwegr. ‘Bow Fell, Fair- field, and High Raise, in the crevices of rocks; not rare’ (W. Borrer, 1846). Helvellyn and Hill Bell (Clowes) ; Mardale (Barnes); Langdale (1875); Barbon Fell; Red Screes ; Grisedale Pass, on Seat Sandal. Fam. FUNARIACE#. 190. Amblyodon dealbatus (Dicks.) P. Beauv. On the side of a ditch (on clay), Heversham Moss (J. M- Barnes, 1870). ‘ I have since gathered it in the same place. [on ee ee side of Clougha, near Lancaster (1881)]. ' mitrium pyriforme (L-) Brid. In fields near Bridge End, Levens (Barnes and Stabler, 1868) ; Dallam Tower Park (Barnes and Stabler); on sides of ditches, Levens Moss (1868); Barrow Field. _'92. Funaria obtusa (Dicks.) Lindb. Physcomitrium ericetorum Bry. Brit. Caldron Snout (Dr. Spruce, 1843) ; Barrow Field 191. e. ‘93. Funaria fascicularis (Dicks.) Schpr- In cultivated field, Heversham Head (Barnes and Stabler, 1868); Milnthorpe (Barnes, 1870); Staveley (1868) ; Brettargh Holt, Levens; Brigsteer (1868). ‘9+ Funaria attenuata (Dicks.) Lindb. Entosthodon Templetont (Schweegr.). On moist banks, Loughrigg Fell (J. Nowell, 1859) ; Fairfield (Barnes, 1868) ; Patterdale ; by the shores of “Wren. Troglodytes parvulus. . “Pied Wagtail. Motacilla lugubris. Not very frequent. : *? Grey3Wagtail. Motacilla melanope. A few haunt oe neighbourhood in winter, frequenting with impartiality th polluted waters of the main Laxey stream, the crystal yor se flashing rapids of its Glenroy tributary, and the little eae and ditches at the edges of the fields and tramway line abo the village. ad *Meadow Pipit. Anthus pratensis. A very pect: oo characteristic bird, and often the only species which ee is to the high moorlands, up to whose loftiest hilltops ? resident in summer. t the *Rock Pipit. Anthus obscurus. Equally common 4 tide-edge and along the brows. Golden Oriole. Oriolus galbula. The only Manxs a female, was recorded from Laxey, in April 1879 P. M. C. Kermode. aaa, pecimed, by Mr. is RALFE: BIRDS OF LONAN, ISLE OF MAN. 223 *Swallow. Hirundo rustica. Not abundant. On 31st March, 1897, a cold day of a cold spring, a single Swallow appeared at Laxey Bridge—a very early date. *Martin. Hirundo urbica. 1 only know of one colony, a small one in a recess of the rocky coast, in close vicinity to nesting places of Raven, Peregrine Falcon, and Herring Gull. Sand Martin. Hirundo riparia. I once saw a few passing on migration. Goldfinch. Carduelis elegans. Has become rare. I only once saw it, a small flock last winter. *Greenfinch. Ligurinus chloris. In suitable localities. *Common Sparrow. Passer domesticus. *Chaffinch. Fringilla ccelebs. Very abundant. This and the Yellow-Hammer are the characteristic small birds. *Linnet. Linota cannabina. *Common Bunting. Emberiza miliaria. Have seen it in only one or two places ; it is said it was once common, and was eaten under the name of ‘Barley-bird.’ For the last two summers a Bunting might any day be seen on the telegraph wires at a certain spot on the Ramsey Road, two miles north of Laxey. *Yellow-Hammer. Emberiza citrinella. “Skylark. Alauda arvensis. *Common Starling. Sturnus vulgaris. Seen in all cultivated parts, but not very abundant. [*Chough. Pyrrhocorax graculus. Seemingly extinct. For- merly found in numbers on the rocky coast north of Laxey. “Magpie. Pica caudata. A very conspicuous and dominant bird in the district. I have seen as many as forty coming In together to roost in a certain plantation. Mr. E. Rydings tells me of a Magpie which was accustomed in the early morning i give repeated taps at the windows of his own and a neighbour's house at Laxey. *Jackdaw. Corvus monedula. Common on the coast, also in the village. : “Hooded Crow. Corvus cornix. A conspicuous bird of the Coast, pairs year by year, frequenting a certain short range for breeding purposes, though seemingly using each season a separate nest. It breeds also inland, in trees in the glen, but is said to have decreased in numbers. Having been told by —— gi Fargher, of Cronk-e-Chule, that there was near Agneash LY 2897, 224 RALFE: BIRDS OF LONAN, ISLE OF MAN. a nesting-site of the Grey Crow, of at least 50 years’ standing, and that remains of nests were there to be seen on the ground, I took an opportunity, though the season was winter, of visiting the spot. Following up a mountain stream to near its head, at a height above sea level of 1,000 feet, I found a small but sharply-defined gully, down which fell a little waterfall, the sides of the ravine being richly clothed with tall heather, blaeberry, Luzula, hard-fern, polytrichum and sphagnum mosses; much of the vegetation being richly green even in January. Down the opening of the gully was a wide and picturesque view, the village of Agneash standing out on its cultivated promontory among the barren fells, and far beneath the Laxey valley, with its many scattered white houses, winding to the sea. Near the lower end of the gully, just under the top of the bank, were the remains of a nest well-sheltered by tall bushy heather, perhaps fifteen feet above the bed of the stream; and a little higher up, just opposite the waterfall, a second in a very similar but perhaps a little steeper situation lower down. Still higher up, where the sides of the ravine became diminutive cliffs instead of slopes ee heather-covered earth, a third lay on a little ledge just at arms reach from the ground. All these remains seemed to be some years old, and my informant knew of no nesting within four or five years’ time. In treeless and clifiless districts, such as are afforded by some of the Outer Hebrides, it appears that the - Hooded Crow frequently nests on the ground, but in the Island the maritime cliffs are its chief resort; and in inland districts trees, though not usually abundant, are fairly well distributed, and also used by it, so that such sites as those mentioned above seem peculiar. *Rook. Corvus frugilegus. Abundant ; to be met with every where, in the fields, in the village, on the beach, om the moorlands. So far as I know there are only three rookeries in the district, two (small ones) within the limits of the village, the other (larger) a little outside. *Raven. Corvus corax. ‘Two or three pairs on the coast. Swift. Cypselus apus. Seemingly a passing straggler only. *Cuckoo. Cuculus canorus. *Long-eared Owl. Asio otus. “Sparrow Hawk. Accipiter nisus. “Peregrine Falcon. Falco peregrinus. Two pairs; 27 oi g bird, caught at one of the nesting places last summer, was [or some time kept at Laxey. rail Natu : RALFE: BIRDS OF LONAN, ISLE OF MAN. 225 *Kestrel. Falco tinnunculus, A familiar ornament of the coast line. Cormorant. Phalacrocorax carbo. Single birds, on the water or perched on some prominent rock, are not uncommon along the rocks. Such are often immature. Shag. Phalacrocorax graculus. Does not seem to breed in the district, and only very sparingly on the eastern side of the Island. Gannet. summe Common Heron. Ardea cinerea. Not frequent or abundant, Wild Goose. Anser sp. Occasionally seen; species not identified.’ Wild Duck. Anas boscas. Seemingly scarce. Shoveller. Spatula clypeata. A specimen obtained in 1893, *Ring Dove. Columba palumbus. *Partridge. Perdix cinerea. *Red Grouse. Tetrao scoticus. Introduced in the Island; a few birds at least in the long stretches of heather which in summer so richly adorn some of the higher Lonan hills. *Landrail. Crex pratensis. Common Coot. Fulica atra. I only once saw a specimen, evidently on migration, hiding among the coast-rocks; the country is invariably unsuited to this species. Golden Plover. Charadrius pluvialis. Ringed Plover. A®gialitis hiaticula. Occasionally only on Laxey Beach. — : *Lapwing. Vanellus cristatus. Quite a scarce bird, but breeds at one spot at least. Oystercatcher. Hzmatopus ostralegus. Casual only. *?Common Sandpiper. Totanus hypoleucus. ‘Seen on migration at the mouths of streams and at rocky coast Tecesses- Common Curlew. Numenius arquata, Seemingly occurs On passage only. Woodcock. Scolopax rusticola. _“?Common Snipe. Gallinago ccelestis. Black-headed Gull. Larus ridibundus. A few on Laxey Beach and some smaller creeks, except in the breeding season. The distribution of the several species of Gull is the same as 1n ___ Douglas Bay, all being in much smaller numbers. Aug. 1897, Sula bassana. Frequent and often numerous in r. 226 -. NOTES: BOTANY: Common Gull. Larus canus, A few through the winter. *Herring Gull. Larus argentatus. A colony, not large, on the cliff-bound coast north of Laxey. The common Gull o the district and Island. Lesser Black-backed Gull. Larus fuscus. One or two frequently seen Kittiwake. Rissa tridactyla. I have seen a few specimens. Razorbill. Alca torda. Seldom seen close to the coast; no doubt abundant outside. Guillemot. Uria troile. Seldom seen close to the coast; no doubt abundant outside. *Black Guillemot. Uria grylle. Seen every spring and summer; probably a few still breed. : Little Grebe. Podicipes fluviatilis. I have seen a specimen caught in a salt pool in Laxey Harbour. There can be little doubt that in the list of Lonan birds should be included Asio accipitrinus, Falco esalon, Querquedula crecca, Mareca penelope, and other Ducks, Larus marinus, Fratercula arctica, Colymbus glacialts and C. septentrionalis, though they do not pe oe to have come under the writer’s notice. NOTES—BOTANY. New Alien pete for Lincolnshire.—Si/ene conica L. Div. 13. ria Bi by Fossdyke, 15.6.’97; G. A. Grierson, in County Herbarium. I Div. 10. Martin , by Horncastle, 1896 ; Rev. F. S. Alston, in Coanty H —E. A = Peosurre oe Cadney, Brigg, June 17th, 1897. —As the name of the 2 ig man Sa sempervirens se j 0; ono the, Co County oe The specimen taken by reo fs Lane-Claypon in Div. II, at = inted but not preserved.—E, A. WoopRUFFE-PEACOCK, Cadney tae 5th, i “<3 A Rare cece. Alien.—Miss Rawnsley, of wg Hall, has Ins st re i thered in e _— i allr. for Div. , Tothwell, by Louth, on the authority of bn frend Ms m= as Burtt Davy, who is on the way home “rom Callens. now to revisi ge his early labours once more. On June the roth, a 2 see It is = ont un- Mr. Sam. Hudson, gathered near Y dwesdmey in Div. 1896. K, Cadney common there in one locality.—E. ADRIAN WooeurFE- -PEACOCK, Vicarage, Brigg, June 12th, 1807, samc: Seam RELICS OF PRIMEVAL LIFE. Relics | of | Primeval Life | By | Sir J. Witttam Dawson | K.C.M.G., .D., F.R.S. | with Sixty-five illustrations | London | Hodder and Stoughton | 27 Paternoster Row | Mpcccxcvil. [Crown 8vo, price 6s. ] Unper this title, Messrs: Hodder & Stoughton have recently published Sir J. W. Dawson’s latest work. The price is 6s. The volume contains xiv. + 336 pages, with numerous illustrations, mostly second-hand; a geological map of Ottawa County and circumjacent lands, and a chronological life chart after Prof. White. Had there been more photographic reproductions instead of the somewhat antiquated cuts, we should have had only praise for the volume. Perhaps one other saving clause is necessary. The title may raise the hopes too high, or convey a false impression. We have here no allusion to primeval life so far as man is concerned. In reality the volume is a full and careful survey of all that has been written on the subject of Zozoon canadense during the last fifty years. The history of this puzzling organism practically began when Logan entered upon his labours in connection with the Geological Survey of Canada in 1840. It was not, however, till 1858 that the specimens which were collected began to be regarded as organic. When specimens were exhibited in 1859 in America, and in 1862 in London, as Laurentian fossils, few were disposed to believe in their organic character. The last thirty-five years have witnessed the publication of a perfect library of monographs, reviews, criticisms, and pamphlets on the subject, and Now we have a review of the whole from the pen of the man who gave the fossil its name, and proclaimed it to the world as ‘The Dawn of Life.’ The author has shown considerable skill in the weaving of his work. It does not at first appear that the sole aim of the writer is to bring Eozoon into bold relief. Beginning with life in the Cambrian, we are gradually carried backwards till we reach a Condition which is of necessity azoic ot destitute of life. We then turn round and gaze on the earth as it is being fitted for the teception of life, and speculate as to what life-form would be able “under such conditions to find subsistence. We had found Eozoon n our journey from the Cambrian to the Archean, and in re- tracing our steps are led to conclude that a creature possessed of 228 NOTE—GEOLOGY. tinguished, and the conclusion that Eozoon is a veritable animal, perhaps the earliest representative of life which we shall ever be able to discover, Not that life may not have existed long before this particular form came upon the scene, but for obvious reasons the earliest life-forms could scarcely survive in fossil-form the fearful ordeals to which they have been subjected. As for the origin of life itself, we are no nearer the solution of the mystery than we were when Eozoon was unknown. We have only receded to an earlier date—carried back the story another chapter. Life must be either spontaneous or created. The author remarks that the former does not seem to be possible now—a statement which cannot be called dogmatic—and he therefore prefers to hold to the doctrine of creation, We believe his position will commend itself to most thoughtful people. In our present state of know- ledge the belief in spontaneous generation is unscientific; while the view that life is extra-natural is only unscientific because it 's beyond the realm of science, while it has the merit of commending itself to men who believe that there are realms beyond those with which science has to deal.—HiLpERIC FRIEND. NOTE—GEOLOGY. Lincolnshire Erratics.—The address of our late President, Mr. J. Co M.B.O.U., delivered in Leeds in November, which is printed in your last num than is generally supposed’ (p. 196). is was not the impression were convey when describing the finds in this journal (Nov. and Dec. 1896), 20 logy. the Yorkshire side, and Barton and South Ferriby on the Lincolnshire — place brought by the Teesdale glacier (which by the way originated in porte ether as the Vale of York ice) plus the Scandinavian ice: the two joined tos ree fe f glacier extended as far as North Lincolnshire. THOMAS SHEPPARD; Hull Scientific and Field Naturalists’ Club, 16th July, 1897. erseex'e 229 THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA, 1597(?)-1893. LISTER PETTY, Ulverston. TWELFTH PAPER. Erythrea pulchella Fr. Clarke’s First Record, 1796. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Low-lying pastures near Green Hills, Plumpton. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 149. Miss Hodgson repeated. See previous species. Gentiana Pneumonanthe L. C.F.R., 1633. 1796. Withering, ed. 3, 280. Walney Island, Rev. Mr. Jackson, and repeated in all subsequent eds. of Withering. 1805. Turner and Dillwyn. Bot. Guide, ii., 366. Locality repeated, but ascribed to Ray. 1835. Watson, New B. G.,i., 301. Locality repeated, but ascribed to ‘ B. G.’ 1837. Baxter, Phenog. Bot. iii., 185. ‘Ray’ repeated. Near Coniston, Miss M. Beever. 1845. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 267. Near to Roosecote, Dalton, Aiton. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 147-8. ‘Rare; probably now extinct. Jackson and Aiton repeated. _NoTE.—There seems no reason for Ray’s name except a mis- print in Turner and Dillwyn. Gentiana verna L. C.F.R., 1650. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 267. Has been found amongst the hills in north of Furness, Aiton. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 147. Aiton repeated. ‘Probably a misnomer.’ ntiana amarella L. C.F.R., 1568. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmell, 267. Near Stribers on roadside, Wilson. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Hampsfell. 5. Baker’s Flora, 148. Ascending from near shore level at Tange, Gentiana campestris L. ee eae 1597: 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common, no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Drylands, Isle of Walney; Newfield, Seathwaite, Mrs. Hodgson. Menyanthes trifoliata L. C.F.R., 1579- Trifolium palustre C. B. Circ. 1680, see 1889. : Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Roudsey Wood ; Urswick Tarn ; Near Three Shire Stones, about the springs of the Brathay, in a bog. ~ Westmorland Note-book, 185- Martindale’s extracts from oe Note-book, circ. 1680. Marsh Grange, copiose, Lawson. 1897, 230 PETTY: CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. Limnanthemum peltatum Gmel. C.F.R., 1570. Nymphea lutea minor flore fimbriato C. B. 1744. Wilson, Syn., 254. By the moss river, by Hawkshead, Lawson, and repeated 1763. Martyn, Pl. Cantab., 61 (as AZenyanthes nymphoides L.). 1778, S. Robson, Flora, 72. 1805. Turner and Dillwyn, Bot. Guide, ii., 366, Lawson repeated, but ascribed to Robson. 1835. Watson, New B. G., i., 302, as ‘? Villarsia’ Vent, Locality repeated and authority thus—‘(Robson) B.G.’ 1885. Baker's Flora, 149, as Villarsia. Lawson repeated, and ‘I coul not find it there in 1883,’ J.G.B. 1889, Westm. Note-book, 114- Lawson repeated in Martindale’s ‘ Early Westm. Pl. Records.’ — Polemonium ceeruleum L. C.F.R,, 1666. Valeriana greca Ger. Park. As there is a doubt about the plant having occurred in the district, I give the evidence so far as I have been able to collect it The heavy-typed dates are those of publication. At a date now unknown Willisel reported to Ray that he had found it in the Furness Fells. 1760. Scott’s ‘Derham’s Remains of Ray,’ 25. was In Westmorland, unaccompanied by Willisel, in July or August 1668. When he was in North Lancashire we do not know, perhaps on this occasion. On Nov. 15th, 1669 (1718. Derham Phil. Lett., 51)s Ray wrote to Dr. Lister: ‘You have been more fortunate than I in fin ing Val. greca (in Yorks), which I have sought in vain amongst the Furness Fells, where I was informed by T. Willisel that it gre wild. 1670. Ray Cat., ed. ii., 311. Thos. Willisel also found it 1n the North. 1718, Derham, Phil. Lett., 97-8. Ray wrote from Middleton, June 28th, 1671: ‘I intend (God willing) to begin a simpling voyage to the North, taking T. Willisel along with me, and to go over an view particularly myself those plants which he hath discovered there, by me not observed, wild with us.’ That this voyage did not confirm the locality for Po/emonium is certain, for neither in Ray's Sage" 1677 ; Fasciculus, 1688, nor Synopsis, 1690-1696-1724, is the spect a mentioned for Lakeland. Possibly Willisel—seemingly, : e Ray’s word certainly, a truthful man—made a mistake and ge plant somewhere else. Anyone who cares to verify a 3 ty Statements can do so in the Ray Society’s ‘Memorials | wal ‘Correspondence’ of Ray, which are reprints of the penne oe” originals. 186% (1855). Martineau’s Guide, 185. Grails’ 1864. Cl locality repeated. 1885, Baker's Flora, 149. Locality eo F. Clowes. 1889, Westm. Note-book, 114-15. Ray's letter, pte to Lister quoted. 1892, Naturalist, 84. White flowered var. of Coniston Lake, 1887. A garden escape, L.P. ee PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. 231 Cynoglossum officinale L. C.F.R., 1548. 1775. Jenkinson, Brit. Pl., 23. Very common in the north of Lancashire. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. In many places by the (Furness) shores. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 169. Miss Hodgson repeated. Coast sandhills of the Duddon estuary at Ronnard (ie. Ronhead), F. A. Lees. _ Symphytum officinale L. C.F.R., 1538. 1892. Naturalist, 84. Hedge near Sand Gap Farm, near Fox- field, 1887. Outside the Old Vicarage at Woodland, with purplish corolla, 1887, L. P. Symphytum tuberosum L. C.F.R., 1777- 1892. J. of B.; 25. Side of Coniston Lake, 1887, L.P. A writer in this journal was unaware of my record and marked it as ew in 1894. Borago officinalis L. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 267. Around Ulverston, Aiton. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Waste ground near Aldingham. Anchusa sempervirens L. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel. Near Cark Hall, Wilson. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Rubbish heaps at Swarthmoor. 1885. Baker's Flora, 169. An occasional straggler from gardens . Swarthmoor Hall. Lycopsis arvensis L. C.F.R., 1633- 1801. Withering, ed. iv, 227-8. Cornfields about Ulverston, but not common, Gough; and repeated in all subsequent editions. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker's Flora, 169. Rampside in Furness, Miss 5. Beever. [Pulmonaria officinalis L. 864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common, no locality. Certainly a mistake, as the plant is said by Baker to be only an Occasional escape from gardens. Flora, 169. I have never seen it, even as an escape, in North Lancashire. To be common in the Lake District it ought to occur here too. Mertensia maritima Gray. ‘ C.F.R., 1640. Buglossum dulce ex insulis Lancast. Lancashire Bugloss. 1640. Parkinson, 765 (No. 5). Groweth in one of the “ Lal Must. 121, as B. sive Boragodulcis mellita Lancast, and refers to Parkinson. ‘ Dono- Hesketh.’ Ray, Fasc. 22, ¢ marinum P.B. Against Biggar, in the Isle of Walney, plentifully, Aug. 1fig7, 232 PETTY: CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. Lawson; and repeated 1690, Syn., ed. i., p- 76. 1693. Ray, Hist. i., 500. 1695. Camden, Brit., ed. Gibson, 803. 1696. Ray, Syn., ed. ii., 120. 1699. Morison, Pl. Oxon., pt. 3, 450, as Cynoglossum perenne maritimum procumbens foliis glaucis brevioribus, Nobis.* In insula quadam Lancast. vicina, aliisque septentrionalibus oris Brit, reperitus D. Thos. Lawson: viri Rei Brit. satis perito ipsi accepimus. 1710. Salmon, Herbal I., 128. Hesketh repeated. From this time Hesketh drops out of the lists and gives place to Lawson! 1718. Derham, Phil. Lett., 216. Lawson’s letter to Ray, April 1688 in full; and repeated 1724. Ray, Syn., ed. iii., 228. 1744. Wilson, Syn., 80. 1762. Hudson, FI. Ang., ed. i., 67-8, as Pulmonaria marit. 1. 1775, Jenkinson, Brit. Pl. 2 3-4. 1778. S. Robson, Flora, 194. On the seashore . . . Lancashire. 1778. Hudson, Fi. Ang., ed. ii, 81. 1789. Camden, ed. Gough, 145. 1796. Withering, ed. iii., 229. West shore Isle of Walney, Atkinson; and repeated in all subsequent editioris. 1805. Turner and Dillwyn, Bot. Guide, ii., 366. Atkinson and Lawson repeated ; but they both represent the same locality. 1805. West, Antiq., ed. Close, 378. Atkinson repeated. 1807. Miller, Dict., ed. Martyn, ii, pt. I Curtis, Fl. Lond., ed. Graves, iii., plate 18, and foot-note to text. 1835. Watson, New Bot. Guide, i., 302 ; but ascribed to ‘B.G.’ 1842. Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 26. 1848. Ray, Corresp. Ray Soc., 197 et seq. Lawson’s letter to Ray in full. 1867. Eng. Bot, ed. iil, vol. 7, 94. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 168. Lawson repeated. Seen at Walney in 1881, Rev. A. Ley. 1885, Palatine Note-book, May 14th. Quoted from Parkinson by Chas. Bailey. 1889. Westm. Note-book, 115. Early Westm. Pl. Rec. Lawson repeated. 1892. Naturalist, 82. Lawson’s locality repeated. Not so plentiful as formerly, L. Petty. 1894. J. of Bot., 15. Hesketh repeated in Clarke’s ‘ First Records.’ The name in Lond. Cat., ed. ix., is Preumaria maritima Hill. Myosotis czspitosa Schultz. C.F.R., 1816- 1885. Baker’s Flora, 166. Ascending from the shore marshes at Flookborough. Myosotis palustris Relh. C.F.R-, 1597- 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Roadsides, edges of ponds, etc. 1885. Baker’s Flora. Fine about Brathay and Skelwith. Myosotis repens D. Don. C.F.R., 1821. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Leybarrow, near Penny Bridge Cartmel Fell; Walna Scar, above the Quarries. a ESE Geena Pierre. analh dh _ “For a longer name for this see Plukenet’s Phytographia, 1 Naturalist, PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA, 233 Myosotis arvensis Hoffm. C.F.R., 1597. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Var. umbrosa Bab. - 1885. Baker’s Flora, 167. Woods near the Ferry Inn, Winder- mere (? J.G.B.). Myosotis versicolor Reichb. C.F.R., 1670. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common,’ no _ locality. 1874. J. of Bot., Miss E. Hodgson. Walls at Colton. 1885. ‘Baker’s Flora, 167. Newby Bridge, Colton and Walney Island. Lithospermum officinale L. C.F.R., 1548. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. About Plumpton and on the beach at Bardsea. 1885. Baker's Flora, 167. Miss Hodgson repeated. Furness Abbey, W. Foggitt. Woods between Grange and Lindale, J. G. Baker. Echium vulgare L. C.F.R., 1551: 1892, Naturalist, $2. On the raised beach at Bardsea, 1888-90. Not seen there in 1891, L. Petty. Calystegia Sepium R. Br. C.F.R., 1548. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326, as Convolzulus. Common, no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss K. Hodgson. Hedges and woods, not infrequent. Calystegia Soldanella R. Br. C.F.R., 1551- Soldanella marina Ger. First reported by Lawson to Ray, 68 1688. 1718. Derham, Phil. Lett., 222. Walney Island. Lawson, in his letter to Ray. 1796. Withering, ed. ili, 240. Locality repeated by J. Dalton ;* and repeated in all subsequent editions of Withering. 1805. West. Antiq., ed. Close, 376. Locality repeated by Atkinson ; and in 1842, Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 24. I Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 267—as Calystegia—by Aiton. 1848. Ray Corresp., Ray Soc., 197 et seq. Lawson in full. 1869. Asp- land’s Guide. Within six miles of Grange, A. Mason. 1874. J- of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker's Flora, 150. Lawson Tepeated. ‘Also by Dalton and Aiton.’ 1889. Westm. Note-book, 115. Lawson repeated in Martindale’s Early Westm. Pl. Rec. Convolvulus arvensis L. C.F.R., 1533- 1874. J. of B. Miss E. Hodgson. ridley Marsh. 188 Baker's Flora, 156. ‘Not seen in the heart of the Lake District "+ + Nor at Coniston.’ boo _“Dalton’s Herbarium is in the possession of the .Manchester Philosophical Society, a fact only recently learned by me, but probably well known to others. ca 234 PETTY: CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. Solanum Dulcamara L. C.F.R., 1568, - In the list of books which prefaces these papers, Dugdale’s ‘Monasticon’ is included as referring to A¢rofa. It. is now con sidered that the plant intended is this species (Naturalist, March 1895. Notes and Queries, 1894, passim), and the record in MS: carried back to 1412, the date of completion of the Coucher Book of Furness. This points to a much older date than that year for the plant in the neighbourhood of the Abbey; the compilers of the Coucher Book say they quoted from older documents, and the com- pilation took many years. ‘Therefore the old records previously. supposed to refer to Afrofa are placed here. I412. See 18388. Full quotation below. 1655. Dugdale, Monasticon. ‘This I have been unable to see. 1682. Dugdale, Monasticon I., 705, col. I, quoting metrical preface to Coucher Book: Primus ei fundus Tulket fuit haud dubitatur Quodam fundatur est Bekansgill que secundus, Col. II. ; Hee vallis tenuit olim sibi nomen ab herba ; Unde domus nomen Bekansgill claruit ante. And repeated in subsequent editions. 1774. West, Antiq. of Furness 4to edition—as in Dugdale; but West considered the plant to be Atropa, and wrote that the Herba Bekan was that species, and therefore Bekansgill =his ‘vale of Nightshade.’ But his followers added the word ‘Deadly’ to it, and so far as I can see this is the origin of the term and the legend of Afrofa at Furness Abbey. 1805. West, Antiq., ed. Close (in 8vo). Statement repeated. But Atropa did grow there as we know from another source. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 268. In hedges — Dalton and Urswick, Aiton. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 37% No locality. 1869. Aspland’s Guide. Within six miles of Grange A. Mason. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Not infrequent : hedge-rows (in Furness). 1888. The Coucher Book of Furness, ie for Chetham Soc, by Canon J. C. Atkinson, vol. 1, the metr! A preface from which the above verses are taken. 1894. Notes ee Queries (vide Furness Abbey in index), where the plant is deter mined to be Solanum Dulcamara L., the Amara dulcis of Turnet. Solanum maritimum Bab. ei 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Drylands, Isle of Walney; and repeated 1885. Baker’s Flora, 151. lanum nigrum I. CER, 1597 Baker’s Flora, 151. Abundant at Barrow-in-Furness W. Foggitt. nee ee ee — a. Naturalists PETTY: CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. 235 Lycium barbarum L. 1892, Naturalist, 84. | Naturalised; roadside outside Ola Vicarage at Woodland, 1887. In a hedge, outside a cottage garden, between Ulverston and Arrad Foot, 1891. Naturalised on limestone scar outside Wyke House, at north-east end of Humphrey Head. All escapes, of course, L.P. Atropa Belladonna L. Circ. 1680, see 1889. C.F.R., 1570. 1744. Wilson, Syn., 122-3—as Belladonna. Beside Furness Abbey. Wilson is here quoting from ‘the MS. of Mr. Lawson's,’ mentioned in his preface. For an account of this Note-book of Lawson’s see Westm. Note-book, 1889, 183. It was used also by Rev. T. Robinson in ‘Nat. Hist. Lancashire and Cheshire,’ 1709. 1763. Martyn, PJ. Cantab, 60. Locality repeated. 1774. West, Antiq., 4to ed. 1805. West, ed. Close. The County History of Baines ; even the last ed. of this by Jas. Croston take the references given under Solanum Dulcamare to apply to this species, although none of them can solve the real meaning of Bekan. 1775. Jenkin- son, Desc. Brit. Pl, 35. ‘About Furness Abbey, from which it,’ etc., “by Mr. West.’ 1793. Milne and Gordon. Indig. Bot. I, 324. 1796. Withering, ed. iii., 252. ‘Very luxuriant among the ruins of Furness Abbey, hence the valley called the Vale of Nightshade—see West.’ Atkinson; and repeated in all subsequent editions of Humphrey Head. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. Furness Abbey and Otley’s coast station repeated. 1869. Aspland’s Guide. Within six miles of Grange, A. Mason. 1874, J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker's Flora, 151. J. Wilson (i.e. ), Otley, Aiton, and W. Wilson repeated. Shore hedge west ad Humphrey Head, J. G. Baker. In the Park at Holker, Rev. A. Aug. wey, oa 236 PETTY: CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA, Ley. 1889. Westm. Note-book, 183. Extracts from Lawson's Note-book, circ. 1680, ed. by J. A. Martindale. ‘At Furness Abbey,’ Lawson. 1892. Naturalist, 82. On Humphrey Head, as recorded by E. Green; on the shore west of Humphrey Head; on the shore near Canon Winder, L.P. There is no Atropa about Copsehead now. Hyoscyamus niger L. C.F.R., 1551. 1830. Otley, Guide, ed. 4, 145. On the coast near Flook- borough ; and repeated in all subsequent editions. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 268. Sandy places near Bardsey, Aiton. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 1 50. Walney Island; Bardsea ; Grange. Verbascum Thapsus L. C.F.R., 1538. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 268. Conishead Bank, Aiton. 1869. Aspland’s Guide. Within six miles of Grange, A. Mason. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Verbascum virgatum Stokes. C.F.R., 1787. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Roosebeck, Mr. R. Ash- burner ; and repeated 1885. Baker’s Flora, 152. Verbascum Blattaria L. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 268. In gravelly places, frequent. Linaria Cymbalaria Mill. C.F.R., 1640. Cymbalaria Italica hederacea ? Lobel. [1640. Parkinson, Theatre, 681. . . . Also on thatched houses in the north parts, as I am given to understand, and most abundantly in Lancashire. 1650. How, Phytologia, 33- Divers parts of Lancashire, and refers to Parkinson. 1714. Philos. Trans. above quoted by Petiver. ’Tis said to be found wild, etc. 1855. Phytologist, 47 and 71. Park. and Phil, Trans. quoted. | 1882. J. of B., 347. Naturalised on old walls at Broughton-in-Furness, W. F. Miller. 1885, Baker's Flora, 1 56. Alien. Frequently established on old walls, as at Sawrey and Grange-over-Sands. Linaria repens Mill. C. wh 1846. Phytologist, 426. Is quite a wild plant near Nibthwaite; near Newby Bridge, on a dwarf wall facing a lawn, by the roadside to Stavely (in Cartmel) ; and in gardens at Stavely and Ambleside, W. Borrer. He also says that he failed to see Mr. Ball’s Zinari@ from the rocks of Coniston Water. What is this, and where is we reference? 1850. Bot. Gaz., 96. ‘Some white flowered, brough rom Coniston Water ’—Nibthwaite is at the foot of the lake— — produce striped flowers in my garden,’ W. Borrer. 1864. pai Lake Country, 326.. Has been found at Coniston. 1885. Bak Flora, 156-7. Borrer repeated. oe -R., . 237 BIRD-NOTES FROM THE HUMBER DISTRICT. OHN CORDEAUX, F.R F.R.G.S., Great Cotes House, R.S. O., Lincoln; Ex-President of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, These notes are in continuation of those published in this journal for p. 13. apa albicilla (L.). Sea Eagle. A fine adult female, the fore parts light-coloured and tail white, was shot in the winter of 1896-7 at Thorpe, near Bridlington, It is now in Mr. Machen’s shop at the Quay. Circus cineraceus (Montagu). Montagu’s Harrier. I recently examined at Mr, Bailey's a handsome female of this species, shot.in the late autumn of 1896, by a fisherman, in very bad weather, on Flamborough Head. The outer web of the fifth primary was entire and not notched, and the inner and outer notches on the first and second primaries respectively one inch below the coverts. The last Yorkshire nest of this harrier was taken in 1871 near Bridlington, and formerly it nested in several localities in the county. Motacilla melanope Pallas. Grey Wagtail. A pair nested this season in the wall ivy close to my library window. The nest, of fine roots and dead grasses lined with white cow’s hair, was commenced in the second week in March; the female commenced to sit about April 25th, and the young left the nest on May 22nd. This is the first record of the Grey Wagtail nesting in Lincolnshire, if not in any of the eastern counties south of the Humber. Saxicola cenanthe Linneus. Wheatear. March 29th. Was first seen by Mr. Hamerton near Leeds. I found it very plentiful at Flamborough in the second week of May. Corvus cornix Linnzus. Grey Crow. April roth. bi _— pair in Cotes marshes. On the 12th I saw one ap aired with a black Carrion Crow, as they flew and kept together. On May sth a pair at Flamborough, and on the 8th a single bird. Again on June 12th, when I was out in a boat, one which had lost several primary quills flew across Filey Bay to the Speeton Cliffs. Tringa canutus Linnzus. Knot. April roth. Thousands to tens of thousands on the Huniber foreshores near Kilnsea. Squatarola helvetica (Linneus). Grey Plover. April roth. Many in same locality, more or less in summer plumage, Several along with Dunlin on’ May 3rd, in very complete = dress on the Humber foreshores at Great Cotes. 238 CORDEAUX : BIRD-NOTES FROM THE HUMBER DISTRICT. Numenius arquata (Linnxus). Curlew. April roth. Great numbers on the Humber coast near the Spurn, lining the tide edge, or wading breast deep in the water. Gallinago ccelestis (Frenzel). Common Snipe. April 24th. A pair or two nest in some boggy land in this parish, which was not formerly the case. Cuculus canorus Linnzus. Cuckow. First seen April 25th; at Flamborough 28th (Bailey). Ruticilla pheenicurus (Linneus). Redstart. March 22nd. ' First at Flamborough (Bailey). Turdus torquatus Linneus. Ring-Ouzel. I saw at Mr. Bailey's an adult male which had been killed against the lantern at the Flamborough Head lighthouse at 3 a.m. on April 2oth. Wind N.N.E. with rain. On June sth I was shown four fresh eggs of the Ring-Ouzel, also those of the Merlin and Golden Plover, from the moors above Forge Valley. Upupa epops Linneus. Hoopoe. April 30th. One seen on the Flamborough headland (Bailey). CEdicnemus scolopax (S. G. Gmelin). Stone Curlew. May 4th. One seen on migration at F lamborough (Bailey). Eudromias morinellus (Linnzus). Dotterel. May 6th. A ‘trip’ of fifty seen on their old ground on the high wold. The observer, Mr. David Atkinson, thinks they had only just arrived, as they seemed yery tired and indisposed to sé. I have heard of other ‘trips’ seen near the coast up to the middle of May. : Larus ridibundus Linnzus. Brown-headed Gull. Mr. Bailey has one, picked up dead on the shore at Flamborough in the spring, in which the head, neck, and throat are black, or very nearly so, and not dark brown, and where the black touches wt white of the lower neck it forms almost a dark ring. The wing formula is, however, identical with that of Z. ridibundus. Uria grylle (Linneus). Black Guillemot. Undoubtedly ee at Flamborough in 1896. I have seen two young birds shot ee the headland early in the autumn of last year, presumably b m= there, one of them near the lighthouse rocks, and the a, Speeton. The adult has been observed several times a present season in the neighbourhood, and is supposed t0 breeding. A Pandion haliaetus (Linneus). Osprey. May 21st. t gt ee in a garden at Grimsby which had died that gag “CORDEAUX : BIRD-NOTES FROM THE HUMBER. DISTRICT. 239 a week previously it had come-on board a steam trawler on the run home from Iceland. This is the second in a few months captured in this manner on board trawlers. I have, however, misplaced my note of the previous occurrence. I believe, in both cases, they alighted on the mast, and were captured by hand after dark. Locustella luscinioides (Savi). Savi’s Warbler. On May 24th, when driving in the marsh, I saw a small Warbler, presumably of this species, fly upwards from a bush on the side ofa reedy drain. It rose like a Whitethroat, or soaring Pipit, with wings elevated, and descended laterally, still keeping the wings raised—in fact, exactly as a Whitethroat does. In colour a bright reddish-brown, lighter underneath ; tail much rounded, and kept expanded in flight. I thought I distinguished a trilling note on descending. It came down into the bush, and com- menced to skulk, and I did not see it again. I have seen in eptember a very similar-looking Warbler in the marsh in heavy _ Crops of wheat, clinging to the top of some prominent stalk, which, on the least alarm, dropped at once into the dense cover, and one I shot at, and probably only wounded, did not succeed: in picking up. Turdus viscivorus Linneus. Mistletoe Thrush. May 26th. The first brood have flown, and the old birds have commenced a second nest, the foundation of which is in great part composed of scraps of some white gauze-like material. The second brood left the nest on June 3oth. Numenius phzopus (Linnzus). Whimbrel. ‘The ‘May birds’ have been plentiful. I last heard them when on Filey Brigg, on June 8th, passing to the north. Wind N., hazy and thick, very cold. Larus argentatus J. F. Gmelin. Herring Gull. Very few appear now to nest on the cliffs immediately to the north of Filey Brigg. The cliff-climbers at Bempton complain much of the injury they do the trade—in fact, much more than do the Jackdaws—by carrying off the eggs of the Guillemot from the ledges. This they do in their feet, and often enough drop the €gg in the sea, when it at once sinks. This probably accounts for the number of fresh and unbroken eggs washed up by the tide, and which are picked up on the sands of Filey. I lately Saw a Herring Gull with a much darker mantle than the ordinary ___ Shade, but was not able to see the colour of the legs and feet. Aug. 1897, 240 REVIEW: COLOURED FIGURES OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, Daulias luscinia (Linnexus). Nightingale. In the second week of June I saw an old bird, with a caterpillar in its bill, in a thicket by the roadside about two miles from Filey, and within a few feet also a bird of the year, Caprimulgus europzus Linneus. Nightjar. On June 15th I received a female Nightjar alive, which came on board the s.s. ‘Rupert’ one hundred and ten miles eastward of the Spurn. June 30th, 1897. COLOURED FIGURES OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA. Our Country’s | Butterflies & Moths | and | How to Know Them. | A Guide to the Lepidoptera of Great Britain. | By | W. J- GonnOn author of | ‘Our Country’s Birds,” ‘‘ Our Country’s Flowers,” | etc. | wit a thousand Examples in Colour by | H. Lynn. [ and many original eet | London: | Day&Son . . .|. . .{|. . ~ | [Crown 8vo, cloth, price 6s., viii. +150 pages + 32 plates.] insects which they are stated to represent. : It is difficult to criticise the text, for while we can fully recognise with appreciation the excellence of the aims of the author and f a certain extent of the plan on which he works, we cannot help bu wish that the execution of the task had been put in the hands ca Ww while the keys given are. only a clue to families and genera. arrangement of the book is as follows :—Chap. 1 gives t names (we hope the author has not invented any) ; Chap- alphabetical index of specific names ; Chap. 3 is a syst the species figured ; Chap. 4 bears the strange title of ‘sorta A which we presume is meant classification, but which seems t0 fe : the author to be a Scot; Chap. 6 treats of groups and a oa Chap. 7 is a table of characters of families and their genera, Chap. 8 is a similar one of genera and their species. We regret to see that : is no clue in the book to its date * publication, which we believe to be in 1896. Dente Naturalisty tion, by THE FOOD OF THE MERLIN. OXLEY GRABHAM, M.A., M.B.0.U. Tuis beautiful little Hawk (/2/co esalon) has, I regret to say, been gradually disappearing from off many of our moorlands year by year, until, were it not for the protection afforded it in certain cases, it would soon rank as a bird of the past. This year, ona certain moor not far from Whitby, I am glad to say that, owing to the courtesy of the shooting tenant, I was able to obtain a free pass for two pairs of the birds that were on his moor, and also an assurance that they should be allowed to rear their broods in peace, for it is chiefly, Iam sorry to say, owing to the ignorance and prejudice with regard to all our raptorial birds that many of them have been brought to the brink of extinction. As I was able to prove from the examination of many pellets, even whilst feeding their young, the prey consisted almost entirely of Meadow Pipits, beetles, and large moths, chiefly Oak Eggars, and only in one instance did I find remains of a young Grouse. I do not for a moment deny that these birds occasionally, very occasionally, will take a young Grouse or Partridge, but surely, to the lover of nature, that is but a small price to pay in return for thick lichen that grows so plentifully at its roots. A few broken twigs of the ling were placed, and four eggs laid in each case, from which again three young birds in each were reared. There was no larder near the nests, but at a distance of about two hundred yards, in a bare patch, where there were a few big stones, the old birds tore their prey to pieces, and there were pellets, wings, feathers, elytra of beetles, and wings of moths. These places for the tearing- up of their prey were similarly situated as regards the nests in each Instance, though the nests themselves were more than four miles seeds and old flowers of the ling, and I think that these must have taken in when catching the Moths, either at rest on, OF flying close above, the ling, and swallowed with the insect, also a few may have got on to the prey at the tearing-up place. One institution that T would gladly see abolished from off the moors is that abomination © pole trap. To my mind it isa device of the devil, for not only and useful birds are also murdered by these diabolical inventions, Aug. 1897. Q 242 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, and a keeper informed me, with grief, I am glad to say, that this spring, between the time of their coming and the springing of the traps for the season, one trap alone had accounted for nearly twenty Ring-Ouzels, some Wheatears, Cuckoos, and even an odd Grouse itself. NOTE—MOSSES, immia norvegica in esdale : a New Record for Yorkshire —On June 5th this year I found the above moss on a wet Cronkley Fell in Upper T ale. Hitherto this moss has been found only on en Lawers and the lie in Scotland, and e Powerscourt Wat in Irel S raithwaite’s ‘ British Moss Flora,’ and the ‘ Student’s Hand- of British Mosses ’ by Dixon and J n). The gathering was small quantity, but ave been able to send specimens of it t Slater, esl I . M. -L.S., of Malton, and to Dr. Braithwaite, of London. — W. INGHAM, 47; Haxby Road, York, July 23rd, 1897. NOTE—LEPIDOPTERA. v ern: an interesting Additi the York- a.—During present month of July, I captured on the bog at Askern a considerable number of a small Eupecilia. "They appeared to me to be £. vectisana, but as, so far knew of that species, it was con salt- marshes near t t, I thought that probably my specimens hing se n sending them t E kes he fully confirmed a 1 opinion that the species was ‘unquestionably vectisana.’ The ori: interest of this addition to the county fauna lies in the fact that vecfzsana is seer a inland locality where it had previously been taken is Wicken Fen, Combe shire. Inall probability the larvz at Askern feed on 7riglochin palustre, this p being abundant on the bog. T as a very short period of flight, & appearing at about 5.30 p.m. and disappearing as suddenly at about 6 p.m. H. H. Corsert, 19, Hall Gate, Doncaster, 21st July, 1897. NOTE—MAMMALIA. Whiskered Bat on the Cheshire and dshire Bor spe last week of May, when Staying at Danebridge, near Macclesfield, I us ihe evening to watch the Whiskered Bats (Vespertilio mystacinus) which aby 6 past neighbourhood of the river Dane in considerable numbers. At about > d er.—During the I never one rise t eater height than twenty feet, and often they ae? within a few inches of th und, or skim the surface of sl we two, only to rise again and resume their flight around the alders. Eve ? lose to the surface of the river their flight could never be mistaken f -winged tinuous fi he e level, just above the surface, of the erp’ ; One of the Bats, which I red to make sure of t OLDHAM, ; tl. of t had in its mouth a small beetle of the family Staphylinide.—CHAS- 2 Sale, June 17th, 1897. Naturalist 243 WALLS AND WALL-NESTERS. Miss M. L. ARMITT, Rydal Cottage, Ambleside, Westmorland. Wuen the world was younger than at present; when, for instance, the Kelt was not yet ; when pre-historic man fished in our rivers and lakes, and slew beasts with his flint arrow on the margins of the wood; when dense, impenetrable forest and shrub stretched over vast areas of our island, and closed right up to the strips of fen and marsh land in which the streams then meandered ; when all this was, the conditions of bird-life must have been widely different from what they are at present. It is probable that if a naturalist of the nine- teenth century could be transported back into those dim regions of time, for a few hours, he would not only cause an electrical shock of surprise to his prototype, but might himself be able to take a few surprising notes. Specially favourable must the natural conditions of the land have. been to birds of forest and of fen. All birds that find life in large trees, and that make their nests in holes of trees, must have thriven. The tree of the wild forest would live its full term of years. Pushing upward, among a thousand starting seedlings, it fought for its chance above of space and light; it grew sturdy and strong, from stripling to giant; it lasted through a maturity of some few hundreds of years; it slowly aged, with rivening bark and breaking bough and hollowing trunk; and lasted till of sheer decrepitude, it dropped to earth. What trees might be if left to natural decay may be guessed from the hoary patriarch of Yewdale, that needed, in spite of scanty foliage and ribboned bole a wind of phenomenal speed, such as raged here on the morning of December 22nd, 1894, to fell it at last. It is difficult to realise, in a generation that scarce allows maturity to its trees, that lops its oaks into trunkless brush-wood for bobbin mills, and that fells its quick-planted larch-woods before scar OF seam can touch them, what homes of security and comfort the naturally-ageing tree will furnish for pirds! Indeed, the connection between rotting timber and bird-life is not apparent, because It 1s rarely seen. But the old tree is very important to many species birds at the nesting period, when it is of vital importance that the cradle of their helpless offspring should be placed in a security Sufficient to outwit their numerous foes. Birds evade danger by different methods, some building mossy CUPS in the inner forks of dense bushes, others weaving hammocks 0 undergrowth, others twining a nest beneath the unsuspected clod. But no site is so safe, so cosy, or So snug as the Probably, none is so ancient of usage. Aug. 1897. 244 ARMITT: WALLS AND WALL-NESTERS. Even now, scarce as old timber is, birds of many species still seek the retirement of hole in rotting tree-trunk or bough, wherever such can be found, in which to breed. And it is probable that there may have. been in those far-off days many more species of hole-nesting birds, before the slow shrinkage of forest area began by Keltic axe and Saxon fire. It is probable, too, that the hole- breeding species now in existence were then much more individually _ numerous. Indeed, we may almost watch, in these latter days, the last flickerings of some racial life or other that depended wholly on trees for a homestead. The Wryneck is a case in point ; very rare now it is, yet clearly, a century or so back, it was moderately common. It was known as the companion of the Cuckoo ; its strange laugh was welcomed as a sound of full spring, when it returned to build in the ‘old orchard’ tree. But its rarer occurrence in Cumberland was one of its habitats, but I have not met with it. : But if we consider the nesting propensities, not solely of — of the pure forest type, but of the whole range of species, and note how many there are (even of those that are independent of trees 1? food-getting) that yet seek some kind of hole to breed in, ie sees guess how large a dependence on old timber the birds of pre-histori¢ times must have had. i _ Among birds of prey there are the Owls. According to Yarrell the Scops Owl and the Little Owl, as well as our well-known Tawny Owl, breed in trees ; while the Barn-Owl, who in its mouse-seeking proclivities has cutely associated itself with man and man’s ae dwellings, will still occasionally make shift with a tree. — Crows (Corvide) the Jackdaw loves a dark hole; and if : does not find it in a chimney or a church tower, will fall = upon the possibly ancestral habit of a roomy and hollow tun The Starling is a true hole-breeder, and though it has, as 4 nee placed itself confidently and almost wholly under the protection man, and thrives mightily in consequence, it may be found oat Na Ke ARMITT: WALLS AND WALL-NESTERS. 245 in trees sometimes. ‘The patriarch yew before mentioned held each summer a brood or two of nestlings in its rugged tower of trunk, Amongst the smaller Passeres are many hole-nesters. The Pied Flycatcher is one ; while its fellow, the Spotted Flycatcher, though always seeking solid support for its slightly-constructed nest (which indeed comes to grief pretty often from an ill-chosen site) prefers a more open situation, and will build against the arm of a tree, or in a concavity of lopped bough. The race of true Warblers, deft weavers as they are, need nothing but a slope of ground or spread of fine bush-bough on which to rest, or from which to swing, their light and well-twined cradles. But the Redstart, near them in class, is an inveterate hole-nester. So too is the Black Redstart, which does not nest in England. Amongst the Chats, while others seek the open, the Wheatear wantsahole. The Tree-Creeper and Nuthatch are unequivocal hole- breeders, associated entirely, like the Woodpeckers, with trees, which they practically never leave. Then come the Titmice, notable examples all of them, except the Long-tailed and the rare Bearded, of this ancient and simple style of nesting. It is remarkable that the two exceptions in this large family of purely cushion-builders (for nothing more than a heap of material is needed in a hole; it is the easiest form of construction) are the most exquisite and skilful of avian architects. : Amongst Wagtails, the Pied seeks hole or cover, though entirely apart from arboreal life. Pipits and Buntings, as well as sunshine- loving Larks, favour the open. Finches, too, are skilful builders, and do not fancy a tunnel for their homes. Yet, even amongst . them, there is one, the Tree-Sparrow, that pecks a hole in rotten wood (oft of pollard willows) and nests therein. As for Swifts and Swallows, how shall they be classed? The former chooses a dark aperture, but it is below the roofs that man has Wrought ; the latter seeks his chimneys and his barn-timbers for nest- support and shelter. The Martin keeps to the full light of his outer- wall eaves. What was the pristine habit of these shelter-loving birds? Have they, the true inhabitants of air, evolved alongside of man, and spread as he spread, building from the first against his clay-and-wattle walls, their clay-and-spittle shelter for their unfledg young?» Have they never known an existence wholly separated from Kilnsey Crag in Yorkshire, and the sea-cliff at Saltburn, against Precipice and scar? And did all the Swallows come from a com- mon parentage with those that yet build their sticky nests against the roofs of dark and rocky caves? 3 246 ARMITT: WALLS AND WALL-NESTERS. One species of bird we have left to us in England that has not forsaken the primitive shelter of the cave, which was what man himself was once contented with, before he was cunning enough or industrious enough to construct a house for himself. This is the Rock-dove ; but with such a case, remote, like the Kingfisher that resorts to an earth-tunnel and the Sand-Martin that picks a little cave of its own, from even the slightest tendency to tree trunk- nesting, we have nothing to do. We are even too far afield! But this surely is a goodly list of hole- breeders; and if so many species of birds are even yet addicted to nesting in hollow trees, how do they escape extermination in these latter days when timber fails, as it does, more and more? How, but by adapting themselves: to circumstances, and taking any sort of a hole, in whatever substance it occurs? The birds that have not shown this adaptability have doubtless perished, or are fast doing so. e astuteness of the family of Titmice on this point 1s remarkable, and many a comic choice of a nesting-hole, in rural letter-box or the like, is continually being narrated of them. But it is here that the question of our own neighbourhood comes in ; for it is only by studying what lies about our doors that know: ledge can be gained. In a mountain region like: this, practically destitute of forest land, hole-nesting birds yet are abundant, both species and individual. Why? Is it not that they find in mans handiwork opportunities peculiarly favourable for the propagation of their kind? a The style of architecture prevailing in the Lake country 15 2? doubt primarily due to its geology. No serviceable clay is found for brick-making ; the rock yields a hard slate not readily worked, Mor amenable to neat and trimly-mortared structures. T herefore, rough and frequently unmortared piles are reared for farmsteads ; the dwelling part of the settlement is rough-cast outside for warmth» while the byres and outbuildings remain free, and exhibit cates. apertures that lie between the ill-fitting slabs of slate. The necessity wide, are riddled through with holes, and tortuous gig open to the air. When this style of building first obtained, who sha H sses when hard pressed by the Saxons knew how to build in stone; learned it from the Romans, whether they used it for do urposes or not. But the walls that now stretch everywhere Ove our fells, and serve to mark the limits of property, must of co in their vast extent, be of comparatively recent placing. ar o ARMITT: WALLS AND WALL-NESTERS. 247 Now it is in these walls, as well as in the open sides of out-houses, that birds very frequently here place their nests; and it has seemed to me that the birds that do so place them are more common with us than elsewhere. If so (though in this I may be mistaken) our stone walls have multiplied the life of those species of birds that have adapted themselves to pia nesting chance thus offere Of these species the st prominent example is the Redstart. It is a bird evenly disteibuted, I believe, in summer over England ; nowhere described as common, and in some places rare. It is on large number that breed with us every year. Perhaps I have been favourably situated in a Redstart centre, so to speak. At all events I have tried to compute sometimes the adult population of Redstarts settled here for nesting purposes—roughly, indeed, for a bird census is by no means easy to take! ne can mark, however, the station taken up by the male bird, where in an extremely limited area he may always be found, singing and disporting himself in that period when the unseen hen is attending to her nesting duties. This is towards the end of May. Ina favourable season I have passed in a walk of two miles five Redstart breeding stations ; while turning in another direction I have passed three in a mile and a half. Another year, in a walk of about three miles, I have poem seven or eight stationary singers. Another good year (1894), in a stroll of perhaps four miles, I have counted seven males; and though this time—the end of April—it was too soon to be certain they were settlers, later they became, if I may so put it, more perplexingly numerous still. I clearly fixed three males settled on the precincts of one farmstead alone, and at least three about another small and only twice has the site been a natural one—once in a crevice of a bold up-standing rock, and another in a deserted quarry niche, so not quite natural after all !* It is the walls and the byre-sides, where open masonry prevails, that Contain the numerous nests of the Redstarts. The hole for the nest is chosen with care. co have often caught a pair of Redstarts—the Sera oe e the Abate was written, upon experience gained upon the upper slopes of the Esthwaite somal : have found the Redstart’s nest at Jast in a tree, placed IM a niche of a pollar My removal to a new loca lity of Lakeland, where old park timber jhe pind ful nest-roo tg has furnished the interest and pleasure of wat ching how many birds take advantage of it. I hope to furnish some note : = ma ter. The opi — aig ae — —— than I antag In 248 ARMITT: WALLS AND WALL-NESTERS. hen courted and won—silently exploring holes in a stretch of wall, popping in and out with joyous zeal to find a comfortable aperture. The hen may occasionally be caught building. The nest is made of stuff got close at hand, oftenest moss of the very kinds that cling to the wall in which it is placed; but I have known oak leaves, of the large Scarlet Oak, mainly used. Soft hairs pad it, and fibrous roots and frequently pretty fluffs of lamb’s wool or bits of fern. The hen is so nervous, that should her eye be exposed when sitting to the passer-by, she will often flit off her nest before him, though she is indistinguishable herself in the cool shadow; and then the nest is sure eventually to be robbed. Hidden in a deep crevice, however, such as is generally chosen, she is less agitated and therefore safe ; and everything goes well till the time the young birds get strong, and need incessant attention from both the parents. Then they have a perilous time of it, if they are on a public road. No birds are more nervous, more fussy and excitable under notice, when they have food to deliver.* Unlike the calm Chaffinch, who does but—when he comes back to his nest with a nice fat caterpillar and finds a watcher by—eat it up himself, and then, after cleaning his beak, flies off again, leaving the watcher no wiser than before, these birds flit round with food in beaks, crying distressfully, unable to leave. Neither will they, while the watcher’s gaze is directly on them, enter the hole and betray the were in an ash tree that overhung a wall, where clearly their nest-hole was, crying with impatience while I lingered to compare their cries. I had put up my field-glasses to scan better the features of the dun hen, when, as I dropped them, I perceived the male bird in the act of flitting away from the wall and disappearing carelessly: He had, it was certain, deposited his burden of food while my gaze was concentrated on his mate. I thought then that the hen would follow his lead if I kept statue-like. But, no! back and forth she flitted in the ash, crying ‘hoo-ie,’ but never daring to drop to the wall while I stood there. This went on till the male came back with more food ; and then, embcldened by his late cunning, he flew straight in to the hole under my very eyes, and thus betrayed It. Then I was able to follow as far as the masonry, and peeping mtd the right tunnel, to see a little crowd of speckled, bright-eye youngsters, almost ready for flight. Ce <1 iets. sien. watchod tek feeding their nestlings on a great highways crowded through some hours of the day with traffic; and they are then m more guarded, and wonderfully adroit and quiet. Naricsiists ARMITT: WALLS AND WALL-NESTERS, 249 After the Redstart, the race of Titmice claim attention as wall- nesters. Three out of the four species that are hole-breeders (for the Marsh Titmouse still apparently insists upon a tree) make extensive use of our masonry. And yet they are not, like the Redstart, exclusively devoted to walls. Great, Blue, and, I believe, Coal Titmouse will gladly breed in a tree if a suitable aperture can be found. But so scarce is this desideratum that I have known both Great and Blue Titmice contest a good tree-hole with the Pied Flycatcher. Very comical it is to see the site-seeking instincts of these birds awake over a fallen tree. A pair of Great Tits once drew attention by their excitement over a larch tree that had lately snapped in a storm, and had fallen over some six feet from the ground. One. bird poked in and out of the splintered pieces, flirting its tail with the liveliest gestures, and ‘ churring,’ as much as to say to the attendant mate, ‘Here, I do believe, is the very spot for us to nest in next summer! Most providential, that gale!’ Yet this was on the roth of January! and so winterly a month, too, that the snow lay deep on the ground. The Great Titmouse, however, is a faithful lover, and keeps company with his mate all through the dead season. Often in the depth of it he may be heard trying (for her benefit, no doubt) his spring note; and the ‘saw- sharpening’ had sounded close by that tree on the 26th of the previous month. : Still it is the rule of the three species named to nest In our masonry. It seems to me (though theories are dangerous !) that they are more particular than the Redstart to secure a cosy, sheltered hole, either in a banked-up or a verdure-clad wall, or in a byre side sheltered by tree. The Redstart that winters in warm regions will in summer nest in the barest and bleakest of walls, through which it can sometimes flit in and out on either side; and I have known the hest so exposed to draught, that the plumelets that decked the heads of the baby-birds within the nest waved in the chill evening aur. ° The Titmice, besides, are fond of having a tree or bit of hanging bush __ before their orifice, on which they may pause before entering. Most prudent, silent, and wary are they; and it is interesting to observe how cunningly their conduct varies with circumstance. For instance, two pairs of Blue Titmice, each engaged within a quarter of a mile 2 of each other in the laborious task of feeding a nestful of _ Youngsters almost ready for flight, acted with a marked difference when watched. The pair whose nest was wholly out of reach in the _ Wall of a stable seemed aware of its safe height; they attended the watcher, who disturbed their ministrations to the noisy little 2 = angry and chiding sounds. The other par, whose — Aug. 1895. 250 ARMITT: WALLS AND WALL-NESTERS. treasure-hole was in a wall not four feet from the ground, and well in reach, kept almost entire silence, waiting at a little distance for the intruder to pass on. The youngsters, too, though rasping when fed, as all nestlings do, made much less noise than did the safe brood. The Blue Titmouse, indeed, understands well the axiom of silence. I have followed a Blue to the hole into which it had darted, and not a sound or movement betrayed the life within ; yet, when peering eye grew accustomed to the darkness, a crowd of little heads was visible, with the parent crouching protectingly in front, waiting under the shield of stillness for the terrible moment of danger to pass. How much, indeed, depends on this caution, when the nest opens on to a public road, and the parents’ visits are constant and increasing! It is really a wonder a nest so placed ever escapes; and many a big gap in lonely road wall shows where ruthless hands have torn the structure, to reach and rob the nest which has been placed deep within it. The Coal Titmouse, too, loves a wall adjacent to the woods it frequents. There, in a shady, moss-grown stret¢éh, backed up by slope of earth, where scarce a stone is bare of green, and seedling plants—herb-robert, shining crane’s-bill, wall-rue saxifrage, wall lettuce, primrose, foxglove even—start and __ flower, on —s sometimes see a wee bird pause fluttering, in front of the rigid line of greenery, and then disappear in its depths. It is a sight to make one curious ; it means a secret homestead within the hidden masonry; the generation of species in a tiny winged being, with all the joy and pain and care that attend the process. ' The Great Titmouse has more frequently, I believe, its 0 out of arms’ reach. The pair will, perched upon adjacent boughs, scold the biped whose interest is too clearly excited in their domeste affairs. est well The Starling is, of course, a most regular ‘lodger’ in our pie! ings. Every outhouse, byre, or stable has in May its brood nestlings, eagerly crushing and screeching for food within the py ee stones; and it is with the boldest unconcern that the parents Aly. back and forth. Then the Pied Wagtail, that trips so daintily about the roofs, has its nest somewhere in the farm premises, and sometimes 10 eee wall, though it is kept so secret as to be rarely discovered. ee any amount of waiting will induce these birds—laden though bills may be with flies or moths—to enter their hole while a .. D, is by. They lie low successfully. They can out-manceuyre ee where they are helpless before a smaller enemy. I have men oe ARMITT: WALLS AND a 251 literally dancing in the air over a ruined cottage, like toy-birds strung to a vibrating elastic, uttering most distressful cries, while a long- backed weasel scaled with ease the ladder of stones and crept to its helpless prey, whose parents were powerless to save them he Wheatear’s nest, on the other hand, is usually far from dwelling-place of man. Once, indeed, I saw a Wheateat feed its young in a wall that faced a country railway-siding, where the iron- soil that stood in laden trucks had bestrewn the place and the birds’ feathers too with a uniform red tinge. But that was an exception. The Wheatear loves the wildest bit of fell-side pasture here, where low down in some ‘dry’ boundary wall he and his wife fix up their nursery and cushion it — the birds that consistently follow the ‘waller,’ as Lakeland builder is aie and that trust their nesting-fortunes almost wholly to his handiwork. But others there are that take si The eects even, a veritable arboreal sae will occasion- ally bring up its young in the cool recesses of stone. A nest was once shown to me, in the quiet back of a stable, verde by trees, where again next year a nest was placed, doubtless by the same pair. If the bird perseveres in this habit, it may be, in the dearth of hole- ridden trees, the salvation of its species. It may eventually become, when woods are gone, not the Tree but the Wall-creeper. Already it practises a little in this direction ; and it may be caught ambling up our moss-laden walls sometimes in search of food. To be sure, on this uneven, jutting ground, its tail is hardly such a comfort to it as on smooth tree-bole; but, doubtless, in time it would arrange all that and accommodate its tail to circumstance. So tempting are our walls that I have seen the lovely moss cup of Chaffinch’s nest, and even the skilfully-woven one of the Thrush, Placed on jutting moss-grown slab of stone. t and most interesting is the case of the Pied Flycatcher. In three different seasons have I seen this bird pass in and out pasling holes intent on a nesting-site, and twice in full use of it. these were high and out of reach, two in the same barn but on different sides (doubtless the occupiers were the same pair or their late descendants), one in the back of an empty dwelling- a closely shaded. Two other nests in walls I have been told Of. Now there is evidence that this beautiful bird is on-the increase. : Tt is clear that the tree-holes natural to it for breeding purposes are to get, since it has to contest them with Titmice, which are far oe And it may be possible that wall-holes (which surely must ae = than hollow trees!) may not be wholly congenial to it. 252 NOTES AND NEWS, Why should not Lakeland dwellers in quiet places seek consciously — to accommodate it? just as the waller has unconsciously accom- modated many other species. Nesting-boxes are extensively used by birds in some parts of the continent. I have known, in that beautiful Lakeland of Austria, the Selabicoe ages a garden where tiny wooden houses erected on tall poles among the shrubs were inhabited by various species of birds, the Black Redstart among them; and wooden boxes are already used in many English gardens, it is pleasant to know. Why should we not try by means of this sort to foster the race of Pied Flycatchers, and so associate another bird with man? [This suggestion has happily been realised during the present summer in adjacent garden-ground, and a Lies of youngsters has safely flown from a box. | NOTES AND NEWS. contemporary the ‘American Monthly Microscopical Journal’ for June an rts? in full from our pages Mr. J. Newton Coombe’s account of ‘ Alge found at Roche Abbey, July 11th, 1896,’ with due acknowledgment of the source. —_——_ Bn} —_ Our penenebins naturalist pies are doing excellent work in the nego field of — zoology, and we A el = pleased be the report given by Mess R. Standen (general), Lionel E. Adams, B.A. (Land and Fresh-water Mollusea), Geor rge W. Chaster (Marine eae ate J. Ray Hardy (Coleoptera) on the of Rat niin pe and the Ballycastle district, which appear 4 > the * Trish: Naturalist’ for July, and of which a reprint lies before us. Mr. Standen's notes include some on almost all departments of the fauna, from mamm ‘The | Concise paepieice | Netial History | by | R. nee SA; F.R.S., V.P.G.S R. Bowdler Sharpe Sela Eh et We . ee a animal kingdom 4 is pier n Sanest is in systematic order, from Man fusori w conveyed i : i$ no overloading with technical anatomical detail. The use of side-hea ae facilitates the consultation of it, and the illustrations, though somewhat may be in n finish, will be found useful. “The price is five shillings, and the book pensive me who desire a general work less cumberso a: more Seily tats Wood’s or Lydekker’s well-known books. —_—— cad - 253 LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS IN THE GAINSBOROUGH NEIGHBOURHOOD. ADRIAN WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK, L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.5 Rev. E. ADRI ” Vicar of Cadney, Brigg; General and Botanical Secretary Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, and Curator of Lincolnshire County Herbarium. smallest June meeting ever held was the result. The 8th was wet from morning till night and the gth till 1 p.m., when the clouds floated away and the weather continued fine for weeks. That afternoon found four enthusiastic workers in the field —Messrs. F. M. Burton, W. Fowler, J. Gurnhill and the writer. Lea parish in Div. 6 was the locality chosen. The ground was very wet if the air was balmy, and little or nothing rewarded their diligent search of woods, fields, lanes, and fenland ditches. Sisymbrium Thalianum J. Gay, in a poor seed field, closely eaten by sheep, was rather an unexpected find, though the species is not uncommon. Avena pubescens Huds. was the best grass taken, a species often looked over apparently. The common species of the county were in profusion and.were noted for the northern part of this Div, 6, but the day was a failure as regards new OF good records. On Thursday, the roth, some thirty naturalists came together to visit the richest botanical ground in the country, Scotton Common and Laughton Warren, in Div. 5- These have been famous natural history hunting grounds in every department for over a hundred years. The dry seasons of the last decade have shorn these wild spots of some of their rarer floral treasures, but otherwise they remain pretty much as they were since they were partly planted some sixty years ago. Mr. F. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., writes on the geology :— Starting from Gainsborough on the Keuper beds of the Triassic rocks at the top of the primary series, we continued on that there. Thence continuing,’ from Blyton village, for some distance on the Rhcetic strata—a narrow band of which runs Up the west side of Scotton Common, and skirts Hardwick Hill at the northern _ €nd—we got on to the base beds of the Lower Lias, which formation borders the Rhcetics on the east, and which, between Blyton and Laughton, is covered by boulder clay; and, on the Common, by blown sand Aug. v897, = ¥ : > Sie . % 254 WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : NATURALISTS AT GAINSBOROUGH. * Going northwards over the Common, we crossed the Rheetic strip again at the foot of Hardwick Hill, and got once more on the Keuper. This hill stands out as a landmark which can be se from a great distance, and from it, a very fine view of the Trent valley, before it merges into that of the Humber, is obtained. It is difficult at first sight to believe that this wide area was once—and within comparatively recent times—high ground, through which a few miles further to the north, the Humber—then a comparatively small river—flowed eastwards to the sea; and that so wide a valley as we now see is the result of the gradual drainage of the land on the Humber side. At first the only sign ofall this waste of the land would be a mere rift or gully, down which would flow a little stream ; but, as the Humber deepened its bed, the rift would grow wider and deeper year by year, the stream would increase in volume, ‘a rivulet then a river,’ until, at last the lateral valley we now see was formed—of such extent that the head of it reached the Trent on the south, tapping its waters, and-compelling it to change its old course through the Lincoln Gap for its present bed. This Keuper outcrop, forming Hardwick Hill, stood out once 4 a low headland on the Trent side, when the river ran at a higher level than it does now; and, on it, the capping of sand and gravel, which has for years protected the underlying Keuper. beds from the rain and forces of the atmosphere, and prevented them from being swept away, was deposited. Descending Hardwick Hill on the northern side, we got 0D the alluvium of the Trent, with patches of blown sand, here and there, at intervals. This blown sand is met with in vast quantities over large areas to the east of the Trent ; and, wherever it comes 10 contact with the alluvium it passes under it, showing that the san the earlier, or older formation of the two. These sand-beds are a feature of great interest in this neighbourhood. They are found, not only on the borders of the Trent valley, but much further inland ; and, wherever they are met with, their rounded, dune-like nae show their zolian origin. They were formed when the Trent flowe at a much higher level than it does now, and when the tides were probably stronger; and they are the result of wind action, blowing up the loose, low-lying tracts of sand over the elevated ground on the east. Messrs. A. Fieldsend and F. M. Burton have drawn UP the following list of birds observed, and I have added a few notes ae my thirty years’ experience of the ground. Black-headed - O°: Old birds, first year birds, young and eggs in vast numbers. ee _ gull pond is an offshoot from the famous ponds at Trig * -*% z WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : NATURALISTS AT GAINSBOROUGH. 255 * the birds have not built here many years. The Black-necked or Eared Grebe (?)—Lodiceps nigricollis of modern writers, P. auritus >» L., I believe. Mr. Fieldsend, who saw it, writes:—‘The Grebe I saw on the gull pond on Scotton Common was a young one with a dark stripe running down the side of its neck. It was swimming by itself. Without careful measurements and handling, it would be impossible to say for certain what it was. It may have been the young of the Great Crested Grebe (P. cristatus L.), but I did not take it for it’ 2. auritus L., according to Mr. J. Cordeaux’s Birds of the Humber District, ‘like its congeners, once bred in our fens. It now only occurs as a very rare and occasional visitant.’ Little Grebe, Teal, Wild Duck, Snipe and Redshank all breed or have bred here. The Shoveller and the Sheldrake may be seen with their young each year. Herons visit the various ponds from the Appleby Heronry. The Ring Dove is found in plenty in the woods. The Stock Dove on these commons always breeds in rabbit-holes on a declivity. Elsewhere it frequents the open tops of pollard willows, thick ivy on the walls of buildings, more rarely trees, rabbit-holes in gravel pits or beck banks. ‘The Turtle Dove, which was a very rare bird indeed twenty-five years ago, is common enough now, and breeds with us every season. The list contained also the Jay, Black- headed Bunting, and Redstart. The Common Brown Lizard is plentiful on the dry sand hills and rough ground. The Grass Snake is common too, the Viper rarer, Hffm. was very abundant on Scotton Common, as it is also on others in North Lincolnshire. Lycopodium clavatum L. and Aug. 1897. 256 ~~ .NOTES AND NEWS, Selaginella spinulosa A. Br. were also observed, but Lycopodium inundatum (which is to be found there) was not seen. It was too + early for any fungi, with orrrsen of two or three common species. . was absent or not found. e dry seasons since 1893 have ae most destructive as far as our experience goes. Drosera anglica Huds., which flourished here twenty years ago, has not been taken during the last six seasons; and JD. intermedia Hayne is nearly as rare and confined to the Laughton side of Scotton Common. Peucedanum palustre Mcench, which was taken as late as three seasons back, seems now quite extinct. I have hunted for both these rare species twice since the meeting, but without success. Stellaria palustris, angustifolia Maison, according to Mr. Arthur Bennett’s naming, was there, but the varietal form was not quite as characteristically marked as formerly. AZyosotis collina Hoffm. and M. versicolor Reichb. were both taken within a few yards. Ze vesdalta nudicaulis R.Br., was taken in a lane on Laughton Low Warren. It is either local or salts recorded. The recovery of Carex elongata L. may be considered the best botanical effort of the day. It is only found on Laughton Warren and has not been taken for fifteen years. Lastrea Thelypteris Presh. was the best fern seen. — cavatum L, was taken for the County Herbarium, but Z. inundatum L much more frequently taken, was not seen. Selaginella on ginoides Gray is still left in good quantity. On the whole the day was disappointing botanically, for not one of the three species specially looked for turned up, and not a single new record was made. Two subsequent visits proved equally fruitless ; and yet It would seem folly to imagine so large an extent of common pa the best botanical ground in the county—is quite exhauste Mr. Sam. Hudson brought Zhadictrum collinum Wallr. from near Epworth, in Diy. 1, for the County Herbarium, confirming his ~ ‘ record for this species and that te Mr. J. Burtt-Davy for “Pathwell, Louth, in Div. NOTES AND NEWS. 1S We are in receipt of another of Mr. Arthur Resets * vale oe published in the ‘Journal of Botany.’ In this—the second— te sequela geet British Plants,’ he treats of the — Carex, giv enint the 9th edition of the London Catalogue Sear Naturalist, ‘ me. od 257 bi WHITE WORMS AS PLANT PESTS. ¥ REv. HILDERIC FRIEND. In Johnston’s Catalogue of British Worms, published in 1865 by ~ order of the Trustees of the British Museum, the white worms or Enchytrzeide are represented by one species only, which was named Enchytreus vermicularis. One sentence, however, relating to the habitat is significant. We are told that it is found ‘in the soil unde the bark of rotted trees, in decaying leaves, and at the roots of decayed vegetables.’ What surprises us is the fact that after all that has been done to extend our knowledge of these annelids, scarcely a note has been written in relation to the economical side of the general refuse eaters? While Henle and Grube, Vejdovsky and Michaelsen, with a host of other investigators, have been busy identifying and classifying new species, no Darwin has arisen among them to deal with this all-important question. This cannot be owing to lack of material, nor can we attribute the fact to ignorance of the characters of the white worms, seeing they are easily distinguished from grubs, larve, eel-worms, Zy/enchi, and other parasitic and injurious creatures. We may go further and say that it is not owing to the fact that white worms are rarely found associated with decaying vegetables, because the exact opposite is the case. Do we wish to find specimens, we always turn to the decaying vegetable matter in the wood, the farmyard, and the garden refuse heap, or pull up plants which are sickly looking, and €xamine the roots of grasses which show signs of collapse. Among the very few notices which have appeared throwing light on this exceedingly practical and important subject, one of the earliest consisted in a communication to the pages of ature some eight years ago. Mr. Allen Harker wrote from the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester (Vature, vol. xl, p. 11, May 2nd, 1889) with reference to A New Pest of Farm Crops, and drew attention to the fact that some form of white worm, related to, if not identical with Enchytraus buchholzii Vejd., was found at the roots of Clover at Rothampstead, and in association with decayed flowers at Little Dean, in such a way as to suggest that they were the cause of decay, Mr. Harker, who does not seem to have seen the hint Sept. 1897. - : ach FRIEND: WHITE WORMS AS PLANT PESTS. ai supplied by the quotation from Johnston’s Catalogue, remarks that it has not been customary heretofore to suspect the white worms of damaging plants, but thinks the evidence he has adduced is quite sufficient for establishing a charge of guilty. He reminds us that though Vejdovsky published a large and invaluable Monograph dealing entirely with the Enchytrzeidz, that author does not appear _ to have had any suspicion of the pestiferous character of the genus ‘Enchytreus, or of any of the species. Similarly in the splendid Monograph of the Oligocheta which Mr. Beddard has recently produced, we have not a single sentence throwing light upon the subject. In all eleven genera are grouped under this family name, and some sixty species are described—a number which has during the past two years been considerably augmented by the researches of American, Continental, and British investigators—yet nothing is said of the parasitic character of any of them. ae I have during recent years given considerable attention to this amily, which will be considerably enlarged when all our British species have been investigated and described, and I am now able, not only to make general allusion to the parasitic nature of several of the species, but particularly to adduce a concrete illustration. In general I may say that a large number of species belonging to the genera Fridericia, Marionia, Enchytreus, and Henlea especially, are always most readily found either in and around the roots of grasses; flowers, and plants, or among vegetable debris and farmyard manure They flourish amazingly in stable muck, and are therefore almost invariably abundant in frames and where plants are being forced. It may happen, however, in such cases as a rule, that the worms are SO well supplied with nutritious and congenial food that they do not need to adopt a parasitic mode of life, and so the plants may flourish despite the presence of creatures which under adverse conditions would prove destructive pests. It has fallen to my lot, however, during the past month of July to investigate a case in which the parasitic character of the white worm is so striking and patent, that, in the interests of floriculture, I feel it my duty to state the facts. On July 26th I was asked to inspect some beds of China Aster a few miles from Bini and give an opinion on the cause of their sickly appearance. ea grower prided himself on the beauty and perfection to which he. a brought his flowers in former years, and was greatly distr a find them this year an utter failure. When specimens ° affected plants were lifted by the roots I instantly detected a nu of very minute worms busily working their way under the epiderm jd, but I naturally concluded that they were the well-known Not FRIEND: WHITE WORMS AS PLANT PESTS. 259 fortunately took some plants home for microscopical examination, when it was immediately patent that the worms belonged to the Enchytreidze. The worm is very nearly allied to, if not identical with, Dr. Michaelsen’s Zuchytreus argenteus, but as it is new to Britain, and may also be new to science, I have named it provisionally, on account of its minuteness, Enchytra eUus parc the name m/nu‘us having been already appropriated b This tiny worm, which is a true Azchytreus, as distin eushed pas Henlea, Fridericia, and others, is from 3 to 5 mm., out one- eighth of an inch in length. It is destitute of sain tined 75 when working at the roots has a silvery appearance. There a large head pore between the prostomium and the first ae through which the contents of the coelom and head are poured when any undue pressure is brought to bear upon the worm. The girdle is in the normal position on segment xu., where the ventral bundles of setee are wanting and a pair of large pores associated with vase- shaped glands may be seen. The girdle is somewhat papillose, the first six or seven segments are pellucid, while the corpuscles which surround the viscera of the remaining segments are dark. The brain is pear-shaped, rounded off or convex behind, and attached to the nerve-cord which tends to enlarge between the third and fourth ents. The character by which those who are not specialists in ks anatomy will best recognise it, however, is that which relates to the setze. Segments they are in triplets, four sets of three, making twelve setz in each ting, whereas eight is the number in the earthworms. In Set are in triplets the lateral are in pairs. Thus the arrangement is ‘3+ 3: 3: 2 in front, and 3: 3: 3: 3 behind. This number is » and not, as in some species, variable. It remains for me to add that if any florist or gardener detects Such a pest at the roots of his plants there is nothing for it but to pea them at once and consign them to the flames. As different €s may, however, be expected to attack different plants, and as diferent localities will yield different species, it is desirable in the interests of science that they be submitted to an_ expert. for ‘xamination and idieuifiction. So far as I - be able to render assistance in this respect I shall be happy to do so, and plants d to my address (Ocker Hill, T Peay will receive my best _attention, Should consignments be forwarded to me, kept moist in tn boxes, a stamped envelope must be enclosed if reply is desired, a —_ €very particular calculated to throw light on the . should 3897. 260 NOTES AND NEWS, be added, It is always helpful if we know the nature of the soil, manure employed, length of time during wee the plant has been grown, and other similar facts. There is room for much valuable work here, and those who will render AEE will do the plant- loving public a lasting service. NOTES AND NEWS. We are pleased to learn froma circular sent us by the Rev. W. H. Pai pr ti that he proposes shortly to issue, if a sufficient number of copies are subscribe for, a Supplement to his ‘ Con- tribution to the Flora of Derby- ptember inst., ly ited num copies hola si inted e e been mined y the late Mr. J. Whitehead, ca celebrated bryologist of Oldham Se The mention of Mr. White- B , by the kindness o its Editor and publishers r Add int her was so botanists thoroughly rable a pecan of the famed Manchester school of nties that the ropromat ion of his = ait in a journal devoted to the Northern as of England is but appropriate. ——— po» ————. refer to more advanced text-books. oe life, numerous and some of them fairly good. Being sketches = t style arious chapters are full of interest, and their being written in excel pie. date, oie much to their charm. It is a pity—and a fault—that the book iro year: and we may therefore record that our copy reached us on the 29th of April rae Naturalt s) For 4 ai 261 ON THE HEPATIC AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND. a "i GEORGE STABLER, ay Levens, Milnthorpe, Westmorland, SIXTH PAPER, See AY) ol ee # jous pap ee‘ The Naturalist,’ Oct. 1888, Ap. 313-320 ; May 1896. ff. 133-140; Sept. 1896, PP. 277-284; Jan. 1897, pp. 5-12; and July 1897, pf. 213-220. Tribe V. LESKEACEAE. [Myurella julacea Villars. eskea moniliformis. Ingle- borough, Yorkshire (Hunt and Nowell)]. - Leskea polycarpa Ehbrh. On trunks of trees occasionally inundated. Nether Levens (Barnes and Stabler, 1874) ; Ferry Nab, Windermere (Clowes); Dallam Tower Park (1869); Levens Park (1868). - Anomodon viticulosus L. ‘By the N.W. corner of the bridge at Kirkby Lonsdale’ (Dr. J. E. Smith, ‘ Withering’s Arrangement,’ a.p. 1796); on walls, Natland (J. Just) ; Halhead Brow, Crook (F. Clowes) ; Gilling Grove, Kendal (f. Gough); Brigsteer Wood, fruiting freely (Barnes and Stabler, 1868); Whitbarrow (1871); Pooley Bridge; on a wall, Rydal (1887) ; Kirkby Stephen ; Deep Ghyll, Maller- Stang (1886); Levens. - Pseudoleskea catenulata (Brid.). Zeskea catenulata (Brid.) Mitt. Levens Force and by the river Kent, on limestone rock, at the Sedgwick Gunpowder Works (1869) ; the Falls, Maize Beck (J. G. Baker); Dollywaggon Pike and Tarn Crags (Binstead, 1886). Heterocladium heteropterum (Bruch). Rydal (Barnes, 1868) ; Hill Bell (1868); Kentmere Hall (1869); Staveley (1871); Naddle Forest (1869); Ulpha (Barnes, 1871) ; Witherslack (1872); Barbon Fell (1888); Wildboar Fell (1888) ; Grisedale (W. B. Waterfall, 1887). - Thuidium tamariscinum Hedw. In woods, High Wray (Wilson Armistead); Heversham Head, c.fr. (Barnes and Stabler, 1868); Windermere (F. Clowes); Levens Park (1881); Whitbarrow ; Mardale (1887); Angle Tarn; Long Sleddale ; Patterdale (W. B. Waterfall, 1887). Thomas Lawson gathered this species on Swarthmoor near Ulverston, Some time between 1670 and 1677, as shown by his MSS. Sept. 1897, 262 STABLER : HEPATICH AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND. 266. Thuidium recognitum (Hedw.) Lindb. Honey Bee Wood, N a w Barrow Field (1868) ; Rusmickle, Whitbarrow (Barnes, 1870); on rotten stump, Kentmere (C. H. Binstead, 1836) ; common at Kendal, on roadside leading to Scout Scar (Binstead, 1885). [Thuidium delicatulum (L. Hedw.) Mitt. Lowdore, c.fr. (Binstead,.1889)]. Tribe VI. HYPNACEZ. . Pterigynandrum filiforme (Timm.). On sycamore, by the stream entering the upper end. of Haweswater (1867); on rocks near Small. Water (Binstead, 1887); on rocks by Grisedale Tarn (1893). - Cylindrothecium concinnum DeNot. — Cylindrothecium Montagnei Bry. Eur. Near Levens Church (J. Nowell, 1867) ; Sizergh Fell; plentiful by the highwayside on Helsington Barrows (Barnes and Stabler, 1870); Heversham Head (1882); Mallerstang (1888); Arnside (1893). - Climacium dendroides (Linn.). Near Milnthorpe railway station (Barnes and Stabler, 1872) ; Sleddale Forest (1876) ; Levens (1884); Heversham Head (Barnes and Stabler) ; Red Tarn, Helvellyn (1886); by river Lune near Ingmire Hall (1882) ; Mardale ; Kentmere ; Scandale (1887) ; Whit- barrow ; Low Gill; plentiful in fruit, wet meadows, Grasmere (Binstead, Christmas, 1885) ; Mallerstang (1888) ; Grisedale Bridge (W. B. Waterfall, 1887). There are fruiting specimens among Dr. Clowes’ plants from Keswick. . Isothecium myurum (Pollich). Windermere (Clowes); Brigsteer Wood (Barnes, 1867) ; Kentmere Plantation (1868); Naddle Forest, on a tree (1882); Staveley (1874); Rydal Falls (1877); Crosby Ravensworth (1869) ; Mallerstang. . Orthothecium intricatum (Hartm.). Leskea subrufa Wils. Yew Barrow in Witherslack and at Whitbarrow (Barnes and Stabler, 1868) ; Crosby Ghyll, Crosby Ravensworth (1869) ; Hell Ghyll, Mallerstang (1888), - Orthothecium rufescens (Dicks.). Above Deep Ghyll, Wildboar Fell, in the Mallerstang Valley (1888). [Neat Sedbergh (C. H. Binstead, 1886)]. Homalothecium sericeum (Linn.). Levens (Barnes and Stabler, 1867); Crosby Ravensworth (1869); Heversham Head (1873); Kentmere Plantation; Place Fell and Patterdale (W. B. Waterfall, 1887). eS Naturalist, STABLER: HEPATIC AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND, 263 274. Camptothecium lutescens (Huds.). Natland (J. Just); plentiful on Sizergh Fell (Barnes and Stabler, 1868) ; Barrow Field (1867); Helsington Barrows (1869). 275. Brachythecium salebrosum (Hoffm.). Var. palustre Schpr. Aypnum Mildeanum Sch. Syn. Ed. 1. On wet peat bog, Foulshaw (Barnes, 1867) ; by River Gilpin near Lord’s Plain, Levens, cfr. (Barnes and Stabler, 1880). 276. Brachythecium glareosum Br. & Sch. On _ road-side between Bridge End and Whitbarrow (Barnes, 1868); the Force, Levens (Barnes, 1867); on old walls, rather sparingly, at Witherslack and Whitbarrow (1871); Levens Park, on rocks (1882). 277. Brachythecium albicans (Necker). Ulpha Moss (Barnes, 1870); on the Clay Road, Levens (Stabler). [Plentiful on the sandhills near the estuary of River Duddon, N. Lancashire (Barnes and Stabler)]. 278. Brachythecium velutinum (Linn.). Bisket Howe, Bowness (Clowes); Witherslack (Barnes, 1867); hedge banks, Low Levens (1888); Ambleside. 279. Brachythecium rutabulum (L.). Common. Heversham Head (1876); Levens; Deep Ghyll, Mallerstang ; Grisedale Bridge (W. B. Waterfall); Mardale (1882). 280. Brachythecium rivulare B. & S. In stream from Blea - Tarn, Mardale (1869); Nan Bield (1882); Middleton Fell (1881); The Force, Levens ; Benson Knot (Binstead, 1885); Grisedale (W. B. Waterfall, 1887). 281. Brachythecium populeum (Hedw.). Very abundant. Windermere (Clowes); Whitbarrow (Barnes, 1871) ; Rydal (1867) ; Natland (1888) ; Levens (1868) ; Hill Bell (1868) ; Barrow Field (1881); Staveley (1871). 282. Brachythecium plumosum (Sw.). Windermere (F. Clowes) ; Rydal (1867) ; Kentmere Plantation (1868) ; Staveley (1871); Naddle Forest (1871); on boulder by the stream, Barrow Field (1881) ; Barbondale (1885) ; Pooley Bridge (1886). 283. Hyocomium flagellare (Dicks.). Stock Ghyll (Miss Mar- _ tineau’s Guide, 1855); Rydal Falls (1867); Nan Bield (1869) ; Park Beck, Kentmere Plantation (Barnes and Stabler, 1869); Little Langdale (1875). | 284. Eurhynchium myosuroides (L.). In the wood near Reston Hall, Staveley (‘T. Gough); Windermere (F. Clowes); Rydal : (1867) ; Stock Ghyll (1867); Kentmere Plantation (1868) ; —___(Heversham Head (1869). Sept. 1897, 264 STABLER : HEPATICH AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND. 285. Eurhynchium striatum (Schreb,) Windermere (F. Clowes) ; Yew Barrow, Witherslack (Barnes, 1868) ; Kentmere Planta- tion (1868) ; Crosby Ghyll, Crosby Ravensworth (1 869); Levens Park (1872); Heversham Head (1871); Kirkby Stephen; Mallerstang. 286. Eurhynchium crassinervium (Tayl.). Yew Barrow, Wither- slack, and The Force, Levens (Barnes, 1868) ; Levens Bridge; Whitbarrow (Binstead and Stabler, 1886); Barrow Field (Rev. C. H. Binstead and Rev. C. H. Waddell, 1885); on trees, Low Levens (1888); Deep Ghyll, Mallerstang. 287. Eurhynchium piliferum (Schreb.). Hill Top, Kendal (T. Gough) ; Heversham Head (Barnes and Stabler, 1868) ; Whitbarrow ; Kentmere Plantation (1868) ; High Foulshaw ; N.E. slope of Rainsborrow, Kentmere (1868) ; Mallerstang. I have not seen a Westmorland fruiting specimen of this moss, although the species is fairly abundant. 288. Eurhynchium prelongum (Dill.). Windermere (F. Clowes, 1854); on rocks, Milnthorpe (Barnes, 1868); Stock Ghyll Force (1867); Kentmere Plantation (1867); Staveley ; Levens Park; by river Lune near Ingmire Hall; Barrow Field (1872); Rydal Falls. (1877); Naddle Forest (1871) ; Pooley Bridge ; Nateby. Our plant is Eurhynchium Stokesii of Bry. Brit. 289. Eurhynchium Swartzii (Turner). In fields near Bridge "End, Levens (Barnes, 1868); Witherslack (1869); Whit- barrow (Binstead and Stabler) ; in cultivated fields near Lawrence House, Levens, c.fr. (1880) ; Kendal, hedge banks (C. H. Binstead, 1886). 290. Eurhynchium hians Hedw. On rocks near Rusmickle, Lyth (Barnes and Stabler, 1872). This agrees exactly with a specimen which I received from my late friend, Prof. S. O. Lindberg, under this name. 291. Eurhynchium pumilum (Wils.). Under large trees at the low end of Dallam Tower Park, Milnthorpe, c.fr. ! (Barnes and Stabler, 1872); under beech hedges in the garden, Levens Hall; on shaded rocks, Levens Park (1886) ; Deep Ghyll, Mallerstang (1888). 292. Eurhynchium Teesdalii (Sm.). By the river Kent, on the under side of overhanging rocks, Levens Force (Barnes, 1869) ; Sedgwick Gunpowder Works, by river Kent (1869) ; on stones by river Bela, Milnthorpe (Barnes and Stabler) ; Kentmere Plantation. STABLER : HEPATIC AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND. 265 [Rhyncostegium demissum (\Wils.) Near Keswick, Cum- berland (Dr. Carrington and W. H. Pearson, 1884)]. 293. Rhyncostegium tenellum (Dicks.). Brigsteer (Barnes and Stabler, 1868) ; on the garden wall and the bridge at Levens Hall (1871) ; Heversham Head, on rock (1873). 294. Rhyncostegium depressum (Bruch). Barrow Field (1868) ; on limestone clints in a coppice east of Rusmickle, Lyth, c.fr. ! (Barnes, 1871) ; Levens Park (1869) ; Mallerstang, in Deep Ghyll (1888). 29s. Rhyncostegium confertum (Dicks.). Windermere (F. Clowes) ; on rocks, Slack Head, Beetham (Barnes, 1867) ; plentiful on rocks in Heversham Head Wood (Barnes and Stabler); on a wall, Rydal Mount (1877); Bowness T. Hartley and Barnes) ; Haverbrack (1870) ; Stock Ghyll . (1876) ; near Kendal (Binstead) ; Ambleside, on walls. 296. Rhyncostegium murale (Hedw.). Not uncommon on embedded stones and walls; fruits freely. Barrow Field (Barnes and Stabler, 1867) 5 Heversham Head (1871); Levens Park (1869). 297. Rhyncostegium rusciforme (Weis.). Benson Knot (T. Gough) ; Witherslack Mill (Barnes, 1867); Windermere (F. Clowes) ; Grayrigg Forest (1876) ; Levens Park (1869) ; Grisedale (W. B. Waterfall, 1886) ; Broom Close, Kendal (C. H. Binstead); Glenridding (1886) ; in river Eden, Mallerstang (1888). There is a large form on Wildboar Fell 298. Thamnium alopecurum (L.). Lsothectum Bry. Brit. On ust) ; (F. Clowes) ; Witherslack (Barnes, 1868) ; Levens (1869) ; Crosby Ghyll (1869) ; Rydal Falls Ghyll (1867); Kentmere ; Mardale. . Plagiothecium pulchellum (Hedw.). At the mouth of an old mine, Rainsborrow (J. A. Martindale, 1867) ; Swindale (Barnes, 1867) ; Black Beck (F. Clowes) ; Nan Bield (1868) ; Naddle Forest, in crevices of rocks (1871) ; by river Lune, Ingmire Hall ; Red Screes (183 1) ; Helvellyn (W. B. Waterfall, 1887). : i) Oo Ke) 300. Plagiothecium nitidulum (Wahl.). On decaying wood, Mardale ; on moist banks at Barbondale, Oct. 17th, 1885. 301. Plagiothecium denticulatum (L-). Windermere (F. ___ Clowes) ; Witherslack Moss (Barnes, 1867); Hill Bell and _ Sept. 1897. 266 STABLER : HEPATICZ AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND. _ Kentmere Plantation (1868); Ambleside (1867); Naddle Forest (1878); Barrow Field (1868); Deep Ghyll, Maller stang. Var. obtusifolium. Summit of Helvellyn, 30th July, 1862 (Rev. Dr. Cookson, of Cambridge). . Plagiothecium Borreri (Spruce). Kentmere Plantation (1872); ina wood near Staveley Church (1872); Red Screes. Var. tenue Spruce. Harter Fell (1871); Mardale (1872). - Plagiothecium sylvaticum (L.). Windermere (F. Clowes) ; Witherslack (Barnes, 1867); Grayrigg Forest on bushes (Barnes and Stabler, 1868); Harter Fell (1877); Rydal (Barnes, 1868); Wildboar Fell; Patterdale (W. B. Waterfall, 887). }. Plagiothecium Sullivantize Schpr. ‘Ad Kirkstone Pass, -Westmorlandiz plantam @ sterilem m. Junii 1876, invenit am G. Stabler,’ Musci Preteriti, by Dr. R. Spruce, in ‘Journal of Botany,’ Feb. 1881. No. 218. - Plagiothecium undulatum (L.). Windermere (Clowes and J. Atkinson); Stock Ghyll, Ambleside (Barnes, 1867) ; Naddle Forest, Mardale (1869); Merke Side (1887); Place Fell (W. B. Waterfall, 1887); Wildboar Fell; Heversham Head. - Amblystegium Sprucei Br. On the top of Whitbarrow, where a stream flows into the rock (J. M. Barnes and Stabler, 1871); Maize Beck, Westmorland (R. Barnes). - Amblystegium confervoides (Brid.). On stones and rocks of limestone, Heversham Head Wood (Barnes, 1868) ; Barrow Field Wood (Barnes, 1868); Whitbarrow and Levens Park (Barnes and Stabler); Milnthorpe (1868); Crosby Ghyll, Crosby Ravensworth (1869); Cunswick Wood (Rev. C. H. Waddell, 1885). [Dent (1872)]. I believe Mr. J. M. Barnes was the second person to find this species in England. In June of 1866 it was discovered in Dove Dale, Derbyshire, by Dr. Frazer. - Amblystegium serpens (L.). Windermere (T. Gough and F. Clowes); Levens Park (1868); Heversham Head ; Brig- steer Wood (1868); Whitbarrow ; Pooley Bridge (1886) ; Mallerstang ; Patterdale (W. B. Waterfall). Var. salinum Carr. A. Serpens var. depauperatum Boulay- Banks of river Gilpin, Levens ( 1880), and near Arnside (1893). Naturalist, 317. . gk. STABLER : HEPATICZ AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND. 267 . Amblystegium varium (Hedw.) Lindb. A. radicale Sch. Synop. On stumps of willows in a boggy place near Miln- thorpe Railway Station, now drained (Barnes and Stabler, 1870); Grasmere (Binstead, 1893). . Amblystegium irriguum (Wils.) Schp. Windermere (Clowes, 1856); Longsleddale (F. Clowes); on wet stones by river Bela, Milnthorpe (Barnes, 1867); Levens Park (Barnes and Stabler, 1872); Sedgwick (1869); Kentmere Plantation in Park Beck (1869); Spindle Wood, near Kendal (C. H. Binstead, 1885). . Amblystegium fluviatile (Swartz). Long Sleddale (Clowes, 8 56) ; on stones in river Gowan, Staveley (July 1872); in the stream in the front of Rydal Hall (1887) ; How Green, Ulleswater (Rev. A. Ley, 1880); plentiful in Bee Hive Beck, Hutton, and in the river Mint, Kendal (Binstead, 1886). . Amblystegium riparium (L.). Barrow Field (Barnes, 1867) ; near Overthwaite, Milnthorpe (Barnes, 1872); Burne- side, c.fr. (Barnes, 1869). . Hypnum Sommerfeltii Myrin. yp. polymorphum Hedw. and Bry. Brit. Barrow Field, c.fr., growing with Amblystegium confervoides (Barnes, 1868, and Stabler) ; Heversham Head, c.fr. (Barnes, 1868); Barbon Fell. - Hypnum chrysophyllum Brid. 4. polymorphum Bry. Eur. but not of Hedwig. On stones Sizergh Fell (Barnes, 1868); Barrow Field Wood and Brigsteer Wood (1868) ; Levens Park (1885). - Hypnum stellatum Schreb. Windermere (F. Clowes); Ulpha Moss, Foulshaw, c.fr. (Barnes, 1867) ; Hill Bell (1868); Naddle Forest (1871) ; Staveley, c.fr. (Barnes, 1871); Brown Ghyll, Langdale (1893); Keppel Cove (W. B. Waterfall, 1887). . Hypnum protensum (Brid.) Lindb. 2. séedlatum v. pro- tensum Syn. Musc. Eur. Ed. ii. Heversham Head (Barnes, 1871); Barrow Field (Barnes and Stabler, 1868); Levens Park (1881); Barbondale (1885); Helsington Barrows (1888). Hypnum polygamum Schpr. On the sandy marsh, Foul- shaw, c.fr. (2nd May, 1868). Hypnum aduncum Hedw. Var. Kneiffii Schpr. Barrow F ield, in bog (Barnes and Stabler). Sy, 897. 268 STABLER : HEPATICH AND MUSCI OF WESTMORLAND. . Hypnum vernicosum Lindb. Head of Kentmere (Binstead, 1885); boggy ground near Haweswater and Grasmere (Binstead, 1893). - Hypnum Cossoni Schpr. Aypnum intermedium Lindb. Benson Knot (Binstead, 1886). - Hypnum Sendtneri Schpr. Mardale, 3rd Nov., 1871. . Hypnum exannulatum Giimb. ZH. aduncum Dill. and L. In a bog, New Hutton (Binstead, 1886) ; summit of Wild Boar Fell in plenty (1888). - Hypnum fluitans L. Head of Longsleddale (Barnes, 1869) ; Barrow Field (1867) ; Kentmere (1869); Bow Fell (1875) ; Grisedale ; bog near Milnthorpe; Foulshaw (1868) ; Cliburn Moss (1886); High Cup Nick ; Wild Boar Fell ; Helvellyn and Deepdale (W. B. Waterfall). - Hypnum revolvens Swartz. Helvellyn (F. Clowes) ; Bow- ness (J. Atkinson, 1867); Barbondale (1885); Patterdale (1886) ; Deep Ghyll on east slope of Wild Boar Fell (1888). - Hypnum uncinatum Hedw. By river Gowan, Ings, and on Helvellyn (T. Gough); near Helsington Church (Joha Nowell, Sep. 1867): Belle Isle, Windermere (Barnes, 1868) ; Staveley (1868); Kentmere Plantation (1869) ; Naddle Forest (1871); Heversham Head (a small form); Hayes Water (Slater and Stabler, 1878) ; Wild Boar Fell; Patterdale (W. B. Waterfall). - Hypnum filicinum L. Windermere, marshy places (Clowes and T. Gough); Docker Fell, Kendal (T. Gough, 1848); Levens Park (1867); High Cup Nick (1868); Hill Bell (1868); Sizergh Fell (Barnes, 1868); on banks of river Gilpin, Levens (1880) ; Rigmaden Park, on wet rocks (1880); Staveley; Whitbarrow; Wild Boar Fell; Grisedale Bridge (W. B. Waterfall). - Hypnum commutatum Hedw. Scarfoot Mills, Kendal (T. Gough) ; Dripping rocks, Levens Park (Barnes and Stabler, 1869); Whitbarrow (Barnes, 1868); Naddle Forest (1878); Mallerstang ; Grisedale (W. B. Waterfall). Var. condensatum. Benson Knot (T. Gough). - Hypnum rugosum Enhrh. Mostly found on limestone, but not strictly so. Whitbarrow (F. Clowes, 1856); Arnside Knot (1885) ; on slate rock with Blepharozia ciliaris, W ither- slack (1872) ; Brigsteer Wood ; Beetham Fell (Barnes, 1867) 3 Helm Crag, Grasmere (Binstead, 1893). nT Naturalist, te oi eee a Alea MEER ge Sl Need 269 CREDULITY, CULINARY AND CURATIVE. Herbal Simples | approved | for Modern uses of Cure, | By W. T. FEernig, ha eae Bristol : John Wright & Co., 1893. [2nd Edn., Revised and Amplified, 1897—Thick 8vo. Price 6s.] SINCE somewhat outside our scope as naturalists, the better part, perhaps, would beeto pass over this book in silence, and not by a single word retard Time in its certain revenge. For those who like the sort of reading it provides—gossipy folk-lore about pot-herbs and simples, telling the tale of hard-dying simplicity and superstition—it is a many-course dinner to be taken uncritically, though only by those who can swallow a great deal. To examine the ingredients severally would surely be to have one’s taste spoilt for long time ; and any relish felt in the examination cannot but be mingled with sorrow: those palates of the Past that could put up with so much of pitiful and strange must have approximated to the gutter-child’s or the infant’s of to-day, with whom, as we know, the first impulse is to put everything to their mouth, deleterious or dubious alike. As the reviewer in another place said, ‘the green end of a goose- dropping ’—once a nostrum for the ‘falling sickness,’ though only half vegetable, the other half /ozw//y-animal—seems to us in our enlightenment much more likely to give one a fit than cure it! The book has attained to the dignity of a bulkier 2nd edition, and is in truth a not very discriminating compilation from the older herbals of all sorts of plant-lore. Good intention—a downward- Matters of history alone, not to be taken seriously. Much of it seems to us to be pseudo-scientific, inexact, and loosely expressed ; and not one of the points that strike us as faulty in the first edition seem to be amended in the second. : On the first page, in both editions, the date of John Evelyn's *Acetaria—a Discourse of Sallets,’ wherein over fifty sorts are enumerated, is given as 1725, Whereas it was first issued in 1699, and again in 1706, the famous author-gardener dying in the latter ear. Slipshodisms in phrase abound, and of course do not make for lucidity. On p. 222, of the Poor Man’s Garlic, Erysimum alliaria, treated not under Cress-worts, but under Leek and Onion, we find it Said that it is ‘a somewhat coarse and most ordinary member of the Onion tribe.” It js nothing of the sort ; and the botanical sense of 270 CREDULITY, CULINARY AND CURATIVE. the word Tribe (from 777, three, and bus, family), implying kindred in _character, descent, structure, does not warrant its stretching to cover and include plants that are superficially similar in some odour, or taste, or use. Some snails are alliaceous, but they are not on that account either ordinary or extraordinary members of the Alliums. Again (p. 360), what is a ‘weak, sleepy sort of smell?’ Mullein the adjectives were misplaced. The poet’s license to be ambiguous, and maunder circumambiently as to his meaning, as where Macbeth Says ‘the heaven’s breath smells wooingly,’ does not hold in science, any more than a writ in another country from that in which taken out But a still looser use of words occurs under Sundew. That semi-carnivorous marsh plant, with stalked leaf-blades springing from a centre on the ground like the spokes of a wheel, bears, we are told, ‘a cluster of hairy leaves in a stellate form at the top of a slender stem!’ That misdescription ‘ bangs Banagher’ in its ineptitude— the ribs of an umbrella in a shower would serve their purpose as well or ill as the indication of shape and arrangement above quoted does its subject. As for diction, we note the use of some curious jaw-breaking words. Lectimingous, as applied to the children’s Piss-a-bed of the Spring, and to the Daffodil, is a triumph in ‘nice’ expression. Inimicous, for enemy-to, quoted from Evelyn, is another strange face, though not so larmoyant, provocative of laughter unto tears, as the first-named pedanticism ! € chapter on Saffron (meadow and cultivated) mixes up terribly the non-related Colchicum Lily and the Crocus of the Irid order. An allied mess is made of the Garden Rue, Gerarde being quoted as a trustworthy ‘doctor’ for. the statement that the ‘ Wild Rue is found on the hills of Lancashire and Yorkshire, being more vehement in smell and in Operation than the Garden Rue.’ Gerarde romservalism, not reform, but, if true and still in vogue, is a very curious and significant bit of information. pace will not allow us to Spread out our dissection further, and me SF€ sory to have. to write in such a strain at all. Full o Information, alas! of the sort that is of little use to anybody, the Naturalist, : ; NOTE—BOTANY. 271 scientific and botanic character of the work is simply beneath contempt. ‘A potato pie is believed to invigorate the sexual functions’ (pp. 281 and 446) is really not an unfair example of the undigested trivialities to which, by repetition without dissent, our author gives his imprimatur. In brief, the book’s facts offer ‘a reflexion of the distorted mirror of the Medizeval, but with far too little reflection thrown on them by the greater search-light of latter- day knowledge. If the author’s present day reading has led him to that knowledge he seems to us to have culpably withheld it whilst quoting such long-exploded taradiddles as he does—excerpts from the doctrine of signatures, and that variant, the ‘law’ of ‘ similars which leads to fixed-practice dogma—when there is no such thing as fixed-action and uniform- aS in the world at all.—F. A. LEEs. NV OF. E—B or. AN if New Lincolnshire Plant Records. F : Carduus ~ Fagg (Nena H. C. Wats.). Martin, Div. 10, Rev. F. . epee , 1897. In Cty. ‘x undulata Ehrh. = S. aeceal ata Sm., 1.€ triandra x alba of the Ve ae F. Linton’s arrangement. He kindly named ae specimen forme. Great Cotes, Div. 4, J. Cordeaux, 8, 1897. Cty. Herb. cojum oo a Calcethorpe Wood, Div. 8. gia Lewin, 5, 1897. In making a new footpath. I have always won ndered why we have no meus ced this species as an escape from preci in Lincolnshire, where it has been grow gr Euphorbia portlandica L. ‘Given e (F. A. Lees) in the train (an excursion rat ES to ae which I boarded at Doncaster) by a lady who had a bunch of She had bee b im etc. kegn y trip. ould ot she Sod gather d them all on the sands approaching —— _ specimen was as quite fresh when given 4 me. The date was 3.8.1897 5 pécimen now in Cty.. Herb. Seal A. Woop RUFFE-PEACOCK, Cadney, Brige, August 13th, 1 7. me NOTES “AND "NEWS. ‘ Studies in the Art | of | Rat-Catching. | By H. C. Ba RKLEY, | author of |. . . | Popular Editon. | London: | John Murray, Albemarle Street. | 90. is is a somewhat slight book of 185 pages in cloth, written more to i i ec e informa - natural history of the animals caught; but its anecdo tal character wi doubtless do iaach 16 give—as the: =< puts it—a taste for a ‘ wholesome country pastime.’ The price is half-a-cr cage cr ; Si | of | Lake land Birds | By | Mary L. Armitt | Ambleside : a Middleton | 1897’ isa sesdeet sfrtiending little book} in _—— senate extending to 117 pages, and issued at One Shilling net. The c adds ‘ Fi : i a THE STUDY OF ROCK-SECTIONS. Petrology for Students | by | ALFreD Harker, M.A., F.G.S., | Fellow of St. John’s College, and | Demonstrator in Geology (Petrology) in | the University of Cambridge. | Cambridge : | at the University Press. | 1895. Mr. HARKER’s contribution to the Cambridge Natural Science Manuals is a compact book of over three hundred pages, full of interesting matter, and illustrated by seventy-five drawings of rock- sections. With this book at his side the English petrologist (for this book is written for British students, and the examples are drawn from his own country) will find the study of rock-sections as charming as microscopical biology. The author insists that the identification of the component minerals is only part of the examination oO a rock-section. Its history should be read by the study of the mutual relations of its mineral constituents, their structural peculiarities, the order of consolidation, intergrowths, interpositions, decomposition-products, pseudomorphs, fluxion-phenomena, vesicles, strains, etc. s we have spent several years in Cornwall, and have visited many times the battle ground of British petrologists at the Lizard, and have had the successful teaching of mineralogical students in this foremost metal-mining county, where opportunities of studying mineralogical phenomena were ever being afforded us in the field, the mine, through the microscope, and in the lecture room, we feel, from our knowledge of the need of such a book, justified in recommending this work. The arrangement of the matter is good, with an introduction of twenty-one pages, far too short, so pleasantly, perhaps a little too concisely for the student, is it written. We feel, however, that Professor Harker would have been well advised had he treated of several optical subjects in his introduction which he has omitted because he felt that they had been well done, and more fully, elsewhere than he had space to devote to them. n a book like this, replete with rock lore, a text-book and a dictionary of petrology, one cannot in a brief review do one’s duty to it. The sections of this work are six in number, and thelr headings and subjects may suggest the width and scope of the work: Introduction, dealing with the optical properties of minerals ; Plutonic Rocks—granites, gabbros, peridotites, etc. ; Intrusive Rocks —diabases, lamprophyres, ete. ; Volcanic Rocks—rhyolites, trachytes, basalts, etc. ; Sedimentary Rocks—argillaceous, calcareous, ete. ; 4” : Thermal and Dynamic Metamorphism. HENRY CROWTHER, F.R.M.S. The Museum, Leeds, Aug. 24th, 1897. ee ae Naturalist, EGGS OF STONE-CURLEW. OXLEY GRABHAM, M.A., M.B.0.U. THE above photograph is of special interest to Yorkshire ornitholo for of nest there is gists, representing as it does the eggs in situ, practically none, a mere scratching amongst the stones sufficing at the most, of the Stone-Curlew, Thickknee, oF Norfolk Plover (Bdicnemus sco lopax Gmel.). These eggs were laid this spring by One of the two or three last remaining pairs of the birds which still i 2 y the breed in Yorkshire. For very obvious reasons I do not give breed, and who very courteously showed them to me, and gave me every facility for observing them. Suffice it to say that those to whom the district is known are all most interested in keeping it secret, and the birds are protected as far as it is possible to do so. t is a thousand pities that at this time of day one has only to Mention the secluded corners where our rarer birds still breed, in diminishing numbers, to ensure their being very speedily decimated y the greed of the collector. The Stone-Curlew still breeds pretty Plentifully j in some of our English counties, and I believe the dealer's ordinary price for an egg of the same does not exceed the — One shilling ; but because there are only one Or two pairs leit! Sept. 1897. Ss 274 NOTES AND NEWS, certain district they immediately acquire, unfortunately for them- selves, a fictitious value, and only this year, I am sorry to say, no less a sum than 45 was offered for a clutch of the eggs of these very birds about which I am writing, and which I rejoice to say was very properly refused. When will collectors cease putting such a premium on the destruction and obliteration of some of our rarer and most interesting birds, for when once driven away from a district they can very seldom be brought back again. It is all very well to say that if one clutch of eggs is taken the birds will lay again, but if everyone acted on this principle a veto would be put upon the propagation of the species. The photograph was taken by Mr. W. J. Clarke, of Huntriss Row, Scarborough, with a Loman’s Reflex, }-plate, and considering the disadvantages of time and surroundings —four o’clock in the morning, and in a dense fog—it is excellent. As will be seen from the photograph, one of the eggs is much rounder and more heavily marked than the other—it was a_ beautiful specimen, with scrollings on it like one sees on some specimens of the eggs of the Oystercatcher. The gentleman on whose property the birds breed tells me that this difference usually exists, and that he has never known there to be more than three pairs of the birds. One day when I was with him this spring I saw two pairs on the wing together close to me. The birds generally arrive early in May, leave in August, and never lay more than two’ eggs to each pair; the eggs are as difficult to find as those of any bird with which I am acquainted, for the birds themselves are most cunning and wary, and the eggs assimilate most closely in colour to the ground and stones amongst which they are laid. All the birds that I have put up flew off uttering their whistling note. Last year one pair of the birds, for some reason or other, deserted their eggs when they had been incubated for only half their time, and this year I much regret to State that, owing to a misunderstanding, one clutch of the eggs was taken. However, I have reason to hope that in both instances the birds laid again and safely hatched their young. NOTES AND NEWS. We have received from M Tessrs. Macmillan & Co. a 2 of « shilling book onging to Dobbie’s series Be 5 sig gr vera Ha soaker 2% ie The Dablia | bel its History and Cultivatio: | By ard D ee Fife, Seve S. — antyie Sica | oon | Willizin pee 2 — a rent types and |a very complete List of the Variet! Cultivation . 1896 London | Macmillan anak Co, Laned |. = | 1897 The book is of handy size, well got up, and runs to 80 pages w nine ih illustrations, bat is rather outside what may be regarded as brie 2 Nateralist about phere POLYZOA AND HYDROZOA AT FILEY. §:. Ll, PETTY, Ulverston. For a dweller on the outskirts of the Lake District to go to Filey and find rain there was a strong inducement to grumble; and to the weather I hope the paucity of my list will be accounted. The wet being conducive to rheumatism, I had to make the best of the few opportunities which offered for the collection of material, and not to be too particular about its condition if at all usable. As the Polyzoa sometimes harboured zoophytes, or vice versa, I give a list of what I saw; but here, as in the Polyzoa, the species are only common, Mr. Hincks often mentions the Brigg as a good collecting ground, and, under more favourable circumstances, so, too, I might have found it. My collecting place was under the cliffs on the other side (the new town side), where the tide deposited a mass of rubbish of all sorts. One fine piece of F/ustra foliacea gave me many species otherwise seen either alone or on wrack, and in one case not figures in all cases. Mr. Vine’s paper in this journal, January 1892, is the only one I am aware of on Yorkshire Polyzoa, but I have seen the notes about Spurn, Nat., 1884, P- 93- When a species is called not common, I mean that it was not so to me, nothing more. H.M.P. = Hincks’ Marine Polyzoa, 1880. H.H.Z. = Hincks’ Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868. The references are to vol. i., text, in each case. POLYZOA. Eucratea chelata L. On Laminaria and Flustra foliacea in fair quantity. £. repens sparingly on Flustra at the base of specimen. H.M.P.i., 16. ‘Filey, under stones.’ Gemellaria loricata L. Frequent, both alone amongst débris and on Laminaria. ‘The largest piece I saw was about three inches long, but it had been broke. 41¢2.,%, 79. * Filey.’ Scrupocellaria scruposa L. On Flustra; a few bits only. H.M.P., i., 46. . ‘Generally distributed round our coasts.’ Scrupocellaria reptans L. By no means plentiful so far as my experience went. ‘The best § ecimens were obtained on lustra. U.M.P., i., 53- ‘ Universally distributed.’ Bicellaria ciliata L. Once only on Bugula purpurotincta, a nice bit, but not much of it. H.M.P., 1. oy. Filey.’ Bugula flabellata J. V. Thomp. On Fiustra, and alone in quantity. Some of the specimens dyed quite black by washing about in coal dust and ash on edge of tide mark. H.M.P., 80. * Filey.’ met . E Sept. 1897. 276 PETTY: POLYZOA AND HYDROZOA AT FILEY. Bugula purpurotincta Norm. On Fluséra, but not so abundant as previous species. H.M.P.,1i., 90. ‘Filey Flustra foliacea L. and F. securifrons Pallas. Common. Membranipora pilosa L. Common on Laminaria, Flustra, and on Zoophytes, especially Hydral/mantia falcata. cuairoegsyco membranacea L. Common on Laminaria. H.M.P. for both species. ‘Generally distributed.’ Crisia cornuta L. Some fair specimens on Sertularia abtetina. Pista ds, 410. . “Tiley. . Crisia eburna L. On Flustra especially, and the var. aculeata Hassal. H.M.P., 421. ‘Generally distributed.’ Crisia denticulata Lam. On breaking up a piece of foliacea after reaching home, one nice piece of this fell off. H.M.P., 1, 423. ‘Very generally distributed.’ Diastropora obelia Johnst. On Laminaria; but, so far as found, not common. H.M.P., 463. ‘Generally distributed.’ HYDROZOA. pope geniculata L. Common on Sertularia, Laminaria, and ustra. H.H.Z., i., 151. ‘Common and generally distributed.’ meets attenuata Hincks. On Austra and Sertularia abietina. i, 249. ‘Filey. | Gertularia pumila L. On Austra, not uncommon; on Hydrall- mania, common. H.H.Z., 261. ‘Generally distributed.’ Sertularia operculata L. On /ustra I found mine. H.H.Z, 264. ‘Generally distributed.’ eran abietina L. In quantity amongst tidal refuse. H. HZ, . ‘Very common and generally distributed.’ Scuiee argentea E.& S. Seemingly not quite so commod as the previous species. H.H.Z., 269. ‘Generally distributed. Hydrallmania falcata L. In quantity amongst the rubbish ; usually the home of many other growths. H.H.Z, 274 ‘Universally distributed.’ Thuiaria thuja L. I have one poorish specimen from Filey: ' —H.H.Z., 277. ‘A prevalent northern form Antennularia antennina L. A ESE SY damaged _ piece. H.ECZ., 206," * Coferaliy distributed.’ Plumularia. A bit of some sort of Plumularia is amongst MY broken pieces, probably P. pinna/a L.. | have mounted pieces of most of all these for reference. Ferguson’s ‘Nat. Hist. of Redcar’ I have not been able to S&°; the booksellers tell me it has tone been out of print, ‘ad 1s DOF very bad to meet with. Naturalist, ee 277 NOTES ON THE GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF CLEETHORPES AND DISTRICT. JOHN H. COOKE, F.G.S. THERE are but few natural rock exposures in the Cleethorpes district, as the surface consists almost wholly of glacial clays, sands, and gravels. ‘The most prominent topographical feature is the ‘cliff,’ an elevation which extends from the railway station for a distance of about half a mile to the south-east. It is morainic in character, and its deposits, like those of the district surrounding it, are composed entirely of beds of the newer glacial series. - Until recent years the Cleethorpes cliff was of considerable interest from a geological point of view, as it offered along its foreshore the only natural exposure that occurs throughout the whole length of the Lincolnshire coast-line. Unfortunately, however, it now affords the geologist but few opportunities for examination, as twenty years ago it was banked by a sea-wall, and its slopes converted into a pleasure garden. Previous to the construction of the sea-wall the foreshore at this point suffered considerably from the tidal scour of the currents and the oblique sea-wash of storm-breakers ; and even now, notwith- ‘Standing the numerous groins that have been erected to protect the front, a marked recession of the shore-line annually takes place to the S.E. and the N.W. of the town. The superficial deposits of the district admit of a two-fold classification :— I. Deposits of the Newer Glacial Series : (a) Purple boulder clay. (6) Hessle boulder clay. ee TI. Sands, gravels, peat, and shell marls of post glacial origin. The first of these may be again sub-divided into two classes, viz. : (a) The undisturbed clays. (6) The same clays that have been modified by a re-assortment and a re-arrangement of their constituents. € numerous building operations around the town afford Strata. The brick-making industry has led to the exploiting of three large pits, in each of which the sections in the Hessle and the _ Purple boulder clays extend to a considerable distance below high water mark. The following are the details of a representative fall in each of _ the pits that were noted on the occasion of a series of visits paid by ‘= aie sections in September, October, and F ebruary last :— 278 COOKE : GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF CLEETHORPES AND DISTRICT. Pit I. (nearest the station) : (a) Soil cap. 1 foot. (4) Sand with shells (Cardium, Ostrea, Buccinum), remanie of an old sand dune... 2 feet. (c) Yellow loamy marl, containing quantities of Cydas, Pisidium, Limnea, and Valvata. foot. (@) Black, arenaceous peat with rootlets. (e) Stratified yellow clay, same as (c). 2 feet. (f) Shaly blue clay. 1 foot 6 in. (g) Rootlet bed, with large tree trunks. 2 feet. (%) Purple boulder clay. 30 feet +. The Hessle clay seems here to be absent, a result probably of local denudation. The greater part of the rock débris found in the Purple boulder clay consists of chalky rubble in a partially decomposed condition ; the remainder of small scratched, rounded, and polished boulders of sandstone, oolitic limestone, carboniferous limestone, basalt, red flint, mica schist, and granite. At the time of my visit there was a heap of 400 boulders of varying sizes in the centre of the pit bottom. These I sorted, and the follow- ing table gives the percentage of the kinds of rocks observed :— Eruptive rocks oe ie ee .»» 40 per cent. Gneiss, granite, etc. ... ve is = on Limestones (oolitic, carboniferous) ... oe ee Flint ... ro. 10 ” Sandstones, grits, and indurated shales ... 15 » Pits II. and III. are situated about 200 yards to the north-west of Pit I., and being contiguous the one to the other the sequence 3 the beds in each is practically identical, save that the interesting shell marls (div. c) of Pit I. are here absent. The following details are representative of the main characters of the sections that are exposed in these pits :— (a) Coarse de-angulated yellow sand. 1 foot 6 in. (4) Yellow clay. 1 in. (c) Coarse yellow sand (remanié of an old sand dune). 2 feet (2) Peat bed, with much clay and many trunks. 1 foot 6 1. _ (e) Mottled yellow clay, which graduates into (7) Typical purple boulder clay. 36 feet +. The boulder clays in the three pits are very uniform and hoe geneous in character, and the materials that they contain—consisting ’ COOKE: GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF CLEETHORPES AND DISTRICT. 279 represent the Hessle and the Purple clays respectively, and one of the most conspicuous features that serves to differentiate the one from the other is the extremely decomposed state in which the chalk rubble is always found in the upper of the two. This upper (Hessle) clay is also invariably of a bright yellow colour; but the lower is always blue, with a tendency in places to a steel-grey. This contrast is probably due to the fact that as the Hessle clay is the water bearing stratum at this point, that therefore the change in colour has been induced by the more active oxidation set up by the water. The enormous quantities of rock fragments that occur in both is a prominent feature of the beds, but as a rule the chalk fragments are more numerous and in a better state of preservation in the lower than in the upper. Derivative fossils are both abundant and various. Ammonites, Gryphea, Belemnites, Pectens, Galerites, and ferruginous and phosphatic nodules, all more or less rolled and broken, are among those most frequently found. The chalk fossils do not appear to be so plentiful, a fact that is probably due to their more decomposable nature, though echinoderms, worn beyond recognition, are occasionally met with. The arenaceous peaty soil which occurs in the upper portion of each of the pits is of a dull, jet black colour. It is massive and homogeneous when first cut, but it weathers on with the occurrence of mosses, diatoms, and the shelly marls with their freshwater molluscs would seem to indicate the former existence in this locality of a number of small meres. Some idea eastward of the golf-links when the scour of the tide has laid bare a considerable area. Present averages about 30 feet, and since the total thickness of the ulder clays in the district, as shown by the borings that were when the pier was being built, is 90 feet, and of this 40 Tepresents the height of the Cleethorpes ‘cliff’ above OD, it there- fore follows that the excavations will have to be carried down another 20 feet further before the surface of the upper cretaceous beds Sept. “oe . 280 COOKE: GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF CLEETHORPES AND DISTRICT. In Pit I. this estimate is probably excessive, for recently a fresh- water spring has burst forth from the centre of the bottom of the pit, which from the great hardness of its waters proclaims its origin and demonstrates that the chalk is not far off. I made several attempts to obtain details of the ‘cliff? beds, but the sea-wall, the gardens, and buildings rendered my efforts abortive. Fortunately, however, Mr. Penning has preserved for us the results of his observations, which are now rendered doubly interesting, both for the information they afford as to the constitution of this morainal mound as well as for the opportunity they offer for the comparison with the details of the beds in the adjoining areas. The ‘cliff’ at the time of Mr. Penning’s visit exhibited in section the following beds :— (2) Sandy wash. 3 to 4 feet. (4) Yellow sand with lines of carbonaceous matter. 2 to 3 feet. (¢) Brown stratified loam. 3 feet. (2) Bluish loamy clay. 1 foot. (e) Grey marl, full of shell and plant remains. 2 feet. (/) Sand in places. 1 foot. (g) Boulder clay. From this it will be seen that the newer glacial beds here and in the pits to the north-west are capped by a series of. post-glacial deposits that closely agree in their general facies. Similar deposits are exposed in a field which is situate about half-a-mile E.S.E. between Cleethorpes and Humberstone. Here there are two disused pits in which an attempt has been made to reach the boulder clays. The thickness of the post-glacial deposits seems, however, to have discouraged the promoters, and the under- taking is now abandoned. . From Cleethorpes the line where the boulder clays pass beneath the post-glacial beds of the Marshland trends south; and near the village of Old Clee the Hessle and Purple clays occur as the surface deposits, and exhibit many interesting features. In a field about a furlong from the schoolhouse they are heaped up into mound-like masses that much resemble the neolithic tumuli that are so common in various parts of the county, but, as far as I could ascertain from observation and inquiry, the grounds for regarding them as being the work of man are very doubtful. None of them seem to have been opened, but from an examination of their exterior features they see™ to have a distinctly morainic rather than an artificial character. The ditching that has been carried out in the immediate neighbour- hood has exposed sections of reddish-brown clays, weathering yellow. These clays are comparatively free from rock fragments, but otherwise they are similar to the Hessle clays along the Cleethorpes gate COOKE: GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF CLEETHORPES AND DISTRICT. 281 The building operations around New Clee offer many oppor- tunities for studying the local peculiarities of structure, and the post-glacial modifications and changes that have taken place in these deposits. The widening of the Albion Road between New Clee and Cleethorpes that was done last autumn exposed an interesting section in clays of Hessle age that had been modified and re-assorted by the action of atmospheric agencies. The deposits consist of sand and marl, and of blue and yellow clays, and with them are mixed a considerable proportion of chalky débris, more or less decomposed, and occasional boulders of urate (anikdstone), flint, basalt, and gneiss. Between Humberstone and Great Coates are numerous ditch sections “oe show the structure and the relations of the boulder clays and the estuarine warps with which the district is enveloped. A pit between Great Coates and Healing has been excavated in -an inlier of the Purple clays. This pit is of exceeding interest as it shows in section a layer of Purple boulder clay of about four feet in thickness overlying a series of thin beds of gravel and sand with tions of thin seams of carbonaceous matter. predominant feature of the clay at this point is the great ed of chalk that it contains; but besides these are many fragments of flint more or less changed in colour, owing to the solution of some portion of their contained chalcedonic sou and of oolitic limestones, micaceous sandstones, mica schist, and re granite. The gravels with the intercalated seams of Saerarecle I trust that the ce notes, when read in conjunction wits others bearing on the glacial geology of North Lincolnshire, will not be without some value in assisting in generalisations as to the h former physical conditions that endured when the Clee and Cleethorpes moraines and boulder clays were The sou of ~ Selphy May I suggest to them that they should be : taken advantage of — __ Uvcoun, April, 1897. NOTES AND ae WS. Am 1 the names of Mr. Willoeghby Gardner, of Tiverpoo ol, well known as an entomo- or of the most ni neashire and Cheshire, and Mr. Arnold T. awe, of She , whose excel- lent studies on the life history of various marine animals at at once recall themselves to the memory of chee a nterested. er oe —— —-- . C, Haldane, r. J. W. Gra t. James Johnson, J.P., and Mr. Sampson, who treat ey a t Mages ag and Chyinity, ae x snays, Steam Navigation, John Ruskin, Charles Kingsley, and the mode The activity of Manchester scientists is well phnesee in the Report of the keeper (Mr. W. E. Hoyle) of the Manchester Museum for 1896-7, which has lately reached us. This ivity is far-reac nd shows itself in innumerable ways in the report first alludes to the loss of the lat Hick, and the subsequent acquisition of his sections of coal-plants, then to t withdrawal of the Botanical Prof rom muse’ k, retiremen tr P and promotion of Mr. R. Standen to his post as Assistant Kee nd t appointment of Mr. Harold Murray as Assistant in the Botanical Departmen The work of the various ope is eect in detail, and the principal acquisitions to the collections noticed. Pees the Report we have also received the first four of a new series of petitions hee is entitled ‘ oe from the Manchester Museum,’ and is to sist of ——e to the museum reprinted from various serial publications. ed proposed Natura y Lower Co neashi Herbert ine these are dated with the exact date of issue. It is de er to be wished that the sees os ae, Ce mmaT Local guide books as often as not are neither a boon nor a Agar. to _ who read them for information, and between the book written by a specialist i t of one who used to be calle : ‘a hack,’ there is a gulf which is bag occasionally bridged. In o case of Mr. W. G. Collingwood’s ‘The Boo: ie Coniston’ (T. Wilson, Ken 1897), the goes is to padre” what we zie to say, for to call it cadmieable? is but bare recognition. From a ~ historical eee es is perhaps _as perfect as it could be. It plain directions what to see € a ma ong t = ence. e proceeds of the sale, understand Mr. Call Bas ae — a porti a ot hie contribution to the Coniston Institute, so no admirer of Mr. Y Rashi ol omit to purchase, W a visitor or not.—S. L. P ee Naturalist, 283 LINCOLNSHIRE BOULDERS. shed H. COO F.G.5., rndale, pp COND PAPER. For previous abe see ee Naturale fread roa .: — Pa ABBREVIATIONS. = angular; S.A, ub-angular ; R. Legbourne. 61. Basalt (S.A.), 24 in. x 16 in. x 13 in. 62. Basalt (A.), 19 in. x 18 in. x 10 in. Both of these lie at the corner, near the blacksmith’s shop. Utterby. 63. Basalt, 21 in. x 12 in. x ? Rounded and partly buried. 64. Wicaccoiis Schist (S.A.), 24 in. x 18 in. x 12 in. 65. Basalt (S.A.), 12 in. x 18 in. x 12 in. 66. Basalt (S.A.), 21 in. x 18 in. x 12 in. These lie at the corner of Holywell Lane on the Louth Road. The following two are at the gate of the village green. 67. F(S.A.), 27 i9.-%_ 27 in. x 18 in. 68. Basalt (S.A.), 18 in. x 18 in. x 15 in. Fotherby. 69. “soring (A.), 14 in. x 21 in. x g in. 7°. Basalt, 12 in. x 12 in. x gin. Serves as a stile step. 71. Basalt (R.), 14 in. x 14 in. x 12in. In the post-office garden. 72. Basalt (R.), 24 in. x 18 in. x ? Opposite the Bede Houses. 73. Pink Sandstone, 12 in. x 12 in. x g in. Post-office garden. North Thoresb This village abounds with glacial relics. I have measured and recorded 27 blocks of basalt averaging 18 in. x 15 in. x gin. The street corners, Campbell’s Yard, the Police Station, the blacksmith’s shop, and the churchyard all yield an abundance. I have upwards of 50 records for this village, of which the principal are :— 74. Basalt (S.A.), 24 in. x 20 in. x 12 in. Campbell’s Yard. 75- » 93 24in. x 15 in. x ? Police Station. 76. » (A.), 18in. x 12 in. x ? Buried at the corner of the i blacksmith’s shop. 77- Basalt (S.A.), 36 in. x 30 in. x ? Buried at the corner of the blacksmith’s shop. 78. Basalt (A.), 24 in. x 18 in. x ? Roberts’ shop. %” 5, 32in. x 24 in. x 12 in. Roberts’ shop. » 5, 18in. x 15 in. x ? Roberts’ corner. a 7 in. x 24 in. x 20 in. Plumtree’s corner. os ” in. x 18 in. x 12 in. This was dug out of the : foteiastions of the church, together with a Sanity of . Se other basaltic boulders. 284 : COOKE: LINCOLNSHIRE BOULDERS. 83. Basalt (A.), 39 in. x 30 in. x 30 in. This is an historic stone. It- is situated in a hollow in the centre of a field to the north-east of the church. It is evidently in situ. 84. Sandstone (S.A.), 24 in. x 21 in. x 18 in. Tyson’s corner. 85. Quartzite (S.A.), 16 in. x 12 in. x 8in. Campbell’s yard. 86. Flint (A.), 21 in. x 18 in. x 12 in. Campbell’s yard. 87. Sandstone (R.), 18 in. x 12 in. x 12in. Roberts’ shop corner. 88. Augite granite, ro in. x 10 in. x gin. Potter’s corner. 89. Porphyritic granite, 15 in. x 12 in. x gin. Potter's corner. In the paving of the adjacent yard there are numerous. small rounded boulders of red granite. Wold Newton. go. Basalt (A.), 18 in. x 16 in. x 12 in. At the cross roads. gt. Basalt (A.), 24 in. x 20 in. x 14 in. At the cross roads. 92. Dolerite (R.), 30 in. x 30 in. x 21 in. Corner of Sharpley’s farm arm. 93- Basalt (A.), 30 in. x 24 in. x ? Sharpley’s farm. 94- Basalt (A.), 18 in. x 15 in. x ? Sharpley’s farm. Basalt (A.), 29 in. x 18 in. x ? Sharpley’s farm. e were partly buried, and their thickness was therefore indeterminable. In all cases, however, it exceeded 12 in. 96. Basalt, 12 in. x r2in. x r2in. At the pond near cross road. South Elkington. 97- At a distance of 40 yards beyond the cross roads on the Louth highway there are many basaltic boulders, seven of which are over a cubic foot. Haxey. g8. Secondary limestone (S.A.), 24 in. x 12 in. x 12 in. Black- smith’s shop. 99. Basalt (A.), 24 in. x 14 in. x 11 in. Blacksmith’s shop. too. Basalt (A.), 17 in. x 12 in. x 12 in, Blacksmith’s shop. Swallow. : Luddin toz. Shap-Granite. The occurrence of Shap-Granite in Lincoln- shire was the subject of a paper by Mr. T. Sheppard in 2 recent issue of the ‘ Naturalist.’ In view of the interest 1 the subject which this paper has induced I would direct the attention of Lincolnshire glacialists to yet another fine boulder which I have come across at Luddington, in the centre of the Trent Valley. It is well rounded, an measures 24 in. x 18 in. x 12 in. It serves as a guard to the corner of the gateway of Smith’s Farm. _ tot. Dolerite, 34 in. x 30 in. x 17 in. Post-office corner. gton. ——— Naturalist, 285 BIBLIOGRAPHY: eepere and Records published with respect to the Natural History and Physical Features of the North of England. PHANEROGAMIC BOTANY, THE present instalment has been compiled and arranged by WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, Previous instalments of the botanical biblionsa ss have been published as follows :— For 1884, in ‘ Naturalist,’ Sept. 1885, pp. 331-336. 3 1885, June 1886, pp. 174-179. ” 18386, ” Dec. 1890, Pp. 359-374- ys: 1837, wv April-May 1891, pp. 125-133. », 1888, ‘i June 1891, pp. 189-19 = ae 2 March 1894, pp. 93-112 ; Togo, ” The aA ae vice-counties of which cognizance is taken are the following, as named and numbered in the Watsonian scheme :— 53, Lincoln S. ; 54, Lincoln N.; 56, Notts; 57, Derby; 58, Cheshire ; 59, Lancashire S.; 60, Lancashire W.; 61, York S.E. ; 62, York N.E.; 63, York S. W. ; 64, York Mid W.; 65, York N.W. 66, Durham ; és. N Srthimberend S.+ 63; Cheoled: 69, West. morland with Furness; 70, Cumberland; and 71, Isle of Man. _ ANon, Sa ek Gia ORAL Yew Trees [Ziaxus seabed called View Trees [at Lighteliffe near Halifax ; als see Oliver Heywood’s Diary, A.D. 1674 and 1679]. ~&.0.; - «© Feb. 16t h, Anon, [not signed]. Lanc. W. and S., York Mid W. Flora of the stony hare} District [of ro omile radius] Secon Edition. Clith 1891 Lev, paper cover, 45 ‘pa ges : . ies str emery with oestibies and English names, and intr oductory m € also notice in J. of Bot., July 1891]. [First edition not yet seen oo {signed P. R.]. York S.W. ological Notes made by the] Ackworth Boys’ N.H.S. [giving dates for Corylus, Galanthus, coe Primula vulgaris, and Viola odorata). N.H.J., April 15th, 1891, p ANon. [signed * D. _ B.’]. York Mid W. ical notes made by] York, Bootham, Nat. Hist., &c., ~~ [on Ranunculus sc =e oven at Hob Moor]. N.H.J., April 15th, 1891, p Anon. [not signed]. ee rane! ene) found at Stamford ee by scholars from The Mount School]. N.H.J., June 15th, 1891, p. ANon [Signed « A. ce 1) Yor Mid W oor triphyllos between Acomb and Poppleton]. N.H.J., June 15th, Axon, signed « M.D. D.’) Westmorland. Mees s Mercury (Aercurialis perennis) [as observed in ab ean *% Hote being dated oom Hawkshead, Ambleside]. Sci. Goss., Aug. ___PP- 179-181 and figs. 158-1 Sept. 1857. 286 BIBLIOGRAPHY : PHANEROGAMIC. BOTANY. ANON. [not signed]. bee rk Mid W- [The Roses of Towton Battle- field: an extract from Leadman’s © Proelia Eboracensia’]. Daily News; reprinted J. of Bot., Det: 1891, p. 317. Anon. [not signed]. ; = - [Bidens tripartita found Sep. 5th, 1891, at Haxby, o a aes York, Nat — D sic Autumn piven hie at te N.H.J., Oct. 15th, aoe, p. oe he shire ‘Notes from Cheshire [anent lepidoptera mostly ; Sz/ene inflata in med on the Sealand (land reclaimed from the tidal Dee) Mee 3 orien hester, and a solitary plant in Delamere village]. Ent., 1891, ee 287-288, J. G.B Yorkshire, Cheshire. On the “Rubi of Capel Curig [with a few comparisons with forms of Kage ge from —— and Cheshire, #. efiai s Bab. non W. & EN, } J. of B., Feb. 1891, J. G. BAKER. North Yorkshire. [Exhibition of a curious variety Vicia ee found in North Yorkshire]. Proc. Linn. Soc., Dec. 6th, 1888, publ. Aug. 1891, p- 3- Eustace R. BANKES. rkshire, Westmorland. [Potentilla tormentilla alluded to as food ogee? oe tepidopeslia in Yorkshire and par ane) E.M.M., July 1891, p. REGINALD H. BARKER. York N.E. [Saxifraga granulata stated not to grow in the neighbourhood of rte Buscel aa a note on} Larentia Soa near Scarborough. HoLEs | BAXTER. Lanc. W. d t] St Anne’s-on-the-Sea. Ent. Record, on ok ee p..25 3 ARTHUR BENNETT York Mid W., Westmorland. th Ceears of Ar gothica, Fri Great Bri i Ribblehead, along agen A. Amman ok Sagina nodosa ; and probably at Grasmer ke]. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb., vol. 18, 1891, pp- 252-4 W. hs eee a York S.W. Ackworth N.H. Excursions [to South ens a patch of Narcissus biflorus there]. N.H.J., Sept. 15th, 1892, p. 105. JAMEs BRITTEN 3s sup |. Lane: rof. Hensl “Environment” [with casual references to Erythree ‘latifolia on Stalin sandhills near egie where it has not been foun nd since 1854]. J. of Bot., May 1891, pp. James Britren and G. S. Bouicer. Various Counties. Index of British and Irish Botanists [with notices of John Thornhill of Gateshead, Spencer Thomson of Barton Oe “g ‘ Michae Stamford, Wm. Valentine of Nottingham, Tad Thos. Velley of Li vere J. of Bot., March 1891, pp. 82-85. [Notices of J. K. Walker of H a o a m Northumberland or Dur Webb of Liverpool, Wm. "06. of Sunderland, Tuffen Wee bt har Rev. Sir Geo. Wheler of Hough. Naturalist, % “i BIBLIOGRAPHY : PHANEROGAMIC BOTANY. 287 ie epg: Siig, Journ. of Bot., Aug. 1891, pp. 244-251. [Notices of w. Whitehead of Bolton, Lanc., John jel ee of Dukinfield, ee x Whittle of Goosnargh and Pre eston; Geo. Wilkinson of Sunderland, Thos. Willisel of Lancs., Edw. S. Wilson of Buglawton, ‘Cumberland, a James Hewetson Wilson ‘of Chorlton, 1 J. of Bot a tow pp. 341 -344. [Notices of John Wilson of a. 1, R. Wilson of Medsoney. Durha Wm. Wilson of Warrington, rs Winch of Newcastle, John Windsor of Settle, Rev. H. H. We me of Westward, Cumberland, Dr. J. of Pontefract and sient ari Rev. Robert Wood of Wes cians par i Bs W. Wood of Leeds, Wm. Woodville of Cocke rmouth, eer Wondeaca of Der eaire, Charles H. "Wright, Guide to Lakes, v. James Yates of Liverpool]. J. of B., Dec. 1891 373° 7. WILLIAM BUCKLER. Linc. N., Cumberland, Durham. e ate | of the | British gg se | an and | Moths. | . Vol. 1. |. |. |. |. | mDcccLxxxvi. [8vo, with notes of — from top of Gre n Gable Mountain at head of ci taeede (p- 33)3 arb seit alba ee each (p. 35); Helianthemum vulgare near Hartlepool (p. 117)]. Vol .|.{. |. | MDcccLxxxvul. [8vo, with notes of Statice armeria from Ist ‘of Man (p. 50) ; elianthemum pi i near Hartlepool (p. 91 ee ee ndon :|]..]—I|™M 1. [with note of Elymus aaa at Cleethorpes, May 1871 (expl. = 66, fig. 5]. JAMES oo , Welbeck Abbey The Seat of the Duke of Portland from drawings by H. C. tine incading views of the famous Oaks as isthe Svobur) the Bec ndale Oak; the Parliament Oak, and Robin s Oak .or the Butchers’ Satin Graphic, June 8th, 1889, pp. rt ea. W. Norwoop Sree MAN. ork Mid W. [Plants o ved pee the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Uni « Malham an Gordale je [rth , 1890: Thalictrum Pe es lg pres Meconopsis, Viola utea, Ly pe aan ‘montanum, Cochleari gp four species of Geranium, “ Re latifolia, Antennaria dioica, Cuscuta europe ea, athrea, wach verbenaca, achys betonica, Pinga icula, meas densus, and P. /ucens}. WNat., 1891, pp. 177-178. — CLark, Cumberland. d and = es [in Cum —— mentioned and tabulated ; Cedrus libani, Que: i J joa regia, Abies ea, Fraxinus excelstor, Larix, Fagus sylvatica, phere westris, Ulmus, ae 2 axus baccata, Esculus hippocastanum, ee Papen Tilia, Salix, and ghee Lees Texham Courant ; rep. Gard. Chron. a July 30th, 1887, pp. HENRY SHORTRIDGE CLA a of Man. [Plant noted in a List o of] € he —— of the Isle of Man [Pesasites vulgaris| Brit. Nat., Feb. 1892, p. 25. Somer CLARK Isle of Man. — sated in a Repo rt for 1890 of] Entomological Section [of Isle ¢ of N .H.S. ; Silene maritima, Fraxinus, Urtica, Senecio jac Ulmus, ee mariti ma]. Yn Lioar Manninagh, Ap. -Oct. 1891, pp. 205-9. LK. CLARK, York N.E. se [Primula vulgaris] pr et picked near Byland Abbey (described) N.H.J., May 15th, 1891, p- ie, Mavs Bas York S.E. tat De at Filey [in which W. Cas West have identified —__leaves aatties caprea ashe nuts of Cory/us = AT gy , Jan. 1891, pp. 17-19. , Sept, 189). 288 BIBLIOGRAPHY : PHANEROGAMIC BOTANY. Miss L. oye and Miss CAROLINE Birtey. Durham ov York N.W. gr engi pened a = = [ ee amara, tees ce gh a form ale, on the sugar limestone e Widdy Bank Fell ake) being endeuially aeted) J. of Bot., fini: 78s, pp. 180 and 183. Joun CorDEA Linc. N., bel S.E. [Plants noted ‘incideritally in] Ornithological Notes from the ber District, in the Autumn of 1891 [including Carex riparia in North Lancotae shire. and ie. trifolium at Spurn}. WNat., Dec. 1891, p it and 363. ae CROSSLAND. ork S.W [Glyceria fluitans, Lotus uliginosus, and Ca ge in a pond at Sa Iterhebble, which yields Volvox|. Nat., June 1891, iti : hee on the Rev. W. Fowler’s List of Lincolnshire rinieite rth Lincolnshire stations for Dzpsacus pilosus, Brine acre, Cnicus criophorus : ulis and var. cau/escens, Salvia verbenaca, a elatine, Neottia nidus-avis, Epipactis media, Op pifera, Habenaria viridis, H. chlorantha, coal a laureola, Clemat vitalba, Ruscus aculeatus, ee napell: Philadelphus coronarius, apaver argemone, 7a peploides Lepiconum salinum, Althea officinalts, Geranium clu, 7 Mesa 1m tragi ifert ery se eurune hedge Carum petroselinum, Eupatorium cann a uca , Sonchus arvens * us valeran Ossuml ohcinalé Solanum nigrum, Lam amplex , Hippophaé rhamnoides lydrocharis mors vane, St tes aloides, Epipactis latifolia, Asparagus officinales South Line. stati for lipendula, Chic us acaulis, Si re ee oe and Plantago coronopus]. Nat., Feb. 1891, p J. BuRTT Li nc. ora of the pore Ana of pt pe In Additio shire during Paes “al verified — F. Arno hree are o the vice- unty, Sochus arvensis var. glabra, Epipactis peo and Luau :multfors = var. congesta ; the other additions are Viola h » 429] hirsutum, Gera anium columbinunt, Be ifolives n Jragiferu "Valerianella den: a Pimpinella saxifraga, P. major, Dipsacus pilosus, onze eviophorus, Digital oN apa my Se latifolia, Sesag asper, and Brachypodium pinnatum + ten plan en enumerated as found on an excursion to Aby, Claythorpe and Tothill ts 62 as found on one to Wablewhtepel Nat., March 1891, : or [Spirzea — in a hedge near a ; new record for the Ayton district]. N.H. .; Noy. 15th, 1891, p. 145. CHARLES Dixon. pre = ‘riskney and its Wildfowl [with passing references to the destru pp of the fetrant growth of cranberries /Sonastdpss palustris) by drainage of the Leisure Hour, Oct. 1889, p. 6 Cumb., Westm., Durhm., had N.W., G. CLaRIDGE Druce. "Lanc., Ches., Line. Ss. The Segregates of Spergula arvensis L. = sativa setind’ pape umberland, Westmorland, Durham, at N.W., Lancashire hire, etc, and S. vulgari s for Linc . S. and Cheshire, the former hig the ei an ]. Gro. ELISHA. [Cerastium Scarborough, foodplant of ae 3 calc pemommeers oi EM M. he July 1891, p. 198. S.. Ex LERSHAW, Sec. Lane. S. notes by] Penkeeth Girls’ N.H.S. [anent Lonicera prt m, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Anagallis arvensis, Calluna, clymenu: Senecio jacobea, and Hedera felis] N.H.J., Dec. 15th, 1891, P» 1 a BIBLIOGRAPHY : PHANEROGAMIC BOTANY, 1891. ee Joun FIntay. Northumberland S. poscacrgs angustifolium ne E. montanum at Meldon Park, Morpeth, reco in a note on va — broodedness of Cidaria silaceata. Ent. ci Nov. 15th, 1891, W, O. Focke. D sre York N.W., Chesh., Westm., Cumb. List are the Briti ish and Irish Rubi in the estat of the late Mr. I, F.R.S. {including the following North English records : xatilis L., near R ond, nderbarrow Scar, Westm., Scandale, estm., eat E ; ideus 1, estm., Helvellyn ; R. suberectus G.Ande y' R. rhamni .& ydal ; R. muenteri Marss osus.of Brit. authors), Rydal; 2. oehle, Wh.X&N., Rydal (see —— on this); 2. corylifolius Sm., near Marsden, Durham, Cheshire, Westmorland; 2. cestus L., near Ken and 2. cesius x tdeus, Underbarrow Spee near Kendal]. J. of Bot., June iat, pp. 162-163. Joun B. Focerrr. York Mid W. Wahlen eracea in Bowland, Mid-West Yorkshire [near enbergia hedera : Hareden ; new emer: not recorded in ‘ Lees’]. Nat., Oct. 1891, p. 312. “Wi.iram Foceir York N.W. e Yorkshire ‘Matdadiedd Union gate Carr [on aes May, 1891 ; Silene inflata, Hypericum dubium, Re sa willosa, Pimpinella goat aga, Centaurea scabiosa, Plates media, Humulus lupulus, Fagus (blighted by frost), two species of Drosera, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Lysimachia diprsilore, Betula “hegeores 2 Pensa eens Moor and elsewhere near Ilkley]. Sci, Goss 1891, WILLIAM NELSON ee rk Mid W. [Plants obse ved by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Grassington {on June 2oth, 1891 ; Geranium sylvaticum at Cracoe, and Prints fen Trollius, aa Rosa mollis in Grass Wood]. Nat., Sep. 1 WILLIAM NEL ic S.W. [Ranunculus “heel ria at Haw Park, noted in] aoe from a Conchologist’s Note-Book. Nat., Sep. 1891, pp. 27 R. NewsTeab. Cheshire. accinium myrtillus in Delamere Forest, where there are many acres of it ; Betula alba there also]. E.M. M., Ap. 1891, pp. 97-98. R. Newsteab. sites ae 1 s . fon me _ and Ince, Cheshire, also —. p Beers Pee cd Little Keown Coccidee found in . Ince, in Bs no Ne ngland. E. M. M, , June Bb, pp. 164-166; bibl. note in Ent. Re Tae 15th, 1891, p. J. H. Payne. Yor oe 5 Acorus calamus in South Yorkshire [abundant in the Dearne and Dove Canal from Swiston to SE Nat., Feb. 1891, p. 37: E. ADRIAN WoopRUFFE-PEACOC se Ine. . Veronica Chameedrys [abo red in the upper leaves by a small red gru presumably at Caaeey near Brigg]. Sci. Goss., Oct. 1891, p. = ee - CHARLES B, PLOWRIGHT. a — ait New British Fungus fon Aolcus mollis Sand 00 Doncaster, Sep. 17th, 1891]. Gard. Chron., aa 26th, 1891, ae ate Gro. T., PoRRITT me ce Sos a chia vulgaris a ey at sees em ; Betula a Populus tremula also Ap. 1891, Jxo. Proup and G. H. Howse ee rland or z Re. [Plants noted at Windermere ; Zixaria cymbalaria, Saxifraga tt WH ty tL}. ’ Asperula odorata, Contant amera, Meconopsis, and Trolli us. : tied r- se 1891, p. 89. k N.E. 15th, [Bpipactis latifolia found in Ayton School grounds]. N. H.J., Sep. 15 — Naturalist, BIBLIOGRAPHY : PHANEROGAMIC BOTANY, 1891. 295 WALTER W. REEV York N.E. Varieties of Ge arex Goodenovii and Helianthemum Chamecystus a Hayburn Wyke [being var. juncel/a of the former and 8 fefalis lek aurantiis of the latter]. Nat., Dec. 1891, p. 354. LAWRENCE RICHARDSON. Guinheriand. York N.E., Mid it Lance. S. ar aes Calendar, No. 15, 1891 [giving tabulations and notes of first ering of Cor rylus avellana, yee vulgaris, Ranunc are Jicaria ie curtalts, Tusstlago, Caltha, “ae a hederacea, Cardamine pratensis, Prunus spinosa, Veronica chamed i, Eolas diurna, Ranunculus bulbosus, Plantago lanceolata, Ranunculus tive R. repens, Trifolium pratense, and te, igt i regs = aa F. G. Fryer, D. » AL. Stewart, Chas. H. Harlock, Douglas B = eae ‘Settle \F. r Tompson, Rawdon (W. H. Burdett, J. Robinson, F. Robs B. Peacock, C, E. M i e! E i wor t4 mber of Lotus cor wioutalle at all but Rawdon; of A~yosotis palustris at all but Wigton and York ; of Orchis macuéata at all a Bolton, York, and Penketh, and of Rosa canina at all but Ackworth and : a and corrected — Weck neral remarks also given]. N. WT. Dee. 15th, 1891, pp. 172-174. OEDE Isle of Man. Folor of Isle of Man; conce: Fated a and Pyrus aucuparia]. Manninagh, Ap. ‘Oct. 1891, p. Ww. ei pray ¥é he. N.W., Mid W., Derby. No f the Rubi an of detailed records of about a e Rubi and half adozen Rosz, the districts explored being about Helmsley, Northallerton, R Richmond, parts of Wensley- dale, and about Settle, during August and half Sentenbes 1890]. J. of Bot., Aug. 1891, pp. 239-243. tk N.E. | Seis ROWNTREE. ae Yo Be a granulata near Scarborough [occurs in e district, and even within two or three miles of Hutton Sack Moor]. Nat., O , ABRAHAM SHACKLETON. York Mid W. and S.W. i hire Plants [giving localities near Keighley la, Con? m, Pa COS, Primula farinos yrabk media, pee nt rp nibs and Orobanche major have been exter minaged sinc a - st ag of t century ; ; Orchis maculata also noted]. Nat., Mch. Bai. ork Mid W. ist of] The Flowering Plants and Ferns of ——— is Mid-West Yorkshire ; a brief description ofth e dale and its st numera tion of 337 species, with numerous anapasions! Nat., Feb. 1891, . 51-61. M. B. SLATER. S.E. [Plants observed by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union a the Wolds [at York Dale and Sledmere, 3rd Aug. 1891 ; ew iriorss reterts Euonymus via, P. aucupa og carer sro iretee es al opulus, V. lantana, Lonicera xylosteum, all pla as flourishing in York Dale; Ga/ium mollugo, Son nem pone s am 296 BIBLIOGRAPHY: PHANEROGAMIC BOTANY, 1891. var. brachycarpum, She pf parr = — ric hlaspt es Reseda éutea, R. luteola, Hyperic sugum, Ono n0Sa, Anthytiis vulneraria, Spire fopenenl. sprpiewtcy slemertta Orchis yaculata, Brachypodium pinnatum, and Bromus erectus]. Nat. . 1891, pp. 304-305. H. T. Soprirr. ork E. [Plants noted as hosts for Fungi by] the Yorkshire Natur. ies » at Hayburn Wyke [on July 11th, 1891; Carduus palustris, Orchis afl, Salix repens, Senecio sylvatica, Pinus sylvestris, and Galium verum]. t.5 Oct. 1891, p. 291. Henry T. Soppirr. York S.W. [Plants noted during the] Fungus Foray at Doncaster [on Sep. 16th and 17th, 1891, included Polygonum hydropiper and Holcus mollis? at Sandal ae -» Nov. 1891, p. 341. J. A. ERsk1nE Stuart. e. rk Mid W. J Soa apecces by] the Yorkshire Nat turalists’ Union at Grassington [on h, 1891; Ti false minu ss ee 7 ele Viola hirta, ponane Hae shad annus jens ula, Spirea filipendula, Rubuy see ry Lomeli, Risers m “ts sh Saxifraga infin notdes, Hieractum a (Kilnsey Crag), Pyrola Bartsia odontites, Melampyrum prat oar Salty plicit Polygoation ePicinale, Convallaria majalts, and Melica nutans), Nat., Sep. 1891, pp. 2 J. A. ERSKINE STUAR York N.E. [Plants observed by] the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union at Hayburn Wyke [on July 11th, sti Ranunculus ascii Habenaria viridis, Listera cordata, Drosera rotundifolia, Pinguicula v1 ulgarts, Senecto sylvaticus, Parnassia pa gallis thecti gum y r latifolia, Habenaria chlorantha, Gymnadenia conopsea, Orchtis ig eee Vicia oh opie caand Jnula helenium led. with localities]. Nat., . 1891, Pp- 269-290 J. A. ERsKINE Prachi York S.W. and and Solidago ean nated. gees tations ; also a brief allusion to salt’ collection at Sheffield}. a Nov. 1891, p. 335- W. S. Syxes. York Mid W. ite Varieties [of the Harebell (Campanula An grr lia) and of Heather (Calluna vulgaris) near Settle ; details es Sci. oe ., July 1891, p- 166. R. F, « F. P. THompson. ers ai Ww. oppositifolia at Moughton [near Settle, at being 0 on lower than recorded in ‘Sone West Yorkshire’ E ses *t Nat Aug. 1891, 252. W. THomson os E. SCHUNCK. c. S. or Cheshire. reen Colouring-matter in Buried Leave mens 21 feet below the sh = acisging for i Manchester Ship Canal, and must have /@) here for ce - Mem. and Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil. a ay 1889); a pes PP 231-3 with a figure ; abst. in Journ. of R. M » SoCs Naruralist, Pa E. Woovriior, BIBLIOGRAPHY : PHANEROGAMIC BOTANY, 1891. 297 C. F. THORNEWILL. Derbyshire. sip earner as pines begs [giving dates for Galanthus, Ranunculus ficaria, Aesculus, and Cra at Burton- pear ; for Cal/tha at Repton Shrubs ; and for Cra eg es "ksh Hie Road]. . Rep. Burton-on-Trent N.H.S., Sep. 30th, 1891, pp. 13-1 THomas F. WarD. York N.W. [Plants observed by] a Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union in Upper Swaledale [Aug. 2nd to 4th, 1890 ; —' Tha pare — nae a incana, Cochlearia officinalis, Covatiaie sylvaticum, G. luc Epilobium — jolium, Peucedanum ostruthium, Cards ieraphn, and Campanula latifolia as the best plants found]. t., July 1891, p. 202. CHARLES WATERFALL. Oar Cree Discovery of Carex montana, etc., in Derbyshire [at arkland ere also are fi epee "srt Cynoglos SSMU rofinal, opt muscifera, Blackstonia perfoliata and Triglocht chin palustre t Qua Da fe 5 m Park Hall Woods, Recents ie ces ‘Cae shel Pa esas, and Serratula tinctoria and var. monticola]. Nat., Feb. 1891, p A. D. WEBSTER. Dur. ire, - The Extermination of British Plants [with note of Lychnis alpina a Hobcartin rhe Cypripedium calceolus in Durham , Lancashire, and Yo = shire]. Selborne Mag., April 1889, pp. 49-52. . WELLS. gre Phenolo ical Observations, I n Corylus avellana at peamtahes ficaria and Pris Penh ao at led Mills, 77 —— jaro ra an 1! Ulmus montana at Outwoods, Crategus at # dese Hills, niger Prunus spinosa, and Orchis maculata at Derby Road, siete oie 2 holst and Scilla nutans at Catton, Fagus, A sera ee mops and Crategus at 1s s nigra at Bretby]. Rep. Bu siisastie ‘Trent N.H.S., > Fae as pp. 13-14. York N.W. and Mid W., Lake District. WM ae Rhodi ola DC. [not confined to to slate rock ; notes of its occurrence - otherwise in ye Me rkshire and Lake District ; of Leontodon scape up to 700 _ Ceol S N t., May 1891, p- I : an : tare York Mid W. The Tonics Rose [is Rosa —— which ae the Permian limestone about Towton]. J. of Bot., Nov. Sas, Pp» 34 W. West, fee York Mid W. alham P criticising the cure of Cochlearia oi ae y C.a bet ‘aod oS acaulis (suggesting it was Carlina) ; and remarking on ral interest of the record of Cuscula europea). Nat ort ug. 1891, p. 24 York — Wo. "Seen nia odorata added to the West Yorkshire Flora [by E. J. L — “ who Geaoa it — roth, 1889, by the Rawthey, near Sedbergh]. at., 1 ae T. B. Waoor. York Mid W. [Saxifr granulata m entioned as not at Oughtershaw, Biel Arncliffe, and Malham, ues ntion a note pn Larentia oc sage ruficinctata at Doe ershaw, Langstrothdale. Nat., Oct. 1891, p- A. G. eae e pea SE. Hypoc as and Jasione montana new to Yor Merthorpe pees mmon, 1 Pack linehiibs 3rd Sep. 1891]. N.H.J., Sep. 15th, mail eg 3 N. um noted as holding] Acr onycta alni Larva in No. Eincolnshire [in Stockhill Wood, Strubby, nr. Alford], Nat., Mch. bo p- 68. Oct, 1897. 1897. 298 NOTES : ORNITHOLOGY. mn the Eggs of the Stone Curlew.—No locality is Lotte for this note— cetaps wisely in the present day. Twenty or ekgohpect -five ago this Bird (dicnemus edicnemus) was not at all un aay n the wast y tail pene” ing the canal from Market ee to Selby. ces it there yearly, nd as an ornithologist and oologist to observe it with interest. Peewits (Vaneli es vanellus) then bred there so abundantly that 1 tie eggs were ee collected by the farm labourers, and through village dealers sent up to t ond for sale. Amongst the eggs sthus obtained those of the Stone Curlew were by no means unfrequent, and the farm boys knew them well. I once owned a large series thus Parapet _ n after the land—poor as the me was—came under cultivation and los' any of its od Fico that it ceased to interest i: Whether the bird aBed thee yet Ido now, but doubt it.—N. F. Dos petted East Yorkshire, 2nd Sept so. nga Swift Roosting in in Tre —Last anes at seven o’clock, I was near the top of Stepn ney Hill, Scarbro’, ad saw two Swifts CO Ee ty? i suspended like a cies hawk-moth. e Swifts have not “all left here. TZ saw about a dozen flying over the main street this morning. —W. GYNGELI1, Scarbro’, September 2nd, 1897. The Eggs of the Roseate Tern.—With reference to my remarks on the nesting of the Roseate bes Ap & terna dougallit) i in the British =n which appear red ril number of the ‘ Naturalist,’ it will remembered that I pest m Crows’ and Rooks’ eggs, or eggs of other closel allied : species. Like they vary among themselves. The Rose eates, ed specie in the density of the rm: e rou : as in the case of the Arctic and Common Terns’ eggs, does the aie colo consist of a dark stone colour, brown, bluish-green, dull SS an . r ashy € com characteristicness about them different from th of the other species meplones, and the es of the Roseate Te enerally more elongated than those of the and Arctic specie rule the << fy, clutch teint of two ripen: only, very rarely are there three. I could mention the ; names of several gentlemen well versed in oolsey. ae Dr. Bow ant ( of the British Museum m, wi onvinced their distinctness ho have been G. Porree, 14, Bootham Crescent, ork, Sep. ne "1897 a Naturalist: _ 299 THE LATE LORD BISHOP OF WAKEFIELD. WILLIAM WHITWELL, F.LS. THE morning papers of the 11th of August carried sorrow to the hearts of many, outside of the Anglican communion as well as within it, by their news of the unexpected, almost sudden it seemed, death of the Right Rev. William Walsham How, first Bishop of the diocese of Wakefield. Not long before, he had—it is said at the Queen’s own request—written the Jubilee hymn; and still more recently his name appeared in connection with the Lambeth Con- ference of bishops. It was not known that he was even indisposed, but only that on the close of the conference, and on the bank holiday (August 2nd), he had gone for a short rest, accompanied by his eldest son, to Leenane in Connemara. He had preached in his own cathedral on the morning of August 1st, and at the village of Wrenthorpe in the evening. ni Sa past President of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, a brief notice of the deceased Bishop’s life is called for in this journal; and 300 WHITWELL: THE LATE BISHOP OF WAKEFIELD. this I may be excused for attempting to supply, on the ground of my having had the pleasure of a certain measure of acquaintance- ship with him, dating from 1863. William Walsham How was born at Shrewsbury, on Dec. 13th, 1823. In his poem ‘The First Spring Day’ he. wrote— My childhood’s home was in a town, but there A garden-terrace looked o’er meadow-lands, Out to a hill, whose hollow banks were rich With knots of varied foliage. A foot-note explains that the passage refers to Haughmond Hill, as seen from the Stone House, Shrewsbury. He goes on to say— And thither I would run alone each day And oft-times in a day, to taste anew The deep mysterious draught of my delight. The deep passionate love of Nature which found large and beautiful expression in after years was evidently already manifesting itself. Five years of my own boyhood were lived at Shrewsbury—from 84 to 134—and Haughmond Hill, and the terraced houses near the English bridge, and ‘ Darwin’s,’ and the scenery of the river above the town, are bound up with the recollections of that time. Nor was I without some dim, longing, unshapen sense of the beauty and wonder of the world in: those early days. It was at Shrewsbury, In the spring following my thirteenth birthday—the spring of 1853— that my own love of our wild flowers was first awakened by chapters on botany in the then newly-issuing Cassell’s ‘ Popular Educator.’ The boy was educated at Shrewsbury School, under its celebrated master, Dr. Kennedy. In due time (1841) he passed to Wadham College, Oxford, where he took his degree of B.A. in 1845, with a third class in classics—going on to M.A. in 1847. Two at least of his published poems belong to the undergraduate years. In 1845 he went to Durham University for a time, for special theological study, and in the following year he became curate of Kidderminster, under the Rev. T. L. Claughton, afterwards Bishop, first of Rochester and then of St. Albans. After two years he returned to Shrewsbury; as curate of Holy Cross. In 1851, Mr. How succeeded, by purchase, to the rectory of Whittington, near Oswestry. His life there, of twenty-eight be 4 was one of steady activity. Soon becoming diocesan Inspector © ~ Schools, in 1853 he was also appointed Rural Dean of ecu 2 f In 1859 he was made Prebendary and Chancellor of St. Asaph's.” is Ni ii al WHITWELL: THE LATE BISHOP OF WAKEFIELD. 301 1868 and 1869 he was Select Preacher at Oxford, and between 1869 and 1879 Proctor in Convocation. During these years most, if not all, of his many hymns were written; also a long succession of sermons, expositions, and devotional works, his well-known ‘Com- mentary on the Four Gospels,’ and ‘ Pastor in Parochia.’ In 1879 came the call to the Suffragan Bishopric of London— nominally the bishopric of Bedford, practically that of the East-end of London. How amongst the east-enders he gradually won the titles of ‘our Bishop,’ ‘the ’bus Bishop,’ and ‘the good Bishop,’ is not a story for these pages. Norcan I tell of the influence exerted and work achieved. Archbishop Tait bestowed upon him the Lambeth degree of D.D. on his consecration to the Episcopate, and in 1886 the like degree was given honoris causd by Oxford University. In the year 1888, Dr. How became connected with Yorkshire by being appointed first Bishop of the newly-created See of Wakefield. In due course of seniority he was called to the House of Lords. The Bishop was soon invited to, and accepted, the Presidency of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and filled its chair for the year 1890. An abstract cf his Presidential address appears in the Annual Report for that year. It was an extemporaneous one, and dealt wisely with the question of the attitude of faith towards science, and vice versa. Dr. How’s breadth of mind and scientific sympathies Were well shown in a fine tribute to his great fellow townsman, Charles Darwin, and in his distinct acceptance of the principle of evolution. ‘He had no fears whatever from a patient, honest, candid, reverent study of Nature. God’s library did not consist of one Volume alone. . . . He thought that the higher Christian philosophy, now more and more recognising the immanence of the Creator in all creation, could accept the doctrine of evolution Without fear. . Surely the creating by successive stages of advance was not less wonderful, and gave one no less idea of the power and wisdom of the Creator, than the creating by an enormous number of separate and disconnected acts. If they traced a few links farther back of cause and effect, they must at last come to the point where the last link was held by an invisible Hand.’ The Bishop published two volumes of poems, one about 1859, the Other (which contained most of the pieces included in ae earlier One) in 1885. The first bore the title of ‘ Three All-Saints Summers, and other Teachings of Nature to a Busy Man’; the second simply that of ‘Poems.’ It is in these that we find the full expression of his delight in the glory of the mountains and the charm of the woods and flowers. I should like to quote some of them, such as ‘Cader Idris’ or ‘The Alps,’ truly Wordsworthian in spirit; or 1897. 302 WHITWELL : THE LATE BISHOP OF WAKEFIELD, ‘Mountain Pansies, ‘Pencil or Pen,’ or ‘Golden Saxifrage’; and two or three of the Barmouth pieces. But the pages of the ‘Naturalist’ are scarcely the place for more than a reference to them, even if space permitted. But I must cite a few favourite lines from the ‘Home View’ (1850)—they express so well his life-long belief in the beneficial influence of natural history pursuits. Oh ! God be ‘praised a) a home Begirt with beauty A perfect home, wie: gel gage Are trained ’mid scenes And where (God grant it 2) i heart That loves a beauteous vie The while it grows in rath wha taste May grow in goodness too. For ’tis my faith that aaa to part tur ok Widespread throughout the earth, Will something add unto his love Of wisdom and of worth Two of his best sonnets, written at Barmouth in 1887, after the issue of ‘ Poems,’ appeared in the ‘Spectator,’ and other pieces were printed on slips for enclosure in letters to his friends. It has been said by Matthew Arnold, with some truth— But Wordsworth’s eyes avert their ken From half of human fate. That limitation could not be ascribed to Dr. How. His poetty shows an ever-deepening desire to draw from the enjoyment of natural beauty increased will and capacity to sympathise with and help upwards the poor, the suffering, the ignorant, and the egraded. He could say, in what I count his finest sonnet, ‘From Nature to Man’ (1885)— Time was when Nature’s every mystic mood Poured round my heart a flood of eager joy 5 but now— Dread mysteries of life and mn I scan And all my soul is only full of Man. The Bishop had a good acquaintance with our British plants, and possessed a tolerably large herbarium—devoted, however, main y to the rarer species. In 1857 he contributed largely to the foundation of the O and Welshpool Naturalists’ Field Club, of which he was Vice-President and afterwards President. It was in connection W swestry at first 0 that Field Club that I first met with Mr. How, on an et Natur ith, fe WHITWELL: THE LATE BISHOP OF WAKEFIELD, 393 Guilsfield and the ‘Trilobite Dingle,’ on the 18th August, 1863. The attraction of the ‘ wilding flowers’ was powerful upon each, and availed to draw us together. I pleasurably remember his cordiality various subsequent excursions I was privileged to have a good share of his companionship, in the search for special rarities and com- parison of ‘ finds.’ One day was given to the ascent and exploration of the grand Breidden hill, near Welshpool. Mr. How took a more round-about route, but his young son and two other boy companions climbed with me up the precipitous face of the hill, past the noted habitat of the Potentilla rupestris. We met on the top, by Rodney’s - Pillar, and there Mr. How unexpectedly encountered his old school- ’ master, Dr. Kennedy. The respectful yet affectionate warmth of his greeting of the Doctor made a strong impression upon my memory. It was to Dr. Kennedy that his first book of poems was dedicated. Mr. How’s hearty enthusiasm and kindly humour combined with the intelligence and precise geological knowledge of a common friend, Mr. David Christopher Davies, afterwards F.G.S., to render the Club meetings very successful and delightful. A favourite pun of our Vice-President’s, twitting the geologists, was—that they were sure, whatever they did zof find, to produce fine specimens of apatite at dinner-time. A small volume of ‘Proceedings’ of the Club (the only one issued) was published in 1865. This contains some papers by Mr, How—a humorous semi-philosophical one on ‘ How I learned to see’; another, very amusing, on * Certain Antiquarian Records of Oswestry and Whittington’; and an account of ‘The Botany of the Great Orme’s Head.’ All were read at the Club meetings. It may be mentioned, too, that Mr. How also contributed the botanical list to the ‘ Gossiping Guide to Wales,’ the author of which, the late Mr. Askew Roberts, was a member of our Field Club. In 1866 I had the pleasure of receiving from Mr. How a fasciculus of Shropshire Rubi, as prepared and issued by the Rev. W. A. Leighton, a personal friend of his, author of the admirable ‘ Flora of Shropshire,’ and an authority on Brambles in those days. It was accompanied by the following letter :— Whittington Rectory, March 3rd, 1866. My dear Sir,—I have by me a fasciculus of Shropshire Rubi, collected and named by Mr. Leighton. May I beg you to accept them, as I fear I shall never ive time or attention to this difficult genus, and I am sure you will some day attack them—and conquer them too ?—Yours very truly, eee fa. = * Oct. 1897. 304 WHITWELL: THE LATE BISHOP OF WAKEFIELD. a one was never fulfilled, though I still possess and value life me s, ha botanical pursuits to be other than recreative, and the study of the ubi would in my own case at any rate be the reverse of that. And I must confess to an abiding doubt—an ignorant doubt it may be— whether the multitudinous varieties now named have any permanency. No account of the Bishop’s life can be complete without mention of its connection with Barmouth. He visited that sea-side resort in the first place, I suppose, for the sake of its glorious scenery and the richness of its flora. But before long, in the quiet Llanaber church- yard, i! A little grave beside the shining sea became a magnet to draw him thither which never lost its attractive’ power. In the third of the ‘Three All-Saints’ Summers’ poems, dated 1854, the poet-father tells how he and his wife watched a sick child (their first-born) through alternations of hope and fear. One day— hope burned up agai And then I climb’d fh highest mountsn- pon, And all the earth was glad with me aie I ioe a Whether. the sun were bright, or ait were fair. *Twas very dark with me: I dare not write it. And now he sleepeth in a little Beside the shining sea, the broad bright sea. In a charming poem written in 1885—‘ A Vision of Barmouth’—he tells how as he paced the hot streets of London he saw —a sketch in a window; and passably done: and how it recalled ‘the well-known, the dearly-loved view’ ; and he describes the flowers and the features of the scenery, as memory recalled them all. The last lines are— h me! yet the spot that is fairest and dearest to me Is a little lone grave by the side of the broad shining sea. ! The summer vacation was thenceforth usually spent at Barmouth for many years. There, in 1868, the future Bishop had a narrow escape from found himself unable to return, and was overpowered, and fin cast unconscious on the beach. But his life was happily saved when _ | r. all seeme agli y al WHITWELL: THE LATE BISHOP OF WAKEFIELD. 395 _ At Barmouth, in 1875, I unexpectedly met Mr. How, and he at once led me to the beach to look at some of its specialities in the way of plants. In our course we together espied and identified Mercurialis annuus, a first find to both. A day or two later he brought me from an inland bog a fine tuft of the delicate and lovely ivy-leaved Campanula, of which I had préviously seen but one poor specimen. I well recollect, too, the loving pride with which he introduced to me his youngest boy, whom I had not before seen. Love of children was one of his chief and most attractive characteristics. Much of his poetry is about them or for them. ‘Barmouth ’—in ‘ Poems ’—belongs to somewhere about 1879. It is one of several capital humorous pieces included in the same volume, of which, perhaps, ‘The Three Pundits’ may be accounted best. It is an address to the ‘ Men of Barmouth,’ by ‘An Aggrieved Visitor,’ protesting against a high wall by the roadside which cut off the splendid river view, and the disfigurement of their noble rocks by bill-posters. In the way of rhyming it is rather a four de force, for the fifty-four lines of which it is composed all (with a few Tepetitions) rhyme together with perfect smoothness. From that wall, so gaunt and bare, Four and twenty inches pare ; And from all the rock-slabs there Those atrocious posters tear. Partly in connection with the death of our friend Mr. D. C. Davies, before alluded to, in August 1887, I received several letters from r. How, now Bishop, all from Barmouth. On the 13th he wrote :— “I find the plants here over, or burnt up, except a few. I never saw the Jnula Helenium so fine as this year. The Asplenium lanceolatum is still to be found, but, owing to the depredations of visitors, or perhaps more to the sale of ferns all through the season, there is not a tenth of what there used to be, and the Osmunda, which was abundant up every little valley, is all but extinct. I found afew plants of Asplenium marinum two or three days ago, a mile or so from Barmouth. The Génothera diennis is more abundant than of old on the sand-banks.’ The closing paragraph of the same letter gives a pleasing picture, illustrative of what I have said concerning the Bishop’s love of ildren :—‘ Last Sunday I had a delightful children’s service on the sand-hills—about 200 coming to it, besides, perhaps, 100 adults. y sung delightfully, and it was very pleasant. I am to repeat the Process the next two Sundays, if fine.’ : Learning that I was not then possessed of any specimens of Inula Helenium, Bishop How was good enough to walk out one Oct. 1897. u a i 306 WHITWELL: THE LATE BISHOP OF WAKEFIELD. evening to Hendre Mynech on purpose to gather some for me. “A difficult fellow to dry nicely’ is his observation, on sending the fresh plants to London. On the 26th of the month he wrote :—‘I must write you one line before leaving Barmouth, which I do to-morrow.’ The observation about the to-morrow has a pathetic interest. The proposed journey was duly made to Whittington, the Bishop’s old: home. Mrs. How remained at Barmouth, apparently well. Next morning, Sunday, while celebrating early communion, the Bishop received a telegram Stainforth House, Upper Clapton, E., November 2nd, 1885. My dear Mr. Whitwell,—It was very kind of you to write to me, and I was very glad to hear of you again: joyce I am living close toa very first-rate botanist here—Mr, F. J. Hanbury—and T now and then go in and look over some of his plants, He has far the best herbarium I ever saw. I myself do very little in this line now-a-days, but a short Believe me, with many thanks, sincerely yours, The Skipton district must have been delightful botanising ground. In 1888, when the ‘Flora of West Yorkshire’ came out—proud of my own little share in such a work—I did myself the pleasure of asking Dr. How’s acceptance of a copy. He was then on the point of removal to his new sphere at Wakefield, and he wrote that I could not have given him a book which would have pleased him more. My own last direct news of Bishop How was in December 1899, when a Shropshire friend—also an old member of the Field Club— wrote :—‘I was staying not long ago with the Bishop of Wakefield, who keeps up his interest in natural history, especially botany. Yorkshire doesn’t seem a very good botanising county’ [Isn't it? et our Union testify.—W. W.] ‘but he showed me one very Tare Naturalist, ae WHITWELL: THE LATE BISHOP OF WAKEFIELD, 307 plant that coils in a wood near him, and was new to me—Herb Christophe 7 I have spoken of Dr. How’s humorous poetry, but refrained from giving any examples save the few lines from ‘Barmouth,’ Its quality thight ereee be inferred from what has been said of the man: its perfect kindliness and bright and genuine fun, But I am specially privileged in being able to insert a poetical epistle written the Rev. William Fowler, M.A., of Liversedge, who has kindly (with the consent of the Bishop’s family) allowed it to be printed here. It is a perfect botanical and literary jew d’esprit :— Devadda, Connemara, Azyust 1895. Dear Fowler, I think, on the whole, you’ll agree with me, This place is delicious (I wish you could be with me !) ; Just think, when on land from your boat you get out, Having captured a salmon and ten or twelve trout, As you lounge on the margin, enjoying your lunch, bunch - Menziesia to wit, species polifolia. Then to stretch your cramp’d legs you stroll off a short way, And, lo ! there’s the Heath that is named from ; Then look in that ‘fice thew’: s a prize for herbaria ! The true intermediate Utricularia. You will know it, without either flower or fruit, No, the treasure you’ve hook’d in that cast so unwary Is the Eriocaulon septangulare ! When the salmon have baffled your patience and skill, Take half a day off, and walk over that And there, on the rocks (it’s no fiction or phantom) Grows the real unmistakeable true Adiantum While in that little lake which ei sea- henbene fall on, All full of Lobelia and Eriocau Now I think, my dear Fowler, Aes wel proved my case, That this is a most undeniable plac And once more I wish you were with me to fish up Big trout and rare plants— ig J Your AFFECTIONATE BISHOP. 308 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. This sketch cannot be complete without a reference to the Bishop’s catholicity of spirit. Many examples might be cited of his friendship with men, who, like myself, belong to the ‘ Noncon- formist’ wing of the great Christian Church, and of his sympathy with their religious work ; and his beautiful hymns are prized and used in all denominations. A volume of Dr. How’s sermons, entitled ‘The Knowledge of God,’ was published in 1892, with an excellent portrait, in the interesting ‘ Preachers of the Age’ series. The portrait which accompanies this paper is from a photograph i taken in London, and lent by the Bishop’s son, the Rev. H. Walsham How, Vicar of Mirfield, by whom the autographs have also kindly been supplied. What I have written has been from a full heart, and the reverent memory of a life almost ideally rounded and harmonious through- out—complete in strength and beauty, sweetness and charm, potent in all directions in its purifying and ennobling influence. NOTES—LEPIDOPTERA. Sphinx convolvuli and Crambus | einer llus at Windermere.—I ee record the capture of a ee Beds Ser inx convolvuli, which was taken n the house at the Priory Lodge, on Monday last, Sept. 6th. I nat y also record the SEs of Cr cbs pines which I ped k at light in this house, and which I not — rs. —GEO. CREWDSON, St. Mary’s Vicarage, eons rot Vanessa an dni ar Scarborough.—A specimen * fas antiopa was seen in Beedale, a Sao | wooded valley seven miles from Scarboro rough, on Aug. 9th. I have been at some pains to verify the record ta commmnitcsiiens with hose who were ac juatg on the spot and saw the insect, I a being only a few es distant, and feel no doubt as to its genuineness.—JAMES H. ROWNTREE, Westwood, hee cals 15th Seilenter ¢ 1897. a ere LOG ¥: Greenshank in Peak. m the 16th to the 23rd of ee; a Green- shank os een iin ar Combs Reservoir, near Chapel-e n-le-Frith, where I ha a opportunities of watching - as it fed on the mud-banks or the shallows at rage water's edge.—CuAs. OLDHAM, Sale, Sept. 6th, 1897- Caspian Tern on the Trent.—An cumple ae = Tern (siewes = was shot on the Trent, early on the morning of 3rd Park. It is in gt oe omage, having Sar a few ie feathers on black ones of the 3 apparently due to the ripe ncement of the a anna change. Unfortunately “the sex was aie noted. This species ae ra iat y been found — and is the first truly Notts specimen.—F. B. Wi HITLOCK, Nottingham, Sept. 13th, Siicus Pushes at Red-necked Grebe in the Peak.—A f I saw a Storm- — ere efareeys in a case of stuffed birds # Chapel en-le-Frith. Its owner told m t was picked up in an exhausted ‘condition To. ince at canbe, afte 2 a snouts in the winter of 1893-4. 4! “a same time I saw a Red- necked Grebe ee. pry. 0M which was shot abo' ten years ago on a brook at Cha) = -Fri a man named Peter Muir.-— Cuas. OLDHAM, Sale, Sent 6th, 1897. — Naturalist, 399 THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA, 1597(?)-1893. LISTER PETTY, Ulverston, THIRTEENTH PAPER. Linaria vulgaris Mill. Clarke’s First Record, 1548. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Not uncommon. No locality. 1885.- Baker’s Flora, 157. Ascending from the shore at Flook- borough and Humphrey Head. Linaria viscida Mcench. L. minor 1. CFR a6. 1892. Naturalist, 84. Railway embankment near Ulverston, 1891, W. Duckworth. Scrophularia Balbisii Hornem. C.F.R. (for aguatica), 1551. S no true aguatica has come in my way, I venture on the strength of Mr. Baker’s statement below to merge the records for aquatica in Balbisit). Betonica aquatica Ger. First reported by Lawson to Ray, April 1688. 1718. Derham, Phil. Lett., 214. ‘At Allithwaite, nigh Cartmel, copiose, Lawson. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 269—as aquatica. In ditches and pools about Bardsea, Aiton. 1848, Ray Corresp., Ray Soc., 197 et seq. Lawson to Ray in full. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1885. Baker's Flora, 156, as Badbisiz. Not seen in the heart of the Lake Country, but occurs at . . Allithwaite; Bardsea, and below Humphrey Head. 1889. Westm. Note-book, 115, as Balbisit. Lawson repeated in Martindale’s Early Westm. Pl. Rec., and on p. 131 ‘Humphrey Head, C. C. Babington ex Newbould,’ in Mr. A. Bennett’s papers on Westm. Pl. For some reason the record is called doubtful, but just below Humphrey Head, west side, there is a deep roadside ditch, and if it does not occur there it is not for want of a good position. Scrophularia nodosa L. CER., 1597. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 269. Around Conishead Priory, Aiton. In Old Park Wood (Holker), Wilson. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common,’ no locality. Mimulus luteus L. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Bardsea Mill Pond, but near gardens. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 157. Bardsea and Newby Bridge. is purpurea L. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 269. — In t Fenny Bridge in fine variety, Aiton. 1864. Linton, Lake Country Oct. 1897. 310 PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. 326. Common, no locality. 1869. Aspland’s Guide. Within six miles of Grange, A. Mason. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. White flowered. Old Hall Wood, near Ulverston. Near Haver- thwaite. With polypetalous corolla. Rosshead fields, near Ulverston, and repeated: 1885. Baker’s Flora, 156. Veronica didyma Ter. = Veronica polita Fr. C.F.R., 1829, 1885. Baker’s Flora, 154. Ascending from wall tops on esplanade at Grange. Veronica agrestis L. C.F.R., 1597- I Linton, Lake Country, 327. . ‘Common,’ no_ locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Veronica Tournefortii Gmel. (1806). C.F.R., 1829. V. Persica Poir (1808). : 1885. Baker’s Flora, 154, as Buxbaumii Ter. (1829). Ascending from shore level at. Flookborough. Veronica arvensis L. C.F.R., 1629. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Veronica serpyllifolia L. C.F.R., 1548: 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. ‘Common,’ no locality: 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Veronica hybrida L. C.F.R., 1650- Most of the records call it V. spicata. 1775. Jenkinson, Desc. Brit. Pl. 14. About Cartmel Wells. 1778. S. Robson, Flora, 82. Above repeated, and in 1787. Withering, ed. 2. Addenda in vol. 3, cxv. Humphrey Head, I. Hall; and on p. 9, Penny Bridge, Woodward; and repeated In subsequent editions of Withering. 1800. Smith and Sowerby, Eng: Bot. 10, 673, as Aydrida. ‘Our specimen was gathered near Cartmel Wells, Lancs., on Humphrey Head, a steep rock jutting into the sea, by Mr. Bingley.* Mr. Crowe and Mr. Woodward observed the and Bingley. 1830. Hooker, Brit. Fl., ed. i., p. 3: Lancashire } repeated in subsequent editions and in those edited by Arnott. I ae ea *Rev. W. Bingley. See Britten and Boulger’s ‘ Index,’ 16. Stated there t© have been born at Doncaster, 1774. A biographical writer in the « Yorkshire Weekly Post,’ Oct. 13th, 1894, adds to this—‘ Baptised Jan. 7th, 1774 as appeat® from the registers.’ He was also an author in other subjects than botany-__— Naturalist, PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. gir Eng. Bot., ed. ii., vol. 1, 12. Hall’s locality repeated and in 1835 Watson, New B. G., i., 301-2, on authority of ‘B. G.’ 1842, Words- worth’s Scenery, 27 ; and in 1843, Jopling, Furness and Cartmell, 269. 1849. Watson, Cybele, ii., 193. ‘Northern limit, Westmorland and Lancashire.’ North Lancashire and Westmorland in Lake Province. 1856. Phytologist, 353. _ Humphrey Head, Dr. Windsor, who repeats 1857, 258. 1858. Irvine, Handb., 442. 1860. Phytologist, 257. 1861. Phytologist, 237. C. J. Ashfield. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. 1866. Eng. Bot., ed. iii., vol. 6,62. 1869. Aspland’s Guide. Within six miles of Grange, A. Mason. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 152. Hall and Woodward repeated. 1892. Naturalist, 82. Seen on Humphrey Head, 1890, L. P. Since this was written I have seen specimens gathered by Mr. W. A. Clarke, F.L.S, a Veronica officinalis L C.F.R., 1548. 1864. Linton, Lake County. 327. ‘Common,’ no locality. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Frequent. Pink flowered on Cartmel Fell. "1885. Baker’s Flora, 153. Ascending to 500 yards on Coniston Old Man, near pee Water. Veronica Chamed whee ct 1864. Linton, Ee cada 327. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No ‘locality. Veronica montan C.F.R., 1663. 1843. Jopling, pene and Cartmel, 269. Furness Fells, Aiton. Kirket, Cartmel, Wilson. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. Walla ller Bay, Windermere, Crag, rare. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 153- Mi Rev. A. Bloxam;* Islands of Windermere, W. Foggitt ; about Chain, Miss S. Beever. Note.—Kirket, — pronunciation of ‘ Kirkhead. C.F.R., 1629. Veronica Ana s L. 1874. J. of B., Mics E. Hodgson. burn Park, ie: ton. not common. Ascending from the shore ~ at. - Veronica Beccabunga CER, 1548: 1843. Jopling, Furness ce Cartmel, 269. In the ditches at Bardsea, Aiton. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327- ‘Common, no locality. ie74. }. of 3. Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker's Flora, 153. Ascending from the shore level at Bardsea. C.F.R., 1568? r. Windsor. 1874. Bardsea Mill Pond; Light- 1885. Baker’s Flora, 152-3. _ Cark and Flookborough. Euphrasia officinalis 1861. Phytologist, mete " ‘Humphrey Head, D J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. *Rev. A. Bloxam. See Britten and Boulger’s Index, 18. Oct. 1897. 312 PETTY: CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. Var. gracilis Fr. : 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Near Goats Water, J. K. Hodgson. skisecta: Cartmel, — purple flowers; and repeated 1885. Baker's Flora, 154. Bartsia Odontites Huds. C.F. R,, t509 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Agee No locality. ; Pedicularis palustris L. CF.R., 1568 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 269. Bogs and wet meadows in Furness and Cartmel. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common,’ “no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. - Pedicularis sylvatica L C.F.R., 1597: d. pal. vulg. fi. albe. First reported by Lawson to Ray, “April 1688 1718. Derham Phil. Lett., 220. At Gunnerthwaite in Lancashire, Lawson. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 269. Occasionally in high heathy pastures in High Furness, Aiton. 1848, Ray Corresp., Ray Soc., 206. Lawson to Ray in full. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1889. Westm. Note- ee 116. Lawson repeated in Martindale’s Early Westm. Pl. Rec. NotEe.—The precise locality of Gunnerthwaite is unknown to me. Melampyrum pratense L. C.F.R., 157% 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker's Flora, 155. Ascending from shore level between Grange and Lindale. Melampyrum sylvaticum L. C.F.R., 1777- 1862. Phytologist, 259. In wood on east side of Humphrey Head, Dr. Windsor. 1874. J. of B., Blawith. Rev. W. M. Hind. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 155. Woods at Yewdale Beck, Coniston; Miss S. Beever Rhinanthus Crista: Galli L. C.F.R., 1597 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 269. In pasture lands of Conishead Priory, Aiton. 1864, Linton, Lake Country, kdl ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. No record for any Orobanche. Lathrea squamaria L C.F.R., 1597+ 1796. Withering, od iii, 547. In Plumpton, Jackson; and repeated in 4th, 5th, and 6th editions, but omitted in 7th (1030% (1830): Nararalist PETTY: CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. 313 1840. Baxter, Phzenog. Bot., vol. ‘v., 365. Ona bank under hazels, near Coniston, Miss S. Beever. - 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 326. Coniston Lake side—rare. 1869. Aspland’s Guide. Within six miles of Grange, A. Mason. 1885. Baker's Flora, 158-9. Linton repeated. 1885. J. of B., 330. By the Friends’ Meeting House, Colthouse, near Hawkshead, W. Satterthwaite. Utricularia vulgaris L. C.F.R., 1641. Millifolium palustre galericulatum Ger. Em. 1670. Ray Cat., 210. ‘I have found it in a fenny ground near Hawkshead,’ Ray. This is not given in the Synopsis. 1796. Withering, ed. iii, 20. Ditches adjoining Outerthwaite, near Flook- borough, with the next species, Jackson; and repeated in all subsequent editions. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Urswick Tarn. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 170. Miss Hodgson repeated. Winder- mere, 1885. J. of Bot., 331. Park Fell, A. W. Bennett. 1889. Westm. Note-book, 116. Ray repeated in Martindale’s Early Westm. Pl. Records. Utricularia minor L. C.F.R., 1667. 1775. Jenkinson, Desc. Brit. Pl, 5. I found this in the great ditch in the great meadow at Gunnerthwaite.* 1796, Withering, ed. iii., 20. Ditches adjoining Outerthwaite, near Flookborough, Jackson ; and repeated in all subsequent editions, and in I Turner and Dillwyn, Bot. Guide, ii., 365. 1835. Watson, New B. G.,i., 302. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 170-71. Jackson repeated. In a tarn between Coniston and Hawkshead, with the next species, Miss S. Beever. NotEe.—Now called, I believe, Warton or Wharton Tarn. Utricularia intermedia L. : €¥., 1r6rs: 1850. Bot. Gaz. Between Brathay and Hawkshead, Rev. F. A. J. Hort ; and repeated 1885. Baker's Flora, 170. Ina pool near Coniston High Cross, on the left-hand side of the road going from Coniston, Miss S. Beever. Nore.—Same locality as above. Pinguicula vulgaris L. as pal 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 268. In the gprs ai of Ulverston, Aiton; Stribers, near Cartmel, and by Windermere, Wilson. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327- ‘Common,’ no locality. T8609. Aspland’s Guide. Within six miles of Grange, A. oT 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Near the Three Shire Stones ; peat mosses, Plumpton. ___ "This place is also mentioned under Pedicularis syloatica, but I do not eege if in this district. If not, it is near Yealand, Carnforth. Oct. 1897, ae U 314 PETTY: CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. Verbena officinalis L. C.F.R., 1548. 1842. Wordsworth, Scenery, 29. Roadside near Lindale-in- Cartmel, Gough. 1861. Phytologist, 237. Allithwaite, C. J. Ash- field. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. Gough’s locality repeated. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Near Newland, Ulverston. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 158. Miss Hodgson repeated. In Furness at Lindale, Grange and Allithwaite. Mentha rotundifolia L. C.F.R., 1670. - Mentastrum folio rugoso rotundifolia J. B. First reported by Lawson to Ray, April 1688. 1718. Derham, Phil. Lett., 218. By Marsh Grange, in Lancashire, Lawson ; and repeated 1848. Ray Corresp., Ray Soc., 197 et seq. Lawson to Ray in full. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 159; but by a mis- apprehension of the place name wrongly located. Marsh Grange is at the head, or most inland portion, of Marsh Grange Marsh, between Askham and Dunnerholme. In Lawson’s time probably the marsh extended almost to the house, now it is far away, sO much of the land having been reclaimed and protected by the railway embankment. [Anne Askew, the martyr, resided at the Grange for a short time, and it was the family home of Margaret Askew, who as Margaret Fell of Swarthmoor, married George Fox.] 1889. Westm. Note-book, 117. Lawson repeated in Martindale’s Early Westm. Pl. Rec. Mentha sylvestris L.=M. longifolia Huds. —C.F-.R., 1633: 1885. Baker’s Flora, 159. ‘Mr. J.C. Melvill believes that = saw M. sylvestris at Furness Abbey in 1865, but kept no specimen. Mentha hirsuta L. C.F.R., 1548: [1666 and 1667. Merrett, Pinax, as JZ. aquatica tota nigra. ‘In E. Hodgson. Plumpton. Mentha sativa L. C.F.R., 1696. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Wet meadows near Little Langdale Tarn. Var. rubra Sm. * A form very near’ this. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. By the edge of the river Crake; and repeated 1885. Baker's Flora, 160 —as rubra, Mentha arvensis L. C.F.R., 157% 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Stubble fields at Pennington aturalisty PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. 315 Mentha Pulegium L. C.F.R., 1562. 1805. West. Antiq. ed. Close, 378. On Goose-green, Dalton, Atkinson ; and repeated. 1842. Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 25. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 269. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 160. Lycopus europzus L. C.F.R., 1562. Marrubium aquaticum. First reported by Lawson to Ray, April 1688. 1718. Derham, Phil. Lett, 218. In the moss by Hawkshead . . . Lancashire, Lawson; and repeated 1848. Ray Corresp., Ray Soc., 197 et seq. Letter in full. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 158-9. Lawson repeated. Hollows of the coast sandhills at Ronnard, F. A. Lees; i.e, Ronhead. 1889. Westm. Note-book, 117. Lawson repeated in Martindale’s Early Westm. Pl. Rec. Origanum vulgare L. C.F.R., 1548. 1796. Withering, ed. iii., 335-6. In wood at Cartmell Wells, Atkinson; and repeated in all subsequent editions of Withering. This is the wood on west side of Humphrey Head, where the plant is still, 1834. Otley, Guide, ed. v., 145, and in all following editions. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 269. Bardsea Park, Aiton. On the limestone rocks between Park Head and Copsehead, Wilson. A. Mason. 1874. J. of Bot. Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 160-61. Atkinson and Aiton repeated. Isles of Windermere, W. Foggitt. Woods at Grange-over-Sands, J. G. Baker. 1892. Haveland, Distrib. Disease, 379. No locality. Thymus Serpyllum Fr.’ C.F.R., 1548. _ 1857. Phytologist, 257 et seq. Top of Humphrey Head, Dr. Windsor; and repeated. 186I. Phytologist, 237. C. J. Ashfield. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327- Common, no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Calamintha clinopodium Spem. . CF-R., 1548. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 161. Ascending from shore level at Flookborough and Humphrey Head. Calamintha arvensis Lam.=C. acinos Clairv. - 1861. Phytologist, 237. Top of Humphrey Head, as Thymus acinos, C. J. Ashfield ; and repeated 1885. 161. Railway bank west of Cark Station, J. G. Baker. bank at Foxfield, Rev. A. Ley. C.F.R., 1601- western edge, Baker’s Flora, Railway 316 PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. Calamintha officinalis Mcench. C.F.R., 1632. - 1885. Baker’s Flora, 161. Railway embankment at Grange, J. G. Baker. ee: : Nepeta cataria L. C.E.R. 1588 1796. Withering, ed. iii., 327. On the beach at Rampside, Atkinson, and repeated in all editions of Withering ; and in 1805. West. Antiq., ed. Close, 378. 1842. Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 25. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 16s. Nepeta Glechoma Benth. C.F.R., 1597. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. ‘Common,’ no (locality. 1874, J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 165. Ascending from shore level at Flookborough, J. G. Baker. Scutellaria galericulata L. C.F.R., 1576. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. ‘Not uncommon,’ ie. in the Lake District, 1885. Baker’s Flora, 165. Windermere ; Coniston. Scutellaria minor L. C.F.R., 1597: 1796. Withering, ed. iii., 540. _Goldmire, near Dalton, Atkinson ; and repeated in all subsequent editions of Withering ; and in 1805. West. Antiq., ed. Close, 378. 1842, Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 26. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 269. On the north-east side of Waitham Wood, Cartmel, Wilson. 1885. Baker's Flora, 166. Hawkshead Hill and about the Coniston Tarns, and by stream below Tarn House, Miss S. Beever. Prunella vulgaris L. C.F.R., 1548: 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of Bot., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Marrubium vulgare L. C.F.R., 1548. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. By Jacklands Tarn, Low Furness (the site of an old garden, as Miss H. subsequently found) 5 and repeated 1885. Baker’s Flora, 165. Stachys Betonica Benth. C.F.R., 1548: _ 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 269. Sea Wood, Bardsea, Aiton. “Around Holker, Wilson. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327- ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of Bot., Miss F. Hodgson. No locality. Stachys palustris L. C.F.R., 1597: 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of Bot., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker's Flora, 164. Frequent, from the shore at Flookborough. er ae Naturalist, 317 THE LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION AT HOLBECK, SOMERSBY, AND TETFORD. Rev. E, ADRIAN WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK, L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S., Vicar of Cadney, Brigg ; General and Botanical Secretary Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. On Monday, August the rst, the members of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, to the number of about 4o, held their fourteenth field meeting at Holbeck, Somersby, and Tetford, in Diy. 10, under the able guidance of the Rev. J. Conway Walter. When the Louth Antiquarian and Naturalists’ Society learned that the meeting was to be held at a place so convenient of access for Louth people, they resolved to join in, and a party of 29, headed by the hon. secretaries (Mr. B. Crow and Mr. R. W. Goulding, of Louth), set out from the Museum about 9.15 a.m., reaching Holbeck at noon. Visitors from other parts of the county included the Rev. F. S.. Alston, of West Ashby; Mr. F. M. Burton, F.LS. F.G.S., of Gainsborough ; Mr. J. Eardley Mason, Mr. A. Fieldsend, Mr. G. A. Grierson, F.L.S., and Mr. J. S. Sneath, of Lincoln; Mr. and Miss Stow, of Brandon; Rev. W. H. Daubney, of Leasingham ; Rev. H. A. Barker, of Wrangle ; Rev. Stafford Bateman, Yarborough ; and Rey. F. Freshney, Withcall. Owing to the inconvenience of trains to Horncastle, many more Were prevented attending, and had it not been for the fact of its being Bank Holiday, all coming via Horncastle would have had to return for the 6.9 p.m. train, which would have virtually prevented fieeticescicd logical, etc.—searching the woods, , geological, etc. bec and bogs about the three very pretty lakes — climbing Hoe Hill. Dae Oct. 1897, 318 WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS. At 12 o'clock all reassembled on the lawn at Holbeck, where they found laid out under the shade of the trees a most acceptable and handsome al fresco luncheon, which was greatly enjoyed by all. After partaking of this refreshment a vote of thanks was proposed by the Treasurer, Mr. F. M. Burton, to the Rev. A. B. Skipworth and his friends, Mr. and Mrs. Rogers, for their generous hospitality ; and a paper was read by the Rev, Conway Walter, on ‘ Brinkhill Gold,’ a calcareous ironstone concretion. He exhibited specimens which had been analysed by a professional, and found to consist largely of silicate of ammonia. e party then started for Somersby, some walking and others going in the conveyances, headed by Mr. Conway Walter. On arriving at Somersby, the Rectory, the birthplace of Tennyson, was visited; also the adjoining house, the original of his ‘Moated Grange,’ and the church with very interesting cross. The party then spent the afternoon in rambling through the woods and_ by the Somersby Beck, in search of objects of interest. ‘They then walked to the White Hart Inn, at Tetford, where a substantial meat tea was provided. After this meal the Rev. Conway Walter read a paper on ‘ Hybrids,’ which created great interest, exhibiting a case containing two stuffed specimens of a cross between Fox and Dog, bred by Mr. Stafford Walter, of Horncastle. This paper is given below in — extract. He also exhibited several fossils found in the neighbour- hood, and an ancient mall, or Roman iron hammer-head, dug up in Horncastle. The most interesting object shown by him was 4 specimen of the ‘Resurrection flower’ (Azastatica hierochuntina) from Palestine, which had been in the possession of himself and his father more than 50 years; when handed round at the beginning of the repast it looked like a withered ball-shaped bud, on a dead stalk some two inches long. He then put it in a saucer of water, and by the time the tea was finished it had opened out into a beautiful flower, something like a small brown aster. This is a provision of nature in the desert, the flower closing after rain, to retain 1ts moisture, and not opening till rain falls again. ' The Vice-President, Mr. John Cordeaux, F.R.G-S., M.B.O.U- then gave an address on the finds of the day. He stated that, owing to the long spell of hot weather, wild flowers were prematurely ‘over,’ and consequently those found were not so numerous 4 would have been the case in an ordinary season. Amongst the . most interesting found were otentilla argentea, Filago minima, and Malva moschata, Among birds the least common which had been observed were the Wood Wren and the Turtle Dove, the last aturalist, WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS. 319 until recent years quite unknown in Lincolnshire, He also men- tioned that he had seen within the last few months the very rare Phylloscopus viridanus in Lincolnshire, the variety superciliosa in York- shire, and another variety proregu/us has been recorded for Norfolk, A most hearty vote of thanks was accorded the Rev. Conway Walter for the trouble which he had taken to entertain and instruct them. Carriages were then ordered, and the party dispersed for Louth and Horncastle. So ended what was pronounced by all who joined in it to be a most agreeable and successful excursion. Mr. James Eardley Mason has supplied the following interesting report on the observations made during the day on Economic Entomology and on the Heteropterous Section of the Rhyncota :— Declining the proffered drive from Horncastle Station the recorder made his way to Holbeck on foot, mainly by the highroad, examining the various crops as he sauntered along, hat in hand, under the shade of his umbrella, upon as sweltering a day as he ever walked a six-mile stretch in. The views of the wide fenland, bounded by the hills of the ‘Cliff? westward and southward, dominated in the north-west by the grand towers of Lincoln Minster, caused many a halt and backward look as the ascent of the long slope to Greetham Hill Top was slowly won. Neither Hessian Fly in the Wheat nor ‘gout’ in the barley, due to Chlorops teniopus, bebo noticed. Turnips also showed no signs of the attack of various lepidopterous larvze (Agrostis, Mamestra, and others) so common in dry seasons at the root as it first begins to thicken for the bulb. Luncheon over, a start was made on the borders of the upper lake, when the following species of the Heteropterous division of the Rhyncota were met with :— Scolopostethus affinis Schill. One. Gerris sp. Many noticed on the water, all immature. Ploiaria vagabunda L. Several off Spruce Fir (Adies sp.) ; some immature. Nabis lativentris Boh. Two undeveloped. Anthocoris sylvestris L. (nemorum L. et auct.). A few. Phytocoris longipennis Flor. A few on Ash ( Fraxinus excelstor). One very dark specimen. ‘ Ocoris pteridis Fall. A few, both developed and undevelope mature individuals. Lygus Pabulinus L. One. Sk icyphus epilobii Reut. Abundant on the Crimson Willowher (Lpilobium hursutum). ‘“torhinus angulatus Fall. Several. Oct. 1897. — 320 WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS. Mecomma ambulans Fall. Two. One female brachypterous. Orthotylus scotti Reut. (prasinus Saunders’ Synopsis). Some off Ash (Araxinus excelsior). Phylus palliceps Fieb. One off Filbert (Cory/us avellana vat. tubulosa). Phylus coryli L. One off the same bush. Atractotomus magnicornis Fall. Some on Larch (Lari europea). Psallus ambiguus Fall. One off Hawthorn (Crategus oxyacantha). Psallus alnicola D. & S. One off Beech (Fagus sylvatica). -Of Coleoptera were obtained— Adalia obliterata L. One immature example. Halyzia 14-guttata L. One example. Otiorhynchus picipes F. One example. Ceeliodes 4-maculatus L. One example. Helodes minuta L. Two examples. Athois niger L. One example. These few beetles got casually into the umbrella used for beating. The wealth of spiders and phalangide was astounding, and not even in. warm Cornwall had the recorder seen anything to equal it. Dolomedes mirabilis was, however, the only one of which he could feel certain. He longed for an arachnologist to sample this rich glen, which is virgin soil, long unsearched by the hand and eye of the naturalist. It merits a long and careful examination. Botanically speaking, the ground passed over would have been very interesting in an ordinary year, but the dry season had burnt it so completely that little was found. On Tetford Hill the following were taken :—Reseda luteola L., R. lutea L., Origanum vulgare L., Pastinaca sativa L., Hieracium boreale L., and Tanacetum vulgare L. In the Spilsby Sandstone cutting, between Holbeck and Somersby, Trifolium arvense L. and Potentilla argentea L. were found. The latter species is most curiously confined in its limits in Lincolnshire arve Epi ‘unaria Sw. was reported, but not taken on Hoe Hill, a most likely _ locality, and Festuca rubra L. on Ruckland Hill. The best find of the day was Chrysosplenium ofpositifolium L., taken at gee aturalist, produce of the cross was a litter of six, WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK: LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS. 321 At Somersby the pretty white form of Campanula rotundtfolia L. was taken with the type. The Spilsby Sandstone rocks of Holbeck are the home of the Badger and the Fox still. ‘The proximity and actual residence of these two wild species in the same “earth” is not uncommon,’ as the Rev. J. Conway Walter pointed out, ‘although their habits are so very different: the Badger being mainly a vegetarian, while the Fox is most decidedly carnivorous. I believe, however, that though they mutually respect each other, the companionship is entirely to the advantage of the Fox, who has little notion of sanitary matters, and brings all sorts of carrion to his den to putrefy, which sometimes produces mange; but the Badger is of very cleanly habits, and, acting as a neat housemaid, he sweeps out the house of his untidy neighbour, and so contributes to his health.’ Mr. Walter went on to say: ‘The Trout of Somersby beck are considered especially good. In years gone by I have enjoyed many a picnic on its banks, when we used to pull off our shoes and stockings—gentlemen as well as boys—and catch the Trout by “tickling” them in their holes ; which we afterwards cooked, fresh, on the bank.’ This was ‘a long time ago’ now. Woebetide gentlemen or boys who do such things in these days of trout-rod licences. aie The geology of this neighbourhood is most interesting. Going East from Fulletby West Windmill, which stands on chalky boulder clay, to Ulceby Cross Roads, the following strata are passed over In succession :—Kimeridge Clay of the Oolitic series, and Spilsby Sandstone, Claxby Ironstone, Tealby Clay, Tealby Limestone, Carstone, Red Chalk, Lower Chalk, and Middle Chalk of the Cretaceous series. Hoe Hill is an outlier of Calcareous Ironstone left isolated by denudation, belonging to the Tealby Limestone series, and not the Claxby Ironstone beds. But the Claxby Iron- Stone is found a little further south, outcropping from below the Tealby Clay. Would there were a good geologist in the neighbour- hood to work it locally. —E.A.W.-P. Tue Rey. J. Conway WALTER'S PAPER ON Hysribs. He remarked that the subject of hybrids has of late engaged - attention of some of our scientific men, both at home and abroa ; fhe case now exhibited is an interesting one. It contains two og and the Fox; the “an = half-breed bitch, between Shepher § a male, and the Dog, a . ponent sifford q true lover of nature. The of which only one eventually w Nov. 1897. 322 WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS. rvived. In the case before us the smaller specimen lived twelve wee the larger six; so that, rather curiously, the larger specimen is only half the age of the other, which is very much smaller. He has another case of stuffed specimens, but it is at present lent elsewhere This hybrid production, having become known through the newspapers, led to a correspondence with various persons interested in the subject of hybrids. Amongst others, Professor Ewart, of Edinburgh, a well-known authority, was much interested in it; also the French savant, Mons. Suchetet, of Rouen, who has published works on hybrids; and he now possesses the mother of these specimens, with a view to further experiments. I saw the one surviving puppy a few days ago, now full grown. It has a very foxy look about the head, but longer legs, lighter body, shorter coat, and less bushy tail than the pure Fox, and with the keen eye of the Fox, it has the docility of the dog, and is very fond of its master. I may say that I have been told by an expert, that in cases of crosses generally, the ex/ernal structure of the produce follows that of the male progenitor, while the zz/ernal, neurotic, and other con- ditions follow those of the mother. For instance, a pure-bred white Lincolnshire boar pig, crossed with a black Berkshire sow, will invariably give a white, or mainly white progeny. When I acted as guide to this Union four years ago, at Wood- hall Spa, I exhibited a stuffed specimen of a cross between Hare and wild Rabbit. I would have shown it again to-day, as there are several new members present on this occasion; but that the roads are too hilly to allow of one’s carrying such cases about. I have had much correspondence about it. Among others, Mr. Walter Heape, of Cambridge, who is much interested in the subject of hybrids, recently wrote to me, asking my reasons for supposing it to be such a cross. My reply was, that I had not actually seen the act of copulation, and therefore could not state it as a positive fact ; but that my reasons were —that (1) The animal is the size of a hare. (2) Its fur is the rabbit grey. (3) The head is the shorter, and the ears the shorter, and more pricked, of the rabbit. One which I shot at, and missed, in the ling, bolted straight for a rabbit-hole, as though accustomed to : Ps I never knew a hare take to the ground in that ready w I have known a hare take to the tunnel of a field gateway, aera hard pressed by harriers, but that is a totally different thing. oy : Naturalist, eae ans a er ee oie WR ie On with the experiment, but I am afraid WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS. 323 (5) A tradition has long attached to the moor over which I shoot (Kirkby Moor, near Woodhall Spa), that the hare and rabbit do occasionally inter-breed. There is a specimen there at large at the present time, and Mr. H. M. Hawley, of Tumby Lawn, has recently had one stuffed which he shot in Tumby Wood. . (6) I killed a specimen by a kick, as it squatted in the ling, and the Colonel of the 42nd Highlanders, who was shooting with me at the time, agreed that it must be such a cross. (7) There were several letters in ‘The Field’ newspaper, some years ago, in which the possibility of such a cross was discussed, and while, as we might say, there were six against it, there were half a dozen in favour of it. That was my reply. Mr. Walter Heape, in one of his letters, says: ‘I am aware that many naturalists deny that Hares and Rabbits will breed together. I am not, however, myself of that opinion, but I have never had satisfactory proof of such a cross occurring. He adds, however, that, in the year 1773, the Abbé Demonico Gagliari got two litters from a female Hare by a male Rabbit ; that Richard Thursfield also got hybrids of these two species; that Mons. Rou 1847, established a breed of ‘Leporides, in P Rabbits (male) are generally known. He says, however, that Mons. Broca states that there are anatomical differences between Hare and Rabbit which make it unlikely that they should interbreed ; and that the best way to prove it would be to get a male leveret and young doe Rabbit, and bring them up together ; although they are less likely to inter-breed in confinement than in a state of nature. So far Mr. Walter Heape. I may add that last autumn I myself Caught a male leveret and put a young doe wild Rabbit in the cage With it. The leveret became fairly tame, and would sit on : : kitchen table, and drink milk, and eat from the hand; but a wil Rabbit is, I think, a four-legged Ishmaelite, generally untameable, and it lately ate its way out of the cage and escaped. I sah a got another young doe wild Rabbit, about thre¢-parts grown, to young doe w that the difficulty is now increased in getting them to cohabit, as he Pie tad together. [| may here mention that our host of tcey 4 cross between rabbit and guinea pig- tae ‘Noy, 1807, 324 WATT: ANIMAL PLACE-NAMES. But the following cases have created especial interest: :— Professor Ewart, of Edinburgh, has bred a cross between a male Burchell’s Zebra and a mare pony, of the Isle of Rum breed, half wild, lent for the experiment by Lord Arthur Cecil. The pony was jet black ; the foal resulting, excepting over the hind quarters, had as many stripes as the Zebra sire ; the stripes being fawn colour, with back- ground nearly black. In form it closely resembled a well-bred foal. The pony was expected the next season to have a foal, by Professor Ewart’s Arab horse, Benazrek. As another interesting case of a somewhat similar kind, Lord Morton has succeeded in getting a cross between a male Quagga and a nearly pure-bred Arab mare. Erratum.—Since the first portion of this article was printed off, Mr. ise Cordeaux has written, in respect of his being reported to say, on page 3 that ‘he = seen within the last few months the very rare Ph Stee viridanus in Lincolnshire, the variety ?. superciliosa in Yorkshire, and another eee proregulus has been recorded for Norfolk.’ What he did say was that examples of Ph gn oe superciliosus had occurred recently in bier P. viridanus, the first British example, in North-east ee d P. proregilus, also the nes British PCE in Norfolk. The word Pas ety’ was never used by him.--Ep. ‘NA NOTE—MAMMALIA. Animal Place-Names.—Proofs of the existence adi animals now extinct, gathered from place-names, such as those ppiested,s in your notice beige 206, p. 282) of Mr. A te gwo se *Book of C Reon are not so unusual as the writer seems to infer. genta a2 “stad from this side of the Border, and it wou'd not be difficult ae increase the Wild Cat. —Craigencat in ee Chat (Ben Cruachan)=corrie or hollow of the cat ; pudeaapet (Aberdecnbire)= = field of the cat; Alwhat Hill (Aymbifel= =hill of agate se ’s cliff or rock ; and Wul-cat Brae (Mere ickibite) = hill or slope of the wild c the Wolf. i “aes 1 as Helhce about i of last century > Cnoc-a-m (pronounced vadee) (Ross eae g oF = wolf; Polmadie (Lanarkshire and Ayrshire) =poo the wolf ; I ) a ee rkshi Ts lo olf; Loch Maddy w Maddie (Sutherland)=loch of the wolf; and Drummoddie (Wigtonshire) = i of the wolf. Our Norse name Ulva=Wolf’s island—is thus not quite alike wit! the Coniston one. Wild _ Boar.— Bridge of Turk ies fen Tare bridge of the hog Gartw (L sure = the hog; Ben Turc=hill of the hog, “cf. An Tor hill known as the Boar of Haden: Carntorcy (Perthshire) = cain of t i he: Lynturk (Aberdeenshire) = pool of the pos: The other sex is represente uch names hi wi Balmucbie Se D f wd steeseod lace o ae wine; Kin k (Aberdeenshire) =sow s h f na-muc (A rgy hie al cg jeuews s grey with which compare the name # the larger island called Muc The wide cooageemoin of ‘aaie names certainly seems a form oe gene of sa existence of the animals named.—HucH Boyp Watt, 3, V a Oe Glasgow, 14th Spceentes 1897. ee Naturalist: THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA, 1597(?)-1893. LISTER PETTY: Ulverston. FOURTEENTH PAPER, Stachys ambigua Sm. Clarke’s First Record, 1809. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 164. Two places by the road below Sawrey, towards the Ferry Inn; about the lower slate quarries in Coniston village, J. G. Baker; garden fence at Dalton-in-Furness , F. A. Lees. Stachys sylvatica L. (LF.R., 1629. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. ‘Common, no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. , Stachys arvensis L. C.F.R., 1632. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Galeopsis Ladanum L. C.F.R., 1629. Linton, Lake Country, 327- Hawkshead fields; and repeated 1885. Baker’s Flora, 163. Galeopsis speciosa Mill. CPR. 1641. 1796. Withering, ed. iii, 529-30—as G. cannabinum Willd. Hedges at Kirkby-in-Furness, Atkinson; and repeated in all sub- sequent editions of Withering. 1805. West, Antiq., ed. Close, 377: 1805. Turner and Dillwyn. Bot. Guide it, 379, as versicolor Curtis. 1834. Baxter, Pheenog. Bot., vol. i., 75- 1835. Watson, New B.G.,1, 3°2, on authority of ‘B.G.’ 1842. Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 25. 1885, Baker’s Flora, 163-4. Atkinson repeated. In Leighton Park, close to a deep drain across the bog, Miss ©. Beever. Galeopsis Tetrahit 1. C.E.R., 1597: I Linton, Lake Country. 327- ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker's Flora, 163. ‘One of the commonest weeds’ in the Lake District. “Ascending to 300 yards over Coniston.’ Lamium hybridum Vill. CER, 1666. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson; as incisum Willd. By sis Wood Farmhouse, Bardsea. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 163. Bardsea ; Ulverston ; Grange-over-Sands. : Lamium purpureum t. Vers ae - 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327: ‘Common, no locality. ‘1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Nov, 1897. 326 PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. Lamium maculatum L. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 162-3. ‘An occasional straggler from gardens,’ Sawrey, J. G. Baker. Lamium album L. C.F.R., 1548. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Generally found near habitations. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 162. Not seen in the heart of the Lake District or at Coniston, but frequent on the outskirts as at Cartmel, J.G.B. Lamium Galeobdolon Crantz. C.F.R., 1597. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327—as G. /u¢eum. Coniston. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 162. Reported from Coniston, but not seen by Miss Beever. [1867. Eng. Bot., ed. iii., vol. vii, p. 76 ‘Extends north to Lancashire and Yorks.’ South Lancashire this is, for Watson gives vice county 59 only (Top. Bot., 1883). ‘Good- lad herb.’ The Cumberland localities stand on a different footing.] Ballota nigra L. C.F.R., 1548. 1889. Westm. Note-book, 131. ‘Lake Lancashire, C. C. Babington, ex Newbould.’ om _ Nore.—Can any reader throw light on this mysterious record, and say where Prof. Babington found, or recorded, this species If at Furness Abbey it is an alien, Teucrium Scorodonia L. C.F.R., 1579 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Ajuga reptans L. C.E.R., 1548: 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 327. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Plantago major |. C.F.R., 153% 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Bakers Flora, 175. Ascending to 400 yards on Coniston Old Man, J. GB: I have found no records, located or other, for P. media in North Lancashire, but of course the plant is present. : Plantago lanceolata L. C.F.R., 1538: . Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. : Var. altissima. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 17 5. Seen at Grange, JGR. Plantago maritima L. CFR, 159 1843. - Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 267. Between Bardse _ and Sandscale, Aiton. Quarry Flat, Holker, Wilson. 1861. Phyt _ logist, 260. Shore below Humphrey Head, West side, Dr. — : atural o * Plantago Coronopus L. PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. 327 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Beach at Grange. (Inland at) Pool Bridge, Rusland. C,F.R., 1548. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 267. Shore embankment at Cark, Wilson. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Round the Shores of the Isle of Walney. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 175. Wilson and Miss Hodgson repeated. Littorella lacustris L. = L. juncea Berg. C.F.R., 1670. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality. Scleranthus annuus L. : C.F.R., 1570- 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Rocky fields and wall tops. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 97. | Newby Bridge, W. Foggitt. Abundant on walls near the station at Woodland, Miss Susan Beever. Miss Hodgson repeated. 1889. Westm. Note-book, 130. The records in Baker given as ‘Lake Lancashire,’ in Mr. Bennett’s ‘Records of Westm. Plants.’ Chenopodium olidum Curt. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 176. Waste ground at Barrow, W. Foggitt. Chenopodium album L. C.F.R., 1629 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus L. be rhs 1579- 1861. Phytologist, 238. Side of the churchyard wall, Cartmel, C. J. Ashfield. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common, no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Atriplex patula L. CER, 1633. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. C.F-R., 1633- Atriplex angustifolia Sm. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Shores at Humphrey Head and Rough-holme, 1885. Baker’s Flora, 177- Ascending from the Coast level in Furness, J. G. Baker. Atriplex hastata L. =e 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Near Urswick Tarn. _ Atriplex Babingtonii Woods. Circ. 1680, see 1889. C.F.R., 1839° 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Greenodd ; pagers 1885. Baker’s Flora, 177. On the shore at Grange; West es Humphrey Head, at Cark and Flookborough, J. G. Baker. a Odgson repeated. 1889. Westm. N ote-book, 186. — Martinda sae Extracts from Lawson's Note-book, as Ariplex maritima ger Furness sands at Roosebeck, Lawson. Nov, 1897. . 328 PETTY: CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA, Atriplex laciniata L. C.F.R., 1690. 1796. Withering, ed. iii., 11, 274. Rampside, opposite the Isle of Walney and Roosebeck, Low Furness, Woodward, and repeated in all subsequent editions, and repeated 1805. Turner and Dillwyn, © Bot. Guide, ii, 372. 1835. Watson, New: B. G., i., 302, on authority of ‘B. G.’ 1892. Naturalist, 81. Walney Island. Between Rampside and Roosebeck, 1888. As recorded by Woodward. L.P. Atriplex portulacoides L. C.F.R., 1551. 1885. Baker's Flora, 176. Ina brackish ditch on Walney Island, opposite Barrow, C. Bailey. On the coast at Barrow, Prof. D. Oliver. Saltmarsh at Kents Bank, and on the railway embankment west of Cark station, J. G. Baker. 1892, Naturalist, 81. Saltmarsh east of Holme Island; Mr. Bailey’s locaiity mentioned as seen, L. P. Salicornia herbacea L. C.F.R., 1568. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker's Flora, 178. On the shore south of Flookborough, J. G. Baker. Note.— Low Marsh, I suppose. Salicornia procumbens Sm. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Foxfield saltmarsh, Greenodd saltmarsh ; and repeated 1885. Baker’s Flora, 178. Sueda maritima Dum. C.F.R., 157° irc. 1680, see 1889. Blitum kali minus album dictum. 1744. Wilson, Syn., 28. At Dunnerholme in Furness, and repeated 1763. Martyn, Plant. Cantab., 60, as Chenopodium maritimum Ls 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Plumpton saltmarsh, Miss M. A. Ashburner. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 178. Saltmarsh near Cark, on the shore west of Humphrey Head, J. G. Baker; Miss Ashburner repeated. 1889, Westm. Note-book, 117. Wilson repeated, and on p. 131, ‘Lake Lancashire, ex Newbould [Baker's Flora, 78.] As usual, I cannot explain what this has to do with the Westmorland Flora or our own. Salsola Kali L. C.F.R., 1578: 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Roosebeck, Miss M. A. Ashburner, and repeated 1885. Baker's Flora, 178. Polygonum Convolvulus L. C.F.R., 1548. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality: 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Polygonum aviculare L. : C.F.R. 153° 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality: 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Naturalist * 2 Sagal Bistorta L. CFR, - Rumex Acetosa L. PETry 1 CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. 329 Var. littorale Link. 1885. Baker's Flora, 180. On the shore at Kent's Bank, J. G. Baker. Polygonum Hydropiper lL. C.E.R., 1548. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 328, ‘Common,’ .no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Polygonum Persicaria lL. C.F.R., 1568. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Polygonum lapathifolium L. C.F.R., 1696. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Polygonum amphibium L. C.F.R., 1597- 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson, Urswick Tarn. Var. terrestre Leers. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Near Urswick Tarn. Plump- ton hedges. Stems four feet high. 1568. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Oxyria digyna Hill. 1893. J. of B., 374. Tilberthwaite, Rumex obtusifolius L. R., 1633- 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., spe: E. Hodgson. No locality. Rumex crispus 1874. J. of B., is F. Hodgson. No locality. Var. trigranulatus Syme. Is plentiful on the shore at B lookborough, J. G. Baker. Rumex Hydrolapathum Huds. C.F.R., 1597- 1889. Westm. Note-book, 186. Mr. Martindale’s extracts from Lawson’s Note-book, circ. 1680, as Lapathum maximus aguaticus cat Marsh Grainge copiosé, Lawson. Rumex alpinus L. “ 1885. Baker’s Flora, 181. Orchard at Swarthmoor Hall, J. G. aker, C.F.R., 1640. near Coniston, W. Duckworth. C.F. C.F.R., 1633- Kent’s Bank, Cark and C.E.R., 1538: Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of Bot; Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Rumex scutatus L. . 1885. Baker’s Flora, 182. Stray from gardens fp euAle thwaite, J. G. Baker. Nov. xf 1897. 330 PETTY: CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. Rumex Acetoseila L. C.F.R:, 1562. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. ae Mezereum L. C.F.Ry 198m 3. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 270. Roudsey and woods shea Staveley in Cartmel, W. Wilson. 1862 (dated 1855). Mar- tineau’s Guide, 186. Graythwaite Woods, Dr. Clowes. 1874. . of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Thicket near Mansriggs Hall; very doubtfully wild. Said to have been found by woodcutters in Colton _ Woods and transplanted to their gardens. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 183. Wilson and Miss Hodgson repeated. 1890-92. Atkinson’s Guide to Grange, included on above authority. Note.—The record in Martineau is so vague that perhaps it ought not to be Spies as the plant may be bird-sown or even planted. Daphne Laureola L. C.F.R., 1548. 1861 (dated 1855). Martineau’s Guide, 186. Grassi wate ye Dr. Clowes. 1869. Aspland’s Guide. Within six miles of Grange, A. Mason. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 183. Clowes repeated. Euphorbia Helioscopia L. C.F.R., 1562- 4. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality. oa J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Euphorbia Cyparissias L. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. By Jacklands Tarn, and ‘repeated 1885. Baker’s Flora, 184. For a note on this locality see under /ée77s ante. [Charles Wright recorded it from Ulpha, just beyond the Lanca- shire boundary, and Borrer in Phytologist, 1846, 432, regrets he was unable to visit the ae and confirm (or otherwise) the record. ] Euphorbia Paralias C.F.R., 1562+ 1796. Withering Gy iii., 448. West side of Walney Island, Atkin- son, and repeated in all pitineguent editions ; and in 1805. West. Antq. ed. Close, 377. 1842; Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 24 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 270. Shore between Bardsea and Sandside, Aiton. By Park Head, Holker, W. Wilson. These two last repeated 1885. Baker’s Flora, 184. 1890-92. Atkinson's Guide to Grange, included on Wilson’s authority. Euphorbia Peplus L. C.F.R., 1597- 4. Linton, Lake Country, 328. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. © No locality. Euphorbia exigua L. C.E.R., 1562: Naturalist, 84. In a carrot field at Rampside, in 1888. es 5S ot Naturalist, g, : : : ae ; i i : ites Ray ith PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. 33r Mercurialis perennis L. C.F.R., 1597- 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 270. Abundant about Conishead Priory, Aiton. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 325- ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 185. Ascending from the shore level, eat Conishead Priory. Ulmus montana Sm. CER: 1697: 1874, J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Woods, edges, and plantations. Frequent. Ulmus campestris Sm. C.F.R., 1562. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 329. No locality. Humulus Lupulus L. C.F.R., 1548. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 270. In hedges in Low Furness, Aiton. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. . No locality. 1885. Baker's Flora, 186. Cark; Allithwaite. Seen only in hedges. near villages and farmhouses. Urtica dioica I. C.F.R., 1562. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 329. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker's Flora, 185. Ascending to 580 yards on Coniston Old Man, H. C. o means scarce ; No record for Urtica urens 1, but it is by n d list that however it has not. yet obtained a place in any printe I have seen. Parietaria officinalis L. Circ. 1680, see 1889. C.F.R.,1 548. 1830. Otley, Guide, ed. iv., 145. Near Cartmel Well and on _ the walls of Cartmel Church, and repeated in all subsequent editions Furness Abbey is added. 1843. Bardsea Hall, Aiton, who Cartmel Church. 1861. Phytologist, 237. Wraysholme Tower and wall close by, C. J. Ashfield. 1869. Aspland’s Guide. Within six miles of Grange, A. Mason. 1874. J. of B, Miss EB Hodgson= P. diffusa Koch. Humphrey Head. Old Limestone walls near Ulverston. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 186. All the localities repeated. oot of walls on shore, west of Humphrey Head, J. G. B sc 69. Westm. Note-book, 186. Martindale’s extrac — Note-book, circ. 1680. On the Mannour house and the Abbey a Furneis, Lawson. 1 _ Atkinson’s Guide to Grange. Lawsons ‘near Cartmel Well’ means on Humphrey Head, where I have Seen it. and in 18 ed. viii., 133, a oe: Nov. 1897. 332 PETTY : CONSTITUENTS OF NORTH LANCASHIRE FLORA. Myrica Gale L. C.F.R., 1548, 1832. (Gardeners’ Magazine, 528. Marshy ground about Esthwaite, Joshua Major. 1843. Jopling, Furness and Cartmel, 270. Near Sandside, Aiton. On Roudsey and Stribers Mosses, Wilson. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 329. Coniston. Birks Bridge (on the Duddon). 1869. Bolton, Geol. Fragments, 16. Roudsey. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Seathwaite Fells, abundant ; and in all the peat mosses of lower grounds. 1885. Baker’s Flora, 192. Ascending from sea level at Ulverston. : Betula alba L. C.F.R., 1551- 1842. Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 26. One of the chief indigenous forest trees in Furness. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 329. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. Betula pubescens Ehrh. C.F.R., 1842. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. Bogs at Stribers, near Haver- thwaite. Alnus glutinosa L. C.F.R., 1548. Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 26. One of the principal underwoods in Furness. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 329. ‘Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. 1885. Baker's Flora, 187. Ascending to 300 yards over Coniston. Carpinus Betulus L. C.F.R., 1597: [1864. Linton, Lake Country, 329. No locality.] 1885. Baker's Flora, 187. Head of Esthwaite Water, between Colthouse and Hawkshead. Corylus Avellana L. C.F.R, 1554+ Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 26. One of the principal underwoods in Furness. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 329: *Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B, Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. - Quercus Robur I. C.F.R., 1562: 1842. Evans, Furness and Furness Abbey, 26. One of the chief indigenous forest trees in Furness. 1864. Linton, Lake Country, 329. Includes both fedunculata Ehrh. and_ sessiliflora Salisb. *Common,’ no locality. 1874. J. of B., Miss E. Hodgson. No locality. @Q. fedunculata Ehrh. Woods, hedges, and plantations, frequent. a sane ee Naturalist, 333: BRITISH YEW-TREES. The Yew-Trees | of Great Britain | and Ireland | By | John Lowe, M.D. Ed. | Honorary Physician to His Royal Highness | the Prince of Wales ; Fellow of the | Linnzan Society ; Fellow of the | Botanical Society of Edinburgh | etc., etc. | London | Macmillan and Co., Limited]... - - | 1897 | All rights reserved [Demy 8vo., cloth, pp. xiv. +270+ 23 plates, Price 10s. net]. Peruaps in these days of centralisation it is no more than a passing sign of the times that monographs should abound. Unfortunately there seems no ‘type’ specimen with which to compare the ‘ forms,” or, if any reader prefers, ‘states’ and ‘varieties’ that are continually put forward. This ‘ Book of the Yew-T'ree,’ as in truth we may call it, is better'than most, no doubt on account of its writer being better equipped for his work. Certainly there is a feeling of disappoint- ment in reading it, induced probably by the manner, not the matter The introduction is good; the historical portion better ; the question of age and the methods of getting at the proof; rejuven- escence, rate of growth and variation of rate, and such, are very well done and illustrated with plans of trees showing the dead and living portions. Unfortunately no real rule for calculation is given which one can apply for oneself. Then a chapter on notable trees, with tabular statement of measurements and notes on latest condition ~ then comes the churchyard Yew, and the unsolved mystery of its appearance there, but the author gives us no more clue. Chapters 8- and 9g treat of the wood and its uses, and bows. Chapter 10, the Poisonous qualities; and Chapter 11, poetical allusions. oor bibliography and an uncertain index. Plenty certainly, but still there is somewhat to add and correct, as must be expected in such a wide undertaking. On page 24 the spelling ‘ View-trees ’ is noted, and a reference to ‘Notes and Queries,’ 1st series, vi., 10, but much later than that, in 6th Series ix. (Vol. i., 1884) the subject came up again and was discussed. ‘To the present writer the way in which authorities are quoted is most irritating. Evidently priority, as understood by most of us, is disregarded here ; and if one has. a chronological bias, this only tends to strengthen it. On page 10°, Caxton’s Festale is quoted as ‘ Directions for keeping Fasts all the year.’ It should, of course, be ‘all the fasts of the year,’ but again no date and no reference. ‘The late W. Blades in his Caxton, 1882, gives it (14832). The book, of course, is not paged in our sense 0 the term, but the reference is Sign. c. fol. v. On P- 106 a bit of folklore is given; to this may be added a trifle more from T. F. Thistleton Dyer’s ‘Folklore of Plants,’ 1889, Pp. 17% from an old dream book. England, no mention 1s made As to the Yew being a native of k; and are there not some of the ii oe Se oe limestone area of Giggleswic Nov. 1897. 334 REVIEW—BRITISH YEW-TREES. about Brimham, near Dacre Banks, or the limestone of the Lake District, besides Borrowdale, etc. ? It is mentioned that sometimes seeds are sown in the excreta of birds. In ‘Science Gossip,’ 1883, p. 238, it is stated that on the tower of Culmstack Church, Devon- shire, 100 feet from the ground, a seedling Yew was growing well, 12 or 13 inches in diameter, but suffering from the ill-treatment of climbing tourists. In regard to planting Yews in churchyards, our author does not seem to have noticed that they are generally on the south side of the church (‘Science Gossip,’ 1879, p. 18). So far as one person’s memory goes, it is the same in the north of England. In ‘Notes and Queries,’ Dec. 13th, 1879, a correspondent writes of a circle of Yew trees at Llanelly Church, near Abergavenny, which enclosed the building. It was not quite perfect, but was supposed to be the best example remaining. Although perhaps the present writer is doing what has just been condemned—a jumbling up of references—it might be quite worth the author’s while to read the notes on archery in Mr. H. H. S. Croft’s edition (1883) of Sir Thos. Elyot’s ‘The Boke named the Governour, 1531, vol. i, pp. 297 et seq. The medical side of the Yew is very well done. Surely no industrious compiler will now dare to say, as has so often happened, that the species is not poisonous. But medical men are usually in arms at the slightest hint of botanical physic. The ‘Brit. Pharmacopeia’ now contains more plant preparations than ever it did. So good a man as Sir J. E. Smith, M.D., in his ‘ Eng. Flora,’ ed. 2, declares ‘the berries are not poisonous,’ as though he were speaking of stone fruit. ‘This chapter ought to be carefully read, and Dr. Lowe’s experiments on himself with Zaxus and_ his conclusions. Virgil's story that the Corsican honey was spoilt by the bees visiting Yew flowers is at last settled by a visit paid to Corsica by r, Lowe. Vow the honey cannot be dangerous from the same cause, as no Yews remain in the island. [‘ Classic’ editors, please note. | On the subject of cattle poisoning, there is a theory that if no water is given to them for some time after they will recover ; this was known to me, but confirmation was required. In ‘Science Gossip,’ 1879, p. 238, col. 2, it is given as the experience of an old farmer that ‘drinking does the mischief.’ Why are not the north country trees treated with the same care as in the south in this book? Not having measurements at hand nO additions (with the exception below) can be made now. The few famous trees we hear of again and again, but there must be many - more. Mr. W. Hodgson, A.1.S., of Workington, kindly sent me + REVIEW—GILBERT WHITE. 335 the girth of the tree mentioned in his paper on the ‘Flora of Ulleswater District’ (Trans. Cumb. Assoc., 1882) at Oldchurch. It is, he tells me, 21 feet 3 inches in girth at 5 feet from the ground, but the tree has a split in the trunk which is, of course, included in the measurement, so that 20 feet is perhaps too little. As the name shows, it is planted close to the site of a church; one destroyed by Homer to Dr. Conan Boe Be aumont and Fletcher's ‘ Maid’s ‘Tragedy’ is awe but not ‘The mesh ‘Shipheriess' by John Fletcher, acted 16 Yon same dell O’er topped with mourning Cypress and sad Yew. Or Churchill's The Yew, which in the pee: ee sculptured stone Marks out the resting-place known. The verses ascribed to Sir Tho fhicenie are really by: William Browne, and, if memory fails not, they are from his ‘Britannia’s Pastorals’ : ; and is not the quotation on p. 99 from Sir Thos. Stanley “ae wrong? In the index, Haworth Castle (and on p. 82) uld be Maworth, and Hartbourne Tarrant, Hurstbourne. Finally, hes the poor plate of the Yewdale tree is replaced by a good one it may be said that the book is very well illustrated.—S. L. Petty. Paes Lanne eis of aaa | 0 8vo, » cloth, pp. i.-xiv., 1 5-274 ; four illustrations and folding sheet containing a ‘Summary of Editions’ sopeiee 3/6]. Mr. Martin has divided his little book into nine chapters, whereof the second js occupied Mien an account of the ‘ Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne’; .the next three chapters enumerate the ‘Many editions which bie appeared since the original of 1789, and the te chapters have regard to the author, his native village, _ and birt place. Three of the illustrations are reproduced from the quarto edition of 1813, known as Mitford’s or Markwick’s edition. | Compiler appears to be unaware that the publishers of this edition j issued in the same year another in two ocfavo volumes, with _ *New title-page and some other. differences. It may be as well to ee oT Such other additions and corrections as are disclosed by our 3 336 NOTES AND NEWS. In the ‘ Bibliogr. Zool. et Geol.’ of Agassiz (iv. p. 560) it is stated (probably on the authority of Jardine) that there is an edition bearing the date 1793. No copy of this appears to be forthcoming, and it is probable such an edition never existed. The same may be said of the supposed paring edition of 1830 (tom. cit., pp. 560-561— where it is described as a ‘ New edit. Edinb. and Lond., 1830, 12°’). Mr. Martin includes this edition in his ‘Summary,’ but as he supplies no information it is to be supposed he has not handled a copy. Another Jardine edition, described as of 18° size, is stated (p. 561) to have been published in 1839. Strangely enough, Jardine himself oo the fourth volume of Agassiz’s ‘ Bibliographia,’ and it is cult to understand how he allowed these errors to pass—if errors t ec The sisi of the ‘* Bowdlerized’ Lady Dover edition in America is very imperfect. It was first published in that country in 1841 (not 1843), and since that date probably not fewer than a score reprints of this and of other editions have appeared. For some of them see Dr. Elliott Cones (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ii. p. 402). only translation of ‘ White’s ‘Selborne’ appears to be that by sive and, as Mr. Martin has not printed the title-page, it may prove of interest if here transcribed :—White’s Beytrage | zur } Naturgeschichte von England. | Aus den Englischen iibersetzt | und | mit Anmerkungen begleitet | von | Friedrich Albrecht Anton Meyer, |. ..|..j Berlin, 1792. | . . | [r6mo. pp. 1-168]. The White-Marsham diiddnsnteias was printed originally In the ‘ Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Soc.,’ vol. ii., pp. 133-195. It has since been reprinted A real blemish in the book is that it is undated, and we trust this is not the fault of the compiler. The bibliographical part would have been greatly improved had the name of the editor and the date been printed in the margin opposite the various editions. Those who use the book will experience difficulty in speedily referring to the editions and the difficulty is all the greater through the boo gala, no index. W.C.J.R.B. t. Leonards-on-Sea. NOTES AND NEWS. We are in re eceipt of a copy of the ‘ Weekly Columbian’ for July 28th, 1897; published at Westminster, British Columbia, in which is a long and interesting Prince, ion. vi ly our ey pat amas orth-countryman is sparing no pains to keep himself fally informed on matters affecting his official Y dates, especially as there are now eo ey various changes in the fishery regulations for the Dominion. We wis of. Prince every success, both in his scientific and in his official work. Naturalist, 337 THE TINTS AND SHADES IN AUTUMN WOODS. P. Q. KEEGAN, LL.D., Patterdale, Ulleswater. It has been observed with regard to the autumnal colours exhibited by American trees, more especially the maples of New England, that ‘a medium amount of moisture and late frost seem to be favourable to the greatest brilliancy in leaves ; while, on the other hand, early frost and a great degree of moisture are distinctly unfavourable to the production of the effect.’ It is well known that some American maples, scarlet oaks, and chestnuts display in the fall a depth and vividness of colouration which is never seen in Great Britain. Even marked changes of colour as they exhibit in their native habitats. Nevertheless, it is true that those British forest trees whose foliage is conspicuous in the autumn for even a tolerably fair show of crimson, scarlet, or bright yellow, are nearly allied to, if not specifically identical with those American ones which are eminent for brilliancy of autumnal livery. Hence it may be suspected that the structure of the particular leaf itself has something to do with the alternative of their being either vividly tinted, or otherwise, in the fall. The particular point of structure of the leaf here concerned would seem to be what is called its consistency, i.e., its texture, so to speak, which, according to the name-burdened text-books, may be either “herbaceous, ie, thin and flaccid, or succulent, coriaceous, OF fleshy” This ‘consistency’ seems to be connected not only with the Capacity of particular leaves for the retention of water, but also with the greater or less lignification of their cell walls, ie., their Power of forming compounds with the tannin, etc., contained in the Sap. Where the leaf is thin, crisp, and dry, as in the beech, maple Mahonia, etc., there the process of lignification seems to be some- what arrested, the cell-walls would seem to remain clear and not Clogged with phlobaphenes and compounds of tannin, with gum, or Proteid substances. Hence on the fall of the leaf in the autumn the ted colouring matter formed in solution in the sap shines through Cell, as it were, and is not obstructed in its manifestation, SO that Aer we have a petal-like exhibition of colour. In some cases, ne those of the mountain ash, wild cherry, etc., where ordinarily 22 leaves in fading become yellowish passing to brown, they under influence of an exceptionally dry season turn red, Just a5 1S a a with many usually pure white flowers turning pink under Oe ae — cumstances, These exceptional cases may be explained by Nov. 1897. x 338 NOTE—GEOLOGY. greater concentration of the cell sap owing to a deficient supply of water from without. When a solution of certain kinds of tannin, which is the source of the red and brown autumnal pigments, undergoes concentration in the presence of dehydrating acids, bases, or crystallisable salts, there are produced various anhydrides, of sO e former constitute the colouring matter of the red, the latter that of the brown and russet autumn leaves. Hence, then, it may be readily understood how it comes to pass in the case of leaves which are naturally or artificially bereft of water, whose cell-sap in consequence readily concentrates in the living condition, that a colouring matter is produced, which only awaits and requires the destruction and fading of the protoplasm and its accompanying green chlorophyll in order to manifest its presence in the crimson liv ery of the autumn woods. It would appear also, as is the case with the more succulent or fleshy leaves as of the alder, ash, willow, elm, etc., where the tannin solution in the cell-sap does not concentrate, the phlobaphene, which has been accumulating on the cell wall perhaps for months beforehand, appears in the fall as a dingy brown or russet ; or where little or none of this phlobaphene has been thus produced, then the carotin or the ammoniated rutin or alnein of the leaf serves to impart a brilliant yellow, such as charms us in the birch, elm, or sycamore. : 3rd September, 1897. NOTE—GEOLOGY. Glacial Boulders at West — Morecambe.—While sojourning at the West End, Mor ss aa a few days ago, I witnessed a number o f fine nen om 3 pies excavations no’ ing on for buildi urpose ny he boulders r ed ten to twelve feet in cir mference, were t ss, and ag as, for example, in the genus #7 350 BINNIE: TADCASTER NEUROPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA. I have adopted here that of the more recent ‘ Monographie Revision and Synopsis of the Trichoptera of the European Fauna’ by the same author, and now [1880] nearly completed. For convenient reference, however, I add within parentheses the specific name (when different) used in the ‘Catalogue of British Neuroptera’ ’ (1870). The generic changes which affect the present list are the ey hae Wicropterpna has been created for those species of the genus Giinpiyles with the basal joint of anterior tarsi of male short. Of the three species of Mormonia in the ‘Trichoptera Britannica,’ éasalis is separated in the ‘Catalogue’ as Lasiocephata, and in the ‘Monographic Revision’ the remaining two species are allocated to new genera Lefidestoma and Crunacia respectively, the name: Mormonia disappearing from the generic roll altogether. GEeetis Teceives Se/odes, section A; and section B of Folycentropus also takes generic rank as Pichicenteopus. ter each species the character of the habitat of the larva is indicated. I have not succeeded in capturing any representatives of the families Phryganeide and Hydroptilide. 7 Fem. LIMNOPHAILID.A. Glyphotzlius pellucidus Oliv. Still waters. ‘'adcaster. Limnophilus rhombicus L. Still waters. Tadcaster. Limnophilus lunatus Curt. Still waters. Near Newton Kyme; Stutton. Common. Limnophilus griseus L. Still waters. ‘Tadcaster. Limnophilus auricula Curt. Shallow running waters. Near Newton Kyme. age name vitkatst F.. Standing waters, perhaps also streams. Stenophylax stellatus Sane —— A dead male individual a spider’s web at Bosto Wine sequax } se eas Clear running waters. Occurs very sparingly in Britain. Near Newton Kyme. Fam. SERICOSTOMA TID. Goera pilosa F. (flavipes). Rivers and streams cither turbid oF clear. River Wharfe at Boston Spa and ‘Tadcaster. Lepidostoma hirtum F. Swift clear streams. ‘Tadcaster. Fam. LEPTOCERID£. Leptocerus cinereus Curt. Large rivers. River Wharfe at Boston Spa and Tadcaster, common. ee Naturalist, COCKS : JUBULA HUTCHINSI® IN NIDDERDALE. 351 Leptocerus albifrons L. Clear streams. River Wharfe at adcaster and Boston Spa. Mystacides azurea 1. (nigra). Running waters. River Wharfe at Boston Spa and Tadcaster. Mystacides nigra L. (atra). Standing and slowly-running waters. Stutton. Ccetis notata Ramb. Streams. River Wharfe at Tadcaster, abundant. ‘The only other recorded locality in Britain is Weybridge, in the south of England. It has been added since the ‘Catalogue’ was published. CEcetis testacea Curt. Streams.. Abundant, with the preceding, by river Wharfe at Tadcaster; Boston Spa. Fam. 1 ¥DROPS YCHID:. Polycentropus flavomaculatus Pict. Shallow rapid streams. River Wharfe at Boston Spa Holocentropus Ppicicornis Steph. Clear weedy pools and lakes. Stutton. ‘ Fam. RHVYACOPAILIDA. Rhyacophila dorsalis Curt. Swift clear streams. Tadcaster. apetus comatus Pict. Swift rivers. Tadcaster. [The fact of Mr. Binnie’s notes having been written in 1880 no doubt accounts for the statement that A/icropterpna sequax ‘ occurs very sparingly in Britain.’ Since then it has proved to be a very common species, and seems to adound all over our county. I find talmost wherever I ‘collect, including the stream and ponds in my : Mr. McLachlan, too, recently told me he took years ago in the ‘Thames,—G.T.P.] NOTE—HEPATICA. ie insiz.—The ‘ Naturalist cing therto known only as an Irish and West Coast , had H rid Po n -? / $ th had the fortune to fin Aiea vensgill, Pateley Bridge. xt to impossib! mistaken 1 fen ooker’s beautiful drawing before one, I neve ; fo gor ght it desirable to submit a specimen to oe a! ri rmed the determination.—L. ks, Harrogate. 352 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. = po: scammer sath Acanthocinus zdilis at Doncaster.—I had a fine living specimen of this beetle hot me to-day by a friend. It “ietien i his hand while at work.— A. oe N, 45, Cemetery Road, Doncaster, Sep ent Occurs ence isi — zotrogus sinnisini in Yorkshire.—A short ee pha hay en , handed t adie wing Oa Malton, in Fly of the present year. proved to be Rhtzotrogus solstitialis L., a well-known insect in some of the at aah counties of England, but most unusual faite: sitih An sikaatie instance of the recent cocina species in Yorkshire is worthy of note, the locality being so far from its rmal area of distribution ts “the British Islands. —M. Lawson THOMPSON, Saltburn- -by-the Sea, October 13th, ale NOTES—ORNITHOLOG Y. Pectoral Sandpiper Spurn.—A very fine adult male of 7ringa ag ace M ieill, in summer py was shot by a coastguard on September 28th at Easington, H older 2 ess, from a a pond on the fitties at the Humber side. It was the autumn than is generally supposed, easily escaping observation when 1D company with Dunlin or other small waders.—Joun CorpDEAUX, Great Cotes Ee : 7 trel and Lon — Owl breeding in close proximity t each other.— Whilst in a wood on April 29th last, in the neighbourhood of siecal Common, I saw a Kestrel ( 7 tnnunculus tinnun neulus) leave a nest a the top of a tee Scotch Fir so and. on climbin ng t to I found it was a et aa nest of the e (Pica pica) in a very good state of preservation, probably having been built the previous year, — — Stee ple e and the present occupier having h e in the usual Magpie-fashion. The nest contained tt four beautiful Kestrel’s Big n an adjoining ase also a Scotch Fir, there wa eter nest not more than three yards from the Kestrel’s. When up at the latter could n - but seeing a lot of bird excrement on the branches below I was as tempted to climb to that nest also, to satisfy my curiosity, when I found ella three young Long: eared Owls (Asie ofus) and one addled egg. Two of the young ones appeare me be about a emer older than the other. —E. G. Porter, 14, Bootham Crescent, York, Oct. 11th, 7 NOTE—F = Gl. The British Mycological Soci ciety at herwood Forest.—The firs st annual meeting of this society was hel stg Notts, from eae er eee to 17! last, excursions being made aint ae to some portion of the Sher ocd ro district. Among the place mes “a Welbeck Park, Budby Carr and Leese Park, Cl tas tah wey the Birklands. Many interesting Fungi were © observe’ a considerable mete not hitherto recorded for N Nottinghamshi ‘ch the Britis y po resel characterised by the hirsute margin of the gills, which may be observed even by ae po eye. It was discovered in Budby Carr. ae —— spec! fou as Amanita recutita, which occurred in some abund —_— er age ck prs “Birk ds. According to Mr. Rea this is not recor ge for British Fungi, although it has nown to Dr. C. B. ight a Plow many years. It ‘belongs to the Phalloidez grou p of Amanita, but is characterised by the dry pileus, silky stem, and distant ring.’ ene eeren 353 LATHYRUS NISSOLIA AND OTHER RARE PLANTS AT SANDAL, NEAR DONCASTER. H. H. CORBETT. Asout two and a half miles from Doncaster, on the Thorne Road, are the Sandal Brickfields. On August 3rd, I paid a visit to them with Mr, F. Arnold Lees and Mr. Pickard, our object being the confirmation or otherwise of my note (‘ Naturalist,’ August 1897) on the occurrence of Zathyrus nissolia in this locality. After our visit, Mr. Lees asked me to write a short account of what we had seen, for the ‘Naturalist.’ This I proceed to do. _Geologically, the isolated patch of clay forming the brickfields is interesting. The whole way from Doncaster the soil consists of post-glacial gravels, with Bunter sandstone below. But here the Bunter appears to have been locally denuded at some pre-glacial ‘me, while during the glacial period when the Scandinavian glacier blocked up the Humber and consequently the Don, the hollow Previously formed was filled with water which gradually deposited a fine bluish laminated clay, showing no trace of organic remains, nor Containing any pebbles or boulders. It is to all appearance a warp clay, but is situated far above the true warp lands, being about forty feet above sea level. This clay has been worked for the manufacture of bricks since. as dug bably accumulated germinating ? These questions, easy to but in my own 2 barely probable solution. _- the plant has been an integer of the mena and independently of the removal of the clay, 7+ West Riding flora con- it is difficult ¥ 354 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. to conceive how it should have escaped notice. ‘Tofield worked the Doncaster neighbourhood very thoroughly, and surely had Z. nissolia been here then he would have found it. Since his day, many good botanists have worked here, but no record of Z. m/ssolia is to be found from an mong other Sneresting plants noted on August 3rd, were Lycopus europeus, Sparganium simplex, Rosa tomentosa, Utricularia vulgaris, Myriophyllum alterniflorum, Helosciadum inundatum, Lotus uliginosus, Nepeta cataria, Ginanthe fistulosa, Epilobium palustre, Senecio erucifolius, Chara fetida, and two introduced aliens, Afedtcago Salata and Sisymbrium austriacum. NOTES—MAMMALTIA. Squirrel in Upper Wharfedale.—On the 2nd of November, about midday, ° dees Sciurus vulgaris ru nning on the road between Arncliffe and Hawkswi Asta pproache nearer it bey along the wall-top and disappear ared —— cn trees ofa plantas As m not aware = this oe little ay ee ever recorde di in this Sitcict-—at 700 ft. above the sea—I have wu sn send in this note to you.—W. A. SHUFFREY, “Arneliffe Vicarage, November As, 1897. ease of Arvicola agrestis at York.—In the York Nae r and in early spring, muc oc was made by these sma w is oO ts oe 3 $s 3 SS a caught ; in pro in an adjoining field Se seatbors of nests of th when the grass wa surements are as body, 4 — I So 3; length of tail, 1 inch 33 lines. At Harrogate, the se er catches go t e that the pre ponderance of number goe s with the Lo oe ai Field oar (Mus sylvaticus) by something like ten to one.—J. BAC sis Daleside, Harrogate, Oct. 16th, 1897. NOTE—ARACHNIDA. curbitina in N ee —While =prat> on the rocks in Epeira cu d.—W bed of the S. Tyne, ring! Bs eee erstone Castle, in : orthum mberland, ce I m, m, and Newcastle e-upon-Tyne,’ vol. 13, part Epeira has only before b fy tact d ep in rae neighbour NER of Wooler, by Mr. than twenty y We. FaLeres 20, Lewisham Har Road, Saukuste Huddersfield, Oct. pry "1897. ‘Naturalist, -~- 35 LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS AT FRAMPTON AND WYBERTON FITTIES. Rev. E. ADRIAN WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK, Lihy £8. PGS; Vicar of Cadney, Brigg; General and Botanical Secretary Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. Tue fifteenth field mecting of the Union was held in the Boston neighbourhood in Diy. 17 North, on Thursday, August 26th, and passed off most successfully. At the appointed time most of the members mustered at Boston Station, amongst those present being Mr. John Cordeaux, M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S., of Great Cotes ; Mr. F. M: Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., of Gainsborough ; Mr. H. Preston, F.G.S., of Grantham; Dr. Howard, of Sibsey ; Rev. Sumner C. Wood, of Ponton ; Mr. W. H. Wheeler and Mr. G. S. W. Jebb, of Boston ; Rey, S. Staffurth, of Frieston; Mr. W. Lane-Claypon and Miss Lane-Claypon, of Tytton Hall; Mr. S. Cresswell, Mr. B. Crow and Mr. T. Gelsthorp, of Louth; Mr. T. J. H. Brogden, of Spalding ; Miss Woolward, of Belton ; Mr. G. Parker and Mr. J. J. Cresswell, A-R.LB.A., of Grimsby; Rev. A. Thornley, F.LS., F.ES., of Leverton ; Mr. J. E. Mason, of Lincoln; Col. Moore, C.B., of Frampton; Mr. Hett, of Brigg; the Organizing Secretary, the Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock, of Cadney; and the Assistant Secretary, Mr. R. W. Goulding, of Louth. Six of these were picked Up en route ance of about four miles. Lee - and the present embankment has been enclosed ee ty-five or thirty years, and interesting accounts 0 in Wheeler, M.Inst.C.E., wno 1892 edition of “amation were given by Mr. W. H 5 ae an able article on the Fens to the f id ee 356 WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS. White’s Lincolnshire. Alluvium is brought down the rivers in times of flood, sand and coarser silt being deposited first ; when the accretion has risen to the height of neap tides, then argillaceous matter is deposited on it, but only when the water is com- paratively still. ‘The warp so formed speedily becomes covered with samphire and other marine vegetation, the surface gradually rising. very one interested in the Fenland should study Mr. Wheeler's last work, the second edition of the ‘ History of the Fens of South Lincolnshire.” Geologists are specially recommended to study his r on ‘Littoral Drift,’ which explains the formation of the Fenland on slightly new lines. Mr. F. M. Burton writes that the geology of the district traversed, so far as field-work is concerned, proved, as is so often the case in Lincolnshire, devoid of practical interest, the strata being entirely covered over with fen deposits ; but what we know of the underlying beds points to matter of considerable interest. In an attempt to find water at Boston some years ago by a boring which was carried to a depth of nearly 600 feet, after the fen beds and the boulder clay below them were passed through, the Kimmeridge and Oxford clays were reached. This shows that the whole of the chalk series forming the high wolds to the north-west, which once covered the district,- had been swept away ; for when the chalk was deposited in the deep. cretaceous sea, England lay beneath it. And further, as the boulder clay lies directly on the Kimmeridge and Oxford clays, we have here a certain proof that, in this part of Lincolnshire at all events, this enormous denudation must have preceded the glacial era, or at al events, such part of it as was still in existence when the boulder clay was deposited. Very little work appears to have been done with regard to the natural history of this marsh land, but a good beginning is being made now by several active workers ; Miss Lane-Claypon, Mr. J. Lane-Claypon, who is busy with the Lepidoptera, and Mr. Brogden, of Spalding, amongst the birds. Mr. John Cordeaux, M.B.O.U., F.R.G.S., writes that the number of birds seen was small; this was probably from members of the Union (through want of time) keeping the sea-bank and not separating to explore the coast and sea-edge of the fitties, near low water-mark, where wading birds mostly congregate. Yet it turned out a charming walk for the naturalists. In the distance large numbers of Gulls were beating to and fro over the foreshore—a solitary Heron was slowly flapping seaward. We found their footprints everywhere in the creeks. Some Lapwings were feeding on the fitties—4 coun! a a . f , couple of Ducks were on the wing. The far-off ‘ chee-weet ph a e WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS. 357 Redshank and wheepling of the restless Whaups were sounds which, subdued by distance, eminently fitted in with the unique character of Lincolnshire coast scenery. ‘The commonest small bird was the Meadow Pipit. I was told by Mr. Brogden, of Spalding, that if we wanted to see birds we should have’ followed the south side of Fossdike Wash, a locality which they seem much to prefer. The Common Sandpiper, now on its southern migration, was flitting across an inland creek; Dunlin also were both heard and seen. The two most interesting species were a Green Sandpiper and half-a-dozen Curlew Sandpipers, new arrivals, in immature plumage; these latter on a little mud bank in an old creek. Strikingly tame, their acquaintance with man and his ways not having commenced, they probably mistook the deeply interested group of naturalists for a herd of reindeer. Here were young birds of the year, on August 26th, on our coast, yet the place of their nesting is unknown to science, so very far off is it and inaccessible, somewhere, we have reason to think, in the bleak, treeless tundra lands of eastern Arctic Asia) The Green Sandpiper has undoubtedly nested in England, although proofs of the actual finding of the nest are yet wanting. The eggs, it is now known, are deposited in the old nest of some other bird in a tree. It is not an uncommon bird on our coast fittie lands in the latter part of July and August. Ornithologically this district is second to none in Great Britain, and its possibilities are practically unlimited in the summer of rare visitors from other lar o which have already been obtained on the coast at Tetney Haven and at the Spurn. It is the absence of houses, and its loneliness and natural features which mark it as one specially attractive to me ornithologist, as well as its geographical position as regards the lines of immigration followed by birds in the autumn. Miles and miles and miles of desolation, Time forgotten—yea, since T: ime’s creation Seem these borders where the sea-birds range. Turning inland when we reach the Witham the view is very striking, _ the broad river wandering through the level which itself has helped to lay down in the course of ages. There on the outwa oft Plain stands the glorious historic tower of St. Botolph, dominating the fenland. ‘The landscape strikes us as being very suggestive of the approach to Antwerp from the sea. nee tas 1897. 358 | WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS, Mr. Jas. Eardley Mason and the Rev. A. Thornley, M.A., F.L.S., represented the Entomological section, and got on the Kirton Marsh y 9 a.m., in a fog that gave promise of a fine day, and was not falsified in the result. The locality will repay a.much more careful and prolonged investigation.. The Hemiptera-Heteroptera met with were not remarkable, but one would have expected more Sa A better search would probably reveal other species. The list is:— Miris calcaratus Fall. Nabis major Costa. Megalocerzea erratica L. Abundant. Nabis ferus L. Megalocerzea longicornis Fall. Nabis rugosus L. Megalocerzea ruficornis Fall. : Salda littoralis L. Abundant. Salda pallipes Fab. Lygus pratensis Fab. The following is a shortened list of the less common species of Coleoptera, which altogether amounted to fifty :— $ puncticollis, Abundant in Oxytelus inustus. seed heads of Daucus carota. Quedius semizneus. Bembidium varium. Micraspis sedecimpunctatus. Bembidium normannum. ew. Bembidium minimum. Phalacrus corruscus. Common on Pogonus chalceus. Perhaps the most sea-bank. abundant beetle on the foreshore. Aphodius pusillus. Dichirotrichus obsoletus. A few. Miccotrogus picirostris. Dichirotrichus pubescens. Abundant. Psylliodes chrysocephala. Cafius xantholoma, Anthicus antherinus. And many common species. Of Diptera were taken :— Iteatus. Syrphus balteat Eumerus lunulatus. Syrphus luniger. Syritta pipiens. yrphus ribesii. Eristalis ceneus. Syrphus latifasciatus. Eristalis pertinax. Catabomba pyrastri. Eristalis arbustorum. Spheerophoria scriptus. Rhingia rostrata. And numerous other species not yet determined. Of Hymenoptera most of the common species of Bombus — observed, but especially B. Japidarius. Common species of Halzetus; fZ. cylindricus, male, and H. rubicundus, male. Of Neuroptera was noted Panorpa communis. ; Of Orthoptera the common Grassho pers Srenobothrus viridulus and 4S. éicolor were abundant, particularly the first, amongst the long grass of the sea-bank. The principal Butterflies seen were Pyrarge megera, Vanessa ts, V. urtice, Lycena icarus, and ‘The Cabbage White.’ In se connection we publish a list of about two hundred species ot Lepidoptera which Mr. J.-C. Lane-Claypon has taken in the pat of Wyberton, a very acceptable instalment towards a knowledge ° the entomological fauna of District 17 North. ae : Naturalist WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK : LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS, 359 Mr. F. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., reports on the Conchology :— The district in question proved somewhat barren with regard to molluscs. This was partly owing to the nature of the ground passed over—a wide, flat, salt marsh, covered occasionally by the sea ; but. it was also due to the distance traversed and the want of time allowed for search. This last is an evil which, I often think, we are too liable to fall into. It was certainly the case at our first meeting this year at Scotton Common; and, as I had the arrangements to make for that excursion myself, I must take the blame. Had we . stayed on the Common all the time, we could have found more than enough to have occupied the attention of the members present, specialists or not; as it is, however, the thorough investigation of this most interesting locality remains still to be carried out. The only point of any conchological interest met with at Boston was the finding of the common cockle (Cardium edule) and Palu destrina ventrosa, both together, in the remains of an old creek on the land side of the outer sea-bank—a bank which was raised, I understand, some 25 years ago—called locally, Sandholme Creek. There is apparently no access from the sea into this creek, but the Water in it, notwithstanding the lapse of time, is not yet dried. up. The cockles are attenuated in texture, small and globular—a sign of their having lived for a long time in brackish water—and their open valves, lying at the sides, and numerous footprints of small waders about, showed one of the uses they are put to. There were many shrimps also, of more than one kind, in the water; they came up In fact at every lift of the dredge, and, had time permitted, a careful search in this old cut-off creek would no doubt have resulted in. Matter of much interest. 2 Colonel Moore, of Frampton Hall, who joined the party, pre sented a series of the shells of the Common Mussel (Mytilus edults from the spat to two years old, taken from Boston Deeps. . Increase in growth of this valuable mollusc from year to year 1s very Interesting, and it is satisfactory to find that it is being protected by the Fishery Board in this district. Miss Lane-Claypon has not only worked the Botany of the Boston neighbourhood very fully, but has made most beautiful water Coloured sketches of most of our local species. She put a — of the neighbourhood into the hands of the Organizing aoe seemide : the Species were thoroughly typical of the neighbourhood, and ate been recorded over and over again in the ‘ Naturalist and as a . € only two good finds of the day were Festuca arundinacea ees badly ergoted, which makes £ ¢datior L., of which till lately 3 Sa : Feckoned a variety, so dangerous in the pastures of breeding: farms, ~ 360 NOTES AND NEWS. and Salicornia herbacea VL. var. procumbeus Mag., never recorded before for South Lincs., 53. The fertility of the soil of the fenland is wonderful. Beech, Ash, and Oak grow in this favoured district as large in 50 years as they would in 150 on less favoured soils such as chalk, limestone, and clay. They are ‘soft’ and ‘sappy’ in consequence, and are of little value to the timber merchant though so pleasing on the landscape. Bleak House, where the brakes were in readiness, was reached about 4.30. ‘The party then proceeded to Tytton Hall, Mr. and Mrs. Lane-Claypon very kindly entertaining them to high tea. Mr. John Cordeaux, a vice-president of the Union, occupied the chair, and after tea moved a cordial vote of thanks to the host and hostess for their generous hospitality, making special acknowledgment of the admirable way in which Miss Lane-Claypon had organised the meeting. Mr. F. M. Burton, another vice-president, seconded, and apologised for the absence of Canon Fowler, who was in the Lake District. Mr. S. Cresswell supported, adding a few apposite remarks in the name of the l.outh Society. Before putting the vote the Chairman ; said that he had not thought it necessary to make special mention | of the Louth Society, as he always considered that Society a? integral part of the Union, and Mr. Burton added that the Louth Society, having regard to its connection with the Union, might certainly say ‘Quorum pars magna fui.’ ; Mr. Lane-Claypon acknowledged the vote, and said that 1t was entirely due to his daughter that the meeting had been held a Wyberton. He was sorry that he had not been able to add to the scientific researches of the day, for he was only a naturalist by deputy, but he was very glad to have enhanced their pleasure in any way. It had given him great satisfaction to welcome the Union at Tytton Hall, and he hoped that this would not be their last yisit to the neighbourhood. Sectional reports of the day’s proceedings were then give. Before leaving Tytton Hall, members had the pleasure of seein8 and admiring some of Miss Woolward’s paintings of flowers, and of hastily looking through her magnificent monograph on Masdevallia, 4 genus of Orchids found in Central and South America. SMI Oe te eee NOTES AND NEWS. ; _ The papers on Natural History in connection with the Hancock. Memo! pa ne were adjudicated upon in the middle of October by Canon Tristram 30" anon N . The prize was awarded to Mr. B. W. Ellison, of Newcast! of § ie. Mr. Ellison was followed so closely by Miss E. Spencer ial ° rize was a , ) by C. ee that a special second p warded to her TE ee Naturalists 361 LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA TAKEN AT WYBERTON, NEAR BOSTON. J. C. LANE-CLAYPON, Tytton Hall, near Boston, Liucolushire. THE species enumerated below have nearly all occurred to me im the parish of Wyberton, which lies south of Boston, in District 17 North of the Lincoinshire Naturalists’ Union Map. It will be of interest to publish this list at the same time as the report of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union excursion to the district. A few notes about the physical features of the parish will be of interest. The parish from end to end is absolutely flat; it is practically entirely composed of fields (chiefly grass land), separated from each other by hedges or ditches. The district therefore 1s eminently unsuited for day collecting, indeed, the only locality worth visiting is the old Roman bank near the Witham, but ‘sugar’ and ‘light’ usually yield fair results. There are no woods, but the trees are scattered fairly evenly though somewhat scantily over the parish. The commonest species indigenous to the district are elm, horse- chestnut, and ash, the first mentioned of which is the best for pupa digging. The soil is for the most part heavy clay; but near the river it becomes silt. ‘The absence of some species from the list which might otherwise be expected to appear in it may be accounted for by the fact that the vacation months of August and September are the only ones in which I have the opportunity for systematic collecting. Papilio machaon. I have seen two specimens taken on the : Witham bank near Boston, about 1888. Pieris brassicz. Abundant. Pieris rapz. Abundant. Pieris Napi. Abundant. thocharis cardamines. Common. Colias edusa. Wyberton. One seen September 1892- Gonopteryx rhamni. Wyberton. Rare. anessa polychloros. Two in 1888. Wyberton. Vanessa urticz. Vanessa io. Wyberton. — atalanta. Wyberton. aneéssa c ~ Oh n_. Rare latter'y- = ardui. Wyberto 362 LANE-CLAYPON : LEPIDOPTERA AT WYBERTON. Pararge megera. Wyberton. Abundant. Epinephile janira. — Epinephile tithonus. . Ccenonympha pamphilus. Wyberton. Rare. Polyommatus'’ phleeas. Wyberton. Common. Lyczena icarus. Wyberton. Common. Hesperia sylvanus. Wyberton. Local. . Common near the Witham. Acherontia atropos. Appears to be common near Boston. Several larvee in August 1896. Sphinx ligustri. Wyberton. Occurs} Cheerocampa elpenor. Wyberton. Occurs. Smerinthus ocellatus. Wyberton. One in 1892. Smerinthus populi. Wyberton. Common. Smerinthus tiliz. Wyberton. Common. Macroglossa stellatarum. Occurs occasionally near Boston. Nola cucullatella, Wyberton. Nola cristulalis. Wyberton. Lithosia stramineola. Wyberton. At light. Lithosia complanula. Wyberton. At light. Euchelia jacobez, Wyberton, etc. Arctia caja. Boston. Occurs commonly. Arctia mendica. Wyberton, At light. Arctia lubricipeda. Wyberton. Absolutely swarms. Arctia menthastri. Wyberton. Absolutely swarms. Hepialus humuili, Wyberton. Common. Hepialus sylvinus. Occurs, Hepialus velleda. Wyberton. Hepialus lupulinus., v ery abundant. Cossus ligniperda. Common round Boston. Zeuzera xsculi. Two found some years ago in Wyberton- Liparis aurifiua. Wyberton. Absolutely swarms. Orgyia antiqua. Wyberton, | Trichiura Crategi. Wyberton. One male at light, Aug- ies Bombyx neustria. Wyberton. Common. Bombyx quercus. Boston, Rare. Odonestis potatoria. Wyberton. Formerly common. Cilix spinula. Wyberton. Very common. aes Naturalist: . | LANE-CLAYPON : LEPIDOPTERA AT WYBERTON, 363 Ptilodontis palpina. Wyberton. One at light, July 1896. Notodonta camelina. Wyberton. Several at light. Pygera bucephala. Wyberton. Very abundant some years. Acronycta psi. Wyberton. Common. Diloba czruleocephala. Wyberton. ‘Two at light. Leucania lithargyria. Wyberton. Common. Leucania comma. Wyberton. Common. Leucania impura. Wyberton. Common. Leucania pallens. Wyberton. Common. Calamia phragmitidis. Wyberton. Fairly common at light. Tapinostola fulva. Wyberton. Very common. Onagria lutosa. Wyberton. Not common. Gortyna flavago. Wyberton. Common at light. Hydrecia nictitans. Wyberton. Two, August 1896. Hydrecia micacea. Wyberton. Occasionally at light. Axylia putris. Wyberton. One at light, June 1895- Xylophasia rurea. Wyberton. Common. Xylophasia lithoxylea. Wyberton. Common. Xylophasia sublustris. Wyberton. One, 1896. Xylophasia polyodon. Wyberton. Very abundant. Heliophobus popularis. Wyberton. Very abundant at light. #as graminis. Wyberton. One at light, 1895- Cerigo cytherea. Wyberton. ‘Two at light. : Luperina testacea. Wyberton. One of our commonest species. Mamestra brassicze. Wyberton. At light, very common. Mamestra persicariz. Wyberton. One specimen. Apamea basilinea. Wyberton. Common. Apamea gemina. Wyberton. Rare. Apamea oculea. Wyberton. Abundant. iana Striligis. Wyberton. Not common. Miana fasciuncula. Wyberton. Rare. lana furuncula. Wyberton. Rare. Chortodes arcuosa. Wyberton. Rare. Grammesia trilinea. Wyberton. A few at light. Caradrina blanda. Wyberton. Common. aadrina cubicularis. Wyberton. Common. Usina tenebrosa. Wyberton. Rare. Agrotis puta. Wyberton. Rare. Dec, 1897, 364 LANE-CLAYPON : LEPIDOPTERA AT WYBERTON. Agrotis segetum. Wyberton. Common. Agrotis nigricans. Wyberton. Common, 1896 only. Agrotis precox. Wyberton. One at light, Oct. 6th, 1894. Noctua augur. Wyberton. Abundant. Noctua plecta. Wyberton, etc. Common. Noctua c-nigrum. Wyberton. Common. Noctua triangulum. Wyberton. A few at light. Noctua brunnea. Wyberton. Rare. Noctua rubi. Wyberton. One at light, August 1896. Noctua umbrosa. Wyberton. One at light, 1896. Noctua baja. Wyberton. A few at light. Noctua xanthographa. Swarms everywhere. Triphzena ianthina. Wyberton. Common. Triphzena interjecta. Wyberton. One some time ago. Triphena orbona. Wyberton. Abundant. Triphena pronuba. Wyberton. Abundant. Amphipyra tragopogonis. Wyberton. Common at sugar. Nenia typica. Abundant everywhere. Tzniocampa rubricosa. Two, April 1896. Tzniocampa gothica. Wyberton. Very common. Tzniocampa instabilis. Wyberton. Very common. Tezniocampa stabilis. Wyberton. Very common. Tzniocampa gracilis. One, 1893. Anchocelis pistacina. Wyberton. Swarms at light. Anchocelis lunosa. Wyberton. Swarms at light. Anchocelis litura. Wyberton. A few at sugar. Xanthia cerago. Wyberton. One, 1893. Xanthia gilvago. Wyberton. At sugar. Xanthia ferruginea. Wyberton. Abundant at sugar. Cosmia affinis. Wyberton. Common at sugar. Hecatera serena. Wyberton. Rare. Polia flavocincta. Wyberton. Abundant. Miselia oxyacanthe. Wyberton. Abundant. Hadena pisi. Wyberton. Common. ems thalassina. Wyberton. At light. ylocampa lithoriza. Wyberton. Rare. “Naturalish LANE-CLAYPON : LEPIDOPTERA AT WYBERTON. 365, Cucullia asteris. Wyberton. ‘Two, several years ago. Cucullia chamomillz. Wyberton. One on palings, April 1897- Cucullia umbratica. Wyberton. Fairly common. Gonoptera libatrix. Wyberton. Common at sugar. Abrostola triplasia. Wyberton. Occurs. Plusia chrysitis. Wyberton. Common. Plusia iota. Wyberton. Rare. Plusia pulchrina. Wyberton. Abundant. Plusia gamma. Wyberton. Abundant. Uropteryx sambucaria. Wyberton. Epione apiciaria. UP Lata: One at light, 1894. Rumia crategata. Boston Metrocampa margaritaria. “Boston. Formerly common, now rare. Eurymene dolabraria. Wyberton. One at light, 1894. Pericallia syringaria. Wyberton. At light. Selenia illunaria. Wyberton. At light. Odontopera bidentata, Wyberton. At light. Crocallis elinguaria. Wyberton. At light. Ennomos tiliaria. Wyberton. At light; rare. Ennomos erosaria (?). \Wyberton. At light. Ennomos angularia. Wyberton. At light. Himera pennaria, Wyberton. At light. Phigalia pilosaria. | Wyberton. One pupa at roots of oak, January 1896; emerged February 1896. Amphidasis betularia. Wyberton. One dark variety, 1896; ordinary form common Hemerophila aieintatte Wyberton. At light. Boarmia rhomboidaria. Wyberton. At light. Geometra papilionaria. Wyberton. One at light, June 1892. Hemithea thymiaria. \Wyberton. Very common. Phyra omicronaria. Wyberton. Rare. Acidalia scutulata. Wyberton. Common. Cidalia virgularia. Wyberton. Common. Acidalia remutaria. Wyberton. eee Acidalia aversata. Wyberton. Comm Acidalia emarginata. Wyberton. rae at t light, August 1596. ‘imandra amataria. Wyberton. Common. Cabera pusaria, Wyberton. Common. Halia wavaria. Wyberton poate citraria. Wyberton. One in Bes grossulariata. Wyberton- Pe nt. 366 LANE-CLAYPON : LEPIDOPTERA AT WYBERTON, Ligdia adustata. Wyberton. One specimen, Aug. 1896. 1 Lomaspilis marginata. Wyberton. fas | Hybernia rupicapraria. Wyberton. Abundant. | Hybernia aurantiaria. Wyberton. At light. Hybernia progemmaria. Wyberton. At light, abundant. Anisopteryx zxscularia. Wyberton. At light. Cheimatobia brunata. Wyberton. Common. Oporabia dilutata. Wyberton. Common. Larentia didymata (?). | Larentia pectinitaria. Wyberton. Common. | Emmelesia albulata. Wyberton. Common. Eupithecia centaureata. Wyberton. Rare. -Eupithecia subumbrata (>) Wyberton. Common. Eupithecia vulgata. Wyberton. Abundant. Eupithecia sobrinata. Wyberton. Rare. Eupithecia rectangulata. Wyberton. Abundant. Ypsipetes elutata. Wyberton. Common. Melanthia rubiginata. Wyberton. Common. Melanthia fluctuata. Boston. Very common. Anticlea badiata. Wyberton; Common at light. Anticlea derivata. Wyberton. Common at light. Cidaria immanata. ‘Wyberton. Not common. Melanic vat: Cidaria dotata, Wyberton. Common. Pelurga comitata. Wyberton. Common. Eubolia mensuraria. Wyberton. - Common. Eubolia palumbaria. Wyberton. One, some years ago- Anaitis ¥ berton. Two at light, 1896. ae Naturalist, 3 367 Sn Wemortam. THOMAS ‘TATE, FG. THE memory of Mr. ‘Thomas Tate is worthy of preservation in any Yorkshire scientific journal, and especially so in the organ of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, of which he was a member of the General Committee for many years, and twice President of its Geological Section. He was an occasional contributor to the ‘Naturalist, the Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society and the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society. He was born in Leeds on the rst of January, 1833. For several years he attended a school in Princess Street, off West Street, and afterwards received private instruction from a clergyman. At the age of fourteen he entered the warehouse of Messrs. A. and S. Henry and Co., at Leeds, and continued with that firm on their removal to Bradford, remaining in their employ until he was about thirty years of age, when he commenced business in the stuff trade on his own account. During a period of bad trade in Bradford, when many large firms of stuff and wool merchants failed, he closed his ware- house and disposed of his stock. For many years he had devoted much of his leisure to scientific studies, including botany, entomology, and geology, attending evening classes for instruction. He was also an early member of the Bradford Scientific Association, of which he was Vice-President when the first series of Gilchrist lectures was given at Bradford, and he was a contributor to the guarantee fund for the expenses. He also Save a series of lectures on Geology to the members, and conducted several excursions to places in the Bradford basin, with the principal geological features of which he had become thoroughly acquainted, as Well as with those of the upper valley of the Aire. He also conducted €xcursions to the ponds of the district for the study of pond life, and he contributed to the ‘Naturalist’ an excellent paper on the Organisation of the Water Flea (Daphnia pulex). In 1879, in conjunction with Mr. Walter Morn : House, Malham, and several members of the Yorkshire Geological and Polytechnic Society, he conducted an investigation of the Sources of the River Aire, tracing the water from Malham Tarn to Springs at Airehead, and the stream issuing from the base 2 = : =e, by Opening the sluices of the Tarn and flooding the intervening district containing swallow holes through which the water escapes, and observing its reappearance. Acting as Secretary for the party, Dee. 1897, | orrison, of Tarn 368 MEMORIAM—THOMAS TATE, F.G.S. he prepared a report of the investigations, which was read before the Society and published in the Proceedings, along with a second paper he on an“ Intermittent Spring’ at Malham. On the same subjects delivered a lecture to the Bradford Scientific Association in Oct. 1879- Naturalist: f | ee ea IN MEMORIAM—THOMAS TATE, F.G.S. 369 On retiring from business Mr. Tate resolved to devote himself to scientific study and teaching, and in order to become thoroughly prepared for the work he took several courses of instruction at the Royal School of Mines, etc., South Kensington, and at the Yorkshire College, Leeds. For some time he conducted a geological class at many young men to pursue a course of geological study. He took considerable interest in Biblical study while in Bradford, and for several years he conducted a large Bible class in con- teacher of science. He had classes at Bradford, Harrogate, Leeds Mechanics’ Institute, Ampleforth College, Malton, Dewsbury, Barnsley, and other Vorkshire towns. His subjects were chiefly biology, botany, physical geography, and geology. He was a diligent, thoughtful, and ardent student, and a kind and painstaking teacher, endeavouring to interest as well as instruct his pupils, by whom he was generally loved and respected. In November 1891, he was appointed secretary to the Yorkshire Boulder Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, writing the reports of the Committee from that date to the time of his death. Immediately on being appointed secretary he was commissioned by the Committee to visit the Lake country to examine its physical and geological features, and to collect such specimens of the rocks of the district as would (being properly labelled) enable students to identify boulders from them found in any part of the country umerous specimens were collected and la afterwards sections were carefully prepared set of which (with the corresponding rock specime and arranged for use at the Yorkshire College. __ The papers read by Mr. Tate at the include :—'The Victoria Cave at Settle,’ Terrestrial Energy, February 18th, 1878 ; Constituents of Igneous Rocks,’ Nov. 22nd, 1880 ; Ardsley,’ April 7th, 1883; ‘ Excursion to Wrose for the microscope, 4 ns) is preserved 1884 ; “Geology i : Ith? Septem 4 ‘ gy in relation to Health, ep : Oceanic Deposits,’ January 20th, 1887; ‘ The Practical Value hs a ‘ Excursion to Laisterdyke Geological ‘Training, Nov. 1 - ¢ ’ ‘ 7th, 1887 ; i : and Cutler Heights” May 3rd, 18993 seolog} ate “ recorded in the Ingleton Granite ; illustrated by specimens on Sections,’ February 19th, 1891 ; ‘How to recognise Lake sas . “ocks ; illustrated by microscopic slides and a series of — =? collected for the Yorkshire Boulder Committee, Dec. 17th, St. 1897, z 370 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES. 1891; ‘The Microscopic Structure of the Lake Country Rocks,” April zoth, 1893. Mr. Tate also contributed the following papers to the Vouksats Geological and Polytechnic Society’s Proceedings :—‘ The Glacial Deposits of the Bradford Basin,’ 1875 ; ‘The Source of the River Aire, 1879 ; ‘ Yorkshire Petrology : illustrated, Part I.,’ 1888; do., Part II., 1889; ‘The so-called Ingleton Granite,’ 1891: which last was also read at the meeting of thé British Association at Leeds. Mr. Tate was a good petrologist. He prepared his own sections. of rocks and minerals for microscopic examination, and described their special characteristics in his lectures and papers, as is evidenced in his articles on Yorkshire Petrology in 1888 and 188 The end came on the 27th of April 1897, when, after but a brief illness, Mr. Tate succumbed to an affection of the heart, at his residence, Eldon Mount, Leeds. He was twice married, and leaves a widow, but no family, to mourn his untimely decease. = DD. HARDCASTLE. Ji ges eres Rhizotrogus tial by M. La ompson on record of the beetle LR. ehiectrepts wolititiatis in Yorkshi ire, I may mention poet took a spores — early on in the year hovering round a tree at Hackness.—RowLan D J. Fry Hon. Sec. Scarborough Field Naturalists’ Society, 8, ‘Atbenata eae Searboroigh roth November, 1897. NOTE—ORNITHOLOGY. _, Waxwing in Nidderdale.—On Wednesday, Nov. 1oth, by the river Nida side just below Darley Station, I detected a _ Wasowing Compe a “ rt). wig eeding on berries of Viburnum — and I hac nin it at a distance of within t yenty yards with a binocular ee ese a ater of oe hour. It is a bird about which there could not well be a mistake. —W. CLARKSON CLARKSON, Darley, Ripley, 23rd November, 1897. NO ne Oh gTaNy: Note = currence of Palzo: in Yor! though th Paleoxyris Brongt. sty sts rkshire coal- t unk from ie Yo field, oo hicteestos ero been exes snake sare. he di vanes nown om the of a considerable Of specimens by Mr. a Gelder, at the Openworks, Worsboroug r ‘near Barnsley, is worthy of record. in 1 a chen Messrs. Dan Rylands, . t = i n nce no 349 examples were — ¢ Bele comprised the followin cies :—7 alana ed eroides g Spec! ae Morris P-» carbon es Schimper, P. prendeliz Lesquereu IDSTON, Stirling. Sik November, 1 1897. prear a 37! NOTES—GEOLOGY. s at Morecambe.—With reference to my note on this eae in the ‘ Naturalist’ (p. on Iam erp that several pe eo examples of Shap granite have been noted on the beach close to Heysham, and some very large and beautifully pig Siluri ian bealden have lately been dug out during the excavations at docks now being made at Heysham.—H. Spricut, Bingley, Boulders on the Lancashire Coast.—In reply to Mr. Speight’s note in this month’s numb Se I should like to say that I have carefully examined the boulders, lar tge and small, along the Lancashire pow Rossall towards Fleetwood and tow ints Blackpool, and have never discovered a piece of Shap here is a great abu ta ance of syenite and eraaied boulders, ae the oda Coast present such a contrast bs those on the 0 b2 a scare a A of granite and syenite but a great quantity of boul dolerite. and basalt.—A. W. Rowe, Training College, Lincoln, Nov. 22nd, 1 1897- Boulder: = hep Granite in Morecambe Bay.— It is always seta to ce s of Shap granite erratics, and it is particularly gratifying to learn ftom the ‘ Naturali for November (p. 338) that Mr. Harry Speight has prevailed upon the vice-chairman of the Morecambe Local Boa a the boulder of Shap granite which he has found at West End, Morecambe. It is to be hoped that all the readers of this er ee will not lose a single opportunity P tecting these silent witnesses of t which are rapidly diminishing numbers every year, through a variet role cause: ay a I Speig ight’s query. to sa boulders of Shap granite s Morecambe Bay, I should like to state on the Isle of \ har early as far west, ere" in par direction, Mr. J. W. Stather. E68 .G.S., ull, has fou und a boulder of = granite, viz., on the shores of the sigs & rsey rpool, This is in an entirely new locality. (See S, Mr. Lois Kend ee British Isles, in Prof, gies 3 * 7 ore Tee ss the Glacia “i! Peri criod ” (1893), _ Ct ad the dispersion o she granite erratics, says (p. 180) : spon goer le umber of the bou ders abe found their way to the sontewai: and a well-mar - = can be followed down into Morecambe Bay ; ‘a at nk, to shoal i te vies t ‘a the boulder-clay contains many exam oe f ee oa 0 ® this boo information on F perant tas Hon ce “Hull Selene and Field Naturalists’ yet Tall, ic. Iders in Lincolnshire.—I see in Mr. J. H. aaiie Nie ‘thie ire Bow i September nomtiek of the ‘ Natu Sr iach tae arious records of boulders met with at corners near ho a T do sat waite . N r. Cooke is an accurate a ea. tae I woul Soa By way his account of the bou oh ton to the face thet i ‘does not at os follow oe a a in inc liec as ha long to it = I in. urge anything to the contrary; he simply gree et certain Bhaidees and ee is, evidently, alive to the gees SS aientls € only speak Ainge of all th e ae ¥ er : the gateway of Smith’s Farm,’ and ases ar baie, ok as at North Thoresby, may be t takes 6 © 372 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES, It may not be generally known that nga and apo of pent are frequently brought up and down the Trent by boats as ballast, in want of a better cargo, and ¢ thi an e on ‘ a market can be foun = ids or a fresh cargo is met with. Such blocks and e much use Tre et with a large boulder ve a road-side near here (basalt I — say from recaleton age! three feet 1 and of proportionate width and depth, and I was surprised, on getting it rainers ver, to find underneath the ma ae Y h biasdiia co. __It had no doubt been brought here as ballast in some ship, and i in attempting to gic them to the localities in which they appear.— Burton, Highfield, Gainsborough, 15th November, 1 NOTE—ORNITHOLOG Y. The Kingfisher in North Lancashire.—In working out roughly the dis tribution of this sas in Haves of pakeleds 1892, p. 168, Mr. Macpherson almost omits North On authority of Mr. W. Duckworth, it is recorded from the Ulve toe district t, and this sis all. H n, 61, +» M.A., 178. "ested @, L.p., 41, 337- 1897, | Kendall, Percy F., F.G.s., 52, 68, 69, 156, 372: Kidston, Robert, F.R.S.E., F.G.S., 370. Kew, H. Wallis, F.z.s., 06. ey Robert, F.G.S., 64. were F, Arnold, LR.C.P., 51, 81, 107, b, 127, 132 72,4 Lofthéa use, J. H., 68. aa pia: W., «y 126. all, J. J., rosie James pediw. 178, 188, 192, 253, Maf, H Nicholson, John, 74- Charles, 141, 242, 308, 308. Oldham, Pa ie 7 Ss 73- Paterso: » 352: te viet Alber eB Ad nh ‘ore cate. JP , 21, 133, 167, 209, a6, 3 226 ab, 254 “a, 317, 355- Petty, = ye 4, 85, 10 ss 10 QI, 229, 09, 325» 333 Petch, ai le “tn pe 3 itt, Oe . FeE-Suy 115, 366. otte oe crt 110, sr: Tis, 143, 298, 352- we ee her. "Gilbert H., M.A., 58 ‘ Roebuck, W. Deniso sy La 2s BB > 52. ny Bsa Rev. et Au, FeL.Sey F-EeS-» 5°. roe Rev. Wm., M.A-, 20- \- Conway, M ein 321. 74- Whitlock, “9 Bas 53s 3, 308: Whitwell, EFA F.L.S., 173, 299- 374 CLASSIFIED INDEX. BOOK NOTICES. Adams, Lionel Ernest.—The Sar ous s | Geldard, J. W., and R. Taylor Manson.— Manual of British Land and Freshwater | _ of a Valley Land and Freshwater Shells, 141. s, 141. Armitt, "Mary L.—Studies of Lakeland | Gordon, y V. J.—Our Country’s <— Birds, 271. abothe; and ow to Know Barkley, H. C. —Studies in the Art of | cae Alfred.—Petrolozgy for per Ratcatchi . ks Barrett, Charles. G. —The Sasa of | Ienslow, George.—How to Study Wild ers, 51-52. the British Islands, vol. 3, 1 | Flow — Nat. Field Club. aah od ai we, John.—The Yew-Trees of Great jee v cia | Britain and ss 333 Bennet lage a arious otanica Macpherson, H. and others.hed Browne, Montagu.—Artistic and Scientific | r, Natural Hi History : ~ Ann : al Repo Taxidermy and ewes 49-50. Manch Seer: DAUSERN ax | 1896-97, and Notes - f Carrington, Joh List of | Martin, Edward A Bibtiogaple Q Varieties British’ age Land | Gilbert White, a5, : : | Masefield, John B.—Wild Bird Pro- Clarke, W rk _—Firet nor sis of British tection "and Nevins Boxes, I01. = Flowering Plants, 10 | Miles, Alfred H.,and others. —The Corcis map 2 W.—Relics of Primeval Life, a: Muff, Herbert, and Thomas Shepnard.— l logy of Robin Hood’s Bay, Dixon, Charles.—British Sea Birds, 58. Glacial Geology Dean, Richard, and ae ee Dahlia, | se its History and Cultivation, 274. 4 Newton Alfred.—Dictionary of D.ury, W. D., and S. T. Wright.—Fruit Part 4, 93-94. aged for tremseaieet with Appendix Pritt, T. E,—An Angler’s Basket, 191. — nek Standen, Robert.—The Land Mollusca of se a es.—Thell Temiptera-Homop- Ballycastle and District, Antrim it tera sg and Psyllina) of the — British Butterflies, 4 British Isles, 1 48. Y Tutt, J. W.—British ; Fernie, W. T.—He Warrington Lit. and dks Society.—Pro- rbal Simples approved ceedings, 1896-97, for Yotern Uses of Cure en's ped West, We nd pe some North Fulcher, F. A.—Birds of Our Islands, 260. American anne 127. ILLUSTRATIONS a Azeca elongat ay lor, ih acest bo Portrait and Autograph of Thomas Hic Azeca tridens Pul 82. eee Eggs of Stone Cae page Portrait and Autograph of bai sig ® Bishop Nesting-Box for Wild Birds, 102. Portrait and Autographs 0 f Wakefield, 299, 303, a and Autograph of A. H. Green, _ Portrait of John "2, 3D 3 260. CHESHIRE. -. 39- otice of mens on the Ferns, Fern Alli and Characez: | Mammalia Whiskered Bat on G St age or 18, Ww. Denison Cheshire and Stafoaehive Border, 109 | dau d and Flowering Plants ts: Bibliography of | oP yer ca: Bibliography of ore W. mic Botany for 1891, W. | Preshorater Mollusca for m Roebuck, 286- ; Early Denison Roebuck, 27- Cheshire Records, S. Lister Petty, 1 ymenoptera : Bibliography for 18 a Ee Joh h ee ie ge lography for 1 : | ohn 1 W. Denison Roebuck, 161-165. Savaralist* CLASSIFIED INDEX. 375 CUMBERLAND. Birds: Seascale Bird-no tes, Armitt, 192 ; Walls Cumberland, Ferns, F Allies, and Characez : Bibliography for 1888- 89, W. Deaken West itlock on ering Plants : anerogamic Botany for Denison Roebu ck, of some = Fakeland! Plants, P. Q. Keegan, 41-47 ; arly pee - Records, S. Tid ter Pee 109 ; Leitch, of Silloth, “106. : DERBYSHIRE. ase Waxwing at Smalley, F. B. Whit- | Hymenoptera: Bibvesrephy for 1888-89, on 573; Greenshank in the Pea W. Denison Roebuck, 159-166. Re Oldham, 308; Storm-Petrel and f us nd d €d-necked Grebe in the Peak C Mollusca: Bibliography o it an Oldham, 308. ; Freshwater Mollusca = Ww. gees Fern Allies, and Char enison Roebuck, 27-4 bgp 2% oe 1888- 89, W. Denison Nom es: Amblstegian confervoides in Fl 3 Jovedale, Geo. Sta 266. : : wering Plan : Bibliography of | ii Adam i onal Notices : Lion el E. Phanerogamic Botany for 18 W. “a his rein ae Le ingros a oven Roebuc 286 . Early rican 252; s Supple 109; N ie Records, S. List etty, ment to his Hors of Derbys ire, 260 5 Sepa otice of W. H. Painter's proposed John Whitehead and the Derbyshire 260, “ment to his Flora of Derbyshire, Moss-Flora (with portrait), 260. Mary L. | and Wall- nesters in | “ 252. Cumberland | » 55- Bibliography of 286-297 ; Chenisny | lutea and other se ar near Working- T H 145. Hymenoptera : valnsences 1890-92, W. Denison Roebuck, 161-166. Mollusca : Bibliography hE Land and Freshwater 1890-91, W. Denison Roebuc er Mosses : Cum berland Stations for Mosses, Geo. “Stabler, 5y:0) 7) 0; Ob 11, 3a, ite 216, 217, 219, 262, 265. Personal Notices: Death of Dr. John DURHAM. Fems, F, Allies, and Chara Ey fr for 1888-89, W. Prine ek sae Bibliography of | Phanerogamic verge - Sgt. W. Denison R : oebuck, -297,; . Earl ae Plant-records, F Arnold fae »S. Lister Pe etty, 109. | : Bibliography for 18 2 W. Benton PRoebnae 1071 66. ee Mollusca: Bibliography of Land and Freshwater —— for 1890-91, W. enison 29-39; Teesdale Mollusca, Charles Oldham, 143. osse 1 Localities for various ee pe oe ape Dasha, Richard B I Cates m nigritum Tae, 798: stygium, at PWiddy Bank, G. Stabler, 217, 218. LANCASHIRE. Fens, Fern and Characez: | 2 tila ir 1888. So, W. Besicaik | ite S$: Bibliograpk _Phaneregant Botany for "1801, Hates Oebuck, 28 Pet Shite Plant Recerds a -Amold. ag Lancashire Platits, of | 2 _posccamt arial Boule at West End, ; » 3383 Glac ial | t Morea en i8 me Spei ight, 371; | By 2ulders on the Lancashire Coast, A. W. = 1; Boulders of Shap Grenite a tee toh mbe Bay, T. Sheppard, 371 ; atid near aa “5 ie & Sheppard, 371. ae for 1890-92, Hymenoptera : Bi ie? = W. Denison m Rocha — : ollusca : = a n - Mfee water prin et for 1890-91 Denis ge k, 28-40. Mosses cashire japon — ae o- don a aities. Geo. Stab ms: ge of kee ‘i Museu for 1896-97, 2 Personal 376 CLASSIFIED INDEX. LAN CASHIR E—continued. Notices: Mark Stirrup as Pre sident of Manchester Geological Society, fe Jobo Liiveteatioid in eee a o oie ne G, W. Chast Ae y> 2 Portrait vi cates nee oka tehead, ae bi? lo area Citaen chal’ F, ith, Seameties ears ter Geological Society, 255 eedings of Warrington Literary and Philecepheal Society, 282. LINCOLNSHIRE, Arachnida : Dolomedes mirabilis observed at Holbeck, a wih or Tetford, J. arene Mason, 320 coy — the Hum of 1896, Joh Oe deaux, 13-18; gee ase Nidification M Thrush at armerag Eardley ed Horned can east Water Fipit, and ‘ree Warbler in North Lin- . Cordeaux, 202 ; Bird-notes in Lincolnshire, Gregory O. Benoni, 210-212; Woodpigeon at Elsham, oodcock in various localities, Ti, 212: Bir h Humber District, John Cordeaux 237- rved by Li ncolnshire Coleoptera : ee ees nea ) LINCOLNSHIR E—continued. ea ' ardley Mason, 255; Hemiptera served at olbeck, snail and ae rd, J. Eardley 9-320 miptera observed on Phinda: \ id Bl 1. Eardley Mason, ga optera : Bibliography for 18 2 | ang Roebuck rE, ‘ S ge juvencus, S. gigas and Rhy near Grantha am, A. Tho observed on Kirton Marshes, A. Thorn- ley, 358. idoptera oremia quadrifasciaria and other species at Panton near Wragby, . a various Lepidoptera it oodruffe Li st of Le idoptera patie at Wyberton - near Bist BX Of ag iF 1-366. : Clado oe Sr on Scotton Common, W. F 255. a ng-t ae ed Field aoe in North Lincolnshire, Gre O. — Early ie ie aia Records, F. Sandholme Creek, F. M. Burton, 350 ; Ny a in Boston Dee “Colonel Mo cana fo sere glaucum pg m exannulatum on Scotton , W. Fowler, 255. Neuromteni! Panodg communis on Kirton Marsh, A. Thornley, 358. Orthoptera: Grasshoppers on Kirton Marsh, 83 oe — Personal Noti E. Adr Woodruffe- Pea eck ar tig new alice of Lowe’s ‘ British Grasses,’ 84. i nie, > Neen on Lincolnshire . W. Fowler, 151; Reptiles incolnshire Satataliets and m - : _Pres ident’s Addre: Naturalists’ Woodruffe- J. Con Walter yberto’ tties, Bibliography of Land — | Peacock, 355-300 Freshwater Mollusca Tor 1890-91, W. orms : e Land Planarian, —— 28-39; Cardium chodesmus Schesttix: near Louth, II. edule and °P alvdoniies® ventrosa_ in | Wallis Kew, 1 Birds : ISLE OF MAN. a sae The Bird Denison Roebuck, 287-295 ; Marly Manx *. gaily ugar a ee wate Records, S. Lister Pe vig hee oe for 1890-92, a - ern pote and Characeez: +#H enoptera : Bi bliograp: Bibliography for 1888. -89, W. Denison W. Denison Roebuck, snl 164. Roebuck, 96-100 M Bibliography ‘ ap mc = — Plants : : Bibl h Be ee water Mollusca for 1890-91, Vhanerogamic Botany ic eA é - - | Denison Roebuck, 27-39. XORTHUMDERLAND. eee a Fear > Epeira cucurbitina nea rnold Lees, 108-109 ; S. Lister Pe' atherstone Castle, W. Falconer, | = Hymenoptera Bibliography for 1890-92, Fems, Fern Allies, and Characez : W. Denison Roebuck, 159-166. Reogta hy f y Mollusca : Bibliography of Land and. Roebuck 9 99. oe Denison Freshwater priya for 1890-91, W. cc. n Roe ‘ ag f : es W. ae Notices: Prizes soca Bm tee peaison Roebuck, we 2 pote t ‘lism and Paige E. Spence: os Bek, a “quatilis in Ch eh ba mae Gg ey presen Canons Trist Norman, 378 CLASSIFIED INDEX. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Birds: Bird-Notes —_ the Mid-Trent Valley, F. B. Whitlock, 53; p73 sragary Tern on the Trent, F. B. W k, 308. Ferns, Fern Allies, and oa cee : Bibllogaphy for 1888- 89, W. enon Roebuck, Flow Pala: Bibliography _ of ering apsecngen Botany for 1891, W. Denison Roebuck, 286-291 ; Early Nottinghamshire Plant Records, S. Lister Petty, 109. WESTMORLAND Birds: an and Wall-nesters in- Lake- land, try L. Armitt, 243-252; King- rea in bake Yance S. Lister Petty, 372, Ferns, Fern Allies, and Characex: Bibllography for “1888-80, W. Denison | Roebuck, 95-100. i Plants : Ae eee er Phanerogamic Botany for Denison Roebuck, 285-297 ; “athens nobilis in "North, Laacas hire, S. hur Bennett, 77-80; Calamagrostis lanceolata at Dufton and Kirkby Lons- da otter, 114; Lar ‘Chich of Eggs of sean Ht 58 Piaer =a Fungi : 7 begets big meg at Sher and disc 2 Sg Btclous “hirtophyllum, new to B and Amanita recutita, J. W. Carr, ny ee emoptte: Bibliography for 1890-92, W. Denison Roebuck, 160-166. Mollusca: Bibliography of Sain and Freshwater Mollusca for 1890-91, W. Denison Roebuck, 29-37. AND FURNESS. ged Paar rie Planis, John Henry, wae: eola spires near Wiherslack, Was. West, 18. Geology : baby ges Shap Granite on _ Walney Island, S. Lister Petty, 103+ | Bouldeis_ of Shap Granite on Walney | Island, T. Sheppard, 371. Hymenoptera : Bibigraphy for 1890-92, W. Denison Roebuck, 165. : | Lepmeyies Sphinx convolvuli and Crambus gaits at Windermere, Geo- Crewdson, 308. A. Macpherson, 144; forme Be arvig | | Mammalia: Red Deer in Martindale, H- : ett, tituent of the North Lanc € art, ; 5070). of Deer, Wild Boar, Wolf, ‘shows 2 ; r Petty, eleventh paper, _ Place-names, 282. 85-92; twelfth paper, Son timettenth | Moll Bibliography of Land W. per, 309-316 ; fourteenth paper, 32 5" Freshwater oe bi 1899-91, 3 a ay WistnocinnY Plant-records, | Denison R aster Petty, 109 ; New Plant-records shire, John H 7: | Mosses a : mee ms Brio See. Mercurialis annua, Amsinctsia lycop- | mee eet ory" estmer “ ides, an emonium czeruleum inthe | tas ‘nae St Barrow Barrow district, S. Lister Petty, 191 ; Yew Societ: he ual Report * trees in Yewdale, S. Lister Petty, 3353 ance Field Club, 191- YORKSHIRE. : ~~ ence at Stead ta bes bey, a correc- York, FE. G. Potter, 1143 Pare on, On the Col- ; t Easington in Ho lection of Fresh wae Lies, W. West Grebe Teen. ae Owls and Lg G. S. West, 157- Longevity, Ox ham, agg icde Notes from the is mber District, Sanderling in Yorkshire in Mra 188: John Cordeaux, Efe the Little Owl Potter, 143, aton ite oes ae oe aig , James Backhouse, 76 ; Spar- rasshopper Warbler in Hol conditions owhawk on Telegraph Wires at Petch, 190; meration e 1881, » H. Crowther, 80; Soot to the Yorkshire Avifauna eee the oe Bridlington, H alee ¥ ux, 201 ; Bird-Notes 7-240 + rough Bird-Notes, Humber District, J. Cord ears Bailey, 80,1 Je gee 188 ; Red-backed Shrike re gb + ieation of Oxley ge istry Dy Se ea! CLASSIFIED INDEX. os YORKSHIRE—continued. Cliffs, yo. 245; Eggs of ac P Oiclew gg illustrations), Oxley Grabham, 273-274; tggs of Stone Curlew and Pee in Eas Yorkshire, N Dobree, 298 ; Common Swift Nesting in Tree near S borough, W. Gyngell, 298; Pector dpiper near Spurn, Cordeaux, 352; Kestrel d Long-eared Owl bre n cl Proximity to each other at Strensall, E.G. Potter, 352 ; Warwties in Nidder dale, W. = Clarkson, 370 Coelenterata: Po Filey, S. a, Petty, ford, i W. arter, 144; Acanthocinus - at Doncaster, A Paterson, 352 3 €cent Occurrence oo $ s! Hac eae rae Allies, and Chara Blogapy for 1888-80, W 95-100 ; Chey Fa 1 near Doncaster, Bed sis a foetida at H. H. Corbett, Fitecting Plants: Bibliography of ianerogamic Botany for a 86 é . I Denison Roebuck k, 285-2 a s anglica on the coast of Gristhorpe and Rid; rough, F, M. n, 4; East C ties Sedges, Carex pu a and Vork =. C. Waterfall, 48; Early =a sieeng sot sey F. Armold F = Fungus Foray at Barnsley, with : 341-348, I species fo und, C. Crossland, : Yorkshi and shire Boulder Committee rae Tent “Awl s Work, Thos. Tate, ta sith €port t ass Riding Boulder “2g 70-745 Drift Deposits of ‘feria Sandal, n Doncaster. 353- ‘olyzoa sts Ba ait at Beh rege ee ee for Peso -92,. 159- W. Denison — k, I Lepidapiees Eupeecilia vi Askern, an interesting ‘Addition pe a bett, J. H. Rowntree, 308. ammalia: Whale’s bones dug up = eg same 354; Great Increase of Arvico estis t York, J. Backhouse, 354. Moll liography of Land and Freshwater Mollusca for s, H. Crow ee Charles Oldham, 1433 . on bicula fi —— in Holderness gravels, Bos y, twell, 173-1 6;H m gigan- W. Whi wel i eae se ae kc tet tional localitie ‘or r No rth South 188 : Soles Nidderdale Mosses, L. 189 ; kshire Stations for Mosses, Geo. ‘stabler, 217-220, aot . i te) poms! : etre Y Yorkshire =. ee iy: England, W. yobala , of Sequoia nie hee meridz), G. T. Pord Neuroptera-Planipennia rh t Teachopecin observed n Tadcaster, Francis G. Binnie, 349- 351 379% a The NATURALIST. BOOKS RECEIVED. SPECIAL NOTICE. It is requested that in future all Exchanges and books sent for review be addressed to ‘The Editors of the Naturalist, Sunny Bank, Leeds.’ Yn Lioar Manninagh, he Ease ers 3, received 26th Nov. 1896. [I. of Man N.H.S. Annaes de Sciencias N Ann. 3, No. 4, Outubro a 1896, [Augusto Nobre. Notarisia, Anno 1856,Vol1 IT Aes ao. 2-3, Av. ‘Sep. {Dr. D. Levi- Morenos, Redattore. The Halifax N. 5, D The Editors. , No. ecember 1896. : The Ornithologist st, Vol. heey 9-12, Nov. 1896-Feb. 1897. [H. K. Swann, Editor. The Essex Naturalist, Vol. 8, Nos. 11-12, Nov.-Dec. 1894. [The Essex Field Club, y; N eog Nos. 6. alice’ erican Mo. Microsc. Journ., No. 203, Nov. 1896. [C. W. Smiley, Washington. Museum, Vol. 3, No. 1, November t 7806. [Walter F. Webb, Editor. Entom. Record & Jn, of Variation, Vol. 8, No. 12, December 15th, 1896. (Ed. The Nautilus, Vol. 10, No. 8, December 1896. [H- A. Pilsbry, etc., Editors. Natural Science, Vol. 7, No. 58, December 1896. [Page & Pratt, Publishers. The Irish Natur: ralist, Vol. 5, No. 12, December 1896. [The Editors, Dublin. The Zoologist, 3rd Series, Vol. 20, No. 240, Dec. 15, 1896. [J. E. Harting, Editor. Seo Notes, Vol. 7, No. 84, Teast 1896. [The Selborne Society. uralists’ Journal, Vol. 5, No. 54, December 1896. Si Lx sae & ee Psyche: journ. of Entom., Vol. 7, No. 248, Dec. 1896. [Camb. eee Natur & Haus, Ill. Zeits. f. Natur., Jahre. 5, Heft 5-6, Hoe. -Dec ik ~ ein LaN turaleza, Tomo7, Num. 330 a5 28, Dec. = 18 1896. [ Redactor. Weolbope cere Field Clu b.—Transactions, 1893- -4, publ. 1896. [Woolhope Club. C. G. Barr snag ae ey ptera xo the British Tends, Vol. 3, Heterocera, & W. T. Fernie. > “Herbal Silos approved for Modern Uses of Cure, 8vo. I ohn Wi kg “. T. E. Pritt.—An Cece Basket, 8vo. cloth, 1896. [Abel Heywood & Sons, pubs. _P. F. Kendall. —Erratic Blocks of ve British Isles, First Fea of the Committee : ak Brit. Ass., 8vo. reprint, 1 ss —_ WOW. Waits.—Photographs of ological Interest in the United Kingdom. _ Seventh Report of Brit. Ass. Comm mittee, 8vo. reprint, 1 [Author _ Mark Stirrup.—The Early History of the Manchester Geological Society, etC-» ce a reprint,: 1896. — —Wanted, Brachio iopoda, to exchange Es ea or to purchase. -_ Exchange.— 6 ony oo ‘OLDER D, ra Nicholas Street, Norton, Mal : foreign some orders - Burress, | Hendon, —— —_—_ re British Bir Birds’ Eggs for or Exchange, including Smew, — Steller’s, Eider, Red- oe ted Goose, B Bey baad Duck, Pallas’ ‘Sek Grouse cee . data. Als nearly complete. ‘Bird-Nesting in N orth -West Canada. BY WA RAINE, ¥ Sun Lithographing and ps He Co., Toronto, Canada. x ‘Finely ilustrated with Photo-Engravings and Coloured Plates. *Price $2.50; 10s. 6d. English Money. 10 cents (or 5d.) extra for fie a The book =: an account of collecting in the No: North ee It — ibes in an - Manner €xperi in a region which stretches from Winnipeg to within sight of the Rocke a : be distance of naaely one thousand miles, and, as pe 3 expected in such a wide tract ay or Soe eecie € bi — were found breeding. - It gives a fu full account of a3 Nesting Habits ot bes also contains Hous of ma: pee gee and gpd and Coloured Plates Eggs of | f Yeliowsbank * ilson's Phal , Knot The Eggs of the Knot have never 2 any ornithological * work. aes This book wi bef (ound iteresting veaitig Beil as well as American Ornithologists, as aes ‘describes the nests and e - me) many: Mpee whi x Send in your order at once, as only a limited aisha of copies will be printed. ___ * For the convenience of English subscribers, the Editors of ‘The Naturalist’ will _ Weeive orders and subscriptions on Mr. Raine’s behalf. ar ag JOURNAL OF MARINE ZOOLOCY & MICROSCOPY, A plainly worded Biological Quarterly. Epirev sy JAS. HORNELL, ees Joint peas of the Jers SE ney rea Station, : The November nog ae 1) contains of general interest, the following « = ir eacun abetting =, Jn Clan Sone i oh era tee Fa Marine Animals. Opods. V. The Hunting Craft of the John Dory. II. On the bbe Annelid Tomopteris I Studies :—I. On Lucernaria octoradiata. S 4 2 ae — abe: A 3 unicate, Saipa muc -, democraticae The three “goal t but exact manner with the anatomy, lif life-history, and pines, aot Bes ie ro animal an abd are accompanied by TWO HAND-COLOURED LITHOGRAPHED os » 6d.; Annual Sonoetie cee in advance to — & Horwett, Station, Je ane 2S., post free Jersey: SINEL & HORNELL. Tonia: ELLIOT STOCK. PRICE Si IXPEN Entomologist’s Monthly, Magazine. Edited by 6. B GC. . Fa wir, M.A. C. Cuampron, J. " Dovaeass aes R & Met acuta, F.R.S. me ‘oy aM F.L.S., and to on ws eke rhs Rp ee as aan, ee Iara any A rticles pe Notes. azine, commenced in 1864, contad sty on the Insects of ts connected with En ee ‘ Be bare Now ready, vo. cloth, price 6» ” = fre e “ ; ry yi ’ 5 d of YORKSHIRE LEPIDU S By G. T. PORRITT, TT, F F.L.S.— é oie ns s copious records of the localities: eet of ate ea hes | variation a yn om the subject- fh Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, Pare NATO RA LIS During the next few months wt is hoped to insert the following articles :-— Bibliography: Land and Freshwater Mollusca, Leonie —W. DENISON Roebuck, F.L.S. Rare Plants near Workington.— Wo. oT son, A.L.S Yorkshire Naturalists at Staithes.— . Joun ae ELL, M.A. Mosses of North Lincoinshire.—J. oie The of the North Lancashire Flora, 1597-1893.—S. Lister Petry (Zdeventh Paper). Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast in 1894.— Rev. E. Mauce Cote, M.A., F.G.S. Fiora of the Neighbourhood of Lake Uliswater.—W™m. Honcson, A.L.S. Chemistry Plants. Q D Review of Montagu Browne's Artistic Taxidermy.— Henry CrowTuer, F.R-M.S. Catalogue of Lincolnshire Piants.—Rev. E. Aprian Woo PEACOCK “L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S. (Zleventh Paper). “ How to take Notes in Natural History.—Grecory O. Benoni. NATURAL SCIENCE. JANUARY, 1897. PLIOCENE MAN IN BRITAI Found at last, and = * in wate bed Setenc ve acek en of the “ Fra and the GREAT JACKSON-HARMSWORTH Wanted, a British Freshwater Biological Statio ! The three “‘r’s” of Neolithic Man, with Sn an of his writing. A striking discovery: Wasps and Weism ': | A Starfish “ Struggle-for- coors _ Had the Belemnite an tate nels excerpts from our contents show how brilliantly NATURAL SCIENCE begins i ae Jaebet costs ONE Linco sete Sr i = “The A Annual Sdieccinbie § is REDUCED to Pucca jean he wick ot eo sent post-free eety on publication. ; Do not delay to send jer di the Publishers— _ Pace & Pratt, Lto., 3 *,: — Andrew St., London, E.C. ones Magazines. Subscription | 6s. peso Nettleton bom New Cre ws MONTHLY JOURNAL OF WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L5., Sunny Bank, Leeds; WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF - GILBERT ae F.R.S.. F.E.S2 CH Communications to be addressed Tae Eprr ‘THe Wovens 1ST,’ Sunny Bank, Lezps. LONDON: 7 Reeve & Co., 5. HENRIETTA ‘St oe & Co alae ‘CARDINGTON STREET, “Lens: ‘Basincieat narpide * CHESHIRE, LANCASHIRE, NOTTINGHAM, CUMBERLAND, LINCOLNSHIRE, STMORLAD DERBYSHIRE, ISLE OF MAN, YORKSHIRE. DUR NORTHUMBERLAND, EDITED BY etn. 3/ Le a FEBRUARY, 1897. 259. NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGL. AND. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S. GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L-S., F.E.S., W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.0.U., _ ALFRED ey re M.A., E.G.S. W. BARWELL TURNER, F-R.M.S. Bibliography: — and Freshwater Mollusca, 1890 and 1891.—/V, Denison Roebuck, FZ... 33-40 ate a... of some Common Plants.—P. QO. Keegan, LED. -. 41-47 oe British Butterflies — .. - : Artistic and Scientific Taxidermy ad maa we ¢. i . The Study of Wild Flowers.—/. ALL . alee: Bird-Notes from the Mid-Trent Valley.—/. 2- ee 53-57 Review : British Sea Birds “s ee ve +e oe ais The Sy aged Boulder Committee and its Tenth Year's Work,— 7 kenas Tate, here nes eRe 59-64 Sie Riding Sedge : A Correction. —C: apes it ‘aterfal Note—t epidoptera we i ae ne 5 Occurrence of C ia quadrifasciaria in Mid Lincolnshire. is een. é #. payor, MLA . ae 47, 50, 52 pee by post, 7. bscription, gist, ston Bes, the Leeds office only. REET, COVENT GarpEN, E.C. EUSTON ; The NAIURALIS. BOOKS RECEIVED. SPECIAL. NOTICE. It is requested that in future all Exchanges and_books sent for review be addressed to ‘The Editors of the Naturalist, Sunny Bank, Leeds.’ Zoological somictabty 32, for 1895. [Zoological Society of London. New York Microscopical Soc.—Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4, Oct. 1896. [The Society. Journal of Meets, Vol. 5, No. 4, Dec. 30th, 1896. [Mr. beds M. Webb, Editor. Annals of Scottish Nat. Hist., No. 21, January 1897. [The Editors, Edinburgh. I Nacional de Montevideo.—Anales, pt. 7, 1896. [J. Arechavaleta. coaomaees Notes & Queries, Vol. 5, No. 37, ‘epige 1897. i Editors. Manchester Geol. Society.—Trans., Vol. 25, Pt. 1, 1896-7. [The Society. ourn. of f Conchotogy Vol. 8, No. ~ Janay 1897. {Conchologiea Society. ‘cience Gossip, N. S., Vol. 2, Nos. 1-2, Dec. -Jan. 1896-7. Un no. = a ington, Ed. mast Chronicle, Vol. 2 No. + January 1897. jis: Editor. a Feuille des Jeunes Natu ralistes, No. SS byte 1897. ny M “Ade n Dollfuss. ; icrosc. Journ., No. 1896. [C. W. Smiley, Was ‘ae The Maseuas? Vol. 3, No. 2, December cage [V Valter F F. Webb, Entom. Record & Jn. of Variation, V ol.9, No. 1, January 15th, 1897. UW. W. Tutt, Ed. he Nautilus, Vol. 10, No. 9, January 1897. [H. A. Pilsbry, etc., Editors. atural Science, Vol. a ys 50 January 1997. (P: age & Pratt, Publishers. I The I uralist, 6, No. 1, January 1897. [The Editors, Dublin. ie ghSexies Yok 1, No. 667, Jan 15, 1897. [West, Newman gee Pubs. wehbe ture Notes, Vol. 7, No. 85, January ra [The Selbo: Herbert Muff and Thos. Sheppard. Not i eer | Pol gy f Robi Tt Oe » Yorkshire, 8vo. reprint, Sept. 1896. [Mr. Se James Edwards. — —The Hemiptera-Homoptera (Cicadina and Psyllina) of og : eeve a é Sc. - Wright and W. D D. Drary.— Scene ee - ap) oe and other Pests . . 8vo. cloth, 1897. [L. Upeott Gill, ” Publishers. = pean eee Richmondshire, $vo. cloth, 1897. Author. — Newton. — fe Peteonyol Bits Part 4, Svo. boards. [A. & C. Black, Pubs. : eect el : _ Exchange.—Wanted, Brachiopoda, to exchange specimens of fo ee. : “Apply Gro. “Storm, St. since Str ree, "Norton, 3 falton. oe NOW READY, The MIGRATION of BIRDS A CONSIDERATION OF HERR GATKE’S VIEWS. By F. B. WHITLOCK (Author of ‘ Birds of Derbyshire,’ etc., etc.). Price, 3/6 net. Lonpon: R. H. Porrer, 7, Princes Street, Cavendish Square, W. BIRDS OF DERBYSHIRE. A FEW COPIES OF THIS WORK REMAIN UNSOLD. Price, 10/6 net. Lonpon: Bemrose & Sons, LTp., Old Bailey; or R. H. PorTER. UPPER TEESDALE: PAST & PRESENT. By J. BACKHOUSE, F.L.S. A handy pocket guide to the district, ies a map and several illustrations by t r CONTAINS CHAPTERS RELATING TO ANCIENT HISTORY, : FLORA, OnNsT nO ae &c. Price is. 6d. LONDON ©... es Sie SIMPKIN, MARSHALL & Co. BARNARD CASTLE... W. R. ATKINSON. ; TO GEOLOGIST CAL COLLECTIONS FROM OM FAMED RTOS SERIES = geen nee coazotetor ee 1 my t species, ‘viz. i I Juctatrix, Ambigua, 5 Sub-ambig' eee Crassatela sulcata Denali longzerus, Pyrus, Acicnlata, Regularis porrectus, taria, Triton argutus, Mur } Salandri, ri, Sealaris, &c. Cardita suleata, Ostrea asper, & gomeaay Chama squamosa, Turritella imbrica sPragy Tage Gc. ce. ‘ = : a on — T like the So sent peas much.’ Wakefield. ‘ I wish to express my « ion with the fossils se ; — send me Series pages s Salford. by Parcel Post, on on receipt of Postal Order. R. CHARLES, Naturalist, Highcliffe, Christchurch, Hants. ou reads, complete, 8vo, cloth, with Coloured Map. price ef 1 15, Od, ssT Y ‘YORKSHIRE. ctions, is s perhaps gael Le seg Volume of the aiat Seri oe "Transa - = i a eee weed —- a for ante ‘ise, including aie on se Ae éo species: 2 NATURA LIS®© During the next few months it is hoped to insert the following articles :— Rare Piants near Workington.—Wxa. Hopcson, A.L.S. Yorkshire Naturalists at Staithes.—Rev ake OHN HAwe.t, M.A. Mosses of North Lincoinshire.—J. Larp The Constituents of the North scenes Flora, 1597-1893.—S. Lister Petty (Edeventh Paper). of 7s Yorkshire Coast in 1894.— Rev. E. Mave Corr, M.A., é, G.S, Flora of Lake Uliswater.—Wm. Hopcson, A. Review of adcnae British Land hwa Is. OLDHAM —R E. Aprian W: J PEACOCK, | Catalogue of Lincoinshire Plants. L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S. (Eleventh Paper). How to take Notes in Natural H -—Grecory O. BENONI. Lincoinshire Boulders (Part 1.).—Joun H. CooxeE, B.Sc., F.G.S ce at Filey.—S. Lister Perry. of Newton’s Dictionary of Birds.—\. C. ee Be ———— NATURAL SCIENCE. FEBRUARY, 1897. oy he Fling fate . THe Piiocene Briton are described and illustrated by their discoverer— ARE THE ARTHROPODA A NATURAL GROUP? This difficult question is di ee sed by H. M. Berwarp, M.A., G. H. Carrenter, B.Sc. Prof. Cc. tae a Or Be J HANS Prof. F. W. Hutton, Bot A. von Jawononsih bh ye 2S GSLEY, Prof. papas Laurie, R. I. Pocock, _ 7. R. Re STRBBRS orbs kaa pean a hie Me emory’ ”? by Prof. L. EDINGER. Additions are made to the List of Palccomtoniet Specials quoted in Te Naturalist fer January. _ All Field- felgrasiein’ tobe s, and Amateurs in Science will be interested in the leading article-—_** LLECTORS, ’ and in the Notes following it Twen fs h tributed to the February Bae of Natural Science. een Sihwher costs jibe ndaeaape Sp ne iy S Pop The Annual Subacsipdin 3 is REDUCED to pas Rais ae ‘which each number 15 _ =o sent post-free immediately on publication. Do not delay to send your order direct he Publishers CO t. Pace & Pratt, Lrp., 22, St. Andrew St., London, E.C. Just out. Colented Edition 10/6 nett. — Edition 8[- nett. Lf by post 5d. ex : = ____THE COLLECTOR'S MANUAL OF - . British Land and Freshwater Shells. Containing Figures and Descriptions of ey t of their ery Species, an account ‘Habits and Localities, Hints = Preserving and Ar a Rast the Names. ions of all the varieties and - ical se iat the Differences of Species hard to identify. the ncgesaged we the Recorder and Refe ae 1896. MONTHLY JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. CHESHIRE, LANCASHIRE, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, CUMBERLAND, ee WESTMORLAND, DERBYSHIRE, ISLE OF MA YORKSHIRE. DURHAM paren ese EDITED BY WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS., Sunny Bank, Leeds ; WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L-S. ©W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L. Ss M.B.0.U., GEO. T:-PORRITT, F-LS.; F-E.S., ALFRED HARKER, M.A.. F.G.S. W. BARWELL TURNER, F.R-M.S. re Boulder Committee and its Tenth Year's Work.— 7 zomas Yo Tate, F.G.S. eee 65-74 ly N ot of eae ‘ack ‘longata) in the British ie John Ww. Tabior. LS. 75-76 The Li Little Ow! in Yorkshice—Jomes Backhone PZS. ALB.O. .U. ese 78 carex naam Wahlb. in Lake Lancashire.—Arthur Bennett, F.LS. -- ne 77-80 : Thomas Hick, B.A., 26 ALS.— F. Arnoid £ 81. The ® Constituent of the North Lancashire Flora, pie sage ok ister + Petty 85-92 jew: Newton’s Dictionary of Birds.—I”. C. J. R. Butterfield 3-94 ! Ferns, Fern-Allies, and Characea, moneegegg am yore ws a ne =f ee oo ae 95-96 ea 5 80 Testacella scutulum at Adel.—H. Crowther, F.R-MS. Ornithology . 80 Hawk on Peldgraih Wire. Geouther, F E.R. M. flee Sooty Sicate ater at idlington—H. Crowther, F.R.M.S Bird-Notes—Alatthew Bailey’ 34, 94 and = Numbers; by pos 7d. telore March ae Soe Bs to be addressed Tue Eprtors, “Tue Naturautst,’ oa Sunny Banx, Lezeps. LONDON: . Reeve & Co., 5. HENRIETTA STREET, Covent GARDEN, E.C. ORQUODALE & Co veel a STREET, EUSTON ; Leaps: Basincuatt Street. PEE PROS A se eRE ve Ce EET a, s ies eo ALTE - The NATURALIST. EBERT, WO ee eaaoey BOOKS RECEIVED. SPECIAL NOTICE. It is requested that in future all Exchanges and books sent for review be addressed to ‘The Editors of the Naturalist, Sunny Bank, Leeds.’ ish A Report of 66th ete. ape ee fae 1896. [The Assocn. National Footpath Preservation Society.—12th A + 1895-6. Bye Society. Australian Museum.—Records, Vol. 3, No. ie January 189 97. [The Trustees. Nature Nosicxton, 1896, No Os. 20-24, ¢ Oct.-D [Friedlander & Sohn, me: Revue Bryologique, 24e Anné, tere oO. a, ave [M. T. Husnot, Cahans. The Halifax Naturalist, Vol. r, No. 6, February 1 he Editor. c. Nos. 10& a oo -Feb. 1897.[The Society. Hist. Journal, Vol. 21, No. 181, Feb. 15th, [The a. York. Manchester Geol. | Eris. Voh. 25, Pt 2, 3 ociety s’ Chronicle, Vol. 2, No. 26, Febr 1897. [ jatar Editor La Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, No. 316, Février 1897 M. Adrien Dollfuss. can Mo. Microsc. Journ., No. 205, J Smiley, Washington 7 Vi No. 3, January 1897. er F.V ag itor Entom. Record & Jn. age ae tae 9, No. 2, ada Ith er: [J. W. Tutt, Ed The Nautilus, woe 10, No. 10, February 1 1807 Pilsbry, ete., Eaton N it - 7, No. 60, Feb: oe & Pratt Publishers. The Irish Naturalist, Vol. 6, No. 2, Fe ary 1897 [The Editors, Dublin The Zoologist, eries, Vol. 1, No.668, Feb. 1 5 1897. [West, New i Notes, Vol. 7, No. 86, een selborne Soc cieeh : Journal, Vol. 6, No. 56, February 1897. [s. ‘L. Mosley, Editor. Psyche: journ. of Entom., Vol. 8, No. 250, eons 1897. [Camb. Ent. Cl., U-S.A- Natur & Haus, Ill. Zeits. f, Natur. , Jahrg. 5, Heft 8-9, Jan. 1897. [R. Oppenheim. La Naturaleza, Tomo 8, Num. 5> r s Febrero 8 y 18, 1897 [ Redactor. Hobbies. —Vol + fre ale Jan. 30th—Feb. Z The bien jolog ib —Jahrg. 8, Heft 1, Jan.-Feb. 1897. [zu Schmidhoffen- The Practical Photographer.—Vol. 8, No. 86, ¥ eb. 1897. nie [P. Lund & Co. British Association.—Toronto Meeting, 1 1897. “Preliminary Programme. The Association. Arthur Bennett.—Notes on Japanese Potamogetones, $vo, reprint, Aoiit ise Author. Arthur Bennett.— Juncus tenuis Willd, in Westerness, 8vo, reprint, Jan. 1897- Author. Arthur Bennett.—Iceland and Faroe Botany, $vo, reprint, Aug. 1896. [A Author A. Somerville. -—Additions to xg Known Piece of ee Soci Ebates: y.-c. 102, 8vo, reprint, Oct. 1896, [Mr. A. Bennett. Robert Standen.—The Land Mollusca of Ballycastle and District, County ae Antrim. 8vo, reprint, Jan. 1897. [Author- FB. Whitlock —The The Migration of Birds—a consideration of Herr Gitke’s Views- i uper hae 1897. Author. a note on —— Bro, 1 secn ett I - West Newman & Co., publishers. — —— St. Nicholas Street, ‘Norton, Malton. -—First Records of British Flowering Plants, together with i ee aes Wanted, Taahcipada, exchange specimens or to et ae WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY. HE “ovate age A eros Journal of Natura] History. Edi by a HARTI he gece = Original ape s, by well-known Satur, on nch of Z es the and eta nces of Quadrupeds, Pectles Fite Noises, and Fae Price AND BIRD- Seda! ING: A oe Jee sega an of the es and Lees of Birds eee’ Breed in Britain. EDWARD Dd Epirion.—With Dir sie Colle er 2 and Pre pater? and a Chapter on oe: eenning: ae Mir ad Curisty. Cloth extra, Fp. 8vo, price Is. "Atheneum, *A sterli ae ‘vital s and bird- sKinners in our © schoo The arrangement is perfect iy vat Hist. Journ. a wonderful shillingsworth _ London: WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, Hatton Garden. ——— —S sat, ics} = K > 2 ANDBOOK OF T f — snipes Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and ae showing , within hist ical periods, been found in the county. Uv oO a oO a. aed So os oO tH an > i=] ° Cs) mq” ae 3] > a RICE LOVELL REEVE & CO., 5s HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT ogee LONDON. TRACTS FROM REVIEWS. i this ¢ outs may take a pride in their work, which has eae the executed with most conscientiou care. They g by which they h d, and an excellen bit sketch of the “physical 4spec f the r oi . their investigation of its Veena The i ‘fe € contribution to "Britis oological litera! cane __ Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. ee thengum. ISPENSABLE TO STUDENTS AND COLLECTORS. a THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY Edited by W. E. HOYLE, M.A. ical tains Descriptions and Figures of New Species and V: eties, Geographi and Original A; Articles, dealing with all sp orboater of Fhe science, 7 3 ing Conchologists of the day. —Vor. VIII. enced January 1892. V Hil., IV., V., VL, and bce may still be ie = > may be addressed at agate to osha is the area rece tion of 5s. per annem. lied in return for gee the at haf fk nar, lai may at the Museum, 1 Demy 8vo., Cloth, pp. 250. Price 12l-(U.5.A- 3 -50). in INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE Shy FREDERICK, WME MILLS, FEMS, Author af * Photography Applied to the Microscope, | ei A BIBLIOGRAPH iY. ete. . Street, Ludgate e Cir .: THE Mie’ BOSCOPICAL. PUBLISHING ——— Pret NATURA LISD, During the next few months it is hoped to insert the following articies:— Preliminary List of Yorkshire Neuroptera and Trichoptera.—Gro. T. Porritt, F.LS., F.E.S. - Rare Plants near W -—Wm. Hopecson, A.L.S. Portrait and Memoir of late Prof. A. H. Green.—A. Harker, M.A., and Prof. L. C. MIActL, F.R.S. Yorkshire Naturalists at ee Joun Hawe xt, M.A. Mosses of North Lincoinshire.—J. Larper. The Constituents of the sheik Lancashire Flora, 1597-1893.—S. Lister Petty (7wel/tk Paper). : Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast in 1894.— Rev. E. Maute Care, M.A., F.G.S. Flora of the Neighbourhood of Lake pects we Hopeson, A.L.S Review of Adams’ British Land and Fresh lis.—C. OLDHAM Catalogue of Lincoinshire Plants. L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S. (Eleventh Paper). How to take Notes in in Natural —Grecory O. Benoni. Lincoinshire (Part 1.). —Jonse H. Cooxg, B.Sc., F.G.S. Polyzoa at Filey.—S. LisTER Petty NATURAL i. SCIENCE. mKHGH 3 1897. NANSEN is with us, it is interesting to read Mr. MonTeriore Brice’s defence of the Map a. Franz Josef Land, and the unsparing treat m out to him by the a . al e (4 ie wat tation in Britain. There is an important review of the ‘Cambridge Natural History, vol. ii. hie cae es )," and of t9 other books and pamphlets. Mr. Joun Corpeaux writes ot “Heinrich Gatk Each Number costs One SHILLING. Speci i & Peuny Star Ap. a The Annual Subscription i is REDUCED to THIRTEEN SHILLINGS, for which each number 1s sent post-free immediately on publication. De not delay to send your order direct to the Publishers— Pace & Prart, Lrp., 22, St. Andrew St., London, E.C. : > = jest Published. Crown 8v0, Cloth, 2s. : } : es PHOTOGRAPHY ae MICROSCOPE, : | By F. W. MILLS, Blender of the Camera Club, the Hi eats pork Society, the Postal Microscopical §. with A CHAPTER ON MOUNTING OBJE ECTS, : ; ‘By T. CHARTERS WHITE, M.R.CS,F.RMS. . Anthor ate ty ere Manual of ia Manipulation” ILLUST RATED. : fae "Ture & Sox, . 3, St. Bride Street, Ludgate « Cress. we Sons, 251, Swanston Street: , Broadway. “APRIL 1897. Miihbn— Pee 4g Hp HOG, 063, MONTHLY JOURNAL OF (ATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGL AND. CHESHIRE, NCASHIRE, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, CUMBERLAND, LINCOLNSHIRE, WESTMORLAN DERBYSHIRE, ISLE OF YORKSHIRE. iat NORTHUMBERLAND, BY WM. DENISON “ROEBUCK, PLS. y Bank, Leeds ; us WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS J. GILBERT BAKER, F-R.S., F.L.S., CHA _HOBKIR RK, F.LS “DW. aptlaggl CLARKE, ox M.B.O.U., GE Has ee PORR TT ES. Fos ARKER, M.A.. F.G-S. W. BARWELL TUREEE. F.R.MS. Ferns, Fern-Allies, and Characea, bcd acc —_W. Denison Dich 97-100 Masefie' id on 5 Protection of ‘Birds 101-102 ‘ hire Boulders.—/ohx H. Cooke, F.G.S. 103-105 The Land-Planarian, aschiys chodemus Guna (mull. Li in kokawees a Wallis Kew, F.Z.S. 4 106 : First Records of British Sowerinn eiaits, _F. apeeld Lees 107-109 loseate Tern still a British Breeding Bird.—Z. G. Potter 110 Memoriam : Alexander Henry Green.—4. by 11-114 List of the Ne spiasasess and Trichoptera oe Vorksbine < C: x Porritt, F.L.S., FES. Zs 115-126 New | Plant-Records for tske caneahiee: Joke noe ; 127 — Hutchinsiae : A Rare Hepatic, new to Yor rkshire, Wate B. Slater: Notee—Oritniogy : 114, 126 ee a ae ee =. G, eae Pevis onian G. Potter L ae of Es = of the Sparro . oe * + 102 jen — + an Addition to the Moss Flore of ae East Sidine— i = Marshall. : logy 105 : ag a Granite on ; Waliey Gas = ree i ‘etty. : Qe x oe a any thera ensifolia Rich, i ef » Yorkshire AK Ms arly “Record — _W. Aah filles BAL; ces. mical Critic > West Lancashire Plants—F. and aE 106, 10¥, 127 LJ . ommunications to be addressed Single Numbers, 6d.; by post, 7a. Eprrors, Z Annual Subscription, 6/6. — _ ‘Tue Naruratist,’ oa before March 31st, 5/~ post free, Sunny Bank, Leeps. from the Leeds office only- aa : LeNDes: : eit. Reeve & Co., 5. HennimTra STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C. Sone & Co Limite, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON ; _ Lagos: B SINGHALL STREET. 2 Sige, He ee The NATURALIST. BOOKS RECEIVED: SPECIAL NOTICE. -It is requested that in future all Exchanges and books sent for review be addressed to ‘The Editors of the Naturalist, Sunny Bank, Leeds.’ eae Lit. & = Soc.—Mem. & Proc., 4th Ser., vol. 7, Nos. 2-3, 1892-33 ~ ae to 4, 1893-94; v ol. 9, N os. 1 to 6, 1894-95; vol. 10, Nos. 1 2 : a sé: vol. 41, Parts 1-2, 1896-97. Society. Relfast Nat. Field Club.—Ann. Rep. and Proc., for 1893-4, 1894-5, ree " : Clu "Yorkshire Philosophical Soc.—Annual Reports, 1894, 1895. Ith Societ y: _ Lancashire and Cheshire Ent. Soc., 19th and 20th Ann. Rep., 1894- “95 and 1896. [Th ee Bristol Nat. Soe. —Proc., N.S., Vol. 8, Part 1 (1895- ‘[So iety. Minera : ine, Vol. 10, No. 49; 2 April ane "[sfineratogiea Societe Poti Se = agen Trans. 1894- 3 Vol. 20, Pts. 2-3, [The Soc ociety. irmingham | Phil. Soc. Journal, Vol. 1, Nos. 8- -§3, Jan.-Dec. I eB Vol. 2, Nos. 1-6, Jan.-Dec. — [The Society. North Lonsdale Magazine, Vol. 2, No. 5, February 1897. [Mr. Png Petty. is serstag psi tce = ea Port re go 14th March 1897.[I. of Man N.H.5. de Sciencias Naturaes—Ann. 4, No. 1, Janeiro de 1897. eAngiets Nobre he he ser N Naturalist, Vol es Nos. 7-14, July’ 95- -Feb.’96. [The Essex Field Club. Yew York Microscopical Soc.—Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1, Jan. 1897. [The Society. : Science Gossip, Nz vol 2, Nos. 33-4, Feb.-Mch. 1897. [Jno. T. Carrington, Geography ; Notices of Manch. Geog. Soc.—No. 12, March 1897. “iat 8 Hist. Journal, Vol. 21, No. 182, March 1 5th, 1897. "rhe Editors, York. Manchester Geol. Society. —Trans. ans., Vol. 25, Pt. 3, 1896-7. € ty * Chronicle, Vol. 2, No. 27, March mage Fe aoe — pra: Editor. , No. a Series, V. J BS . ‘No. $7, Ma March 1897. Mth — me pee ss , Vol. 6. No. 57, March 1897. S. L. Mosley, Editor. soy 57> arc ar is gi j botaiaiy. —Report for > [ Prof. — cine uate Svar 20, 1897, partes 13, Feb. rst, 1897. ae { Hung. Nat. Museum. m N. a. |. & Phi Soc. —List of “Members, March 1896, an 4 . ang Phil. Society. —Complete List of Officers and ; 78h to Beans 28th, © Den ‘Morris, a Memoir, Sv0, cloth, 1897. obn Cc. Nimmo, BOOKS RECEIVEO—(continued). L, C. Miall.—Round the Year, a series of short Nature Studies. Crown 8vo,- cloth, 1896. {Macmillan & Co., publs. Kearton.—British Birds’ Nests. 8vo, cloth, 1895. [Cassell & Co., publs. J. D. Hooker, Ed.—Journal of Sir Joseph Banks, 8vo, sea 1896. ai, < [Macmillan & Co., publs. S - A. Martel.—Irlande at Cavernes Anglaises, 8vo, paper ‘ieee “ [Ch. Delagrave, publ. BIRDS’ EGGS. GREAT panee ty. Having ited received large cchusgauents of Eggs for which I have not room my cabinets, I am willing to part with £100 worth for £75 cash, including most Eggs in on List, many never held by dealers. Suitable for Museum. As Tam not a dealer and have not a living to make by such sales, te can let them go Smaller quantities at great reductions. Not having a list, I will take the average dealer’s price, and allow discount therefrom. Send list of wants and pamie of dealer you would like to trade Been. THOMAS [AS RAINE, Woodland View, Chapel Allerton, LEEDS. Now Ready, in One Volume, Crown 8vo, cloth. Price Five Sem: - “With oe of various ns of Boxes, Brackets, etc., that ter actually been used by Wild Birds em Nidification cigs a fall list of the Ord e Wild _— _— on Acts’ on the application of eccdry e Names of the Species protecte sie : a JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD, MA., | Vice-President of the North Staffordshire Naturalists Field Chub. LEEps: :—-TAYLOR BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. -Nesting in North-West Canada. BY ALTE AINE, Sun Lithographing and Printing x .. Toronto. Canada. es with Photo-Engravings and Coloured Plates. _ “Price $2.50; 10s. 6d. English Money. 10 cents (or 5d.) extra for postage. West, It describes in rg yg iced doceaed ives an ler of ar gpton: Peel the saan mars aro aon of t ae : ales, r oe : ip rare birds were fo — “Te gi s an ‘ ss ad Tees: a olou ees. Tt a conane ates ‘Knot, € s, Phe | Eggs. of ae Knot have never = d interes Or nit 3, 25 : ‘wil be found esting reading ea British as well as American hologists, the nests and open of an poe which oceur in Europe er ccnesiontt visitors. your order at once, as only a limit mited number 0 of copies will be printed. om ‘convenience of English subsoribers, the Editors of ° The Nataralist’ will a on Mr. Raine’s beball_ | chiopoda, to hange. Rea or to perchese "Nichols Street, “Norton, Malton. . aoaeccemecenesrmmat “o., New — : all countries PHE NATURALIST. During the next few months it is hoped to insert the following articves:— Rare Plants near Workington.—Wa. Hopason, A.L.S. Yorkshire Naturalists at Staithes.—Rev. Joun Hawect, M.A. ‘Mosses of North Lincolnshire.—J. Larbrr. The Constituents of the North Lancashire Flora, 1597-1893.—s. Lister Perry (/7welfh Paper). Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast in 1894.— Rev. E. Mav dens M.A., F2G.8 of t A.L.S. Review of Henslow’s How to Study Wild Filowers,—F. Arnoip Lees. : Catalogue of Lincolnshire Plants.—Rev. FE. ADRIAN WooDRUFFE-PEACOCK L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S. (Eleventh Paper). How to take Notes in Natural History.—Grecory O. BENoONI. Polyzoa at a .-S. Lister PETTY. Hepatic and Musci of Westmoriand.—Geroxce STABLER A pais Paper). On Owls and their Longevity.— Ox: — M.A., 0.U. Some Nidderdale Nein aR aES Fe NATURAL SCIENCE. the April Number Pliocen ne Man comes up again, for Dr. ae: of Chipped Flints a htise That brilliant se H. G. Wetts, replies to re strictures of Mr. Coste. Mr. T. SouTHWELL writes appreciatively of the British Association Report on the Migration of ts Birds. And Prof. Ray LANKESTER gives his answer 6 - oe question “ Are the cog saanies a Natural Group?” The chief Reviews are Ni ; bag re North,” and the Horn Expedition to Central a Re The discussion as t Map of Franz Josef Land is continued with vigour by Mr. A. M. Brice and the Aue wii is een by a eed folding Map. F. Noetiinc defends V oF 8 Each Number costs ONE SHIiI Specimen copies, post-free, Sixpence. Annual Soprane: THIRTEEN SHILLINGS. For clean copies of No. 8, Four Shillings apiece is being offered by the Publishers— Pace & Pratt, Lrp., 22, St. Andrew St., London, E.C, On the 15th of every Month. Price One Shilling. THE ZOOLOGIST: THE RECOGNISED MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO ZOOLOGICAL SUBJECTS: Feunded in 1833. EDITED BY W. L: DISTANT. a ents of Marcu eye bi agp =e S. C. CRONWRIGHT-SCHREINER: Classifica’ ation ; Colouratio: a nd § esh; Pues sd Kicking ; Leaping and Swimming ; ‘ Waltzi etre. Rolling’ ; oi oi i le How. it Runs ; Nidification > Sexual Relations and Parental Habits, etc., etc. With Thustrations from instantaneots Photsgiag! The ‘ NORFOLK ORNITHOLOGICAL RECORD?” for 1896. By J. H. GuR“ev- tustrations. “NOTES ON oe noe ee se and Mollusca; Editorial Gleanings. ubser ete “ the year, 125. _ Loxpox—W. EST, oe MA CO., s4, Harton GARDEN, EC. oe oe Now ready, oe, cloth, price 6]-, post free. : of YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA. | — _ By G. T. PORRITT, Jn - Contains copious records of the localities, &c., of 1,340 spec Se known to inhabit the county ; peta of tse with ae ther necessary information on the subjec th He 5 tary of the Yorkshire ee oa : - ROEBUCK, Sunny Bank, L of macro- “ai yaria'ion J. GILBERT cakce ERS; ey W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M. B. 0. Us; ALFRED HARKER, M.A FG. S: MONTHLY JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGL AND. WM. DENISON “ROEBUCK, B.LS., nny Bank, Leeds CHESHIRE, LANCASHIRE, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, CUMBERLAND, LINCOLNSHIRE, WESTMORLAND, DERBYSHIRE, ISLE OF MAN, YORKSHIRE HAM, Le dl dea a eg | HOBKIRK F.E.S. PORErt EES. cee Ff. L.S a Bia 3: ARWELL TU EMER F. R.M.S. Review: The Red Deer in Britain Hodgson at, | Review : - of Fruit-trees Review : British Cicadina and Psyllina d Ww. ales WAS BESS On the oo of Freshwater carat A.R.C Seteroh: esconapiecs. 1890 to 1892.—i _ Notes—Orn oes aeetsiae in _ and Summer i icone Matthew Baile _Note—Coleo Carabus opter, arvensis near Bradsonbnf Ww. Carter. | Communications to he addressed RALIST, ny Bank, Leeps. Lovett Reeve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA Vicia age ee other Rare Plants near Workington, Ciutactesk —William Leeps: Basincwatt. cng _ Owls and their Longevity.—O-xricy Grabham, M.A., M.B.O.U. ode es moriam : Henry Bos Co A Critical deat of i eases Plants.—Rer. E. Adrian Woodruffe- acock, L.Th., F. ees , Review : Recent Works on Land and Preaionive Shak a: pled President’s Address to the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union.—ev. Cancv ’ FEES. West, F.L.S., and GS. West, “2, Denison Roebuck, FL.S pishite in eee G. otters Flamborough Bird Notes.—Spring Blue bellied Viper at Skipwith Common—Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S. nd News é fe x ee 2 = 129-132 132 145-147 147 148 149-156 157-158 169-160 143, 168 from the Leeds offi Single Numbers, 6d.; by post, 7d. Annual Subscription, 6/6. before March 31st Foot i LONDON CovENT GARDEN, E.C. A STREET, = -MCConquopare & Co. Limirep, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON; Je NATURALS. —— >coe —___ BOOKS RECEIVED. SPECIAL NOTICE. It is requested that in future all Exchanges and books sent for review be addressed to ‘ The Editors of the Naturalist, Sunny Bank, Leeds.’ Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Soc. Trans., Vol. 6, Pt. 1, 1894-5. [The Soc. Smithsonian Institution Ann. Rep. to July 1804, Seo cloth, 1896, [The eget Liverpool Biologi i [The Soc Vol. 10, 1895-6. Index to Vol. 10 of the Nautilus, May 1896 to April 1897 [The Publisher. i i oc. —J Sa oe Northam hir ‘ : [Society. Philadelphia Acad. of Nat. Sci.—Proc., 18 a April- Augu ist. [Academy. Die pag tras ®, Jahrgang 20, Nr. - 3: aut September, 1896. [Orn. Vereins in Wien. Manch. 4 —Trans. Xep., 1888, 1890, I 1891. The Society. m0 ma Noten she Soe VI. ots nite (Dr. G. B. de Toni, Pale shi fanch. Geog. Soc., Vol. 12, Nos. 1-3, Jan.-Mch. sek _ Annals of Scottish Nat. Hist., No. 22, April 1897. [The Editors, Edinburgh ncolnshire Notes & Sars fol. 5, No. 38, April 1897. [The Edi tors Journ. of Conchology, Vol. 8, No. 11, April 1897. [ ee — ‘Natare N avitates, 1897, Nos. 1-3, Jan.-Feb. [Friedlander & St pubs. The Halifax Naturalis, Vol. 2, No. 7, April . e Bai Mine: Birmingham Nat. Hist. Be Phil. Soc. habcand: Vol 2, No. 7, Jan. pee iy iety. North Lonsdale TT, Vol. 2, No. 6, April 1897. r. Lister Petty. The Essex Naturali st 9, Nos. 1 = se March- Dec, ’96. ig pease Field Club. Redcct Gossip, 2, No. 5; April 1897. o. T. Carrington, Ed. Geography; Notices of aoc g- Soc. —No. 13, Apri riser: [The Society Natural Hist. ee nal, Vol. 21, oe 183, April 15th, 1897. [The Editors, York. Naturalists’ Cirronicle, ol. 2, No. 28, April 15th, 1897. [A. H. Waters, Editor. La Feuill fesgye, frill 1697. [M.A P pril 1897. [The E : 5 , No.670, Apl. 15, 1897. bent Newiiah Nature Notes, Vol. 7, No. 88, April 1897. [The Selborne Society. Naturalists’ Journal, Vol. 6, No. 38, Apnl 1897. [S. L. Mosley, eae che: . of Entom., Vol. 8, No. 252, April 1897. [Camb. Ent. Cl., U.S, Natur& Haus Il. Zaits. Natur. ia 5, Heft 12- 13 » Mar. 1897. [R. Oppenheim. 1 7 ae om ™, > M 8, 3 ‘Hobbies. —V. ste 3 eee ere! 9, Marzo 18, 728, 1897. [The Dabiishers [The hig at : ip H Es alien ae ees 3 ike E & & =i ea b28 Geologic al P aphs. Reprint, 8vo ae "Aut uthor. ister Ww. ener: foie at Sutton Coldfield. 8vo, nae 23, J R B. Masefield.- Witt p31 Dp ao d Nesting-boxes. Cr. 8vo, lth 189 "857 id 3 ine: —Wante , Brachiopoda, to exchange specimens or to purchase. GEO. OLDFIELD, Se Nicholas Street, ‘Norton, Malton. Me, Walter F. Webb, of Albion, Orleans Co., New York, nice specimens Sige , in any quantity and from ‘all countries. id “dealers ‘who have du es pl kind. ae ee Olas aves a ve ce Fgest lot > Unios of any coll of from | species at low rat 97. ae ralogical Magazine, Vol. 10, No. 50, S 1895. [nerlogea ' Society NOW READY, The MIGRATION of BIRDS A CONSIDERATION OF HERR GATKE’S VIEWS. By F. B. WHITLOCK (Author of ‘ Birds of Derbyshire,’ éte., ete.). Price, 3/6 net. Lonpon: R. H. Porter, 7, Princes Street, Cavendish Square, W. BIRDS OF DERBYSHIRE. A FEW COPIES OF THIS WORK REMAIN UNSOLD. Price, 10/6 net. ___ LONpon : BEMROSE & Sons, Lrp., Old Bailey; or R. Hi. Porter. The | Entomologist’s enna Magazine. XPE NCE Wald te ae “3 Barrett, G.-C, perio Sosa J. W. DovGras, We Fowrer, : MA PULS. MeL Acuisn, F.R.S., E, Saunpers, F:1.S., and as WaALSINGHAM, F.R.S. This eo commenced in 1364, contains standard Articles and Notes on all ee. connected with Entomology, and especially on the Insects of the British I Selatan Sie 3 Shillings per annum, post free. - London: GURNEY & JACKSON (Mr. Van Voorst’s Successors), 1, Paternoster Row. N.B.—A Second Series was commenced with the Number for January 18go. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION. EDITED By J. W. TUTT,- EELS. he most widely read of all British Entomological Mazasions Subscription 6s. per Vol. deciading Special Index 7s.}, to be sent to Mr. H. E. Pace, 14, Nettleton Rd., , New Cross, S.E. ES Soont oa, mill, by J WwW, Too. FLE.S. boon? ta in Woodside. eae W. Tors, F.E.S. Bound i in Cloth, 2/6, 242 p and 50 illustrat The British oe and their Varieties, | Melanism and Melanochroism in Lepidop- by W. Torr, F.E.S. 4 Vols., price 78. tera, by J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. Bound in per Vol. mths had separately). Cloth, price 2/6. : ‘Secondary Sexual Characters in Lepidop- ey eee ne ee by J W, Turr, tera, by J. \ wv Tort, F.E.S. Price 18. F.E.S. | Price To be obtained from the Author, Rayleigh Vilia, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.£. NDBOOK OF THE VERTEBRATE FAUNA of YORKSHIRE ieee a a of British Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fi tre rele é, within | age ~ etiotte: been found in the cou: ae. EAGLE —— . L. oe & WM. DENISON ee ELS. 1a E HAD OF THE AUTHORS, OR Sees ‘TA STREET, COVENT peared LONDON, LOVELL aidan a CO.; | XTRACTS FROM REVIEWS. _ ‘TVhe authors of this. cian may ti take a pride in their work, which has fecemanigs re --€Xecut onscie cae — aiey. iose bee guided, and an excellent brief sketch of the ie physical aspects Of Vorkshir summary 0: results of their investigation of its Ver book isa see — i on ritis h zoolo gical literature.’—dtan. & Mag. Nat, Hist. Atheneum. eee tee rant NATURA LUST, During the next few months it is hoped to insert the following articles :— Mosses found in Upper Nidderdale.—Ricuarp Ba Yorkshire Naturalists at ee care hire ax ELL, M. A. Mosses of North Lincolnshire.—J. The Constituents of the ark cues Flora, 1697-1893.—S. Lister Petty (7wel/th Paper). Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast in 1894.— Rev. E. eau me ages: Flora of the Neighbourhood of Lake Uliswater.—W». Honcs How to take Notes in Natural History.—Grecory O. BEN Polyzoa at Filey.—S. Lister Perry. Hepatice and Musci of Westmoriand.—Georce STaBLer (fourth Pager). Some Nidderdale Mosses.—Liewer1 Lyn TJ. Cocks. TO GEOLOGISTS. TYPICAL — FROM EAMED BARTON SERIES NE). ee, 10 pein reno, Boxed, name and tocalised: Sub-ambigua, Athleta, Salandr, Se es eon Cardita s a th stre 2 a abellula, Cre ssatella soles Dentalium striata, Pectunculus deletus, Chama squamosa, Turritella imbricataria, Triton argutus, Murox minax, asper, &c., &c., &e. Testimonials :—‘ I like the ng sent ha much. Steers akefield. ** wish to express my entire satisfaction with the fossils se s of each species, &¢. Please send me Series No. 2.”—Sal ed 3s. by Parcel a receipt of Postal Order. Address : R. CHARLES, Naturalist, Highcliffe, Christchurch, Hants. Just out. Coloured saree apne nett. sono Edition 8{— nett. st 5d. ex THE careers MANUAL OF British Land and Freshwater Shells. Containing Figures and Descriptions of every Species, an account of their Habits ‘and has Hint. on 7 oe ee “Aanking, etc.; the Nam ames and ie oe of a the. varietie Ss ~ Sas tical ri Also, with the permission of the Sass and R sew THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY’S CENSUS OF COMITAL DISTRIBUTION: By LIONEL ERNEST ADAMS, B.A. ‘Illustrated by GERALD W. oo M.R.C. S., ALFp. SicH, F.E.S.; the Author. SECOND EDITION. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROTHERS, 1896. ee Now ready, complete, 800, cloth, with Coloured Map, price £1 1s. Od. _ By FREDERIC ARNOLD LEES, M.RCS., etc. his, which which forms the rye Score of the Borani ae * : rH cal Series of the Transactions, is pe: most complete work of the kind ever issued for any Servet including detailed and i fal f ~044 Phanerogams and Vasc ular Cryptogams, rr Characez, 348 Mosses,! 08 Hepatics, » 7,009, rhage and a Freshwater Al vaking a total vr 3,160 species. e ; MONTHLY JOURNAL OF | NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. f: CHESHIRE, LANCASHIRE, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, rt CUMBERLAND, LINCOLNSHIRE, WESTMORLA ie DERBYSHIRE, ISLE OF MAN, YORKSHIRE. T DURHAM, NORTHUMBERLAND, a: EDITED BY a WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS., : Sunny Bank, Leeds ; TH THE. ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF J. GILBERT exkek FES; CHAS, P. HOBKIRKE, Gout W. EAGLE CLARKE, ee "M.B.O.U,, Ee, 2. FORME EES ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S . BARWELL TURNER, F. os S. nients: _ Bibliography: Hymenoptera, 1890 to 1892.—W 7. Denison Roebuck, F.LS. .. 161-166 A Critical Catalogue of Lincolnshire Plants.—Rev. Z. Adrian daa Peacock, Z..Th,, F.L.S., F-G.S. (Thirteenth paper). 167-172 a Boswell: West Yorkshire Mosses.—HW?l/iam Whitwell, Fr. E. S. 173-176 _ The Harvest Mouse in Yorkshire.—O-r/ey Grabhame, M.A., M.B.O.U. ; : Some me New Records for the Moss-Flora of Nidderdale and Wensleydale: with Additional Localities for North Yorkshire and South Durham.—X. Barn 179-188 _ Some Nidderdale Mosses.—Zlewellyn J. Cocks oes 1 Eves : An Angler’s Basket gee etn epee ae ak ae 191 . Review: Barrett’s British capklaptans oe = = s a a a 192 A New Pincobahie Plant.—F. Arnold Lees, L.RCP. ose—Fiymenopt os A ee oe = ee ie a x a Ae 176 = Ls re and other Hymenoptera in Lincolnshire.—Aev. A. Thornizy, Af.A., a a ES. te—Diptera . oa c ae - 178 Chironomus syly estris at Lincoln. L Jas. " Bard iley Mason. ate : -% oe ee a 1 perenne Fungi.— Rev. W’. Fowler, M.A. -e—Moss 178 Hypoum eee: ‘at Skipwith: A ‘New “Record for the East Riding.— Wi, i B.A: Notes—Orn ology . . 188, 180, 192 ‘Unusual Nidgeston of | Missel Thrash urdus viscivorus)—Jas. Eardley Mason ; Sander in June.—G. #. Caton pled MB.O.U. ; Sees Bird Notes = val of —— Visitants— Matthew Baily Grasshopper Warbler in in Holder Petch, The Long-eared oi rned Owl in raateies Baroy ae Takes Bird Notes. Miss Mite ary L. Armit Notes an Pee 172, 191 eee / oe to be addressed Single Numbers, 6d.; by post, 7d. 2 tee Eee we Annual Subscription, 6/6. id Tue b Mavens a. before March cape od 5/- post oe ke, Sunny Banx, Leeps. from the Leeds office only. . LONDON: Lovett Reeve & Co., 5, Henrietta STREET, Covent Garben, E.C. py roman ats & Co. Lim MEER, Ls esalpuessa STREET, EUSTON; Leeps: Basincrae STREET. ae wor poor SPF ae No. gaa: The NATURALIST. —_—— cok ———. BOOKS RECEIVED. SPECIAL NOTICE. - It is requested that in future all Exchanges and books sent for review be addressed to ‘The Editors of the Naturalist, Sunny Bank, Leeds.’ York School as t. Hist. Soc.—63rd Annual Report, Jan. 1897. [The Society. Lccaighat Verlagsthatigk. v. Friedlander & Sohn, No. 36, Juli-Dec., 96. [Pubs. Nova —— ‘Institute. —Proceedin ngs, vol. Be part 2, 1895- (Institution. Journal of Malacology, Vol. 6, No. 1, May 1897. [Mr. W. M. Webb, Editor Revue Tiyobane 20 24e Anné c 1897, N oO. si EME he —s Cahan New York Microscopical Soc.—Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2, April 1897. [Th e Society. st Sackehy. Vol. 2455 Zt, gael’ [thee Society. Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Soc. Trans., Vol. 6, . 2, 1895-6. e Soc. ie Philadelphia Acad. of Nat. Sci.—Proc., 1896, Part 3, oh -Nov. [Aca ore ee Die Schwalbe, Jahrgang 20, Nr. 4, Oct.-Dec., 1896. be n. Vereins in bier ee Journ. of Manch. 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Walter F. ‘Webb, ‘of Albion, Orleans Co., New Yorks i nice specimens o: » in any quantity and from cpa 9 who have — os writes giving pam ge Bird-Nesting | in North -West Canada. ALT Sun Semana Sadie pe Co., gpk Canada. Finely Hlustrated with Photo-Engravings and Coloured Piates. *Price $2.50; 10s. 6d. English Money. 10 cents (or 5d.) extra for postage. es an — of collecting in the Nort North West. It describes in an interesting The book giv: manner experience in a regio whi ch stretches gers Wianipes. a wi meee — of the Rocky Mountains, such a wide tract of country, m e bir a eg found ating ae a full account of the Neiiog Habits o contains ae of many pedi and Eggs; fh momen dee of many rare pracy of Eggs of Veliowsbank, Wilson's Phalarope, Knot, etc. The Eggs of he not have n Seti been figured in any orn phiologieat wor This book will be found thee gem reading to British as well 5, as it describes as nests and eggs of many species E sieve Rate” visitors. Send in you ,as only a : limited number of copies will ep printed. * For the convenience of English subscribers, the Editors of ‘The Naturalist’ will receive orders and subscriptions on Mr. Raine’s behalf. BIRDS’ EGGS. GREAT BARGAINS. Having lately received large consignments ee Eggs for which I have not room in my cabinets, I am willing to part with £100 worth for £75 cash, including most ae Suit és M | I am not a dealer and have not a living to make by such sales, I can let them oy cheap. Smaller ‘quantities at sae reductions. Not having a list, I will take the : allow discount therefrom. Send list of wants and oe average dealer’s price, a : name of dealer you would like to trade by. . THOMAS RAINE, ee : Woodland View, Chapel Allerton, LEEDS. Now Ready, in One Volume, Crown Svo. cloth. Price Five Shillings. WILD BIRD PROTECTION & NESTING BOXES, oe — of various of B Brackets, etc., that have pa used by Wild ager re “Nidiication, and a full list Orders r the ‘Wild Birds P: n Acts’ on cee of County Conseils. with — Names of cae 5 set 6 prote ne By JOHN R. B. sinner D. M.A., Vice-President of the North Staffer dshire Naturalist’ Field Club. Nera rne. © toot S Leeps :—TAYLOR BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS. in Demy 8vo., Cloth, pp. 250. Price 12/- (U.S.A. 3-59)- AN —— TO THE STUDY OF THE 3 BY. FREDERICK WM. MILLS, F.R-M-S., Author’ of * Photography Applied to the Microscope,” etc. WITH A BIBLIOGRAPHY. : , By JULIEN DEBY, F.R-MS. St. Bride Street, Ludgate Circus. OSCOPICAL PUBLISHIN NG COMPANY. LONDON : [u1FFE & i | Wasiinctos, D.C. + a HE MICRO. ae NATURA LIS, During the next few months it is hoped to insert the following articles :— t Yorkshire Na at Staithes.—Rev. = oHN Hawe tt, M.A Mosses of North Lincolnshire.—J. Larpr The Constituents of the North sac Flora, 1597-1893.—S. Lister Perry (Twel/th Paper). Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast in 1894.— Rev. E. Maute Core, M.A., F.G.S. Flora of the Neighbourhood of Lake Ullswater.—Wwm. Hopcson, A.L.S. How to take Notes in Natural History.—Grecory O. Be Polyzoa at Filey.—S. Lister Perry. Hepaticze and Musci of Westmoriand.—Georce StasLer (Fourth Paper). Birds of Lonan, Isle of Man.—P. G. Racre. NATURAL SCIENCE. The important subject of science-teaching in our pee schools is dealt with in the May and June Numbers. Of J. H. Pledge’s Paper on Variation in Ranuncults cco dn Revue Scientia says— This is an example that might be followed with profit to science.’ The proposed ectiwnies Biological Station is ace nioea in the Side Number, which contains six special articles, a plate and other illustrations, and over 86 pages. This Number, like all others, costs ONE SHILLING. PAGE & PRATT, Ltd., 22, St. Andrew St., London, £.¢. SPECIAL AND IMPORTANT NOTICE. THe JULY Numser or NATURAL SCIENCE, WHICH WILL BE SPECIALLY ATTRACTIVE, WILL BE PUBLISHED BY J. M. DENT & CO., 67, St. James’s Street, LONDON, s.w., To whom all orders for this and future Numbers should be sent. Now Ready, in two parts, price ts. each part. scriptive List of the British Anthomyide. By R. H: MEADE, F-.R.CS. THIS P PAPER CONTAINS A SHORT DIAGNOSTIC DESCRIPTION OF EACH : _ SPECIES IN THE FAMILY IN ENGLISH. JULY 1897. MONTHLY JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. CHESHIRE, LANCASHIRE, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, CUMBERLAND, LINCOLNSHIRE, WESTMORLAND, DERBYSHIRE, ISLE OF MAN, YORKSHIRE. DURHAM, NORTHUMBERLAND, EDITED BY WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds; WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF jJ. GILBERT BAKER, F-.R.S., F.L.5., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S. W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.0.0., CEO; fT. PORRITT, F.1.5:, ES. ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.S. _ BARWELL TURNER, F.R-.M.S. Contents: verde gaming to the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.—/oin Cordeaux, R.G.S., MBO. 193-208 Natural History Notes: What to Note and How to Make Notes.—(Cregery O. Benoni 209-212 On the Hepatic and Musci of Westmorland.—George S tabler. (Fifth Paper.) 213-220 The Birds of Lonan, Isle of Man.—?. Rai... -- gee ee a ee 221-224 ates to be addressed Single — 6d.; by post, 7d. 6/6. If paid eo re oot si- post free, from the Leeds office © nly. Pay Epiro “Tre Natu Se 259, Hype Park Roap, | LeEEps. LONDON: Lovett Reeve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C.. MCCorovopaLe & Co. LIMITED, CARDINGTON STREET, Euston ; AND Leseps: BastnGHaLL STREET. seer tin = ok “44 ¥ ‘apt : ae fe NVAIURALI ST. BOOKS RECEIVED. SPECIAL NOTICE. It is requested that in future all Exchanges and books sent for review be addressed to ‘The Editors of the Naturalist, 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.’ sotanical Exchange Club of the British Isles. oe for 1895, 8vo. [The Club. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow.—Transactions, Vol. 4, pt. 2, 1894-5. [The Society. vol. iety. vine A Philosophical Soc sn —Annual Report for sg te Society. i SG Ann. 4, No. 2, Abril [Augusto Nobre. : nay eke zi Fiiz Vol, 20, 1807, p. 30 June ah fae Hung. 3 Nat. Mesuk he Halifax Rahat. Vol. 2 , No. 8, eas 1897. Sen Editor. ‘evue Bryologique, 24¢ Herts 1807, N fe. Mai 24th {M. T. Husnot, Cahan Mineralogical Magazine, Vol. 11, No. 52, May 1897. Mine sical ad: Society. eography ; Notices of Manch. Geog. Soc. —No. 15, June 1897. The Society. Natural Hist. Journal, Vol. . No. 185, June 15th, 1897. [The Editors, York. Naturalists’ Chronicle, Vola 0. 30, June 15th, 1897. [A. H. Waters, Editor. La Feuille des Jeunes Natura lis se , No. 320, May 1897. [M. Adrien Dolifuss. ntom. Record & Jn of Variation, Vol.9 , No. 6, Faia 15th, 1897. (J. W. Tutt, Ed. ratural Science, Vol. 7, No. 64, sy 1897. [Page S Pratt, Publishers. The Irish Naturalist, Vol. 6, No. 6, June 1897. [The Editors, Dublin. q ees ologist, 4th Series, Vol. 1, No. 72 June 15, 1897. on Magmsnt Co. Pubs. h “ge vies ol. 7. No. 90, June [The Selborne Society. Natural ay ournal, hea ee No. 60, Ta css; L Mosley, Editor. a. ieee of Ent fol. 8, N ate: pee 897. [{Camb. Ent. Cl., U.S.A. Natur& Haus, It Zeits. £ g ig to 5, Heft 15,16, 17,18, May 18 Pm bed et Ta et tt Oo td ay = | a oad ° e “ty a ee cae > xy Lad io] re) w a or ae -_ co on N oO te) rag R. Oppenheim. La Naturaleza, Tomo 8, Num. 13, 14, 15> Mayo 8, 18, 28, 1897. [ Redactor. Hobbies. —Vol. 3 Nos. 81- Ss May 1, 8, 15, 22, 29,1897. [The gear Knowledge.—Vol. 20, No. 140, June’ 3 rg The Edito American Monthly Hicesoapical Journal, No. eS May 1897. cw. Smiley. The Wombat, Vol. 2, No. 2, Feb. 1897. [Gordon Technical College, Geelong. ie fue. Gear. —Bibli jography of Nottinghamshire Botany, 8vo, reprint, hug 1897. he Author. J. H. Cooke. —New Section in the Middle Lias of Lincoln, 8vo, oe eri nels M. £. = —Studies of Lakeland Birds, First Series, publ. 1897, ae ‘oe — . [Authoress. NOW READY. _ The MIGRATION of BIRDS A CONSIDERATION OF HERR GATKE’S VIEWS. By F. B. WHITLOCK (Author of ‘ Birds of Derbyshire, etc., ett.). ice, 3/6 net. _Lonpon: R. ee ves: 7> Princes Street, Cavendish Square, W- is BIRDS OF DERBYSHIRE. A FEW COPIES OF THIS WORK REMAIN UNSOLD. rice, 10/6 net. " Lospon: esgies es & Sons, EE, Old Bailey; or R. H. Sher nce Change Ez Airs emeeron = to 259, Hyde Park Road, WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY. HE oe ies ie - Dees Journal of Natural History. Edited by : HARTI te ay ce = articles, by well-known Naturalists, on _ every branch of Z e habits and oeericeee of Quadrupeds, Birds, Reptiles, F ae eee a ti Hae Pric ioopeapend hs AND BIRD- Sees NG: A Complete Description of the and Eggs of aa which Breed in Britain. E Sec ian pies on. —Wit rections a Collecting and Preservation ; and a nas on Bird. —— By Mi ILLER CHRISTY. Cloth extra, Fp. 8vo, price 1s. a —aA thene ‘A Sterling book a ~ ts aie peat nate bird- as in our rhe oo The arrangement is perfect. ’—Nat. Hist. Journ rir * A wonderful shillingsworth No wonder a second edition is called for.’—Graphic. London: WEST, NEWMAN & CoO., 54, Hatton Garden. S INDISPENSABLE TO STUDENTS AND COLLECTORS. _ THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY Edited by W. E. HOYLE, M.A. Con d Figures of New Species and Varieties, Geographical ee ail Ona dae poe rc se all departments of the science, by the le ag Pa So the day L. VILL. commenced January 1892. VoLs, acy 1d. y Vig ep Vg on a VIL: ne still be had. his — si by Mr. W. E. 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Price 1s. : To be obtained from the Author, Rayleigh Villa, Westcombe Hill, Blackheath, S.B. : Conchology.. Paige Walter F. Webb, of Albion, Orleans Co., vee York, ULS.A., desires nice Helix, in any quantity and from all countries. : len has doubtless the eee le of Pe plicate “Unios od Based eninge r dealer ia the mona > oe gegen of lng 2) THE NATURALIST. During the next few months tt ts hoped to insert the following articles :— Yorkshire Naturalists at Staithes.—Rev. Joun Hawe t, M. of North Lincolnshire . Larper. Constituents of the North | Lancashire Flora, 1597-1893.—S. Lister Perry (7wel/th Paper). Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast in 1894.— Rev. E. Maure Coxe, M.A., F.G.S. Flora of the Neighbourhood of Lake sakicaaties —Wmn. Hopneson, ats si _ Hepatic and Musci of Westmor ike Hinene STABLER (Sirth Paper). Now ready, 8vo. cloth, price 6]-, post free. LIST of YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA. By G. T. PORRITT, F.L.S. Contains copious records of the localities, &c., of the 1,340 species of macr = micro-lepidoptera known to inhabit the county ; age jes of local “wie n Species ; with all other necessary information on the subject. To be had only from the Hon. Secretary of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds. SPECIAL AND IMPORT. ANT NOTICE. THE JULY Siiucaas OF NATURAL SCIENCE, WHICH WILL BE SPECIALLY ATTRACTIVE, IS PUBLISHED BY : J. M. DENT & CO., 67, St. James’s Street, LONDON, sS.wW., _ Yo whom all orders for this and fature Numbers should be sent. The Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine. PRICE SIXPENCE, MONTHLY. 2 . Edited by ee ; G. Barrett, G1: gage J. Wi. Doucras,« W. W. Fowzrzr, M. ue F.L.S. oR McLacu CHLAN, F. RS ek Sauners, F.L.S., and Lorp WaLsINGHAM, R.S. This Magazine, commenced i in ‘ihésc — a. Articles wi as of a on all subjects connected wi ith Entomol ly on the Insec ‘the British Tsles. = ; scription—Six. Shitings per annum, post free. ay : GURNEY & acumen (tir, Yaa: — —— 1, Paternoster Row- Second s f. nee TOO, January nae Ae AUGUST 1897. MONTHLY JOURNAL OF HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. LANCASHIRE, RE ESHIRE, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, CUMBERLAND, LINCOLNSHIRE, WESTMORLAND, DERBYSHIRE, AN, YORKSHIRE DURH ROBTHE ieee WM. DENISON “ROEBUCK, fe Fee 9, Hyde Park Road, Lee “MPH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS = GILBERT BAKER, F-.R.S., F. LS. HA | HOBKIRK, FS: W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M.B.O.U., EO. = cere , mise PaaS. ALFRED HARKER, M.A.,, F.G.S. pa v. BARWELL TU ee F.R.M.S. Contents: The Birds of Lonan, Isle of Man.—?. Kaye. - is a 226-226 Review—Sir J. William Dawson on Relics of Prim svat Life 2 oe The Constituents of the North Lancashire Flora, 1559(?) AaB biler Petty 229-236 (Twelfth Paper). Bird-Notes from the Humber District.—/on Ligure F.RiG.S:, MBO. . 237-240 Review of W. J. Gordon on Coloured Figures of British Lepidoptera 240 The Food of the Merlin,—Oxrley Grabhanz, MM. es M.B.O.U. gy 241-242 Walls and Wall-Nesters.—J/iss M7. L. Armitt Lincolnshire Ni gaia’ ara» in the Gainsboroug Neighbourhood. Sieg, EL A. ee: £2 1a FES OES: 253-256 Notes—Bo eaF o ee : New Alen Peek ds for Lin sinseonrde Wee Ee Woods2) fe-Peacock, 6 oe eS crt te us ni — near Dor Sey Fe Coniet, F.ES.; A Rare Lincolnshire Ahen—fRer. FE. _# cotrnge-Pe | PENS, eles ‘Confirmation nd an Old Lin ce Record ee EB. tan I ‘codrufie-Peacock, PLS. Note— 3 228 Lincolnchive gto Pee ee Sheppard. 242 in Upper "Teesdale : a New Record for Yor kshire and for En igland. —H". Ingham, B. A, Note-—-Le epidoptera ws ce ee es A Eee . 242 sla vectisana at Askern: an interesting Addition to the Yorkshire Lepidoptera. A. H. Corbett, FES. : » Note— ELEN lis ae 242 Whiskered Bat on the Cheshire aud Staffordshire "Border. — Chas. Ol idhamt. Notes and N = , > oe 252, 256 as to’ be addressed Single Numbers, 6d.; by post, 7d. EE “Tue NATURALIST,’ 259, Hype Park Roan, Le psa ihe pects oa on nly- LONDON : Lovet Keeve & Co. 5 HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, | cae ae MCCorqvopaLe & Co. TMEED. CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON ; Lezeps: Ses ALL STREET. _ Annotationes Zoologicz Japonenses, Vol. 1, Partes 1 et 2, ash Mey The NATURALIST. parses tate BOOKS RECEIVED. SPECIAL NOTICE. It is requested that in future all Exchanges and books sent for review be addressed to ‘The Editors of the ‘Naturalist, 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.’ Warrington Literary and Philosophical fener? x hae -, 1896-7. [The Society. —— Siciliano—Anno 2, N. 1-2-3, I Mage o 1897. [I] Redattore. Museo Nacional de Mon ne "—Anales, pt. 186 97. [J. Arechavaleta. - Manch. Mic hore Soc.—Trans. and Ann. hate for Resa i Nuova Notarisia, Serie VIL, Luglio 1897. [Dr. G. B. de Toni, Padova, Italia. Annals of Scottish Nat. Hist., No. 23, July 1897. [The Editors, Edinburgh. Lincolnshire Notes & Queries, Vol. 5, No. 39. July 1897. [The Editors. Journ. of Conc nolosy, Vol. 8, No. 12, July 1897. ones Society. rhe Nautilus, Vol. 11, Nos. 1, 2, 3, May, June and July 1 in 897. A. Pilsbry, etc., Editor. New York Microscopical Soc.—Journal, Vol. 1 3. No. Sie 1897. Poe ‘Society. Manchester Geol. Society.—Trans., Vol. 25, Pt. 7, 1896-7. ociety- hiladelphia . tt. Set se July A. La Feuille des ri iciumtiie: No. 32h Tuillet 1897. [M. Adrien Dollfuss. Entom. — & Jn. of ning ,Vol.9, No. 7, July tst, spe? [J. W. Tutt, Ed. "7. TS. The Irish Nanmralier, Vv o 6, No. 7, July 1897. “SThe e Editors, yee The Zoologist, 4th Series, Vol. 1, ne 673, Jaly 15, 1897. [West, Newman & Co. Pu bs. Nature Notes, Vol. ze No. oy July The Selborne Society. Psyche: ee of Ent Vol. 8, N 0. 255, July 1897. [Camb. Ent. Cl., U.S.A, _ *Natur& Haus, ii. Sais t Seri dates § Heft to, Jane 1897. [R. O paretie Hobbies. — Vol. 3 Nos. 86- be tee 12, 19 et 1897. ” [The Publishers, Knowledge.— Vol. 20, No. 141) aay e Edi American Monthly Microscopical — No. Se June 1 ae [c. W. — ‘Peterborough N. H. etc. OE recis of 25th Ann. Rep., 31st Dec., ag tee Soc. of Tokyo. US. Dept. of Agric. —Farmers’ Bulletin, No. 54(F. E. L. a oe Comm Birds in their Relation to a ai ’), May 1897. [The Dak -'R. Standen tnd Cressy —Some Observations by English Naturalists on the Fauna _ of RathlinI Auth oe sland and Ballycastle ener 8vo, reprint. [ Authors. _ A. Bennett.— —Notes on British Plants, H.—Carex, 8v0, aoe [The Author. . ‘Wilhelm Haacke. 1897. oo Willies & Norgate. UPPER TEESDALE ; “PAST & & PRESENT. ‘By J. BACKHOUSE, F-.LS. =. handy pocket. guide to the gregterer _ a map and several illustrations FLORA ORNITHOLOGY, &e. : ‘Brice § is. 6a. _ Sirk, Mansi att & Co W. ee AT st --Rozavcx, to » 259, it ter s0te : : ‘AINS. CHAPTERS Sap eae “TO ANCIENT HISTORY, oe Now Ready, in One Volume, Crown Sve. cloth. Price Five Shillings. WILD BIRD PROTECTION & NESTING BOXES, With Illustrations of various Designs of Boxes, Brackets, etc., that have =~ been used by Wild Birds for Nidification, and a full list of the Orders mae inder the ‘Wild Birds Protection Acts’ on the application of County Coancils. with the Names of the Species protected. By JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A., Vice-President of the North Staffordshire Naturalists’ Field Club, e Leeps :—TAYLOR BROTHERS, PunBLisHErs, THE sires OF MARINE ZOOLOCY & MICROSCOPY, A plainly worded 2d Bi ological Quarterly. Epirep .sy JAS. H VELL, Joint Director tide ch eed a Station. The N. } ber (N. 1) contains, é following : wey Zoological Section : —I. Th et Siration’ decode The means for < dispersion of the ova in bay wees Wore Ill. The Hates ins the wr topus in captivity. IV, Parti- colouration in Cephalopods, V. The Hunting Craft of the John Dory. VI. Albinism among Marine / nimals, Studies :—I. On Luc ria eb race II. On the Pelagic Annelid ore cat ctgerts Le Sui = "Pelagic Tasicate Sadie ¢.-democratica, The three Microscopical Studies deal i # manner with fie sey ta life-history, and habits of the paection pation wey ae fast assists by TWO HAND-COLOQURED LITHOGRAPHED PLATES OF GREAT beth adne ; Single numbers, 6d. ; Annual seaectienes ieee in advance to Sine: & HorNeELL, Biological Station, festys EY: SINEL & see Loxpon’: ELLIOT STOCK. : The Thong’ s Record and Journal of Variation NTHLY, PRICE 6d. (Srectat Inpex containing every reference, Price 1 ‘Saber including ali see baste etc., 18, to H. E. Page, FE. ae, oh, beate New Cross, S.E. e last sorraten contains, among ase the 2 ear IMPORTANT articles by well-known en salle _Misticny. observations. Selection, Protective coloration. Utility." (2) °T! ori Internal forces plus | selection, and utility.’ 3) “ely veloping mimetic patterns —— review n of leaf-markings displayed eee i fies si The >. of of leafmartings as . W. Tutt, ae ith fp — Ambrose Quail. m the value of rare British Lepidop~ eeite, At rt: FES. * Notes on Apions and_their larvae. - laude as, PLS. FS. © Papal spines: ee 25 ne Silk o: ~ ts D5 PES. OA. cfg ome - ed certain British comet * Nomina Nuda.”—(Prof) 4 Grote, MAL ae ee and evolution (vith plate).’ = we Pe tt, fib oa od its allies. —A. 7. Eiwes, F.2.5., Sets FES. ete. > —f Ernest Green, F. ire Ho Oe — eggs ing a s for ‘classification.'—T. 4 . Chapnan, WD. F. FB. Ss Daa critical resumé ot peta eae de yy and against Jeph a tc repuscularia) and oS gence pea aig being pene ere Te ES * Critic: notes on the iy = Walter Fr of ‘Mie Orleans Co., New York, 2 capiosras of i in any sponge y and from all coun ical oo of rf dupheate nice at gan collector OF dealer ee species at ates. a foe e NA TU RA LISS. During the next few months 2t is hoped to insert the following > articles: — Yorkshire Naturalists at Staithes.—Rev. Sus Hawes xt, M.A. . Mosses of North Lincoinshire,—J. Larner Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast in 1894.— Rev. E. Maute Cote, M.A., F.G.S. Flora of the of Lake Uliswater.— Wm. Hopeson, A. Ls Polyzoa at Filey.—S. ae Perry. and Musci of Westmorland. oer STABLER (Sixth Paper The Constituents of the ‘ie Lancashire Flora, 1597-1893.—S. tit Perry(Thirteenth Paper) BIRDS’ EGGS. GREAT BARGAINS. poner | lately pices large consignments of ments of Eggs . which I have not room in inets, I am willing to part with £100 worth for £ 7s cash, including most le for M So a British gig many never held by dealers. Suitab useum. As Tam not a dealer have not a living to easge y such ae I can let them go- cheap. Smaller quantities at hing reductions. Not having a list, I will take the | i nd average dealer’s price, and allow discount there rom. Send list of pain: and name of dealer you would like A trade pees br. THOMAS R RAINE, Woodland View, Chapel Allerton, MERE Bird-N esting | in North 1-West Canada. San Lithoprapsing sn te Printing Ore a ge Cosinila. Finely Illustrated with Photo-Engravings and Coloured Plates. *Price $2.50; 10s. 6d. English Money. 10 | cents (or 5d.) extra for B see oe The book ¢ gives an ngicstes of collecting in the North West. It describes in an interesting. manner experience in a regior which Stret thes from Winnipeg ‘to within ght “of the. Ro icky Mountains f and of country, SS ay birds were found breeding. It gives a full account of the Nesting Tab of many rare s) also contains mee of erage Nests a ae baged and Coloured Plates Eggs of Yellowshank Ritycah Phalaro Knot, etc. The E hges of the Knot have never previously been co gray ne in y ornithological work. ae This book wil ay Beg interesting reading to goes as well as A wt baci it. describes the togh and eggs of m: gor! species which oc rin phi as ccasona visitors. Send in your order at once, as o! il * For the Suthers of sites subscribers, the Sattars of ‘ ‘The Naturalist’ will receive orders subscriptions on Mr. Raine’s behalf. NATURAL SCIENCE: A MONTHLY REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS. The + LY and AUGUST Nontes ale he tra parts of a New Volume and 4 ok N BE Ww RIES, . Maintaining the oa date, authoritativ e; = a independent character whi ich this Review is no well k Dr pe — writes _ the Distbuton of the aa es Prof. Ray Lancaster Sclater on the nie n his important explorations of th astings : There are ee many other articles besides the asad Notes, Comments, pee ‘Obituaries, and Reviews ; < EACH NUMBER COSTS ONE SHILLING NETT. , & co., & St ass STREET, LONDON, s.W. Gardens of ee York, er Weldon, Karl Pearson, and Alp beus Hyatt on ~ evoluti A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF | NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, CHESHIRE, LANCASHIRE, CUMBERLAND, LINCOLNSHIRE, WESTMORLAND, DERBYSHIRE, ISLE OF MAN, YORKSHIRE. DURHAM, NORTHUMBERLAND, EDITED BY WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds; WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S. J. GILBERT BAKE i et BOASER W. EAGLE CL coe PLS. M. B0.U., GEO: T. PORRITT, F.L-S., F.E-S., ALFRED HARKER, M.A., F.G.5. W. BARWELL TURNER, F.R.M.S. White Worms as Plant Pests.—Rev. Wilderic Friend. Ne id oe ne 257-260 On the Hepaticee and Musci of Westmorland.—Ceorge tabler. ve fe 261-268 Review: Credulity, Culinary and Curative. ur Ds me Fee oe Si 269-271 Review : The Study of Rock-Sections. : a = pe a 272 of Stone-Curlew.—O.xley Grabham, M.A..M.B.O.U. .. ate S ae 273-274 - Polyzoa and Hydrozoa_ at Filey.—S. Z. Petty. .. 275-276 ges on the spied Deposits = oer and — Jot i, — 277-281 Lincainshire cee H. Cooke, F.G.S. a Paper.) E 283-284 Bibliography : erogamic Botany, 1891.— Wn. Denison Roebuck, F.L..S 285-288 Note—Botan' 277 New Ligeskoke Piant Records. —Rev, E. A. Wi ‘codruffe- Peacock, F.LS., ete. Notes and News... es : oe os : ‘i 260, 271, 274, 282 Comm nications to be addressed Single Numbers, 6d.; by post, 7d. Tue Eprrors, 5 ‘Tue NATURALIST,’ } “etre larch 5 a if mani Ee ore Mare. sige % x Bars ree, Hyp ease ytine” Roap, < fromthe Leeds othe E LONDON: LoveLL Reeve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, E.C. _MCCorquopaLe & Co. LimrreD, CARDINGTON STREET, EUSTON ; AND ‘Leeps: BasInGHALL STREET. The NATURALIST. BOOKS RECEIVED. SPECIAL NOTICE. It is requested that in future all Exchanges and books sent for review be addressed to ‘The Editors of the Naturalist, 250, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.’ Seger College of New Mexico. Experimental Station Bulletin. No. 21, 1897. Results of Experiments at'San Juan Station, by H. H. Griffi {The Co gas maa Lege Sars for ni eRe with appendices. [The Committee. The M Vol. 3, Nos. 5-9, March-July 1897. [Walter F. Webb, Editor. Scien wie med S., Vol. 2, Nos. 36-39 _ May-ug see os Oo. 1. ee = Naturz Novitates, 1897, Nos. 9-12, iii. -Jun Friedlander & Sohn, oe Ss Sage Let dees —Jahrg. 8, Heft2- = nang ae 1897. [zu Schmidhotes. The Halifax list, Vol. 2, No. 9, Augu ES e Edito Revue epee: 24e Anné, 1807, No. gteacts 3rd. [M.T.Husnot, Cahan Naturalists’ Journal, Vol. 6, a - he Fale Aspect 1897. - i Mosley, Editor. The Nautilus, Vol. 11, No. ao 1897. [H. A. Pilsbry, etc., Editor. aturalists’ Chronicle. Vv. ol. 2, No. a Angst 15th, 1897. [A. H. Waters, Editor. La Feuille des Sec Iemnad Nibsuraioaes: No. 322, Aofit 1 [M ien Dollfuss. Pee Record & Jn. of Variation, Vol.g, No.8, August Ist 1897. [J.W. Tutt,Ed. Natural Science, Vol. 7, No. 66, August 1 mt [J. M. Dent & Co., Publishers. tthe Irish Maturiioc Vol. 6, No. 8, August 1897, [The Editors, Dublin. TheZoologist, 4th Series, Vol. 1, No. 674, Aug. 16, 1897. [West Newman & Co. Pubs. Nature Notes, Vol. 7, a“ nat ‘Angus 1897. [The Selborne Society. Psyche: journ. of Entom Vol. 8, No. 256, Aug. 1897. [Camb. Ent. Cl., U.S.A. a I he Pes " Publishers. Gregory C. Bateman.—The Vivarium, etc., 8vo, doth Nw D. [i L. Upcott ae ins a te Stock Hobbies.—Nos. 11, 12, Aug. 12th nage ee 1897. [Pu lishers. om the Manchester Mica No. 1, T. H. Huxley’s Pet an for a anak Nat. Hist. ager in Maariices ; No. 2, T. Hick on Rachi- of Millepora; and H. Bolton’s Descriptions Species _ Brachiopoda and cr tial from the Millstone Grit and Lower Coal ogre Of Lancashire; 8vo, paper, 1896 and 1897. The Museum. The Isle of Man Official Guide, ete., 1897. [Board of Advertising, I. of M Wm. Cash.—In Memoriam Thomas Hick, 8vo, 1896. {The Au thor. eee ‘owler.—A Sermon preached at Liversedge, 2oth Ju une, 1897.4 Ae Author. nae Jol Lowe.—The Vew Trees of Great Britain and Ireland, 8vo, ie 1897. iS [The Author. erie ist af the Bri Anthonyide, PAPER Nera hie SHORT DIAGNOSTIC DESCRIPTION OF EACH as IN: aa FAMILY IN. ENGLISH & JACKSON, 1,. Paternoster Row, LONDON. LE TO STUDENTS AND COLLECTORS. se ‘RommucK, to. 2595 ses Park Road, e Just out. Coloured Edition 10/6 net. Uncoloured Edition 8/- net. If by post 5d. extra. = THE COLLECTOR’S MANUAL OF _ British Land and Freshwater Shells. Containing Figures and Descriptions of every Species, an account of their Habits and Localities, Hints on Preserving and Arranging, etc. ; the Nam es s and ese ge of all the varieties and _Syno ptical Also, with the shes sa teaiea of the hase and Rien. THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S CENSUS OF COMITAL DISTRIBUTION By LIONEL ERNEST ADAMS, B.A. Ijlustrated by GERALD W. ApDAms, M. - = ——- ALFpD. Sicu, F.E.S., and the Aut SECOND BDITION. LEEDS: TAYLOR BROTHERS, 1896. Just Published. . Cloth, Demy 8vo. Price 3/- net. EXTERIOR & INTERIOR PHOTOGRAPHY, BY FREDERICK W. MILLS, F.R.M.S., Author of ‘PHOTOGRAPHY APPLIED TO THE MICROSCOPE,’ etc. Contents :—Apparatus—Light and Ren a ant of a eg Pe enced of seas a ee al Intensification of Negatives Pr e Printing—Autotype Printing —Priating on n Gelatina Chloe Daber—Mocntiag Prints—Appendix—Index LLLUSTRATED. ae DAWBARN & Warp, LtD., 6, Farringdon Avenue, E. Gus Bird-Nesting in North-West Canada. BY WALTER INE, ae Lithographing and Printing Co., Teronto, Canada. Finely isietvated with Photo-Engravings and Coloured Plates. *Price $2.50; 10s. 6d. English Money. 10 cents (or 5d.) extra for postage. The book gives an account of collecting in the Noxh West. It describes in an interesting peri a nm hich tretches fro ae nipeg to within sight of the Rocky ius eotas in Pn a ra as might be ex pected iz such a wide tract ‘country, many rare birds were found b rein, rae faites a full sees on ofthe Nesting Habits bali rare species. It also contains Plates o ae — and Eggs; and yg = Mt: eee of Yeliowshank, Wilson's stn 8 Bc Ko, The Eggs of the Knot hav €viously been figu red in any ornithological w oe : ge This bool Kk will be found interesting reading 2 to British as well : n Ornitholog as % ; = ae i “75 f, oe 4 ‘Send i in your i ¥ * For the convenience of English subscribers, the Editors of The Naturalist? will “ 2 pase aemiee oe n Mr. Raine’s behalf. nes segs F. Web £ ras Orleans Co., N New York, ge Walter of Helix. any uantity and from m. all = es iving names and large ex lot. of duplicate Unios of oe collector Collections of from 100 to 500 species at low Hec can offer ov. avery ae = fat of shells, cae : . : Pee NATURA LIS SE. During the next few months 1t is hoped to insert the following articles :— Some Plant Records for North Lancashire.—Joun Henry. and Trichoptera observed near Tadcaster.—F. G. Binniz. Yorkshire Naturalists at Staithes.—Rev. Es HaweE -t, M. re La Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast in ai tas E. MAuLe Cote, M.A., F.G.S. Flora of the Neighbourhood of Lake Uliswater.—\Wm. Ho aN Ls Hepatice and Musci of Westmeriand. Sandee STABLER fe - The Constituents of the North Lancashire Flora, 1597-1893.—S. Lister Petty (Thirteenth Paper) TO GEOLOGISTS. TYPICAL vic anh FROM FAMED BARTON SERIES NE). 30 Varieties, Over on oe, “aso named, and localised. fi ; Viz. Fusus longzrus, Pyrus, Aciculata, Resets a aes ine, Voluta luctatrix, ree Sub-ambigua, Athleta, Salandri, Sealaris, &c. Cardita a, Os mes age bellula, Crassatella sulcata, Dentalium $triata, Pectunculus de re a Chama ahpintt urritella imbrica taria, Triton argutus, Murox minax, asper, &c., &c., Testimonials :—“ it like ‘the collection sent very much. "—-Wakefield. ae: wish to express etd PUES ies, &c Please send me Series No. 2.”—Salford. 3s. by Parcel Post, on receipt of Postal Order. Address : R. CHARLES, Naturalist, Highcliffe, Christchurch, Hants. On the 15th of each Month. Price One Shilling. THE ZOOLOGIST: A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. EDITED BY W. LL; DISTANT CONTENTS OF THE AUGUST NUMBER: Natural History Notes from the West Indies, Percy Rendall, M.D., F.Z.S. + on the Breeding Range of the Yellow Wagtail in Ireland, Rober Warren ; a New British Worm, Rev. karen! Friend ; ne wenty Years on the Norfolk Fens, Last C. Farman; The A n Song o} Fumes Charles A Wi rege a List of Birds observed in a Shetland, ‘May. = June 1 ard A tress. Numerous — es, Amphibia, Pima and Insecta. Notices of New Books. ‘Editorial ¢ Channa Subscription Sor 1897 (x2s.), mec Postage to any part of the world, 12s. Lonpox—WEST, NEWMAN & CO., 54, Hatron Garpen, E.C. NATURAL SCIENCE: A MONTHLY REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS. ga absolutely bear sone authoritative, and big gc the leading review Geology in their The [SEPTEMBER | socom contains a ier notice of Steenstrup, ae with a fine portrait, by Dr. C. F. Liitken, his successor in the chair of Zoology in the University of Copenhagen s articles on Natural Selection and the Origin oe : Hi cen _ Species among F e Henslow ; on Reproductive Divergen an additional Factor i oa Breen . M. Vernon (of the Zoological Station, by H Naples) ; on the Restoration of Some Extin t Reptiles, by Dr. W. G. Ridewood 5 — oD ck Faceted raya i India, by R R. D. Sak the usual Notes, "FACH NUMBER cosTs ONE SHILLING NET. ; STREET. LONDON, S.W. roy a =i J ‘OCTOBER 1897. MONTHLY JOURNAL OF HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. CHESHIRE, LANCASHIRE, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, CUMBERLAND, LINCOLNSHIRE, WESTMORLAND, DERBYSHIRE, ISLE OF MAN, YORKSHIRE. DURHAM, NORTHUMBERLAND, EDITED BY WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L5., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds ; WITH THE ASSISTANCE IX SPECIAL PEPARTMENTS OF J GILBERT BAKER, F.R-S , F.LS., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S. W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S., M. Spake SEO. fT: eres 'e n6.; LES. ALFRED HARKER, M.A.. FG 5: W. BARWELL TURNER, rR R.M.S "Bibliography : Phanerogamic Botany, 1891.— W/m. Denison Roebuck, F-L >. -- 289-297 The Late Lord Bishop of Wakefield.—// ‘sitant Whitwell, PLS... ee. 299-308 _ The Constituents of the North Lancashire Flora, 1597(?)-1893.—Lister Petty 309-316 The aa ienline Naturalists’ Union at Holbeck, So pee es and Tetford.— E. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock, L. to SRLS. Pi 317-320 Notes—Ornithology = 298, 308 Note on x Eas of the Stone Carlew—N. fa Dobr Te; Common Swift Roosting: in ree—IF. Gyn, The Eggs of the Roseate Tern—E. G. Potter; Greenshank in the ne Sake ae Cas spian Tern on the Trent—F. B. Whitlock, Storm > Petrel and Red-necked Grebe in the Peak—Chas. Oidhar. NS ee er i 308 Sphinx convolvuli and Crambus pinetellus at Windermere—Rev. G. Crewdson, M.4.; ed i Scarborough—/ames H. Rowntree. pe nmeeuinications to be addressed Single Numbers, 6d.5 by post, eck ia iB Epitors : THE NATUR RAL oo - ons — ption, 6/6. Tf paid efore March 31st, » 5f- post free, > Pa ERE Pan Ro Boxes from the Leeds office only. —e LONDON: Lovet. Reeve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, Covent GARDEN, E.C. MCCorquopate & Co. LIMITED, La SrreeT, EvsTox; LEEDS? einen ALE STREET. The NATURALIST. BOOKS RECEIVED. SPECIAL NOTIGE. It is requested that in future all Exchanges and books sent for review be addressed to ‘The Editors of the Naturalist, 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.’ Chester Soc. of Nat. Sci.—26th Annual Report, oe ‘e [The Society. Hull Geological Society.—Trans., Vol. 3, 1895-6 [The Society. Australian Museum.—Report of Trustees for year I 1896. oo Trustees. P 9 Leeds Philosophical and Literary Soc.—77th Ann. aa for 1896-7. [The Society. Yn agh, Vol. 3, Part 5 received S Sep. rith, 1897. iL of Man N.ELS. Smithsonian Institution Ana. Rep. to July he 8vo coeh, 1897. [The Institution. Journal of Malacology, Vol. 6, No. 2, July r [Mr. W. M. Webb, Edi National Footpath Preservation Soc.—Occ, nie ert a oe Sep. 1897.[Th a Manch. Lit. & Phil. Soc.—Mem. & Proc., vo SE 4I, t 4, 1896-97. [Society. Natural Hist. Journal, Vol. 21, No. 186, Sep. 15th, Ve 97- [The Editors, York. Il Naturalista Sicilia no—Ann no 2, N. 4, 30 Giu ugno 1897. {Il Redattore. “alla in in the } Rio Grande and Animas Valleys, by = ee and [The College. M aN o, August [ Walter F. Webb, Editor. Scietiee Gossip, NW. oye » No. 40, September 1897. ie 0. T. Carri oly Ed. Hotes Novitates, orig Ss. 9- 93 Mai-Jun [Frie ander & Sohn, Pubs. e, Vol. m ; Co., Publi The Irish Naturalist, Vol. 6, No. 9, September 1897. [The — Dublin. The Zoologist, 4th Series, Vol. 1, No. Stee. ¥S,. 1897. [ West, New &Co. Pubs. Nature Notes, Vol. 7, No. 93, September 1897. [The Se Gerbotie Society. Psyche: journ. of Entom., Vol. 8, No. road Sept. 1897. [Camb. Ent. Cl., U.S.A. nrg. 5, H i onthly 897. 1 __ Live Stock Hobbies.—Nos. 1-13, jane 3rd oye ust 13th, 1897. binage sna _C. H. Waddell.—Moss Exchange Club Catalogue er British Hepaticz, weer ss 8 thor. bs Mt R Waite.—The Mammals of F gk 8vo, reprint, N.D. ; The Reptiles Fishes of Funafuti, 8vo, reprint, N.D,; The Range of the Plat | Boy repint 1896 ; Nidification of Phascologale ras ts . vo, reprint, N.D.; _ se 3 ‘Australian — 8vo, reprint, 1 ee | thor. = Ww. C. McIntosh and A. T. Mast ees Life’ Hibtorizs of British Marine Food- _ Fishes, 8vo, : fore = [The Authors. : UPPER ’ ‘TRESDALE PAST & PRESENT. Z ACKHOUSE, F.LS. ae and. several illustrations. THE JOURNAL OF MARINE ZOOLOCY & MICROSCOPY, A plainly worded a Quarterly. EpiItep By JA 9) a ‘Jotat Director of eed Jones re Station. The November number (No, 1) contains, les of the following : Zoological Section :—I. The Colc € means for t he dispersion of the ova Int ube- ere aie oo III. The ia mt te tice opus in ca “get y, Parti- p one Hunting Cr aft of fe John Dory. Albinism’ among ste Animals. _ oscopical Studies :—I. On Lucernaria octoradiata, __ JI. On the Pelagic Annelid Tomopieris. 111. On the Pelagic Tunicate, Sadfa The three Microscopical Studies deal in pleasant but eract manner with ae anatomy, ifs history, and habits o! at respective Srbonn Fe and are accompanied by TWO HAND-COLOURED LITHOGRAPHED PLATES GREAT EXCE gle pee ual ee eee (payable in advance to Sixnet & Hornetr, Biological ‘Stage Jersey 2s., post fre : SINEL & aoe: Loxpon: ELLIOT STOCK. Se ea Wg Oe Soe Cease OW BES Bak Oe ee P'S a OO % Just Published. Crown 8vo, Cloth, 2s. PHOTOGRAPHY 73%: MICROSCOPE : TO THE A/a s By F. W. MILLS, Member of the Camera Club, the Huddersfield Photographic Society, the Postal Microscopical Society, etc., WITH A CHAPTER ON MOUNTING OBJECTS By T. CHARTERS WHITE, M.R.C-S., F_R.MLS., Author of *‘ An Elenentary Manual of Microscopical Manipulation” Bale ee eu Stan a eal Laldeugted 5 bit eet Les lake te Raia ge ts Ral dea Sabiy paket te Ree Sears ak fee giee ae ILLUST RATED: DO} ILIFFE & Son, ee ea — Rene Circus. : MELBOURNE ine 0 Wo Watson ne ‘Sons 51, Sw. . w YORK ie .. ANTHONY & Co., 501, eniwn R. Charles’ Collections of Barton Fossils. RECENT TESTIMONIALS. “ Many tl ks fi f Fos: ds pl ndid lot Kind diy ae my name down for Series No. 2. Sedbergh. es me daly seer the Fossils with which I was jeined,_ Mailock Bath:- “11 ney collection; I think the supply is a hberal one. I shall be glad to put my name d own fo _ Series No. 2.”—Lewes. “ Thanks for collection No. t please send me Series No. 2.”—Halifax. e “The Fossils came all right, ae, I must say you give real good value for the money. They are eb dices bk Ure rte seen." Caabenige 1 am eo ndantly ——- with the Fossils received, and shall be delighted | to subscribe to Series N. Thirs THE NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL. An illustrated magazine for Collectors and Students of Natural History Price 2d, monthly. ontains 1 Articles, Directions for Collecting and Preserving Specimens, Monruiy Hints for Field-Naturalists, Reports of Field | Clubs, Correspondence, Notes and News, Free Exchange Column, &e. __ Subscription to Vol. IL. (commen cing July 1893) is abs Vol. L, | price 1/3 ; bound 2/9 ; post free. Sp geen a}d. Address :—‘ NATURALISTS. ee Pee Road, London, N.W. ad be ordered ena on mentioning Publisher :— Liat: ELEIOT STOCK. 6, PATERNOSTER Row. ‘TG NATURALIS?E. During the next few months it is hoped to insert the following articles :— > Neuroptera and Trichoptera observed near Tadeaster.—F. G. BiNNib. Yorkshire Naturalists at Staithes.—Rev. foun Hawe it, M.A. olnshi J. LARL e.- F Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast in 1894.— Rev. E. Maurie Cots, M.A., F.GS. f the Neighbourhood of Lake Uilswater.—\Wm. Hopcson, A.L.S Hepatice and Musci of Westmoriand.—Georce Stapier.(Seventh Pa sis The Constituents of the North Lancashire Flora, 1597-1893.—S. Lister Petry (fourteenth aes THE JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY Edited by: W.-E. HOYLE, M.A. Contains Descriptions and Figures = Nev w Species and Rk eee Neeed ? Lists, and Original Articles, os with fn or © he science, by t leading Conchologits of the day. —Vot. VILE. commenced age 1892. Voie 1 FE. HE. Nee Vigan 2 VIL. may still st as. This isacen ace by Mr. W. E, Hovi. E, M.A. (who ag = ego at the Manchester Museum), is the organ of the Conchologieal § ety, o whose members it is ‘sepplied in. mines for the np oars f 5s. per annur Forms of proposal of new members Aig! be had aie the cae a may be addressed at the Museum, Manches NATURAL SCIENCE For OCTOBER CONTAINS An Article by Florentine Ameghino on the South American Tertiary Mammalia and their subsequent dispersal; with other Articles, Reviews, Notes, etc. ONE: SHIELEING. = cous DENT & CO., 67, St. JAMES'S STREET, LONDON, S.W. WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY. se ee A Monthly Journal of Natural History. a od In a F.E,.52)-On rae articles, by well-known Nat te nes Of Z logy, notes on the ae and occurrences of pone enise fe ane Rewiites, Fishes, Moliuses, a Inse Price ts, Ben AND BIRD-SKINNING: A Complete ce age of ve = Pegs sof Birds which Breed in Bitais. By Epwarp NewMa _SEconD Epirion.—-With Directions for Collecting and Samal aiten: doses ts _ Chapter on Bird-skinning. By Miter Curisty. Clothextra, Fp. 8vo, price 1s- : Vey good indeed, and can be thoroughly recommended.’—Atheneunr. ‘ A sterling book - ologists and” bird-skinuers i in our schools. The arrangement is is perfect. = ae Hist. Jour? — ——— rt Hed f * WEST, NEWMAN & co., 54, Hatton Garden. NOVEMBER 1897. — No. 268. MONTHLY JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. CHESHIRE, LANCASHIRE, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, CUMBERLAND, LINCOLNSHIRE, WESTMORLAND, DERBYSHIRE, ISLE OF MAN, YORKSHIRE. DURHAM, NORTHUMBERLAND, i EDITED BY % WM. gag coe ROEBUCK, F.LS., : yde Park Road, Leeds ; WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. aes F.L.5:, W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.1.S., M.B.O.U., ae £ PORRILT, FES. F-2.8:; ALFRED HARKER, M.A... F.G.S. . BARWELL eau: Fr. R.M.S. paced The Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union at a Page and Tetford.— Kev. £. abs 7M. W heath hcl 00k, Le Th 321-324 The Ping ie thi of the rth ‘sigan pred porate e (rath Paper).- a Be 325-332 ae Fines ca Shades in ; Autumn Woods. oP: 0: nce, vee D. a a 337, 338 North Lancashire Plants.—/oln Henry pe 339, 340 Fungus Foray at Barnsley: with List of Species found Charts hscadord "oilers 341-348 iG. teclara Peoipeniia and Se essicaiey — ed Tadcaster.— Francis G. Binnie .. es < a oa ne e 349-351 Review: British Yew-Trees i e ne ee a ae re Ge 333-335 Review: Gilbert White .. = Z ee me a na 2 me if 335, 336 te—Mammalia i oe nimal fries Hapep tees hi Boy d Wat No ae logy : A ns 338 Glacial Boulders at West End, Morecambe. —Harry Speight. Note—Hepatice ie es 351 A Second West Ridiag Locality ‘for Jubula hutchinsia. HESS BF “Cocks. Notes—Coleoptera i Ms 362 Acanthocinus edili sat Doneaster.—A. Paterson; Recent Occurrence of Rhizotrogus oo $ in Yorkshire.—A/. Lawson Thonzpson. ithology . ‘ 352 atin Sandpiper near oss —fo ohn. Cond aux, MBL VG. ete} ; ; Kestrel and Long- €a o each other.—Z£. G. te—Fu ee 352 et 1 British Meculodtal Society ‘at Sherwood Forest. Notes and News... Sin ie oh a e st - 336 Communications to be addressed Single Numbers, 6d:; by post, 7d. Tae Evrrors, THe NATURALIST. 259, HvbE i: Pai ns a S — peng 6/6. if paxd. —— grst, 5/- post free, ra oe office only. LONDON: Sos act Reeve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, Covent Garpben, E.C. MCCorquopaLe & Co. LiMiTED, CARDINGTON STREET, Euston ; : AND Leeps: BasincHaLL STREET. The NATURALIST. spuds RECEIVED. GIAL -NOTIC It is requested oat in future all ee and books sent for review be addressed to ‘The Editors of the Naturalist, 259, Hyde Patk Road, Leeds” eer Society of London.—Trans.. for ag year 1896. [The Society. Manchester Field-Nat. and Ar Sona io Soc., Rep. & Proc. 1896. [The Society. Plymouth Genes tion. —Ann. ious vol. 12, part 3, 1896-7. [ nst. - Australian Museum.—Recor Fa Vol. , No. 2, August 5th, stor [The Trustees. The Essex Natura alist, Vol to, Nos. = an.-March *97. [The Essex Field ae Bericht tib. d. Verlagsthatigk. v. Friedlander& mg ees 37, Jan.-Jun.’ 97. [Pu Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Soc.—Trans., Vol. 6, Pt. 3, 1896-7. [The ae Geography ; Notices of Manch. Geog. Soc.—No. 16, Oct. 1st, 1897. [The eee Annals Bigs in Nat. Hist., No. 24, Chanhes 1897. [The Editors, Edinbur: es & a: hs 5, No. 40, October 1897. [The nates Journ, of Conchoogy, V ol. 8, No. 13, October 1897. [Conchological Society. Annotationes Zoologicz Asctiiecioars Vol. 1, Pars 3, 10 Aug. 1897. [Zool. Soc. Tokyo. The Halifax oa Vol. 2, No. ro, Octo ber’ 1897. [The Editor. esl 7 5 Nat icience, N The Irish Naturalist, Vol. 6, No. 10, October 1897. [The Editors, Dublin. : Be Zehagiet, Ue Sesies Veh 1, No.676, Oct. 15, 1897. [West, Rewnian 205: Pubs. _~ Nature Notes, Vol. 7, No. 94, ‘Octo! ber 1897. [The Selborne Society. _. Psyche: journ. of Ent om. Vol. 8, No. 258, Oct. I pk fCamb. Ent. = U.S.A. Natur& E Ill. Zeits. f. Natur., Jahrg. 5 Heft 24, Sept. 1897. rR. 2p La Naturaleza, Tomo 8, Num. 25, 26, 27, Septiembre 8, 18, 28, 1897. Reda - Hobbies. —Vol. 4, Nos. 99-102, cowie 4, II, 18, 25, 1897. [The P nie e prunes gra Microscopical Journal, No. 213; Sept. Sas [Cc. W. Sm Pubes a I ie .S. Nat. Mus.to 30th June, 1893. ices Jobn Postlethwaite. —The Geology of the ‘English Lake District, small = 0, sgl is Percy H. Grimshaw. —I.—On some Type Specimens of Lepidoptera and Coleop- ae tera ; bas Coen IL—On a ‘Melanic Specimen of Hestina namz. _ 4to reprint, --. October 1897. [The Author. Ww: N. Cheesman.—An Old Lodge and its Rithighieeat Bills, 4to ee. tl Author. . es Rey, foo parts, pene Is. ea ist of the British esaaing By R rie MEADE, ERCS. THE NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL & GUIDE, Organ of the Economic es and British Field Club. 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Now Ready, in One Volume, Crown Svo. cloth. Price Five Shillings. WILD BIRD PROTECTION & NESTING BOXES, With eee a of various Designs of Boxes, Brackets, ete., that have actually used by bes Birds for Nidification, and a full list of the Orders _ made suis the © Wild ; Protection Acts* on the application of County “Councils, with the Names nal the Species protected. By JOHN R. B. MASEFIELD, M.A., Vice-President of the North Bon rarvis Naturalists’ Field Cid. Leeps:—TAYLOR BROTHERS, Pusuiswers. eae BIRDS’ EGGS. GREAT BARGAINS. : aving lately received large consignments seni of Bees for which I have not r om cabinets, I am willing to part with £100 worth for £75 cash, Siclediae most $g3 in Britis’ ‘List, many never held by dealers. oo price, and allow discount aie rom. “Send list wants and na of dealer you would like to trade by . THOMAS 1} ae oe Woodland View, Chapel Allerton, LEEDS. THE NATURALIST. During the next few sionths it is hoped to insert the ea articles :— Yorkshire Naturalists at Stait hes. was se vags Hawett, M. Mosses of N — Erosion of the Yorkshire Coast in win hae ae E. Maure Core, M.A., F.G.S. e Nei urhood of sae Ulleswater.—Wm. Hopcson, A.L.S tice and Musci of Westmor!. —GEORGE eee nities Paper) Additions to the Flora of cubis Ray WwW INT e, D. incolnshire se ag eae: ~ Frampton and Wybcrton Fitties.—Rev. E. A. WoopruFFe- Peacock, L.Th., : of eave inatesiiiee Flora, 1597-1893.—S. Lister Perry (Fifteenth "aper). NATURAL SCIENCE; A MONTHLY REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS. AUTHORITATIVE, ABSOLUTELY INDEPENDENT, UP-TO-DATE. In tg Sereeie “Number, Professor FAR ‘0G continues his lucid exposition VE cheme menciat severely igen re a evidence o handiwork in the Plateau Gravels of Kent. € also = ae acai the usual Comments, Reviews, News, sat teres Each Number ante One Shilling net. London : J. M. DENT & CO., 67, St. JAMES’S STREET, S.W. TO GEOLOGISTS. TYPICAL COLLECTIONS PROM FAMED BARTON SERIES DLE EOCENE). i oe a ce. Series No. 1, Barton Memseen, By Paryes Hae, Un recent of postal order, 3s. y» No. 2, —— Rarer —— do. Subscribers’ names received. + No. 3, ——. Rarest —— a Orders Including Brackish Water Mollusca, from for Series 2 and 3 executed a een See een Hants. it ee ee R. CHARLES, Naturalist, Highcliffe Christchurch, Hats, - Begs to return thanks for the very liberal patronage he has received from all parts of Great -, Britain, and to state that the Collections will be selected with the same care and perkins as Le oot mori beac a Sean ally roy ines — and beautiful Mollusca of Barton Now paige complete, Fs cloth, with a Map. price £1 45. Od. THE FLORA OF WEST YORKSHIRE. BY FREDERIC ARNOLD LEES, M RACES, ete: “his, which nee the rg Volume of the Botanical Series of the Transactions, is perhaps — complete ork of the kind ever issued for any district, includin: ae detailed and full ogams and Vascular Cryptogams. cee, 348 108 en cs, , ees “Pp mgt, and 382 Freshwater Algz, porte a per of 3, omige aces = & Oy 5» Hse Street, Covent Gardens wi ¢: of the ¥.N.U., ie DECEMBER 1897. Beers S Bee MONTHLY JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY FOR THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. x HESHIRE, LANCASHIRE, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, 6 CUMBERLAND, eae WESTM D, DERBYSHIRE if F MAN, RKSH DURHAM NORTHUMBERLAND, EDITED BY WM. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.LS., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds; WITH THE ASSISTANCE IN SPECIAL DEPARTMENTS OF J. GILBERT BAKER, F.R.S., F.L.S., CHAS. P. HOBKIRK, F.L.S., W. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L.S.; M.B.0.U., GEO. T. PORRITT, F.L.S., F.E-S., ALFRED HARKER, M.A. F.G.S. W. BARWELL TURNER, F.R.M.S. Contents: Lathyrus nissolia and other Rare Plants at ——o near Doncaster.— Af. Corbett, MRCS. 353-354 raghe see este Naturalists at Frampton and Wyberton Fitties, ae Ee. Sibu | adruffe-Peacock, L.Th., F.LS., F.G.S. : 365-360 List - er aats taken at Wyberton, near Bos ee C. Lane- Claypen = 361-366 e hess as Tate, F.G.S.—C. D. Hardcastle g ox 367-370 364 ‘Soe in perpen Wharfedale—Rev. W. A. ’ Shuffrey, ‘M.A.: Great Increase of Arvicola agrestis at York—/. Backhouse, F.Z.S., 1.B.0.U. Mote“Arachtida 4 ee ee 354 Epeira cucurbitina in Northumberland—W 2s. Falconer. Note— 370 : Rhiaroses sti at Hackiase— Rielend J. Sal Notes—O 370, 372 : Wis wine ti in Niddectite—i Clarkson Clarkson : The Kingfisher i in North Lanca- shire—S. Z Note—Palzo aati 370. Note on the Geeurrence “of Palzoxyris Brongniart in Yorkshire— RX. Kidston, fRS_E., F.GS Notes—Geo 37 G mes go ers at Morecamb be. Spei ight; ” Boulders on the Lancashire ‘Coast— Rowe, Af.A.; Boulders of ae Granite in Morecambe Bay— 7. Sheppard; eaten Boulders | in Picolerhiee —F: M. Burton, F.L.S., Notes and News... & es ss ae os an 28 360, 372 Title-page, Preface, and Index to the Volume. - Communications to be addressed Single Numbers, 6d. 6d.: by post, 7d. THE bey TORS, : a ¢ Nato RALIST,” : z Annual Subscription, bi If = 259, Hype Parx Roap, is Ss : acing ony por ier oe LeEns. LONDON: Lovett Reeve & Co., 5, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GaRDEN, E.C. _ MCCorquopare -& Co. sy maser CARDINGTON STREET, Euston ; Ng PO canis BO S+reert. a - : ' The NATURALIST. BOOKS RECEIVED. SPECIAL NOTICE. It is requested that in future all Exchanges and books sent for review be addressed to ‘The Editors of the Naturalist, 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds.’ Rochdale sees and Sma mee aa -, Vol. 5, 1896-97. Oe Suet iff Nat. Soc.—Tran 1895-6. (The Society. Bulletin a Geol. “Inst. of Saean = UpsalaVol. gy Parti, New 5, B06. [The hese! —Vol. 20, Nos. 142-5, August to November The Edito ‘Kno saa 897. National Footpath Preservation Soc.—Oce. Pa ‘aper, No. 67, Now 1897.[The Society. Natural Hist. cde Vol. an No. 187, Oct. 1 sth, 1897. [The Editors, York Revue Bryologique, 24e Anné, 1897, No. 6, Nov. 24th. _ {M.T. Husnot, Cahan. Feuille des es Jeunes Missottinee Nos. 324-5, Oct. -Nov.1897.[M. Adrien Dollfuss. eography ; Notices of Manch. Geog. Soc.—No. 17, Nov. 1st, 1897. [The Society. Manchester Geol. Society.—Trans., Vol. 25, Pts. 10-11, 1896-7. [The Society. - The Museum, Vol. 3, No. “ae October 1897. [Walter F. Webb, Editor. urnal, Vol. 6 WM. EAGLE CLARKE, F.L-S:, Erc-; NATURAL HISTORY DEPARTMENT, MUSEUM OF SCIENCE AND ART, EDINBURGH. RS ee sep en De * The Scottish i sccrmaag founded i og a for he d Botany iginal N e Matter relating t the Natural Histor and include pers ¢ grees o the elucidation be the Fauna and Flora recent and fossil, Observations aoe Histories, etc., a esr oa other useful and in' eretine facts. EpinsurcH—DAVID DOUGLAS, * yo, CASTLE STREET. be TO GEOLOGISTS. Tl COLLECTIONS FROM 0M FAMED BARTON SERIES E EOCENE boxed, ee and localised. on receipt of Se ee SOR tn 5 Serie BN | 8 at each. 30 Varieties, over ie owing R. CHARLES, Naturalis, Highelife iffe, Christchurch, Hants, ) return thanks for the very liberal patronage he received from’all parts of Great to state that the Colleerions wal be selected roe the same care and attention as practically varied 3) ies the object bein ig to one the notic e of Geologists and Coll rally. ‘il Span Age reds ees Mollusca of Barton, tae NATURALIS®. During the next few months it is hoped to insert the following articles:— Yorkshire Naturalists at Staithes.—Rev. Joun Hawe tt, M.A. Mosses The Constituents of the North Lancashire Ps eeeanes: a5) Lister Petry (Fifteenth Paper). NATURAL SCIENCE? A MONTHLY REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS. ECEMBER NUMBER concludes oi eleventh serena and ins the fol! articles, sake the usual Notes, News, Reviews, and Obitu The Problems of the British Fikes We G. H oCiescen. B.Sc. Il.. The Provincial Museum. By H. Botton, F.R.S.E. III. Cell or Corpuscle?. By Rupotr Beer, F.L.S IV, Fossil Apodide. By H. M. Berxarp, M.A., F.L.S V. Reproductive Divergence: A Rejoinder. By H. M. Vernon, M.A. VI. Professor Schiller on Darwinism and Design. By F. H. Perry Coste, B.Sc. Price One Shilling net, London: J. M. DENT & CO., 67, St. JAMES’S STREET, S.W. (removing to 30, Bedford St., Covent Garden, W.C., on Jan. rst, 1898). On the 15th of every Month. Price One Shilling. THE ZOOLOGIST. THE RECOGNISED JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. Edited by WW. EL. DISTANT. A Fourth Series commenced with the January number (667 from commencement). ONTENTS OF NOVEMBER NUMBE The Burmese Wild ae (with oa areas by Szsgeon- Captain Henry S. Wood. - memes Sscahiegs Topland ie by 2. C. Playne and A. F. R aad iSvape anes Ringed Plover in Norfolk and k, by W. G. Clarke. The Migration of ae by /. A. Harvie Brown. NoTes AND QuERIES.. Notices of New Books. 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