ee ge eis ‘i reste peer eeu ella! ape ie Np at Sie wee JOURNAL OF Toe New York Botanica, GARDEN VOLUME XXV, 1924 PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE Davin Lypic FunD BequeaTHED BY CHarRLes P. Daty JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden MARSHALL AVERY HOWE VoLUME XXV With 18 PLATES AND 17 TEXT-FIGURES 1924 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 8 West Kine STREET, LANCASTER, PA. INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS FREDERIC S. LEE, Presiden: James F. Ke ENRY W. DE ForEsT, Vice President ADOLPH Cawioai . K, Sturais, Vice Presiden: KENNETH a MACEENaE oun L, MERRILL, babs rer W. J. Mage . L. Britton, Secretary Baguineron Mo DWARD . ADAMS J. P. Morcan ENRY DE Forest BALDWIN Lewis oe wens ICHOLAS Murray BUTLER Freperic R. New ut D. CRAvATH CHARLES F Ran BERT W. DE Forest HErBErt M. Ricuarps HILDS Fru Hewry H. IAM J, GIES GEORGE J. RYAN . A. HARPER ALBERT R. SHATtTu OsEPH P. HENNESSY ree PLLAM Boyce THOMPSON W. G Joun F, Hyzan, res of th Cit oo oy New York FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN, * President of the Department of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harrer, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemv, Sc. D., LL. D. NicHoLas Murray But cer, Pu. D., FREDERIC S. LEE, Pu. b., LL. D. LL, D., Litt. D HERBE . RT M. sscteyiat oe dD. Wii J. Gres, Pu. D. Henry H, Russy, M. GEORGE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF N.L. Britton, Pu. D.,Sc.D.,LL.D. . 2. Dates tor-in-Chief MARSHALL A. How WE, Pu. D., "se. De oe! 4 ssistant Director OHN KK. SMALL, 2 Diy Sts-Dis eae ae ” Head Citar of the Museums A. B. Stout, Pu. D. . . . 1. 1 1 6. «Director of the Laboratories > A. RypBerc, Pa. D. . Bo eg Gee lok Ge Hin Jak “Stet Mao tha, c 5 ] i oR 5 oe a kgo tree, native only in eastern Asia, an ne the sole to which it Ba was fo beer one of a numerous family - oe species that we orld-wide in their distribution. The gen Liriodendron, represented only by genus, dominant i aie in a flora that ete the Earth from po ole to pole. ectu s had their beginnings and their times of maximum dev t ArtHuR HOLLick. AN EXTRAORDINARY DECEMBER With the ground scarcely frozen at any the ponds with n of balmy winds and warm rains, and a rage temperature wi ‘al abov 16 the normal, December of 1923 passes into history as a most interesting, remarkable, and enjoyable month, with w idespread content as regards the saving of fuel and ee autumn farm ork don “The ee of the unseasonable warm weather on vegetation The New York Botanical Garden has been oe pe of may, trees and slabs es swollen fae men they 44, \ has gone cane er by maturing its flowers; a bush in a aera rm situation in the aan “screen along the railroad ake of the Elevated Railway Sta ee 27th festooned with its gracefu ‘ 1 t about three inches long, profusely shedding the nies eae and another ieee well e ae in as Seas nor the ater Gard s far advanced. Farth the fa in the ee ee eles oe one — of oe Japanese with hazel cies aad japonica) was arly full flower rat of the bright live ees bushes among the dry persistent leaves of the past season, all most attractive and interesting; the Saag witch-hazel ( aegis erin also had some open flow Both thes e shrubs ually bloom in late February lea Garden work has aie extended into the winter; a large col- lection of climbing roses, given by Bobbink and Atkins, was planted during December, some of it as late as December 27th; and Dr. Southwick has kept on planting in the rock-garden. See ae have poked their noses above ground. . L. Britton. DECEMBER BLOOM IN THE ROCK GARDEN It is of interest to note the second blooming ee a aus of plants in the Rock Garden. The unusual mild autumn of this year ios puete inte anew erowtn as well as : second flowering. But for of Decem- 4th ea many that had well- developed buds an pe bloomed 17 Phlox subulata bloomed quite vigorously and many of the a show. Am Aubrietias presented quite mong those t se bl . olympica, A Colima. and A. Auricula, which were the most Pon 2 deltoidea, which we would natur- ally expec ct t i any sign of late growth. from seven to nine fine flowers antl Viola pedaia kept up its u 4 from ae spring I were still in bloom on December 20 T. additional growth which, if not ee eee by severe ae will add much to the wealth of bloom in early spring Epmunp B. SouTmViER: A TRIP TO ECUADOR! Doctor Frank’ M. Chapman, for the past ten years, has bee conducting, on behalf of the American Museum field researches ment of life zones in the Andes from sea level to snow line. 1 Abstract of a iat eat by Dr. Frank M. Chapman, Curator of Birds in the Ameri M m of Natural History, on Saturday afternoon, November 24, oo he S Micaeu of The New York Botanical Garden. 18 addition to the Tropical or basal Zone, aes exist oe ach one of hh ou slides, showing every type of country from sea level to the upper limit of life at about 14,500 feet. THE JOSEPH LEIDY COMMEMORATIVE MEETING Dr. Arthur Hollick, as delegate representing The New York Botanical Garden, the Botanical Society of America, and the Torrey Botanical Club, attended the Joseph Leidy Commemora- eeti in 6th activities were most closely connected with institutions in and near to Philadelphia. The oa were under the im- see pee ices of the Acstieny of Na Sciences an e other eine ae societies ee g. About five nundred delegates were in attendance, representing wor v's work in medicine, zodlogy, paleontology, botany, ge saa ey, and eke and upon his influence on general scientific thought and development, were aie by those who were best ee to speak on these ate essions announcement was made of the Leidy of the s etal i pandation. the gift of Joseph Leidy, a nephew. It is 19 to ae of a gold medal and cash honorarium, to be awarded three years for conspicuous achievement in the advance- a of biological science. Although best known for his work in vertebrate oe Doctor Leidy was a typical naturalist - ae old s es ol, who interested in all branches of natural s He was an ent siastic botanist, but he published “little on cP subje mostly in the form of n ae in the publications of the Ac cna emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. He collec ted the local problem 1 heterophylla Michx.), and it is interesting to note that he was one f those who contended — its probable hybrid origin, as shown ina of the Proceedings of the Academy for Lay “Prof. cane seen a branch of ea atin e ce e foliage, he thought, anes a hybrid bet een Q. Phellos and palustris. He en ed the reais of this rare hybrid oak into our aera par. CONFERENCE NOTES FOR DECEMBER’ At the Conference of the Scientific pai hae testes Students of The New York B eldi e Museum Building on Wednesday, December oh ie H. a leason pe ng the s Station of the ey of Micki It is of course ne larger areas contain more species than smaller ones, but these researches show that, within the limits of a single association, the increase in species from a small area toa ba dat one may be expressed by an equation, and h means of this equation the number of species in an 1For en of paper given at the conference for November, see page I of the present issu 20 association, or any part of one, may be predicted with a high degree of accuracy. The rate of increase depends on various ical d i servati can J but, o once determined, it is found to be constant for areas of all sizes as long as they are expressed by their ie hm rather than directly. habia tion . the number of s rae ae tracts ot , bas tions on vn unit areas a only one fortieth at an acre, were found to have an average error of less — A per cent. His paper will be published in full in “ Ecolo PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JANUARY AND FEBRUARY aa is the program of lectures in the Central Dis- ERs Greenhon , Conservatory Range 2, on ie after- noon (3 P. M. ) ioe the two midwinter months: Jan “Greenhouse Pests."’ Dr. F. J. ae Jan. 12. ‘Rubber Plants.” Dr. A. B. 3 “Orchids.” Dr. H. A. Glea Jan. 26. “Begonias and Other House Plants.’ Mr. K. R. Boynton Mr. H. W. Becker Feb. 2. “Starch- Daa a " Dr. M. A. Howe “Palms.” Dr. Sher “Cinerarias and ae Mr. K. R. Boy Mr. cee ate Ge p sas = a) ” cs) oO ao Feb. 23. ‘‘Ferns.”” Dr. H. A. Gleason NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT A large specimen plant of Agave attenuata is blooming in Conservatory Range 1. A companion plant a ne: much piace last — and the present flower stalk gives promise producing as many blooms as that did. ae oung plan ie ee Paraguay Tea (Ilex esate have been eles rom the aes of Plant Industry at Washington. es were grown, Mr. David eae lege a seed collected ie territory - ae Argent der t 1 i | Il i of books and herbarium material, the library equipment has been increased by three steel stacks with 700 lineal feet of book shelving, and twelve cases have been installed in the herbarium. Dr. Ralph R. Stewart of Gordon College, oF aes India, is again at the Garden engaged in wo r his t of his material is from the mountains of Kashmir. He expects to return to India next summer About 100 young women of athe pe School visited the arden during December to study ferns and orchids. Their attention was devoted chiefly to the ove collections of living vated Approach is a staminate tree. They bloom in early spring The flow ot sho month was 3.47 inches. The maximum temperatures recorded for each week were 68.5° on the oh 59.5° on ae 14th, 61° on the 22nd and 59° on the 3 ea temperatures were 26° on the 2nd and on the oth, 3 3th, 29° on the 19th and 26° on the 29th. The first ee ee ee of the autumn was on the morning of the 2nd. The following visiting botanists have registered in the library during the autumn: _C. W. Johnson, Springfield, Mass.; Mr. C. A.W gues East Hartford, Conn.; Prof. G. E. Nichols, New Haven, Conn. E. N. Y.; Prof. Charles S, Boyer, Philadelphia, Pa.:; Mr. Harold W. Pretz, Allentown, Pa.; Messrs. ilson Popenoe, C. G. Mee E. P. Killip and W. Ww. Eggleston, Washington, D. C.; Pro: 22 . C. Coker, Chapel Hill, N. C.; Dr. E. N. Transeau, Columbus Ohio; Mr. C. J. Humphrey, Madivon, ae : Prof. G. W. Martin, Iowa City, Iowa; Prof. Douglas H. Campbell, apie pee sity, Cal.; Prof. H. W. a Truro, N. S.; and Grace G. Gil- christ, Bristol, Eng. . Frederick H. Horsford of Charlotte, Vermont, founder oa. owner of the Horsford Nurseries, died on November 4, 1923, in his sixty-ninth year. ibaa establishing his nurseries, in 1893, he was associated for yy years with the late i G. Pringle, famous for bot ed Bt Ae a of Mexico,.in col- lecting and preparing sets of specimens for the leading ee of Euro e and America. Later he gave considerable atte ntiou ing several varieties of peas, oats, and barley. In his nurseries cultivated in The New York Botanical Garden came from his establishment Several times during the autumn, in and near Bronx Park, attention has been directed to the cottony or snowy masses on the trunks of trees in a crevices of the bark or crotches of the lower branches. These masses consist of insect eggs which have soe de eposite ted in a cottony ma atrix, apparently those of the ere fou n the f 3 oma) = “22 5 2° i) z og n 3 QO oO; Be oO 3 Mm = 5 a ° oO = g < oO wn tr armored scale insects, ie, one in which the female is not fixed h aale of tt ly b a pow lees substance which suggests the name. ae are free and move ES t t these egg masses which have attracted the attention of a number of ae about the grounds during the autumn.—F. J. Seaver. ._ A. Murrill sailed for Buenos Aires, January 12, on the Van Dyck,” of the Lamport and Holt Line. He expects to visit ne botanists in Argentina and secure as wos ua specimens as possible for the Garden herbari Profes: eas a of La Plata, has a large aerate of Sa Ss." 23 American fungi, oe jerks of types, which is of the greatest interest to students of mycology. There is also a col- ne ae rivers. He is planning to return to New Yorkin pee 1. Many strange objects come to museums, either for identifica- tion or for verification of the finder’s conviction or idea of what the resulting concretion is usually more or less aes in hape. If the n ‘oa uc a known as ‘clay dogs.”’ Occasionally certain specimens identified by the finders as fossil fruit of one kind or ties and it is usually difficult, and sometimes aac onat to convince a them that they are mistaken. A fossil ‘‘apple’’ and a fossil “banana” were recently et t e “M m for identi cation, and t re probably still so regarded, despite the carefully worded explanatory reports on their concretionar nature.—Arthur Hollick Collections recently received by the Botanical Garden in ex- change with the Museum of Paris are being added to the herba- ee 24 Am them are numerous plants from French Guiana, ee yy ie Melinon, Le Prieur, and others, which are sition to oe of great value in the investigation of the flora of that co Dr. H. A. Gleason represented the Botanical Garden at the recent meeting of the American Associat ion ie the fais of Science a its affliated societies in Cincinnati. H a tc) Lo; ie me 7 Species and Area,” and par ated in the symposium on ‘‘A\ and Area” condctl hee ae Section of the Botanical Society of Am: The Garden Marine in its December number, devoted a page to a most timely topic, under the heading of “Long Life To Our Christmas Greens” by Elizabeth G. Britton. It stated that the National Garden Association, with its nee) affiliated organizations, the Garden Club of America, the New England med for the Pen of Native Plants, and the Wild Floy fi g f i 1€ C of Christmas greens. The ki nds most in danger of ee eves are holly, laurel, and ground pine, all of which are used in la ‘ation : mended. Particularly available is the Poinsetia, which may be had from the ten-cent stores and the florists. The following Increase ae sheet of Holiday Time for the Gardener by the Use of Living Trees. Grow Holly aa Other Festal Greenery on the Home Grounds to be Enjoyed the Year Through Get Nursery-grown Evergreens for Later Planting Out. on’t buy Winterberry. ) Don't buy Spruce Trees for Chri Don't buy Ropes of Laurel or Ground Pine: PUBLICATIONS OF The New York k Botanical Garden Journal of The New York Botanical Gar Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its twenty-fifth volume Mycologia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a yea single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its Eee volume. Addisonia, quarterly, devoted Sead to colored plates aa Geir by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty- two in each volume. Sihacioube ae $10.00 a year. [Not oifeied in ol Bulletin of The New York Botanic: cal Garden, containing reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official ads way and technical articles em- bodying results of investigations. all members of the Garden; to 0! erican Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West pe a and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes. Roy. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. 49 parts now issued. Submcription gin $1 Ho0 8 on pant a ate number of separate parts will | Id ] Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $1.50 per volume. To other: 1. stone fae by + 492 pp., with detailed map The felicies of Light and Darkness upon Gr and Develop- Sea i xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 190, New Wank by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 pla 1909. Val IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and _ plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of Ge Vicinity of New York: A ac oractaae to Plant Geography, pay Norman taal vi+ 6 ie pp., with g plat Vo the Celebration of the igeutieth, fac nae of ite: New ae Botanical eee vili + 594 pp., with 43 plates and many text figures. Contribu tas hae The New York B ical Garden. A series of sary nical papers written Ae students or members of the staff, and reprinted from ae other n the above. Price. 25 cents each. $5.00 per Bit iine. n the say as me. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York City GENERAL INFORMATION ae of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden Fo our hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part of the City of New: eae rhreugh nied tose the Bronx River. A native hemlock f asus of ecanaien of nati di luced shrubs, and flowering plants. rdens, including a beautiful Pie garden, a rock garden of rock-loving Benes oe tern and herbaceous garden containing thousands ie interesting plants from America and igen countries. oughout t e year—in the spring, summer and autumn dis- plays of narcissi, “iaffodie, clips, irises, peonies, roses, water-lilies, ca: dn and chry: santhemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse-blooming plant m containing ae of fossil plants, existing a ieee oul plants occurring non one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plants. An herbarium comprising more than one million specimens of American and foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, conte ant ean aa Suis ioe ate study aad colleen ot ne en pte bie of sae tie A library of bagi literature, comprising more than 30,000 books and num- erous pamphlet Public cae on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications Lien botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, inter The ciiatatith @ school children | and the public through the above features 1, horticultural The Gasiene is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications ics membership are ed welcome. The classes of membership a ee a Ray Ss i . single contribution $25,000 De tse ea single contribution 5,000 Fellow for Lite. - 2. . . . . . . single contribution 1,000 4 Member for Ree Te ei neti ee sal contribution 250 Fellowship eae: PEAR eNS eile aes | ual fe 100 Sustaining Member. . ...... annie fee 25 Annual Member . . . annual fee 10 The following is an Hei foe of bequest: I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Seon t incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of — : All requests for further information should be sent to : Tue NEw York BoranicaL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY VOL. XXV FEBRUARY, 1924 No. 290 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CALYPSO Henry Mousey AUSTRALIAN PLANTS KENNETH R. BoyNnTON WHEN A TROPICAL VEGETATION FLOURISHED IN ALASKA ArtTHUR HOLLicK GREENHOUSE PESTS . SEAVER TROPICAL FERNS MarsHaLt A, Howe THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEED OF THE FRINGED GENTIAN A. B. Stout EvizaBETH G. BRITTON BIRDS’ NESTS IN THE GARDEN R. S. WILLIAMS A COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY COURSE ON NATIVE TREES PUBLIC LECTURES DURING MARCH NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 8 WEST LANCASTER, PA. INTELLIGENCER Ce Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free io members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freperic S. LEE, Presiden’ J Henry W. DE Forest, Vice agi Avo.prH LEw. aREGE F. K. Sturais, putes Presiden KENNETH K, MACKENAES Joun L. Merri Ae ra obra . J. MATHESON Nate ae ‘Sere ‘aryl BARRINGTON peor Epwarp D. ADA J. P. Mor HENRY DE POREST Biown LEwis Reema Morris NICHOLAS Sued BUTLER FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD Pau D. CRAvAT CwHarLeEs F. RAnD OBERT W. DE Fo OREST HERBERT M. RICHARDS WiLi1AM J. G Henry H. RusBy CuILDs FRICK GEorGE J. RYAN . HARPER BERTR.S) JoserH P. HENNESSY Naru BoycE THOMPSON LMA. a aeOre Joun F, Hyian, Megan of the City of New Y Francis DAWSON GALLATIN, ele of ihe! ede of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS . A. Harper, Pa. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, Pa. D., Faspentc S. Lex, Px. iD) i), (0), LL. D., Litt. D. HERBERT M. RicHArps, Sc. D. WILLIAM J. ens Pa. HE aa: Russy, M. D. GEorGE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF N. L. Britton, Pu. D., Sc. D., ch ze ee Oe sg eo ale Dsheclor-en-Cnsen MarsHALyi A. Howe, Pu D., al wet . . Assistant Director Joun K. SMALL, Pu. D., Sc. D. ti eat Head Curator of the Museums AL Bs STOUR, Aebet Pe hie ses) os os ee Director of the Laboratories WA; MURRILL (EH. De 5. 5b.) un aioe "Supervisor hs Public Instruction . A. RypBERG, Px. D. . . 22 Say eae lor H.A EASON, Pu. f Curator FRED J. SEAVER, Po. D 2 ArTHUR Ho.tick, Pu. D " a mist Percy W INiSiehtas eee 8 te whom: alle nell Ud oy co i gS PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL «oe el 1. Alssoceate! Gurati, Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., LIM. Toe enr ieee aeons Bibliographer Saray H. Hartow, A. M. 5 ibrarian USBY MI ia shoes Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections ELIZABETH G. BRITTON moyen eit hea Curator of Mosses Mary E. Eat Bigptoe tid See a ee . Artist KENNETH R. pCR Be S22) Va ene een eee Head Gardener ROBERT Sse WILLIAMS 51) he). Us ere oe) eee ‘Administrative Assistant Hester M. Rusx, A.M... .. . Technical Assistant . M. Denstow, A. M., D. D.. . Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium EBs SOUDB WICK, PH.D >. ae Cus pdeae of Herbaceous Grounds Joan R.UBRINLEY) CoB. 6% 0 3 yo eed) andscape Eerie WALTER S. GROESBECK. . . . . Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR) ],) CORBETT). a. Superintendent of Buildings and ‘Crowe IWALTERNCHARDES stfu hye ie wat . Museum Custodian JouRNAL oF THE NEW York Botanica, GARDEN PLATE 283 CALYPSO BULBOSA JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXV February, 1924 No. 290 CALYPSO WITH PLATES 283 AND 284) “See! Where ne ae wind the leaves is lifting, e her On lightest cnt ie oC pso hovers, Her rosy wings outsprea: oat is Homer, is it OE, ae in hi s “Odyssey elie us that Calypso, the b f the mythi- an as of oe to oe i invisible to navigators? it was, who, through her powers of fascination, prevailed i ie after ie Tia been aaaieels ed upon her shores (when returning from capture ) remain with her seve a. ing which time she entertained the hero with great hospitality, and on his final departure is said to have died of grief. Rees this goddes: littl med, and rightly , for the Bare of the a to an ont enthusiast are cite Linnaeus, when he first found it » pce took it apbeloneine: to the opetins: Onin g labellum, 7 it ae oo felation ae is with ince a a gems rise the East Indies. It ng in the cooler portions of the Nor orth Ame Temp Zone, urope, Asia, aoa } a, being ound in Sweden, Lapland, and Rus: hile i rth Ame it occurs as far south as California, Arizona, and New Mexico , and northern New Engl on east, but o: n very restricted areas, its true home being in the north, from Ore: lask: north-eastward acros: e continent to Labrador. In the Rockies, it is said to grow at heights of 4oo0 to 5000 feet above sea-level, and there a form has also been 25 26 described as having a beard of white, instead ie eee: se m. At above sea- fale panes poised (as described in the open verse to this paper bed, so ee can it be lifted therefrom. There i is really only one good station for it, the other two (which were eae i 3 on n ntaini only this season, 1923) being very small ones, and c ing mo: alf a dozen plants or so in each oss’ cool retreats, the following plants are found more or oe asso- ciat rf el ( canad , White Violet (Viola pallens), Gold-thread (Coptis tr ifolia), Cc i Snowberry (Chiogenes hispidula), Twin. er borealis r.americ , Wild rry (Fragaria virginiana), ing nuda), American Fly Honeysuckle (Loenicera canadensis), Com- mon Wood Sorrel (Oxalis Acetosella), Wild Sarsaparilla (Aralia Aah y ie lee Flower americana), Jack-in-the- iphyllum), Oak Fern (Thelypteris Dryopteris), Painted Trillium ea hee nes and the Small Northern Bog Orchis (Habenaria obtusata). It was on May 15, 1918, while following up an equally rare condition, only ten plants, Arita being located. Since thet in 1921, which was a most Bro olific year, the flowers being fully out on May 7. This, however, is an exceptionally early oe New early Ae jor "the appearance of Calypso i in outer Vermont, in June beinginh time. This of course differs with my experience at Hatley, and seems somewhat strange, as one would naturally expect the more southern reel to produce flowers at an earlier date than 27 were in fruit on , or rather I should say t nts were, for the seeds of Calypso very seldom develop and ripen, propag: tion taking p. $0 e i forme secondary aid the species would very soon become extinct. The blooms are sweet-scented, a fact which very few of our ext books mention. They are described in Gray’s Manual, 7th edition, as follo Sepals and esr ee ioe spreading, ee -lanceo- late, acute, magenta cri rely white. Lip larger than the rest of wer, saccate, wie aes longitudinal Bie of yellow (or white) glass-like hairs in front, and wit translucent apron-like appe (formed by the overlapping of the lip) spotted madder-purple, the sac (bea conspicuow rm. its base) whitish, with irregular purple-madder mark- $ olumn winged, hav: he rculate anther just below ings. n ° the apex; pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted, all sessile on a square ae nd. Leaf solitary. Scape one-flowered. these ea with the exception of the column, are t fe) nly once in the past six years have I come across a white 0. $s bloom, and once, a flesh-coloured one, both of these, curiously ee oie found on the same date » May 25, 1920. Mr. i 8, in a plant in the spring of 1908, with two flowers on the stem, this, which is still in his possession, probably being the only double-flowered specimen on record. On three occasions only have I found ea exceeding 16 c in height, the tallest being 18.50 cm., which e eeds the extreme present species for instance, how many even know of, or have 28 ever seen the coralloid eae that may sometimes be found ears to ae tubers? Most of our text b cava even eros Gra we say ses tee about the How- o ex with, all a oa s there de- n were found growing together in a bunch, ae ilies ie ae on May 27, 1923. In ie of ne a a Lacie y be seen accompanying tubers. Irmisch ‘‘ Beitrag bo zur "Biologie und Morphologie 2 cre en,” Leipzig, i en pees ue ae be calls attention 2 a fact re a of tw nodes of only one, ae me jee and a oe veal eae some time belo the flower appears. He also cite a description given by Liboschitz palmate body sometimes accomp g the tuber. It has generally been pene I believe, a7 Te coralloid rhizomes are found only on very young Vaan ye. and that they disappear as ihe. individuals bec This is by no means cas can be seen in ae, para) ae re of our plate, Another f th ber, the o i of leaf ‘he first-named oe and bore a BOWS as can ee seen, while the othe from some unknown cause the shrivelled up remains still ae visible: in the centre of the leaf. It may be well perhaps to menti one is far more likely to find these coralloid rhizomes ae to plants that are growing on logs, stumps, or or branch at have fallen from the trees, and n a rotting state plants growin: are i th g in the soft earth and moss. Also, the tubers, to which these coralloid i when they be- assing on to PLATE No. 284, we wie enimene wath FIGURE 29 No. 2, which shows the very commencement of the new tubers. (1923), which, as everyone will reme: was a very cold an b: rd one, at some little allowance must be made in all my dates for a very forward season. These little tubers, as will be See ag each developed o: e left-hand side of the parent tu which seems to be i more general rule, although e course one finds them on the right-hand side also. In about a month’s time, the leaf w: : Mees O appear, as shown plant, as a ma of fact, being the most forward one I could find at the time ae 14), as in all the others the bud was in a hard and closed state. As a general rule, only one old season’s tuber is found remaining, but in this case there are two, and the old leaf for the second year is still in good preservation. Baldwin in os “Orchids of New England,” 1884, p. 50, is certainly making use of a figurative expression, when he speaks of the ot anaedliag up a week after the flower has bloomed. In the pres at mene na twelve anes have 5 sy ™ a a wn @ ~“ ° ea fas oa a and this is not an pei cos although ea somewhat exceptional. In No. the leaves are much shrivelled up, sleough eae aie weeks had siapeed in the case since floweri me. Passing on to the next stage, we see in FIGURE No. 1 pe leaf oe ee developed and that the ate bud is just appearing. plan gathered on Sep- mber 3, and, it Hoe a ne a a As ee id rhizome. The last stage of all is seen in the small plant in the top right- hand corner of PLATE No. 283. Ie biog canna on November it nd is typical = the stage in which the caro: Rae winter. Retu Yo. 5 represents an eae ne even than the two tubers being one above the other, and connected only by what, ibeariasien i slender inter- node. This plant is 16.50 c n height, ane has = le af 6c long by 2.50 cm. in width, wi He I d rhizome at the base of the lower tuber, the same as in FIGURE No. 5, which plant was collected on August 24, 1923. 30 come to the last figure of all, No. 3, the large central eft-, oo One on the melt hand ede of oe a HUDEr, Sho nld tl w tu for 1925 had dev ae one might have been ied se iy imagining they represented as generations, whereas, they would only represent a the same as FIGURE No. 4. This fine plant was collected on ae ae 2, 1923, and of course at fl buds nearly in the stage in which they would pass the winter. I share the feeling with many others as it was a beetle ) = mph of the N change apparently not in see rdnee Ww i as since Cal point. To most of us, these epee matters are a worry and vexation of the spirit, a o be conversant with all the names that many of the plans ee uaeaiemee udder Hon time to tim conclusion, to obtain the material for this paper, 1 have pan the hau nts of Selypeo in ev ery ae of the year, so ha irly with the goddess. Needless to say, this acquaintance has bee enhanced, and perpetuated, by the ge photographs from which the plates have been made. These photogra are life size, and were taken by the Geological ane ina from the living plants as I sent them in, and my best thanks are due to Dr. M. O. Malte, Chief Botanist, eieer Herbarium, Ottawa, oe has made it possible for me to obtain them, and in other ways has rendered me invaluable Reena HATLEY, QUEBEC Henry MOovus_ey. ¥SOUII OsdATY,) s t & & I tor ateta NAUNYS IVDINVLOG YYOL MIN AHL do iWwNaaof 31 AUSTRALIAN PLANTS! n addition to ge beauty, most plants from Australia are fascinating beca of their distinctiveness. Their general appearance seems enti rely different from that of plant ae i=) 3 . Vi nt gee out ] place in our greenhouse tropic oe from oe we of 3 ngaroo. aes our ou know well on e Strawflower, or 7 an es sting which we gro vee I each year 1 focal Beauty ene bouque ane Fan Een the Araucaria “ Pines,” the Da arling Pea, the Swain- sonia grown by our ae the Silk Oak, the yellow- and bronze- flowered show plant Chorizema, and the fragrant gold-, lemon-, and sulphur- colored Pee But in Florida ially in California, the Australian nd s are wonderfully successful. In central and southern California hundreds of kinds of them are grown, from the xtremely important timber genus Eucalyptus, to the little ground- Ratials Australian Blue-bell. In our climate these plants are grow. ool, airy houses. In the N. Y. Botanical Garden many are le ree out in ie great seats Display House where this lecture was give ome are short-lived, as with the beauti- ful Acacias, and must i renewed re m time to time. Some of the great trees, notably the Bunya-bunya, the Moreton Bay Blue- aly n Tre w up until they reach the glass dome. One of these aan aa Silky Oak, has been adopted by our florists as a foliage pen iok of a lecture given in the Central pases House of Conserva- y Range 2 on Saturday afternoon, December 1, 192 32 plant, because of its graceful fern-like meee It is grown from seed eye is he only in a ees state, so we have a potential 150 ft. as a window or house oe while in southern ase a California and ie West Indies it is used as a lawn There are about two hundred near relatives of this Silky Grevillea, in Australia, and many more hundred distant pees in fei rotea ee known the world over for the oddity t Bee ‘Grevillea, Fiosuine ma Shel precnhouss, was shown in flower. In Conservatory Range 1 can be seen the Banyan Tree of ee Ficus rubiginosa, the Fan Palm, ina he se and the t of the three great Bunya-bunya In the Central ee House are two more of these ae of the Pine Family, magnificent specimens of the rich green Moreton Bay Pine, and two tall Queensland Tulip Trees, with dark green bare like lea The Acacias, which, Allan Cunni i greeted him oe t every turn during his four years’ exploration, coma nue i our 7 ereconouses 7 January, Bebruany: and Si 5 oo > © wn 2 a of eee s Acacia early this ary and a fine plant of ihisan be seen, all gray and yellow, near the east door of the aie Display House. We have the Brisbane Box Tree, Tristania conferta, an ever- green shade tree of the boulevards of New South Wales, which is hardy in Florida and oo and ee ae Box, Pittosporum undulatum, used as an avenue n southern Cali- venue tree ut fornia, and planted near Sree for its Cannes — In the west end of the Central Display House, the Queensland Tulip Trees, the Bottle-brush and the Araucaria “Pines” are planted out, with Hakeas, Myrtles, and othe er shrubs under- them water edge enter h arial a natural ee of species almost entirely Aus- tralia The e, however, many plants distributed throughout the eines ees are quite similar to their relatives from other countries. 33 stag-horn ie Lea arty miles: has the horn- shap ed f SUM. os the ehgee are i oreent = ae Macrozamia Moorei, Encephalar- tos s sim: ‘lar to American and African plants, and the Yew Family i is Sere by Podocarpus elata, r ten feet long, and has to be cut off periodically to keep it from going out through the dome roof of House No. 13 of Conservatory nge I KENNETH R. Boynton WHEN A TROPICAL VEGETATION FLOURISHED IN ALASKA' aska has an area of about 600,000 square miles, an area a to all that aaa of - United States that lies east of the Mississippi River. The reatest no orth and south extent— Poi The ra winter cold and summer aa is greater ne that between Maine and Florida. In the extreme north it is arctic in its severity. In the southern hie mean oe temperature is about equal to that of Washington, D. C., but the extreme es are not so great. At Sitka the pees record is —2° F, and be pase of a lecture given in the Central aae igs of Conserva- yy Range 2 on Saturday afternoon, December 15, 1 34 the highest +90° F., while in Washington the extremes are d + T approximately —8° an 100°, e character of the living ati iff = pees but it may be described in gen eral climatic no —- turer Bee thee southern California and Florida, occur f Tertiary age at a number of localities. The emia of the region was, Apparently, en in those days milder than iC the continent as may be inferred from the fact that similar aaa elements are lacking in collections of equivalent age made in British State current—the Muvalear in the Pacific Ocean of Stream in the saree oe His tly influenced the Sane conditions at that time as it does today, and gave to r Pacific coastal region a warmer oe te a prevailed Soa re on the continent. At that time, however, t was land connection between Asia and No: oH Ameri what is now gee sen ay oe ead cut off all connection betwee of the Pacific ws ean and the cooler waters i Foch. pe region, so ieee petite were probably Saag aan ee they a y ing the rio re mild temperature that prevailed throughout the ye e Glacial eee of the Ice Age transformed the of the continent into a region of ice and snow, and the tropical ctcu of the as Peri a region now pvniertne by northeastern Siberia and Alas 35 and it was probably in Alaska that mild climatic conditions ies the longest and that it was there that the Tertiary flora made its last bid for life in the north, before its remnants Eden at the Nor ‘ole, in recognition of what we know infer in regard to prehistoric climatic conditions in ae cae regions, and advanced the idea that the flaming sword wit which Ada m and Eve were driven forth from the Garden was, in reality, the aurora borealis of the Ice € aps and diagrams illustrating the se ce of the recognized geologic time, divisions and periods, the courses of the ocea currents, form nd connections, etc hotographs of fossil plant specimens, were used to ae the facts and inferences presen and discusse region and studying geological and climatic conditions, past and present, as indicated by the characters of the extinct and the existing floras ARTHUR HOLtick. GREENHOUSE PESTS’ By greenhouse pests we usually refer to Ladin insects and fungi, but the subject might be extended to include the destruc- i rk of rats and mic i tive work of r. d e, ich is eer Confining the subject mainly to insects or insect-like organisms and fungi, these ken up in order of their impor Probably the most destructive insects in conservatories are scale insects a heir allies, of which there are many dif- ferent kinds. Unfortunately, from the standpoint of the speaker, ant: 1 glass are kept so clean that it was difficult get really good illustrative material it was necessary to outside in order to obta cimens which would show what de i these insects could do if not held in check. A number of inter- 1 Abstract of a 1 Display House of Conservatory Range 1 on ee afternoon, ee 5, 1924. 36 1] mone hese the cochineal ae jonas a ee pas on h s ch a eae ca were referred to, including the aphids, thrips, red spider: : oint cL a nee the ants are about the most conspicuous insects in the greenhouse or perhaps they merely attract more he stems oe the larger plants. For the most part they are not srl harmful but follow other insects, especially aphids and scales, in order to feed upon the honeydew which is excreted by much the same way that we obtain milk from cows. ae order to increase their food supply, the ants are i rish these offenders and to wi off natural enemies, thereby greatly increasing their numbers. So that ants are, for the most part, indirectly eee es than oe so, although in some cases they do attack Plant es sue: was made to the nem eferenc Fa ling insects harmful to plants. A tomato worm was shown which on the body of the tomato worm, which then appears to be apsa dred i i From each of these cocoons an adult fly emerges and is ready ‘o attack ae Mie Much is accomp lished by such agencies as this i eee dest tructive insects. ungi are one of the chief causes a ae diseases but ou ro) Some attention was given to the various cee employed 37 in the egret ancnee for ae the work of insects and fungi and th g them, and a number of illustrations app of parasitic fungi were poe FreD J. SEAVER. TROPICAL FERNS! People who think of the matter at all often think of the ferns as being a more conspicuous feature in the flora of the tropics than in that of temperate regions, but whether this is really h nditions. On found in great luxuriance and abundance. The late Professor Underwood of Columbia University, one of the most renowned of the American ips nts of ferns, has said that in walking a distance of thre miles on one Gs the pa scene in the rain es u of Jamaica one ather one hundred di ere nde of ee ne on ee of bee ping from the The Danish ee authority Christensen, in 1913, recognized withi in the tropics and in the South Temperate Zone the species are most numerous. The stately and graceful ae ae and the 1 Abstract of a tecture given in the Central Display House of Conserva- tory Range 2 on Saturday afternoon, December 22, 1923 38 delicate and sometimes moss-like filmy ferns represent striking extremes as to size. The so-called ‘Boston Fern,” well known in its numerous forms as a house plant, is a species of Nephrolepis which is i st Indies and tropica native to opics, including th est Indies and | ie subtropical parts of North and South Amer Tr KX. Small reports that in some o “ha ks’’ of southern cae fronds of this species of Nephrolepis not uncom- monly have a length of eighteen feet, walle the maximum length is Pee. feet and two inches he interesting life-his of pical fern was tr. d plants, representing the principal natural ae MarsHaLy A. Howe. THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEED OF THE FRINGED GENTIAN An offer to furnish seed of the fringed gentian is sowing was eeds are so small that a half-thimbleful includes, it was esti- mated, tas eas 2500 seeds.) The requests came Bie thirteen as follows, and in the numbers given: New York, 51; New Jersey, 17; Penney ivania. 3; West Virginia, 2; and one for each of the following states, Massachusetts, Delaware, Maryland, Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, Arizona, Oregon and California. The results of these numerous attempts to establish this beautiful wild flower by direct sowings of seed will be of con- siderable interest. If the species is stri ictly a biennial, first wers fro: urin: ae season of 1924. It will be of interest to know if there is 39 blooming every year after a colony once comes into bloom of a colony depends on rep nae ae sie aaa ee gs nsi ation may be expected from year to year in a number a plants that appear, and especially as many of these plantings may be made in localities not fully suited to the plant. A. B. Stout. HOLLY From many private places in the vicinity of New York comes the | = lly has been stolen’’-—‘'M have been cut down after I closed pay ” The New York Times stated that ‘‘the farmers of Cape y nty, been sitting up nights with ean loaded with rock salt, who come in ee of holly and greens. t is from the sale of they sprout nurseries, plants ranging ‘from one to four years of age and have started more this year. Mrs. Ba! — of Maplewood, N. J., writes that for twenty years or more she has often planted her holly berries in pots with other Sine in the house and has grown many holly trees on her own place and to give to her friends. The Baltimore Chapter of the Wild pe Preservation Society of erica, of which Mrs. Bou s Secretary, has been particularly active in trying to oe local residents to replant the holly. iss Marietta M. Andrews has w ioe the Cora of the both in Baltimore and Washington. The poem ie bee 40 printed and may be had from Secretary of the Washington Chapter, Mr. P. L. Ricker, Bureau of Plant Industry, Wash- ington, D.C. G. Bri ELIZABETH TTON, Secretary, Wild Flower Preservation Society of America. BIRDS’ NESTS IN THE GARDEN If o m any opinion from the nests remaining in the aoe a, a leaves have fallen, then it would seem that a rather larger number of birds than usual raised their broods in the Garden the past year. With the fall of the leaves, too, nests often appear in most unexpected places. That of a robin was built over ie main val leading to the Museum Building and ae a few f the passers- -by I believe, was wholly unsuspected till long after the birds had ted i n one long streamer hung down eight or ten inches below the nest, Can et ae oa be done about it and to ity its work? any case the newspaper habit is sre ding, for at least one aa used paper in its nest last year. It did not clear up so much ices as the thrush, but did call considering its much smaller siz R. S. WILLiaMs. 41 A COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY COURSE ON NATIVE TREES Columbia University is hades following course, which will aoibiles ess be of interest to many readers of the Journal of e a ‘eoniler and deciduous. Fee Lectu 4. Thursday. Room 516 Schermerhorn. prea Hugh Findlay, B. Sc. Ag., A. M., Assistant Professor of Agriculture. Field trips to classify and identify trees with a representative of The New York Hie Garden. n the hope of increasing the appreci- ation of trees and to show how such a body of exact information 'y be applied to various individual and social purposes. The gin i ary and March when tree characters served under their winter aspects, as well as through their budding, saan and leafing in April an trips, which members of the class may at ee option, will be conducted by a seasons of ork Botanica The New York Botanical arden to give instruction in the identification a classification of trees. The lectures and the field work will include the following trees and their use - a few of our industries, a d he a angie of woods showing both color and formation; moder tree surgery, special nae by expert; tree oa 42 Students desiring to take this course are required to enroll at the office of the Registrar, Room 315 University Hall. Ap- plicants are allowed to visit the class once before registering, if they so desire. The course begins February 6, 1924. There will be a Gaieaey fee of $6 for each session or any ek thereof. ae information may be secured by addressing the Secretary of Columbia University, New York, N. Y. PUBLIC LECTURES DURING MARCH The March program of lectures in the Central Display coe Conservatory Range 2, on Saturday afternoons (3 o'clock), i as follows: March 1. ‘Coloration in Ornamental By ae’ . A. B. Stour March 8. ‘Cacti. R. J. e SMALL March 15. “The Spices of Commerce.” a H. A. GLEASON March 22. — ee Bulbs and How to Force oo r the Hom Dr. M. A. How: March 29. oe Flower Be rR. K. R. Boynton and a GEORGE FRIEDHOF Conservatory Range 2 is situated at the eastern side of the Botanical Garden, conn of the Allerton Avenue Entrance. reached from ae Allerton Stati on the White Plains ie : the Subway from East 180t Street. Visitors coming by train to Botanical oe Station should inquire at the Macca Building. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Dr, . N. L. Britton left New York on January 26 to continue tere field studies of the flora of Porto Rico. They plan to return late in March. - Stout, of ine Garden staff, gave an illustrated tea Tikes: Varieties, Culture and Pro opagation” befor ‘Worcester County (Mass.) Horticultural Society on ees oa. 43 A eo be aus pupils from Central High School, Newark, New Jer: ent Decemter 31 at the Garden with their — Mr. Gol iee and a member of the Garden staff, who as guide and docent. In omcerad a Cissus vine from one end to the other of Professor Rom: ae a m scopist, cy o ee N. Y., died in Balen ore on November visited the Botanical Garden to consult the extensive collection of these plants brought together by the late Dr. T. F. Allen Biology classes of the Morris High mee numbering about 650 pupils, visited the Botanical Garden on the morning of January 21. And on . elie of pee aay - pean and Conservatory Han I were vaeee by abou qual number of biolo f Childs High: School. In each case a ‘ante ern-slide lecture on forestry was given by one of the High School teachers. Professor H. M. Fitzpatrick and Mr. D. S. Welch spent some Mr. Welch is preparing a monog' ied of the sata fag dente one are quite frequent on the Pacific coast, especially in California. The Garden has recently received from Mr. Bertrand H. Farr 44 of the Wyomissing Nurseries Co., Wyomissing, Pa., the gift two plants each of fifteen different kinds of day lilies (Hemero- i i i of the bes callis), including all the spec the genu best ri w in cultivation. These plants will be used in ex- Pp tal ies of sterility and in the breeding of the day lilies—projects now well under way at the Garden. They will fe n . Botanical Garden us dertunaten in hapa one large Livistona Hoogendorp The specific status ot eu Livistona tee ney been ene a determine f the plants of the Pants botanic garden at Buitenzorg, Java, but has not orticultural publications, as a native of Java. e€ most striking attributes of this palm are moe rich dark red color of h f-st have very long sharp spines, also colored, and the rich green leaves, divided into about a doz egment The f s Anthurus borealis Burt seems to ha m. permanent resident e Botanical Garden. A group of about 30 specimens was f growing in the Phlox bed. Another fungus, Scleroderma verrucosum Pers., so ve’ U forest he ‘‘Hemlocks” in 1922, was totally absent this last year, owin doubt to the v dry summer epeater searching failed to reveal a single specimen ; bt, specimen of the Wayfaring Tree, Viburnum L ,a large shrub of the dete arn Panis native ih Europe and western Asia, aaa din the Fruticetum the latter oe: of December and ly in pened The Japanese Quince, Chaeno- meles japonica, — the Golden Bell, Forsythia suspensa, were also flowering at that time. The Chinese Witch Hazel, Hama melis mollis, the Japanese Witch 1, elis japonica and the Spring Witch Hazel, esi ea of the south central United States, were in full bloom on January 15. The witch hazels are either among our oer shrubs to flower in the spring or the last to bloom in the fall. On account of a necessary thinning process, only one branch of our Loquat tree in the warm-temperate collection, Central 45 Display House, Range 2, bears any of the somewhat pear-shaped an a do mercially in Californ and for ent i our s ther states. An ae it is expected that the results will be published in the near "Mere December. The eee oo for the nch month was inches, of which 0.10 inch (1 inch by sn sarah ‘ell as snow. maximum temperatures ecord or each week were 60° on the 6th, 64° on the 13th, 65.5° on the 21st and 50° on the 28th. The minimum te a- tures were 31° on the 4th, 19° on the 157th, 21.5° on the rgth and 26.5” on the 25t Meteorology for the year 1923 e total oe for i year at The New York Botanical Garden was Thi as distributed by months as follows: January, ae che (incl 22.5 inches snow measurement); February, 1.92 nches (including 15.4 inches of snow); March, 3.31 inches (includ 6 inches snow measurement); April, 2.66 inches; May, 2.03 inches; June, 2.95 inches; July, 1.73 inches; August, 1.21 inches; September, 3.33 inches; October, 4.29 hes; oe hes; Decem 60 inches (inc ng I er, 3.47 inc ber, 4. u nch snow measuremen t). The total snowfall for the year was g inch he maximu Bs for the year was 100.5” on the 2Ist ot July; as minimum w. oe on the 31st of January. The first hard iling — 2 the autumn was on the morning of the 2nd of November, pee carie of 26° was reached. The latest freezing ae of - oe was on the 18th of April, when the temperature was 46 ACCESSIONS Liprary ACCESSIONS FROM AUGUST 21 TO NOVEMBER 30, 1923 ALLEN, CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIE. The colours of flowers as illustrated in the British flora. London, 1882. Baitey, Liserty Hype. The cultivated evergreens. New York, 1923. (Given y Mr. George P. Brett. Bower, FREDERIC ORPEN. The ferns eae sone he abaipigs with @ view to their natural ee mbridge, 1923. (Give by Mr. CoKER, WILLIAM CHAMBERS "The Saprolegniaceae with notes on other water Davipson, “ANsTR' ER, & Manes: GrorGE Loucks. — i. southern California. in aa 1923. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) Jerrers, LERoy. The call of the rae New York, oe “(Given by Mrs. N. L. ae ; Panrtu, ZACHAR 1A C. Orchidaceele din Roménia. Bucuresti, 1915. (Given by the American Museum of Natural History.) RECHNAGEL, ARTHUR BERNARD. The forests of New York state. New York, 1923. (Given by Mr. George P. Brett. Riwtey, HEnry Nicwocas. The flora of the enee ainiae Vol. 2.— Gamopetalae. London, 1923. (Given by Dr. Britton.) acca Fr ro rs esas d'agriculture ou dictionnaire dversel @agricu ulture. Vols. 3-8. Paris, 1783-1 89. (Given by Mrs He len L. Fairchild.) rots DE BoMARE, JACQUES CHRISTOPHE. Dictionnaire raisonné uni- pig ee naturelle. Ed. 4. Vols. 1-8. Lyon, 1791. (Given by . Helen L. Fairchild. Views, chiefly im oe tanical Garden, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, made by F. Lamson- Scribner, 1928. (Given by Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner.) Booxs PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL GARDEN UGUST, 1923, (in part AFZELIUS, ADAM. De rosis suecanis. Ten -1r. Upsaliae, eee AGarDu, Jakow Georc. Species, genera et eae peel Vols. 1-, 6. Lundae, 1848-' Alton, WILLIAM. Hortus kewensis. 3 vols. London, 1789. American academy of arts and sciences. Memoirs, new series. Vols. 1-11. Cam ridge, 1833- Archives des sciences Phsigue et naturelles. Période 2, Vols. ce a ei 3, Vols. 1-34; Période 4, Vols. 1-45; Période 5, Vols. Gen 1860-1920. BentHAM, GEORGE. Description of some new genera and species of tropical eguminosae, ee don, 1865. BERCHTOLD, FRIEDRICH VON. Oekonomisch-technische Flora Bohmens. 2 vols. Prag, 1836-39. 47 BERNOULLI, Cart Gustav. Die cd iia der Schweiz. Basel, 1857. BLANCHARD, RaPHasL. De la nomencla: igh € de. . étres organtsés. _ Paris, 1889. Sasi Cart Lupwic. M de [Bata- Monographie Bovina, Epwono PIERRE. Flora orientalis. 5 vols.andsupplement. Basi- leae, 1867-8: Borne ae Tie Epouarp. Recherches sur les gonidies des lichens. eae ] Botanical gazette. Vol: 1-68. Chicago, 1906-19. Botani. aie Tosh on 1-41. Berlin, 1874-1913. BrivEL-B SAMUEL ELIs&E von. Bryologia universa; seu systematica ee perenne omnium muscorum frondoso: 2 vols. Lipsiae, 20-27. RIQUET, JOHN Isaac. Monographie du ae canioae Pees 1893. BROMFIELD, Ale ats pete ae ve ale ition ee the a Zt th Pas of W on- don, 1856. Brown, ROBERT. Prodromus florae Novae Hollandiae et insulae Van-Diemen. ol. 1, Londini, 181 BrtiGcer, CHRISTIAN Grore. Mittheilungen mee neue und kritische Formen ‘er Biindner- und Nachbar-Floren. cape 18. Burnat, EmiLe, & GREMLI, AUGUST. Gen a revision du groupe des i 87. CANDOLLE, ALPHONSE Louis Prenre Pyramus DE. Histoire des sciences et des savants t depts deux sete Pe 1873. les végétaux. Paris, 1880. Cannoute, pee STIN PyRAM lection de mémot: al hi. 'u régne végétal, is. 828-3: "Memes sur la fa camille pie Légumincuss Paris, ee éve, 18 a famille des ———— Thiorie ‘dementaire de la bota: ani Pari is, Catalogue of fi een ee Hf London, iswick. London Cuotsy, JacouEs DENIS. Convtelocene orientales. _ Genéve, 1834.) ———.. Prod a” Hypéri Paris, CLos, eee Monographie de la préfoliation dans ses rapports avec les ivers degrés de la classification, Toulouse, 1870. Contribution & Vé: nies ae la reconstitution des vignobles 1-3. (No. 1 by Jean J B Burnat and . ; nos. 2,3 by Jean Burnat.) Genéve, 1910-13. Cosson, pes Sant Cua RLES, & GERMAIN: DE See pare Nae Nicovas Erne: de la flore d Ed. 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Vratislaviae, 1832 NEILL, PATRICK, E h h if Flander Hi F in th f 18. airbus, "1823 / NeiwreicH, Aucust. Kritische der bisher aehira Arten, Formen und Bastarte der ( Gattung petal (Vienna, 1871. Abataen CERIstIAN GOTTFRIED. Monogr ‘aphia de Potentilla. Parisiis, 1816. av der wichtigsten deutschen OERSTED, ANDERS SAND: r Pt ilze, lees und Alg Bee, ea utsche, vermehrie Ausgab e von ve Grisebach & J. Ri eae Leipzig, Deere alka botanische Zeitschrift. Vols. 10~66. Wien, 1860-1916. 50 PaMPANINI, RENATO. Astragalus alopecuroides Linneo (em. Pampanint) irenze, 1907. aa a El quas aestaie a. 1873 in Crna git Dr. J. Pancic. Bea PamarOn, Farr she pono Joa ere 1839. Pax, Soe Beitrag zur Kon niniss be Ovulums von ” Primula elatior a eae Soce Breslau, PETROVIC, Sava. dimen ia ad foram agri nyssant. Ba ee 1885, PIROLA, Grotto ANDREA. syllabus. Po Ni i . Paris, 74. PrepA, AGILULFO. Contributo allo studio delle Narctssee italiane. Firenze, 1896. PRIVAT, ERNEST. 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Calcutta, Sainr-HIvarre, Avaustin FRANGOIS C&SAR pees DE, & Moguin: ON, CHRISTIAN Horace oe a ED. Premier mémotre ur ta famille ee Polyealé es. [Paris eee FRANz, ‘pecimen gion ae eee phaenogamarum in Styria sponte crescentium. nae, 180) ScHarrer, Lup EMANUEL finer uis critica lichenum europaeorum. ScHAUER, Jou AD. Monographia Myrtacearum xerocarpicarum. Sectio 1. Enea aioe 1841 ScHIMPER, WILHELM PHILIPP. Vols. 1, 2. Stuttgartiae, oie Sis muscorum ies upacetaws Ed. 2. 51 SCHLEICHER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH. Catalogus hucusque absolutus omnium plantarum in Helvetia Cis- et Transalpina sponte nascentium. (Ed. 2.] Bex Helvetiae, ‘ ———. Catalogus h se 4 Ed. 4. Camberii, 1821. SCHMIDT, FRIE H. Reisen m Am r-Lande und auf der Insel Sachalin. T Botanischer Theil. St. ar aia 1868. SCHNETZLER, JOHANN BALTHASAR. Entretiens : sur la botanique. Lausanne et ey, 18 ScHort, Heinrica WILHELM. Prod: is Aroid Vindobonae 1860. ScHROTER, Cari JoserH. Das Pflanzenleben der Alpen. Ed. 2. Lief. 1 Ziirich, 1923. ScHuMANN, Kart Moritz. Untersuchungen tiber die Rhizocauleen. Berlin, 1893. ScHUMANN, Kart Moritz, & HoLtrunc, Max. Die Flora von Kaiser Wil- helms Land. oo es .] ScHWARZENBACH, Untersuchungen uber die Sterilitét von Cardamine ifera (L.) Caats aan Annahme eines Hybriden Ursprungs dieser Art. Jena, 1922. Scuwsxnsx. aa Aus der Geschichte der Culturpflanzen. Zwei Vortrige. Basi — fai gentypen der Flechtengonidien. Basel, SeRGUSEFF, Bt GUERITE. Contribution a la ee sine i“ la biologic des —— macées. Genéve, 1907. SERINGE, NIco! ee ARLES. Mémoire sur la famille des Cucurbitacées Candolle sur la place de la ) e Note mille re hei lacées. fam Genéve, 18. SIMMLER, GUI onographie . oie Saponaria. Wien, 1 SPINNER, HENRI La anatomic foliaire des Carex suisses. Neuchat oe STaP . Die botanischen Breen dur Polak'schen Expedition nach Persien im Jahre 1882. Wien, 1885. STEBLER, it fe Genéve, 85. eae MIcHELE. Essai sur la géographie physique et botanique d de Naples. Naple 27. daar Laceave. PIERRE MARGUERITE Epovarn. Essai monographique sur les Dianthus des Pyrenées frangaises. Perpignan [1881.] TREUINFELS, LEO ue Cirsien Tirols. (Innsbruck, 1875.] Van TIEGHEM, PHILIPPE Epovarp Léon. Tratté de botanique. Vols. 1, 2. Paris, 1884. VIERHAPPER, FRIEDRICH. Entwurf eines neuen Systemes der Coniferen. Jena, 1910. WALLACE, ALFR: ssEL. La sélection naturelle; iraduits . . . par Lucien de Conal Paris, 1872. bila tacts THEODOR VON. Bericht tiber botanische Ausstellung ten vom II. ae 25. Juni, 1905. Wien, 1906, Warterens ae RICHARD VON. Beitrag zur Flora Albaniens. Cas: 52 Wimmer, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH HEINRICH. sata von Reine eee Vo ae 6s elects Anthei ils. Pete 1. RL HERM. Albee aes s. Gen néve et Bale, ZIMMERMANN, Friepricw. Die Adventiv- und Ruderalflora von Mannheim, Ludwi: sai Mis und _ Pfata nebst den oe einheimischen Bliten- oflanzen nnheim, 1907. Members of the Corporation Dr. Robert Abbe James B. Fo Fritz Achelis Childs Frick Edward D. Adam: Prof. W. J. Gi Charles B. eats Daniel Guggenheim Vincent Astor Murry Guggenheim F. L. Atkins race Harding J. Ho: Na W. Auchincloss J. Montgomery Hare ge F. Baker easy 3 or hha Re shen Baker R. A. Ha: Henry de Forest Baldwin ey “ alan und. S r Prof. Charles P. Berkey Joseph P. Hennessy Eugene P. Bicknell ea G. Hodenpyl C. K. G. Billings rt M. Huntington George Blumenthal ae Iselin George P. Brett Dr. Walter B. James George S. Brewster Walter Jennings Prof. N. L. Britton Otto H. Kah Prof. Edw. S. Burgess _ Prof. James F. “nee i=} Prof. C. F. Chandler Iph Lewisohn Hon. W. A. Clark Ken “aie ce Macken C. A. Coffin V. aa Marin Le Brun Cooper Edgar i Mic Paul D. Cravath W. J. Matheson James W. Cromwell George McAneny Charles Deering John L. Merrill Henry W. de ae, Ogden Mills ae W. de For Hon. Ogden L. Mills Rev. Dr. H. M ae Barrington Moo Cleveland H. Dodge J. Pierpont Morgan Samuel W. Fairchild Dr. Lewis R. Morris Marshall Field Frederic R. Newbold William B. O. Field Eben E. Olcott Prof. Henry F. Osborn ierson James R. ore a A. Plac PaaS F. Rand Johnston L. Redmond ee a Rockefeller len Roosevelt Prof. @ H. Rusby = H. H. We Bronson Winthro Grenville L. Winthrop Members of the Advisory Council Mrs. George A. eee Mrs. Delancey Kane Mrs. Robert Bac Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel Miss Elizabeth Bilis Mrs. a = Lee Mrs L. Bri M Mrs. Andrew Cass Mrs. V. Everit. Macy Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Mrs. Pierre Mali Miss Elizabeth Hamilton Mrs. Henry Marquand Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Mrs. George W. Perkins Mrs. Robert C. Hill Mrs. Harold I. Pratt Mrs. Walter Jennings Mrs. Wm Kelly Prentice Mrs. Bradish Johnson Mrs. William A. Read Mrs. James Roosevelt Mrs. Benson B. Sloan Mrs. Samuel Sloan Mrs. Edw. T. H. Talmage Mrs. Henry O. ee Mrs. John T. Ter: Mrs. W. G. ae Mrs. Cabot Ward Mrs. F. de R. Wissman Honorary Members of the Advisory Council Mrs. E. Henry Harriman Mrs. James A. Scrymser Mrs. John I. Kane Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes GENERAL INFORMATION some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden | y our hundred acres of beautifully chee land in the northern part of the City of New York, throu gh whi a flows the Bronx River. A native hemlock _ the dee. j ti li | it shrubs, and flowering a Rapes a thousands of plan te including a beautiful ed eae, a rock garden of rock-loving | plants, and fern and herbaceous garden pepe containing thousands * interesting plants from America and foreign countri a Hebei shows throughout the year—in the spring, pe and autumn dis- lays of narcissi, daffodils, fui irises, peonies, roses, lilies, ater-lilies, gladioli, dahlias, a nd chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of green housestiaaaaiil plan seum, poaeaining aya of fossil plants, existing plant families, local ~ plants cecutr ine ne hundred miles of the City of New York, and the e economic uses of iaigeniel comprising more than one million specimens of American and - foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West nae Central ane =e uh | vey u study end ees nee th 4 of ou tne _ libr: peril a Sota literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and num- erous pamph' ee ou on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing chroughoiti 4 d the i ue cations ah botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly _ of popular, inter q The education : school ebilip cd ais. ne a irate ga the above features” orticult The (Garden i is dependent upon an annual ane by the City of New York, private benefactions and membership fe It possesses now nearly two thousand members, and conceal for membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are: Benefactor. . . . . . . . . . . single contribution $25,000 Patron - oo... . « « . . Single contribution 5,000 FellowforLife oo 2, Suv hee single contribution 1,000 Member for Life. . . . . . . . . single contribution 250 Fellowship Members.> ©. 09.) 2 sas peer fee 100 Sustaining Member . . . . . . . . annual fee nual Member . . . . . annual fee 10 The following is an cae fan of bequest: i I hereby bequeath to The Ne pa bi dail Garden t incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 286 of 1897, th sum of — All requests for further rte should be sent to THE NEw York BotanicaL GARDEN 7 BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY ‘ VOL. XXV Marca, 1924 No. 291 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE LAND WHERE SPRING MEETS AUTUMN Joan K. SMALL RUBBER PLANTS A. B. Stout PUBLIC LECTURES DURING APRIL NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 8 West Kinc STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN | BOARD OF MANAGERS Freperic S. Leg, President James F, Kemp Henry W. DE Forest, Vice Adare ApoLtra# LEWISOHN F. K. Stureis, Vice Presiden KENNETH K. MACKENZIE Joun L. MERRILL, Treaster W. J. MATHESON N. L. Britton, Pea BARRINGTON MoorE Epwarp D. ADA 16 HENRY DE rouse BALDWIN Lewis ae ata oe NicHoLtas Murray BuTLER FREDERIC R. NEWB Pau D. CRAVATH CHARLES F. RAND ROBERT W. DE FoREST HERBERT Me ie CuiLps Frick Henry H.R WiLiiaM J. GIES GEORGE J. Ry: Ae . A. HARPER ALBERT R. SHATT JosEPH P. HENNESSY tates Rover” “Depp Joun F. Hyan, ae soe of the City of New Y Francis Dawson GALLATIN, President of fhe Dobariien of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman JaMEs F. Kemp, Sc. a ) 510%; NicHoLAs Murray But-er, Pu. D., FReDEric S. LEE, PH. nam D. L. D., Litt. D. HERBERT M. Renan, Sc. D. WituraM J. Gres, Px. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D GEoRGE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF ‘N. L. Britton, Pa. D.,Sc.D.,LL.D. . . . mes a Chief Marsa. A. Howe, Pu. D., "Sc. Diese Assistant pe Joun K. SMALL, Pu. Di Se. Das tiem eee " Head Curator o of 1 (AC? B: StourisPa Dis Seo) Soh een Director of the Labor mae ories RjASMURRILE (PH. Diss iat ein neers "Supervisor a ees Instruction PA. RYDBERG) BaD oe oe ena Curator IH. A} GLEASON; PRD 05) e035 Oia ie ced ee er Curate Frep J. SEAVER, Pu. D. PIE asin See ST a athe i 2 Curator ArtTuurR Hottick, Pu. D. ea tee pia NE gaa esa ie eR er i Percy WILSON . : ee a ya ee ted sSoctate er tEaE PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL . . . . . . Associate Curator JoHN HENDLEY Loa a M., MOD A) che hee eae Bibliographer SaraH H. Hartow, A.M... . Librarian He HsgIeUSBY, Vley Don dee oar Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections EuizABETH G. BRITTON. . . . Ho a wean Curator of rr | MARY, Es CATONDE i hea pir kart! ok ok on Sn ii ae Artist KENNETH Ri BoyNTON; B: Ss.) :.) yee Head Gardener ROBERT) Sy) WIDLIAMS } 3. leads, Wie is cate a eae "Administrative Assistant Hester M. Rusk, A.M... .. . Technical Assistant H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D.. . Honorory Custodian of Tinea! Herbarium EB. SOUTHWICK, PH. Dea 2428 Custodian fe Beatie Grounds JOHN GR VO RINGEN, (oils... i eepie meaning Landscape Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK. ... . "Cle rk a a Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT . st A ae Superintendent’ of here te Grounds ALTER CHARLESH YE i ay Museum Custodtan -yunay 942 Jo aseq aya AVAL St (P7OpI PLGOYIES |) 2AHO~PIES ‘aqersosse jeaides] Apoom yo *punoi3 oy} uo [ler] sayouesq axl-UELINeS ay} JO sues, ‘iqey esNYIP sy) ournsse Suappru Suroqysieu Pue siq] UO SxVO-aAT] SY} Jo ISO], [j2us UreE]S Pp [124s Jesho jo [10s & ut 1 6934} B 10 BUIA @ palaplsuod eq (pupusa snasanQ) YeO-sAl] Burlpavads plo ayy pnoys—"epriojy ‘Ja]Uy ownbsoyy jo yqz0u Say uo__wappru-uayo1P}—punoy uaa UD Nadav ‘IVSINVLOG MYO. MAIN AHL JO TwNyno[ Sgz ALVIg JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Vol. XXV March, 1924 No. 291 THE LAND WHERE SPRING MEETS AUTUMN A Recorp oF EXPLORATION IN FLORIDA IN DECEMBER, 1921 By holding the right hand out flat in a vertical plane with the thumb down, it vie readily be seen why Florida has been re ferred to as ‘the mb of the United States.” The eegraphie position of this a is, in fact, singularly interesting A meridian of longitude passing through Flonda div ides meri latitude Ai through the Desert of Sahara, Arabia, the south- ern peninsulas of Asia, ine, northern Micronesia, Lower California, and northern Mexic Florida, largely as a result of ae peculiar geographic a ae of its phy eae a a ms peculiarly from a botani- cal standpoint, ju the mb functions differently from “the rest "7 the hand, ae its Revs are quite distinct from those of any other State in the Un Within its political boundaries man y-clemenis of ue fone a oe ee aeeioe and of the with an meuencive endemic flora. Sete there are instances ce the same species, native or naturalized, or closely related nes, occur both in Florida and in the ee of corresponding lngide si cae mentioned abov rthermore, the usual vernal oe of some of our com- mon coastwise eee is really autumnal in peninsular Florida. 53 54 Botanically, winter = seliomnated ences “The Land where pring meets Autumn.’ rawn southward by the great floral magnet of that land of perpetual bloom, George K. Small and the writer set out for the The following narrative and plant notes are the results of about 1 four weeks’ exploration on land and water, made possible by the personal interest of Mr. Charles Deering. orth of the hills of Maryland and ese however, with several kinds pines (Pinus virginiana, P rigida, P. Taeda ach veto or in view. Patches and banks of various shades of red and yellow our- gums (Nyssa), and the sweet-gums idambar), here lent variety to view, but the O were set ag e bre backgro of the various pi As was the case earlier in the un ni season at the North, the colors were not so brilliant as usual, a condition resulting, perhaps, from the prolonged drought of the preceding season. the deeper swamps with their more tempered conditions the Cassi aupon t ike at Christmas time. The holly last mentioned fur: 55 ished the black drink of the early American Indians.' Its : ote interior, to the coast for the sole purpose of gathering a supply of the leaves. It was called eaves) by the Creeks and long served as a valued article of trade. The only oa acetal ate to attract one’s attention north of Georgia was a mem of the vast thistle family, a kind of beggar’s-tick (Bidens) ae yellow heads of flowers which brightened the pools and ditches. South of the Altamaha River n Georgia a plant of the Sie aes bees a purple lupine (Lu- ae Nuttallit) was in flowe of the sandy hillsides. This species is the ees: a our more es and larger Lu ae perennis. ere surprised to find a dearth of plants in flower in Pe ais Florida. Recent frosts, however, had interrupted the winter flowering of most of the plants, even ie common and averblooming weeds being few and far bet From THE Saint Marys To CAPE SABLE After arriving at Jacksonville we made our way back to Saint Marys in the southeastern corner of Georgia, for the purpose of n Florida. As is the case in most of the species of Ona ia, the young spines are pale, in this case yellowish, but later on they turn reish-brown and then brown. Associated with this mae amas as our r smallest one—the crowfoot prickly-pear kin like nee where a number of cedar-trees that survived the axe of the pencil-maker stood. Curiously enough, the little prickly- } This should not, however, be paises with the present-day “ black- drink" of the root of an eryngo pian synchaetum. 56 pear was found only close to the bases of the trunks of the cedars. The existence of this fragile-jointed cactus there was doubtless due to the protection from grazing animals and coastal winds ks. t pine- lands a mal eas ie em) sae its twisted slender spikes of da nl ew Ore (Polygata nana), with i esky How see es ge appeared egal y. other - plants n bloo: the ee plant (Sabbatia ee blue-lobelia (Lobelia dauada en-aster (Chrysopsis graminifolia), and tickseed (Coreopsis een. There were large swamps ong the way with an almost a growth of the loblolly bay = ® ct, om ® ® act eh 4 These swam spring when the large Ganelia like flowers of the bay are open. Even in midwinter they are not without decorative effect, for any of the trees are co ee overrun with the es laurel- company with the bay were giant plants, as ee as one’s head, of the cinnamon-fern ae cinnamomea) which, in oe of the season, was in full ‘flower’ and very p ccount fort can be rea ee ‘a. We did not get ae than the dunes and eas i Th i presented an unusual appearance. The recent storm had whip- ped off most of the oak | instead of the usual banks of greenery, i areas ot piers massed gray myriad 57 branchlets of the oaks—appeared as far as the eye could see. ying tl quent rains, combined to bring forth fungi. We observed more specimens of this group of plants in that December than we had seen in nearly twenty years combined. A little time was devoted to the vicinity of the old nna of ae ae which lies to the northward of the present tow The dunes facing the river and marshes support ie ee growth of a large prickly-pear similar i in habit to t naa one gr ‘owing Pp of how far one can safely depend upon local information, at least as regs lant life. wy shrubs were in bloom and in fruit, both wild d L. Sellow America and named ‘the diesueree: The former has vari- ously re neve ranging | from yellow to red and purple; the latter Both aed pian grew intimately intermixed with the large cactus referred to abov The tempering effect of the a eeieee waters and marshes was shown by the numerous weeds ies oom ee e. oo e€ idence—amon, s (Cass and C. occtd: ano. aa allow a pean he wild helio. trope (Cochranea Tin eaeoliey. and heterotheca (Heterotheca is). t , sago-palm cas), lilies (Crinum), poin- settia (Poinsettia), oleander (Neriwm), camphor (Camphora), Madeira-vine i emiaaien banana (Musa), begonias a wi Da These preliminary excursions being Bee ned: we set out 58 for one of our main objectives, namely, Cedar Keys. A rain storm set in, but our drive from Ja acksonville to Saint Augustine, through an almost flowerless country, wa’ therwise uneventfu d Between Saint Augustine and Palatka the eae and t landscape often quite duplicated those n of Jacksonville 2 Sai J a a different kind of countr re was a succession of blackja dges, ‘‘scrub,’’ savannahs, and high pineland The floristics we ery different from t on the eastern side of - iver. More than a dozen pl. ‘i fey quite s, many of them show bloom. There were goldenrods (Solidago), ns a. fobeline awe meadow-beauties (Rhexia), and tickseed (Coreopsis). crossed narrow stretches of the rub” that a a northward continuation of the great area of “scrub” lying west of Lake George and which comprises t 1 mock growt of hammock co: sa of live e-oak trees. On the sandy hills t-forming p. hoxalis corniculata), a rple-flowered tick-trefoil (Meibomia triflora), and a portulaca ase pilosa). A prostrate prickly- pear (Opuntia laia) with red clavate fruits was present. It was i the i i the country a peculiar aspect after one is ot to traversing the densely palm-inhabited pers oF the oe 1 Journal of The New Yor 21: 28-32. 59 An introduced endogen—Natal-grass (Tricholaena)—so c mon in the southern part of the State, has established itselt in the Roneea region. With the horizontal rays of the setting kin sun two of Pisa colored flowers were particularly ake u0u i me a rose-purple foxglove (Agalinis), the other a ee lobelia. Both plants are inhabitants of low forward in He ame oe Wi “over the me" near Gainesville just after sundown, and, continuing on toward the w pat coast as far as nos the next te renoon found us en route to Cedar Key The third of the way lay over a series of eee k nies and pine- The greatest of the swamps, the Gulf Hammock, has been the source of the red- oe for the lead-pencil industry for several g i d also a mecca for the mighty hunter of both small and large game. Three kinds of palms—the cabbage-tree, the e ite behind on pus caster coas ocks bac e of o ae Oia, hickories (Hiceria), eagle (Magvalia), eveee: -gum (Liguidam sa Binge ( oe a) willow: a two p a. a2 repens), two mallows (Sida cordifolia and Abutilon permolle), and 60 two cacti (Opuntia mat and O. Drummondit), our — and smallest kinds, respectively, of prickly-pears. hese mounds are very ancient, ace i.e., finished before rae oldest trees of = made up o ~ o im in = o + B ss = a a ct Sr oD » b = _ © ta © =i a is] o © ae an the saffron-plum Gina a and the saw-palmetto (Sabal repens). A shell- a up near the delta of the Suwanee River was the next ma: This, Cees was the site of an Indian Il as in i ro) n of Florida me is Poeigherel as “Indian town.” It faces Suwanee Sound and has a maximum elevation of about twenty-five a above the water. oe main eee he our search was coontie (Zamia), and we found i stepped ashore from our boat. The species is pee ieee a it mixture of oyster-shells and sand. Single plants were found to have at least a dozen branches, in spite of the fac es these plants are commonly described as simple-stemmed. under- ground parts were of sufficient size to fill a real old- pee bushel basket. This, like many other coastal! shell-middens— ial geologi at in the northern and the s outhern parts of the peninsula—harbors a cul n. i The various kinds were evidently planted there through the ages by silat! bir Nee xample, in this present case we found on the one hand the ae ee fruited Indian-cherry eo renee ana), which ranges down from the mountains, and o 61 the tropical red-fruited wild-coffee (Psychotria sain and the white-fruited snow-berry (Chiococca racemosa rthermore, instead of growing erect or high- mae as they do further ed both of the tropical shrubs te ane ace attractions ee foe as well as of the m will cause the chest to shift out of reach, and when unearthed again it will repeat its peregrinations. One ingenious native, however, conceived a method which he believed would be suc- sfu dal t boiler and re: d end ce! procure -boler moved one en Thus prepared, he planned to clap the boiler over the chest and thus prevent its esca owever, he ma ng job, pe. e the edge of the boiler touched the chest before it was secured and the chest shifted. The boiler lies there today, awaiting the manipulations of a more dexterous ages or. n the meantime the floristics of the middens remain the most interesting feature—to some of us, at least. Our object being complished, we eka our cE pOurse as a as the heats of We sane paralleled, spohaps the old trail of Pie panish a adventurer Panfilo rvaez, who traversed that region four ee ago. Iti rei to say that we saw neither marks of his expedition nor an re gold or silver than Narvaez di However, as in the case oe ee shell-middens, the floristics ar enticing and in a season th ter Id i vestigation t ; e 1 s in flo the pinelands, the bright-purple and fragrant Carphephorus cory hi s much vegetation in e, ever; it was dorman rm of rosettes of perennial and bien nial plants. Besides the highland plant associations, there were ponds c he T, On ac fo) gra r a tea less cypress trees and the gray Flo ja moss, were ae 62 We were not long in reaching the Withlacoochee at the settle- ment of Inglis here isited an a inal b oun a are ee n the ie of the river. Like other burial unds it supported a growth of trees which were as old is seen ae trees of the neighborhood and ar larger. Our p n to explore th , nine miles from rae were frustrated pease: we were taken to be federal revenue agents. We could not find a friend in that region! Specimens ve zamia were eee on the middens at the mouth of the river nearly a century ago, and the mounds aving to be satisfied with alors of a aie ine of being able to reach the mouth of the river at a future time, we at once ushed on southward with Cael River as ous objective. many kinds of deciduous shrubs and trees. These inland ham- mocks have little in common with those along the coast. They are devoid of the characteristic tropical elements. It is true more northern plan uch as iron-wood (Carpinus), hickory (Hicoria), bate sa Cie. and partridge-berry (Mitchella) abounde The uieneae of eae River is at the head of the estuary of that stream about ten miles from Crystal Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. The inha’ ee are mostly engaged in the fish and H Shellof fish’’ industry, and in addition to this there is a large cedar a cil-wood factory. t is often surprising (aside, of course, from epiphytes) how little sai is really necessary to support plant growth. Very e alluvium of river banks. The ee is ine as ou often a i (Sabina) banked against the masses of the paler green nee tree. Half way down the river, on the northern side, is a large s hell- midden, called “Spanish Mound.” It is extensive and stands between twenty-five and thirty feet high. It is built up in the hammock on the edge of the marsh several hundred feet 63 away from the river. The native flora of the mound is much nds at Ce the same as that of the mounds at Cedar Keys—herbaceous plants being e and exotics wan the isolation of the und h g preserved its ive plant coveri re we ound two kinds of Zamia; the widespread species of the State, Z. integrifolia, was plentiful, and a Wes ian kind, media, ‘as a close The latter plant is larger in every way than he low river margins were lined with ie ital arrowhead Sa ieeee bese es ia), and on the 1's an of water-le ware (Pistia) fae water- eae (Pi ‘iaropus), some with ce sails down and quite oo others with their sails up and moving on with each vagran breeze. The ae mounds at Hie pees of Crystal River lacked the e ‘Spanish Mound,” but the lower woody plant-covering was r aa The two kinds of zamia were there and grew luxuriantly. numerous leaves of Zamia media, the larger plant of the tw ecies, were often as tall as o ad mmock growth t caroliniana f- mississipp ), sumac (Rhus obtusifolia), and mock-orange (Laurocerasus hae e apparently persistent natu e the papaya (Carica Rac the lemon (Citrus Limo iy a the lime oe Lim Upon our return to the ettlement Cnet River we set out for the old eae nt of een which is situated on the estuary of the Homosassa River, the next stream south of 64 Crystal River. Black-jack ridges and aes extend for several miles south of Crystal River. Only two plants were in the hardw hickories (Hicoria), and eee eches (Carpinus) were con- i Many trees were felled by eee recent hurricane. iin d m tree trunks were eltei cca laden with ferns, such as the usually tall and associated with them m was a ieee growth of palms. The three kinds of pal cabbage- tree, saw-palmetto, needle-palm—grew such exceptional ees that they imparted an fee aspect to the ham ock. n our return to Crystal River we turned eastward toward Inverness on Lake Tsala Apopka. Rolling country, the ridges alternately marked off with either the blackjack or turkey-oak igh ously oS wi the “Flo rida~-moss (Dendro eho in spite of the fact that it is commonly believed and recorded that this epiphyte is ee indicative of wet places. We called at the ' Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 21: 45. 65 pele chai described in a ea paper, along the Withla- coochee r Pineola, in order to get a supply of fern spores for starting ae of the rarer ae in the Deering hammock at Cutler. maller plants of the fern-grottoes are humus-lovers. the limest Stas depois a covers li ne wherever it is not washed a ns. The little i pease (Tradescantella) and the ares ee (Ponthieva) and some of the herbs and ere in flower and in fruit. The different methods of h : lettuce Pisti float on the Tho ose of os wild. oe ali. tary canal al he spinescent fruits ellow-mal a tributed by adhering to the fur or feathers of animals, not b’ spines, however, o ee a very viscid coating: Setting out for the western coast a e went of Brooksville to visit the only ie for a fern, the West Indian bracken (Blechnum occidentale), known this side of the Gulf Stream. The patch of the fern comprises only about fifty square feet. Our a rare species have short rootstocks a leaves that often lie flat m the ground. ee Brooksville we set out westward for the Gulf of Mexico. ra distance of four miles west of Brooksville there are high Natal-grass. About nine miles out ee (Ceratiola) ap- 1 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 21: 32- 66 peared in the pinelands and within two miles there is ‘‘scrub.” At the Westra edge of the “scrub,” wher re it anit on a black- jac ri e, resh wate: r— sonatas Bake ng. In the adjacent aera? two woody by groups of the cabbage-tree and t palm and even by colonies of one of the long- leat By Pin Blt). a - immediate aren region zam luxuri. for: notice, the ee e had obs ne since iene the re con eg1o0 arly or tke all a plant-associations mentioned above were traversed in we drove pag tate near the coast. it tion appeared bloom; the knotw ca (Thssonela rebut) a — Cees frac) alain the owe ese occu T: fact, wi Sd no traces of it in pthe Fincliae Lacie where i would be expected, d plan from south of the pate ae region. Sad evidences of the recent storm were only too conspicuous a s they were recorded in the hammoc ris. action of the recent winds in a cant manner. The windward half of each fruit tree showed very pale-green, owing to the tender new foliage that had begun to nite the leaves which had been igi because some of the force of the wind had been spent on the windward side of the tree. Night ee us in Saint Petersburg, where we had the codp- eration oe local botanist, Mrs. Katherine B. Tippetts. weed, par excellence, of Saint Petersburg is our most recently poeaices rattlebox (Crotalaria Saltiana); it is ubiquitous. 67 Growing with it, eerie was the hae mallow we had found at Cedar Keys 5 an nd a tal River. The dunes of Long e aaa: Le qs of the Miami region were found to be very oody beaieaes was composed almost wholly of oe = ce and tre Much in evidence were the e an wer tickseeds (Coreopsis Leavenworthit), the e-sunflower (Helianthus debilis), and goldenrod (Selidago onus), The low pinelands about Saint Petersburg indic: ate he roa h the Florida ade la to the eastern coast. Showers during the night had cleared the atmosphere and the deep blue of the sy, the ae Breen o the pines, and the bughe green of the palm f unforgettable beauty as we drove up the Pinellas Peninsula. There we re- crossed, evidently near the present site of es the trail of Narvaez, who, in 1528, went inland ther arvaez, like most of the Spanish Eypeai cone, was in quest of gold or other treasure. By the time he reached the present : ; : sub- nts and eee the pie -pears and the palms, as the following been will show e Journey of Alvar Nufiez Cabeza de Vaca. Translation by A. F. ae 1905. 68 “Without finding anything eee to eat but palmettos [Saw- palmetto] like those of Andalusia.’’—Page 19. After which time they would remove to another section in F : ceo ;-pears. red and black, and taste very good. o three months they exist upon them exclusively, . . .”—Page “Their best times are when ‘ tunas’ fone: pears] are ripe, ae they have plenty to eat, When dried es are put in eaves like figs and kept to be eaten on the — s old record refers also to an aa of pine trees so char- ia : Florida, and to trees with n In ation a spring j still eal onthe distant by the necessary by washouts resulting from the recent storms reached Tampa, Lani is situated in a country too long settled and too thoroughly cleared of its deter ia to be of much interest from a floristic standpoint. This region was el t woods in earlier d ere the coontie (Zamia integrifolia), which is still occasionally in evidence, fir lected on the western coast during the Seminole wars. There, 0, rossed a + historic trail—th e Soto, who landed near the mouth of the present Manatee River a decade a Narvaez land ar the present Clearwater and stru ridges. In the midst of the lake region one of the many showy plants that adorn the desert-like sands, in season and sometimes out of it, the shrubby lupine (Lupinus diffusus) was observed. “SUISLIOOLL J9]UM YILM ‘x vads 0} OF ‘UI907 USO SojoYy 19IBM AG], “OUIYSUNS PUe Ne r0J JNO aav Soy) Ud UOLPaJOId Pur dpLYs qavd way} o.18 syre}-ye9 oy) aPYM ‘sorva, yop-1oyivds ayy Jopun gaye OY) UT d4ndas sar Av suBlIMes dy] ‘sjunvY aIOAL] asoy) UT : “ ‘ Jae de 3 I t 1* F a bor setae Foal Pade F Tee P f N 170} ba, Y—'ePHopy “o.) apr ‘ysounuey w 69 The plants then in evidence were mostly stragglers ai the preceding flowering season. The species is noted for its silvery- gray foliage, its racemes of sky-blue flowers and its white-fluffy ods. In Saar watershed wet hammocks and cypress ponds —. frequent. On the tussocks, aside from the elegant Carolina-aster ee Cara ana), owe: more humble plants were in bloom. Each represen rganized family in Melbourne on the Indian River just as t ae ae ght Sunrise foun ur way down the eastern coast The notice of Sete Hew spring, although ee te apene ies of the calendar the advent of winter was at s given by the yellow t f the spruce-pine ecPinn aie Along the Indian River and Saint Jace Soun e he tbaceous Vv ceca tion of the sand. almost a toa ical winter-bloomers, such as the golde n-aster oe T. usta). h oR se a 3 Ss = < = & & ~ 5 a wn = ° 5 a 5 me oo ~ = ‘2 ty FS 3 is = & 7: 3 > 2. 0 pas ; were a white boneset Diesel jucundum) and a golden-aster (Chrysopsis Tracyt). Four weeks ae they tai beaaeaaiie rom the flor. t the eastern coast, and naturally so, for its dispersal is accom- ' Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 24: 32-33 70 plished in two ways, by the wind which spreads broadcast ae winged fruits and by birds which are ee a the ae as easily removed from the fragile-walled f ar Jen: came upon the large mallow ae bunion rvdifolium) ce we ound at Cedar Keys and at ot above the first record of the Cee of that species on the nee coast. Like the orale Salt bana), this species — natural do 1 bef ze as ae ae of the state. South of the Saint Lucie Rivera eared in the landscape. The pinelands often showed areas of pu rple false hound’s-tongue (Trilisa panicu- hi — interrupted by the es flowers of the pickerel- eed (Pontederia cordata), t rose-pink of the rsh-pink (Saat ae ia and the eects yellow of the milkwort (Polygala cymosa). e were soon in the great ancient sand-dunes in the eae of Hobe Sou The typical arboreous growth of the dunes, the spruce-pine (Pinus clausa), is gradually ee but with progressive rapidity. It would seem that this typical ‘scrub’ was not free from the invasi n prehistoric times; no doubt it suffered fr the fires started bo ry iunderbor and by the aborigines: With the invasion of the Seminole Their activities and methods e chase are historic matters. Lastly, the white man is ene all his predecessors in making the “‘scrub”’ a plant- associatio: e past and often a desert. The spruce-pine to fire as are the long-leaf pines. As a rule, after fire has swept ov scrub” the area remains devoid of pine trees or one of the long-leaf pines invade it and replaces the former short-leaf kind. We have observed numerous examples of this phe- . Whena leaf pine tree replaces it or grows with it, the trees are strictly erect. It was noticed in several places in the ‘scrub’? where 71 caiebpe: pine (Casuarina een a tree of course ated to t ad been pla: scraggy shrubbe ery its en mic genera, eee as the rosemary numerous to mention here, and its ee growth of nothin but the spruce-pine, is by fa ae most striking plant-association in the State. The assoc ation i is uniqu In na way i eae as: and. The hamm growt cou aaa shrubby, while the arboreous, sala of pine trees, is rela- tively gigantic. In the midst of the “scrub” one has the sen- ti e most interesting unsolved aietod in connection with the “scrub” is: why does it ee The soil—silvery white sand— of the sarah seems usually to be devoid of nourishment for plants, Seine exotics ua grow i both where planted and where sponta Tw ceedingly interesting examples of woody it grow in a dry habitat as well, as do its two ordinarily associated species just mentioned? nm the apex of the ancient dunes in the vicinity of Hobe—on the early maps “ Jobe'’"—Sound we looked down on a remarkable al i crazy quilt half dozen colors in various S re presented by either foliage or flowers, often in patches of pure growth, or, i x . e = ious as to give h green of the fo ne e a i lowed (xine, the dee 1 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 2! 72 green of the rosemary (Ceratiola), the yellow green of the woe- vine (Cassytha), the gray green of the saw-palmetto (Serenoa), the vario es of g us shai of of the several scrub-oaks (Quercus), the ei of the aii of the yellow ee (Actinospermum) and golden-aster (Chrysopsis), and the pink of the knot- weed “psa wand the white of the At upon which all the above g: ass pele ioe on the old sand-dunes south of Jupiter remarkable pealg nage of the inland cocoa-plum On the dunes from oe wis beach to where the scrubby vegeta- tion sloped up and merged into that of the hammock of the la- goon, the leaves ] bee coconut were unscathed either from the whipping of the continuous coastal wind, particularly from the saw-palmetto, showed the frayed and dead segments of the leaf- blades Eventi ng found us in Miami, where we stopped long enough to peculiar aster. It grew in ea ies—a hundred or more stems together sometimes. The were often six to eight feet tall and the ee were eae and the rays of the very numerous heads pale-purple. We were soon in one of the departments of Dante’ s “Inferno Colum describing the lost souls appearing as scraggly trees. At a dis- 73 tance the growth of pond-cypress trees gives one the impression, on account of the pale bark against the darker backgrounds, of gigantic cobwebs, mists, or large patches of fro Acl iew f the th ds of individual diminutive tree ter eason, comp he pie eae to th at in these trees are collected all the runken, and ao souls of the t shrunken past inhabitants of ele North Amiene From Bay BiscaAyNE To Key WEsT Having planned to devote a few days to the Florida Reef, we don the ‘‘Barbee”’ late one ene set out for m Ke e anchored off Elliott’s Key after ainda. The night he moon 0 me up. wind to move the clouds into Suede scenery. Below was a dead calm. Although the hull of o ae hy stood only two or three feet out of the water, in incline down it seemed to stand twelve or fifteen feet up, ct jek ra © a 3 2 yp wm ° ® = ry co ® 4 © 3 had been by night, were so asia) eae that it seemed w had the same clouds beneath us as above. Wo: aerial over hanging panoramas were ae ented on the aoe of the bays, creeks and sounds. According to the lack of marine vegetation or the presence of it there were submarine deserts or lawns and € at o categories were much in evidence: and there were often great : diminutive forests of the tufted merman’s shaving-brushes 74 poe sp.), and of the mermaid’s wine-glasses oe wats bias ca teeming with animals ranging the lowliest t There were the gay nee d tl ee sponees of all ¢ sizes and shapes, both firmly an- ch a to the bottom. The moving kinds most in evidence we: w. hich the crayfish is the most fantastic a even the a ive sea- i cuttin: r of Key Largo, prese grove trees of ndless fantastic shapes. Red grove (Rhizophora) d black-mangrove ( } are the dominant exclusive trees. Alt closely associated and growing under exact] the same influences, the red-mangrove has dependent aérial roots, pale trunk, and light green foliage; the black-mangrove has erect ae Toots (pneumatophores), dark trunk, and dark- “green ontinued foliage. eC all day. ee ards evening the weather condone change d g e mong the corals, sea-feathers and spong With the hee of ike wind the water of the shallower oe 75 became milky-white as a result of the disturbing of the marly vai ot long in reaching the largest and, botanically, the most eee of the lower keys, namely Big Pine Key. Thi: island has been ae botanical treasures for nearly a oe and the supply is not yet exhausted. Upon arriving off the eastern shore, we ee rked, went half way . the middle of the island, and thence to ane western shore. ad parts of the key support a very r as oe grow r a palms. The silver- ee th the thatch-palm (Trina microcarpa) int ermingle in an amazing manner. Th graceiul, whil t of the latter is harsh and s rowth of these palms is more remarkable when we stop to consider the habi is i e or less plate-like condition of the at. This is a mor odlitic limestone devoid of soil. The palms are practically epipetric. The sae Se elas arises either from a moun nd of roots laced directly on the fl often a circular erosion hole ee it a or quite fills. ile going up through the pine- odin lands there was much to attract the attention, at least am id partly wo oody b its aes oe yellow flowers, grew higher than one’s head. Two plants often filled the air ae their Eraerance: The homely t Pp suggesting that of the re ae ey. The yellow opoponax Va i count (Vachellia Farnesiana), conspicuous not only ac f it myriads of ye s but n account of its numerous white spines, was often almost overpow g with its violet-like secured which can often be detected ie than the shrub an be Big Pin e Key presents great asad in physical conditions and and fruits are ayn and about equal in size, about a sixteenth 76 of an inch long. That is evidently one of the localities visited fe ll er surprises presented them s befor re: dt ester N much i e kinds of the plants, but in their its. ly plants, often t ji lo- cust-berry (Byrsonima lucida), butto if (Conocarpus erecta) joe-wood (Jacquinia keyensis), saffron-plum (Bumels usti- folia), and ees anaes ac euats)iatent 0 of growing erect and large, all grev rubs, often even prostrate on the a or an of the prairie. It was late in the day ae we reached the hammocks border- ine Channel about midway between the nort thern and addit to co prickly pears “Opuntia ‘Diller and O. zebrina), by which we hru r plum (Bumelia ont, a -opoponax (Vachelliia Far- nesiana), and tallow-wood (Ximenia americana) eee ae cked k perhaps at the same time he found the Stru mbhais menti = above. We had been sea Big Pine unsuccessfully, the doubting Thomases, are coming to light again. The g 1For a biographical note, see Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 22: 51. 2 oa l redj. hould h 7; fei FI T. Simpson who found it in another Snanviocle on the western side of Big Pine a few weeks before our visit to the island 77 Clusia, ee on that key long ago, remains to be found again. Epiphytic orchids were, apparently, absent from those ham- i t. esen s we crossed back to the aa a the sun shone horizontally 1Z through the trees. The satin-leaf trees (Chrysophyllum olivae- forme), often rising above the other ie ie ocks had just left, with their 1 he breezes, app oS like great masses of flame. The ee in ie pine-palm land was striking under the horizontal rays of the e yellow- een of the thatch-palm (Thrinax) and the deep-green of the perhaps u ee rie oe else in the country is there a similar thou i in the h poe 4 find terrestr es palms. The one, the tall bletia (Bletia purpurea) with t- urple flowers, the ot he lo in-or Habenaria quin- hos sei! morning we dropped down No Name Channel ile and went ashore on ae southern extension, th Pi ey e marly ae etween the water the hammock we crossed ores es of prostrate vegetation showing all shades of green from the very pale to t amon them saltwort (Batis), beach carpet Sas aaa ce (Sesuvium), big carp lis (Trianthema), an red-sam- phire (Salicornia). The tissues oe these plants were so turgid with water that they eae as so much glass when we stepped t g' conmpound fragrance. The decided odors of the mosquito-plant (Ocimum), th ffron-plum (Bumelia), and the torchwood Amyri. ded le : The novelty yielded by this plain-hammock borderland was a prickly-pear of una roanons ips. It is an erect eplent, i TI g gray yellow—a com mbt nation unique among our mare Drickly-pears. This yellow to gray spine character is new to our flora. Neither flowers nor fruits were secured, but plants were introduced in 78 our cactus plantation at Buena Vista, where they can,be studied at leisure! Further studies were made on the new ais prickly-pear discovered there a year before. Its flowers have not yet been seen, but the fruits were secured again as pes the same urceolate and tuberculate character indicated by those found in limited quantities before.? This borderland supports a flora quite different from that of the adjoining parts of the island, particularly in the small, often very delicate kinds of plants. The plain mentioned above has a rock foundation which is which hu plant ee On Hie borderland a mixture of sand and humu 1 on the flat rock, and here we find a much i of ci est galingale (Cyperus squarrosus), with licorice-scented foliage is n ra ene each resembling a diminutive centipede, at that time of the year. A morning-glory relative (ls ee 's) made up in eu where it lacked eigh ems and branches a meter or two long radiated ale- violet or lavender saucer-shaped flowers about a quarter of an so the list m ti ithin the dense hammock few herbaceous plants were noticed. The broad-leaved or “hardwood” trees are naturally thickly placed. Hardwood ee well in this case, for most 1 Since described as Opunti Small; Britton & Rose, The Cacta- ceae 4: 262. 1923. 2 Since described as Opuntia abjecta Small; Britton & Rose, The Cactaceae 4: 257. 1923. 79 of the kinds aus as they do on solid rock and in scant humus increase in size slowly and make very firm tissue. This ee is Ses ive to the growth of the lichens which abound there. aa there are few epi hyt ic flowering plants i mmoc St. there is water on all sides, the continuous winds render too dry to permit of much epiphytic growth of the higher sean semi-desert eee in the hammock are indicated by descr: ibed 3 on e giant West Indian a ear eee so much water contained in a delicate tissue which is held up by a slight woody skeleton that is a mere fraction of the weight of the tree. Some of the basin-like pools were framed in t myriad po eek . the wild ageratum (Ageratum littorale). This growth was s mes augmented by masses of other blue flowers of the ene ines ed Cacquononta pentantha) and of false-verbena (Valerianoides jamaicensis The wild-coffee (Colubrina Colubrina) was noticed in a new e—a firewee Be e coal burners had left their trail this tree had spru pand ¢ o the height of six or eight i ds feet with ie stems thickly placed and most of them bearing flowers and fru AAs in the case ee the tin cans and glass bottles on the bottom of the bay eae above, we could tell that civilized man ha been on that t of ~ hei Lies us, for three naturalized exotics were oun ain we returned to the “ Barbee RS tomato (Lyc ae te garden-lettuce (Lactuca), and the sow- tae (Sonchus). ie the day was well spent we headed the “Barbee” for the n trip. Our success in ae = rediscoveries on Big Pine Key determined us to spend a nm Key West, that 1 Journal of The New York ae: Garden oo 49-55. 80 is, among the remnants of the remarkable plant-covering that Conseque' En route we were impressed by our a of knowledge of the flora of the lower Florida Keys. That group of islands i is largely on Cudjoe Key that we ie discovered the melo saan oF the Th uld e The day on Key West was spent in tramping every street in town studying ae anaes plants and eae: in a vacan lots among the and naturalized plants. The last bit a the original pees had. disapp ced since our latest visit, and with it the last ey whether ia (Pinus) once grew on Key W in recent firm 0 ther: times, as h a ed by some and denied by o s. I quiries mad e sexton d known the cemetery for sixty years brought out the information that ad own he last group of pine trees two or three months previous to our 1 Journal of The New Vork Botanical Garden 12: 155. 81 He said, however, fee we would find two pine trees in Ww Yy not c ts, however, but Australian pine s (Chsuanne ene). The only remains of the arbor oreous ny of the old hammock once asize Rediscoveries were some of the rewards of the day African rubber-plant (Cryptos ee ae a) and the East i 1 . Key. A single aes of Xslophtla ee on Key West some eighty years . L. Blodge the time of our visit here ee ee all there was to Soe a the plant really grew on Key West, and consequently within the limits of a oo ies United ee Poe with one meee refused to adm it to our flora. However, on this occasion we Seer = d f a hamm n captures the largest restaurant in to await our i This course ee erfectly safe, as ast hibition de been in force there by ie ption long before the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment. However, ne the oe of a Senicnie. we met a white cat on one of the side streets. 82 No amount of observation enabled us to decide whether it was a blond or a brunette, for although its fur was white it had a blue right eye and the left eye was is wnt T nwood (Cono i with den pd white-silky foliage. fot the leaves ap- peared to be eae down, ae arene were aera there by a . A close ti Th rly afternoon was spent in the hammock of ee num- Vitae Key studying lignum-vitae (Guaiacum sanctum), snow- berry (Chiococca), wild-coffee (Psychoiria), and century cae (Aga: > under way after leaving Lignum-Vitae Key, we ran conn, and in ae of aa tting lost once, oe dark, by unning four miles out of.o1 roper course, we tied up to a dock at the as of the Miami: River at two o'clock in Se morning. From Cape SaBLE To IcE AND SNOW A second excursion to the Cape Sable region did not fail to discover plants and vegetation of ae rest. Thence we worked our way northward by irregular stages. So far, all our knowledge of the flora of the Cape Sable region is the res i o speak. A some one planted a seed of an avocado (Persea) there and in four years it grew into a tree with a trunk eight inches in diam- 83 eter. In addition to the twin mounds back of cou bee is an aboriginal canal connecting Mud Lake with = y of Florida. During the ages since it was excavated o n use, it has become ae filled in, but in the shallower ‘places me bottom never becomes wholly dry. This n once made the Cape Sable region an island eans of it the aborigines could travel from southern part of the T Thou Isla: Lake and through their canal to the ay of Florida without going into the exposed and frequently rough waters of th 1 xi We have often wondere ee ae m discernible in detail only under a strong lens. ° writing these notes, five different ee of iia peppers, com- \Journal of The ee a Botanical Garden 17: 189-202. The Cape Sable Region of Florida 2 Journal of The New vot Botanical Garden 22: 61-62. 84 prising three natural gira have been found native to the main- land of Florida. Two of the species ed ag a with the wo mentioned above, and one stands off alone. Although they are related to our widely distri bite ae tail ata cernuus), they are quite different from any other plants ur : ra and they are individually and aieen cy xe) ae. t they are especially attractive to all who are unacquainted oe tropical floristics. In the region of the wild-pepper we discovered another plant not so odd in habit and in structure as the wild-pepper, but Str It is a mallow, wi e euphonious generic name Kostelteye 1 The besnching: plants BLOW: as tal as one's head or higher and be merous white mallow bout the size of the dome: of a dime. The interest, hoe , in the plant is eae tangible, 7.e., it is armed with ince hairs after th er of a nettle. Where the ground was pant. The six principal kinds—samphire (Salicornia), amaranth (Alternanthera), beach-carpet (Phi. hone), saltwort (Batis), sea- purslane (Sesuvinm), and mud-carpet (Bramia)—mig! e te pioneer or tem gregarious. For some reason, it has developed an “unde rground stem-system ean that of ony @ ona gigantic scale. Therefore, the: trunks, sien are really e underground stems, are abies ry and not primary, as are the trunks of the two other palm tioned above. The saw-cabbage palm, t! hereon, in its eg simulates a perennial grass, but in a gigantic scale. The number of stems ee ae an a plant vary from a dozen or less to a hun ' Kosteletzkya pentasperma of the West Indies. JournaL oF THE New York Botanical GARDEN PLATE 287 In} ke back of Cape Sable. F | let bb (Sabal Palmetto) _ a strangling-fig (Ficus aurea). The cabbage-tree - loomed . : Te hacal eth h bb the palm has pushed way the head of the ete monster; but the latter has thrown down a strong prop to pas a against t further hae ulsion. Bua years hence the fig. e forest 85 very specimen of a cabbage-tree (Sabal Palmetto) with a Gali dev inp trunk that we noticed in the Cape Sable region was burdened wi i i i result of oe “choked” by a strangler, a fig-tree will stand in its stea e was, quite naturally, a greater variety of woody vege- hig: un e tation on the higher ground of the regio Amon trees, stoppers (Eugeniae) and the butterbough (Exothea), the ma- h adeira-redwood (Swieten nchineel i ae stood out conspicuously. Both the mahogany in the Brickell hammock at Miami, ae t they have now disappeared. One tree of the manchineel survives in the Deering hammock at Cutler Two grape vines, cousins as it were, neither true grapes, how- ever, met and mingled e hammocks of the Cape Sable region —the tropical grape ee ee. and the temperate Vir ginia-creeper Naas tteed cali Other vines were present, but less conspic under normal conditions. How- e€ ut 7 wo Tene ion ies—the coastal morning-glory (Ipomoea although pe other vines were pr other morning-glories (Ipomoea), milkw eek ns ane (Rhabda Lay _ ee (Melo ibe nem vine (Mi- kania), and so on ne of the more -eries in the Cape Sable region was ] key form of the ‘rowber (Chiococca ?). I ms to be different from t other kinds inhab- iting the peninsula—Chiococca alba an pi ee the former rather widely distributed in ocks exce h northern part of the eee the latter restricted to the pine- lands of the Evergla lade Ke On the prairies ae iy the Lossman’s River limestone the oe shrub was the red- pena (Rhizophora Mangle). The plant never reached the size or port of a tree, as it does in the swamps a few miles further south. The sedumaupiets is a 86 halophyte and will grow luxuriantly in salt water; but it makes its most noteworthy development where it ae a certain mixture of fresh water and salt. Consequently, it is on the edge of the delta of the Everglades, namely, the Ten ‘Thais Islands and along ee Piya ea e eae side of the peninsula, where there f fresh water from the Everglades. that we on , per a the eau andes growth of the red- mangrove in existence. The manner of the combination and the db an interesting problem for some ecologist to study and perhaps to solve. As intimated above, the mangrove on these Everglade prairies does not grow large; in fact, the plants are quite stun or thousands of gigantic, uncanny gray crabs of soi ind— their skinny bodies, the main stems, supported on slender oe legs, the aérial anchor roots. n the case of t ond- pel Ma which replaces t the mangrove on the odlitic io of th conspicuously This region Soil delighted Dante in ‘ha it would ee awakened ideas for Alling out his Infer: he hore ontal rays of the setting sun transformed the prairies smoke, as it seemed, caused by the distant colonies of the dwarf leafless. pond: cypress. ane bic ue ne Dy ceentcd absolute rest, except for the coastal regions northward to their harmed rookeries as a part of their e. ‘or mile after mile the air of the prairie was delightfully scented with the eee of the ie aaa i horn (Bumelia angustifolia) which was in bloom et e hammock. islands which dot the ae assing, it may be of interest to note that the development of the numerous hammock islands just referred to is one of the several fundamental unsolved questions of the Cape Sable region 87 of pace Florida. Up on the higher odlite we found a trinity d would classify ae in one As we understand them, they are the bra! E Pies coudota) with tall, even, vine-like leaves, wit Ae compoundly Bl net Dade the pineland- bracken (Pycnadoria pinetorum), less clustered leaves with simply pinnately compound blades, and ‘ie birdnest- f cnadoria longifolia) with radially prostrate or incurve leaves with sim ately compo s, whi re some- 1 what similar to those of the next preceding species, but with the leaflets more auricled at the base and the whole plant rough- hairy. since our last excursion through that region the entire ham- hammock is surrounded by xcept W. bay. To describe the plant life of this reservation would require of the Everglade Keys grow there naturally and Mr. Deering has started to introduce the desiderata. The peculiar erosion in sige was ore in the Journal of New York Botanical eae oi 193-2 88 Already several more or less barren places have been planted. A small hammock has been oe made ae rare trees transplanted from the Brickell hammock in oi It c ade, the . cask botanical experiments are well under way and specimens Za: ue various Florida tocalites have cee Pataeee for p: g tudy of these es plant now known as Cutler and Miami are the southern island. ve ey reach the salt-water, but which at one time when the land w: fe heehee were surrounded by the sea. Today they might . semi-islands, fo: i a or coon from t e stems of the zamia,? which grew there in A e Seminoles, like the aborigines, drew on this region to ae their wants, both of animal and vegetable foods. The 1 For other ae ae ne ote hammock, see Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 2: 2 See Journal of fue ie ae Botanical Garden 22: 121-137. 89 white man soon followed, ae with his greater activity and more effective weapons and tools has exterminated the animal life 'y There are several aboriginal burial mounds in the Deering hammock. Their arboreous growth is peculiar. The many live- oaks (Quercus a f the hammock are often of the form with short trunks h many long widely spreading branches. like trunks with fewer branches much more distant from the round. It seems that the southern limit of the “scrub” on the eastern coast is just west of Lemon A City, Peowen three and r i. Th miles north of Miami. there, ona the spruce-pine ins — hae however was reported from that region not m. The rosemary (Ceratiola), ie wood (Xim a, pares wax- ee (Cere- thamnus), scrub-oaks (Quercus myrtifolia, Q. Chapmanit), wild buckwheat (Polygonella), knot-plum ne "Phycol and little- me of the Q wi ery numero leaves have ae very small and crowded. This condition is well illustrated by the little clubmoss (Selaginella), pinweed (Lechea), ae pains seat 40. es ike ee few leaves have them remote and larger; for mple, rub-oaks (Q: eee tallow-wood (Ximenia), wild See "(Polygonla, and kno and bere northw; e drove about rteen miles along the beach—a ene ride at night, for the vegetation there- ab | ing interesting and tive northern extremity at Cape Cod. However, the flora of the go eal and eew ae that of ve ee Florida dunes is tropical and subtropical. scrub-oaks (Quercus) in some places only a foot tall or even less. The low sand-rollers comprising the dunes were somewhat flower- eee even if it were winter. Blu ue- pre (Trichostema eche sa! upin in: Ss (Chamaecrista pe. golden-rod (Solin o Chapmanit), a ea ( in bloom a deep beneath the sand, we find extensive associations of rub.” “The ae panied of the up eas Hee River an nd and the the which, how p shells of mollusks, hese aboriginal monuments—kitchen- gI iddens—consist of the shells of larger mollusks, such as the oyster, the clam, and the conch. ch state in the Union has nts of v -mound. cae ieee scores of at to build ¢ are being Sere : by the State itself within the space of a few generations, namely, for securing road eclon Pe aid oe ancient aborigines think while building up th hells that they were say uae to ae ee wide trails of “their ultimate successors! Apa m what has been written above about the plant cov- ering Mie to these shell-mounds, the make-up of this plant- association an nd me fas ons for it will be discussed in a future paper. Suffi that with the turning of the middens into roads, the ponuoh “of the mounds themselves and their plant-covering wil! be lost, unless we get an accurate record of both while there is still something of the original monuments left to study. That the climatic conditions about the shell-mounds th imit tempered climate, at least in part, is responsible for the urban development of Daytona and the neighboring settlements. It may have been awe responsible for the former aboriginal stlment thereabou he coastal sand- dune: north of the Cape Canaveral region sand moved, the areas graded and under a high state of eae cultivation The guava one was found naturalized and hardy in the dune plan he shell-mounds of the Halifax tae region are hammock- 92 clad. Furthermore their hammocks are so eee: that ell-m the existence of a und may be know and herbaceous ee Besides the sae is ne yee oc- currence there will be discussed in another article, the live S ° Anamomis Sim 4) are usually outclassed by an intimately intermixed growth of palms—the saw-palmetto (Serenoa minor) a bbage-tree (Sabal Palmetto). The Spanish bayone (Yucca aloifolia) gro c a luxuriantly on th ll- middens than elsewhere. The shell-middens being the latest geological formation of shells a eae in their vegetation the ee a plant-associatio We oon north of the Halifax River midden region which, as is ae y the middens themselves and their pa once teemed, so to speak, with the aboriginal red-man. Ther present dune plant-covering is the original one, or if the ‘‘scrub” nce held sway there and was later replaced by the present At any rate, we had a delightful excursion over miles of virgin dunes forced upon us by the temporary closing of a bridge over the inland coast-wise waterway. From the toll chain or “iron bridge” to Ocean City—both words suggestive of largeness or ied here to traversed Id trail consisting of two ruts in the sand. The one her ‘b oo ae ae frequently was the beach-verbena (y e, like the zamia on n the eastern coast, 1 apparently The ony acts of these dunes was depressed, so to speak, mainly the action of the ocean winds. Moreover, what depressing effect on one traversing them. There were 1See records in Jonathan Dickenson’s book entitled “God’s protecting pate. man’s aes Heb and Delis in times of greatest Difficulty and most Imminent Danger,” 93 arious shades of green, but they were all pie — Oa, (Quercus pumila, Q. m lage hee ae (Cerotham ferus), jaupon (Ilex vomiloria), a ama Hii Here g. northern Florida the hardwood trees were in leaf. trees were brown or gra’ le ever, some of these were furnished with greene ore or less pious bunches of mistletoe (Phoradendron flavesc This parasitic shrub, li ood : ‘asites, is evergreen, doubtless because the leaves store up mineral matter so slowl e can persist on oe Le nt for several yeas before losing their vitality. The mist he rough-barked kinds of oak (Ole a0, clog (Hicoria), and sour-gum (Nyssa). n the swamp the mistletoe occurred low down on the trees, in the a it was almost invariably up in the tops of the tall toe from tree to tree or ab them on the branches where the clumps later adorn the tre The uplands were poten ‘of decided color, except where the pine tree grew. The swamps managed to maintain some green tones in the tangles of evergreen cat-briers (Smilax) and the patches of cane (Arundt selon ufts of mosses also helped out in a small Nel on the w ae 2 bis eae grasses wamps with myriads a silver tipped spears eon he sondiee 94 ten or twelve feet high. Two broad-leaved grasses, curiously t 4 scale, and wild-cane (A beaten ee which aaa much untamed land, sce at the h aoe of = he remains of a snow and i a t in South Carolina. Snow and ice were aot in Noah Carolina, where the pine trees ao ee South were laden to the extent of a Sai drooping oF oF De ache which added considerably the Il typical of the South, but quite ae of the winter state of the continent thence northward. Jou w K. SMALL. RUBBER PLANTS’ Rubber is one of th the most widely used of plant products. First of all, it is material for water- ee garments and foot wear, a matter of much comfort to the hum race. The consumption of rubber in making automobile tires is enormous. It serves many other uses in the arts and in- dustries. Wuat RuBzer Is India rubber or caoutchouc is an elastic substance that may be derived from the milky juice of a consider: ae number : different kinds of plants. Nepees ants ee ut us have only bane growing te in and about New York City, a sticky milky- jui es. is i i n emul- white juice exud This is called latex and consists of a: ul sion ae mixture with numerous globules suspended in a waters i a Sup you get a cup of this fresh best and allow it to stand. The vobules rise to the top quite as m does on milk, and in time a rather hard and att ae is Sine This change of 1 Abstract of a Display House of Conservatory Rang Ss afternoon, nee 12, 1924. 95 liquid or ae globules to solid rubber (coagulation) can be hastened by heat and by stirring. e men mie that ae -percha is also obtained from the latex of certain trees growing wild i e layan peninsula a is plastic when heated but is not elastic like rubber n- t ex pl is the Sapodilla plum of the American tropics which yields the chicle used in making chewing gum HISTORY OF THE USE OF RUBBER e ancient peoples of India and one used ee chiefly out penal marks and so he named it rub-ber. Soon ene one inc! ubber: h. spreading a ove ae r over foo and a t the a g like 5,000 ancestors went without such a protection ae wet fee Tue PrincipaAL RUBBER PLANTS e world's supply of rubber comes chiefly from the Par& rubber tree (Hevea eat aiilees of which enormous forests exist in South America. This tree has been planted with success in 96 Ceylon, Java, Dutch East oe - est ped and 2 Congo. Now, perhaps, about 2,000,001 the plantings. Another rubber tree of eee ent in Central America, is erie elastica. Rubber also obtained commercially from several other species ae some of the cultivated. A sage-brush plant, he guayule, com in Mexico, yields rubber, and a company backed by American capi has been engaged in obtaining rubber from wild plants and in learning how to cultivate the g i] i he nt world war a survey was made of About 15 kinds were found in abundance and it was Bi that 300,000,000 lbs. of good rubber could be obtained f these plants in case of national necessity Several different kinds of ites aelding plants from the various greenhouses at the Botanical Garden were assembled for the lecture, also implements used in the various processes of dling crude ru nd specimens of rubber in various han rubber, a stages of its utilization were brought from the display cases of the Museum for illustration. A. B. Stout PUBLIC LECTURES DURING APRIL The pees lectures, which are open to the public without charge, are given in the Museum Building on Saturday after- noons at four o’ ae k: April 5. ‘Potatoes and Potato Substitutes.” r. H. H. Rusby \April12. “A Visit to the Yellowstone National Park.” Dr. P.A. ae April 19. “ Destructive Fun r. F. J. Sea April 26. “ Botanizing in Sweden,” Dr. W A. Murrll NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ASouth American collection of the ut whic has ae recently eva in the herbarium, is that ne by nnell, Mr. E. P. Killip, and D . E. Haz in ae mbia. This amounts to ner 4500 Fee Sad contains a Considerable number of new species. 97 Specimens of several species of lilies were forced into bloom the winter ex- e imental green house ring ter for kition at the Eleventh International Flower Show he main vurpose of these forcings i ist o havi isplay some of the hardy Chis hee ee of the orange lily (Lilium eeniae a yainted for Hee in Sen Dut yeen insta a in the Deering reservations in southern Florida. Professor A. S. Tne chico a of the Bureau of Plant Industry eU. SD n-Chief of the Garden, have formed the basis of several inter- ‘sting articles in The New York Times. Dr. H. A. Naira n has received from British Guiana and wepared for dist me a sixth set of the plants of that inter- dae ——o collected by J. S. de la Cruz and containing about +50 numbers of flowering See Preliminary studies of these ae apes that they ee several new species, hitherto inknown to science, among them a new representative of the joorly known family Rapeteaceae. The collections of de la “ruz now exceed 3500 numbers and are proving of great value n the investigation of the flora of northern South America, by the i the Gray 3 “Seven Thousand ae in Cultivation”’ is the title of a fara pocket-sized booklet compiled and recently published Prof. J. B.S. Norton at Hyattsville, Maryland. It consists of Iphabecally arranged varietal names, each followed by the 98 name of the originator, year of origin, class, color, and t number of catalogues listing the var! riety during the last i is said to be t ke it easier for th and Germany. The primary object t of ia Norton's book : f ne to avoid the du plication of names already in use, but many th n of the varieties that they cultivate. $ no sooner recorded in the Journal early this winter that the great horned owl had not been s the Botanical Garden for the last ies years than one promptly put in an appearance e bir s reported now a hen, several weeks, in the hemlock grove, usually seen sitting well concealed i op of some tall tree. Probably th no mate about, as there were none of the bird's well known call-notes or hooting reported; nor w harsh scre ard, unlike its call notes that it is often not attributed to a bird all. This cr is one of the harshest noises to be heard in the forest, is usually uttered as darkness is coming on, and one might i e it is for the purpose of startling nimal into motion so that it could be more wun detected and captured by this king amo kin crows. it wol appear, finally d. ould a got the best of our park owl, for on the morning of January 15 a loud cawing was heard the spot tne the chorus proceeded, a gr eat t horned owl flew from the top of one of the tallest trees, closely foll twelve or fifteen crows, all als their best to make life miserable i The owl finally lit in a Ene tree- mes from which he was again routed in short order, and ued an Cea finally dis: Pie in the distan ee crows all! seem to have ae safely but no large owl has since oe reporte: = One of the numerous cases illustrating practical lane of re science,’ in this case the science of Lotany, is found in a decision recently handed down by the United ae District urt in Litt a 27 Thads valued at about $1,500,000 and occupying the sites of 99 were Gas as lakes on maps made by government surveyors seventy five years ago. The U.S. Government con- tended that no ea lakes existed at that time and that its own surveyors sketched them in because they were paid three dollars largely by that of Prof. George ae Pune of the University of Vermont and Dr. Hermann f St.Louis. Trees and other plants were considered to be reliable witnesses as to the existence and the - undaries of the former lakes. The swamp cypress as tum sp.) when grow me in shallow v water suas from its r Cae upright “knees” which c nly reach the one water level and af pear to act as brez thiae per it has the old government maps. ae silent testimony of Ba lati was supported by i aquatic geceeiaen belonging to characteristic lake succession for that region. Instead of this rich bottom 2 nd now bei thrown oren to new settlers, the present occ reat some a whom inherited their holdings from their ae will con- tinue to enjoy their property rights The following visiting botanists have enrolled in the library during the winter months: Prof. Shigenori Kawagoe, Saas Japan; Prof. ie Ames, Harvard University; Dr. Ralph Siewaet: Rawalpindi, India; Prof. . Fitzp ae hac. N.Y¥.; Mr. U. P. cen Geneva oo ; Mr. Edw . Bar- tram, Bushkill, Pa. ohn C. W. ister, Philadelphia, and Prof. J. Massart, a Belgium. e best einai results so far with hemlock (Tsuga condense) our propagating houses are with seeds collected n Dec ee sown the 8th of January, in pans containing leaf a warm house. Several pans of these are comfortably filled with seedlings, but the exact percentage of germination is not known. 100 Several mae of the Pride-of-Madeira, Echium fastuosum, are flowering for the first time in the Central Display House of a Lady Hanb In the February issue of the Journal attention was directed to iG one o he various epee of W 1 Hazel sae melis f The New York Aichough most of these shrubs have passed flowering, a few eee (Copyias Gai a. been flower for ral day: and the catkins are ut through eine Wee salle The oa of a nen er . cee and poplars are beginning to peep from their winter coverings, while others are more advanced. Meteorology for January. The total precipitation for the month was 4.89 inches, of which 0.20 inch (2 inches by snow measurement) fell a: The maximum temperatures re- corded for each week were 45° on the 3rd, 57° on the rth, 56° on the 16th and 50.5° on the 25th. The minimum t eratures were 9° on the 6th, 24° on the 8th, 19.5° on the 15th and 5° the 27th. aa for February. The total precipitation for the mon $3.12 Nae of oe 0.95 inches (9.5 inches by snow meen fell The maximum temperatures recorded for each war were eee on the 3rd, 39° on the gth, 43° on the 15th, 40° on the 24th and 48.5° on the 26th. The mini- mum temperatures were ma on the 9th, 8.5° on the 13th, 11° on the 24th and 22.5° on the 27th. PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Garden Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, 10 centsa copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its twenty-fifth volume. Mycologia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its ee idiiisoni a, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight aa in each number, thirty- two in each volume. Subscriptio ion price, $10.00 a year. [Not offered in Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden n, containing reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, ‘and echnical articles em- bodying results of investigations. Free to all cope of As Garden; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its twelfth volum North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, i West hag and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volum Roy. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. 49 parts now focal Subocrinto igs e: +50 oa) Maley a dette” number of ae parts will b ] Memoir: The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $. ns per volume. To others, $3.00 Vol. I. An ee Catalogue ‘ the Flora of Montana and the Yellow- stone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900. Vol. II. The ee of Light a Darkness upon Growth and Des ment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. Vol. III. has of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kishi New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 plate Vol. IV. Effects of Las fe of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii o A pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1 Vol. of the oie cinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant eeeesciy, oe eae n Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915. Vol. VI. Papers et ied at the Celebration of the Twentieth ae of the New York Botanical Garden. viii + 594 pp., with 43 plates and many ontributions from The New York B ical Gard A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. n the eleventh volume. THE NEW YORE geieeipec GARDEN nx Park, New York City GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garde are Fo ‘our hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern ane of the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A nativ. ° heat forest is one of the features of the tract. Senate of thousands of nati di luced shrubs, and fl ng pla Gardens, including a beautiful rose ban a rock garden of rock-loving plants, a fern and herbaceous gardens, embone es, containing thousands of interesting plants from America and a foment countries i ws throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn dis- plays of esr daffodils, fullest irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, eladia ii bee og and chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of ‘greenhou se-blooming eum, aioe rela ores of fossil plants, existing plane families, local plants occurring uid undred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses a pla An baler comprising more than one million specimens of American and foreign pee Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central an So Ben Raishas ice oo study sabe epson of th Fe | hI, of iter ie A library of botanical literature, comprising more ah 34,000 books and num: | erous pamphlets. rupee lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing ehroughall the y : fee ae ations ee botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, inter! The sient as school children ; and the public eit | the above features l, horticultura The ‘Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the! mbership f City of New York, private benefactions and mem es. It possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for membership are always welcome. The classes of membership single contribution $25,000 Fellow for Life . Member for Life . , ainnle contribution 250 Fellowship Meriter ‘ ues eo annual fee 100 Sustaining Me nner 4 + . annual fee 25. If 10 7% The following is an Pe a of bequest: I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden & incorporated under the Lied of New York, Chapter 285 of ct the sum of — ‘ All requests for further information should be sent to q THE New York BoranicaL GARDEN he, BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY 5 VOL. XXV Aprit, 1924 No. 292 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE VIABILITY OF DATE POLLEN A. B. Stout TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS AT HOME—!I. THE BEGONIAS H. H. Rusey THE SPICES OF COMMERCE A. GLEASON LILIES AT THE FLOWER SHOW A. B. Stout A UNIQUE LECTURE HALL KENNETH R. BOYNTON STANDARDIZED PLANT NAMES Kenneti R. Boynton 7S opal eo THE STAFF, SCHOLARS, cae “asap OF NEW YORK BOTANICAL GAR URINE THE YEAR 1923 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 8 West KING STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Annual subscription §1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS *REDERIC S. LEE, Presiden James F, Kemp HENRY W. DE ForEsT, Vice a ApoLtpH LEWISOHN P. K. Stureis, Vice Presid KENNETH K. MACKENZIE OHN L. MERRILL, Tee . J. MATHESON 1. L. Britton, SECS. Banincron Moose DWARD D. ADAI J. P. Mo ENRY DE Fouwer aHkeowiN Lewis Romanrons Mone ICHOLAS MurrAY BUTLER FREDERIC R. NEWBO! AUL D. CRAVATH CHARLES F. RAND BERT W. DE FOREST HERBERT M. RICHARDS HILDS FRICK ENRY H. Russ WILLIAM J. GIES GerorcE J.R . A. HARPER ALBERT R. SHAT JosEPH P. HENNESSY we BoycE TROUSER LMAN THOMP Joun F. Hytan, hen of the City of Ne Francis DAWSON GALLATIN, President of. ue LAC of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. ARPER, Pu. D., Chair’ James F. Kemp, Sc. D., har NICHOLAS Murray Bee PH. ae eae S. Leg, Px. D., LL. D. LL pile ject Sc. D. WILuiaM ap Gin: Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D. GEORGE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF N.L. Britton, Pu. D.,Sc.D.,LL.D. . . . . . . . . Director-in-Chief MarsHa.t A. Howe, Pa. Dy, ScD Si ees ane Asan e Dye Joun K. SMALL, Pu. D., Soi Dik eee d_ Curator of the Museums ASB. STOUR EH 2 Die eo. gare none ee r of the Labo rable es W. A. MurRiIGny PH.D! ee ih aera "Siperisor o pias Iasi P. A. RypBErRG, Pu. D. : Seth AMM as Cur : A. GLEAsoN, PH. Coase RED J. SEAVER, PH eae Curat ARTHUR HOLtick, Px. D a tock shagnk super eee oti LECT eon Percy WItson . . 3 ‘ . oe ee ae Alssoctate Curator PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL oe ow eo Associate Curation Joan HENDLEY BeeaE Ant: A. M., MAD oof an a Bibliographer aon H. Hari . M. 3 Librarian H. Russy, M. so Baiear tae Honorary C Curator of the Economic Collections Erica G. Britton . . . mora me Curator of re Mary ATON . PRC eae Ge, . Artist KENNETH R. Boynron, Bie. 56y soe a oa Head Gardener Ropert S. WILLIAMS. . . . os... . Administrative Assistant HEsTeER M. Rusk, _M. Technical Assistant H. M. DeEnstow, A. iil, Dy ID) Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium E. B. Soutuwicx, Pa. D. Custodian ee ie ‘Grosind JOuN:R. BRINDEY,-G. EB... 2 2: oe cape Engineer WALTERS. GROESBECK. . . . lerk a er Accountant ArtHuR J. CORBETT. ... . . Superintendent’ of Building and Grounds WALTER CHARLES . AND PRE pe anes Museum Custodian u 1 Buryoo] ‘ez61 '€ yosey] tz aduvy AsoyeasasuoD ‘osnozy ABpASIG, [LaQUaD UL MITA 98z ALVIgG NAGUYS) TYOINVLOG HAO MAN AH, JO TwNUNOf JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Vol. XXV April, 1924 No. 292 THE VIABILITY OF DATE POLLEN! (WITH PLATES 289 AND 290) For a period of six or eight weeks each spring the artificial or hand pollination of dates is the chief and most important task of tion, equipped with the tools and ¢ the work at hand. t the time when a cluster of fi le fl is opening the eae ste into the tree and places either a cluster of male flow the pollen from om flowers among the female ers Ie ie his hope and trust that the currents of air will so usa p n cultivation as ae the oe Gis eos of male flowers are duced by the efully is fealleed a conserved for use when: needed. Pollen is truly ‘‘gold dust” to the date-grower. But its value and the success of its use in pollination depend first of all on its viability—on whether it will grow. The date gardener i pee ted with a few changes in wording from The Los ee Times, Farm and Tractor Sage for May 20, 1923. A report of investigations i eolieborstion with Dr. W. T. Swingle of the U.S. nici of Agriculture. Io1 102 knows very well from experience that ai oe eu mouldy ane ae a will pee and bec ‘sour’”’ unless it ial attention to a he paar to be the best means of pres erving its ee To him the question of how long this pollen will then keep is one of special interest. It is in fact a matter of vital importance to the date-growing industry. It is a tradition of the Arabs, going back to remote time, that the pollen of the male date tree remains potent from year to year EI. The “Gold Dust” of the date industry. When properly dried ol in the tests a year later. From this jar came the sae dead pollen shown in lower part of PLATE 290. or even for several years and in times of scarcity of new pollen it has been ae Sg to use old pollen in the pollination of the female flow Relying on these Old World traditions and practices, fas growers of dates in California and Arizona have be lieved that when the pollen of dates is properly dried and of this practice and have, therefore, not felt it necessary to direct special attention to the growing of early-flowering males which 103 would furnish new pollen for the earliest bloom of the female trees. During the past season of bloom (spring of 1923) the writer, te wor a ge and at the Government Date Garden at Indio, California, has studied the viability of date pollen by ns ct germination tests. vi ly this is the of dir time that this method has been employed in the study of date pollen. The hice indicate that date pollen does not remain viable from one year to another Four hu pace and sixty-four (ee tests were made of twenty- nine (29) different lots of pollen one or more years old that had the t oO employed by date-growers in the eae Valley. In each test hundreds and often thousands of pollen grains were used. In all these tests ony — ree germinating seiien grains were found and the tray grains of new pollen which was being ne in the laboratory oa the time. Old pollen ee the same time ao eile, len - ‘om good males ee excellent ger- eee ae seems conclusive that pollen one year or more old is unable ow ne is entirely worthless in effecting fertiliza- tion and ieee setting of fruit. he method pnghee in the test for germination is simple but a an ery reliable. An agar-sugar preparation or me "is ae e, not much different from the “‘jello ie oer ee culinary art The me ethe ds of preparation cae ed Seen research. In preparing for a test of pollen, a tube of the prep red and sterilized medium i is heated to the melting c e kind o an for aa growth of the pollen tubes. By this method numerous samples may be tested es the It a single day’s work in the Jaboratory. Date vi, en ane is eee readily germinates on a 1% a: with 3%, 5% or 10% of sugar. The pollen tubes eee a delicate ae sete aie identical to that which grows 104 rom them into and ae ie tissues of the pistil to ee in oe Jith the of a microscope giving 75 t diame agnification he individual tubes may easily be os ae eet pere may be determined. PLATE 290 witha y- A case of excellent eerminaton is Cui in Nae upper half of Nea every pollen a ced a grain in this peu of ie but ay pallencp tube made a gr the lo ower half of PLATE 290 but they have thus toe exhibited no signs of growth and iif They appear to be dead. It is Peeps posite: iat old pollen ay re on the stigmas of th the medium when which gives successful piaaiy acim ee new But the very decided differences observed in the lent germinations repeatedly obtained from trast to complete failures of old pollen this unlike Inq pollen. —the excel- ne igen eae in con- oO germinate—make iries Cee growers reveal that many of them mix the first of the new pollen of a season with old Holle Kept fom Be kee ear. The results of using such p est of ashes i the old pollen, for even thus diluted a a cones of the new pollen is no doubt often used. In th stances ate old polle used exclusively, ae: ae evident ollination which would aetanee es by paneled ote air. ee a good f flowers left to open pas se One tion ger 0 ore te plantation in the Coachella Valley re- ports decidedly poor ae aber a has used ae pollen for the pollin grower says other that Ae ae have made him pee suspicious of old pol- 105 len” but he has this season again used such pollen for more than 50 clusters of flowers. Another grower has used old pollen to a considerable exte None of his 1922 pollen fan any germina- ion wh ed in April, 1923. hen appri of this condi- tion he remarked, ‘ seems to explai the poor results I ob- tained last year from the use of old Dr. W App: i howe ver, Tana all growers have ad with (0) i the Old Wor rather than to the com clusive pollination test of o a pol In hes not at made. It could best be made from tl en in spring, employing the bagging method to exclude any stray pollen. A few such tests would readily om woe tek od poten a 4 on the pistils. he germination tests of the pollen of date palms have been made euly during the Dicsent eceeon of Dloout: Iti a perhaps pos- sible that under aay some- times remain year to another. ‘Buti in the exten- sive tests made this year no old pollen has shown any trace of being viable. he practices of hand pollination now ane require that pollen be kept during the season for use from day to day as needed. This raises the question of how ong pollen will remain viable. Several lots of p pres collected early in the season, some as early as February 19, 1923, have given cei germinati on as late as April 12, ieee This ae en remained viable es a period of neatly two ene : Suc evidence indicates & he di ination test on a cul di } Na a 5 ible t i ] few hours in ad f it t s use in anes whether a given lot of pollen is viable or not. It ‘ests as late as May 31 also gave good germination, suggesting that date pollen dies at some time during the summer 106 hl Or grade male C di § rmina. - quality of fap rl, a matter o' iderabl n determining the “best’”’ males. It enables one to Gece if i pollen of any ae es flowers from males usually good is poor because of time of bloom, age of the tr tree, or of local environ- grower ion e pollination of his dates. It can reveal whether the pollen comparatively more ey than ‘gold dust” or as worthles n equal amount of s: ne aspect of . aie demands the attention and action oF date- dardeners: ee ie certain ng storin: | dition f to eer I i be st whether d 11 be kept viabl til th f bloom. The n ath r deci fi hat iti 1 erhaps Se i thus kept and th vide early blooming males to Sealy fresh sites if they wich to pollinate a ey clusters of female flowers with success. TOUT. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 289 Young male date palm, showing ead of male flowers. When these clusters are cut and placed in a dry room, pollen which falls from We ma pollination. Note bunch a male flowers placed close to female flowers for polli imple b ination, a r) f the light pollen by currents of air pie male flow are placed within each es of fe flowers. A com i imperative that pollen thus used ie viable if a good set of feat is oe re: JURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BoTANICAL GARDEN PLATE 289 INDIO, CALIFORNIA JourNat or THE New York Botanical GARDEN PLATE 290 ILLEN OF DATE PALM ve. Sample of fresh 1923 pollen from a good male, showing good germination o: agar-sugar medium (magnified about 90 ee When h erminates on the pistils of the date , the S grow down into th and ae in the processes of eee “which are necessary for the proper form of fruit. Below. One-yea old ia which “railed to germinate in the tests. The grains swelled to rotundity but no pollen tubes developed. 107 TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS AT HOME 1. THE BEGONIAS During nearly forty ee study of the tropical American flora, a ena of the er have related chiefly to the taxono- and mic pas of the vin discussed A the conthated much interesting fae ue eonccntne habits of growth an ea. e of ny given to the development of floral display in a number of species, especiellys in ane tuberous: rooted erOuP: now so largely grown in y, which d a unique floral form of — beaee combined with colors of exceptional clearness and del In haba - pee the Andean species, the only ones that I have encountered in nature, may be classified into four groups: (1) Dwarfs, ae without stems, or with stems only a few inches high, and oe spreading, mostly ee leaves; (2) low species with leafy ms, but the foliage rather sparse; (3) very tall ee with ae a stems, oe flowering only at the ; (4) species with stems of inde Anite length, prostrate, re- clivhe or climbing. Of the first-named group, I have encountered but two, both of them tuberous-rooted and practically stemless. I regard them as among the most pleasing of all the i that I have seen growing wild. B. Weddeliana A. DC., was discovered by, ce am qs in He oe aa Hugh ATgernOn Ww ede, at early aude getic his oO our een of the quinine-vielding trees. This species occurs at the pies elevations of the tropical mountains, not far below ae ee lev: I encountered it at Unduavi, a day’s ride by mule to the ae of La Paz, in a deep forested valley. Hepatica or Syndesmon. Its favorite location is on partly 108 shaded banks, near streams, ae eurequnded iby oclagincllas, low ferns, Peperomias and Lycopo about half the size of crocus falls a a irregular form. The leaves are nearly prostrate, obliquely heart-shaped and of a rich glossy green, the flowers brightly rose-colored and about one and a half oad i The second group mentioned is by far the most numerous of them belong here, and they ue Nee of the ost con- with this is a species of sunshine, i ae on rocky ae and cliffs. It is most abundant at an altitude of 2000 or 3000 feet. It resists aridity strongly and may be found in flower when most of the plants about it are desiccated. Floating down the Bopi River, one encounters its brilliant display at every turn of the river 109 e members of this group are as notable for their great diversity of vegetative characters as for their number and wide distribution. While most of them are perfectly smooth, many are densely clothed with hairs or scales of various forms and colors. B. fagopyrcides Kunth & Bouché, so called from its general resemblance to a buckwheat plant, is very hairy. ulmifolia Hooker is a somewhat similar species, but its ae covering i uch shorter. Its peculiar character, and a very beautiful one, is ly serrate leaf-margin, the teeth quiensis (A. DC.) Rusby, common from central Colombia to Bolivia, instead of being ays is shaggy with uaa tapering reddish-brown scales. In eae oo these . Bangii Rusby, of central Bolivia, i ae shining throughout, about one or two feet high, een gees and abundantly clothed with thin leaves of a vivid g and sharply and deeply angular-lobed. It produces ee broad i ies of white flowers of medium size, and is almo ae ndsom: fruit asin flower. B. heterodonta Rusby, with 3 of very vari- able size and form, and B. subcosiata Rusby, a Thy eee leaves, are water-lovers, and are found in deep shade, t wi places, among mossy rocks, against which they oe recline toa height of tw stale ormore. Bilt gnosa Rueby.0 ie oe other hand, grows on dry ban and fae nched woody or half-woody ai stems, with carole bark, He clothed with very large and c uous reddish stipules. Its leaves are small and pestdiuity eaably serrate, and it has large flowers in broad loose clusters. B. oblanceolata Rusby is similar, but its sede _ almost aaa symmetrical, tongue- geese with ery William- sit Rusby & Nash, from central Bolivia, is notable ae its produc- tion of green flower: plant is of a vivid-green an e leaves are deeply care lobed. It has been grown in th conservato: es Botanical Garden. An undeter- mined species, growin: r La Paz, at very high altitudes, = he large, cordate, ae pointed leaves a exactly sy metrical, a form rarely se mong Begon Most peculiar among a isa ee group of species nes long, naked, flexuous stems, growing in clusters, like bamboo: They are sometimes so tall that a man on mule-back may Sieh I1o up to secure the flower-clusters. As the stems ascend, the lower leaves fall, leaving large scars. The plants have an umbrella- Ww immens i n mes of acu B antha Britton is of similar habit and general p but leaf-lobes are short and i la are coarsely and i ee dentate. The young leaves are clothed se r ow ti e fl are even smaller nee those of B. parviflora, and are of a Siri. white pa me and interesting as are many of the forms above s of this group is B. es rket Hooker, widely dietributed and abun- dant in the Ande: aps its most striking pecan | is si aes to which it attains. My first acquaintan ith i made the treeless summits of the eastern Comers, - oe ably level. the su dena: _The Hower are Polen oe and a half inches in breadt B asa but B Santen: Swz. and B. cae Aubl: are genuine climbers. Both grow in deep shade, and rooted in abundant decaying vegetation. Their slender stems, creeping and rooting amidst this forest refuse, are naked, but the elongated pale-green IIl branches, projecting from the undergrowth, or climbing some convenient trunk, are c clothed. with ST dsiei fleshy leaves and dense clust f fair the clusters not unlike a small ‘‘snow-ball”’ o eVibile T aes plant drooping habit of the cymes, which possessed rather long stems. i flowers ee cae usly, though delicately fragrant, it is ot strange that mber this encounter as one of the excep- pee delights my momen collecting. H. H. Ruspy. THE SPICES OF COMMERCE? Although o f the East Indies and yi Molayan Archipelago they love been known to European or Ch as far back as the book of Eda: contains numerous references m Vv ; wi weight in gold in Rome two thousand years ago; six hundred years ago in England a pound of cloves was worth as much as two cows. During all ~ ancient ae h f spices was unknown to the ee The E. Pheenici bt d them from ee merchants, or nroteh Boeead: and aaa them on, always at an immense profit, to t arth est. How they obtained them is unknown, but anne in an commerce, and from tha time on, through a span of some four centuries, the struggle be- tween European nations for a monopoly of the spice trade was 1 Abstract of a lecture delivered in the Central en House of Conser- vatory Range 2, on Saturday afternoon, March 15, 1924. Ti2 the direct and immediate cause of a series of events which have been of the utmost importance in shaping the history of civiliza- s had as gr ee which eae us with our now cheap and common cin- namon, cloves, nutmeg, ginger, and pepper During ne heiehe Ee Veneta prosperity in the fifteenth cen- tury, its merchants obtained their spices chiefly from Alexandria, t e e ta pr the cupidity of the Portuguese was aroused T de ined to discover if possible a sea route to the Far East, by sailing south along the coast of Africa. Their explora- tions were rther and farther to the south, and finally they s ne in rounding the Cape of Good Hope, sailing up the east coast of Africa, crossing the Indian Ocean, and loading their ships aaa from the East Indies. Under the leadership of Vasco di Gama, they entered on a career of piracy and warfare in e spice trade. This they largely retained through the sixteenth ntur the same time Christopher Columbus, imbued with the th across the Pacific Ocean to Mexico, and thence across the Atlan- tic to Spain. The seventeenth oe marked the rise of the Dutch com- merce to the East Indies. They had recently freed themselve from Spain, they were excellent sailors and good fighters, a they soon won oe themselves as sel a ace of the spice trade, but also which they still retain Far Eas Early ers attempts in the same direction were largely con- fined to efforts to discover a northwest passage or a northeast 113 passage, but they became, nevertheless, involved in repeated trouble with the aie ed was not finally settled until the close of the Napoleon One result of ae Griese four oe was ae ene re- s. Th nd bloodshed, uae and war, and curing we ox eetiry the spice industry has lo able position in a commerce of the world. Of the numerous kinds of plants Gch are or have been used as spices, only seven are of sufficient importance in this country to require special mention here. The clove, Eugenia ee ay shan - ie Myrtle Fam- ily, a group noted for the poss of a c properties. It oO a respect- Dee cent. of the world’s supply, anc the island of Zanzibar, off f Africa, per cent. The nut meg, Myristica moschata, belong: gs to a small ¢g I the West Indies. The nutmeg tree bears a fruit about the size f a peach, which opens and exposes the single dark seed sur- rounded by a crimson network. The latter, stripped from the seed and: aed is own us = ee while the seed itself, after liar nutm becomes our fami- eg. Cinnamon is the bark of the cinnamon tree, Connamomum seylanicum, a native of Ceylon and a member of the Laurel Family, a group also well known for its aromatic properties. In cultivation, the plant is kept cut back to the ground, and sprouts two years old are used as a source of the bark. This is oe m the stem and dried into the form oo seen in our m ee Ceylon is still the chief source of cinnamo 114 Ginger is produced from ae root of the ginger plant, Zingiber officinale, a member of the Gin ily and probably a native of India, but now extensively Aa eerie throughout the Tropics. Ordinary ginger is Lee by washing or boiling the roots and then drying them, while candied ginger is made by boiling the roots in ae rup. The pepper, Piper nigrum, is a climbing vine of the Pepper Family and is a native of tropical Asia. The unripe berries, dried and ground, produce the common black pepper, while white a is prepared Ome the ae Ae by soaking and washing off the pulp, d the seeds. The an hemizphere has contributed i two of the com- mon spices of commerce Red pepper, in its countless varieties and ae is the fruit or h us Capsicu »amem er of the green fruit of the a tree, Pimenta Tea, - close les of a clove. die is the original f production of th : spice : HA. GLEASON. = a zz 5 o | min oC ® ch > o ion d. LILIES AT THE FLOWER SHOW The various a of lilies at the Eleventh International Flower Show recently held at the Grand Central Palace undoubt- din edly surpassed all other winter exhibits ever ne America, if not elsewhere, in the number of species ees The several prizes for lilies in pots cut oe grown private and commercial growers peiehe out, as usual, excellent displays of the Easter Lily and the Madonna Lily. It was the prizes for open class (no. 185) competition ae es of na in pots, not less than 50 square feet, fer ted for decor- ative effect” that brought out two colenid eis of a ee number of different ae of lilie 115 e first prize of $100.00 for this class, offered by Mrs. Mor- _F e 3 o 4 = ° *” = o Bs 2 33 as) + rs) oe: = 5 — “ follows:—Tiger Lil (L. pee yal ee am, Golden Turk's- ap (L. Hansonii), Candlestick Tully (L. dauricum or L. ie latum), Showy Lily (L. speciosum), Madonna Lily (L. can m), cond prize of $75.00 for class 185, offered by the Heer + Was ] to pe Johnson, Sup Cove, Long Island. This exhibit included about 250 pe a : . Fox. These included two plants of the Dwarf Elegans (L. elegans), four plants of Miss Wilmott’s Lily (ZL. warleyense), six plants of the ow doing with lilies in coéperation with Mrs. Fox. This ex- atten ion and many Lig e individual Most of the kinds of lilies mentioned abave and many others play plantings at The New York Botanical Garde A. B. Strout. 116 A UNIQUE LECTURE HALL (WITH PLATE 288) During the February and h h 1 a small Cineraria show was set up in the Central ate House of Range 2. Some three hundred dwarf large-flowered as of the Dreer strain es ~ owered for the es raria lecture of Feb- seek , a type that can be grown by persons with a home conservatory The plants ite stellata and larger ees of this ene owe? formed the background, with the smaller in front, as viewed by the audiences at the lectures (see FRONTISPIECE - Since the first photograph of . Central Display House was aoe in - Journal (20: pl. 2 1919), the warm-temperate ome of ; t a Pine, ne Bottle- os and Queensland Tulip-tree, form an evergreen Tee Heround: to the ae In A Te PN, | LK in the left c corner, semi-tropical pee such as Loquat, Feijoa, pes etc. The center floor view, looking in either direction, is De rhap: ng anks of Selaginella and Helxine. The ia tter is the cn sma ar glass, spreading as if by magic wherever planted. The faire. cor- ners of oe Ciera display are a of by green Pyemids) of oe plant stacking p sizes and allowing Helxine to creep over the whole. This little nt is native of the coasts of Corsica, is sometimes called the _ ® Garden | 1 it into many private and public conserva- fore for the fccorauon a which no pleat is more ee t app under benches or The sides of the ious ne vines of Chistes. Bongo, Passion-flower, and the double white Lady Banks Rose, now flower, which set off or frame the lecture hall. KENNETH R. BoyNTON. 117 STANDARDIZED PLANT NAMES! ut six years ago the American Joint Committee on Horti- approved scientific name and one common name for each plant variety lists of seer groups such as Irises, Peonies, Roses, Dahlias, and Fruits. From the preface of the volume it is learned that the purpose was to make buying easy, by agreeing arbitrarily on one name i ion of common n. to use is here. It is the lowest common divisor, or mean, as tee V1 ¢, Fe vately, or anes boon companions, one may still ay as own ee s to either common or mittee who work ced up this — we owe ae their publication should be of great use to all plan IKENNETH os Dee 1 Published by the American Joint oe on Horticultural Nomen- clature; Secretary, Harlan P. Kelsey, Salem, Mas: 118 PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS, AND sean OF THE NEW YORK oo DEN DURING THE YEAR Barnhart, J. H. Biographical notes. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4, dy B Nathaniel A. Ware, 2i; ee pes ae 108, 224; Pursch or Fredérie Bie. es Stephen Elliot, 111; John 2 35 Wendland, 113; ee Ellis, 147; Mark Catesby, 147, 1 48: John Bartram, 151; Thomas Walter, 152; Francois André Michaux, 153; iver ee ee 154; John Torrey, 154, _— Pliny Ward Ri 223, — Rep eh of the Biers Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 137, 7 Je An ee ae ‘of the Pacific States. Torreya 23: 69-71. 20 Au i923. [Review. Boynton, K. = — arden forms of Narcissus. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24 sue for Ap 1923. [Illust.] _— Senctie een Addisonia 8: 11, 12. pl. 262. 15 1923. . pes stricta, Addisonia 8: 13, 14. pl. 263. 15 My 1923. — eee pie Watereri. Addisonia 8: 15, 16. pl. 264. 15 My 1 Report ef t Head Gard (for 1922). Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 125-129. a: — Phlox “Asia.”’ Addisonia 8: 31, 32. pl. 272. 22 Au 1923. —_— ee on the Rose Garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 158-1 pl. 282. Issue for Au 1923. Alcon aurantiaca. Addisonia 8: 33. pl. 273. 10 1923. Swainsona galegifolia. Addisonia 8: 43. pl. 278. 10N 1923. —— Early-flowering as Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.24: 262- ssue for N 1 Brita . G. ae ee a Bombay. Torreya 23: 11. 7 Mr . [Review.] 119 —— Notes on Fissidens—ll. Bryologist 26: 1923. — Report of the Honor ne ee of Mons 1922). Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12 7 Je —— Cultivation of the es gentian. oe N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 258, 259. Tone oa N ae let J Long life t Ch den Magazine 38: 198. a Britton, N. Studies of West Indian plants—XI. Bull. Torrey ne 50: 35-56. 7 F 1923 —— Botanical ne of orto. Rico and the Virgin Is- Jou lands. ~N.Y. . Gard. 24: 93-99. Issue S My 1923. —— Report of Secretary and oe in-Chief for e year 1922. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 103-115. 7 1923. —— An unrecrde weed in Bermuda. Torreya 23: = 68. 20 Au — Pinon radicans, Addisonia 8: 39,40. pl. 276. 10 N 192 —. Pisoni Cowellii. Addisonia 8:47, 48. pl. 280. 10 N 1923. — es N. The Cactaceae. 7 IV. i-vii + 1-318. pl. 1-37 + f. 1-263. Washington, cae J. A. Verbena venosa. enrean 8:3, 4. pl. 258. 15 My 1923. —— micropetala. Addisonia 8: 5, 6. pl. 259. 15 AINE — Hare = Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: r1g~119. Issue for Je Gleason, i. ie me undescribed Siphocampylus from Hayti. Britton, Studies of West Indian Plants—NI. Bull. Torrey 923. — A = 1. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 43, 44. Issue for F 1 —— The vegetational ritory of the Middle West. Annals Assoc. Am. G 2: 39-8 F 192 eogr. 5: 923. —— Windsorina, a new genus of cena Bull. Torrey Club 50: 147-152. pl. 7. 7 Ap —— Evolution and pee et ae putes of the genus Vernonia. Am. Jour. Bot.10: 187-202. Ap 1923. [Tlust.] —— Hamamelis vernalis. Addisonia 8: 9, 10. pl. 26%. 15 2 — Ageanda Ecology 4: 196-201. Ap 1923. [Review.] _ ae of ne Assistant Director. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 117. 7 Je ‘The Bolivian ie of Vernonia. Amer. Jour. Bot. 10: 297-309. Je 1 — The Iris Garden Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 140, 141. Issue for Jl on oreopsis vertictlota. Addisonia 8:29. i. 271. 22 Au Hwion, S. H. Report of the ee (for 1922). Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 138,139. 7 Je Hollick, A. The taxonomic oe a RGEE status of Ophio- a Alleni ah Bull. Torrey Club 50: 207-213. #l. o-12. 6Jl1 — tee of the Tes leoboianiey (for 1922). Bull. N. Y. Bot. Je — Cycads, living and extinct. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 135-140. Issue for J] 1923. [IIlust.] Sa eee canadense. Addisonia 8: 41, 42. pl. 277. He bee silky leather flower on - Island. Proc. Staten Isl. Inst. Arts and Sciences 1: 120-122. 13 0 1923. —— Hartnagle and Bishop’s mas ies s, mammoths, etc., of ew Yi State. ae Staten Isl. Inst. Arts and Sciences 1: 136, 137. 13 O1 [Rev rae Howe, M.A. Ricciaceae. A. Fl. 1 4 Ja 1923. — Proceedings of the (Torrey Seen Cb, (October, Neve Det December 1922). Torreya 23: 12-15, 17-20. Ja-F 1923 ;—(January ane February 1923). Torreya 23: 36-39. MiAp 1923;—(February). Torreya 23: 55-57. i 'y : ae My-Je 1923 neve ch-April). Torreya 23 Ji-Au ee ee ay). let one culture. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. oe 169- 187. Issue for a 1923. [Illust ~— Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. ie N.Y. Bot. Gard. 24: as 189. Issue for 5S 1923. ev —— with Haynes, C. C. See nee Er eee en and Riellaceae. N.A.F : spa K. K. Notes on Cue Si. Bull. Torrey Club 361— ae eS ie 1923;—XIII. Bull. Torrey Club 50: fee 3-358. I2t Murrill, W. A. Dark-spored agarics—V. Mycologia 15: 1-22. 25 Ja 1923. Notes and brief articles. - eae 18: 103 and ae 106 (Porina Cocos). 30 Mr 33—144-150 and 150, (Sullivant’s Ohio fungi). x My . 195. 20 - 23 ;—239, 242 and 243, 244 (Virginia fungi). 15 S 1923. — Report of the SuneHiscr of Public ee (for 1922). ull, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 122~125. Je —— Springtime in Florida. Jour. N. Y. Bee Ca 24: 125- 135. Issue for Jl 1923. —— Botanical features of Mountain Lake, Virginia. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 249-256. Issue for N 1923. —— Florida fungi—I. Mycologia 15: 278, — 22D pee —— The aes es fungi. Torreya 23: 107, 108. 1923. [Rev Rusk, H. M. pee with Chinese cabbage. Jour. N.Y. st. Bot. Gard. 24: 44, 45. Issue for F 1923. [Illu —— Conference notes for February. Jour. Y r efor M —for March. 24: 86,87. Issue for Ap 1923;—for April. 24: 103. Issue for My 1923. Rusby, H. H. The aboriginal uses of Caapi. Jour. Am. Phar. ee ie ps 3 Rep f the Honorary Curator of the Economic Collec- tions Hs oS Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 140,141. 7 Je Ryaberg, P. A. Notes on Rosaceae—XIV. Bull. Torrey Club : ae 23 F 1923. Ribes cereum. Addisonia 8: 7-8. pl. 260. 15 My 1923. —— (Rosales) Fabaceae, ee Galegeae (pars). N.A. . 24: 137-200. 16 JII Notes on era Bu H. Torrey Club 50: 179-187. 2 My 1923;—II. Bull. Torrey Club 50: 261-272. 17 Au Se ee palustris. Addisonia 8:37,38. pl.275. 10 N 1923. — Genera of North American Fabaceae—I. Am. Jour. Bot. 10: ae pl. 33-35 Seaver, F. J ee Baa in Porto Rico and the Virgin lands. Jour. N. Y. . Gard. 24: 99-101. Issue for 1923. — Studies in tropical Ascomycetes—II. An interesting 122 X ylaria - oie Rico. Bull. Torrey Club 50: 307-309. pl. 18 Small, J. K. Land the question mark. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 1-23. Issue for Ja 1923. [Illust.]; 24: 25-43. Issue for F 1923. [Illust.]; 24: 62-70. Issue for Mr 1923. [Tllust. —— The Austrian field cress again. Torreya 23: 23-25. Mr- Ap 1923. —— Eugenia buxifolia. Addisonia 8:1, 2. pl. 257. 15 My 1923. —-~ Report of the Head Curator of the Museums and Herbari- um (for 1922). Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 117-122. 7 1923. —— The needle palm—Rhapidophyllum Hystrix. Jour Bot. Gard. 24: 105-114. Issue for Je 1923. [Illust.] —— The cabbage — Sabal Pal J Y Gard. 24:145-158. Issue for Au 1923. [itlust.] —— Green deserts and an ardens. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 193-247. Issue for O 1923. [Lllust ‘i ‘Stout, A. B. Cyclic manifestation of sterility in Brassica ites and B. chinensis. Bot. Gaz. 73: 110-132. F 1922. pa “Nicsians Forgetiana. Addisonia 7: 5,6. pl. 227, Mr -_ Will your ay come blind? Garden Magazine 35: 177, 178. My 1922. [Illust.] —-— One of nature's bag of tricks. Garden Magazine 35: 202, 203. My 1922. [lIllust.] —— Lilium Parryi. Addisonia 7: 49, 50. pl. 249. D 1922. —— Lilium tigrinum, Addisonia 7:53,54. pl.251. D 1922. in the spider flower — spinosa). Am. Jour. Bot. 10 57-66. pl. 6 +f. 7. Fr —— Sterility in lilies. Jou ce eredit 13: 369-373. 25A ne Pe the Casdeners ‘Chronicle 74: eh, 309. 24N1 1 Including omissions from list published last year. 123 Avocado studies. Pollination and setting of fruit. Los Angeles Sunday Times. Farm and Tractor Section. 29 Ap 192 —_— avaeing the Easter-flowered bulbs. Garden Magazine :113, 114. Ap 1923. [Ilust.] _ ee of avocados. California Cultivator 60: 522, 526. 5 Mr 1923. -—— Arab traditions about the date disputed by the test tube. Los aoe Sunday Times, Farm and Tractor Section. — Clocking the avocado. A study in cross- eae Los Angeles Sunday Times, rae and Tractor Sec 8 Jl 1923. Reprinted under title, A study in gees es of avocados in Southern California. Ann. Rep. Cal. Avo- cado Association 1922-1923, 29-45. O 1923. (Contr. N. Y. Bot. Garden no. 251. —— Studies of Lythrum ee The efficiency of self- pollination. Am. Jour. Bot 0-447. O 1923. The physiology of eae te Am. Jour. Bot. 10: 459-461. N 1923. Williams, R.S. Class 1, Musci, in Millspaugh, C. F., & Nuttall, , Flora of Santa Catalina Island. Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical Series 5: 304-310. 1.72. Ja 1923. —— Brachymenium condensaium sp. nov. Bryologist 26: 2. pl. rz. 16 Mr 1923 ™T. j bs £ Bryologist 26: 33, 34. pl. 6. Au 1923 — _ Suratodn parasiins Se ) Besch. in Florida. Bryolo- 26: 46. 1923. [IIlust.] —_— ager ainn sp.nov. Bryologist 26: 50,51. 300 1923. [Illust.] ie birds of The New York Botanical ds Jour. t. Gard. 24:266, 267. Issue for N 1 124 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton returned to New York on ae 25 after a two months’ visit to Porto Rico and St. Thom, Mr. R. S. Williams, Administrative Assistant a “The New York rare Garden staff, has been elected President of the os t Moss Societ: .W. A. Murzll ‘Supervisor of eg Instruction, oo on rea 9 from his expedition to Sou pnaaken wher e made stopsin Argentina, Uruguay ae ne Dr. John K. Small left New Yo ae on March 17 for another one of his botanical pilgrimages to Florida. He was joined weeks b fe the ae of i ee Islands, was a visitor at the Garden on March 20. n botan cal studies in pe Spain, Ge ermany, eadiacc ia, pre teen the Balearic Islands, ue weet yecaes and northern Africa, He will now ative city, San Jos eee nia, and will take up ee his oes of the flora of Califor Professor Jean Mas: of the University of Bru: oe accom- panied by me visited the Botanical Garden on March 12. Later in the d. ave a lecture, illustrated by eve ae at Columbia University, on cal Trip es zil.”” On the g of March 11, he addresse th rrey Beane Club on “The Internal Sensations of the Norfolk Island Pine Gusiana excelsa).”’ visit to the United States will take him to Calton and to other centers Dr, Cha: ea. oo e Bure u of Chemist y, Wa hi oO a. ge of the cheese investigation for the Department of Agriculture with special reference to the ripening of cheeses through the ac- tion of fungi. 125 sain H. H. Whetzel of Cornell University recently spent a logica panied on this trip by Dr. F. D. pes of oo a Col- lege. Especial attention will be neluding the rusts, which have been cute od ghly worke 4 for t island. An effort will | be made to cover those parts of the uaa able for the ‘‘ Botany of Po ye Ri co and the ee Islands 1 Gard d The New 1.21 inches, of which o. ie (1.5 inches snow measurement) fell as maxi aC! s. h mum temperatures for e eek were 54° on the roth, 46° on the 13th, 61° on the 23d, an ’ on the 2gth. The mi temperatures were 26° on the 8th, 22° on the 15th, 26.5” on the 20th, and 29° on the 25th. ACCESSIONS, LIBRARY, FROM DEC. 1, 1923 TO FEB. 29, 1924 Bawwey, Liserty Hyve. Manual of cultivated plants. New York, 1924. (Given by the author.) an’, azine. New series, vols. 1,2. London, 1873-74. meri ) Lowell, 1843. Given by t rick FESSENDEN, THOMAS GREEN. a care and rural economist. Ed. i iven b: n Museum of Natural ae FRE sei Lewis Ransome. The Calera river, yesterday, today, and tomor- ow. New York, 1923. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton, Ce R. F. DE List of fie in the Hevoratgeds ed gardens, . DES. Gampaha, Ceylon. Colombo, 1923. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) maar ries ALICE. Peonies in the litile garden. Peres 1923. “(Given by ON, pout Manni SIERRA BGORIO. Santiago Rusifiol. Madrid, n. d. (Given by ” Mortim ay Nock, J. ic List st sae in is botanic gardens, Hakgala, Ceylon. Colombo, 1923. (Given ic ee .) OLMSTEAD, ae AW, ILLE, FREDERICK VERNON, & KEL! HarLan PAGE meray plant names. Salem, 1923. Gea o . L. Britton.) 126 Rick, BERTHA MARGUERITE, & Rick, RoLanD. Popular studies : California wild flowers. San Francisco, 1920. (Given by Mrs. ritton.) Ricc, GEorGE Burton. The pharmacists’ botany. New York, 19 on (Given by Mr. George P. Brett. Tuomas, Joun Jacos. Rural affairs: u practical alustrated register of rural economy. Vol. 1. Albany, 1858. (Given by the American Museum of Natural History.) BOOKS PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL GARDEN, AUGUST, 1923, (continued) ae ihe le ogee Vol: St. Petersburg, 1871-1909. ALBOFF, NICOLAS. Coarabunne re a flore de la Terre de Feu. 1. La Plata, ALBOFF, Nicouas, & Kurtz, aa Contributions & la flore de la Terre de Feu La Plat: ALLIONI, Ca RLO. Atri oo Floram pedemonianam cum notis et emenda- Honibus. Augus ee um, 1789, Annalen der ae Parts 7-9. Zitrich, 1794. Annales des sciences Pies a etn 2 Série, vols. 1-8. Paris, 1834- Baitton, HENRI ERNEST. Monographie des Monimiacées. Paris, 1869. BALFOuR, Isaac aren . OTHERS. Botany : megs Edinburgh, 1888. BECKER, WIL Die Violen der Schweiz, Basel, 1910. BELLARDT, Cay ee feed Appendix . Floram pedemontanam. (Torino, 1793.] icant CarLo Antonio Lopovico. Stirpes novae, _ minus notae Pede- ontit descriptae, et iconibus a ae. [Torino, 1808.] Boletim do Museu Goldei (Museu Paraense). Vols. a Para, 1907-14. BONNET, CHARLES. Recherches sur Fane des feuilles dans les tees Got- 175, ingue & Leide Bonplandia. Vols. 1-7. annover, 1853-59. RAUN, ALEXANDER CARL HEINRICH. Baracinge tiber die Erscheinung Verjiingung in der Natur. Leipz 851. Buuse, FEDOR ALEXANDER, & BoIssIER, Preee Epmonp. by fe roots. It is formed ay or indi- rectly by ape ba supplied by the sun’s rays and acting through the e bodies in which chlorophyl, the green pig- ment characteristic abe met plants, is found. The first product of t mical laboratories is, however, probably not starch but miy be an unstable poison, formaldehyde, which is yeaa so quickly that its presence is difficult to detect. The first stable carbohydrate to be manufactured is probably — ond it is probably in this soluble form that it is trans- or other parts of the on either to be used immediately 1 Abstract h 1 Di: a House of Conservatory Range 1, on aoe afternoon, ee 2, 1924 136 as food by the plant itself or to be transformed into starch and stored up for future use. The starch is laid down inside of m nute special organs a he cell Sanaa known as leucoplast or amyle Plasts and it ee in tne form o rather ic of the plant ces duces them, so that by i i of r; experts are usually able . tell die source of the starch, eee it came from arrowroot, Indian corn, or some other plant. Most of our principal farm crops consist of storage organs for reserve starch—starch which in the ordinary course of natural events would, after being transformed into sugar, be consumed in giving a rt to an embryo plant or in starting fresh growth from a resting organ, such as ber. In the case of wh the reserve starch is stored in the grains, which are the seeds or fruits, and unless man appropriates it to is own use, it normally goes to feed the em e nt which is wrapped up in the seed. About 68% of the dry weight f wheat grains is starc In th se of Irish potatoes, the starch is stored in the tubers, which are modified underground feed that spring from the eves of the potato. About 80% of t eight . sh of a cow, but the cow gets her food from grass and from grains. A lion may live oe meat ly, meat was built up from organic compound anufactured by plants. m Green plants make not ee diets own food, but also the food of the whole animal kingdom. And the principal form in which that food is Raa is the eee of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen which we know as starc The forms - starch that are most important as articles of commerce are derived from potatoes, wheat, Indian corn, and rice. In the case of the tadios corn, much of the “corn-starch”” is transformed into glucose or “corn syrup” before reaching the consuming public. e arrowroot or Bermuda arrowroot (\laranta aaa vields a starch that has been and still is highly prized for na purposes, especially in the preparation of foods for ee and 137 invalids. The plant is care to have derived its name “arrow- root’’ from the use of the juice of its root or rather rootstock by the Indians as an external aplication to wounds made by poi- soned arrows. The plant is a native of the American tropics, o India In Ind is anot ee ae = East Indian arrowroot, that is also a source of starc In ebeinite the arrowroot flour from the creeping, partially per stems, the skin or bark and all discolored parts are oved, the roo pictoeks are then washed, pounded up in a mor- The Manihot or cassava plant is starch in the American tropics a and is, in fact, one 1e of the principal ou of human fo od i in wide a of the Alla in ep eral. eve i The: ome dif- ference a opinion as 3 to whether the cultivated fxn cea more are simply horticultural varie- ties of a single ee A ea botani of oe rece ee de- — fourteen new s which ‘0 be a e ce ne a stebouoa of ole «exiting ae of Man ie and may be the original home of them all. “Cassava is properly t ee native tee prince ee Hee or Dread, made applied o the plant itself. Manihot i is a member of the family Buphor biaceae, the Spurge Family, and is therefore somewhat tiene to the castor-oil plant, which it somewhat resembles. It grow: 50 lbs. in a single year. After two years of growth they may . a fener of six feet or more. The larger ones are difficult ig alight sandy loam. In Florida, where the growing of cassava is becoming an industry of importance, a light soil underlaid by a hard-pan is preferred, as the hard-pan 138 1 p f ing too deep to b iently dug up. In the larger cassava fields of Florida special hooks or pullers are nee to remove the roots from the ground, but in ee tropics the e commonly lifted by hand or with the aid of spades, Settee s0F - icks. The moor do TOE keep very well out of the ug as they are wanted for use. The ield of cassava foot onan eine of ground n care varies with ae fertility a we soil and , bute ood crop. About 70% of Bs a weight of cassava root is a so that in starch content it ranks with wheat and potatoes, but the protein content is low, so that as a food it is comparable with the y - potas en than with wheat. In Brazil or in parts of B f the tropics, cassava bread is ee main ae of life for aaa ae ings and is also eercneyely used as food for domestic animals. Many f tivation in Brazil, but there and in the tro- pics in general, ne distinguish between the ‘sweet “bitter” cassava, the bitter being a strain that contains a dan- nt of natives of merican tropics, ed the plant long before Columbus discovered America, grate the root ulp, wash out or press out the poisonous sap, add a little cae and ook over a fire, poles Gives y remaining poison. baked hominy or “grits,” with many people takes the place of our bread, corn cakes, and ates oes. In South America, the natives sometimes make fro: ssava a fermented beverage which tame have occa- cous tasted and Pronounced good, ee he method of pre- aring it is The cassava is chewed, chiefly by the women, and the cuds are ejec ae into a vessel of water, where the mass is slowed to ferment ee some days. The chem istry of it is evidently the conversion of starch into sugar, by the action of the saliva and the subsequent fone up of the sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid gas by the action of yeasts intro- 139 duced from the mouth or from the surrounding air. The product is sometimes boiled, which may remove some of the “Kick” me may at the same time render the concoction more sanitary “The p produc of the oe root with which ee tants of 2 is the and the pulp iand strained by eahes, the white arene is spread out on Shea of i on Pais heat ed, and the resi “Brazilian eae of commerce, which has a Sa use as an article of food in the United States and Eur A na pase as of the world’s supply of tapioca now comes ee “The true Sago Palm, Metroxvion Sagu, is a true eee leaved tm e from deposited in the soft, white, puly mG of i trunk. A e of about 15 years, the d ripens fruit, consumi n the process all of the reserve starch in the trunk, and the death t than to the palms. But they commonly look like palms and fo s with the great non-botanical public. The Sago Palms are slow of growth and are not of much commercial importance as a source of starchy foods, but they yee at certain 140 times and places a a part of some local importance in the diet of human bei In southern Plonda eee is a native Zamia, Z. foridana, some- times known as the Florida Arrowroot, or by the Indian name of i thick stem a is ri “coontie” that has a sho: ick nd root that is richly stored with starch, which has been an important food for the Seminole Indians and occasionally fo ites es mias, like most of the other cycads, contain a poison that must be was out before the star substance is eaten. Negl do this is said to have cost the lives of some of the ee at soldiers during the wars with the Seminoles. Ther no several suc factories in aden Florida that are pet “coontie” flow The plant - the Indian turnip or gn sags known to eee as Colocasia esculenta, kno o the Hawaiians as ee os hs wn i ie “coco,” in \ Porto Rico as ee 1: ng: in t mala Barbados “eddo,’’ and in other parts of th tropics eo various other names, is ae cites ated in i tropics and is in some places more important than cassava as a starchy ie In Hawaii, its importance as a crop is exceeded only by gar-cane, rice, and pine-apples. With the native Hawaiians, : thas i been ae principal food cro; They are said to have mo n 200 varieties in cultivation. Their famous poi is a none paste made from the taro. The pla nt has large hand- some ee ie es and is poner related to the ‘ Elephant’s Ear” ca gard It has t flattened or egg-shaped corm, aa stem Seeiuia ng that of the Indian turnip and ee aay aaa and with smaller quantities of fat and protein. e fr orm has about twice as much starch alf as much water as the Irish ae An especially desirable variety of th Hawaiian taro, kno’ s the ‘‘dasheen”’ or ‘‘ Trinidad dasheen” has recently been ae into Florida, and northerners are urge and it wherever it appears in the markets in order to encourage its cultivation he South needs more sub- In Cuba, Porto Rico, and other West Indian islands, plants of e same family but of another genus, the genus Nanthosma, with hastate instead of peltate leaves, are cultivated under the 141 names “yautia blanca, as imply as ‘‘m "The sweet potato, I ‘pomoea Batatas, a member of the morning- yautia amarilla,” etc., or sometimes glories, is often found throughout the tropics, half w par- tially cultivated, but is nowhere else so extensively grown as in our southern United Stat t ha ining or reclining vi the fleshy root. In the tropics ae led year after year and the natives eae dig u two when w anted, without i ieee: the plant. A aac or flour i d from the of the sweet potat The various varieties of yams, = ne starch- eae roots is emble s' ee ya. The vines are sae allowed to run up on poles to send c a few large on The hinese yam was at one time eC g' velopment 0 sas oe especially notable. Rice, like wheat, rye and oats, is a member of the grass family, and the starch is deposited in the grains or fruits. ice has a larger proportion of sees and less di with potatoes than with wheat. It is the one eae source of food of large parts of India. and China ag of some other ae a the world. The ordinary 142 rishes best when grown on low moist lands, where it may be flooded in early stages of its growth. But there are also upland varieties that may be successfully grown on higher and drier soil MarsHALL A. Howe. BOTANICAL FEATURES OF LAKE PLACID During a brief vacation in the latter part of last October, I was a guest at the Lake Placid Club in the Adirondacks and was for- tunate in having perfect weather for the enjoyment of this most delightful region of mountain, lake, and forest The eneral elevation of the extensive Clu 4 grounds i is about over twice that height, the elevation of Mt. Marcy being 5,344 ae visitor from New York, although only a night’s ride from pore in ee that aa New or k City. He will , such as balsam and spruce on the uplands and larch in in the swamps. The coni- their foliage. The larch, however, is an exception and drops its 1 = 1 £1] UL J it Lf, n hardwood timber trees, such as ne aera birch, and sugar ae some of them very old eavi of Eve ee like a pines a spruces, i. not nese ae iene iadef 143 nitely but shed a few each year, thus remaining green at all times, noticeable feat { the forests was the large number of evergreen herbs and ferns on the forest floor. The ground- pines and the American shield-fern, Dryopteris intermedia, were especially abundant, while shin- ict, dalibarda, wintergreen, a ae ie similar herbaceous plants formed attractive often rendered more effective by the presence ai aera See fruits. I counted six pans species : ground-pine: Lycopodi: rum, L. lucidulum, L, annotinum, and L. tris: sey. ome o 7 ar sively used for Christ i spores of the first two have furnished the ie powder ‘ i e very abundant, are full of oil and hurd readily, making a brilliant ight. I noticed a the cucumber root, alum-root, Jack-in-the- ania dwarf cornel, bush honeysuckle, and many other plants that were not aa ties but that could Aes easily dis- Epeuishes by ele dead leaves or their exposure near the Golf House, I found iu a in bloom. The view over the golf links from this point as very beautiful. Ina few weeks they ee be covered with a anal of snow, ready for tobogganing, ski-ing, and other win- ter sports, whi a tennis courts would be ne into rinks for as ae Chasm, I saw very few animals or birds. A solitary s ; snow- way south. The mourning-cloak eee ea hides awav for the winter in hollow trees, was see ea s flitting about in sunny places. Although the pete are it was evident that animals had learned by experience what to expect in the Adirondacks during the latter part of Octo rning after my arrival walked « out toward Cobble the Club grounds. Passing through woodlands of balsam, spruce, pine, larch, yellow birch, sugar maple, and wild cherry, 144 I reached ae he of the mountain and stopped in a grove of canoe birch amine a small patch of the one- Bika winter- green, Pyrola es which I do not often see. n TI began the climb aude scattered ses toothed and small- ee as- ens and over rough sandstone rocks, which had been washed bare of soil by repeated rains since my Ee visit The view from the summit to reach it. Looking back toward the south over the. Club grounds, Marcy rises in the far distance with many splendid } n, Parm Umbilicaria Dillenit, which I passed as I came up. soil on the ledges, were patches of reindeer lichen (often called moss), the common hair-cap moss, and several smaller kinds of mosses which were not in fruit. One small patch of sphagnum, S. capillaceum (better known as : peace filled a shaded depression between two rocks whi rain water collected. On the eu of Mt. Marcy, which i is quite extensive, there is h and the number of species of plants found there totals about Fungi were scarce, ong . one or two caries a ; soe small mushrooms ing among the hair-cap mo: three kinds of fer! ne bracken rane dead), ‘the ee shield fern, and hes spiny shield fe Grasses and sedges were represen ted by several pe The common hardhack and pearly ve ire in ae ad clusters, still showing fruit, while the heart-leaved a and orange hawkweed were conspicuous because of their eee basal leaves. Clumps of BEE and red-fruited raspberry bushes e re r ks, whi ae and the bush faa Diervilla trifida, grew in other pe of the most interesting shrubs seen was the Labrador tea, which loves cool, moist situations in the north and may be readily 145 recognized by the abundance of rust-colored wool on the under- side of the leaves and on the young twigs. a oO iy < oO a » tal o oO < oO = i most abundant rae on the summit, h , and that interested m ly was the mountain holly, called in ees s Nem thus cue It in dense thick bore many ed berries which ry bitte am few dead leaves that remained were elliptic in outline an s entire on the i he tree i Alleghany Moun- ntire o margin. There is th tains also called mountain holly (J/ex monticola), which bears its berries in close clusters while those of Nemopanthus are borne on long stalks. All of the trees on the summit of Cobble were, of course, nd dwarfed in size by the poor and shallow soil. Aspen and moun- tain ash were the most abundant, the former with golden-yellow oliage and the latter colored red or oran I also re maple, shadbush, moosewood, spruce, balsam, sugar maple, wild cherry, Pennsylvania cherry, pine, yellow birch, and canoe birch, alt pata some of these were represented by only one or two specim' en My chief interest was, of course, the fungi, of which I found a large number; but these will be discussed in 1/ycologia. W. A. MURRILL. SWAMPS, ANCIENT AND MODERN! To the average person, swamps in the abstract usually mean ae else ae we t and ah eet or inconvenient features a landse e i accompaniments ee wet ta mibsquitos: and general discomfort, according to the o the eae ant eee ile whether geologist, zoologist, or botanist, almost any s ae with objects of interest, and these often tell strang er ected stories when their ee is understood and a interpreted fal t The New York B 1 Jen, September 16, 1923. 146 The sur ae features of a swamp should be Arcades as repre- senting effects that are the result of causes whose records are preserved in ae e deposits and accumulations of organic an hat form the peat, muck, oe silt that lie be- neath the eae It is only within comparatively recent years, see of a mat terial has bau Paes ously h prosecuted, but ee science, under the name telmatology (from the Greek telma = mp or marsh). ie ag neral proposition it may be said that almost every egi ae swamp land. A swamp is, therefore, merely a stage in devel- been pues about. in part by ine deposinion of leaves and other washed in by stream or during rains, and by - dust tee hae ee blown in, comprehensive study of the evolution of a swamp, i Ss: botani i st e lants are distributed in zones or oe mies, eae they became oreo there, etc. The ie studies the oe e sub- dugiace deposits and from these remains a etermin the character of - vegetation nie preceded the one now grow- ing on the surface. And finally the geologist a ay the eee and i character of the original lake or pond basin and weave the story of its origin and how water first came to occupy it. When a modern swamp becomes an ancient one depends, of course, areal upon t the neat that we accord to the elem of time in connection with its evolution. Swamps are in process of formation ee as they were during every 147 period in the past history of ny arth ang aC can trace Chelp — es through peat an tim the coal beds of the Se: Bee riods. Every modern Hine aan ra one in which peat is accumulating—may be ider potential be : e lecture was illustrated by lantern slides showing the Soieeiaeas surface features of upland swamps and 1 wland bogs and marshes; sections showing the evolution of a swamp from it ee condition as a pond to a stagnant pool or bog; pictures of e plants found in them; and ideal tributed to the coal contained in the rocks of different periods in the past history of the Earth. ARTHUR HOLLICK. CONFERENCE NOTES FOR MARCH rch Conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered Renee of the Ga ee was held in the Museum Building on the afternoon of March 4 Dr. d J. Seaver spoke on “The genus Lamprospora with a ee ro ae pecan - species."’ The genus is one of the op is a rather large genus of, for the most part, very small plants. On account of the small n and the unsatisfactory condition of such even when it can be oe a rs ae ay collected cave ae York tea been described fro: ‘o tim of these have very Beadtifuly ee ie ‘which fan valuable diene characters. In 1912 two species were described as new and illustrated in ies was collected in New es so that its now distribution is w York and North Afric 148 One French species has been very commonly collected in the Bermuda Islands but so far as known se never been found on the mainland of North America. Of a number of species recently described from New York three have we collected in Australia but have not — recollected in America except by the author of the specie! The genus Bbiileets, a closely related genus, is represented in America by a species collec ted in 1904 in Iowa. This species ee yee collected in North W cae has ba found n Ger: and once in America. Just why such species of ce oe: urn up on the other side oe the ou instead of in their first known haunts is a question which is very diffi- cult to answer “Some Cultivated Plants “s eae Origin” was then y M n. su several types; ae those economically im ortant, known for u in est — CO, a yam, and others have furnished debate for anthropologists; and okra, dasheen, and melons of oe Kinds are ae ae a nitely located. ae are also p of orn cultivated, such the tuberose yes pane oT unknown in the wid: Plants saieg in the lexican table- ; n Dr. J. N. ornamental oliage plants, agai the sae forms. Alpinia vittata is a striped plant grown for about 100 years, but oe relation is not correctly plac “s e lon peahaoay acanthads, Eranthemum reticulatum, albo- marginarum, and are placed in Pseudoranthemum now by Bailey and tentatively credited to Polynesia. There are many rger foliage plants. We have Bihat geniculata, a Most of these foliage plant cases are those long cultivated for 149 leaves only and which have seldom flowered. Many are of those a cently er. ne of the most attractive = the Ca hie of our ae alogues, is associated now by Professor Bailey with Silene pes Fisch., from Eastern Europe and Asia Minor . B. Strout, Secretary of the Cole at PUBLIC LECTURES DURING MAY The following is the program for the May lectures in 1924 The lectures are delivered in the Museum Building at 4 0 flock on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. May “Plant Collecting in Western Tibet” r. Ralph R. ee May 4. ‘Plant Hybrids; Their Seaa pee Use AB. Stout. May Io. Mr. x e Boynton, May II. Ue among the Mountains.’ Mr. Le Roy Jeffers. May 17. “The Home of Linnaeus near Saari Dr. W. A. Murrill. May 18. “Scottish Wild Flowers.’’ Mr. Herbert Muriead: May 24. ‘Reef-building and Land-forming Seaweeds. Dr. M.A. awe: May 25. “Through the Mountains of Western Austria Dr. W.A. Murrill. May 31. ‘Our Park Flowers.” Mr. K. R. Boynton NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT On April 5th, Mrs. N. L. Britton gave a lecture at the American Museum of Natural History in a eee Saturday morning course to the children of members. There were about 1200 children present and their oe aad See as well as 150 the fine eee service made the task both easy and pleasant for the spea lark, formerly a student at The New York Botani- cal Caen and Columbia University, we have recently learned, is now Director of the Northwest Branch of the National ington. Dr, which is more remunerative. He still hopes to have sometime a chemical ean where he can continue his investigations on plant proble: The New York City Federation of Women’s Clubs held a meeting ee April 5th, in Conservation Week, at the New Law of the State. Such a bill was since passed by the Senate, but was lost in the Assembly. In connection with the Eleventh Annual International Flower oS Clubs of New York State was formed. Its main object is to e New a rk ‘the ae Beautiful.’” Among its more ae poses are to encourage civic planting, the restriction oe “unsightly Fibs the preservation of scenic and historic y, Mrs. Liv n Farrand, Ithac sponding Secretary, Me Here tes nae Flushing: Temes G. Weldon Seager, Jackson Heights. 151 e California Big Tree, or Sequoss pened has been one of California's intere: ting ine cbithed of the mammoth ‘‘pine’’ were discovered by man. In recent years, however, notes the Forest aah ie he Uni ted States Department of Agricultu ee ea have been indications that. California’s supposed supremacy in the exceedingly rapid rate of growth of this tree might gee eerie Oregon and Washington can already point with pride that the Big Tree is making in ies states: Specimens are commonly seen in many cities and towns west of the Cascades in uae states, pei re they are making rapid growth. In Port- regon Oo ¥ Io feet in height. Plantings above 3,000 feet, however, have practically failed. At the Savanac Nursery, near Haugen, Mont. Pees aes : aaa of 10,000,000 forest plants is maintained and 3,0c0,0 mall trees are produced oe for seam in the eee fae the delayed germination of w white pine seeds has been until recently a serious hepa This has now been solved by fall vere according to W. G. Wahlenberg come up are well established. ay one anetanee fall -sown seeds completed germination 15 days wn plots had even started. The best time for fall sowing appears can the results obtained to be the first half of September, or the last few days of August. The solution of this serious problem of raising the western white pine in the nursery comes as the result of six years of continuous Theda * 152 Johan Nordal Fischer Wille, professor of botany in the di and colleagues. Professor Wille was oo well known for his treatment of the Green Algae in Engler & Prantl, Die ee Pflanzenfamilien. He. se nded the 25th anni- of the founding of the Missouri Botanical Garden in a pare in 1915, Washington University of St. Louis conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. H. A. Gleason, of the — Staff, left New York for ae on May 3, with the expectation of devoti ting three months to the study of South yee an soe n the herbaria of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew of the Museum of Natural History in Paris. He will er - British Botanical Congress, to be held in London in July Meteorology for April. The total precipitation for the month T tem on the ae 71° on the 13th, 75° on the 14th and 755° on the 27th. h mum temperatures were 24° on the rst, 32° on the gth, 32° on ihe 17th and 39° on the 27th. PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Garden Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and Ui yea ee Paine to ae of the Garden. To others, 10 cen y; $1.00a Now in its twenty-fifth inom Mycologia, abet Behe a shinai: baiotufltne lichens; $4.00 a year single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its shasta volume. Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates ara age by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty- two in each volume. Bn i, aber $10.00 a year. [Not offered in Bcc | Now in its eight Bulletin of ey New York et ical Garden, containing reports of the on Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em- bodying ape of investigations. Free to all RENEE ers of the Garden; to Se Sp 00 p volume. Now in its Medith volum North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild ae of North America, including ee the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 ia fiby. 8vo. "Each volume to consist of four or more parts. 49 parts now issued. Subscription ans set 50 a5 Ley a biagnie number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 Memoirs of The a York tice ti Carden, Price to members of ne oa $1.50 per volume. To other: Vol. I. An Be ctated fesse A he Flora of Montana and the cet stone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and ees . T. MacDougal 3- Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, ee Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1 Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New Yo ¢ iN Contribution to Plant peogeeg ay Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 p 1915. I. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration a the Es Anniversary of oo New ne ange Garden. viii + 594 pp., with 43 plates and many text figures. Biceibutions ane The New York B ical Gard A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. In the eleventh volume THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York City GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden r hundred acres of garter. Reaastiih land in the northern part of the cite mr New York, through fea s the Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the features of the Plantations of thousands of nati plants. di j it shrubs, and flowering ardens, including a beaueiit voade eeedeny a rock garden of rock-loving plants, and fern and herbaceo den: moses) containing a 4 interesting plants from America and foreign countries ws throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autum plays of AAA, daffodils, ah irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, aco ae and chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse-bloom um, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants eee alae ne hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plant ‘ erbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of American and foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Con and So is haa sl ane study aig amie: a the chart flora of Ba ths A library of Petanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and num- erous pamphlet: ley ie on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the sacs on botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children | and the eels dees the above features rticultural The Gardena is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for membership are awe welcome. The classes of membership are: Benefactor. . . + 4 . . . « single contribution $25,000 Patron - + © 8 ew ss) Singlecontributioni yes og Fellow for Lif @. swe wee eS tw Single contribution saa Member for Life - + + « « « « . single contribution 250 Fellowship Member. . . . . . . . annual fee 100 Sustaining Member. . . . . . . . annual fee 25 e. A annual fee 10 ao following is an approved form G beans hereby bequeath to The porated under the Laws of Wen York, Chapter 285 e stop Tn sum petals All requests for further information should be sent to Tue NEw York BoranIcAL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY VOL. XXV JUNE, 1924 No.294 JOURNAL OF THE New YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE FLOWERS AND SEED OF SWEET POTATOES A. B. Stout TULIPS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN KENNETH R. Boynton THE FRANCES GRISCOM PARSONS FUND CONFERENCE NOTES FOR APRIL PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JUNE AND JULY NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN ATS LANCASTER, P. INTELLIGENCER PRiIntiNG COMPANY Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freperic S. Leg, President Ja i Hea W. DE Forest, Vice pnaeien ApoLPH LEWISOHN PG SUE GE Vice Presiden ENNETH K. MACKENZIE Joun L. MERRILL, Treen . J. MATHESON N.L. Baurran, ead etar BARRINGTON Moore Epwarp D. ADA . P. MorGan HENRY DE Foner elagone Lewis RUTHERFORD one NicHoLas Murray BUTLER FRepErIc R. NEWBO! AUL D . CRAVATH ARLES F. RAND RosBeErT W. DE FOREST HERBERT M. RICHARDS CHILDs FRICK Henry H Wit.iaM J. GIEs GrEorGE J. RYAN R. A. HARPER ALBERT R. SHAT Josern P. HENNESSY bition Boe! THOuPEah Joun F. Hyvan, Hey of the City of New Y FRANCIS Dawson GALLATIN, President of the. Dae of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS Xk. A. HARPER, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D. Nicene eee BUTLER, Pu. D., Renae SIDER TE a. D., LEAD: LL, Dkr) HERBERT M. RICHARDS, Sc. D. WILLIAM J. GIEs, Pu. 1: Henry H. Russy, M. D. GEORGE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF N.L. Brirron, Pa. D., Sc. D., LL. a eset ee . Director-in-Chief MARSHALL A. Howe, Pau. D., Sc. D a Sy ge Assistant Direc " Joun K. sunt Ba Dir Sce Die nanos ” Head Soh GH the Museum. . STOUT, aa POM Tan EIAs, Woks <5 Directo . Laboratinae W. A. Muri, os LD Biren cet art wR Loa tt, “Supervisor 1] Path ins P. A. RypBerG, Pa. D Bees mnie Curator H. A. GLEAson, Pa. D ¥ ural Frep J. SEAVER, Pa mips te ArtHuR Hottick, Pa. D 4st ERCY WILSON . . Associate Curato PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curato: Joan HEnDLEY Barnuart, A. M., M. D liographer Saraw H. Harrow, A.M.. . . ar ) Ea > Fa 0c): a) nD Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections EuizaBpetH G. BRITTON. . . chilis Curator of er Bi es Mary ESEATon © Give coi ea dale eee tist KENNETH R. Boynton, B.S... ...... . Head Ga fe ne ROBERT!'S. )WIDLTAMS |.) Sa a) (ar “Administrative Assistant Hester M. Rusk, A.M... .. . re cal Assistant H. M. Dewnstow, A. M., D. D.. . Honorary Custodian of al Herbarium E. B. Sournwick, Px. D. . . .). Custodian sit erbarene Grounds JOHN Re BRINCEY; CBs) oe ee ae Landscape Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK. . . . . "Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR); (CORBEDT) ma igus Superintendent’ ot a and Grounds WALTERS CHARLES). rire 12 one ie Museum Custodian ee ee BBUBY AIOPAIASUOT JO JANOS aY] UT SAT}OUIVA AIpIaIg, pur ‘advyo_+ ‘Aprvg jo sdqnq ooo'ot Ay: Y j jojsed y ~? ks eR Ne MEET 6% ALVIg NaGuv IVOINVLOG HIOA MAN AHL 40 IwNUnOL JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXV June, 1924 No. 294 THE FLOWERS AND SEED OF SWEET POTATOES e rather voluminous literature pertaining to swe potatoes Ge re are few references to the actu ae - coleune seed. In general experience the sweet i nfr idedly bar Horticulture (Vol. 6, page 3290, 1917) says of it ‘flowers and : ich is ly , entirely devoted to ‘‘ The Sweet Potato” (Hand and Cockerham, 1921) gives only one paragraph on the flowers and fruit as follows:—‘‘ Ri, ps e Aleh 1, 1. Pp j if g fay and less frequently maturing perfect seed in the sweet potato producing areas of the United States, occasionally a small bell- or aaa Seabee ae bloom, with a purple throat and white ™. yy be ma’ He of artificial means. These seeds, however, are unreliable for use in ieaand eines as the resulting plants cannot . dep st an ing true to the mother plant. In fac they y differ ae among themselves. This paneer ee ne production of new varieties by selecting strong an prepotent offspring.’ Information regarding the flowering — the production of seeds by hence of eet Pp on ei vei in 1 plants and of a Epecial and practical value t those who may wish to attempt improvement of this plant by breeding from seed. thi ° a a fas = fa] < me fart oo 5 =a i] a eS) ct + ° in Ig21 and cae aut enteral with persons who have had opportunity to make observations of this plant. 154 information aia definitely that seeds can w lants n good see to be more probable, certain a incompdnie in fer- tilizati DaTa REGARDING tmen: AND PRODUCTION OF SEED BY T POTATOES It seems best to the writer to present the inf according to geogi es and political areas and to quote various correspondents rather fully and exactly. It is hoped that will be agreeable to . aes val ed. Itis, = course, eal understood that fur observation on the part of s are ea would date lead to a cee ae statem Dr. Mel. T. Cook states to the writer that in ‘ he States is in New Jersey. Dr. Groth (see under Santo pees) writes of the sweet potato varieties, “‘Some bloom even in ie as I found when I had my experiments there in oe ne Vircinta. ‘‘ During the past a te ne peal Sie of sweet potatoes to blosso om i her Bee Smith, i ., in charge v egetable Feicion. Vii a Colle: KENTUCK’ “Such blooms are te seen in this section and I do not recall that I ee personally seen them at all.”—G. W. M hews, Horticulturist, Kentucky encutuel Experiment on, LAHOMA. 1 this state; ae ie date I have not been able to col a seed of the sweet eae in this state."—F M. Rolfs, Horti- m ion culturist, Oklaho eee ent Statio oLINA. “During the season of I 1919. it was my experience to observe a profuse blossoming in th rton Yam e Nort variety, whic variety is one of t irty in our variety tests, and thi ‘trapping’ o i y that might be produced. Out of possibly two hundred 155 eas kept under fairly close observation all but six resulted in nothing but husks. Six, however, produced seed, somewhat ne ee of the common morning glory and these seed were germinated early the following clare or Bs least four of m germi il did not. he sons we rt fo profuse blossomings, without result. elson, Assistant State Horiculiese North Carolina arenes Station. SoutH Carotina. ‘‘Sweet potatoes do bloom quite frequently here and sometimes abundantly, but I have never seen them set seed.”—H. M. Barre, Director of Research, Clemson Agricultural lege. Georcia. “The sweet potato does not Cale vis in this State, but it is reported by growers here a: pan that if they are grown in green houses for a lon Ses hey will blossom and produce seeds.”—-H. P. Stuckey, Die. Georgia 3 ation. LorIpA. ‘The appearance of blooms on igioa: potato plants here is nothing unusual, but it seems that o one has inte rested —Wilmon Newell, Des Florida teen Experiment ctober, 1922, Mr. A. C. Brown 1, Asst. Quarantin ite Owing to the distance of travel, the flowers arrived = uch poor condition that no satisfactory study of the flow Ee could be made. ALABAMA. ‘“‘We seen only a very few blooms on sweet potatoes in the Stat eat (Alabama and I know of no case in which —G. C. Starcher, Horticulturist, ot = ig] n om Bs i} 8 3 wm io) 3 3 eas =) 9 Alabama Polytechnic gener tu’ Mississipri. ‘‘ We very ee have sweet potato blooms in our sped but it is very seldom that any o' of the plants have een y ago I took cuttings from vines tha were b and put them in th hee ouse e blooming continually did not set seed due to their being infertil — little pollen present as was deter- © mined under the microscope. “H.C. Young of Georgiana, Alabama, has produced a couple of new varieties from se He has succeeded i in one vee or four of the plants to ae seed. J think that it is more a of lack of pollen than a case of not blooming because eal 156 times I have seen fields out in full bloom just like so many morning glories. “Tf you can keep your greenhouse at from 60 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit a can get good plants of the following varieties: Nancy Hall, Iden Beauty, es oley Yam, White Yam and Porto Rico. 1 these above- ed varieties will oe if se na given the proper attention, being carefu to keep your green- the day and not less than oo degrees at night. The: ese plants will have os ae left in pots for about six phate to get the blooms. We ses from ri! and left in the field un nl Oc op C. Pric e, Professor of Horticulture, Mississippi Apel Experiment Statio Ss. TEXA “T hav ead d farmers tell me see lap tee that ee had seen mo fa ee blooming and, i , producin seed, but ust one it that during t the six isye ears in w ane ch I hav: 3 been eee ex one single instance of either blooming or me produc ea of the sweet potato, have examined many a sweet potato field.” J. Tabe an Chief, Division of Pla ee athology and Phy: siology, Texas Agnculgieal Experiment eu PSM. fe Sweet Potato nie eae jana ee NEW ae “Sweet potatoes never bloom in this part ] ntry. en ‘0 are all poe agated from the roots.”—Fabian Garcia, Head of Department of Hore, ee Mexico College of Agri- ulture Arizona. “Southern Arizona is a very promising sweet potato country; the acreage is increasing every year. On only ver 7 2 "oO tad one 0: ee and I ng d."—J. ber, Director, pEeone Foret poe: Station. a LIFOR Various growers of sweet potatoes in Southern California el Roce who have studied this crop in this area have per se eeete reported to the writer that they have never seen flowers on a eet a grown in this area. UNITED ee IN ae (1) “Dr. Evans of the St oe Relations Service ee ea num seed po t e seed of which had been sent from one of the Virgin Islands This i is t. ine 7 sweet pea! a) ood that has been brought attentio: ave, howeve: of cae. bath in the field andi in the greenhouse here in Wash- eta 137 ington, and seed sen a reported as yon formed on sweet potatoes in southern Florida.”—L. C. ett, Horticulturist in Charge, Horticultural and Ponilogeat’ Ie ces U.S. Dept. of Agricultu ) “On sev verl ilar we have procured seed of sweet € gro th a long growing — "—W. R. Beattie reece Horti- eileanice U.S. Dep of Agriculture. ts 1 of workers in the Southern sections, par- t t th ade that ma are chance seedlings, originating in ve. The plant blooms as s far north as Washington, s Cc. We e are i id work with the plant and hope by ee the growing season, it ee be possible to induce ee - some seed sent in by Prof. J. B. Thompson of the ce Experiment Station at St. Croix, Virgin Islands. We fa tempt to gle toe es this seed in the hopes that some ising sorts may cured.’’—James H. Beattie, originale U.S. Departmen ne a eae ulture GIN ISLANDS. /@). “1 have been in the Se ae ut nev I ue abeuees in the an al I particularly attempted to obtain seed from the te) than one ety or not. H I obtained my see 0 planting where 3 varieties were e planted side by d seed S pri Salat n all varieties. I noticed that bees were working n the s about the time they to flowe some a flov egan he seedings oni Black Rock, for instance, show every eviden of having been crossed by the Big Wig variety. It is eaaible 159 ae all our seed may have resulted from cross-pollination.” . Thompson, oe st in Charge, Agricultural Experi- ment Station St. E Report of the ae) Islands Agricultural Experi- by J. B. sta ease fen ies toss son, it is stated tha t many plants in plots of Bla ea Big ig, an ey West yam varieties wi to produced during 1921 ‘‘seed balls’’ hich were collected and plante “Unscarified seed was found to germi ry irregular Iti orted that there was elopm of vine in the plants within the same family.” A total of 283 RTO RICO. “Unfortu unately oo is very little Nebo lat we can give you relative to seed production in potatoes. The profuse flowering tend ency of some v: fe. e Port Rico, has attracted my ettenton Bot at this Station and at the E However, I have observed practically nothing in pee is “the setting of seed by these bloo: “In a recent ee Mr. T. B. Me! Clelland, cae of in discussion - seed production of be weet potato.” . Gri 0: ity of other varieties.”—Mario Calvino, sage Exp. - némica, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Santo Dominco. To Dr. B. H. A. Groth of Monte Cristi, Domini ‘ a information regarding his observations the flowering and is of this plant. The following are extracts from his 160 varieties bloom in the tropics. Some bloom even in New Jersey, as I found when I had my experiments there in -190 2) ‘In March and April there are plenty of seeds nee in other nths some, b The pla nts bloom les in the other ey 00, time. The name of the variety I sent you eced pata is, locally, ‘‘ Venda,” but may ny be something else. \We have about a dozen varieties growing together, and since bees work ae flowers, there is always the poet of cross- Terilizaticn Pe @ -~@o9 see 7 88 On oe? @ 2 of a a ad © 6e Figure 2. At 1 ft a group of seeds i the sweet potato. In the middle, th ds fi d below the dry calyx lobes with pod entirely emoved. At the upper right three see seeds and one rudimentary seed from 7 single pod; below these are the four segments of the wall! of the pod, RBADOS AND ST. VinceNT. (1) The sae - the Dep: of sweet potatoes being grown In tests since 19: ates that 30 seedlings were obtained from seed of the variety Vincelonian, 11 from Six \ s, and 16 from aan The report for 191 18} mentions 17 seedlings under cultivatio 161 (2) “Some three or four years ago, when I was living in Barbados I had as ed Dr. S. C. Harland, of the Cotton Research Statio: on, St. Vincent. He expressed some i interest in this sub ject t than my seed capsules i in abundance, oe neither of 1 us had noted them efore. On t H. Nowell, Assistant Director, St. Clair Experiment "Stati tion, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad. TrintpaD. ‘In Trinidad I am informed that the sweet pota - abe not se s T e plant is not so much at home in our P humid climate as in the other islands and gives low vields. I ciiale it (pro obable, ‘however, that seed could be found if looked for, but the f to verify this eae et —W iiians Noe een eens St. Clair Experimen Station, June 16, 1 1) “In regard to the sweet potato pons and st eed in Hawaii I would state that there are a number of varieties and hybrids thereof grown by us on the Un rsity which seed free On the other ha: t all varieties se d especially during moist seasons when the foliage de- velops most luxuriantly and even the seeding varieties are less inclined t during wet ahs Vh d-pollinated a good many sorts set seed w ould not seed of their own account.’’—F. G. Krauss, Dene iE Agronomy, University of rit ii. “The writer has been undertaking the improvement of oh es pole by sexual breeding for the past four years at this tio : 700 seed! have ee 70 varieties ee sweet potatoes known by Hawaiian names and with the excep — a few they bloom Bee from November to / na few cae conditions we find that h dev rt avi aril best rOe nN e also find some varieties non-bloom- —H. ng, setae in Tropical Agronomy, Hawaii Agricultural “Experimen nt Stati (3) “Except in case of a ne warieties, ae sweet potato blooms Lee in law ie rom November ril.”"—-H. hung, The Sw t Potato n Hawaii, Bulletin He 50, Hawaii Agri- cultural Cee Station, 1923. 162 Gu “This station has conducted variety tests with prac- tically ail the a haene of ag: potatoes but although a of plants blossomed none of them produced er d.” ea Guerrero, Ass nt in P Horticulture, Guam Agri- cultural Experiment Sta PHILIPFINE ISLANDs. ee The maine pele Vol. LIP 10, No. 5 ec. 1921) Dr. N. B. Mendio reports “Two Years of Sweet Potato Breedin Seed was Spunk varietie seedling: n. Artificial self-pol- lination failed to force the production of seed. The s hich was obtained came from flowers subject en pollinati y insects and there was opportunity for cross-pollination between varieties e flowers are reported to be her. euapinoditie but to var Sel in oa ee of the stame: In resp: nqui he conditions a ‘seed production of ae ceeding varieties ere oe Dr. Mendiola has written the following: “No test was made of ain eae in the various seedlings obtained in the work. Ca can say, present in regard to this point is aes ae t generation cuttings of various seedlings (7 are Vee inclu di ing, the r 2 ie ana plots of these seedlings and we expect to study ae fico ‘ h r, that some of the seedlings I have are i “Tf the planting of two sweet po to each other, cross-fertilization by ee “takes “place easily; i imilar circumstances we have found a percentage of 6 : ites ob that varieties which eye med ahi but si seed prior e time of I-. mber of ee ihiey eee olenso states that 163 not less than thirty of these had come under his Hou aa while eel of the old sorts were already known to be aq e not aware pete eet potatoes ; have ever been wn in this State from seed ae to the experiment made ae season at the Po Fatablishmient at St. Helena, which has uiadgs eminently suc cessfu Ts stalks were found among the vines when yo po ‘oes were being dug, and these were planted out The It is, a po dif- ferent from the other in colour (be ee a 1 bright yellow when boiled), and the shape of the leaf is different.’ “The favourable result of this experiment uld prove of great interest a: lue to fi who grow sweet potatoes for the market late large quantities of tubers grown from vine cutti have proved diseased, a e continuous planting of cuttings of vines from the diseased tubers can me e effect perpetuating the trouble. The raising of of : i a ally new variety, perfectly free from disease, should result in Eanbhi ing the disease from the fields of those who can either 164 oe eee cuttings or raise new varieties for themselves.’ om Queensland Agricultural Journal of Feb., 1904, page 90. RDS OF SEED. 1. It is to be noted that what is — the first ees of fruit and seed of the sweet potato appear ao as early as 1707 (see Sloane, Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 150, 151). Shower r, the ed. 2. “The experiments carried on at the roe Station, itm n vy- cropping ‘Hen and Chickens’ ; oner Bee potatoes are seedling varieties.” (Agricultural eae 8: . “Attempts are being ma wien to improve va and sweet errata by developing strains fae Seedlinee. According to the pee d Forester, Vol. III, No. 7, sixty-three + ties of ca a have been, ae une ~ 3 these eight are rom aaa eee are Sioa Japanese, and one is a ain The use of seed with sweet potato on results of auplane value.” (Agricultural News 14: 140. T : ‘EW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. ae ae seedlings of belated germinations (ten in all) were grown in pots and ae ina oo over the following winter. a uary 12, 1923, one of the plants grown from a cutting of one of the c plants ‘sent to Washington began to bloom continuing cal thirteen flowers were produce e anthers in nearly all | cases dehisced readily and: a and the pies was abundant well filled granular contents. even flowers were carefully pollinated iby Bie nd,! but in no case di but start to i The € vines of this plant ee abou vee Ist, uu plants grown in pots durir ing the winter an nd oan r ones ee cuttings were transplanted in the field ae ee grown ' These studies of pollen and the pollinations were made ree Miss Hester M. Rusk, Assistant in the Laboratories, N. Y. Botanical Garden O29 B IAG Sx OIOLU SOULA A MAN OY 165 g the summer of 1923. They all made veoteus a th 192 ee Pr LATE 292), producing a tangled mass of vines but there was no formation of flower buds. These seedlings differed greatly FiGuRE 3. A pot-grown plant, from a cutting of a seedling sweet potato, fiesce during January, 1924, in a greenhouse at The New York Botani cal Garde: en Fruit faile d 7 start development, although careful pollinations in ane to Paciens ae leaves, habits of growth and the color and size of flesh In the autumn ee ee oT were pee from we ten clones and a total of 151 plants were grown in pots in greenhouse during the following cutee. "all grew all, some feline vines four feet in length. The 23 plants of the clone that bloomed 166 during the preceding winter did not produce a ae flower. e velop de and dehiscence was ees Pollen was abundant and und S ump and fully developed. Eight opened and shed flower by meg ae one flower bs Crosse using pollen of an Ipomoea blooming 1 ete eenhouse at the same date. In every case Du uring t these two years experience there were only three plants of two clones in bloom and there was no chance to make ele between ie Discussion AND CONCLUSION The s sweet potato has been propagated alee exclusiv ely by that are used as food. The varieties have ni ees subjected to any sort of selection for production of qui ers, fruit, or me as ag may finds of oultwvatee plants. tor the persistence - any types of sterility which ma y have existed i in the origina al developed later. It is not, therefore, eared that the vari- eties of the sweet potato in cultivation today should exhibit types of sterility and as feequenty a to ida fruits and seeds or even to produce fl A most obvious co padi ion whi ch enforces mes of the sweet potato is the non-blooming habit. The plan t is naturally ada i ent does not favor the formation of flowers. Throughout a 167 certain area of the more a range of its nie po ames H. and W.R .. Beattie of the U. S. Department of Agri- aa The effect of such ea influences or the formation of flowers has long been recognized (see numerous ear! lier papers by Mébius, Véchting, Klebs, Sachs and Goebel and the reports of more recent investigations by Setchell and by Garner and Allard). Undoubtedly throughout the areas in which flowers appear sparingly and irregularly there may be more or less blast ting of involve a relative oe of either pistils or stamens as in intersexes. But in areas where flowers are readily and ees pro- fi ly ni und. short time and the pistil and stamens in a flower seem to mature at quite the same time. T ec onditions suggest that there is ibili t wo kinds of sex organs involved in the processes of fertilization—a ‘maphrodite p r polle: and with t ae controlled self- and cross-pollinations are needed to pines e more exactly the type of sterility present in the sweet nies 168 It is, oe rather fully demonstrated that seed can readily be ee at least some varieties by mene ree eet potatoe and es oe begun in Cuba, in Hawaii, in the Philippines ae also to some extent in the United States. A. B. Stout. TULIPS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN (WITH PLATES 291 AND 293) Once more the Garden is indebted to Holland for one of the n results Si lansing some 80,000 tulips, sixteen cases, of the well- own ‘Dutch Produce” received here last November, the gift - the Holland Bulb Exporters Association, arranged by Mr. H. J. Arentshorst, ee of the Association, and trans- mitted through Messrs. Van w averen and Sons These bulbs were Sane last November, the Darwins in the eee Grounds and the Breeders, Cottage, and Early types in the Cohanaiod Court. Flowers of Brilliant Star and ae Sunday 1 May 4th, they came in increasing numbers, ar’ The next three or four days were dark and s sowery but Saturday and Sunday, May Toth ang rth, saw eh ae enty- five nd all of thevisior who a ee, be crea OBae saw the a play On May 16th a visi ting day 10 or mbers was held at the Darwin ate ow. By thi all of of the vari but Sunday, May 19th, was the “ peak’’ day ae thee Darwin tulips. They were visited by several thousand people from all “F261 ‘zz Ae uae} yderZoj0yg P S9MYT Yd YA ‘ST 1 [NITPAOPZ aYyI uy saijaiea urmie(y jo sdijny coo‘ot —— jo Sunqueydl aut jo 13 169 parts of New York City, probably a more typically metropolitan crowd than on other days. They were very appreciative, and their ae to the colorful scene, while — interfering with the tulip-lovers studying gro of varieties, indicated new inspitations to the cee lovers. * They ae their innings on Saturday d Sundays or on bright days generally. Fewer people came on all days and in all weather. At nine o'clock, davlight saving time, one evening, a gerilenan was a es a on incessantly around tulip scenes, the children being the RE 4. Darwin Tulips, near the Southern Boulevard Entrance to the Fic fe Grounds. Photograph by Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham subjects in most instances; as the center of things in general, the Baronne de la Tonnaye oval bordered with La Candeur oud. After holding off to accommodate the Saturday afternoon W v k il about mid crowd of May 25th, rain n fel from 6 o’cloc ti mi night, accompanied by wind squalls. Flowers of such varieties leu Aimable, Euterpe, Pride of Haarlem and Valentin were roken to s extent, and those which had been open longest, Valentin, Feu Brilliant, Wm. Pitt, Frans Hals, Melicette, and Europe, were somewhat burned after more t wo weeks of constant duty. The next week, the last in May. saw only five or six varieties past and colors even more intense jn the aging 170 ae Faust became an indelible blue black, Centenaire lost some of its carmine and touched almost a royal purple as did de rose- -colored Edmee, Mme. Krelage, and ius de la condinien as were also the Dione: eceders: The 9,000 tulips the growing p i isfaction, especially King Harold, Cone. “Sea rlet Beauty, an Euterpe, not to speak of Clara Butt and Margaret, old standbys with practically every flower perfect. TULIPS IN CONSERVATORIES Court AT N. Y. BOTANICAL GARDEN 192 Single Early Tulips ene Star Pelican Calyp Pink Beauty Caulene le President Cleveland Crimson Que President Lincoln Cullinan Prince of Austria De Wet Progressi lamingo Prosperity rt re Queen Flora solden Queen Rising Sun Grand Duc (Keizerkroon) Rose La Reine Herman Schlegel Rose a Hobbema Van der Nee 1s Nous Briliane Lady Boreel Whit Max Havelaar Wouve McKinley Yellow Pane Double Early Tulips es D'Or Peach Blossom lectra Schoonoord El Toreador Tea Rose Mr. Van Der Hoeff itian Murillo Tournesol Vuurbaak 171 Cottage Tulips Car: Inglescombe Yellow Dai nty Maid ohn Ruskin Sesneriana ixioides Loonlight sesneriana lutea Mrs. Kerrel Gesneriana spathulata Ars. Moon Glare of the Garden range King Grenadier Scarlet Emperor nglescombe Pink ir y The Fawn Union Jack Breeder Tulips Apricot La Singuliére Ba ee Le Mogol Bronze Que Louis XIV C. ardinal Manaine Lucifer Chestnu Larginat. Don Pedro {arie Louise Clio anorama Feu Ard rince of Orange Godet Parfait rofessor Schotel Golden Bronze alomon Golden ie tee rameens Darwin Teurirs in N. Afterglow Anton eee Anton Roo: Baronne de te Tonnaye Bartigon rdelia Crepuscule Dian Dream Duchesse of Hohenberg Ethel Roosevelt Europe Velvet King Vulca Yellow ean Y. BotanicaL GARDEN Euterpe Pau ncée La Tulip Noire Len L’'In residen ous Te La Valliere Mie Has rlem Madame Barrois Prince of the Netherlands oo Krelage ace Elizabeth Marco: Princess Juliana Marnix van fA Aldegonde Professor Rawenhoft Massachus Reverend Ewbank Massenet Scarlet Beaut Matchless ieraad van Flora Mauve Clair ir Trev or ne Melicette ophrosin Minister Tak Van Poortvliet uzon Mr. Farncombe Sanders The oe Mrs. ee Imer alen Meh \ ctor ad Oliv _A. Viruly uae Painted Lady \ hist ler Pensée Amére William ae Petrus Hondiu William Philippe de Comins: Zulu IKKENNETH R. BOYNTON. THE FRANCES GRISCOM PARSONS FUND Some of the friends of the late Frances Griscom Parsons (Mrs. Henry Parsons), who was a aoa in the pligeealcaih Z school gardens in New York Cit President of the Pane nse s School eae pe av d e raised a fund of t and dollars to commemorate her ork. This mount was giv a to ane ee York Botanical Gate on May ith g that it shall be known the ee COM PARSONS Fun: Da and that the income hee! ee . used for the corporate purposes of the Garden, with eae ese to promoting interest in the subjects in which h achievements were so notable. Frances ae (born September 23, 1850; died Seas at of y years, she found time to assist in civic betterment by 173 pape a kindergarten, a club for boys and Birls, and a reading rele for young people, and by taking part in other village ac- as much i sed by the lack of to with nature exhibited y the average school child in the metropolis I he started a children’s garden ca t 3d et and children. The main aim is not ut tility, Faw ledge: ane sil, though those are cal included, but and appreciati Al education should lead to right reactions. Therefore education is ing, is an art, is development, is evolution. trainin Knowle ae e is eee by the way, and is a tool, but is not e main There are now pone main centers of school garden work in aoa ae were formerly under the direction of Mrs Parsons. These are in Thomas Jefferson Park, 114th St. and Harlem River; DeWitt Clinton Park, 54th St. and oo Re and Corlear’s Hook Park, Jackson St. and East Riv Grisco ns, f Mr : Supervisor of Gardening Instruction at The New York Botanical arden from 1917 t' 19 ‘or a part of this time he 19 a pa charge of farming and gardening operations at various canton- ments of Nee U.S. Army, with headquarters at Washingt The list of subscribers to the Frances Griscom Parsons “Fund includes following names: Alexander, Mrs. C. B. Britton, Dr. N. L. Aldrich, Mrs. Margaret Chand- Brooks, Miss ae G. ne Bryce, Miss T rt, Jr., Mrs. George F. Butler, Miss Mary Marshall ST Miss Elizabeth Davies, Mrs. J. Clarence Dodge, Mr. Cleveland H. 174 Orcutt, Mrs. C. Blake Osborn, Mrs. William Church Pennoyer, Mrs. Paul G. Pond, Miss Florence Louisa de Forest, Mr. Robert de Forest, Mrs. Robert . Glenn, Mr. John M. Graydon, Mrs. Clendenin Hammond, Mrs. John Henry Sc r, Mrs. e Hitch, Mrs. F. Del. Seward, Miss Alice D James, Mrs. ns Curtiss Smith, Jr., Mrs. R. Penn King, Miss Strauss, Mrs. Albert Kissel, rae a VE. Squibb, M. D., Edward H. ea) Th Tnternntiona Terry, Mrs. John T Children’ 's eee Tuckerman, Mr. and Mrs League, School Reais liot Long, pee Emilie O. Tuckerman, Miss Emily Lamb Low, Mrs. Set Tuckerman, Miss Jane F. Luquer, Mrs. Lea i Tweed, Mrs. Charles H. McAlpin, Mrs. D. Hun an Sinderen, Mrs. Howard Milliken, Mrs. S ae Wheeler, Mrs. Everett P Nichols, Ms. j.W. Young, Mrs. A. Murray Under date of May 1, 1924, Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in- Chief of The New York Botanical Garde en, sent the check for two thousand dollars to the Garden's Treasurer, Mr. John L ae gi a ee letter. Dea ti transmit ie i for »2000 from the International chien s School Farm Lea t the meeting of the B eh - Managers held April 17th, 1924, re blowing resolution was adopted: c Manager "of The REs : That the ew York Botanical Giten ae accept fro. the Hoe Children’s ntributions, and the f the corporate purposes of The New York Botanical Garden. 175 This operates to establish another special fund, the income to be expended as subsequently directed by the Managers. Yours tru . L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. CONFERENCE NOTES FOR APRIL The following abstracts are of the t Conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered | Students of = Garden on the afternoon of April 2d. “Galapagos and Cocos Island Mosses”’ by Mr. R.S. Williams. The Gale ‘os and Cocos Islands are situated on the same submerged eis at present about 1500 fathoms below the is platea i majority of the species are not endem nce sup aN do they appea: ar to be so ad eee to 2 Cental ees n life as would be inferred by a separation of o o miles - water. Of the bi ma several genera peculiar to om i Sianades group are most sna related to Hawaiian species. Of the 25 mosses so far collected from the Galapagos islands, about 25 moss almost universal digenbution & in tr ropic cal regions, is of r- e Si r the m = tee aoe of the Galapagos Islands, still remains to ae disco Under the title of ‘‘ Notes on Algae,’’ Dr. Marshall A. How showed specimens of the ae sie Nostoc pemeneen 176 sent in by Dr. J. M. Aldrich from rocks in a river at Stamford, Conn. It forms flat thalli about half an inch across and man May, 1923, from Mr. S. C. Bishop of the State Museum at pecimens and drawings of what appears to be a new species of Pithophora, a filamentous green alga, from Bermuda, were Aas n; = specimens Ms ee apparently new algae from the repre: us Protoderma of the Greens and eee a ae “of the Blue-greens Several calcareous or rock-forming algae were exhibited. In a icles a calcareous marl from a lake-bottom in Michigan, sent by Dr. E. M. Kindle of the aoe Survey of Canada and in all probability built up by minute lime-secreting blue- logical Survey, and apparently representing a for ner of pao ane marine ane of the pet geese grou and a of the exten nsive deposit of an algal ee pices (probes “aid pes by a species of Phormidium of the Blue- greens) that occupies an ancient tie each of Quaternary as bord- Bie the Salton Sea Basin in California, the materia! communi- ted by Dr. Walter T. Swing le PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JUNE AND JULY Below is the program for a June and July lectures of 1924. | ae are delivered in the Museum Building, aes m Sat aN ay a Sunday afternoons. They Tee . ce rn-slides and otherwise. une 1. “The Bronx River Parkway. Mr. Jay Downer. June 7. Walks and Talks in The New York Botanical Gar- den—I. “Birds.” Mr. R.S. Williams. 177 June 8. ‘Wild Birds of New York City.” Mr. S. H. Chubb. June 14. eg aud Talks in The New York Botanical Garden— “The Garden.” Dr. E. B. Southwick. Juners. “ Ethylene or the Gas that Puts Plants and Animals 0 Slee ike illiam Crocker. June 21. Walken talks inThe New. II. “The Museums and Herbari Drs. J. K. Small aa P. ‘A. Rydberg. June 22. “Ornamental Shrubs. Mr. Henry Hicks June 28. “ and Their Culture.” r. M. A. How June 2 “ n Roads and Trails.’ D White July 5. “Wild Trees of New York City.” ’. A. Murrill July 6. Walksand aes in The New York Botanical Garden— IV. “Tre Dr. Murrill. July 12. Walks aod Talksi in The New ent Gardens= V. “The eds.” Mr. K. R. Boynton. July 13. ‘How to Keep Plants Clean and pai During the Summer.’ rof. H. Findla lay July ro. ee Talks in The New YorkB ical VI. “The Library.” Dr. J. H. Barnhart. July 20. ‘Some Choice Flowering Trees and Shrubs.” Mr. Arthur Herrington. July 26. aval end Talks in The New York B ical | VII. ‘Fungi and Insects.’ July 27. ‘Harnessing the Sun: Can Botanists Solve she Motac- fuel Problem?” Dr. M. A. Chrysler NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT hist er installment of Pittier’s Venezuelan plants has been ceived for the ea scl one a bane the collections ae the flora of h Am Professor H. M. Fitzpatrick of Cornell University spent a few days at the Garden recently in continuation of his as on the taxonomy of certain groups of the ascomycetous fun: The aquatics of the So have been oe lately by Philotria densa, a water-weed of Argentina. This interesting plant was late ly dis covered in Mirror Dake, Florida, by Mrs. Katherine B. Tippet 178 A collection of species and varieties with several hundred seedlings and hybrids of day lilies alate is now coming into bloom in the experimental plots. A wide range of color variations is to be seen in the fe some of which seem worthy of cultivation as new garden varietie The wool-sower gall is unusually abundant this season on the twigs of one of the small scrub oaks (Quercus nana) in the shrub collection just north of the Long Bridge. This very ae gall, made by tiny gall-insects, is large aul globular in shape, nearly white ey tinged with pink, and conspicuously olly. Mr. oe ae of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., spent part of at the rden, in consultation with Dr. Southwick rave to rock Bere plants, and in arr. We are indebted to Mr. Lown for many kinds of beauti- fal a interesting plants grown by him in his well-stocked rock- garden, and for advice and information, Stout, Director of the Laboratories, spent thre ecks inert in May and early in June at State Agricultu ral Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., studying sterilities in erries, pears, and apples. The large ies of species and neni of these tree fruits at Geneva affords unusual facilities for studies. The cold and rainy weather then prevailing rae somewhat with the work undertaken the 93 cases of books received from Geneva in August last, more t ty have been o , and most of their contents carefully examined. The work of incorporating the: library necessarily progresses slo’ but e than three hun- ets, have already been listed among the library accessions in the Journal, and all of these are already on the ee and fully catalogued. The blight of the plane-tree is more serious this season than usual owing to the long period of rainy weather. Some of the trees appeared nearly dead early in June, because practically all their foliage was blighted, but other leaves will develop and the trees will be in full foliage again by midsummer. This disease 179 is caused by an inconspicuous fungous parasite, ae nervi. ae present in the injured twigs and young , Professor of Botany and Dean of the Graduate Sc hoo of a sylvania State College, spent a day at the Garden discussing plans for a collecting trip te Porto Rico. the study of the plant rusts of that region and they are expected to supply the manuscript on this group of fungi for the Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. rold L. Lyon, in shee of Botany and ey at hd n lulu, visited the Garden ae accompanied . Mrs sige n. ts i hi specially occupied 2 present in eee operations e slopes of the Hawaiian mountains oa Snore col- ee of trees, shrubs and other plants reservation of about 400 acres between 500 feet and 2000 ciation During his visit Mr. Boynton made Oiasane tes id: ae Ug an exchange of duplicate greenhouse ee for f the Sandwich Islands. The native endemic Plants of Hawaii do’ not dats readily to cultivation . Bobbink and Atkins of Rutherford, N. a have con- days of July. flue ee on- f how of propagation. They have ate taken possession of millions of a The end is not in sight. To date, having defied all ae fee of € xtermination, they are spreading into new fields, entailing great fi ial los the other ee cactus plant have an ancient and honor- eloved, plac u economi r sean e, that inte uctive quo- g fon] ie) o ao 32 8 oO a 4 @ io} + o re lack, and "ery go te — upon ae ee eating nothing else,” _and : ee Their best times are when ae Raa ale are ripe, because they have plenty to eat, an end the in dancing and eating da es and night. 7 ee as nl tunas last they aes eae n them and set them to It i a that would almost Pi certain tribes and 200 seasons in America today—especially in the desert reaches of our own setae and Mexico. Nor only the fruit itself important. Among various sianive “folk the seeds were—and still eee fat up for flour, and as for the succulent stems, some - these ee serve as a valued vegetable in the boreal cuisin pak c fection is well known, also the value of ca a pea has for animals wild and tame when other pastrage is lackin: And need we mention that the juice of some of the tit of cacti is made into a primitive scoot drink? Other kinds furnish primitive man with a drug and a nar cotic. “This is notably the e case in the so-called ‘ ee but tton” not to be But to revert to the structural a ysis! es of interest possessed by this plant t fam mily, w add tl ais these should be mentioned the singular eae of ie cactu: stem—a mechanism to insure ae longer life of the in dividual, For example, the ‘“joints”’ of the opuntioid | as that is, those plants with ee internodes—“ pads, they are often called,—are often placed oe criss-cross so that only about half the oe of the plant is exposed to the wind which- ever way it may blow. In as case of the ence or cereoid types with their mass i soft watery tissues, we do not find the stem round and even, but strongly, san cooly ribbed, The ribs, of course, ave the axis added s Physiologically considered, two ne a associated ain nd One of th sta of cacti is the absence of leaves in the vast majority of the on As deserts became the typical homes of cacti, leaves would be distinct detriment to the plant, under the normal coiteitions existing there, for the moisture would be given off from the plant more rapidly es the roots ee supply it from the scant reserve in the soil. So, leaves were long ago dispensed with, ni af. transpiration of moisture is eee Lie regulated—reduced or accelerated—from within the The sap or oir content 201 is largely mucilaginous, and latex, or milk, is also sometimes presen he conditions of this gummy cell-sap, regulated seeording to external conditions, when thicker checks trans- piration and when thinner accelerates it according d ition, in ca! lant is wounded 3 iS 1 spreads a coating over the exposed tissues, see then forms a a 7 : ion i ae fics ‘y access to the internal — = io lant i are most h-temperate zone many kinds of cacti are found in Chile and Argentina All told, there are more than twelve hundred kinds of cacti which are embraced i in one penne and twenty-five genera. Th r Southwest, and in Mexico, parts of South janes ery a ow st poe New York lies in one of the minor cactus eee stern Coastal Plain, extending from Massachusetts to Flor ida. The real extent of this cactus field was not eae a lately. OHN K. SMALL. THE BRONX RIVER PARKWAY! he willows and lush grasses nee — weds taunting foe er flags, thousands of butt and It’s as full of birds and Scene as England along the Thames or one of those ducky little streams out of Paris.’ This was F. Hopkinson Smith’s description of the Bronx River 25 or more years ago. In the first of the summer series of the Garden ans of I 1 it valley, which i wae penne transformed by the Bronx River Parkway, now ring completion 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum of The New York Botanical Garden on the afternoon of June I, 1924. 202 : ee eae ee so delightfully described by Smith i and other sketches, shacks, ee a ee ak hed jeune the natural beauties of the river’s banks. With the growth of population northward from Bronx Park general dumping grounds. Sewage discharged into the riv the upper valley towns fouled the stream in the Williamsbridge section and Howes. us Be Pon Garde The Parkv ment was undertaken and active work commenced in 1913. a and will be practically completed to Kensico Dam this yea eee slides illustrating W ‘estchester County’s new park Iso sho D ing Island near Rye Beach and Glen Islands in fs oun ee parks have been acquired in the Tibbetts Brook valley in Yonkers just north of Van Cortlandt Park and con- tinuing as a parkway along the Saw Mill River valley to Chap- aqua. A parkway has also been laid out along the Hutchinson River Dam through Briarcliff to Croton Lake, from which it will pass through Westchester County’s 1100-acre park at Mohansic 203 wake and continue to the new bridge spanning the Hudson rom Anthony’s Nose to Bear Mountain. This parkway exten- ion, including the Bronx River Parkway, wall make a fomple te Park at Bear Mountain. The length of this circuit, which will be continuous from the plaza at en Street and Cen- ral Park, will be 125 miles. AY OWNER, Engineer and Secretary of the Bronx Parkway Commissi THE SNAPDRAGON RUST Attention has recently been called to the destructive work of she snapdragon rust known scientifically as Puccinia Antirrhini Diet. & Holw. A New York correspondent, Mr. H. A. Gibbs, writes as follows: ‘‘The disease appeared fist five years ago on eae jeal of damage to the cultivated snapdragon in the vic cinity of icago While the fungus is well known and widely distributed in this 204 country : control methods have not been very eee worked o We will publish a summary of the work don along die. ae in Illinois. CONTROL e control methods mecommneaded by Mr. George L. Peltier of the Illinois Exp where a great deal of damage has been done and many experiments conducted, are as follows: house by giving attention to cultur. ods. Growin: e lants under the t conditions in a clean, well-kept, and well- ventilated house will check to some t the dissemination of year or two new stock secured which is free from rust. The latter may be secured by the use of seed and the practice of selection. ' FrepD J. SEAVER. PLANTS USED BY ANCIENT AMERICAN INDIANS Dr. M. R. Gilmore of the Museum of the American Indian has recently made two visits to the Museum of The New York Botanical Garden. On his first visit he brought with him for de i ry mi of flint and other stones; the piece of the shaft nearest the head was made of branches of beh and other trees; the tail 205 of stems of the Reed, really a woody grass and the only any certainty was a piece of this Reed. Dr. Small, who was in Florida at the time, may be able to name more of the pieces of woo One of the fibers used was from the Indian Hemp, ee and another looked like the bast of a grape vine. e bluff- dwellers eae corn, squashes, sun-flowers and simi- lar to those t ns ust oO rai a it is at probable that they were used for food, but for medic x for incense in meligiods ecremons ies. By the way, the pee a — could hardly he Ambrosia the “food of the gods”’ of the old eae and Greek mytholo: or else the tastes a gods and men must be vee rea unless we have changed in the last few thousand y the Dakota plants brought in, is a ae of Orach, many ia could not get salt. There is in oo no lack of ne in ae used as a substitute to give the salty . A. RYDBERG. CONFERENCE NOTES FOR MAY A conference of the Scientific Staff and pene Students of the Garden was held on the afternoon of May Doctor W. A. Murrill spoke of “the seen eee fexeures® of his recent trip to South America. This was a general account 206 the journey with a display of specimens, numerous curios, a articles made of various woods. A report of the neenune work accomplished will be given by Doctor Murrill at another ime. The second item of the program was a talk ee Dr. Ralph R, Stewart on ‘‘Ornamental Plants of the Punjab,” an abstract of which follows: The Punjab is a large province in the northwest of British India, extending from Delhi on the south to the Indus River on orth. The vori nta Tose, saamince: various species of Hibiscus, Lawsonia alba, and odorum. Th the cities where there : more or — foreign influence, there are many ornamental p Eve the mre ae of town the stores and office ae have gardens. A lar number of exotics have n introd ommo: trees are the Crepe Myrtle, Bauhinia, Dalbergia sp., Albizzia sp., hevetia, the P. ee, Eucal s sp., Grevillea robusta, Bombax malabaricum, various acacias, Cassia fistula, Cord ‘ Terminalia sp. and toward the foot hills of the Himalayas, olia. atives ee use ee for but two PUEnOFES gar- lands and in Pp g bidding 207 them farewell, ina of Paina as snes or jasmine are At may be used for the same ease bare ip om Pecans is en favorite flower. The idols a ‘phallic emblems may be garlanded or the flowers an object of reverence by Hindus and a pot of this may be found in almost every Hindu home. In addition the pipul (Ficus religiosa) is a sacred tree and pada ney men Mequently make arude sh elter in its shade and built beside BS The Be tish ahi has taken pains in planting road- side trees widely n the Punjab and from a slight elevation the course of th an ae oa followed for mile Dy rhe lines of aie Dalbergia oe an roadside trees, ere in ee more atid regions two acacias, Acacia arabica and A. modesta, are very common. In Kashmir, NUS pian hie to a great size in Kashmir and is a favorite de The ve ogul emperors were great gardeners and many of their gardens are still kept in good repair. Their gardens are all i ce n the fountains which play on special aeenay A pleasure house is usually placed i or in the middle of the artificial pool. Fences are not common in the "Punjab pa ic are used a great deal. For this pu: s, Euphorbia Royleana, the century plant a Acacia Europeans have come to esate viscosa, a privet-like plant, Dae the lime, od ae century plant for their hedges. Out through the cou: ue districts se trees are often disfigured through lopping in times of drought and famine. The goats and cattle are brought up to eat almost anything. Even in the mountains where the pasturage does not seem to be r, the shepherds lop branches from the trees, especially te oe and horse chestnuts and the cattle seem to enjoy eating the fresh leaves 208 PUBLIC LECTURES DURING AUGUST Free illustrated public lectures will be delivered in the lecture hall of the Museum Building at four o’clock on Saturday and Panes eee during August, as follows: Aug “Floral and Scenic Features of Porto Rico” Dr. M. A. Howe. August 3. ‘Flowers for the Home Garden”’ Mrs. WH. Peckh August 9. “Plant Quarantine Work at the Port of New York’? Mr. August 10. “The Royal Botanical Garden at ao Dr. "A. Murrill, August 16. “Botanizing in Trinidad” oe - J. Seaver. August 17. ‘‘The Yellows Disease of Asters and Other Plants” Dr. L. O. Kunkel. August 23. ‘Florida, the Paradise and — Paradox” r. J. H. Barnhart. August 24. “The Nitrogen Problem and e Farmer” . G. Curtis. August 30. oe Hudson River Valley a ihe Advent of ae hur ha August 31. “The Paris B ical Garden”’ r. W. A. Mur NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Stout spent the last week of June at _the State grapes for the development of new and hardy seedless varieties. . Arthur Hollick, eae the anal ie taff, has returned from Washin a five s’ leave of absence for the soak ar oe on ae pa flora with the Th taceous and the other on the Tertiary flora. The Cretaceous volume has been completed and ee 1ee publication iss Martha Warren Beckwith of The Folk Lore Foundation of Vassar College, who is engaged in an interesting investigation 209 of the usesof plants made by the negroes in the island of Jamaica, spent a day at the Garden recently with Dr. Britton, identifying a collection of J her, ee the native names of these plants with their botanical n g the visitors who lain in aie ay eee the Massart, ae Belgium, and Dr. Albert W. C. a Herre, Manila, P. I. frequent rains in May and June followed by warm weather ing 0: and were aaa the faving ay. Tn ce ees a yellow species i had of Russula was fairly Thre ie Cartnal ane at tera: oe on June 29 in the Hemlock Grove were found the largest — ever seen here of ne beau oe which m red 15 cm. across and had a 1o em. in len and 2.5 to oS cm, thick. m distance ne it suggested enae Russula. Mr. Herbert Muirhead, C.E., gave a lecture a oe Wild Flowers” at the Garden on May 18, 1924. s lantern slides were photographs in natural color gmade es arry Duncan of Clase and included many rarely beautiful scenes in Scotland. Roy Jeffers, F.R.G.S., the Secretary of oe Larne anette Clubs of North America, which numbers ab 60 organizations, lectured at the Garden on ae afternoon a yy 11 on his ‘Rambles among the Mountains.” A wide variety of ales scenery was shows, ranging from the Adiron- dacks and Mt. Ktaadn in Mai estward through the colorful desert scenery - the see ee fe ‘California. An urgent plea 210 as made Lusi he Kings River region and Tehipite Valley in in the "proposed eslargement of the Sequoia Nationa Park. the nation to preserve this supremely fine scenic region for its 7. and spiritual value than to ruin it 2 allowing commercial in- roads for the benefit of a few. A number of our ae a tl mountain for thrilling scenes of rock-climbing and of snow and ies work, ce western wild flower views ot remarkable beauty were also show: . Sturgis has presented his ae of fungi to he New York Botanical Garden, reservin: yxomycetes for furthez study. The 2135 specimen s of ae a 64 of algae) often on the labels, while few of the states are omitted entirely. It is a delight to find the collections so well classified and so free from insect ravages In the lecture on ‘‘ Wild Birds of New York City,’ which was aba at the Garden on the afternoon of June 8, by Mr. S. . Chubb, there were shown most unexpected possibilities of ae raid en ee ee who must dwell in a great city. The lecturer has years been connected with the American Museum < Neral Micon, His keen observation of nature during lon erience as a field natu sens his success as a pho ae o wild life in its native hau and his excellent collection of colored slides enabled him to tere picturesque and graphic scenes of bird-life before the oe i his hearers. When one sees how the lecturer has scaled the walls 2 city apanment ‘Douses to sey the family- life of at hawks and waded roadway, temporarily : wee to make studies and “photographs of the wild ae egrets, he asks, “Why wander far afield to study Nat setae for June. The total eens for the month was 2.90 es. The maximum Meee erature for each week were 82° on ne 7th, 84° on the rsth, 88° on the 22nd, and 93° on as e 25th, The minimum annie were 4414° on the Ist, ° on the roth, 57° on the 17th. 211 ACCESSIONS MUSEUM AND HERBARIUM ama. (Given by Mr. C. D. Mell.) 6 specimens of Botrychium from a (Given by Dr. Herbert M. Denslow. 17 specimens of f North America. (By exchange with the United States Daa Museu m.) le Royal, Michigan B i ith Dr. ¥ gt George E. Nichols.) ens of hepatics from Alaska. (By exchange with Mr. W. C. Henderson.) 2 museum specimens of Centrolobium from Venezuela. (Given by Mr. C. D. Meil.) 179 specimens of flowering plants from Missouri. (Collected by Mr. B. F. - ush. 3 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from the local flora range. (Caleta ae ass Percy Mula in.) ecime: fi North Carolina and Florida. (Given T. uger.) 0 specimens of ferns ah flowering plants from the local flora range. (Collected by Mr. AT, Beals.) bie aa batesay Se National maa of marine algae from Miami Beach, Florida. (By exchange aa De Wil liam Randolph Taylor. 108 specimens is flowering plants from the local flora range. (Collected by Dr. H. ae low. New Jersey. (By exchange I specimen ‘of R a Gougetiana. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz.) 264 specimens of ie exotics from New York. (Given by Mrs. Mary 4 specimens of Characeae from Louisiana. (Given by Dr. M arber.) 70 specimens of coral fungi, mainly from Chapel Hill, ae ane (By pees with Professor W. C. Coker. eee and Central America. (By exchange wn 3 I cimens of fungi fro with ihe Smithsonian ee 100 specimens “Fungi Exotici Exsiccati” fascicles Ioand 11. (Distributed . Hans Sydow. 127 specimens of fungi from various localities. (By exchange with the United rie Department of Agriculture.) © specimens of fungi from Kashmir, India. (By exchange with Mr. R. R. Stewart. I specimen of Ionomidotts chilensis. (By exchange with Dr. Roland Gres 00 specimens “North American Uredinales." (Distributed by Mr. Elam Bvice mew.) | North Carolina, M- h lla Oxydendri and Sphaerulina ed a exchange with Dr. Frederick A. Wolf.) 212 21§ specimens of fungi from South America, (Purchased from Rev, G. A. Bresadola.) 6 specimens of flowering plants from Staten Island, New York. (Given I specimen of Phormidin Corium (?) from Lexington, Kentucky. (Given by nae H. Gori 7 specimens of facie plants from New York. (Collected by Miss Wee Lee. specimens of flo pues plants from Long Island, New York. (Given by Mr. bi iam C. Ferguso § specimens of marine ee from Rye Beach, New York. (Given by Mr, Prentiss M. How re.) 1 fi York. (Given by Dr. J. K. Small.) 75 ceils of Aftreplex and Pate from North ‘America. (By exchange with the Carnegie Institution 368 eee of flowering plants from the Rocky Mountains. with the it ) By 48 specimens of flowering plants from Alaska. (By exchange with Mr. J. P. Anderson.) 82 bia of flowering plants from Maine. (Collected by Mr. N. C. Fassett.) 1 f, j R } eh Dene Marie- Victorin. _ 7 ] Uruguay. (Given by Dr. F. eeesatie: ike) ee specimens, *'Kryptogamae Exsiccatae,"’ Century 27. (By exchang with i Natural History Museum, Vienna, for the Columbia University herbarium.) 115 specimens marine pee mostly from New York and vicinity. (Given by the Am rican eee of Natural History. vee marine, from Long Island, New York. (Given by Mr. Roy Here 7 specimens of algae from the Yellowstone National Park. (By exchange with United States National Museum.) 2 specimens of Cee from Long Island, New York. (Given by Mr. Roy Latham.) 2 specimens of Cryptozoon ed an Upper Cambrian fossil, {roi Greenfield, Saratoga Co., New York. (Given by the pus nce Cen Albany, New Yo ne 8 specimens of a lime-secreting Phormidium from Inyo Co., California. (Give ie Dr. W. - Swingle. 78 mens of a fossil (Quaternary) algal travertine from the Salton Sea me “Califor top ae en py Dr. W. T. Swingle.) fi Isle Royal, Michigan. (By exchange with Dr. George E. Nichols.) 7 i fi Alas B i ith Mr. W. C. Hender- on.) 25 specimens of flowering plants from Venezuela. (Given by Mr. C. D Mell.) PUBLICATIONS OF The New York k Botanical Garden Journal of The New York Botanical Gar Garden, monthly, geri notes, news, and em articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its twenty- Des olume. Mycologia, Biosthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a year; single ce not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its eet volum Addisonia, quarterly, devoted Saale to colored plates a by aa Zine ns of flowering plants; eight plates in each n thirty- ach volume. heen ae $10.00 a year. [Not eked in ahi Now in its eighth v Bulletin of The New York oe al Garden, containing reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official Saat and technical articles em- “lg results of cbagiearag Seats to ne ers of the Garden; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its t pass na North ateea 3 ora De etions of the wild aren of North rsa including owen og ee Indies, and Central America. Planned t completed in 34 s. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange.] Memoirs of The Seda oa matsacnigs ae Price to members of the ne ae $1. d per volum: ol. I. + Vol. III. ‘Stu dies of Cretaceous Coiiteratis Remains from iecemaneciiltes New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates. 1909. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. ol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Pali aa to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 plat Vol. VI. Papers Sanaip at the Celebration of the s aeaeliy Aenea of the New repute iii anical Garden. viii + 594 pp., with 43 plates and man ‘ep figures. Contr: Going He The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. rah per volume. In the eleventh volume. THE NEW YORK petra GARDEN mx Park, New York City GENERAL INFORMATION eons of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden phundced aa of beautifully diversied land in the northern part of the Gin of w York, through oy ows the Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is Ae. of the ean of the tract Plantations of thousands of nati 1 1 | shrubs, and flowering plants. by Gardens, including a beautiful a ere a rock garden of rock-loving plants, and fern and herbaceous garden enhouses, containing thousands a interesting plants from America and toreien countries. Flower shows throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn dis- plays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, gladioli, cane op and chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse-blooming um, cone exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants ota within one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses 0: paler comprising more than one million specimens of American and foreign ney Bade aii in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central ane a a America, ter ae study ae maven: es ne characte flora. of ane ihe Ali Dest ef patent literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and num- erous pamph eee ee on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the Saul cations oe botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, inter The ‘tice . school children ; and the Bone oa the above features orticultural The Galena is dependent upon an annual mai by the City of New York, private benefactions and member: fees. possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications Be membership are always welcome. The classes of membership ar Benefactorniye aie. lis) 2 Aas eee single contribution $25,000 Patron - + + + 4 « « . . single contribution 5,000 FellowforLife. . |. 1. : . . . single contribution 1,000 Member for Life. . . . . . . . . single contribution 250 Fellowship Member an Sustaining Member annual fee 25 N ae 1 f The following is an approved form et eel leet I hereby bequeath to The di porated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 oF vee a sum of ———— All requests for further information should be sent to Tue NEw York BoTaNnicaL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY re VOL. XXV August, 1924 No. 296 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS AT HOME—II. THE FUCHSIAS H. H. Russy ETHYLENE, OR THE GAS THAT PUTS PLANTS AND ANIMALS TO SLEEP WILL1AM CROCKER THE ROSE GARDEN, 1924 KENNETH R. Boynton ROSES AND THEIR CULTURE MarsHatt A. Howe NESTING OF THE HUMMINGBIRD R. S. WiLtiaMs THE FLOWER BEDS KennetH R. Boynton NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT8 LANCASTER, PA INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freperic S. Leg, President Henry W. DE Forest, ee rie lle E te Wetec Vice Pre. Nn L. MERRILL, ed Secretary 1S PER Josgern P. HENNESSY W. G Joun F. Hyvan, Mayor of th Ppincr DAWSON Caicnng, W Giu mae THOMPSO James F. Kemp Pe te LEWISOHN ENNE ee MACKENZIE W. J. Mine ESON PASEO Moore ORGAN LEwIs Boma Moe FrEDERIC R. NEW eee Boyce THOWEGY City of New President of ae Fein of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. HARPER, PH. D., Chairman NicHoLtas Murray BUTLER, PHD LL. D., Litt. D. WiLuiam J. sae Pua. D. James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D. Freperic S. Leg, Pu. D., LL. D. HERBERT M. Besar Sc. D. Henry H. D. GEorGE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF MARSHALL A. HowE, PERCY ae ON A. M., M. LIZABETH G. BRITTON Mary E. EATon ENNETH R. Boynton, Bsw OBERT S. WILLIAMS a esTeR M. Rusk, A. M.. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D B. Soutuwick, Px. D. N HO? ‘ ARTHUR J. CORBETT . VALTER CHARLES : Honorary Curator of the Economic Colleattane ; Honorary Custodian . ae ‘erk @ 5 Superintendent of Buildings se Grounds 3 Mus ete -in-Chief tant Director " Head Curator af the Museums Director Fa the Laboratories Curator ' ‘urato: z otanist dissociate Curator Associate Curator D. au oan ane Curator of Mosses Artist Head Garden “4 dministrative Assistant echnic sststant of Local "Herbie Custodian na ait pies Grounds andscape Engineer d Accaunia Pi eum Custodian $6z aLVIg Nadav TVOINVLOG HYOX MIN AH] JO IvNuno[ JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoLt. XXV August, 1924 No. 296 TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS AT HOME—II. THE FUCHSIAS My collections of native fuchsias have extended from central Mexico to central Chile. I have found none in a locality where frost was kno though sometimes beside ice-cold streams, fed by ee eae thousand feet higher and almost over them. In all cases, S roots have been more or less shaded but, with the exception of a single species, the flowering branches ered growing in full forest shade, and ae rarely have I seen them In texture, some of the smaller lelagsieg are almost herbaceous, while others become small trees. ly climbing, many possess elongated branches which push through and partly recline upon other shrubbery, and the branches of nearly all droop more or less. While no fixed lines of demarcation can be declared, we can recognize five general types of growth. One gr a consists a Anothe gr rooting ee leaf- acl 6 x other decaying vegetable matter. A fourth group includes ae widely-spreading half-shrubs, inhabiting wee ledges. The fifth group consists of several very stout stubby shrubs, with scanty foliage, which inhabit arid or desert regions. Of this group, so very exceptional in 213 214 the genus, I am familiar with but one member, sage rosea R. & P., which inhabits the dry hills of western Chile. ae is its h ee of growth and a gage e tha ne then cov w liage of a lovely soft green and its bra S bear dense masses of small, pendent rose-colored flowers, after the manner of the bleeding-heart of ardens, althou: e nd vi a. known to me only through herbarium specim with Fr. wanes er, a species representing eel p number three of my classification. Like the last, it is but scantily provided with is perpetually aguas Thes ot ems are often several yards in len th. 1 t favorable a ofte ly one or two, of very la d handsome flower: which may be as h as three inches in length hé tube is narrowly infundibular, the limb s abrupt and but little spreading. The color varies fro: t orange-scarlet to a deep red. The species is widely distributed but nowhere abund- aut Over a ae area, at least from Ecuador to Bolivia, mostly 1 Fa r south it is repla separated localities. The branchlets are much more leafy, the 215 leaves being large and long-acuminate, or almost attenuate, like some willows, from ene it nes its name. The flowers, of a light orange-scarlet, are ore slender than those of the or the very delicate ele ae long-acuminate, like the leavi Our second-mentioned ae peed comprises more than half of the species of the and includes most of those attracting the attention of the passing traveller. These species h flower sepa an e arses Its pedicels are very long and slender, and its style and stamens are conspicuously exserted. One of the most bee at: members of this iene was discovered by myself in e mountains about Huila, outhern Colombia, and which [ i iil a a sie in allusion to the long and filiform stems of the ides, the dense oa ie foliaee which flank the road a: are conspicuously spangled with the large, drooping clusters of these lovely flowers, of a peculiar shade of purplish-red. Not only are the individual flowers long-pendent, but the clusters themselves droop on elongated branchlets. The abundant oblanceolate Hee about an inch in length, are thin and delicate, but of deep fl Its fi in length, aed the whole plant is remarkably slender. The flowers are of a bright scarlet-red and more than an inch in length. F. gracilis Lindley, of Mexico, a is es a sland and gracefully drooping habit. It has line: nd long-exserted style and stamens. It is peniliee for the ae of its leaves, 216 ss sae ones being variously intermingled with much larger A similar species collected by Dr. Pennell and myself near Baleillas, Cire with very dense te apt clusters of flower having a n orange tube and scarlet limb, on very short pedicels, is notable for the beauty of its foliage. Th e leaves are thick deep g cut e tube w in its n suddenly dilated into a broad bulb-like summit. The flowers are of a deep crimson. F. splendens Zucc., of Mexico, ek very distinct from all the other members of the gen Its abundant pale-green thin leaves are heart-shaped at the 2b se, roadly ovate and inate e, somewhat bell-shaped flowers are axillary, with rose-purple tube and yellow limb. The only Spee eno to me aoe resembles it is F. fulgens DC., whic i aves, but the flowers, two and a half inches long, are ee a nearly funnel-form. The calyx is phi the petals It is probable that some of ee species of the preceding group, if Sinntea 4 in the open, would assume the erect habit, but those of the group next to be described appear to be habitually erect growers, with spreading crown. [In all cases, however, their branches are recurved and aeually ee endulous at the ends. The species best k very abundant an common in hat open locations in Pe d Bolivia, is oker. I di ul d fr La Paz to Coroico, Bolivia, at an elevation of about 7000 feet, ee aaa Me the Was magnificent scenery that can be ‘oad a 1 the conceived. The E side of a vast oe ben more os a mile acro Above was a long curved row of glacier-covered peaks, ae which was the rich tropical foliage, denser and grander with the steady decrease of B , the vast valley ed d d and outward ond the reach of vision. It wi a season, d across the yan er of waterfalls were in sight, most of them plunging amidst the vegetation to appear again and again lower down. Here and there small clouds of vapor 217 were rising from the valley and floating away against the dark- green background of the vegetation. Rae our attention to the scenes uate tely about us, we could not escape a tempo- Hate confusion e richness and sae of oe vegetation. would be Sate for the genius of any landscape gardener r Calceolarias, as more commonly known. Large-flowered as this. Not far from the scene of the above experience, I found 218 another fuchsia-tree, of somewhat similar habit, notable for its densely crowded leaves, and bearing light-red flowers. It aia to be a discovery and Dr. Britton named it Fuchsia boliviana. ee hirtella HBK., of more northern regions, is similar es ce thick leaves. F. serrarifolia R. & P., with strongly American acne of this gen Fuchsia arbore rescens Sims, of Panama, is named for its sa lke habit. It 5 ciseavinned from the cae members of this group by a Saal flowers, only a half inch in length, but which are F. aie olaris HBK., of Colombia, is peculiar among South Ameri- species for its fee and broad flowers, more like the forms in A eee cultiv The fiftl th and ae group. of fuchsias to be considered i is peculi- unlike most of the group, has fl s of a deep crimson e remarkable smallness of the lea f anoth , not more than a fourth of an i long, is indicated fen a name F. a ag HBK. Similarly, the names ia parviflora .. B. minutiflora Hemsl., and F. oe ret, ., indicate 219 the great floral reduction of these species. In the first-named, the crimson flowers are nearly concealed among the leaves. pale-green and glaucous beneath and i merable small flower Ts ot a Pale rose- scolar. This oP of ee woud ap ear selection and Saar and might be ae very popular i in conservatory decoration. H. H. Russy. ETHYLENE, OR ies GAS THAT PLANTS AND NIMALS TO SLEE Considering the fact that I am discussing today a very narrow field of research with plants, I could, perhaps, not choose a sub- ee so — better illuetrate the sipniacanee of plant research Again I could hardly have chosen a botanical topic ne Seale beter aise in how many directions a very simple aver: discovery may benefit man: mely, the discovery ta is yet to be learned by further investigation. putas of an att t to answer a question e Kni The. fret ‘had hee th ti pinal f g houses for three succeeding years. These losses occurred in the fall when cold Gone came on and he had to close up the 4 Abstract of a lecture given in the Museum Soe of The New York rena ae on the afternoon of June 15, 220 ventila The third year he began detecting a sight ce of See gas in one corner of the range. emov: en side of the alley. After that his carnation production went on ne h a mpt 46 answer the florist’s question soon revealed the as ae the buds and flowers - the carnation are ve sensitive to traces of pone gas in the a One part of illuminating gas in 20,000 of air kills ie nel sized buds; one part in 40,000 of air, the bu a that are just ready to vine ; and one part in 80,000 of air causes open flowers to close (‘‘g to oni " never to open again) within twelve hours. illuminating gas is a mixture of pales Hea d th ethy tylene. 1; ae oe - gas etc. . forned b ing” of petroleum, or both. Of the i ae one of illuminating gas ethylene is found to be the ost effective with plants. For instance, one i of ethylene in in 2,000,000 of air causes the carnation to ‘‘go sleep” in twelve hours, as would be ered if it ia ees : Pe cent of ae ees by volume d etect, let ce accurately dete ermine, » such small concen- nt m e : detectors of traces of illuminating gas or ethylene in the air. It should be ee d that some plants on the other hand are t injured o chang ed in their growth by — concen- Calla, and Easter Lilies, several sorts of ferns ne a ene oe other plants. The roots of a are bres by ies ae in the soil. Here too we found t ethylene is the effective constituent of on gas. a ' ae much ene Lee ions $ toi soi It is easy to pass illuminating gas into the soil about 221 tree at such rate that no odor will be detected above the ground ks. I have some evidence that the findings ot poten on the be effects of eer gas on plants h en grate- fully received by gas companies buti it has ae led to Bence! ood b : "The housewite can benefit by heeding the effect of eats gas from defective fixtures upon pot otted a nd cut flowers in the LS eaeeal and the park keeper should be mindéul of this insidious as ie r Luckhardt, an animal physiologist at the University of ee asked the question, “If ethylen e has such remarkable u recovers from this anaesthetic very quickly, so qu eee ed. that incision pains are often still felt. It promises to displace completely the older anaesthetics for many types a surgical operations. Now it happens that iid any carbon compound is burned with insufficient oxygen r with an excess of oxygen but a low temperature, combustion e incomplete and some reduced gases, : Thi suc car nox! : occurs in the burning of a sheet of paper, a kerosene stove, ush pile or a pile of rubbish. It also occurs in an operating ee engine. For many years ees stoves have been burned in citru fruit curing house ae Ca TMornia: abene and ag ida i. combustion of the kerosene. The exhaust from an automobile engine is likewise effective. These stoves proved unsatisfactory 222 in many respects. They needed much attention, were the source of numerous fires, often blackened the fruit with soot and gave very irregular results, ria upon the sort of stove, trim of the wick, and height of flame. About two years ago the c itrus He en ne out 2 ule practical meted of citrus fruit It avoids all the difcuides: “of ‘Whe d mentioned above, produces the yellowing about one half the time and puts the process under the exact control of the producer. tor Denny’s work suggests that, at lower concentrations t th yellow: adopted | in n California Ss. A number of years ago an accidental fire in the basement of a se in the Azores showed that the smoke eee in the greenhouse above gave quick aveuler ripening of the pine- apples growing there. Asa result o practice in the Azores now to build s: get timely and regular oe of the pineapple crop. nt of work don n the ase uo emyley ne on plants Probably better results can be attained - seen ho mudges in greenhouses to =. great ey it contains. er, were formerly the best known agen fort orcing ioe plant organs into im- mediate ea as well as for hastening plant processes and 223 ae abit The main drawback with them is that is margin between the concentration that will oe aa aes Sais that will kill. In other words, the poisonous or lethal factor is hig! se anaes: tor Luckhardt has found for animals and human beings and Doctor Denny for citrus fruits, the hee a in ethylene islow. In citrus fruits, for instance, ethylene can be used over a ide ra f effective pene wit pe inj On thi account it promises to be mu pe o ether and chloroform as a forcing agent for the plant producer. It is also possible that fu Bid investigation will show that some closely related aati nds, such as acetylene, propylene, etc., are still more effec WILLIAM CROCKER, Director, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research. THE ROSE GARDEN, 1924 (wr 5) TH PLATE 29: On account of cool and rainy weather the rose season of 1924 was nearly two weeks late. Conditions rae ae wo features. € si hand, many beautiful varieties = developed ee full buds which became “bull-headed”’ and n ned. Then the first supple- first = of July, the eae crop of blooms ae eas kept the garden in color for another month. Str n the ae give promise a co September crop er as and plenty before that. Coming in when New York was entertaining many pee the Rose Garden was an attraction to many. One noticed visitors from states not particularly famous for roses, ce Florida, residents of which had been successful with a certain few and looked over other sorts to ee out. Mr. Robert Casa- sad he for us which were not so goo in California. Dr. Edmund M. Mills, President of the American Rose Society, and Mr. L. C. Bobbink of Rutherford, N. J., honored us with a special visit at the time of the American Rose Society pilgrimages. They 224 were looking over several varieties given to us by eens and aye which were not new put rnee Eucommen: variety has been increased by the following sorte : Hysprip TEA AND PERNETIANA ROSES Aladdin, HT, (W. Paul & Son, 1916.) Alfred W. Mellersh, HT. (W. Paul & Son, rg18. Burgemeester Sandberg, HT. (G. A. van Roscein. 1919.) . 9.) Cc S uglas, H H. Dickson, 1919 Charming, Per. (G. A. van ) Edel, HT. (5S. McGredy & Son, age-Roberts, HT. (B. R. Cant & Sons, 1921.) Secretaris Zwart, HT. (G. A. van Rossem, 1918 Souvenir de Claudius Pernet, Per. (Pernet- Duckes 1920.) Souvenir de H. A. Verschuren, HT. (H. A. Verschuren & Sons, 1922. Sunny Jersey, Per. (Le Cornu, 1918.) HARDY CLIMBING RosEs Adélaide Moullé, HW. (Barbier & Co., 1902.) Alexandre Girault, HW. (Barbier & Ca: 1g Auguste Roussel, H. Mac. laa & Co., 1913.) Baronesse van Ittersum, H Pade & Co., 1911.) Bess Lovett, HW. (Van Fleet, ae Blush Rambler, HM. (B. R. Cant & Son, 1903.) Bouquet Rose, HW. (T hens ae SAW. 1909.) a Cecile Brunner, HM. (Sport at Riverside, Calif., Climbing Helena, 225 Climbing Orleans, HM. pce e a 1913.) Coronation, HW. (W. Paul & Son, 1 Dawson. . 09.) Duchesse fea ikge HT. (A, a 1888.) rot (Dennison, 1909.) ant ne oe “(Jackson x Perkin, 1902.) r. Henri Neuprez, H (Tanne, 1913.) Dr. Huey, i cee a Eisenach, HW. (Kiese, 1910.) Elisa Robichon, HW. (Barbier & Co. 1.) Eugéne Jacquet, HW. - aan & Con pe $' vergreen Gem, H anda, I Excelsa, HW. (Walsh, 1908 Flame, H (Turner, 1912. MV, ) rau von Brauer, HW. (P. Lambert, 1910.) Freifrau von Marschall, HW. (P. L pues 1913.) Garisenda, HW. poe IQII Gerbe Rose, HW. (Fauque & Sores 1904.) Gertrude Rochfort, Gr. mpson Jean Girin, HW. (Girin, 19 Jean Guichard, (Barbier & Co., 1905.) Klondyke, HW. (W. Paul & Son Lady Gay, HW. (Walsh, 1905.) La Guirlande, Minnie Dawson, HM. (Dawson, 1896.) Miss Flora Mitten, HW. (Lawrenson, 1913.) HW. (N Fairy, HM. — ae 1 Noel V. (Tanne, oe Paul’s Scarlet Climber, HW. (\W. Paul & Son, 1916.) Purple East, HM. (Paul & Sons, 1901.) Renée Danielle, HW (P. Guillot, 1914.) 226 ote HM. (Witterstaetter, 1917.) W. Paul & S Souvenir de Y Aviateur Metivier, HW. (Ta 3.) Souvenir de l’Aviateur Olivier de Menaien, HW (Tanne, 1913 Starlight, M. (W. Paul & Son, 1909.) Steiler Rambler, M. (M. Leenders & Co., 1915.) Waltham Bride, HM. (W. Paul & Son, 1903.) Wartburg, HM. (H. Kiese & Co., 1910.) Wedding Bells, HM. (Walsh, 1907.) White aaa (White Dorothy Perkins), HW. (B.R. Cant & Sons, 1908 oe AW. (Barbier, 1911.) Tri P. Lambert, 1904.) CiiuBinc Hyprip TEA Roses Carmine Pillar, Cl. HT. (W. Paul & Son, 1895.) Climbing Etoile de France, Cl. HT. (Howard Rose Co., 1915.) Gloire des Rosomanes, Cl. Ben. (Vibert, ee Reine Marie Henriette, Cl. T. (Levet, 1878.) KENNETH R. Boynton. ROSES AND THEIR CULTURE! The rose has sometimes been called ‘‘the world ieee "Tt is quite correct to say that for centuries the rose has been the most universally popular seat at least in the civilized ae of the North Temperate Zone,—the s that have made the nation: world's history and the ele s literature. The poets a all ages 1Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building of The New York B ical 1 S d fi June 28, 1924. 227 have noted the rose in the maiden’s cheek. None has ever seen there the pink tulip or the flaming rhododendron! As an appel- lation for girl babies the rose vies with the violet in popularity. So far as the speaker has learned, sno girl baby was ever named “Dahlia” or ‘Chrysanthemum!’ The rose oe in as ina 1 maulitude o eiciee ee and forms. cog. niz e a many ae two thousand ee only fifty ue ee species, but somewhat more than one hundred good natural species, aatives of the North Temperate Zone and of the mountains the tropics. A dozen or fifteen of these occur in the northeastern tates. Our culti yuen varieties oie match up accurately with the native spec Most of them represent crosses or hybrids of two or more ie a very complicated crosses, involving several or many species. In case of many of the older varieties, no records of their origin or ancestry are in existence and their pedigree may only be guessed at from the characters that they now exhibit. A cablegram published in The New York Times on June 20 able announced the blooming of ‘‘14,000 varieties’ of roses in the all the worth-while Pie kinds, are cultivated or offered for sale in the United Sta The lecturer began by i g photographs of some of our native roses, which, like all wild roses, are of the ae e wers of our native single roses, though charming, are as a rule not sufficiently nu s to make the mass effects of color that the general rose-loving public dema: The first strictly American gard se, parentage unknown, but probably descendant of the Prairie Rose, is said to be one planted by Washington at Moun non and named by him Mary Wash- in: in honor of his mother. as laimed that the It has been c oldest rose garden in the United States is the one at the Van Cortlandt Manor, Croton-on-Hudson. The old loop-hole-pierced 228 manor-house bears the date ‘A. D. 1681.” The date of the a han gated “York and niece variety. d Climbing Beauty, ne Dorsiny ao All fees roses are of American a Dr. W. Van Fleet has beautiful, large, flesh-pink flower. with polished glossy ss which is — 2 mildew and other ede and insect enemies rose he American eee ociety, we variety Radiance was the fi rst ne in the Hybrid Tea class in the Northeastern, Middle, and Southern States, with Ophelia ariety Frau I first cae i popular favor in all poe wit ith George Arends and Gen eared (the familiar “Jack Rose”) close rivals ie ee choic MarsHatt A. Howe. NESTING OF THE HUMMINGBIRD On Ma th, a hummingbird’s nest was observed in the Botanical Garden near the Boulder oe Bees on the drooping branch of a red maple di irectly © over the of the Bro River. It was in bridge could look down upon it and readily see one of the eggs in the bottom of the nest at a distance of not more than nine 229 or ten feet away. When first found, although only one egg was or of r est. Not until about jane os did ae a se to on each other, one bird seeming quite a bit larger than the other, and always sitting well above its mate. June 28th the eee bird was seen almost constantly preening itself, vibrating its wings and at times almost rising out of the nest. The next da both birds were quite active, rea shifting their positions, sometimes facing in the same direction, sometimes in opposite o'clock both birds were gon not obse again about the premises. F: ove it seems the young are about three weeks old before attaining powe ight. No male bird was seen a i g these observations he nest itself, saddled over a bra. about half an inch in diameter, at a point whe uch smaller branch grew out, was considerably hallower and greater in di. hen deser U e meter containing eggs. This was owing to the stretching of the rim abut the usual materials. A soft, felty, vegetable fiber con- stitutes the bulk of the nest, the outside being covered with bits of lichen and bark more or less bound together with se s ebs. R. S. Wi THE FLOWER BEDS! groups of rectangular gardens north of Conservatory Range No.1 are used to etieed a ee . Pulbous, perennial, and ae herbaceous flowers. TI larly enamine = the eal ga ne for the beginner’s paren, te for the nt garden requiring the least attention. Thes flowers ee a oye round of evergreens and flow shru a The main portions of the beds are devoted to perennials, the flowering bulbs in the spring and annual phe in n the. summer. deities of ano Oe ae a feun including the ae oe fashioned flowers, en a spur, Marigold, Petunia, and Z Those who care for plants ee gray or white foliage will find ed a: an in variety, Perilla, Variegated d Gou t We ea Sanc chezia, Snow- he-mountain, and Pe spo y of these foliage plants came from warm countries and they must be raised in a by cuttings, so are not adapted to the ordinary garden. Others from the tropics, grown readily from seed, and free flow wering, are the ene or Sun plant, the French Marigold Id and A: — eet aaa eae re ee native mum. in groups. These were studied in the field as it wer me account being taken of their methods . eaaeal oa propagation. ‘ Walks and Talks in The New . eal Garden—V. The Flower Beds. Saturday afternoon, July 12, 231 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Dr. Ralph R. Stewart, the missionary botanist, who has been studying the botany of the Western Himalayas for Ba past ae years and has been spending aes mon a e New York Botanical Garden in going over his ie on nae red a arden on Saturday eee May 3, on “ Plant he life of mads. In t yak is the ee bu seat ahah large numbers of horses and mules are also Methods of a cgeanl are most primitive, oe rain i pulled up by the s by hand. The country is on the whole so ee and es that what eC na iey reis, is der Fi ete ‘he country a1 dq I by irrigation to obtain a ay of poles for making the roofs h f their houses. he snow line is very hi a few plants are found up to 18,000 feet. Dr. Stewart found 80 species of flowering pl. 15; t rt used abou 75 colored slides to illustrate te lecture, including r of slides of the interiors of monasteries and pictures of the famous monastery at Himis, ae the devil dance is held annu ACCESSIONS RARY ACCESSIONS FROM MARCH I TO JUNE > 1924 ASPLUND, Erik. Studien tiber die Ent pen na sneer fe der hen einiger Valerianaceae. Stockholm, 1920. (Given by the Unie ot ae ala.) Berry, Janes Be ERTHOLD. Farm woodla mee “vo Beet ron Hud -——_-_. dl. MN, 1924 Bothalia. Vol. 1. Parts 1-3. Pretoria, 1921-22. pies by Government of the Union of Bie Africa.) CHESNEE MONSTEREUIL, CHARLES DE LA. Traité des ee Paris, 1678. Cuun, Woon Younc. Chinese economic trees. Shanghai ai, T 232 CoKER, WILLIAM CHamBERS. The Clavarias of the United States and Canada, Curtis, CHARLES shntay Orchids for every one. London, 1910. DantGren, Kart VILHELM OsSIAN. Zytologische und embryologische Studien tiber die Rethen Pri euiaias und Plumbaginales. Uppsala, 1916. (Given y the University of Upsala. Davis, VERNON Haves. The garden book. New York, 191 5. DE Tonr, B. Cull Vol.6. Section 5. Additamenta, _Patawi 1924. Die ti I Osterreich-Ung wt und Bild. Heft. 1-6. Wien, 1909-14. , Du Retz, Gustar Einar. Zur methodologischen Grundlage der modernen Pflanzensoziologie. Ney Ig2I. . iven by the University of Upsala.) DyKeEs, WILLIAM RICKATS! A handbook of garden irises. London, 1924, iven by Mrs. E aed S. Peckham.) FERNANDEZ Garcia, Eucenio. El libro de Puerto Rico. San Juan, 1923. (Given b és Britton.) FicaLuo, Conde de. Flora dos Lusiadas. Lisboa, 1880. (Given by the eri dlich st x J ist a y mo on - > 2 a = Schweden. Uppsala, es, "Gen by 2 Unive of Upsala.) Genetica. Vols. 1-5. oe venhage 1919-2 GoLpscHMIDT, RICHARD. hysiology of sex determination, mee lated by William J. Dakin. London ft 23]. GRE » ADOLPHU ewasae INGTO! ON. Rs epori m the ren of the United Cn .2. Washing- ton, 1888. ' (Given by Miss S. H. Harlow. i Huz, AMELIA LEAviTT. Garden poriratis. New York, 1923. Hitt, Ropert Tuomas, Cuba ae ea Rico wi tie other islands of the West Indies. New York, 1 (Given by M H. Harlow.) Huxiey, Leonarp. Life’ and a of “Sir osebh a Hooker. 2 vols. London, 1918. Jouansson, Karu, & SAMUELSSON, GUN: lvaticife Leipzig, 1923. (Given by the ceca 7 of Upeata. > Jowansson, Kar, & SAMUELSSON, GUNNAR. Leipzig, 1923. (Given by tl : University of Upsala.) Kwnocue, Epwarp Louris HERM Vagandi mos. Reise-skizzen eines Botan- i Die kanarische rane 1923. Strasbourg, [1924]. (Given by the author. Les Iris cultivés. A t compl dus de I fé i ionale d Tris tenue & Parts en Pa Paris, 1923. (Given by Mrs, Ethel A. S, Peckham.) Lyuncevist, ERBARD logisk Studie. Karlstad, 1914. (Gi mby the Cniversty of oe : MELIN, Eas. Studier 2g Uppsala, 1917. y of Upsala.) sere: Joun Cone: Rhododendrons and the various hybrids. Second s. London, 1924. 233 OsvaLp, HuGco. Die Vegetation des ee Komosse. Uppsala, 1923. (Given by the press of Ups. Pretes, ALMIRA (Hart) L INCOLN. us for beginners. [Ed. 3] New York, 1850. (Given by Miss S. H. Harlow. Post, GEORGE EDwarp. The botanical geography of Syria and Palestine. [London, 1888.] peebaneys ee Frank D. Tansley.) ane pre iige ERMANN Lupwic HEINRICH VON. Hints on landscape ing. Boston, 1917. hae EY fi f the Malay Peninsula. Vol.3. Apet- alae. London, Hci Scort, DUKINFIELD HEw d probl if evolution. Lon- don, 1924. (Given by! Mr. Geo. P.B tt.) SEWARD, ALBERT CHARLES. Fossil hie 4 vols. Cambridge, 1919. SIMPSON, In lower Florida ee New York, 1 ———. Oui le sea in plia Miami, 1923. SmitH, KARL vee ‘och dess ee t a Aucu pagar eteH dae te Uppsala, 1920. (Given by the Uni la.) Seri Rea The autem element in the as of South Sweden. Stockholm, 1922. (Given by the een) of Upsala.) Stott, Kart Atrix Huco. Zur : ‘yologie der Coane und Menyan- thaceen. Stockholm, 1921. rs by the University of Upsala.) TENGWALL, Tor AKE. Die Ve; ened des Sarekgebietes. ganas 1920. i sala. Given by TRANSEAU, EDGA: Ne nee botany. Yonkers-on-Hudson, 1923. TRANSE AU, gine! NELSON, & SAMPSON, Boece Ene LEVELAND. Laboratory & 192 wa Louise “BEEBE. A di 4 gard d gard Garden ity, 1924. Witson, Ernest HEN: The romance of our trees. Garden City, 1920. WricntT, Ree Cae The practical book of outdoor flowers. Phila- delphia, 1924. Books PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL GARDEN, AUGUST, 1923, (continued) AUBLET, J B ancaise. 4vols. Londres, 1775. Barton, HENRI ERNEST. Dictionnaire de botanique. 4 vols. Paris, 1876- Part de 92. BERGERET, JEAN PIERRI i dire donner aux Dnt ae noms lirés de leurs caractéres. Vol. 1, 2. Paris, 1783 7731-84. nae ene Heft. 1-83. Bia 1886-1 I9l4. Bors: SSIER, Pees it _ Teo aaa biarum; ou, figures de cent vingt- 866. 234 sae Epmonp, & BARRATTE, Jean ee ie Illustrations des eces nouvelles. Tunisie. Paris, Cavanituss, ANTONIO Josi. le g p n Hispania crescunt aut in hortis hospitantur. 6 vols. Matriti, 1791- a Luter. Memoria sul genere M: graphia del medest ITo- rino, 1820.! Cosson, Eaves SAINT CHARLES. Pah lig | florae ailanticae seu icones in er vid nec non in reg tunetano et imperio maroccano nascentium, Vols. 2. Parisiis, 2-97» ns Josern. Le jardin fruitier du Muséum de, é sAtés ai By 4; sha Ttanés da 4 établi: t. 9 vols. P Paris, ee DELILE, & RAFFENEAU. numération des plantes recueillies par Mm, Ferret et Cainer (eae 1847. DE VISIANI, ROBERTO. Flora dalmatica. 3 vols. Lipsiae, 1842-52. dal f he Vol. 1, Vol. 2, pt. 1,2. Vene- tiis, 1872- eaaerie DU Moxceav, siecle Louts. té i arbust p cul: Ed. 2. 7 vols. celiac -19. nes pee VON. Historia stirpium indigenarum Hae inchoata. 3Yv Bernae, 1 Icones plantarum Heluetiae ex ipsius historia stirpium helveti- carum denuo recusae. Bernae, 1 Hemsvey, WILLIAM BottTinc. Biologia i i Botany. 5 vols. London, 1879-1 Jacquin, NIKOLAUS Josers VON. Observationum botanicarum iconibus ab Vindo! bonae, I 1764 71, et icones, 4 vols. ies 1797-1804. i Bruxelles. Lance, JoHaN Magrin ahi Descriptio iconibus illustrate ant Hauniae, 1864. Lepenour, eee FRIEDRICH von. Tcones Fda novarum vel seme Plates only. Le Maout, JEAN EMMANUEL Maurice, & DECAISNE, eats, Traité général de botanique. ie 1868. L’H&RITIER DE TELLE, CHARLES s. Gerantologia, seu Erodit, Pelar- gonti, Geranit, Saeels et Bie ponies tconibus illustraia. Parisiis, 1787-88. Martius, KARL FRIEDRICH PHILIPP VON. Flora brasiliensis, Vols. I-15- Monachii, 1840-1906. Maw, Gzore: GE. A monograph of the genus Crocus, with an appendix on the .C. Lacaita. London ras Vol Mémoires de la Phe tad, 7 (serene 1821- 1921. 235 METTENIUS, GeorG HeErnricu. Filices horti botanici lipsiensis. Leipzig, 1856. Miter, Poitip. The gardener's dictionary. Ed.8. London, 1768. Nectoux, HyPovite. Voyag e dans la haute Lobe au dessus des cataractes; commerce. Paris, 18 PaLLas, PETER ‘ON. Secs Astragalorum descriptae et iconibus coloratis illustratae. Lipsiae, 1 PENZIG, OTTONE. Siudi oe sugh agrumi e sulle piante affini. 2 vols. text andatlas. Roma, 1887. TERRE, JEAN BAPTISTE ovis Flore forestiére de la Cochinchine. 4 vols. date [1880-99.] PLUM oo Plantarum americanarum im fase. ze {r0] canlenens plantas, guas olt detexit edidit . .aeneisque tabulis illustravit Joannes Burmannus. ae 1755. a Pout, JOHANN EMANUEL. Plantarum ineditae. 2 vols. Vindobonae, 1827-3 Pres_, Karst Boriwoc. Relig based Hocnbeanae seu descriptiones et icones plant in A i in insulis Philippinis et Marianis collegit. 2vols. Pragae, 1825-31. —————.. Symbolae botanicae. Vols.1,2. Pragae, 1832 [1830-52]. REICHENBACH, Her NRIC # Gort! TLI ee Pune liton ographia peer Aconitt lieit, 1820- oe on the Ne results hide the voyage of H. se during ie ‘Ss 1873-76 r the c and of Copia ne S. Nares and the lat Toure’ Thome, "Botan y, Vol. 2. London, 1886 Ca ao nm ReEtzius, ANDERS J AH. guibus | accedunt Jounnis Gerhards os oenig. ini Me onandrorum Lipsiae Reuss, GEORG CHRISTIAN, | Pflansenblitier in Noturdrack mit ie botanischen Stuttgart, 1872. Ss TOT DRaxesTen, HENDRIK ADRIAN NVAN. Hortus indicus malabari- Bee Sates ee iores. Vols. 1-4. Amsterlodami, 1678-1 Rocca, ANTON "Plantae Banatus rariores, aise et descriptionibus illus- tralae. Pestini, a Roy e, JoHN ForseEs. h Ra tae - ee a ue London, 1839- 40. tase 40] Sacra, RAMON botanique. eee sea go Achille Richard. Paris, 1845. Text and se Scuort, HEINRICH Ne ILHELM. Icones Aroidearum. Vindobonae, 1857. Stee ce GAucust. Reliquiae Kotschyanae. Berlin, 1 SmitH, JAMES eee Planiarum icones hactenus ineditae, plerumque ad Le in herbario Li: ondini, 1789-91. STERNBERG, Kaspar MARIA VON. _ Revisions Sania sc eee ilus- i 2 R 183 h, 230°: SWARTZ, OLoF. a plantarum pitas ae in India occidentali de- Swartz. Fasc. 1. oe langae, 1794 rE, Mice HELE. Flora napolitana. ‘Vo Is. nes Nap oli, 1811-36. p ailbee is of the ee society of ae " Series 2, Pion Vols. 1-7. lon, 1880-1 Troc, JAKOB GABRIEL. Die essbaren, verddchtigen & eg Schwémme der oS nach der Natur J. Bergner, und beschrieben Trog, Vaier. [Bern eos 50). Vice Ina PIERRE Er fe a’ ig Genéve, 1803. VeLenovskY, Joser. Nachirag zur Flora 1 von Bulgarien. 3, 6, 7. Prag, 1893-18 . ‘Neue Nachtrége. Pe 1902. Nachtrége. Prag, —_————-. Letzte Nachtr ae aur Flora ae Balkanlinder. _Prag, I9Io, VENTENAT, Errenne PIERR di: M. Cals. Paris, Ans. [1 800.) ———. Monogr as ld Tillewl. Paris, [1802.] VeERLOT, P: RE. lpi hoix des plus bell espec Ed.2. Par: VosticazD, EuGine, Ben ee Emme. Essai. la Nouvell léd P 863. VIVIANI, Domenico. Florae Italicae fragmenta. Genuae, [1808]. Wattica, NATHANIEL. ical list of dried i of pl India Company’ S museum. London, 1828. = Fasc. 1. Calcutta, 1824. WaLpers, WILHELM GERHARD. Annales botanices systematicae. 7 vols. L psiae, 1848-68. WarMING, JOHANNES EuGENIUS BiLow. Forgreningsforhold hos fanero- gamerne, nea med saerligt hensyn til klouning af vaekstpunktet. Kjobenhavn, 1872. Wawra, Tieice, Botanische al a der Reise... .des... Maximilian I Wien, 1866. WEIHE, uGUST, D. . Rubi germanict. Bonnae, 1822 Wiper, EvizaABeTH. Die aie Arlen der Gaitung Primula. Miin- chen, 1891, Wicut, Roper. Icones plantarum Indiae orientalis. 6vols.in 7. Madras, 1840-53. ILHELM, CARL ApoLr. Besirdge zur Kenntniss des Siebréhrenap paratus dicotyler Pjlanzen. Leipzig, 1880. ZANNICHELLI, GIOVANNI GEROLAMO. Istoria delle piante che nascono ne’ Lidt intorno a Venezia. ask postuma accresciuta da Gian, Jacopo figliuolo dello stesso. Miata ZENKER, J indicae, quos in montibus coimbaturicis eselaaeee sees at sive a Se dicts, collegit Rev. Bernhardus Schmid. Dec: Jena, 1835. Members of the Corporation Dr. Robert Abbe James B. For Fritz Achelis Childs cae Edward D. Adams Prof. W. Charles B. ga Daniel Guggenheim M Gug: Vincent Ast ggenheim F. L. eg orace Harding John W. oan J. Montgomery Har George F dward S. Harkness ‘Sia n B “fon Prof. R. A. Harper Henry de Forest Baldwin T. A. Havemeyer Edmund L. Baylies A. Heckscher Prof. Charles P. Berkey Joseph P. Henness Eugene P. Bick: ae G. Hodenpyl C. K. G. Billings er M. eal George Blumenthal de Ise George P. Brett Dr. ae 3. James George S. Brewster Walter Jennings Prof. N. L. Se: Otto H. Kahn Prof. Edw. S. B Prof. James F. Kemp Dr. Nicholas M. cane Darwin P. Kingsley Prof. W. H. Carpenter Prof. Frederic S. Lee Prof. C. F. Chandler Adolph Lewiso Hon. W. A. k Kenneth K. Mackenzie Coffin V. Everit Macy Marin Le Brun Cooper Edgar L. Marston Paul D. Cravat! W. J. Matheson es W. Cromwell George McAneny Charles Deering John L. Merrill H W. de Forest Ogden Mills gl ie de Forest Hon. Ogden L. Mills H. M. Denslow Barrington Moor ee H. Dodge J. Pierpont Morgan Dr. Lewis R. Morris Samuel W. Fairchild Marshall Field William B. O. Field Frederic R. Newbold Eben E. Olcott Prof. Hen . Osbor: Chas. Lathrop Pack n James R. aaa a A. Plac eee F. Rand Johnston L. Redmond Ogden Mills Reid Prof. H. M. Richards John D_ Rockefeller W. Em len Roosevelt Hen iebrecht Gaecune P. Snyder ames Speye: Frederick Strauss F. K. Sturgis B. B. Thayer Charles G. Thompson W. Boyce Thompson Dr. W. Gilman Thompson Grenville L. "Winthrop Members of the Advisory Council Mrs. George A. Armour Mrs. Robert Bacon Miss Elizabeth Billings obert C. Hill Mrs. Mrs. Walter Jennings Mrs. Mrs. Bradish Johnson Mrs. . Delancey Kane . Gustav E. Kissel . Frederic S. Lee s. A. A. Low . V. Everit Macy arold I. Pra Wm Kelly peiee Mrs. William A. Read rs. ct pecan n B. Sloa ssi O. Taylor . Ter: Mrs. ard F. de Fy Wissman “aan Members of the Advisory Council Mrs. Mrs. Aha Kan Henry anche Mrs. Ja Cc Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes mes A. S rymser asa 8 ohectee of beautifully divgaicd land in the northern part of the Cit tie w York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native hemlock forest i Hs a rap the Neanine of the tract. oes Nika of thousands of pla ee including a beautiful ane eae a rock garden of rock-loving plants, and fern and herbaceous garden Speers containing thousands i interesting plants from America and foreign countri Fl ws throughout the year—in t the spring, summer, and autumn dis- plays of aatcee * daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water- lilies, gladioli, Eel and chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of ‘greenhouse-bloomi ing eum, Conan ernibite of fossil plants, existing plant families, local — plants occurring mae undred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plan pale bh comprising more than one million specimens of American and foreign speci Explora a) in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central and south aches fee te a and eolreeoy be a chatacters fine ra. of eh es A library of botanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and num- ~ erous pamphlets. 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The classes of membership are: Benefactor. . . ... . . . . . single contribution $25,000 Patron so. + + + + ss) 6single contribution 000 Fellow foruife ¢ 4.00) (20 Sri a aah a single contribution 1, Mee er for Life’ os) Set eanas single contribution 250 Fellowship Meniee MOB oo. bo hoe clemie les 00 Sustaining Member. . . . . . . . annual fee 25 annual fee 10 The following is an EA fe of bequest I hereby bequeath to The New York Pei Garden incor poraed under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, th All requests for further vie should be sent to THE New York BotaNnicaAL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY GENERAL INFORMATION a een of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden ; shrubs, and flowering q VOL. XXV SEPTEMBER, 1924 No. 297 3 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE SILVER-PALM—COCCOTHRINAX ARGENTEA Joun K. SMALL ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS Henry Hicks COLORATION IN ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE PLANTS A. B. Stout SPRING-FLOWERING BULBS AND HOW TO FORCE THEM FOR THE HOME MarsHatt A. Howe DESTRUCTIVE FUNGI FRED J. SEAVER THE 1924 DAHLIA COLLECTION Marsgatt A. Howe PUBLIC LECTURES DURING SEPTEMBER NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS rs PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN LANCASTER, PA ATS INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freperic S. Leg, President Ja i Henry W. DE Forest, Vice President ApoLrH LEWISOHN F. K. Sturais, Vice President ENNETH K. MACKENZIE JouNn is MERRILL, Tri eee W. J. MATHESON N. L. Britton, Secretary Barrincton Moore EDWARD DAMS ORGAN HENRY DE Forest BALDWIN Lewis a alk mae NicHotas Murray BuTLer FREDERIC R. NEW AUL D . CRAVATH HARLES RoBerT W. DE ForREST Herzert M. Pee CHILDs FRICK Henry H. Russ WILLIAM J. bag GeEorcE J.Ry. AN R. A. HARPE ALBERT R. SHATT JosepH P. HENNEY biden waren! Teouadan Joun F. Hytan, Pte fi the "City of New Y. FRrANcIs DAWSON GALLATIN, President of the oplelden of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harrer, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D. NicHotas Murray But er, Pu. D., PaEente S. ‘LEE, Pay D., LEB p DEG brary 10) HERBERT M. RICHARDs, Sc. D. Wiuiam J. Gres, Pa. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D. GeorcE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF Ni. BRITTON, Pa. Di SCHDalL Us. eens . . Director-in-Chief MarsHa.y A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. Dee res, Assistant Director OBN (KC. SMALL; PR: D))SeaDi a) ee ” Head Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Po. D. . . . . . . . . . . Director of the Laboratories P. A. RyDBERG, Pa. D en Ene al BS H. A. GLEAson, Pa. D to Frep J. SEAVER, PH ArtHur Hottick, Pa. D PI nist PERC N ehtas: Mh tenn Associate Curato PALMYRE DE C. Pree ere Associate Curator Joun HENDLEY Cay ta A. M., 'M. D. ee ee a ee ln Bablographen SaraH H. somet hy! A.M. 5 Librarian 18 le USB : Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections ELIZABETH G. Briton clea hate ees Curator of Mosses Mary E. Eat PERE. a eaaM ghey Mpa hs ‘ . Artist KENNETH R. ‘Dorion Be Soi ie) Maecenas . Head Gardener ROBERT. |S. WILLIAMS uiint! wale pe ey aan an ‘Administrative Assistant Hester M. Rusg, A.M... . . Technical Assistant H Denstow, A. M., D. D.. . " Honorary Custodian of yee Herbarium E. B. Souruwicx, PH.D. . . . Cus bite pie pe Grounds JOHNIRABRINCEY AC. Eola cal en ne dscape Engineer WaLTER S. GROESBECK. . . . ae nd Accountant ArtTHUR J. CoRBETT. . ... - Superintendent of Buildings os Grounds WaLTER CHARLES . . . .. m Custodian Journat or THE New York Botanica, GARDEN PLATE 296 Big Pine Key, Flori On I t ingled out to show its mosnae is ea on the Flor ie koe The higher parts of Big Pine Key are occupied by » pine-palm association disposed in three stories 4h Ree story of slash- pines (Pinus caribaea), a middle story of silver-palms and thatch-palms nd a lower story of saw-palmettos (Serenoa repens), The de evelopment of palms—silver and thatch—is phenomenal when it is considered that the trees grow directly on the plate-like surface of the odlitic limestone. OOLTiC limestone. JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Vol. XXV September, 1924 No. 297 THE SILVER-PALM—COCCOTHRINAX ARGENTEA (wITH PLATES 296 AND 297) A century elapsed between the period aie this elegant alm was first popularly described and that when it was botani- cally published. ea the heading ‘The Silver Leaf Palmetto” ark - iene “The usual eae of these trees is about sixteen feet. leaves ie less than the preceding [the one cane but thicker set, - a shining ce a f the leaves of ses trees are made ropes, basket The berries are large and sweet, ban ae a ee spi ae he hs reference is to the a palm si Bahamas. Howe , this tropical palm, notwithstanding its wide dis- Pe a striking characteristics, seems to have figured but little in botanical literature. As far as we can learn, the 14Mark Catesby was born in 1679, at Sudbury, Suffolk, England. 1712 to 1719 he was in Virginia; dane this time he collected numerous sana specimens, sending the botanical ones t tore Sorat Dale (165 shia Braintree, in Eee eX, it America again 1 obj e arrived in of Charleston i in May, 1722, and remained there for some time, exploring ae vicinity and te me interior; he then wen nt to Geor gia and Florida, and, i 1725, hile visiti : g t isl. d f tt Bak In 1726, | d E aI d f his life I engraving and ae with his own hand his monumental work, “The 1 na al history of Cai rolina, Florida, and ne Bahama Islands. u athis was published in eleven i Catesby died i in London, : 23 December 1749.—Joun HENDLEY BAaRNHA ART. 2The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, XLI. 1731 237 238 species was first described and published ated in 1830 from a specimen sent by Loddiges from England to the Munich ne Garden. The origin of this ane seems to be ee 1 he many species of flowering a whose recorded existence in ihe United States—southern h Florida inland and islands of the reef—was delayed until the comparatively ae exploration of the Everglade Keys and the Flo: ee Key: undertaken. It ot unti ee ithin the seventies of the last cana that this ies was definitely collected and recorded a: mber of the flora of the continental Cee States. The cllecton on which this first ae is based was made by A. P. Garber’ the Ever erglade Keys. The specimens were made the type re a species—-Thrinax ee —by A. W.. Chapman? in 1878 and were veonied as coming from ‘‘Rocky pine woods near Miami, South lorida.’”* Int 883 and 1884 the palm and appeared under two names, if not under three, instead of under one . Chapman, in 1883,‘ interpreted it as two species, Thrinax argentea, Keys of 56 uth Florida (Curtiss) and T. Garberi, Rocky pine woods, Miami, South Florida (Garber), It is suspected that Chapman ij i also contained some material belonging to the silver-palm } Feh g a arte Paschall Garber 8, a Columbia, Pennsyl- ry : ie University of Pennsylvania, receiving his degree in 1872. He went to southern Florida as a health-seeker about 1877, and while there pa time to the collection oe the plants of that region, whose flora was then i“ known. In 1880 he also collected plants in Porto Rico. In 1881 he returned to Pennsylvania, and died there, at Renovo, the same year, - - H. B. 2 At W, Hct at Southampton, oes He was picumnte ee Eats callege, where a attended Am mos Eat in a where i stu ‘ied ie ne. He removed to "Florida i in 1 1835, and was a physician at Apalachicola from 1847 until death more than fifty years later. The first edition of his famous “Flora of the Southern United States’’ was published in 1860. He died at penn 6 April i i cee em He B. 4Flora eas ae ae or 2, 651. 1883. 239 C.5. Sargent,! in 1884,? interpreted the plant under two names, Thrinax sauna “Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys from hia Honda si We ahia H to Long’s [Long] Key; in the Indies, "’ refer- ring Chap an’s Thrinax Garberi here as a synonym, n entea, ‘semi-t lorida, on a I les — of ri ae Elliott’s Key, Key Largo, Piney [Pine] ma ca Chic , Key West, Garden Ke pe an nd o n the mall sandy or in sandy swamps. It also ae 2 Green Telands In 1897 Caepman seduced his Thrinax Garberi to a variety of T. cca nied. In 9 C. S. Sargent described the genus eg eens and propel 2 new specie ©: jucunda—as the t Continuing afte he records that be an grows on: “Dry ral ridges ae the shores of Bay Biscayne, where it is rare, along. of the southern keys to the racer s group, west o t Key, We st. Discovered =. A. H. Curtiss® in sachusetts Mas After graduation from Beware Univers in 86a, 7 “entered the army, 1 f the Civil ‘olunteers. i se been director of the Arnold aetna. a Jamaica Plain, Massach and | Ll ict BH 5 es ee ee | he Arboret to the ‘study of woody | plants. n blicati have made his name familiar to all botanists and tree-lovers.—J. H. B. = nen of North America 217, 218. 1884. a . Sargent, ois va 10: 51. 1894. 7 ae argentea Garberi Chapman, Flora Southern United States, Ed. 3 462. 7+ 5 Allen Hi. c } Feb 84: 1s arene Hale New York. In hi h the family removed to Vieginia, ea he for distribution. In 1 Florida, which is hom for the remainder of his life. For many years he was a profes- as hi e sional collector, _ hiss hares with ae labels, are to ast found in Il the | f the world. H of many of 240 Very similar to Thrinax argentea R. S., f that species as aed | in tl oO. & he seeds ifferi th he herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew, in their brown, not and larger pies is franceried to the sa Soe oo his and sees as a species, ee followed by t : o the last in the ie of its color ea but small 7 t twelve inches in ie Found only ry coral ridges near the shore ee iscayne, and possibly only a depauperate form of the pe A few years later the matter in the above auersnen relating fOr ila a jucunda is ese cee as follows jucunda is now known only in Florida; uaa it ina a ry coral ‘idee and sandy flats from the shores of y of the southern keys, to the Maas e- sas group west o Key at es ‘The stems are ae for the piles of small wharves ae for oe crawls, the soft tough young leaves are made into and basket "ctcotrnas eae was discovered in 1880 by Mr. H. Cur n Bahia Honda Key. The Peels name is in allicion to tne sweet edible flesh of the fruit.’ he estors of the Florida silver-palm were evidently Ameen from the West Indies. It has not made much pro- gress northward in the ages since its arrival ae side o' tr rig h it is now clear that only one species really exists within our range the plants of southern Florida. During the last five years of his life he tended his activities to parts of the West Indies. He died at Tce I Seutemiter 1907.—. 1C. S. Sargent, Botanica Gazette 27:90. 1899. 7C. S. Sargent, Silva 14: 87. 1902 JournaL or THe New York Boraxica, GARDEN PLATE 297 nee Everglade Keys near Homestead, F I the (Coustrinas arsenlea) pas ed on the Fede main ne nd. The pri nel t has beer pine for ut away in the foreground. Partly thinned pinewoods ma: be. cean in the background eats a vista through which a me ie original forest may be observed. e conspicuous vegetatio si Here th v isa p palm association—an upper story of ‘slash: -pines (Pinus earth) a middle elise repens). b pl on the roughly ae aathe limestone. 241 On the Florida Keys, which acon are ty ee West Indian, we find the silver-palm growing j t doe the islands southeast of the Gulf Stream. the e gray sv aed stems are tall, ten to twenty feet or more, and terminate in a crown of many gracefully placed leaves, which are dark-green and glossy above and silvery beneath. When we pass a little further north onto the mainland and the Everglade Keys we meet the silver-palm again. On the d t the lower Florida keys. Palms with stems six to ten feet tall were not uncommon: Thence northward a the He River, ie f the cau e palms become lower and lower until, as a rule, the great majority of the ingivaduale are acaulescen t, that is, with short stems t rfa f the soil, and the crown consists of only a few lentes which are much reduced in size the er Florida Keys. It might d th difference in size and general development is due to good and poor soil The fa re, that in the ion of maximum development of he facts a: reg the silver-palm in Florida, soil is nearly or quite absent. The best ane and groves of = palm trees grow on the plate- like surface of the Key West odlitic limestone on the lower orida Key s. Likewise the development of the species o the Everglade Keys is where the soil is thinnest ree ON An instructive case of the migration of a native plant was recently observed in the case of the silver-palm. Within the i speci een eXx- s by ot mals. When the ae an ee extends northward from the upper end of Bay Biscayne, was dredged, sand banks were 242 thrown up on one side o the oe o a eee These banks were barren but, 1 with herbs, shrubs, and trees representing both native pee | plants and those ite ign to the n. Among the & West Taclies: The birds either falls the course of this inland a parts not suited to their growth do not germinate or, at least, being found in the Bahamas, ane s o Domingo, ae to Rico, the Virgin Islands, Tobago and ae It has recei ived sever ! able to one species of the genus Ce occur in Cuba, however. Joun K. SMALL. ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS! rubs are woody plants that do not get to be oe mostly wo to fifteen feet in height. Onan means flowers, berries, or ae The late Samuel Parsons, lands ape archi- at Harvard and Cornell are all right planting shrubs for green foliage, but what the American people want is a show.”’ The ‘Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building of The New York Botanical Garden, June 22, 1924. 243 public still wants aa! flowers, at the least expense. aie can give the phew oe the least money, trouble, and s ow to find out to The New York Beenie Garden or the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and look for the Ree walk through, not ie at thirty-five miles per hour, look closel and Sela ‘olor form. Look for the label, write it pene look it up in nursery catalogues or better, ia to a nursery. Buy the ah and take it home with you. Your g andniothers: would have asked for a slip aad ag the lant See cash expense. Se in this la oe ‘winters and look ee a cane ee When the Mie is i Foulk of ae eae Nursery Company, Fusing predited twenty go that people would tire of trimm prive ay His "orice has come true. The ee of privet is les oe se barberry is rapidly increasing as a hedge plant. It needs little or no trimming, for it rarely aie a six feet. The coral red berries are the most showy of all c n shrubs, making cheerful and ee ne ve landscape a furnish- ing seeds for the robin g their star ving period before the worms an insects are ready Shrub borders instead of trimmed hedges are the next land- scape improvement He the vicinity of New York City. How change? Throw out or give away the hedge. Few have the courage. eee back of the hedge a shrub border and take the hedge out lat Shrub borders can be See i to ten or more ject we Tal ler e for all of the front “border. ie ce tall varieties arch to the und 244 “Succession of bloom throughout the season” is the stock ments of landscape design. Consult a landscape architect. Or be your own landscape architects make your mistakes and correct them. Decide how high a f want. Select from the shrubs in the Botanical Garden species that naturally each about that height. For instance, if you wish a wall of green eight a t high io find many of the snowball family, Maalea lilac, mock o: and dogwoods. You will agree with Parsons that the een is important You can get the height and pint with many species. In the Botanical Garden, a shrub at twenty years Se be fifteen feet wide. Plant six feet apart and thin out. The outline of the borders can depend on the width of your vista. Do not clutter up the place with trees and shrubs. The first rae. of landscape is sky and length and breadth of view. If y t is fifty feet wide, crowd Le your shrub bou ees to abe ae and struggle to keep it the If your ons area is — a ed feet wide the shrub ee er may be t o fifte aie If you like ae or rgleen bell, scatter it ae feet apart along the borders. The t of Farming Sea g Island, has adopted it for the village re er. I told them des eoild become = shrub, and Japanese quince. re sprout from these Bere is practical any time of the year. A friendship garden or an ancestral garden is easily acquired. My mother brought rom central New York the same kind of a double white rose caer grandmother brought from Syosset. Roo 2 peo: an be r Summer-blooming shrubs are not so plentiful but a chapter 245 on Aristocrats of the Garden by E. H. Wilson, Assistant Director of Arnold Arboretum, will surprise you with many things ee the commonplace vas rangea an d bush althea or rose of pe. Berried shrubs are worth a long chapter. Come a ne). literature, see “How to Know Wild Fruits” S ae Ca Peterson, ee ed by eset & Co. Don’t forget to plant and re-arrange in fa la Birds are our best friends. e and see tl Westbury, given by Mrs. Robert Bacon as a memorial to her husband, ae 7 taal io France. Bee up on oo of the United Sta he Ameri sO iron tee varieties to the best if you will do a . - , rv: ae ne There are ee and there are ae from ania : ‘ti etimes, a shod ask the laa in site states require written rym. a the oauiee of collecting w te Dine I have done a great deal of it and I to educate the American public to make America cee Why? Because native ates plants fit the regio’ They are most certain to be harmonious and economical to enn The greatest demand 246 from the nursery: should be for native plants. Neltje Blanchan, n n the shade. ig roots, k them dam cut back the top, water thoroughly once a week the first part of the season. What are the native shrubs sufficiently abundant in your vicinity to cele Dogwood, laurel, azalea, arrowwood bayberry, and wil e to i le be rare, don’t collect it. The dogwood you see ma ang a public roa Leave i an abandoned pasture where they are out of sight, he w where the quantity you take will not be missed. Summer planting is a new hobby of mine. It is practical with most shrubs to dig them carefully, lift them out with ball burden of remembering and doing several months later. It gives you the fun of thinking and doing. New and unusual shrubs are not frequently offered. Why? olesale nurserymen grow what is already known and able to $ he wner has no more thought of changing hem n ot Disae ne the chimney. You i got to make the first move for the new and better : ei e u of Prospect Park,’’ both by the Manhanaa Press, will give 247 the old and more common shrubs. They have not kept up to date through lack of appropriation or fear that the people ni Hi d Par he: over 350 ckees of fives). The other departments and other shrubs are in proportion. Unfortunately it d not have an illustrated eritete The Arnold Arboretum publi ae a guide meb n. Quarantine 37 was given as the cause of lack of novelties at the Flower Se It is more particularly ha cane of aes he | hodod aleas, evergreens. If you want what is ae t, ask for it. You will not t always get the best things, because they are difficult to get and difficult esitate to ask to see shrubs, etc., on private estates. I doubt if your intrusion on private grouse to ask about plants will be resented one time in twenty. People who have beautiful let alone, as on de Shinnecock Hills , Long Island, Wherever you are, you are learning to under: etand and enjoy the earth and sky. Knowledge of the shrubs will help you as much as know- ledge of eet if you use the New York Walk Book. e Nash, the late Head Gardener of The New York Bagi Cae once said, ‘There is no royal road to know- ledge.” He still relied on the ie aie me of botany. There are, however, many short cuts the names of shr ubs. You & oQ e, but a na: venient handle for knowledge and enables you to make your home surroundings more quiet, useful, and beautiful. Henry Hicks. 248 COLORATION IN ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE PLANTS! In a walk through the greenhouses and about the grounds oO e New York Botanical Garden one sees many different kinds of plants having gayly ee leaves. nae range of colors, the diversity of their combinations, and their arrangement in patterns sere these plants ay ees ae valuable as ornamenta In regard to on aa . coloration we ape group fae with colored foliage into tw ain classes :—i e there is a loss or change, or eennnes in the green eens so = portions of the leaves or even entire leaves are white or of some shade of yellow; in the other there is oon € shade or grade of red or blue coloring material. Both th i as resent in the same leaves may be very different ie composition. rt as iron salts t be available to the plants. Also, certain peas structures of the plant or, we may say, of the cell echanism must be present and in proper working order. Loss of green may, Gea, be due either to external or to internal conditions. The green pigment in plants performs a very vital function in ne vO, of making | food. It absorbs certain wave lengths of f the making of simple sugars—the first ep in the building of all plant and animal fo oe pene , in general, the presence of green indicates that a plan n ma. ate its own food. ae absence of green in eee wih are usually green very ofte t health condit s . an intensity of the loss of green, there may be partial loss giving some shade of yellowish green or there may be com- oes of lecture given in the Central Display House, Conservatory Range 2, on Saturday afternoon, March 1, 192 4. ae Ae giving ee As to time of appearance the chang uniform for groups of cells or it may on c pattern: haps one ee A most interesting of vaegatons is the infectious yy be transmitted to plants previously all green. The ie ae finely blo et variegation of the flowering maple (Abutilon) can be transmitted to certain all- green Abutilons by grafting onto them a branch from a varie- of tissue multiply | ae keep ae mlalive positions with remar’ able regularity. g the env enene white and a purely green branch appears. The n. (Several cases of these cecealled bud sports were exhibited.) Many of the striped variegations seen i a t ssi wise d in such plants as the agaves and the grasses are like ue to the grouping of tissues that are permanently green or w n this type variegatio there two kinds of cells, one of these two gives the pattern. Aside from the two types of variegation already mentioned, there is a wide range and variety of patterns which appear to 250 be associated with chemical and physical changes that occur. In many of these the color changes develop according to the age we note als reat diversity in te am ee f r, quality and intensity, and in the arra: ae becae. While these pigments are made by plants aoa ie ment is greatly influenced by such external cca as light. There is also much variation from bright crimson to dark blue according to the relative acidity or alkalinity ae the sa B ether a plant will be almost solid red, as the garden beet, or have only. red blotches on the leaves, or not be ae at all, is chiefly a matter of the sae nature of the plan The of red, blue, and ee eomene that give such brilliant ae in leaves are due to the same pigments as the cor- ne ieee colors in flowers and fruits and the colors that abn elop the aut ie een = the hap of our deciduous trees. est colorations and t fantastic ete in the "The most fa foliage se ornamental plants are ae where loss of green with various pheiences of ae occur along with red and blue pigments. In these, a shade of red in yellow areas produces an effect quite different from nee nen it is in ere area: This is well ihe in Les croton: ue their ti of green, yellow d, with ations ners ae age of the leaves. A large and — varied collection these plants may be seen in the main green- houses near the entrance from the Third Avenue elevated railway. (A group of these plants was included in the collection of acai sate assembled for aie in connection with re.) the lec In sot aree plants with ornamental foliage, it is to be remembered that many of them do not breed true from seed. aes , both bl d and white-bordered. It is also the case for y patterns of red coloration. These plants are very fie propagated vegetatively ys nen means as cutenes: isway the white-bord n geraniums and pelargoniums and the red-blotched or fap red types of ie may be kept rather constant to type a or pot cultu A. B. ‘Sto 251 SPRING- sae etd BULBS AND HOw TO FORCE THEM FOR THE HOME More than four million dollars worth of spring- lgeeiess — are impor ed enntally. iy o the United States, Holland d soil appear to be es: ie ae for Beats — ee results. Promising beginnings in growing them for the market have, however, already been made in our own co ae. oie on the Pacific Coast. For indoor forcing one eS snouid have first-size or ‘‘top size” ’ bulbs, which in to produce large handsome flowers, though for mass planting out of do second-size bulbs e very satisfactory results and t are muc October and Novembe e usual mon for planting, bu ths t for early seks that is, to have flowers indoors by Christmas or in early winter, it is necessary to pot up most kinds of bulbs in August or ae September. There are a few kinds, such a: Paper-White Narcissus and other varieties [ = so- “called at ma’ arte im S vi r time to develop a root-system and as a alert can not be success- fully forced until three, four, or five nths after plan The common Paper-White Narcissus, ae so-called ce Lily, which is simply te variety of Nereis and various kinds of hyacinths are often grown in the house and fed only fatall. Fo wn professionally a asa “bulb pan,” or a Salo box ane as a “‘flat,’’ is quite satisfactory er for the bulbs that are to be forced, but for ‘rodcing pores flowers, a 1 Abstract of 1 Display Hi f Co Range 2, on he afternoon, March 22, 1924. ¥ 252 deeper vessel, known as an azalea pot, is desirable. One of the great secrets of success is to have the Dee Hoots well formed before active forcing is begun and th rule, with the possible exception of the Paper-White Narcissus and its near relatives) develop ous when The pots are ve rather cool— ] he: potted bulbs in the garden, if one has arden, bringing them into th se before the ground pO heavily for the i he i a ries of temperatures for the successive stages of the forcing process for hardy bulbs runs about i 1 ° r root-formation, 50° for velopment of stems, leaves, and buds; 60° for the development of the best flowers; 70° for rapid forcing after flower-buds well formed High peratu e occasionally for rushing th developme t the resulting flowers ar nd with elopment, bu me varieties there is danger that the buds will not open at all. Of varieties especially adapted for forcing, Kathleen Parlow, pure white, is one of the best of the crocuses. Of the daffodils, the double yellow Von Sion is popular with the florists. Of co) iT and somewhat flowered are Emperor ae cae, i: poe with Scio trumpet and white perianth lobes. Of the early tulips, La Reine is a favorite among the whites, Mon Tresor and Yellow Prince among the yellows, Pink Beauty the mong the stately later-flowering Darw lips, Pride of Haar. lem, ric , Clara Butt, p be Sanders, brilliant scarlet, shaded rose, are especially popular. a s of hyacinths may be successfully flowered in the house, if one does not keep them war i careful to get them well rooted alee mas to force them into flower. Of the hyacinths, La Gra and L’Innocence are probably the best white varieties. pe nae e and Lady Derby are standard pinks; Yellow Hammer is a good a and Grand Maitre and King of the Blues ae excellent blue Freesias se varieties of the big handsome- ree Amaryllis (or, more properly, Hippea: ae are easy to grow in the home, but lilies aad lilies of the valley are ae managed in the glass 253 houses of the Sap paeniias Our homes are usually altogether t m for the successful forcing of the dainty they may be buffeted by the winds of March and where they may see an occasional snowflake MarsuHatt A. Howe. DESTRUCTIVE FUNGE The ovat person thinks of finet, it indeed he ae thinks them at all f plants a questionable habits and which serve no useful purpose in the orld except to furnish amusement for those who have nothing a one time oc bang eee spe chines pices in the world of affairs, but this is no longer f plants which were studied only ae has now become ; a great world of living iat represented by more than fifty thousand ee which n sae r is 2 ae nea by the discovery ae But t good are they ?—is the question with whic ae rane is the ca of fungi is called) is most ae confronted. To answer this question would require more time than we have at our disposal. Overlooking ce importance as articles of food, and overlooking the fact th at many vast indus- fact the pges and i i have much in ¢ The study of fun: oe ae rise to ee science of ea pathology in which yates today leads the world. mie ing more attention and offering greater See, aie to 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Mus a of The New York Botanical Garden, on Saturday afternoon, ‘April 19, 4. 254 the young botanist than probably any other phase of botanical work. And well it may, for a single plant disease such as the n at oO fi disease and some m. — we can see the necessity for careful research, for is m: entirely devoid of green coloring matter ee in the leaves of the higher plants. This absence of green color mi ae seem t Dee into considerat he at living or dead. When fungi come to depend upon living plant for their food Hey become eee ane: are usually injurious . their hosts. In structure the fungi consist of a growth of very delicate d threa ich are massed together so as to give rise to the struc- tures which we recognize ush , mildews, . : They are reproduced by means of min bodies k: as h an ute spores. These are so small that ce are blown Fick au the f em usually they do no harm. In a few cases they may give rise to diseases of the human body such as ringworm of the scalp and nails or phe of the ear. About seventy lantern _ were used to illustrate the near eeks of the fungi and their relation to diseases of plants. Great appearance and live on entirely different and unrelated hosts. The hosts concerned in this case are the five-leaved pines on 235 the one hand and the gooseberries and currants belonging to the genus Ribes on the other. The blister rust cannot spread from in and from there back to the pine. If we destroy the currants and gooseberries, we ‘break down the bridge’? by means of which this meres a spreads. oe Ae white pine is am ong our — vi uel lumber trees, tha th d be checked and the Gover. ernment i is att g to do this oe the sealed . the wild Ribes oun winch itspreads. Itis also very importan that this fungus should not be intr ae ae our western ich ar checked, it is doubtful if it can ever be eradicated now that it has become established. Both the coe blight and the BS -pine pie rust stand th dang er of plants from foreign count Ce: ie a Government pcs should seem to be hese restrictions or if ey should enier 6 our none yards and destroy our currant bushes, we should not pian oo too severely but just smile and ‘‘remember the ches aa J. SEAVER. THE 1924 DAHLIA COLLECTION colle ction ae ele dahlias for 1924 is somewhat larger ne of th s. as the “Marean ae 4, i he been extended at both ends and a small new bed to the north of it has been added. In ee of these - plantings have been made with some regard to color effects, with a considerable number of a kind of several ‘of Pia varieties. In the Sen of these beds, designe to produce a mass effect of red or scarlet, the varieties ae are coe pee aes Lawn, Saad Bearer, Giant Ruby, and Souvenir de Gustave Doazon. In the larger, the colors range on ehades of orange, gold, or bronze at one end to shades 256 of rose, salmon-pink, and lavender-pink at the other end. he ee varieties used here are Sagamore, Captain John, Sherlock, .S. A., Myra Valentine, Red Cross, Mrs. Wm. J. Rowe rae Chazot, Francis Lobdell, Countess of Tigasdale, jueys 8 Beauty, Jersey’s Jewel, Virginia Harsh, Mariposa, Jersey's Rose, George Walters, oe Josiah T. Marean, Mrs. I. de Ver Warner, ee and Esther R. Holmes. the two main borders, one north of the railway station ae and the other south, the arrangement has been chiefly by c previou the as Ses are ne Singles, ae ate aes Shows, Pom and si Commercial a amateurs growers o daas oe a nerous in abe vio t istence. Prominent among ie era ar to ihe 1924 col- eae are W. H. Waite, Se ga dat hs eee Eagle Rock, California; Meaehcn & Sher ratford, Conn.; Fis ee asson, Trenton, N. J.; Dahtiadel Nuretie, Vineland, N. J.; Babylon Dahlia ie pe lon, N. Y.; Huntington Dahlia ee Huntin ,N, ; William F. ee East 3 | :Siosombe’s Da ae New Haven, Con n, Con ic ou tis s Alling, West aver > wi g é ee R. %. Col Flushing, N. Y.; Mrs. Charles a. ‘St tout, Short cane te lg W. Atlee Burpec Co. philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. . Waite, . Upper Montclair, N. 13 Nat-Wal Da hlia Carden, ee N.Ja Dahlia Ga rden, Frederick, Maryland; Richard Vincent, Jr., & Sons, White Marsh, Maryland; Geo. L. Stillm man, WwW aay, R. I.; Geo. Plains, N. Y.; Chas. H. Totty on Madison, N. J; ae E odbury The plantings, except for the oe bee were fall in June gave the young plants a favorable start. July was dry, necessitating some use of the hose. Leaf hoppers and red 257 spiders, the two chief enemies of the dahlia, have not been troublesome up to the date of writin: ugust 12), but stem- rs, as last year, were a especially in the back rows of the main border immediately adjacent to the shrubbery. i tigation of much interest i growers is bei ae pee a ed Dr. A. B. ts ics, of th ora- o determ ine the ed acne are promising nove Some of them have been allowed to bloom early, eee in the ee part : July. The present condition of the border open an Sensi a display of flowers in September and Oct MarsHALL A. Howe. PUBLIC LECTURES DURING SEPTEMBER r. Wh useum rete at four ° melock on Saturday afternoons ee Sep- tember, as follow: Sept. 6. ‘one. Floral Products of the a Industries. R. Boynton. ” Sept. 13. ‘American Botanists of the Past. - .H. pavaner Sept. 20. ‘Shade Trees, the Companions “ Man.’ Mr. Carl Bannwart. Sept. 27. ‘‘Dahlias and their Culture.” Dr. M. A. Howe NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Dr. N. M. Grier, Professor of Biology in Washington and Jefferson oie visited the Garden on July 31, with a class of aa students from the Biological Laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor 258 Dr. John T. Buchholz, oes of Botany in the State Uni- versity of Arkansas, spent of July and August at Cold Spring Harbor and The ee York Botanical Garden in con- . : : ae ‘ ; spent the months of July and August at The New York Botanical con asa bolder oF a nine Benois hip: He assisted Dr. ilium and Hemero- callis : Mr. oe Menendez Ramos, Director of the Agricultural Ex- Rio Piedras: Porto Rico, Feeney spat a day at the Gar of sugar cane, which is doing an increasing amount of damage in the uae ng sections of the West Indies Mr. Dae Farr, pete of the Wyomissing Nurseries Cc Vyomissing, Pennsylvania, made a visit to the callis that — ee among the hybrid seedlings of the experimental p Mr. t I ee iner, from the New York State College of ersity e O; ompany nve c New York Botanical Garden is coéperating. Mr. Schreiner is making the ene ie oe ba this wo Professor F of Pen ania oe ee and Professor H. i e Zz al have pes returned from Porto Rico with an extensive collection of fungi for critical examina- tion. They have been making a special study of the rusts of the Hee - the Botany of Porto sane which is being published by York Academy of Sci toe ee. 7 - British pee for the Advancement of Science which were held in nee be da, August I-33, had a total eee ateendance oem the n 2500, of which number nearly 600 came fro over seas.”’ The New York Botanica! Garden was ee at a meetings by Professor Frederic S. Lee, President of the Board of Managers; Professor R. - Harper, Chairman of the Scientific Directors eee or H. M. Richards, of ae ue Directors; and Dr. Mar hall A. ae Assistant Dir 259 Stout, Director of the Laboratories, spent two Werics aur g July and August a aes ue Isle, Maine, con- tinuing aie on sterilities of p n coéperation with the U epartment of Agriculture ae Pp D a has been issued also as aa from The New York Botanical Garden, No. ohn K. Small, eae Curator of the Museums, returne on July 30 after a three weeks’ visit to Flori da mai. inly i in search paleo to F ore ve the northern end of the lake region, Cape Sable to the Saint Mae s River. The search for the plants involved required an itinerary of over three thousand miles in the State. The garden collections were riched by man mi um temperatures were 56° on the 3rd, 49° on the r2th, 54° on ihe 19th and 56° on the 26th. ACCESSIONS PLANT AND SEED ACCESSIONS a Dahlia pole 2 varieties. (By exchange with oe ae A. Howe.) 4 Dahlia plants, 10 varieties. (Given by Mr. R. C. Co - Dahlia aa "6 varieties, and 4 Dahlia ee 4 pr (Given by Mr. Wm. F. Jost. : Dahlia roots, 9 varieties. (Given by Slocombe's Dahlia Gardens.) roots, 8 varieties, and 2 Dahlia plants, 6 varieties. (Given by ee Nurseries.) 260 16 Dahlia iuidiaas be varieties, and 5 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. (Given by Meachen & Sher 17 Dahlia ae ae Nat-Wal Dahli jens.) 15 Dahlia plants, 10 varieties. aie iven ane Mr. W. H. Waite.) h ants, 6 varieties, and 4 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. (Given by ahlia roots, 7 ane (Given by Mr. A. E. Doty.) 1 Dahlia roots, 8 varieties, and 2 Dehlia plants, 1 variety. (Given by Babylon naa Gardens.) 1 Dahlia roots, 11 varieties. (By exchange with Dr. F. R. Waite, Jr.) 10 Dahlia a nts, § varieties. (Given by Richard Vincent, Jr., & Sons.) 10 Dahlia roots, 5 varieties, (Given ty W. Atlee Burpee Co. Dahli ots, 8 varieties. ( cha ith Dr. John abhi , 5 varieties. he eee with Frederick Dablia Gardens ) ahlia roots, 4 varieties. Experiment Station. 7 Dahlia roots, 3 varieties. (Given . C. Louis Alling.) Dahlia clumps, 4 varieties. (By he oene with Dr. Romeo Roberto.) 5 Dahlia plants, § varieties. (Given by Prof. George W. Fraser. Dahlia roots, 5 varieties. (By exchange with Hentschel.) 5 Deaht » 3 varieties, (Given by Flushing Dahlia Gard 4 plants, 1 varie (By exchange with hn McCarroll 4 Dahlia roots, 4 Sarictiees By exchange wit Jas.) 4 Dahlia roots, 4 varieties. (By exchange with Miss Rosalie Weikert.) 4 Dahlia roots, 3 varieties. (By exchange with Mrs. Chas. tout.) 3 Dahlia plants, 3 varieties, and 2 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. (Given by Mr. J. J. Broomall.) : Dahlia ae 2 varieties, and 2 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. (By exchange Mr. F. P. Quinby. 2 Dahlia . I variety. (Given by Charles H. Totty Co. 2 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. (By exchange with Mr. Brunner.) 2 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. (Gi by Mr. Geo. L. Stillman.) Dahl ts, i yy exchange wit! A. Lowen Dahlia roots, 1 variety. (By exchange with Oe an win Masquand,) 2 Dahlia plants, 2 varieties. (Given by Mr. Wm. hall.) 1 Dahlia plant and 2 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. & ee with Mr. ~ Hulit: ahlia a root. (Given by Mr. J. A. K ae 1 Dahlia plant. (Given by Mr. Wm. “8B. weeney.) 1 Dahlia root and 1 clump of Dahlia roots. pe exchange with Mrs. B. W. Moore. 4 plants for Tris Garden. (Give n by Mrs. A. Fellows.) . (Gi arr.) 6 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. J. F. Emigholz.) 134 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by The Glen Rood Iris Garden.) 47 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mr. John C. Wister } i PUBLICATIONS OF The New York k Botanical Garden Journal of The New York Piteacsl Gar Garden, nae containing notes, news, and non- i aetae articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its saeuetT -fifth volume. Mycologia, eaamalty, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its sixteenth volume. Addisonia, quarterly, naan aummige to a plates en ok by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number , thirty- aa in each volume. ees ao $10.00 a year. [Not sired in exchange.] Now in its eighth volum Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official naa and technical articles em- ae iad ee . aia Fre all member of ihe Garden; to others, $3.00 volume. Now in its entre ‘olum pth ieriba Flora. Descriptions of the wild slants of North America, including Aor: say West pee and Central Ameri Planned to be completed in 34 volum Roy. 8 ach ee to Sener of four or more parts. 49 eae now caiea Sibexigtion a $1. ely per arcled a eae al of eae parts will be sold for Mem of The New York Bick ti ‘arden. Price to members of the den, "a 50 per volume. To other: Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue oF ie Fo of Montana and the Yellow- stone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with ny map. I Vol. II. Va Influence of Light and tare upon Growth and Develop- ment, by . MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 Sala 190; Vol. ie hie of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from rcabestille) New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates. Vol. IV. Effects of ns - e Radium on ae by Charles Stuart Gager. a + 478 pp., es and 14 plates. Vol. V. Flora of the oe ag ie New York: A Pannen to Plant Bee, by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the tlhe 9 Reeeaey of the New York Botanical Garden. viii + 594 pp., with 43 plates and many text ca. Contributions from The New York B 1G A series of technical papers Oey by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. In the eleventh volume. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York City GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garde; Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part of th City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the features of the tract. Eaneanione of thousands of shrubs, and flowering lan cues including a beautiful kee aeden a rock garden of rock-lovin; plants, and fern and herbaceous garden houses, containing thousands x interesting plants from America and foreign countries. hows throughout the year—in the spring, summer, ani plays of narcissi, ame tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water- lilies, sacl, a nd chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse-blooming Pe ssil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring within one anaes tes of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plants. An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of American and foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central ane SOuEny America, in the study ce colleeHen of th of aren Whe brary of botanical literature erous pamphlets. ee et on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the ications pn botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, interes Th i ‘school child ¥ d the publi through the above features d ti ivi f f. horticultural, The ‘Gaiam is dependent upon an annual appropriation by thell possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for — membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are: Heveaer owe owe Se Se, 0) Be UsInglecontribution $45inen Pat + + + + + + . « . single contribution 5,00 Fellow for Wifes, ict Moet ds eee Meg . single contribution bee Member for Life . +. + «. « . « . single contribution 250 Fellowship Membe annua! 100 Sustaining Member . BEAU UMaa peep jvc hetybeyl (a 25 Annual Member . . . annual fee 10 ps following is an spproved form bs Beate I hereby bequeath to The New Y porated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of re ie sum jefe All requests for further information should be sent to THE NEw York BoraNnicaL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY Mf ; ‘ : VOL. XXV OcToBER, 1924 No. 298 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN WHENCE CAME OUR ORCHIDS? Joun K. SMALL HARNESSING THE SUN: CAN BOTANISTS SOLVE THE MOTOR-FUEL PROBLEM? M. A. CHRYSLER BOTANIZING IN TRINIDAD FreD J. SEAVER THE WATER-LILY POOLS K. R. Boynton anp H. W. BECKER FRUITING OF THE MAIDENHAIR-FERN TREE S. WILLIAMS WILD-FLOWER PRESERVATION PUBLICITY E. G. BRITTON MEETING OF THE NORTHERN NUT-GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT PUBLIC LECTURES DURING OCTOBER NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN LANCASTER, PA INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY " Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freperic S. Leg, Presiden J , ENRY W. DE Forest, Vie Fale ApoLPrH LEWISOHN F. K. Stureis, Vice Preside ENNETH K. Maceenae Joun L. MERRILL, fb W. J. MATHESO: N. L. Brirron, Secretary Baxnincton Moore Epwarp D. ADAMS ( RGAN HENRY DE Forest BALDWIN Lewis RUTHERFORD Meee NicHoLas Murray BuTLER FREDERIC R. seed AUL D . CRAVATH Coane RosBert W. DE ForREST HeERpert M. Ricans CuILDs Frick Henry H. Russy WituraM J. Gres Va oF ‘ . HARPER ERTR. SHA JosErH P. HENNESSY Warnes BOvcE! Teouaeet W.G Baris pale Joun F. Hyzan, as of th City of Ne Francis DAWSON Gratin President if me LOW of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pa. D., Chairman JAMEs F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D. NICHOLAS Mugay BUTLER, Pa. D., Freperic S, Leg, Pa. D., LL. D. LE Dy Lin HERBERT M. RicHarps, Sc. D. WILLIAM 1. idee, Pa. D. ENRY H. Russy, M. D. GrorGE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF No E.SBRITTON;, PHD) SCs) ele.) Daren) tage Director-in-Chie, MarsHALt A. Howe, Pu. 1B ES oa Da ek ap 8 ” Assistant Director JOHNAK. SMALL, PH Dy (SCs De bee eieen oientes ” Head Curator of the Museu A; Bei STOUT, (nH tigate oaate lay Mapa cet nce ae i the Laboratories PA. RYDBERG, YP Moe Ste fen ee tee oP ae Curator H. A. Gueason, Pu. D. eh Ore Curales RED J. SEAVER, PH. ei yal ad ions ay Mw deehh Toh or lite Uae ame Curator ARTHUR ec PH. Deg oh cee ie ances ts, theo gerne Percy WILso: bi Je cues ve) Ciegoce > wt, /ay)) Conn ie a MAS SCI Scr en CEO PALMYRE DE CM ITCHELL bi le ie) Ga la se Neil bwance Ie pati CSOs CEN CGM mT Joun HENDLEY BArnuart, A. M., M. D . . . Bibliographer Saran H. Harrow, A.M... . Librari Hs. RUSBY} Me Danone ae Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections E.izABETH G. BRITTON. . . Honor sak Curator of ae ik Mary E. Eaton . Deke (yet eee eels ist Kenneta R. Boynton, B.S... .. . . Head Ga an Ropert S. WILLIAMS . a2 Rok Nan vine Sau Re bani ne "Administrative Assistant HEsTER M. Rusk, A. Ms ipa. tes chnical Assistant . M. Denstow, A. M., D. D.. . Honorary Custodian 0) Toca Herbarium E. B.Sournwick, (PH: Diyos cae Cus n of Herbaceous Grounds Joun R. Brintey,C.E.. ... . es . Landscape Engineer WALTERS. GROESBECK. . .. . Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR® |: GORBEBT. acute Superintendent of Pal By Grounds WALTER CHARLES BA, Ae that Museum Custodian teé1 LsADnAY T0oOg ATITAALY\\-AGUYH AHL, — g6z ALVIg NOCUYD TWOINVLOG SYOL ASN FHL JO TyNdiaol JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Vol. XXV October, 1924 No. 298 WHENCE CAME OUR ORCHIDS? SomME ASPECTS OF THE WHY AND WHEREFORE It is apparently panies to tell, ieee at least, the conrad under which even iate ancestors of our modern orchids develop a or ex aa How acon: wee See we have, we may assume that the both terrestrial and epiphytic kinds, from nade regions where If the condi terrestrial, pe we andl assume ios ae Lille orchi tie for ich ery primitive, may have existed before es developed in the oo te king- ees develo , th restrial to an epi phy He ha bita i is at as unlikely: as it might i eC f Florid ra a, where the water gets too eae twice a da ay to permit terrestrial plants to pte properly, ahaa ot highly spe oyea jants,—species of Opuntia, Harrisia, fhenise Ives to the trees, and there eee an epiphytic ee Moreeren a goodly number of the ae orchids are pe fectly at home in the mangrove trees in the same tidal swamps. 2 261 262 assume that the orchids were scattered into tempera by the winds or ee birds, ron tropical an ca. The epiphytic species of Florida, almost a o occur Saris in the West a or in continental tropical America, or in both. Hurricanes, and even trade-winds— anes A ne the pias were more extensive ae the ae waters less exten- ive— a tee from the West Indian forests and en f nner n jungles, a easily have trans- ra ee i. one like on ee to the hammocks of primeval Florida Now, Florida at no remote time, Danica! nares was uch larger in area and higher in pies de than it is at present. If ‘this paiva — was wholly or in greater ne hammock- clad indicate, a Sa flora was, perhaps, flicks larger than it is now. The Florida of the very recent geologic era, sera of its Sa size, except fo a a o to speak, reduction as sult of various kinds of erosi i a sie peer fae ‘of the whole land, was cai a vast hammock. is ae to assume that formerly Gos hia were abundant. Natural agencies 5 which exis sted befor advent a ee in the remnan es also ies oe aan fenestney, nice min) ies) a (nin ever class was the primitive type, one mueee nceive that de other poner were derivatives, an . that thee origin was not so very remote, geologically speakin: In this aero: the development a the functions of 263 ertain organs in relation to their environment is of particu ae est. There is, of course, the well-known highly sp Tee and adaptive flower of the orchid; but in addition to this the moisture-storage and food-storage apparatus of the orchid is also specialized and adaptive. The epiphytes have long, usually numerous, cord-like partly to absorb nourishment. The caliber and length of the y in different genera. Some species ha s or branches, often well-developed storage-organs kno chids with well- Soa ee pseudobulbs have quite slender e although often of t On the other hand, Teall epiphyte without Lane often have coarse roots. A of the white sane aioe (Pole hie panies oe — rvoirs other than the roots—neither pseudobulbs, nor leaves, nor scarcely any -—but a relatively ast root-sy: h wholly out of proportion to th of the plan e coarse worm-like roots contain much chlore- phyll and thus function as leaves as well as a binding ap- paratus. The leafy and flowering stems of the epiphytic orchids are long persitent—peren ‘ake as it were. Mineral matter in their S e to which they are attached is continually decaying and but long-persistent roots collect a and twigs as they fall Vow, a step away from the epiphyte is t ie humus-lover. these orchids we find the roots modified, of quite a cess 264 character, and copiously infested with friendly fungi. They ar more fleshy than those of the epiphytic kinds, frequently a hi ike. This m i a adatfionel step away from the hamm ae ive ers brings us to the a lovers, Bo more broadly speaking, soil-lo overs. 7 the typical ones i with the root systems in the form of large arenes corm- are I conditions and enable it to perform its annual cycle even when cant. e typical sand-lover combines some of the characters of an ere, and just a e regulars. Superfcially considered, they — might Z : floristics of the region, better considered as eee laggards or 265 castaways. These are piers represented by close relatives of the humus-lovers. As the hammocks shr: ank or were wholly destroyed, a few kinds of orchids, eae ith a limited geo- graphic distribution, were stranded in the areas then left bare of arboreous oe th and later fap by invading pine trees, w forming the present pinelands. Rather than succumb, so to spea ce they — themselves at least temporarily to their new environm These typical ee and humus plants have adapted themselves to growing in the open pinewoods in a sandy soi quits deficient i in humus, omer ary speaking: aan plauls DsSonit Search ster ae pm Brittonae are _to be found o: he ne yet wholly adapted to their present habitat and environment. For, unlike rem oat , the plants with specialized storage reservoirs, and whic appa annually and flower and fruit, these castaways are . be found only at irregular intervals of several aia except perhaps, odd specimens in the case of co lon nstru i instance of a sudden, complete and quite ie ae ange of habitat came to our attention during explora- tion in the floristics of Florida. bee were surprised to find one bu orchi é hammock. So unusual was this habitat for a large alee orchid that an investigation of the soil was undertaken the first place, the locality, in the cee was nen on 266 account of the absence of saw- ~palmetto. The absence of this and the occurrence of the orchid in question on the ground. Wherever he orchid i he sand. k shall have vanished, this orchid, unless it can ec to an environment totally different from that which i cestors were accustomed, will disappear on the area a question. This is but one instance of a prehistoric agate Similar tragedies occur continuously in Florida, and thus the hammock area shrinks and along with it ie a orchid roe becomes less and less extensive and les ied. Joun K. SMALL. HARNESSING THE SUN: CAN BOTAN ee SOLVE THE MOTOR-FUEL PROBLEM The ancients had some idea of their dependence on the sun, for eae worshipped him; in our irreverent days we treat the sun much as a cart horse, that is, more or less cieay we a him up and make him do the world’s work The world needs matter and energy. Although these two are interdependent, the latter is the one which is in dang of being deple available forms, rea heat. For instance, when coal is comoti ange potential oe into kinetic energy, most of which is ee away as hea The various sources of energy: Although we are . day largely dependent on coal and petroleum, we may enumerate first the 1 Abstract of ag by Dr. M. A. Chrysler, Professor of Botany in Rutger: sia delivered in the Museum Building of The New York pee Garden on the a ton of July 2 267 natural sources provided by the wind, tides, and waterfalls. It will be seen that the energy is in each of these cases derived e are re wonderful process of arene the Sie of building up carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by green plants as a result of the energy be d fom ae sun by chloro- phyll. Throughout the ages since chlorophyll made its ap- alarming rate. Although gas now costs less than it did a few years ago, this is due to production beyond the power of storage. In thirteen eae the ied of oil will be exhausted, and yet the demand grows apa Various ways of or the problem have been offered: ecole ae . ike et the oil, oe oil shales, : h h : m aye from grain, and it has been calcutated that ie present acreage of corn would if turned into ee generate as muc power as the gasoline now Bee annually. But this grain crop represents sixty per cent of all the san and sugar- producing plants. Can we ‘affo rd to bur much food- stuff? The daily ration which we receive from that body. This Gece 268 rn to one-man power and a collapse of our civilization. wie our oases hasten ie day, or will our inventive ge ius ual t ask of more effectively harnessing the sun? nes ure was Racer d by lantern Slee, showing the arious sources of energ especially tl d by plants in absorbing ae energ’ Plants were exhibited to illustrate t he important part agen iy tropical vegetation in this aoe M. A. CHRYSLE BOTANIZING IN TRINIDAD! nidad is the most southerly and largest of the islands known It was the privilege of the speaker to spend ‘a ae tee islan he frig: bel hind e first land ee ane leaving New York was ee iiaad of ca een the fifth day out. This was scarcely than a ledge of rock protruding out of the water he - rren af a signs ] ne a a thouse and its keepe ing of the e day wi sed under the elie. a os aad of Saba, a a single iene cone, and en the island contains el f land o 1b colony of abou t twenty-five hundeea people, who in oe of the ue conditions have kept their fair complexions and light hai . ee Bae Goly stop eine oH York and tomas was at Grenada, “ to be pase in the a Tai he: we stopped here only a few hours, no landing was made, although ss black faces in boats of all descriptions ‘erally swarmed around our ship begging low them ake us ashore, ee in his broken English harbors 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, August 16, 1924 269 trying to impress us with the superiority of his own particular craft. The island of Trinidad is roughly rectangular in form and its dimensions are approximately 25 by 45 miles. The surface : i. : ; tile and agriculture is the = eee cocoa snd sugar being the ee articles of comme the chief natural objects of interest in oe is a sO- pein “Pitch Lake’? whic a lake abou me sense that a glacier is a “river o: ‘ ice.” The: ea te ises ov e hundred acres and is of anienowitl Foes ee fave made to a depth of more than one hundred feet without t fe) ou hard, substance is viscid and the surface soft and easily indent, epi in the middle of the day when warmed entire mass is in slow motion, so sal holes dug in . ae ee fill in after a few hou ays at most. cages it has been the popular i iors n that the lake fills m below as rapidly as the pitch is removed, this is not ae the case but the cuetaee 4 is — ily pata as a substance is removed. The la — s not a new discovery but w: seen by Columbus in 1498. eae: is the ie source a asphalt used in the paving as our streets and probably will be for generations to come. The first impressions of Port-of-Spain, the principal town o th were of beautiful parks and drives and the harsh bat cheerful call of the kiskadee, a bird with habits similar to those of our kin: The pine life, like the animal- life, of Trinidad is very different One is su e its many trunk fungi or plant parasites are also characteristic and odd. Ne arly a thousand collections of these interesting microscopic plants 270 were collected for study, some of which have already been described and published a: This tropical island is not only an idea ee to visit ae favniches an unlimited field for scientific investigation. Frep J. SEAVER. THE WATER-LILY POOLS (WITH PLATES 298 AND 299) tank for the aN water- ee was After eae our provided with new concrete tubs. Thes newly planted, the pe being as pictured in PLAT. "They have bloomed very freely, the flowers were ean = ge, and the plants entirely free from the pests and diseases often attacking them Theh ardy Cast f 1 diverse types, among which are a white, a eae pink, and a red type, all with large flowers, and a type with small but many flowers, with color usually a mixture of red and yellow. Our white varieties are Castalia Marliacea albida, the white 1 fragra: lilies with small blo but an s in great quantities, their color being combinations of red and yellow; Sioux, Secgnoretii, Andreana, and grasiella are of this ek tz61 ‘Lsnony ‘100g ATITHTLVA\-ATANGL AHL 271 This hardy-lily ie collection is to be augmented with several varieties of Nelumbo or lotus. The large specimens in the old tank have on divided and grown anew, and hence are very small this se ee onic — are all started in era ed pot: hey and o: and, ae for each ‘plant. The | towers cn tender ies are © produced ater ey are most desirable for cut flowers, ia Gon es to hve prea In some, the flowers close at night and open again the eaea a morning; in aie oe ey open at night an close in the mornin: mo varieties, Panama-Pacific is a strong grower and fee! flowering, the color a pend: purple, with yellow stamens. In this, young plants spring from the upper i ieti aubeniana and Mrs me. The variety Wm. Becker is an improvement on the variety Wm. Stone. Conspicuous among the night- ee water- ne are Frank Trelease, with mahogany-red flow and bronze-red leaves; dentata Mei aa ae cup- oe cal pale ae pee and yellow ; Geo with crimson flowers and a leaves; ay baa ne Suan rose-pink nee K. R. Boynton and H. W. BECKER. FRUITING OF THE MAIDENHAIR-FERN TREE x the first time the maidenhair-fern tree (Ginkgo years, the fruiting specimen, by chance, being flanked on Hie side os 272 a staminate tree. The fruiting tree measured, last November, very nearly thirty- three ce in cir sche nce, one foot above the ground, and it has we reased very little in size in the ten os since ee Slightly over one panded fruits developed last year and nearly ail pees nd fell between the eleventh and Senne of November. The fruits are nearly evens mostly slightly over one inch in Saag Be enclose thick, nut-like seeds some thirteen-sixtee of an inch long. The seeds have a very thin, brittle shell oe oe mee of ridges encircling them about spe eas from either end and it is mostly along this ridge the seed splits open the most ane into two parts, ete oe peculiarity. ere are some thin membranes covering the cotyledon that separate all around just under the eee of the shell, the membranes on one side re he e other side adhering to i inside of mee hell and sheet the two parts of the shell to appear of different colors on the inside. The nuts are eaten by a Chinese, oan considering the disagreeable nature s e outer part, 2re not at all bad flavored. This r the same three trees have ea a te tae ons eset hes bear a much larger crop than it did las The mature fruits are Pee Bac on i ae a but Sale two develo about normal size, or more commonly one will be ae aie than the other, when growing from the same pedice R. S. WitxiraMs. WILD-FLOWER PRESERVATION PUBLICITY e paper bags have been is: — and sent to us for distri- Forestry Association, Albany, N. Y. An advertisement by a corporation of Utica, N. Y., enables the State Forestry paces tion to issue the bags at a very reasonable price—$r.00 per 1000. The bags have been found most useful, not only re picnics 273 and collecting, but He — library books in wet weather and various other A-neat paper cee sane from the Conservation Commit- Club o the flowers growing; they'll do their own sowing.” E. G. Britton. MEETING OF NORTHERN NUT-GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION he fifteenth f the Northern Nut-growers’ Association was held at The New York Botanical Garden on H secretary. About fifty persons were in attendance. Association was organized at a sada: held in the Museum Building of the Garden in 1910. he program of the recent oe included numerous papers of scientific and economic interest. Among them were the fol- lowing: Pita the _ by Dr. W. ming. n Mediate and Immediate Geluns in different Mon ma inc nae a Report on Experiments with Bh a ae Grafting of oe Growth during the Growing Season,” y Dr. Robert ian rcs a nee Tada” by Dr. G. A. Zimmerman. ore of Seeds and Nuts for Planting,” by Mr. J. F. Hardines ss in Nut Trees,”” by M “Stocks for Grafting the Hickory,’ ‘e Mr. Willard G. ee “The Watch for pe eens ar ut Trees,” and ‘‘ Pro nm Trees,” by tection of Wound: f. J. Franklin Collins. “Nut Situation in. Towa,” y Mr S WLS nyder. “Heredity,’’ by F. Blakeslee. “Nut Tree Crops as a Part of bi tmas Agriculture without mith. “Transplanting Nut Trees,” a Mr. Willard G. Bixby. “Transplanting Nut Trees," by Mr. Henry Hicks. 274 “Nut-growing in Illinois,” by Prof. Arthur S. Colby. “Experiments in Nut-growing at Cornell,’ by Pr of. L. H. MacDaniels. “Nut-growing in Canada,”’ by Prof. J. A. Nielso: “Some Outstanding insects of a Northern Nuts,” by Dr. Fred E. Brooks. “Promising Seedlings,” by Mr. C. A. Reed. On the afternoon of September 4, an excursion was made the nurseries and orcha tds of Mr. Willard G. Bixby at Baldwin, Long Island, where mar in nut-growing are being made. Sen mber 5, the third day of the meeting, iti Tr. er Morris at Stamford, Conn., mstra- tions of different methods of grafting were mad here in- teresting and valuable collections of rees were exhibited On the 3rd and the 4th, the members of the convention were guests of the Garden for luncheon at Sormani’s Restaurant THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT oo nx Park enjoys (?) the dubious enema of being the n which the destructive chestnut-tree blight was first detected just about twenty years ago. Its discovery is commonly credited Mr. Hermann W. Merkel, Chief Forester and trous effects in the Zoological Park in 1904. In the number o: urrill described in a ni chnical way the fun ae causes the trouble and in Torreya for September of that year he g it its first botanical nam erred to the exis- no original focus of the infection, as has been so olten assumed. The “Weekly Bulletin of Forest Research News” of August 25, issued by the U.S. D f Argiculture ie the following statement in regard to this chestnut disease “The sharp tang of early autumn, snow flurries, and the smell of roasted chestnuts at the street corner—an association dear 275 to the heart of the city folk of the dean Ebates But stnuts for the last few yeat Ss he vendors are still there oe ee smoky, ae charcoal stoves, but the chestnuts they purvey are likely to be not the native little eee a toothsome memory, but the aa oe fla ees ae ae ety. Man ny passers-by have noted the chan, bat ithout aay he oe nation. Southeast. The Appalachian Fores tation, maintained by the Forest Service at Ashev. N as been studying the development of the blight through the Coast St “The chestnut blight is 7 found throughout the entire Southern Appalachian region,’”’ says a recent report from the tion, ‘ i ing ore rapidly than originally predicted by forest pathologists. Within the next te: TS large amounts of chestnut will be killed by the blight. Owne of chestnut stumpage should therefore sell their Gmbers as aay as suitable markets can be found for it PUBLIC LECTURES DURING OCTOBER Oe public lectures will be delivered in the lecture hall of the Museum Building at four o’clock on Saturday afternoons during October as follows: October 4. “The Sun, the Wind, and mca Norman — October 11. “Autumn Colors” ee r. A. B. Stout. October 18. ‘‘Preparing the Garden for Winter”’ Prof. H. Findlay. October 25. ‘Bees and Bee Culture” Mr. G. C. Norton. 276 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Wehmeyer of the University of Michigan spent a few fae the Garden early in September, looking over the herbarium specimens of the fungus can Valsaceae. r. A. B. Stout, ees of the a aeegy spent ten day: early in Suan er aie New York State Agricultural Ex periment Stat: peas ‘va, where he ae ves attention problems ee penne fertility in pea Miss Anna E. Jenkins of the Bureau of Plant Industry at Washington recently devoted a day to the examination of the Garden's ere of Exoascales, an order iy parasitic fungi of which she is making a special investigatio: Dr. Bruce Fink, Professor of Botany in Miami University, xford, Ohio, who has a half-vear’s leave of absence from his oe duties, is spending a considerable part of that time at e New York Botanical Garden, the collection of rae with a view to preparing a oa of the United States representatives of that group a aa Dr. Adolph E. Waller, ene ee of pony at oe Ohio State University, devoted a p ie sens the es an the "Eeonomi Museum of The g the Garden library. He | s now interested especially in the geog raphy of wena plants of economic ave e supplementing work on the cro centers of the United S Dr. Otto Stapf, for many years keeper of the Herbarium and Librarian of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, and now editor of the well- Bean Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, visited the Garden on September 4 and 5. He attended the meetings a afterwards devo nth traveling and visiting feel institutions in ie United sets. A. Gleason, of the Garden ee peturned to New York on ee 31 after a four months’ most of which time was devoted to comparing his collections of South American plants with types preserved in the hérbarium of the Royal 277 Botunic Gardens at Kew, England. A shorter visit was made also to the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle in Par o Gliick, Professor of Taxonomic and Pharmaceutical on the b a of aquatic plants, has been in this country during August and ca ae He noe The Botanical Garden several , and spent more than a week investigating the reas on of ae of eastern Long Island. Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, of New Rochelle, N. Y., who i a member of the Advisory Council of The New York Bot el Garden and is the Director of the Ninth District of the Federated Ga lu afternoon of August 3 on ‘‘Flowers for the Home Garden. a pease the flowers ae may be grown in the home garden tude, be ns with the earliest-flowering bulbous ee spring, such as snowdrops, crocuses, and scillas, ie lowed by da fodils. and pan spring-flowering shrubs, irise ee oe ane and chrysanthemums in the order of hee bloo e spoke also of the coming exclusion of Narcissus ite ne cae d States by the Federal Horticultural Board and ment tioned certain wil wers t! i gardens. Lantern-slides, many of them colored, illustrated the talk; some of the most Hea showed ately naturalized or growing as if wild. Mrs. Peckham helpe organize the successful Garden Club of New Rochelle and ae as its president for several terms. poms Choice Flowering Trees and Shrubs” was the subject helpful lecture given by Mr. Arthur Herring- ton of Madison ae t The New York Botanical Garden on July 20. Among the fowedee trees so well adapted for American gardens he made a strong plea for a more general planting of the ne ee the hawthorns, so varied, beautiful, and is nothing m rofus loom: In thei ae r than eae crab apples and one does not aoe to wait et years for them to display their ear aee since they commence wer even while young and s ses has to ‘wait only a year or two after planting them. The tive sp i 278 worth a place in garden planting such as Malus coronaria Asiatic ae are Beane in their flowering season, tie worthy of ntion bei M. floribunda, M. Halliana, M. thetfera, re 1. oe Our native flow wering Do: i known to everyone but few people know cee Se an ne: dogwood a has aca merit for garden planting. Its ame is Cornus Kousa. It ae a leaf and then into ee in marked con oe a our native species, which flowers on leafless branches. The eee tree an ee the silver bell tree were cited as worthy of a aareeie place in gardens. Among the es flowering shrubs the lecturer ee many ot the choicest character, especially the ae hybrid forms of mock orange (Ph tladelphus) Deutsia, and Weigela, originated by Le- moine of Nancy, France, and A numerous additions to the di . H. Wilson i shrub family by the discoveries ana ry nin Japan, Korea, ina, quite a number of which have 7 shown a ready adaptability to American ae te and conditi an e © appreciate and visualize the charms of these choice subjec of which the lecturer was advocating more extended planting. . Gunther K. Ackerman, who had been in the employ of The New York Botanical Garden since 1917 as a custodian, died trained in oe oon ears, been Secretary of the Bronx Society of Arts, Science and Hist ae was faithful and diligent in all his duties and fertile in Ae and suggestion. We deeply mourn his loss, and tender sympathy to his bereaved family. 279 ACCESSIONS Booxs PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL GARDEN, AUGUST, 1923, (continued) BECK VON MANNAGETTA, GUNTHER von. Monographie der Gattung Oro- Cassel, 1890. Bearorost, on Mantissa plantarum florae Alpinum apuanarum. ion Ciseree Notizie intorno alle piante spontanie dei mont na, 7 Beust, Fritz von. Untersuchung tiber fossile Hélzer aus Grénland. n. p. Biytt, AXE the tmmigration of the Norwegian 1 GUDBRAND. Essay on flora during alternating rainy ee dry periods. Christiania, 1876. Botaniker-Kalender. Vols. 1 , 2, Berlin, 1886-87. TER, F Leopo.p, Die Namen der Bdume und Strduche in Ortsnamen der deutschen Schweiz, Luzern, 1902. Brinovza, Dimitrre. Despre vegetatiunea Romanii si alte et cu date asupra climet st a regiunilort, botanicae. kage ci, —— ee Cagiva Dobrogei. Bucuresci 188. - Briquer, a ‘Isa isto penaatiegs vena Labiaterum et acearum. Lipsiae, 1895-1 Bulletin dé la Société vaudoise des sciences ; naturelles. Vols. 14-19, 50-54. Lausanne, 1877-83, 1914-21. BuncE, ALEX, VON. Helivcarya, eine neue Borragineen ese nebst einigen Bemerkungen dber ee tiberhaupt. Moskau, 1871. abiatae persicae. St. Pétersbourg, 1873. Buniva, Micue ELE FRANCESCO. Reflexions sur tous is ate ~ 1. &t Chas es es Freeaedits avec notices historiques concernan. Turin, n. de CANDOLL L'herbier de isi aioe “(Genevel. 1904. Carribre, Eviz ABEL. Production et fixation des vartétés dans les végétaux, Paris, [1865]. CasaRETTO, Giovanni. Novarum stirpium brasiliensium. Decades [1-10]. ae, 1842- Caspary, Joua Xaver Ropert. Die Nuphar der Vogesen und des CESATI, VINCENZO. ae dt alcune prante raccolle dal Signor Prof. Strobel sul versante orientale delle pies Chilene dal ee del Planchon Dantstept, Huco Gustar ADOLF. Anleckningor will kdnnedomen om Skan- dinaviens Hieracium- era. Stockholm: rag till sydéstra ‘Sueviges . . « Hieracium-flora. 1-3. Stockholm, 1890-94. 280 DarDANA, GIUSEPPE ANTONIO, In Agaricum campestrem veneno in patria micissimum ef amantissimum Victorium Picum. Aw infamem acta g Taurinorum, 1788. DEcAIsNnE, J nm. Catalogue de la bibliothéque . . . botanique, hortt sciences naturelles et physiqu lassé par J Vesque avec une notice hographique ee Ea. "Bornei, Paris 188. Mémoire sur la famille des Pomacées. [Paris, 1874.] Decca: Arpa p, & D6RFLER, IGNAZ. Beitrag zur Flora Albaniens und Mace doniens. ick 1897. Dott, Jo Cxnistorn. Flora des Grossherzogthums Baden. 3 vols Baden, 1857-63. EHRHART, Pre EDRICH. Bettrdge zur oe und den damii verwandies Wissen. selon 7 vols. Han 2. catalogue pte ‘pti be aes arbustes, arbrisseaus et sous: ie alain indigenes ou naturalisés en Suisse, suivi d'un diction ENGLER, "Hernrice v ApotF. Monographie der Gattung Saxifrage L, mit besonderer poe reiees der geographischen Verhdlinisse. Bres lau, 1872. ERRERA, Lio. Sur Phygroscopicité comme cause de Vaction physiologiqu a distance, découverte par Elfving. Bruxelles, 190 FEDTSCHENKO, OLGA (ARM) ). Bremurus: "Kritische Uebersicht der Gat Ung. ey Ficurer, GuittaumeE Louis. La ae avant le déluge. Ed. 4. is, 1864 FiscHErR, Epuarp. Mykologische Beitrége. Parts 1-14. Bern, fis "ror6}- 917 [1918]. FRANCHET, ADR ENS. ged sur les Verbascum de la France & a P Europe ae ane —- sur quelques “eicem hybrides recueillis dans les vallée de la Bray au ee n.d. GALLIZIOLI, FILIP Disionario ae che comprende i nomi delle piant lle principali Henge @ Europa. Firenze, 1812. Govan, ANTOINE, Montpellier . . . destin @ servir de supplément au Flora pete Montpellier. » 1796. GRENIER, JEAN CHARLES MARIE. Monographia de Cerastio, Vesontione 184]. Hacket, Epuarp. Monographia Festucarum europaearum. Kassel, 18 Hatdcsy, EuGEN von. Botanische Ergebnisse einer im Auftrage der hohe Raiserl. Akademie der Wissenschaften unternommenen Forschungsreis in Griechenland. 4 parts. Wien, 1894. HARtTINGER, ANTON. aes r Alpenflora. Peer ie vom deutsche d oesterreichisch penverein. Text von Dr. K. W.. Dalla Torre. vols. Wien, Hayata, Bunzo. pa vegeiation of Mt. Fuji. Tokyo, 1911 Herm, Frépfiric. Recherches sur les ah sala tcetai Paris, 1892. acai Rupoir Frreprich. Enumeratio plantarum quas in tines + provinciam Talysch collegit R. Fr. Hohenacker. [Moscou, 1838.] 281 HOOKER, a DaLTon. On Welwitschia, a new genus of Gnetaceae. [Lon- don —_——.. Outlines of the distribution of Arctic ee (London, 1861.] Ito, TOKUTARO. pies plantarum japonicarum. Vol. 1, nos. 1, 2. Tokyo, IgIT Jacourn, a JosnrH. Selectarum stirpium americanarum historia ad exemplar maioris operis, Vindobonae editi, recusum. Man hemi: a JANNICKE, CARL HEINRICH WILHELM. ia sur vergleichende Anatomie x Geraniaceae. Frankfurt a. 18 RIEDRI Leipzig, 1863. Kanitz, Aucust. A névényrendszer dttenkintése. Systematis vegetabilium jonua., Kolozsvart, 1887. KERNER VON MARILAUN, cans JoserH. Schedae ad cial exsiccatum ae Parts I-9. Vindobonae, 1881-1902 KIauMaN, ALFRED nny Pflanzenbiologische Studien aus Russisch Lap- Kuatt, FRiepRich WiLHELM. Die Gattung “Lysimachia' monographisch bearbeitet. Hamburg, 1866. Koeune, BERNHARD ADALBERT Emit. Die Gattungen der Pomaceen. Berlin, 1890. Krapse, Hernricn Gustav. Das gleitende Wachsthum bei der Gewebebildung dei ‘dsspflanzen. Berlin, 1886. Krox, THoreny Ossian Bo! LIVAR posers rg tall en monograft Gfver vaxtfamiljen Valerianeae. Stockh 8 Kuster, Ernst. Die Gallen der Pflanzen. Leipzig ig, ‘Tort Larron, J. C. fora des Cantons Schaffhausen. Schaffhausen, 1848. LaMARcK, JEAN BAPTISTE ANTOINE PIERRE MONNET CANDOLLE, N Pyramus DE. Flore frangaise. Ed. A vols. Paris, 1805-1 LeGr&, Lupe La botanique en Provence au XVI° sidcle. Louis Anguil- OVIC lar oie "Belon, Charles de l'Escluse, Antoine Cacia. Marseille, - ique en Provence au XVI° siecle. Les deux Bauhin, Jean-Henri bea ei et Valerand Dourez. Marseille, 1904. oe. Carotus. Species plantarum, Vols. 1, 2. Holmiae, 1753. —_——. ies plantarum, Ed. 2. 2 vols. Holmiae, 1762- Maximowicz, KARL pean De Coriaria, Ilice et hee hujusque ae proxime afinibus Bungea et Cymbaria. St. ie 1881. = Primitiae es amurensis. St es —————. Rhamneae orientali-asiatic St. Pétersbourg, : 1 Rhododendreae Asiae orientalis. St. Pétersbourg, 1 aisnees Cs CaRL FRIEDRICH. Monographiae generis Polygoni ae enevae, 1826. MERCKLIN, EUGEN VON. ee an dem Prothallium der Farrnkrauter. St. Pétersbourg, 1850. 282 ease Grore Hernricn. Ueber einige Farngattungen 1-6. [Frank- a.M. 1857-59. ee Cari ANTON, Uteuaauay der Pflanzen aie aba der Reise in h es Cospisien Meeres . cngesonmel worden sind. ee Peoeee 1831 MULLER, Tex _Lrephides Feeanae. Genéve, 1887. ——_—. hens |du Cap ronal Paris, aa. ocarpeae Fee: nae. Genéve, He ° Lausanne. Naupin, Cuares, & MULLER, apn Jacos HEinrIicH von. Manuel de Vacclimateur, ou choix Serge recommandées pour l’agriculture, Vindustrie et la médecine. Paris, 1 NEE N ESEN! , CHRISTIAN ene DaniEL. Systema Lauri- x OSTEN-SACKEN, FRIEDRICH VON, : RUPRECHT, FRANZ JosEF. Sertum tianschanicum. St. _Pétersbou 1869 PARLATORE, Fiero. Etudes sur a pig botanigue de l'Ttalie. Paris, PresL, KareL Boriwoc. Botanische Seeley igs 1844. RicHTErR, Kari. Plantae Europae. Vol. Vol. 2 fas Rota, RECHT WILHELM. Novae plan niarum ee preset Indiae piciat iene ex an Doct. Benj. Heynii. Halberstadii, Russ ee aus aa morphologischem und sree ne Gesichispunkt. Dorpat : SacHs, FERDINAND GUSTA ee ON. Histoire de la botanique du XVI‘ Traduction ae par Henry . Varigny. Paris, 1892. Saporta, Louis CHARLES JoserH Gaston. Le monde des plantes avan. 1s, 1879. ScHRODINGER, RupoLF. Der Blutenbau der zygomorphen Ranunculaceen una a, Str die St secu der eal Jena, 1909 Scoumann, Kari. Gesamtbeschreibung der Kakie Mit eine kurzen panera zur Pflege ie Kakteen von Karl "Hirsch. New damm, 1897-99. Sei Nicotas CHarves. Flore des jardins et des grandes cultures. ¢ 845-49. Saas “lures DE. Recherches pour servir & histoire naturelle et a la flor des champignons du Congo francais. Paris, 18 Starr, Otto. Beiirdge zur Flora von Lycien, Carien und Mesopotamien Plantae collectae a Dre. Felix Luschan, Parts 1, 2. Wien, 1885, 86 STEBLER, FRIEDRIC x Corman . ai OTER, ven Liskies Sfourragere alpesires . . . Tradui ‘envi Wett Ber 1896. STRACHEY, RICHARD. Guiope 4 ie ae of Kuan and of the adjacen port ae and Tibet . sed and supplemented by J F, 1906, Somsounoes, ne ceeee. Die stofflichen Grundlagen der Vererbung im organ ‘schen Reich, Jena, 1905. 283 THuRMANN, JULIUS. Enumération des plantes vasculaires du district de 1848. Porreniruy. Porrentruy, 184! Urpan, IGNATIUS. - wmeratio Specierum, varietatum, formarum qua catalogis seminu m hortorum botanicorum per annos ai descriptae aut see panei sunt. Berolini, 1881. URSPRUNG, eee Die physikalischen Eigenschafien der Laubblatier. pg » 1903. VERH oe WILHELM. Blumen on Insekten der Insel Norderney und a Wekbeaeaons Halle, 1 VRIESE, WILLEM HENDRIK DE. De ee van Sumatra, (Dryobalanops a@ Colebr.). Leiden, 1851. WETTSTEIN VON WEST en un: RICHARD VON. Monegraphie der Gattung Euphrasia. Leipzig, 1896. WITTROCK, VEIT BRECHER. Botanisk-historiska fragment. Stockholm, 1906. NIG, FRANZ. Die Pusztenfl de ischen Tiefeb Leipzig, 1899. ZuxaL, Hueco. Flechienstudien. Wein, 1884. PLANTS AND SEEDS 34 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mr. Lee R. Bonnewitz.) 44 plants for Nurseries and Rock Garden. ernie by Mrs. W. H. Peck- am.) 54 plants for Wild Rose Garden. (Given by Bobbink & Atkins.) 40 plants for Arboretum and Conservatories. (By exchange with U. S. . Agric.) 36 plants for C i A Vrit di (By exchange with Mr. C. H Connors, 29 eee for Rock Garden. (By exchange with Mr. Clarence Lown.) 16 plants for Conservatories. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum through Dr. J. N. Rose. 3 plants for aie Garden. (Given by Mr. Chas. L. Gowe.) 2 plants for Iris Garden. (Given o Mrs. R. M. Davis.) 5 plan ervatories. (Given by Mr. 5 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mr. J. X. Schreimer.) 1 plant for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. C. 2 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mr. E. O. James.) 6 plants for Iris G (Given by Mrs. C 8 pl for I arden. (Given by Mrs. M. W. Jacobs.) 7 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mr. C I O m. Car 4 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. E. M. Aldrich. } 284 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Miss Esther P. Foster.) 7 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Miss F. E. McIlvaine.) | for Iris Gard (Given by Mrs. W. M ) 2 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. H. S. Loughan.) pl ies. (Given by M ) 55 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by The Iris Plac 33 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by omas M. Fendall.} ive 23 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mr. Frank WwW. ‘camel 6 plants for Iris Garde (Given by Dr. J. cLeland.) 4 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. A. R. Ferriday.) 8 pl Tris Gar (Given by Miss ) 16 pl arden. (Given b 15 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Peonydale Iris Garden.) 5 plants for Iris Garden. (Given b 1.) 1 plants for Iris Gard (G! br 1 plant for Conservatori: (Given by Mrs. R. E. Deane.) 9 plants of Philotria ie for Conservatories. (Given by Miss K. B. Tippetts. I plant for Hert is. (Given by Mrs. W. Gilman Thompson.) r plant for (Given by Mr. N. E. White.) sh isa for Rock Garden. en by Mrs. L. B. Wilder.) 26 plants for Iris Garden. (Gi iven see oe Iris Society.) 2 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. W. E. Tobie. ) 1 plant for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. Lewis R. Smi 3 plants for Iris Gard (Gi by Mr. N: niel Bacon.) 3p is n by Mrs. u Po 13 plants for Iri en by Mr. Willis E, Fr 2 pli for Conservatories. (Given by Mr. D. B Rees ) 3 plants t (Given by Mrs. L. Cunningham.) To plants for Rock Garden. (Given by Mrs. oS . H. Stout. ? plants for Nurseries. (Given by Mr. W. A indwell.) 3 plants for Herbaceous Ground. (Given by Mis oo Halsey.) 1 plant for Rock Garden. (Given by a FIA 4 plants of Juniperus. (Given by The D. Hill ee ) 18 plants for Nurseries. (Given by Mr. Lee R. Bonnewitz through Mrs. W. H. Peckham. 25 plan ae for Nurseries. (Given by Governor set Pinchot.) 2 plants for Nurseries. (Given by Mrs. Milton Smith, Jr.) 21 ar for Nurseries. (Given by Mr. Carl ae ly.) Members of the Corporation Dr. Robert Abbe James B. Ford Eben E. Olcott Fritz Achelis Childs Frick Prof. Henry F. Osborn ; Edward D. Adam Prof. W. J. Gies Chas. Lathrop Pack : Charles B. Alene Daniel Guggenheim eae wages Vincent Asto Murry Guggenheim F. R. Pier: tins J. Horace Harding James R. Pitcher John W. Auchincloss J. Montgomery Hare Ira A. Place George F. Baker Edward S. Harkness Charles F. R: Stephen ee Prof. R. A. Harper Johnston L. Redmond enry de Forest Baldwin T. A. Havemeyer Ogden Mills Reid Edmund L. Baylies A. Hecksch ards Prof. Charles P. Berkey cha Jef wie WS D_ Rockefeller Eugene P. Bicknell nton G. Hi pyl W. Em len Roosevelt Billings re M. Huntington Prof. H. H. Rusby George Blumenthal Adrian Iseli Hon. George J. Ryan rge P. Brett Dr. Walter B. James Dr. Reginald H. Sayre George S. Brewster Walter Jennings Mortimer L. Schiff Pri . Britt Otto H. Kahn A ; k Prof. Edw. S. Burgess Prof. James F. Kemp _ Henry A. Siebrecht Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Darwin P. Kingsley Valentine e ae iy Prof. W. H. Carpenter Prof. Frederic S. Lee James Spe: Prof. C. F. Chandler Adolph Lewisohn Frederick dante Hon. W. “ Clark Kenneth K. asi . . Sturgis C. A. Coffi V. Everit Mac B. Thayer Marin Le Bis Cooper Edgar L. Marston ee G. Thompson Paul D. Cravath W. J. Mathes W. Boyce Thompson James W. Cromwell George eka Dr. W. Gilman Thompson Charles Deering John L. Merrill Louis C. Tiffany Henry W. de Forest Ogden Mills Felix M. Warburg agg W. de Forest Hon. Ogden L. Mills Paul M. Warburg ir. H. M. Denslow Barrington Moore Allen Wardwell aaa H. Dodge J. Pierpont Morgan Isheal Sot eee Samuel W. Fairchild Dr. Lewis R. Morris Bronson Winthro Marshall Field Frederic R. Newbold Grenville L. Winthrop William B. O. Field Members of the Advisory me Mrs. Robert Bacon Mrs. Frederic S. Lee s. James Roosevelt Miss Elizabeth Billings Mrs. a Lockwood Hi Arthur H. Scribner Mrs. N. L. Britton Mrs. A. A. L Mrs. Benson B. Sloan Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Mrs. V. edt aay Mrs. Samuel Sloan i M Mrs. Walter Pesibtie Mrs. Harold I. Pratt Mrs. W. G. Thompson Mrs, oe aa Mrs. Wm Kelly Prentice Mrs. Cabot Ward Mrs. Delan ne Mrs. William A. Read Mrs. William H. Woodin Mrs. oa E. i sel Honorary Members of the Advisory Council Mrs, E. Henry Harriman Mrs. James A. Scrymser Mrs. John I. Kane Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden — are: our hundred acres of beautifully biel a land in the northern part of the City a New York, through which ah e Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the features of the tra ti 1i 1 it shrubs, and flowering Hadtaods of thousands of plants. ms, including a beautiful la Banden, a rock garden of rock-loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gar Green pesaliay containing Wee ve interesting plants from America and foreign countri angle throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and a n dis- Saati es narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peon ies, roses, lilies, w: water- lilies. eladioli, sae and chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse-blooming useum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring wishin one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of p poles comprising more than one million specimens of American and foreign pilats Explora et in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central and ie ge nee ioe the Pex and voles ion ob heats fod hl, of eal Us ves Library of botanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and num- pamphlets. aan lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Public ations ie botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, inter The education ie school children ; and the pane uae the above features The Gitar is dependent upon an annual apptoaeia tne by the City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are: Benefactor. . .... . . . . . single contribution $25,000 Patron +o. e + + « « « + single contribution 5,000 Fellow for Lifel.j') o. en aeaa single contributi en 1,000 ember for Difed 2 hie |e datae Mtns single contributio: 250 Fellowship Member. . . . . . . . annual fee 100 Sustaining Member . . . . . . . . annual fee 25 (3 a . annual fee 10 The following is an speed foun of bequest: I hereby bequeath to The New mat Rigg Games t incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, um of — All requests for further peat should be sent to THE New York BoTaNnicaL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY a a VOL. XXV Novemser, 1924 No. 299 JOURNAL OF _ THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN NTIANS AND SOME OF THEIR ALLIES H. H. Russy AMERICAN TROPICAL PLANTS AT HOME—III. THE ANDEAN G NATIVE ORCHIDS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND H. M. DENsLow REPORT ON A VISIT TO ENGLAND AND FRANCE H. A. GLEASON THE HUDSON RIVER VALLEY BEFORE THE ADVENT OF MAN ArtHuR HOLLIcK PUBLIC LECTURES DURING NOVEMBER NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN LANCASTER, PA. ATS INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freperic S. Leg, Presiden James F. Kem Henry W. DE Forgst, Vice President ADoLra eran! HN F. K. Sturets, Vice President pn MacrENgs Joun L. MERRILL, Treasurer ny aire N. L. Britton, secret tary BamminToN Moons Epwarp D. Aba J. P. Mor Henry DE Fo eare oats LEwIs Rear Morris NICHOLAS Laie aa BUTLER FrEDERIC R. NEWBOLD Paut D. Cra Cares F. RAND Rosert W. at Fanesn HERBgRT M. RICHARDS Caps Frick Henry H. Russ WittiaM J ae GrorGE J. RYAN A. HaRPE ALBERT R.S) JosEru P. pe Pes WiiuiaM Boyce TOMES a pe ag Joan F. Hyban, Mayor of th City of New Francis DAWSON Gime President of oe Teaneed of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. HARPER, Pa. D., Chairman JaMEs F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D NicHoLas Murray BUTLER, Pa. D., Fasbenic S. Lge, Pa. D., LL. D. LL DS Er: ie ERBERT M. RICHARDS, Sc. D. Witttan J. Gtss, Pa. D. anny “HL Russy, M. D. GrorcE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF N. L. Britton, Pa. D., Sc. D., LL. ee . bs oa Dee MARSHALL A, Howe, Pa. D., Sc.D 5 Assistant Director own K. SMALL, Pa. D., Si 5 . Head Curator 0 Ae ae Museums A. B. Srour, Pa. D. . . . . . . . . . « Dérector of the Laboratories P. A; RYDBERG, Pa. Dei on ee te Curator H.A, GLEASON, PH; Do \io foie Fale saa a se pea *RED J. SEAVER, Pu. D. mda Mage Sa od tape ee z Cur ApgTHUR HOLLICK )PH.!Ds 5) i) | eras nahi net ae a ee Pa Jeobota >ERCY WILSON . Pin Mea pay kan Cane PALMYRE DE C. MitcH - ee « « « Associate Curator Joun HENDLEY Banka, A. M., OMe De eae ia aaa Bile Sara H. Hartow, A. M. . Lib . H. Russy, M.. IEE Gate. "Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections LIZABBTH G. BRITTON . . . Hon ee aati of bere RY E. EATON - aie alge shuter ian tist ENNETH R. Boynron, B. S.. aia areas ost d Ga see ener OBERT S. WILLIAMS aie ori eppareries “Aaminitie Assistant ESTER M. Russ, A. Minera Technical Assistant . M. Denstow, A. M., D. D.. . "Honorary Custodia n of Local Herbarsum i) Dy SOUTHWICK, PH) LD. we) telus Custodian maf Herbaceous Grounds OHNE BRINLEY, \G.s. jer aoe aie aed Landscape Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK. . . . "Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J. Sopereth i sap ene "» Superintendent of Fiiney hae Grounds WALTER CHARLES SARE Orit Museum Custodian JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Vol. XXV November, 1924 No. 299 AMERICAN TROPICAL PLANTS AT HOME—HI. THE GENTIANS AND SOME OF THEIR ALLIES My first encounter with a South American gentian was with the primrose- sien species (Gentiana eelaipes lias Griseb.), and it is not t uch to say that it required a cal examina- tion for me recognize it as belo aba tot ae an and w familiar with their plicately closed or but ae pene rigidly erect deep-blue flowers, so that a sight of a semi- prostrate little plant bearing open almost saucer shaped flowers of a pale blue color, was a oo to 2 remind N Thi t was that of a small portulaca plant. Its flowers were suggestive of those of our cultivated Chionodoxa. Closer inspection showed it to consist of a dense rosette of small radical leaves, from which radiated a cluster of slender prostrate stems, their terminal portions upturned and bearing one to several flowers. Later in the day, I was treated to a much greater surprise by same gen vith e-blue flowers showing among the leaves. e collected, its ete with the gentians was apparent, as its flowers were formed precisely like those of a miniature ae ok though 285, 286 saa ee more nue and of a pale blue, with whitish The stems were about as tall and slender as those of our ae -cap moss, ae leaves but an eighth of an inch long, sessile and narrow, and the flowers, which were produced sparingly in the upper axils, about a hal es ae in jena ane not fri ringed. It proved to be G. sedifolia, av which I have encountered ae Colombia to Chile, and always with undiminished or increasing admiration and delight. Each o e-named species is represented . another so much resembling it as to have led me to regard them as mere ct, 2 ion ° oO flowers open ball-shaped and more than half an inch long and dete d of inaving solitary flowers, there is a terminal cluster, and stouter than those of the oe mer. Gentiana rupicola HBK. i peculiar species which a ‘o combin the ae of both the ees and pe groups. Its slender stems, 2 to 4 inches in height, are densely tufted like those of sedéfolia, but they are Rae leafy, at least below, and twice i large me os as noe of pa atter. The very hand- ee late eee erect on on slender nee ‘he two groups already oe are not the only aoe eee mae are likely to astonish the northern visitor. a number of species that form what may be call - no 287 punicea eae since Gentiana punicea \Vedd. is the most commo and best known of its members. This species was first pene tu - of about 10,000 feet. ee picture presented by these plants, among the grasses, was so striking as to form a permanent re- Sister. and was quite eunliely, I should think, to suggest the gentians to any botanist. The weak and slender stems, a foot or more rose fl * t peduncles, and re aa club-shaped. This was increased by the strange colors of the flowers, s, which r ranged from saa to light scarlet. These buds flowers remind one somewhat of those of a Fuchsia. Occa- nally, a form is seen with densely leafy and multiflowered pen low i vi anomalous ni the erect upper buds, and the whole plant of a = -pyramidal form. Gentiana incurva Hooker, a far less common species, is ee but its leaves are wanting in the long SAesaaeen of the form iana Jamesonii Hooker, a species of Ecu ador, is very stou j our Aon Cr mann tains: I ake the latter banks, in tl herbs or shrub: ee oa in or near running water. They commonly differ from ours in ae variation of their a from the regulation blue inaequicalyx Gilg is of gregarious habit and flowers very ahuae 288 dantly. It closely resembles a bed of smal! plants of our fringed gentian, bus the flowers are mot at all fringed, and are much smaller. of arose-purple color. Gentiana albido-coerulea Gilg is is very lee. but the flowers are twice as large and, as the name indi brags . pte mixtures sie blue i a. one of our se flowers. G. corymbosa is a similar species of Colombia, as to its flowers, but it is scantily furnished i leaves, which a on a different form. Gentiana dilatata Griseb. produces a fee ma: of stems, ce 6 inches long, from a large root, these te ae ing in heads of medium- aoe flowers, compactly pie the whole bre a handsomely formed bouq ie ie tr a antiae- folia Britton and G. cochambambensis a of eal iar habit. Both have elongated phere ik stems, which incline to be rhizomatous, and clusters of weakly Sealing reddish stems, sparsely cee d with much elongated narrow leaves. The former has the upper had of the stem widely branched, the branches ending in small heads of con- tracted flowers. The latter, bai uy similar ” habit, differs markedly in its flowers, which roadly bell-shaped and of whitish color, the margins beautifully marked 7 purplish- pide rao th ti close with a reference to ae two showiest hediess so far as the writer’s observ: ais enables him to judge Gentiana Dielsiana cis G. speianitss pee has the dense Siege of radical leaves f the Andean species, these differ from all others that I have seen in being z m, si d ilis entiana Kusnezovit Gilg (G. virgata Rusby) has the clustered stems arising from a dense rosette of elongated linear attenuate Pe all the above-named gs es of Dr. Gilg were independently med and ical d by the a ‘iter cat the same time, neither author was so engaged f Dr. Gilg’s names in print a few days bef ily threw the latter into synonymy. 289 leaves, but they are very slender and prostrate at the base, then ascending and densely leafy, bearing simple or branched, erect slender peduncles in their ai the iis being broadly bell-shaped, ie erect, slender -| The Andean gentians, like any eir aioe cousins, are asso- ciated with some curious and interesting meio at least one of which is ofa surpassing beauty. The genus Frasera, so widely distributed in the United States, does not occur, but the curious little Halenia, bs its 5- pune coral : adv distributed in both regions. i saprophytic eiphaimos or Voyria, with its filiform stems and elongated salverform corolla, the entire plant of a yellowish-white color, and strongly Rees one — many of the Burmanniaceae. Coutoubea, a ae of Vi d Gui is a densely branched and very spiny herb, very See to suggest the bland herba of the oe but strongly manifesting their peculiar bitter aste. Interest i in the gentian-allies of the Andes centers chiefly in an number of genera, some of them more closely related to others than to those with which they were grouped by Bentham. The most common ane a ae fetes and the best Known - these, is th throughout ‘the ae mos ee in open, sunny and rather dry localities, on hillsides, though frequently in a quite different environmen nt. The habit of the plants might be characterized as “‘gawky. i e of a pale or eae yellow, and have the general form of a See flow How such plants a ever have come to be aggregated ce . true Lisianthi of the West Indies, with such genera Ol si i cult of comprehension. It is to the latter genus that attention here is particula tly anne and ee can not do better ea 1¢ quote what I said of it i of tt 290 on my first Andean exploration: ‘‘One of the most beautiful of Bot, and the base of the cordillera. Here it was abundant d of luxurious growth and had every appearance of being Se that would lend itself freely to culture in tropical gardens, or in the conservatory. A very noticeable feature was its tend- by them for a considerable distance, and their discovery was one of the special incidents of the day’s travel. H. H. Ruspy. NATIVE ORCHIDS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND n the autumn of the year 1867, the year in which the Torrey Botanical Club was born, a Brooklyn school-boy was intro- duced to the orchid-flora of Manhattan by accompanying his uncle, the late William Wallace Denslow, in his botanical 291 explorations. Mr. Denslow was then residing in Inwood and Tipularia, at which the ee was permitted to gaze with unsa fied curiosity, because he was strictly nos ae eee any of the leaves—there were no fruiting scapes and it was too late in the season for the flower: ae ane de in ai preceding year of this pcs species small coony. was cher hed with { Th this vicinity, though it was pallected’ a later in Bedford Park ae was still abundant at the earlier date on Staten Island. These five acre representing three of the four tribes of Orchidaceae found i _ the Northeastern States, and found so iter’ Pogonia, 8 Aide and the yellow fringed orchis, in a productive swamp n East Haven, Connecticut, seem to have stimulated an ardor list of thes cime: w in the Herbarium of Amherst Agricultural College, nes two of the less common species of Habenaria, H. lacera and H. flava. The latter was found in salt He s near Spuyten Duyvil and the ragged orchis near High Bri Nearby was collected once aes! ee (Ibidium Paes The larger coral root, C. ma ta, was found in two localities on nea pea and Oe oe tway-blade, Liparis Loeselii, in the ighborho ne The s was one of the earliest ‘iscoveri in M 1866, though the rattlesnake ee so-called, Goodyera pais had been collected in August, 1865, near the Kingsbridge road. 202 ere was a very good beginning of the orchid portion of Mr. Denslow’s herbarium, twelve species, one-si f the number listed i ay anual, found wi square mile of u per ildin almost every square foot and 2,000 families are housed i r Broadway, fifty years ago. The only exemption from this influx of buildi d lei p e Hudso River which the City is now acquiring for a park reservation; and even - beng section no native orchid has been seen growing for many y Four ee genera are represented by the species of this peculiar family that have been found in the parts of Westc ae ster County nearest to Manhattan. These are: two Cypripediums, tl early stemless one and the smaller yellow species, ee beau tiful Calopogon, the curious Isotria verticillata, the purple fringed i des, and aria ta, wi habits of characteristic a widespread N orth American speci There are few that have a wider range east of the Miss: ecion! than the stemless ayes an er, the showy orchis, the purple fringed orchis, the fragrant Spiranthes, the larger coral root. plants are found el € gr bers, Tipular which is vi a nt in parts of Delaware an d Habenaria psycodes, nae in ma : places borders road- be affirmed with certai are of the eileen species enumerated, with the probable ae of Spiranthes cernua, ere attan, at a ime within s o hundred years. Though the people of New Yor! he what w Manhattan Square and there was a covert just south of it ne anne bred, less than forty years ago; though 293 Jones’ Wood along the East River above Seventy-first Street was oe forest Eas ok sear century; though there were y brooks, some sw: and some ravines; yet conditions fverable to the ees ‘of aie: were not prevalent. Much of the surface was sand or bare rock. There have been no bogs ow i in lesser degree, to the de see ions of carele ess pickers. ee shady dells, howev vile and on Jes frequented hillsides; in the few very wet swamps here and he the smaller, age 2 of Uae orchid group iter Os in ees ishing number a ve found some vot thea in every month from May to , October many parts of Manhattan; fifty years eee ee had been pees ed by advanc a ne ation, except e northern end of the Island; now they have a ed and, excep t ae herbaria ae eee rateful memories of a few botanists, ight soon be for: n ll of the se named are still een Ww ery cae sad some wit! ten miles, of In- wood Hill. But they are me of a Cait race; unless we treat them with greater care ee kindness than were Ha to the Indian owners of Manhattan, ed too will disappea ha It is a pleasure to record here that s of the hardier ones ‘o find on Manhattan Island, tered specime ns of his favorite ee and subtle foes, ae c t associations and the h lac and spade and trowel of ‘ veiviliged”” m H. M. Denstow. REPORT ON A VISIT TO ENGLAND AND FRANCE R. N. L. BRITTON, Director Chief. As directed by yourself and with the authorization of the Board of Managers of The New York Botanical Garden LQ 294 : eet Over ehtee montis of the summer of 1924 in studies on America at the Roval B Kew, England, and the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris M London Friday, May 9, and began work at i a the Imperial Botanical C S, eded to Paris for five days’ work m. Af ending another we in pce ee my work at Kew, I left mrad ieiged August nd arrived in New York Sunday, ae far the greater part of my Pee ae ee dt identification of plants from the Gu ay especially ba uiana, from which country we have received wey ea specimens bat urin g the past psa ears. The gre t herbar: at Kew c s the most presentation sof the ea ae eee om anes Cane ae those of Parker, ee Robert and Rich: eee a and Im Thurn, among w im Ww ie ee hee ae 2 Kew and contain numerous t . With- out an een: of bs auientc specimens, any identi fication o. id be difficult or impossible. It was a source of much gr. noon to find that approximately two thirds of our unidentified Guiana material could be accu- fae Bie a ain egeite species. Since m these were represented by named specimens in our col- eon ee my work me eid our he aaran with a large mber of named species which will serve as a point of departure te our — investigations. About . our fee could ny be lameede! referred t While this does no ow cenclaively that Ge: are eal new pind unnamed Ce it ae pearl that the flora of the Guianas includes many unknown s, and : rmits us to proceed with more assurance to their firthe: stu Besides ae Guiana material from our herbarium, I took wi on, and Vernonia, and of the family Melastomaceae f northern South America, particularly from Colombia, whence 295 they had been obtained for us by the recent eel into nell, White that and neighboring regions by Rusby, Rose, Ii, White, Hitchcock, and . I ble to identify saree a pee ie Sate at As ,an rt ly suc- ul in cimens of complex genera tn us other: wait for comparison with ag — available at either of the two institutions visited by m The re-in elaine of ou : paternal into our herbarium, the identification of other eer on the basis of my studies, and the description of new species will occupy my time for some months in the futur Through the courtesy of the committee in charge of the Imperial ne nical Congress, held in London in July, I was at to attend its s areyee ae I jtene with great ae dieas tion to ae papers and to the discussions of the various problem now before the British ne s. I especially enjoyed the . portunity of meeting personally many of the cucu botanists of a itain and her numer oni In my visit at Paris, I was hospitably received by Professo F, Gagnepain, in the absence of the director, essor Henri Lecomte, and ae every possible facility for work, At Kew also, I was received with the greatest cone y Captain AW. Hill, ee and “Major T T. F. Chipp, assistant director, a free access to the Gisenineens collections by Dr. Cotton, keeper the herbarium, an, librarian nd Mr. I am also | saree for much personal assistance in man ways b r. N. E. Brown and by Messrs. Wright, Hutchinson, and oe of the herbarium staff. pea etd pas . A. GLEASON, September 9, 1924. 296 THE HUDSON RIVER VALLEY BEFORE THE ADVENT OF MAN? The Hudson River valley is a very ancient topographic feature of this region, whereas man, Aiecaiees Puen was born but yesterday; hence we do not have to hark back very far in geologic “ime—only some ie e eds of a ousands of years at most—to arrive at a period in the eons of the region when man had n ee appeared upon the scen Vespucci in ae John Cabot in 1497-98, oe Sebastian 1 Verazzano, who sailed along the coast from the Carolinas to Newfoundland in 1524. What we know a Ne York Bay or Harbor is designated on the map of his voyage as ‘‘Sangamano,” in connection with which he says: ‘‘after coasting along the shore to the northeast for a hundred leagues we found a very aati situation among some steep hills, through which a y large river, deep at its mouth, forced its way to the sea e passed up this river about half a league, es we found it torted a most beautiful lake, three leagues in circuit Weighing anchor we aoe eighty pe towards che ee as the coast stretched in that directio. Eighty-five years subseq as in 1609, Hen mry Hudson visited ae same region ee saile d up the river almost as far as i? the site of o present oF of pene Neither om at first Ww Saw ally those of t eee however, and they ae tire region pepe es savages whose traditions included n mention of a t n their ancestors dit ie ence ce ec The first question o be dec ide d, ther efore, in connection w: disposal precludes the possibility of cae at the period when the Hudson River valley was first outlined as a topographic feature. In Europe archaeologists have, apparently, proved the existence of man in the Gees aa iod; but on this continent 1 Abst: Siecrcon, a 30, 1924. 207 tel finitely, any proof of man’s presence previous to the heres pened. e ay therefore, begin our story with what we know or infer i iti I btained If a map of New York State is saeeate it may be seen that the este is . sbrermally straight river. For a distance of abou —from Saratoga to Man hattan—it follows an dae pad line. despite the rugged topography through Th or duct revealed many ae and some ee facts siphon, should be in solid rock. Ease s and borings in the river bed showed clay, sand, ae and bowlders to a depth of about 770 feet below the level of the river in the falda of the channel, and at constantly eee depths toward each bank. Below was a solid rock floor, as ee by diamond de borings, driven through ihe rock from each side of the higher than ay. naturally be ee where was the coast line and where did the river enter the ocean? The answer to this question is supplied by the te soundings and contours off the adjacent 298 shores. These show that for a distance of about 75 to 100 miles out from the present coast line the water is compara- tively shallow, and the be: ope of the ocean bottom is gradual at the period when the land stood hu. eee . feet hi ther than it does now. ee a De ain . rivers cut their wa the ocean, and one of the most clearly defin - of these oi river channels may ie traced on ae ocean bottom, by mea the submarine contours, from the present nee fi the Hudson to its — ea at = coast line of the old aes aloe abou es to the southeast. We hav n that must hav ney an eee of at least 800 tet in pone to pene for the dept ths s the old river rales t Storm King. Suppose then we imagine the land and its adjacent submarine plateau to be pee ‘80 feet above - panes level. Eight hundred oe fath oms. ane Coa line would then be exactly where we would just beyond the present 100-fathom contour. Such were » the topographic conditions in this region in the Tertiary period. The climate was mild and equable, as aten Islan history is more clearly bees in a aecords natural iesied and few of erp: nee than are those of the Glacial eee The advancing ice dored and grooved the hard rocks over which it passed; rounded their 299 surfaces; deepened and widened the valleys through which it flowed; blocked old drainage channels and caused new ones to nd do times the ice receded and ee ee tee records ‘Genind it, but finally it receded permanently and existing conditions were first appearance in this region, as indicated by relics found in Quaternary gravels of the old river terraces, and there our story t end. lecture was illustrated by lantern slides that included pl to ae I Canis aad ideal land eopee during the Ter and Qua ary perio 1 phenomena in ie ae of ous York, dingtanie explaining the meaning and extent of geologic time. ArtTuuR HOLtick. PUBLIC LECTURES DURING NOVEMBER The Garden lectures on Saturdays during the month of November take the form of walks and demonstrations with special reference to the announced subject of the day. The s usual ee that the hour is three instead of Th pede low: Nov. 1. ae Rock Garden.” Dr. E. B. Southwick. Nov. 8. ‘The Hardy Chrysanthemums.” Mr. K. _ eS Nov. 15. ‘‘The Hemlock Grove.” Dr. H. A. Gle Nov. 22. ‘The Pinetum: The Collection of eee ee. Trees.” r. N. L. Britton. Nov. 29. ‘‘The Geology of The New York Botanical Garden.” Dr. Arthur Hollick. 300 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENTS Miscellaneous rare plants and seeds from southern Texa: have been presented to the Garden by Mr. R. Runyon for grow ing and for illustration in Addisonia. Professor C. H. Ostenfeld, Director of the Copenhagen Botani cal Garden, spent a few days with us in ceaas especially occupied in herbarium studies of Arctic plan Fine fruits of the Panamanian mahogany (Swietenia macro. Maes from along the old Spanish trail across the Isthmus o Panama have recently been presented to the Garden by M Me 1. Mr. . Crider, Director of the Boyce-Thompson South. western Arbo retum in Arizona, visited the Garden in September especially interested in the collections of cacti and other desert plants. Cluste f the fruits of the needle-palm (Rhapidophyllun. Hystrix) ee the Turnbull Hammock near Titusville, Florida have recently been presented to the Garden by Mr. region of Florida Major T. F. Chipp, Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, visited The New York Botanica Garden on Saturday, September 13th, 1924, and was escortec Ses the grounds, buildings, and collections by member: of the staff. . Nathaniel L. Gardner, Assistant Professor of Botany i the Univ ersity of California, and well known as a writer on the algae of the Pacific Coast, spent a month at the Botanical Garde1 in September and October, engaged especially in a study of the blue-green fresh-water algae collected in Porto Rico by the late Professor N. Wille of Christiania. Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Assistant Director, acted as one o judges at the oe dahlia shows during September il the 71st Regiment Armory, New York City; Rumson Gardei 301 Club at Rumson, N. J.; and Short Hills Garden Club, at Short Hill, N. J. a ieceated on 1“ Dahlias and Their ean before the M and 14. L 1 September Aided by a grant from our rein Fund, Professor M. A. Chrysler of Rutgers College, spent part of August in western C : : : uba, prosecuting studies upon the C ee of ae egion. H obtained for us two native species of Zam nd of Microcycas calocoma; our esteemed corresponde nt, Dr. Juan T. Roig, Botanist of ee Cuban yee ral Experiment Station, ave him valued assistance. Returning north, Professor Chrysler obtained for us plants of two other species of Zamia in Florida. gener, who is spending the year at the Botanical Ww n Hawaii.’ After graduation from the Massachusett: ri cultural College with the degree of B.S. 1922, Mr. Degener Hect in the Canadian Rockies and on der Maa, and Kauai. During the past year he has been tin botany in the Massachusetts Agricultural Ses The following visiting botanists — in the library during the summer: Miss Mabel A. Ric ow heaton College, eae : Prof. N. M. Gri bead class, Cold Spr g Harbor, N. Y.; Prof sors H. M. dia H. a ie oe TL. W. Sharp. anil Lt Randolph, Ithac ank D. Kern, State Colleg Pa.; Messrs. Toba C. oe ie i i M. Fogg, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. se, Prof. E. O. Wooton, Dr Swingle, Columbus, Ohio; Prof. Bruce ee Oxford ; ; Dr. Earl E. Sherff, Chicago, HIl.; Mr. Willard N. Clute, aoe TiL.; Prof. John T. Buchholz, Fayetteville, ee Prof. H. S. Reed, Rivers side, Cal.; Mr. Chas. S. Parker, Seattle, Wash.; Prof. Harold . Prof. P. A. Bourne and Mr. T. B. McClelland, Mayagiiez, P. 302 R.; Mr. Raphael A. Zon, Rio Piedras, P. R.; Miss H. P. Sorokin Une v. of eek grad, Russia; and Prof. Dr. H. Gliick, Heidel- berg, Germany. meee le August. een total saci eatie for the mon Ss 5.0 mum. nt The mperatures recorded for ie ae were > 98? on oe rh te on ae 11th, 83° on the 21st and 94° on the 30th. The um temperatice were 62° on the 9th, 55° on the 16th, ee on oe roth and 57.5° on the 27th, Meteorology for September. The total precipitation for the t month was 3.76 inches. The maximum temperatures recorded for each week were 96° on the rst, 85.5° on the 13th, 77° on the 18 nd 74° on the d. The minimum temperatures were and on the 2oth, and 42° on the 24th and on the 25th Meteorology for aaa oe Pan ee for the month was 0.25 inch. The ma corded for each week were 75° on the es ae on wie pie nee on the Oth, 74° on minimu: pompera ures were 42° on the 2nd, 43° on the oth, 33.5° on th 18th and 30° — the 23rd. There was a an slight frost on os morning of 14t i: when the temperature was 3 7°, and twi other slight yee which i a ed some of the Dehligs, on a mornings of the 18th and the 23rd. ACCESSIONS MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM phs of American plants. (By exchange with the United States National Museum. ) (Given by Mr, B. D. Walden.) 53 panies of ae from Ans called Mr. F. M. Reader.) ee ecimens of Carex from Alberta. (Collected by Mr. A. H. Brinkman.) 1 specimens ee flowering plants ae ena and Montana. (By ex- change with Mr. Elam Bartholomew.) Idaho. (By exchange with Mrs. M E. Soth.) 39 specimens of flowering plants from Wyoming. (Given by Professor J F. Kemp.) 9 specimens of fl ing pk fi Colorado. (Given by Miss Hazel M. Schmoll.) A. O. Garrett.) f fi i y fi Utah. (By exchange with Professor PLANTS AND SEEDS 1 plant for Conservatory. (Given by Mr. George G. ie .) 1 plant for Conservatory. (Given by Mrs. T. S. Dayton.) ‘ iven by Mrs. M .M. J. Fo: 2 plants for Conservatories. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton. I plant for Herhaceous: Ground. | (Collect ted by _ Geo, Friedhof. ) - plants for N Coll 1 Kimball.) Sey for Rock Garden. eee by Miss M. E. Eaton.) lant for Nursery from No: nth Carolina. (Collected Ae Mr. C. D. Beal.) 1 plant for _ (Calle ae K. R. Boynton.) ida. (Collected by Mr. C. A. Mosier.) : plants fr Rock Garden. aan by Dr. A. Hollick.) 5 plants for Herbaceous Ground and Rock Garden. (Collected by J. Hartlin, a 16 plants for ies f North Carolina. (Collected by Dr. J. K. Small. : plants for Nurseries. er ted by Mr. R. W. Shreve.) plant for Rock Garden. (Collected by Mr. John V. Borin.) We plants om Florida. (Coll mae by Dr. J. K. Small.) 115 plants for | Ss ed by Mr. Percy Wilson. ) H (Collected by Wilso on & Bor! in.) of Paiene ioe Rock Garden. ei by a John G. Bor: oy 13 bulbs for conservatories. (Collected by r. J. K. Small 113 plants for Conservatories. (By phe ith U.S. D 21 plants for Conservatories. (By exchange with Dr. David Pair ) 2 plants for Conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. W. Wolf ) 13 plants for Conservatories. (By exchange with ad Horticultural oard. 11 plants for Conservatories, (By exchange with Mr. J. H. Ferriss.) 3 plants of Echeveria Bartramii. (By exchange with Mr. E. B. Bartram.) 5 plants for Conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. . Palmer.) 5 plants for Conservatories from Mexico. (By exchange with Mr. Moeller.) 2 plants for Nurseries. (By exchange with Mr. H. Bird.) 7 plants for Nurseries. (By exchange with cernbie of Texas. ) 2 plants for Nurseries. (By exchange with Dr. E. T. Wherry.) 67 bulbs of Caladium. (By exchange with Mr. H. Nehrling.) 304 : plants for Nurseries. (By exchange with Mr. E. C. Leo 2) plants for Conservatories. “By exchange with Arm: cation Nu urseries.) ~ plants for experiments. (By exchange with Experiment Stat tion in ii.) I ies for Conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. W. B. Thompson.) plants for Conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. J. B. Cobb. I Cats - ae nservatory. (By exchange with the Misses Noble through Dr. N. L. n.) 27 ee i Conservatories (By exchange with Mr. H. Nehrling.) 1 plant from Cuba. (By exchange with Prof. Roig.) 560 plants for Pelham ae Entrance. (pues ) 21 plants for Roads & Paths. ana ed.) 6 plants for Pinetum. (Purcha: 300 plants for Pinetum. “Purchased ) 360 lerived from 1 packet of seed. (Given aa “Mr. O. W. Barrett.) 1 packet of Agave seed. (By exchange with Dr. Wm. Trelease.) 1 packet of seed. (By exchange with Division of ane Pretoria.) 6 packets of seed. (By exchange with Mr. Robt. Run 2 pack nge wit. D. A. Cockerel ) packet (By exchange with U. S. Dept. Agric.) 16 packets of seed. (By exchange with Mr. T. D. Hatfield.) 4 k de ( ha ith Mr. R. Salgues. 99 pi ed. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, Edinburgh.) 96 packets of seed. (By exchange with Vilmorin & Andri Ce 127 packets of seed. (By exchange with Brooklyn Botanic Garden.) kets of By exchange with 1 ic Gardens, Kew.) Iq pack d. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, ae of s 438 packets of ceo (By exc hange wi ae ean Garden, wa.) f Nat Lae Bs Paris.) 2 packets of seed. (By exchange ee ee ae University of Brno va.) 114 ie s of seed. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, Géteborg.) 175 packets of seed. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, a ) 62 packets of ed (By exchange with Botanical Garden, Cambridge, gland.) 321 packets of seed. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, La Mortola.) ) f 87 packets of seed. (By exchange with Dr. R. R. Stewart. packets of seed. (By exchange with Mr. Arthur S. ete! | £ df South America. ‘olle ee 7 u 2 pacl f 0 Ric I packet of seed. eH by Mrs N. L. Brit 653 packets of seed. (Purchase 0 packets of seed. (Given by Mrs. W. H. Peckham.) PUBLICATIONS OF The New York k Botanical Garden Journal of The New York Botanical Bante Gastan, monthly, containing notes, news, and ana articles. Free to members of the Garden. To ' others, 10 cen opy; $1.00 a year. Now in its twenty-fifth volume. __ Mycologia, ene: devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a year; ee a not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its sixteenth D addizonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates ereimucae by ed aa s of flowering plants; ei eight plates in each number, thirty- volume. Subscription a $10.00 a year. [Not ofleced in aa) Now i in its eighth volum The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the me. Now s relfth volume. orth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, ee a i West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be comp n 34 volum Each volume to consist of four or more = bos now oe Be ntecatan price, $1. +50 tS parts a pated number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. ] Memoirs of an New ies Botanical Garden. Price to members of the ers, $3.00 stone Park, fy Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900 The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Develop- ment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New ae A ee to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 p 1915. Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration ¥ the Twe ey Anniversary of the ha Sas eg nical Garden. viii + 594 pp., with 43 plates and many text fi Contributions ad The New Y ical G A series of technical papers written by students or les of the staff, and reprinted from journals oie than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. In the eleventh volume HE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York City GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden — are: ‘our hundred acres of pesueitly diversities land in the northern part of the City of New York, through if va ows the Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the featu: renor the ols Plantations of thousands of d plants. shrubs, and flowering le s, including a beautiful ea eee a rock garden of rock-loving plants, and fern and herbaceous garden Gre enfant containing thousands e interesting plants from America and force countrie: er aed throughout the year—in the epring, summer, and a dis- plays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water: “Tiltes. gladioli, dahlias, and chrysanthemums: in the winter, displays of ‘greenhouse-blooming Saal) f fossil plants, existing plant families, local en pate within one nied rites of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plants rbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of American and foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central aus Solan AOE aoe the study on pollecsion oh the of re the A library of botanical literature, erous pamphlets Public lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications gn botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of depdlae: intere: The education oe school children : and the Bune See oats the above features cultur: The Carden is dependent upon an annual appropriation i the City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It possesses now nee two thousand members, and applications for membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are: Beneiarts + + + + « we +. . . Single contribution $25,000 + 2 « + « « « . . single contribution 5,000 Fellow for Life avin wr mane single contribution _ 1,000 Member forLife. . ...... single contribution 250 Fellowship Member. . . . . . . . annual fee 100 Sustaining Member. . ... . . . annual fee 25 Annual Member . . . . annual fee 10 The following is an approved form os Peles heey bequeath to The New York B D of New York, Chapter 285 He oe the sum a -——— All requests for further information should be sent to THE New York BotanicaL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY DrcempeEr, 1924 No. 300 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE BARTRAM OAK Artur Hoiiick ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE HEMLOCK FOREST H. A. GLEASON THE 1924 DAHLIA SEASON MarsHaty A. Howe BERTRAND H. FARR A. B. Stour THE NARCISSUS COLLECTION KENNETH R. Boynton PUBLIC LECTURES DURING DECEMBER NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT INDEX TO VOLUME 25 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At 8 West KING STREET, LANCASTER, Pa. INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freperic S. Ler, President James F. Kemp Henry W. DE Forest, yee itenaiat Apotr# LEwIso! F. K. Sturats, Vice Pre. : ENNETH K. MAcenieds Joun L. MERRILL, se lcinsics W. J. MATHESON N. c. BriTTon, Pee retary BARRINGTON Moore Epwarp D. ADA Morcan HENRY DE Fore: Ms eae Lewis Beene, Bipene NICHOLAS Mounty BUTLER FREDERIC R. ey Pau D. Crav. Cwar.es F. Ran RoBERT W. DE aneer HERBERT M mine CHILDs FrRICE Henry H. R WituiaM J. GIES GEORGE J. Ry. ald . A. HARPER ae TR JosEPH P. HENNESSY Libis BoycE TEOUEOR Joun F. Hytan, oie of th ed bis ined Francis DAWSON Case President of fhe Debord of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS . Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., ate NicHovas Murray BUTLER, Pa. Ds, Peebee S. Leg, Pu. D. ear D. LE. Dei. De HERBERT M. RICHARDS, Sc. DB: WILLIAM a Gigs, Pa. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D. GEorGE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF Ni. BRITTON, PHD SGub pluie are meee . Director-in-Chief MarsHALt A. Howe, Pa. D., "Sc. | eS ssistant Drea Joun K. SMALL, Pu. Disc. D: . ss. Head Curator of the Muse A. B. Stout, PEs Doses tite. ich teu nal MO anecIOM sgh the Labo raloneed P. A. RypBEerG, Pw. D. . May Gad ate Curat H. A. GLEAson, Pa BTA RCO avis hier hg ay is a , Curae Frep J. SEAVER, PH. D. Ris ee OMP EMEP REED PCN es Cd ys Curator ARTHUR HOMAEE, PRE De yet eet ioe bere. Sea RE DR ea he DOTA Percy WILSON . goo! eden essai, 8) el hep ree tei Runa SS OO Stea aurea ess DE C. MitcH (ELL ela) les) ew) 9) aalluneirel yAlssOneates GrmaniE Joan HENDLEY Bageciae A. M., M. D. . . . Bibliographer Sara H. Hartow, A. M.. . ibrarian . H. Russy, M. D. Bein © Honorary Curator of the Boo Collections ELIzABETR rs BRITTON Ehsan r of Mosses ARY E. Eat i We MERC ann . Artis KENNETH R. BOUNtGne B. is JE iee Cady a) tier ens . He ad Gardener RoBert S. WILLIAMS. . Biisee ris sla hs a eae "Administrative Assistant Hester M. Rusk, A.M... .... Technical Assistant i Denstow, A. M., D. D.. . Honorary Custodian of Teal Herbarium E. B. Soutpwick, Po. D. . . . . Custodian maf Herts Grounds Joun R. Brintey, C. E. Re ees too ean 6 ndscape Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK . Cle d Accountant ARDHOURI |) CORBETT 6. aprcirn i) 4 Superintendent ‘of bare and Grounds WALTER CHARLES . ...... Museum Custodian oof aLVTg Naddvy TWOINVLOg WYO MAN 3H] 40 IvNano[ JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXV December, 1924 No. 300 THE BARTRAN OAK “My Good Friend John:— “Pray what is the reason I have acorns from that particular species of Oak that peses Mehl found in thy meadow? And I observe, in thy s other narrow-leafed Oaks. As I have now paar ca 1 wish for a dozen good acorns of each... “Thine, “P, Collinson.” Thus wrote Peter Collinson, the English botanist, to his friend 5I. Schuylkill River, about four miles above Philadelphia; and oak mentioned by Collinson was at that time, and for nearly a ee akbar ah the only mature tree of its kind known to botanists. It was first described and figured and given a specific name by F. eee Michaux, in his North American Sylva, pub- lished in the early part of the nineteenth century. In this work certain cere of Seeer bles. w piel are so little multiplied that they seem 1 o disappear from the earth. To this as belongs ¢ the Bartram ane Several English and veral young plants, which I received from M rtram himself, have been placed in our public gardens to insure = preservation of the eens The original tree was cut down about the year 1840. Man Renee, oe ever, had examined specimens from it and its im- 305 306 Fic 19-year-old seedling of Bartram Oak, resembling Quercus Pe oe text, p. 311.) mediate progeny, and a considerable diversity of opinion was ex- pressed in regard to its probable status as a species, a variety, or hybrid. Michaux, as above cited, gave it specific rank. Nut- 307 tall ee “May not this be an anomalous variety of coccinea?” Pursh remarked: ‘‘it is probably on eA a hybrid plant."’ Torre ray: in th cites oe Can olle as referring it to a variety of Q. aquatica, and then arks: ‘‘it is as likely to be a variety of Q. Phellos, with dilated ne toothed or cut leaves.’ this period, however, other trees were discovered, at i hi scattered localities in New Jersey and ware; but this addi- tional material only led to still further differences of opinion on the studied the trees and specimens derived e: from them. En elmann first eis last the tree asa ee spe- sea oe willow o: aks ena Phat) of wits it is era Cope, also was incline ard it as a variety or for: ed with bristle tpped leaves, as a species from which it might have been ved. In EN a stand of about twenty trees of ee ina as discovered by Mr. W. T. Davis, in the v: vil ee aie and oe afforded sudan mate tr The securing specimens of leave: pine acorns from oo of the trees, and critical eee hich th ere ing in the immediate vicinity. Conclusive proof, how- — was ae a it is of interest to note, in view of subse- 1 Hollick, Arthur. A Recent Discovery ee ee on Staten Island. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 303-309. pl. 83-: 4D 19-year-old seedling - Bartram Oak, resembling typical rules erie (See text, p, 311.) 309 quent developments, that in Garden and Forest for January 9, 1889, in an editorial review of the paper mentioned, the probable i and th from a typic ee of Q. heterophylla. aa were germinated in ae eceneri house of the Garden, and about fifty seedling trees were thus obtained, which were available for ane ae 2 tinguishable from the willow oak (Q. Phellos), others were appar- ently identical with the red oak (Q. rubra), and others were inter- mediate in leaf form between them, showing every possible gra- dation between those that were entire or wavy-margined and those that were more or less lobed.!. The hybrid origin and par- entage of the tree from which the acorns were collected was def- pe proven and ag seats of Oaercts i ileats aaa Bar- tra: ed oak: established, and was at last remov ee the realm of mere personal opinion, ae a lapse of more than 150 years from the time when Peter Collinson asked for some acorns from the “ particular species of oak’’ that was grow- ing in John Bartram's meadow. A number of ae ees trees were subsequently set out in he oak plantation in the eastern part of the Garden, where they vost all have nae al ich to grow and develop. Ina ort time the that the ie that sim- Meee ae willow oak t cl ly y lacking in vigor, while those that appr proached most Healy, the baer of the red oak showed ev very indication of healthy growth. The conditions are what might be expected from their parentage. The willow oak is a southern type of the genus, which reaches the northern limit of its natural range in the warm sandy soil of the were described and figured by . MacDougal, in an article he eh dia e of Wild Plants,” nn in the Botanical Gazette 3. f. 1-3. Ja 1907). Fic 3. 19-year-old seedling of Bartram Oak, resembling Quercus an. “(See text, p. 311 Coastal Plain region of Staten Island and Long Island and is, therefore, not in a congenial environment, further north, in the of tree, that ranges to as far north as Canada, and is feeugk hly at home in mountainous and rocky localities, ane thrives in this 311 Three of our trees are yet living, and as they are all progeny of one and the same tree, . are all of the same age (nineteen , their present appe e has seemed to . Ras of record, Speie as it is cai if all vill live to maturi JRE I repr ts the tree that is most nearly like 0 Phellos t a distance of 2 feet from the ghee and has a maximum : d struggle to maintain its existence. nee times the leading one-sided aspect, similar to the asymmetrical sym ai growth that is generally characteristic = a = nches of the tulip tree “New Y Garden, 03868. E218 No. 1. Phoreereh by A. B. Stout, Octo- ag FIGURE eae the tree that may be regarded as typical a = heterophy It is approximately 20 feet in ai 15% inches in cir hae rence at a distance of 2 feet from the ground, a has a maximum ee of branches of about 12 feet. It is slender, but has the appearance of a thriving, healthy tree. Recorded as uncertain. Photo graph by A. B. Stout, aximun spread of br: mare of re 20 ahs “This is a vig- a span of life. New York Botanical Garden, oe E218 No. 6. Photograph by A. B. Stout, October 8 F They average about 6 inches in length, including a 5/,-inch petiole. Ficure 4B represents a leaf from the tree shown in FIGURE 2. E 4. Leaves from aes 19-year-old seedlings of ee Oak, roe es Pp. 311-312.) The leave: dingly di in outli Relatively few are entire or wa ine lobed or indented ao on one spores for illustration; but this one is fairly typical of the mass of the foliage. They average about 514 inches aa cluding a "/-inch petiole. FIGure 4C epee! a leaf from = tree shown in FIGURE 3, and is a es mple of the foliage as a whole, which differs in its individual eee to a relatively small extent. They average bout 614 inches in length, including a 1#/,-inch petiole. 313 will remain, now, for future botanists to watch and guard ae trees, cane if they live to maturity, collect and germinate acorns from them, and continue the haha ae of their inher- ited nite through the succeeding generation HUR HOLLIcK. ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE HEM ST Two years ago the cee ioua betnen rs of the New York Botanical Garden appointed a mittee, consisting of Mr. the ecological relations of the Hemlock Forest. A part of the results of os yavesesuon has ae ao een pee by the Garden andab d here- he Hemlock Grove in Bronx Park has long been known as one of the interesting natural features of the region. Not only does it present a picturesque variation in the scenery, but it is since its destruction may be caused not only by improper hand- ling under Coad Gane but also by the usual normal pro- cesses of na Before a proper method for its successful conservation can be states aswell. For this, the cee ration of the Es ae servation of the environment was carried on at New York, at New Haven, at Ithaca, and at Cranberry Lake in the Adiron- dack Mountains. Moore, Barrington, Herbert M. Richards, H. A. Gleason, and A, B. Sto’ Peas and its environment. I. Field records. Bull, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 325-350. 1924 314 ny conditions affect the life of a tree. Some of them act Man on ae large trees, maeuaae ee rate of growth or their production. Others are more important in their effect on surrounded by a forest of an entirely re type. These seeds grow if they find SebIe: conditions for their existence, must be ae nape on verage, the ae . problem o: e committee, therefore, was to determine what the environment of the hemlock is a which it has successfully maintained itself in i pase: ntinuance of e co ce these conditions in the future, in a much-visited ce garden 315 and in the midst of a dense and rapidly growing urban com munity, may depend on the practical application of the ecientine is igation. Certain features of the problem are best handled oy experi- i garde ong these mental methods in the laboratory or test n. Am he are the physiological conditions for the germination and of hemlock seeds, ure and importa: f thi croscopic fa and fi of the soil in their relation to hemlock, and t optimum conditions of soil re perature for - lock. Study of these similar factors is at present in progress or planned for the fut or the summer of. aor the field observations of the com- mittee and the codperating institutions were confined to the ‘our st equi Botanical Garden, within the hem ig forest, in the adjacent en the two type wi were continued through the ae season a ow numerous interesting | points of similari ity pew en the various stations, notwi pa t variation in clim The amount of “vainfall varies greatly, of oun from one Tegion t ot n these observations it w: und to be regularly less . ae hemlocks than in wae pean or 316 in the open. This is a to Pie iad era of the rain by the leave and branches, and the nt so cepted varies from 48% average minimum than the hardwoods. ee is interesting tc note that the diff in mean New York the warmest station, and Cranbe: erry Lake, the coldest, is only 2 degrees, and that these represent probably nearly or quite the extremes of mean temperature at which hemlock can exist in pure stan The soil eniperaeunes were regularly slightly lower under hemlocks than under hardwoods, both at six and eighteen inches of depth, but in both types of forest are as lower than in the ae hae the full effect of sun is fel The of evaporation, as measured by ce white-bulb at- eiraete ers, is higher at New Yo. under Bee = under hardwoods, the difference amountin much 2 Ay At Ithaca, the only other station wire ae comparisons were possible, the two rates were the re eee and pro i tant, is nae ce that evaporation aven stations was 2% and 16%, that at Ithaca 3%, and t at Cranberry Lake, in a distinctly colder climate, 38% lower e rate measure New Yo: the oO oe a oO oO ce 2 =] ea oO p 5 pany z i=) a. a i) o Or w York, hundred ante Acca than between any of the nee eae hemlock sta The ervironmentél differences between the es ea es hardwood forest at New York, al gh measura to b ei nt for types. The committee concludes that it will be necessary to look elsewhere for the cause of the difference, and suggests that soil conditions offer the most promising point of attack, H. A. GLEAson. 317 THE 1924 DAHLIA SEASON (WITH PLATE 300) brief notice = 1924 a collection, written in August, See in the September issue of the Journal. By way of completion, it may now be eee that, in spite of stem-borers, a its intelli in July and October, and a destructive wind and rain storm on the last day of cases ne display of ahlias a growing ‘ the bush,” fro which they may g of it in a catalogue or from seeing a cut flower in a show. but And, more than all, it has opened the eyes of many, unfamiliar with the modern development of the dahlia, to the beauties of its individual flowers and to the possibilities of using it effectively in mass plantings. The orange bed, with the short e golden-orange Sagamore, and backed oe in the rear i the atio At the north end, oe orange bed graded off into the pink, ally old (Ore aus lavender-pink tones and here the conspicu- kinds were Francis Lobdell, Countess of Lonsdale, Siskiyou, nlaee s Jewel, Jersey’s Rose, Mrs. I. de Ver Warner, Geor: "alters, Mariposa, Virginia Harsh, Nibe- Josiah T. Marean. The new all-scarlet bed was not so successful, owing to various causes, but another season is coming and with it me ever- : ; : h his year ass effects of scarlet the variety Breeze Lawn will e main border, where little attention was given to color 318 grouping, some of the more outstanding among the newer varieties were Yellow, orange, or copper-colored: Ambassador, Sunny South, California Beauty, El Dorado, E. D. Adams, Tillamook, La ene oo Eastern Star, Elberon Beauty, Laddie, and Clara Finger Pink, ue or lavender-pink: Elsie Daniels, Mr. Crowley, May Blumer, Emma Marie, ies of Oz, eas ret pra Ber ia Jost, Dorothy Durnbau Cant Joa Patapsco, California Enchantress, ae Bude Pride a oe necticut, Maid of the Mist, Mrs. W. H. Waite, and Junior. Red: Josephine Mendillo, Marion McCreedy, and T. A. Leo- a Dark- ved, red-purple, garnet, or mahogany: Merrick, Edith eee oa Joe, Ebenezer, Pride of Dahliadel, Senorita, ss edfor Bico. a ore a ane Wilson Case tipped white), Mrs. F. T. Street (dark red, tipped white), Earle Williams (scarlet, apoed white), Nobilis ao es scarlet), Iam Se (dark aan gold-tipped), Mar n (red, tip) te), Our ntry Nee stipe whi i Biltmore oo hite), rS. C. Doty (yellow, white-tipped), Ca: ones i aloe. seed with md and Ben Wilson (red, gold-tipped). White: Charity Slocombe, Snowdrift, Deadlock, and Pearl ite Sane of the plants, especially oS in the border south of the railway station plaza, were more x less damaged frost on the Hig of October 18. A e morning of October 23 injured most of the plants, eee ee being certain red-flowered varieties ace located at the north end of the main border. The ere dug o ae vember 1§ without waiting for a final ene ze-up a all the plants, which would have occurred two days later, when the thermometer reg- istered 18° F. If the more or less colorful hang-over after Octo- n N 13; in ee on October 26; in 1922, on cee 21; in 1923, on Novembe: MarsHat, A, Howe. 319 BERTRAND H. FARR dH. Farr died at his home in Wyomissing, Pa. e fi one whose work be accomplishments have been conspicuously noteworthy. . Farr was born in Vermont. At an early age he moved Bie he parents first to Wisconsin and then into Iowa. He i Jowa a this work ae at last ne him to Reading, Pa., and ied to his having a home at Wyomissing. Ati is said that when Mr. Farr was a small boy his aunt gave i) was ae hobby, “until in 1910 this hobby became his bine, as he was ha is was but a natural development. First his lots until several acres were under cultivation. Then a farm was purchased a: Wyomissing Nurs Co: was €S tablished. At the time of Mr ae ’s death the nursery was being removed to a still ela farm nearby. The business had bee incorporated and will now be eae by those who were associated with him Mr. Farr was widely known as an authority on the peony and oi ie ove ane Put et ee ee oS were consider ed by him as sufficiently this year. For eight years Mr. aia was ae the American Peony Society and spent much time at the trial eee of the Society in the difficult work of Renee the names of the nearly 3000 varieties. 320 Mr. Farr — gee a ae visitor at The New York Botan- ical Garden. uch interested in all our Se of hardy Pan one sa ana he gave freely of such plants as the bearded and the Japanese irises to increase the colle ee and make them more complete. He supplied a complete set of the various day lilies (Hemerocalis) in cultivation for use in the and arranged to name and distribute some of the best of these. statement of the life work and the ambitions of Mr. Pak can be given than that which he himself wrote in the foreword of the firm’s catalogue for the present year. His words are, in part, as follows:— he ti assertio on it in that sense; rather it ideal toward es all of us are striving, myself and - yee associates and developed with the business ate and who, by their conscientious efforts, have helped me to the success so far achieved. We always tried to do our best, a it ou To you, my oer e and patrons, I i tend thanks for allowing me to share with you the joy of gardening. I repeat that, to me, it means life in the fullest sense, and if I can be instrumental in adding ever 80 en a the pany and happiness while. These closing words of the caine to the last general catalogue which Mr. Farr issued may well be taken as his last ans nal message to all lovers of flowers. They may well linger the memories of his friends as gaa the ambition which wailed the life of Bertrand H. Far A. B. Stour. THE NARCISSUS COLLECTION Through the continued interest of the Dutch Bulb Exporters’ Peet and Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, of the Advisory Council, the Garden now possesses a permanen nt daffodil col- lection, The Association replaced last year’s magnificent gift 321 £2 lip Jafiadit these to be used as a founda- tion a semi- enaaral planting of ae manent interest. In canes tion to these, a collection of 10,000 bulbs was selected by Mrs. Peckham, for naturalizing and ae the display section; eee were eee from John Scheepers, Inc., and Chester J. ub, . Herbe on rden Club, Mrs. Elizabeth G. Britton, Mrs. Theron FIGURE 5. Preparations for Degas planting, October, 1924. Photo- graph by Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckha Mrs. Peckham’s personal supervision the bulbs were ey hill south of the Horticultural Sa was increased, and around the whole a narrow a of s e130 vancte planted, ards f labeled sorts. ” Between these a the Iris Plantations thousands of 322 daffodils were naturalized in the grass. For this purpose, the English bulb-planter was used by Mrs. Peckham, and some dozen other methods ae oe the bulbs securely under the sod were experimented w The resulting oe for next spring is fee awaited. KennetH R. Boynton, PUBLIC LECTURES DURING DECEMBER Free lectures = demonstrations were given in the Central Display Greenhouse of Conservatory Range 2 at three o'clock on Saturday seen as follows: Dec. 6. «Fruits an in Winter.” Dr. H. A. Gleason. Dec. 13. a bber Dr. A. B. Stout. Dec. 20, fj aane - Dr. F. J. Seaver. Dec. 27. “A Study of ea and their Nests."’ Mr. R. S. Williams, NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Dr. Kauffman, of the University of Michigan, spent several days at The Now Yo ie Bot eee Garden in the latter part of November, certain of the higher fungi preparatory to a monograph of this group. ovember Conference of the scientific staff and re- very interesting account of his summer’s work in England, a summary of which was printed in the Novenner issue of the Garden Journal es Rafael Toro, from the Porto Rico Agricultural Experi- nt Station, was sipeee at the Garden for a few days in con- ain with the study 7 the Pyrenomycetes of Porto Ric ie Mr. Toro is sp eee a year at Cornell University in mycological work under oe direction Professors Whetzel and Fitzpa ions ut and Mr. E. J. Schreiner spent a week in northern Meine “during oo and another during November northern New York in work on poplar investigation in which the Garden is ae with the Oxford Paper Comp 323 On the last of these trips, Dr. Stout gave two addresses at Syracuse University, one before the ee Club and one to the Plant Science Club on subjects relating to sterility in plants- e driveway ae of Garden has been greatly easy n opened i driving on August 19th, and by the subsequent closing of the narrow and dangerous road which ran past the ruined Lorillard Mansion, this old road now becoming a path, requiring only some eee: and other ee A fatal accident occurred on the old road several years ago and there have been several oie eee ts. Its closing ae relieved apprehension; it will eee a eee path passing close to many fine oaks in the Arbore f Jerful book itled ‘‘ Timbers of rant America,” wren a Samuel J. Record, Professor of Forest Products in Yale University, and Clayton D. Mell, Tropical Forester, and published by the Yale University Press on the Amasa Stone Mather Memorial Publication Fund, marks u authors have made occasional visits to The New York Botanical Garden for the purpose of studying specimens and consulting literature, and they have added many aes specimens to our of th with ae that a copy of their book, given by them, ‘has been sadei ur library. It is a volume of 610 pages, with many usteatons, ‘the art on the tropical American countries and their forests b «Mell, that on the trees and their woods by Professor ea Meteorology for i ees one ee for vel month was 2.48 inches, traces of which fell a all t oe except sli ai traces, fell ae ae ee thied of - nth. The maximum temperatures recorded for each week were 73.5° on the 2d, 69° on the 7th, 65.5 on the 12th, 59° on the 22d and 52° on the 24th. The minimum temperatures were 34° on the oth, 31° on the 16th, 17° om the roth and 23° on the oth. The first ice of the autumn nana across the middle and upper lakes on the morning of the 18th. INDEX TO VOLUME 25 Abutilon 249; cordifolium 70; per- molle 59 Acacia han 207; Farnesiana 207; modes Acacias Accessions, see New York Botanical Garden AM ctinosperm Ag ans 59 Ro: att ta 56. eratum littorale 79 3 When a tropical vegetation 3 207 ae ‘ipinia vittata 148 Alter nant thera 84 205; trifida 205 octet and some of their allies 285. iol ical Ames, Oakes 99 am ris 7 7 momis Simpsonii 92 ‘Ancestral history of some existing alia Seis 26 rabis 17 \risaema. Sorin 26 rundinaria 93; tecta 94 Asimina 259 Aster 38; adnatus oo carolinianus Atriplex 2, 11, 212; cut 205 Aubrietia 17; Auricula 7 Coluinnae 17; deltoi _ 2 17 olym: 17 Auld, Mrs 180 stralian a vicennia 745 niti ida 71, 83 Avocados reference to pollina- tion and t the production The flower mechanism o of fruit, Bailey, L. Baker, Mire, Ge corte F., Jr. Bannwart, Carl 257 Barnhart, John Hendley 177, 208, 237-239, 257 Publications during 1923 118 Bay 7. Tohtistian 209 Beattie, james H. 157, 167 Beattie, W. R. 157, 167 Becker, H. W. & Bayaton, lk. R. 20 The wa’ ter-lily pools 2 Beckwith, Miss Martha Warren 208 oa 1105 heterodonta, 10g; lig: 110, a 109 tepial oo plants e—I. $55 Bihai geniculata 1 Billings, Mies Hlisdbeth 131, 132, 173 Bir the Garden 40 Bie S. rome 176 Black, Caroline A. 21 5, 83 Blea purpurea Blight, The Chectnut 274 Bobbink & Atkins 179 Bombax melaparle Borreria havanen: 325 Botanical expedition to extreme wester n Cuba, A 194 jotanical Garden, “hale in in ae 168 otanizing 7 fay idad 268 otrychium oudiera 14 ougainvillea 116 ourne, P, A. 301 oussingaultia 57 oye C; Charles S. 2 ynton, Kenneth R. 20, 148, 149, 177) 257, 299 A unique lecture hall 116 Austratian plants 31 ications during 1923 118 iva lants of un- 48 Standardized plant names 117 er beds 230 The Iris Garden, 1924 196 The Narcissus collection 320 The Rose Garden 223 Tulips in the Botanical Garden and Be cker, H. W., The water- Britton, Elizabeth G. 24, 42, 49, 150, 321 124, Holly Publications during 1923 1 be oe preservation ase 272 Britton NL L. 42, 124, 173, 180, 299 A botanical ” expedit ion to ex- trem e western Cuba I An catia painary Decem r 15 Descriptive flora of 0 Rico and the Virgin Islan a 7 9 Plants of the Galapagos Islands Publications during 1923 119 Summer work with irises aoe Parkway, The rown, A. C. 15, runfelsia ameri y T. ryce, Mar: 132 uchholz, John T. 258, 301 ee and how to force them for the ana 133 73 R. baer 63, 76, 86 un score Burns, Ceo Po Butler, Mary “Marshal 173 Byrsonima lucida 76; ee 132 Cacti—An interesting plant-group in en study of survival, The 197 Callica: arpa americana 60 Calonyction aculeatum 85; Tuba 85 Calopogon 291 Calvino, Mario 1 159 Campbell, Douglas H. 22 Camphora 57 Campyloneurum Phyllitidis 83 Can botanists solve the Sata problem? Harnessing the Sun Capraria pill ate a 75 Gaps sicum x 302 Ge. Papaya 63 Carphephorus corymbosus 61, 64 Carpinus 62, 64 Carteria pinetorum Cassia bahemen nsis ee Fistula 206; mal is 57; Tora 57 Cc Aas Ca: ae elastica 96 ‘asuarina equisetifolia 71, 81 Catesby, Mark 2 237 Celtis mississippiensis 63 Saar plat at: ystachys II lobiui 204, 295 | 17 con anny 65, 71, 72, 89 Cerci idophyllum j japonicum 21 Chaenomeles japonica 44 Chamaecrista brachiata 70, 90; mira- bilis 13 a Chapman , A. W. 238 Chapman, Frank M. A trip to Ecuador 17 Chardon, Carlos E. 130, 133 Chelonanthus 289 Chenopodium 205; Berlandieri 205; Boscianum 205 Chestnut blight, S the 274 Chiococca 76, 82, 85; alba 85; pine- Cc epee rocyst is I Chori I Ch ryster, M . A. 177, 209, 301 “Fra arnessin: z the Sun: Can botan- lem? 266 Chrysophyllum olivaeforme 77 Chrysonsis 72; graminifolia 56, 69; Tracyi 69 Chrysothamnus 212 Ch ubbi = . H. 177, 210 Chu g, H. Cienfuegos ‘heterophytla 133 Cin zeylanicum 113 Cissus S 433 sieyoide 3 85 Citrus Lim 3 633 Limonum 63 Clark, Clark, E. Clarkson, Mrs. Banyer 174 Clerodendro n 57 Clusia 77 Clute, valle N. 301 Clytostoma 116 Coc colobis laurifolia 80; Uvifera 67, land mosses 175 Coceothrinax 77, 239, 240, 242; argentea 75; Garberi 240; jucunda 239. 240 . Coccothrinax argentea, The silver- alm 237 cti 36 Cochranea eee 57 us 57 also Donors changes) D. 30: and N. C2 tiedhol, George 302 artling, J. 303 ollick, eur 303 imball, Winifred 302 Lee, Margarette 212 Mosier, C. 3, Reader, F. 302 Rusby, H. H. 304 hreve, R. W. 303 mall, J. K. 303 son and N 303 Wilson, Perey 211, 303 Colocasia esculenta 140 326 Coloration plants 248 Colubrina Colubrina 79 in ornamental foliage Conners Notes, News and 20, 42, id 177, 208, 231, 257, 6, 300, 322 Caiterence ee 147, 175, 205 Connors, C. H. 2 onocarpue orcs 6, 82, 83 ‘ook, Mel T. 1305 154 Can trifolia 2 Corallo sips Leer 291; odon- torhiza is 58, 68; Leavenworthii 56, s canadensis 26; Kousa 278 Cor Cortinellus rutllans is 209 tica 16, 100 Cor e0p: or , J. A. Pu blications during 1923 119 Crider, F. ay 300 Crinun Crocker, William 1 77 Ethy' lene, or the gas that puts Cross, Mar 174 Crotalaria ar tiana 66, 70 anical "expedition to rem nh mM 194 Cucurbit tar cabtivated | ‘alents of unknown orgin, eters 9 a 73 Cy yperus ssquarrosus 7 78 Dac thea excelsa 132 Dahlia 261 Dahlia callection, The 1924 255 Dahlia season, The 1924 317 Dalbergia Sissoo 206, 207 Dale, E. C alibarda repen: Danforth, R. E.1 Date pollen, The Sability of 101 Datura 57 Davies , Mrs. J. Clar 173 December, ‘An eaaordinary 15 December bloom in the Rock Garden Decumaria barbara 6 Deering, Charles 54, Me 197 de Forest, Mr. & me rs. Robert W. 174 Native. orchids of Manhattan Island 290 Descriptive flora of a Rico and nds 129 ifida istribution of ceed of the fringed gentian, The 38 Di axis fasciculat ta I Dodg e, Mr, & Mrs. Cleveland H. 174 Donors (see also Collectors and Ex- changes aoa Dahlia Gardens 260 acon, Nathanie ol 284 ‘ber, M. A. 2 olt, R. C. ‘unningham, Mrs, L. 284 I shies Nurseries 259 avis, R. ayton, Mrs. T. S. 303 I e, Mrs. R. E. 284 Denslow, paper M. 211 ALE. 2 I untington Dahlia Cade 260 yatt, Schuyler M. ris Place, The 284 ves, Mrs. Frances R. oe Mis M. W. 2 eony dale ‘Tris Carden 284 I inchot, Giffor urdy, Ca! rl 28 asmussen, Ms. W. M. 284 ‘ chmoll, Hazel M: 303 328 Schreimer, vd re Shull, J. M Slocombe’s aia Gardens 259 Small, J. K. 2 Smith, Mrs noe ewis R. 284 Smith, Jr., Mrs. paleon 284 Stillman, George L. 2 Stout, Mrs. Chas. oe on y, Wm. Be 360 Sweene’ Swingle, W. T. 2 Thompson n, Mis. W. Gilman 284 ae ae Totty Co. Charles H, 2 Vincent, drs Set Richard 260 283 Downer. Jay. The Brons River Park- way 1 Dr ryopteris intermedia 143 alba 321 Du tian W. D. 131 Eaton, Mary E. 197 Echeveria Bartr England and ees 79 Report on a visit to 293 Eranthemum albomarginatum 148; atropurpureum 148; reticulatum 148 Eriant Bnouenye Eriogon tomen ntosuni 64 eens arborea 6, Ethylene, or the gas shat oe plants and animals to sleep 2 Eucalypti tig 31 Eugenia 81, 85; axillaris 63, 81; buxi- Hs ne 63: 76, 81; caryophyllata 113i a'8r Eupatorium jucundum 69 Evander Childs High Schoo Bae alsinoides 78 xchanges (see also Collectors and ‘Bono Anderson, P. J. 2 Armstrong Nurseries 304 eee 302 B. 303 143 Bird, H. Botanical Garden, Argotti 304; Cambridge, England 304; University of 304 Brooklyn Botanis Garden 304 Brunner, C. P. 260 . B. 304 Cockerell, T. D. A. 304 Cok er, W. C.2 304, ‘airchild, A. S. airchild, Davi iS Federal Ho: cela Board 303 erriss, J n, D. S. 3 Royal Botanic Gardens ohns ropical ‘American’ “oiaiits at home —I. The Begonias 107; Il. The Fuchsias 213; —UI. The Andean Gentians and some of their allies 285 Tropical ferns 37 Tropical vegetation flourished in Alaska, When a 33 Tuckerman, Jane F. 174 man, Me & Mrs. Eliot 174 Tweed, Mrs. Charles Ht 174 168 teres Dillenii 144 Unique lecture hall, A 116 Vachellia elven: = 76 Val leriana_ scanden Van Sinderen, Mrs, Howard 174 Verbena maritima 90, 92 Vernonia 294, 295 Viability of date pollen, The 101 ae Lantana 44; prunifoliu vide Hl, Mr. & Mrs. E. Villeneuve, aie de. Viola pallens 26; Bea 17; tricok 17 Virgin Islands, Descnptive flora ¢ Porto Rico ee the 129 oa ee Voyrii Wahlenberg, W. G. vee Adolph E. 4 oe ter-lily pools, he 270, 271 therby, C. A. ehmeyer,, L. E. 276 la 278 Wheeler, Me Everett P. 174 toh in Alas Whenees cane our orchids? Whetzel, H. H. 125, 179, oe 508 0. E. 177 Whittemore, Jean S. 131 Wild-flower preservation publicit 272 Wilkinson, Mrs. R. Wille, Johan Nordal Trecher 152, 3C Williams, Capt. s. Philip 134 Williams, R. S. 124, T 5, 176, 322 Birds’ nests in the Garden 40 Fruitin he maidenhair-fer t Publications during 1923 123 Wilson, E. H. 278 Wister, John C. 99, 196, 301 ooton, E. O. 301 Wyomissing Nurseries Co. 44 Xanthosma 140 | 58 imenia 62, 71, 89; americana 76, 8 Xolisma Faiths 89 Xylophylla 81 Young, H. C. 155 Young, Mrs. A. Murray 174 Yucca aloifolia 92 Zamia 60, 62, 63, 66, 139, 140, 30. floridana 140; integrifolia 59, & dia 63 Zea 894 Zeller, Sa nford M. 43 Zingiber officinale 114 Ziziphus Jujuba 206 Zon, Raphael A. 302 Members z bin Corporation Dr. Robert Abbe James ord ee E. Olcott Fritz Achelis Childs ee rof. Henry F. Osborn Edward D. Adams Prof. W. J. Gies Ga fetes Pack Charles B. Alexander § Daniel Guggenheim Henry Phipp: Vincent Astor Murry Guggenheim F. R. Pierson F. L. Atkins J. Horace Harding James R. ee John W. Auchincloss J. Montgomery Hare I . Pla George F. Baker Edward S. Harkness Charles F. ate Stephen Baker Prof. R. A. Harper Johnston L. Redmond oie i Eun ci x A. Havemeyer Ogden Mills Reid L. Bay A. Heckscher Prof. H. M. Richards as ae P. Berkey Joseph P. Hennessy John D. Rockefeller ee Pe Reet Ant sb G. Hodenpyl W. Emlen Roosevelt C. K. G. Billin: Archer M. Huntington Prof. H. H. Rusby eeore Bel ed Iselin . George J. Ryan George P. Brett Dr. Walter B. James Dr. Reginald H. Sayre rge S. Brewster aad Jennings Mortimer L. Schiff Prof. N. L. Britton Otto H. Kahn Albert R. Shattuck Prof. Edw. S. Burgess _ Prof. aay F. Kemp __ Henry A. Siebrecht Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Darwin P. Kingsley Valentine P. Snyder Prof. W. H. Carpenter Prof. Frederic S. Lee James Speyer Prof. C. F. Chandler ree Lewisohn Frederick Sa Hon. W. A. Clark eth K. Mackenzie Ee K. Stu C. A. Coffin in “Everit M acy B. B. Thayé Marin Le Brun Cooper Edgar L. ana Charles G MPaiacon Paul D. Cravath W. J. Mathes W. Boyce Thompson James W. Cromwell George rerteaes Dr. W. Gilman aoe Charles Deering John L. Merrill Louis C. Ti Henry W. de Forest Ogden Mills elix M Watirg Robert W. de Forest Hon. Ogden L. Mills Paul M rburg Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow Barrington Moore Allen hea Cleveland H. Dodge Ve eee Morgan H. H. Wes a ae Samuel W. Fairchild Dr. Lewis R. Morris Bronson Win Marshall Field Fr ae R Newbold Grenville L. pana William B. O. Field Members of the Advisory Council Mrs. Robert Bacon Mrs. Frederic S. Lee Mrs. James Roosevelt Miss Elizabeth Billings Mrs.WilliamA.Lockwood Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner Mrs. N. L. Britton Mrs. A. A. Low Mrs. Benson B. Sloan Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Mrs. V. Everit neu Mrs. Samuel Sloan Mrs. Charles D. Dic Mrs. Pierre Mrs. Theron G. Strong Miss Elizabeth Hamilton Mrs. Henry ce Mrs. Edw. T. H. Talmage A. Barton Hepburn Mrs.Wheeler H. Peckh: s. Henry O. Taylor Mrs. Robert C. M eorge W. Perkins Mrs. John T. Ter Mrs. Walter Jennings Mrs. se I. Pratt Mrs. W. G. ee tai ie Gant Mrs. Wm. Kelly Prentice Mrs. Cabot s. Delanc Mrs. nae A. Read Mrs. mae H. ee ie Beas. E. anh Honorary Members of the Advisory Council Mrs. E. Henry Harriman Mrs. James A. Scrymser ia John I. Kane Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Gard are Fo our hundred acres of pete higiga land in the northern part of New York, through whic de the Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the features of the petadens of thousands of nati 1 introduced t shrubs, and flowering plan an aces including a parte pee seerdch a rock garden of rook-loriieg plants, and fern and herbaceous garden: pele tp containing eed em interesting plants from America re rt bee countri ws throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn d 3 lays er pareisah daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, a ’ ae and chrysant! hemums; in the winter, displays of sreenhouse-blooming Y seum, f fossil plants, existing plant families, local " plants occurring ae one ingen miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plan An her'| erbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of American and foreign species Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Cental ane Se ue cieanan ae the study eae TaeaEe af the charactenaae mie ae lnk haf + of oat tae ibrary of botanical literature erous pamphlets ihe isco on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughadtll the Be icueae on botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children. and the epee rivalled the above features nt The iganienG is dependent upon an annual appropriation be he a City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for ~ membership are ce welcome. The classes of membership are: Benetactae Rig - . « « « « « Single contribution $25,000 i Patro . +e « « + « » « Single contribution 5,000 \ Fellow for Life | SN tate . . . . single contribution 1,000 i Member for Life. . . . . . . . . single contribution 25 Fellowship Memben ci Geltieee elon ist ice ee Heb a aee Sustaining Member. . . . . . . . annual fee annual fee The following is an approved form i peaueet ieee bequeath to The New York p der the Laws — of New York, Chapter 285 of 18or, is sum ie -—— All requests for further information should be sent to THE NEw York BoTaNICAL GARDEN (1) BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY pain rs Pint otce’ rece oan eae ee ee rset JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VOLUME XXVI, 1925 PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE DAVID LYDIG FUND BEQUEATHED BY CHARLES P, DALY JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR MARSHALL AVERY HOWE VOLUME XXVI WITH 21 TEXT-FIGURES 1925 Published for the Garden AT LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Frepertc S. Lee, President James F, Kemp Henry W. ve Forest, Vice President ApotpH LEwISOHN . K. Srurcis, Vice President KennetH K. MAckENZzIE oun L, Merritt, Treasurer . J. MATHESON LL ean nies retary BARRINGTON Moore pwarpD D. J. P. Morcan NRY DE ee Basal Lewis RutHerrurp Morris IcHOLAS Murray BuTLer Freperrc R. Neila AUL D. CRAvAT Cuartes F, OBERT W. pe Forest ea! M. Rictianns HILDS Frick Henry H. Rus ILLIAM J. Gres Gr ie J. Rya . A. Harper we petite Boy on THOMPSON Josrra P. Henne GILMAN en ae F. Hvan. Mayor of the City os New wets Dawson GALLATIN. President of the Deparment of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F, Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D. NicHoLas Murray Burier, Pu. D, Freperic S. Lee, Pu. D., LL. D. LL. D., Litt. D. sie RBERT M. Ricans, Sc. D. Wriuram J. Gigs, Pu. D. Henry H. Ruspy, M. D. Grorce J. Ryan GARDEN STAFF N. L. Britton, Pu. D., Sc. D., ae Di ith athe pein eae Director-in-Chief . Assistant saa D. baldalorenldes Head Curator of the Museu A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the Paberatene: P. A. Rypperc, Pu. D. Curator A. GiEason, Px. D Curator Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. Curator ARTHUR ae Pu. D. Pa ieobotantss Percy WIL Associate Curator PALMYRE OE c MITCHELL Associate Curator es Bn noe He weve Ae Mi Me Disscs cose eae a Bibliographer u H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian rt ca Ruspy, M. on A Senter Honorary Curator a the Economic Collections EvizaBetH G. BRITTON .......-00eeceeeeeeeeee onorary Curator of Mosses Mary E. Eato rt: Kennety R. Boynton, B. S. Head dener Rozerr S. Ets Administrative Assistant Hester M. Rusk, M. Technical Assistant H. M. Denstow, (a M, D.D. .... Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium E. B. Soutuwick, Pu. 1D. eee Custodian of aah oe Joun R. Brintey, C. E. cape Engineer Wa ter S. Gaoes eek ee ua Accountant HUR J. CORBETT .............. Superintendent of Bld and Grounds MEMBERS THE CORPORATION Dr. Robert Abbe James Ford Eben E. Olcott a oe ae Childs on Prof. Henry F. Osborn D. Adam Prof. W. J. Gies Chas. Lathrop Pac! Charles e Alexander Daniel Guggenheim Rufus L. Patterson Murry Guggenheim Henry Phip orace Harding R. Pierso’ ohn W. Awchincoss J. Montgomery Hare James R. Pitcher eorge F. dward Harkness Ira A. Place tephen of, arper obart Porter enry de ae Baldwin T. A. Havemeyer Charles F. Rand dmund L. Baylies . Heckscher Johnston L. Redmond rof. Charles P. Berkey oseph P, Hennessy Ogden Mills Reid ugene P, Bick: Anton G, Hode rof. H Richards illings Archer M. Huntington ohn D. Rockefelle eorge Blumenthal Adrian Iselin W. Emlen Roosevelt eorge P. Brett Dr. Walter B. James Prof. H usby orge S. Brewster Walter Jenni on. ge J. a N. L. Britton tto ahn Dr. Reginald H. Sayre Tr Bu Prof. James F. Kei Mortimer 1 r. Nicholas M. Butler arwin P. Kingsley Albert R. Shattuck ro rpenter rof. Frederic S. Le A, Siebrecht rof. C. F. Chandler Adolph Lewisohn Valentine P. Snyd Ion. W. A. Clarl Frederick J. Li James Speyer offin B < oO o 5 ° ae i=] FQ g = ° 5 3 Ey 3 is) = ° R & op 3 BE e iS ia pres: ry I period of time. All were originally sedimentary rocks—sandstones, shales Abstract of a lecture given at The New York eee: Garden on Saturday afternoon, November 29, 1924. After the lecture Dr, Hollick piloted his auditors to points of geologic interest in the Gard den and ex- plained the significance of the features examined. 4 and limestones—derived from the wear and tear of still older sae of which we have no records, and from deep water, oceanic sits. s region was, of course, under water at the time when t was slowly adjusting itself nging conditions. The sedi- nentary strata were squeezed, laterally compressed, and thrown int ds. Dik of molt Ta were intruded, sometimes cutting across the bedding planes, sometimes follow- ween them. hermal : ning quartz and other minerals in solution, permeated them. e ig- inal mineral constituents forme w combinations under the influence of the heat and moistur e sandstones and shales re metamorphosed into quartzite, gneiss, a schists, and the ee into dolomite or magnesian marble. The Fordham gneiss is probably of Eozoic age. The Inwood limestone and Manhattan a are probably of early Paleozoi age. The gr ranite intrusions represent the latest rock formation A pried of continental elevation followed. The folded, meta- morphosed rocks were raised above sea level, forming ranges of hills and mountains, and erosion began. t ere worn nd drainage chan . were established. The lime- rst to nd this has s s the establishment of the ancient drainage channels, while the more resistant gneiss a schist remained in the ee of rugged hills and ridges of ri It is difficult, and in 1 places impossible, to differentiate between of the Fordham gneiss is in certain exposures near the western 5 bauer along the line of the Harlem Division of the New York Central Railroad. The Inwood limestone is nowhere represented as a surfac G of grading and filling. The abutments of the approach to the ele- vated railroad, however, were constructed of rock quarried from this outcrop, and there wo eae and mineralogical charac- ters of the rock may be seen and exai A long hiatus in the ie pe Ree of the region must here intervene. We know that there was a long period of elevation, ‘aligwed by several dam teks of depression and reéleva- tion, during which ther s deposition and erosion; but n ecor i of th i smoothed and rounded outer sees = grooves and scratches on the surface exposures, and the erratic bowlders that ee h 1 : r e that were evidently torn from the Palisades and left stranded here. Several times the ice advanced and retreated, until it finally receded and disappeared. Coincident with it, and especially dur- ing the periods of melting, aeae streams of water came ces it, and these transported sand, gravel, and bowlders that did t dently happened to the Bronx River, which originally occupied 6 the old eroded limestone valley ae the northwest border of the Garden, along which the N. Y. Central Railroad i is located. e flo utlet was necessary, and this Segal into the gorge theo which the present stream runs. of the former flow of the water over the highest parts of the Hace may be seen in the location of pot holes in the rock, and in other evidences of water erosion. The lecture was illustrated by maps, diagrams of geological sections, and by specimens of the characteristic rocks, cobble- stones, and pebbles that showed the difference in appearance be- ween those that were transported by water and those that were transported by ice. ARTHUR HOo..ick. SHADE TREES, THE COMPANIONS OF MAN? The love of trees ae among uae and perennials. ees relation between it a s an any n make even a beginning towar ering the fin, pene a pine tree and a soul? Yet the one speaks to and affects the other. Make it into a violin and in 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, September 20, 1924. Mr. Carl Bannwart, ie Superi P; ° ark, New Jersey. e been described as the “ Archbishop of the Green Diocese” of 65,000 trees upon that cily’s streets. Thirty-five thousand of these trees were set out within the last twenty years under his supervision. 7 the hands of Fritz Kreisler and Mischa Elman a cry comes out of can cae with its language, I shall have spoken the iaaniane of all time is this companionship hard to explain-——when you think of . ene to human vee exemplified by the tree. They feed n y finda Lee Le and respite from nagging neces- sities, ee the pack of p ng plagues which pursue him off his scent by one ing to ie many-scented woods. Escape from din and glare into their leafy quietness asc irritated nerves and promotes a Christian temper, “‘ Their tempered light is like a communicative trees begin to Perenade us to live ae cs a i ifles. acquaintance with the trees reacts upon the nature- that he can contemplate the ue utumn wood wit thout vel id t and wonder ase of the power of oat i re What a ok of God as that when He first thought of a tree! 8 “Nature never did bet The heart that loved her: ie ce privilege Through all the years of this our life to le ad From joy to joy.” iat fantastical to say that the tree is a ie creature, not drawing the air into internal lungs, but eading its jet nes ee upon the order that the fluid circulating through a million veins from rootlets to topmost twig- i pr responsive crea whis ring, S sighing, murmuring, shivering, writhing, cesinting er its s limbs, and bleedin: = when it is hurt. Some vaguely felt intimated also by the fact that many een tur €s make trees emblematical of men, from the Old Testa: i pe i=} =] oe =] + oO 3 oq ct a o oO 3 2 t=] = i = te] =a = wn 5 ct. = 3 o mes one suspects a sort of semi-h ee of dis- position amon; Some behave eee ne others with re- se e gather in groups or fraternize in forests, interlock- r ing friendly arms as if fond of fellowship and converse; as Henley s “Each to the other Hees anes signing, s in some monstrous market plac They pass the news, these Gossips = the Prime, In that old speech ae forefathe earned upon the la Eden, ere they heard Naming the wondering folk of Paradise.” Others like to stand apart as if possessed of dainty = ane instincts, no ips, but given to pensive meditation. Of t that cultivate reserve and independence the elm i i ome: times it see , Let m ve an occasion all to myself; give me entire possession of a field and see me fill it.” And, behold, that one tree suffices to decorate the field from center to outer edge. 9 At times and in a way trees have been teachers of mankind. By rooted abiding in their appointed places they admonish vaga- bonds and inculcate stability. Vagrant Louis Stevenson hints at 7H esid ing he may have a peculiar prestige. Sidne Hae wrote of the Cedarcroft Chestnut on Bayard Taylor’s oe : “The worth and sum of all his centuries Suffused his mighty shadow on the grass.” That the sensitive imagination of poets should ] enamored of such a living wonder as the tree was from the first and forever inevitable. Witness of this is borne in English as in earlier lan- rds nder hade and rounded an oak in Rydal Mount oe a sonnet; Ten: f wo = ne oO i o a ness. “T often think when working over my ae ” said John Fiske, “of what Linnaeus once said of the unfolding of a blossom. ‘I saw God in His glory passing near me, and en my head in ship?” “ Through every blade of grass,” says Carlyle, “the glory of the pre esent God still beams.” e many marvels and splendors of the world few sur- er, ull o quisite response of the human cae to such spectacles. Dorothy Wordsworth’s journal pictures one: ‘ As we went along we were stopped at once, at a distance of perhaps fifty yards from our 10 favorite birch tree. It was yielding to a gust of wind, _ all t like a flying sunshiny showe as a tree in shape with an and eens but it was like a s of water.” Emily Dickin- son e to Colonel Higginson : “T think you would like the Fre tree I passed in my walk. 7 hit my notice Bete er the reverences and super: ms of men. owering aloft be- ween man and t! atries, The Soe ieaaed vaguely conceived o ine bei idea of a deity, “We know that at might some one goes by amongst the trees, but we never speak of it The lantern-slide illustrations ele ided copies of paintings by Claude Lorrain, Corot, Blakelock th ; the Dodonn fe} a w n oO fo i oS Ee ° Bh a 5 a iS S 5 oO =] oa Charter Oak at Hartford; the Giant Cypress at Tule, Oaxaca, Mexico; shakes? eare’s, Milton’s, Luther's, eee Buddha's Jeanne d’Arc’s, Washington’s, Holmes’s, Emerson’s, well’s, ryant’s trees; Sidney Lanier’s Live — ae pails in history, architecture, painting, and sculptu ARL BANNWaRT. FUNGI AND INSECTS? n July 26, a “ running lecture ” or ei Salas ei of the w oe of cae eae and fung: Ss giv Lea ing the Museum Building at 4:00 Seed the ee os was 1A brief report of one “Walks and Talks in The New. York Botanical Garden,” on 7 oe 1924. It made under the tulip trees in front of the building and attention called to the tulip-tree aphid, green fly, or plant louse which se- cures i i i jui 1 own. he work of the European Ridges oth was next encountered in the maple and basswood trees. The caterpillar of this insect, which is about two inches ne when mature, bores into the for the a ges without any apparent cause, of the branches in mild wind-storms. One at the most destructive insects at this particular time is the bag worm, an omnivorous feeder, attacking both deciduous and evergreen trees of all kinds. The caterpillar of this insect rence ade hi an unusual amount of ee during the present season. This pillars next spring their destruction now will help to suppress the insect the coming year. The destructive work of the European ‘* pine shoot moth” the young plantation of red pines was the most striking esi of the day. Several years ago the same insect attacked the dwarf pines in the Botanical Garden and for a time it looked as pate this ornamental would have to be entirely eliminated from our 12 collections. They were, earns allowed to remain and s now to have almost entirely recovered from this “pideni — 2 = Y 3 oR =e ct. > o o ee a o 9 rh om o o = o ia » a a ° ® kh io} 3 + ficial means would require more time and money than an institu- tion of this kind could afford to spend, so that we depend largely upon natural enemies for their control, resorting to artificial treatment only in the most severe case: Frep J. SEAVER. EZRA BRAINERD . Ezra Brainerd, who was president of Middlebury College from oe to 1908, died at his home in Middlebury, Vermont, on days before com i He the time of his death. In 1900, in Scie with L. R. Jones and W. W. Eggleston, he published ‘‘ The Flora of Vermont, a oe the ie and baa Plants growing without ealdyarion® blackberries and violets covered a much ae geographic range, a were ee in part on the results of culture in his own ee and aa he Se Saas as 13 a model of its kind in American botanical literature. Dr. Bra erd was a frequent and always welcome visitor to the Botanical Garden. Durin his later years he had bee nes a treat- ment of the violets for the North American Flora and w happy to i ae he left a manuscript that will ee le that purpos Marsuatt A, Howe. RESIGNATION OF DOCTOR MURRILL Dr. William Alphonso Murrill, who was for twenty years a ant part in the development of the Garden and his resignation has been accepted with regret N. L. Britton. CONFERENCE NOTES FOR DECEMBER e December Conference of the Scientific Staff and Regis- tre Saige of the Garden was held on the afternoon of the hird. r. Arthur Hollick spoke on “An Interglacial Flora from ee Valley in British Columbia.” The following is a sum- of his report. - a twelve years ago the Canada Geological Survey sent to for identification and report, a collection of fossil plants the year 1913. About ten genera were identified in the collection, 14 including Hicoria, Populus, Alnus, hae ee Ulmus, Coccu- lus, annie Platanus, and Vitis. The leaves are so closely similar to certain existing species in these genera ooh they might The Ficus is represented by well-defined fruiting branches. The large size of the leaves, and the presence of the genus Ficus indi- cates a luxurious, mechan aie climate. sent. This lot has also alk ae and selected specimens from d drawn C ora, 0 ib’ f the Don Valley Ean eteieeel flora of Eastern Canada. The The remarks were illustrated by ie eh . Ar plant re- mains, and photographs and drawings of the specimens selected for illustration. A second report was presented to the Conference by Mr. E. J. Schreiner on ‘‘ Some Observations on the Growth of Poplars.” This was a i general summary of studies made during the past year made in codperation with the Oxford Paper Co. Sections of trees, various photographs, and graphs were — TOUT Secretary of - c enfereich PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JANUARY AND FEBRUARY Free lectures and demonstrations are given in the Central Dis- play Greenhouse of CoaOy Range 2 on Saturday after- noons at 3 P. M., as follow. Jan. 3. “ Chrstmas Trees fen Other Lands:” Mr. K. R. Boynton. Jan. 10. “ Ferns of the Tropics.” Dr. M. A. Howe 15 Jan. 17. “Tllustrations of Rare Plants Grown by the Garden.” Mr. K.R. ae Jan. 24. “Some Plants concerned in the Formation of Coal.’ Dr. Arthur Hollick. Jan. 31. es Plants.” “Cc Feb. 7. acti.” Feb. 14. “ House Plants and Their Care.” Mr. H. W. Becker. Feb. 21. “ Tropical Orchids.” Dr. H. A. Gleason. Feb. 28. “The History and Development . Greenhouses.” rt. J. H. Barnhart. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT A valuable collection of flowering plants and ferns from Avnik, Alaska, collected by Mrs. John W. Chapman, has recently been given to the Garden by De Herbert M. Denslow. A collection of the bulbs of the Cayman Pagid (Hymeno- callis caymanensis) has been secured from the Cayman Islands, through the Director of Agriculture for oon Hon. H. H. in securing them is to determine whether or not ou Flocida coastal spiderlily is the same as this Cayman plant. The January Conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered we » who ales attended the meet- ings, had not returned fron Ww ae at that t The following botanists registered in the foe aisee the autumn months: Miss Ruth D. Sanderson and Mr. Ivan Johnston, Gray Herbarium, ae Mass.; Prof. Forman T. McLean, Kingston, R. I.; Prof. Wm. F. _Langworthy, Colgate heen Messrs. S. H. Bu rnham, John P. Young and Raphael A. Zon, Ithaca, N. Y.; Mr. George L. ae Geneva, N. Y.; Mr. 16 ene A, Rau, Bethlehem, Pa.; Prof. Eug .B. S. Norton, College ay Md.; Dr. Neil E. Stevens and Dr. ry, W ce Mr. H. G ington, r Prof Merrill, N L. Gardner, and Erne beock, Berkeley, Cal. ; Prof, ilip A. Munz, Pomona College, Cal.; Prof. Fra E. Lloyd, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Prof. ac- G Clement, Queens University, Kingsto eee Mr. Fri Ottawa, Can.; "De C. H. Ostenfeld, ae n, Denma ; Dr. oO. ray and Major T. F. Chi ipp, Royal seen ae Kew, England. The following poem appeared in The Sun of November 20, THE BOTANICAL GARDEN a the kisses of the sun Mellowing these lambent November ote ity’s garden would not say torew Delphiniums blue, pink roses, go In making riotous this most pede! ae Where butterflies yet lin, at the hea Of sweetness, winging Hes pees to oe Taking their fill ere they and blossoms part. *Mid vivid bloom the low weeping hemlock Sweeps; beneath it scratches a junco bird. Masses of crimson barberries clustering ; Pines in green gradations rising skyward. Suddenly a-down come ae scolding crows, Actions plain that enemy they see. Alarmed, from cedar’s ja out flies an owl— Crows pursue... . Can this city ae be? Fran S CARRUTH PRINDLE. Along the lines of the lecture of Professor M. A. Chry The New Yo ne Botanical Garden on July 27, 1924, ae | an ve of “ Harnessing the Sun: Can Botanists Solve the Motor-fuel s of Mr. Problem » a is of interest to note some recent remark 7 Fred R. Low, the retiring President of the American Society of a ees Engineers. As quoted by The New York Times of December 3, Mr. Low said, in substance fter ane that the main dependence for power nowadays is on our fuel s ly, and analyzing the ee whereby fuel is capable of producing a yy the attraction between its atoms, mainly those of car- bon, hydrogen, and oxygen, Mr. Low. proceeded to discuss the possible “To separate these elements in the laboratory,” he said, “ we are obliged - constantly going on, not with the noisy demonstration of prodigious ort, _ quietly, in the delicate structure of a green leaf waving in the Su - “Tn $ manner in the frail and microscopic vegetable cell the energy receiv on the sun is made to separate these atoms against their mutual attraction- as wind up the clock that has run down. e carbon is built into the structure of the growing plant and the oxygen returned to the atmosphere. “ And it has been by this process that the energy of the sunlight of for- gotten ages has been absorbed, built into vegetation and stored in strata of coal and pools of oil to render possible this — of power. “When we ey ee 2 fo und the secret of the vegetable cell there de bea possibility of accelerating and intensifying this slow process of Natur [the storing of energy] and of utilizing more directly and Ate than by our roundabout process of accelerating and retarding mole oe larger proportion of this vast stream of energy that comes to us from the sun.” eae for December.—The total precipitation for the mth was 2.55 si m pie fo 60.5° on the gih, 55° on the 17th, and 38.5° on the 24th. The minimum temperatures were 21° on the 5th, 22” on the 14th, 14° on the 2tst, and rz° on t. Meteorology for the year 1924.—The total ae for the year at The New York Botanical a was 40.86 in This was distributed by months as follows: a 4.89 ae in- 18 sued 2 inches snow measurement (0.20 inch water) ; February, 2 inches, including 9.5 inches snow measurement; March, 1 i latest pare femmperetate of the spring was on the morning of the 17th of April, when 32° was recorded ACCESSIONS Lrprary ACCESSIONS FROM JULY I TO OCTOBER 31, 1924 Ames, Oakes. An enumeration a the orchids of the United States and Canada. Boston, 1924. (Given by the author. Berry, JAMES BERTHOLD. Sere woodland trees. Yonkers-on-Hudson, —.. I¥estern forest trees. Yonkers-on-Hudso: Cannon, WILLIAM AusTIN. General and Pssolagel etiases of the vegetation of the more arid portions os grid with notes on the climatic environment. ashington, ies en by the Car. negie Institution of Washington. Carrier, LyMAN. The beginnings of agriculture in America. New York. Cute, Wittarp Netson. A dictionary of American plant names. Joliet, Darwin, ERasMus, The temple of nature; or, the origin of society. Bal Forestry almanac, compiled by the American Tree Association, Washing- ton Ren n by Mr. C. L. Pack.) Fon cS NIO. Saggio sopra Vutilitd di... preservar le foreste. Fir 182 a ee ere & Muir, Joun. The British oe hand book 1922. Demerara, [1923]. (Given by Dr. H. A, Gleason.) 19 Frick, Cuttps. List of the varieties es iat plants growing at Clay- ton, New York. n. p. 1924. (Given by Mr. Childs Frick.) Logs, ey Regeneration from a es chemical viewpoint. New York Mortaer, A “i yaité gatas ae la culture de Poster. Ed. 2. Paris, 1867. PAaRMENTIER, ANTOINE AU Recherches sur les viéious ai qui... peuvent en les alimens ordinaires. Paris, 1871. Payen, ANSELME. Le malattie dei pomi di terra, della sibeneile dei a 3. Milano . Re, Fiurppo. Istruzione su eo di coltivare il cotone. Milano, 1810. i produtti della conbustione del legno i che si sen dalle combinazioni vetrose non sono di dan oe piante. Padova, 1861. SETCHELL, WILLIAM ALBERT. American Samoa, Washington, 1924. (Given by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. WILSON, ee - ANGDON. Nature sti ee in elementary schools. New York, 1898. n by eee S. H. Har _ ae wahl schéner ba ‘seltener Gewachse als eine Fort- etzung der ne acer Gewéchse. 2 vols. Niirnberg, 1795-08. Books PurcHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL GARDEN, AUGUST, 1923 (Continued) ANpERSON, NILs a Monographia Salicum hucusque cognitarum. Pars I. Holm 1867. Annort, GEORGE ee Wacker. Pugillus plantarum Indiae orientalis. ae Henri Ernest. Des mouvements dans les ad sexuels des végétaur et dans les produits de ces organes. Paris, 1856. Betti, Saverto Carto. Hieraciwm di Sardegna . cen nuove per la Sardegna e notizie sul H. crinitum Sibth. — “To ‘orino, BentHAM, Georcr. Revision of we genus Cas. [London, 1871.] Bower, Frepertc OrrEN. On the comparative ey eine va s leaf in the vascular aa and gymno. Ss. i; 4 Braun, ALEX ARU N garum unicellularitum genera nova 55. Brrosi, GIovANNI. Tat torno alla anatomia delle foglie del? “ Eucalyptus globulus Labil.” Milano, 1891. CarueL, Troporo. Pensieri sulla tassinomia botanica. Roma, 1881. he Rémy. De la famille des Bixacées: étude et description de la u des Pangiées et du genre Gynocardia Paris, 1 ees a yes Denis. De Convoliulaceis dissertatio ‘secunda. [Geneva, 183 . De Convolvulaceis dissertatio tertia. [Geneva, 1841.] 20 —. oo pe Fydroléacées. [Genev 33] CLementi, Grusepr ertulum orientale seu rece ee in Olympo bithynico, in agro ae et hellenico non tae altis orientis regiontbus annis 1849-50 collectarum "Ta arini, 1855. Datta Torre, LHELM VON, ARMS, HERMANN. Genera Si- phonogamarum ad systema a daa conscripta. Lipsiae, 1900-07. Detpino, Giacomo Giuseppe FEperico. Fungione C ppdecols hel regno e le. 3 parts. Bologna, 1886-89. Dury, Jean Etrenn émoire sur Ia tribu des Hvystérinées de la famille di Manistee " (Pyrénomycétes.) Genéve, 1861. ot une espéce de rinses (Hypoxylées) et sur quelques guestions de taxonomie. [Genéve, 0. —. Note sur une maladie des yoiiies de la vigne et sur une nouvelle a “ Alain, [Genéve, 1836. rere ce sur que ae ee nouvelles, des environs de ae a i). [Genév 36.] ———.. Second mémoire sur a Craik e des Céramiées. [Genéve, 1833.] istéme méimoire sur le groupe des Céramiées soit sur le mode de let , 1837.] Duvat-Jouve, Joseru. Des c eee Bad et de leur impor- tance pee Vétude critique des espéces végétales. P: —_——.. Etudes anatomiques de Varéte ae ean [ Montpellier, ——_.. Etude bd des las de France. Paris, 1874. ForsseLt, Kart Brot op, Beitra — ae der Anatomie und oe Cues es , 1885. Pres: s, JOHANN Baptist GEorc oe Beitrage sur Flora von a i ; Frirs, Extras Macnus. Novae symbolae myc scelogicee sistens eek in eregrinis terris a botanicis danicis nuper collectos. Upsali Fries, TEODOR GNUS. arctot Europae Cpacnlandia om ie us cogniti. Upsaliae, 0. GopeT, CHarLes Henry. Enumératio on des végétaux vasculaires quit crois- sent dans le Canton de Neuchatel. scones atel, 1839. GoTTLIEB-TANNENHAIN, Paur. von. Studien tiber die Formen der Gattung lanth Ml, TQOd. Gravis, AUGUSTE. Recherches anatomiques sur les organes végétatifs de PUrtica dioica L. Bruxelles, 1885. Gray, ASA. nae boreali-americana. Decade 1. Cambridge, Guntuart, Emr Aucust. Beitrige zur Bhithen-biologie der ie pene und den Gattung Saxifraga. Stuttgart, 1902. Henriques, JuLio Aucusto. Expedicdo scientifica d Serra da Estrella em 3 é : C a: boa, 3. HIvpesranp, Friepaich Hermann Gustav. Ueber die Geschlechtsver- hdltnisse bet den Compositen. Dresden, 1869. Intz, Ricwarp. Ueber den mechanischen Bau des Blattrandes. Halle, 880. 21 JANCHEN, Erwin. ea canum L, Baumg. und seine nachsten Verwandten. as e Jussieu, ADRIEN oe pe. Monographie des Malpighiacées. 2 parts. Pari ae Kongliga ete fregatten Eugenies resa omkring Cai — befal af irgin dren 1851-1853. Botanik 1, 2. Stockhol I. Lance, Joran Martin CHRISTIAN. omenciotoe “Fl orae Danicae.” Hauniae, 1887. wn Bernuarp WILHELM, & a CarL Moritz. tes hepaticarum, Fasc. 6-11. mae, 1 — CHARLES FRANCOIS BRISSEAU DE. Noueclies notes sur le canbium ‘aites d'un travail sur Panatomie de la racine du dattier. [Paris, a 184 Gh Ferpinanp Jacos Htrnricu. Systematic census of Australian plants. Vol. I. Vasculares. Melbourne, 1882. Rap_korer, Lupwic Apotr TimotHeus. Die Befruchtung der Phaneroga- dat ee sur Entscheidung des dartiber bestehenden Streites. men. Leipzig ae a " Abrisse sur tabellarischen Flora der Schweiser-Kantone. , 1868. — rabellarische ae der Schweizer-Kantone. Schwyz, 1869 Ricrtarpson, AL a appendix [to Report of Capt. Franklin's journey). sho 23.] Satnt-Lacer, Jean Baptiste. Réforme de la nomenclature botanique. i la 1880. Sonver, Orro Witwetm. Revision der Heliophileen. [Hamburg, 1846.] eee The von. Monographie der Gattung Alectorolophus. Wien, 1901. Treve, es Quelques eae sur le role du noyau dans la divi- IR. s cellules végétales. [Amsterdam, 1879. VRIEsE, Wines HENDRIK DE. Ee eas Haarlem, 1854. Museums anp HERBARIUM 326 specimens of grasses from Brazil. (Collected by Mr. André Goeldi.) 7 specimens of Stizolobium. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant Industry. 226 specimens of flowering plants from Mexico. A. nee! fe (Collected by Mr. C. of flowering nh from French Guiana. (By exchange wiih the ‘Nato History Mus , Paris. I of Brachiaria err from Georgia. (By exchange with the United Bistes pedi ent 7 Agriculture.) I specimen of Centaurea Cyanus from Long Island, New York. (Given by Mrs. John H. Barr tae t.) ens of flowering and 00 spe n flowerless plants from Ba Rico and the Virgin Islands. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton.) 22 I specimen of a aculeata from the Arctic Ocean. (By. ex- change with the pas ee Hae i Museum ee by Mr. W. C. Henderson.) 68 specimens of mosses a Ae (By exchange with Dr. George E. ~ ae i ens of mosses from Alaska. (By exchange with the United ne "National Museum 3 specimens of Repaties from Cuba. (By exchange with Brother Leon.) 2 specimens of Sphagnum from Cuba. (By exchange with Brother Leén.) 2 specimens of mosses from Venezuela. (By exchange with Professor L. H. Bailey.) aise of moss from Minnesota. (By exchange with Professor J. M. Holzinger.) 14 specimens of mosses from Venezuela. (By exchange with the United States National Museum. 28 specimens of mosses from Yellowstone National Park. (By ex- change with the United States National Museum.) 2 specimens of mosses from Brazil. (Collected by Dr. W. A. Murrill.) specimens of mosses from Panama. (By exchange with Dr. George E. Nichols.) 50 specimens of mosses from Arizona, (Distributed by Mr. Edwin B. Bartram, II specimens of coralline oe from the Dry Tortugas, Florida. (Given eae Wm. Randolph Taylor pecimen of cara aca au from the Madeira Islands. (Given by Professor T D. A. Coc specimens of Characeae eae Venezuela. (Given by Mr. Henri oie ier.) 64 specimens of North ae algae. (Given by Dr. W. C. Sturgis.) I specimen (a part of type) of Crypfozoén Bassleri Wieland. (Given by Dr. Geo. R. Wieland. 9 specimens of ae algae from Mt. Desert Island, Maine. (Given by ee Duncan S. Johnson. 2 specimens of Hepaticae from Connecticut. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz. I a en - cere Welwitchiit from British Guiana. (Given by Pro- fessor L. H. I specimen 2 “Frullania from New Zealand. ( Given by Mr. C. G Lloyd. 23 specimens of sedges from Brazil. (Collected by Mr. André ee pecimens of the fruits of Szwietenta sa from Pana: aes by Mr. C. D. Mell.) specimens of fungi from Ontario. (By exchange with Dr. L. O. Can Its.) 3 anal of fungi from Costa Rica. (By exchange with Professor F. L. Stevens.) 23 pecimen of fungus from Colorado. (By exchange with Professor Ellsworth Bethel. 2 specimens of fungi from Pennsylvania. (By exchange with Dr. L. O. Overholts.} I specimen of Urnula Craterium from Ontario. By exchange with Pro- fessor John Dearness.) 1 specimen 7 Peziza badia from Pennsylvania, (By exchange with Dr. L. O. Overholt: 61 ao er fungi from Illinois. (By exchange with Professor F. L. Steven. 66 specimens of fungi from Porto Rico. (Collected by Professor F. L. Stevens. 6 specimens of fungi from Hawaii. (Collected by Professor F. L. Stevens. 2 specimens of fungi from Florida. (By exchange with Mr. G. F. Weber. 2 specimens of fungi from Siberia. (By exchange with Professor T. D. A. Cockerell. 2135 specimens of fungi from various parts of North America. (Given by Dr. W. turgis. 3 specimens of fungi from California. (By exchange with Professor = A. Sete - ll. specimen of Dearnessia Apocyni from Ontario. (By exchange with Profesor Jon Dearness.)} ecimen of Hypomyces Lactifluorum from Maine. (By exchange ae Me. AW. Dreyfao 127 ae of Aijelio from Pennsylvania. (Given by Mr. L. W. Nuttall 4 specimens of the He of Rhapidophyllum Hystrix from Florida. (Given by Mr. L. A, Coleman.) I specimen of moss rae “Cuba, (By exchange with Brother Leén.) 1 specimen . moss from New York Interstate Park. (Given by Pro- fessor E. B. 1 ene: ) 5 specimens, “Musci Acro. Bor, Am.” Fasc. 21. (By exchange with Professor J. M. Holzinger. 2 specimens of masses of Chile. (By exchange with the United States Beline Museu mens of 1 mosses from Cuba. (By exchange with Brother Leén. Hee of mosses from Venezuela. (By exchange with Professor 2 specimens of mosses from North America. (By exchange with Pro- fessor J. M. Holzinger.) I specimen of moss from Washington. (Given by Dr. Pets He a 2 specimens of mosses from Brazil. (Given by Dr. W. A. Murrill.) I specimen of moss from Salt Lake City, Utah. (Given by Mi. A. O. rr ie 45 specimens of mosses from Borneo and the Philippines. (By ex- change with Mr. E. D. Merrill.) 24 O specimens of mosses from La Prienda, Oriente, Cuba. (By exchange o Brother Hioram 6 specimens of flowering plants from the southern United States. (Given by Mr. W. W.A 3 specimens of Hee from Florida. (Given by Rev. Hugh O'Neill. : I specimen of Chelone from Maryland. (Given by Dr. Edgar 2 specimens Bumelia and Amerimnon. (By exchange with Professor u wn » £8 2 23 a ame 449 specimens of flowering plants from Central America. (By exchange “ the United States ah al Museum. photographs of tropical American plants. (By exchange with the Unie ne ae tional Museum 3 specim of Am n flowering plants. (By exchange with the United Shue ‘National ae specimens of sedges from Peru and Bolivia. (By exchange with the 490 specimens of flowering plants from “Hispaniola. (By exchange with the United States National Museum.) 1 specimen of Salix discolor from South Dakota. (By exchange with the United States Department of Agriculture.) 1,175 specimens of flowering ve nts and ferns from North America. (By exchange with Harvard University.) 25 specimens of flowering oe from Florida. (Given by Dr. R. M. Harper. ecimens of flowering plants from the eastern United States. (By exchange = os United cia sige Museum. 13 phot of flower: ants. (By exchange with the United States Naticnal oe im.) specimens of flowering plants from Colombia. (Duplicates from the André Herbarium. specimens of hata plants from the Blue Ridge, Pennsylvania. (Given by Dr. J. K Oo specimens of ih plants from Porto Rico. (Given by Don Narciso pai specimens of fossil plants from British Columbia. (By exchange ae radia Survey of Canada.) I specimen of peaty silt, pene plant remains from Manhattan Island. Cues y Mr. S I specimen of Br hates lnprach yeu from Unalaska Island. Se bie with the Uni tates ace Museum.) atic from North ees (Given by ’. C. Sturgis.) I seinen of Sargassum natans from the aae Ocean. (Given by Professor L. H. Bailey. 2 ee of hepatics from Alaska, (Given by Mr. W. C. Henderson.) 27 specimens of mosses from Michigan. (By exchange with Dr. George E. Nichols.) PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN aaa of ee New ree pee ip fala OY, containing notes, and non-technical articles to members of the Garden. To arial gehts a copy; ars as a yea Nee in its eee sixth wolkemae. Myco logia, bimonthly, devoted to eae including lichens; $4.00 a year; single copies a for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its seven- teenth volum Addisonia, quarterly, devoted sn to colored plates eee ed by popular descriptions of gow g plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volum Subscription PF ice, Tera: 00 a ro. PUNGe offered in exchange.] Monn in its tenth v Bulletin of The New York Botanical aes) oataREES reports of Ne Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em bodying results of investigations. Free to all nee of the Garden; to others, $3.00 per volume. Ow in its thirteenth v North American Flora. Descriptions of the Ce lant s of North Amer- ica, including Greenland, the West ea and Aes ral America. Planned to be completed i ol 8vo. ach volum our or more parts. 54 parts now eae eds 7S tes price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not fe in eee of The New York Borenical Garden. Price to members of the e Garden, $1.50 per volume. others, $3.00 n Annotated Gietoete of ae Blora of Montana and the Yel- (neee Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and nee upon Growth and Devel- opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi O pp., with ne fee 1903. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coney n em from Kreischer- ville, New ne k, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii fae 138 pp., with 29 Ni: Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, Py Charles Stuart ae viii ++ 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1 Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New Vete A es to Plant 15. Geography, by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. Vol. VI. Papers macecp ted sae - he Calletaaaiivesa of the TER aan Anni- versary of the New Yor cal Garden. viii + 504 pp., with 4 plates and many text Berean 19 acer Contributions from The New York rare Garden. A series of tech- nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and ia from journals other than the above. Price, Ei cents each. $5.00 per vol- ume. In the eleventh volume. HE NEW YORK Sean ane GARDEN mx Park, New York City GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden — are Pane hundred acres of ies diversified land in the northern part of the City of New York, through which flows ie Bronx River. A native tra Plantations 2 thousands of native and audeead trees, shrubs, and flowering plan Gardens, hea: a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens Greenhouses, pee thousands of perme plants from America and foreign countrie Flower shows Medan the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, pe -onies, roses, lilies, water- pee gladioli, ce oe ene SCoahag nthemums; in the winter, displays of enhouse-blo m, pete Boat ts of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring within ane undred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plan An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character- i flora Scieunibe research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified — problems of plant life. A library of bare onl literature, comprising more than 34,000 books nd numerous pamphlet Public lectures on a Corea variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the yea Publications on Beanies subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, interest. The education oF price 1 children and the public through the abov features and the giving of free information on botanical, LOrHclnaen and forestal atieers Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions and membership nearly two thousand mem! possesses now tu members, and applicati membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are: Benefactor (ison iors. sep on ne single contribution $25,000 Sia ROE RORERD ated) ae va RUA single contribut: f Fellowifar bites s.r seal. 5 2% etree single contribut 1,000 ember: TOr Whee sre sic ahs clays obateieteee si sas cont bee 250 llowshi EMER, ise Meena eae annua 100 Sustainime Member scence ini aS fee 25 OL WEY baie nels RTO annual fee 10 The following is an epproven form of beque a I hereby aS to T. York Botanical Garden aaa under ‘a the Laws of New York, Resins 285 of 1891, the s' ———— Re All carne oe further information sho uld ibe sent to THE hae York BoTanicaL pean RONX PARK, NEW YORK C VOL. XXVI Frprvary, 1925 No. 302 JOURNAL OF THE NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN SELF IBILITY IN WILD SPEGIES OF APPLES A. B. Stout TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS AT HOME—IV. THE HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY IN THE ANDES H. H. Russy THE TREES OF ST. AUGUSTINE W. Murriu THE FRINGED GENTIAN Gerorce F. Norton GENTIANA CRINITA ExizasetH G. Britton PRELIMINARY NOTICE OF A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL CON- FERENCE ON FLOWER AND FRUIT STERILITY Strout PUBLIC LECTURES FOR MARCH AND APRIL NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Art Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. Tue Science Press Printinc Compan Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freperic S. Ler, Presiden JAM Henry W. DE oaeer Vice President ADOLP HL LEwIsonN F. K. Srurcis, Vice President KennetH K. MACKENZIE Joun L. Merrity, Treasurer W. rane N 1D, TION, Sec Barrincton Moore Epwarp D. ApAMs J. P. Morcan ENRY DE Forest BALDWIN Lewis Ee Moms NicHoLas es. BuTLER Frepertc R. NEwso Paut D. Crava’ Cuartes F, Rosert W. DE pOREe Hersert M. RICHARDS Cuitps Frick Henry H. R WitiraM J ore GeorcE J. Rya A. Harp Apert R. S JosrrH EP Ton NRaSY WILLIAM Boney THOMPSON w THOMPSO Joun F, Hytan, Mayor maps jhe ay of New Van Francis Dawson GALLATIN. eae of Te pense of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D. Nicoras Murray BuTLER, , Pu. D., Freperic S. Lee, Pu. D., LED: iD) daria gs cies M. Jee Sc. D. Wiuram J. Gis, Px. D. Henry H. Rusp Gerorce J. Ryan GARDEN STAFF N: LeBaron: Pa. D:, Sc. Ds LL saison ee see Director- -in-Chief MARSHALL A. H WE, Pu Dy, RAGE eo Dod Assistant Director Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D. ead Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the Laboratories A. Rypperc, Pu. D. Curator Gueason, Pu. D. Curator FreD EAVER, Px. D. Curator ARTHUR Ho tick, (ele. IDK Paleobotamst Percy WILson Associate Curator PatmyreE DE C. MiTcHELL Associate Curator Joun ee BARNHART, “As My MaDe ia ecieee eect eee Bib iographer Saran H. rLow, A. M. Librarian (alg Lely Reueye MD eee Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections Euizazetu G. Britton Honorary Curator of Mosses ARY E. Eaton Artist Kennetu R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener Rosert S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant Hester M. Rusk, A. M. Technical Assistant H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium i B. Sournwick, Pu. D............... Custodian of ead baceous Grounds Joun R. Brintey, C. E. oe dscape Engineer Watter S. GROESBECK and Accountant ARTHUR) GORBEDD UM esietiei-eleior Superintendent of Basra and Grounds WALTER CHARLES Museum Custodian JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VOL. XXVI FEBRUARY, 1925 No. 302 SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY IN WILD SPECIES OF APPLES Certain individuals of some of the wild species of ae are freely, are evidently well pollinated through the movements of branches and bags in the wind, and when fully self-compatible set fruit abundantly. A single tree of each of thirteen species and two trees of one species were tested. The specific names here used are those which t her sources From three to ten bags were ae per oe with each eee 2 26 at least several flower clusters and numerous flowers, this vary ing according to the profusion of bloom Of the trees thus tested, one of ach of the following species nd unable to pro- these cases not a single fruit started to develop to flowers the left is a cluster of panae - eae ehh right i: of frui cross- ee "Su ch r apples. Ficure 1. Above at four weeks oS self-pollination and at the from the same branch that developed from sults are ee for the kind of sterility common in submitted to self- and close- -pollination only, but each tree pro ai cross- ea oe abunda: ers enclosed per bag and the number of fruits that matured are as follows: At. Toringo; 49 flowers, 18 fruits; flowers, 69 fruits; 131 flowers, 80 fruits. 51 flowers, 31 fruits; 99 27 M. Malus; 25 flowers, 13 fruits; 35 ae . fruits ; 58 flow- ers, 38 cae - flowers, 37 fruits (see figur . Sargeniti; 45 flowers, 39 a > He wers, 41 fruits; 60 flowers, 45 ee 72 flowers, 57 fruits; 141 flowers, 135 fruits. ese three trees p: roduced a in es ndance but the pro- ‘IGURE 2. Ahove are shown the mature fruits on a branch of the compat: rOss-’ vatible in self-fertilization. open pollination. These plants appeared to be fully self-com- ble. ‘or another group of trees the number of enclosed flowers that set fruit was relatively very low. ese plants ae to be feebly self- panes The data for these are as follo 28 M. baccata; three bags enclosing 24, 35, 8 flowers, a total of 117 flowers; in each ce wo bags one mae developed, in ni source, of 199 flowers enclosed in five bags a total of ” fruits developed. Apparently this plant was more than feebly self compatible. Difference such as this is frequently seen for dif- ferent individuals of a single species. AI. Arnoldiana; five bags enclosed from 29 to 50 flowers each e any individuals grown from seed on each species are self-inc ets I the sp noted above. Some individuals may be fully eae and others fully self-incompatible in the same species. Test: [NFwy-Jjas pue apqvedwos-jpos AjySry aq Aur syueyd awos osye pue sarads sty} jo syuejd pases juasoayip udoMjay vOoNeUod-ssoia 2q P[NOM d19y) ‘pyIA. ay} UT “‘Aqieau payueld arom yey) satjaTIeA pojeatno Jo $9073 $991] WOIF UOlBUT][OE-SSOID FO I[MSII dy} 19M 394} S14] UO S}IMIsz ay} [[e WY] ayeorpur to) tae paoecs ay] JO (viupu0402 ales add. pum aut 50 aiiy 'e ae 30 of various oe from different seed origin are necessary to de- termin er ees growing wild are, except perhaps for origin each from a different seed and unless ti ere is opportunity for cross-pollinations. nder such conditions tas a also cross-incom- ividuals 3 e not at FIGURE 4. ae fruits shown above are from the self-pollination of flowers a within a paper bag on a branch of a tree of Malus Malus. p is alls ben oe but some of its seed progeny may b entirely are -incomp: In cultivated apples, all the trees of a variety are from a anches is i clo 1s complete self-incompatibility in a seedling anaie Sint ie 31 many trees of the clonal variety that may be propagated fro ee are fruitless unless ea is ae cross- eae of another clonal v This is the reason for in- sae those clonal varieties — ‘apples a are fully or de- cidedly self-fruitless. ne can re oun 2 an apple tree to breed true even though the y be mber of a ecies. In private ree in neem h Se in oun. ee in collections of species and varieties of the apple such as the one at t tate Ex nd Seed collections from such sources can not be relied upon to par It is not surprising a ‘this type of self-sterility should exist among the individuals of various species of wild apples. They have evidently transmitted this characteristic to the varieties now in cultivation. It is, however, favorable to the interests of hor- ticulture hat some ae of certain species at least, and some of the clonal varieties now grown in orchard culture are self-fruitful. They do not need cross-pollination and if highly self-fruitful may . grown in solid blocks without a necessary on eca: Those who are breeding apples to secure new and beter sorts for culture will without doubt in the future give special atten- tion to the obtaining of individual seedlings that are highly self- fruitful A. B. Stout. TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS AT HOME—IV. THE HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY IN THE ANDES opular interest in the Huckleberry Family, as represented in our Vacciniaceae contribute little in the way of ornament, if we 32 except the glorious crimsons and scarlets displayed by the au- tumn foliage of the Vacciniums. The commercial value of our any showy of really eee appearance. Thei ers, for hh € c flowers, sufficient to provide for ample variety in decorative appearance. To the systematic botanist, oe differences are g eae of one aoe as well as between those of different genera. who would recognize many genera, though most of them can be accorded but few species To the above Siteneats regarding the absence of edible fruits among these plants, the genus Psammisia forms a notable exce tion, its berries being eagerly collected by country people, ee 33 being often seen in the South American markets. More thi thirty species of Psammisia are reco ee ‘atu ash not oa of them are known to contribute edible fru Their principal center of development is in southern a ombia and adjacent Ecuador, Venezuela, and northwestern Brazil. They occur mostly in the cool regions in high elevations, nee never, so oe as my observation extends, where any frost is known. he species best known to me appears to be pees macro- Pa (HBK.) Klotsch, which occurs abundantly in the moun- h : ou dark red. They are nearly an inch in length and as thick a lead pencil. ” The ae of this species are about as large as an ordina cranberry, of similar form, and of a rich purple or crimson- u Bogota, called Uv being the product of are aa Planch. & Lindl, 34 the other, known as Uva Camarona, probably from P. macro- a The former is ae about half as large as the latter a s lar. Both s Species are well een in the Economic Museum of this Garden. ae > y other genus of this family that I have found yield- hich common occurre om ee to ane Chile. This species, as I oe t, aes ices tall, stout, simple stems from a = ° ° = Se w & =] is =a 2 3 ian -_ ° 3 3 a = = = = f=) ~~ 2 fe} bo ot dmopiag paniculate inflorescence. It is probably the ee ee 35 species of the genus, its habit being more like that of the genus Macleania than of its immediate relativ more highly ornamental eae ei the family are found in the very interesting genera Ceratostemma and Thibaudia, held some authors to be but one, and united by them under am on! the oO are short and may be erect or variously recurved or reflexed. elliptica Hooker,” is one 0 e mo mmon and abundant ecies i northern tr C liar in having its large leaves obscurely serrulate ; its light scarlet owers are recurved and borne in dense axillary clusters. e genera nes ales and Eurygania are very similar to Ceratostemma, bere r flowers are usually smaller 36 A species of Thibaudia collected in Colombia by Pennell and ae and probably not named, has densely flowered secund axillary racemes more than six inches in length, and must be very Eee when growing Several of the less shows genera are of considerable scientific $ int h s Rusbya Britton, which two species are ow known, differs from all other plants in this ae in the possession of s. eee usby, formerly r flowers. Sephocled, of ‘which. many new species are now bein collected, i flowers pends on long filiform stems, and mostly of dul coloratio = 2 oe g FS @ ° Fr # 3 a= < 2 o = a o 4 v 28 ay ion a ct. fom @ a a: = £5 o Many o ‘of these plants appear to be saprophytic, in Aa or less degree, and would probably prove difficult of cultiv H. i. THE TREES OF ST. AUGUSTINE he trees of the oldest cit ity in the United Sieles: cannot ae to a the trim, conical red cedar of Virginia and New York. in abundance in the Plaza is the live-oak, also very ee and picturesque in appearance and extremely common along the ee in soil that is rather moist and fertile. On the oe sandy s away from water, the live-oaks give way to pines nd scrub- ae that drop their leaves as do our northern species. is the live- as that wears so well its showy dress of long gray 7 pea mos 37 A smail-leaved elm is quite common in St. Augustine, one tree in; thern magnolia need only be mentioned, since it is so well known as far north as Philadelphia and New York. ge nificent tree, with its handsome blossoms and foliage, is never out of sight, either along the streets or in the woodlands near the city. alms of various species are arias extremely ; cabbage palmetto ae ig nati The ae effects about the Ponce Le and certain oe buildin: e produced chiefly with tall, sy iain alms e trunks o Imetto are also used extensively for piles along the waterfront, bein: The hackberry and the pecan are seen occasionally on lawns in the city, while imported trees like the Melia, London plane, white mulberry, eucalyptus, arbor-vitae, mimosa, and cycas are more or less abundantly planted. Se trees—the grapefruit, orange, tangerine, lemon, and kumquat—predo minal in the orchard and garden; while the peach, iS Japanese “ quince,” ss and papaya are not rare. The camphor-tree is represented by two or three specimens in the Plaza and by a number of trees of various ages throughout the town. It is a shapely tree having gray bark, Baan twigs, and Tu me tre leaves, with green centers and highly ornamental pale-yellow mar- The Dupont Company is attempting to grow the camphor- tree on a commercial scale in Florida. uae ae shrubby vines abound oon pas greatly to the beauty of the hrub is probably the oleander, wae TOWS enna although the Chinese rose ena, and a wax myrtle (used for hedges) are fully as common 38 Yucca is used in different species; also the sane agave; the small a aaa the Florida alee or coontie, mber of the The Christmas-fower, Poinsettia, is planted everywhere and is now at the height of its beauty. I have ju en ad. g a fine hedge of it along the north wall enclosing Mr. Rockefeller’s place shrubs project above it two or three feet, making a very hand- some and gaily ee border W. A. Mourritt. St. Aucustineg, Fiorina, DECEMBER I0, 1924. THE FRINGED GENTIAN The scattering of Fringed Gentian in many different places in Westchester County, Y., an account of which was published the Nov , 1923, issue of the Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, brought requests for see people in more I have mailed about five hundred packets : ae ve fur- nishing some to be planted along the Bronx River Parkw: Fringed Gentian may be grown in pots oad ea but many of the plants die and they do not make the growth that we find under the wild conditions. It has been demonstrated that the seed may be stored over growth of grass and weeds protects the young p. Those who wish to try growing Fringed rae indoors 39 should select a nine-inch pot and in the bottom place one inch ol g weed seeds, and finish the top with two inches of baked garden soil mixed with pulverized moss. Sow the seed on top of this but do not cover with soil. Place Ficure §. Four-months’ seedlings of Fri d Gentian (Gent inita) a little less than a month the plants will show as green pin points. A remain. The roots are long, smooth, and brittle, and if the tap- root is injured, ie plant will die. The following directions were mailed with each packet of ed: = Se atter ae seed it in the fall or early winter saa the Fringed of May the plants begin to show as little green points and in open field are difficult to find. In September the plant ee 40 the first season’s growth, which consists of a rosette of six to eight leaves, the whole being about the size of a twenty-five cent piece and aries close to the en Through the courtesy of Dr. A. B. Stout, who has grown Fringed Gentian ie we are able to show a photograph of the young plants. The stem does not grow until the second spring, beginning April and blooming at an average height of eight to twelve inches in cans and October. eed crop is sometimes destroyed if an early frost catches the seed pods before they ripen and as the Fringed Gentian is ee from the seed only, there are few flowers the second autumn after the freeze. Some of the seeds do not germinate the first spring but “sleep over” and eventually there is a field of blue to greet one every fall. The seed is not sold but given away to flower-lovers, and I will continue to gather it and mail to — ~ forward ia © F, Norton, ne of en St., New York City GENTIANA CRINITA The publicity which has been given to the planting of Fringed Gentian and the interest which it has aroused is one of the most ed, and many h: inspired to go and do likewise and to supply their friends with seed, so it would appear to have started a chain, which we hope will be “ endless.” Incidentally we have learned that in the December number of the Garden Magazine for 1905, pp. 210-212, there is a most in- teresting account of the growing of Fringed Gentian from seed, 4I with a picture of the gold medal given by Doubleday, Page Company to Mr. Murray, Head Gardener to Mr. Pierre aa at Tuxedo. The article is ilustrated by see photographs, both of cultivated and wild plants and shows the differences in This year the late frosts and warm season ieee the gentians in flower until November 16th, so that an abundant crop of seed Garden, and we hope for results within two years, for the Fringed Gentian is a biennial and this must be remembered when early frosts or very dry seasons occur. EvizaBetH G. Britton, Ho ‘y Curator, New York Botanical Garden siege cet NOTICE OF A PROPOSED ene VAL pee eee ON FLOW D FRUIT STERILITY here have Pe been held under the auspices of The Horti- cultural Society of New York two important conferences on matters of vital interest to horticulture. One conference in 1902 volumes 1 and 2 - its Memoirs. Fo fiicers of the S e the holding of another International Conference on some sub- n mey appropriated for the expenses of the een ierence and for Ge publication of its proceedings. A preliminary statement of the main fees of the confer- ence may be made at the present time as follow 42 Scope: The conference will consider the phenomena of sterility and fertility in fruit and seed production with special reference to (a) the breeding of eatial plants, (b) problems of fruit growing and seed production in horticultural and agricultural crops, and (c) the botanical and genetical aspects of sterility and fertility. Character of the Sessions: It seems desirable to hold a three- day conference with one day devoted to the interests of floricul- ture, one to the problems of fruit growing, and one to the more purely scientific aspects of the subject. There will be invitation n d. d to e- sented by several noted horticulturists, pes and geneticists, especially from Eur Time and Place: pe International Conference on Plant Sci- neces is to be held at Ithaca, N. Y., in 1926, which will be at- time to time. An effort will be made to reach all who are inter- ested in the subject. The codperation of all who are interested in this conference is requested. The committee is now ready to receive titles of papers and an early report from those who plan to attend and particularly from those who wish to presen aus is requested. In behalf of the Horticultural Society of New York, . B. Stout, Secretary, Conference Committee. PUBLIC LECTURES FOR MARCH AND APRIL The following is the program of the Garden’s free illustrated lectures for March and April. They are to be held in the Mu- seum Building on Saturdays, beginning at 3: 30 March 7. “Yosemite Valley and the Big Trees.” 43 Dr. H. R. Rose March 14. “Alpine Flowers of the Rocky Mountains.” Dr. PLA ber, March 21. “Plant Can Dr. Michael Pas March 28. “Camping a Cie in the Mountains of Chile. Mr. G. T. Hastings April 4. “Porto Rico and the American Virgin ead Dr. F. J. Seaver April 11. “Across the Trail of Linnaeus in Arctic Lapland.” Dr. G,. C. Fisher ” April 18. “European Influences in American Botany. Dr, J. H. Barnhart April 25. “Flowers for the Spring Garden.” Mr. K. R. Boynton NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT octor A. B. Stout of the Garden staff is spending six weeks during February and March in southern Florida in studies of the flower behavior of avocados with reference to pollination and the setting of fruit. This work is being done in codperation with the Florida Avocado Association and with representatives of the state and of the Bureau of Plant Industry . Britton, Director-in-Chief of The New York Botani- cal Carden, sailed for Porto Rico and the Bt ae on with cecal melee to economic plants and ornamentals ; 44 favorable opportunity is afforded in the recent introduction by the Department of Agriculture and Labor of Porto Rico, of many important plants from other tropical regions Dr. Ephraim Hareubeni, former botanical adviser of the Pales tine Gov ent and a student of the flora of Palestine ior aera years, se et The New York Botanical Garden on Janu- Christian Scriptures. On oe evening of a 9, Dr on the Flora of the Old and New Testaments.” The many friends of Edward iat ee will 2 shocked to learn of his sudden death, at his h n New City, ening, February 2, wi : Bristol, Maine, July 24, 1878, and from his graduation at Bow- doi 1 1 devoted his life to teachin, a: Society of Am fea, and he devoted much atention to the flora of his native state, where he spent his s ers; but his chief botanical int s in mosses. He was a charter member of the Sullivant Moss Society; its president in 1905-07; and its 914. many years h in charge of all of the foreign ex- changes of th ty, and contributed many papers to its off- cial organ, The Bryologi e was a frequent and welcome visitor at the herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden Meteorology for January——The total precipitation for the month was 3.35 inches, of which 2.45 inches (24.5 inches by 45 snow measurement) ‘fell as snow. The maximum Tempcarare pace for week were 48° on the 8th, 46° on the 17th, 44° on the 25th and 47° on the 26th. The minimum temperatures were 18° on a vth, 12° on the 15th, + 1.5° on the 24th and — 3.5° on the 28th. ACCESSIONS Liprary ACCESSIONS FROM NovEMBER I TO DECEMBER 31, 1924 Botanisches Archiv. Vols. 1-7. Berlin, 1922 owes, E. A. A handbook of Crocus ag Colchicum for gardeners. London, 1924. (Given by Mrs. Ethel A. . - Catturor, Dion Clayton. The charm of gar IQII Coox, Ernest THomas. Gardens of En, i ee i eae Par- Dream, Cartes CLtemon. Shrubs of Indiana. Indianapolis, 1924. Metset, Max. A bibliography of American natural history. The pioneer century, 1769-1865. Vol. 1. Brooklyn, 1924. (Given by the author.) aia Aucusta Owen. American homes of today. New York, (Given by Mr George P. Brett. treal, Can. (Given by Dr. E. B. Southw iy Recorp, SAMuEL James, & MELL, CLAYTON ee Timbers of trop- ical America, New Haven, 1924. (Given by Prof. S. J. Record.) onpe, ELEANouR Sincrair. .4 garden of herbs. London, rg. Tansey, ArtHuR Grorce. Elements of plant biology. London, [1922.] pe Harry H., & Eastea, Watter. The rose book. [Ed. 4.] Lo 1922. aia A Harotn. West African forests and forestry. New York, 0. Waren, Marcaret H. Ga dae colour. Spring by Mrs. C. W. Earie; Summer by E. V. B.; Autumn by Rose Kingsley; Winter by Vicary ‘bbe. Notes and 48 water ee sketches by Margaret Waterfield. London, 1922. Watson, bad Beaurort. The true story of a real garden. New York, er Ancus Duncan. Hardy ornamental flowering trees and shrubs. Ed. London, 1908. Books PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BoTANICAL GARDEN, UGUST, 1923 tinued ) Acrarius ERIk. tiene Suecicae prodromus. Lincopiae, 1798, ————. Methodus qua omnes detectos lichenes secundum pele car- pomorpha ad genera, eee et varietates redigere atque observation- ibus illustrare tentavit. Stockholmiae, 1803. 46 Avert pu Petit-Tuouars, Ausert. Recueil de rapports et de mémoires ur la culture des arbres Pear Paris, 1815. Barseu-Dusourc, Jacques. Le balamste eau Vol. 1. Paris, 1767. BartLinG, FRIEDRICH Ann & Wex p, HernricH Lupotpuw. Bei- trige sur Botanik. Heft 1, 2. Géttingen, 1824-25. Bonaparte, Rotanp. Notes piéridologiques. Fasc. 1-4. Paris, 1915-17. Bonnet, Epmonp, & TE, Jean Francors Gustave. Wiriaa espéces heli vares ou critiques de phanérogames de la iste. : CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN otanicon Gallicum. Ed. 2, ex her- 2 bartis et schedis aie Pcie digestum a J. E. Duby. 1s, 5 Cesati, VINCENZO, PassERINI, GIOVANN Bee & GiseLii, Gruseprr. Com- ndio : ilano, CHAVANNES, EDOUARD. Verh. an era Pat aris, ONARD, Henry SHOEMAKER. ine waterlilies; a monograph of an a N. yap Crérin Francois. Guide du nee en Belgique. (Plantes vivantes et fossiles.) ae es, 1878. DEcaIsNE, JosEP Monographie des genres Ligustrum et Syringa. a 1870. Detace, Marte Yves. La structure du protoplasma et les théories sur Vhérédité et les grands problémes de la biologie générale. Paris, 1895. DeELronte, GIOVANNI Battista. ‘Specien en Desmidiacearum subalpinarum. Augustae 1873. Drupe, Cart Grorc Oscar. Die Florenreiche der E Gotha, 1884. Dusy, JEAN Errenne. Afémoire sur la famille des Primulacées. Genéve, 1844. Duvat- “Jouve, Joseru. Histoire naturelle des Equisetum de France. 86. Paris, 1864. ENpDLICHER, STEPHAN LapIstAus. Atakia asus Vindobonae, 1833. aan Grorce. Botanical works. ted for Henry Shaw, edi ia sa ae bridge, 1887. ENGLER, aes Gustav Apotex, & Prantit, Kart Anton Eucen. Die natinlcen Be aie ate 22 vols. Leipzig, 1887-191 i: ANTOIN LINATRE. émoires sur es amit des fou- ér ie 10, II. Alera and Paris, 1844- eee Aprien René. Etudes sur les pe “ ‘la France & de Europe centrale. Vendome, Fries, Ertas Macnus. Epierisis Gyatematis mycologicit, seu synopsis Hymenomycetum. Upsaliae, 1836-1838. =< sive epicriseos systematis mycolo- = o = ‘2 3 8 . 8 a gi a > a = cma orbis vegetabilis. Pars I. Plantae homonemeae. Lundae, 1825. Frres, Turopor Macnus. Genera Heterolichenum Europaea recognita. Upsaliae, 1861. 47 Freycinet, Louis C trepris par ordr ieee pend. LAUDE DESAULSES DE. e du rot sur les core nt les années 1817, 1818, aei0 et 1820. SB Siiniad pieces autour du wag en- vettes PUranie et k ae a: € por Charl Ga udichay 2 vols... Paris, 1826. GILIBERT, a MMANUEL. Exercitia phytologicae. 2 vols...Lugduni Gallorum, cherches sur paen bactéricide des tannins. Paris, Li ‘ ris, 1897 ¥ Essai sur la a ala des a traduit de P Allemand bar M. Frédéric de Gin gins-Lassaraz. Gen 1829. Gray, Asa. Plantae novae he ile Cambridge, 1854. Greisreacn, Aucust Her H. Symbolae ad floram argentinam Gottingen, J APTISTE ANTOINE. Icones Nees plantarum us ralasiae rartorum. Reese les duae. Parisiis, Hieroxyaus, Georc H: E MMO WOLFGANG. pie et fee ine plantarum quae sponte in Republica Argentina crescunt. lau, 1885. scie ORG FRANz. ibus trata. Fase. 1. angae, Jahrbuch ce — lee! natrsssenscoftche Gesellschaft fiir das einsjahr Hen, Journal of the Linne nin as tany. Vols. Eni. Enumeratio Lichenum iconibus et description- ‘44. London, 1882-1920. ogie. Ba Stréucher und Halb- straicher w a che in AMittel- nnd iS ord-Europa im Freimkultiviert wer- den. vals. Erlangen, INZE, en STAV. nee eridorayic. Lipsiae, 1837 Lecrerc pu Sastox, ALPE Les nase “de la biologie. Paris, 1912. LresMaNN, FrepertK MicuarL. Mer a al K os Halvgra {Kisbenhavn, 1851.] . Philetaeria, en ny anomal ne af pine eas Familie [Kjsbe nhavn, 1851 — penens La végétation de la région lyonnaise. Bale, 1 an, & GALEormi, Rt GUILLAUME. JMfémo' Si 886. d ART. x oir ur les ougéres on Mexique, et considérations sur la géographie botantque de cette contrée. [Bruxelles, 1842. mano di Castellino-Tanaro, e la sua opera " Torino, 1916. eyes de la baele impériale des sciences naturelles de Cherbourg. "ol. 9. Paris, 1863. ee AGNE, JEAN P. Francois Srna rumque cryptogamarum. Parisiis, 1 AMMIUELLER, Ferornanp Jacog Heinrich at of the myoporinous plants of Australia. 1886. Sylloge generum specie- "Description and illustrations 2. Lithograms. Melbourn NaGez1, ee ars B ische Afittheil: 1861 3 vols. Munchen, 48 NyLanper, WILIIAM. Synopsis methodica Lichenum omnium hucusque cognitorum praemissa introductione lingua Gallica tractata. Parisiis, 1858. Prersoon, CurstiaaAn Henprix. Commentarius, D. Jac. Christ. Schae ert ‘ungorum Bavariae indigenorum icones pictas di erent specificis, synonymis et observationibus selectis illustrans, Erlang: 1800. Prest, Jan Swatoptux, & Prest, Kare Borrwoc. Deliciae pragenses, historiam naturalem spectantes. ol. 1 . Prague, 1822 Presi, Karev Boriwoc. Epimeliae botanicae. [Pra ague, 1851 1 RasenHorst, Gorton Lupwic. rypt gee -Flora von Ree cigaen . 2-6. Oesterreich und der Schweiz. Ed. Vol. 1 Abt. Vol eipzig, 1884-1918. oe Herweaicn Gortin Lupwic. Icones florae germanicae et . tconographia et supplementum ad opera Willdenowti. ols. 1-25. Leipzig, oe A-1913. RoMEr, Herer Hu. Flora ieee Zirich, [1843.] Rossic, Kart Gorrtos. Die ach der Natur gezeichnet eas colorirt, mit ee rzen botanischen Seana begleitet. Hefte Leip- zig, ree K, ia xt Trimpie. Catalogue of plants ree in Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona [in] 1 1874 and 1875. ie as 1878.] ScHacut, Herm . Physiologische cane) die Pflanzenzelle, der innere Baw aa a Leben der Gewtchse. Berlin, 1852. Scuencx, Jouann HeEInrich RupoLr. Beta e zur Kenninis der Vege- tation des eg tee Inseln, [Jena, 1907. Sc BNCK, Jouann HEINRICH UDOLF. Vergleich Darstellung Be hie der sut k Inseln insbesondere Flora und Vegetation von Kerg [Jena, 1905 ScHIMPER, WILHELM PHILIPP. Recherches Pei ‘et morphologiques sur les mousses. [Strasbourg, 1850. Scuumann, Kart Mortrz. Bhikende Kakteen. Vols. 1-9. Neudamm, 1900-10. Scuwernitz, Lewis D DE. Synopsis fungorum in America Boreali media peed ‘TPhiladelp hia, 1832.] SEBASTIANI, Francesco Antonio. Romanarum plantarum fasciculus alter. Romae, 1815. ———. Komanorum plantarum fasciculus primus. Romae, 1813. Specazzini, Carto Luicy. Fungi Argentini novi vel critici. Buenos Aireé, 181 Secretan, Lours. Mycographie suisse. 3 vols. Genéve, 1833. Serx, Jonann Baptist von, & Martius, Kart FRiepricH Pare VON. Reise in Brasilien auf Befell Sr. Maj. Maximilian Joseph I t 1817 bis 1820. 2 parts. Miimchen, 1823-28. See Ernest. Lichenaea Girona: Pars prior. St. Gallen, 1890. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION Dr. Robert Abbe James B. Ford Eben E. Olcott Fritz Achelis Childs Frick Prof. Henry F. Osborn Edwar To} mn le 1 Chas. Lathrop Pack Charles B. Alexander Daniel Guggenheim ufus L. Patterson Vincent G nhei: Henry ns J. Horace Harding . R. Pierson John W. Auchincloss J. Montgomery Hare James R. Pitcher seorge F. ee 4 Edward S. Harkness Ira A. Place tephen Bak rof. R. A. Harper H. Hobart Porter fenry de ane Baldwin T. A. Havemeyer Charles F dmun aylie . Heckscher Johnston L. Redm rof. Charles P. Berkey Joseph P. Hennessy Ogden Mills Reid ugene P. Bi Anton G. Hodenpyl {. Richards illing: Archer M. Huntington ohn D. Rockefell eorge Blumenthal Adrian Iselin W. ee eorge P. Brett Dr. Walter B. James Ee otal, Vals IR eorge S. Brewster Walter Jennings n. George a rof. N. L. Britton tto H. n ve, eet nald a Sayre T ss Prof. James F. Kem nee IL, r. Nicholas M. Butle Darwin P. Kingsley Iber er ne ro arpenter Prof. Frederic S. Le y iebrecht rof. C. F. Chandl Adolph Lewisohn Valentine P. Sny Frederick J. Lisman James Speyer enneth K. Mackenzie Frederick Strauss Marin Le Brun Cooper V. y ae ath i Paul D. Cravath dgar L. Marston James W. Cromwell W. J. Matheson Charies fe Thom seh Charles Deering George McAneny Boyce Thom Henry W. de Forest John L. Merrill he W. Gilman aan Robert W. de Forest Ogden Mills Louis C. Tiffany Rey. Dr. H. Denslow Hon. Ogden L. Mills Felix M. aWebace Clevelan D Barrington Moo ul } urg Benjamin T. Fairc'! J. Pierpont Morg: ee ae 1 amuel W. Fairchild Dr. Lewis R. Morris H. H. stinghouse Marshall Field Robert T. Morris Bronson Win throp William B. O. Field Frederic R. Newbold Grenville L. Winthrop MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. Robert Bacon Irs. Gustav E. Kissel rs. James Roosevelt Miss Elizabeth Billings rs. Beeaae Sh Ike irs. Arthur H. Scribner Mrs. N. L. Britton rs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Benson B. Sloan s. Andrew Carnegie rs. A. A. L {rs. Samuel Sloan 1 ickey TS. Pierre Mali her Miss Elizabeth Hamilton . Henry Ma d Edw. T. H. Talmage Ss. arton prepparn frs. Wheeler H. Peckham Mrs. Henry Taylo: Mrs. Robert C. Mrs. George W. Perkins rs. John T. Terry Mrs. Walter rained rs. Harold I. Prat rs. W. G. Thompson Mrs. Bradish Jenneen rs. Wm. Kelly Prentice Mrs. Cabot Ward Mrs. Delancey Kan Mrs. William A. Read rs. William H. Woodin oo MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs Henry aie Mrs. James A. Scrymser Mrs. ae I. Kan Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Four hundred acres of beautifully diverse land in the northern part of the ‘City of New York, renee me h flow he Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the fea of th plnatons es thousands of ee and ented trees, shrubs, and flowering plan Ga See Hedin a beautiful rose Banden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. Greenhouses, pontaining thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign countries. wer shows throughout the year—in the spring, Beet and autu displays of narcissi, daffodils, malin irises, ae roses, lilies, sates ae sladi oli, da hlias and chry nthemums; in the winter, displays of ming D ants. > Aven ntaining exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local BEnee peeining within one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plants. An herbarium, a sine more than one million specimens of Amer- ican ae ae eign s nm in di fer t parts of the United States, the West Indies, Caan ” pS "S6u th ‘Abrioniea: for the study and collection of the character- istic flora. ientific een in laboratories and in the field into the diversified protnents of plant life. A library i “botanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and numerous pamphlet Public a ee eR 2) Te variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the oe Publicduoae on “botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and parcly of popular, The education es ee cn and the public through the above features and the ey ing of free information on botanical, horticultural, and forestal subjec The Rote is iu lende nt upon an annual appropriation by the ity o ork, private benefactions and me ship fees. It posse now ly t h d he , and applications for membership are always welcome. The classes of members Slactor: cee aeenione dine ae aan oe contribution Bees Patron ... single contribution Rellow/sfor (bite seein. ete single contribution eee Member tor Mien avi vaiciecwmteaiette single contribution 250 Fellowship Member ............... annual fee 100 Sustammumen Member maemcue eee annual fee 25 Annual M Daleietelon betever eletete stenets Boi! 1 f 10 The following is an approved form of bequ I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical ones ae under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of ———— All requests for further information should be sent to THE oe York BoTANICAL any X PARK, NEW YORK VOL. XXVI Marcu, 1925 No. 303 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN SILK-TOP THATCH—THRINAX PARVIFLORA Joun K. SMaALi SOME PLANTS CONCERNED IN THE FORMATION OF COAL ArTHUR HOLLIcK THE SOUTHERN DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEMLOCK J. P. Oris HOUSE PLANTS AND THEIR CARE H. W. Becker PLANTING FLOWER SEEDS KennetH R. Boynton aNnp GEORGE FRIEDHOF PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS, AND as ear ag es THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN DURING THE YEAR CONFERENCE NOTES FOR FEBRUARY PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. Tue Science Press PrintInc CoMPANY Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freperic S. Ler, Presiden James F. Kemp Henry W. ve Forest, View peeso ApoLpH LEWISOHN F. K. Srurats, Vice Presiden KennetH K. Mackenzie Joun L. Merritt, Treasurer . J. MATHESON N.L. TION, Secretary BarrincTon Moore Epwarp D. Apams Henry be Forest BALDWIN Lewis RUE Monee NicHoLtas Murray ButLer Frepertic R. NEwso } AUL D. CravaATH Cuar es F. Rozsert W. bE Forest Hersert M. RIcHARDS CHIL HENRY WiraM J. Gries GerorcE J. RYA R. A. R Apert R. SH JosrrH P. HENNESSY Wits Hove THOMPSON MAN THOM GILMA Joun F. Hyran, eee of the City of New Bun Francis Dawson GALLATIN. President of the ences of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D. NicHotas Murray Butter, Po. D., Freperic S. Lee, Px. Dy IDI, ID), EAD errr: ERBERT M. RICHARDS, Sc. D. Wi.uraM J. Gigs, Px. D. HENRY i. Russy, M. D. GeorcE J. RyAN GARDEN STAFF N.-L. Brrrron, Px. DSc. DS UL Dies tee eee ere Director-in-Chief MARSHALL A VHOWEV EH) Ds SC aD slacemosnitmen cence Assistani trea JOHN KetSiALy wi DSCs Der eetereeee Head Curator of the Mus A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Taboraones P. A. ERG, Curator H. A. Gieason, P Curator Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. Curator ARTHUR Hottrcx, PH, D: Paleobotanist Percy WILson Associate Cura Pavmyre DE C. Mir Associate Curat Joun HEeNDLEY BME ALM, MDD e aie erence Bibliographer Sarau H. Hartow, A. M. ibrarian HER RUSEY, Man Dyr eeinue ak Honorary Curator af the Economic Coltri ExizaBetH G. Britton Honorary Curator of M yee ARY E. Eaton Artist KennetH R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener Rosert S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant Hester M. Rusk, A. M. Technical Assistant . M. Denstow, A. WE IDE IDE 5655 Honorary Custodian of ara Herbarium E. B. Saunton Pa Die eee ustodian of Her bacegs Grounds Joun R. Brintey, C. E. andscape Engineer Wa ter S. GROESBECK cies a ane Accountant ARTE URW) CORBET Tree Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VOL. XXVI Marcu, 1925 No. 303 SILK-TOP THATCH—THRINAXK PARVIFLORA (WITH FIGURE 1) From prehistoric times no tree, perhaps, has been so cherished F P t grew, w: bolism and idolatrous worship by the ancients. There are mil- lions of human beings t — in all countries from the Arctic to the Antarctic who carry on the t “It is no exaggeration to say, ae that this eminent tree- group not only satisfies man’s physical needs, but in some degree answers to the ie! of his soul as well. 1878, in a paper by A. W. Chapman.? In it he refers some speci- 2, 1878. ? Alvan Wentworth Chapman was born 28 September 1809, at South- Stat died at ee ee . April 1899, in his ninetieth year. —Joun He ENDLEY BARNHART. nish thatch and are, sometimes, woven into braids and ropes. 51 mens from southern Florida to Thrinax parviflora and gives the geographic distribution of the palm as “Keys alon Sh a di reefs, exte p the west coast as far as Cape cies of the s Thrinax in Florida have ae the sub- jects of much misunderstanding and misinterpretation. e are th main reasons for this condition: first, decisions were based on too scanty material, where ample specimens sh e been or could have been secured; se y, the nm studies were made in the closet instead of i field; thirdly, botanists were or pelea ee ae dian, he fol ted statements by C. S. Sargent? express what we knew of this thatch-palm about a pa rter he a century after it was discovered this side of the Gulf Str “Dry coral ridges and sandy cree ae Cape Romano to n a: Discovered by Dr. A. W. on Cap i autumn of 1875, ue on Cape a a Dr. A. P. Garber* in Octo- ber, 1879. This is the Thrinax excelsa of Flo nurserymen but not of Gasebacs Closely related probably to Thrinax par- viflora of Swartz, which appears to be widely tied through the West Indies and to occur on the shore of Central America, rles naga Sargent was born 24 April 1841, at Boston, Mass. aes After raduation from Harvard University, in 1862, he en he i in Porto Rico. In 1881 he onli to Pansies and died there, at Renovo, the same year, 26 August.—J. H. B. 52 but distinct from that species, as collected by Charles Wright® in Cuba (no. 2329), and determined by H. Wendland,° in its lon € courtesy of the director, Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dee my Florida i d. ove quotation is a note accompanying the original de- 1 scription of Thrinax floridana, which, judging from in- formation , proves to be t me as Thrinax parviflora of the West Indies, whence its ancestors evidently migrated years ago. Int Jes ies the silk-to tech occurs hama in Jamaica, where the specimens we lected upon whi he species was fou In Florida it is strictly maritime in its distribution and an ‘alban of ham. mocks in its floristics During the spring of 1922, in continuation of our field studies of palms, we made the silk-top thatch in the Cape Romano region 5 Charles Wright was born 29 October 1811, at Wethersfield, Com ticut. He graduated from Yale in te oe thereafter, for nearly fe to d , Ne 185, the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, and from 1856 to 1867 in Cuba For most of the remainder of his life he remained at his early home at i . HB. 6 Hermann Wendland was born 11 October 1825, at Herrenhausen, i di palm upon which he became the leading authority. He died at Herrenhausen, 12 January 1903.—J. H. B. William Turner Thiselton-Dyer was born 28 July 1843, at Westmin- ster, London, England. H s educated at Oxford, and was a college professor fri 1868 until 1875, becoming in th ear assistant director of th yal Gardens, Kew. In 1877 married the da £ the ciated with the administration of the most famous botanic garden in the world for thirty years. He was knighted in 1899.—J. H. B. 53 object of search. Here is where, in 1875, it was for the first ready to go back to BS West. I know of no palms of that kin near the Cape now The more spi hedi islands of the upper Florida Keys repre- sent the center of its geographic area in Florida. There the rom t range extends westward and ee, but with diminish- i i us on cruising the waters adjacent to the islands. San e the northern limit to its range on the eastern coast, except for 54 a single plant now growing on the nearby Ragged Key, Number Six. It is similarly represented in a scattering way in the Ten Thousand Islands, and Cape Romano on the western coast repre- sents the northern limit of its range anywhere. Cape Sable and Cuban palm has been eae with the genus Thrinax in T e of interest to note that the long sharp perianth lobes attributed to the flower of rinax Wen ana are eae es features in the Sim s n, referred to above, mpson specime m Caxambas, which is the type locality, if not the exact type station for Thrinax floridana silk-top is a beautiful ene graceful palm. It may be dis- which hang in dense long branches from the crown of rich green Joun K. Smatt. SOME PLANTS CONCERNED IN THE FORMATION OF COAL* 1 is commonly—and correctly—thought of as a mineral. d ar. we are dealing with coal as a finished product, which belongs in * Abstract of a lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on January 24, 1925. 55 the mineral kingdo om; but in connection with the facts and the story of its origin it belongs in the vegetable kingdom and comes within - ene on of the botanist. Coal i t tissue or cellulose (represented by the chemical symbol C ee ; or carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in the propor- i ch has which has a minimum of volatile matter remaining is ice an: oal. thracite or hard ¢ herever Si: remains accumulate and are subjected to pres or to deposits of any one period in the geological history or evolu tion of the e Wherever and whenever plants lived and died and suitable conditions lana coal was fo € basin of wa’ earth’s surface today swamp or shallow he is a potential future coal bed, esi where conditions are f favorable for the formation of pea 56 ow that the vegetation of the earth differed in its pre- ailin ng een from period to period. The evolution of the vegetable kingdom progressed from early, low and simple forms or types to those that became successivel her and € - earliest sedimentary rocks—those of Edzoic Time—is S now mostl in : TO the remains of marine vegetation, which must have been in ex- $ outward aspect but bore flowers and oe nels of spores. of Paleozoic Time, during the ee ee is was z Triassic and Jurassic—they were largely replaced by Gymno- d ern Asia, in China, and of a limited part of the eastern United States, in Virginia and North Carolina. ard the close of Mesozoic Time—during the Cretaceous t giving way to the deciduous Angiosperms. The the coal mined west e Mississippi River i Cretaceous age is formed of these classes of vegetation, similar in their generic elements to those of today, in which recognize the an- cestors of m: our existing broad-leaved re peli such as Magnolia, Sassafras, Poplar Phas etc., mmnosperms in which Pines, Sequoias, Taxo ee oe replaced the cycads ot early Mesoz ic ime. ries us up to the days in which we are living, saw a further de- velopment of the deciduous type of vegetation. Tertiary and more recent coals are of relatively little importance except in limited localities. Som ska coals are of this age, And finally we come to the modern peat and lignite deposits, recently formed, and in places in process of formation, fr e existing vegetation with which we are fam s be- come coal be in the future, under favorable conditions; but they will be of ttle importance and will be of interest onl. he geologis an is not only rapidly using up all the coal ve has en millions of ye rs in accumulating but he is also rapi e- of coal might be Ci oal has been aed d ing a period of only about 200 yea an the present ‘consumption, i s ae are that the available remaining supply will be exhausted in the next 100 years s coal was accumulated during a period of time approximating twenty-four million years, so that in 300 years we shall ie eee le what it took nature twenty- four million years to m: T of the principal types of vegetation, etc RTHUR HOLuicx. 58 THE SOUTHERN DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEMLOCK e Reverend J. P. Otis, of Marshallton, Delaware, has re- a sent the following letter to Marshallton, Delaware February 2, 1925 Dear Doctor Bri have just a ny much interest the abstract of your recent lecture on “The Pinetum,” as printed in the JourNnat* for Janu- ary (1925), especially that part relating to the Hemlock Forest along the Bronx River in The New York Holanicel Garden. The statement 0: two, recording that it is the “ most southern hemlock ee ae the Atlantic Coast” is of especial interest. In the strict sense this is no doubt true, for I kno large was surrounded by quite a number of seedlings. Unfortunately I told of its occurrence there, and it was soon cut down for lum- to be indigenous. I have been informed that years ago there were several trees where only one now stands. * Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 26: 1-3. 59 n this connection it may be interesting to note that the crag- ea (Tsuga caroliniana), still a coinhabitant of the tree in question in the Appalachian Highlands, has never descended from they are worth, however, I send the above notes to you.” Sincerely, J. P. Otis. HOUSE PLANTS AND THEIR CARE* Our first step should be to note room and facilities that we uld Under such conditions house plant! monly perish. To keep plants in good condition, sprinkle the leaves once or twice a day or shower the plants. The deadly dryness of the air am glad to oe my observations with some important facts furnished by Dr. a n K. Small: s is well know ths tree is abundant in and about the Appalachian in of middle New Jersey, and two localities have been recorded for Long Island, New York. * Abstract of a lecture given in the Central ae oe of Conserva- tory Range 2 on the afternoon of Saturday, Febru: 60 can be overcome in various ways. Pots can be placed on trays the bottoms of which are covered with an inch of sand or moss constantly kept wet. Also dripping wet sponges can be slipped once or twice a day in the forks of bushy pot plants. Much also ni a best in the temperature of 68° to in adhe day time and 64° he night time. 5” to 60 in the day time and 50° to 55° at night. Plants that grow Ce mix well and let lime settle. Next day fill pot up with lime water and repeat once a week from April to October. This will sweeten the soil and keep the worms out The best time to feed plants with liquid fertilizer is from April to November, the growing months. Feed plants once a week. liquid once a week. This por the plants. 61 Dissolve one inch square block of laundry soap in a pint o hot water, add a tablespoonful of kerosene, mix well, then wash ; Hoel ; : : leaves top and botto 0 s it will burn the roots. Do not let the sun shine on the leaves or wo, then wash the leaves with clean water. Use kerosene emulsion only when insects are on the plants Mr. B also spoke on preparation of soil, on how and when to water hou se plants, on the treatment of their diseases, and on methods of seen ion H. W. Becxer. PLANTING FLOWER SEEDS* he flower garden season _ begins long before the plants are fo more complic If seed is pur eee 8 sary to test the seed to see iti it is “good,” but the process is inter- esting. For those flower ds which are best started in t house, such as Ageratum, Snapdragon, Balsam, Mari Cos- s, Lobelia, Mignonette, and Zinnia, a pot or box in the sun- ° When seedlings are big enough to be trans- * Abstract of a pee given in the Central Display House of Conserva- tory Range 2 on the afternoon of Saturday, March 29, 1924. sowing the see 62 planted, if boxes or pots are not available, paper pots, tin cans, d them the summer annual flower will furnish the quickest, cheap- est garden. e accessories to the sowing of seeds and handling seed- lings, including seed catalogues, seeds, soil, pots, boxes, and a miniature garden, were shown and methods were gone KennetH R. Boynto GEORGE oes oe OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS, AND STUD ee OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL ee EN DURING THE YEAR 1924 Barnhart, a re Report of es ect aaes a 1923]. Bull. N.Y. M ———_.. ee notes: ae N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: Mark ae 237; Abram Paschall Cae 238; Alvan Went- h Chapman, 238; Charles ae oie 239; Allen ie Curtiss, 239, 240. " Issue for Becker, H. W., with Boynton, K. R. The. water-lily pools. Jour. N. Y. Bot Gard. 25: 270, 271. pl. 2908, 299. Issue for O 1924. Boynton, K. R. Aus ae plants. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 31-33. Issue for F . A unique ee ‘hall. a N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: ; I ——. Standardized plant names. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 117. Issue for Ap 1924. [Review. Chrysanthemum “Joan Edwards.” Addisonia 9: 1 2. pl. 289. 7 My 1924. ———.. Chrysanthemum “White Doty.” Addisonia 9: 3, 4. pl. 290. 7 My 1924. ————-. Chrysanthemum “Rena.” Addisonia 9: 5, 6. pl. 291. 7 My 1924. 63 ——. Chr ene “California.” Addisonia g: 7, 8. pl. 292. 7My1 ——. Ch ei as “Nellie Blake.” Addisonia 9:9. pl. 293. 7 My ——_—. keen “Cranfordia.” Addisonia g: 11, 12 pl 294. 7 My 19 ——. Gas “Christmas Gold.” Addisonia g: 13, 14. pl. 295. 7 My 1924. ———.. Chrysanthemum “Emma.” Addisoniag:15. 1. 296. 7 My 1924 —. Resort of the Head cas 1923]. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 201-206. 28 M Tulips in the eee Cai. “he N. Y. Bot. Gard, 25: 168-172. pl. 2 93 -+f. 4. Issue for ; 1924. . Helxine Soletroli, ene g: 17, 18 . 207. 30 Je 1924. Arl Pre yard Agiaonema 7 . Addisonia 9:27. pl. 302. 924. The iris garden. = N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 191. 924, 226. fe is Issue for Au 1924 he flower beds. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 230. Tssie hae ——_. Whitfeldie lateritia. Addisonia 9: 43, 44. pl. 310. 16 N 1924. —— & Becker: H. W. The water-lily pools. Bot. Gard. 25: 270, 271. pl. 298, 299. Britton, E. G. for F 1 a Jour. N. Y. Issue for O 1924. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 39, 40. fectie oes parasiticus (Schwaegr.) Besch. Bry- 1924. ort . the Honorary Curator of Mosses [for 1923]. Bull N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 220, 22 ———.._ Unifolium canadense. 30 Jl Ea nents be a ———. Rep 1. 28 My 1924. Addisonia 9: 25, 26. pi. 302. lower Preservation Society of America. Cornel en Sdiccl Leaflet 18: 49-56. S 1924. [Tllust.] 64 —-_——. The mosses of El Yunque, Porto Rico. Bryologist 27: 64, ee 19 S 1924. ——————.. Atri a to El Yunque, Porto Rico. Torreya 24: 83- 86. S-O 1 . wild. ae preservation sory Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 272, 273. Issue for Oct 1 —————. Long life to our Christmas os The American Girl 7: 28, 52. D 1924. . Native ae greens of the East. Garden Mag. and Home Builder 4o: 229. D 1924. ———.. The fr ee ae Torreya 24: 102, 103. N-D 1924. Britton, N. L. Francis Alexander Schilling 24: 283, 284. Issue for D 192 923. Plants of the Galapagos Island. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 10, 11. Issue for Ja 192 n extraordinary December. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. == aidies of ihe Todisa plants—XII. Bull. Torrey Club 51: I-12. ————. La vegetacion i cayo Icacos. Revista Agr. Puerto Hics. 12: 91-96. F 1924. [Illust.] —————. Report of the Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the year 1923. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 181-193. 28 My 1924. Islands. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 129-135. Issue for i Acer rubrum. Addisonia g: 19, 20. pl. 298. 30 JI ————.. A botanical ee to extreme western Cuba. ioue, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 194, 195. Issue for - 1924. er work an irises. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 106, 57. IT for Jl 1924. ————. Asterandra grandifolia. Addisonia 9: 41. pl. 300. I5N1 9 ——— & Wilson, P. Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Distsese Flora—Spermatophytes (continued). N. Y. Acad. Sci. Survey 5: 315-474. 16 Je 1924; 475-626. 24. 65 ae H. A. Botanical observations in northern ee N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 273-283. Issue for D 1 —-. Dichapetalaceae. N. A. Flora 25: ee 20 Mr 1924. . The spices of commerce. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: IlI-114. Issue for 1924. . Isotoma longiflora. Addisonia g: 21, 22. pl. 299. 30 Jl 1924. —.. ih fistulosa. Addisonia 9: 39, 40. pl. 308. 15 Ni —. Radbect triloba. Addisonia 9: 47, 48. pl. 312. 15 N 19 ——-.. - and area from the viewpoint of phytogeography. Am. Jour. Bot. 11: 541-546. 15 N1 ———.. Studies on the sore io northern South America—I. Buil. Torrey Club 51: 443-448. 28 N 1924. eport on a visit to England and France. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: mines Issue for N 1924. with Moor , Richards, H. M., & Stout, A. B. Hemlock aa its caieciens Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 325-350. Harlow, 8. H. Dee of the Librarian [for 1923]. Bull. N. Y My Bot. Gard. 12: 210-212. 28 1924. Hollick, A. A review of the fossil flora of the West Indies. . Wash. Acad. Sci : 58. 19 Ja 1924. [Abstract a paper. —————. The ancestral oe of some existing plants. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 14, 15. Issue for Ja 1924. [Abstract of lecture. ] —. The Joseph Leidy commemorative ha Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 18, 19. Issue for Ja 1 . [Note on nee Jour. N. Y. oe Gard. 25: 23. Issue for Ja 1924. ——. When a tropical vegetation existed in Alaska. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 33-35. Issue for F 1924. [Abstract of lecture. ] Report of the Paleobotanist ne 1923]. Bull. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 218-220. 28 My 19 66 ————-. Swamps, ancient and modern. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 145-147. Issue for My 1924. [Abstract of lecture. ] eview of the = ai 2 ee ae with s Bul ard, - —_ eview of A. H. Gave Scone diseases of trees in Greater New York.” Proc. Staten Isl. Inst. Arts and Sci. 2: 159, 160. ————. Pinus rigida. Addisonia 9: 45, 46. pl. 317. 15 N 1924. ————. The Hudson River valley before the advent of man. Bot. Gard. 25: 296-299. Issue for N 1924. [Abstract of lecture. ] Berry, E. W. A late tertiary flora from Bahia, Brazil. Aas cae Cras Univ. Studies in Geology 5: 6. pl. - ?p Howe, M. A. Tropical ae Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 37, 38. Issue for F 192 {Abstract of lecture. ———. Chinese marine alps Bull. Torrey Club 51: 133- 144. pl. z y 1924 Dablies and their ealeures The Flower Grower 11: 129-131. Ap 1924; 172-174. My 1924. [lIllust.] —. Starch-bearing plants. Jour. N. Y. Bot Gard. 25: are Issue for My 1924. [Abstract of lecture.] . Notes on algae of Bermuda and the Bahamas. Bull. Torrey oe cae 351-359. f. I-15. 22 Au 1924. —., s and their culture. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: meee ss ae for Au 1924. [Abstract of lecture. a e 1924 dahlia collection. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: seeaey: Issue for S 1924. —_——. Spring-flowering bulbs and how to force them for the home. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 251-253. Issue for S 1924. [Abstract of lecture.] Murrill, W. A. The larger British fungi. Mycologia 16: 42, 43. 19 Ja 1924 . Wosdetode fungi. Mycologia 16: 44-46. 19 Ja 67 Cocoa and chocolate. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 11-14. Issue for Ja 1924. e Placid fungi. Mycologia 16: 96-08. 31 Mr ———-. Truffles and truffle hunters. Scientific American 130: 332, 368. My 1924. ———. Report of the se eeeiler ales of Public res [for 1923]. Bull. N. Y. ard. 199-201. 28 My 1924. ——. Kashmir nee a Gene 16: 133. 31 My ie ————. Botanical features of Lake Pla Jour. N. Y. Gard. 25: 142-145. Issue for M ——_———. Fungi at Woodstock, New ‘York. Torreya 24: 47, 48. es Je 1924. —.. ect Spegazzini. Mycologia 16: 200, 201. 16 Au 1924. ———. Sketches - travel in South America. Torreya 24: -93. N-Dr ar, H. H. eer Plant Names of the American joint committee on horticulture. Druggist Circular 65: 163. [Review. ] es American plants at home—I. The begonias. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gar. 25: 107-111. Issue for 1924; I. —II. The ae 2620. Issue for Au 1924; —II The Andean gentians and some of their allies: een Issue for N 192 ss e oe the Honorary Curator of the economic collections [for 1923}. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 217, 218 1924. The pharmaco- hal of Caapi. Jour. Am. Pharm. Assos. _ 98-100. 1 ———. Miri Gee aN ate: Am, Pharm, Assoc. 14: IOI, 102. 192 —_. etin of information, College of Pharmacy, Co- lumbia ae for the session of 1924-1925. pp. 1-80. 1924. ————.. Annual report of the Dean of College of Pharmacy, Columbia University, for 1923-1924. Annual reports of Co- lumbia University. 1924. 68 Manual of Structural and Descriptive Botany. Ed 2. pp. 1-269. 1924. Rydberg, P. A. Notes on Fabaceae—III. Bull. Torrey Club 51: 13-23. 8 F 1924. The section Tuberarium of the genus Solanum. Bull. Toney Club 51: 145-154. 17 My 1924; 167-176. 13 Je 1924, ——. es grandiflorum. Addisonia g: 23, 24. pl. 300. 30 Je 19 ————._ Plants fea by ancient American ug Jour. N Y. Bot aay 25: 204, 205. Issue for Jl 1 —_—. me Senecioid genera—I. Bull. Torrey Club 51: 369-378. 8 S 1924; —II. Bull. Torrey Club 51: 409-420. 24 O 1924. : aaa Fabaceae: Galegeae (pars). N. A. Fl. 24: 201-250. 4 O 1924. Some extinct or lost and rediscovered plants—I. orreya 24: 98-101. N-D 1924. oe F. J. The ee sli of St. Thomas. Mycologia 16: -15. plz Jat : adios to a a flora of the West Indies. My- es 16: 46-48. 19 Ja 192 Greenhouse pests. Jou rN. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 35-37. ate for F 1924. [Abstract of lecture. —, Cup-fungi of common occurrence. Torreya 24: 17- The snapdragon rust. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 2 f ; . Destructive fungi. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 253- 255. Issue for S 1924. [Abstract of lecture. —. Botanizing in Trinidad, Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 70, Issue for O 1924. ean : X. Polygalales. N. Am. Fl. 25: 299. 10 Mr 1924. ——_——-.. The land where spring meets autumn. Jour. N. Y. ium fice 1923]. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 194-198. 28 My 1924. 69 ———-. Onobrychis onobrychis (L.) - db. in eastern United States. Torreya 24: 48, 49. My-Je 19 ————.. Breynia nivosa. Addisonia 9: 30. oi 303. 30 Jl 1924. ——_——. The cacti—an interesting plant-group in the study of survival. Jour. N. Y. Bot a td. 25: 197-201. Issue for Ji Lar PAbstcact of lectur ————. Plant novelties from Florida. Bull. Torrey Club 52: 379-393. 18S 1924 ———._ The silver pale oetemanes argentea. Jour. - Y. Bot. Gard. > 237-242. pl. 296, 297. Issue for S 1 —. An eee from the mountains. eee 24: 86, 87. “S01 1924. —. Whence came our orchids? Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 261-266. Issue for O 1924 Southwick, he B. December blobet in the rock le Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 16, 17. Issue for Ja ——. Saat rivularis. hate 9: pl. 307. 16 N 1924, Stewart, R. R. Alpine plants of Kashmir. Torreya 24: 41-44. 924, Stout, A. B. The flower mechanism of avocados with reference to the production of fruit. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25 . f. z. Issue for Ja 1924. Sightseeing aie avocado flowers, California Cul- Gesor 621: 3, 1 924. Why solid ree eae of a clonal variety often fail. eo Angeles Times, Farm and Tractor Sec. 1924: 1, 6, 14, 16. 13 Ja 1924. ————. The eeu of seed of the fringed gentian. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 38- Fi 39. Issue for F 192 Consider an svoeado fruit. California Caldwator 62°: 256. 1 Mr 1924. ———. Comments on oe California Cultivator 621: 324-325. 15M t the fe on he work. California Cultivator 62°: 392. 29 es 1924, ——.. Rubber plants Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: ror—106. Issue for Ap 1924. [Abstract of lecture. ] 79 —. The viability of date pollen. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 101-106. i. 289, 290. Issue for i 1924 . Lilies at the flower show. Jour. N. y. Bot. Gard. P 1924. ——_—. Sterility in lilies. The Gardener's Chronicle II. 75: 209. 12 Ap 1924; 3 My 1924 ———. Report of the Director of the Laboratories [for 1923]. Bull. N. Bot. Gard. 12: 30-33. 28 My 1924. ———. The flowers and a of sweet potatoes. LN, Bot. oe 25:153-168. pl. 292-+ f. 1-3. Issue for Je 1924. Seed. studies with species of Lilium. Jour. N. t. Gard. 2 Soe Issu 1924, ———. Coloration in ornamental foliage Jour. N.Y. Bot. ee 25: 248-250. Issue for S 1 —.. omoea Batatas. Addisonia g: Eo 36. pl. 300. 18 N a & Clark, C.F. Sterilities of wild and cultivated pota- toes with oe to breeding from seed. U.S. D. A. Dept. Bull. no. 1195: 1-33. Mr 1924. with Moore, B., Richards, H. M., & Gleason, H. A. Hemlock and its environment. I. Field records. Bull. N. Bot. G 350. 13 S 1924 Williams, R. S. Birds’ nests in the Games Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 40. ae for F 1 Galapagos and Cocos Telandd mosses collected by Al- ban n Stewart in 1905-6. Bryologist 27: 37-44. pl. 5-8 2Jl ——.. Erpodium ce base R. S. are sp. nov. Cont. U.S. Nat. Herb. 20: 519-520. pl. 3 1924. . Nesting of - hummingbird. aie “N. Y. ‘Bot Gard. 25: 228, 229. Issue for Au 1924. Note on saree and Cowes Island mosses. Bry- olowist 27:65. I0 S1 ———. Fruiting of the see hair fern tree. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 271, 272. Issue for O 1924. ———.. Orthorrhynchium chilense sp. nov. Bryologist 27: 87, 88. f. 1-9. Issue for N 1924. 71 Pseudoleskea Baileyi Best & Grout. Bryologist 27: Issue for N 1924. Wilson, P. Meliaceae. N. Am FI. 25: 263-296. 10 Mr 192 — Britton, L. otany of Porto Rico and the Virgin ‘Telands, Pega flora—Spermatophytes (con- tinued). N.Y d. Sci. Survey 5: 315-474. 16 Je 1024: 475-626. 8 N 1924. CONFERENCE NOTES FOR FEBRUARY A Conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered Students of The New York Botanical Garden was held on the afternoon of February 4. Speaking on “Gametophytes of Lycopodium,” Mr. ne species mentioned, mature sporophytes were not growing in the immediate neighborhood. To procure the hitherto unknown prothallus of the Hawaiian avy. t: ce we = t ozen sporelings. Prying the loosened bark from the , the ramifying gametophytes were finally found in a con- dition suitable for study. Several normal stations for the gametophyte of Lycopodiu cernuum were found on Hawaii in the vicinity of Kilauea Vol. 72 These ca ees usually less than a score of gameto- ings. But i d r iD ture of the substratum pees d 40° C,, only blue-green ba lings were discovered. ees 31° e plants were most denc species as well as photographs were exhibite U i ts ms to be sufficiently distinet to constitute a new genus, differ- ing ares Bryum chiefly in its peristome. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non- cae. articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its twenty-sixth volume. Mycolo ogia, eae devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4. 00 a yean single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its seven me. Addisonia, quart erly, devoted exclusively to colored plates penn i ; ates in cac i thirty-two in each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 a ae [N i volume. Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the Tr foto i -in- Chief and other official documents, and ee Beetles em- bodying results of investigat ions. aa to all members o e Garden; t others, Heo per volume. Now s thirteenth volume. North American Flora. Ree of the wild ae of North Amer- ica, including Greenland, the West In ae Less ane Central America. Planned to be completed ni 34 volumes. 8vo a uit to consist of our or more part 54 parts now ee ed. Ssapecdpiion price, $1.50 per part; a limited mabe of ae parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchan Memoirs of The ‘Ne w York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $1.50 per volume. To others, $3.00. Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Y lowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map 1900. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and meee eee Growth ans pt opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 3 . with Bee see, Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coni Ree Rem rom Re ene er- te New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii ere a pP., aah 29 plates. 1 Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, Dy, Charles Stuart Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 19 Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Ce to Plant Geography, by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915. Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anni- versary of the New York Botanical Garden. viii + 594 pp., with 43 ny t Contributions from The New Yo re Botanical Garden. A series of tech- nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. ee 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol- me. In the eleventh volume. HE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York City GENERAL INFORMATION deers of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden hundred acres of Deautitallyy diversines land in the northern part of ae Ge of New York, through LGA Oey ke Bronx River. A native Plantations et thousands of native and casa trees, shrubs, and flowering plan xardens, ae ding a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. reenhouses, containing, thousands ae interesting plants from America and foreign countri _Flower shows thr Ae the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water- lilies, gladioli, dahlias, ane chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of a ein: ouse-blooming pla seum, containing metre hot fossil plants, existing plant families, local Calas occurring within Here undred miles of the City of New York, the economic uses of plan tan herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- es and foreign species. xploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Cea end South America, for the study and collection of the character- istic flor: Scientit fic ree in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library aa botanical je comprising more than 34,000 books and numerous pamphlet Public eres yen a ee variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the y Publications on “botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, he eateenoal ay schoo children and the public through the above features and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural, and forestal subjects. The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions and mee fees. It possesses now nea arly two thousand Mangia and appa for membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are: Bone ae ae BON HS EERE EATS citys ate i es contribution S2s000 Patron’: Vannes on cc aati .. single contribution 5,0 Fellow Hope ILI Goboad doo ceil cee hice omeSIeLe conte aulion oe Membertorleitenmen-riesice ene ... single contributio: 250 Fellowship Member ............. .. annual fe 100 sUstamine, Member.) scence annual fee 25 Annual Member ............ Re falsens 1 fi 10 The following is an canoes form of beque I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden ee under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the —_- All requests ee further information nie a sent to E New York BoranicaL ey RONX PARK, NEW YORK C VOL. XXVI Aprit, 1925 No. 304 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE TENT ener i FreD AVE) THE HISTORY AND ah aah or GREENHOUSES Joun Henpiey Barnu ORNAMENTAL PLANTS OF GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA W. A. Mourriti EARLY SPRING FLOWERS IN THE GARDEN Percy WILson ALPINE FLOWERS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS P. A. RypBerc vies PINTARD Beer’ N HenpDLEY BARNHART Lue NOTES . S. WILLIAMS CONFERENCE NOTES FOR MARCH PUBLIC LECTURES DURING MAY AND JUNE NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, ei Tue Science Press Printinc ComPAN Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freveric S. Lee, Presiden James F. Kem Henry W. bE Forest, Vice President AgoleH LewIso HN F. K. Srurats, Vice President KENNETH K. Mickenas Joun L. Merrity, Treasurer W. J. MATHESON N. L. Britton, pecetcrs rae aes Moone Salads D. Anam Jes HENRY DE Forest Beaune Lewis eee Morris MicHure Murray ButTer FREDERIC OLD Paut D. Cravatu Cuartes F. RAND eee W. bE Forest Herpsert M. RicHARDS CuILps Frick NRY Ss WILLIAM a Cre GeorcE J. RYAN Har Avsert R. S JosEPH Pe Euaaesee WILLIAM Bovee THOMPSON W. Joun F. Hytan, Mayor Ree ie City of New Francis Dawson GALLATIN. President of wis OF eran of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D. NIcHOLAS Munnay BUTLER, Pu. D., Freneric S. LEE, Pu. D., LL. D. if) iG at) 5 ae 3 1 ie as im > gf Se ne ie) o: Witiiam Al Gn) ‘Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D. GeorcE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF pie BRITTON, Pat. 10), Soe Dy NESE pet kee eee Director-in-Chief IMARSHALD Als HOWE EH -a Di SCiuD Neer ee hen erie rie A See pected JOHN Ko SMALL Pann! (Se Ds os. naan Head Curator of the A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the fe ee P. A. Rypserc, Px. D. Curator H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Ciater Frev J. Seaver, Po. D Curator ArTHuR Hottick, Pu. D. botanist Percy WILson Associate Cate PaLMyre DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curato JoHN Henoiey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. ................-6-- Bibliographer SARAH are a . M. Hi tig Tel, y, M. Dee Honorary Curator ee is Economic Collectio eee © Britton ‘ary Curator of Moses ARY E. Eaton rtist Kennetu R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener Ropert S. WILLIAMS adminis aree Assistant Hester M. Rusk, A. M. Technical Assistant H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian of Loca Mea E. B. Sac en Pir Die ene an Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds Joun R. Brin-ey, C. E. andscape Engineer Wa ter S. GROESBECK and Ane ARTHUR J. CorBETT YY i d. of Buddinen and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXVI APRIL, 1925 No. 304 THE TENT CATERPILLAR (WIrH FIGURE 1) Occasionally some of our native insects which are always with t seri r chu y t no ous, occur in suc nbers as to consti- tute a menace or epidemic. This was oa case last year with the sect co as the le-tree tent caterpillar. Gar- de: and garden clubs, as well as individuals, me very muc 0 facts concerning the tent caterpillar and means of erecitae it. LIFE HISTORY Most insects have several distinct stages in the course of their ae ‘The ade Rue sa the eggs the life cycle is complete. asses through these stages, oe adult aan the form of a moth. EGG STAGE The eggs are wees in masses resembling wads of ae gum on the twigs of the trees. The adults seem to show a great deal of discretion in the oe of the proper tree, Bea the 73 Ficure 1. Photograph of wild cherry trees at Seat sdale, New York, which ¢ been entirely denuded by tent caterpillars. This is not a winter scene but defoliated trees as they appear in the month of June. wing of an adult moth gg cluster about natural size, upper and e right hand corner; ee slightly enlarged, lower left hand corner, Photograph by Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham; drawings by the author. eggs on the twigs of one which is suitable for the food of the off- spring, usually selecting a wild cherry or an apple tree, or numbers they often fall to the ground and migrate to other trees 5 caterpillars see mazi OW of discrimination and een seen to pass by a lilac bush and ect ush i on which to , the rose being much more closely related to the apple and cherry than the lilac. Thus ese lowly anisms re expert in detecting the natural org: relationship of plants than are some of the human kin THE LARVA OR CATERPILLAR Very early in the spring, as soon as the buds begin to open, the larvae appear, each egg cluster giving rise to about two hundred caterpillars out two days after hatching the minute cater- pillars begin the formation of their nests, aie in the crotch of a branch. This is enlarged to serve the demands of the insect whose rate of growth is in keeping with its voraci ious habits. t two rom e selite d Ae ce in which to build its cocoon. Within the cocoon eee pupa is formed and in about three weeks more the adult appears. TH The adult of this insect a ae om ofa beautiful moth of a . The eggs summer and fortunately, from the control point of view, the in- sect remains dormant until the ee spring. METHODS OF CONTROL Like most biting insects, this one can be ked by the use of rsenate of lead, but oh method often re- quires apparatus not at the disposal of the average person. Cut- ting off the nests when the caterpillars are at home is also effec- 76 i Removing the trees on which the insect feeds has also been ee re the wild cherry, which is of little eco- nomic impor Since He eee has a long dormant season, one of the secure. A r of campaigns have been conducted in West- by J. G. Cu ‘arm Bureau, as to the results o esener CONQUEST “ On Saturday, ae zth, there were cremated in bonfires in the four cities and eighteen nae of Westchester County, 1,827,661 tent caterpillar egg masses, each of which contained Ww. about 400 eggs, which would have hatched young Cone white nests which caused the unsightly appearance of fe ne e a bonus of 25 cents per 100 egg-masses gathered during the last masses gathered by 4,067 pupils in 147 schools, aie and cer- chool winning the county-wide cup was Hawthorne Public School No. 7, Mt. Pleasant, in which 106 pupils gathered 99,200 egg masses; and the pupil gathering the most in the cam- paign was Daniel Lehning, of St. Joseph’s Normal Institute, Po- cantico Hills, with 15,975. 77 ‘This fine start toward a county-wide clean up of this ae has S of Supervisors, the s' Tena of — principals, ae ers the pupils w he actual wo e assistance ie 200 interested organiz ot and the publi sty furnished by New York City and Westchester County n ap “The Girl Scouts of the county are ene ae a special campaign starte March Ist, and arrangements are being made to have the Boy Scouts ae a final clean up pe hich appear on the roadsides of the county before the caterpillars do any damage. “Tt is hoped that every home owner in the county will see that pe mpaigns may be carried on during the coming season in other localities ae ae the ravages of this insect may be materially checke Frep J. SEAVER. THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF GREENHOUSES? Nearly two thousand years ago, the Romans had made consid- erable progress in horticulture. The climate of Rome was m i se the Roman baths and palaces, warmed by hot water conducted through bronze pipes 1Abstract of a lecture given in the ae Display Greenhouse, aes Range 2, of The New York Botanical Garden, on Satur- afternoon, February 28, 1925. The lecture was illustrated with old pri ate showing types of early greenhouse construction. oS V3) Sheet glass was not unknown to the ancients, but the develop- ment | greenhouses was dependent upon the production of such beginning of our era. lt was at one aed customary, in the Eng- es : n the sun’s ra e the only source of heat (save perhaps in ay he h summer But now, when our large conservatories comprise c m nee roken coun and the word “greenhouse” is hike for SS Pp i This line of Bee ae during the seventeenth cen- tury, and the me period w nessed the development of another of construction to the long, narrow greenhouse, running east and 79 west, with the north wall of masonry, and the rest of glass; and me ; and, a we hav all the phases through which ane ae ele Shee still per- sisting. The most important feature in a glass house is the oe The SS. were interesting early speculations and even calculations angle at which glass should be set in order to catch the largest ares of the sun’s rays. Not only is the sun’s alti- a 3° 5 8 @ 3.4 =e i=] ga c. e mispheric sae was even more ideal; such an outline a actually built ue a peak in the ce: For more than a hun- en no i fire in . middle of the floor. Then a closed stove was substi- 80 tuted, and the word “stove” for a greenhouse has continued i in us n especially in asi o la: nges of greenhouses. entilation of greenhouses is essential, and has been accomp lished in various ways, ttem: as made s lecture ° o < Oo ut no a t to discuss in detail the systems either of heating or ventilation, of greenhouse construction, as such matters would be too technical to be of general interest JoHn HENDLEY BARNHART. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS OF GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA Although cane confined to one town, my subject really embraces mo towns, ee and farmyards of central lorida, few of how the variety and al of 7 mental pla: een in Gainesville. I have described elsewhere the trees—including numbers of giant oaks, magnolias, laurel-cherries, hollies, camphor-trees, and palms—handso ‘m foliage, making the city er of beauty during the winter r hat spring is here, early in February, th er- wild cherry, and dogwood will tone down the masses of green and attract ine butterflies and bees. Recalling aie towns a this winter in central Florida, such as Crescent City. and, Orlando, Mount Dora, and an orange tree or any other form of citrus tree here except an 8 occasional kumquat. A few miles away, where lakes and wood- ds affo d everyday c P or loquat, also Gone a an the category af “ay seful” onmainenele lanted i : : Guavas, Japanese persimmons, and mulberries do well in this locality. The mountain ebony or “orchid-tree,” Bauhinia, which I have seen in all its splendor in southern Florida and South America, is e from Pa few is the b-tree f Palestine and a other introductions still on trial. The “dwarf poinciana,” Caesal- pinia pulcherrima, seems to do fairly well, however, a uc ire ri ers of handsome red and yellow flowers, fol- lowed by short, four-winged seed-pods pinnate leaves are j beginning to appe Un ty are se specimens of Japanese varnish-tree, Sterculia platanifolia, with green bark, big coarse branches, and (later) large, sycamore- e leaves. y few of citi € as splendid southern shade-tree, being more familiar with the tung- oil tree, Aleuritis Fordii, Sa catalpa-like leaves and great pvt of eis -white flower In a yard near the Seaboard aiewy Station, there is a soap- berry-tree, Sandu, about eight inches in diameter and higher e house. The bark i i a clusters of yellowish, translucent, globose fruits of the size of a small plum or ginkgo fruit, containing a large brown seed which rattles when shaken. The owner of the tree told me she found 82 the seed in green coffee and planted it; but this species, Sapindus marginatus, is native to Florida and the coastal plain northward to Georgia and South Carolina, while the sumac-leaved soapberry, with winged rachis, occurs farther so aes The pulp of the fruits of both species makes a lather with wa HeEpceE PLANTS form a natural transition between trees and shrubs, e including red cedar, arbor-vitae, and biota, are freely used for this purpose DECORATIVE SHRUBS Common elder, Sambucus canadensis, is exceedingly abundant in and about Gainesville, growing sometimes into quite a tall tree and is now covered with both fruits and flowers. Poinsettia, so long attractive, is passing, being easily affected by the February 83 People may be seen cutting the canes into short sections and sticking them into the ground for a new growth. Camellia japonica has also passed its attractive stage and is giving place to the brilliant Azalea indica, with white, salmon-colored, and purple blossoms. There are azalea bushes in the yard of the Thomas School probably seventy-five years old. Oleanders are abundant, i i i and with attractive flowers. ene of Sharon is oo. planted and hydrangea more frequently; while roses of many kinds flour- ish luxuriantly. The golden dewdrop, Duranta Plumieri, now covered with or pamp eed, cca, and coontie about comp. ie te ge list of seis a on eee that have attracted my attention in Gainesville. Woopy VINES rubby vines are almost as abundant as shrubs and some, like bears Oraner -red, ee flowers in large clusters, while of ou pure-yellow, bell-shaped, and fragrant. Th Boswil, Engli sh-ivy, trumpet-creeper, aati and honeysuckle are too well known to need comment. ony- 84 mus radicans is rare here, while the creeping fig, Ficus repens, is exceedingly abundant, covering entire walls with its small, S - m potato vine is now covered with fruits marvellously lilee Irish potatoes. Several tender, more herbaceous vines, like the morn- ing-glory, are used for porch screens during the hot weather. : : » wm o q co =) oq th °o 5 7 2 me 5 a ie} Fh ch a o o = © w ° a back ties sold forty ‘dollars worth of beads last year. HERBACEOUS PLANTS One could hardly attempt a list of the herbs used for ornament as tender sorts duchin ed in Americ ca. order near me no angel’s trumpet (Datura) bears an immen i a like a trumpet; the firecracker plant has rush-like foliage and slender, cylindric scarlet flowers; Narcissus of the polyanthus nm; pots on the porches; the violet- aon ower ae sum, and purple mist-flower are brightening the rea enough to be in evidence at parties; giant caladiums give good foliage effects Bay cannas develop; scarlet-sage and coleus are by no ans abse a big ae called nee rice” (Aralia?), aa immense oe will soon throw out numerous smal! white flowers ; and a shrubby- geen species of Lantana uy =) ay a 3 te 85 will continue to brighten and make fragrant the waste places with its clusters of pretty lilac blossoms. Ferns are very abundant, the Brazilian sword-fern perhaps Christmas fern is used in the north aiden-hair ferns are ob- tained from lime-sinks nearby and grown in swinging baskets f£ cypress “knees.” I have seen the holly fern, ma Polystichum Baie cage in one yard here, ae — n another, but the beau tiful O. regali. es appear to be Ea een it ee preceenre: in = very suburbs of the town. For shady lawns, St. Augustine grass is very popular; while for sunny ee Berna grass is much used. Carpet grass, Axonopus compressus, is being recom- mended by the University. W. A. Morri_t. GAINESVILLE, FLorIpa, FEBRUARY 16, 1925. EARLY SPRING FLOWERS IN THE GARDEN e winter usually claims but few blossoms eas the trees, shrubs, and herbs. There are, however, certain native as well as foreign plants whose flowers make their appearance while the days are still cold and dreary. il Maple (Acer glee erm Wi Salix gracilistyla Chi Wi Ha Hamamelis mol- lis), and the Japanese Witch Hazel (#7 japon) flowered about the twentieth of February. Catkins the Asiatic Hazelnut (Corylus pontica), the European Hazelnut (C. Avellana), Amer- ican Hazelnut (C. americana), ae Hazelnut, (C. rostrata), the Dye Alder, (Alnus tinctoria), t European Alder n t shed their pollen between the eighth and See of March, Flowers of the Red Maple (Acer rubrum), the American Elm (Uimus piairaeee and the Slippery Elm (Ulmus fulva) also herald the coming of spring. 86 Unlike the Common Witch Hazel of our woodlands (H. vir- aie whose blossoms do not open until late in the fall, the flowers of the Vernal Witch Hazel (A. vernalis) made their ap- pearance about the middle of March. Small yellow flowers of the Cornelian Cherry (Cornus Mas) and its close relative Sandzaki (Cornus ae began to brighten up the a by March twenty-fi The Spring Heath (Erica carnea), one o - most popular of all hardy Soa flowered about the same time. Scattered about the grounds are many ee come of the Yel- low Bell (Forsythia), a member of the Olive Family, some of which have flowered and are — an pera display about A Within the aes year the Garden has eae an interesting and valuable collection of bulbous plants from Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham. The following flowered between - tenth and twenty- second of Marc n Sn nowdrop rae oS Giant Snowdrop (G. Sprin, is . Lomma. ianus, Common Crocus ee erin the Winter Aconites, (Eranthis hyemalis, E. ciliaca, and E. Tubergent). The Green Hellebore (Helleborus viridis), a native of Europe was another early ee bloomer and is sometimes found nae ized in our eastern state The Round-lobed Liver- leaf (Hepatica Hepatica) may al found about the grounds, where the bees have He se ie dainty -blue blossoms. The tsfoot (Tussilago Farfara), is a foreigner, having come to us from Europe. It is among the earliest members of the Thistle Family to flower Marcu 26, 1925 : Percy WILSON. 87 ALPINE FLOWERS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS* When a botanist speaks of an alpine eg or alpine plant, a plant growing above timber line. It does not mean necessarily that it grows in the Alps or at a altitudes. The timber line in southern Colorado is at an altitude of about 11,500 lower down. In Montana we fin , in Al- berta between 5,000 and 7,000 feet and it reaches sea-leved before we come to the mouth ee C Mackenzie River en the alpine plants become arctic pla he most common tree in the higher Rockies is the En sn spruce. Near ber line it is associated with the subalpine fir, a balsa cs e northern R places we find also Lyell’s larch and on the drier slopes the white-barked pine is found in th hern Rock- s we flowers of t the woods, the mps open places. Then 3 4. desiccating Mr - ai alee etc. Krumholt” rie fac show: e first eae oe appears on the integrated rocks are lichens; from their decay a little ones is formed and other plants appear in the crevices. Thes: in the alpine region low and tufted. Some plants from the seth both in the alpine and the a egi0: ere nother formation consists of the rock-slides, with almost no vegetation. So: Ipine plants, as for ii wfoots, grow only about the edges of th melting snow ts. Some other plants grow in wet places along brooks, rills, and s ountain ae these are more level, alpine meadows are f The most numerous plants here are, of course, grasses, SLi blue-grasses, but also other plants. Where the drainage is poorer, swamps, bogs, * Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum of The New York Botanical Garden on aay afternoon, March 14, 1925. 88 and lakes are formed. The alpine bogs are of two kinds, sedge- bogs and willow-bogs. The sedge-bogs resemble much the tun- dras of the arctic region e lakes contain rarely any flowering plants, occasionally only some pond-weeds. A slide of the small e d was also shown. This does not grow, It was discovered in 1897 on Electric Peak just north of Yellow- stone Park at an altitude of 11,000 fee’ P. A. Rypperc. EUGENE PINTARD BICKNELL f the death of Eugene Pintard Bicknell, which oc- curred at his home at Hewlett, Long Island, on Monday, February inheritor of valuable traits derived from various lines of dis- tinguished American colonial ancestr Interested in natural ei especially ornithology and botany, its earliest beginnin i e appears in th ee list of annual members (for 1896), and in every si eae list IgIO was ted a member of the Corporation. The Sci a Directors eis to add his name to their list, November 9, I and this on was approved by the Managers, April ,1 nee as a scientific ae on acco f the Managers, January 8, 1923. He remained, however, an an- 89 nual See and a member of the Corporation, until his death. He c buted to several volumes of Addisonia, his last pub- lis ea aay paper being the text to ee plate 205 of that journal (Hypopitys insignata) in 1 Jo: as ee BaRNHART. BIRD NOTES The past winter has not had, apparently, any especially note- worthy bird visitors to the Garden Last year’s robins were seen up S the tenth of December. h snow and for days the flock stayed close by a thicket where rose hips (from Rosa multiflora) supplied an abundant, if not very nutritious, food, then they disappeared as quickly as they had arrived, al- though plenty of hips remained. Probably the first real spring birds from the South were a spectacle, feeding on scores of dead fish floating on the water go Doubtl tless the first spring bluebirds and robins from the South i two weeks later than usual. With the present fine weather con- tinuing we may expect other arrivals from the South at any time. Marc 925 R. S. WILtiaMs. CONFERENCE NOTES FOR MARCH rch Conference of the en Staff and Registered oc . of the Garden was held o: afternoon of the fourth. Dr. J. H. Barnhart spoke on “The ae neva Library Purchase,” and an abstract of his remarks follows: “The city of Geneva, Switzerland, has long been the hom three botanical institutions ranking among the most fe of “William Barbey died in 1914, Casimir de Candolle in 1918, and in both cases their famous collections soon afterward became QI the property of the city of Geneva and were consolidated with the collections of the already-existing city institution. h of the great herbaria had required an equally great library for use mense number were wholly superfluous, and i sd termined e lo “When they were finally arranged and catalogued, ree were director, Dr. N. L. Britton, as one of the kind that comes an once in a lifetime; the offer was tentatively acce i by hi T for placed in our library Il of these have been fully catalogued, and listed, from time to time, in the Journal of th rden, “The many rare works, much used in botanical study but difficult to secure the books are in fine bindings, and many thes ings are nearly ‘here are com- Lost ‘and Rediscovered P ants.” The substance aan in Torreya, the part Bene in No. 6 of Volume 4 (1924). Hester M. Rusx, Secretary pro tem. 92 PUBLIC LECTURES DURING MAY AND JUNE The following is the program for the May and June lectures, to be delivered in the Museum Building of The New York rae Garden at 4 o’clock on Saturday afternoons. They wil na trated by lantern slides and otherwise. Doors are opened at 4:1 “7 to admit late-com aa eis or Daffodils,” Mrs. rae H. Peckham. May 9. ulips,” r. K. R. Boynton. May 16. “ es in the Colombian Andes see) E. Hazen. = ru Me bo “Trt eee . Wist May 30. “ The Rock Garden B. Southwick, June 6. “New — on the Flora of the ae a New Testa- Dr. Ephraim Ha-Reubeni. June 13. “Java the Javanese People,” Dr. H. A. Gleason. June 20. ‘“ What the World Drinks and Why,” Dr. H. H. Rusby. June 27. “ Roses and their Culture,” Dr. Marshall A. Howe. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Professor E. M. Gilbert, of the University of Wisconsin, vis- ited The New York Botanical Garden in February, es some time to the study of the collections of the higher fun: Professor H. H. Whetzel, of Cornell University, spent several ni our institution on the survey of the fungous flora of Porto Rico s. Mary H. Holway, wife of the late E. W. D. Holway, re- Sean visited the Garden to talk over matters relating to her hus- d’s work. Mrs. Holway accompanied and assisted her hus- band on his last trip to South America, which resulted in bringing ungi. these, especially the rusts, are to be carefully studied by experts in various groups, and the results published later. 93 r. John K. Small is making an extended study of the flora u and Louisiana, to El Paso, and back through Oklahom - k herry of the Bur of Chemistry, ; partment of Agriculture, will be a member of the party. Other botanists will be associated with them from time to time as Ge proceed through the country. e following uae botanists have registered in the library caring the winter : Mrs. Rachel L.. Lowe, Portland, Me.; Mr. Ivan M. jonicinn. hae Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. ; Prof. f her Miller, rene Pa.; Dr. W. R. Taylor, Univer- sity of Penneylwanias Dr. Arthur P. Kelley, Rutgers University ; Dr. Walter T. Swingle, Prof. R. Kent Beattie, Dr. Edgar I. Washington, D. C.; Prof. Bruce Fink, Oxford, O.; R Gardner, East Lansing, Mich.; Pro M. Gilbert, Madison, Wis. ; rthur Harris, Minneapolis, Minn.; Pro Kirkwood, Missoula, Mont.; Mr. Edward N. Jones, State Univer: sity of Iow benhaus, College Station, Texas ; P i, Berkeley, Calif. ; ames McMurphy, Stanford University, Calif.; Prof. Philip A. Munz, Claremont, Calif. ; Prof owe, University of Toronto; Dr io Pied- ras, P. R. ; Dr. Brozék, en de es Univer Czechoslovalds, and De Ephraim Ha-Reubeni, Jerusalem. r. Art hur Hollick i is on leave of absence from The New York flora of Alaska in connection with the U. S. Geological Survey. This work, as originally planned, was practically completed a ar ago, but its scope was extended so as to include a consider- able amount of new material collected by parties in the field dur- ing the preceding and current years. 94 ae Walter yee Museum Custodian, died suddenly on h 3. Mr. u ing on the death of Col. F. A. Schilling in November, 1923 Mellie for February. The total a for the th w. .69 inches, only slight traces of w ell as snow. e The minimum temperatures were 1 a on the 3rd, 24° on the vath; 21° on the 19th, and 12° on the 28th Meteorology for a The total precipitation for the month was 4.30 inches, of trace fell as sno em temperatures were 6: on the 7th, 67° on the 14th (interpo- lated), 70° on the 19th and 72° on the The minimum tem- peratures were 11° on the ae 27° on the 7th (interpolated), 29° on the 21st and 26° on the 2 ACCESSIONS BOOKS PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA ane G , AUGUST, 1923 (CONTIN AGARDH, Jaxos Georc. Analecta algologica; observationes de speciebus Algarum minus cognitis earumque dispositione—Continuatio 1-5. L Amsterdam — hadenvie van wetenschappen. Jaarboek, 1877-91. Amster- 1878-92 re of the Royal botanic garden, Calcutta. Vols. 1-10. Calcutta, 1887- 1905. Batrour, Isaac Bayley. Botany of Rodriquez. [London, 1878] Barsosa Ropricues, Jodo. Plantas novas ee no Jardim botanico o do Rio de Janeiro. 6 parts. Rio de Jan 1891-98. BiscuorF, GOTTLIEB WILHELM. Die es Gewdchse mit beson- derer Beriicksichtigung der Flora Deutschlands und der Schweiz. ii 8. Lief. 1-2. berg, . Bonnier, GAsTon Eucene Marie. Le monde végetale. Paris, 1907. Bownier, Gaston Eucene Mariz, & Lrcterc pu nae ALBERT MATHIEU. Cours de botanique. Vol. 1; Vol. 2, fase. 1-4. ‘aris, 1905. Boutay, Nicoras Jean. Revision de : id des Hiei du nord de la France. 3 fasc. Lille, 1878-1 95 [Bouvier, Louts.] Botanique ee choix de plantes de la Suisse et de la Savoie. Genéve, 1877 Promenades see de Geneve et les contrées voisines. Genéve, n. itinéraire du jeune botaniste dans le d. qui est le plus souvent visitée par les voyageurs. Thoune et A 1843. Bucguet, Jean Baptiste Micue.. Introduction a Vétude des corps nat- égne végétal. 2 vols. Paris, 1773. CANDOLLE, ea rg MUS DE, Recueil de mémoires sur la botanique. ris, Correvon, Henry. De plantes des Alpes. Genéve, 1885. Osson, Ernest Sant CHARLES, GERMAIN DE SAINT-PIERRE, JACQUES Synopsis analytique ae e flore des environs de Paris ST. destiné aux a elon es Paris, 1876. Costa ¥ CUXART, TONIO CIPRIANO. Po enieg la flora de Cataluna., Déreter, Iewaz. Botonike Portréts. Lief. a Wien, 1906-07. Dreves, JouaANN Friepricu PErer, H. DRIC ITLOB. Choix e plantes Pee pene et dessinées, dane nature. 4 vols. Leip- ig : DucHEesne, ANTOINE Nicotas. Histoire naturelle des fratsiers. Paris, 17 = “Franets e sinensis. 7 parts. BiackweLt, & Hemstey, Wittiam Bortine. Index 6! London, 188 H. ichnis der in A. Schmidt's Atlas der Diatoma- ceenkunde Tafel 1-240 (Serie I-IV) abgebildeten a benannien F : en. zig, 1902. Fries, Ettas Macnus. Novitiae forae suecicae. Lundae, 184. Fucus, Leonnarp. De h es stirpium commentarti insignes, maximis i is & vigiltis elaborati, Leonharto Fuchsio authore. Gaston. Monographie des Rubus du bassin de la Loire. Ed. 2. Paris, 1880. Geological survey of California: Botany. bridge, 1880. GREMLI st. Excursionsflora fiir die Schweiz. Aarau, 1867. GrirFITH, WiLtiam. Icones plantarum asiaticarum. Pt. 3, 4. Vol. 1, ed. 2; vol. 2. Cam- Calcutta, Pt. 3, 4. ae 1851, 54. tulae ad plantas asiaticas. London, eeeeeey No 3, Harvey, Wittram Henry. Phycologia australica. vols. 18 ycologia britannice. New ed. HecerscHwerLer, JoHAN: Die Flor i oa Pree und herausgegeben von Osw. Heer. Zitrich, 1840. 96 Herperc, Peter ANDREAS CHRISTIAN. Conspectus criticus Diatomacearum danicarum. Kjdbenhavn Georc Fr Deutschlands Flora; oder botanisches Tasch- ou yr das Jahr 1791. Erlang La flore de VAllemagne,; ou, entrennes botaniques pour I’ an lan, Ktrzine, eae Traucotr. Species um. Lipsi CARL Ernst Otto. Methodik pe ane orien ti ae Rubus. Lose, ALEX ANDRE Louis Stmon, & Courtors, RicHarp JosEpH. Com- pendium florae belgicae. = vols. Leodii & Verviae, 1827-36. LENDNER, ALFreD. Vocabulaire des termes techniques les plus couramment I , 1828- (sr T. Einfiihrung in 1 die Bliitenbiologie auf historischer Grund- lage. Berlin, 1895. Macretcnt, DANIEL CHAMBERS. Manual of British botany; in which t orders and genera are arranged and ie according to the natural system of De Candolle. London, 1 Martoru, Rupotr. The flora of Cae Oi Vols. 1, 4. Capetown, 1933. Masters, MAxweLi Tytpen. List of conifers and inieae in ee in the open atr in Great Britain and Ireland. [London, le des sciences, lettres et an - Nancy. [3 Sér.] 2-52, aor 1843-53. Mémoires 7 oe démie de Stanislas—3 Sér. 1853-1866; 4 Sér. v. I-15; 5 Sér. v. 1-3. Nace 1854- tne WALTER. Synopsis Characearum europaearum. Leipzig, 1898 Mriguet, FRriepRicH ANTON WILHELM. Stirpes surinamenses selectae. Lugd im, RICH. Die Standorte und Trivialnamen der Gefasspflan- zen des Aargaus. Aarau, neuern Algensysteme und Versuch aur tindung eines eigenen Systems der Algen und Florideen. Ziirich, I o Nicorra, oo Prodromus florae messanensis. 1878-1 Payor, Vina en Fasc. 1-3. Messanae, Florule du Mont-Blanc; guide du botaniste et du tour- lpes Penni: Phanérogames. Paris [ : Untersuchungen tiber die Entstehung der ‘Schlafbe- wegun der Blattorgane. Leipzig, 1907. lora europaea algarum aquae dulcis et submarinae. 3 parts. Lipsae. 1864-68. MEMBERS ve THE CORPORATION Dr. Robert Abbe ah D Cravath William B. O. Field Jam Ford Childs Price TO o df, (Gite Daniel Guigencim Murry Guggenheim Af. Toure Harding J. Montgomery Har Edward S. Fees Prof. R. A. Ke Maskensic acy dear i pee W. J. Mat ert T. Morris Reeders R. Newbold aa ond W. Emlen Roosevelt Prof. H. H. Rusby Hon. George J. Ryan Dr. Reginald H. Sayre Mortimer L. Sc Albert R. Shattuck y A. Siebrecht Valentine P. Snyde Ii §) ames Speyer Frederick Ne He arte B. Chaties © Thom Boyce Thom new W. Gilman “Thompson iffan: elix aces aul arburg Allen Wa: Il Be Ris estinghouse throp n Win ate L. Winthrop MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. Robert Bacon Miss Elizabeth Billings Mrs. N. L. Bri rs. | Delancey Kane Mrs. Gustav E. ae Mrs. Frederic rs. Mrs. William A. Re Mrs. MG Hh ae A. area 6 att . Kelly Prentice ad rs. James Roosevelt Mrs. Mrs. ard Mrs. Wiens HL Woodin “liana MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs Henry Harriman Mrs. ra I. Kane Mrs. Jam crymser A. Sc Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Four hundred acres of beautifully diversvicd land in the northern part of the City of New York, through which poe ao Bronx River. A native Ss, a fain ng a beautiful rose Gap a rock garden of rock- loving Brite s, and fern and herbaceous garden G hi es, containing thousands of cnteretene plants from America and foreign countrie F ey Ss throu ghout the yea n the spring, summer, and autumn displ of narcis daffod ls. rae irisée, peonies, roses, ‘ilies, aes lilies, reload oli, cautias’ and chrys anthemums; in the winter, displays of She ea blooming plants. um, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, feed balers occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the econ 10m ic uses of plants A n comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- fe and foreign species. xploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central a aaa South Aenea, Wee the study and collection of the shapes Scientiae neoeate in laboratories and in the field into the diversified ts of plant life. A library y “botanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and numerous pat let ectures on a ‘gteat variety of botanical topics, continuing Publications on be tanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and parcly of popular, interest The education of school children and the public through the abov: iving ae free information on botanical Soa canel a by New Yo ye pasa benetactone and membe see fees. It possesses now nearly two thousand eee nd applications for membership are Sane welcome. The classes of membership are: Benetncten AAEM ceria tact G sin io contribution $25,000 Aoopeasielallercva tals tevads is ia sorsperencionote opens single contributi i Fellow OMMCife ee acies «siete Ae single contribution 1,000 miber ton wemeysacin. «coos eee single contribut 250 ellowship Member ............... al 100 Sustaining Member vcenecce sees annual fee 25 LiMember 32. cooow eens annual fee 10 The following is an approved fee of beque M reneey Bilis) to The New York Botanical Garden aaa under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the es All rea ne further information ahelel te sent to THE ae York BoTaNIcaL na. X PARK, NEW YORK C VOL. XXVI May, 1925 No. 305 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOTANY AND HORTICULTURE OF PORTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN ISLANDS N. L. Britron EUROPEAN INFLUENCES IN AMERICAN BOTANY Joun Henpiey BARNHART CAMPING AND COLLECTING IN CHILE Georce T. HastInG PLANT CANCERS Micuaet LeEvINE SPRING FLOWERS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN Percy WILSon NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. THE ScieENcE Press PrRintTING COMPANY Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Single copies 10 cents Annual subscription $1.00 Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freperic S. Ler, President James F. Kemp Henry W. DE Forest, Vice Pr President Danie LEwIsoHN F. K. Srurcis, Vice Presiden NNETH K. MACKENZIE Joun L. MERRILL, spit thas W. J. MaTHESON N. L. Britton, Secretary BarriNcToN Moore POWs D Vo N Henry bE Forest BALDWIN Lewis RUTHERFURD Morris Miewonne Murray ButLer Freperic R. eda AUL D. CRAVATH Cuar es F. Rosert W. DE Forest HeErsert M. RicHARDs Cuitps Frick HENRY Wi.1aM J. Gres GeorcE J. R ae . A. HARPER Apert R. SHA JosEPH P. HENNESSY WILL1aAM Boyce THOMPSON iy EeOMeseu Joun F. Hytan, Mayor hee th ity of New York PuANEEE Dawson GALLATIN. pee of ee SDeparcsens of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS u. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. De LL. D. hee ‘Mona Burter, Pu. D., Freperic S. Les, Pu. D., LL. D. OE Dy Gree IBY HipRBEnE M. RicHaws, S Sc. D. Witiram. r Gus Pa. D. NrY H. Russy, M. D. GEORGE i: Roan GARDEN STAFF NL: Britton) (Pa Diy ScD Diao. ewes nee Director-in-Chief MarsHALL A. Howe, Pu. ID} See Deets Leip Assistant Director JOHN Ke Smarr Pa. D.Sc) Derick. Head Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories P. A. RypseErc, H. A. Greason, Pu. I Curato Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. ARTHUR Hortick, Pu. D. tantst Percy WI1so; ssociate Curat PALMYRE DE C Associate Curator Ee HENDLEY ee Ay ME) Me Dn creeoeeeeaeate Bibliographer H H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian Ere Russy, M. me nie Ae Honorary Curator ee the Economic Cone Etazaser TH G. BRITTON ary Curator of Mos. y E. Eaton ‘Arti Konan R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gtnee Rospert S. WILLIAMS 4 dmini. Assistant Hester M. Rusk, A. M. ‘echnical paaryane H. M. DeENsLow, A. M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian os motel Herbarium E. B. Soutuwick, Px. SDE ca Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds Joun R. Brintey, C. E. andscape Engineer Wa ter S. GROESBECK erk and Accountant ARTHUR? J, \CORBEED Gn eccrine Superintendent of Buddinee and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXVI May, 1925 No. 305 BOTANY AND ce etree OF mau RICO AND HE VIRGIN ISLAN. To THE ScienTIFIC Directors of THE New York Botanicac RDEN : re en: Pursuant to permission given by you and by the plants of Porto d the Virgin Islands from latter part of January to the early part of April, 1925, accompanied and as- sisted by Mrs. Britton and by Mr. Ken: oynton, Head Gardener. We sailed from New York for San Juan January 22d pan of the ship for kind attention, facilitating the care of our large scientific collections. There has recently been much activity in the experimental in- the e ry pro: station at Trujillo; large additions to the highly important collec- tions at the United States Agricultural Experiment Station at Mayaguez, atau the work of Mr. D. W. May, Director, and of Mr. T. B. McClelland, Horticulturist; numerous valuable ex- periments in the introduction of trees for forestry purposes at 97 98 the nurseries Ae the Porto Rico Forest Service at Rio Piedras s, in rge o tive eee species, and one of the very few members of that r n charge of Mr. F. M. Pennock at ae ana Llai one the unique n old other citizens and residents, in which rare trees and shrubs have been established. ‘his work in experimental tropical horticulture and silvicul- ture has provided an unsurpassed opportunity for the observation iis lands. Studies of the native plants for use in this “ Descriptive Flora ” led us widely afield in search of rare or little-known species, espe- 99 cially in some of the few ia areas of natural forest in ‘orto oe with valued aid from officials of the Forest Service and fro on. Carlos E. Chatter Commissioner of Agriculture who a tide d us to a most interesting series of low i a 7 icon of leaf-mould was unusually thick, and where we saw one very i i i As guests of Sefior Eugenio Carlos de Hostos and Sefiora de ostos, we visited their forest lands at Algarrobo, the nearest natural forest to the city of San Juan, in which we had prev ee made some studies, and where a fine tree may be seen of T: nuco, one of the tallest and most majestic forest trees of nee Rico, exuding a fragrant resin. Mr. Boynton made the ascent of Monte El Yunque for three days’ further studies of the elegant rain-forest of the Luquillo 1 the very w new road south of Florida. At all these wild ee 2 100 Britton found mosses and brought away aie to aid her in the preparation of manuscript for the moss part of the “ raed tive Flora,” as also specimens of liverworts . study by P. Re Alexander W. Evans, of Yale Le versity. made some studies in the vicinity of Coamo, revisiting a aa dry region in which we had | much time in previous rainfall of the past autumn had given it al nce greater than h een the efore. Through arrangements kindly ma for us at Ensenada on the southern coa ax- Livorio Troche. At Snsenada we revisited Mrs. Maxwell’s beau- tiful garden, in its setting of coconut palm: hrough the kind hospitality of Don Aguado Gonzalez and Sefiora Gonzalez, of Arecibo, we were enabled to make renewed search fo rare Eupatorium on the steep limestone hillsides etween Arecibo and Lares, where ntary specimen of the plant had formerly been obtained, successful far’ nding m shes, disappointing, in of them being in ow occasion we also called o nm Narciso Rabell, of San Sebastian, a diligent student and collector of the fossils occurring abun the rocks of this region, some strata rich in fossil plants, the investigation of which may be very important in a g to our fe aeed knowledge of the Ter- tiary ancestors of existing West Indian vegetation. At Arecibo we also enjoyed the hospitality and companionship of Don Andres Oliver and Sefiora Oliver who have rendered notable aid in the . . geological work of the Scientific Survey. e progress of paca in Porto Rico, through the effi- cient operations of the Forest Service, was observed with high ade, has o ee wages the administration of Gove Hor: M. Towner, whose recent recommendations for its nee panes IOI ment are of great value; from the nurseries of the Forest Service at Rio Piedras, an average distribution of over two thousand or : t Ss g commem : oo their — dita ‘naturalist, who resided ee many ears at Bayamon. The other endemic tree verging on extinction is C srscalils, or Hueso, or Violet-tree (Phlebotaenia “Comelli) of the Gay-wings Family, with hard, nearly white wood, produc % a 1 5 s family, in cluding Coki Point on the eastern coast, an important geological locality where the Cretaceous cine ees and where we 102 were aces in finding in it some well- Baia ie mollusks, ich will b fes dE upon this geology for the Scientific Survey mas we njoyed interesting consultation His Excellency, Governor Philip Williams, Romig, of Nisky, an r many a of visitors and of tourists. Inasmuch as abundant metal is at hand, the expense should not be very great and: a few miles might readily be built yearly. Respectfully submitted, . L. Brirron, Director-in-Chief. EUROPEAN INFLUENCES IN AMERICAN BOTANY? In considering European influences in the history of American botany, we may disregard the pre-Columbian era; for although y: Six days after landing on San eae Columbus wrote: “ all the trees are as unlike ours, as day is to night, and so are the fruits, and so the plants.” On his a voyage, Columbus was 1 The text of an illustrated lecture delivered in the Museum Building of The New York Botanical Garden, April 18, 1925. 103 handicapped by the loss of one of his three small ships, and it k e . new science were acquainted with many Ameri ants i d ica north of Mexico anadian planis by Cornuti, a Frenchman. It w: blished in 1635, less than thirty years after t st permanent settlement in Canada was not de- voted exclusively to th ts of the new world, but the name of Canad: upies a conspicuous place on its title-page, an - ber of our northeastern plants were described and figured for the firs e on wn, -saron canadense, bears almost im exactly the same name as that by which it is known today. Cor- 104 nuti, it would seem, was never in Canada—at least, if he was, he do ts the name of one John Newton, who brought him from New ms land living material of the cardinal flower (previously known hi om Canada), and says that from the earth clinging to its roots grew other New England plants. In 1672 there appeared in London the first account of the nat- al products of New England. This was by John Josselyn, and ount of two voyages Yew England, published a few years | he famous English botanist John Ray seems to ha e familiar with many American plants, and from his ‘“ His toria plantarum ” it appears that he had m under cultivation at Can ridge. the omens to his ge all gi rat adding the then highly complimentary remark that the giver was a very “curious ” person, meaning of course that he was of a very studious nature 105 way we learn the names of perhaps a dozen men who sent North American plants to Petiver, but in most cases we know Mark Catesby, an English naturalist, spent the years rom I712 in Virgina, the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, and u his return to En ub- hi descriptions and beautiful colored plates of many of the plants as well as the animals. John Clayton, a Rae colonist, sent many plants with their descriptions to Gronovius, a Dutch botanist, who published them in 1739 and 1743, a his own more or less stupid annotations and corrections. We come now to the time of Linnaeus, the great iva nat- uralist, whose work of reducing botanic al knowledge to a sys- P g his Am the few years deans ae preceding nee publication of the “ Spe- cies plantarum.” Kalm’s name is pie eeeaies in the genus Kalmia, our beau a mountain adi and in various species, such as the delicate Lobelia Kalm 106 hen we consider that the naa upon which were ba: the published works of Ray, of Petiver, of Catesby, of ae nd of Linnaeus are all ee in England, chiefly at the Nat- c understand something of - ee of England upon ee his- tory of North American From 1753 until the fas fe Linnaeus twenty-five years later, very little progress was made in the knowledge of North Amer- ican plants; but soon after this there pees the first Aaah oe work publish ed in this country, mall vi mphry and from n this time onwa ne the aioe of ae = @ 4 > herbarium, still preserved at the museum ural history in ae is fu f interest to the American botanist of tod. <’s son, also spent much time in America, pub- lished a few years later his monumental work on the Nort American forest trees. The flora of Michaux was followed about ten years later by The works of Michaux and ae were ee pe floras of liable, but that of Pursh was more c ile numer- ous residents of this country were devoting attention to botany, nd European influence was destined to become a m of his- tory rather than of current fact. Hooker’s gre: e botanist to the literature of North American botany, at least as far as flowering plants are concerned. This fact is chiefly due to the influence of John Torrey, of New York, and his younger associate, Asa Gray. In 1838, they began 107 together the publication of a flora of North America which shou e to place our knowledge of th American t a secure e new western material accumulated so rapidly, however, t ey were obl ive up their flora when it was t iged t i still far from complete, and to devote all their available time to numerous new es would have been described i ge pa European workers, and the authentic material preserved in Euro- pean herbaria. So well did Torrey and Gra ir American tribution to the knowledge of the North American flora has ema- ed from a European source. The only influence exert on a rue of the mo who first ae ee lent technical He riptions of American is Nonares Gee 7 fae medicinal,” first published in 1569, was very pular in its day, as it was an attempt to describe the medic te snes ies of the newly discovered products, and espe- the same Linnaeus named the genus of North American mints, J/onarda. 108 In 1615 was published the first of several works relating to the botany of Mexico, by Hernandez, who had been sent to Mexico i y value, but they reflected and served to ay the awakening interest of scientific Europe in Americ The works of Piso and Marcgrav, are together in one SS at Leyden, in 1648, and dealing with the medicinal prod- and general natural history of Brazil, contained the first ac- ae of importance of the flora of any part of South America; date, is the jo 1 of travels in South America, unt he medicinal s of P an - Chile, ae ge the oo Feuillée in 1 an Charles oe a reach: Franciscan friar, who made three voy- ages to the French islands during the closing years of the seven- kk, o was Ww ae and publishing . about the same time upon te flora of Jamaica, are both of abiding value. ere is a-break of twenty-five years in the literary history of West Indian botany between the appearance of the last volume s by trian boranig: ar Dutch birth, wh n : r years in eel never been excelled. During the same half-century a Frenchman, 109 rae as an extended ccount of the flora of French Guiana; M a b bans west on oh ra of Chile; Swartz, a Swede, spent three years in the West Indies and contributed very largely to the lit- erature f their flo ay Ruiz | Pavon, ards, published their Ss to Asienean plants collected dad transmitted to him by his friends. Just before the close of the century Humboldt and Bonpland eine ee comprising not less than fifteen folio and quarto volum Of a e numerous European workers on the American flora dur- ch sub- scriber, was more than a ete dollars.) Auguste Saint- Hilaire, a French botanist, was also a very ardent student of the Brazilian flora, and contributed largely to its elucidation, as did Pohl, an Austrian. The flora of Chile and Peru has been made known largely through the eiblesaede of the Englishman, Miers; the Italian, Colla; the German, ig; the Frenchman, Gay; the Anglo-Parisian, Weddell. The flora of Ecuador and Colombia 1s peans have written upon the flora of the Guianas, amo aah be mentioned Meyer, Splitgerber, a Miguel, ae Puli oo flora of the West Indies has been partially elucidated by such works as Ramon de la Sagra’s great history of Cuba, and 110 Sacer flora of the British West Indian islands and a- e eae but even in the present century there has been no more earnest ae scholarly specialist in the flora of the Antilles than Urban erlin In ae - dlopmcet of Mexican and Central American botany, botanists from the United States have long taken a prominent both by t i part, he collection of material and its subsequent descrip- tio: s the importa: ork published, howe has been by ropean writers, suc the Englishmen, Bent! and H ; th man, pee the san s, Martens and Galeotti ; d the D , Liebman: rae Ocr: e of de mos st ceae of Mexico and Gasteaale 5 ie ee ees a. ‘Y» zerland, and Portugal, for nearly every important country of Europe has contributed investigator in this field. And not only have Europeans done the ee but all of the urop ve ya scattered all over ae in private hands as well as in public institutions, and often in comparatively out-of-the-way places, and it is not always easy for a student of the American flora to find the actual specimens studied by the writer of one of the old IIt ks, but as time has passed, the majority of them have become ast soon as we pass the southern boundary of the United States, we find European study absolutely essential to a proper understand- ing of American plants Joun HenpLey BARNHART. CAMPING AND COLLECTING IN CHILE? Chile is a land of contrasts: 2,700 miles long, it averages less n go mi . From plateau, it rises to the ae of the high Andes. Though the n consis fly of of ai pes are only in cultivation ; ee a and calceo- ow, or mottled. Tropaeolums of several species are common 1 Abstract of a lecture at The New York Botanical Garden, Saturday afternoon, a 28, 1925. 112 especially the dainty little climbing soldier plant, “ soldadillo,” with its tricolor flowers of red, white, and blue, in shape showing i rti Most of t many tussocks of Hee plants representing several dif- ral structure. Hi ollar. he mountains in many places se tich deposits of metal, i i the s of so low de that they w e southern extremity of Chile is a half-submerged mountain range, Sm ome eng nd the Straits of Magellan being 0 d the straits in the series of views aroun f the large mines showed a lo ume made of California redwood used to bring a mountain k to the power plant. er views showed the characteristic vegetation of the lower mountain slopes and of the high ridges. Georce T. Hastincs. PLANT CANCERS? The Montefiore Hospital has not only provided the Care with facilities for studying human and animal cancer but h of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Gc on nie ay afternoon, March 21, 1925 113 made it a for him to enna the cancer-like growths of plants. The experiments initiated in New York have been under taken by various _ Scientists in Paris, Berlin, Copenhagen, aad h e lecturer traced the history of human and of animal cancer to) 6 of the discovery of the cause of this disease are preliminary re- ports and lack adequate proof. lant tumors, known as crown galls, are often very harmful to ts have been made to determine their value in the cure of malignant diseases. The influence of radium on these plant cancers was briefly de- 114 . The object of these experiments on plant tissues was to understand better the influence of radium on human and animal caricer. he more than 75 lantern slides included many plant tumors ciseerapned under the microscope. Living cultures of the bac- teria which produce the crown gall disease were shown; also, living geraniums and branches of rubber trees with plant cancers. Micuae. LEVINE SPRING FLOWERS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN A list of the es spring ge of the present year was pub- lished in the JournaL for April. Below are the plants that were noted as Ale into bloom in the period between March a2gth and April 12th: March 29, Buffalo-berry (Lepargyraea argentea). March 29, Dandelion (Leontodon Taraxacu ee ndo). April 1, Conrad’s Broom Crowberry eee Conradit). April 1, Periwinkle (Vinca minor). April 2, H ae nee ee Halleri). April 2, Moss k (Phlox subulata). ril 2, White- ae Glory- ins the-Snow (Chionodoxa Lu- b pril 2, Ground Ivy (Glechoma te i ty ae Apri 8 Yellow Adder’s-tongue (Erythronium americanum). 115 April 8, Early Saxifrage (Micranthes virginiensis). April 8, Crested Lungwort (Pulmonaria saccharata). April 8, Mountain Cinquefoil (Potentilla montana) April 8, Cut-leaved Toothwort (Dentaria laciniata) April 9, Twin-leaf (Jeffersonia diphylia). April 9, Bloodroot (Sanguwinaria canadensis). April 9, Shortia (Shortia galacifolia). April 9, Catesby’s Leucothoe (Leucothoe Catesbaei). April 9, Single Hyacinth (“ Sir William Mansfield ”). April 9, Pansy (Viola tricolor). April 10, Single Hyacinth (“ King of the Blues”). April 10, Single Hyacinth e a of the Whites ”). April (“G April 10, Darwin Tulip (“ cen “Pitt 7). April 10, ae Maple (Acer eu ia April 11, Bluets (Houstonia coerulea). April 11, Se Violet (Viola ie : April 11, Meadow Blue Violet (Viola papilionacea). April 11, Japanese Rose-bud Cherry (Prunus subhirtella). April 11, Sakhalin Cherry (Prunus serrulata sachalinensis). i “oshino). 4 7 o 5 = i=] S 3 April 12, American Dog Violet (Viola ee April 12, Canada Violet (Viola canaden April 12, Smoothish Yellow Violet (Viola enucaveay Percy WILson, NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Dr. J. C. Arthur, of Purdue University, Lafayette, saa! re- cently spent a few days at The New York Botanical Garden, con- ferring with the editor of North American Flora, senting the publication of rust manuscript, which is nearly completed. 116 Hon. Carlos E. Chardon, Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor of Porto Rico, was a recent caller at The New York B = hardo visit to the States was to look after details in connection with the proposed embargo on certain Porto Rican fruits r. A. B. Stout, Director of the Laboratories, returned in Apr to his work at The New York Botanical Garden after se two months in southern Florida in a study of the flower behavior of avocados. Thi with the Florida Avocado Association, the Dade County (Flor- ida) Farm Bureau, and the Bureau of Plant Industry, the latter represented in the field work by Mr. E. M. Savage and Mr. T Ralph Robinson. While in Florida Dr. Stout addressed the Flor- e Clonal Variety in Horticulture” before the Florida State Horti- cultural Society at its thirty-eighth annual meeting of the extensive campaign waged in Westchester h entral R tents of the young caterpillars which promise to be even more abundant and destructive than during the past season ccupant: Ww, n program should be adopted to rid this section of the pest by de- stroying the egg clusters during the closed season everend Doctor Henry R. Rose, of Newark, New Jersey, gave an illustrated lecture on “ Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Grove of Big Trees ” at The New York Botanical Garden on Sat- urday afternoon, March 7th. He showed seventy slides colored 117 artistically. One was of President Theodore Roosevelt and a group of naturalists at the foot of Grizzly Giant, the oldest ae thing in the world. The tree is over 260 feet high and was you when the ea were ee built. A hundred ae Sut cavalrymen were ne of the fallen trees tains lumber dans cal ae a box of a size to enclose a oe ican liner “ The Leviathan.” Ane ous drivew: wn rou very heart of the tree named “ California,” with an automobile standing in the center, paar the vitality of these great trees. Many wild flowers were show: Nathaniel Harrington Cowdry died in New York City, 25 Devonshire, England, he _was bro ught to C. nada by his parents I was a ork in t e laboratories, at the University of Chicago, fn Hopkins Unease a and Peking Union Medical College, from 1913 to 1920, upon mitochondria in plants; his results were published in several contributions to the Biological Bulletin. While in China, from 1919 to 1921, he collected many plants; Chinese plants at the herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden, Dr. G. Clyde Fisher, Curator, American Museum of Natural History, gave an illustrated lecture under ha title of “ Across the Trail of Linnaeus in Arctic Lapland” at the museum of The 118 New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, April Dr. Fisher, as the leader of an expedition to Arctic Lapland e manding sight in Lapland. He showed many photographs Y plants ino were known to Linnaeus, the immortal “ Father otany.” On Saturday afternoon, September 13, 1924, Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, Bibliographer of The New York Botanical Garden, de- livered a lecture on “ American Botanists of the Past” in the lec- ture hall of the Museum Building. His . |. :s ting talk treated of the lives of m- " well-known ee some foremost of these beitig Jo). 'layton, John Bartram, Hury, , Marshall, and John Torrey. John Clayton came gaa England to settle in Virginia and made extensive studie: the flora of that state John Bartram, a Quaker, and the first native Ame botanist, was born near Philadelphia in 1699 and, though only slightly known by his publications, he is remembered b t-day bot- John, continued the fine work of his father, wrote several ac- 119 of his travels in the southern Atlantic states, and m: our native trees and sk The lecturer then m: tion of v, who won renown through the publication of a long list of important works. His admirers founded et ory, the Torrey Botanical Club, the members of wh alin tablishment of Th ee Botanical Gar- and the erection uilding in which this lecture was ored he lecturer ance with the ieee remark: ay of fulne t Frost and of Williamson, has not passed. The limits of our topic forbid the mention of the names of the living, but now there are farmers, and merchants, and professional men, who by devot- ing their leisure moments to serious study are ce advancing botanical science.’ ACCESSIONS ote MUSEUMS AND HERBARIV 20 ween, vg ‘ungi, ‘ Cras Wisconsir’ exsiccati,” decades TI-13. (Giv Dr. J. vis. 26 specimens es fungi, “ ae Dakoten* Distributed by Dr. J. F. Brenckle. 200 specimens of fungi, “ Mycothe 4 Uarpatica.” (Distributed by Dr. F. Petrak.) 2 speci mens of cup-fungi from California. (By exchange with Pro- bride. Specimens of fungi, “ North American Uredinales,” centuries 32, 33. 154 padnen of fungi from various localities, (By exchange with Pro- 371 specimens of fungi from Porto Rico. (By exchange with Cornell University.) 120 specimen of fungus, Trichoderma paradoxum, from Japan. (By ex- change with Dr, C. G. Lloyd. ecimens of fungi from Porto Rico. (By exchange with Professor Fi nk.) ray g 224 specimens of fungi from tropical America. (By exchange with pee F. L. Stevens, 0 specimens of fungi from Porto Rico. (By exchange with Professor ee Fink. rctic specimens of flowering plants. (By exchange with the Na- tional Herbarium of Canada. 24 specimens of flowering plants from Mexico. (By exchange with the specimens of flowering plants from Minnesota and Wisconsin. (By exchange with the University of Minnesota. 14 specimens of flowering plants from Chappaquiddick Island. (Given colli 9 specimens of flowering planis from Iowa. (Given by Mr. B. D. Walden.) 340 specimens of flowering plants from Arizona and New Mexico. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant Industry, Wlcuaron. D.C. 4I specimens of flowering plants from Alberta, Canada. (By exchange [ 8 specimens of ma: m Jamaica, B. W.I. (By exchange with Academy of Nat = eae ae ‘phia. : 8 specimens of Anthocerotaceae. (Given by Professor D. H. Campbell.) 5 specimens of Gracilaria lacinulata — Florida (Given by Mr. Paul a hell. spe cim ens of marine algae from Se Tortugas, Florida. (By ex- 3 specimens of marine algae from ee (Given by Mr. S. Narita.) I specimen . Plagiochasma rupestre from Mexico. (By ae with the U. S. National Museum. 52 oe a Swedish marine algae. (By exchange with Mr. W. N. Rystr6: 2 specimens of Batrachospermum and 1 specimen of Lemanea from Vir- is (B: a exchange with U. ational Museum.) ‘imens o nee plants from Ecuador. (Purchased from rane Mille, SJ. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York ange Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. ee others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its twenty- Beth volum Mycolo ogia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 year; hie comes s not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in ee Soeur teenth volume. age mia, quarterly, devoted perce, to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volume. Si peeriaiion price, $10.00 a year. [Not m Bulletin of que New York Botanical Gee ee reports of ae Tedtae: ‘in-Chief and other official doc and te cal articles bodying results ae investigations. Eye to oat pienso ie Ga aie ie others, $3< = per volume. Now in its thirteenth aie orth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild ee of North Amer- ica, including Greenland, the Wes ae dies, and Central America. Planned to be completed fe 34 Vleet 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more par 54 parts now Pe d. Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited uupinee of peer parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in eae Memoirs of The New York pyc neoe Price to members of the iries: $1.50 per volume. To other Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of ee Flora of Montana and the Yel pare rane Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. Ve . II. The Influence of Light and putes vee Growth and Devel- opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., wit h 176 figures. 1903. ol. III Studi of Cretaceous Con fer rous Remains from Kreischer- ville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii -+ 138 pp., with 29 Ss. 1909. Effects of the Rays of Radium on ree ee Charles Stuart + 47 Flora of the Vicinity of New York: WN es ntibution to Plant aly i i 191 Geography, eu Norman Taylor. p ith 9 plate Si Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Tee Anni- versary e New York Bo eee Garden. viii + 504 pp., with 4. Contrib T ch- nical papers w Retin by students or members of the en ff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. "pric ce, ae cents each. $5. 00 per vol- ume. In the eleventh volum THE NEW YORK peepee GARDEN nx Park, New York City GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: ndred acres of beautifully ciersined land in the northern part of the city of New he Bronx River. A native em uding a beautiful rose ee a rock garden of rock- loving Sate s, and fer herbaceous Greenh uses, containing thousands ny Pe plants from America and foreign cou ie roughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autum: displays of eee Catone ta) irises, Beenie: roses, lilies, water- lilies, matiolt dahlias, ange anthemums; in the winter, displays of a ouse-blooming plant Am m, containing ernie of fossil plants, existing plant families, no plane occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York, the economic uses of plants. er arium, compre more than one million specimens of Amer- parts of the United States, the West Indies, Gaal and South Amencae eee the study and collection of the chars istic sate Scientific serena in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. ibra: o “botanical ieranure comprising more than 34,000 books ae) numerous pamphlet 'ublic rater gon a erent variety of botanical topics, continuing a ae the Pu tions o ioe subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly ae popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the abov feauires and the giving of free information on botanical, A OrHcaltteas and forestal subjects. _The Garden is dependent u upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for membership are always welcome. The classes of memb Benefactor’ ).):'sc0epiccdeauiny seis oeietrete single contribution $25,000 ALROME Ha AUe tes el err cuenta japanese ances single contribution i Fellow 6 eset ciave osieceneitnins single contributio 1,000 Membertonlboite seman eee single contributi 250 Fellowship) Member). oes eeeas annual fee 100 Sustainimpee Member cereale see annual fee 25 Derg ai dane eeeereenne nual fe 10 The ollowing is an gun silas form of beque I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garde eee under the Laws of New York, Ginnie) 285 of 1891, the sum of ———— All requests for further information should be sent to THE OTANICAL Sars BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CIT ~ VOL. XXVI Junn, 1925 No. 306 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN FIRST BLOOMING OF THE DAFFODILS ETH R. Boynton PORTO RICO AND THE AMERICAN VIRGIN ISLANDS Frep J. SEAVER NARCISSI, OR DAFFODILS ErHet Anson S. PeckHAM FLOWERS FOR SPRING GARDENS KennetH R. Boynton BOTANIZING IN THE COLOMBIAN ANDES Tracy E. Hazen A SET OF GARDNER’S PLANTS FROM BRAZIL H. A. GLeAson NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. Tue Science Press Printinc Company Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free tou members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freveric S. Ler, President James F. Kem Henry W. DE Forest, Vice President ApoLPH Lawisonly F. K. Srurcis, Vice President KenNeETH K. MACKENZIE Joun L. ME , Treasurer . J. MATHESON N. L. Britton, ner tary pees Moo Epwarp D. Apa J. P. Morcan HENRY DE FoReer Bangin Lewis Raveeoa Morris NicHotras Murray Butler FREDERIC OLD Paut D. CravatH Cuartes F. Rano Rosert W. DE Forest Hersert M. RicHarps Cuiips Frick Henry H. Russy Wiiu1aM J. Gre Georce J. eae . A. HARPER ALBERT R JosrrpH P. HENNESSY WILLIAM Boyce T THOMPSON ores 7eEx F. Hytan, Mayor ie the City of New Y nets Dawson GALLATIN. President of the Oe ate of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. a» NicHovas Murray BurTLER , Po. D., Freneric S. Les, Pu. D., LL. (C/OV IDL esaent Hipestet M. RicHarps, Sc. D. Wiiam J. Gigs, ‘Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D. GrorcE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF Ni LL Brirton,;P a. D))ScaDs Dir scree aera Dire or-in-Chief MarsHALL A. Howe, Pu. D5 Sc. Deeee cad dete eee cata Diecns Joun K. Sma tt, Pu. D., ScuDae nae ee ee Head Curator on the Mus A. B. Stout, Pu. D. . Director of the Laboratene P. A. Rypserc, Pu. D. ‘or H Gieason, Px. D Curator Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. Curator ArtHuR Ho tick, Pu. D. Paleobotanist Percy WILSON Associate Curator Pacmyre DE C. MITCHELL eset ey Curator Joun Henpiey Barnuant, A. M., M. D. ..............-...05 Bib graphen SARAH He ae ow, A. M. ria rari 5 BL, y, M. THE Ne ines Honorary Curator foes uke Economic Collecti Ane Etrzanera BRITTON? 'eyayletelstaycie tects Gro Seate rary Curator of Mons es Y EYATONIE ee Kenwens R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardeneh Ropert S. WILLIAMS 4 dmini. Assistant Hester M. Rusk, A. M Technical Assistant H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian of Local Her bara Bs: SouTHwick, PHD. hee Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds Joun R. Brin_ey, C. E. Landscape Engineer Wa tter S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J) GORBETI 1 3)e chica ioe Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VOL. XXVI JUNE, 1925 No. 306 FIRST BLOOMING OF THE DAFFODILS The planting of nearly 50,000 daffodils on the slope south and east of the Iris Garden has resulted in a display quite adequate portions, the first a band of one hundred and thirty varieties in small groups, arranged according to type, the second a masse planting in thousand lots of tru or some of the more robust kinds, and the third a naturalistic planting of the kinds suitable for half-shade or for grass. Passing along the systematic planting, the first new yellow trumpet to attract attention was Cleopatra; Candlestick and Tres- serve also surprised us. Herbert Smith, H ‘ord, John Far- quhar and one or two others were also new man d lovers g the bicolor trumpets some thought Robert Syden- ham best, others still preferred Weardale Perfection. Sprin Gl was the earliest of this section and Sulphur Beauty the palest and shortest but one of the most attractive. mM and Whitewell. Near the road are some fine varieties of the Barrii, Leedsii and Poeticus types. Of the Giant Leedsti type, I2!I Anil on tate Gi reer rredssiis relleetian 123 along the Douglas Spruce memorial plantation, some eight varie- ties were shown, including Sirdar, Crystal Queen, Her Grace} itchen 7 am signed to be the base planting out from which the pauralieed drifts of Poeticus, Barrii, Incomparabilis, and others would Tange Ficure 2. A view of a part of the Narcissus planting, April 23, 1925 These drifts of Poeticus varieties tow: ard Pelham Ave., Poeti- ably natural or informal, as if placed there by nature. Mrs. eckham is not quite satisfied with some ofthe points, and plan: to extend the work further this fall KENNETH R. Boyntox. 124 PORTO RICO AND THE AMERICAN VIRGIN ISLANDS? This lecture was based on a recent exploring expedition to hi the request and th t the to an government. ile a major portion of the time was spent in Porto Rico, in ome ways the most interesting pa e expedition was the visit to t! an Virgin Islands, first, because these islands have so recently come into the possession of t ited States and, dly, eon mi mycologist had befor touched these islands, although several Europeans had previously worked here. About fifty per cent. of the fungi collected were previously unknown to the islands E VirGIN IsLANDS The Virgin bn were discovered by Columbus in 1493 a: so-named by him on account of their numbers in allusion to a to be excelled in the beauty of its natural scenery. he island is about oes miles long and three or four miles wide and is for the most part mountainous, the peaks rising to elevation of 700-1,400 feet. There are no extended ae 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum of The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, April 4, 1925. 125 roads and many parts of the island can be reached only on foot or by horseback. As in most West Indian islands, the heat, which would other- own region (New York), this is not sufficient oe nae: la culture. The lay of - ound is such also the rain runs off rapidly, leaving the hillsides parched and d The residents of St. Thomas as well as the athe es Islands come Al closely to get the words, and the dialect varies greatly in the dif- ferent islands. r ship enters the harbor, one of the most conspicuous ob- and, in fact, the one for which it w. ased, is its wonderful harbor, almost enclosed by land and so sheltered that ships up to the number of 200 may be harbor e at one ti the people are very poor, since about the only industry left is the picking of bay Jeaves and the distilling of bay rum. The problem of helping these people to help themselves is a very serious one 126 and one of the siete which comes to us with the pur chase at the island. omas has been known as the “ Es Q a 6 s a = 2 3 eS = =§ g ay = a fy ia 8 3 a 7 BE Fi , 186. BIasoLeTto, BartoLomro. Relasione a viaggio fatta nella primavera dell’anno 1838 dalla maesta del re Federigo Augusto di Sassonta nell’Istria, Dalmazia e Monaco. ane 1841 141 Buior, Pau Constant. Annotations dla flore de France et d Allemagne. Haguenau, 1 Bower, FREDERICK Or RPEN. The origin of a land flora. London, 1908 nd . Brarruwarte, Roserr. The Sphagnaceae or peat-mosses of Europe and orth America. Lon Bal ie ay & Bareey, Wruam. Notes sur un voyage botanique dans les Iles Baléares et dans. . Valence (Espagne) Mai-Juin 1881. Ge- cha “Teka, CANDOL A © Lours Prerre Pyramus pe. Introduction @ l’éiude de 1837. Monadelphiae classis dissertationes decem. vols. Matriti, 1785 Curist, Hermann. Die Geographie der Farne. Jena, Cravaup, ARMAND. Flo la Flore de la Gironde. 2 fasc. Pane 738 2-84. Crais, WILLIAM GRANT. Caius to the flora of Siam. Dicotyle- a otoldy vON. Stirpium austriacarum Fasc. 3. Viennae & en 1762 Deseaux, JEAN ane Flore de la Posed 4 Djurdjura. Paris, 1894. Duranp, THEOPHILE ALE: Index generum phanerogamorum usque ad nem annt 87 promalgateran in Benthami et Hockeri “Genera plan- tarum” fundat Bruxellis, 1858. Fries, Eras Moe Summa vegetabilium Scandinaviae, Holmiae & Lipsiae, 1846-49. Gay, Jacques Brienne. Notice sur Philippe Antoine Christophe Endress. aris, 1832. GMELIN, Car. Cueristian, Flora badensis alsatica et confinum regionum ts et transrhenana lantas u lacu bodamico usque ad confluentem i. et frangais . pécialement du Canton de Neuchétel. Neu- ODRON, DOMINIQUE ALRXANDRE. Florula juvenalis, ou énumération des ftrangeres qui croissent naturellement au Port Juvénal, prés de Montpellier. Ed. 2. Nan Gray, SAMUEL FReberick. Natural arrangement of British planis. 2 vols. Neue Beitrige zur Flora der Schweiz. Heft . 1-5, arau, I Hayara, Bunzo. Icones plantarum formosanarum. 8 vols. Taihoku, I9II-I9, HorrmMann, Georc Franz. Genera plantarum umbelliferarum. Mosquae, 1814. ——. Sy - bus plantarum umbelliferarum. Mosqua JAcct1, Marto. Monografia en del Monte Se Gas Bellin- zona). Pai. 1908. 142 KetHorer, ERNST. ae zur Pflanzengeographie des Kantons Schaff- hausen. Schaffhausen, Kewier, Rowert. Flora von Wie thur, x Teil. Winterthur, 1891 KREMPELHUBER, AUGUST VON. aad: te ve Litteratur den Lichenologi von den altesten Zeiten bis 3 cols. Munchen, 186 Kuntu, Cari SIcIsMUND. Ermer he omnium hucusque ie apie 53 vols. Stutgardiae, 3-50. Kurz, Surptz. Contributions mee a knowledge of the Burmese flora. ae 1874-77. Lamarck, JEAN Baptiste ANTOINE PIERRE MONNET DE. Flore frangoise. d. 2. 3 vols. Paris, [179) LepEBouR, CaRL FRIEDRICH VON. ‘Flora altaica; adjutoribus C. A. Meyer et Al, ees 4 vols. Berolini, 1829-33. Calycanthées, ee Mslasioitic ees et des Myrtacées. Paris, 1886. Linwagus, Cary. Flora suecica. Stockholmiae, 17. aE: ‘ystema, genera, species pla one uno volume, Editio critica wv odex fanicus Linnaeanus edidit . Herman Eberhard: chter. Lipsi: . Lipsky, WLapimir Hiproritowitscu. Les herbiers principaux e les etab- lisseme. nts botaniques de ’Europe occidentale. St. Petersburg, rgor. Mares, Pau, VIGINEIX, GUILLAUME. Pag raisonné des plantes vasculaires des Iles Baléares, Pari Martins, CuarLes Frevéric. Voyage ae le long des cétes septen- trionales de la Norvége. (Paris, 1848. Martius, Kari Frteprich Puitipp von. Conspectus regni vegetabilis. rnberg, 1835. Mez, Cart Curistian. Lauraceae americanae. Pas 1889. MicHELI, . Le jardin du Crest. kd ms “vigétous cultivés en plein air au Chateau du Crest pres Genédv ee éve, 1896. Murcter, Ferpinanp JAcon HEINRICH VON. pe menta phytographiae Aus- traliae. ols. Melbourne, 1858-81 Naccari, Fortunato Lurcr. Flora veneta. 6 vols. Venezia, 1826-28 Nees von Esensrck, THeEopor Frieprich Lupwic. Genera plantarum florae germanicae. § Mae Bonnae, Nyman, Cart Frenrtx. Sylloge florae europaeae. Oerebroae, re 55. ——.. Supplemenium baie orae europacac. Oecrebroae, 18 ParLaTore, PHILIPPE. es collections a du Musée royal 2 pbhy- a sigue et dhistoire naturelle de Flo Florence, 18 eae PauL. istologie comporée “les bénacé Pay aris, 1892. Payot, VENANCE. Plorut bryologign 3 Ou, muscinées des Alpes pen- ines. Cay Florule : Mont-Blanc -. excursions phytologiques (Fou- géres, s, Ferns). Genéve, 1881. 143 PETERMANN, WILHELM Lupwic. In codicem botanicum Linnaeanum index alphabeticus wee Specierunt ac synonymorum omnium comple- tissimus. Lipsiae, 1840. sehr ee ” PAlanzenphysiologie Ein Handbuch des Stoffwech- sid peace ies in der Pflanze. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1881. ja RuvotpH Amanovus. Plantas nuevas chilenas. Santiago de hi , 1894. RazenHorst, Gorton Lupwic. Kryptogamen-Flora von Sachsen, der ber-Lausitz, Thiiringen und Nordbéhme vols. Leipzig, 1863-70. (6) [Rarin, DanteL]. Méthode analytique pour les plantes phanérogames ex- i 7 ayerne, 1846. = , ; : ReEIcHENBACH, HernricH GOTTLIEB ee Iconographia botanica; seu, lantae criticae. Vols. 1-10. Lipsiae, 1823-32. Roemer, JoHANN JAKos. Flora Europeae oe Fasc. 1-13. Norim- bergae, “I » ScHOMBURGK, Morrrz Ricuarp. Reisen in Britisch-Guiana in den Jahren 1840-1844 in Auftrag Sr. Majesiit des Konigs von Preussen. Part 3. ScuumacHER, HetnricH CurisTian Friepricu. Beskrivelse af Guineiske planter. [Kjgbenhavn, 1827. SEILER, ae ere der briiggerschen Materialien cur Biindnerflora. ee * JOHANN Grorc. Vaniloquentiae botanicae specimen. r 1741. Sommier, Carto Pretro Sterano, & Levier, Emitio. Enumeratio plan- tarum anno 1890 in Caucaso eee Petropoli & Florentiae, 1900. SprENGEL, Kurt PotyKarp JoacHim. Flora halensis. Ed. 2. Halae, 1832. SuLuvant, WILLIAM StarLinc. Musci te decerpserunt tH, Sullivant. Columbus, THuNBERG, CarL Peter. ad alee Vol ae 1818. TILDEN, JosEPHINE ELIZABE Minnesota a. Vol. 1. Minneapolis, 1910. Tuwaites, Grorce Henry Kenprick, & Hooker, JosrpH Daron. Enu- meratio oe Zeylaniae. London, 1864. vE, Prerre Marcuertre Epouarp. Reliquiae Pourretiance. TineEo, VINCENZO. “Plontarum rariorum Siciliae minus cognitarum. Pu- illus primus. Panormi, 1817. ———. Plantarum rariorum Siciliae minus cognitarum, Fasc. 1-3. Pa- normi, 1846. Torrey, Joun. A flora of the state of New ge 2 vols. Albany, 1843. ‘antae Frémontona, Washingto: Tousen JoserH Pirron pe. Elemens de botanique. 3 vols. Paris, 1694. TRELEASE, WittiaM. Detail leas of Yucca and descriptions of Agave Engelmanni. St. Louis, 1892. iol ia me) 144 Trinrus, Cart Bernuarp von. De graminibus unifloris et sesquifloris. Petropoli, 1824. TucKerMAN, Epwarp. Synopsis of the lichens of Hie England, the other northern states and British America. Cambridg U. S. Interior Deparrment. Report on ie Galea ‘States and Mexican oe survey by William H. Emory. Vol. 2. Botany by John Van nc, Henri Fernrnanp. Le microscope. Ed. 2. Anvers, 1869. Synopsis des Diatomées de Belgique. 3 vols. Anvers, 1880-85. vane ‘Jean Baptiste. Catalogue raisonné des plantes vasculaires du Dauphiné. Grenoble, 1872. Vitiars, DomMINIQue. pian des plantes des Dauphiné. 3 vols. Gre- Vitmorrn-Anprieux et Cir. Les fleurs de pleine terre. Paris, 1863. ———. Supplément aux fleurs de pleine terre. Paris, 1 Vocurinc, HerMANN von. Ueber Transplantation am Pflanzenkorper. Tubingen, WaAHLENBERG, Goran. Flora lapponica. Berolini, 1812. —. ecica. 2 vols. Upsaliae, 1824-2! BON WaALLMAN, JoHAN Hacguinus. Essai d’une Bipoulion systématique de la famille des Characées. Bordeaux, 1856. ‘ALPERS, WILHELM GerHARD. Repertorium botanices systematicae. 6 WatiroTH, Kari Frrepricu WitHeLM. Naturgeschichte der Séulchen- Flechten. Naumburg, 1829. EBB, PHILIP BARKER. on hispanica; seu, Delectus plantarum rariorum aut nondum rite notarum per Hispanias sponte nascentium. [Ed. 2.] arisiis, 1853. Weiss, Gustav Apotr. Allgemeine Botantk. Wien, 187 Wicut, Rozert. Contributions to the botany of Thai tanioa Wicut, Rozert, & Arnott, GEorGE ARNOTT KER. pens ee peninsulae Indiae Orientalis. Vol. 1. Lo ie 1834. WIKSTROM, JoHAN EMANUEL. Granskning af de till Tismetieds um Véx- tordning horande slagten och arter. [Stockholmiae, 1818.] WIMMER, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH HEINRICH. Flora ¢ on Schlesien, preus- sichen und Osterreichischen Antheils. Breslau, es iseletes Ergebnisse der deutschen Zen es Expediti 1907-1908 unter Fihrung Adolf Friedrichs, Herzogs zu a oe Botanik. Leipzig, 191 Bid ie panbad Essai monographique sur le genre Scrofularia. 828. es Caspar Topias. Versuch einer Alpenflora der Schweiz. ‘St. Gallen, 1828. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION Dr. Robert eee Paul D. Cra William B. O. Field Jam: es B. Ford Childs Frick tof. W. J. Gie Daniel Guggenticim Mur enheim Orris Fiederic R. Newbold Eben E. Ol Prof. Henry F. Osborn L c ames yer Frede Le ‘Straus i Stu Thay cae S eis son Grenville L. Winthrop MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL fj on Miss nore Billings Ts. L. Britton s. An drew iad ts, Bradish Johnson : Roswell Miller Wheeler H. Peckham Mali Pie David rae Mackie arquand aw Perkins Geo rs. Harold I. Pratt Mrs. Wm. Kelly Prentice ad Ward . Cabot Mrs. William H. Woodin HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. E. Hi enry Hay Mrs. John I. Kan Mrs. James A. Scrymser Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: hundred acres of beautifully Civ onsite land in the nore part i fe Bronx River. A native lantations st thousands of native and panei trees, shrubs, and flowering plan ing a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. Greenhouses, ncainits thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign countries. nee shows throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and aut s of narcissi, daffodils, pee irises, peonies, roses, lilies, eladia li, dahlias lilies, ee and chry nthemums; in ee ouse- «blooming per the winter, displays of Am containing eaiinit ts of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plantas occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York, the economic uses of plants. erbarium, pompnne more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and foreign speci Exploration in differ t parts of the United States, the West Indies, Soa ead Sou s, th Amenea for the study and collection of the character- "Sci ient’ Ae cee in laboratories and in the field into the diversified inpente of plant life. A library fe “botanical La comprising more than 34,000 books and numerous pamp ohlet ectures on a reat variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publi otanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, interest. children and the public through the ng a free information on botanical, hoctienlEaeele nd forestal subjec e The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation yy ne City of New York, prec apes are and membership fee possesses now nea rly tw and members, and apiece ae membership are alwayen ae The classes of membership are: Benetactenilscncciee coe vee eene single contribution $25,000 Patron hj icmhisnie cola eee single ributio ,000 Fellow forseifern senses eit single tribution 1,000 Member for Wifey). usenet sihele contribution 250 Fellowship Member ............... annual fee 100 SustaminevMemben eae annual fee 25 Annual Miemberinnniate eee nnual f 10 The following is o See form o _beque I hereby bequeath to ical Garde incorporated under the Laws of New York, hse ae or ton re sum of ———— All requests for further information should ae sent to E New York BoTanicaL pean BRONX PARK, NEW YORK WOU. X XVI Jury, 1925 No. 307 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE SCRUB-PALMETTO—SABAL ETONIA Joun K. SMati WHAT PEOPLE DRINK AND WHY H. H. Rusby HOW TO THINK ABOUT EVOLUTION C. Stuart GAGER JAVA AND THE JAVANESE PEOPLE H. A. GLEeason Kennetu R. Boynton THE CHARLES PATRICK DALY AND MARIA LYDIG DALY FUND N. L. Brirron PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JULY AND AUGUST NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. Tue ScieENcE Press Printinc CoMPANY Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freveric S. Lee, President Jam 5 Henry W. ve Forest, Vice erasers pee LewiIsoHN 0 W F. K. Sturcts, Vice Pr NETH K. MACKENZIE Joun L. Merritt, Sena . J. MATHES N. L. Britton, Secretary BarrINcTON Moore Epwarp D. ADAMS . P. Morcan Henry DE Forest BALDWIN Lewis RuTHERFURD Morris Nicuoras Murray Butler Frepertc R. NEwsOLD Paut D. CravatH Cares F. RAND Rosert W. DE Forest Hersert M. RIcHARDS Cuitps Frick Henry H. Russy Wiu1am J. Gries GerorcE J. RYAN R. A. Harper Apert R. SHATTUCK Josrra P. HENNESSY Woe Bovce THOMPSON Joun F. Hytan, Sey oe the Ci ity of Nea, Francis Dawson GALLATIN. President of the Ciisaemas of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS . Harper, Pu. D., Charman James F. Kemp, Sc. BD. iLL, 1D), Nicros Murray Burier, Pu. D Freperic S. Lee, Pu. D., LL. D. Derren): Hersert M. RICHARDS, Sc. D. Walia? J. Gies, Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D. GeorcE J. Ryan GARDEN STAFF INL» Britton; PHD: SC. Di; LES Di aaa eeneanehene Director-in-Chief MarsHaL_y A. Howe, Pu. iD), SCD Ws aoe aeeche ats eee Assistant Director Joun K. SMALL, Pu. ID: 'SGL Dard Cie Head Curator of the Mus A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories P. A. RYpBERG, Px. D Curator . A. Greason, Pr. Curator Frep J. S rR, PH r ArtHuR Hottick, Pu. D. ‘anist Percy WILSON Associate Curator PaLMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator JoHN Henbury BAarnHaArr, A.M: Mi WDi eee ceceaenee cee ibliographer Sara H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian H. H. Russy, vine kes Byala Honorary Curator poke the Economic Collections Evizanetu G. Burton norary Curator of a SSeS Mary E. Eat rtist KENNETH R, UBT) Bas: Head Chana Rosert S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant Hester M. Rusk, A. M. echnical Assistant H. M. Denstow N M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian of Lata Herbarium E. B. Sou UTHWICK, Pre DAV ae Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds Joun R. BRINLEY, GVE; oe scape Engineer ‘Wa ter S. GroEsBEcK Clerk and Ac conninr ARTHUR). CORBETT cus vase scoot Superintendent of mange and Greun JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXVI JuLy, 1925 No. 307 THE SCRUB-PALMETTO—SABAL ETONIA The mature stage of the scrub-palmetto resembles the young stage of the cabbage-tree (Sabal Palmetto). This palm was doubtless observed by the early botanical travelers in peninsular Florida, but, on account of its habit of growth, it was not dis- tinguished them fr oung plan age-tr he ure plants of the scrub-palmetto and the plants of the cabbage-tree before the trunk has developed, are ers, characters above the ground to separate the two species are the reel leaf-stalks, the short prostrate spadices, and the large of the scrub-palme “Tre very different = ee formations, the one a firm lime- stone, the other a very loose sand, harbor the scrub-palmetto. In- peas these habitats yielded it to botanists within a period ofa of y ee wo ie ereat ea Hea are covered with quite unlike plant-association: estone, an odlite, lat Se a Everglade Keys, meaieD a an West Indian fi plant-covering, the Caribbean-pine (Pinus sche: nae ae saw- al form—are the con- ey elements, and associated with these is a miscellany of ee habitat of the scrub-palmetto is the so-called ane ies nn English name of the palm. The flora of the “ scrub” is supported on a fine white sand. Its most promi- I ta ‘soAR0] oY} Japun Zurpvoids uses oq Av siaMoy oFTYAL FO sounyd oyT, yur00T4 TMF Ut orem szuerd oy, ‘(AeP) opem sem yderSojyoyd sty, wey ‘“WOryeJed9A AaYJO FO UoIsN[oxe oY} 07 YSULOTe ‘quayxa WI satoe ‘pues oq oy Buy19400 Uayyo “eloyMes[O Wey} a0 JUepUNYe sIOUI sI oyyoured- qnI08 ayy, "punoge soot} pus ‘sqnays ‘sqrtey etmepua pus ‘ezeqs 019 UT OATPOULSIP our OY} BT alay uotpeMossy yueyd ey ewig weIpuy dT} WO INGe pUBS FO soUNpP IO spuUNOU 91AURSIS oY stoYM “VpLIO,T ‘UOLdo1 eYe[ ay} JO pus usayyNos oY} UL “T ANIOLT o 147 nent elements are the spruce-pine (Pinus clausa), various scrub- oaks (Quercus spp.), the saw-palmetto (Serenoa repens)—a w. a these is a series of sealed Floridian plants and endemic trees, shrubs, and herbs. Wh le the scrub- pa almetto represents a remnant of a former plant in the second edition of his Flora? as Sabal Palmetto mega- 1Abram Paschall Garber was born 23 February 1838, at Columbia, Pennsylvania. He was graduated pe Lafayette College in 1868, and di : fe ‘ 1872. e we o southern Florida as a he ker about 1877, while there devoted much time to the collection t lants of that region, e flora was then little known. In 1 e also collected at Renovo, the same year, 26 August—JoHN Henp.ey Barnwanr. a at feery 6 April 1 n his ninetieth vear—. : of the dees Daited States. Ed. 2. 651. 1883. Spoox 7Uey -todurt oy} Fo ao ‘oyyeuped-mes oy} FO s}INAy pajuaos-Fuoijs ayy FO 4eVyy 07 qse.17t109 UL ayinb—oyep oy} FO Fey seTq -Wgsat s0a8y Ita} ‘oSLey Apoarqerer Suq OF UOTIPpPS UL ‘seUrBtioqe ayy FO Jorp VY} UT WOTZBLTeA oULOdTAA B SBOT ‘soBptt orrered ut ory pues i= oe oo Aug. 22, “The Dismal Swamp of Virginia.” Dr. Arthur Hollick. Aug. 29. “Scenery of Our Western Mountains.” Mr. Le Roy Jeffers. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT to Degener, who has been spending the year at The New Yo i = anical Garden, studying his collections of Hawaiia plants, is returning to Honolulu. He began his transcontinental journey in June by motor-car, planning to make botanical collec- tions on the w Dr. A. B. Stout, of the als see eae a week i in June at the State Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in further work n the breeding of grapes so eee ee were aS made on the ae of the tenting experiments with various fruit trees conducted earlier in the season r. P. A. Rydberg, Curator of the Museums and Herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden, is devoting a large part of June and July to field work in the chereanae Mountains. He is Se by automobile and i anied by Mr. John T. of the Massachusetts oaeie a College. At a meeting of the Linnean pee of London held on May , Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton, Director-in-Chief of The New York Botanical Garden ; Professor Carl Caister of Ziirich; and 163 Dr. Alexander Zahlbruckner, Director of the Department of Bot- any of Natural History Museum in Vienna, were elected Foreign embers. During the early part of es The New York Botanical Gar- den, represented by Dr. F. J. Seaver, ae ed es) Cornell Univer- t Run, Pennsylvania. This is the third “foray” of nee hed. by the above institutions. The Garden has issued invitations to its members and friends Day, June 9 was Peony Day, and 16 was Rose Day. T! tulips were so nearly in their prime on the d: e Annual Spring Inspection, which occurred on April 30, that no special Tulip Day was observe uly number of The ides aes Alagazsine con- nae a contribution by Miss Mary n, artist of the staff of The New York Botanical Garden, pe the title the aa Life of America.” The editor’s ae ciieree is as follow. hee 24 color plates, representing 55 flower paintings, appea ing in this number of The National Geographic Magazine, are = < has brou from the brush of Miss Mary E on, whose work has brought ch pleasure to members the National Geographic So- ciety during the past decad T are reprod from th co) i decade. The Society’s ‘The Book of Wild eae recently published, and are printed in the Magazine in order that those who have saved 1 ave i p p 8. number belong to 49 different families, and, together with those previously published, make a representative cross-section of the floral life of America On many of the western yellow pine SS in the Northwest, the pine squirrel and the second-growth pine may be said to be engaged in a struggle to the death, ny = squirrel holding a 164 conspicuous advantage according to latest reports, says the Forest ervice, United States Department of Agriculture. The squir- a he tp areas with seedlings will circumvent the sharp eyes and insatiable appetite of this small foe Aleteorology for June. The total precipitation for the month was 2.98 inches. T the 3rd, 51° on the 12th, 50° on the 17th, and 53.5° on the 24th. ACCESSIONS BOOKS PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL G. AUGUST, 1923 (CONTINUED) aoe Panes Traicté des drogues & medicamens qui naissent des. Ed. Lyon, 1619. ree eee Cae Receusio specierum generis Pteridis. Lundae, 1839. No, Prospero. Histoire du baulme. Lyon, 1619. adnnales de Musée du Congo Belge. Brux elles, oe ASCHERSON, Pau Frreprich Aucust, & Kanttz, a Catalogus cor- mophytorum et ne Serbiae, Bosniae, Hercegovinae, Montis Scodri, Albaniae hucusque c a urn. er 1877. Baker, JOHN GILBERT. Handbook of the Boa idee including the Alstroemericac and — London, 1888. —.. Handbook of the Bromeliaceae. London, 1889. ae EUGENIO. Supplemente generale al “Prodromo della Flora tos- cana di T. Carne Firenze, 1897. 165 Benxtuam, Georce. Catalogue des plantes indigénes des Pyrénées et du ur ul! ge botanique fait Bas Langue . précédé ae ‘une notice s) nt toya dans les ‘Pyrénées pendant Pété de 1825. Paris, 18 BerrranD, CHARLES Evcuexe, & peiee Féuix. eer sur apie caractéristiques de la structure des ee actuelles. x. La masse libéro-ligneuse élémentaire. . . . Lille, Bryon a-Berx2 AN NTONIO. Ste ‘ularum haere centuria prima [et] secunda. o I 7. Bonnet, CH: Considerations sur les corps organisés. Ed. 2. 2 vols. a I paras sane tensed ou, a sur l'état passé et sur ———. La pai Pétat futur des Flore of ihe. ce ‘Region of Baja Cali- fornia. [San Francisco] 1891. Brrovet, Joux Isaac. Fragmenta monographiae Labiatarum. 3 fasc. eve, I . Prodrome de la flore Corse. Vol. 1, vol. 2, pt. 1. Genéve, 1910- 1913- CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN gs pe. Essai sur les propriéiés médicales des blantes. Ea 2 tis, 1816. Carerere, Ere ge général des agi Paris. 1855. Curist, Heras ans. Die Farnkrauier der Erde. Jena, 1897. Corxcy, AucusTe Henrt Cornut pe ta Foxtarse pe. Ecloga plantarum hispanicarum,; seu, tcom cierum novarum cel minus cognitarum fer Hispa' nuperrime detectarum. Parts 1, 2, 5. Paris, 1893-1901. 01 Gres Flora ee 7 “ols. Como, ConsTANtEy, N édité. acquise; ses con. enor horti- coles, agricoles et mbdicles ene Coste, Hrepoiyte Jacoves. & Sovrré. Josern. Florule du Val d' Aran. Le Mans, DEBEAUX, Hae Opoxs, & Dacyez, Gustave. Synopsis de la flore de Gib- raltar. cate 1 Devataxne, N Maere. Hoedic et Houat; histotre, moeurs, productions mnie de ces aie ie du Morbihan Nantes, § so, GLACOoMO E Fi Sindi sopra un lign naggio anemo- filo delle peeve ie assia sopra d oruppo delle Artemisiaceae. Firenzo, wt. - Sugli appareccht della fecondazione nelle pianie aniocarpee Gaescpamy, Sommario di osservazioni fatie negli anni 1865-66. DESFONTAIXES, RExé Lovicne. Catalogus plantarum horii regii Parisi- ensis. 3. Parisiis, 1 . Tableau de Pécole de botanique du Muséum @histoire naturelle. Paris, I Derwer, Wirgetaw ALEXANDER. Das pflansenphystologische Praktikum. Jena, 1888. 166 DeTont, Giovanni Batrista. Sylloge Algarum omnium hucusque cogni- ol. 2. Bacillariseae. P il, atalogue des Desmidiacées de la “Suisse et de quelques ocalités frontiéres. Genéve, 191 Jax. Pflanzengeographise che ae wirtschafliche Monographie de es ‘Sihltales bei Einsiedeln von Roblosen bis Studen. Ziirich, 1903. Dumor Tier, Bar y CHARLES fe nalyse des familles des BAe avec Vindication des principaux genres qui s’y rattachent. q ; Doe, aie Axexis, & Pitter DE Fasreca, Henrt Francors. Catalogue de la flore vaudoise. Fasc. 3. Lausanne, 1887. ‘ Scuinz, H aaa sur la flore de - ‘2 a : Bruxelle 3 cen “Climat tologie com- e de I'Italie et de PAndalousie anciennes etm 3 is, 1849. Pic wane, Grorce. .4 revision of the North American spectes Of the genus Juncus, with a description of new or imperfectly known species. St. Louis, 1868. ENGLER, mes Gustav Apotr. Ueber die Friihlingsflora des Tafel- berges bei Kapstadt. [Berlin, 1903. eee Nerd Gustav — & Diets, Lupwic. Combretaceae. 2 Leipzig, 1899, 1 ee CHarLes HENRI Tae institut de botanique. Montpellier, FLerscHer, Franz von. Beitrége zur Lehre von dem Keimen der Samen und Comiichee, insbesondere der Samen Gkonomischer Phances Stutt- gart, [185 FrreprrcHstHAt, NewGrchnlnd tee o Fries, Etias Macnu: Epicrisis ei ane Hieraciorum. [Upsala, 1862.] fee nm Comersee; eine as von, Reise in den siidlichen Theilen von £ Constant JosEPH. eee sur le passage de la racine ala ae Paris, 1881. GIESENHAGEN, Kart FrrepricH GeEors. ena, 190I. GILIBERT, JEAN EMMANUEL. les plus communes, les plus utiles et les plus curieuses. Die Farngattung Niphobolus. Histoire des plantes age et étrangéres, vols. Lyon, 1806. GottscHE, CarL Moritz, eee Jouann Bernuarp WILHELM, Nees von EseNBECK, Curistian GotrrrreD DanteL. Synopsis ee carum. Hamburgi, 1 sed GrevILLe, Ropert Kayr. Flora edinensis; or a description of plants grow- ing near Edinburgh. Edinburgh, 1824. Guérin, oa Prerre. Flore de Maine et Loire. Ed. 3. Angers, 1845. ———.. Supplement 1. Angers, 1850. 167 ee oe Florae aia eee sive, plantarum in Sicilia 1s, Supp. ultertori nascentium enumerati vols. Neapoli, 1827-28. Supple- mentum. Fasc. 1. Neap oe co e Siculae syno. ns exhibens ee vasculares in Sicilia ncuegue ae hue usque detectas. vols. Neapoli, 1842- 18. HABERLANDT, GoTTLIEB eee FriepricH. Physiologische Pflanzen- antomie, Ed. 4. Leipzig, 1 Hamitton, Frévéric. La ban ae de la Bible. Nice, 1871. Hausmann, Franz von. Flora von Tirol. Ein Verzeichniss der in Tirol ees ketiaies wild wa grees und hatifiger gebauten Gefasspflan- ‘ols. Innsbruck, 1851-5. ae Ave Harpy. Cee plantarum succulentarum. Londini, 832. Hetier, Franz Xaver. Flora wirceburgensis. 2 vols. Wirceburgi, 1810- 1811. Hooxer, JoserH Darron. Handbook of the New Zealand flora. London, 1864-67. Hooxer, JosepH Darton, & others. The flora of British India. Vols. 1-7. London, ee 75-9 Hovetacgue, Mau N ALEXANDRE. Recherches sur Vappareil végée- tati pee Bionowaies Rhinanthacées, Orobanchées et Utriculariées. Pari UTH, ae " Monographie der kasi Delphinium. Leipzig, 1895. Jagcer, F, M. Lectures on the p iple of summetry and its applications in all natural sciences. a lam, 1917. Jansen, ALzert. Jean-Jacques Rousseau als Botaniker. Berlin, 5. Jarvin, Epttestan. Notice sur larchipel de Mendana ou des Morguises, 1853-1854. [Cherbourg, 1856. care ALexis. Pugillus plantarum novarum praesertim gallicarum. Paris tears oe ENRE Lau Taxonomie; coup ie sur Vhis- toire et les principes des Plas aieations ae Paris, 1848. Kautruss, Georg Frirprich. Enumeratio filicum quas in "hae circa terram legit Cl. Adalbertus de Chamisso. mae . D 88 —88. WILHELM Danirt JosEPH. Synopsis florae Germanicne et helveti- ‘rancofurti ad Moenum, 1837.Index. 1838. 2 vols. Francofurti ad Moenum [et] Lipsiae, 1843-44. Kuuy, Maxt IAN F H ADA: ices africanae; revisio cri- tt nium hucusque cognitorum cormophytor fricae indige- norum, ... accedunt filices Deckenianae et Petersianae. Lip I Kunene-Zambesi-Exp , H. Baum, 1903. Berlin, 1903. Lamarck, JEAN BAPTISTE ‘AN NTOINE Prerre Monnet ve. Enc sore ag botanique. & vols. & supplement. § vols. Paris, 17 168 ale encyclopédique et méthodique; botanique. 7 vols. Paris, 1793— Lamotte, ie Prodrome de la flore du plateau central de la France. 2vols. Paris, 1877-81. LANGE, JOHAN MARTIN CHRISTIAN. Aes plantarum Hess hispani- carum quas initinere 1851-52 legit Joh. Lange. Hafni Liannée scientifique et industrielle: vingt-sixiéme année c 788 2). Paris, o% 2 a) Lecomte, Pau. Hener. Flore générale de l'Indochine. Vol. 1. Paris, 12. Lepesour, Cart FrrepricH von. Flora rossica. 4 vols. Stuttgartiae, 1842- 53- aa Lupovi La botanique en haa au ee siecle. Léonard wolff, ie ues Raynaudet. Marseille, ee Joun. Rosarum monographia; or, a al history of roses. Lon 20. ne Cart. ei nae botanicorum. Pars prima [et} secunda nte Joan. Emm Gilibert. 3 vols. Coloniae-Allobrogum, ie 2 —.. s plantarum .. . curante Carolo Ludo- vico Willdenow 6 vols. and an “Dern 1797-1824. ——. ma plantarum Europae . . nte Joan. Emman. Gilibert. Vols. 1, 2, Coloniae-Allohrogum, 1 8s, Luspock, JoHN. A contribution to our knowledge of seedlings. 2 vols. London, 1892. Mitve, Cart Aucust Jutrus. Monographia Mil Dresden, 1865. finks, ArtHUR. Betirdge zur Kenniniss des Baues und Lebens der Flechten. 1. Gonangium und Gonocystium. Wie eS 6. Monarves, Nicoras. Histoires des simples Se apportés de VAmerique, des quels on se sert en la medicine. Lyon, 1619. Morezay, Ltonce, & Venpryes, Abert. Monographie des Isoéteae. Bor- eaux, Miter, Kart Aucust Frreprick WILHELM. Synopsis muscorum fron- osorum eee hucusque cognitorum. 2 vols. Berolini, 1849-51. NAcewr, Cart Wityetm von. Ueber das Wachsthum des Gefasstammes. [Ziiric 46.] NAcELI, Cart Wr.HeLm von, & Perer, Gustav Apert. Die Hieracium Mittel-Ew wropas. Monnarephische Bearbeitung der SAL at mit besonderer B jinchen, 1885. Nees von Esenpeck, CHRISTIAN Gottrrirn DAnieL, HornscHucu, CHRIS- TIAN FRiepricu, & ae ae Bryologia germanica. Vol. 1; vol. 7 ae erlin, 1922, Nosse, Friepricn. Handbuch der Samenkunde. Berlin, 1876. Nytanver, Wituram. Lichenes Scandinaviae. Helsingforsiae, 1861. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of one New oe ees aoeaer: monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical a Fre members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1 ay a en Mew in its twenty-sixth volume. Mycolo ogia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a year; single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its seven- teent me Addisonia, ee tetly, devoted Neate ened to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volume. Bente aa tion price, $10.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its ten 1 Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, one reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em- bodying results of investigations. Free to all members ee the Garden; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its cea volume. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North ne ica, including Greenland, the West Indies, ae Central America. Plann ° et : 34 mes oy. 8vo. Each volume to consist Ry our or more par 54 parts now issued. ” Subscription price, $1.50 per offered in exchan Memoirs of ae flew York Botanical cancer: Price to members of part; a limited tae of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not ge. ie ean $1.50 volume. To others, $3.0 An ene Catalogue ce the Flora of Montana and the Yel- lowston Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Devel- opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with ee figures. 1903. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischer- ville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii pee 138 pp., with 29 plates. 1909. ol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants: by Charles Stuart Gager. on + 478 pp., with 73 figures and ue nla 190 ib We Flora of the Vicinity 2 New A Contribution to Plant Cee Be eon Taylor. ae ah nae 9 plates. 191 1, VI. presented ai ee Celebration of the ar enteth Anni- ae of ay New York Botanical Garden. viii + 594 pp., with 43 plates and many text figures. 6. Contril ributions from The New York necro ane: A series of tech- nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and eae from Peete other than the above. Price, 25 Rents each. $5.00 per vol- um: n the eleventh volume THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York City GENERAL INFORMATION naar of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden Sent undred acres of beautifully civersiaee land in the northern Patt of the City of New York, through which ron the Bronx River. A n: S Plantations of thousands of native and oHeedgeed trees, shrubs, and flowering plants. Gardens, including a beautiful rose perden, a rock garden of rock- loving eed and fern nan nd herbaceous and foieied countri Blower shows ficou t the yea n the spring, summer, an nd autumn splays of narcissi, daffodil ils, eae ifises, peonies, roses, ‘lilies, water- lilies, ladioli i, dahlias, and chrys: anthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse-blooming plants A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plants n herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and foreign ve Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central ‘and South AG ovens for the study and collection of the character- istic Scien’ ntific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified binge of plant life. library of botanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books a numerous pamphlet Public ane cee a oa variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the Pu plication: on ai tanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the above features and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural, e Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It possesses now nearly two thousan spans and application i membership are always welcome. The classes of membership a Benefactor single contributio one Ua chalet ral creed uatale chat telat etareic teres single contribution Fellow fos life so c4) accent gle contributio I, embeniomleifiercj: sevice . single Coen on 250 Fellowship Member ............... Sree 00 Sustaining Member ................ annual fee 25 1 OT haelycarensepacieene Sia iatebare nual fee 10 The following is an aia form of bequest: I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Pie 285 of 1891, the oa All requests for further information sieula om sent to THE pal York BoraNnicaL ent) X PARK, NEW YORK VOL. XXVI Aveust, 1925 No. 308 JOURNAL OF THe NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN NEW DAY LILIES A. B. Stout SEEDS: THEIR TRICKS AND TRAITS Wirtitam CrocKER A FREAK OF THE MOUNTAIN LAUREL ExizasetH G. Britton NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. Tue Science Press Printinc Company Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies Io cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freperic S. Lee, Presiden AMES F. Kem Henry W. bE Forest, Vice Beeraens ApoLtpH LEwIsoHN F. K. Srurets, Vice Presiden NNETH K. MACKENZIE Epwarp D. ADAMS Henry be Forest BALDWIN NicHoras Murray Butler Lewis Ra Monte Freperirc R. New Cuartes F. Rann Rozert W. DE Forest Hersert M. RicHARDS Cuitps Fric Henry H. Russy Wi1aM J. Gres Gerorce J. RYAN A. HARPER Avsert R. SH JosepH P. HENNESSY ee Boyce THomMPson as THOMPSON Joun F. Hytan, Ma ee Sean City of Ned Yor FRANCIS DAW GALLATIN. Preston of the Te comet of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, ek a de duly mes F. Kemp, Sc. D. 1 iB): NicHoLas Murra rR, Pu. D. Freperic S. ese ID), ILIL, ID}, iD ban, Herzert M. RICHARDS, Sc. D. Wituram. if Gis, ‘Pu. iD} ENRY H. Ruspy, M. GerorcE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF ‘Llesle ihe binaer eee Dia Chief N. L. Britton, Pu. D., Sc. D., MASKS se A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. D 5 1D), Sye, 1D), Rr 1D} istant Dinas Hees ae Head Curator oF the Mus i B. Stou i Director of the Laboratories A. RYpDBERG, Cur H. A. Gieason, P Cote Frep J. SEAVER, Pu. D. Curator ARTHUR Hotrcx, Pu. D. Paleobotanist Percy WILSon Associate Curator PaLMyreE DE C. Mir Associate Curator Joun HEnpLey Binns: Ay ME: ME Dine eect ereneiee Bhopal Saranw H. Harrow M. arian H. H. Rusey, M. B. aoe ae Honorary Curator oe the Economic Colleaate EERE G. Britton Honorary Gira r of ee osses Artist . SouTHWICcK, Pu. D. oHN R. Brintey, C. E. M., D. D. .... Honorary erg of ate an of Herbarees Grounds andscape Engineer .... Custod Water S. GROESBECK ie d. of Buildings and Grow ARTHUR J. CorBETT Hea wdener Administrative A ssistant Technical Assistant erbarium and Accountant nds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Voit. XXVI AUGUST, 1925 No. 308 NEW DAY LILIES Numerous new varieties of day lilies a ee have re- cently been developed at The New Botanical Garden may be broken nae recombined, and even panes eed hy- ends nearly 500 years.” Possibly t yere brought to Europe from Asia as early as the time of Marco Polo. In recent years s other species have been brought from the Old World to the Of then all, “Hemerocalti fulva has the gayest flower: P in Figure 2 (the middle flower of the upper row The flower is bi-colored with the chrome and the red in conspicuous contrast. 16 170 For the flowers of the rather recently introduced species H. aurantiaca there is a rich orange throat, outside of which there is a delicate blending of orange ae ed with the red much more subdued and delicate than in the H. fudva. ‘or each of the other species ‘bie flower color is of an almost uniform shade of some grade of either ee or orange. t is to be stated that few persons have thus far contributed in t 5 & y is} > oO = 3 * . > ma oO * ae oO = = 8 ct. ian ao eee mA a oO c =n = f=! Pt ey =a io 3 O - 6 2 Oo 3 oO =| = ° ch oO the species Hemerocallis flava, - eras H. Dumoriierii anaes and H. minor. In Italy Mr. Carl Sprenger and his e Willy zers in France, possibly three hybrids, Luther Burbank is credited with two others, and several H. citrina hybrids have come from Mr. Ber- trand H. Farr. alien aes hybrids have appeared in the trade, mostly of origin unkno Fic pse of a few of the hybrid oe lilies in the experi- ental ae - the New York Botanical Garden. e plants here shown are quite typical of many of the oe eee ns variety luteola and ow vigor the species H. aurantiaca; they gr and give an abundance a bloom, which stands in the upper hee et ‘he ‘foliage or slightly above. Most of the plants selected for propagation as new clonal varieties ae a habit of growth, combined with flowers of alice shapes and 172 Thus a total of about 75, certainly not more than 100, hybrids in Hemerocallis have been reported to date. About 40 have been collectively are lacking in diversity of color eir improvement along these lines h n the chief aim of th breeding work undertaken at The New York Botanical ise The first step in preparation for this breeding was to e all the known species and varieties obtai e pr rsisten . Ge ave to secure the hybrids already produced a! ed breeding work. The main task in the breeding work itself is to obtain seed and o grow seedlings particularly from cr een differe: species and varieties but from self-pollination as well his is attempted it soon becomes evident why so few ngs have previously been secured and why with the probable exception of the Strasbourg hybrids the “ blood ” ‘ulva has never been blended ne any of the other species previous to the results re- oe L aper. Q <= i} 5 a = wo fo] a. a oO ao a wm S [sa 5 no a. 5 rary ° al yg } i 5 B a. is} a] 2 oO o, eh cross, until four capsules (out of several thousand pollinations) 173 were secured at The New York Botanical Garden. Neither has its pollen previously been used with success in any crosses unless this was done at Strasbour; ne so the work of preediag day md resolved itself, ae i all, into a study of the sterilities, or we may say, of the p ae cone alice (both ele and pee in the proces ee fertilization. It has been a case of trying to circumvent or over- come the obstinate sterilities characteristic - these Sine and ee particularly of the gaily-colored H. fulv This work has been in progress for ten years. Thousands of been m eed were repeated over and over until as in the H. flava and low, ener and o This has also been done wit! 1 closel ine that of the coancely cultivated form of Ff. i flower Thus the yellow-flowered Hemerocallis flava and the H. aurantiaca. e variety luieola (itself a hybrid between rantiaca major H. Thunbergii) readily hybridizes with auraniiaca and the seedlings of TOSS are thus far obtained at The New York Botanical ei Of the combinations just mentioned more than two hundred hybrids have already bloomed. Hybrids between other species and varieties are also blooming. A total of about 1,500 hybrids (all different seed- grown. The flowers of these hybrids taken collectively exhibit a wide aurantiaca, The red may be rather uniformly dispersed over the Ficure 2. The conspicuously large flower in this group is from one of the finest of the new a lilies doar dat The a York Botanical Garden. It has the largest full flower known ee oe and i vr, H. Thun- bergtt, H. aurantiaca, and H. flava for its four srendbar t the left of this large flower is a oye of H. ae oo above is a flower of the well-known form of H. Galas ‘and at the right is a flower of the lemon-colored H. Thunbergii. Above, at the extreme right, is a flower of the Melee luteola which is a hybrid between H. Thunbergii and H. aurantiaca major. The flower is larger than that of the Thunbergit parent, is a light sha: oe . golden yel- low but is without the reddish tinges of the auran ntiaca pi At the upper left i is a a flower of the variety Florham, ‘supposed to be of American origin. has flowers of golden yellow in a shade slightly different from /uteola. outer half or two thirds of — petals, quite as in aurantiaca, or it may be in streaks, in bands or halos, or in blotches. Different grades of the red may be in is outer three or in the inner three er se — or the red may be confined to the inner or to the ut thus i t in appearance; others have a velvety appearance due to minute 175 finger-like elevations of the cells of the surface. The flowers o numerous hybrids glisten brilliantly in sunlight as if the surface were liberally sprinkled with minute grains of gold, a character- c that i heat also in the species H. aurantiaca. cae best of the flowers are “ full,” with broad overlapping petals a are improvements on many of the older types. Thus the clear yellow shade of color seen in H. Thunbergii is cues in certain hybrids in flowers that are fuller, larger, and m tractive. Increase in the size = flowers is to be ae some ae brids have flowers nearly twice the size of any of the species or of any of the older varieties ae far seen by the writer and in a few cases (see especially the larger flower shown in Figures 2 and 3) the size is combined with rare beauty and fullness of flower. Considerable range is seen in general stature and vigor of . growth of the hybrids a and i in the height to which flower stems stand wi a most sh and floriferous plants are those that stand with flower stems eee ioe feet tall and only slightly overtopping the leaves, quite as shown in onee I. ii with taller and more up- wer mmon but a: flowers are elevated ae ns leaves with a foot or more of bare stems exposed in a somewhat erg and neers effect. This es of bloom for the hybrids corresponds in som gree to that of the ee parents. s hybrids with early-blooming parents, such as erocallis Dumortierit and Pp: vely by di onal” variety quite as irises and dahlias are propagated. In such a case the entire 176 Cuoneueldxa 10 “€ aun fF aded azisoddo aag) < a = ys 177 variety is, in reality, one plant whose parts have been separated and grown in different localities. Thus the standard of the pas is assured for the metho i variation that is sure to come oe there is the seed ies of hybrids. It will readily be understood how an entire clonal variety may be self-fruitless. When the original seedling plant happens to be self-incompatible and unable to set fruit and seeds to its own pollen all the plants obtained by dividing its roots and stems are eye self-sterile and a pollinations between them are no e effective than are pollinations from flower to flow f the plants as grown. And so many of the Senet anes _ Here is shown (on oe page) the range in ys ae of wi fe) a ls nm shadi AL rather “ le ” flowers and are among the best of the seedlings selected for Propagat ion. ather small flower of the ee saan of r ed yet seen in any day eft. a ings. Below it and to t is a flower with colors somewhat as A. aurantiaca me just ie ge isa ae ie aoe waxy sheen ind a ea ey ellow. At the extreme left what trumpet-shaped flower of good size and of a pleasing Sine color. Haged with a faint halo ‘of red. In oe ais a the same large flower shown in Figu Seven differen varieties were involved in the parentage ad grandpercnte of ae eroup of hybrids. of the day lilies are i Race i da as were the orig. owe mi 8 parently all the plants of it now growing or ever grown in Europe and America are merely parts of one plant! Some study will be 178 needed to determine to what extent the day lilies described as train: vo further hybridization will more readily follow. w colors or color patterns are possible—such as pure hie oan blotched will be Seenaetel as sie varieties, named, and in due time distributed A. B. Stout. SEEDS: THEIR TRICKS AND TRAITS? The fairy tale of the germination of three thousand year old er S these records is one _ published by Ohga, a Japanese bo nee He has excavated from the Pulantien Plain of South Manchur ec of an ati lecture given in the Museum Building of w York Bota: 1 Garden on Saturday afternoon, July 1 : 1925, by ao Directoe of the ae yce Thompson Institute for Plant Researcl 179 viable seeds of ara oe ae Indian Lotus, that he be- lieves have lai t least 120 years and more row in water are now growing on the silt deposit over the pea where the lake once existed. S of these years ol r iu, the director of the Liantung Bank arien, states that his ancestors moved into and cultiva this basi about 200 years a Tombs in the cemetery at the village of ung confirm this statement. All of this evidence leaves little doubt that Ohga is right in placing the age of t s greater than 120 years and more likely 200 to 4 w. ave these seeds not germinated before this? Some to date has aeenene and Ohga has some very fine plants as a result. The seeds are not only alive but they are all alive and e seeds of Nelumbo are oo termed “ hard seeds,” that is, an outer layer of t $ prevents the absorption of water so that the seeds may i e in water or moist soil for years with only now and then one swelling and with many remaining hard for years, a perhaps centuries. 180 Hard seeds are common amongst clovers, alfalfas, beans, ae indigo plants, locusts, and many other members of the bean fam- ily as well as in the mallow family, the water-lily family | sev- eral other families of plants. This character causes much annoy- d in water for months. Because of the greater hardness and less Are hard seeds the a ones that lie in the soil for long periods inati Mar saa The upper seed Jee rinates only when the coat is s t ne temperature is hi ough (91° rcome the effect of th t. Wh he upper seed peeninates: d s upon when it meets one of these contingencies. Sor her seeds that ab- sorb water readily, lie dormant in the soil cmene ‘eect mem- branes reduce the oxygen supply to the embry 181 s of the water plantain lie i fosean in water for years the embryo of the water plantain rests easy fo s, if neces s until some change, slow den, internal or external, brings about the necessary breaking of the coa e e seeds remain dormant, due to the same mechanism as the water tain. Dormancy in rose seeds is a very interesting story but time and space will not permit its telling in detail. Rose hybridizers stratify Un eeds gra these seeds in a cold place. der this sadiecs the ad- ually germinate through a five to seven 1 i it for the last seedling of the hybrids. Fortunately, science has stepped i Te ed. First, it hi the embryos themselves are dormant and that t mbryos must go thr some very definite and important chemical changes, called after-ripening, before they are re to grow econd, science has shown that these changes occur most rapidly whe he germinator or stratification bed is h nder this t condition the seeds of all the rose species tested to date will after- n reater difficulty. It has also been shown that when the stratification bed rises considerably in temperature the se ° i nt conditi e old stratification nae much that is gained in the winter is lost the follo summer. This old method w. ‘ood but it ed one ver, eer feature—that of ee oe in ae stratifica- tion bed. e new method saves time. Many seeds are like the rose in having dormant embryos and in ae a low temperature period in a germinator for after- soil is sometimes very HmpOr ane ies BNC te ripen readily in acid peat at 41° F., but not in sand at the same tem- perature. The last few paragraphs give some of the mechanisms by which seeds are able to distribute their germination over a long space of 182 time so that some will always . ready to ean ne dow rth. Of what a tag: is to absolutely eee ive a ave their “Doubtin Thomases,” ue homases say es ds carried the bl ok mustard seeds to the meadow ta fe e black ee cae nue on tl d the gest that squirrels buried the eee ee fae Ohga digs oa ne aon basin. t abundance of the seeds is against the contentions of ie pee in each case, also, the fact that no Nelumbo plants that it would take the birds and squirrels several years to do all this seeding, so the seeds must lie dormant in the soil for several years at least. The fatal evidence against the claims of the doubters comes from another direction. 183 870, or forty-six years ago, Doctor Beal, of Michigan Agri- tested for germination. The goth year test gave the following results: Percentage germi- nated after being i lO year: Amaranthus retroflexus—pigweed 2 per cent. Ambrosia elatior—ragwe ee 4a - hel — —black mustard wm “ su MUS S. amass Bra SS Ose = Phe B pherd’s purse ..........-.0-0e eee o * a Erechtites oe o te - horbia maculata o “ “ Lepidium virginicum—pepper grass 1.1.6... e cece ee eee 7 ei 7 Lychnis Githago o “ “ Ane emis i Colue: doe fennel o “ “ lwarf malloy o “ = Ocnothera mes PTIMPOSE Lo. eke eee ee ee eee 38 a Plantago major—plantai: Io “ ae Polygonum Hydropiper- 7 4 o“ « rl diecaad ol 1 26 6 ex iis ellow dock suica, TOS = Chactoch loa lutescens o “ 7 Alsine media o “ 7 Trifolium repens—white poker o “ e Amaranthus graeciza weed 66" & (Chenopodiunt album) la b’s quarter a2. nA * Germinated though not recorded as buried. From this table it is seen that ten of the twenty-two species of he remaining 12 samples will be taken up at ten-year instead af 184 five-year periods, thus giving 120 years more for the experiment to run. 20 years ago the United States Department of Agriculture eo e De shows, for neither treat td the see - to overcome dormancy, a octor Ewart, an anne on the longevity of seeds, states that seeds will remain alive longer in the soil than in dry storage. ” is he means to apply only to “ hard seeds. The same is true, ar mbibed seeds can lie in the soil so long without entirely exhaust- ing their stored foods by respiration! do dormant seeds germinate so abundantly when an old here is no doubt that cultivation or loosening up the soil has a similar effect in arousing some seeds from dormancy 185 It would be sas to consider in detail the aan and economic loss caused by the rest period in seeds and to see what t < es wild legumes for forage in the eighties and it is true when nurserymen and florists try to a some of the eon wild forms for decorative pur to the last two or three decades it os been assumed that art of the harvest. ix months r er oats in contrast ery transient rest period in cultivated oats is Lan haps evidence for this. ave lately discovered, T, we that the rest aie in the cereals is sometimes of See economic significa: In the more nort ee of the winter wheat states the time be- tween threshing and sowing the next year’s crop is only a few eeks. The la ties and t ers in seed wheat ough-going research and fortunately very simple methods were foun germinating the dormant wheat see One is to run the ger- inators at about 59° F. instead of 6 as previously done nother way is to run the germinators at about 40° F. for a few days and oo at 68° F. The latter method is spoken of as “ chilling.” 186 he rest period in seeds of the cereals is deeper and longer when og ripen during wet cold weather. In Germany they y r tethods of treatment were worked out for shortening the rest riod. Corn that ripens during a dry fall will germinate immediately. It will even germinate on the cob if supplied moisture. Corn that : in : improvement in seed means an enormous increase in value! the tree they contain about 65 per cent. of water. When the develo up the e ly. These seeds will retain “full vitality for a year, and probably much longer, if kept mois cold, so they neither dry nor germi Many tropical seeds are short-lived and offer great difficulties in shipment in the living conditi If the loss of life in these is due to teed this difficulty could be overcome by shipping in moist cold storage. Why do some plants produce seeds that must germinate imme- and require after-ripening in a germinator at low temperatures 187 preparatory to germination. a ing eae maple seeds have a winter immediately ahead of t For safety they must rest TO ing season ahead of them. They can safely begin growth imme- iately WILLIAM CROCKER. A FREAK OF THE MOUNTAIN LAUREL' Dr. George E. Stone, of Amherst, Mass., has sent us some t they are all uniform and regular, whe nm these recent specimens great irregularity has been foun e divisions of the corolla are more than half its depth and extend downwar fro’ s—betwee lobes—a: : ar- gins being inroll The conspicuous knobs or pouches in which the anthers are normally i ed are absent or represented only light excrescences and the anthers are fr ither erect or by slight e occasionally recurved and in two series of five each—one series longer than the other. Sometimes there are less than 10, or they 1 Kalmia pelts polypetala Nicholson. Handlist Arb. Kew 2: 49. 1804. K. ee oust ruosa Mouillef and. Cyc. Hort. 3: 1734. f. 2030. IQI5. 188 Fricure 1. Flowers of Kalmia latifolia polypetala from Sunderland, Mass., somewhat enlarged. y be shorter than usual, forming a cluster around the base of he corolla. But the most remarkable development is the one Miss Eaton i gent in 1880. Below are - descriptions of this curious form by Doctors Gray and Sargen “ DIALYSIS WITH STAMINODY IN Kalmia latifolia, —These two technical words we take from Dr. Masters’ interesting ae t ties. Dialysis is foe term applied to the separation of parts which are eecanes united ; eine is the conversion of other organs i ami e before us a 1 and ene interesting mon sieaty which i is described by th ese terms. as discovered by Miss Bryant, at South Deerfield in this state, eae we are indebted 189 to her, through a common frie for the specimens before us. Among the ee 2 ee: info which abound in a swamp af Th ormal, and there is nothing apparent to prevent the o being fertilized and maturing seed.”—A. Gray, Am. Nat u 1870. A CURIOUS FORM OF KA e monstrous form of Laurel (Kalmia tate, figured on is i a fev Miss Ta m Miss Bryant su and who pu ne lished in The American Naturalist (ay, 373) an ont of thi reak of nature in a note entitled ‘Dialysis with Staminody in e monst rosity tae in the division of the eee! a @ 4 oO 8s 4 oO < SS: oe a. Bo 5 ° e. = o anther. The eee therefore serves as a capital illustration of e form of dialysis and sea considerable interest to mor- phologiate The poe on the inner surface of the corolla peculiar to Kalmia, which receive the anthers before the flower: 190 bud expands and hold them back until freed by insects visiting the flower, thus insuring cross-fertilization, are rudimentary in “One of the two or three plants discovered by Miss Bryant was introduced into the Arnold Arboretum, where it flowers regu- ca on the normal form of the Kalmia.”—C. S. Sarcent, Gard. a roel 3: 452. 880. Stone writes that during the past eighteen years he has a interest to know whether its range is restricted to that immediate region and whether it breeds true from seed. ExizaBetu G. Britron. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Dr. N. L. Britton has been eee aa a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Scienc n E. Honey, of Cornell University, spent a few days in TalyA in i Garden herbarium, looking over specimens of para- sitic fungi. ael Toro, assistant ieee pathologist of the Insular aa Experiment Stat: at Rio Piedras, Porto Rico, who has been spending the a eal year at Cornell University, 191 as a summer student at the age where he was engaged in a any of the fungi of Porto Ric Professor L. O. Overholts, of the ae aoe aed ae devoted a el ane part of his summer to tical study e e will contribute an account of these groups to the botany of ce ae now being publishe r. Arthur Hollick returned July 1, after a three months’ leave of ee during which time he was in Washington, D nection with the U. S. Geological Survey. A previous mono- graph, on the Cretaceous flora of the territory, was completed by Dr. Hollick last year and transmitted for publication. The dahlia border of The New York Botanical Garden includes this year 835 plants of 370 varieties. Among the new contrib- tor: t h utors of roots or green plants are the E. T. ford Estate, Green’s Farm n.; Joh arding, Norwalk, ae ; urphy, Peabody, Mass.; Andrew kin, Glouce: M , Mas William Seltsam, Bridgeport, Conn.; Wm. Marshall, eee N. Y.; L. N. Davis, Stonehans Mass. ee Me oe Red Bank, N. J.; and F. H. Hall, Cen , N. Mr. J. Brana of Eagle Rock, California, has mi a oe of Cae W. H ns, of the new varieties that won special prizes or attracted par- nae attention in the New York and Boston dahlia shows of last autumn. 192 ACCESSIONS BOOKS eae THE LIBRARY OF MR. EUGENE P. BICKNELL ESENTED BY MRS. CE APRIL, BalrLey, cus Hype. Sketch of the evolution of our native fruits. Ed. rk, 1906. Bessey, tee Epwin. Botany for high schools and colleges. Ed. 3. New York, ae CHAPMAN, ALY. Wentwortu. Flora of the ee United States. Ed. 2 tavith second supplement]. New York, CouLter, JOHN MERLE. Manual of the botany es ie Rocky Mountain i k, 1885. Coutter, Joun Merrie, & Rose, JosepH NELson. Revision of North Amer- ican Umbelliferae. Crawfordsville, 1888. Darwin, CHARLES Roeert. The various contrivances by which orchids are fertilized by insects. Ed. 2. New York, 1884. Eaton, Amos. Afanual of botany for the northern and middle states of america. Ed. Albany, 1824. Gray, ASA. Synaptical ae a North America. Vol. 1, pt. 3. Edited by Benjamin Line Robinson. New York, 1895-97. ——.. Vol. New York, 1 a‘ Journal of a eer Philadelphia, Newman, Epwarp. [Zistory of Britsoh a and allied plants, London, 1844. Perkins, Georce Henry. Catalogue of the fora of Vermont. Burlington, 1888. Ranp, Epwarp Loturop, & Rep Dp, Jou OWARD. of Mount esert Island, Maine. A pre a er ee of i: - Man growing on Mount Desert and the adjacent islands. Cambridge, 1804. Rhodora. Vols. 16-26. Boston, 1914-24. i Joun. The flora o Essex county, Massachusetts. Salem, 1880. UL S. val astronomical aie ion to the southern hemisphere daring eee’ a ie M. Gilliss, superintendent. Vol Ww ashington, 18. Woop, ALPHONSO. ae of botany. New York, 1863. BOOKS kenge FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL UGUST, 1923 (CONTINUED) Acnartus, Ertx. Lichenographia universalis. Gottingae, 1810. ——. Synopsis methodica he Lundae, 1814. lar Anperson, Nits JoHAN. lan. oe mies tionibus et figuris analyticis adumbratae. ee Tabul eC yheracearun: Scandi- naviae. olmiae, 1849-52. BEcuinot, AuGusro. Contribusione alla briolugia dell’Arcipelago toscano. Firenze, 1903. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION t ohn eorge F. William B. O. Field Soke R. NEGbS Id Valentines P. Snyder ames Speyer Frederick Strauss Bake st eee B. B. Tha rate G. Thom Boyce Thom he W. Gilman ‘Thomson Louis C. Ti Felix M. Warburg Paul M. Wa Ete nee Bronson Wi Grenville L. Winthrop MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. Robert Bacon Miss Elizabeth Billings Mrs. N. L. Britt Mrs. Walter Jennings Mrs, Bradish Johnson rs. Delancey Kane . Gustav E. secre rs. Frederic Sh dbs m A. Tech eae rs. Wm. Kelly Prentice cS. William A. Rea rs. James Roosev Arthur a Serine Mrs. Harold I. Pratt € ‘ rs. George W. Perkins at an EF o an o 5 =| ie} cl wo o 4 tS. William iH. Woodin SE aia MEMBERS OF THE re COUNCIL Mrs. Mrs. Fok Henry Bee I. Kan Mrs. Jam Scrymser Miss Olivia e P. Stokes GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden ree Pot hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part ct the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native mlock forest is one of the features of the face Spi aHans ae thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and flowering plan Gardens, aeNiae a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. Greenhouses, ponies thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign countr Flower shows Eco the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water- ies, eer Cae ane chrys anthemums; in the winter, displays of se-blo con soe exhibit ei fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occur ring within Ot undred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of plan An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character- istic flora. Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problenie of plant life. A library of botanical Mberatangs comprising more than 34,000 books and numerous pamphlet Public ieee sen ah torent variety of botanical topics, continuing eee oy Public ee an subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of. Beene interest. The education of school children and the public through the above features and the giving of free information on botanical, ‘orticuleeale and forestal subjects. e Garden is agp t upon an annual approp ade by the mb ly membership are always welcome. The classes of membership ar single contrib 5, single contribution 1,000 single contribution 25) annual fee 100 annual fee 25 al f 10 The following is an approved form of bequest: I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical ae incorporated under f N EE weet All requests for further information etait ie sent to THE tabu York BoTaNicaL Pott ONX PARK, NEW YORK C VOL. XXVI SEPTEMBER, 1925 No. 309 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE BICKNELL HERBARIUM Joun K. Smati THIRD GRANT FROM INCOME OF THE CHARLES BUDD ROBINSON eg FUND N. L. Brr COLLECTING GRASSES IN BRAZIL AGNES CHASE WORK IN THE IRIS TEST yaar Er THEL ANSON S. PECKH NEW LIGHT ON THE FLORA OF THE OLD AND NEW TE MENTS Erxuraim Ha-Revuseni LILIES A. B. Stout THE AMERICAN OAKS Britton FLOWERS eds Sie hee GARDEN H R. Boy PUBLIC LECTURES DURING SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. THE ScIENCE Press PRINTING COMPANY Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents tw memvers of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Frepertc S. Lee, President James F. Kem NnrY W. DE Forest, Vice President Apo-tpH Lew K. Sturcis, Vice President NNETH K. MACKENZIE Joun L. Merrity CEOS . J. MATHESON INGp les PEON, Secretary Barrincton Moore Epwarp D. ADAMS J. P. Morcan Henry pe Forest BALDWIN Lewis RuTHERFURD Mowe NicHotas Murray But_er Freperic R. NEwsou Paut D. CravaTH Cuar.es F, RAND OBERT W. DE Forest Hereert M. RicHARDS Curtps Frick Henry H. Russy Wi.iraM J. Gres GrorcE J. RYAN R. A. HARPER ALBERT R. SHATTUC JosepH P. HENNESSY WILLIAM Boyce THOEEON n THOMPSON Joun F. Hytan, hee beh He City of New Y Francis Dawson GALLATIN. President of the ihe NS of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman AMES F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D. Nigeae AS MURRAY Butier, Pu. D., Frepertic S. Les, Pu. D., LL. D. IL, IDL, (ime, 1D); Hersert M. Ricwarps, Sc. D. Wiiuram J. Gigs, Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D. GerorcE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF Neale: Ne PD) ScD, TIED ne ieee ce cera eee Dine tor-in-Chief Manone. x Howe, Pu. ID), Sec. | DR Ra SAS NIA BERIT DEL sistant Di recior Joun K. SMaALt, Pu. IBY, ScD Maeno Head Curator rh the Mus A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories P. A. Rypperc, Pu. D. ‘ator H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Cu rator Frep J. Seaver, Pu. ; ie us ARTHUR HOo.tiick, PH. Diiues Pal. fer, Percy WILSON Aeon eae PatMyre De C. MitcHEeLL Associate Curator Joun HeENDLEY ERNE ATE Ay Ma "MSD acid cccranerer sears Bibliographer Shan H. Hartow, A. Tibremen . H. Rusey, M. Avan Honorary Curator pone ad NG Collections Euizanera G. Brirron ‘y Curator of Mosses ARY E. Eaton rtist Kennetu R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener Ropert S. WILLIA ms Admnmis ae Assistant Hester M. Rusk, A. M. cal Assistant H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian of "oe ocal Herbarium E. B. Sournwick, ai CD. aaa Custodian af Herbaceous Grounds Joun R. Brintey, C. E. ndscape Engineer Watter S. GroEsbECK Clerk and Accountant ARTHURS) .) CORBELD) eae eee Superintendent of neddage and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXVI SEPTEMBER, 1925 No. 309 THE BICKNELL HERBARIUM The Local Flora Herbarium of The New York Botanical Gar- den embraces dried ane eas sie plants ope naturally within the cumfer of a circle 200 miles ermanent collection as now cons’ setnited was derived easly A four sources, viz. (1) the herbarium of the Torrey Botanical Club, formally transferred to the Garden by the Club veral ye 0, (2) 1 flora collection mad members of the Garden staff since the organization of the Garden, (3) a selection from the general herbarium of the Garden eci- mens from within local flora area, an an accumulation of t es during me several past decades. local flora plants, came into the possesion of t arden ely, Garden by Mrs. Bicknell, after Mr. Bicknell In presenting the collection she said, “I feel that i was always his [Mr. Bicknell’s] intention to give his herbarium to the Botanical Garden upon completion of its classification a in Pucherence tions is b : In studying critical groups it is possible to get a real understand- ing of them and the value of different characters only by having 193 194 available large and representative collections from numerou n the use of such ¢ ollections is it possible . localities. O understand the range of v m wit ecies what are itic and what are merely individual characteristics. A caref st any such collection in any gro almost invariably brings to light additional points theretofore overlooked whic: make the understanding of such a group more thorou, incorporation of the Bicknell herbarium into the local flora collection wil a long st wards the establishment of a useful p tow sef ioe for the study = interpretation of the local vegetation when me one with the interest and ability appears on the scene to aides take the work in a serious and intelligent manner a Boe the vegetation is varied and species numerous. Conse: of this local region will need vastly cor herbarium specimens, as well as vears of consecutive field stu The vicinity of New York probably offers one of the very ae fields in the world for such a study. Limestone districts and acid-soil districts, glaciated s, ponds, pine-barrens, marshes, swamps, rivers, and high hills all abound. Careful and extensive eines Bae full field data ae . these regions, are g to cast m and more light on the lem of plant uses eee of plant een: and of the tales reasons. 195 The Bicknell herbarium will be of material help in connectior with the laudable effort of the present custodian of the Local Herbarium to get a specimen to represent a species from each cerned. The specimens of the various ema such as the Bicknell and those made prior to it are becoming increasingly alia for they, to a great extent, Senn oe plants of areas whose vegetation has been in the process of being exterminated T arden is very fortunate in possessing the collections made in just past, for these i ogaeine repr ieee areas no longer inhabited by plants, will be Yy important to study in connection with those that will be ee together ie om some — the more remote regions of the local flora area about whos ang floristics there is yet much to be learned through ie nd study. Joun K. SMALL. THIRD — FROM INCOME OF THE CHARLES BUDD ROBINSON MEMORIAL FUND Dr. C. B. Robinson was killed by fanatics in 1913, on the Dutch East Indian island Amboina, while prosecuting botanical explora- tion and investigation there on behalf of ae nee of Science of the Philippine Islands.? The above-named fund, now amounting to $755, yielding am income of about $30 annually, was established in 1914 by sub- scription of his friends and has since been held by the Garden, its income specified for aiding botanical ne and erin T. pine Islands, to aid the botanical exploration of the island of Guam, made ee ae Peter Nelson, of the Guam Agricultural Ex- The second grant, $75, was made in 1922, to Rev. Dr. Herbert M. Denslow, Honorary Custodian of the Local Herbarium, to aid him in ee specimens in southern New York.® 1Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 15: 106. 1914 ee N.Y. Hoe ay a 47, a Pe N.Y. 196 Under oo by the Board of Managers, a third grant of $100 h Pee made to Mrs. Agnes Chase, Assistant in the Division ie Agro tolo vee United States Department of Agri- culture, to aid her in hei investigation and collecting of the grasses of Bravil Mrs. "Chase Se accomplished the exploration of Brazil for this purpose and sends the following account of her k: N. L. Britton. COLLECTING GRASSES IN BRAZIL With the financial assistance of the United States Department a. I landed in Rio de Janeiro November 17 last and left three days later for Pernambuco in order to reach that region before t dry season was much advanced. The strip of sandy coast to mer oa south and the red clay hills and swamps inland from the city afforded good botanizing. I ee a 4-day trip to Bello Jardim in the sertdo, as the Garanhuns, the me of the railroad to the southwest of Per- nambuco, is also in the sert4o, but afforded much better ae From here, together with two women missionar I 197 went to Paulo Affonso Falls i in Rio Sao Francisco. I had bee d tha and banks were ric rasses. I wen azeiro, two days journey by rail. artius crossed Rio Sao Francisco at this place and collected many grasses there. Donkeys, horses, cattle, sheep and goats have changed the character of the tr m what it was in Martius’ day. Two places north of Bahia seen from the train, Alagoinhas and Parafuso, looked promising. I spent a day in each and obtained fine collections at both. Another profitable trip was across the bay to Cachoeira and Feira Santa A I reached Rio de Janeiro the second time ae in January, and at once began on classic Corcovado. The grass flora is very rich in the mountains about Rio. Through the Kindness of D r. Campos Negras, the highest point in Brazil. Above the timber line ant to Minas Geraes. Here I got into the “campos,” open or ache grasslands covering the high hills. I visited Juiz de Fora, Bar- do Cipé, reto, and Itacolumi, in the campo country and Vicosa, Serra da Gramma and : Capara gona da matta, or wooded country. m: was exceedingly rich in grasses. Many Aipeeals tare species I found to be common. I took with me a saan list of grasses known from Brazil. There are some 1100 species in this list. I found about 500 spe- cies, some a hitherto perenne from Brazil and some, I think, 198 eee When six months in one small corner of Brazil elds so large a number, it makes one eager to cover more of the nes AGNES CHASE. WORK IN THE IRIS TEST GARDEN The work on the hada _ the American Iris Society’s Test Garden for bearded irise e New York Botanical Garden sixty-one varieties, twenty-five being dwarfs, twenty-three inter- mediates and the others, i ene irises. None of these vari- rate” below 7 according to American ‘Ins Socity standards of excellence, so the quality of the plantation is greatly improved. i amber insipid have been enlivened b. addition of col hat should properly be in another grou s, in the white and plicata beds dull, dark blends have been ihe an to dark w bed. Some fine kinds ee been eee owing to a shortage of are now being used as a reserve for varieties still under observa- tion. Where there are plants enough available, three of each betical Test Garden has been checked over, borrected and the gaps 199 fairly well filled in. The surplus plants of good varieties of show gardens at Cornell, Broo! Storrs oe Springeld (Massachusetts), New Bruns- wick (New Jersey), om ersity, Larchmont, Mt. Vern and New meee = tuck- oad of more erdinasy varie- oe was sent to Central Par: a another to Staten Island. The labelling and eee this surplus h and has consumed much time. All beardless irises are n i i t mixed tain plants, ene to be of the same variety but from different localities, may turn out eventually to be distinct. Statistics follow : Coton Prantinc, BraRpep IRI RIS vumber of beds replanted...’.. ....... 10 Namber of plants set (about).......... 4150 Number of varieties Ue Saat b es eae 19 In tHE Test Bens Number of beds replanted............. 5 Number of plants set..........-.-.445 668 Number of varieties. ..........2..-6. 201 Native BEARDLESS [RISES Number of beds planted.............. Number of ‘labels’. .... 0... 0-- 000000 120 Number of plants set........-....-4-5 473 Bed 1. 6 plants. Bed 2. 6, 27, 9 plants Bed 4. 21, 18 plants Bed 6. I nts. Bed 7. 8, 6 plants 200 Bed 8. 6, 12 plants. Bed 9. 72, 15 plants Bed 10. 12 plants. Bed 11. 21, 15 plants. Received from Mr. John C. Wister, 8 Mary Garden, 12 Caprice, L. Crandall, 8 Nokomis, and 8 Albert Victor; from Mr. Arthur H. Scott, 45 Lady Foster, 9 Isoline; from Mr. bert Wayman, 3 Ambigu, 3 Anna Farr; m B arr & Co., 6 About twenty plants of dwarfs of doubtful nopienc nike were planted in Mrs. Hitchcock’s ues for study. Etuet Anson S. PecKHAm. NEW LIGHT ON THE FLORA OF THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS? After reviewing all the literature written about the plants of cized the method accepted by students and scholars devoted research of the plants of the Bibl method i parative linguistic one, which depends upon linguistic similarity of different peoples. He pointed out h ny great scholars had been led astray by this method: Tristram in the discussion of “ Hyssop”; Kohut on “ Zunin” in the Mishna; Dolman and Funck on “ mana in the New Testament; and the celebrated Against this method, the lecturer presented a ies of hi : ) r teristic of Hebrew and Arabic. These methods should become of real value to students of the plants of the Bible 1 Abstract of an ne lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on June 925. 201 As an illustration of these methods oe speaker chose several examples. One of these follow: In the Bible, plants are ae mentioned in pairs, as “ Naa fare an - Nahallalim,” “ Sham and Shayit,” ‘Kimosh and Hoah,” “ Shoshannah and Hoah,” o etc. These plants grow in ee today in the same botanical associations as in the days of the Bible. If we recognize one of them—for example, the Hoah (the Thistle—in Arabic, “ Hur- pears we not as Lily but as the Narcissus Tazetta. Only by the aid of the above- a method is it made known that the i ae is the The material of ieee plant lore, unknown in the scientific n een ag a ee flora of Palestine and of the Old and New Testaments. Another point of special interest in the lecture was the discus- sion as to whether the natural flora of Palestine of today is the same as that of the time of the Prophets. It was pointed out that, oe there may be a few slight changes, fundamentally the today remains the same as in the i=) ot & 77 ra GB i=} ° a a a a a ae = 2 > g Q [any c toy o Qa B & < e 4 4 ° cad a a 3 ao “ fi languages. They ia many places plants which never grow n ee so translated in this verse. At times large ies of 202 ancient big forests like the Nahallulim and Naazuzim ahi tur: taries, we acquire incorrect ideas about the historic flora of Pales- tine and prejudice the understanding of the symbolic customs and soul of the Prophets. Should we say, for instance, with the learned Low, who in his ie d Pp k, Flo r Juden,” Habazeleth Hasharon (Rose of Sharon) is the Colchicum Ste- veni, then the belo one of the “S is res diment. Here the lecturer interpolated the remark that modesty should be the condiment of all our work. r if the “ Lily of the Field,” as is often required by many scientists, must be a large flower of strident colors, we must as- percepti taste of Jesus appear in anothe e speaker ended his oe mie two important propositions: ist, To found an International Council to correct the mistakes in 203 the translations of the Bible, to eliminate the ee ees of the Book which millions of people read with confiden Th é . : of he all of whom the Prophets have addressed themselves, a better understanding of their ideas and sentiments Epuraim Ha-RevuBeni, LILIES* \ general survey of the true lilies and their near relatives reveals that the lily family contains relatively few plants of im- portance as one and Apt crops. Of these the onions are take agus are among t most im The young shoots of aspar: r the delicacies _ ms spring season. Bulbs of certain of ae ae lilies en by man, espec in China. e seeds of a Ruscus a used as a substitute for coffee. One member of the lily family, New Zealand flax, yields fibre. Several members yield medicinal products ; of these, sarsaparilla (from Smilax) may be mentioned. The array of important economic plants in this family is, however, nota noteworthy on Man’s chief meee in the lily Rane is in their use as orna- mentals. The eeu is noted for bea ie Sa eae the flowers are bot autiful and conspic Her o be found the tulips, ae the dog- at “violets, ce een ili f the true lilies (the genus Lilizm) as many as 400 different known to flower growers, and of these about 25 kinds are well kno ow The: list of hardy lilies that are, with moderate care, easily grown in an ordinary flower garden about New York City 3 is longer than most people suspect. It includes at least 15 species, 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the ae a of The New York Botanical Garden on the afternoon of July 2' 204 s follows: the Madonna, certain varieties of the familiar Easter wild yellow lily and the American Turk’s-cap (two species wild bout N. Y. City), the coral lily, the regal lily, the eee lily, the orange lily and the European Turk’s-cap lily. of these may be ae successfully in almost any well- a deep-loam garden soil. It is generally considers that lilies thrive best and are most attractive when grown in association with other plants. For the ow-gri t spri Perhaps the chief reason why one fails to an lilies in the home flower-garden is the difficulty of obtaining sound bulbs in ‘ood condition for planting. ea sorts are ara infected with fungi that cause the bulbs the t hardy sorts do oF always stand 7 ae he receive nee storage and shipment. few points of advice may be given to the prospective grower ae lilies. There are at least 15 splendid lilies which will strive in ectire be delivered as quickly as possible. Have the an ae All of the more hardy ne were illustrated by colored lantern close up” views of jaan flowers and groups of plants in garden plantings. Nume of the more tender sorts were also shown in lantern slides A. B. Stour. 205 THE AMERICAN OAKS ieee Apa of the anak of the National Academ of Sci , is a quarto of 255 p and 420 plates by Professor William Tee paler and ee the Oaks of America. Copies may be secured from the Superintendent of Documents, xovern Pri i thes e widely s aria of the wo those of all the earlier ane being in Europe, especially in the rved at i species had for study it was aoa to see them, and Professor Trelease accomplished this in most c The total number of species mae in the work is 371, of which 253 are Mexican; 84 inha bit the United States, 10 of them Oak the western Cuba. K oe of he Mexican and Central American hen began his panes in aes A he has described and illustrated over 150 species new to sc Many natural hybrids ae related species exist, at least presumable hybrids, of these 51 are listed and their supposed arents indicated. The information brought together in this _ constitutes an invaluable contribution to knowledge of the s Quercus, in- cluding the characters of vegetative and repredative ere economic considerations, relations to the other gen of the family Fagaceae and the geological history and pare of the stam and about 150 Bey species being reported, reaching back the Cretaceous period. N. L. Britton. 206 FLOWERS FOR THE SUMMER GARDEN? h Nature’s preference for spring time we are most Bite supplied with flowers then. Those who are u think of a garden until summer, heweiee at summer home, cot- tage or camp, can be adequately provided with flowers and fra- grance, and those looking for healthful vacation employment can be supplied with work in the garden. the flowers in bloom now (August 8) a simple selection re- od me ied u Butterfly-bush, Chace: a ee Pepper -bush, Hydrangea, Sour-wood, Rose of Sharon, Abelia, Blue Spirea, Lespedeza, Spiraea; Oswego-tea, Blue Salvia . Stokes’ Aster, hen Speed- well, Rudbeckia, Golden Glow, Pest temon, Loosestri Stra flower; Snapdragon, Zinnia, Nicotiana, Petunia, ee ene ssum, Larkspur, Marigold, Scabiosa or Pincushion Hower Blue Lace- Flower, Pinks; tins Trumpet Creeper and Morning Glory are among the names for the summer gardener to learn. Of the shrubs i are only partially hardy, that is, they are often killed back to the ground during a severe Ww inter, but send up new shoots the next season and flower again. These are the Blue Spiraea or Caryopteris, an attractive cee Aowertne shrub colored torches attracting the butterflies. These shrubs need practically no pr ee as they prune themselves Hydrangea, which is well known; the Rose ‘of Sharon, with as and double flowers “of all colors, which used to be commo and should again be used ae oe the Gate. shrub, 0 or Vitex, di Sour-wood is a eae bus for Rhododendron ‘groups or ody corners; and Clethra, the Sweet Pepper-bush, one for fur- See every situation with fragrance of its white spikes of bloom. JAbstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on the afternoon of August 8, 1925. 207 PERENNIAL FLowers To CHoosE From Monarda, or Oswego-tea, red, purple or pink. Blue Sage, variety asurea grandiflora. Stokes’ Aster. Veronica ee leas a sai blue speedwell now in bloo Purple Joosestrife, for we spot, water-side or dan border. Radecki o or een n Glow, another Rudbeckia for yellow. ieee Phlox, for any color except blue or yellow. ANNUAL FLOWERS Self-sown Hand-sown Petunia Scabiosa eee Zinnia Nicotia: Marigold Sweet re ssum Blue Lace-Flower Larkspur Poppies Strawflower China Aster VINES Jackman ia Trumpet Cree Morning Glens Cardinal Climber Kennetu R. Boynton. PUBLIC LECTURES DURING SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER The program of illustrated lectures given on Saturday after- noons at four o’clock in the Museum Building of The New York Botanical Garden during September and Oeher is as follows: Sept. 5. “Carnivorous Plants, Dr. J. H. Barnhart. Sept. 12. “The Method of Seed Disperear Dr. H. A. Gleaso: Sept. 19. “Flowers for the Home Garden,’ Mrs. Wheeler H. a Sept. 26. “Dahlias and Their Culture,” Dr. Marshall A. How (Exhibit of living dahlias.) Oct. 3. “The Gilt vation of Wild Flowers and Fer: io Durand. 208 Oct. 10. “Autumn Color: r. A. B. Stout Oct. 17. ‘Some Plants ae Attractive Fruits,” r. K. R. Boynton. Oct. 24. Keeping Plants in the Gardens and Borders Healthy,” rof. H. H. Whetzel. Oct. 31. ‘The Origin and History of Soils,” Dr. Arthur Hollick. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ne J. N. Rose, Associate Curator of the Division of Plants of . S. National Museum, spent the last week of ee in a in the herbarium and library of the Botanical Garden D usby, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collec- tions of the sn Garden and Dean of the College of Phar- macy of Columbia University, devoted two weeks of his summer vacation to making botanical collections in Nova Scotia rrangements have been completed whereby the American In- stitute of the City of New pes and the American Dahlia Society will hold an exhibitio the 1oqth Field Artillery Armory, Broadway at 67th Stes ‘New i from September 30th to October 2, 1925, inclusive. e Am ea Insite will cele- brating its 94th Annual ee pe he American Dahlia Society, will stage “the ieee area an horticultural exhi- bition ever held in New Yor! A most helpful book for any one interested in the growing of dahlias is W. H. Waite’s “A sae Book of Modern Dahlia Cul- ture,” recently rae by The A. T. De La Mare Company of Yew York. It cated to t riter’s empl Edw. n Adams, in recogni- tion of the generous encouragement that has resulted in “finer and better lias.’ r. Adam en er of the Board dah has been a m of Managers of The New York Botanical Garden since 1912. Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator, peed on the roth of August ni mountains of the Alleghanies. He was accompanie n T, Perry, a graduate student of the Massachusetts Apical 209 tural College at Amherst. The following mountains were visited P n of Otter, and White Top, Va. Mountain; Tenn. ; Grand- father, Mount Mitchell, the sae Craggy Mees Bald Knob, and Mount Pisgah, N. C. About 3000 herbarium speci- mens were brought home and 150 numbers of living plants were mailed from the field. e specimen of the fungus commonly known as “‘tuckahoe has recently been received from Dr. F. A. Wolf of the North Carolina aac ie Experiment a The specimen is ac- ce eta by goes follo ae statem: to you under ot i cover, a large tuckahoe which i0 This s This specimen is a valuable addition to our mycological exhibit. The lecturer at the Botanical Garden on the nae of ee t- R.G. yons, some of which he is endeavoring to have included in the Hawaii ee Park. On several occasions Mr. Jeffers viewed 210 the mountains from an erelane, reaching elevations of 10,000 to and the tropical scenery of the Hawaiian Islands. A large num- ber of oo beautiful colored slides illustrating these regions were sho The following “news circular,” which is of interest to many of August 1, under the heading “Why Trees Fail to Bear “Failure of tree fruits, particularly apples, pears, and cherries, to set fruit is now generally re cognized as due largely to a lack of tur e Experiment Station o deeaaie the Soin iod require- f e€ i more impo: ait already obtained are very definite and conclusive and have a prac- tical bearing on how varieties must be interplanted if maximum crops are to oe obtained. tudies certain trees have been enclosed in cheese- Pp cted b er bag: this means some very interesting conclusions have been rea ached regarding the reaction of various varieties to pollen from different sources. ‘For thing, it has been discovered that such well-known ae nee apples as McIntosh, Gravenstein, Rhode Island Green- g, Delicious, Red Gravenstein, and Cortland are decidedly self- 211 sees that is, will not set fruit to their own pollen. Likewise, t ha fo ing discovery was that Baldwin ellen failed to a 20 on bot Wealthy and Rhode Island Gre ‘Obviously, self- uicae varieries: should never be set in solid blocks. Also, only those sorts should be used for tieplning which are known to ae ood pollinators, The present investiga- tions. which a be continued, should furnish information upon e to whic fant reconnnendal ions may be made as to suitable varie- ties for interplan ‘With respect to sae work with cherries, it was noted that Black ollen from Windsor. The Bartlett pear also failed to set fruit eee to ae own meee but gave good results when pollen fro m Winter Nelis sed,’” INGOT ES for a The total precipitation for the month was 7.89 inches. The maximum temperatures recorded for each week were = on the sth, 95-5 ° on es rath, 89.5° on the a and 87° on the 24th. The minimum eratures were 52.5° on the rst, 61° on ae oth, 55° on the ae = 57° on the 24th. tne = august. The total precipitation for the month was 1.94 inc The maximum temperatures recorded for each on the 8th, 89° on 56° on the 8th, 60° on the 12th, 50° on the 22d and 48° on the 29th. ACCESSIONS BOOKS PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL GARDEN, AUGUST, 1923 (CONTINUED) BEILSCHMIED, Kart Tra Pflanzengeographie, nach Alexander von Humboldt’s Werke fe the enw Verthetlung se Gewichse Breslau, 12,1. Brvona- Brera ror, ANTONIO. Shrpiwm rariorum minusque Cee in Sicilia Laie provenientium. Manipulus 1-3. Panormi, 181 oe Se osrrH, & FINGERHUTH, CarL ANTON. ee Rae syne oe 4avols. Norimbergae, 1825-33 212 Botsster, Prrrre Epmonp, & Reuter, Greorces Francois. Pugillus = ‘arum novarum Africae borealis Hispaniaeque australis. Geneva 1852. Borus, Harry. Bouray, Nicoras Je 4. Bouvier, JEAN Louts. Flore des Alpes, de la Suisse et de la Savoie, Paris The orchids of the Cape peninsula. ee pel 1888. rane . Mousses. Paris, Muscinées de la France. 1878. BROCKMANN-JEROSCH, Henryk. Die Flora des Puschlav. Leipzig, 1 Brtccer, CuristiAn Ge he tiber wildwachsende Pho genbastard weizer- und Nach loren. ur, Aelange ee neue Pfansenbatiarde der Schuweizer- Flora. Chur, 2, Bunce, ieee von. Die Arten der Gattung Dionysia Fenzl. [St. Péter: Py Sendschreiben an den Hrn er oe tung Echinops. z fetter He cna chen botanischen Gartens su St. Petersburg, Dr. E 1, [St. Pétershourg, : p c LIAM TH The narcissus: its history vit . a eae as review of the entire genus by J. ¢ Bak Laon 18: Burnat, EMIe. ae des clipes Maritimes. 6 vols. Genéve & Bale, 1892-1917. Camus, Enmonp Gustave. Monographie des orchidées de France. Paris [1891-9 CANDOLLE, ANNE CASIMIR Eyeue pe. Piperaceae. (From I. Urban. Symbolae antillanae. % CARUEL, TEoDoRO. Statistica ie C1 ‘oscana., Firenzi, Cuesnut, Victor Kins. Thirty poisonous plants of the coe States. Washing ae eecse Francors Fu.ors. Flore générale des environs de Paris. Ed. vO. aris, I CuristT, Herm MANN Eine Frithlingsfahrt nach den Canarischen Inseln. Basel, 18 -——. Le as Rosa... traduit de Vallemand par Emile Burnat. mee 18 ———.. Les a ie des Alpes Maritimes. Genéve, 1 Révision comparative de l’herbier et oe Phistoire ab- Toulouse, 1857. CLos, Donnamigus Ss Br eiaeies de Lapeyrouse. nweisung eur régé Coaz, JOHANN M Forr SCHROETER, RL. Erforschung der “Perirang os wildwachsenden sail in der Schiveis. n, Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien. Vols. ‘s de la aaa croisée et de la tal aduit de l'anglais dans le régne végé a er 7. e Dr. Edouard Heckel. Paris, 1877. 7 213 Drupr, Cart GeorG Oskar. Die Oekologie der Pflanzen. Braunschweig, 1913. Fauconnet, See Isaac. Excursions botanique dans le Bas-Valais. Genéve & Bale, Ne ns a Saléve. Genéve, 1867. menades hefemaes aux Votrons et Supplément aux her- peiahens as : i FreptscHENKo, OLGA (ARMFELD), "& Farnsc CHENKO, Borts ALEXJEWITSCH. Flora of the Government of Ufa, Russia. Moscow, 1893. Fries, Extras Macnus. WNovitiae ce suectcae. Ed. altera. Londini Got im, 1828. — mycologicum, sistens fungorum ordines, genera et spe- vols. Lundae, 1821-29. Gane. tone Francors Gortiies Puiuipre. Agrostologia helvetica. 2 vols. Parisiis, 18 Curarp, Louis. Flora gallo- provinctalis. Parisiis, 1761. eR, Emit. Contribuciones a la se as 1 Chaco Argentino-Paraguayo. ey a rimera parte. Florula pilcomayen Buenos Aires, 1 Hecket, Enouvarp Marte. 7 Hee: végétal; nouvelles ‘recherches natomiques et phystologiques sur la motilité dans quelques organes reproducteurs des phanér aileg , 1 Hicpesranb, Frirorich Hermann Gustav. Die Verbrettungsmittel der Pflanzen. Leipzig, 1873. Hooxer, Wittram Jackson, & Taytor, THomas. Muscologia britannica. Ed. 2. London, 1827. Kerner von Mariraun, Anton Joseru. Das Pflanzenleben der Donau- lander. Innsbruck, 1863. ICKX, JEAN. Flora bruxellensis . cui additur lexicon botanicon in termint artis breviter exponuntur. Bruxellis, 1812. Korersrr, Gustav WitHeLM. Parerga lichenologica. Erginzungen zum Systema pe Germ aiiae . Breslau, ——.. Sys a lichenum iaiaeie Bre KUNTZE, oe RNST OTTO, ee oe os Silas panes und [Velterungunst und die Frage vom salzfreten Urmeer. -————. Revisio genera oe 3 vols. Leipzig, 1891-98. Linpau, “Gusnay: Monographia generis Coccolobae. Leipzig, [1890]. Linnagus, Cart. ae aver HL eorumngue characteres naturales : Lugde , 1737. . Systema vegetabilium. .. Ed. 15, praecedente longe correctior, curante Jo. cludrea Murray. Parisiis, 1798. . Systema vegetabiliun . editio nova... curantibus Joanne a Roemer et Jos, Augusto Schultes. 7 vols. Stuttgardtiae, 1817- % a a 1 ao < = md ‘Ee & Mar S List * ap books, memoirs, and icelaueone papers by Dr. John Edward Gray. London, 1875. 214 Jean Louis Aucuste. Flora gallica. Ed. 2 2 vols. Parisiis, 1828. Martius, Kart FrrepricH Puitier von. Herbarium florae brasiliensis, Monachii, Mémoires ie servir ulhistoire physique et naturelle de la Suisse. Vol. 1. Lausanne, 1788. Mixver, Hernrich Lunwic Hermann. Alpenbdlusmen; ihre Befruchtung durch Insekten und a Anpassungen an diesselben, Leip: Murray, Grorce ia Mitne, ed. Catalogue of the le eee eo lected by Friedr h Welwitsch in 1853-61. [Vol. 1 I nadheren Kenntniss ae Starkegruppe in Bee ind locker Besichung. Leip: 1874. Necxer, Nort Jos pE. Elementa holdutea: 3 vols. Neowedae ad Ri 90. —.. nytozoologie philosophique. Neuwied Nicotra, Leopotpo. Comentario diagnostico. Tene 1890.] Niepenzu, FRA er den anatomtischen Bau der Laubblatter der rbi fomedea d Vaceinioi ideae in Besiehung cu threr selena Gruppierung fi geographischen Bia tung. Leipzi Nutra, THomMas. he genera 0 th American plants, ae @ cata- logue of the species to the year ne . 2 vols. Labs 1818. Orra, Garera pe. Histoire des drogues espiscerics, de certains medi- camens simples qui naissent és Indes & en ’Amerique. Fa. 2. Lyo: 1619. Paine, Joun Arsop. Catalogue of plants found in Oneida county and vicinity. [Albany, 1865.] Patias, Peter Simon. Flora rossica; seu stirpium imperit en ne Europam et Asiam indigenarum descriptiones ct icones, 2 part tropoli, 1784-88. ( Persoon, CHRISTIAAN HENDRIK. “Mycologia curopaca. Vol. 3. Erlangae, 1828. Pretrrer, Louts Georc Kani. Synonyntia botanica locupletessima gene- rum, seclioniun vel subgencrum ad finem anni 1858 promulgatorum. n, ee y Post, Tom Eric von, & Kunrze, Cart Ernst Ott eee generum aie ogamarum inde ab anno incas heen “Seen t, 1904. Prain, Davin. ee notes and papers. Cal Preston, Tuomas ArtHur. The og ae OF Wilts [London] 1888. QUATREFAGES DE Bréau, JEAN Lours ARMAND DE. ieee et ses précur- seurs francais: étude sur le transformisme. Ed. 1892. BLupwic. Deulschlands em Te arora. 2 vols. KABEN HORST, GOTTLOB Leipzig, —48, . Synonymenregister su Deutschlands Kryptogamen-Flora. Leip- 1853. zig, 215 u, AMBROSIUS. Enumeratio Rosarum circa \firceburgum et pagos ad- jacentes sponte crescentium. Norimber; raphia generis Eremostachys .. loct siarurales ab Alberto Regel pe tard ft sunt. etropo! ann, ANTON. Etnn otisen tiber die Veg, etation der “nardlichen estade des eae Meeres. [Brunn, 1871. Florae Scandinaviae prodromus. Holmiae, 1779. eee es Die Gaitung Dorycnium Vill. Leipzig, 1901. R6uHLING, JoHANN CuristoPH. Dentschlands Flora. a 3. Nach einem verdnderten 3 erweiterten eae bearbeitet von - C. Mertens W. D.J. Koch. vols, Frankfurt am Main, 1823 Rozres, JOHANNES fecesr CurIstIANn, Va dene nie Meinun- gen. ostock, RorH, ALBRECH Manuale botanicum sive, prodromus enunerationis plant. en in Germania sponte nascentium. 3 Lipsiae, 1830. ee Cu HARLES Louis Avexis. Flore de la Cote-d’Or. 2 vols. 1881-83. Sacorski, Ernst, HNEL specieller Berickscian der in der hohen Phanerogamen und Gefass-Cryptogamen. 2 parts. Lei Satnt-LaceEr, w Baptiste. Histoire des herbie is, ¢ Provincie Senest Ae fornia ad i er le ito del viaggio al Montamiata. Pisa, 1798. - a w Paris, & Se DER, Gus AV Flora der Centralkarpathen mit vorkommenden egt SAPoRTA, s © ES JOSEP: STON Origine paléoutologique des arbres cultivés ou utilisés par Vhomme. P. a Sat romande. MANN. elirage sur Anatomte ae shee der Ge- wdchse. ae 1854. (Bound set of proofs with the author’s cor- rections. Scumint, Ernst Witty. Bat und Funktion der Stebréhre der Angio- Spermen, oe 917. Scunerper, CaMILLo Karu, Iilustriertes Handbuch der Laubholskunde. ‘ARL Freprix, & Korscuy, Kari lobonae, 1854. Scuraper, Hrrwrica Aporey. Flora germanica. . I. Gottingae, 1806 a Luts. oniribuciones al conoctmtento de la flora ecuatoriana. 1. Ps aS aes Quito, 1900. yptogamae vasculares quitenses altis eee Is specibus ih nn y mB 2 4 isi - =] lora dane: et (eaisiant prox- 1823-29. me adjacentium. 3 vols. Friburgi Brisgoviae, 216 SPERLICH, ADOLF. Reihe. Jena, 1910. Ex Pridchage im ganzen Leipei zig, 1820-; eta tee an a ene i LY. Joa ed. Neu —_—-—.. Sp ; . Swartz, O.or. Flora Indiae occidentali. 3 rlan, T7071 THERESE, PRINZESSIN VON YE aa einer Reise in IP "estindien aa Siidamerika gesamnmelte Pflans 1902. THUNBERG, ER. ra ee ae planias promontorti Bonae Spei ices. . edidit et praefatus est J. A. Schultes. Stuttgardtiae, 1823 ——-—. Flora japonica. Lipsiae, 1784, Tearmysics, Lrorotp. Rosacearum monographia. 4 Vols. Vindobonae, Tswerr, } cen SEMENOVICH. 1896. baa ea Recherches physico-chimiques sur la terre es et apporis avec la distribution géographique des plantes. Paris, 1883. ech s sur le sommet de Vare Etudes de phystologie cellulaire. Genéve, LL, he new botanist guide to the localities of the rarer plants of Britain. 2 vols. Lon 1835-3 NN JaKog von. Kurs verfasste "Gritnde sur Pflanzenlehre. Lupwic. Florae berolinensis prodromus secundum sys- tema linneanum ab illstr. viro ac C. P. Thunbergio emendatum con- erolini, 1787. - ILSON, Winns M. Bryologia britannica. London, 185, Vu 1855. LFEN, FRANZ XAVER VON. Cryptogama aquatica. Lipsiae, 1803. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. T: others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now its twenty-sixth he Mycolo ogia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a ae copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in Tan meron volume. Nadiconia’ ci quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 a year. [Not i me. Bulletin of The New York Botanical nay containing reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em- bodying results of investigations. Free to all members of the Garden; to others, $3.00 eee volume. Now in its thirteenth volum orth Am Flora. Descriptions of the wild eere of North Amer- ica, ane Getand the West Indies, se Central America. Planned eted in 34 volumes. oy. 8vo. Each volume to Corian of our or more parts. 54 parts now issued. Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not aheved i in exchange.] Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of at Garden, $1.50 per volume. To others, $3.00. n erarated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yel lowston Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. Vol. II. The padnence of Light and ones rea Growth and Devel- opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 3 p., with 176 figures. 1 Vol. III. Studies of Cr ae Gbauetene Reutine from eer ville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii + 138 pp., with 2 i Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, Dy Charles Stuart Gager. a + 478 pp., with 73 figures and aA plates. 1908. ol. V. Flora of ae Vicinity of New ies ae Contribution to Plant pecetarhy, Le Norman Taylor. vi + ith 9 plate 91 Vol. VI. oe presented aii he Celebration of the Twentieth Anni- versary of t ew York Bo aie Garden. viii + 504 pp., with 43 plates and ce text aes Contributions from The New ee Botanical Garden. A series of tech- nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol- ume. In the eleventh volume. THE NEW YORK cate GARDEN nx Park, New York City GENERAL INFORMATION Poa of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden hundred acres of beaueitully divested land in the northern pany eee of the ‘City of New aes rough. site Bronx River. A na hemlock forest is one of ne fea eiihed lantations 3 ara of sate and seeeeaeed trees, shrubs, and flowering plan ns, a ding a beautiful rose carden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gar Gr cenhouses) containing thousands of tee plants from America =) and foreign Hew wer feaa Gaciehe ut the year—in the spring, summer, and autu displays of narcissi, datodils, Sea itises, Seen? roses, ‘lilies, water lilies, "eladioli dahlias, ancye nthem n the winter, disp of greenhouse- havninn ue plan A musew ntaining exh nibi ts of fossil plants, existing plant families, local slats Scetnine atin sone hundred miles of the City of New York, and be economic uses of p herbariu: ne connie more than one million specimens of Amer- ican rand foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Ind ce ne and South America, vege the study and collection of the characte isti Scient fae research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified epee of plant life. A library of botanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and numerous pamphlet Public lectures oe a reat variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout t oe Publications Heenan subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of Bopilar interest. The education of school children and the public through the above features and the giving of free information on botanical, horticuldieal oe forestal subjects. he Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, Panes benefactions and me cubed fees. possesses now nea arly tw icati membership are always welcome. The clas Benefactor i PAtrone rink potion sents eee eee single contribu 5, Fellow Wife eee eee eee single contribution 1,000 Meniberifor tite s.c-e renee single contribution 250 Fellowship Member ............... annual fee 100 Sustaining: Member ............... . annual fee 25 Annual Me Ae ano Ga ee al fee 10 The following is an ae form of beque I hereby EA ants to The New ie rk Botanical Garden *s bacleeee under the Laws of New York, Cena of 1891, the of ——— All Pee te further info ueeded ete Aes sent to Tue New York BoranicaL ei BRONX PARK, NEW YORK C VOL. XXVI OctopeR, 1925 No. 310 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE TREE-CACTUSES OF THE WEST INDIES N. L. Britron anp J. N. Rose THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS H. A. GLeason THE DISMAL SWAMP OF VIRGINIA ArtHUR HoLiick AUTUMN COLORS A. B. Stout PUBLIC LECTURES DURING NOVEMBER NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT ACCESSIONS PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. Tue Science Press PrintiInc ComPANY Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Frepertc S. Ler, Presi James F. Kemp Henry W. dE Forest, ee EM diy ApoLpH LEWISOHN Ke F. K. Srurets, Vice ies en NNETH K. MACKENZIE Joun L. tee RRILL, Tre er W. J. MaTHEson a Ewe. TTON, Secret ae aah Be sererON, Moore DWA ob. ADAMS fe EY, AN ie aa pE Forest BALDWIN Lewis Rerearuny Mout: NicuHotas Murray Butter Frepertrc R. New Paut D. CravatH Cuartes F, Ranp Ropert W. DE Forest Hersert M. Ricans Cuitps Frick Henry H WIt.1aM J. Gres GEorcE J. Rea R. A. HARPER Apert R. SHATTUCK JosepH P. HENNESSY cou ei Bowes THOMPSON Joun F. Hytan, Mae: Oe the ‘Cit ity ee Ne Francis Dawson GALLATIN. President of the iy ae of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D. ere Munray Butter, Pu. D., Freperic S. Ler, Pu. D., LEAD; Wruram J: Gres, Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D. GrorcE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF IN. Brrrron Pos, SC) Ds, (ola areeriar One reat Director- in-Chief MarsHAt A. Howe, Pu. D., fon DAS Hoc is a8 Ae ae ‘istant re Joun K. SMa tt, Pu. D,, SG Dg aaa hs Head Cur yop ikea A. B. Stout, Pu. D. heer ee the Laborotines P. A. Rypzerc, Pu. D. Curator H. A. Gieason, Pu. D Caer Frep J. SEAvER, PH. D. ArtHur Ho tticx, Pu. D. mist ERCY WILS Associate Cues g PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Cura Joun Henpitey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. ...........-.-++--0s Biblio granhe, ee ARAH H. Harrow, A. M. ibrarian H. H. Rusey, M. OAC EE Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections Euizanets G. Britton Honorary Curator of Mosses ATON rtist Kennetu R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gai A ner Ropert S. WILLIAMS Administrative As. ssistant Hester M. Rusk, A. M. Technical Assistant H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium (ay 13h SOU DI WICK, Pu. ’D. NRO REBT A dear hae Custodian ue " Woabanenne Grounds Joun R. Brintey, C. E. Landscape Engineer Wa tter S. ea Clerk and Accountant ArTHUuR J. Cor ty i f of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoLt. XXVI OcToBER, 1925 No. 310 THE TREE-CACTUSES OF THE WEST INDIES A gigantic cactus, in form reminding the observer, at some dis- tance, of a large apple-tree, is a characteristic plant of coastal : ‘i Gab : : in eastern Cuba a Baron nee and Mr. "Theodore Breole in in 07, Dr. William R. Maxon, of the United States National the College of La Salle, Havana, studied the locality a of that city. 1Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Cienc. Habana 6: 98. 1869. 2Contr, U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 397, 3 ae pl. 49-51. 1909. 3 Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 106. 1909 Dendrocereus ia aene road acer Port- ae Paix and Mous- tique, Haiti. Photograph by W. Buch. L. Britton and Dr. J. N. Rose, using the kno pps thus bose together, — ine Cereus naif is s distinct from Cereus, and proposed for it the generic name nyo: in ae to its i like form A aspect. 4The Cactaceae 2: 113, 114. 1920, by W. Buch. a flow joint; 4a int of a branch; 2, section of a N ' NOG ji / \ oe & t € a i _€@ —_—_— ta? fruit; 3, section of a Dendrocereus eho) from sketches and specimens sent from Haiti I, we 220 The plant forms a massive short spiny trunk, which pases divides into many branches, the ultimate ones three-winged, so what elongated or short,® the margins of the wings crenate, ae ing acicular spines or sometimes spineless In the year 1755 the crea French beens Charles Flumier, described in his rare old folio “ Plantarum americanarum,” a cactus as Cactus ramosus, pie oblongis, triquetris,> and mabe lished a bors aoteibed illustration of it. He had previously, in tique, 1920, Drs. Bri and R also iia iui, iy w ith this a distributed ee of the Wes 0 ee aie to Dr. Britton, have enabled us to recognize in this cactus, ecies of the genus Dendrocereus, and to frame the iene Seenhe nm: Dendrocereus undulosus (DC.) Britton & Rose. Cereus undulosus DC. Syst. 3: 467. 1828. Cactus undulosus Kostel. ile. Med. Pharm. Fl. 4: 1393- 1835. 5 The Cactaceae 2: es - I * Plant. Amer. 187, pl. 7 1755. re ae ang Veg. 3: 467. 1828. 8 Encyc cl. te 9. 1783. ® The Cactacéae oe 123. 1920. 221 Tree-like, repeatedly branching, ea . high, the main trunk stout, erect, very spiny. Ultim e joints = Wes ed, light ngs i s fruit globose-pyriform, yellow, hard, about 5 cm. in diamete Photographs sent by Mr. Buch show that this tree- cactus much ve been establist Ne Botanical Garden sho that the ee and armament of the two ang are similar, but owers the Haitian ae are uch longer and more ee segments. e rediscovery by Mr. Buch, of this rare and remarkable xtr i plant, lost to science for so many years, is of eme interest e has planted it in his garden at Port-au-Prince, where we hope it will thrive; the cuttings at The York Botanical Garden ts nown outside of Haiti; they are unlikely, however, to mal much growth in a greenhouse. There is a third tree cactus, ee: Haiti, also first illus- trated by Plumier on his plate 192 of the work an cited. This “C Leo a. 83 dolle in 1828. is becomes thirty feet high or higher and widely branching, but its armament, flowers, and fruits are quite different from those of Dendrocereus. N.L. peal J. N. 10 Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 72°: 3. 1921. 11 Vol. 4: 280, 281. 1923. 222 THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS?' e are few features in the life of a plant which are more ds. These fami stances are merely common examples of the universal tendency of plants to migrate, the former showing the process, and the latter a results. Possibly because it can be so ee observed, the migration : seeds is a favorite subject in nature study, since even the childre: if h som le ough his eet into ever wider fields of interesting eae tions. Seed dispersal is an essential part of the reproduction of our flowering plants. eproduction consists in the production of ous sma ies i i that they become era organs for migration over con- siderable distance Such structures may an rally be termed adaptations, a wo which covers a multitude of meanings in biology, but whi wh is 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building o The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, Septe: mber 12, 1925 223 commonly applied to any unusual or extraordinary structure or behavior, by which the plant is enabled better to endure or t tili condi ich i ture bullets to a distance as great as forty feet. The pods of our 224 wild bean split lengthwise when ripe into two halves, each of y woody po which twist, when t: alves are ceased. on great oe pelling the seeds to a cn distance. e explosive action of most fruits depends on the production Il of the { which ing or coiling of the rn and the consequent violent ejection of the seeds. While these methods of self-propulsion are interesting, they by no means as efficient in covering long distances as some le: ast, which represents a new and modern phase in the migration f plan plan A ey large number of plants are ines by the wind, and all present the same general features of comparatively inu million to weigh an ounce, and in several other groups the seeds are almost as microscopic the opposite extre ave such plants as the tumbleweed, where the whole plant breaks off t the und when mature, and blows across th elds, scattering its ripe seeds as it tumbles. A single large tumbleweed y ce as many as three million seeds, so it can be readil appreciated that they have every chance for efficient distribution. st conspicuous ex es of wind-distribution, the e qe c ampl seeds bear some special attachment. The dandelion, thistle, c atis, and milkweed bear a large number of fine hairs which r 225 tard the rate of fall by their resistance to the air and give eed a lo giving the wind a chance to carry them to a considerable distance. These, to carry the comparison further, may be likened to a heli Distribution by water-currents is normally limited to such plants as regularly grow by the side of rivers or on the beach of the ocean. Their seeds or fruits exhibit regularly a light cork: i mal t ted by a thi year. and many other he of our aay and swamps nae ie ig 5 : | in this way, and a s. Be search along a tropical bea ae ill usually show t ents or more kinds of 7 and fruits washed up by the des is habit is usually considere reason fo wide dispersal of 0 pical strand plants, and there some evidence a few species have actually migrated across the Atlantic from Africa to South America in this way. It 1 well known merous such seeds and fruits have been car- ried north by the gulf stream, and finally ape ashore in Nor- and, ‘anc g trip the penetrates the protecting wall and destroys he vitality - the eed. Some plants float free on the surface of fresh water and fre- quently make long migrations as a result. The quiet bayous of 2260 the Illinois River are covered with acres of the little floating is quite probable that their wide geographic range can be so ex- oo. type of animal dispersal is found in our numerous re, to berry throughout the i vtieat belt, and ge sums of money were 227 spent in the attempt to overcome its very efficient method of dispersal. 23 e most conspicuous method of dispersal by animals, in which the human being plays an unwilling part, is through stick-tights f animals or t thing o to cross a continent at a single leap. There the agencies of co merce are all-important sad have led to the almost cosm eae f earth, laden with seeds, as ballast, and dumps it in some foreign port. If a ae is at all like that of the home port, some of the seeds Hay or straw, more or less mixed wath weeds, is used ae sane putea The boxes are sees far oes the packing “ti iscarded, the seeds germinate, and the weeds are established in a new hom eeds grow in a clover field, ee hae are aoe with co ae and ea with the clover seeds. i 01 bec a natura duction station. Nearly seven hundred alien species have been found in the vicinity of New York, and there are similar large numbers of them about every large city H. A. GLeason. THE DISMAL SWAMP OF VIRGINIA* The name Dismal Swamp of Virginia is somewhat of a mis- nomer, for the reason that it lies partly in the state of North 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building of The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, August 22, 1925. 228 Carolina ; but it was always more easily accessible from the Vir- tures—Lake Drummond—is wholly within the boundaries of Vir- ginia has had more or less to do with the fixation of the popular m I assume that every one here has read or heard something about the swamp. It may be found cok bed in various govern- mnected with it; i J for several poems and works of fiction, and many popular maga- icles. rea of the swamp is about 1,500 square miles, or about twenty-seven ti the size of Staten Island surface is almost level, sloping gradually from the southwest towards th northeast with tion above mean tide level of only about 12 to 22 feet. In consequence, its drainage is so i t that it may be likened to a gigantic spo t remains constantly water-soaked more or less inundated through f its extent. Certain portions, however, more or less dry in some 700 e manently reclaimed by means | - aan ditches and canals, in recen meh ars, and ae into land. ar the center of the swamp is ee Drummond—an almost circular body of fresh water, about 234 by 3 miles in diameter, as they are more or less choked by vegetation and by trees that 229 have fallen into and across them. A journey along on e of these ditches, through the heart of the swamp, is an interesting and fas- cinating experience, as it affords opportunity to observe the wild life, both animal and vegetable, at close range. In recent years, however, the construction of the Dismal row s, tc. There ar water and the lake—the lower or saltwater one at Deep Creek, and the upper or fresh water one about three-fourths of a mile from the lake. he water of the lake is yellowish-brown in color, but clear, havi € ce of strong tea, and is said to possess wonderful antiseptic properties, due to d other organic acid. sol is fectly palatable and wholeso e and Imost odorless. It was form ly < ed on had t the r reputation of never becoming foul. these trees as ae in their way, as are the Sequoias and Red- woods of Califor At night a weird sae is represented by the luminescent fire” um, f the tw e to be unusually abunda: a al ‘brilliant ther t is commonly called “ phosphorescence,” but this term is a aeons as 230 phenomenon is is due to phosphorus but to oxidation in con- nection with certain fungi and bacteria he lecture was ieee by aboae thirty lantern slides that showed the topographic features of the region, the location of the an ArTHUR HOo_tick. AUTUMN COLORS! This lecture is given at The New York Botanical Garden each year during the season of autumnal colorations. Numerous beau- b in this lecture me of these show gene ce or mas: effects, others show the colorations that are characteristic of indi- vidual species which grow wild about New 1 are r development of the colors. Altogether they are representative views of autumn and of the various types of autumn colorings. fo} rh fa oo to) he main colors of the foliage of plants in autumn are red, yellow, and brown in various shades and intensities, with rarely hi ombinations of two of these give many intermediate ades. In discussing the how and why of autumn colorations, it is to fall of leave his is in general a response to the approach of unfavorable conditions, or as we often state it, a preparation for r. The leave the ordinary deciduous trees, which yield a plant when unfavorable conditions approach. Thus, with the coming of autumn the activity of the leaves ceases, they begin to die, and the food materials in ees are transferred into the stem. 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building of The New York Botanical Garden, Saturday Die October 10, 1925. 231 A fallen nae is ace devoid a food substances that are of immediate u The skeleton of the leaf is left, to- gether with . ae pneis most of which are insolu- ble, in the sap of pl It is due to various physical and chem- ical cha in the e or waste products that the autumn colors in foliage develop. The yellows are chiefly derived from the green pigments that prevail during summ e residue of sap pigments gives the reds, an se are influenced greatly by before it is about to c e lo leaf is cov- ered, that part remains greenish and changes to dull brown while the res of the lea — to ric golden or crims ret development of autumn colorings. Thr he more ae changes and the fall of leaves. But here about tk City, of many of our trees, shrubs, and herbs passes Cae brilliant i i ra Evergreen s d ro leaves each year quite as do deciduous tree he difference is that not drop all their leave tu olors develop on t op that is to fall, ut these are usually the more delicate and subdued shades of yellow an umn colorings are especially conspicuous in the white is, perhaps, correct to say that nowhere on the earth are autumnal colorings better than in the region about 0 it ere there is a wealth of deciduous trees _ shrubs that possess pigments which give the color changes. weather con- ditions in autumn often give many clear, ae days with bright sunlight. The change from a moist warm summer favor- able to the activity of plants to a cool autumn temperature unfavorable to leaf activity and life is rather abru 232 If autumnal coloration occurred at rare intervals, let us say once in 25 years, we would ees a ebees it as among the most wonderful phenomena of nature. But c as it does each autumn with regularity, we are likely to fall into - a of viewing it as a matter-of-course event. A. B. Stour. PUBLIC LECTURES DURING NOVEMBER — following is the program of free illustrated pai give 3:30 on Saturday afternoons in November ee Puilding of The New York Botanical Se en: 7. “ Beautiful Gardens of New York Sta Mrs. ae W. Paris. Nov. 14. “ Seeds as Carriers of Disease.” Dr. C. R. Orton Nov. 21. “Original Exploration of the Yellowstone National Park.” Prof. John M. Coulter. Nov. 28. “ Botanical Features of Ceylon.” Dr. H. A. Glea NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT . O. Overholts, from ag las State College, has re- a spent a few days at The New York Botanical Garden, completing his manuscript on the higher fungi of Porto Rico ’. J. V. Osterhout, who has held botanical professorships in an ee of California and Harvard University, has his new work as a physiological enue Sains in the Rocke- feller Institute for Medical Research in New York. Professor John M. Coulter, for many years head of the De- partment of Botany of the University of Chicago and, since its B for Plant Research, has recently become a resident of Yonkers Mr. Rafael A. Toro, who held a research scholarship at The New York Botanical Garden for two months during the summer, has returned to his home in Porto Rico, where he will take up his 233 work as Assistant Plant Pathologist, in the Agricultural Experi- ment Station at Rio Piedras. Mr. Toro will be associated in this ork with Dr, Mel T. Cook, formerly of Rutgers College, New The following visiting botanists have registered in the library during the summer s r. John T. Perry, Amherst, Mass. ; Mr. Adriance S. Foster, Bussey Inst., Forest Hills, Mass.; Dr Ivan M. Johnston, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof F. H. Blodgett, Danbury, Conn. ; H. Whetzel and Mr. Edwin E. Honey, Ithaca, N. Y.; Dr. Al Berger, e Y.; Mr. John M. Fogg, Jr., Ualveroty of Pennsylvania; Prof. L. O. Overholts, State ade Pa.; Miss SS R. Barnett, Dr. Walter T. Swingle, D e Edgar T. Wherry, Dr. Neil E. ip? sae E.G. dur betses, and Mr. Peter Bisset Washington, D. C.; Mr. Donald C. Peattie, Rosslyn, Va.; Prof. W. C. Coker, Chavet ae N. C.; Prof. J. C. Arthur, aes Ind.; Pro ohn T. Buchholz, oe Ark.; Prof. Geo. B. Rigg, Seattle, Harold Clu aad J = @ i=" 5 a ea ‘J = 4 o 3 a o ow a8 io} ry < a) Jo n Burkhill, Singapore, and Prof. H. H. Hu, Southeastern Ca sity, Nanking, Chin: F. O. Bower, who has recently retired from the Regius professorship of inet in the Salah of Gla: asgow, i is spending t ted S Land Flora,” and various monographs on plant morphology. Professor Bower has made several visits to The New York Botanical Garden and he was the guest of honor at a dinner given by Dr. N. L. Britton ae Professor Robert A. Harper at Sor- th oO cto ~ search, The Ne ork nical Garden, the Brooklyn Botanic G he R feller Institute for Medical Research, an the botanical depa £ mbia University, Princeton University, and Rutgers College, were in attendance. After- 234 dinner addresses were made by Dr. Britton, Professor ae Professor Harper, Dr. Sates Crocker, Professor John M. Cou ter, and Professor W. J. V. Ost A new path, eae a a beautiful and interesting walk through oak woodlands in The New York Botanical Garden has recently i i uu e wild flowers of many kinds are abundant in their seasons, White Wood-asters being in full bloom at this time Aleteorology i uae The total precipitation for the h month was 3.37 inches. The maximum temperatures recorded for ea eek were aie ie oe 85° on the 11 he 13th, 85° on the 14th and 82° on the 21st. The um te peratures were on the 2nd, 55° o: gth, on the 18th, n and 38° on the 26th, on which morning there were traces of frost. ACCESSIONS BOOKS py eoeap FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL AUGUST, 1923 (CONTINUED) AGARDH, Jacoz Georc. Theoria systematis plantarum. Lundae, 1858. Avzert, ABEL. Botanique du Var. Plantes nouvelles ou rares. Draguig- nan, 1884. Axgzorr, Nicotas MrkxHatLowitcuH. Prodromus florae colchicae. Tiflis, 1895. Allgemeine botanische Zeitschrift. Vols. 1-22. a 1895-1916. pee hes la Soctété botanique de Lyon. Vols. eas pla e la Société dhorticulture de Paris. "Vols 5 Paris, 235 — Paut Frrevrich Aucust. Aufzihlung und peel) der in der Provinz Brandenburg, d tmark und dem zogthum Ma: . .«. Phanerogamen und Gefasskryptogamen. Berlin, 1864. ———. Beitrag zur Flora des nordwestlichen Kleinasiens. [Berlin, oh Asso ¥ DEL Rro, Icnacto JorpAN DE. Synopsis stirpium uidigendim Ara AucHER-BLoy, Pierre Martin Remi. Relations de voyages en Orient de 830 & . revues et annotées par M. le Comte Jaubert. 2 vols. BasincTon, CHARLES CarDALE. Manual of British botany. Ed. 7. Lon- n, 1874. BAILEY, FREDERICK Manson. A synopsis of the Queensland flora. Supple- ree Joun Grpert. Review of the British roses, especially those of the no: f H te = = a = & < a = @ a @ mS & evision of the genera bad neces of Tulipeae. [London, 1874]. ——_—. Systema Iridacearum. ni 7 Batsis, GIOVANNI Barista. Catalogus plantarum Horti botanict tauri- nsts ad annum 1810. Taurini, [1810 —. Catalogus stirpiwm Horti academici taurinensis ad annum I812. Augustae Tauri 1812 . Catalogus stirbium Horti academici taurinensis ad annum 1813. ugustae Taurinorum, [1813]—Appendix prima. Augustae Taurin- orum, —_—-. e lyowngise: ou, description des senee crotssent dans les environs de Lyon et sur le Mont-Pilat. Vol Lyon, 1827-28. Batt, Joun. Spici egium florae maroccanae. ondon, 1 78. offer asi ede son élection comme membre de la société. Paris, 1882. Braces Y Sores Francisco. Flora las islas Baleares, seguida de un L ra de diccionario de les nombres baleares, castellanos y botanicas. Palm peace Manrano DE La, & Pérez, Micuer. Estudios de meteorologia di a. Vol. 1. México, 1885. es ea Gortues. Ordines naturales plantarum eorumque cha res et affinitates adjecta generum enumeratione. Gottingae, 1830. Barton, Witttam Paut Critton. Compendium florae philadelphicae. 2 vole: ‘ ee HEINRICH ANTON DE. _Vortesungen tiber Bacterien. Leipzig, 1885. Brauvisacr, GrEorGES EuGRNE CHARLES. Genera Montroutierana. plan- tarum Novae dontae Paris TQOI. . Guide des étudiants en médicine et en okay et des éléves herboristes au Jardin botanique .. . de Lyon. Lyon, e Lyo Brexuaus, Konrap. Flora von Westfalen nach des Peis Tode herausgegeben von L. A. W. Hasse. Mister, 1893. 236 BécurNot, oe Revi sone monografica del genere Romulea Maratti; studio biol Beihefte sum ase Eanipdiblaie. Vols. 1-33. Cassel & Jena, 1891- 1917. Beitriige zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Vols. 1-13. Breslau, 1870-1917. BertHowp, Gorrrriep. Siudien iiber Piidiniee ace Leipzig, 1886. BeErRTRAND, CHARLES EUGENE. marques sur le Lepidodendron Hart- court de Witham. Lille, Ti RBiscuorr, GoTTLien WitHELM. Lehrbuch der Botanik. Sighs ae PBoerLace, Jacosus Grjspert. Handleiding tot de kennis der flor ederlandsch Indié. Vols. 1-3, pt. 1. Leiden, ay 100. Borssrer, Pierre EpMoNp. Diagnoses plantarum orientalium noverum. 3 ls. Lipsi Botssier, PrerreE Epmonp, & Reuter, Georces Francois. Diagnoses plant- arum novarum navel braesertim in Castella nova lectarum. Genevae, 1842. Bonnet, EpMonp, & Barratte, JEAN Francois Gustave. Catalogue rai- sonné des plantes vasculaires de : Tunisie. Paris, 1896. Botanical miscellany. 3 vols. Lon 1830-33. Botanical register; aie of ee ae of pie plants culti- wu ritish Gar Vols. 1-33 and appendix. London, 1815-47. Botanische Jahrbticher ae Shinai ase oe Pflanzen- geographie. Vols. 1-55. Leipzig, 18 ee RIQUET, JoHN Isaac. hes Labiées des Alpes ae Partie 1. Ge- néve, I Bulletin de “PAssociotion francaise de botanique. Vols. 1-5. Le Mans, 1898-191 Bulletin ie : Société botanique de Lyon; compies rendus des séances. Seconde série. Vols. 1-10. Lyon, 1883-92. Bulletin des travaux de la Société botanique de Genéve. Nos. 1-7. Ge- néve, BS ss des travaux de la Société murithienne. Fasc. 1-26. Aigle & Sion, ae a pages - botanique générale de ’Université de Genéve. Vols. Gen Bullettino "della sae Bie italiana, Vols. [1-25]. Firenze, 1292- 16, 191 Buniva, MicHeLce Francesco. Nomenclator Linnaeanus Florae pedemon- tanae. Augustae Taurinorum, 1790. BurMaAn, ie. Thesaurus zeylanicus. Amstelaedami, Burnat, Emme, & Gremu, Aucust. Catalogue ratsonné ee des Alpes Maritimes. Genéve et Bale, 1883. ———. Les roses des Alpes Maritimes. Genéve et Bale, 1879. Sup- 3. servations sur quelques roses de I’Italie. Genéve et Bale, 237 er haa ar Lours Pierre Pyramu Cc. & DOLLE, AN Casimir Pyramus. Monographiae ee be AN’ NE 9 vols. Parisiis, CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN PyraMus DE. Rapports sur deux voyages botaniques onomiques dans les Départemens de l'Ouest et du Sud-Oxest 8. ws ) CaruzL, Tzoporo. Supplemento al Prodromo della flora toscana. Milano, ——.. Secondo supplemento. Firenze, Cotaoane de : bibliothéque ie pete de CrsatTI, VINceNzo. Saggio ombardia. Milano, 1844 Cuasert, ALFRED. De Pemploi populaire des plantes sauvages en Savoie. Ed. 2. Chambéry, 1897 Caiman Houston en Neuchatel, 1897. CHEESEMAN, Tuomas Frepertck. Manual of the New Zealand flora. Mf. De Jussieu. Paris, 1857. 0 aes ee e su la flora della Recherches sur la séve ascendante. ia E CuHeEsnut, Victor Kinc. Principal poisonous plants of the Umted States. i 8. . Die 2 der Schweiz mit eee der umliegenden Gebtete ee nd Siti id- Euro a’s. Ba sel, 18 i Plat tas que viver es el termino de Titaguas, pueblo de Valencia. Madrid, gue. Des sti; eur role a Ereieinty - dans la x (Morphologie comparée et taxinomie). [Toulouse, 1878] Coua, Ta Herbarium Kee eee 9 vols u 18 CosTaNTIN, Ju ULIEN NoéL. La vie cape Paris, Curtis’s botanical magazine. Vols , 68-70, 103-119. en 1787- 18 Augustae Taurinorum, DatiparD, THomas FRANGOIS. Si eae prodromus. Paris, 1749. BRAY, aes Gustave. Etud rative des caractéres anatomt- u. ¢ du parcours des Vea ae ae des Pipéracées. ar “886. Drzponte, Giovanni Battista. Guida alle studio delle au : nell’ Orio bo ee della regia Université di Torino. Torin 4. Dumortier, BARTHELEM H Florula belgica, operis majoris pro- d r Nerviorum ean rvations sur les Graminées de la flore belgique. Tournay, Duvat-Jouve, JoserH. Histotarie des feuilles de Graminées. 1875]. EnpLicHer, STEPHAN Lapistaus. Synopsis Coniferarum. [Paris, Sangalli, 1847. 238 ENGELMANN, WILHELM. Botanisches Adressbuch. Leipzig, 1891. ENGLER, HEINRICH stav ApoLr. Versuch einer Pen ante der Pflanzenwelt sdehaaeitel der Florengebiete seit der Ter periode. i Frort, AprrAno, BEGcUINoT, pees & PAMPANINI, RENATO. Schedae ad flovam italicam exsiccatam. Fasc. 1, 2. Firenze, 1905-06. ce ine RIEDRICH Ernst Lupwic von, & Meyer, Kart ANTON. - meratio plantarum novarum a Cl. Schrenk lectarum. 2 vols. Petro- poli ei 1-42. eee OostER, CarL von. Rubi bernenses. Bern, 1867. Fiora; oder, Allgemeine botanische Zeitung. Vols. 1-103. Regensburg, Tarb 818- Flore des serres et des jardins de l'Europe. Vols. 1-23. Gand, 1845-83. Forska, Peur. ele: egypitaco-arabica. Tauniae, 1775. GaupIn, Jean Francois Gotriies Purirrerpr. Flora helvetica. 7 vols. i, 1828-, urici, 3. Giornale botanico italiano. Anno 1, Tome 1, 2; Anno 2, Tome 1. Firenze, 1 Grenrsex Jo OHANN GOTTLIEB. en fungorum exhibens genera, spe- et varietates. Berolini, Ga Rozert Kaye. seis pexpiogariic flora. 6 vols. Edinburgh, HANSsTEIN “‘Jouaxnes Lupwic Ent Rosert von. Botanische Abhand- aus dem Gebtet der Morphologie und Physiologie. 4 vols. Hayata, Bunzo. Flora montana Formosae. Tokyo, Hayek, Avcust von. Die Pflanzendecke ere Onsiie Vol. 1. Leipzig, 1914-1 HELDREICH, Tao0on von. Flore de Vile de Céphalonie. Lausanne, 1 Ho OOKER, Wittiam Jackson. Exotic flora, containing figures and ae tions of 4 ia rare, or otherwise interesting exotic plants. Edinburgh, 1827. —. see ce arum. 4 v London, 1836-52. Hooker’s journal of botany and ee garden miscellany. Vols. 1-5. Lon- don, 1849-53. Hornemann, JENS WiLKEN. Supplementum Horti botanici hafniensis in usum tyronum et botanophilorum. Hafniae, 181 Ito, a & Matsumura, Jinzo. Tentamen Aorae lutchuensis. Sect. Tokyo, 18 99. ee BENJAMIN Daypon. Guide to the literature of botany, London, 1881. Janet, Cuartes. Sur la phylogénése de l’orthobionte. Limoges, 1916. JFSANBERNAT, Ernest JuLes Manig, & TimBar-Lacrave, Pierre MARGUERITE Epovarp. Le massif du Laurenti (Pyrénées francaises) : géographie, géologie, fae Paris, 1879. 239 Jorvan, Atexis. De Porigine des diverses variétés ou espéces d’arbres Ue uitiers ef autres végétaux généralement cultivés pour les besoins de ris, 1853. ———. the ce sur plusieurs plantes nouvelles, rares ou critiques ance. Fasc. 1-7. Paris, 1846-4 a Fi 49. Journal fiir die Botantk 1799-1801. ue 1799-1803. Journal of botany. 4 vols. London, 1 Journal of botany, British and Asien Vols. 1 15-57. London, 1877-1919. KERNER vON MariILaun, ANTON JosePH. Die hybriden Orchideen der Osterreichischen Flora. Wien, 1865. Kine, GEorcE. Heuiiae for a flora of the Malayan peninsula. Nos. 1-13. Calcutta, 188 102. KORNICKE, eee Aucust, & Werner, Huco. Handbuch des Getriede- baues. 2 vols. Berlin, 18 Koorpers, Sijrert HENDRIK, & ba ee Bijdrage tot de kennis der boomsoorten van Java. Nos. . Batavia, 1894-1 La belgique horticole; journal des ee he serres et des vergers. ve ols, LaMarcK, JEAN APTISTE " Anrorve Prerre Monnet ve. Extrait de la ‘y a > a 3 = oF . 8 Bo a iS) p i A - i) p 7, ‘3 Nn Lamarck, JEAN ataee ANTOINE PIERRE Mo ONNET DE, & Can Pari LAUREMBERG, PETER. aie plantarius primus tributus in duos libros. Francofurti ad M m; [1632]. ortt ee “ibrie IT comprehensa; huic nostro coelo & solo C ata. Francofurti ad Moenum, ae 2]. saci Jouann Grorc CuristIAN. Plantae Preissianae; sive, en ‘a- 0 plantarum quas in Australasia i ali et piace pire’ He annis 1838-1841 collegit Ludovicus Preise. vols. Hamburgi, 1844-47. es Louis, & Levier, Emite, Deux excursions botaniques dans le de l Espagne et la Portugal en 1878 et 1879. Lausanne, 1880. eg Cart. Mantissa plantarum, generum editionis 6 & specierum editionis 2. Holmiae, 1767-1 SEL D: JEAN ae Aucuste. Flora gallica, Lute- 1806-07. benaen journal of ue 7 vols. London, 2-48. Lorak, £. sur Vanatomie paki des his végéta- tifs t des ae séminaux des Cucurbitacées. Lille, Mérat, ele Victor. Nouvelle flore des environs de Paris Paris, 1812. Mitpe, Cart Aucust Jutius. Bryologia silesica; Laubmoos-Flora von Nord- und Mittel-Deutschland, unter besonderer Beriichsichtigung chlesiens. Leipzig, 1869. Mireet, CHARLES Francots Brisseau. Histoire eee génerale et par- ticuliére, des plantes. Vols. 1, 2, 4, 5. Paris, An X-XI. 240 Motenvo, Lupwic. Moos-Studien aus den Algduer Alpen. Beitrége zur Phytogeogra, aphie. Leipzig, 1865. Monatsschrift fiir Kakteenkunde. Vols. 1-20, 28. Berlin & Neudamm, 891-1 Moguin-Tannon, CuristiAN Horace Béntpicr ALFRED. Chenopodesrum seer ii ree Parisiis, 1840. Neues Journal fiir die Botanik, 1805-09. Erfurt, 1805-09. Nuovo giornale dae italiano. Vols. 24, 25. Nuova serie, Vols, 1-25. Firenze, 1892— Ortrit, Max. Beira sur Oekologie dey Felsflora, St. Gallen, 1904. PYEFFER, WILHE Beitriige zur Kenntnis der Entstehung der Schlafbe- wegungen. te zig, I91 . Der Einfluss von mechanischer Hemmung und von Balastung auf die Schlafbewegungen. Leipzig, 1911. ——.. Osmotische Udeciaer "Studien zur Zellmechanik. Leip- zig, 1877 —.. Pipseiodiecne Untersuchungen. Leipzig, 1873. PreirFer, Lupwic Georc Kart. Nomenclator botanicus. 2 vols. in 4. Cassellis, 1873-7. 4. Prirzer, Ernst Huco Hrinrtcu. Entwurf einer natiirlichen Anordnung der Orchideen. Heidelberg, 1887. Prrarp, JosepH CuarLes Martz, & Proust, Louis. Les iles Canaries; flore id Voy Pancienne Numidie pendant ee années 1785 & rt 7786, 2 vols, Paris, Proceedings of the American academy of arts and sciences. Vols. 33, 34. , 1898-99. Ravaup, Louis CéLestin Mure. Guide du botaniste dans le Dauphiné. renoble, I REICHENBACH, Hernerca Gortiien Lupwic. Flora germanica esxcursoria. Lipsiae, 1830-32. ————.. Clavis synonymica. Lipsiae, 1833. Revue générale de botanique. Vols. 1-32, Paris, 1889-1 Rutner, Josepu. Die Gefisspflanzen der Urkantone cs von — Zweite Auflage, erstes Heft. St. Gallen, 1893. Ricuarn, Louis Craupe Marie. as ae botaniques; ou, analyse du fruit considéré en général ... publiées par H. A. Duval. Paris, 1808, Roemer, M. J. Fa heed naturalium regni vegetabilis synopses mono- graphicae, 4 parts in 2 vols. Vimariae. 1846-47. RoEPER, JOHANNES Re Curistian. De floribus et affinttatibus Balsa- ninearum. Basileae, 1830. Roursacn, Paut. Monographie der Gattung Silene. cece 1868. Rotu, ALBRECHT WILHELM. Cetalecta botanica. 3 fas Lipsiae, 1797- 1806. ” MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION D. Adam Charles re Alexander Vincent es John W. Achincloss ay Stephen Henry He ee Baldwin Edmund L. Baylies Prof. Charles P. Berkey Eugene P. Bicknell C. K. G. Billings George Blumenthal George P. Brett George S. Brewster Prof. N. L. B n Prof. Edw. S. g Dr. Nicholas M. Butler H. Marshall Field William B. O. Field Bee x Mackenzie V. zie as pie Marston 1. Mat oe rge ees ny Ro Ty Frederic ie Nebel Prom EER as ames ee De oe F. K. Stu 4 B. B. ieee er Charles G. Thompson W. Boyce Thor pso Dr. W. Gil Thompso} Louis C. Tiffa eas le L. Winthrop MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. Robert Bacon Mrs. Delancey Kane Miss Elizabeth Billings Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel rs. N. L. Britton s. Frederic S. Lee Mrs. Andrew Carnegie rs. William A. Teetaad Mrs. aie flee. D, Dicke Mrs. A. A. Low Mrs. John W. Draper Mrs. Pierre Mali Miss Elizabeth Hamilton Mrs. David Ives Mackie Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Mrs. Henry ee eed Mrs. Robert C. Hill M Roswell Mrs. Frederick C. Hodgdon Mrs. Wheeler H Beetham Mrs. Walter Jennings Mrs. eros W. oe ee Mrs. Bradish Johnson Mrs. Harold I. Pra rs. Wm. Kelly Prentice A. Read 44 an r eron G. Strong r enry aylor John T. Ty Save G 0 . Cabot rs. William i. Woodin eaagal Latest OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL ee Fee ih, nry ees Mrs. James A . Serymser Kan Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part of the City of New York, aa which pare phe Bronx River. A native hemlock forest fae one of t eatures of th Plantations ie theteendet of native and dee trees, shrubs, and flowering plan Gardens, inclu tain ng a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens. Greenhouses, containing thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign countries. suey shows throughout the year—in the s spring, summer, and autumn displ of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water- lilies, sladioli dahlias, and chrys anthemums; in the winter, displays o: saute ng plants. oneaine exhibits es fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants Sugiesnne within eneh undred miles of the City of New York, and ee economic uses of plan oupariaeas comprising. more than one million specimens of Amer- ican en foreign spec Exploration in diffe oan parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central at and South America, for the study and collection of the character- tic Scicauiae research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library of eee literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and numerous pamphlet Public ana ona ce variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the year. Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the above eats ay the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural, and for subjects. ae Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City o w York, private benefactions and membership fees. It aes now nearly two thousand baueae and Sapien for membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are: Benefactor ue contributigy $25,000 Patron single contributi ,000 Fellow for Life ......... Beam onoad single contribution 1,000 Member for Life ............... .... single contribution 250 Fellowship Member ............. .. annual fe 100 Sustaining Member ............ .... annual fee 25 1 Stigaonoddomoouod arate 1 fee 10 The following i is an spproved fo mu m of bequest: T hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the ee re New York, Ghunnes nae of 1891, the s ———_— All requests ‘fae further information aout he sent to THE ay; BoraNnicaL Cares BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY ; VOL. XXVI NovemMBer, 1925 No. 311 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN GATHERING CACTI IN THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN Joun K. SMALL FLOWERS FOR THE HOME GARDEN ErHet Anson S. PECKHAM THE FRINGED GENTIAN Grorce F. Norton PUBLIC LECTURES DURING DECEMBER AND JANUARY NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. Tue Science Press Printinc CoMPANY Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Freperic S. Ler, President James F, Kem Henry W. DE Forest, iis Deters ADOLPH iawisoan F. K. Srurats, Vice Pre. KennetH K. MACKENZIE jouN IBS MERRILL, Sieneice f . J. MATHESON N. L. Britton, Secretary BarrincTon Moore Epwarp D AMS, N ENRY DE Forest BALDWIN Lewis RuTHERFURD Morris NicHotas Murra LER Frepertc R. NEwsoip AUL D. CrAvATH Cuartes F. Ranp Rosert W. DE Forest Hersert M. RicHARDS HILDS K HENRY Wiuram J. Gres GerorcE J. Rya R. A. HARPER ae Boxer THOMPSON JoserH P. HENNEs: W. ee vHoM M PSON Joun F. Hytan a Meas of the City of N. Francis Dawaew GALLATIN. Preaient of oie "Depervaent of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D. NicHotas Murray Butter, Po. D., Frenertc S. Lee, Pu. D., LL. D. 1) ., Lirr. D. Wiu1am J. Gies, Px. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D. GeorcE J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF ING WE haves 1224 1D, Soh ID Webs ID, Gooncoanccdccoecsed Director-in-Chief MarsHALt A. Hows, Pu. D., SED Re ARERR, Assistant Dien Joun K. Sat, Pu. D., ScuDic eee Aono Head Curator of the Museum A. B. Stout, Po Director of the La boratories P. A. Rypzerc, Px. D. H. A. Greason, Pu Cu ra D J. SEAVER, P ArtHur Hotticx, Pu. D. ‘anist Percy WI Lson Associate Curato' Patmyre DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator Joun Henviey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. ..............02200 Bibliographer ae H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian H. H. Russy, M. LORS aaa ae Honorary Curator et the Economic Collections Euizazetu G. BRITTON Honorary Curator of up aoe Mary E. Eaton ist KennetH R. Boynton, B. S Head eae Rosert S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant Hester M. Rusk, A. M. echnical ase H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian of Local Herbariu' E. B. Souruwicx, Pa Di ae Custodian of Herbaeens Goeunte Joun R. BRINLEY, CUE Es ane sc ore Engineer WALTER S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accoeey ARTHUR) J.) CORBETD epee eee Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VoL. XXVI NoveMBER, 1925 No. 311 GATHERING CACTI IN THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN A Recorp oF BoranicaL EXPLORATION IN AUGUST, 1922 Shortly after the “ Bimini” of the West Indian aborigines was ; ida u istory and economi ‘an t counts of the ie pianis used as ie and fibers. _Thus Florida may For example, we find records like the following in an accou of The Journey of Alvar Nufiez Cabeza de Vaca (Translation . Ad. F. Bandelier, 1905): ‘ After which time they [de Vaca’s captors] would remove to another beep in order to eat De nen These are a fruit ef the size of eggs, red and black, and taste very goo or three months they eee upon them ec, eating nothing else.” Te e r best times are when ‘ tunas’ [prickly- pears] are ripe, Vers ay have plenty to eat, as spend the time in dancing : E e squeeze and open them and set ee to dry. When dried oe ay. The peelings they grind and pulverize.”—Page : : ‘ to satisfactior he Indians do it y, out of lack o vessels. The juice is sweet and has the color of must. There are many f tunas, an vi d ones, although to me all kinds of tunas, and some very go tasted alike, hunger sane perne me time to select, or stop to think which ones were bet . .—Pages 96 and 97. 242 Our recent studies and explorations i in the eastern cactus field grow the descendants of f ch the old niga once feasted, as described in the above quotations and which a: thus doubly interesting to the writer. summing up of our inet of the cacti that came to ee light ha gs botanical exploration, particular ly in pie i f in the cactus Sinaia of Paes ee at Buena Vista, Flor- g Cc 8 ence in many places—: 2 aulber ry (Morus paper- mulberry (Papyrius), and the “ acacia’ : Albiseia Tae brissin In No rth Carolina the oak and beech barrens were often coe with —— (Solidago) or white with bonesets (Eu torium rass—a cane (drundinaria tecta)—quite different in habit y of our northern es, occupied v: ps and sometimes intermingled ea the cat-tail (Typh marshes urther on, mps were ora ed in ee coloni of escence eee ee "Wen on slender stems. Wet ditches were oc 243 cupied, often exclusively, by the Japanese honeysuckle (Nin- tooa), which has a habit of spreading rapidly and crowding out everything before it An elegant white hibiscus (Hibiscus incanus) was Ae t er t (Tecoma), with its clusters of long scarlet flowers and cig: ge The pine- hak rren swamps were often showy spots. The white fringed eis (Blephariglottis), meadow-beauties (Rhexia), inis ardi e, while swamp-loosestrife (Decodon) and swamp- ane (Ascle pias Fiabe oe aaa ana masses along streams and ditches. e the homes of the spatter-docks pier an while the pond- lily, (Castalia) thrived in the still water back in the woods. Here and there a pon [an = wp Ss pon onds were the kee -beard (XX erophyllum), with its very numerous narrow ne leaves, the leopard-lily (Lilium Cates- baei), with its erect fl of a peculiar shade of red, and the white-frin ae orchis (Blephoritn), with its flowers creamy ith n thickets along ee and ditches two plants—lead-plant (Amorpha) and poison-hemlock (Cicuta)—stoo e the other vegetation, and a blue-tinged eryngo (Eryngium) was seen fre- en n the hammocks the sour-wood (Oxydendrum), which an, from sea-level to the high mou d is ce of celebrated honey, was plentiful. With it grew a tree-like herb or erb-like tree—prickly-ash (dlralia 0. n- sively used in medicine ack-walnut (Juglans) with its celebrated fruit was here also, as it was in t oun is quently in evidence, both of them very handsome when in flower. The one introduced from the East Indies long ago—the crape- 244 myrtle Gee Baiaidies the other of rather recent introduction rom Japan— ‘the karri ( te mia), As we approached Beaufort, our first destination, the highest sine was well pena: with flowers. More conspicuous e a the vari-colored horse-mint es narda) with its curiously e were in the middle stretch of several hundred miles of coast line, botanically Ries or quite unknown—it has never been explored. Here began our + oh ° = oa a ° = a im” qq 2 oe Bg ou or cactus eee ign. There are : two kinds oF prickly -pears at Beaufort. The one, a sa is really a eof Mexico. It may e ught to No Carolina by way of Florida. It is quite interesting, both on ac- count of its hardiness and its name. Plants were long ago taken to Cambridge, glan They proved hardy ere and were named Opustia Si pika ag inoes prickly-pear. imens are growing on at Beaufort, bu ir future existence the precar Plas have been transferred to t island occupied by the Station of the United States Bureau o Fisheries and also to the cactus plantation at Buena Vista, Florida. In the vicinity of Beaufort, Opuntia Drummondii grows on the various islands lying off the mainland. It is plentiful on the dunes near the abandoned Fort Macon opposite the town. T i e is the northern eee limit of that species. As we well understood the prickly-pears of the South Carolina coast, as far as they had been collected, we passed that region by, 245 and hastened to the coastal region of northeastern Florida. Our course lay through oods. wamps fragrance of an aceite ie (Clethra snifio) which was then the flowering representative of associated sh H lo rul igh and low grounds alike ad much in ni way of floral dis- la swamps were the mo owy spots. The lower roups of plants were the more in evid There, even the widespread h as the fringed i = nd ae d the locally distributed fakes such as turkey- beard. (erp at in equal abundance. The bright-green t namon-fern he s collectively, a er he swamps utterfly-peas radburya and Clitoria) and the still mo: owy and peculiarly built passion-flowe ay-p Passiflora incarnata)——were a vines e la plant we had collected in Mower also on th r Botanically, the most interes plant, however, w semi-vine—a blueberry (Vaccinium crassifolium)—with a re- stricted geog c range in the Carolinas. m. yards of t d homesteads the fruits of three k rees—t paper-mulberry (Papyrius), the tree-of- heaven lege the of-China (J/elia)—scattered 1 2 a. 3 rees are nati ves of eastern pots pla T sentatives of ne highest family of the monocots and the highest 246 of the dicots. The former were four orchids of the pom type, rein-orchis relatives, ane fringed-orchis (Blephrgons Blephariglottis, B. ciliaris, B. lacera, and Gyn niopsis in- tegra). The dicots were represented ty three or cae kinds of boneset (Eupatorium), deer’s-tongue (Trilisa), and a coreopsis relative (Endorima In and abut Sait Mary’s there c occur three definite kinds three feet in diameter, which indicates that they represent some of the eae r trees brought in from the West. In addition to the ve-m med trees, several of the native kinds—live-oak (Quer, “helly (ilex), and laurel (Magna are prominent features in yards and streets. Giant red-cedars (Sabina) are also there—because they were protected from the ax of the pen- cil-maker who began to devastate that region over a century ago. 1 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 24: 5 and 6. 1923; 25: 59. 1924. 247 (Lagerstroemia indica) which was introduced from the East Indies many years ago. It occurs in the South either as a small tree—with a single trunk—or a large shrub—with a cluster of trunks. It has a smooth bark somewhat eu that of the native pigeon-plum m (Coccolobis laurifolia) and bears numerous spider-lily oS with a few aoe was found in the midst of t unes. This locality is only a few miles south of Saint ae s where Hymenocallis cras. ae described a century s discovered and as yet remains a mystery unless the soaked in order to secure the mucilaginous matter which made the solution of lime more adhesive and durable when applied to a surface. s the southern end of the island there occurred the fee geet of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. This species 248 which we have named (Opuntia magnifica) has no close relatives along the coast, but its habit suggests that it may be a natural- e eds ve along the highway, both the relatively ie ae elen tam tenutfolium) and the tall bladder-pod (Glottidium vesi- cari) which, although an annual plant, a makes a woo stem over an inch in diameter. About the en the common weed is often lion’s ear (Leonotis nepetaefoli On the way back to Jacksonville we ee two additional one. iat kinds of prickly-pears in the pine woods, , Opuntia tur- gida, first discovered several yea si of Daytona an ot known elsewhere, and Opuntia lata, also first discovered sev- eral years ago near Gainesville an retofore confined as far a nity of the mouth of the Saint John’s River, where both kinds and individuals of Sak pear rival or excel any other local cactus development in the te the islands and on a mainland about the mouth \ ~~ = i) 2 3 in wes oO o {abe tic Beach to aytona. Goldenrods (Mieracium), and thistles (Cirsizm) were the evident flowering 249 herbs associated _with the prickly-pears. This island is the northernmost station for the wild-pepper plant, Peperomia cumu- ico. i cc tis a wi patch—a plant in its winter stage and in full flower. Its normal schedule had become disarranged for some reason that was not evident to us. The dunes at Pilot Town that face the estuary of the Saint oppy (Argemone oe with large immaculate corollas, and the other, a naturalized South American wild-sage (Lantana Sellowiana) with small, but rich purple flowers. Atlantic Beach, which faces the iva Ocean about six more prolific than elsewhere within their geographic ranges, as z € eee em -jointed prickly-pear is erect and diffusely branched. oO Es numerous, relatively ee adie See The two joe- 2Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 22: 197. 1921. 128. 1922 21. 1923. uLooDSLL yt UE SoANQIIA SuUUR US sPVIU SPPIYS PaIysvoiy IYI YM polsesUO. LLgUddIS JO SopRYS SNOTIVA dT, "SPpoo] “Palq OAR, pues SuLivog-Aitoq 958 syurd ay) Jo ysour so} ‘spsiq Jo AaudHE oy YRNOsYyS aaayy parsers uonriasoa Aq payrindod asom sdvay-jjoys oy] SuvIpuy oy, Aq uoNedNdso aay) adjpy “souiBoqe Fpro[y oy} Aq SUapprur-UdayIUY OFUL Pawisofsuvs) J4d9M [OAD op-YSny ynoqe o} awed ATPBsnzeu yeyy ‘edie, pure ][Buus ‘syaar AYIOI [Vrgaas 9y} 94dF_ Vp Maary [eISAAD JO yNos uooSyl we aary yes up “1 aww 251 jumpers just referred oe Tracyi and O. impedata—ar ead o € series of strings of nies. They form an effective nts are copiously spiny, and jo barrier to pro the ints, separable by the merest touch; so that one’s clothing is not long in being covered wit the young and old spines when collecting on the dunes lifax River region was our t objective. We rshes the numerous the colonies of the cowbane (O-xrypolis filifor- we supported their white umbels above all the other herbaceous vegetation. n the ponds and fresh-water lagoons the yet little-understood large-leaved pond-lily ofter! almost hid the surface of t water beneath the victoria-like ting leav: the higher pee southward the horse-mint (A/onarda punctata) becai ore abundant, and showed greater variety i des of color of its bracts and flowers than it did in the northeastern corner of the stat At n City we crossed over to the sand-dun of the ee plants we found was the coontie om umbrosa), thus extending its geographic ge several mil rthw: he dunes were less fl us than in the spring. The coast- wise vi rt p i sensitive-plant (Chamaecrista fasciculata) which blooms mainly in spring and summer. 252 nt tinued southward to Mosquito Inlet. There Hetero- e flat plain-like areas of the dunes, not infrequent belw ween the rolling parts, supported miniature forests of the varnish-leaf odonaea le. Wherever we find this shrub, it seems to be in flower and in fruit at all fae of the year. An accom- panying shrub with a limited flowering season, known as tia 1n: ie) 2 mas. Its fruits, the size of small peas, are white with ey attractive to > hina and the migratory inde doubtless brought the n the West Indies. The con in their porous structure, has enabled this plant to maintain an existence a north of its normal geographic range. Our next move was from the eastern coast to the western. After ae the old highway between De Land and De Leo Florida flat-woods, we selected an unusual route to Ocala. as! i eyed grass (Xvris ambigua) projectin, ove the lea ats lily ads. About the lakes were oa ee ces times the growth was an almost pure association of black- ae (Quercus Cates- baei) or of the upland willow-oak (Q. cinerea). lower grounds near the river we fo ae copious thickets of guava (Psidium) trees. These had evidently been natural- ized there for many years. When we reached the river we had ‘sdeay [jays 9yy ur atooaip ope SOL -o8 O18 SuspprIu [yews jo s ‘ODUIPIsat Jo sase[d Airsod A “poyzivaun sem ji se ysnt Sounxa MOU ‘sou SUIOS JIM S[eLINEE spunour permg yea Aq poruedaros Aer aeou pines 24 jou Aut io Avur says aSeiLA Loqu ¥ OL out jo auo yo ‘uolapays B JO [jnys B SMOYS JISUT ayL “31ayz st ‘queld- -Ppooy a}oary yey ‘aead-Alyo1id ayy yt Uyo, SOUTSIAOGe ay} SY UOIIPUOS oul¥s sy} jnoge ur—dnor3 saary ayes ay) jo uappraruaysny udiseq [SOU AGT ep ‘ear yes uy oe wunolg 255 come to classic botanical ground. We crossed the river at or near the spot where William Bartram found the royal-palm (Ro a) a century and a half ago? tt time Florida, evidently, had ha more tempered climate for the royal und naturally only at the southern end of the peninsula. Even these specimens are nowadays killed by © freezes.” is species, in Florida, is actually be “ pushed to the wall,” for the geographic range ends naturally with the southern tip of the Florida mainland. Our immediate objective on the western side of the Saint John’s was Lake George, also classic botanical ground, for here on its shores William Bartram camped and collected pian! in sibilities of gettin: er the trail to our objective resulted in con- flicti formation—positive and tiv d both were correct for the accomplishment depended on the power of the motor and the disposition of the driver. O nm. the western side of the Saint John’s we were not long in ee t crub which occupies an area nearly twenty-five miles wide west of Lake Tr T. rub is a series of ancient sand- hills piled ption a puz subs The writer, after pence the ae visited by Bartram a century and a half ago, has come to the conclusion a Bartram later in life, in oa of his former travels’ in Florida, delivered 3 Travels ae 1T4. 4 See Journal of ae < York Botanical Garden 21: 31. 1920. 5 Travels oA 1792. 256 his memory of a composite prickly-pear picture by combining the smoothish and large-fruited prickly-pear of the coastal In- dian fields with the size and habit of the prickly-pear plant of on ore-region of Lake George was, evidently, a favorite place of residence of the aborigines. Their old fields about Silver more interesting plant was a tall bear-grass (Yucca) with white flowers only about one half the size of any of the recognized Eastern States’ species of that The Natal-grass Cay was not uncommon near the lake. It is being widely scattered over the Florida peninsula, mainly by its wind-transported fruits. Our cactus studies being finished in the Lake George region, we set out over the giant rollers of white sand in the direction r is i f year. For mile e every tree a vi as stroye Tt was a dismal sight, and emphasized the fact that if n continues in Florida the peninsula will revert to it condition— rt. However, vege’ was ni altogether wanting, for about two dozen herbaceous plants had spru p ou e parched sands with added vigor furnished by the ashes from th st fre and they were blooming pro- fusely, especially the leguminous plants. The vines, butterfly- peas (Bradburya and Clitoria), and the milk-pea (Galactia), with flowers more numerous and larger than we h ver seen phantopus elatus), deer’s-tongue (Trilisa odoratissima), purple- torches (Trilisa paniculata), and blazing-star (Lacinaria tenui- folic). Yellow and rose-purple were conspicuous respectively 237 mong the much-branched plants in the yellow foxgloves (Afze- fia) and purple fox-glove (Agalinis n bogs and low level lands in the valleys between the dunes, especially where the lumberman had formerly font ] densely populated with foxglove (Agalinis) with purplish-green foliage, that the whole area would appear to be covered with a mong tio: he e plants, ee eles maiden-cane Coe anaes ae (Cicuta). sbendant rei plants miles northward piCaineeu ie passing part way through the Middle gis peer belt, which we could identify even in the dark by character of the roads. appro ene Gainesville, we passed the Alachua prairie, a vast limesink which has been alternately wet and dry during the last centu William Bartram’s oe of it in the latter half of a eiere century is as fol : e extensive ee hue savanna is a level green ee above a Orange groves, rising from an exuberantly fertile soil. The towering “Magna ee a and transcendent Palm, stand con- spicuous amongst thet The same description applies today. 258 From Gainesville we took a southwestern course to Arc and Bronson. This region is the type locality for ries a a specics we discovered there several years ago. ere not long in locating many specimens of this long-fruited prickly. “pear. Its club-shaped berries and red juvenile armament are fer : e of and rather inconspicuous species. On the other hand, in crossing the peninsula Petalostemon carnets, a related species and a ve ry showy plant, was enon y seen. The roadside weed there, in place of the bitter- weed of the a from six inches to six feet tall. On the black-jack ridges and the scrub between Archer and Bronson colonies of a blazing-star ( Laciniaria deneaee ane often forming rose-purple patches on the white san Having secured specimens of the prickly-pear of the lime-sink region, we headed southward from Archer and paralleled our 1 : quent all over the peninsula made themselves felt when we got to the more southern and lower parts of the State Joun K. Smact. (To be continued.) 259 FLOWERS FOR THE HOME GARDEN? ore we a the Bo suitable to be used in the home Any g ; dwelling, that can be stepped into from the house, may be called Runes a home garden. Naturally, the eee of these il f- garden in, making it private. These boundaries may be simple or elaborate to suit the aa of the garden, but, in any case, there ill be The flowering plants to be used in the home garden may divided into four main groups: bulbous plants, herbaceous ae shrubs and trees, and creepers. It is essential to use many bulbs. The majority of bulbous plants which are hardy in the vicinity of New York, bloom in ome flowering season gaan The e also a few autumn-flow- s ge § ya snowflakes, Leucojum vernum and L. aestivum, the quamashes 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building of The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday et Guyeaie: 19, 1925 260 (Camassia), and the stars of Bethlehem (Ornithogalun) In 8 ations vith rock pi the sprin fen, combinations of se bulb 0. lants such as the aubrietias, arabis, Alyssum saxatile, ad dwarf irises, etc., etc., may be m near the edge flower borders s far better to have only a few good sorts of plants in your masses of them. e also plans so that he has bloom through- out the spring, summer, and autumn, he will have a very effective garden y effect can be kept up by the introduction of an- eb dener should save his own seed from any pare cal arly fine variety as he will be sure then of having pink Canterbury Bells, if he ee them to blu 261 Where the garden is made in the country, natural advantages should be saved, especially if there are patches of ferns or wil flowers, groups of elders or other shrubs which are jus rna: 1 ign material. If the dener desires this native material for a en which lacks it, let him buy fro - series that peed in these things; or if he helps himself let him bear in mind reservation of wild flowers and take only a ver tle here ee here. of our native oa are posure. choice of m ee ane. aan care, will produce flowers of a high quality for the home garden. e lecture was ee oe by more than seventy colored Ian- slides, a majority of which were made in England by the ise eee Malby Vv. EtuHet Anson S. PECKHAM. THE FRINGED GENTIAN The time for harvesting Fringed Gentian seed is drawing near and I am still sending a = packet of the seed to any one who is interested enough to write for it T wish to emphasize the oe that there will be no flowers the first fall and the plants will be so small that they will be very dif- ficult to find. If planted according to the directions, which follow and which are sent with every packet of seed, the plants will produce flowers the oo ia after sowing. Dire ction, Scatter ae seed where the Fringed Gentian is to grow, in a iit shaded spot or open field with good drainage and plenty of oisture, in a light loam he e very difficult to find the tiny plants but the eis fall they will be from 8 to 12 inches high and in bloom. This letter is one of many received this fall reporting success in propagating the Fringed Gentian. ® a + Md cc) 2 5 = 7 “ SEPTEMBER 27, 1925. “ My prar Dr. Norton: “Tam among the fortunate people to whom you so kindly ga gav some Fringed Gentian seeds tw ars ago. You e ner sted to know that I have three beautiful patches of gentians in bloom at present, two of them wo differ w open places in a great source of joy and I wish to express to you my apprecia- tion and gratitude “ Sincerely yours, I shall be very glad to receive a report, after the second year, from those who scatter the seed Georce F. Nor Fae I wth S cs w York City. OcToBeEr 16, 1925. PUBLIC LECTURES DURING DECEMBER AND JANUARY The following is the program of free lectures and aoa tions in the Central Display Greenhouse of Conservatory Range on Saturday afternoons in December and January, beginning ; three o’clock. Dec. 5. “ Tropical Gardens,” Mr. K. R. Boynton. Dec. 12. “ Greenhouse Pests,” Dr. F. J. Seaver. Dec. 19. caMe plants Dr. H. A. Gleason. Jan. 9. Starch-bearing Plants,” Dr. ee A. Howe. Jan. 16. “ Manegeted Plants,” Dr. A. B. Stout. an. 23. “ Cycads, Dr. jin : Small. Jan. 30. “ House Plants and their Care,” Mr. H. W. Becker. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT r. E, J. Schreiner has recently made two trips into Maine and ne into Canada for further studies in connection with investiga- tions with poplars 263 Professor H. H. Whetzel, of Cornell ee spent several days at the Garden in the latter part of Octo On the 24th, he gave a very practical lecture in the Garden's ae ae noon course on “ Keeping Plants in the Gardens and Border: ealthy.”” Dr. Roland M, Harper, who was a student at the Garden dur- nce of four year of the Florida State Geological Survey and is engaged in studying the vegetation and other natural resources of southern Florida. r. A. B. Stout, of the Garden Staff, spent a week during Oc- iS) n Botanical Garden is eae with the Department of Horti- culture of the Experiment Stat r. H. A. Gleason spent the first week in November at the Na- tional Herbarium at Washington, studyin, operative botanical work now in progress on the flora ee ae re South Amen a. In Se meee and October, Hae Park Department of the City resurfaced about a mile of the main roads within the grounds of Ww plac facing over the concrete. The last sections of this greatly im- proved road were opened to the public on October 14. 264 “Dahlia Day” at The New York Botanical Garden was ob: served on Wednesday afternoon, October 14, a later date than ar i what damaged b frost on the r aed of the 28th and were ay killed on the morning of the 2gth. The New York Times of October 18 announces the recent 1850, the year of California’s admission into the Uan on, and wer 1888 another small grove was found on Santa Rosa Island, off the coast of southern California Meteorology for October. The total et for the month was 4.66 inches, of which 0.02 inch fell a: The and 33.50°, noted above, damaged certain plants in some locali- ties; but the first hard killing frost occurred on the morning of the 2yth, when a temperature of 28° was recorde PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical ey monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Noes in its twenty-sixth volume. Myco logia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4. 00 a ae single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its seven nth volume. Addisonia, quarterly, devoted uray to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plant ; eight plates in eethae umber, thirty-two in each volume. Sikes price, $10.00 year. [Not i in i fi lume. Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em- bodying results of investigations. Free to all members of the Garden; to others, $3.00 be volume. Now in its thirteenth volume. ° North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North Amer- ica, Melding Gteeniand: the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be completed in st veloc Ror . 8vo. ach volume to consist of four or more parts ts ued. Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number oe Beate. Looe will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange. Memoirs of The pee York erence Garden. Price to members of the = aaa $1.50 per volume. To others, $3.00. An De eid Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yel- ena Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 402 pp., with detailed map. The Influence of oe and Darkness upon Growth and Devel- acDouga’ i plates. 1909. V ol. IV. Gager. viii + a pp., with 73 aes and 14 plates. 1908. Vol. V. Flora ot the Vicinity of New ae Contribution to Plant at i 191 pees ety: by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 with 9 plates We We Vee A presented at the Gacteinon of the ayenecin Anni- verry of the New York Botanical Garden. viii + 504 pp., with 43 16. eins from The New York eta Garden. A series of tech i nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and peneiated| from journals other than the above. Price oe cents each. $5.00 per vol- In the eleventh volume. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARD Bronx Park, New aa City GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden Aree Fo r hundred acres of beautifully dered land in the northern part of the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the features of the | Hace: eaters es thousands of ae and introduced trees, shrubs, and flowering plan Ga alae including | a beautiful rose eeeey a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gar Greenhouses, containing thousands of nee plants from America and foreign ntri C Flower shows throughout the year—in the spri ng, summer, a and autum displays of narcissi, daffodils eS ae prone roses, lilies, wate lilies, er atiol aan 4 ias, and chrysanthem the winter, displays of greenhouse- nee museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local pigms: Dacre within one hundred miles of the City of New York, and a7 nomic uses of plants. aca comprising more than one million specimens of Amer- ican ae foreign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, ee and South Aedetcds for the study and collection of the character- stic Scie ntific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified erica of plant life. A library of oe literature, comprising more than 34,000 books a numerous pamphlets. Public lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing year Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and The education of ca 1 children and the public through the abov features and the giving of free information on botanical, sporticuitveatl e Garden is dependen upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private piecucnee and membership fees. It possesses now y two t members, and applications for membership are sae welcome. The classes of m : Benetactor ect sonia ate uareuaieaayers . single contribution $25,000 AAR ULPeNe ha ee et eet aac ceautareneey ted single contributi 5, Mellow Mor Witeva.oaauce nance single contribution 1,000 Member fonuleirer cevscaieerentee seiner single contribution 250 Fellowship Member ........ ssccees annual fee 100 rey Meer isile eaterantey store ierabate ars uve fee 25 ual fee Con HME to nae G Aen may be Pa cei taxable incomes. The following is an approved form oF _beque I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Gorden sooo under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of ion mee of ———— All requests for further information diene bes sent to THE orK BotanicaL Garp BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY DecrempBer, 1925 No. 312 JOURNAL OF _ Tue New York BOTANICAL GARDEN HH GATHERING CACTI IN THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN—Concluded Joun K. SMALL THE CULTIVATION OF WILD FLOWERS AND FERNS Hersert DurAND SMALL te COMPETITION UNDER asses OF THE ey NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, INDEX TO VOLUME 26 a PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa. Tue Science Press PrintiInc CoMPANY ; Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS Frepertc S. Leg, President James F. unas Mea Henry W. ve Forest, Vice President Anonea Lew: F. K. Sturets, Vice President KENNETH K MaceEna Joun L. MERRILL, Treasurer . J. MATHESON N. L. Britton, Secretary BarrincToN Moore Epwarp D. ADAMS . P. Morcan HEnry DE Forest BALDWIN Lewis RuTHERFURD Morris NicHotas Murray, ButLer Frepertc R. NEwBoLp Paut D. CravatH Cuartes F, RAW Ropert W. bE Forest Hersert M. RICHARDS Cuitps Frick Heyy H Wr11am J. Gies GEOR RYA R. A. HARPER Wyner Boy ee THOMPSON JosrrH P. Hen W. dae THOMPSON ouN F, ee Mayor of the City of N w York FRANCIS. Dawson Ga.iaTin. President of ny Department of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D. NicHoLas Murray Burter, Pu. D., Freperic S. LEE, Pu. D., LED: IL, 1D), Wigwe, 1D), eae M. RICHARDS, Sc. D. Wriam Je Gas Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D. Gerorce J. RYAN GARDEN STAFF ON, PHD) SED: Le Daas ancart arate Director-in-Chief Mageaarew K Howe, Pu D., Sei Aa istant Director Joun K. SMatt, Pu. DAISCs Dios iaenacees Head Curator of the Museums A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director af the Loborovonieg P. A. Rypperc, Px. D. rator H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Gunatee Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. .... urator ARTHUR Hoircx, Io: oe DS Paleobotanist Percy WILson Associate Curator PaLMyRe DE C. MiTcHEI Associate Curator Joun HeENDLEY Beas Pe eel ag D Wena s Renn Ra Blo Bibliographer Se H. Hartow, A. M. ibrarit H. H. Russy, M. B. Meviredereres Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections Exizazeru G. Brrrron Honorary Curator of ieee ARY E. Eato: KennetH R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener Rosert S. WEAN Administrative Assistant Hester M. Rusk M. Technical Actas . M. Denstow, ie M,, IDA D Balog Hon ae Nien of ron erbarium E. B. SoutHwIick, Px. BID 1 RS of Her ous Grounds Joun R. Brrntey, C. E. tates ape Engineer Wa tter S. GRoESBECK Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J. CorBeTT Superi: dent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden Voi. XXVI DECEMBER, 1925 No. 312 GATHERING CACTI IN THE EASTERN COASTAL LAIN (Continued from page 258) On a seas sae we had an opportunity to examine the “ Indian mounds which we had had reports. Mere super- ficial ae ea them to be mounds of earth and rock up in abor. acti ee neue ies ago. Some of this ground was rather ing. dinies at Salt River. This water is a lagoon running south- ward into the bye of channels toward Saint Martin’s River. ver was lace for occupation by the aborigines— our more at t aulover a int rtin’s River, an small kitchen-middens on every point of land along the shores These shell islands are very picturesqu he white piles of ously above the water and the surrounding lighter-green marshes. These middens are relatively high but small in area and with 266 steep sides. Consequently there has not been much opportun ity f w i @ n 0 milk-vine eee scoparia (? Four kinds of trees were in evidence—red cedar (Sabina ‘eleolay. cabbage- tree (Sabal Palmetto), live-oak (Quercus virginiana), and hack- ; ce pense stood, ce a dozen kinds of herbaceous ane were observed In order to go further down the western coast, it was necessary to make a semi-circular detour many miles inland. We pass 1 See Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 25: 60 & 63. 1924. 267 through primeval country and through that cultivated by th white man for several generations with the natural ne destroyed or much modified. These observations lead us to re- t the lower parts. The animal life, likewise, has been and is being modified and destroyed. LEven the bivalve is oF reduction. he aborigi pon n to the maximum measurements as a result of the too generous drafts upply. o return to vegetation. Our course inland lay through neus mentioned above. s of P. Feayi show more o tun: prov or grottoes along the Withlacoochee River? at er season and at the great hammock north and south of Brooksville. However, in passing through the Choocochattee hammock we ied . West Indian swamp-bracken (Blechnum Bo eiee 2See Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 21: 32-38. 1920. . ‘Teodor AlaS1ey sr ‘suappru- ways] Oy} JO JeYI a1] ‘uorjyejasaa oyy, ~ -UdYDIY Oy} ayT] ‘uorjeur10j-eurnboo styy, “spunour [eting pue suapprur-usyoity puy om Quepunqe sem Ajddns -PpOo} B a13ayM aiayMas]a se grap eo A]1VI 91 OF ee, paysiuingy YTYM Jo []e—sqniys pue $901] PooMpiey pue ‘onauyed- wes f & IS ejd jusasauids ur spunoqe ‘[Ios jo pues] SMwseA uQ “f gan ‘sread-4] 1 areq Ajzeau Ysnoyyye ‘yon ‘puryst ayy jody ‘muaqynos eumboo aqI— eLT : 269 tale) at the only station known this side of the Gulf Stream, and t associated with it w re surpris rein-orchis (Habenaria Habenaria), the type species of the ge abenaria, which was collected in Florida only 0 nce before, many years ag of this orchid are d have a fra- grance closely resembling that of the Japanese-honeysuckle (Nin- tooa) thir est Indian plant came to light here—a virgin- bower (Clematis dioica). T ee in ee our r in the Annuttalagga hammock north c oe was forced upon us. s a the country between Brooksvi le es din: 18° Some of the floristic the Pinellas Peninsula have been described in a pre 7 ring plant lands and in marshes was the peculiar boneset (Eupatorium mikanioides)—so med from the sha the leaf-bla , in addition to fh na their odd shape for the genus, stand edgewise instead o al. 3 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 25: 65 and 66. 1924. 270 As we reached Salt yeas the sun set. Just e d a washed-ou rav sed, but how it looked and what plants were there remained a still to be learned. Morning found us again picking our way through the mud on pate low coun ae was s often well ae with flowers. An Tt es hie elongata), and cowbane (Oxypolis fliformis) may be mentioned. The yellows were mainly of the goldenrod (Solidago Chapmanii), the yellow-eyed grass (Xyris), and a goldenrod relative—rayless goldenrod (Chondrophora nudata) n occasional s f tar-flower or fly-catcher (Befaria race- mosa) showed clusters of th rr rs in the pinewoods starry flower Pp Having reached Fort Myers more expeditiously than we had anticipated, judging from reports as to the condition of the road 271 and trails, we were encouraged to strike out for peoes wi ith- Ithoug! aaa mentioned. In the scrub the nsely fl d blazing-star (Laciniaria elegans) grew in patches o oa commonly supporting several of the club-like rose- purple fi g stems on a single tuber-like ro t e other plant in bloom in the scrub was just the o it ize, structure, and color—a slender wire-weed (Polygonella cihat ith sl iry stems and small pale flowers. the cypress- sees were filled with two plants of distinct families, bu uch the habit—a red-root or paint-root (Gyrotheca tinctoria) and fie red-root co phiola aurea). The second half of the road passed through a northera exten- he flavor of the fruits is ae ng. It has ve recorded that they taste like “rotten cheese steeped in tobacco juice.” See ’s “God's Protecting Providence, Man’s Surest Help and 696 272 lata and P. Elhoitit). In the marshes the rank growth of the various salt-bushes (Baccharis) blocked the road. The ape Spo mano region was our object We s ed at the Settlement of cs xambas. The island of with a maximum elevation of eighty-seven feet. The plant cover- ing is extremely aetna and has been partly described in sev eral papers already pu Associated with the dines are several kitchen-middens. In d y their ee as ran m the western coast. The open sandy lope the ed the species in the widely separated areas as we now find them are the morning we crossed over to Cape Romano, by boat. known species. We have named it Opuntia eburnispina on ac- unt of its ivory-like oo short spines. The dildoe (Acan- ees) was in flowe 6 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 22: 55-60. Ig21. 24: 1923. 221-224. 273 ape Romano the sand and shell heaps were bright white. T , in various colors, of the plants that grew there were n usly bright. The bright-blues the blue curls (Tri- chostema) and the dew-flower (Commelina), bright-white of the swamp-root (Phaethusa), the bright-yel f the wild-unctio (Urechites), and the br. orange of t me-flower (Talinuim) were striking he wild-cucumber (A/elothria) with stems sev- eral yards long formed a decorative 1, hite sand with its bright-green leaves, yellow flowers, and green-speckled fr The spurge he most numerous kinds representing a single family. supplied by th s sly saffron-plum (Bumelia inne hy oe ine ea berry (Ran- dia aculeata). Caxambas was an ideal spot for aboriginal settlement and the s occupati riginal agriculture, is more common there than on any of the middens we have so far v After a few more hours’ collecting on Caxambas Island, we T ° daha there were banks of the copious-fiowered wire-weed (Poly- This plant was so plentiful that its honey-like fragrance often fi f led the air. East of Zolfo Springs we entered the southern end e | egion, which is unique fr a physiographic a phytogeographic standpoint e had never been able to i ti- gate it in s —only in winter and spring—and our dream: approaching darkness proved to be a new genus. In the MSs of Sebring we made more extensive collections of fl ing plants than elsewhere on that excursion. One of the Pees 274 obser rvations was this: the vegetable covering of the great sand- region of the state would be to visit month to month the year d n examination of some of the sand-hills south of Sebring dca that the summer flowering season was well past. How- orescen ongue (Penstemon eee and the rather net Poche oe ia floridana e were fortunate in finding two kinds of hickories—forms of Hicoria floridana—in fruit. The dune or scrub hickories have th ere, too, cepecially is in the a Pe we were sur- reat were conspicuous on account of the masses of stiff stems of the 275 red-root eae tinctoria). It was in the hammocks that the showy flowers were found. Meadow-beauties (Rhewxia) and ove e greenery. special interest, eclipse thos of the other eee Beautifa | on $ Imett cial interest because they were not onl exceptionally small, but nearly globular. The typical fruits are e -sh ere were acres € ia te’s galingale eavy and continuous rains cut our work in the sand-hills rd th out of an unbrol lively green sea of saw-palmetto, as far as the eye could as except where the snowy and honey-scented wire-weed refer: oO on a prece page was conspicuously massed y irie a foot of rain water stood on the prairie. The trail was impass- able in some places, so we had to take ae to the flooded prairie. . 6 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 22: 38 and 39. 1921. Ficure 4. Along St. Lucie Sound, Fla——In hammock, now par cleared, where the first settlement of white-men—colonists from sei N widely separated states as Georgia and New York—was established on the nee River nearly a century ago. Here the celebrated Florida orange is said to nave Cee eee The shake: cactus, a native of Mexico, Sowa abov as then introduced. It, a eae pace exotic cacti, est tablished Tteelf j n the hammock, and h s bee wing there luxuriantly ever since 277 With vegetation scarcely more than knee-high, an uninterrupted com circ iew of the plete le of the horizon disclosed many local thunder storms w appeared on the hori in p the usual clouds of smoke from fires during the dry season. Purpl was the color of the day—the da rple of the storm cloud an the brilliant purple of the inflorescence of omposite genus—Litrisa-—_mentioned on ia eding page. This firm suc- an with leaves some ewhat resembling those of the olic-root i + Incidentally, w that road-making, in Dias is a wonderful job, ue ee eee are often terrible! Before we had gotten very far from the edge of the pine woods, while i a foot was indicated by two plants very unusual in the wilds of Florida —Jimson-we m bur-w: (Ac spermum hispidum). These are both weeds of tropical origin. in The next morning after some observations on cacti— Pereskia Pereskia, Hylocereus undatus, Selenicereus ae thus, Acanthocereus floridanus, Harrisia fragrans, Opuntia Dillenii, O. —of the i part of the last century. 278 The various plant associations along the eastern coast had conned their summer regalia. e low grounds were the most floriferous. In them large aga x . eae eel blazing- star oo ele, gans), the brig! veria ei enrod ae 0 Chapa) succeeded one another nang ae speckled flowers was the plant of the season, while on the coastal d each sunflower (Helianthus debilis)—sometimes locally called black-eyed susai (0) its dark-centered any other plant. eee ns from New York up to reaching ae con- da Ww d ys e and packing specimens of cacti and in observation in the cactus ee at Buena Vista. In the Miami region we secured specimens of Opuntia austrina. The discovery and description of this species by the writer sev- mt rh cc inl e harbors. M these species “ grow to great anes ss there. SS Co) uncommon in thes ense ae s. We found new Sao for some of the rare plants discovered in that region a year or so s. In passing, it may be of interest to note that the Cape Sable region is quite a palm center—a meeting place for palms charac- 279 teristic of the north and of the south. For example, in it the Roystonea) are tapering off northward. And so, facts of in- terest might ed almost indefinitely. Vines were a prominent feature in the Cape Sable region. nm in flower were: milk-vine (Philabertella clausa) wild-allamanda (Ure s lutea), wild-rub denia batatifolia), morning-glories (Ipomoea Aaa and J. cathar- tie h The most interesting herb, growing alone with the mallow (Kosteletzkya pentasperma), which is not known elsewhere this side of the Gulf Stream, was a delicate Jerusalem-cherry (Phy- et with corollas only a qua ae of an inch in diameter, with my edges and a yellow “e pee the crest of the ay wave of summer vegetation was rt he ng a d confined to a natural plantation of seedling prickly-pears which had been under observation for several years, and which proved to represent Opuntia austrina. Lack of time defeated our plans to spend a day on Big Pine Coastal Plain’ at The New York Botanical Garden e white sands of the one-time coastal duuee—new building lots—opposite Miami still ae numbers of their native her- : ; : ; . under such circumstances. Of course, ordinary rootstocks an 280 roots often suffice, but there were two see aes -colored plants in flower that have develop ed s special mi s for self- period of about ten years. Both of these sand-lovers were in sized by contrast with the v s of and observations on other flowering plants were made as time permitted. he ubiquitous beggar-ticks (Coreopsis) of the marshes and low pinelands was reinforced by an annual sunflower (Hel- anthus floridanus) with its numerous yellow heads. In ne upi- t Hobe S year 1696.” In his account of their experiences along the Florida coast, he records that Hunger has so far prevailed over them, that feel could eat with an appetite the Palmetto-Berries ; the Taste whereof was at once irksome, and ready to take away the breath.’—Preface, e€ ee e Time after we a been in the house came in ae 0: we could 7 but - the Pa alm- A tries we could not bear Taste in our —Page 46. 7 God’s Protecting Providence, Man’s Surest Help ay ae in Times of ae Difficulty and Most Imminent Dange Preface -F 126 pa 1696. 281 Scattered among the € saw- palmetto were patches of the gopher- s also in fruit, bearing ed drupes. These are also edible and f ds ot th ole surfa t of the deep green ieaves spangled with white starry ae In the coastal region of the mainland, at the lower end of the water-shed. South- amps dominant ae of the flowers of these marshes seem the summer two plants dominate—rose-purple, i ies “star i iannans elegans) and a brilliant purple rela- 282 tive, Litrisa carnosa, mentioned on previous pages of this article. ese plants grew so thickly placed in some parts of the flat- woods and marshes that their inflorescences, sata of myriad heads, produced a purple haze close to the gro ith the change of the direction of Gees nae is a change in the floristics. One prominent tree in the hammocks about the interest was the discovery of an apparently new plum nus on the old sand-dunes south of the mouth of the Sebastian River, a locality where several ot ew species had already been dis- covered. The exceptional pone of the dunes and the kitchen- bitter-weed (Helenium setts olan) and heterotheca (Hetero- theca subaxillaris). Reluctantly passing by the upper Indian River region and the anana River we drove on to the Halifax River, where we found an additional station for the false- eng igs a article. blue s in the crubby vegetation of the dunes; the one a fleshy spiderwort 283 (Tradescantia reflexa), the other a wiry twining vine, the butter: a ‘ad th y-pe radburya virginica). North of Ocean City we left ie Dixie Highway a rove over the remains of the old King’s ad to Saint Augustine. Four miles north of the southern pres- ent the King’s Road we found zamia (Zamia umbrosa) d of This discovery added a little latitude to the northern limit of the geographic range of this species There is much high pineland and low en in this region, k. ich border T m are nd also hammocks which borde ks. These hammocks quite different from ie of the coal region ceerene n ammocks -gums (Liguidambar), black-gums ae and At Pellicer’s Creek, west o Meta we unexpectedly found plenty of Zamia umbrosa, thus extending the known geographic an the range still further northward later on when we can explore the immediate region of the coastwise lagoons. is itinerary, with special references to the cacti - other plants encountered, and incidental references to us side issues, will give some idea of what was accomplis ned. du uring the three weeks’ field work, in addition to bringing together ot in- ury a to light through the suggestions and codperation of Charles Deer- ing. Mr. Deering’s former cactus plantation at Buena Vista, 284 Florida, served as a depository for the cacti as we brought them 2 a 2 3 a = ct => o ° » a S c a ee 2 i=] o @ ct. = oO =] 3 3 = io =e oR of the ee ae were made in time to be iaeleded in “ Pe Cactac THE CACTI OF THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN As Known at THE BecINNING or THIS CENTURY ‘(Stated in the nomenclature of today) Hy Locereus FLORIDANUS s. pen. Fla. & Keys ACANTHOCEREUS UNDATUS s. pen. Fla, & Keys HArrisla SIM PSONIL s. pen. Fla. & Keys CEPHALOCEREUS KEYENSIS 1, Fla. Keys OPUNTIA (Curassavicae) peu y oye N. C-Fla. ( Tortispinae) Oru: Mass~Fla. (Dillentanae) Diciewir s. pen. Fla. & Keys THE CACTI OF THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN As Known rin 1918 YLOCEREUS UNDATUS . pen. Fla. & Keys ACANTHOCEREUS FLORIDANUS = pen. Fla. & Keys HAarriSIA SIMPSONIT s. pen. Fla. & Keys CEPHALOCEREUS KEYENSIS 1. Fla. Keys OPpuNTIA (Curassavicae) DrumMMonpit N. Cn. Fla. (Tortispinae) | MACRARTHRA S. C. coast OPUNTIA Mass.—Fla. sah a S. C-Fla. pen. Fla. (Dillentanae) Dit tewi s. pen. Fla. & Keys ?BeNnTONI a. Fla, PERESKIA PERESKIA s. pen. Fla. 8“ The Cactaceae,” by N. L. Britton and J. N. Rose. 1919-1923. 285 THE CACTI OF THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN As Known Topay SELENICEREUS CONIFLORUS PTERANTHUS Hy.ocereus UNDATUS ACANTHOCEREUS FLORIDANUS Harrisia ABORIGINUM IMPSONII FRAGRANS CEPHALOCEREUS on -RINGIL ‘YENSIS Opuntia Euopuntia (Curassavicae) hee CTA Dr bode no TRA IM ner ee PISCIFORMIS (Tun EBURNISPINA (0. Hind (Tortispinae) MACRARTHRA OPUNTIA PoLLarpt ae sp. - Candescibed sp. (undescribed s AUSTRINA (undescribed sp. (Ammo philae) oe (Dillenianae) hold STI DILLENu INDHEIMERI ?BENTONII TUNOIDEA oe (Elatiores) ZEORINA CF fcusin dic ae) E US-INDICA (Leucotrichae) pounce: Cries (Brasilienses) BRASILIENSIS, Cons PERESKIA RHIPSALIS. PERESKIA CASSUTHA . Fla. —exot. x pen. Fla. & Keys s. Den, Fla. & Keys —exot. —Ga. Del Fla —Ala. ) Cape pale. Fla. A ) tie. Fla. coast p.) ne. Fla. pen. Fia. ) s. Fla. coast pen. Fla. s. pen. Fla. & Keys Coastal Ga. & Fla. —tTro S. N. C. coast—exot. Ameli Fila. en. Fla. Big Pine Key, Fla. Joun K. Smatt. 286 THE CULTIVATION OF WILD FLOWERS AND FERNS? r every activity by lovers of our wild flowers and ferns aa that the procedure is either complicat 2d or difficult. i s of best way to learn is to to the woods and fields during grow- ing season and acquire the desired information at first hand—a ul are confined to notably beautiful sorts that are easily grown and 1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on October 3, 1925 287 on atinige By making suitable selections from amon, the: and abundant bloom from April until November PLANTING AND AFTER-CARE Most herbaceous plants should be set in the ground so the crown, or the junction of stem and roots, is not more than a half- should be laid u pon be do of loose, woodsy earth, pressed in _ Un less - soil is moist, give newly set plants a ihosoueli water- g; and see to it that they do not lack water while becoming ee piiea ee during dry weather thereafter. Success Deprnps CHIEFLY UPON THE SOIL The most important difference between the cultivation of ordi- nary garden flowers and wild flowers lies in the character and treatment of the soil. Manure and commercial fertilizers, g. ecause of chemical variations in wild soils and their impor- tance in the eae of wild plants, I have arranged my lists in 288 ‘soil’ groups and specified the kind of soil with which all the plants of each group should be provided if they are to be success- fully grown. Species marked with a * can be obtained of most large dealers in hardy perennials. The others can be bought of dealers who specialize in native plants, or may, most of them, be collected from the woods and fields. GRouP I _ Species which require soil of noticeable but not intense acidity. uous trees. Avoi at under pines, hemlocks ai t er- For plants preferring a moist, sunny location, use o part of this woods hum two parts of field or pasture top- soil. For those preferring a dry sunny spot, use equal parts of humus, top-soil, and sand. (a) Species preferring moist shade Canada Mayflower, Afaianthemum canadense. Ass Anemone, Anemone quinguefolia. artridge-berry, Mitchella repens. eat ie Shield-fern, Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum. Species preferring dry shade * Wood Lily, Lilium philadelphicum. (c) Species preferring moist sun * Turk’s-Cap Lily, Liliwin superbum. Meadow Beauty, Rhexia virginica. Bluets or Quaker Ladies, Houstonia caerulea. Royal Fern, Osmunda regalis. (d) a es a oaene dry sun Star Grass, Hypoxis hi hir Double-bristled Aster, Aster linariifolius. 0 Species which will not thrive in noticeably acid soil or in soil that contains much lime. Mix two parts of. good garden loam 289 that has been manured, but not for two or three seasons, with an equal quantity of woods humus h id and the mixture will be about right. voi mus from under oaks as well as that from under evergreens. For mele plants add one part san (a) Species preferring moist shade * Large White een Trillium grandiflorum. Trout Lily, Erythronium americanum. Spring Beauty Beanies virginica. * Liverwor eh triloba. Dutchman’s Breeche » Dicenira Cucullaria. top Ostrich Fern, Onoclea Siaiiopien b) Species ede a shade - ea elguil oe eats e Phlox, 4 divaricata, co = lerian, Po. cE emonium reptans. * Harebell, Cae rotundifolia. DS PEIS pre tli moist sun of Parnassus, Parnassia caroline: (d) Species preferring dry sun Wild Pink, Silene pennsylvanica. Group Species which are indifferent as regards soil acidity but f tidious as to texture, moisture, and exposu Those preferring 290 shade, either moist or dry, should have a soil mixture of good g a moist, nee location, but sand should be added for those preferring dry (a) Species preferring moist shade Foam oe Tiarella cordifolia. Wild Geranium, Geranium maculatum. * White caekemne Eupatorium urticaefolium. (b) Species preferring dry shade * Crested Iris, Tris crista 38 pubescens. Christmas Fern, apie acrostichoides. Evergreen Wood-fern, Aspidium marginale. (c) oe preferring moist sun icolor, ly Fer cae ee Fi ee ocmnde Triereupted Fern, Osmunda Claytoniana. ea preferring dry sun * Wild Lupine, ae Ss perennis. icosa. Various Golden-rods, Soidagais spps. Select for form and color. Various Asters, Aster spps. Select for form and color. Hersert Duranp. Bronxvitue, N.Y. 291 SMALL GARDEN COMPETITION UNDER AUSPICES OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, 1926 A. Purpose —The keynote of this competition is to popularize aaa tee in the treatment of small (one man or woman) gar- with a maximum of taste and a minimum of expense. This ne he ay constantly in mind by all competitors. n Competition.—The sonneeee is open to all persons, ‘etesion or amateur, other than landscape architects and em- w Copies of this program may be obtained at The New Yo 7 Botanical Garden or will be mailed on request. iges—The first prize is $100 cash. The New York Botan- Summer notice which may be posted in or on the prize garden referred to in the preceding paragraph. of Award.—The jury will consist of three distin- merica, one nominated by The Federated Garden Clubs of New York State, and one by The New York Botanical Gar F. Conditions—(1) The plot to be covered is 40 x et se dimensions must ‘ strictly observed. All plans must be scaled 14 inch to the foo 2) No competitor may submit more than one plan (3) Plans oe be rendered in ink on mounted drawing paper, size of sheet 13 x 18’ Color may be indicated but no perspec- tive, picture, or emery will be considered. If, however, a fence, pergola, or other construction is contemplated and can not be easily described, a simple sketch sufficient to indicate the idea may be submitted. 292 (4) Every plant, shrub, etc., must be given a key number and its position clearly located on the plan. 5) The character of all material employed must be plainly in- dicated on the plan, which may also describe any special purpose as the garden is intended to serve, such as “Front Yard,” “ Back Yard,” or ‘ Suburban Garden.” (6) Each plan must be accompanied by a legible specification of all poet or shrubs employed, detailing the color, quantity, and ferred. Regard must be had for maintaining a succession of n as the keynote and with due consideration of climatal conditions. a suggested which renders highly skilled labor imperative. In con- sidering cost, the jury will assume that all plants are to be de- velo eee is cuttings, roots, divisions, bulbs, or seeds to mini- mize e "The winning plans (1st, ue and 3rd prizes) shall be the sole and exclusive property of The New York Botanical nore nee shall own the copyright, spas: rights, and every o right and title connected therewith. If full postage be included for that purpose, unsuccessful plans will be returned. But all plans submitted are wholly at the senders’ risk and The New York Botanical Garden assumes no before 12 o'clock ots fof the first jay of March, plan received after that day and Niel will be ea II. Plans must be addressed t Prize Garden Competition, The New York Botanical og Bronx Park, New York C The wrapper must have no name or ee identifying the sender. III. Each plan must be forwarded flat (not rolled or folded). To it there must be firmly attached a plain, sealed, opaque en- 293 velope containing the name and address of the sender. No iden- be opened until the jury shall have rendered its decision. INDEX TO Abbott, W. Abela’ ee 82 Acanthocereus 272, 278; aborigi- num 285; floridanus 272, 277, 278, 284, 285; fragr. 285; pen- tagonus 220; nit 285 4, pe avid 277 Accessions, see New York Botan- ical Gard en Acer Negundo 114; platanoides 115; rubrum 64, 85; saccharinum 85° Actinospermum 256 dams, Edward poner 208 Addisonia 89 Adiantum neato 289 Afzelia 257 Agalinis 243, 257, 275 Aglaonema marantifolium 63 Ailanthus 245 Albizzia Julibrissin 242 Aletris 277 Aleuritis Fordii 81 Allamanda ou cat age 84 ee us aay Alnus 85; incana 85; a 85; ‘inet 1 Alpine. “Fewer rs Mountains 87 Alsine oo 252; media 183 Aly: ora of the Rocky axatile 260 retro- flexus a Ambiirion cea 114 Ambrosia elatior 18 wees ens European influ- ; Oaks, The 205 rmericaa’ Dahlia Society 208; In- eae of the City of New York ; Iris Bead The 135, 198 189 rena Shen ist, The Davidiana 80 cal American plants . The huckleberry family i i n the 31 André oo from the Duplicates VOLUME 26 Anemone quinquefolia 288 he 163 An He eg 183; palestina 202 Anthop 35 pete a Aquilegia canadensis 289 Apples, Sa on in pinosa Argemone ieenede Arthur, J. C. 115, 136, a Arundinaria nitida 82; tecta 242 Arzberger, E. i 233 Asaron canaden 103 pote pulchta 243; tuberosa Aspara agus plumosus 84 spidium ted di 290; spinulo- sum dilatat a Aster linariifolius 289; Novi-Belgii Act colors 230 Axonopus compressus 85 Azalea indica 8 Azurea grandiflora 207 Babcock, Ernest 16 Babylon Loe ‘Gardens 191 Baccharis 266, Bailey, L. H. Bannwart Carl Shade trees, the n6 88 B el R. aaa John Hendley, 15, 43, 90, 118, 20 ene Piva: Fi fis eouueuse: 77 Barrett, Otis W. 97 Bartram, John 118 Bates, CL. 9 atrachospermum 120 Bauhinia 81 Beach, Chester 136 295 eal, [W. J.] 3 ro R. Kee a 6 Becker, H. W. 15, 262 House plants and their care 5 ee cent during 1924, with ton, K. R. 62 Bedford Restate, E. T. 191 efaria racemosa 270, 274 e m4 We Hollick, A. Publicati tions during 1924 66 Bicknell, Eugene Pintard 88, 194, 195 Bicknell pds taihie aa 193 Bicuculla Cucullar 233 ciden 267 Blepharilots oe ey Blephari- , 246; ciliaris 245, 246; ree a Blodgett, F. H. Higomine of the Jaffodils, First Books from the librar ia University 233; Pri on University 233; Rutgers College 233 Botanical Garden, Spring flowers in the 1 14 eee in the Colombian An Botany and tee of Porto Rico and the Virgin Is i nds 97 Botany, oe influe ces in American 102 Bower, F. O. 233, Bowles, FE. Augus 7. » 233 Boynton, Kenneth R Id, 15, 43, 62, 92, 97-09, 162, 208, 262 First blooming of the daffo- dils 121 Flowers for spring gardens 131 es for the summer gar- Planting flower seeds 61 eri during 1924 . 63; ee ecker, H. W. Tulip Boy scouts the 77 Brachiaria plantaginea 2 Brachythecium Taaprocieyseitth Bradburva 245, 256; virginiana Beige: - Ezra e Brassica nigra ee set of emia plants 134: collecting grasses in ae nia nivosa 69 Britton, Elizabeth G. 43, 63, 97, 100 A freak of the mountain el 18 Gentiana crinita 40 Publications during 1924 63, Britton, N. L. 41, 43, 58, 64, 91, 129, 162, 190, 218, 220, 221, 233 Botany and horticulture a Porto ea and the Virgi Islands 97 Publications cane 1924 64; with Wilson, P. 6. Resignation a Doctor Mur- rill. 13 The eneian oaks 205 6 The Pine The collection of evergreen trees I Third grant from income of the Charles Budd Robinson memorial fund 195 — pee e, J. N. The Tree- s of the West Indies a Bromus secalinus 183 Bronx Pa ee , Bronx River 2, Bronx Riv yer 2 The New York Botanical Garden 58 r River Parkwa Brozek, Arthur 93 Brush, D. V. 98 297 Sie Col. 189 yant, Miss 188, 189 ryum 72 acho! z, Joh 233 uchnera elongata 270 a Nae 18-2: ci angustifolia 273 ne Ege 183 yrnesia Weinbergi 98 Cacti in the Eastern Coastal Plain, Gathering oe 265 I; ramosus Camping and ance in Chile III Cancers, Plant Candolle, Aiea Pyramus de 220 Capparis spinosa 202 Capriola Dactylon 271 Cardiosper rmum es 27t ae ue ccidentalis 156; Tora 258, Ge 87 Castalia 243, 281 Catalpa 246, 253 aterpillar, The tent 73 vendishia 34; acuminata 34; cordifolia 34; paniculata 34; pubescen Display Greentouse : vator: A Ran No. 9, 61, The Cephalocereus Deering 285; key- 35; Mandoni 35; ser- a 35 Cae 218; paniculatus 221; nu- 8; ulo: diflorus 217, 218; undul sus 220 Chaetochloa lutescens 183 hamaecrista 242, 267, 274; as- pera 269; fasciculata 251 Chace 266 Chamberlain, Edward Blanchard 44 ate bate Tes Taha 15 ceo Carlos E. ne a 116, 136 ve Be Robinson Memorial und, Third grant from income the a crete. Patrick Daly and Maria Lydig Daly ae The 161 Charles, Pile Iter Chase, Agnes, ‘ccliceting grasses ae ie 96 Cicaopedini album 183 ae Camping and collecting in Chiscuces alba 266, 279 Chionodoxa gigantea 86; Luciliae . 7 a, nudata 270 16 Chrysler, M. Chrys sopsis mariana 289 Cicuta 243, 257 Cirsium 248 Cissampelos Cladoniae 281 lark, C. F, with Stout, A. B. i & 1924 70 ae virginiana 2 lia 25 lum, Harold H. 99, 2 Coccoiobis laurifolia eee Uvifera eae 279; argentea 69 Cocculus 14 oker, W. C. 23 Colchicum pet ae Collecting grasses in 196 cti Brazil ollecting in Chile, Camping and IIE Collection of ae trees, The Pinetum, The Collectors (see aise Donors and Exchanges) Britton, N. L. and Mrs, N. L. Goeldi, André a 22 P Steven , F. L. Colombian Andes, Bounvae in the 132 Colt, R. C. 19r 298 Commelina 273 Commicit. Notes, News and 15, 43, 92, 115, 135, 162, 190, 208, 232, 262 Conf fe) ee att and repstered students of The ped ork Botanical Garden 15, Conte chee on flower and fru sterility, Preliminary hotice of 41 a proposed international Conradina grandiflora 278 Conservatory e No. 1 Corylus americana 85; Avellana 85; pontica o aba 85 Coulter, Jenn Mt 2, 234 Cousins, a z 15 Cover, ee Cowdry, Edr a Vincent 117 Cowdry, Nathaniel Sian II Cowdry, Thomas 117 The, Pee a traits oe ‘piflorus 86; Susianus 86; Tommasinianus 86; vernus 86 ptozo6n Bassleri 22 Caltivation [ wild flowers and ferns, The Cultus of Tris, The develop- ent and 129 Gants. Jl.G7 Cyperus articulatus 257; brunneus maa e Contei 275; tetragonus ee utes fragilis 289 Daffodils, 121 Daffodils, Narcissi, or 127 Dahlia Border, The 191, 264 Dahlia Day 26. Dahliadel Nurset rie Daly Fund, The Charles Patrick First blooming of the Daly and Maria ae 161 Darnell, W.L. W. Darwin, Charles 22 26 Datura 84; Stramonium 277 Davis, L. N. 191 Day: ilies, New 169 Dearnessia ‘Apocyii 23 Decodon 2 Deering, Charles 242 Degener, Otto 71, 162 Dendrocereus ar8, 220, 221; nudi- bs a 0 oe sus 218-220 Hdrop Densl pee ote ee t M. 15, 195 peer diphylla 289; laciniata Benes aculeata 2 ee ae a poe of the Iris, The Deceiooment of greenhouses, The history and Dicentra Cucullaria 289 eos Swamp of Virginia, The Dispe rsal of seed: Bistebutors Gee ae “Calecor, and Exc es) w am oi 119 ei eon Meadia 289 Dodge, William E. 2 Dodonaea jamaicensis 252, 274 Donors (see also Collectors and xchanges) WwW ng s . W. 24 Bailey, John W. 2 Bailey, L. H. 22, Garrett, ‘A. O. 23 Harper, R. M. Henderson, W. C. 22, 24 Hollick, A. 120 Johnson, Ale S. 22 Lloyd, C. G. 2 Small, ae K. 24 Sturgis, W. C. 22-24 Taylor, ee Randolph 22 al Wiela Doty, Alfre Duranta Plumieri 83 Early ae flowers in the Gar- den Pee Coastal ae Gathering cacti in the 241, 26 fee Mary E. 163, 8 Le atte 217 Eggleston, W. W. 12, 93 Elephantopas goa 256 es 271 iliaca "36: hyemalis 86; T g Erechtites hieracifolia 183 Erica carnea 86 Eriocaulon decangulare 253 3 americanum I1I4, grandiflorum 68 Etonia 149 Eucalyptus 253 Eupatorium 100, 242, 246, 248, 253, 267; capillifolium 251, 267; mi- kanioides 269, 271; urticaefol- jum 290 Eu cree maculata 183 corte influences in American otal + W pinecaa, Evolution, How to think about 157 Evonymus radicans 83 Exchanges (see ales: Collectors and Donors Academy of — Sciences, Philadelphia 121 2, 2 Bartram, “Edwin B. 22 Bethel, Ellsworth 23 Bureau of Plant Industry, ‘Washingt on, D. C. 21, 120 Cockerell, T. D. A. 2 Cornell University 119 Geole gical Say of Canada a ard University 24 Hioram, Brother 24 Holzinger, J. M. 22, 23 Leén, Brother 22, 23 Lloyd, Merrill, 23 Macbride, T. i. 119 National Herbarium of Can- ada 120 National Museum of Mexico I Lee ee Museum, Pan United States Depart t of Agriculture 21, 24 United States National Mu- m fer I 20 Weber, red F. 2 Ezra Brainerd 12, 13 Fag Fairchild ee . a a II 4; aurea Seo. repens 84; "Stahl 99 Fink, (Bruce 93 f +h Fisher daffodil & Masson I91 Fisher, Ae Clyde 43, 117 Fitzpatrick, H. 13 Elaveria linearis 278, 282 Hen e Old an : New as sh Now light on the Florida, Ornamental plants of Gainesville 80 Flower seeds, Planting 61 Flowers and . erns, “The cultiva- tion of wil Flowers for ee gardens 131 oe for the home eae 259 Hew s for the summer garden Bicaeis in the Botanical Garden, Spring 11 Flowers in the Garden, Early spring Flowers of the Rocky Mountains, Alpine 8 Flushing Dahlia abn The 191 Fogg, John M. 2 Forestiera perloe 266 thia 86 191 Freak of the mountain laurel, A 18 Frick, Chi Friedhof, ce Fringed eatin. “the oo 261 Froelichia 258; floridana 274 Frullania Fungi and ieee 10 Gager, C. oo How ae nar evolution Galactia 256 Galanthus Elwesii 86; nivalis 86 rber, Abram Paschall 51 arber, Garberia francesa 147 Garden competition under aus- N York 259; Flowers for the summer 20 Garden, Work in the Iris Test 198 Gardenia florida 8 , Flowers on spring 131 LL. 16, 136 3 Gathering cacti in the Eastern ee Plain 241, 265 Gelsemium semper s 83 Geney library purchase, oe 90 Gentiana Andrewsii 289; crinita 39, 40 Gentian, The fringed 38, 261 300 Geobalanus oblongifolius 281 Geology of The New York Bo- tanical Garden, The Geranium maculatum 290 Gilbert, E. M. 92, 93, 136 Girl Scouts, The 77 Gleason, H. A. 15, 92, 207, 232, 262, 263 set of Gardner's plants from Brazil 134 and the Javanese peo- fe Publications during 1924 65; ee oore, B., Richards, H a Stout, A. B. 65 The dispersal ot al 222 Glechoma hedera Gordonia Wena erre Gracilaria lacinulat Grasses in ee il, Collecting 196 Gray, Alice A. 137 Gray, Asa 106, 3 137, 188, 189 P. 9 Gymnadeniopsis integra 246 Gyrotheca tinctoria 271, 275 Habazeleth Hasharon 202 Habenaria 269; Habenaria 269 all H. or . M. 93 Hall of Fame, The New York University 136, 1 Harnarelie japonica 85; mollis 85; vernal is 86; virginiana 86 Harding, John 191 Ha- Reuben, Ephraim 44, 92, ew light on the flora a the “Sid and New Testaments noe s. H. Publications dur- ing 1924 | es Har arnessin : Can bot ists colve the motor: fuel ob lem? 16 Harper, Robert A. 15, 135, 233, 234 Te Roland M. 263 Harris vue fragrans 277; Simp- soni Harris, a Rote 93 Hastings, G. T. = Hastings, or, T. Camping and collecting | in Chile 111 Hawthorne Public School No, 7 76 Hazen, Tracy E, 92 Botanizing in the Colombian Andes 132 ses 290; tenui- s debilis 278; floridanus Helcsonas viridis 8 emer 169, 170, 172, 174, 177; aurantiaca 170, 171, 173- 175, 177; aurantiaca major 173. 174; citrina 170; Dumortierii 170, 175; flava 169, 170, 173-175; fulva 169, 170, 172-175, 177, 178 ulva maculata 170; or 170; Thunbergii 170, 173-1 Hemlock Forest 58 Hemlock e southern distribu- nae of the atica Hepatica 86; triloba 289 Hererothece subaxillaris 252, 282 Hibiscus 37; ellatus 278; in conus - 33 ae sinens 83 Hicoria 14, 246; floridana 274 Hieracium 248 istory and development of greenhouses, The oa Hitchcock, Mrs. Lu W. 200 ae Arthur 15, a 162, IQI, re Se eee ates flora from age ey in British Paves ee 1924 65; ange erry, E. bee 66 ae a Swamp of Vir- The "Gealogy of The New ork, The 4 Horicukure oe Poe Rico and ae Virgin (ead. Bony and en Eugenio Carlos de and Sefiora 99 House plants and their care 59 301 Houstonia caerulea 115, 288 - evolution 157 How a think abo Howe, Clifton Howe. Bae ‘ os 15, 92, 117, + 207, 262 Bara "Brainerd 1 Mecpete during 1924 66 161 Hen : Hod family in the Andes. Tropical eee rican plants at homes Macy e 31 Hu, H. H. Hylocereus cloridanus 284; unda- 284, 2 277, Hymenocallis. caymanensis 7 Hy pericum fasciculatum 253 Hypolepis an Hypomyces Lactifluorum 23 H ypopitys “nsignata 89 Hypoxis bie ta 288 Hyss sop 2 Tlex 246; ete He ta Tec and fun i aces flora an Kootenay lley ritish Columbia, An Tet eeseeal conference on flower and fruit sterility, Preliminary notice of a pro I cathartica Pes-Caprae 269, 271: sagit- 27 fresine ogee 266 Tris cr K Test eae Work in ae ae In s, The ae nt andc of the Isotoma longidors 65 ae oe L Jeffersonia diphytla T15 Joh , Fritz 16 108 n Th Ries Kane Memorial Fund Johnston Ivan M. 15, 93, 233 Jones, Edvard N. 93 Uae : Jost, Wim. So Juglans 24 Kalmia 105; eee 187-189; lati- ‘olia mo 187; latifolia polypetala ey 188 Kearney, Thomas H. 93 ase Arthur P. 93 Kennedy & Sone W. W. 191 Killip, [E. P.] 72 Kirkwood, J. 93 eee pentasperma 279 Kra: . P. 98 Laciniaria 270; hapmanii 271 79; elega » 278, 279, 281; Garberi 269; gracilis 279; pauci ora 258; tenuifolia 256, 279 Lagerstroemi oe 7 Langworthy, ngw Lantana a 84; Sellowicna 249 Laurel, A freak of the mountain 18) aurocerasus caroliniana 82 Lectures, Public 42, 92, 161, 207, 232, Lederer, Lester S. 200 Lehning, Daniel 76 Leman 120 the Li br fary 0 of Mr ugene P. Bicknel sented by Mrs. eal 192 as Pace from ee Botanical Garde den, 45 Lilie Tiles ny day 169 Lilium 70, 203; auratiith m 204; ca adense 289; Catesbaei 243, 270; philadelphicum 288; speciosum 243; cardinalis 290; Kal- ioe syphilitica 289 302 Local 1 Herbarium 195 Lonicera fragrantissima 86; Stan- dishii opez, seas Pommeiee 98 Loring, Katharine P. 137 Lowe, Mrs. erg. L. 93 R. Low, re Dann Andrew Lupinus diffusus ce perennis 290 Lychnis Githago 18 ycium ca janum 2 yeopodium 71; annotinu cernuum 71; clavatum 71; com- planatum 71; obscurum 71; pachystachyon 71 Macleania 35 MacClement, W. T. Macmillan, H. G. 16 i 46; Sona 2573 16 arpa a 26; Pace 26; Ringo sub- lobata 26: Sargentii 27; Sie- boldii 28; sylvestris 26, 28; Toringo 26 ° Malva potandifolia 183 Malvaviscus r Cha: Marshall, eal phrey 118, 119 Marshall, 191 Maxon, wet R ‘90, 2 217 Maxwell, French T. and Mrs. 100 eibomia 242 be oe a Memorial Fund, John Innes Kane Memorial Fund, Third grant from e€ incom a the Charles Buud Robinson 195 Mentzelia eee 266 errill, E. D. - 195 Mertensia virginica 289 Meteorology for the year 1924 17 pees for December (1924) 7; January 44; February 94; arch 94; April 139; May 139; June 164; July 211; August 211; September 234; October 26, Meyerhoff, Howa 02 Micranthes virginiensis 115 Microspota cra Mikania petal lia 279 Miller, 3 Milliot, Louis vi Mitchella repens 288 Mit iphylla 289 Monarda 107, 2. Monarda fistulosa 65; punctata 251 Moor e, Barringto Richards, Herbert M., Glescon: H.A.,an ut, A. B. Publicati ons “dur- ing 1924 oe oore, ie T. Channing 136 Morus 242, 282 Mountain ‘laurel, A freak of the 187 Miller, Willy 170 Munz, Philip 7 be 93 Murphy, Ty Un Murrill, W. A oramenel plants of Gainesville, Florida 80 ete during 1924 The trees of St. Augustine 36 Murrill, william A, Resignation of Doc Murray, Mr. oe Muscari azureum 86 Myrica cerifera 82 Nama corymbosa 283 Narcissi, or daffodils ae 0. ° Narcissus collection 12 Narcissus Day 1 NEUE jon lla 127; poeticus : iy satbus 127; Tazetta Nash, George V. 149 National Geographic Magazine, The 1 Nechodoma, Antonin 98 Nelson, Peter 195 Nelumbo 243; nucifera 179 Neoabbottia pa ata 221 ls whold, F reder c R. 41 New day in 160 New Jersey Agricolvaral Experi- ment Stations 191 New light o nthe ave of the Old an New. Tes nts 200 News, and Cae Notes 15, 115, 135, 162, 190, 208, 232, 262 New York Hed oa Experi- ment Station 2 New York Botaical arden (see also Collectors, Distribu- tors, Donors, hanges and Purchases) 1, 16, 41, 59, 77, 91, 92, 117, 122, 128, 134, 135, 137, 139, 161, 170, 178, 198, 3, 234, 242, 2 Accessions , & 19, 45) 139, 192 and Herbarium cont, Notes 13, 71, 90 ae powee ae 264 Hem 58 Tris Cent ue 42, 02, 161, 207, 232, ihetecrdiony 17, 44, 94, 139, ee 211, 234, 264 Not N arden are garden comneduea un- uspices of the, 1926 The ae eology of the nee ae oe tate Con cwaden Nierembergia ivulatig 69 Nictoe 269 Noble, M Mis sse 08 North ‘American te 13, 115 Norton, gor F, he fringed ae 38, 261 oy S. 16 otes, News, ant Ce a 15, 43, 92, I15, 135, 162, a 208, 232, 262 Nymphaea 243, 253 Nyssa 283 nnis 183: futicosa 90 Okenia hypogaea 280 304 Oliver, Andres and Sefiora 100 Ty 285; ammophila 248, 255, 277, 280, 285; austrina 278, 279, 284, 2883 Bentonii 284, 285; brasilien- 285; cantabridigicnsis 244, aoe Dillenii 252, 2 » 277. 278, 284, 285; Drummondii 244, 284, 285; rnispina 272, 285; 251, 285; keyensis 272, 285; lata 248, 258, 5; leucotricha 277, 285; Lindheimeri 285; macrar- thra 284, 285; ae 248, 285; nitens : oe 285; ia 284, Beep ciformis 249, 285: Pol lardi ae 284, 285; stricta 246-248, 252, 285; Tracyi 246-249, 251, 285; 272, "28 5 Ornamental plants of Gainesville, Florida 80 Ornitho galum 260 Osthorrhynichiam oe 70 ton, C. R. 136, 2 a unda amome ce mle Pe The fe debe tion of the hemlock 58 phere = oe Oxyden 243 Oxypolis filiformis 251, 270 IQE, 232, 233 Palmer, Lowell M. Panicum fuscum Se hemitomon aris, Mrs. Parnassia caroliniana So Parry, C. C. 264 Parthenocissus 243; quinquefolia 266 iflora incarnata 245 244 , ELA, Ss. (it . Wheeler 74, 86, 92, oe 200, 207 Flowers for the home garden 259 Narcissi, or oe 127 Wo ian 2 the Iris Test Gar- 103 Perry, ae T. i 208, 233 Petalostemon carneus 258, 267; Feayi 267, 274; gracilis 258 Peziza earn Phaethu 273 Philabertella clau 9 Phlebotenia Cowell 101 Phlox divaricata 289; subulata 184, 131 Physalis 279; angulata 271; Elli- ottii 272 Pine forest, The western yellow 16. snes claytonense Pin The collection of ever- Hees trees, Pinus es ee gida 66; Torre clausa 147, eyana 264 ma Sa 120 Planting flower eee 61 Plant cancers 112 Plants and their care, Hou Plants at home—IV. The hace! berry family in the Andes, Trop- ical American 31 Plants concerned in the formation of olemoniu 28 Polygala Sues eole 280 Polygonella brachystachya 273; oles 2 °7 Polygo Hydropiper 18. Pole cichunt ode 290; falcatum 8 Pontederia 257 PB otentilla 1 montana IT5 Potts, George C. 93 Populus 43 Bila 244; ote 85 - and the Virgin Islands, “Bo Saad ihorticultace ° Porto Rico and the American Vir- gin Islands 124 Portulaca eyeeeraeay Preliminary notic of ‘a “proposed international conn rence flower and fruit sterility 41 Prindle, Franc ite 16 a ae 282; serrulat halinen. 115; serrulata "Yochino 1s: subhirtella 115 Psamisia 32, 33; oe 33, 34; sclerophylla Pseudacorus 130 P Seats Baileyi 71 Psidiu Pu bheation: ot the staff, scholars, and students of the New York Botanical arden during the year Public Lectares during January ee a ary I4; March and Tay rau ford pee 161; ber and October 207; Novem ber 232; December and Janie ary 262 naria eer cre azurea 114; saccharata Pulsatilla Halteri or urchased (see A Scene onors, and Exchanges) Mille, Louis 120 Quercus 147, 20 Catesbae coccifera virginiana 266, , FL P. ror Quinby, 246, 281, 5, 283; €1 253, 281; cinerea 253; lusitanica 202; 282 Rabell, Narciso too au, Eu o - 16 Resignation of Doctor Murrill 13 Rhabdadenia “biflo ta 279 Sg Hystrix 23 Rhexia 243, 270, 7753 virginica 288 Rhipsalic ‘assuth ae hododendr brad eee B. L. 136, 137 Robinson, C. B. 195 Robinson, Ralph T. 116 305 Rockefeller oe for Medical Research Rock Garden Ree Mountains Alpine flowers e 87 (ree-cactuses of the 21 Roystonea 279; regia 255 Bache bie h 7 re triloba 65 3 1. The West Indies Rusby, H. H. 92, 135, 208 Publications sey 1924 67 Tropical Ameri home—IV. peas family in the An What people drink and why Reca 203 Rusk, Hester M., Conference notes for March 90 Rydberg, P. 15, 43, 91, 162, 208 7 Publications during 1924 68 Sabal 279; Etonia 149, 150, 257, 275; ee he Bare aes ee oe 147 Sabal PE tonia, The scrub-palmetto 145 Sabbatia Elliottii 270 Sabina 246; silicicola 266 Sageretia minutiflora 252 St. Augustine, The trees of 36 Salix caprea elliptica 85; discolor 24; gracilistyla 85 Salvia cinea 25 Saale canadensis 82 San Ruth D. 1 ers 5 Saneuinaria canadensis 115, 290 Sapindus 81; ee 82 iS) Ailes tae aS 51, 190 Savage, E. M. 116 Schilling, Col. F. A. 94 Schmaltzia crenata 114 306 and studen The York Botanical an during the eed 1924. Publica- ons of the oe 62 Sone: E. i E. i. Sous observa- n the growth of poplars ede Snrscee Carl 162 aires ‘staff and registered stu- pe uf —o Conference as bitelia 86. sibirica 86; sibi- rica alb . 200 to —— Sabal ce} Scrub-palm Etonia, he 145 Seaver, F. J. 43, 161, 163, 262 Fi i 10 ad: disp Seeds: Their tricks neh ere 178 Selaginella funiformis 281 Boece ee coniflorus ant. 285 are “incompatibility in wild spe- apple 285; pter- Greus: Ba Soa repens 51, 271, 275, 280 Bela Witham Set of Gardner's Oats from Bra- 145, 147, il, A ©. Sewall, Harold I. and Mrs. 98 trees, the companions of Shera evaerore 11S, 137 Shull, George H. ie Silene pe caaculva Silk-top Meee ae parvi- Publica tions during 1924 Silk- a + paseye ial par- viflor The Bicknell ico 193 The scrub-pal -— Sabal onia are Small, John W. 242 Smilacina racemosa 290 Smilax 203 So ieee 68 Solidago 242, 248; 271; Chapmanii 251, fistulosa 282 Some observations on the growth of poplars 14 a plants concerned in the for- an ae oal 54 angustifolia 270, 278; Soahe 36 So eee distebotion of the hem- lock, The Southwick, E “7 92; Publications during 1924 69 Species of ae Self-incompati- 2 pele in ue ild 2 See Cart 170 Spring flowers in the Botanical Garden 114 Spring gardens, Flowers for 131 Spruce, Douglas, War-memorial grove of 2, 3 Stahl, Agustin IOI Stahlia monosperma IOI Stapf, O. 16 Staples, Rosalie State peieeieing ‘Station at neva, New York 25, 162, 26, Ge- 210, Steirone 242 Steuclobiun sta oo plataniflia 81 Stevens, Nei ae 136, 233 Stewart - . Publications dur- Sricoloticn 21 Se soos E. 187 Sto B ©, 41, oo 135, Conference notes for Decem- ber 1 Lilies 203 New day lilies 169 Preliminary noice of a posed international ceuter! ence on wer and fruit sterility 41 307 Berna pus 1924 69, ore, B., Rich- Ae ° M., and Gle eason, 70 Publications ons, ee 70; and Clark C. seltincompatbihiy in wild pe 25 Stout, Mr 1. Ig Sturtevant, Robert S. 136 Su irae garden, Flowers for the Swabey, Marjorie 135 Swietenia Senate Swingle, Walter T. 9; Syrrhopodon ccs re Tabernaemontana 83 ree ‘atepile, The 73 abe dia 36 ird Gra a om sees bg the "Chaces Budd Robin Me- morial Fun nd 195 Thiselton: Dyer, William Turner Tonk Charles ae on, J. B. Thrinax. 49-54, oo: excelsa 51; 54 es nax Baeinora: Silk-top thatch Tieella cordifolia 290 Toro, Rafa foe 232, 233° Torrey: a Ol Torrey Botanical Club 44, 136 ee a a 118, 119, 264 Towner, Gov. Horace M. To Ss eeiearnne reflexa 247, 2! eae of the West Paice T Trees of Ge. Augustine, The 36 Trees, the companions of man, Shade 6 Trelease, W. 2 Trichoderma Paradostin 120 Tricholaena 256; 281 ma 273 Trifolium repens 183 Trilisa 246; Suoratussima 256; paniculata 256, 281 Seat grandiflorum ci Triorchos ecristatus 2 Tropical American plants at home he haenlebeny. ‘family in the Andes 31 Tsuga canadensis 58; caroliniana Tulipa praecox 202 a lip Day 163 Tulips 159 Tussilago Farfara 86 Typha 242, 257 Ulmus 14; ee 85; fulva 85 Unifolium oe e 63 Urechites 273; lutea ben Urnula Craterium 23 Vacciniopsis 36 Vaccinium He crassifolium 245 Vallisneria 25 teeta i bepeue I Vetno 10. - altissima 251; sub- cer ee ca mjino: Vincent, i & Soke Richard 191 Vi ola blanda een Papen 115, 280; r pte) ra crt Virgin, The Dismal Swamp of 227 bata as anaes sa horti- o Rico and the 97 Virgin Islands, Porto Rico and the American 124 Vitex Agnus-castus 202 Vitis 14 Waite, Jr, F. R. 191 Mie Ww. H. 191, - W: a geoides LIS War Memorial Grove of Douglas Spruc Wayiiar, "Robert 200 lee ter County Farm Bu- West “Tidies, The tree-cactuses of the 217 2 oO What pcople drink and why 151 Whe ry, ae i 137, 233 we ae 208, 233, Whithetdia as 63 l to bear 210 Rit : 13 Wild Flower Preservation Society of Am erica Williams, Gov. "Philip 102 Williams, R. : Bird Not Publications ndehag 1904 70 Wilson, Ea: ee Garden 85 on during 1924, with Britton, N. L. 71 ae eg Aowers in the Botan- I Gard en 114 Winton, we L., Mr. and Mrs. 136 orine flowers in the 08 we John C. 92, 20 e development aad culture ‘9 mee the Iris 1 Wolf, F. A. 2 Wi ithe Welwitch ° elw Wor the Iris Test Garden 198 Wright, Charles 52, 217 See 243; asphodeloides Nir iienis amer. 275 Nyris 245, 290" sean 253 Yeld, George 170 Young, John P. 15, 136 Yucca 256; aloifolia 266 Zahlbruckner, Alexander 163 a mia 266; ae Be ee Bad oricensis ee I, 283 Zon Raphae Fritz Bee Edward D. Charles B. Alexander ‘i peeent A BE, L. ohn W. Auchinctoss Bees aul D. Cravath Same Field William B. O. Field James B. Ford ote gee k Prof. W. J. G Daniel Guizgenhcim urry Gugg 2 JB . Heckscher Joseph P. Hennessy Be G. Hodenpyl r M. at tai (eae, Ise Dr. Wa Otto Kahn Prof. James F. Kem Darwin P. Kingsley Prof. Frederic S. L erick sate *y eee R. Newbold MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION Dr. Robert Abbe Prof. M. Richards John D. Rockefeller W. Emlen Roosevel Prof. H. H. Rusby Hon. George J. Ry: te a H. Sayre ee nthrop Bae ie uae MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL Mrs. Robert Bacon Miss Elizabeth Billings Mrs. Edward Be man Mrs. N. L. Brittor Mrs. John W. Draper me Elizabeth Hamilton Barton Hepburn Nis. Robert C. Hill Mrs. Frederick C. Hodgdon } e Mrs. Walter Jennings Mrs. E. Henry cate Mrs. John I. Kan Mrs. Bradish Johnson Mrs. Mrs. Delancey Kane rs. Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel TS. Mrs. Frederic S. Lee rs Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs. Mrs. A. A. Low Mrs. Mrs. Pierre Mali Mrs. Mrs. David Ives Macki Mrs. Mrs. nry Marquand Mrs. rs. Roswell Miller Mrs rs. Wheeler H. Peckham Mr Mrs. George W. Perkins Mrs. Mrs. Jam =. William i. Woodin HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE EAT COUNCIL Scrymser Miss Olivia o P. Stokes GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Fo hundred acres of Deane civeriaey land in the northern part of the City of New York, through wae h flows the Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the features of the fant A Plentasone of thousands of ue and iatrodneed trees, shrubs, and owering plan Gade including a beautiful nese garden, a rock garden of rock- loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens Greenhouses, containing tee cearae of arereeune plants from America. an ntri Bree Fabia tieougeul t the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water- lilies, ladioli “dahlias, and chrys anthemums; in the winter, displays of use-blooming plants. ntaining ex tibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local pret acne wit noe hundred miles of the City of New York, and the economic uses of ae An herbarium, corp sing more than one million specimens of Amer- ican and foreign spec Seep oration in Geiect parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character- istic Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library of borenicall literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and numerous pamphle Public re iy a ‘great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the Publications on “botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, inte The een of schoo! children and the public through the above features and the giv of free information on botanical, horticultural, a ee eenreeneG Bde is Hae aay nt upon an annual appropriation by the City of New private benefactions and me ee ship fees. It possesses now n oe two thousand members, an d applications | ie membership are aleve welcome. The classes of membership nua. em Haase. to ae Garden may be ea a fone incomes. The following is an approved form of beque: ereby bequeath to The New Yo is peer tcal Gorden So eee under us of Ne oi === All requests for further cee en s endl ie sent to Tue N York BoTaNnicaL cing a NX PARK, NEW YORK C (1)