ee
ge eis ‘i
reste peer eeu
ella! ape ie
Np at Sie wee
JOURNAL
OF
Toe New York Botanica, GARDEN
VOLUME XXV, 1924
PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE
Davin Lypic FunD
BequeaTHED BY CHarRLes P. Daty
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE
VoLUME XXV
With 18 PLATES AND 17 TEXT-FIGURES
1924
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At 8 West Kine STREET, LANCASTER, PA.
INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
FREDERIC S. LEE, Presiden: James F. Ke
ENRY W. DE ForEsT, Vice President ADOLPH Cawioai
. K, Sturais, Vice Presiden: KENNETH a MACEENaE
oun L, MERRILL, babs rer W. J. Mage
. L. Britton, Secretary Baguineron Mo
DWARD . ADAMS J. P. Morcan
ENRY DE Forest BALDWIN Lewis oe wens
ICHOLAS Murray BUTLER Freperic R. New
ut D. CRAvATH CHARLES F Ran
BERT W. DE Forest HErBErt M. Ricuarps
HILDS Fru Hewry H.
IAM J, GIES GEORGE J. RYAN
. A. HARPER ALBERT R. SHATtTu
OsEPH P. HENNESSY ree PLLAM Boyce THOMPSON
W. G
Joun F, Hyzan, res of th Cit oo oy New York
FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN, * President of the Department of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
R. A. Harrer, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemv, Sc. D., LL. D.
NicHoLas Murray But cer, Pu. D., FREDERIC S. LEE, Pu. b., LL. D.
LL, D., Litt. D HERBE
. RT M. sscteyiat oe dD.
Wii J. Gres, Pu. D. Henry H, Russy, M.
GEORGE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
N.L. Britton, Pu. D.,Sc.D.,LL.D. . 2. Dates tor-in-Chief
MARSHALL A. How WE, Pu. D., "se. De oe! 4 ssistant Director
OHN KK. SMALL, 2 Diy Sts-Dis eae ae ” Head Citar of the Museums
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. . . . 1. 1 1 6. «Director of the Laboratories
> A. RypBerc, Pa. D. . Bo eg Gee lok Ge Hin Jak “Stet Mao tha,
c
5
]
i
oR
5
oe
a
kgo tree, native only in eastern Asia, an ne the sole
to which it Ba was fo beer one of
a numerous family - oe species that we orld-wide in
their distribution. The gen Liriodendron, represented only by
genus, dominant i aie in a flora that ete
the Earth from po ole to pole.
ectu
s had their beginnings and
their times of maximum dev t
ArtHuR HOLLick.
AN EXTRAORDINARY DECEMBER
With the ground scarcely frozen at any the ponds with
n of balmy
winds and warm rains, and a rage temperature wi ‘al abov
16
the normal, December of 1923 passes into history as a most
interesting, remarkable, and enjoyable month, with w idespread
content as regards the saving of fuel and ee autumn farm
ork don
“The ee of the unseasonable warm weather on vegetation
The New York Botanical Garden has been oe
pe of may, trees and slabs es swollen fae men they
44, \
has gone cane er by maturing its flowers; a bush in a aera
rm situation in the aan “screen along the railroad ake
of the Elevated Railway Sta ee
27th festooned with its gracefu ‘ 1 t
about three inches long, profusely shedding the nies eae
and another ieee well e ae in as Seas nor the
ater Gard s far advanced. Farth
the fa in the ee ee eles oe one — of oe
Japanese with hazel cies aad japonica) was arly
full flower rat of the bright live ees
bushes among the dry persistent leaves
of the past season, all most attractive and interesting; the
Saag witch-hazel ( aegis erin also had some open
flow Both thes e shrubs ually bloom in late February
lea
Garden work has aie extended into the winter; a large col-
lection of climbing roses, given by Bobbink and Atkins, was
planted during December, some of it as late as December 27th;
and Dr. Southwick has kept on planting in the rock-garden.
See ae have poked their noses above ground.
. L. Britton.
DECEMBER BLOOM IN THE ROCK GARDEN
It is of interest to note the second blooming ee a aus of
plants in the Rock Garden. The unusual mild autumn of this
year ios puete inte anew erowtn as well as : second flowering.
But for of Decem-
4th
ea many that had well- developed buds an pe bloomed
17
Phlox subulata bloomed quite vigorously and many of the
a show. Am
Aubrietias presented quite mong those t se
bl . olympica, A Colima. and A. Auricula, which
were the most Pon 2 deltoidea, which we would natur-
ally expec ct t i any sign of late growth.
from seven to nine fine flowers antl Viola pedaia kept up its
u
4
from ae spring I were still in bloom on December 20
T.
additional growth which, if not ee eee by severe ae will
add much to the wealth of bloom in early spring
Epmunp B. SouTmViER:
A TRIP TO ECUADOR!
Doctor Frank’ M. Chapman, for the past ten years, has bee
conducting, on behalf of the American Museum field researches
ment of life zones in the Andes from sea level to snow line.
1 Abstract of a iat eat by Dr. Frank M. Chapman, Curator of
Birds in the Ameri M m of Natural History, on Saturday afternoon,
November 24, oo he S Micaeu of The New York Botanical Garden.
18
addition to the Tropical or basal Zone, aes exist oe
ach one of hh
ou
slides, showing every type of country from sea level to the upper
limit of life at about 14,500 feet.
THE JOSEPH LEIDY COMMEMORATIVE MEETING
Dr. Arthur Hollick, as delegate representing The New York
Botanical Garden, the Botanical Society of America, and the
Torrey Botanical Club, attended the Joseph Leidy Commemora-
eeti in 6th
activities were most closely connected with institutions in and
near to Philadelphia. The oa were under the im-
see pee ices of the Acstieny of Na Sciences an e
other eine ae societies ee g.
About five nundred delegates were in attendance, representing
wor
v's work in medicine, zodlogy,
paleontology, botany, ge saa ey, and eke and upon his
influence on general scientific thought and development, were
aie by those who were best ee to speak on these
ate
essions announcement was made of the Leidy
of the s
etal i pandation. the gift of Joseph Leidy, a nephew. It is
19
to ae of a gold medal and cash honorarium, to be awarded
three years for conspicuous achievement in the advance-
a of biological science.
Although best known for his work in vertebrate oe
Doctor Leidy was a typical naturalist - ae old s es ol, who
interested in all branches of natural s He was an ent
siastic botanist, but he published “little on cP subje
mostly in the form of n ae in the publications of the Ac cna emy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. He collec ted the local
problem 1
heterophylla Michx.), and it is interesting to note that he was one
f those who contended — its probable hybrid origin, as shown
ina of the Proceedings of the Academy
for Lay “Prof. cane seen a branch of ea atin
e ce e
foliage, he thought, anes a hybrid bet een Q. Phellos and
palustris. He en ed the reais of this rare
hybrid oak into our aera par.
CONFERENCE NOTES FOR DECEMBER’
At the Conference of the Scientific pai hae testes
Students of The New York B eldi e Museum
Building on Wednesday, December oh ie H. a leason
pe
ng the s
Station of the ey of Micki
It is of course ne larger areas contain more
species than smaller ones, but these researches show that, within
the limits of a single association, the increase in species from a
small area toa ba dat one may be expressed by an equation, and
h means of this equation the number of species in an
1For en of paper given at the conference for November, see page I of
the present issu
20
association, or any part of one, may be predicted with a high
degree of accuracy. The rate of increase depends on various
ical d i servati
can J
but, o once determined, it is found to be constant for areas of all
sizes as long as they are expressed by their ie hm rather
than directly. habia tion . the number of s rae ae tracts
ot , bas
tions on vn unit areas a only one fortieth at an acre, were found to
have an average error of less — A per cent. His paper will
be published in full in “ Ecolo
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JANUARY AND
FEBRUARY
aa is the program of lectures in the Central Dis-
ERs Greenhon , Conservatory Range 2, on ie after-
noon (3 P. M. ) ioe the two midwinter months:
Jan “Greenhouse Pests."’ Dr. F. J. ae
Jan. 12. ‘Rubber Plants.” Dr. A. B. 3
“Orchids.” Dr. H. A. Glea
Jan. 26. “Begonias and Other House Plants.’
Mr. K. R. Boynton
Mr. H. W. Becker
Feb. 2. “Starch- Daa a " Dr. M. A. Howe
“Palms.” Dr. Sher
“Cinerarias and ae Mr. K. R. Boy
Mr. cee ate
Ge
p
sas
=
a)
”
cs)
oO
ao
Feb. 23. ‘‘Ferns.”” Dr. H. A. Gleason
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT
A large specimen plant of Agave attenuata is blooming in
Conservatory Range 1. A companion plant a ne: much
piace last — and the present flower stalk gives promise
producing as many blooms as that did.
ae oung plan ie ee Paraguay Tea (Ilex esate have
been eles rom the aes of Plant Industry at Washington.
es were grown, Mr. David eae lege a seed collected
ie territory - ae Argent
der t 1 i | Il i
of books and herbarium material, the library equipment has
been increased by three steel stacks with 700 lineal feet of book
shelving, and twelve cases have been installed in the herbarium.
Dr. Ralph R. Stewart of Gordon College, oF aes
India, is again at the Garden engaged in wo r his
t
of his material is from the mountains of Kashmir. He expects
to return to India next summer
About 100 young women of athe pe School visited the
arden during December to study ferns and orchids. Their
attention was devoted chiefly to the ove collections of living
vated Approach is a staminate tree. They bloom in early spring
The flow ot sho
month was 3.47 inches. The maximum temperatures recorded
for each week were 68.5° on the oh 59.5° on ae 14th, 61° on the
22nd and 59° on the 3 ea temperatures were
26° on the 2nd and on the oth, 3 3th, 29° on the 19th
and 26° on the 29th. The first ee ee ee of the autumn
was on the morning of the 2nd.
The following visiting botanists have registered in the library
during the autumn:
_C. W. Johnson, Springfield, Mass.; Mr. C. A.W gues
East Hartford, Conn.; Prof. G. E. Nichols, New Haven, Conn.
E.
N. Y.; Prof. Charles S, Boyer, Philadelphia, Pa.:; Mr. Harold
W. Pretz, Allentown, Pa.; Messrs. ilson Popenoe, C. G. Mee
E. P. Killip and W. Ww. Eggleston, Washington, D. C.; Pro:
22
. C. Coker, Chapel Hill, N. C.; Dr. E. N. Transeau, Columbus
Ohio; Mr. C. J. Humphrey, Madivon, ae : Prof. G. W. Martin,
Iowa City, Iowa; Prof. Douglas H. Campbell, apie pee
sity, Cal.; Prof. H. W. a Truro, N. S.; and Grace G. Gil-
christ, Bristol, Eng.
. Frederick H. Horsford of Charlotte, Vermont, founder
oa. owner of the Horsford Nurseries, died on November 4,
1923, in his sixty-ninth year. ibaa establishing his nurseries,
in 1893, he was associated for yy years with the late i
G. Pringle, famous for bot ed Bt Ae a of Mexico,.in col-
lecting and preparing sets of specimens for the leading ee
of Euro e and America. Later he gave considerable atte ntiou
ing several varieties of peas, oats, and barley. In his nurseries
cultivated in The New York Botanical Garden came from his
establishment
Several times during the autumn, in and near Bronx Park,
attention has been directed to the cottony or snowy masses on
the trunks of trees in a crevices of the bark or crotches of the
lower branches. These masses consist of insect eggs which have
soe de eposite ted in a cottony ma atrix, apparently those of the
ere fou n the f
3
oma)
=
“22
5
2°
i)
z
og
n
3
QO
oO;
Be
oO
3
Mm
=
5
a
°
oO
=
g
<
oO
wn
tr
armored scale insects, ie, one in which the female is not fixed
h aale of tt ly b a pow lees
substance which suggests the name. ae are free and move
ES
t t
these egg masses which have attracted the attention of a number
of ae about the grounds during the autumn.—F. J. Seaver.
._ A. Murrill sailed for Buenos Aires, January 12, on the
Van Dyck,” of the Lamport and Holt Line. He expects
to visit ne botanists in Argentina and secure as wos ua
specimens as possible for the Garden herbari Profes:
eas a of La Plata, has a large aerate of Sa
Ss."
23
American fungi, oe jerks of types, which is of the
greatest interest to students of mycology. There is also a col-
ne ae rivers. He is planning to return to New Yorkin pee 1.
Many strange objects come to museums, either for identifica-
tion or for verification of the finder’s conviction or idea of what
the resulting concretion is usually more or less aes in
hape. If the n ‘oa uc
a
known as ‘clay dogs.”’ Occasionally certain specimens
identified by the finders as fossil fruit of one kind or ties
and it is usually difficult, and sometimes aac onat to convince
a
them that they are mistaken. A fossil ‘‘apple’’ and a fossil
“banana” were recently et t e “M m for identi
cation, and t re probably still so regarded, despite the
carefully worded explanatory reports on their concretionar
nature.—Arthur Hollick
Collections recently received by the Botanical Garden in ex-
change with the Museum of Paris are being added to the herba-
ee
24
Am them are numerous plants from French Guiana,
ee yy ie Melinon, Le Prieur, and others, which are
sition to oe of great value in the investigation of the flora of
that co
Dr. H. A. Gleason represented the Botanical Garden at the
recent meeting of the American Associat ion ie the fais
of Science a its affliated societies in Cincinnati. H
a tc) Lo; ie me 7
Species and Area,” and par ated in the symposium on ‘‘A\
and Area” condctl hee ae Section of the Botanical
Society of Am:
The Garden Marine in its December number, devoted a
page to a most timely topic, under the heading of “Long Life
To Our Christmas Greens” by Elizabeth G. Britton. It
stated that the National Garden Association, with its nee)
affiliated organizations, the Garden Club of America, the New
England med for the Pen of Native Plants, and the
Wild Floy fi g f i 1€ C
of Christmas greens. The ki nds most in danger of ee eves
are holly, laurel, and ground pine, all of which are used in la
‘ation :
mended. Particularly available is the Poinsetia, which may be
had from the ten-cent stores and the florists. The following
Increase ae sheet of Holiday Time for the Gardener by
the Use of Living Trees.
Grow Holly aa Other Festal Greenery on the Home Grounds
to be Enjoyed the Year Through
Get Nursery-grown Evergreens for Later Planting Out.
on’t buy Winterberry.
)
Don't buy Spruce Trees for Chri
Don't buy Ropes of Laurel or Ground Pine:
PUBLICATIONS OF
The New York k Botanical Garden
Journal of The New York Botanical Gar Garden, monthly, containing notes,
news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To
others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its twenty-fifth volume
Mycologia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a yea
single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its Eee
volume.
Addisonia, quarterly, devoted Sead to colored plates aa Geir by
popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-
two in each volume. Sihacioube ae $10.00 a year. [Not oifeied in
ol
Bulletin of The New York Botanic: cal Garden, containing reports of the
Director-in-Chief and other official ads way and technical articles em-
bodying results of investigations. all members of the Garden; to
0! erican Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America,
including Greenland, the West pe a and Central America. Planned to be
completed in 34 volumes. Roy. Each volume to consist of four or more
parts. 49 parts now issued. Submcription gin $1 Ho0 8 on pant a ate
number of separate parts will | Id ]
Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the
Garden, $1.50 per volume. To other:
1.
stone fae by + 492 pp., with detailed map
The felicies of Light and Darkness upon Gr and Develop-
Sea i xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 190,
New Wank by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 pla
1909.
Val IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart
Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and _ plates. 1908.
Vol. V. Flora of Ge Vicinity of New York: A ac oractaae to Plant
Geography, pay Norman taal vi+ 6 ie pp., with g plat
Vo the Celebration of the igeutieth, fac nae
of ite: New ae Botanical eee vili + 594 pp., with 43 plates and many
text figures.
Contribu tas hae The New York B ical Garden. A series of sary nical
papers written Ae students or members of the staff, and reprinted from
ae other n the above. Price. 25 cents each. $5.00 per Bit iine.
n the say as me.
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Bronx Park, New York City
GENERAL INFORMATION
ae of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
Fo our hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part of the
City of New: eae rhreugh nied tose the Bronx River. A native hemlock
f
asus of ecanaien of nati di luced shrubs, and flowering
plants.
rdens, including a beautiful Pie garden, a rock garden of rock-loving
Benes oe tern and herbaceous garden
containing thousands ie interesting plants from America and
igen countries.
oughout t e year—in the spring, summer and autumn dis-
plays of narcissi, “iaffodie, clips, irises, peonies, roses, water-lilies, ca: dn
and chry: santhemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse-blooming plant
m containing ae of fossil plants, existing a ieee oul
plants occurring non one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the
economic uses of plants.
An herbarium comprising more than one million specimens of American and
foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, conte
ant ean aa Suis ioe ate study aad colleen ot ne en pte bie
of sae tie
A library of bagi literature, comprising more than 30,000 books and num-
erous pamphlet
Public cae on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout
the year.
Publications Lien botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly
of popular, inter
The ciiatatith @ school children | and the public through the above features
1, horticultural
The Gasiene is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the
City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It
possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications ics
membership are ed welcome. The classes of membership a
ee a Ray Ss i . single contribution $25,000
De tse ea single contribution 5,000
Fellow for Lite. - 2. . . . . . . single contribution 1,000 4
Member for Ree Te ei neti ee sal contribution 250
Fellowship eae: PEAR eNS eile aes | ual fe 100
Sustaining Member. . ...... annie fee 25
Annual Member . . . annual fee 10
The following is an Hei foe of bequest:
I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Seon t incorporated under the Laws
of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of —
:
All requests for further information should be sent to :
Tue NEw York BoranicaL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
VOL. XXV FEBRUARY, 1924 No. 290
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
CALYPSO
Henry Mousey
AUSTRALIAN PLANTS
KENNETH R. BoyNnTON
WHEN A TROPICAL VEGETATION FLOURISHED IN ALASKA
ArtTHUR HOLLicK
GREENHOUSE PESTS
. SEAVER
TROPICAL FERNS
MarsHaLt A, Howe
THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEED OF THE FRINGED GENTIAN
A. B. Stout
EvizaBETH G. BRITTON
BIRDS’ NESTS IN THE GARDEN
R. S. WILLIAMS
A COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY COURSE ON NATIVE TREES
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING MARCH
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At 8 WEST LANCASTER, PA.
INTELLIGENCER
Ce
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free io members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Freperic S. LEE, Presiden’ J
Henry W. DE Forest, Vice agi Avo.prH LEw. aREGE
F. K. Sturais, putes Presiden KENNETH K, MACKENAES
Joun L. Merri Ae ra obra . J. MATHESON
Nate ae ‘Sere ‘aryl BARRINGTON peor
Epwarp D. ADA J. P. Mor
HENRY DE POREST Biown LEwis Reema Morris
NICHOLAS Sued BUTLER FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD
Pau D. CRAvAT CwHarLeEs F. RAnD
OBERT W. DE Fo OREST HERBERT M. RICHARDS
WiLi1AM J. G Henry H. RusBy
CuILDs FRICK GEorGE J. RYAN
. HARPER BERTR.S)
JoserH P. HENNESSY Naru BoycE THOMPSON
LMA. a aeOre
Joun F, Hyian, Megan of the City of New Y
Francis DAWSON GALLATIN, ele of ihe! ede of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
. A. Harper, Pa. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D.
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, Pa. D., Faspentc S. Lex, Px. iD) i), (0),
LL. D., Litt. D. HERBERT M. RicHArps, Sc. D.
WILLIAM J. ens Pa. HE aa: Russy, M. D.
GEorGE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
N. L. Britton, Pu. D., Sc. D., ch ze ee Oe sg eo ale Dsheclor-en-Cnsen
MarsHALyi A. Howe, Pu D., al wet . . Assistant Director
Joun K. SMALL, Pu. D., Sc. D. ti eat Head Curator of the Museums
AL Bs STOUR, Aebet Pe hie ses) os os ee Director of the Laboratories
WA; MURRILL (EH. De 5. 5b.) un aioe "Supervisor hs Public Instruction
. A. RypBERG, Px. D. . . 22 Say eae lor
H.A EASON, Pu. f Curator
FRED J. SEAVER, Po. D 2
ArTHUR Ho.tick, Pu. D " a mist
Percy W INiSiehtas eee 8 te whom: alle nell Ud oy co i gS
PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL «oe el 1. Alssoceate! Gurati,
Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., LIM. Toe enr ieee aeons Bibliographer
Saray H. Hartow, A. M. 5 ibrarian
USBY MI ia shoes Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
ELIZABETH G. BRITTON moyen eit hea Curator of Mosses
Mary E. Eat Bigptoe tid See a ee . Artist
KENNETH R. pCR Be S22) Va ene een eee Head Gardener
ROBERT Sse WILLIAMS 51) he). Us ere oe) eee ‘Administrative Assistant
Hester M. Rusx, A.M... .. . Technical Assistant
. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D.. . Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium
EBs SOUDB WICK, PH.D >. ae Cus pdeae of Herbaceous Grounds
Joan R.UBRINLEY) CoB. 6% 0 3 yo eed) andscape Eerie
WALTER S. GROESBECK. . . . . Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR) ],) CORBETT). a. Superintendent of Buildings and ‘Crowe
IWALTERNCHARDES stfu hye ie wat . Museum Custodian
JouRNAL oF THE NEW York Botanica, GARDEN PLATE 283
CALYPSO BULBOSA
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXV February, 1924 No. 290
CALYPSO
WITH PLATES 283 AND 284)
“See! Where ne ae wind the leaves is lifting,
e her
On lightest cnt ie oC pso hovers,
Her rosy wings outsprea:
oat is Homer, is it OE, ae in hi s “Odyssey elie us that
Calypso, the b f the mythi-
an as of oe to oe i invisible to navigators?
it was, who, through her powers of fascination, prevailed
i ie after ie Tia been aaaieels ed upon her shores
(when returning from capture ) remain with her
seve a. ing which time she entertained the hero with
great hospitality, and on his final departure is said to have
died of grief.
Rees this goddes: littl med, and rightly
, for the Bare of the a to an ont enthusiast are
cite Linnaeus, when he first found it » pce took it
apbeloneine: to the opetins: Onin g labellum,
7
it ae oo felation
ae is with ince a a gems rise the East Indies. It
ng in the cooler portions of the Nor
orth Ame
Temp Zone, urope, Asia, aoa } a, being
ound in Sweden, Lapland, and Rus: hile i rth Ame
it occurs as far south as California, Arizona, and New Mexico
, and northern New Engl on east, but o:
n very restricted areas, its true home being in the north, from
Ore: lask: north-eastward acros: e continent to
Labrador. In the Rockies, it is said to grow at heights of 4oo0
to 5000 feet above sea-level, and there a form has also been
25
26
described as having a beard of white, instead ie eee: se
m. At
above sea- fale panes poised (as described in the open
verse to this paper
bed, so ee can it be lifted therefrom. There i is really only
one good station for it, the other two (which were eae
i 3 on n ntaini
only this season, 1923) being very small ones, and c ing
mo: alf a dozen plants or so in each oss’
cool retreats, the following plants are found more or oe asso-
ciat rf el ( canad , White
Violet (Viola pallens), Gold-thread (Coptis tr ifolia), Cc i
Snowberry (Chiogenes hispidula), Twin. er borealis
r.americ , Wild rry (Fragaria virginiana), ing
nuda), American Fly Honeysuckle (Loenicera canadensis), Com-
mon Wood Sorrel (Oxalis Acetosella), Wild Sarsaparilla (Aralia
Aah y ie lee Flower americana), Jack-in-the-
iphyllum), Oak Fern (Thelypteris Dryopteris),
Painted Trillium ea hee nes and the Small Northern
Bog Orchis (Habenaria obtusata).
It was on May 15, 1918, while following up an equally rare
condition, only ten plants, Arita being located. Since thet
in 1921, which was a most Bro olific year, the flowers being fully
out on May 7. This, however, is an exceptionally early oe
New
early Ae jor "the appearance of Calypso i in outer Vermont,
in June beinginh
time. This of course differs with my experience at Hatley, and
seems somewhat strange, as one would naturally expect the
more southern reel to produce flowers at an earlier date than
27
were in fruit on , or rather I should say t nts were,
for the seeds of Calypso very seldom develop and ripen, propag:
tion taking p. $0 e i forme
secondary aid the species would very soon become extinct.
The blooms are sweet-scented, a fact which very few of our
ext books mention. They are described in Gray’s Manual, 7th
edition, as follo
Sepals and esr ee ioe spreading, ee -lanceo-
late, acute, magenta cri rely white. Lip larger than the
rest of wer, saccate, wie aes longitudinal Bie of yellow
(or white) glass-like hairs in front, and wit translucent
apron-like appe (formed by the overlapping of the lip)
spotted madder-purple, the sac (bea conspicuow
rm. its base) whitish, with irregular purple-madder mark-
$ olumn winged, hav: he rculate anther just below
ings. n °
the apex; pollen-masses waxy, 2, each 2-parted, all sessile on a
square ae nd. Leaf solitary. Scape one-flowered.
these ea with the exception of the column, are
t fe)
nly once in the past six years have I come across a white
0.
$s
bloom, and once, a flesh-coloured one, both of these, curiously
ee oie found on the same date » May 25, 1920. Mr.
i
8, in a plant in the spring of
1908, with two flowers on the stem, this, which is still in his
possession, probably being the only double-flowered specimen on
record.
On three occasions only have I found ea exceeding 16 c
in height, the tallest being 18.50 cm., which e eeds the extreme
present species for instance, how many even know of, or have
28
ever seen the coralloid eae that may sometimes be found
ears to ae tubers? Most of our text b cava even eros
Gra we say ses tee about the How-
o ex with, all a oa s there de-
n
were found growing together in a bunch, ae ilies
ie ae on May 27, 1923. In ie of ne a a Lacie
y be seen accompanying tubers. Irmisch ‘‘ Beitrag
bo
zur "Biologie und Morphologie 2 cre en,” Leipzig, i
en pees ue ae be calls attention 2 a fact re a
of tw nodes of only one,
ae me jee and a oe veal eae some time belo the
flower appears. He also cite a description given by Liboschitz
palmate body sometimes accomp g the tuber. It has
generally been pene I believe, a7 Te coralloid rhizomes
are found only on very young Vaan ye. and that they
disappear as ihe. individuals bec This is by no
means cas can be seen in ae, para) ae re of our plate,
Another
f th ber, the o i of leaf ‘he first-named
oe and bore a BOWS as can ee seen, while the othe
from some unknown cause the shrivelled
up remains still ae visible: in the centre of the leaf. It may be
well perhaps to menti one is far more likely to find these
coralloid rhizomes ae to plants that are growing on logs,
stumps, or or branch at have fallen from the
trees, and n a rotting state plants growin:
are i th g in the
soft earth and moss. Also, the tubers, to which these coralloid
i when they be-
assing on to PLATE No. 284, we wie enimene wath FIGURE
29
No. 2, which shows the very commencement of the new tubers.
(1923), which, as everyone will reme: was a very cold an
b: rd one, at some little allowance must be made in
all my dates for a very forward season. These little tubers, as
will be See ag each developed o: e left-hand side of
the parent tu which seems to be i more general rule,
although e course one finds them on the right-hand side also.
In about a month’s time, the leaf w: : Mees O appear, as shown
plant, as a ma of fact, being the most
forward one I could find at the time ae 14), as in all the others
the bud was in a hard and closed state. As a general rule, only
one old season’s tuber is found remaining, but in this case there
are two, and the old leaf for the second year is still in good
preservation. Baldwin in os “Orchids of New England,” 1884,
p. 50, is certainly making use of a figurative expression, when he
speaks of the ot anaedliag up a week after the flower has
bloomed. In the pres at mene na twelve anes have
5
sy
™
a
a
wn
@
~“
°
ea
fas
oa
a
and this is not an pei cos although ea somewhat
exceptional. In No. the leaves are much
shrivelled up, sleough eae aie weeks had siapeed in the
case since floweri me. Passing on to the next stage, we see
in FIGURE No. 1 pe leaf oe ee developed and that the
ate bud is just appearing. plan gathered on Sep-
mber 3, and, it Hoe a ne a a As ee id rhizome.
The last stage of all is seen in the small plant in the top right-
hand corner of PLATE No. 283. Ie biog canna on November
it nd is typical =
the stage in which the caro: Rae winter. Retu
Yo. 5 represents an eae ne
even than the two tubers being one above the other, and
connected only by what, ibeariasien i slender inter-
node. This plant is 16.50 c n height, ane has = le af 6c
long by 2.50 cm. in width, wi He I d rhizome
at the base of the lower tuber, the same as in FIGURE No. 5,
which plant was collected on August 24, 1923.
30
come to the last figure of all, No. 3, the large central
eft-, oo One on the melt hand ede of oe a HUDEr,
Sho nld tl w tu
for 1925 had dev ae one might have been ied se iy
imagining they represented as generations, whereas, they
would only represent a the same as FIGURE No. 4. This
fine plant was collected on ae ae 2, 1923, and of course at
fl
buds nearly in the stage in which they would pass the winter.
I share the feeling with many others as it was a beetle
)
=
mph of the N
change apparently not in see rdnee Ww i as since Cal
point. To most of us, these epee matters are a worry
and vexation of the spirit, a o be conversant with all the
names that many of the plans ee uaeaiemee udder Hon
time to tim
conclusion, to obtain the material for this paper, 1 have
pan the hau nts of Selypeo in ev ery ae of the year, so
ha irly
with the goddess. Needless to say, this acquaintance has bee
enhanced, and perpetuated, by the ge photographs
from which the plates have been made. These photogra
are life size, and were taken by the Geological ane ina
from the living plants as I sent them in, and my best thanks
are due to Dr. M. O. Malte, Chief Botanist, eieer Herbarium,
Ottawa, oe has made it possible for me to obtain them, and in
other ways has rendered me invaluable Reena
HATLEY, QUEBEC Henry MOovus_ey.
¥SOUII OsdATY,)
s t & & I
tor ateta NAUNYS IVDINVLOG YYOL MIN AHL do iWwNaaof
31
AUSTRALIAN PLANTS!
n addition to ge beauty, most plants from Australia are
fascinating beca of their distinctiveness. Their general
appearance seems enti rely different from that of plant ae
i=)
3
. Vi nt
gee out ] place in our greenhouse tropic
oe from oe we of 3 ngaroo. aes our ou
know well on e Strawflower, or 7 an es sting
which we gro vee I each year 1 focal Beauty ene
bouque ane
Fan Een the Araucaria “ Pines,” the Da arling Pea, the Swain-
sonia grown by our ae the Silk Oak, the yellow- and bronze-
flowered show plant Chorizema, and the fragrant gold-, lemon-,
and sulphur- colored Pee
But in Florida ially in California, the Australian
nd
s are wonderfully successful. In central and southern
California hundreds of kinds of them are grown, from the
xtremely important timber genus Eucalyptus, to the little
ground- Ratials Australian Blue-bell. In our climate these plants
are grow. ool, airy houses. In the N. Y. Botanical Garden
many are le ree out in ie great seats Display House where
this lecture was give ome are short-lived, as with the beauti-
ful Acacias, and must i renewed re m time to time. Some of
the great trees, notably the Bunya-bunya, the Moreton Bay
Blue-
aly n
Tre w up until they reach the glass dome. One of these
aan aa Silky Oak, has been adopted by our florists as a foliage
pen iok of a lecture given in the Central pases House of Conserva-
y Range 2 on Saturday afternoon, December 1, 192
32
plant, because of its graceful fern-like meee It is grown from
seed eye is he only in a ees state, so we have a potential
150 ft. as a window or house oe while in southern
ase a California and ie West Indies it is used as a lawn
There are about two hundred near relatives of this Silky
Grevillea, in Australia, and many more hundred distant
pees in fei rotea ee known the world over for the
oddity t
Bee ‘Grevillea, Fiosuine ma Shel precnhouss, was shown in
flower.
In Conservatory Range 1 can be seen the Banyan Tree of
ee Ficus rubiginosa, the Fan Palm, ina he se
and the t of the three great Bunya-bunya In the
Central ee House are two more of these ae of the
Pine Family, magnificent specimens of the rich green Moreton
Bay Pine, and two tall Queensland Tulip Trees, with dark green
bare like lea The Acacias, which, Allan Cunni i
greeted him oe t every turn during his four years’ exploration,
coma nue i our 7 ereconouses 7 January, Bebruany: and
Si
5
oo
>
©
wn
2
a
of eee s Acacia early this ary and a fine plant of ihisan
be seen, all gray and yellow, near the east door of the aie
Display House.
We have the Brisbane Box Tree, Tristania conferta, an ever-
green shade tree of the boulevards of New South Wales, which
is hardy in Florida and oo and ee ae Box,
Pittosporum undulatum, used as an avenue n southern Cali-
venue tree ut
fornia, and planted near Sree for its Cannes
—
In the west end of the Central Display House, the Queensland
Tulip Trees, the Bottle-brush and the Araucaria “Pines” are
planted out, with Hakeas, Myrtles, and othe er shrubs under-
them
water edge enter h
arial a natural ee of species almost entirely Aus-
tralia
The e, however, many plants distributed throughout the
eines ees are quite similar to their relatives from other
countries.
33
stag-horn ie Lea arty miles: has the horn- shap ed
f
SUM. os
the ehgee are i oreent = ae Macrozamia Moorei, Encephalar-
tos s sim: ‘lar to American and African
plants, and the Yew Family i is Sere by Podocarpus elata,
r
ten feet long, and has to be cut off periodically to keep it from
going out through the dome roof of House No. 13 of Conservatory
nge I
KENNETH R. Boynton
WHEN A TROPICAL VEGETATION FLOURISHED IN
ALASKA'
aska has an area of about 600,000 square miles, an area
a to all that aaa of - United States that lies east of
the Mississippi River. The reatest no orth and south extent—
Poi
The ra
winter cold and summer aa is greater ne that between
Maine and Florida. In the extreme north it is arctic in its
severity. In the southern hie mean oe temperature
is about equal to that of Washington, D. C., but the extreme es
are not so great. At Sitka the pees record is —2° F, and
be pase of a lecture given in the Central aae igs of Conserva-
yy Range 2 on Saturday afternoon, December 15, 1
34
the highest +90° F., while in Washington the extremes are
d + T
approximately —8° an 100°, e character of the living
ati iff
= pees but it may be described in gen eral climatic
no
—- turer Bee thee southern California and Florida, occur
f Tertiary age at a number of localities.
The emia of the region was, Apparently, en in those days
milder than iC
the continent
as may be inferred from the fact that similar aaa elements
are lacking in collections of equivalent age made in British
State
current—the Muvalear in the Pacific Ocean of
Stream in the saree oe His tly influenced the
Sane conditions at that time as it does today, and gave to
r Pacific coastal region a warmer oe te a prevailed
Soa re on the continent. At that time, however, t was
land connection between Asia and No: oH Ameri what
is now gee sen ay oe ead cut off all connection
betwee of the Pacific ws ean and the cooler
waters i Foch. pe region, so ieee petite were probably
Saag aan ee they a y ing the
rio re
mild temperature that prevailed throughout the ye e
Glacial eee of the Ice Age transformed the
of the continent into a region of ice and snow, and the
tropical ctcu of the as Peri
a
region now pvniertne by northeastern Siberia and Alas
35
and it was probably in Alaska that mild climatic conditions
ies the longest and that it was there that the Tertiary
flora made its last bid for life in the north, before its remnants
Eden at the Nor ‘ole, in recognition of what we know
infer in regard to prehistoric climatic conditions in ae cae
regions, and advanced the idea that the flaming sword wit
which Ada
m and Eve were driven forth from the Garden was,
in reality, the aurora borealis of the Ice €
aps and diagrams illustrating the se ce of the recognized
geologic time, divisions and periods, the courses of the ocea
currents, form nd connections, etc hotographs of
fossil plant specimens, were used to ae the facts and
inferences presen and discusse
region and studying geological and climatic conditions, past
and present, as indicated by the characters of the extinct and
the existing floras
ARTHUR HOLtick.
GREENHOUSE PESTS’
By greenhouse pests we usually refer to Ladin insects and
fungi, but the subject might be extended to include the destruc-
i rk of rats and mic i
tive work of r. d e, ich is eer
Confining the subject mainly to insects or insect-like organisms
and fungi, these ken up in order of their impor
Probably the most destructive insects in conservatories are
scale insects a heir allies, of which there are many dif-
ferent kinds. Unfortunately, from the standpoint of the speaker,
ant: 1 glass are kept so clean that it was difficult
get really good illustrative material it was necessary to
outside in order to obta cimens which would show what
de i
these insects could do if not held in check. A number of inter-
1 Abstract of a 1 Display House of Conservatory
Range 1 on ee afternoon, ee 5, 1924.
36
1]
mone hese the cochineal ae jonas a ee pas on
h s ch
a
eae ca were referred to, including the aphids, thrips,
red spider:
: oint cL a nee the ants are about the most conspicuous
insects in the greenhouse or perhaps they merely attract more
he stems oe the larger plants. For the most part they are not
srl harmful but follow other insects, especially aphids and
scales, in order to feed upon the honeydew which is excreted by
much the same way that we obtain milk from cows. ae order
to increase their food supply, the ants are i rish
these offenders and to wi off natural enemies, thereby
greatly increasing their numbers. So that ants are, for the
most part, indirectly eee es than oe so, although
in some cases they do attack Plant es sue:
was made to the nem
eferenc Fa
ling insects harmful to plants. A tomato worm was shown which
on the body of the tomato worm, which then appears to be
apsa dred i i
From each of these cocoons an adult fly emerges and is ready
‘o attack ae Mie Much is accomp lished by such
agencies as this i eee dest tructive insects.
ungi are one of the chief causes a ae diseases but
ou
ro)
Some attention was given to the various cee employed
37
in the egret ancnee for ae the work of insects and fungi
and th g them, and a number of illustrations
app
of parasitic fungi were poe
FreD J. SEAVER.
TROPICAL FERNS!
People who think of the matter at all often think of the ferns
as being a more conspicuous feature in the flora of the tropics
than in that of temperate regions, but whether this is really
h nditions. On
found in great luxuriance and abundance. The late Professor
Underwood of Columbia University, one of the most renowned
of the American ips nts of ferns, has said that in walking a
distance of thre miles on one Gs the pa scene in the rain es
u of Jamaica one ather
one hundred di ere nde of ee ne on ee of bee
ping from the
The Danish ee authority Christensen, in 1913, recognized
withi
in the tropics and in the South Temperate Zone the species
are most numerous. The stately and graceful ae ae and the
1 Abstract of a tecture given in the Central Display House of Conserva-
tory Range 2 on Saturday afternoon, December 22, 1923
38
delicate and sometimes moss-like filmy ferns represent striking
extremes as to size.
The so-called ‘Boston Fern,” well known in its numerous
forms as a house plant, is a species of Nephrolepis which is
i st Indies and tropica
native to opics, including th est Indies and |
ie subtropical parts of North and South Amer Tr
KX. Small reports that in some o “ha ks’’ of southern
cae fronds of this species of Nephrolepis not uncom-
monly have a length of eighteen feet, walle the maximum
length is Pee. feet and two inches
he interesting life-his of pical fern was tr. d
plants, representing the principal natural ae
MarsHaLy A. Howe.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEED OF THE FRINGED
GENTIAN
An offer to furnish seed of the fringed gentian is sowing was
eeds are so small that a half-thimbleful includes, it was esti-
mated, tas eas 2500 seeds.) The requests came Bie thirteen
as follows, and in the numbers given: New York,
51; New Jersey, 17; Penney ivania. 3; West Virginia, 2; and one
for each of the following states, Massachusetts, Delaware,
Maryland, Indiana, Michigan, Missouri, Arizona, Oregon and
California.
The results of these numerous attempts to establish this
beautiful wild flower by direct sowings of seed will be of con-
siderable interest. If the species is stri ictly a biennial, first
wers fro:
urin:
ae season of 1924. It will be of interest to know if there is
39
blooming every year after a colony once comes into bloom
of a colony depends on rep nae ae sie aaa ee
gs nsi
ation may be expected from year to year in a number a
plants that appear, and especially as many of these plantings
may be made in localities not fully suited to the plant.
A. B. Stout.
HOLLY
From many private places in the vicinity of New York comes
the | = lly has been stolen’’-—‘'M have
been cut down after I closed pay ” The New York Times
stated that ‘‘the farmers of Cape y nty,
been sitting up nights with ean loaded with rock salt,
who come in ee of holly and greens. t is from the sale of
they sprout
nurseries, plants ranging ‘from one to four years of age and have
started more this year.
Mrs. Ba! — of Maplewood, N. J., writes that for twenty
years or more she has often planted her holly berries in pots
with other Sine in the house and has grown many holly trees
on her own place and to give to her friends.
The Baltimore Chapter of the Wild pe Preservation
Society of erica, of which Mrs. Bou s Secretary, has
been particularly active in trying to oe local residents
to replant the holly.
iss Marietta M. Andrews has w ioe the Cora of the
both in Baltimore and Washington. The poem ie bee
40
printed and may be had from Secretary of the Washington
Chapter, Mr. P. L. Ricker, Bureau of Plant Industry, Wash-
ington, D.C.
G. Bri
ELIZABETH TTON,
Secretary, Wild Flower Preservation Society of America.
BIRDS’ NESTS IN THE GARDEN
If o m any opinion from the nests remaining in
the aoe a, a leaves have fallen, then it would seem that a
rather larger number of birds than usual raised their broods in
the Garden the past year. With the fall of the leaves, too, nests
often appear in most unexpected places. That of a robin was
built over ie main val leading to the Museum Building and
ae a few f the passers- -by
I believe, was wholly unsuspected till long after the birds had
ted i
n
one long streamer hung down eight or ten inches below the nest,
Can et
ae oa be done about it and to ity
its work? any case the newspaper habit is sre ding, for at
least one aa used paper in its nest last year. It did not
clear up so much ices as the thrush, but did call considering
its much smaller siz
R. S. WILLiaMs.
41
A COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY COURSE ON NATIVE
TREES
Columbia University is hades following course, which
will aoibiles ess be of interest to many readers of the Journal of
e a ‘eoniler and deciduous. Fee
Lectu 4. Thursday. Room 516 Schermerhorn.
prea Hugh Findlay, B. Sc. Ag., A. M., Assistant Professor
of Agriculture.
Field trips to classify and identify trees with a representative
of The New York Hie Garden.
n the hope of increasing the appreci-
ation of trees and to show how such a body of exact information
'y be applied to various individual and social purposes. The
gin i ary and March when tree characters
served under their winter aspects, as well as through
their budding, saan and leafing in April an
trips, which members of the class may at ee option, will
be conducted by a seasons of ork Botanica
The New York Botanical
arden to give instruction in the identification a classification
of trees.
The lectures and the field work will include the following
trees and their use - a few of our industries, a d he a
angie of woods showing both color and formation; moder
tree surgery, special nae by expert; tree oa
42
Students desiring to take this course are required to enroll at
the office of the Registrar, Room 315 University Hall. Ap-
plicants are allowed to visit the class once before registering, if
they so desire. The course begins February 6, 1924.
There will be a Gaieaey fee of $6 for each session or any
ek thereof.
ae information may be secured by addressing the
Secretary of Columbia University, New York, N. Y.
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING MARCH
The March program of lectures in the Central Display coe
Conservatory Range 2, on Saturday afternoons (3 o'clock), i
as follows:
March 1. ‘Coloration in Ornamental By ae’
. A. B. Stour
March 8. ‘Cacti. R. J. e SMALL
March 15. “The Spices of Commerce.” a H. A. GLEASON
March 22. — ee Bulbs and How to Force oo
r the Hom Dr. M. A. How:
March 29. oe Flower Be
rR. K. R. Boynton and
a GEORGE FRIEDHOF
Conservatory Range 2 is situated at the eastern side of the
Botanical Garden, conn of the Allerton Avenue Entrance.
reached from ae Allerton Stati
on the White Plains ie : the Subway from East 180t
Street. Visitors coming by train to Botanical oe Station
should inquire at the Macca Building.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Dr, . N. L. Britton left New York on January 26
to continue tere field studies of the flora of Porto Rico. They
plan to return late in March.
- Stout, of ine Garden staff, gave an illustrated tea
Tikes: Varieties, Culture and Pro opagation” befor
‘Worcester County (Mass.) Horticultural Society on ees
oa.
43
A eo be aus pupils from Central High School, Newark,
New Jer: ent Decemter 31 at the Garden with their —
Mr. Gol iee and a member of the Garden staff, who
as guide and docent.
In omcerad a Cissus vine from one end to the other of
Professor Rom: ae a m
scopist, cy o ee N. Y., died in Balen ore on November
visited the Botanical Garden to consult the extensive collection
of these plants brought together by the late Dr. T. F. Allen
Biology classes of the Morris High mee numbering about
650 pupils, visited the Botanical Garden on the morning of
January 21. And on . elie of pee aay - pean
and Conservatory Han I were vaeee by abou qual
number of biolo f Childs High: School.
In each case a ‘ante ern-slide lecture on forestry was given by
one of the High School teachers.
Professor H. M. Fitzpatrick and Mr. D. S. Welch spent some
Mr.
Welch is preparing a monog' ied of the sata fag dente one
are quite frequent on the Pacific coast, especially in California.
The Garden has recently received from Mr. Bertrand H. Farr
44
of the Wyomissing Nurseries Co., Wyomissing, Pa., the gift
two plants each of fifteen different kinds of day lilies (Hemero-
i i i of the bes
callis), including all the spec the genu best
ri w in cultivation. These plants will be used in ex-
Pp tal ies of sterility and in the breeding of the day
lilies—projects now well under way at the Garden. They will
fe n
. Botanical Garden us dertunaten in hapa one large
Livistona Hoogendorp
The specific status ot eu Livistona tee ney been ene a
determine f the plants
of the Pants botanic garden at Buitenzorg, Java, but has not
orticultural publications, as a native of Java. e€ most
striking attributes of this palm are moe rich dark red color of
h f-st have very long sharp spines, also colored,
and the rich green leaves, divided into about a doz egment
The f s Anthurus borealis Burt seems to ha m.
permanent resident e Botanical Garden. A group of about
30 specimens was f growing in the Phlox bed. Another
fungus, Scleroderma verrucosum Pers., so ve’ U
forest he ‘‘Hemlocks” in 1922, was totally absent this
last year, owin doubt to the v dry summer epeater
searching failed to reveal a single specimen ; bt,
specimen of the Wayfaring Tree, Viburnum L ,a
large shrub of the dete arn Panis native ih Europe and
western Asia, aaa din the Fruticetum the latter oe: of
December and ly in pened The Japanese Quince, Chaeno-
meles japonica, — the Golden Bell, Forsythia suspensa, were
also flowering at that time. The Chinese Witch Hazel, Hama
melis mollis, the Japanese Witch 1, elis japonica
and the Spring Witch Hazel, esi ea of the south
central United States, were in full bloom on January 15. The
witch hazels are either among our oer shrubs to flower in
the spring or the last to bloom in the fall.
On account of a necessary thinning process, only one branch
of our Loquat tree in the warm-temperate collection, Central
45
Display House, Range 2, bears any of the somewhat pear-shaped
an a do
mercially in Californ and for ent i our s ther
states. An
ae it is expected that the results will be published in the near
"Mere December. The eee oo for the
nch
month was inches, of which 0.10 inch (1 inch by sn
sarah ‘ell as snow. maximum temperatures
ecord or each week were 60° on the 6th, 64° on the 13th,
65.5° on the 21st and 50° on the 28th. The minimum te a-
tures were 31° on the 4th, 19° on the 157th, 21.5° on the rgth and
26.5” on the 25t
Meteorology for the year 1923 e total oe for i
year at The New York Botanical Garden was Thi
as distributed by months as follows: January, ae che
(incl 22.5 inches snow measurement); February, 1.92
nches (including 15.4 inches of snow); March, 3.31 inches
(includ 6 inches snow measurement); April, 2.66 inches;
May, 2.03 inches; June, 2.95 inches; July, 1.73 inches; August,
1.21 inches; September, 3.33 inches; October, 4.29 hes;
oe hes; Decem 60 inches (inc ng I
er, 3.47 inc ber, 4. u
nch snow measuremen t). The total snowfall for the year was
g inch he maximu Bs for the year was 100.5”
on the 2Ist ot July; as minimum w. oe on the 31st of January.
The first hard iling — 2 the autumn was on the morning of
the 2nd of November, pee carie of 26° was reached.
The latest freezing ae of - oe was on the 18th
of April, when the temperature was
46
ACCESSIONS
Liprary ACCESSIONS FROM AUGUST 21 TO NOVEMBER 30, 1923
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by Mr.
CoKER, WILLIAM CHAMBERS "The Saprolegniaceae with notes on other water
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Members of the Corporation
Dr. Robert Abbe James B. Fo
Fritz Achelis Childs Frick
Edward D. Adam: Prof. W. J. Gi
Charles B. eats Daniel Guggenheim
Vincent Astor Murry Guggenheim
F. L. Atkins race Harding
J. Ho:
Na W. Auchincloss J. Montgomery Hare
ge F. Baker easy 3 or hha
Re shen Baker R. A. Ha:
Henry de Forest Baldwin ey “ alan
und. S r
Prof. Charles P. Berkey Joseph P. Hennessy
Eugene P. Bicknell ea G. Hodenpyl
C. K. G. Billings rt M. Huntington
George Blumenthal ae Iselin
George P. Brett Dr. Walter B. James
George S. Brewster Walter Jennings
Prof. N. L. Britton Otto H. Kah
Prof. Edw. S. Burgess _ Prof. James F. “nee
i=}
Prof. C. F. Chandler Iph Lewisohn
Hon. W. A. Clark Ken “aie ce Macken
C. A. Coffin V. aa
Marin Le Brun Cooper Edgar i Mic
Paul D. Cravath W. J. Matheson
James W. Cromwell George McAneny
Charles Deering John L. Merrill
Henry W. de ae, Ogden Mills
ae W. de For Hon. Ogden L. Mills
Rev. Dr. H. M ae Barrington Moo
Cleveland H. Dodge J. Pierpont Morgan
Samuel W. Fairchild Dr. Lewis R. Morris
Marshall Field Frederic R. Newbold
William B. O. Field
Eben E. Olcott
Prof. Henry F. Osborn
ierson
James R. ore
a A. Plac
PaaS F. Rand
Johnston L. Redmond
ee a Rockefeller
len Roosevelt
Prof. @ H. Rusby
=
H. H. We
Bronson Winthro
Grenville L. Winthrop
Members of the Advisory Council
Mrs. George A. eee Mrs. Delancey Kane
Mrs. Robert Bac Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel
Miss Elizabeth Bilis Mrs. a = Lee
Mrs L. Bri M
Mrs. Andrew Cass Mrs. V. Everit. Macy
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Mrs. Pierre Mali
Miss Elizabeth Hamilton Mrs. Henry Marquand
Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Mrs. George W. Perkins
Mrs. Robert C. Hill Mrs. Harold I. Pratt
Mrs. Walter Jennings Mrs. Wm Kelly Prentice
Mrs. Bradish Johnson Mrs. William A. Read
Mrs. James Roosevelt
Mrs. Benson B. Sloan
Mrs. Samuel Sloan
Mrs. Edw. T. H. Talmage
Mrs. Henry O. ee
Mrs. John T. Ter:
Mrs. W. G. ae
Mrs. Cabot Ward
Mrs. F. de R. Wissman
Honorary Members of the Advisory Council
Mrs. E. Henry Harriman Mrs. James
A. Scrymser
Mrs. John I. Kane Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes
GENERAL INFORMATION
some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden |
y our hundred acres of beautifully chee land in the northern part of the
City of New York, throu gh whi a flows the Bronx River. A native hemlock _
the dee.
j
ti li | it shrubs, and flowering a
Rapes a thousands of
plan
te including a beautiful ed eae, a rock garden of rock-loving |
plants, and fern and herbaceous garden
pepe containing thousands * interesting plants from America and
foreign countri
a
Hebei shows throughout the year—in the spring, pe and autumn dis-
lays of narcissi, daffodils, fui irises, peonies, roses, lilies, ater-lilies, gladioli,
dahlias, a nd chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of green housestiaaaaiil
plan
seum, poaeaining aya of fossil plants, existing plant families, local ~
plants cecutr ine ne hundred miles of the City of New York, and the e
economic uses of
iaigeniel comprising more than one million specimens of American and -
foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West nae Central
ane =e uh | vey u study end ees nee th
4
of ou tne _
libr: peril a Sota literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and num-
erous pamph'
ee ou on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing chroughoiti 4 d
the
i ue cations ah botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly _
of popular, inter q
The education : school ebilip cd ais. ne a irate ga the above features”
orticult
The (Garden i is dependent upon an annual ane by the
City of New York, private benefactions and membership fe It
possesses now nearly two thousand members, and conceal for
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are:
Benefactor. . . . . . . . . . . single contribution $25,000
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Sustaining Member . . . . . . . . annual fee
nual Member . . . . . annual fee 10
The following is an cae fan of bequest: i
I hereby bequeath to The Ne pa bi dail Garden t incorporated under the Laws
of New York, Chapter 286 of 1897, th sum of —
All requests for further rte should be sent to
THE NEw York BotanicaL GARDEN 7
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY ‘
VOL. XXV Marca, 1924 No. 291
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE LAND WHERE SPRING MEETS AUTUMN
Joan K. SMALL
RUBBER PLANTS
A. B. Stout
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Epwarp D. ADA 16
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SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman JaMEs F. Kemp, Sc. a ) 510%;
NicHoLAs Murray But-er, Pu. D., FReDEric S. LEE, PH. nam D.
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GEoRGE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
‘N. L. Britton, Pa. D.,Sc.D.,LL.D. . . . mes a Chief
Marsa. A. Howe, Pu. D., "Sc. Diese Assistant pe
Joun K. SMALL, Pu. Di Se. Das tiem eee " Head Curator o of 1
(AC? B: StourisPa Dis Seo) Soh een Director of the Labor mae ories
RjASMURRILE (PH. Diss iat ein neers "Supervisor a ees Instruction
PA. RYDBERG) BaD oe oe ena Curator
IH. A} GLEASON; PRD 05) e035 Oia ie ced ee er Curate
Frep J. SEAVER, Pu. D. PIE asin See ST a athe i 2 Curator
ArtTuurR Hottick, Pu. D. ea tee pia NE gaa esa ie eR er i
Percy WILSON . : ee a ya ee ted sSoctate er tEaE
PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL . . . . . . Associate Curator
JoHN HENDLEY Loa a M., MOD A) che hee eae Bibliographer
SaraH H. Hartow, A.M... . Librarian
He HsgIeUSBY, Vley Don dee oar Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
EuizABETH G. BRITTON. . . . Ho a wean Curator of rr |
MARY, Es CATONDE i hea pir kart! ok ok on Sn ii ae Artist
KENNETH Ri BoyNTON; B: Ss.) :.) yee Head Gardener
ROBERT) Sy) WIDLIAMS } 3. leads, Wie is cate a eae "Administrative Assistant
Hester M. Rusk, A.M... .. . Technical Assistant
H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D.. . Honorory Custodian of Tinea! Herbarium
EB. SOUTHWICK, PH. Dea 2428 Custodian fe Beatie Grounds
JOHN GR VO RINGEN, (oils... i eepie meaning Landscape Engineer
WALTER S. GROESBECK. ... . "Cle rk a a Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT . st A ae Superintendent’ of here te Grounds
ALTER CHARLESH YE i ay Museum Custodtan
-yunay 942 Jo aseq aya AVAL St (P7OpI PLGOYIES |) 2AHO~PIES
‘aqersosse jeaides] Apoom yo *punoi3 oy} uo [ler] sayouesq axl-UELINeS ay} JO sues, ‘iqey esNYIP sy) ournsse Suappru Suroqysieu
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Sgz ALVIg
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. XXV March, 1924 No. 291
THE LAND WHERE SPRING MEETS AUTUMN
A Recorp oF EXPLORATION IN FLORIDA IN DECEMBER, 1921
By holding the right hand out flat in a vertical plane with the
thumb down, it vie readily be seen why Florida has been re
ferred to as ‘the mb of the United States.” The eegraphie
position of this a is, in fact, singularly interesting
A meridian of longitude passing through Flonda div ides
meri
latitude Ai through the Desert of Sahara, Arabia, the south-
ern peninsulas of Asia, ine, northern Micronesia, Lower
California, and northern Mexic
Florida, largely as a result of ae peculiar geographic a
ae of its phy eae a a ms peculiarly from a botani-
cal standpoint, ju the mb functions differently from “the
rest "7 the hand, ae its Revs are quite distinct from those of
any other State in the Un Within its political boundaries
man y-clemenis of ue fone a oe ee aeeioe and of the
with
an meuencive endemic flora. Sete there are instances
ce the same species, native or naturalized, or closely related
nes, occur both in Florida and in the ee of corresponding
lngide si cae mentioned abov
rthermore, the usual vernal oe of some of our com-
mon coastwise eee is really autumnal in peninsular Florida.
53
54
Botanically, winter = seliomnated ences “The Land where
pring meets Autumn.’
rawn southward by the great floral magnet of that land of
perpetual bloom, George K. Small and the writer set out for the
The following narrative and plant notes are the results of about
1
four weeks’ exploration on land and water, made possible by the
personal interest of Mr. Charles Deering.
orth of the
hills of Maryland and ese however, with several kinds
pines (Pinus virginiana, P rigida, P. Taeda ach veto or
in view. Patches and banks of various shades of red and yellow
our-
gums (Nyssa), and the sweet-gums idambar), here lent
variety to view, but the O were set ag e bre
backgro of the various pi As was the case earlier in the
un ni
season at the North, the colors were not so brilliant as usual, a
condition resulting, perhaps, from the prolonged drought of the
preceding season.
the deeper swamps with their more tempered conditions
the Cassi aupon t
ike at Christmas time. The holly last mentioned fur:
55
ished the black drink of the early American Indians.' Its
: ote interior, to the coast for the sole purpose of gathering
a supply of the leaves. It was called
eaves) by the Creeks and long served as a valued article of
trade.
The only oa acetal ate to attract one’s attention north
of Georgia was a mem of the vast thistle family, a kind of
beggar’s-tick (Bidens) ae yellow heads of flowers which
brightened the pools and ditches. South of the Altamaha River
n Georgia a plant of the Sie aes bees a purple lupine (Lu-
ae Nuttallit) was in flowe of the sandy hillsides.
This species is the ees: a our more es and larger
Lu ae perennis.
ere surprised to find a dearth of plants in flower in
Pe ais Florida. Recent frosts, however, had interrupted the
winter flowering of most of the plants, even ie common and
averblooming weeds being few and far bet
From THE Saint Marys To CAPE SABLE
After arriving at Jacksonville we made our way back to Saint
Marys in the southeastern corner of Georgia, for the purpose of
n
Florida. As is the case in most of the species of Ona ia, the
young spines are pale, in this case yellowish, but later on they
turn reish-brown and then brown. Associated with this mae
amas as our r smallest one—the crowfoot prickly-pear
kin
like nee where a number of cedar-trees that survived the axe
of the pencil-maker stood. Curiously enough, the little prickly-
} This should not, however, be paises with the present-day “ black-
drink" of the root of an eryngo
pian synchaetum.
56
pear was found only close to the bases of the trunks of the cedars.
The existence of this fragile-jointed cactus there was doubtless
due to the protection from grazing animals and coastal winds
ks.
t pine-
lands a mal eas ie em) sae its twisted slender
spikes of da nl ew Ore (Polygata
nana), with i esky How
see es ge appeared egal y. other - plants
n bloo: the ee plant (Sabbatia ee blue-lobelia
(Lobelia dauada en-aster (Chrysopsis graminifolia), and
tickseed (Coreopsis een. There were large swamps
ong the way with an almost a growth of the loblolly bay
=
®
ct,
om
®
®
act
eh
4
These swam
spring when the large Ganelia like flowers of the bay are open.
Even in midwinter they are not without decorative effect, for
any of the trees are co ee overrun with the es laurel-
company with the bay were giant plants, as ee as one’s head,
of the cinnamon-fern ae cinnamomea) which, in oe of
the season, was in full ‘flower’ and very p ccount
fort can be rea ee ‘a. We did not get ae than the dunes and
eas i Th i
presented an unusual appearance. The recent storm had whip-
ped off most of the oak | instead of the usual
banks of greenery, i areas ot piers massed gray myriad
57
branchlets of the oaks—appeared as far as the eye could see.
ying tl
quent rains, combined to bring forth fungi. We observed more
specimens of this group of plants in that December than we had
seen in nearly twenty years combined.
A little time was devoted to the vicinity of the old nna
of ae ae which lies to the northward of the present tow
The dunes facing the river and marshes support ie ee
growth of a large prickly-pear similar i in habit to t naa one gr ‘owing
Pp
of how far one can safely depend upon local information, at least
as regs lant life.
wy shrubs were in bloom and in fruit, both wild
d L. Sellow
America and named ‘the diesueree: The former has vari-
ously re neve ranging | from yellow to red and purple; the
latter Both aed pian
grew intimately intermixed with the large cactus referred to
abov
The tempering effect of the a eeieee waters and marshes
was shown by the numerous weeds ies oom ee e. oo
e€
idence—amon, s (Cass
and C. occtd: ano. aa allow a pean he wild helio.
trope (Cochranea Tin eaeoliey. and heterotheca (Heterotheca
is).
t , sago-palm cas), lilies (Crinum), poin-
settia (Poinsettia), oleander (Neriwm), camphor (Camphora),
Madeira-vine i emiaaien banana (Musa), begonias a
wi Da
These preliminary excursions being Bee ned: we set out
58
for one of our main objectives, namely, Cedar Keys. A rain
storm set in, but our drive from Ja acksonville to Saint Augustine,
through an almost flowerless country, wa’ therwise uneventfu d
Between Saint Augustine and Palatka the eae and t
landscape often quite duplicated those n of Jacksonville
2 Sai J a
a different kind of countr re was a succession
of blackja dges, ‘‘scrub,’’ savannahs, and high pineland
The floristics we ery different from t on the eastern side
of - iver. More than a dozen pl. ‘i fey quite
s, many of them
show bloom. There were goldenrods (Solidago),
ns a. fobeline awe meadow-beauties (Rhexia), and
tickseed (Coreopsis). crossed narrow stretches of the
rub” that a a northward continuation of the great
area of “scrub” lying west of Lake George and which comprises
t 1
mock growt
of hammock co: sa of live e-oak trees. On the sandy hills
t-forming p.
hoxalis corniculata), a rple-flowered tick-trefoil (Meibomia
triflora), and a portulaca ase pilosa). A prostrate prickly-
pear (Opuntia laia) with red clavate fruits was present. It was
i the i i
the country a peculiar aspect after one is ot to traversing the
densely palm-inhabited pers oF the oe
1 Journal of The New Yor 21: 28-32.
59
An introduced endogen—Natal-grass (Tricholaena)—so c
mon in the southern part of the State, has established itselt in
the Roneea region. With the horizontal rays of the setting
kin
sun two of Pisa colored flowers were particularly
ake u0u i me a rose-purple foxglove (Agalinis), the
other a ee lobelia. Both plants are inhabitants of low
forward in He ame oe
Wi “over the me" near Gainesville just after sundown,
and, continuing on toward the w pat coast as far as nos
the next te renoon found us en route to Cedar Key The
third of the way lay over a series of eee k nies and pine-
The greatest of the swamps, the Gulf Hammock, has been the
source of the red- oe for the lead-pencil industry for several
g i d also a mecca for the mighty hunter of both small
and large game. Three kinds of palms—the cabbage-tree, the
e
ite behind on pus caster coas ocks bac e
of o ae Oia, hickories (Hiceria),
eagle (Magvalia), eveee: -gum (Liguidam sa Binge ( oe
a) willow: a
two p a. a2
repens), two mallows (Sida cordifolia and Abutilon permolle), and
60
two cacti (Opuntia mat and O. Drummondit), our — and
smallest kinds, respectively, of prickly-pears. hese mounds
are very ancient, ace i.e., finished before rae oldest trees of =
made up o
~
o
im
in
=
o
+
B
ss
=
a
a
ct
Sr
oD
»
b
=
_
©
ta
©
=i
a
is]
o
©
ae
an
the saffron-plum Gina a and the saw-palmetto
(Sabal repens).
A shell- a up near the delta of the Suwanee River was
the next ma: This, Cees was the site of an Indian
Il as in i
ro) n
of Florida me is Poeigherel as “Indian town.” It
faces Suwanee Sound and has a maximum elevation of about
twenty-five a above the water. oe main eee he our search
was coontie (Zamia), and we found i stepped
ashore from our boat. The species is pee ieee a it
mixture of oyster-shells and sand. Single plants were found to
have at least a dozen branches, in spite of the fac es these
plants are commonly described as simple-stemmed. under-
ground parts were of sufficient size to fill a real old- pee
bushel basket. This, like many other coastal! shell-middens—
ial geologi
at
in the northern and the s outhern parts of the peninsula—harbors
a cul n. i
The various kinds were evidently planted there through the ages
by silat! bir Nee
xample, in this present case we found on the one hand
the ae ee fruited Indian-cherry eo renee
ana), which ranges down from the mountains, and o
61
the tropical red-fruited wild-coffee (Psychotria sain and the
white-fruited snow-berry (Chiococca racemosa rthermore,
instead of growing erect or high- mae as they do further
ed both of the tropical shrubs
te ane ace attractions ee foe as well as
of the m
will cause the chest to shift out of reach, and when unearthed
again it will repeat its peregrinations. One ingenious native,
however, conceived a method which he believed would be suc-
sfu dal t boiler and re: d end
ce! procure -boler moved one en
Thus prepared, he planned to clap the boiler over the chest and
thus prevent its esca owever, he ma ng job,
pe. e
the edge of the boiler touched the chest before it was secured and
the chest shifted. The boiler lies there today, awaiting the
manipulations of a more dexterous ages or.
n the meantime the floristics of the middens remain the most
interesting feature—to some of us, at least. Our object being
complished, we eka our cE pOurse as a as the heats of
We sane paralleled, spohaps the old trail of Pie panish
a
adventurer Panfilo rvaez, who traversed that region four
ee ago. Iti rei to say that we saw neither marks
of his expedition nor an re gold or silver than Narvaez di
However, as in the case oe ee shell-middens, the floristics ar
enticing and in a season th ter Id i
vestigation t ; e 1 s in flo
the pinelands, the bright-purple and fragrant Carphephorus
cory hi s much vegetation in e, ever;
it was dorman rm of rosettes of perennial and bien
nial plants. Besides the highland plant associations, there were
ponds c he T, On ac fo) gra
r a tea less cypress trees and the gray Flo ja moss, were
ae
62
We were not long in reaching the Withlacoochee at the settle-
ment of Inglis here isited an a inal b oun
a are ee n the ie of the river. Like other burial
unds it supported a growth of trees which were as old is seen
ae trees of the neighborhood and ar larger. Our p n to
explore th , nine
miles from rae were frustrated pease: we were taken to be
federal revenue agents. We could not find a friend in that
region! Specimens ve zamia were eee on the middens at
the mouth of the river nearly a century ago, and the mounds
aving to be satisfied with alors of a aie ine of being
able to reach the mouth of the river at a future time, we at once
ushed on southward with Cael River as ous objective.
many kinds of deciduous shrubs and trees. These inland ham-
mocks have little in common with those along the coast. They
are devoid of the characteristic tropical elements. It is true
more northern plan uch as iron-wood (Carpinus), hickory
(Hicoria), bate sa Cie. and partridge-berry (Mitchella)
abounde
The uieneae of eae River is at the head of the estuary
of that stream about ten miles from Crystal Bay and the Gulf of
Mexico. The inha’ ee are mostly engaged in the fish and
H Shellof fish’’ industry, and in addition to this there is a large
cedar a cil-wood factory.
t is often surprising (aside, of course, from epiphytes) how
little sai is really necessary to support plant growth. Very
e
alluvium of river banks. The ee is ine as ou
often a i
(Sabina) banked against the masses of the paler green nee
tree. Half way down the river, on the northern side, is a large
s hell- midden, called “Spanish Mound.” It is extensive and
stands between twenty-five and thirty feet high. It is built up
in the hammock on the edge of the marsh several hundred feet
63
away from the river. The native flora of the mound is much
nds at Ce
the same as that of the mounds at Cedar Keys—herbaceous
plants being e and exotics wan the isolation of the
und h g preserved its ive plant coveri re we
ound two kinds of Zamia; the widespread species of the State,
Z. integrifolia, was plentiful, and a Wes ian kind, media,
‘as a close The latter plant is larger in every way than
he low river margins were lined with ie ital
arrowhead Sa ieeee bese es ia), and on the 1's
an of water-le ware (Pistia) fae water- eae
(Pi ‘iaropus), some with ce sails down and quite oo
others with their sails up and moving on with each vagran
breeze.
The ae mounds at Hie pees of Crystal River lacked the
e ‘Spanish Mound,” but the lower
woody plant-covering was r aa
The two kinds of zamia were there and grew luxuriantly.
numerous leaves of Zamia media, the larger plant of the tw
ecies, were often as tall as o ad mmock growth
t
caroliniana f-
mississipp ), sumac (Rhus obtusifolia), and mock-orange
(Laurocerasus hae e apparently persistent natu
e the papaya (Carica Rac the lemon (Citrus
Limo iy a the lime oe Lim
Upon our return to the ettlement Cnet River we set out
for the old eae nt of een which is situated on the
estuary of the Homosassa River, the next stream south of
64
Crystal River. Black-jack ridges and aes extend for
several miles south of Crystal River. Only two plants were in
the hardw
hickories (Hicoria), and eee eches (Carpinus) were con-
i Many trees were felled by eee recent hurricane.
iin d
m
tree trunks were eltei cca laden with ferns, such as the
usually tall and associated with them m was a ieee growth
of palms. The three kinds of pal cabbage-
tree, saw-palmetto, needle-palm—grew such exceptional
ees that they imparted an fee aspect to the ham
ock.
n our return to Crystal River we turned eastward toward
Inverness on Lake Tsala Apopka. Rolling country, the ridges
alternately marked off with either the blackjack or turkey-oak
igh
ously oS wi the “Flo rida~-moss (Dendro eho in spite of
the fact that it is commonly believed and recorded that this
epiphyte is ee indicative of wet places. We called at the
' Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 21: 45.
65
pele chai described in a ea paper, along the Withla-
coochee r Pineola, in order to get a supply of fern spores for
starting ae of the rarer ae in the Deering hammock at
Cutler.
maller plants of the fern-grottoes are humus-lovers.
the limest
Stas depois a covers li ne wherever it is
not washed a ns. The little i pease (Tradescantella)
and the ares ee (Ponthieva) and some of the herbs and
ere in flower and in fruit. The different methods of
h :
lettuce Pisti float on the Tho ose of os wild. oe
ali. tary canal al he spinescent fruits
ellow-mal
a
tributed by adhering to the fur or feathers of animals, not b’
spines, however, o ee a very viscid coating: Setting out for
the western coast a e went of Brooksville
to visit the only ie for a fern, the West Indian bracken
(Blechnum occidentale), known this side of the Gulf Stream. The
patch of the fern comprises only about fifty square feet. Our
a
rare species have short rootstocks a leaves that often lie flat
m the ground.
ee Brooksville we set out westward for the Gulf of Mexico.
ra distance of four miles west of Brooksville there are high
Natal-grass. About nine miles out ee (Ceratiola) ap-
1 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 21: 32-
66
peared in the pinelands and within two miles there is ‘‘scrub.”
At the Westra edge of the “scrub,” wher re it anit on a black-
jac ri e, resh wate:
r—
sonatas Bake ng. In the adjacent aera? two woody
by groups of the cabbage-tree and t palm and even
by colonies of one of the long- leat By Pin Blt). a -
immediate aren region zam luxuri. for:
notice, the ee e had obs ne since iene the re con
eg1o0
arly or tke all a plant-associations mentioned above
were traversed in we drove pag tate near the coast.
it tion appeared bloom; the knotw ca
(Thssonela rebut) a — Cees frac) alain the
owe ese occu
T:
fact, wi Sd no traces of it in pthe Fincliae Lacie where i
would be expected, d plan
from south of the pate ae region. Sad evidences of the
recent storm were only too conspicuous a s they were recorded in
the hammoc
ris.
action of the recent winds in a cant manner. The windward
half of each fruit tree showed very pale-green, owing to the tender
new foliage that had begun to nite the leaves which had been
igi because some of the force of the wind had been spent
on the windward side of the tree.
Night ee us in Saint Petersburg, where we had the codp-
eration oe local botanist, Mrs. Katherine B. Tippetts.
weed, par excellence, of Saint Petersburg is our most recently
poeaices rattlebox (Crotalaria Saltiana); it is ubiquitous.
67
Growing with it, eerie was the hae mallow we had
found at Cedar Keys 5 an nd a tal River. The dunes of Long
e
aaa: Le qs of the Miami region were found to be very
oody beaieaes was composed almost wholly
of oe = ce and tre Much in evidence were the
e
an
wer tickseeds (Coreopsis Leavenworthit), the e-sunflower
(Helianthus debilis), and goldenrod (Selidago onus), The
low pinelands about Saint Petersburg indic: ate he roa h
the Florida ade la to the eastern coast. Showers during the
night had cleared the atmosphere and the deep blue of the
sy, the ae Breen o the pines, and the bughe green of the
palm f unforgettable
beauty as we drove up the Pinellas Peninsula. There we re-
crossed, evidently near the present site of es the trail
of Narvaez, who, in 1528, went inland ther
arvaez, like most of the Spanish Eypeai cone, was in quest
of gold or other treasure. By the time he reached the present
: ; : sub-
nts and
eee the pie -pears and the palms, as the following
been will show
e Journey of Alvar Nufiez Cabeza de Vaca. Translation by A. F.
ae 1905.
68
“Without finding anything eee to eat but palmettos [Saw-
palmetto] like those of Andalusia.’’—Page 19.
After which time they would remove to another section in
F : ceo
;-pears.
red and black, and taste very good. o three months they exist
upon them exclusively, . . .”—Page
“Their best times are when ‘ tunas’ fone: pears] are ripe,
ae they have plenty to eat, When dried es are
put in eaves like figs and kept to be eaten on the —
s old record refers also to an aa of pine trees so char-
ia : Florida, and to trees with n
In ation a spring j still eal onthe distant by the
necessary by washouts resulting from the recent storms
reached Tampa, Lani is situated in a country too long settled
and too thoroughly cleared of its deter ia to be of
much interest from a floristic standpoint. This region was
el t woods in earlier d ere the coontie (Zamia
integrifolia), which is still occasionally in evidence, fir
lected on the western coast during the Seminole wars. There,
0, rossed a + historic trail—th e Soto, who
landed near the mouth of the present Manatee River a decade
a Narvaez land ar the present Clearwater and stru
ridges. In the midst of the lake region one of the many showy
plants that adorn the desert-like sands, in season and sometimes
out of it, the shrubby lupine (Lupinus diffusus) was observed.
“SUISLIOOLL J9]UM YILM ‘x vads 0} OF ‘UI907 USO SojoYy 19IBM AG], “OUIYSUNS PUe Ne r0J JNO aav Soy) Ud UOLPaJOId Pur dpLYs
qavd way} o.18 syre}-ye9 oy) aPYM ‘sorva, yop-1oyivds ayy Jopun gaye OY) UT d4ndas sar Av suBlIMes dy] ‘sjunvY aIOAL] asoy) UT
: “ ‘ Jae de 3 I
t 1* F a bor setae Foal Pade F
Tee P f N 170}
ba, Y—'ePHopy “o.) apr ‘ysounuey w
69
The plants then in evidence were mostly stragglers ai the
preceding flowering season. The species is noted for its silvery-
gray foliage, its racemes of sky-blue flowers and its white-fluffy
ods.
In Saar watershed wet hammocks and cypress
ponds —. frequent. On the tussocks, aside from the elegant
Carolina-aster ee Cara ana), owe: more humble plants were
in bloom. Each represen rganized family in
Melbourne on the Indian River just as t ae
ae ght
Sunrise foun ur way down the eastern coast The
notice of Sete Hew spring, although ee te apene ies of the
calendar the advent of winter was at s given by the
yellow t f the spruce-pine ecPinn aie Along
the Indian River and Saint Jace Soun e he tbaceous Vv ceca
tion of the sand. almost a toa
ical winter-bloomers, such as the golde n-aster oe
T. usta). h
oR
se
a
3
Ss
=
<
=
&
&
~
5
a
wn
=
°
5
a
5
me
oo
~
=
‘2
ty
FS
3
is
=
&
7:
3
>
2.
0
pas ;
were a white boneset Diesel jucundum) and a golden-aster
(Chrysopsis Tracyt). Four weeks ae they tai beaaeaaiie
rom the flor.
t
the eastern coast, and naturally so, for its dispersal is accom-
' Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 24: 32-33
70
plished in two ways, by the wind which spreads broadcast ae
winged fruits and by birds which are ee a the ae as
easily removed from the fragile-walled f ar Jen:
came upon the large mallow ae bunion rvdifolium) ce we ound
at Cedar Keys and at ot above
the first record of the Cee of that species on the nee
coast. Like the orale Salt bana), this species —
natural do 1 bef
ze
as ae ae of the state. South of the Saint Lucie Rivera
eared in the landscape. The pinelands often
showed areas of pu rple false hound’s-tongue (Trilisa panicu-
hi
— interrupted by the es flowers of the pickerel-
eed (Pontederia cordata), t rose-pink of the rsh-pink
(Saat ae ia and the eects yellow of the milkwort
(Polygala cymosa).
e were soon in the great ancient sand-dunes in the eae
of Hobe Sou The typical arboreous growth of the
dunes, the spruce-pine (Pinus clausa), is gradually ee
but with progressive rapidity. It would seem that this typical
‘scrub’ was not free from the invasi n prehistoric
times; no doubt it suffered fr the fires started bo ry
iunderbor and by the aborigines: With the invasion of the
Seminole Their activities and methods
e chase are historic matters. Lastly, the white man is
ene all his predecessors in making the “‘scrub”’ a plant-
associatio: e past and often a desert. The spruce-pine
to fire as are the long-leaf pines. As a rule, after fire has swept
ov scrub” the area remains devoid of pine trees or one
of the long-leaf pines invade it and replaces the former short-leaf
kind. We have observed numerous examples of this phe-
. Whena
leaf pine tree replaces it or grows with it, the trees are strictly
erect. It was noticed in several places in the ‘scrub’? where
71
caiebpe: pine (Casuarina een a tree of course
ated to t ad been pla:
scraggy shrubbe ery its en mic genera, eee as the rosemary
numerous to mention here, and its ee growth of nothin
but the spruce-pine, is by fa ae most striking plant-association
in the State. The assoc ation i is uniqu In na way i eae
as:
and. The hamm growt cou aaa
shrubby, while the arboreous, sala of pine trees, is rela-
tively gigantic. In the midst of the “scrub” one has the sen-
ti
e most interesting unsolved aietod in connection with the
“scrub” is: why does it ee The soil—silvery white sand—
of the sarah seems usually to be devoid of nourishment for
plants, Seine exotics ua grow i both where planted and where
sponta Tw ceedingly interesting examples of woody
it grow in a dry habitat as well, as do its two ordinarily associated
species just mentioned?
nm the apex of the ancient dunes in the vicinity of Hobe—on
the early maps “ Jobe'’"—Sound we looked down on a remarkable
al i
crazy quilt half dozen colors in various S re
presented by either foliage or flowers, often in patches of pure
growth, or, i x . e = ious as to give
h
green of the fo ne e a i lowed (xine, the dee
1 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 2!
72
green of the rosemary (Ceratiola), the yellow green of the woe-
vine (Cassytha), the gray green of the saw-palmetto (Serenoa),
the vario es of g
us shai of of the several scrub-oaks (Quercus),
the ei of the aii of the yellow ee (Actinospermum)
and golden-aster (Chrysopsis), and the pink of the knot-
weed “psa wand the white of the At upon which all
the above g:
ass pele ioe on the old sand-dunes south of Jupiter
remarkable pealg nage of the inland cocoa-plum
On the dunes from oe wis beach to where the scrubby vegeta-
tion sloped up and merged into that of the hammock of the la-
goon, the leaves ] bee coconut were unscathed either from the
whipping of the continuous coastal wind, particularly from the
saw-palmetto, showed the frayed and dead segments of the leaf-
blades
Eventi ng found us in Miami, where we stopped long enough to
peculiar aster. It grew in ea ies—a hundred or more stems
together sometimes. The were often six to eight feet
tall and the ee were eae and the rays of the very
numerous heads pale-purple.
We were soon in one of the departments of Dante’ s “Inferno
Colum
describing the lost souls appearing as scraggly trees. At a dis-
73
tance the growth of pond-cypress trees gives one the impression,
on account of the pale bark against the darker backgrounds, of
gigantic cobwebs, mists, or large patches of fro Acl iew
f the th ds of individual diminutive tree ter
eason, comp he pie eae to th at in these trees
are collected all the runken, and ao souls of the
t shrunken
past inhabitants of ele North Amiene
From Bay BiscaAyNE To Key WEsT
Having planned to devote a few days to the Florida Reef, we
don the ‘‘Barbee”’ late one ene set out for
m
Ke
e anchored off Elliott’s Key after ainda. The night
he moon 0
me up.
wind to move the clouds into Suede scenery. Below was
a dead calm. Although the hull of o ae hy stood only
two or three feet out of the water, in incline down it seemed to
stand twelve or fifteen feet up,
ct
jek
ra
©
a
3
2
yp
wm
°
®
=
ry
co
®
4
©
3
had been by night, were so asia) eae that it seemed w
had the same clouds beneath us as above. Wo: aerial over
hanging panoramas were ae ented on the aoe of the bays,
creeks and sounds. According to the lack of marine vegetation
or the presence of it there were submarine deserts or lawns and
€ at o
categories were much in evidence: and there were often great
:
diminutive forests of the tufted merman’s shaving-brushes
74
poe sp.), and of the mermaid’s wine-glasses oe
wats bias ca teeming with animals ranging
the lowliest t There were the gay nee
d tl ee sponees of all ¢ sizes and shapes, both firmly an-
ch a to the bottom. The moving kinds most in evidence we:
w. hich the crayfish is the most fantastic a
even the a ive sea- i
cuttin: r of Key Largo, prese grove trees of
ndless fantastic shapes. Red grove (Rhizophora) d
black-mangrove ( } are the dominant exclusive
trees. Alt closely associated and growing under exact]
the same influences, the red-mangrove has dependent aérial
roots, pale trunk, and light green foliage; the black-mangrove has
erect ae Toots (pneumatophores), dark trunk, and dark- “green
ontinued
foliage. eC
all day. ee ards evening the weather condone change
d g
e
mong the corals, sea-feathers and spong
With the hee of ike wind the water of the shallower oe
75
became milky-white as a result of the disturbing of the marly
vai
ot long in reaching the largest and, botanically, the
most eee of the lower keys, namely Big Pine Key. Thi:
island has been ae botanical treasures for nearly a oe
and the supply is not yet exhausted. Upon arriving off the
eastern shore, we ee rked, went half way . the middle of
the island, and thence to ane western shore. ad parts
of the key support a very r as oe grow r a palms. The
silver- ee th the thatch-palm (Trina
microcarpa) int ermingle in an amazing manner. Th
graceiul, whil t of the latter is harsh and s rowth
of these palms is more remarkable when we stop to consider the
habi is i e or less plate-like condition of the
at. This is a mor
odlitic limestone devoid of soil. The palms are practically
epipetric. The sae Se elas arises either from a moun nd of roots
laced directly on the fl often a circular
erosion hole ee it a or quite fills.
ile going up through the pine- odin lands there was much
to attract the attention, at least am id partly wo oody
b
its aes oe yellow flowers, grew higher than one’s head. Two
plants often filled the air ae their Eraerance: The homely
t Pp
suggesting that of the re ae ey. The yellow opoponax
Va i count
(Vachellia Farnesiana), conspicuous not only ac f it
myriads of ye s but n account of its numerous
white spines, was often almost overpow g with its violet-like
secured which can often be detected ie than the shrub
an be
Big Pin e Key presents great asad in physical conditions and
and fruits are ayn and about equal in size, about a sixteenth
76
of an inch long. That is evidently one of the localities visited
fe ll er surprises presented them s befor
re: dt ester N much i e kinds of the
plants, but in their its. ly plants, often t ji lo-
cust-berry (Byrsonima lucida), butto if (Conocarpus erecta)
joe-wood (Jacquinia keyensis), saffron-plum (Bumels usti-
folia), and ees anaes ac euats)iatent 0 of growing
erect and large, all grev rubs, often even prostrate
on the a or an of the prairie.
It was late in the day ae we reached the hammocks border-
ine Channel about midway between the nort thern and
addit to co
prickly pears “Opuntia ‘Diller and O. zebrina), by which we
hru r
plum (Bumelia ont, a -opoponax (Vachelliia Far-
nesiana), and tallow-wood (Ximenia americana) eee ae
cked k
perhaps at the same time he found the Stru mbhais menti =
above. We had been sea Big Pine unsuccessfully,
the doubting Thomases, are coming to light again. The g
1For a biographical note, see Journal of The New York Botanical Garden
22: 51.
2
oa l redj.
hould h 7;
fei FI
T. Simpson who found it in another Snanviocle on the western side of Big
Pine a few weeks before our visit to the island
77
Clusia, ee on that key long ago, remains to be found again.
Epiphytic orchids were, apparently, absent from those ham-
i t.
esen
s we crossed back to the aa a the sun shone horizontally
1Z
through the trees. The satin-leaf trees (Chrysophyllum olivae-
forme), often rising above the other ie ie ocks
had just left, with their 1 he breezes, app oS
like great masses of flame. The ee in ie pine-palm land
was striking under the horizontal rays of the e yellow-
een of the thatch-palm (Thrinax) and the deep-green of the
perhaps u ee rie oe else in the country is there a similar
thou i
in the h poe 4 find terrestr es
palms. The one, the tall bletia (Bletia purpurea) with t-
urple flowers, the ot he lo in-or Habenaria quin-
hos sei! morning we dropped down No Name Channel
ile and went ashore on ae southern extension, th
Pi ey e marly ae etween the water the
hammock we crossed ores es of prostrate vegetation showing
all shades of green from the very pale to t amon
them saltwort (Batis), beach carpet Sas aaa ce
(Sesuvium), big carp lis (Trianthema), an red-sam-
phire (Salicornia). The tissues oe these plants were so turgid
with water that they eae as so much glass when we stepped
t g'
conmpound fragrance. The decided odors of the mosquito-plant
(Ocimum), th ffron-plum (Bumelia), and the torchwood
Amyri. ded
le :
The novelty yielded by this plain-hammock borderland was
a prickly-pear of una roanons ips. It is an erect eplent,
i TI
g gray
yellow—a com mbt nation unique among our mare Drickly-pears.
This yellow to gray spine character is new to our flora. Neither
flowers nor fruits were secured, but plants were introduced in
78
our cactus plantation at Buena Vista, where they can,be studied
at leisure! Further studies were made on the new ais
prickly-pear discovered there a year before. Its flowers have
not yet been seen, but the fruits were secured again as pes
the same urceolate and tuberculate character indicated by those
found in limited quantities before.?
This borderland supports a flora quite different from that of
the adjoining parts of the island, particularly in the small, often
very delicate kinds of plants.
The plain mentioned above has a rock foundation which is
which hu
plant ee On Hie borderland a mixture of sand and
humu 1 on the flat rock, and here we find a much
i of ci
est galingale (Cyperus squarrosus), with licorice-scented foliage
is n ra ene each resembling a diminutive centipede,
at that time of the year. A morning-glory
relative (ls ee 's) made up in eu where it lacked
eigh ems and branches a meter or two long radiated
ale-
violet or lavender saucer-shaped flowers about a quarter of an
so the list m ti
ithin the dense hammock few herbaceous plants were
noticed. The broad-leaved or “hardwood” trees are naturally
thickly placed. Hardwood ee well in this case, for most
1 Since described as Opunti Small; Britton & Rose, The Cacta-
ceae 4: 262. 1923.
2 Since described as Opuntia abjecta Small; Britton & Rose, The Cactaceae
4: 257. 1923.
79
of the kinds aus as they do on solid rock and in scant
humus increase in size slowly and make very firm tissue. This
ee is Ses ive to the growth of the lichens which abound
there. aa there are few epi hyt ic flowering plants i
mmoc St.
there is water on all sides, the continuous winds render
too dry to permit of much epiphytic growth of the higher sean
semi-desert eee in the hammock are indicated by
descr: ibed 3 on e giant West Indian a ear eee
so much water contained in a delicate tissue which is held up
by a slight woody skeleton that is a mere fraction of the weight
of the tree.
Some of the basin-like pools were framed in t
myriad po eek . the wild ageratum (Ageratum littorale).
This growth was s mes augmented by masses of other blue
flowers of the ene ines ed Cacquononta pentantha) and
of false-verbena (Valerianoides jamaicensis
The wild-coffee (Colubrina Colubrina) was noticed in a new
e—a firewee Be e coal burners had left their trail
this tree had spru pand ¢ o the height of six or eight
i ds
feet with ie stems thickly placed and most of them bearing
flowers and fru
AAs in the case ee the tin cans and glass bottles on the bottom
of the bay eae above, we could tell that civilized man ha
been on that t of ~ hei Lies us, for three naturalized
exotics were oun ain we returned to the “ Barbee
RS tomato (Lyc ae te garden-lettuce (Lactuca), and
the sow- tae (Sonchus).
ie the day was well spent we headed the “Barbee” for the
n trip. Our success in ae = rediscoveries on
Big Pine Key determined us to spend a nm Key West, that
1 Journal of The New York ae: Garden oo 49-55.
80
is, among the remnants of the remarkable plant-covering that
Conseque'
En route we were impressed by our a of knowledge of the
flora of the lower Florida Keys. That group of islands i is largely
on Cudjoe Key that we ie discovered the melo saan oF the
Th
uld e
The day on Key West was spent in tramping every street in
town studying ae anaes plants and eae: in a vacan
lots among the and naturalized plants. The last bit a
the original pees had. disapp ced since our latest visit, and
with it the last ey
whether ia (Pinus) once grew on Key W in recent
firm 0 ther:
times, as h a ed by some and denied by o s. I
quiries mad e sexton d known the cemetery for
sixty years brought out the information that ad own
he last group of pine trees two or three months previous to our
1 Journal of The New Vork Botanical Garden 12: 155.
81
He said, however, fee we would find two pine trees in
Ww
Yy not c
ts, however, but Australian pine s (Chsuanne ene).
The only remains of the arbor oreous ny of the old hammock once
asize
Rediscoveries were some of the rewards of the day
African rubber-plant (Cryptos ee ae a) and the East
i 1 .
Key. A single aes of Xslophtla ee on Key West
some eighty years . L. Blodge the time of
our visit here ee ee all there was to Soe a the plant
really grew on Key West, and consequently within the limits of
a oo ies United ee Poe with one meee
refused to adm
it to our flora. However, on this occasion we Seer =
d f a hamm
n captures
the largest restaurant in to await our
i This course ee erfectly safe, as ast hibition de been
in force there by ie ption long before the passage of the
Eighteenth Amendment. However, ne the oe of
a Senicnie. we met a white cat on one of the side streets.
82
No amount of observation enabled us to decide whether it was
a blond or a brunette, for although its fur was white it had a
blue right eye and the left eye was is wnt
T
nwood (Cono i
with den pd white-silky foliage. fot the leaves ap-
peared to be eae down, ae arene were aera there by a
. A close ti
Th rly afternoon was spent in the hammock of ee num-
Vitae Key studying lignum-vitae (Guaiacum sanctum), snow-
berry (Chiococca), wild-coffee (Psychoiria), and century cae
(Aga: >
under way after leaving Lignum-Vitae Key, we ran
conn, and in ae of aa tting lost once, oe dark, by
unning four miles out of.o1 roper course, we tied up to a dock
at the as of the Miami: River at two o'clock in Se morning.
From Cape SaBLE To IcE AND SNOW
A second excursion to the Cape Sable region did not fail to
discover plants and vegetation of ae rest. Thence we worked
our way northward by irregular stages. So far, all our knowledge
of the flora of the Cape Sable region is the res
i o speak. A
some one planted a seed of an avocado (Persea) there and in
four years it grew into a tree with a trunk eight inches in diam-
83
eter. In addition to the twin mounds back of cou bee
is an aboriginal canal connecting Mud Lake with = y of
Florida. During the ages since it was excavated o n use,
it has become ae filled in, but in the shallower ‘places me
bottom never becomes wholly dry. This n
once made the Cape Sable region an island eans of it
the aborigines could travel from southern part of the T
Thou Isla: Lake and through their canal to the
ay of Florida without going into the exposed and frequently
rough waters of th 1 xi We have often wondere
ee ae m
discernible in detail only under a strong lens. °
writing these notes, five different ee of iia peppers, com-
\Journal of The ee a Botanical Garden 17: 189-202. The Cape
Sable Region of Florida
2 Journal of The New vot Botanical Garden 22: 61-62.
84
prising three natural gira have been found native to the main-
land of Florida. Two of the species ed ag a with the
wo mentioned above, and one stands off alone. Although they
are related to our widely distri bite ae tail ata
cernuus), they are quite different from any other plants ur
: ra and they are individually and aieen cy xe) ae.
t they are especially attractive to all who are unacquainted
oe tropical floristics.
In the region of the wild-pepper we discovered another plant
not so odd in habit and in structure as the wild-pepper, but
Str It is a mallow, wi e euphonious generic name
Kostelteye 1 The besnching: plants BLOW: as tal as one's head
or higher and be merous white mallow bout
the size of the dome: of a dime. The interest, hoe , in
the plant is eae tangible, 7.e., it is armed with ince
hairs after th er of a nettle. Where the ground was
pant. The six principal kinds—samphire (Salicornia), amaranth
(Alternanthera), beach-carpet (Phi. hone), saltwort (Batis), sea-
purslane (Sesuvinm), and mud-carpet (Bramia)—mig! e
te pioneer or tem
gregarious. For some reason, it has developed an “unde rground
stem-system ean that of
ony @ ona gigantic scale. Therefore, the: trunks, sien are really
e underground stems, are abies ry
and not primary, as are the trunks of the two other palm
tioned above. The saw-cabbage palm, t! hereon, in its eg
simulates a perennial grass, but in a gigantic scale. The number
of stems ee ae an a plant vary from a dozen or
less to a hun
' Kosteletzkya pentasperma of the West Indies.
JournaL oF THE New York Botanical GARDEN PLATE 287
In} ke back of Cape Sable. F | let bb
(Sabal Palmetto) _ a strangling-fig (Ficus aurea). The cabbage-tree -
loomed . : Te hacal eth
h bb the palm has pushed
way the head of the ete monster; but the latter has thrown down a
strong prop to pas a against t further hae ulsion. Bua years hence the fig.
e forest
85
very specimen of a cabbage-tree (Sabal Palmetto) with a
Gali dev inp trunk that we noticed in the Cape Sable region
was burdened wi i i i
result of oe “choked” by a strangler, a fig-tree will stand in
its stea
e was, quite naturally, a greater variety of woody vege-
hig: un e
tation on the higher ground of the regio Amon trees,
stoppers (Eugeniae) and the butterbough (Exothea), the ma-
h adeira-redwood (Swieten nchineel
i ae stood out conspicuously. Both the mahogany
in the Brickell hammock at Miami,
ae t they have now disappeared. One tree of the manchineel
survives in the Deering hammock at Cutler
Two grape vines, cousins as it were, neither true grapes, how-
ever, met and mingled e hammocks of the Cape Sable region
—the tropical grape ee ee. and the temperate Vir
ginia-creeper Naas tteed cali Other vines were
present, but less conspic under normal conditions. How-
e€
ut 7
wo Tene ion ies—the coastal morning-glory (Ipomoea
although pe other vines were pr other
morning-glories (Ipomoea), milkw eek ns ane
(Rhabda Lay _ ee (Melo ibe nem vine (Mi-
kania), and so on ne of the more -eries in the
Cape Sable region was ] key form of the ‘rowber (Chiococca
?). I ms to be different from t other kinds inhab-
iting the peninsula—Chiococca alba an pi ee the
former rather widely distributed in ocks exce h
northern part of the eee the latter restricted to the pine-
lands of the Evergla lade Ke
On the prairies ae iy the Lossman’s River limestone
the oe shrub was the red- pena (Rhizophora Mangle).
The plant never reached the size or port of a tree, as it does in
the swamps a few miles further south. The sedumaupiets is a
86
halophyte and will grow luxuriantly in salt water; but it makes
its most noteworthy development where it ae a certain mixture
of fresh water and salt. Consequently, it is on the edge of the
delta of the Everglades, namely, the Ten ‘Thais Islands and
along ee Piya ea e eae side of the peninsula, where
there f fresh water from the Everglades.
that we on , per a the eau andes growth of the red-
mangrove in existence. The manner of the combination and the
db
an interesting problem for some ecologist to study and perhaps
to solve.
As intimated above, the mangrove on these Everglade prairies
does not grow large; in fact, the plants are quite stun
or thousands of gigantic, uncanny gray crabs of soi ind—
their skinny bodies, the main stems, supported on slender oe
legs, the aérial anchor roots. n the case of t ond- pel Ma
which replaces t the mangrove on the odlitic io
of th conspicuously This region Soil
delighted Dante in ‘ha it would ee awakened ideas for Alling
out his Infer:
he hore ontal rays of the setting sun transformed the prairies
smoke,
as it seemed, caused by the distant colonies of the dwarf leafless.
pond: cypress. ane bic ue ne Dy ceentcd absolute rest, except for
the coastal
regions northward to their harmed rookeries as a part of their
e.
‘or mile after mile the air of the prairie was delightfully
scented with the eee of the ie aaa i horn (Bumelia
angustifolia) which was in bloom et e hammock.
islands which dot the ae
assing, it may be of interest to note that the development
of the numerous hammock islands just referred to is one of the
several fundamental unsolved questions of the Cape Sable region
87
of pace Florida. Up on the higher odlite we found a trinity
d
would classify ae in one As we understand them,
they are the bra! E Pies coudota) with tall, even, vine-like
leaves, wit Ae compoundly Bl net Dade the pineland-
bracken (Pycnadoria pinetorum), less clustered
leaves with simply pinnately compound blades, and ‘ie birdnest-
f cnadoria longifolia) with radially prostrate or incurve
leaves with sim ately compo s, whi re some-
1
what similar to those of the next preceding species, but with the
leaflets more auricled at the base and the whole plant rough-
hairy.
since our last excursion through that region the entire ham-
hammock is surrounded by xcept W.
bay. To describe the plant life of this reservation would require
of the Everglade Keys grow there naturally and Mr. Deering
has started to introduce the desiderata.
The peculiar erosion in sige was ore in the Journal of
New York Botanical eae oi 193-2
88
Already several more or less barren places have been planted.
A small hammock has been oe made ae rare trees
transplanted from the Brickell hammock in oi It c
ade, the .
cask botanical experiments are well under way and specimens
Za: ue various Florida tocalites have cee Pataeee for
p: g tudy of these
es plant
now known as Cutler and Miami are the southern
island. ve ey
reach the salt-water, but which at one time when the land w:
fe heehee were surrounded by the sea. Today they might .
semi-islands, fo: i a
or coon from t e stems of the zamia,? which grew there in
A
e Seminoles, like the aborigines, drew on this region to
ae their wants, both of animal and vegetable foods. The
1 For other ae ae ne ote hammock, see Journal of The New York
Botanical Garden 2:
2 See Journal of fue ie ae Botanical Garden 22: 121-137.
89
white man soon followed, ae with his greater activity and more
effective weapons and tools has exterminated the animal life
'y
There are several aboriginal burial mounds in the Deering
hammock. Their arboreous growth is peculiar. The many live-
oaks (Quercus a f the hammock are often of the form
with short trunks h many long widely spreading branches.
like trunks with fewer branches much more distant from the
round.
It seems that the southern limit of the “scrub” on the eastern
coast is just west of Lemon A City, Peowen three and r
i. Th
miles north of Miami.
there, ona the spruce-pine ins — hae however was
reported from that region not m. The rosemary
(Ceratiola), ie wood (Xim a, pares wax- ee (Cere-
thamnus), scrub-oaks (Quercus myrtifolia, Q. Chapmanit), wild
buckwheat (Polygonella), knot-plum ne "Phycol and little-
me of the Q wi ery numero
leaves have ae very small and crowded. This condition is
well illustrated by the little clubmoss (Selaginella), pinweed
(Lechea), ae pains seat 40. es ike ee few leaves have
them remote and larger; for mple, rub-oaks (Q: eee
tallow-wood (Ximenia), wild See "(Polygonla, and kno
and bere northw; e drove about rteen miles along
the beach—a ene ride at night, for the vegetation there-
ab | ing interesting and tive
northern extremity at Cape Cod. However, the flora of the
go
eal and eew ae that
of ve ee Florida dunes is tropical and subtropical.
scrub-oaks (Quercus) in some places only a foot tall or even less.
The low sand-rollers comprising the dunes were somewhat
flower- eee even if it were winter. Blu ue- pre (Trichostema
eche
sa! upin in: Ss
(Chamaecrista pe. golden-rod (Solin o Chapmanit), a
ea ( in bloom
a deep beneath the sand, we find extensive associations of
rub.”
“The ae panied of the up eas Hee River an nd
and the
the which, how p
shells of mollusks, hese aboriginal monuments—kitchen-
gI
iddens—consist of the shells of larger mollusks, such as the
oyster, the clam, and the conch. ch state in the Union has
nts of v -mound.
cae ieee scores of at to build ¢ are being Sere :
by the State itself within the space of a few generations, namely,
for securing road eclon Pe aid oe ancient aborigines
think while building up th hells that they were
say uae to ae ee wide trails of “their ultimate successors!
Apa m what has been written above about the plant cov-
ering Mie to these shell-mounds, the make-up of this plant-
association an nd me fas ons for it will be discussed in a future
paper. Suffi that with the turning of the middens
into roads, the ponuoh “of the mounds themselves and their
plant-covering wil! be lost, unless we get an accurate record of
both while there is still something of the original monuments
left to study.
That the climatic conditions about the shell-mounds
th imit
tempered climate, at least in part, is responsible for the urban
development of Daytona and the neighboring settlements. It
may have been awe responsible for the former aboriginal
stlment thereabou
he coastal sand- dune: north of the Cape Canaveral region
sand moved, the areas graded and under a high state of eae
cultivation
The guava one was found naturalized and hardy in
the dune
plan
he shell-mounds of the Halifax tae region are hammock-
92
clad. Furthermore their hammocks are so eee: that
ell-m
the existence of a und may be know and
herbaceous ee Besides the sae is ne yee oc-
currence there will be discussed in another article, the live S
°
Anamomis Sim 4) are usually outclassed by an intimately
intermixed growth of palms—the saw-palmetto (Serenoa minor)
a bbage-tree (Sabal Palmetto). The Spanish bayone
(Yucca aloifolia) gro c a luxuriantly on th ll-
middens than elsewhere. The shell-middens being the latest
geological formation of shells a eae in their vegetation
the ee a plant-associatio
We oon north of the Halifax River midden region which,
as is ae y the middens themselves and their pa
once teemed, so to speak, with the aboriginal red-man. Ther
present dune plant-covering is the original one, or if the ‘‘scrub”
nce held sway there and was later replaced by the present
At any rate, we had a delightful excursion over miles of virgin
dunes forced upon us by the temporary closing of a bridge over
the inland coast-wise waterway. From the toll chain or “iron
bridge” to Ocean City—both words suggestive of largeness or
ied here to
traversed Id trail consisting of two ruts in the sand. The
one her ‘b oo ae ae frequently was the beach-verbena
(y e, like the zamia on n the eastern coast,
1
apparently
The ony acts of these dunes was depressed, so to
speak, mainly the action of the ocean winds. Moreover,
what depressing effect on one traversing them. There were
1See records in Jonathan Dickenson’s book entitled “God’s protecting
pate. man’s aes Heb and Delis in times of greatest Difficulty
and most Imminent Danger,”
93
arious shades of green, but they were all pie — Oa,
(Quercus pumila, Q. m lage hee ae (Cerotham
ferus), jaupon (Ilex vomiloria), a ama Hii
Here
g.
northern Florida the hardwood trees were in leaf.
trees were brown or gra’ le ever,
some of these were furnished with greene ore or less
pious bunches of mistletoe (Phoradendron flavesc This
parasitic shrub, li ood : ‘asites, is evergreen, doubtless
because the leaves store up mineral matter so slowl e
can persist on oe Le nt for several yeas before losing their
vitality. The mist he rough-barked
kinds of oak (Ole a0, clog (Hicoria), and sour-gum (Nyssa).
n the swamp the mistletoe occurred low down on the trees, in
the a it was almost invariably up in the tops of the tall
toe from tree to tree or ab them on the branches where the
clumps later adorn the tre
The uplands were poten ‘of decided color, except where the
pine tree grew. The swamps managed to maintain some green
tones in the tangles of evergreen cat-briers (Smilax) and the
patches of cane (Arundt selon ufts of mosses also helped
out in a small Nel on the w ae 2 bis eae grasses
wamps
with myriads a silver tipped spears eon he sondiee
94
ten or twelve feet high. Two broad-leaved grasses, curiously
t 4
scale, and wild-cane (A beaten ee which aaa much
untamed land, sce at the h aoe of =
he remains of a snow and i a t in South
Carolina. Snow and ice were aot in Noah Carolina, where
the pine trees ao ee South were laden to the extent of a Sai
drooping oF oF De ache which added considerably the
Il typical of the South, but quite ae
of the winter state of the continent thence northward.
Jou
w K. SMALL.
RUBBER PLANTS’
Rubber is one of th the most widely used
of plant products. First of all, it is material for water- ee
garments and foot wear, a matter of much comfort to the hum
race. The consumption of rubber in making automobile tires
is enormous. It serves many other uses in the arts and in-
dustries.
Wuat RuBzer Is
India rubber or caoutchouc is an elastic substance that may
be derived from the milky juice of a consider: ae number :
different kinds of plants. Nepees ants ee ut us have only
bane growing te in and about New York City, a sticky milky-
jui es. is i i n emul-
white juice exud This is called latex and consists of a: ul
sion ae mixture with numerous globules suspended in a
waters i a
Sup you get a cup of this fresh best and allow it to stand.
The vobules rise to the top quite as m does on milk, and in
time a rather hard and att ae is Sine This change of
1 Abstract of a Display House of Conservatory
Rang Ss afternoon, nee 12, 1924.
95
liquid or ae globules to solid rubber (coagulation) can
be hastened by heat and by stirring.
e men mie that ae -percha is also obtained from
the latex of certain trees growing wild i e layan peninsula
a is plastic when heated but is not elastic like rubber n-
t ex pl is the Sapodilla plum of the American tropics
which yields the chicle used in making chewing gum
HISTORY OF THE USE OF RUBBER
e ancient peoples of India and one used ee chiefly
out penal marks and so he named it rub-ber. Soon ene
one inc! ubber: h.
spreading a ove ae r over foo and a t the a
g like 5,000
ancestors went without such a protection ae wet fee
Tue PrincipaAL RUBBER PLANTS
e world's supply of rubber comes chiefly from the Par&
rubber tree (Hevea eat aiilees of which enormous forests exist
in South America. This tree has been planted with success in
96
Ceylon, Java, Dutch East oe - est ped and 2 Congo.
Now, perhaps, about 2,000,001 the plantings.
Another rubber tree of eee ent in Central
America, is erie elastica.
Rubber also obtained commercially from several other
species ae some of the cultivated. A sage-brush plant,
he guayule, com in Mexico, yields rubber, and a company
backed by American capi has been engaged in obtaining
rubber from wild plants and in learning how to cultivate the
g i] i he nt world war a survey was made of
About 15 kinds were found in abundance and it was Bi
that 300,000,000 lbs. of good rubber could be obtained f
these plants in case of national necessity
Several different kinds of ites aelding plants from the
various greenhouses at the Botanical Garden were assembled
for the lecture, also implements used in the various processes
of dling crude ru nd specimens of rubber in various
han rubber, a
stages of its utilization were brought from the display cases of
the Museum for illustration.
A. B. Stout
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING APRIL
The pees lectures, which are open to the public without
charge, are given in the Museum Building on Saturday after-
noons at four o’ ae
k:
April 5. ‘Potatoes and Potato Substitutes.”
r. H. H. Rusby
\April12. “A Visit to the Yellowstone National Park.”
Dr. P.A. ae
April 19. “ Destructive Fun r. F. J. Sea
April 26. “ Botanizing in Sweden,” Dr. W A. Murrll
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ASouth American collection of the ut whic
has ae recently eva in the herbarium, is that ne
by nnell, Mr. E. P. Killip, and D . E. Haz
in ae mbia. This amounts to ner 4500 Fee Sad contains
a Considerable number of new species.
97
Specimens of several species of lilies were forced into bloom
the winter ex-
e imental green house ring ter for
kition at the Eleventh International Flower Show he main
vurpose of these forcings i ist o havi isplay some of the hardy
Chis hee ee of the orange lily (Lilium eeniae
a
yainted for Hee in Sen Dut
yeen insta a in the Deering reservations in southern Florida.
Professor A. S. Tne chico a of the Bureau of Plant Industry
eU. SD
n-Chief of the Garden, have formed the basis of several inter-
‘sting articles in The New York Times.
Dr. H. A. Naira n has received from British Guiana and
wepared for dist me a sixth set of the plants of that inter-
dae ——o collected by J. S. de la Cruz and containing about
+50 numbers of flowering See Preliminary studies of these
ae apes that they ee several new species, hitherto
inknown to science, among them a new representative of the
joorly known family Rapeteaceae. The collections of de la
“ruz now exceed 3500 numbers and are proving of great value
n the investigation of the flora of northern South America,
by the i
the Gray 3
“Seven Thousand ae in Cultivation”’ is the title of a
fara pocket-sized booklet compiled and recently published
Prof. J. B.S. Norton at Hyattsville, Maryland. It consists of
Iphabecally arranged varietal names, each followed by the
98
name of the originator, year of origin, class, color, and t
number of catalogues listing the var! riety during the last i
is said to be t ke it easier for th
and Germany. The primary object t of ia Norton's book
: f ne
to avoid the du plication of names already in use, but many
th n of the varieties that they cultivate.
$ no sooner recorded in the Journal early this winter
that the great horned owl had not been s the Botanical
Garden for the last ies years than one promptly put in an
appearance e bir s reported now a hen, several
weeks, in the hemlock grove, usually seen sitting well concealed
i op of some tall tree. Probably th no mate about,
as there were none of the bird's well known call-notes or hooting
reported; nor w harsh scre ard, unlike its call
notes that it is often not attributed to a bird all. This
cr is one of the harshest noises to be heard in the forest, is
usually uttered as darkness is coming on, and one might
i e it is for the purpose of startling nimal into
motion so that it could be more wun detected and captured by
this king amo kin crows. it wol appear, finally
d. ould a
got the best of our park owl, for on the morning of January 15
a loud cawing was heard
the spot tne the chorus proceeded, a gr eat t horned owl flew
from the top of one of the tallest trees, closely foll
twelve or fifteen crows, all als their best to make life miserable
i The owl finally lit in a Ene tree- mes from
which he was again routed in short order, and ued an
Cea finally dis: Pie in the distan ee crows all!
seem to have ae safely but no large owl has since oe
reporte: =
One of the numerous cases illustrating practical lane of
re science,’ in this case the science of Lotany, is found in a
decision recently handed down by the United ae District
urt in Litt
a
27
Thads valued at about $1,500,000 and occupying the sites of
99
were Gas as lakes on maps made by government
surveyors seventy five years ago. The U.S. Government con-
tended that no ea lakes existed at that time and that its own
surveyors sketched them in because they were paid three dollars
largely by that of Prof. George ae Pune of the University of
Vermont and Dr. Hermann f St.Louis. Trees and
other plants were considered to be reliable witnesses as to the
existence and the - undaries of the former lakes. The swamp
cypress as tum sp.) when grow me in shallow v water suas
from its r Cae upright “knees” which c nly reach
the one water level and af pear to act as brez thiae
per it has
the old government maps. ae silent testimony of Ba lati
was supported by i
aquatic geceeiaen belonging to characteristic lake succession
for that region. Instead of this rich bottom 2 nd now bei
thrown oren to new settlers, the present occ reat some a
whom inherited their holdings from their ae will con-
tinue to enjoy their property rights
The following visiting botanists have enrolled in the library
during the winter months: Prof. Shigenori Kawagoe, Saas
Japan; Prof. ie Ames, Harvard University; Dr. Ralph
Siewaet: Rawalpindi, India; Prof. . Fitzp ae hac.
N.Y¥.; Mr. U. P. cen Geneva oo ; Mr. Edw . Bar-
tram, Bushkill, Pa. ohn C. W. ister, Philadelphia, and
Prof. J. Massart, a Belgium.
e best einai results so far with hemlock (Tsuga
condense) our propagating houses are with seeds collected
n Dec ee sown the 8th of January, in pans containing leaf
a
warm house. Several pans of these are comfortably filled with
seedlings, but the exact percentage of germination is not known.
100
Several mae of the Pride-of-Madeira, Echium fastuosum, are
flowering for the first time in the Central Display House of
a Lady Hanb
In the February issue of the Journal attention was directed
to iG one o he various epee of W 1 Hazel sae
melis f The New York
Aichough most of these shrubs have passed flowering, a few
eee (Copyias Gai a. been flower for ral day:
and the catkins are ut through eine Wee salle
The oa of a nen er . cee and poplars are beginning
to peep from their winter coverings, while others are more
advanced.
Meteorology for January. The total precipitation for the
month was 4.89 inches, of which 0.20 inch (2 inches by snow
measurement) fell a: The maximum temperatures re-
corded for each week were 45° on the 3rd, 57° on the rth, 56° on
the 16th and 50.5° on the 25th. The minimum t eratures
were 9° on the 6th, 24° on the 8th, 19.5° on the 15th and 5°
the 27th.
aa for February. The total precipitation for the
mon $3.12 Nae of oe 0.95 inches (9.5 inches by snow
meen fell The maximum temperatures
recorded for each war were eee on the 3rd, 39° on the gth, 43°
on the 15th, 40° on the 24th and 48.5° on the 26th. The mini-
mum temperatures were ma on the 9th, 8.5° on the 13th, 11° on
the 24th and 22.5° on the 27th.
PUBLICATIONS OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes,
news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To
others, 10 centsa copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its twenty-fifth volume.
Mycologia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a
single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its ee
idiiisoni a, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by
popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight aa in each number, thirty-
two in each volume. Subscriptio ion price, $10.00 a year. [Not offered in
Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden n, containing reports of the
Director-in-Chief and other official documents, ‘and echnical articles em-
bodying results of investigations. Free to all cope of As Garden; to
others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its twelfth volum
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America,
including Greenland, i West hag and Central America. Planned to be
completed in 34 volum Roy. Each volume to consist of four or more
parts. 49 parts now focal Subocrinto igs e: +50 oa) Maley a dette”
number of ae parts will b ]
Memoir: The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the
Garden, $. ns per volume. To others, $3.00
Vol. I. An ee Catalogue ‘ the Flora of Montana and the Yellow-
stone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900.
Vol. II. The ee of Light a Darkness upon Growth and Des
ment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures.
Vol. III. has of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kishi
New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 plate
Vol. IV. Effects of Las fe of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart
Gager. viii o A pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1
Vol. of the oie cinity of New York: A Contribution to Plant
eeeesciy, oe eae n Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915.
Vol. VI. Papers et ied at the Celebration of the Twentieth ae
of the New York Botanical Garden. viii + 594 pp., with 43 plates and many
ontributions from The New York B ical Gard A series of technical
papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from
journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume.
n the eleventh volume.
THE NEW YORE geieeipec GARDEN
nx Park, New York City
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garde
are
Fo ‘our hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern ane of the
City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A nativ. ° heat
forest is one of the features of the tract.
Senate of thousands of nati di luced shrubs, and fl ng
pla
Gardens, including a beautiful rose ban a rock garden of rock-loving
plants, a fern and herbaceous gardens,
embone es, containing thousands of interesting plants from America and a
foment countries i
ws throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn dis-
plays of esr daffodils, fullest irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, eladia ii
bee og and chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of ‘greenhou se-blooming
eum, aioe rela ores of fossil plants, existing plane families, local
plants occurring uid undred miles of the City of New York, and the
economic uses a pla
An baler comprising more than one million specimens of American and
foreign pee
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central
an So Ben Raishas ice oo study sabe epson of th
Fe | hI,
of iter ie
A library of botanical literature, comprising more ah 34,000 books and num: |
erous pamphlets.
rupee lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing ehroughall
the y :
fee ae ations ee botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly
of popular, inter!
The sient as school children ; and the public eit | the above features
l, horticultura
The ‘Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the!
mbership f
City of New York, private benefactions and mem es. It
possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership
single contribution $25,000
Fellow for Life .
Member for Life .
, ainnle contribution 250
Fellowship Meriter ‘
ues eo
annual fee 100
Sustaining Me nner 4 + . annual fee 25.
If 10 7%
The following is an Pe a of bequest:
I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden & incorporated under the Lied
of New York, Chapter 285 of ct the sum of — ‘
All requests for further information should be sent to q
THE New York BoranicaL GARDEN
he,
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY 5
VOL. XXV Aprit, 1924 No. 292
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE VIABILITY OF DATE POLLEN
A. B. Stout
TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS AT HOME—!I. THE BEGONIAS
H. H. Rusey
THE SPICES OF COMMERCE
A. GLEASON
LILIES AT THE FLOWER SHOW
A. B. Stout
A UNIQUE LECTURE HALL
KENNETH R. BOYNTON
STANDARDIZED PLANT NAMES
Kenneti R. Boynton
7S opal eo THE STAFF, SCHOLARS, cae “asap
OF NEW YORK BOTANICAL GAR
URINE THE YEAR 1923
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At 8 West KING STREET, LANCASTER, Pa.
INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY
Annual subscription §1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
*REDERIC S. LEE, Presiden James F, Kemp
HENRY W. DE ForEsT, Vice a ApoLtpH LEWISOHN
P. K. Stureis, Vice Presid KENNETH K. MACKENZIE
OHN L. MERRILL, Tee . J. MATHESON
1. L. Britton, SECS. Banincron Moose
DWARD D. ADAI J. P. Mo
ENRY DE Fouwer aHkeowiN Lewis Romanrons Mone
ICHOLAS MurrAY BUTLER FREDERIC R. NEWBO!
AUL D. CRAVATH CHARLES F. RAND
BERT W. DE FOREST HERBERT M. RICHARDS
HILDS FRICK ENRY H. Russ
WILLIAM J. GIES GerorcE J.R
. A. HARPER ALBERT R. SHAT
JosEPH P. HENNESSY we BoycE TROUSER
LMAN THOMP
Joun F. Hytan, hen of the City of Ne
Francis DAWSON GALLATIN, President of. ue LAC of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
R. ARPER, Pu. D., Chair’ James F. Kemp, Sc. D., har
NICHOLAS Murray Bee PH. ae eae S. Leg, Px. D., LL. D.
LL pile ject Sc. D.
WILuiaM ap Gin: Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D.
GEORGE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
N.L. Britton, Pu. D.,Sc.D.,LL.D. . . . . . . . . Director-in-Chief
MarsHa.t A. Howe, Pa. Dy, ScD Si ees ane Asan e Dye
Joun K. SMALL, Pu. D., Soi Dik eee d_ Curator of the Museums
ASB. STOUR EH 2 Die eo. gare none ee r of the Labo rable es
W. A. MurRiIGny PH.D! ee ih aera "Siperisor o pias Iasi
P. A. RypBErRG, Pu. D. : Seth AMM as Cur :
A. GLEAsoN, PH. Coase
RED J. SEAVER, PH eae Curat
ARTHUR HOLtick, Px. D a tock shagnk super eee oti LECT eon
Percy WItson . . 3 ‘ . oe ee ae Alssoctate Curator
PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL oe ow eo Associate Curation
Joan HENDLEY BeeaE Ant: A. M., MAD oof an a Bibliographer
aon H. Hari . M. 3 Librarian
H. Russy, M. so Baiear tae Honorary C Curator of the Economic Collections
Erica G. Britton . . . mora me Curator of re
Mary ATON . PRC eae Ge, . Artist
KENNETH R. Boynron, Bie. 56y soe a oa Head Gardener
Ropert S. WILLIAMS. . . . os... . Administrative Assistant
HEsTeER M. Rusk, _M. Technical Assistant
H. M. DeEnstow, A. iil, Dy ID) Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium
E. B. Soutuwicx, Pa. D. Custodian ee ie ‘Grosind
JOuN:R. BRINDEY,-G. EB... 2 2: oe cape Engineer
WALTERS. GROESBECK. . . . lerk a er Accountant
ArtHuR J. CORBETT. ... . . Superintendent’ of Building and Grounds
WALTER CHARLES . AND PRE pe anes Museum Custodian
u 1 Buryoo] ‘ez61 '€ yosey] tz aduvy AsoyeasasuoD ‘osnozy ABpASIG, [LaQUaD UL MITA
98z ALVIgG NAGUYS) TYOINVLOG HAO MAN AH, JO TwNUNOf
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. XXV April, 1924 No. 292
THE VIABILITY OF DATE POLLEN!
(WITH PLATES 289 AND 290)
For a period of six or eight weeks each spring the artificial or
hand pollination of dates is the chief and most important task of
tion, equipped with the tools and ¢ the work
at hand. t the time when a cluster of fi le fl is opening
the eae ste into the tree and places either a cluster of
male flow the pollen from om flowers among the female
ers Ie ie his hope and trust that the currents of air will so
usa
p n
cultivation as ae the oe Gis eos of male flowers are
duced by the
efully
is fealleed a conserved for use when: needed.
Pollen is truly ‘‘gold dust” to the date-grower. But its
value and the success of its use in pollination depend first of all
on its viability—on whether it will grow. The date gardener
i pee ted with a few changes in wording from The Los ee Times,
Farm and Tractor Sage for May 20, 1923. A report of investigations i
eolieborstion with Dr. W. T. Swingle of the U.S. nici of Agriculture.
Io1
102
knows very well from experience that ai oe eu
mouldy ane ae a will pee and bec ‘sour’”’ unless it
ial attention to a
he paar to be the best means of pres erving its ee To
him the question of how long this pollen will then keep is one of
special interest. It is in fact a matter of vital importance to the
date-growing industry.
It is a tradition of the Arabs, going back to remote time, that
the pollen of the male date tree remains potent from year to year
EI. The “Gold Dust” of the date industry. When properly dried
ol
in the tests a year later. From this jar came the sae dead pollen
shown in lower part of PLATE 290.
or even for several years and in times of scarcity of new pollen it
has been ae Sg to use old pollen in the pollination of the
female flow Relying on these Old World traditions and
practices, fas growers of dates in California and Arizona have
be lieved that when the pollen of dates is properly dried and
of this practice and have, therefore, not felt it necessary to direct
special attention to the growing of early-flowering males which
103
would furnish new pollen for the earliest bloom of the female
trees.
During the past season of bloom (spring of 1923) the writer,
te
wor a ge and at the Government Date Garden
at Indio, California, has studied the viability of date pollen by
ns ct germination tests. vi ly this is the
of dir
time that this method has been employed in the study of date
pollen. The hice indicate that date pollen does not remain
viable from one year to another
Four hu pace and sixty-four (ee tests were made of twenty-
nine (29) different lots of pollen one or more years old that had
the t oO
employed by date-growers in the eae Valley. In each test
hundreds and often thousands of pollen grains were used. In
all these tests ony — ree germinating seiien grains were found
and the tray grains of new pollen which was
being ne in the laboratory oa the time. Old pollen ee
the same time ao eile, len - ‘om good males ee excellent ger-
eee ae seems conclusive that pollen one year or more old
is unable ow ne is entirely worthless in effecting fertiliza-
tion and ieee setting of fruit.
he method pnghee in the test for germination is simple but
a an ery reliable. An agar-sugar preparation or
me "is ae e, not much different from the “‘jello
ie oer ee culinary art The me ethe ds of preparation cae
ed
Seen research. In preparing for a test of pollen, a tube
of the prep red and sterilized medium i is heated to the melting
c
e kind o
an for aa growth of the pollen tubes. By this method
numerous samples may be tested es the It
a single day’s work in the Jaboratory.
Date vi, en ane is eee readily germinates on a 1% a:
with 3%, 5% or 10% of sugar. The pollen tubes eee a
delicate ae sete aie identical to that which grows
104
rom them into and ae ie tissues of the pistil to ee
in oe Jith the of a microscope giving 75 t
diame agnification he individual tubes may easily be os
ae eet pere
may be determined.
PLATE 290 witha
y-
A case of excellent eerminaton is Cui in Nae upper half of
Nea
every pollen
a ced a
grain in this peu of ie but ay pallencp tube
made a gr the lo ower half of PLATE 290
but they have thus toe exhibited no signs of growth and iif
They appear to be dead.
It is Peeps posite: iat old pollen ay re on the
stigmas of th
the medium
when
which gives successful piaaiy acim ee new
But the very decided differences observed in the
lent germinations repeatedly obtained from
trast to complete failures of old pollen
this unlike
Inq
pollen.
—the excel-
ne igen eae in con-
oO germinate—make
iries Cee growers reveal that many of them mix the
first of the new pollen of a season with old Holle Kept fom Be
kee ear. The results of using such p
est of ashes i the old pollen, for even thus diluted a a
cones of the new pollen is no doubt often used. In th
stances ate old polle used exclusively, ae: ae
evident ollination which would
aetanee es by paneled ote air.
ee a good f flowers left to open
pas se
One
tion
ger 0 ore te plantation in the Coachella Valley re-
ports decidedly poor ae aber a has used ae pollen for the
pollin
grower says
other
that Ae ae have made him pee suspicious of old pol-
105
len” but he has this season again used such pollen for more than
50 clusters of flowers. Another grower has used old pollen to a
considerable exte None of his 1922 pollen fan any germina-
ion wh ed in April, 1923. hen appri of this condi-
tion he remarked, ‘ seems to explai the poor results I ob-
tained last year from the use of old
Dr. W
App: i howe ver, Tana all growers have ad with
(0) i the Old Wor
rather than to the com
clusive pollination test of o a pol In hes not at made. It
could best be made from tl en in spring,
employing the bagging method to exclude any stray pollen.
A few such tests would readily om woe tek od poten a
4
on the pistils.
he germination tests of the pollen of date palms have been
made euly during the Dicsent eceeon of Dloout: Iti a perhaps pos-
sible that under aay some-
times remain year to another. ‘Buti in the exten-
sive tests made this year no old pollen has shown any trace of
being viable.
he practices of hand pollination now ane require that
pollen be kept during the season for use from day to day as
needed. This raises the question of how ong pollen will remain
viable. Several lots of p pres collected early in the season, some
as early as February 19, 1923, have given cei germinati on
as late as April 12, ieee This ae en remained viable
es a period of neatly two ene : Suc evidence indicates
&
he di ination test on a cul di } Na a
5
ible t i ] few hours in ad f it t
s
use in anes whether a given lot of pollen is viable or not. It
‘ests as late as May 31 also gave good germination, suggesting that date
pollen dies at some time during the summer
106
hl
Or grade male C di § rmina.
- quality of fap rl, a matter o' iderabl
n determining the “best’”’ males. It enables one to Gece if
i pollen of any ae es flowers from males usually good is
poor because of time of bloom, age of the tr tree, or of local environ-
grower ion e
pollination of his dates. It can reveal whether the pollen
comparatively more ey than ‘gold dust” or as worthles
n equal amount of s:
ne aspect of . aie demands the attention and action oF
date- dardeners: ee ie certain
ng
storin: | dition f to
eer I i be st whether d 11 be
kept viabl til th f bloom. The
n ath r deci fi hat iti 1
erhaps Se i thus kept and th
vide early blooming males to Sealy fresh sites if they wich to
pollinate a ey clusters of female flowers with success.
TOUT.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE 289
Young male date palm, showing ead of male flowers. When
these clusters are cut and placed in a dry room, pollen which falls from
We ma
pollination. Note bunch a male flowers placed close to female flowers for
polli imple b
ination, a r) f the light
pollen by currents of air pie male flow are placed within each
es of fe flowers. A com i
imperative that pollen thus
used ie viable if a good set of feat is oe re:
JURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BoTANICAL GARDEN PLATE 289
INDIO, CALIFORNIA
JourNat or THE New York Botanical GARDEN PLATE 290
ILLEN OF DATE PALM
ve. Sample of fresh 1923 pollen from a good male, showing good
germination o: agar-sugar medium (magnified about 90 ee When
h erminates on the pistils of the date , the S grow
down into th and ae in the processes of eee “which
are necessary for the proper form of fruit.
Below. One-yea old ia which “railed to germinate in the tests. The
grains swelled to rotundity but no pollen tubes developed.
107
TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS AT HOME
1. THE BEGONIAS
During nearly forty ee study of the tropical American flora,
a ena of the er have related chiefly to the taxono-
and mic pas of the vin discussed A the
conthated much interesting fae ue eonccntne habits of
growth an ea. e of ny
given to the development of floral display in a number of species,
especiellys in ane tuberous: rooted erOuP: now so largely grown in
y, which d a unique floral form of
— beaee combined with colors of exceptional clearness
and del
In haba - pee the Andean species, the only ones that I
have encountered in nature, may be classified into four groups:
(1) Dwarfs, ae without stems, or with stems only a few inches
high, and oe spreading, mostly ee leaves; (2) low species
with leafy ms, but the foliage rather sparse; (3) very tall
ee with ae a stems, oe flowering only at the
; (4) species with stems of inde Anite length, prostrate, re-
clivhe or climbing.
Of the first-named group, I have encountered but two, both of
them tuberous-rooted and practically stemless. I regard them
as among the most pleasing of all the i that I have seen
growing wild. B. Weddeliana A. DC., was discovered by, ce
am qs in He oe aa Hugh ATgernOn Ww ede, at early aude
getic his
oO our een of the quinine-vielding trees. This species
occurs at the pies elevations of the tropical mountains, not far
below ae ee lev: I encountered it at Unduavi, a day’s ride
by mule to the ae of La Paz, in a deep forested valley.
Hepatica or Syndesmon. Its favorite location is on partly
108
shaded banks, near streams, ae eurequnded iby oclagincllas, low
ferns, Peperomias and Lycopo about
half the size of crocus falls a a irregular form. The leaves
are nearly prostrate, obliquely heart-shaped and of a rich glossy
green, the flowers brightly rose-colored and about one and a half
oad i
The second group mentioned is by far the most numerous
of them belong here, and they ue Nee of the ost con-
with this is a species of sunshine, i ae on rocky ae and
cliffs. It is most abundant at an altitude of 2000 or 3000 feet.
It resists aridity strongly and may be found in flower when most
of the plants about it are desiccated. Floating down the Bopi
River, one encounters its brilliant display at every turn of the
river
109
e members of this group are as notable for their great
diversity of vegetative characters as for their number and wide
distribution. While most of them are perfectly smooth, many
are densely clothed with hairs or scales of various forms and
colors. B. fagopyrcides Kunth & Bouché, so called from its
general resemblance to a buckwheat plant, is very hairy.
ulmifolia Hooker is a somewhat similar species, but its ae
covering i uch shorter. Its peculiar character, and a very
beautiful one, is ly serrate leaf-margin, the teeth
quiensis (A. DC.) Rusby, common from central Colombia to
Bolivia, instead of being ays is shaggy with uaa tapering
reddish-brown scales. In eae oo these . Bangii
Rusby, of central Bolivia, i ae shining
throughout, about one or two feet high, een gees and
abundantly clothed with thin leaves of a vivid g and sharply
and deeply angular-lobed. It produces ee broad i ies
of white flowers of medium size, and is almo ae ndsom:
fruit asin flower. B. heterodonta Rusby, with 3 of very vari-
able size and form, and B. subcosiata Rusby, a Thy eee
leaves, are water-lovers, and are found in deep shade, t
wi
places, among mossy rocks, against which they oe recline toa
height of tw stale ormore. Bilt gnosa Rueby.0 ie oe other hand,
grows on dry ban and fae nched woody
or half-woody ai stems, with carole bark, He clothed with
very large and c uous reddish stipules. Its leaves are
small and pestdiuity eaably serrate, and it has large flowers in
broad loose clusters. B. oblanceolata Rusby is similar, but its
sede _ almost aaa symmetrical, tongue- geese with
ery William-
sit Rusby & Nash, from central Bolivia, is notable ae its produc-
tion of green flower: plant is of a vivid-green an e
leaves are deeply care lobed. It has been grown in th
conservato: es Botanical Garden. An undeter-
mined species, growin: r La Paz, at very high altitudes, =
he large, cordate, ae pointed leaves a exactly sy
metrical, a form rarely se mong Begon
Most peculiar among a isa ee group of species nes
long, naked, flexuous stems, growing in clusters, like bamboo:
They are sometimes so tall that a man on mule-back may Sieh
I1o
up to secure the flower-clusters. As the stems ascend, the lower
leaves fall, leaving large scars. The plants have an umbrella-
Ww immens i n mes of
acu B antha Britton is of similar habit and general
p but leaf-lobes are short and i la are
coarsely and i ee dentate. The young leaves are clothed
se r ow ti e fl
are even smaller nee those of B. parviflora, and are of a Siri.
white pa
me and interesting as are many of the forms above
s
of this group is B. es rket Hooker, widely dietributed and abun-
dant in the Ande: aps
its most striking pecan | is si aes to which it attains.
My first acquaintan ith i made the treeless summits
of the eastern Comers, - oe ably level.
the su
dena: _The Hower are Polen oe and a half inches in breadt
B asa but B Santen:
Swz. and B. cae Aubl: are genuine climbers. Both grow
in deep shade, and rooted in abundant
decaying vegetation. Their slender stems, creeping and rooting
amidst this forest refuse, are naked, but the elongated pale-green
IIl
branches, projecting from the undergrowth, or climbing some
convenient trunk, are c clothed. with ST dsiei fleshy leaves and
dense clust f fair the clusters not
unlike a small ‘‘snow-ball”’ o eVibile T aes plant
drooping habit of the cymes, which possessed rather long stems.
i flowers ee cae usly, though delicately fragrant, it is
ot strange that mber this encounter as one of the excep-
pee delights my momen collecting.
H. H. Ruspy.
THE SPICES OF COMMERCE?
Although o f the East Indies and
yi Molayan Archipelago they love been known to European or
Ch
as far back as the book of Eda: contains numerous references
m
Vv ; wi
weight in gold in Rome two thousand years ago; six hundred
years ago in England a pound of cloves was worth as much as
two cows.
During all ~ ancient ae h f spices was unknown
to the ee The E. Pheenici bt d
them from ee merchants, or nroteh Boeead: and aaa
them on, always at an immense profit, to t arth
est. How they obtained them is unknown, but anne in
an commerce, and from tha
time on, through a span of some four centuries, the struggle be-
tween European nations for a monopoly of the spice trade was
1 Abstract of a lecture delivered in the Central en House of Conser-
vatory Range 2, on Saturday afternoon, March 15, 1924.
Ti2
the direct and immediate cause of a series of events which have
been of the utmost importance in shaping the history of civiliza-
s had as gr
ee which eae us with our now cheap and common cin-
namon, cloves, nutmeg, ginger, and pepper
During ne heiehe Ee Veneta prosperity in the fifteenth cen-
tury, its merchants obtained their spices chiefly from Alexandria,
t e e
ta pr the cupidity of the Portuguese was aroused
T de ined to discover if possible a sea route to the Far
East, by sailing south along the coast of Africa. Their explora-
tions were rther and farther to the south, and finally
they s ne in rounding the Cape of Good Hope, sailing up
the east coast of Africa, crossing the Indian Ocean, and loading
their ships aaa from the East Indies. Under the leadership of
Vasco di Gama, they entered on a career of piracy and warfare in
e
spice trade. This they largely retained through the sixteenth
ntur
the same time Christopher Columbus, imbued with the
th
across the Pacific Ocean to Mexico, and thence across the Atlan-
tic to Spain.
The seventeenth oe marked the rise of the Dutch com-
merce to the East Indies. They had recently freed themselve
from Spain, they were excellent sailors and good fighters, a
they soon won oe themselves as sel a ace of the spice
trade, but also which they still retain
Far Eas
Early ers attempts in the same direction were largely con-
fined to efforts to discover a northwest passage or a northeast
113
passage, but they became, nevertheless, involved in repeated
trouble with the aie ed was not finally settled until the
close of the Napoleon
One result of ae Griese four oe was ae ene re-
s. Th nd
bloodshed, uae and war, and curing we ox eetiry the spice
industry has lo
able position in a commerce of the world.
Of the numerous kinds of plants Gch are or have been used
as spices, only seven are of sufficient importance in this country
to require special mention here.
The clove, Eugenia ee ay shan - ie Myrtle Fam-
ily, a group noted for the poss of a c properties. It
oO a respect-
Dee cent. of the world’s supply, anc the island of Zanzibar, off
f Africa, per cent.
The nut meg, Myristica moschata, belong: gs to a small ¢g
I
the West Indies. The nutmeg tree bears a fruit about the size
f a peach, which opens and exposes the single dark seed sur-
rounded by a crimson network. The latter, stripped from the
seed and: aed is own us = ee while the seed itself,
after
liar nutm
becomes our fami-
eg.
Cinnamon is the bark of the cinnamon tree, Connamomum
seylanicum, a native of Ceylon and a member of the Laurel
Family, a group also well known for its aromatic properties. In
cultivation, the plant is kept cut back to the ground, and sprouts
two years old are used as a source of the bark. This is oe
m the stem and dried into the form oo seen in our m
ee Ceylon is still the chief source of cinnamo
114
Ginger is produced from ae root of the ginger plant, Zingiber
officinale, a member of the Gin ily and probably a native
of India, but now extensively Aa eerie throughout the Tropics.
Ordinary ginger is Lee by washing or boiling the roots and
then drying them, while candied ginger is made by boiling the
roots in ae rup.
The pepper, Piper nigrum, is a climbing vine of the Pepper
Family and is a native of tropical Asia. The unripe berries,
dried and ground, produce the common black pepper, while
white a is prepared Ome the ae Ae by soaking and
washing off the pulp, d the seeds.
The an hemizphere has contributed i two of the com-
mon spices of commerce
Red pepper, in its countless varieties and ae is the fruit or
h us Capsicu »amem er of the
green fruit of the a tree, Pimenta
Tea, - close les of a clove. die is the original
f production of th : spice
: HA. GLEASON.
=
a
zz
5
o
|
min oC
®
ch
>
o
ion
d.
LILIES AT THE FLOWER SHOW
The various a of lilies at the Eleventh International
Flower Show recently held at the Grand Central Palace undoubt-
din
edly surpassed all other winter exhibits ever ne America, if
not elsewhere, in the number of species ees
The several prizes for lilies in pots cut oe grown
private and commercial growers peiehe out, as usual, excellent
displays of the Easter Lily and the Madonna Lily. It was the
prizes for open class (no. 185) competition ae es of na
in pots, not less than 50 square feet, fer ted for decor-
ative effect” that brought out two colenid eis of a ee
number of different ae of lilie
115
e first prize of $100.00 for this class, offered by Mrs. Mor-
_F
e
3
o
4
=
°
*”
=
o
Bs
2
33
as)
+
rs)
oe:
=
5
—
“
follows:—Tiger Lil (L. pee yal ee am, Golden Turk's-
ap (L. Hansonii), Candlestick Tully (L. dauricum or L. ie
latum), Showy Lily (L. speciosum), Madonna Lily (L. can m),
cond prize of $75.00 for class 185, offered by the Heer
+ Was ] to pe
Johnson, Sup
Cove, Long Island. This exhibit included about 250 pe a
: . Fox.
These included two plants of the Dwarf Elegans (L. elegans), four
plants of Miss Wilmott’s Lily (ZL. warleyense), six plants of the
ow doing with lilies in coéperation with Mrs. Fox. This ex-
atten ion and many Lig e individual
Most of the kinds of lilies mentioned abave and many others
play plantings at The New York Botanical Garde
A. B. Strout.
116
A UNIQUE LECTURE HALL
(WITH PLATE 288)
During the February and h h 1
a small Cineraria show was set up in the Central ate House
of Range 2. Some three hundred dwarf large-flowered as of
the Dreer strain es ~ owered for the es raria lecture of Feb-
seek , a type that can be grown by persons with
a home conservatory The plants ite stellata and larger
ees of this ene owe? formed the background, with the
smaller in front, as viewed by the audiences at the lectures (see
FRONTISPIECE -
Since the first photograph of . Central Display House was
aoe in - Journal (20: pl. 2 1919), the warm-temperate
ome of
; t a
Pine, ne Bottle- os and Queensland Tulip-tree, form
an evergreen Tee Heround: to the ae
In A Te PN, | LK
in the left c corner, semi-tropical pee such as Loquat, Feijoa, pes
etc. The center floor view, looking in either direction, is De rhap:
ng
anks of Selaginella and Helxine. The ia tter is the cn sma ar
glass, spreading as if by magic wherever planted. The faire. cor-
ners of oe Ciera display are a of by green Pyemids) of oe
plant stacking p
sizes and allowing Helxine to creep over the whole. This little
nt is native of the coasts of Corsica, is sometimes called the
_
®
Garden | 1 it into many private and public conserva-
fore for the fccorauon a which no pleat is more ee
t app under benches or
The sides of the ious ne vines of Chistes. Bongo,
Passion-flower, and the double white Lady Banks Rose, now
flower, which set off or frame the lecture hall.
KENNETH R. BoyNTON.
117
STANDARDIZED PLANT NAMES!
ut six years ago the American Joint Committee on Horti-
approved scientific name and one common name for each plant
variety lists of seer groups such as Irises, Peonies, Roses,
Dahlias, and Fruits.
From the preface of the volume it is learned that the purpose
was to make buying easy, by agreeing arbitrarily on one name
i ion of common n.
to use is here. It is the lowest common divisor, or mean, as
tee V1 ¢, Fe
vately, or anes boon companions, one may still ay as
own ee s to either common or
mittee who work ced up this — we owe ae their
publication should be of great use to all plan
IKENNETH os Dee
1 Published by the American Joint oe on Horticultural Nomen-
clature; Secretary, Harlan P. Kelsey, Salem, Mas:
118
PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS,
AND sean OF THE NEW YORK oo
DEN DURING THE YEAR
Barnhart, J. H. Biographical notes. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
4, dy B
Nathaniel A. Ware, 2i; ee pes ae 108, 224;
Pursch or Fredérie Bie. es Stephen Elliot, 111; John
2 35
Wendland, 113; ee Ellis, 147; Mark Catesby, 147, 1 48:
John Bartram, 151; Thomas Walter, 152; Francois André
Michaux, 153; iver ee ee 154; John Torrey, 154,
_— Pliny Ward Ri 223,
— Rep eh of the Biers Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12:
137, 7 Je
An ee ae ‘of the Pacific States. Torreya 23:
69-71. 20 Au i923. [Review.
Boynton, K. = — arden forms of Narcissus. Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 24 sue for Ap 1923. [Illust.]
_— Senctie een Addisonia 8: 11, 12. pl. 262.
15 1923. .
pes stricta, Addisonia 8: 13, 14. pl. 263. 15 My
1923.
— eee pie Watereri. Addisonia 8: 15, 16. pl. 264.
15 My 1
Report ef t Head Gard (for 1922). Bull. N.Y. Bot.
Gard. 24: 125-129. a:
— Phlox “Asia.”’ Addisonia 8: 31, 32. pl. 272. 22 Au
1923.
—_— ee on the Rose Garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24:
158-1 pl. 282. Issue for Au 1923.
Alcon aurantiaca. Addisonia 8: 33. pl. 273. 10
1923.
Swainsona galegifolia. Addisonia 8: 43. pl. 278. 10N
1923.
—— Early-flowering as Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.24: 262-
ssue for N 1
Brita . G. ae ee a Bombay. Torreya 23: 11. 7 Mr
. [Review.]
119
—— Notes on Fissidens—ll. Bryologist 26: 1923.
— Report of the Honor ne ee of Mons 1922).
Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12 7 Je
—— Cultivation of the es gentian. oe N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 24: 258, 259. Tone oa N ae let J
Long life t Ch den Magazine 38:
198. a
Britton, N. Studies of West Indian plants—XI. Bull.
Torrey ne 50: 35-56. 7 F 1923
—— Botanical ne of orto. Rico and the Virgin Is-
Jou
lands. ~N.Y. . Gard. 24: 93-99. Issue S My
1923.
—— Report of Secretary and oe in-Chief for e year
1922. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 103-115. 7 1923.
—— An unrecrde weed in Bermuda. Torreya 23: = 68.
20 Au
— Pinon radicans, Addisonia 8: 39,40. pl. 276. 10 N
192
—. Pisoni Cowellii. Addisonia 8:47, 48. pl. 280. 10
N 1923.
— es N. The Cactaceae. 7 IV. i-vii + 1-318.
pl. 1-37 + f. 1-263. Washington,
cae J. A. Verbena venosa. enrean 8:3, 4. pl. 258.
15 My 1923.
—— micropetala. Addisonia 8: 5, 6. pl. 259. 15
AINE
— Hare = Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: r1g~119. Issue
for Je
Gleason, i. ie me undescribed Siphocampylus from Hayti.
Britton, Studies of West Indian Plants—NI. Bull. Torrey
923.
— A = 1. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 43,
44. Issue for F 1
—— The vegetational ritory of the Middle West. Annals
Assoc. Am. G 2: 39-8 F 192
eogr. 5: 923.
—— Windsorina, a new genus of cena Bull. Torrey
Club 50: 147-152. pl. 7. 7 Ap
—— Evolution and pee et ae putes of the genus
Vernonia. Am. Jour. Bot.10: 187-202. Ap 1923. [Tlust.]
—— Hamamelis vernalis. Addisonia 8: 9, 10. pl. 26%. 15
2
— Ageanda Ecology 4: 196-201. Ap 1923. [Review.]
_ ae of ne Assistant Director. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
12: 117. 7 Je
‘The Bolivian ie of Vernonia. Amer. Jour. Bot. 10:
297-309. Je 1
— The Iris Garden Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 140, 141.
Issue for Jl
on oreopsis vertictlota. Addisonia 8:29. i. 271. 22 Au
Hwion, S. H. Report of the ee (for 1922). Bull. N.Y.
Bot. Gard. 12: 138,139. 7 Je
Hollick, A. The taxonomic oe a RGEE status of Ophio-
a Alleni ah Bull. Torrey Club 50: 207-213. #l.
o-12. 6Jl1
— tee of the Tes leoboianiey (for 1922). Bull. N. Y. Bot.
Je
— Cycads, living and extinct. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24:
135-140. Issue for J] 1923. [IIlust.]
Sa eee canadense. Addisonia 8: 41, 42. pl. 277.
He bee silky leather flower on - Island. Proc. Staten
Isl. Inst. Arts and Sciences 1: 120-122. 13 0 1923.
—— Hartnagle and Bishop’s mas ies s, mammoths, etc., of
ew Yi State. ae Staten Isl. Inst. Arts and Sciences
1: 136, 137. 13 O1 [Rev rae
Howe, M.A. Ricciaceae. A. Fl. 1 4 Ja 1923.
— Proceedings of the (Torrey Seen Cb, (October,
Neve Det December 1922). Torreya 23: 12-15, 17-20.
Ja-F 1923 ;—(January ane February 1923). Torreya 23:
36-39. MiAp 1923;—(February). Torreya 23: 55-57.
i 'y : ae
My-Je 1923 neve ch-April). Torreya 23 Ji-Au
ee ee ay). let one
culture. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. oe 169-
187. Issue for a 1923. [Illust
~— Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. ie N.Y.
Bot. Gard. 24: as 189. Issue for 5S 1923. ev
—— with Haynes, C. C. See nee Er eee en
and Riellaceae. N.A.F :
spa K. K. Notes on Cue Si. Bull. Torrey Club
361— ae eS ie 1923;—XIII. Bull. Torrey Club 50:
fee 3-358.
I2t
Murrill, W. A. Dark-spored agarics—V. Mycologia 15: 1-22.
25 Ja 1923.
Notes and brief articles. - eae 18: 103 and ae
106 (Porina Cocos). 30 Mr 33—144-150 and 150,
(Sullivant’s Ohio fungi). x My . 195. 20 -
23 ;—239, 242 and 243, 244 (Virginia fungi). 15 S 1923.
— Report of the SuneHiscr of Public ee (for 1922).
ull, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 122~125. Je
—— Springtime in Florida. Jour. N. Y. Bee Ca 24: 125-
135. Issue for Jl 1923.
—— Botanical features of Mountain Lake, Virginia. Jour. N.
Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 249-256. Issue for N 1923.
—— Florida fungi—I. Mycologia 15: 278, — 22D pee
—— The aes es fungi. Torreya 23: 107, 108.
1923. [Rev
Rusk, H. M. pee with Chinese cabbage. Jour. N.Y.
st.
Bot. Gard. 24: 44, 45. Issue for F 1923. [Illu
—— Conference notes for February. Jour. Y r
efor M —for March. 24: 86,87. Issue
for Ap 1923;—for April. 24: 103. Issue for My 1923.
Rusby, H. H. The aboriginal uses of Caapi. Jour. Am. Phar.
ee ie ps 3
Rep f the Honorary Curator of the Economic Collec-
tions Hs oS Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 140,141. 7 Je
Ryaberg, P. A. Notes on Rosaceae—XIV. Bull. Torrey Club
: ae 23 F 1923.
Ribes cereum. Addisonia 8: 7-8. pl. 260. 15 My 1923.
—— (Rosales) Fabaceae, ee Galegeae (pars). N.A.
. 24: 137-200. 16 JII
Notes on era Bu H. Torrey Club 50: 179-187.
2 My 1923;—II. Bull. Torrey Club 50: 261-272. 17 Au
Se ee palustris. Addisonia 8:37,38. pl.275. 10 N 1923.
— Genera of North American Fabaceae—I. Am. Jour.
Bot. 10: ae pl. 33-35
Seaver, F. J ee Baa in Porto Rico and the Virgin
lands. Jour. N. Y. . Gard. 24: 99-101. Issue for
1923.
— Studies in tropical Ascomycetes—II. An interesting
122
X ylaria - oie Rico. Bull. Torrey Club 50: 307-309.
pl. 18
Small, J. K. Land the question mark. Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 24: 1-23. Issue for Ja 1923. [Illust.]; 24: 25-43.
Issue for F 1923. [Illust.]; 24: 62-70. Issue for Mr 1923.
[Tllust.
—— The Austrian field cress again. Torreya 23: 23-25. Mr-
Ap 1923.
—— Eugenia buxifolia. Addisonia 8:1, 2. pl. 257. 15 My
1923.
—-~ Report of the Head Curator of the Museums and Herbari-
um (for 1922). Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 117-122. 7
1923.
—— The needle palm—Rhapidophyllum Hystrix. Jour
Bot. Gard. 24: 105-114. Issue for Je 1923. [Illust.]
—— The cabbage — Sabal Pal J Y
Gard. 24:145-158. Issue for Au 1923. [itlust.]
—— Green deserts and an ardens. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
24: 193-247. Issue for O 1923. [Lllust ‘i
‘Stout, A. B. Cyclic manifestation of sterility in Brassica
ites and B. chinensis. Bot. Gaz. 73: 110-132.
F 1922.
pa “Nicsians Forgetiana. Addisonia 7: 5,6. pl. 227, Mr
-_ Will your ay come blind? Garden Magazine 35: 177,
178. My 1922. [Illust.]
—-— One of nature's bag of tricks. Garden Magazine 35: 202,
203. My 1922. [lIllust.]
—— Lilium Parryi. Addisonia 7: 49, 50. pl. 249. D 1922.
—— Lilium tigrinum, Addisonia 7:53,54. pl.251. D 1922.
in the spider flower — spinosa). Am. Jour. Bot. 10
57-66. pl. 6 +f. 7. Fr
—— Sterility in lilies. Jou ce eredit 13: 369-373. 25A
ne Pe the Casdeners ‘Chronicle 74: eh,
309. 24N1
1 Including omissions from list published last year.
123
Avocado studies. Pollination and setting of fruit. Los
Angeles Sunday Times. Farm and Tractor Section. 29 Ap
192
—_— avaeing the Easter-flowered bulbs. Garden Magazine
:113, 114. Ap 1923. [Ilust.]
_ ee of avocados. California Cultivator 60: 522,
526. 5 Mr 1923.
-—— Arab traditions about the date disputed by the test tube.
Los aoe Sunday Times, Farm and Tractor Section.
— Clocking the avocado. A study in cross- eae
Los Angeles Sunday Times, rae and Tractor Sec 8
Jl 1923. Reprinted under title, A study in gees es
of avocados in Southern California. Ann. Rep. Cal. Avo-
cado Association 1922-1923, 29-45. O 1923. (Contr. N.
Y. Bot. Garden no. 251.
—— Studies of Lythrum ee The efficiency of self-
pollination. Am. Jour. Bot 0-447. O 1923.
The physiology of eae te Am. Jour. Bot. 10:
459-461. N 1923.
Williams, R.S. Class 1, Musci, in Millspaugh, C. F., & Nuttall,
, Flora of Santa Catalina Island. Field Museum of
Natural History, Botanical Series 5: 304-310. 1.72. Ja
1923.
—— Brachymenium condensaium sp. nov. Bryologist 26: 2.
pl. rz. 16 Mr 1923
™T. j bs £
Bryologist 26: 33,
34. pl. 6. Au 1923
— _ Suratodn parasiins Se ) Besch. in Florida. Bryolo-
26: 46. 1923. [IIlust.]
—_— ager ainn sp.nov. Bryologist 26: 50,51. 300
1923. [Illust.]
ie birds of The New York Botanical ds Jour.
t. Gard. 24:266, 267. Issue for N 1
124
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton returned to New York on ae 25
after a two months’ visit to Porto Rico and St. Thom,
Mr. R. S. Williams, Administrative Assistant a “The New
York rare Garden staff, has been elected President of the
os t Moss Societ:
.W. A. Murzll ‘Supervisor of eg Instruction, oo on
rea 9 from his expedition to Sou pnaaken wher e made
stopsin Argentina, Uruguay ae ne
Dr. John K. Small left New Yo ae on March 17 for another
one of his botanical pilgrimages to Florida. He was joined
weeks b fe
the ae of i ee Islands, was a visitor at the Garden on
March 20. n botan
cal studies in pe Spain, Ge ermany, eadiacc ia, pre teen
the Balearic Islands, ue weet yecaes and northern Africa,
He will now ative city, San Jos eee
nia, and will take up ee his oes of the flora of Califor
Professor Jean Mas: of the University of Bru: oe accom-
panied by me visited the Botanical Garden on
March 12. Later in the d. ave a lecture, illustrated by
eve ae at Columbia University, on cal Trip
es zil.”” On the g of March 11, he addresse
th rrey Beane Club on “The Internal Sensations of the
Norfolk Island Pine Gusiana excelsa).”’ visit to the
United States will take him to Calton and to other centers
Dr, Cha:
ea. oo e Bure u of Chemist y, Wa hi
oO
a. ge
of the cheese investigation for the Department of Agriculture
with special reference to the ripening of cheeses through the ac-
tion of fungi.
125
sain H. H. Whetzel of Cornell University recently spent
a logica
panied on this trip by Dr. F. D. pes of oo a Col-
lege. Especial attention will be neluding
the rusts, which have been cute od ghly worke 4 for t
island. An effort will | be made to cover those parts of the uaa
able for the ‘‘ Botany of Po ye Ri co and the ee Islands
1 Gard d The New
1.21 inches, of which o. ie (1.5 inches snow measurement) fell as
maxi aC!
s. h mum temperatures for e eek were 54° on
the roth, 46° on the 13th, 61° on the 23d, an ’ on the 2gth.
The mi temperatures were 26° on the 8th, 22° on the 15th,
26.5” on the 20th, and 29° on the 25th.
ACCESSIONS, LIBRARY, FROM DEC. 1, 1923 TO
FEB. 29, 1924
Bawwey, Liserty Hyve. Manual of cultivated plants. New York, 1924.
(Given by the author.)
an’, azine. New series, vols. 1,2. London, 1873-74.
meri )
Lowell, 1843.
Given by t rick
FESSENDEN, THOMAS GREEN. a care and rural economist. Ed.
i iven b: n Museum of Natural ae
FRE sei Lewis Ransome. The Calera river, yesterday, today, and tomor-
ow. New York, 1923. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton,
Ce R. F. DE List of fie in the Hevoratgeds ed gardens,
. DES.
Gampaha, Ceylon. Colombo, 1923. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
maar ries ALICE. Peonies in the litile garden. Peres 1923. “(Given by
ON, pout
Manni SIERRA BGORIO. Santiago Rusifiol. Madrid, n. d. (Given
by ” Mortim ay
Nock, J. ic List st sae in is botanic gardens, Hakgala, Ceylon. Colombo,
1923. (Given ic ee .)
OLMSTEAD, ae AW, ILLE, FREDERICK VERNON, & KEL!
HarLan PAGE meray plant names. Salem, 1923. Gea o
. L. Britton.)
126
Rick, BERTHA MARGUERITE, & Rick, RoLanD. Popular studies : California
wild flowers. San Francisco, 1920. (Given by Mrs. ritton.)
Ricc, GEorGE Burton. The pharmacists’ botany. New York, 19 on (Given
by Mr. George P. Brett.
Tuomas, Joun Jacos. Rural affairs: u practical alustrated register of rural
economy. Vol. 1. Albany, 1858. (Given by the American Museum of
Natural History.)
BOOKS PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA
BOTANICAL GARDEN, AUGUST, 1923, (continued)
ae ihe le ogee Vol: St. Petersburg, 1871-1909.
ALBOFF, NICOLAS. Coarabunne re a flore de la Terre de Feu. 1. La Plata,
ALBOFF, Nicouas, & Kurtz, aa Contributions & la flore de la Terre
de Feu La Plat:
ALLIONI, Ca RLO. Atri oo Floram pedemonianam cum notis et emenda-
Honibus. Augus ee um, 1789,
Annalen der ae Parts 7-9. Zitrich, 1794.
Annales des sciences Pies a etn 2 Série, vols. 1-8. Paris,
1834-
Baitton, HENRI ERNEST. Monographie des Monimiacées. Paris, 1869.
BALFOuR, Isaac aren . OTHERS. Botany : megs Edinburgh, 1888.
BECKER, WIL Die Violen der Schweiz, Basel, 1910.
BELLARDT, Cay ee feed Appendix . Floram pedemontanam.
(Torino, 1793.]
icant CarLo Antonio Lopovico. Stirpes novae, _ minus notae Pede-
ontit descriptae, et iconibus a ae. [Torino, 1808.]
Boletim do Museu Goldei (Museu Paraense). Vols. a Para, 1907-14.
BONNET, CHARLES. Recherches sur Fane des feuilles dans les tees Got-
175,
ingue & Leide
Bonplandia. Vols. 1-7. annover, 1853-59.
RAUN, ALEXANDER CARL HEINRICH. Baracinge tiber die Erscheinung
Verjiingung in der Natur. Leipz 851.
Buuse, FEDOR ALEXANDER, & BoIssIER, Preee Epmonp. by fe roots. It is formed ay or indi-
rectly by ape ba supplied by the sun’s rays and acting
through the e bodies in which chlorophyl, the green pig-
ment characteristic abe met plants, is found. The first product
of t mical laboratories is, however, probably
not starch but miy be an unstable poison, formaldehyde, which
is yeaa so quickly that its presence is difficult to detect.
The first stable carbohydrate to be manufactured is probably
— ond it is probably in this soluble form that it is trans-
or other parts of the on either to be used immediately
1 Abstract h
1 Di: a House of Conservatory
Range 1, on aoe afternoon, ee 2, 1924
136
as food by the plant itself or to be transformed into starch and
stored up for future use. The starch is laid down inside of m
nute special organs a he cell Sanaa known as leucoplast
or amyle Plasts and it ee in tne form o
rather ic of the plant ces
duces them, so that by i i of r;
experts are usually able . tell die source of the starch, eee it
came from arrowroot, Indian corn, or some other plant.
Most of our principal farm crops consist of storage organs for
reserve starch—starch which in the ordinary course of natural
events would, after being transformed into sugar, be consumed in
giving a rt to an embryo plant or in starting fresh growth
from a resting organ, such as ber.
In the case of wh the reserve starch is stored in the grains,
which are the seeds or fruits, and unless man appropriates it to
is own use, it normally goes to feed the em e nt
which is wrapped up in the seed. About 68% of the dry weight
f wheat grains is starc In th se of Irish potatoes, the
starch is stored in the tubers, which are modified underground
feed
that spring from the eves of the potato. About 80% of t
eight .
sh of a cow, but the cow gets her food from grass and from
grains. A lion may live oe meat ly, meat was
built up from organic compound anufactured by plants.
m
Green plants make not ee diets own food, but also the food of
the whole animal kingdom. And the principal form in which
that food is Raa is the eee of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen which we know as starc
The forms - starch that are most important as articles of
commerce are derived from potatoes, wheat, Indian corn, and
rice. In the case of the tadios corn, much of the “corn-starch””
is transformed into glucose or “corn syrup” before reaching the
consuming public.
e arrowroot or Bermuda arrowroot (\laranta aaa
vields a starch that has been and still is highly prized for na
purposes, especially in the preparation of foods for ee and
137
invalids. The plant is care to have derived its name “arrow-
root’’ from the use of the juice of its root or rather rootstock by
the Indians as an external aplication to wounds made by poi-
soned arrows. The plant is a native of the American tropics,
o India
In Ind is anot
ee ae = East Indian arrowroot, that is also a source of
starc
In ebeinite the arrowroot flour from the creeping, partially
per stems, the skin or bark and all discolored parts are
oved, the roo pictoeks are then washed, pounded up in a mor-
The Manihot or cassava plant is
starch in the American tropics a and is, in fact, one 1e of the principal
ou of human fo od i in wide a of the Alla in ep eral.
eve i The: ome dif-
ference a opinion as 3 to whether the cultivated fxn cea
more are simply horticultural varie-
ties of a single ee A ea botani of oe rece ee de-
— fourteen new s which
‘0 be a e ce ne a stebouoa of ole «exiting ae of
Man ie and may be the original home of them all. “Cassava
is properly t ee native tee prince ee Hee or Dread, made
applied
o the plant itself. Manihot i is a member of the family Buphor
biaceae, the Spurge Family, and is therefore somewhat tiene
to the castor-oil plant, which it somewhat resembles. It grow:
50 lbs. in a single year. After two years of growth they may
. a fener of six feet or more. The larger ones are difficult
ig alight sandy loam. In Florida, where the
growing of cassava is becoming an industry of importance, a
light soil underlaid by a hard-pan is preferred, as the hard-pan
138
1
p f ing too deep to b iently dug up.
In the larger cassava fields of Florida special hooks or pullers are
nee to remove the roots from the ground, but in ee tropics the
e commonly lifted by hand or with the aid of spades,
Settee s0F - icks. The moor do TOE keep very well out of the
ug as they are wanted for use. The
ield of cassava foot onan eine of ground n care varies with
ae fertility a we soil and , bute
ood crop. About 70% of Bs a weight of
cassava root is a so that in starch content it ranks with
wheat and potatoes, but the protein content is low, so that as a
food it is comparable with the y - potas en than with
wheat. In Brazil or in parts of B f
the tropics, cassava bread is ee main ae of life for aaa ae
ings and is also eercneyely used as food for domestic animals.
Many f tivation in Brazil, but there and in the tro-
pics in general, ne distinguish between the ‘sweet
“bitter” cassava, the bitter being a strain that contains a dan-
nt of
natives of merican tropics, ed the
plant long before Columbus discovered America, grate the root
ulp, wash out or press out the poisonous sap, add a little
cae and ook over a fire, poles Gives y remaining poison.
baked hominy or “grits,”
with many people takes the place of our bread, corn cakes,
and ates oes. In South America, the natives sometimes make
fro: ssava a fermented beverage which tame have occa-
cous tasted and Pronounced good, ee he method of pre-
aring it is The cassava is chewed, chiefly
by the women, and the cuds are ejec ae into a vessel of water,
where the mass is slowed to ferment ee some days. The chem
istry of it is evidently the conversion of starch into sugar, by the
action of the saliva and the subsequent fone up of the sugar
into alcohol and carbonic acid gas by the action of yeasts intro-
139
duced from the mouth or from the surrounding air. The
product is sometimes boiled, which may remove some of the
“Kick” me may at the same time render the concoction more
sanitary
“The p produc of the oe root with which ee tants of 2
is the
and the pulp iand strained by eahes,
the white arene is spread out on Shea of i on Pais heat ed,
and the resi
“Brazilian eae of commerce, which has a Sa
use as an article of food in the United States and Eur A
na pase as of the world’s supply of tapioca now comes ee
“The true Sago Palm, Metroxvion Sagu, is a true eee leaved
tm e from
deposited in the soft, white, puly mG of i trunk.
A e of about 15 years, the d ripens fruit, consumi
n the process all of the reserve starch in the trunk, and the death
t
than to the palms. But they commonly look like palms and
fo s with the great non-botanical public. The
Sago Palms are slow of growth and are not of much commercial
importance as a source of starchy foods, but they yee at certain
140
times and places a a part of some local importance in the
diet of human bei
In southern Plonda eee is a native Zamia, Z. foridana, some-
times known as the Florida Arrowroot, or by the Indian name of
i thick stem a is ri
“coontie” that has a sho: ick nd root that is richly
stored with starch, which has been an important food for the
Seminole Indians and occasionally fo ites es mias,
like most of the other cycads, contain a poison that must be
was out before the star substance is eaten. Negl
do this is said to have cost the lives of some of the ee at
soldiers during the wars with the Seminoles. Ther no
several suc factories in aden Florida that are pet
“coontie” flow
The plant - the Indian turnip or gn sags known to
eee as Colocasia esculenta, kno o the Hawaiians as
ee os hs wn i ie “coco,” in \ Porto Rico as ee 1:
ng: in t
mala Barbados “eddo,’’ and in other parts of th
tropics eo various other names, is ae cites ated in i tropics
and is in some places more important than cassava as a starchy
ie In Hawaii, its importance as a crop is exceeded only by
gar-cane, rice, and pine-apples. With the native Hawaiians,
: thas i been ae principal food cro; They are said to have
mo n 200 varieties in cultivation. Their famous poi is a
none paste made from the taro. The pla nt has large hand-
some ee ie es and is poner related to the ‘ Elephant’s Ear”
ca gard It has t flattened or egg-shaped corm,
aa stem Seeiuia ng that of the Indian turnip and
ee aay aaa and with smaller quantities of fat and protein.
e fr orm has about twice as much starch alf as much
water as the Irish ae An especially desirable variety of th
Hawaiian taro, kno’ s the ‘‘dasheen”’ or ‘‘ Trinidad dasheen”
has recently been ae into Florida, and northerners are
urge and it wherever it appears in the markets in
order to encourage its cultivation he South needs more sub-
In Cuba, Porto Rico, and other West Indian islands, plants of
e same family but of another genus, the genus Nanthosma,
with hastate instead of peltate leaves, are cultivated under the
141
names “yautia blanca, as
imply as ‘‘m
"The sweet potato, I ‘pomoea Batatas, a member of the morning-
yautia amarilla,” etc., or sometimes
glories, is often found throughout the tropics, half w par-
tially cultivated, but is nowhere else so extensively grown as in
our southern United Stat t ha ining or reclining vi
the fleshy root. In the tropics ae led year after year
and the natives eae dig u two when w anted,
without i ieee: the plant. A aac or flour i d
from the of the sweet potat
The various varieties of yams, = ne starch- eae roots is
emble s'
ee ya. The vines are sae allowed to run up on poles to
send c a few large on The hinese yam was at one time
eC g'
velopment 0
sas oe especially notable. Rice, like wheat, rye and oats, is
a member of the grass family, and the starch is deposited in the
grains or fruits. ice has a larger proportion of sees and less
di
with potatoes than with wheat. It is the one eae source of
food of large parts of India. and China ag of some other ae a
the world. The ordinary
142
rishes best when grown on low moist lands, where it may be
flooded in early stages of its growth. But there are also upland
varieties that may be successfully grown on higher and drier
soil
MarsHALL A. Howe.
BOTANICAL FEATURES OF LAKE PLACID
During a brief vacation in the latter part of last October, I was
a guest at the Lake Placid Club in the Adirondacks and was for-
tunate in having perfect weather for the enjoyment of this most
delightful region of mountain, lake, and forest
The eneral elevation of the extensive Clu 4 grounds i is about
over twice that height, the elevation of Mt. Marcy being 5,344
ae visitor from New York, although only a night’s ride from
pore in ee that aa New or k City. He will
, such as balsam
and spruce on the uplands and larch in in the swamps. The coni-
their foliage. The larch, however, is an exception and drops its
1 = 1 £1] UL J it
Lf,
n hardwood timber trees, such
as ne aera birch, and sugar ae some of them very old
eavi of Eve
ee like a pines a spruces, i. not nese ae iene iadef
143
nitely but shed a few each year, thus remaining green at all times,
noticeable feat { the forests was the large number
of evergreen herbs and ferns on the forest floor. The ground-
pines and the American shield-fern, Dryopteris intermedia, were
especially abundant, while shin- ict, dalibarda, wintergreen,
a ae ie similar herbaceous plants formed attractive
often rendered more effective by the presence
ai aera See fruits. I counted six pans species :
ground-pine: Lycopodi:
rum, L. lucidulum, L, annotinum, and L. tris: sey. ome o 7
ar sively used for Christ i
spores of the first two have furnished the ie powder
‘ i e
very abundant, are full of oil and hurd readily, making a brilliant
ight.
I noticed a the cucumber root, alum-root,
Jack-in-the- ania dwarf cornel, bush honeysuckle, and many
other plants that were not aa ties but that could Aes easily dis-
Epeuishes by ele dead leaves or their
exposure near the Golf House, I found iu
a in bloom. The view over the golf links from this point
as very beautiful. Ina few weeks they ee be covered with
a anal of snow, ready for tobogganing, ski-ing, and other win-
ter sports, whi a tennis courts would be ne into rinks for
as ae Chasm, I saw very few animals or birds. A solitary
s ; snow-
way south. The mourning-cloak eee ea hides awav for
the winter in hollow trees, was see ea s flitting about in
sunny places. Although the pete are it was evident
that animals had learned by experience what to expect in the
Adirondacks during the latter part of Octo
rning after my arrival walked « out toward Cobble
the Club grounds. Passing through woodlands of balsam,
spruce, pine, larch, yellow birch, sugar maple, and wild cherry,
144
I reached ae he of the mountain and stopped in a grove of
canoe birch amine a small patch of the one- Bika winter-
green, Pyrola es which I do not often see. n TI began
the climb aude scattered ses toothed and small- ee as-
ens and over rough sandstone rocks, which had been washed
bare of soil by repeated rains since my Ee visit
The view from the summit
to reach it. Looking back toward the south over the. Club
grounds, Marcy rises in the far distance with many splendid
}
n, Parm
Umbilicaria Dillenit, which I passed as I came up.
soil on the ledges, were patches of reindeer lichen (often called
moss), the common hair-cap moss, and several smaller kinds of
mosses which were not in fruit. One small patch of sphagnum,
S. capillaceum (better known as : peace filled a shaded
depression between two rocks whi rain water collected. On
the eu of Mt. Marcy, which i is quite extensive, there is
h and the number of species of plants found
there totals about
Fungi were scarce, ong . one or two caries a ; soe
small mushrooms ing among the hair-cap mo:
three kinds of fer! ne bracken rane dead), ‘the ee
shield fern, and hes spiny shield fe
Grasses and sedges were represen ted by several pe The
common hardhack and pearly ve ire in ae ad clusters,
still showing fruit, while the heart-leaved a and orange
hawkweed were conspicuous because of their eee basal
leaves. Clumps of BEE and red-fruited raspberry bushes
e re r
ks, whi
ae and the bush faa Diervilla trifida, grew in other
pe of the most interesting shrubs seen was the Labrador tea,
which loves cool, moist situations in the north and may be readily
145
recognized by the abundance of rust-colored wool on the under-
side of the leaves and on the young twigs.
a
oO
iy
<
oO
a
»
tal
o
oO
<
oO
=
i
most abundant rae on the summit, h , and
that interested m ly was the mountain holly, called in ees
s Nem thus cue It in dense thick
bore many ed berries which ry bitte am few
dead leaves that remained were elliptic in outline an s
entire on the i he tree i Alleghany Moun-
ntire o margin. There is th
tains also called mountain holly (J/ex monticola), which bears its
berries in close clusters while those of Nemopanthus are borne on
long stalks.
All of the trees on the summit of Cobble were, of course,
nd
dwarfed in size by the poor and shallow soil. Aspen and moun-
tain ash were the most abundant, the former with golden-yellow
oliage and the latter colored red or oran I also re
maple, shadbush, moosewood, spruce, balsam, sugar maple, wild
cherry, Pennsylvania cherry, pine, yellow birch, and canoe birch,
alt pata some of these were represented by only one or two
specim'
en
My chief interest was, of course, the fungi, of which I found a
large number; but these will be discussed in 1/ycologia.
W. A. MURRILL.
SWAMPS, ANCIENT AND MODERN!
To the average person, swamps in the abstract usually mean
ae else ae we t and ah eet or inconvenient features
a landse e i
accompaniments ee wet ta mibsquitos: and general discomfort,
according to the
o the eae ant eee ile whether geologist,
zoologist, or botanist, almost any s ae with objects
of interest, and these often tell strang er ected stories
when their ee is understood and a interpreted
fal t The New York B 1 Jen, September
16, 1923.
146
The sur ae features of a swamp should be Arcades as repre-
senting effects that are the result of causes whose records are
preserved in ae e deposits and accumulations of organic an
hat form the peat, muck, oe silt that lie be-
neath the eae It is only within comparatively recent years,
see of a mat terial has bau Paes ously
h
prosecuted, but ee
science, under the name telmatology (from the Greek telma =
mp or marsh).
ie ag neral proposition it may be said that almost every
egi
ae swamp land. A swamp is, therefore, merely a stage in devel-
been pues about. in part by ine deposinion of leaves and other
washed in by stream
or during rains, and by - dust tee hae ee blown in,
comprehensive study of the evolution of a swamp,
i Ss: botani i
st e
lants are distributed in zones or oe mies, eae they became
oreo there, etc. The ie studies the oe
e sub- dugiace deposits and from these remains a etermin
the character of - vegetation nie preceded the one now grow-
ing on the surface. And finally the geologist a ay the
eee and i character of the original lake or pond basin
and weave the story of its origin and how water first came to
occupy it.
When a modern swamp becomes an ancient one depends, of
course, areal upon t the neat that we accord to the
elem of time in connection with its evolution. Swamps are
in process of formation ee as they were during every
147
period in the past history of ny arth ang aC can trace Chelp
— es through peat an
tim the coal beds of the Se: Bee riods. Every modern
Hine aan ra one in which peat is accumulating—may be
ider
potential be :
e lecture was illustrated by lantern slides showing the
Soieeiaeas surface features of upland swamps and 1 wland
bogs
and marshes; sections showing the evolution of a swamp
from it ee condition as a pond to a stagnant pool or bog;
pictures of e plants found in them; and ideal
tributed to the coal contained in the rocks of different periods
in the past history of the Earth.
ARTHUR HOLLICK.
CONFERENCE NOTES FOR MARCH
rch Conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered
Renee of the Ga ee was held in the Museum Building on the
afternoon of March 4
Dr. d J. Seaver spoke on “The genus Lamprospora with
a ee ro ae pecan - species."’ The genus
is one of the op is a rather large genus
of, for the most part, very small plants. On account of the small
n
and the unsatisfactory condition of such even when it can be
oe a rs ae ay collected cave ae York tea been
described fro: ‘o tim of these have very
Beadtifuly ee ie ‘which fan valuable diene
characters.
In 1912 two species were described as new and illustrated in
ies
was collected in New es so that its now distribution is
w York and North Afric
148
One French species has been very commonly collected in the
Bermuda Islands but so far as known se never been found on
the mainland of North America. Of a number of species recently
described from New York three have we collected in Australia
but have not — recollected in America except by the author
of the specie!
The genus Bbiileets, a closely related genus, is represented in
America by a species collec ted in 1904 in Iowa. This species
ee yee collected in North W cae has ba found
n Ger: and once in America. Just why such species
of ce oe: urn up on the other side oe the ou instead
of in their first known haunts is a question which is very diffi-
cult to answer
“Some Cultivated Plants “s eae Origin” was then
y M
n. su
several types; ae those economically im ortant, known for
u in est
— CO, a
yam, and others have furnished debate for anthropologists;
and okra, dasheen, and melons of oe Kinds are ae ae a
nitely located. ae are also p of orn
cultivated, such the tuberose yes pane oT
unknown in the wid: Plants saieg in the lexican table-
; n Dr. J. N.
ornamental oliage plants, agai the sae forms.
Alpinia vittata is a striped plant grown for about 100 years, but
oe relation is not correctly plac “s
e lon peahaoay acanthads, Eranthemum reticulatum, albo-
marginarum, and are placed in Pseudoranthemum
now by Bailey and tentatively credited to Polynesia. There
are many rger foliage plants. We have Bihat geniculata,
a
Most of these foliage plant cases are those long cultivated for
149
leaves only and which have seldom flowered. Many are of those
a cently er. ne
of the most attractive = the Ca hie of our ae alogues,
is associated now by Professor Bailey with Silene pes
Fisch., from Eastern Europe and Asia Minor
. B. Strout,
Secretary of the Cole at
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING MAY
The following is the program for the May lectures in 1924
The lectures are delivered in the Museum Building at 4 0 flock
on Saturday and Sunday afternoons.
May “Plant Collecting in Western Tibet”
r. Ralph R. ee
May 4. ‘Plant Hybrids; Their Seaa pee Use
AB. Stout.
May Io. Mr. x e Boynton,
May II. Ue among the Mountains.’
Mr. Le Roy Jeffers.
May 17. “The Home of Linnaeus near Saari
Dr. W. A. Murrill.
May 18. “Scottish Wild Flowers.’’ Mr. Herbert Muriead:
May 24. ‘Reef-building and Land-forming Seaweeds.
Dr.
M.A. awe:
May 25. “Through the Mountains of Western Austria
Dr. W.A. Murrill.
May 31. ‘Our Park Flowers.” Mr. K. R. Boynton
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
On April 5th, Mrs. N. L. Britton gave a lecture at the American
Museum of Natural History in a eee Saturday morning
course to the children of members. There were about 1200
children present and their oe aad See as well as
150
the fine eee service made the task both easy and pleasant
for the spea
lark, formerly a student at The New York Botani-
cal Caen and Columbia University, we have recently learned,
is now Director of the Northwest Branch of the National
ington. Dr,
which is more remunerative. He still hopes to have sometime
a chemical ean where he can continue his investigations
on plant proble:
The New York City Federation of Women’s Clubs held a
meeting ee April 5th, in Conservation Week, at the New
Law of the State. Such a bill was since passed by the Senate,
but was lost in the Assembly.
In connection with the Eleventh Annual International Flower
oS Clubs of New York State was formed. Its main object
is to e New a rk ‘the ae Beautiful.’” Among its more
ae poses are to encourage civic planting, the restriction
oe “unsightly Fibs the preservation of scenic and historic
y, Mrs. Liv n Farrand, Ithac
sponding Secretary, Me Here tes nae Flushing: Temes
G. Weldon Seager, Jackson Heights.
151
e California Big Tree, or Sequoss pened has
been one of California's intere: ting ine cbithed
of the mammoth ‘‘pine’’ were discovered by man.
In recent years, however, notes the Forest aah ie he Uni ted
States Department of Agricultu ee ea have been indications
that. California’s supposed supremacy in the exceedingly rapid
rate of growth of this tree might gee eerie Oregon and
Washington can already point with pride
that the Big Tree is making in ies states: Specimens are
commonly seen in many cities and towns west of the Cascades
in uae states, pei re they are making rapid growth. In Port-
regon Oo ¥
Io feet in height. Plantings above 3,000 feet, however, have
practically failed.
At the Savanac Nursery, near Haugen, Mont. Pees aes :
aaa of 10,000,000 forest plants is maintained and 3,0c0,0
mall trees are produced oe for seam in the eee
fae the delayed germination of w white pine seeds
has been until recently a serious hepa This has now
been solved by fall vere according to W. G. Wahlenberg
come up
are well established. ay one anetanee fall -sown seeds completed
germination 15 days wn plots had even
started. The best time for fall sowing appears can the results
obtained to be the first half of September, or the last few days
of August. The solution of this serious problem of raising the
western white pine in the nursery comes as the result of six years
of continuous Theda *
152
Johan Nordal Fischer Wille, professor of botany in the
di
and colleagues. Professor Wille was oo well known for
his treatment of the Green Algae in Engler & Prantl, Die
ee Pflanzenfamilien. He. se nded the 25th anni-
of the founding of the Missouri Botanical Garden in
a pare in 1915, Washington University of St. Louis conferred
upon him the degree of LL.D.
H. A. Gleason, of the — Staff, left New York for
ae on May 3, with the expectation of devoti ting three
months to the study of South yee an soe n the herbaria
of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew of the Museum of
Natural History in Paris. He will er - British Botanical
Congress, to be held in London in July
Meteorology for April. The total precipitation for the month
T tem
on the ae 71° on the 13th, 75° on the 14th and 755° on the 27th.
h mum temperatures were 24° on the rst, 32° on the gth,
32° on ihe 17th and 39° on the 27th.
PUBLICATIONS OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes,
news, and Ui yea ee Paine to ae of the Garden. To
others, 10 cen y; $1.00a Now in its twenty-fifth inom
Mycologia, abet Behe a shinai: baiotufltne lichens; $4.00 a year
single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its shasta
volume.
Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates ara age by
popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-
two in each volume. Bn i, aber $10.00 a year. [Not offered in
Bcc | Now in its eight
Bulletin of ey New York et ical Garden, containing reports of the
on Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em-
bodying ape of investigations. Free to all RENEE ers of the Garden; to
Se Sp 00 p volume. Now in its Medith volum
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild ae of North America,
including ee the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be
completed in 34 ia fiby. 8vo. "Each volume to consist of four or more
parts. 49 parts now issued. Subscription ans set 50 a5 Ley a biagnie
number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00
Memoirs of The a York tice ti Carden, Price to members of ne
oa $1.50 per volume. To other:
Vol. I. An Be ctated fesse A he Flora of Montana and the cet
stone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map.
Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and ees
. T. MacDougal
3-
Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville,
New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates.
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, ee Charles Stuart
Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1
Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New Yo ¢ iN Contribution to Plant
peogeeg ay Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 p 1915.
I. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration a the Es Anniversary
of oo New ne ange Garden. viii + 594 pp., with 43 plates and many
text figures.
Biceibutions ane The New York B ical Gard A series of technical
papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from
journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume.
In the eleventh volume
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Bronx Park, New York City
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
r hundred acres of garter. Reaastiih land in the northern part of the
cite mr New York, through fea s the Bronx River. A native hemlock
forest is one of the features of the
Plantations of thousands of nati
plants.
di j it shrubs, and flowering
ardens, including a beaueiit voade eeedeny a rock garden of rock-loving
plants, and fern and herbaceo den:
moses) containing a 4 interesting plants from America and
foreign countries
ws throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autum
plays of AAA, daffodils, ah irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, aco
ae and chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse-bloom
um, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local
plants eee alae ne hundred miles of the City of New York, and the
economic uses of plant
‘
erbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of American and
foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Con
and So is haa sl ane study aig amie: a the chart flora
of Ba ths
A library of Petanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and num-
erous pamphlet:
ley ie on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout
the
sacs on botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly
of popular, interest.
The education of school children | and the eels dees the above features
rticultural
The Gardena is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the
City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It
possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for
membership are awe welcome. The classes of membership are:
Benefactor. . . + 4 . . . « single contribution $25,000
Patron - + © 8 ew ss) Singlecontributioni yes og
Fellow for Lif @. swe wee eS tw Single contribution saa
Member for Life - + + « « « « . single contribution 250
Fellowship Member. . . . . . . . annual fee 100
Sustaining Member. . . . . . . . annual fee 25
e. A annual fee 10
ao following is an approved form G beans
hereby bequeath to The porated under the Laws
of Wen York, Chapter 285 e stop Tn sum petals
All requests for further information should be sent to
Tue NEw York BoranIcAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
VOL. XXV JUNE, 1924 No.294
JOURNAL
OF
THE New YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE FLOWERS AND SEED OF SWEET POTATOES
A. B. Stout
TULIPS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN
KENNETH R. Boynton
THE FRANCES GRISCOM PARSONS FUND
CONFERENCE NOTES FOR APRIL
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JUNE AND JULY
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
ATS LANCASTER, P.
INTELLIGENCER PRiIntiNG COMPANY
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Freperic S. Leg, President Ja i
Hea W. DE Forest, Vice pnaeien ApoLPH LEWISOHN
PG SUE GE Vice Presiden ENNETH K. MACKENZIE
Joun L. MERRILL, Treen . J. MATHESON
N.L. Baurran, ead etar BARRINGTON Moore
Epwarp D. ADA . P. MorGan
HENRY DE Foner elagone Lewis RUTHERFORD one
NicHoLas Murray BUTLER FRepErIc R. NEWBO!
AUL D . CRAVATH ARLES F. RAND
RosBeErT W. DE FOREST HERBERT M. RICHARDS
CHILDs FRICK Henry H
Wit.iaM J. GIEs GrEorGE J. RYAN
R. A. HARPER ALBERT R. SHAT
Josern P. HENNESSY bition Boe! THOuPEah
Joun F. Hyvan, Hey of the City of New Y
FRANCIS Dawson GALLATIN, President of the. Dae of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
Xk. A. HARPER, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D.
Nicene eee BUTLER, Pu. D., Renae SIDER TE a. D., LEAD:
LL, Dkr) HERBERT M. RICHARDS, Sc. D.
WILLIAM J. GIEs, Pu. 1: Henry H. Russy, M. D.
GEORGE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
N.L. Brirron, Pa. D., Sc. D., LL. a eset ee . Director-in-Chief
MARSHALL A. Howe, Pau. D., Sc. D a Sy ge Assistant Direc "
Joun K. sunt Ba Dir Sce Die nanos ” Head Soh GH the Museum.
. STOUT, aa POM Tan EIAs, Woks <5 Directo . Laboratinae
W. A. Muri, os LD Biren cet art wR Loa tt, “Supervisor 1] Path ins
P. A. RypBerG, Pa. D Bees mnie Curator
H. A. GLEAson, Pa. D ¥ ural
Frep J. SEAVER, Pa mips te
ArtHuR Hottick, Pa. D 4st
ERCY WILSON . . Associate Curato
PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curato:
Joan HEnDLEY Barnuart, A. M., M. D liographer
Saraw H. Harrow, A.M.. . . ar
) Ea > Fa 0c): a) nD Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
EuizaBpetH G. BRITTON. . . chilis Curator of er Bi es
Mary ESEATon © Give coi ea dale eee tist
KENNETH R. Boynton, B.S... ...... . Head Ga fe ne
ROBERT!'S. )WIDLTAMS |.) Sa a) (ar “Administrative Assistant
Hester M. Rusk, A.M... .. . re cal Assistant
H. M. Dewnstow, A. M., D. D.. . Honorary Custodian of al Herbarium
E. B. Sournwick, Px. D. . . .). Custodian sit erbarene Grounds
JOHN Re BRINCEY; CBs) oe ee ae Landscape Engineer
WALTER S. GROESBECK. . . . . "Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR); (CORBEDT) ma igus Superintendent’ ot a and Grounds
WALTERS CHARLES). rire 12 one ie Museum Custodian
ee ee
BBUBY AIOPAIASUOT JO JANOS aY] UT SAT}OUIVA AIpIaIg, pur ‘advyo_+ ‘Aprvg jo sdqnq ooo'ot Ay: Y j jojsed y
~? ks
eR Ne MEET
6% ALVIg NaGuv IVOINVLOG HIOA MAN AHL 40 IwNUnOL
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXV June, 1924 No. 294
THE FLOWERS AND SEED OF SWEET POTATOES
e rather voluminous literature pertaining to swe
potatoes Ge re are few references to the actu ae - coleune
seed. In general experience the sweet
i nfr
idedly bar
Horticulture (Vol. 6, page 3290, 1917) says of it ‘flowers and
: ich is
ly ,
entirely devoted to ‘‘ The Sweet Potato” (Hand and Cockerham,
1921) gives only one paragraph on the flowers and fruit as
follows:—‘‘ Ri, ps e Aleh 1, 1. Pp j if g fay
and less frequently maturing perfect seed in the sweet potato
producing areas of the United States, occasionally a small bell-
or aaa Seabee ae bloom, with a purple throat and white
™. yy be
ma’ He
of artificial means. These seeds, however, are unreliable for
use in ieaand eines as the resulting plants cannot .
dep st an ing true to the mother plant. In fac
they y differ ae among themselves. This paneer
ee ne production of new varieties by selecting strong an
prepotent offspring.’
Information regarding the flowering — the production of
seeds by hence of
eet Pp
on ei vei in 1 plants and of a Epecial and practical value t
those who may wish to attempt improvement of this plant by
breeding from seed. thi
°
a
a
fas
=
fa]
<
me
fart
oo
5
=a
i]
a
eS)
ct
+
°
in Ig21 and cae aut enteral with persons who
have had opportunity to make observations of this plant.
154
information aia definitely that seeds can
w lants n good
see to be more probable, certain a incompdnie in fer-
tilizati
DaTa REGARDING tmen: AND PRODUCTION OF SEED BY
T POTATOES
It seems best to the writer to present the inf
according to geogi es and political areas and to quote various
correspondents rather fully and exactly. It is hoped that
will be agreeable to . aes val ed. Itis, = course, eal
understood that fur observation on the part of s
are ea would date lead to a cee ae
statem
Dr. Mel. T. Cook states to the writer that in
‘ he
States is in New Jersey.
Dr. Groth (see under Santo pees) writes of the sweet
potato varieties, “‘Some bloom even in ie as I found
when I had my experiments there in oe ne
Vircinta. ‘‘ During the past a te ne peal Sie
of sweet potatoes to blosso om i
her Bee
Smith, i ., in charge v egetable Feicion. Vii a
Colle:
KENTUCK’ “Such blooms are te seen in this section and
I do not recall that I ee personally seen them at all.”—G. W.
M hews, Horticulturist, Kentucky encutuel Experiment
on,
LAHOMA. 1
this state; ae ie date I have not been able to col a
seed of the sweet eae in this state."—F M. Rolfs, Horti-
m ion
culturist, Oklaho eee ent Statio
oLINA. “During the season of I 1919. it was my
experience to observe a profuse blossoming in th rton Yam
e Nort
variety, whic variety is one of t irty in our variety tests, and
thi ‘trapping’ o i y
that might be produced. Out of possibly two hundred
155
eas kept under fairly close observation all but six resulted
in nothing but husks. Six, however, produced seed, somewhat
ne ee of the common morning glory and these seed
were germinated early the following clare or Bs least four of
m germi il did not. he
sons we rt fo
profuse blossomings, without result. elson,
Assistant State Horiculiese North Carolina arenes
Station.
SoutH Carotina. ‘‘Sweet potatoes do bloom quite frequently
here and sometimes abundantly, but I have never seen them set
seed.”—H. M. Barre, Director of Research, Clemson Agricultural
lege.
Georcia. “The sweet potato does not Cale vis
in this State, but it is reported by growers here a: pan
that if they are grown in green houses for a lon Ses hey will
blossom and produce seeds.”—-H. P. Stuckey, Die. Georgia
3 ation.
LorIpA. ‘The appearance of blooms on igioa: potato plants
here is nothing unusual, but it seems that o one has inte rested
—Wilmon Newell, Des Florida teen Experiment
ctober, 1922, Mr. A. C. Brown 1, Asst. Quarantin
ite Owing to the distance of travel, the flowers arrived =
uch poor condition that no satisfactory study of the flow
Ee could be made.
ALABAMA. ‘“‘We seen only a very few blooms on sweet
potatoes in the Stat eat (Alabama and I know of no case in which
—G. C. Starcher, Horticulturist,
ot
=
ig]
n
om
Bs
i}
8
3
wm
io)
3
3
eas
=)
9
Alabama Polytechnic gener tu’
Mississipri. ‘‘ We very ee have sweet potato blooms
in our sped but it is very seldom that any o' of the plants have
een y ago I took cuttings from vines tha
were b and put them in th hee ouse e
blooming continually did not set seed due to their being
infertil — little pollen present as was deter-
©
mined under the microscope.
“H.C. Young of Georgiana, Alabama, has produced a couple
of new varieties from se He has succeeded i in one vee
or four of the plants to ae seed. J think that it is more a
of lack of pollen than a case of not blooming because eal
156
times I have seen fields out in full bloom just like so many
morning glories.
“Tf you can keep your greenhouse at from 60 to 90 degrees
Fahrenheit a can get good plants of the following varieties:
Nancy Hall, Iden Beauty, es oley Yam, White Yam and
Porto Rico. 1 these above- ed varieties will oe if
se na
given the proper attention, being carefu to keep your green-
the day and not less than
oo degrees at night. The: ese plants will have os ae left in pots
for about six phate to get the blooms. We ses from
ri! and left in the field un nl Oc op
C. Pric e, Professor of Horticulture, Mississippi Apel
Experiment Statio
Ss.
TEXA “T hav ead d farmers tell me see lap tee that ee
had seen mo fa ee blooming and, i , producin
seed, but ust one it that during t the six isye ears in w ane ch I hav:
3
been eee ex
one single instance of either blooming or me produc ea of the
sweet potato, have examined many a sweet potato field.”
J. Tabe an Chief, Division of Pla ee athology and
Phy: siology, Texas Agnculgieal Experiment eu
PSM. fe Sweet Potato nie eae jana ee
NEW ae “Sweet potatoes never bloom in this part ]
ntry. en ‘0
are all poe agated from the roots.”—Fabian Garcia, Head of
Department of Hore, ee Mexico College of Agri-
ulture
Arizona. “Southern Arizona is a very promising sweet
potato country; the acreage is increasing every year. On only
ver 7
2
"oO
tad
one 0:
ee and I ng d."—J.
ber, Director, pEeone Foret poe: Station.
a LIFOR Various growers of sweet potatoes in Southern
California el Roce who have studied this crop in this
area have per se eeete reported to the writer that they have never
seen flowers on a eet a grown in this area.
UNITED ee IN ae
(1) “Dr. Evans of the St oe Relations Service ee
ea num seed po t
e seed of which had been sent from one of the Virgin Islands
This i is t. ine 7 sweet pea! a) ood that has been brought
attentio: ave, howeve:
of cae. bath in the field andi in the greenhouse here in Wash-
eta
137
ington, and seed sen a reported as yon formed on sweet
potatoes in southern Florida.”—L. C. ett, Horticulturist
in Charge, Horticultural and Ponilogeat’ Ie ces U.S.
Dept. of Agricultu
) “On sev verl ilar we have procured seed of sweet
€ gro
th
a long growing — "—W. R. Beattie reece Horti-
eileanice U.S. Dep of Agriculture.
ts
1 of workers in the Southern sections, par-
t t
th
ade that ma
are chance seedlings, originating in ve.
The plant blooms as s far north as Washington, s Cc. We e are
i id work with the plant and hope by
ee the growing season, it ee be possible to induce
ee
- some seed sent in by Prof. J. B. Thompson of the
ce
Experiment Station at St. Croix, Virgin Islands. We fa
tempt to gle toe es this seed in the hopes that some
ising sorts may cured.’’—James H. Beattie, originale
U.S. Departmen ne a eae ulture
GIN ISLANDS. /@). “1 have been in the Se ae
ut nev I ue abeuees in the an al
I particularly attempted to obtain seed from the te)
than one ety or not. H I obtained my see 0
planting where 3 varieties were e planted side by d seed
S pri Salat n all varieties. I noticed that bees were working
n the s about the time they to flowe some a
flov egan
he seedings oni Black Rock, for instance, show every eviden
of having been crossed by the Big Wig variety. It is eaaible
159
ae all our seed may have resulted from cross-pollination.”
. Thompson, oe st in Charge, Agricultural Experi-
ment Station St.
E Report of the ae) Islands Agricultural Experi-
by J. B. sta
ease fen ies toss son, it is stated tha t many
plants in plots of Bla ea Big ig, an ey West yam
varieties wi to produced during 1921 ‘‘seed balls’’
hich were collected and plante “Unscarified seed was found
to germi ry irregular Iti orted that there was
elopm
of vine in the plants within the same family.” A total of 283
RTO RICO. “Unfortu unately oo is very little Nebo
lat we can give you relative to seed production in
potatoes. The profuse flowering tend ency of some v: fe.
e Port Rico, has attracted my ettenton Bot at this
Station and at the E However,
I have observed practically nothing in pee is “the setting of
seed by these bloo:
“In a recent ee Mr. T. B. Me! Clelland, cae of
in discussion - seed production of be weet potato.”
. Gri
0:
ity of other varieties.”—Mario Calvino, sage Exp. -
némica, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba.
Santo Dominco. To Dr. B. H. A. Groth of Monte Cristi,
Domini ‘
a
information regarding his observations the flowering and
is of this plant. The following are extracts from his
160
varieties bloom in the tropics. Some bloom even in New Jersey,
as I found when I had my experiments there in -190
2) ‘In March and April there are plenty of seeds nee in other
nths some, b The pla nts bloom les in the
other ey 00, time.
The name of the variety I sent you eced pata is, locally, ‘‘ Venda,”
but may ny be something else. \We have about a dozen varieties
growing together, and since bees work ae flowers, there is always
the poet of cross- Terilizaticn
Pe @ -~@o9
see 7 88 On
oe? @
2 of a
a ad
© 6e
Figure 2. At 1 ft a group of seeds i the sweet potato. In the middle,
th ds fi d below the dry calyx lobes with pod entirely
emoved. At the upper right three see seeds and one rudimentary seed
from 7 single pod; below these are the four segments of the wall! of the pod,
RBADOS AND ST. VinceNT. (1) The sae - the Dep:
of sweet potatoes being grown In tests since 19: ates that
30 seedlings were obtained from seed of the variety Vincelonian,
11 from Six \ s, and 16 from aan The report for 191
18}
mentions 17 seedlings under cultivatio
161
(2) “Some three or four years ago, when I was living in
Barbados I had as ed Dr. S. C. Harland, of the Cotton
Research Statio: on, St. Vincent. He expressed some i interest in
this sub ject t than my
seed capsules i in abundance, oe neither of 1 us had noted them
efore. On t H.
Nowell, Assistant Director, St. Clair Experiment "Stati tion,
Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.
TrintpaD. ‘In Trinidad I am informed that the sweet
pota - abe not se s T e plant is not so much at home in our
P
humid climate as in the other islands and gives low vields. I
ciiale it (pro obable, ‘however, that seed could be found if looked
for, but the f to verify this eae et
—W iiians Noe een eens St. Clair Experimen
Station, June 16, 1
1) “In regard to the sweet potato pons and
st eed in Hawaii I would state that there are a number of
varieties and hybrids thereof grown by us on the Un rsity
which seed free On the other ha: t all varieties
se d especially during moist seasons when the foliage de-
velops most luxuriantly and even the seeding varieties are less
inclined t during wet ahs Vh d-pollinated a
good many sorts set seed w ould not seed of their own
account.’’—F. G. Krauss, Dene iE Agronomy, University of
rit ii.
“The writer has been undertaking the improvement of
oh es pole by sexual breeding for the past four years at this
tio :
700 seed! have
ee 70 varieties ee sweet potatoes known by Hawaiian names
and with the excep — a few they bloom Bee from
November to / na few cae conditions we find that
h dev rt avi
aril best rOe nN e also find some varieties non-bloom-
—H. ng, setae in Tropical Agronomy, Hawaii
Agricultural “Experimen nt Stati
(3) “Except in case of a ne warieties, ae sweet potato blooms
Lee in law ie rom November ril.”"—-H. hung,
The Sw t Potato n Hawaii, Bulletin He 50, Hawaii Agri-
cultural Cee Station, 1923.
162
Gu “This station has conducted variety tests with prac-
tically ail the a haene of ag: potatoes but although a
of plants blossomed none of them produced er d.”
ea Guerrero, Ass nt in P Horticulture, Guam Agri-
cultural Experiment Sta
PHILIPFINE ISLANDs. ee The maine pele Vol.
LIP
10, No. 5 ec. 1921) Dr. N. B. Mendio reports “Two
Years of Sweet Potato Breedin Seed was Spunk
varietie seedling: n. Artificial self-pol-
lination failed to force the production of seed. The s hich
was obtained came from flowers subject en pollinati y
insects and there was opportunity for cross-pollination between
varieties e flowers are reported to be her. euapinoditie but
to var Sel in oa ee of the stame:
In resp: nqui he conditions a ‘seed production
of ae ceeding varieties ere oe Dr. Mendiola has written
the following: “No test was made of ain eae in the
various seedlings obtained in the work. Ca can say,
present in regard to this point is aes ae t generation
cuttings of various seedlings (7 are Vee inclu di ing, the
r 2
ie ana plots of these seedlings and we expect to study
ae
fico ‘ h r, that some of the seedlings I have are
i “Tf the planting of two sweet po
to each other, cross-fertilization by ee “takes “place easily;
i imilar circumstances we have found a percentage of
6 :
ites ob
that varieties which eye med ahi but si seed prior
e time of
I-.
mber of ee ihiey eee olenso states that
163
not less than thirty of these had come under his Hou aa while
eel of the old sorts were already known to be
aq
e not aware pete eet potatoes ; have ever been
wn in this State from seed ae to the experiment made
ae season at the Po Fatablishmient at St. Helena, which
has uiadgs eminently suc cessfu Ts
stalks were found among the vines when yo po ‘oes were being
dug, and these were planted out The It is, a po dif-
ferent from the other in colour (be ee a 1 bright yellow when
boiled), and the shape of the leaf is different.’
“The favourable result of this experiment uld prove of
great interest a: lue to fi who grow sweet potatoes for
the market late large quantities of tubers grown from
vine cutti have proved diseased, a e continuous
planting of cuttings of vines from the diseased tubers can
me e effect perpetuating the trouble. The raising of
of : i a
ally new variety, perfectly free from disease, should result
in Eanbhi ing the disease from the fields of those who can either
164
oe eee cuttings or raise new varieties for themselves.’
om Queensland Agricultural Journal of Feb., 1904, page 90.
RDS OF SEED.
1. It is to be noted that what is — the first ees
of fruit and seed of the sweet potato appear ao as early as 1707
(see Sloane, Jour. Nat. Hist. 1: 150, 151). Shower r, the
ed.
2. “The experiments carried on at the roe Station,
itm n vy-
cropping ‘Hen and Chickens’ ; oner Bee potatoes are
seedling varieties.” (Agricultural eae 8:
. “Attempts are being ma wien to improve
va and sweet errata by developing strains fae Seedlinee.
According to the pee d Forester, Vol. III,
No. 7, sixty-three + ties of ca a have been, ae une
~
3
these eight are rom aaa eee are Sioa
Japanese, and one is a ain The use of seed with sweet
potato on results of auplane value.” (Agricultural
News 14: 140.
T : ‘EW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. ae ae
seedlings of belated germinations (ten in all) were grown in pots
and ae ina oo over the following winter.
a uary 12, 1923, one of the plants grown from a cutting of
one of the c plants ‘sent to Washington began to bloom continuing
cal thirteen flowers were produce e anthers in nearly
all | cases dehisced readily and: a and the pies was abundant
well filled granular contents. even
flowers were carefully pollinated iby Bie nd,! but in no case di
but start to i The € vines of this plant ee abou vee Ist,
uu
plants grown in pots durir ing the winter an nd oan r ones
ee cuttings were transplanted in the field ae ee grown
' These studies of pollen and the pollinations were made ree Miss Hester
M. Rusk, Assistant in the Laboratories, N. Y. Botanical Garden
O29 B IAG Sx
OIOLU SOULA
A MAN OY
165
g the summer of 1923. They all made veoteus a th
192
ee Pr LATE 292), producing a tangled mass of vines but there was
no formation of flower buds. These seedlings differed greatly
FiGuRE 3. A pot-grown plant, from a cutting of a seedling sweet potato,
fiesce during January, 1924, in a greenhouse at The New York Botani cal
Garde: en Fruit faile d 7 start development, although careful pollinations
in ane to Paciens ae leaves, habits of growth and the color
and size of flesh
In the autumn ee ee oT were pee from we ten clones
and a total of 151 plants were grown in pots in greenhouse
during the following cutee. "all grew all, some feline vines
four feet in length. The 23 plants of the clone that bloomed
166
during the preceding winter did not produce a ae flower.
e
velop de and dehiscence was ees Pollen was abundant and
und S ump and fully developed. Eight
opened and shed
flower
by meg ae one flower bs Crosse using pollen of an Ipomoea
blooming 1 ete eenhouse at the same date. In every case
Du uring t these two years experience there were only three
plants of two clones in bloom and there was no chance to make
ele between ie
Discussion AND CONCLUSION
The s sweet potato has been propagated alee exclusiv ely by
that are used as food. The varieties have ni ees subjected
to any sort of selection for production of qui ers, fruit, or me
as ag may finds of oultwvatee plants.
tor the persistence
- any types of sterility which ma y have existed i in the origina al
developed later. It is not, therefore, eared that the vari-
eties of the sweet potato in cultivation today should exhibit
types of sterility and as feequenty a to ida fruits and
seeds or even to produce fl
A most obvious co padi ion whi ch enforces mes of the
sweet potato is the non-blooming habit. The plan t is naturally
ada i
ent does not favor the formation of flowers. Throughout a
167
certain area of the more a range of its nie
po
ames H. and W.R .. Beattie of the U. S. Department of Agri-
aa The effect of such ea influences or the
formation of flowers has long been recognized (see numerous
ear! lier papers by Mébius, Véchting, Klebs, Sachs and Goebel
and the reports of more recent investigations by Setchell and by
Garner and Allard).
Undoubtedly throughout the areas in which flowers appear
sparingly and irregularly there may be more or less blast ting of
involve a relative oe of either pistils or stamens as in
intersexes.
But in areas where flowers are readily and ees pro-
fi ly ni und.
short time and the pistil and stamens in a flower seem to mature
at quite the same time. T ec onditions suggest that there is
ibili t wo
kinds of sex organs involved in the processes of fertilization—a
‘maphrodite p
r polle:
and with t ae controlled self- and cross-pollinations are
needed to pines e more exactly the type of sterility present
in the sweet nies
168
It is, oe rather fully demonstrated that seed can readily
be ee at least some varieties by mene
ree eet potatoe and
es oe begun in Cuba, in Hawaii, in the Philippines ae
also to some extent in the United States.
A. B. Stout.
TULIPS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN
(WITH PLATES 291 AND 293)
Once more the Garden is indebted to Holland for one of the
n
results Si lansing some 80,000 tulips, sixteen cases, of the well-
own ‘Dutch Produce” received here last November, the gift
- the Holland Bulb Exporters Association, arranged by Mr.
H. J. Arentshorst, ee of the Association, and trans-
mitted through Messrs. Van w averen and Sons
These bulbs were Sane last November, the Darwins in the
eee Grounds and the Breeders, Cottage, and Early
types in the Cohanaiod Court. Flowers of Brilliant Star and
ae Sunday 1 May 4th, they came in increasing numbers,
ar’
The next three or four days were dark and s sowery but
Saturday and Sunday, May Toth ang rth, saw eh ae enty-
five nd all of thevisior
who a ee, be crea OBae saw the a play
On May 16th a visi ting day 10 or mbers was held at the
Darwin ate ow. By thi all of of the vari
but Sunday, May 19th, was the “ peak’’ day ae thee Darwin
tulips. They were visited by several thousand people from all
“F261 ‘zz Ae uae} yderZoj0yg
P S9MYT Yd YA ‘ST 1 [NITPAOPZ aYyI uy saijaiea urmie(y jo sdijny coo‘ot —— jo Sunqueydl aut jo 13
169
parts of New York City, probably a more typically metropolitan
crowd than on other days. They were very appreciative, and
their ae to the colorful scene, while — interfering
with the tulip-lovers studying gro of varieties, indicated
new inspitations to the cee lovers. * They ae their innings
on Saturday d Sundays or on bright days generally.
Fewer people came on all days and in all weather. At nine
o'clock, davlight saving time, one evening, a gerilenan was
a
es a
on incessantly around tulip scenes, the children being the
RE 4. Darwin Tulips, near the Southern Boulevard Entrance to the
Fic
fe Grounds. Photograph by Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham
subjects in most instances; as the center of things in general,
the Baronne de la Tonnaye oval bordered with La Candeur
oud.
After holding off to accommodate the Saturday afternoon
W v k il about mid
crowd of May 25th, rain n fel from 6 o’cloc ti mi
night, accompanied by wind squalls. Flowers of such varieties
leu Aimable, Euterpe, Pride of Haarlem and Valentin were
roken to s extent, and those which had been open longest,
Valentin, Feu Brilliant, Wm. Pitt, Frans Hals, Melicette, and
Europe, were somewhat burned after more t wo weeks of
constant duty. The next week, the last in May. saw only five
or six varieties past and colors even more intense jn the aging
170
ae Faust became an indelible blue black, Centenaire
lost some of its carmine and touched almost a royal purple as
did de rose- -colored Edmee, Mme. Krelage, and ius de la
condinien as were also the Dione: eceders: The 9,000 tulips
the growing p i isfaction,
especially King Harold, Cone. “Sea rlet Beauty, an
Euterpe, not to speak of Clara Butt and Margaret, old standbys
with practically every flower perfect.
TULIPS IN CONSERVATORIES Court AT N. Y. BOTANICAL GARDEN
192
Single Early Tulips
ene Star Pelican
Calyp Pink Beauty
Caulene le President Cleveland
Crimson Que President Lincoln
Cullinan Prince of Austria
De Wet Progressi
lamingo Prosperity
rt re Queen Flora
solden Queen Rising Sun
Grand Duc (Keizerkroon) Rose La Reine
Herman Schlegel Rose a
Hobbema Van der Nee
1s Nous Briliane
Lady Boreel Whit
Max Havelaar Wouve
McKinley Yellow Pane
Double Early Tulips
es D'Or Peach Blossom
lectra Schoonoord
El Toreador Tea Rose
Mr. Van Der Hoeff itian
Murillo Tournesol
Vuurbaak
171
Cottage Tulips
Car: Inglescombe Yellow
Dai nty Maid ohn Ruskin
Sesneriana ixioides Loonlight
sesneriana lutea Mrs. Kerrel
Gesneriana spathulata Ars. Moon
Glare of the Garden range King
Grenadier Scarlet Emperor
nglescombe Pink ir y
The Fawn
Union Jack
Breeder Tulips
Apricot La Singuliére
Ba ee Le Mogol
Bronze Que Louis XIV
C. ardinal Manaine Lucifer
Chestnu Larginat.
Don Pedro {arie Louise
Clio anorama
Feu Ard rince of Orange
Godet Parfait rofessor Schotel
Golden Bronze alomon
Golden ie tee
rameens
Darwin Teurirs in N.
Afterglow
Anton eee
Anton Roo:
Baronne de te Tonnaye
Bartigon
rdelia
Crepuscule
Dian
Dream
Duchesse of Hohenberg
Ethel Roosevelt
Europe
Velvet King
Vulca
Yellow ean
Y. BotanicaL GARDEN
Euterpe
Pau
ncée
La Tulip Noire
Len
L’'In residen
ous Te La Valliere Mie Has rlem
Madame Barrois Prince of the Netherlands
oo Krelage ace Elizabeth
Marco: Princess Juliana
Marnix van fA Aldegonde Professor Rawenhoft
Massachus Reverend Ewbank
Massenet Scarlet Beaut
Matchless ieraad van Flora
Mauve Clair ir Trev or ne
Melicette ophrosin
Minister Tak Van Poortvliet uzon
Mr. Farncombe Sanders The oe
Mrs. ee Imer alen
Meh \ ctor ad Oliv
_A. Viruly uae
Painted Lady \ hist ler
Pensée Amére William ae
Petrus Hondiu William
Philippe de Comins: Zulu
IKKENNETH R. BOYNTON.
THE FRANCES GRISCOM PARSONS FUND
Some of the friends of the late Frances Griscom Parsons
(Mrs. Henry Parsons), who was a aoa in the pligeealcaih Z
school gardens in New York Cit
President of the Pane nse s School eae pe
av d
e raised a fund of t and dollars to commemorate her
ork. This mount was giv a to ane ee York Botanical
Gate on May ith g that it shall be known
the ee COM PARSONS Fun: Da and that the income
hee! ee . used for the corporate purposes of the Garden,
with eae ese to promoting interest in the subjects in
which h achievements were so notable.
Frances ae (born September 23, 1850; died Seas at
of
y years, she found time to assist in civic betterment by
173
pape a kindergarten, a club for boys and Birls, and a reading
rele for young people, and by taking part in other village ac-
as much i sed by the lack of to with nature exhibited
y the average school child in the metropolis I he
started a children’s garden ca t 3d et and
children. The main aim is not ut tility, Faw ledge: ane sil,
though those are cal included, but
and appreciati
Al education should lead to right reactions. Therefore
education is ing, is an art, is development, is evolution.
trainin
Knowle ae e is eee by the way, and is a tool, but is not
e main
There are now pone main centers of school garden work in
aoa ae were formerly under the direction of Mrs
Parsons. These are in Thomas Jefferson Park, 114th St. and
Harlem River; DeWitt Clinton Park, 54th St. and oo Re
and Corlear’s Hook Park, Jackson St. and East Riv
Grisco ns, f Mr :
Supervisor of Gardening Instruction at The New York Botanical
arden from 1917 t' 19 ‘or a part of this time he
19 a pa
charge of farming and gardening operations at various canton-
ments of Nee U.S. Army, with headquarters at Washingt
The list of subscribers to the Frances Griscom Parsons “Fund
includes following names:
Alexander, Mrs. C. B. Britton, Dr. N. L.
Aldrich, Mrs. Margaret Chand- Brooks, Miss ae G.
ne Bryce, Miss T
rt, Jr., Mrs. George F. Butler, Miss Mary Marshall
ST Miss Elizabeth Davies, Mrs. J. Clarence
Dodge, Mr. Cleveland H.
174
Orcutt, Mrs. C. Blake
Osborn, Mrs. William Church
Pennoyer, Mrs. Paul G.
Pond, Miss Florence Louisa
de Forest, Mr. Robert
de Forest, Mrs. Robert .
Glenn, Mr. John M.
Graydon, Mrs. Clendenin
Hammond, Mrs. John Henry Sc r, Mrs. e
Hitch, Mrs. F. Del. Seward, Miss Alice D
James, Mrs. ns Curtiss Smith, Jr., Mrs. R. Penn
King, Miss Strauss, Mrs. Albert
Kissel, rae a VE. Squibb, M. D., Edward H.
ea) Th Tnternntiona Terry, Mrs. John T
Children’ 's eee Tuckerman, Mr. and Mrs
League, School Reais liot
Long, pee Emilie O. Tuckerman, Miss Emily Lamb
Low, Mrs. Set Tuckerman, Miss Jane F.
Luquer, Mrs. Lea i Tweed, Mrs. Charles H.
McAlpin, Mrs. D. Hun an Sinderen, Mrs. Howard
Milliken, Mrs. S ae Wheeler, Mrs. Everett P
Nichols, Ms. j.W. Young, Mrs. A. Murray
Under date of May 1, 1924, Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-
Chief of The New York Botanical Garde en, sent the check for
two thousand dollars to the Garden's Treasurer, Mr. John L
ae gi a ee letter.
Dea ti
transmit ie i for »2000 from the International
chien s School Farm Lea
t the meeting of the B eh - Managers held April 17th, 1924,
re blowing resolution was adopted:
c Manager "of The
REs : That the ew York Botanical
Giten ae accept fro.
the Hoe Children’s
ntributions, and the
f the corporate purposes of The New
York Botanical Garden.
175
This operates to establish another special fund, the income to
be expended as subsequently directed by the Managers.
Yours tru
. L. BRITTON,
Director-in-Chief.
CONFERENCE NOTES FOR APRIL
The following abstracts are of the t
Conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered | Students of =
Garden on the afternoon of April 2d.
“Galapagos and Cocos Island Mosses”’ by Mr. R.S. Williams.
The Gale ‘os and Cocos Islands are situated on the same
submerged eis at present about 1500 fathoms below the
is platea i
majority of the species are not endem nce sup
aN do they appea: ar to be so ad eee to 2 Cental ees
n life as would be inferred by a separation of o o miles
- water. Of the bi ma several genera peculiar to om i Sianades
group are most sna related to Hawaiian species. Of the 25
mosses so far collected from the Galapagos islands, about 25
moss
almost universal digenbution & in tr ropic cal regions, is of r-
e Si
r
the m = tee aoe of the Galapagos Islands, still
remains to ae disco
Under the title of ‘‘ Notes on Algae,’’ Dr. Marshall A. How
showed specimens of the ae sie Nostoc pemeneen
176
sent in by Dr. J. M. Aldrich from rocks in a river at Stamford,
Conn. It forms flat thalli about half an inch across and man
May, 1923, from Mr. S. C. Bishop of the State Museum at
pecimens and drawings of what appears to be a new species
of Pithophora, a filamentous green alga, from Bermuda, were
Aas n; = specimens Ms ee apparently new algae from the
repre: us Protoderma of the Greens and
eee a ae “of the Blue-greens
Several calcareous or rock-forming algae were exhibited.
In a icles a calcareous marl from a lake-bottom in Michigan,
sent by Dr. E. M. Kindle of the aoe Survey of Canada
and in all probability built up by minute lime-secreting blue-
logical Survey, and apparently representing a for ner of
pao ane marine ane of the pet geese grou
and a of the exten nsive deposit of an algal ee pices
(probes “aid pes by a species of Phormidium of the Blue-
greens) that occupies an ancient tie each of Quaternary as bord-
Bie the Salton Sea Basin in California, the materia! communi-
ted by Dr. Walter T. Swing le
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JUNE AND JULY
Below is the program for a June and July lectures of 1924.
| ae are delivered in the Museum Building, aes
m Sat aN ay a Sunday afternoons. They
Tee . ce rn-slides and otherwise.
une 1. “The Bronx River Parkway. Mr. Jay Downer.
June 7. Walks and Talks in The New York Botanical Gar-
den—I. “Birds.” Mr. R.S. Williams.
177
June 8. ‘Wild Birds of New York City.” Mr. S. H. Chubb.
June 14. eg aud Talks in The New York Botanical Garden—
“The Garden.” Dr. E. B. Southwick.
Juners. “ Ethylene or the Gas that Puts Plants and Animals
0 Slee ike illiam Crocker.
June 21. Walken talks inThe New.
II. “The Museums and Herbari
Drs. J. K. Small aa P. ‘A. Rydberg.
June 22. “Ornamental Shrubs. Mr. Henry Hicks
June 28. “ and Their Culture.” r. M. A. How
June 2 “ n Roads and Trails.’ D White
July 5. “Wild Trees of New York City.” ’. A. Murrill
July 6. Walksand aes in The New York Botanical Garden—
IV. “Tre Dr. Murrill.
July 12. Walks aod Talksi in The New ent Gardens=
V. “The eds.” Mr. K. R. Boynton.
July 13. ‘How to Keep Plants Clean and pai During the
Summer.’ rof. H. Findla lay
July ro. ee Talks in The New YorkB ical
VI. “The Library.” Dr. J. H. Barnhart.
July 20. ‘Some Choice Flowering Trees and Shrubs.”
Mr. Arthur Herrington.
July 26. aval end Talks in The New York B ical |
VII. ‘Fungi and Insects.’
July 27. ‘Harnessing the Sun: Can Botanists Solve she Motac-
fuel Problem?” Dr. M. A. Chrysler
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
hist er installment of Pittier’s Venezuelan plants has been
ceived for the ea scl one a bane the collections
ae the flora of h Am
Professor H. M. Fitzpatrick of Cornell University spent a few
days at the Garden recently in continuation of his as on the
taxonomy of certain groups of the ascomycetous fun:
The aquatics of the So have been oe lately by
Philotria densa, a water-weed of Argentina. This interesting
plant was late ly dis covered in Mirror Dake, Florida, by Mrs.
Katherine B. Tippet
178
A collection of species and varieties with several hundred
seedlings and hybrids of day lilies alate is now coming
into bloom in the experimental plots. A wide range of color
variations is to be seen in the fe some of which seem worthy
of cultivation as new garden varietie
The wool-sower gall is unusually abundant this season on the
twigs of one of the small scrub oaks (Quercus nana) in the shrub
collection just north of the Long Bridge. This very ae
gall, made by tiny gall-insects, is large aul globular in shape,
nearly white ey tinged with pink, and conspicuously
olly.
Mr. oe ae of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., spent part of
at the rden, in consultation with Dr. Southwick
rave to rock Bere plants, and in arr.
We are indebted to Mr. Lown for many kinds of beauti-
fal a interesting plants grown by him in his well-stocked rock-
garden, and for advice and information,
Stout, Director of the Laboratories, spent thre
ecks inert in May and early in June at State Agricultu ral
Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., studying sterilities in
erries, pears, and apples. The large ies of species and
neni of these tree fruits at Geneva affords unusual facilities
for studies. The cold and rainy weather then prevailing
rae somewhat with the work undertaken
the 93 cases of books received from Geneva in August last,
more t ty have been o , and most of their contents
carefully examined. The work of incorporating the:
library necessarily progresses slo’ but e than three hun-
ets, have already been listed among the library accessions in
the Journal, and all of these are already on the ee and fully
catalogued.
The blight of the plane-tree is more serious this season than
usual owing to the long period of rainy weather. Some of the
trees appeared nearly dead early in June, because practically all
their foliage was blighted, but other leaves will develop and the
trees will be in full foliage again by midsummer. This disease
179
is caused by an inconspicuous fungous parasite, ae
nervi. ae present in the injured twigs and young
, Professor of Botany and Dean of the
Graduate Sc hoo of a sylvania State College, spent a day at
the Garden discussing plans for a collecting trip te Porto Rico.
the study of the plant rusts of that region and they are expected
to supply the manuscript on this group of fungi for the Botany of
Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
rold L. Lyon, in shee of Botany and ey at hd
n
lulu, visited the Garden ae accompanied . Mrs sige n.
ts i hi specially occupied 2 present in eee operations
e slopes of the Hawaiian mountains oa Snore col-
ee of trees, shrubs and other plants reservation of
about 400 acres between 500 feet and 2000 ciation
During his visit Mr. Boynton made Oiasane tes
id: ae Ug an exchange of duplicate greenhouse ee for
f the Sandwich Islands.
The native endemic Plants of Hawaii do’ not dats readily to
cultivation
. Bobbink and Atkins of Rutherford, N. a have con-
days of July. flue ee on-
f how
of propagation. They have ate taken possession of millions
of a The end is not in sight. To date, having defied all
ae fee of € xtermination, they are spreading into new fields,
entailing great fi ial los
the other ee cactus plant have an ancient and honor-
eloved, plac u economi
r sean e, that inte uctive quo-
g
fon]
ie)
o
ao
32 8
oO
a
4
@
io}
+
o
re lack, and "ery go
te — upon ae ee eating nothing else,” _and
: ee Their best times are when ae Raa ale are ripe,
because they have plenty to eat, an end the in dancing
and eating da es and night. 7 ee as nl tunas last they
aes eae n them and set them to
It i a that would almost Pi certain tribes and
200
seasons in America today—especially in the desert reaches of
our own setae and Mexico.
Nor only the fruit itself important. Among various
sianive “folk the seeds were—and still eee fat up for
flour, and as for the succulent stems, some - these ee serve as
a valued vegetable in the boreal cuisin pak c
fection is well known, also the value of ca a pea has
for animals wild and tame when other pastrage is lackin:
And need we mention that the juice of some of the tit of
cacti is made into a primitive scoot drink? Other kinds
furnish primitive man with a drug and a nar cotic. “This is
notably the e case in the so-called ‘ ee but tton” not to be
But to revert to the structural a ysis! es of
interest possessed by this plant t fam mily, w add tl ais
these should be mentioned the singular eae of ie cactu:
stem—a mechanism to insure ae longer life of the in dividual,
For example, the ‘“joints”’ of the opuntioid | as that is, those
plants with ee internodes—“ pads, they are often
called,—are often placed oe criss-cross so that only
about half the oe of the plant is exposed to the wind which-
ever way it may blow. In as case of the ence or cereoid
types with their mass i soft watery tissues, we do not find the
stem round and even, but strongly, san cooly ribbed,
The ribs, of course, ave the axis added s
Physiologically considered, two ne a associated ain
nd One of th
sta
of cacti is the absence of leaves in the vast majority of the on
As deserts became the typical homes of cacti, leaves would be
distinct detriment to the plant, under the normal coiteitions
existing there, for the moisture would be given off from the plant
more rapidly es the roots ee supply it from the scant
reserve in the soil. So, leaves were long ago dispensed with,
ni
af.
transpiration of moisture is eee Lie regulated—reduced or
accelerated—from within the The sap or oir content
201
is largely mucilaginous, and latex, or milk, is also sometimes
presen he conditions of this gummy cell-sap, regulated
seeording to external conditions, when thicker checks trans-
piration and when thinner accelerates it according d
ition, in ca! lant is wounded
3
iS
1
spreads a coating over the exposed tissues, see then forms a
a 7 : ion i ae fics
‘y
access to the internal — = io lant
i are most
h-temperate zone many kinds of cacti are found in
Chile and Argentina
All told, there are more than twelve hundred kinds of cacti
which are embraced i in one penne and twenty-five genera.
Th r Southwest, and in Mexico,
parts of South janes ery a ow st poe New York lies
in one of the minor cactus eee stern Coastal Plain,
extending from Massachusetts to Flor ida. The real extent of
this cactus field was not eae a lately.
OHN K. SMALL.
THE BRONX RIVER PARKWAY!
he willows and lush grasses nee
— weds taunting foe er flags, thousands of butt
and It’s as full of birds and Scene
as England along the Thames or one of those ducky little streams
out of Paris.’
This was F. Hopkinson Smith’s description of the Bronx
River 25 or more years ago.
In the first of the summer series of the Garden ans of
I 1
it
valley, which i wae penne transformed by the Bronx
River Parkway, now ring completion
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum of The New York
Botanical Garden on the afternoon of June I, 1924.
202
: ee eae ee so delightfully described by
Smith i and other sketches, shacks,
ee a ee ak hed jeune the natural beauties of
the river’s banks.
With the growth of population northward from Bronx Park
general dumping grounds. Sewage discharged into the riv
the upper valley towns fouled the stream in the Williamsbridge
section and Howes. us Be Pon Garde The
Parkv
ment was undertaken and active work commenced in 1913.
a and will be practically completed to Kensico Dam this
yea
eee slides illustrating W ‘estchester County’s new park
Iso sho D
ing Island near Rye Beach and Glen Islands in fs
oun
ee parks have been acquired in the Tibbetts Brook
valley in Yonkers just north of Van Cortlandt Park and con-
tinuing as a parkway along the Saw Mill River valley to Chap-
aqua.
A parkway has also been laid out along the Hutchinson River
Dam through Briarcliff to Croton Lake, from which it will pass
through Westchester County’s 1100-acre park at Mohansic
203
wake and continue to the new bridge spanning the Hudson
rom Anthony’s Nose to Bear Mountain. This parkway exten-
ion, including the Bronx River Parkway, wall make a fomple te
Park at Bear Mountain. The length of this circuit,
which will be continuous from the plaza at en Street and Cen-
ral Park, will be 125 miles.
AY
OWNER,
Engineer and Secretary of the Bronx Parkway
Commissi
THE SNAPDRAGON RUST
Attention has recently been called to the destructive work of
she snapdragon rust known scientifically as Puccinia Antirrhini
Diet. & Holw. A New York correspondent, Mr. H. A. Gibbs,
writes as follows: ‘‘The disease appeared fist five years ago on
eae
jeal of damage to the cultivated snapdragon in the vic cinity of
icago
While the fungus is well known and widely distributed in this
204
country : control methods have not been very eee
worked o We will publish a summary of the work don
along die. ae in Illinois.
CONTROL
e control methods mecommneaded by Mr. George L. Peltier
of the Illinois Exp where a great deal of damage
has been done and many experiments conducted, are as follows:
house by giving attention to cultur. ods. Growin: e
lants under the t conditions in a clean, well-kept, and well-
ventilated house will check to some t the dissemination of
year or two new stock secured which is free from rust. The
latter may be secured by the use of seed and the practice of
selection. '
FrepD J. SEAVER.
PLANTS USED BY ANCIENT AMERICAN INDIANS
Dr. M. R. Gilmore of the Museum of the American Indian
has recently made two visits to the Museum of The New York
Botanical Garden. On his first visit he brought with him for
de i
ry mi
of flint and other stones; the piece of the shaft nearest the
head was made of branches of beh and other trees; the tail
205
of stems of the Reed, really a woody grass and the only
any certainty was a piece of this Reed. Dr. Small, who was in
Florida at the time, may be able to name more of the pieces of
woo
One of the fibers used was from the Indian Hemp, ee
and another looked like the bast of a grape vine. e bluff-
dwellers eae corn, squashes, sun-flowers and simi-
lar to those t ns ust oO rai
a it is at probable that they were used for food, but for
medic x for incense in meligiods ecremons ies. By the way,
the pee a — could hardly he Ambrosia
the “food of the gods”’ of the old eae and Greek mytholo:
or else the tastes a gods and men must be vee rea unless
we have changed in the last few thousand y
the Dakota plants brought in, is a ae of Orach,
many ia
could not get salt. There is in oo no lack of ne in ae
used as a substitute to give the salty
. A. RYDBERG.
CONFERENCE NOTES FOR MAY
A conference of the Scientific Staff and pene Students
of the Garden was held on the afternoon of May
Doctor W. A. Murrill spoke of “the seen eee fexeures®
of his recent trip to South America. This was a general account
206
the journey with a display of specimens, numerous curios,
a articles made of various woods. A report of the neenune
work accomplished will be given by Doctor Murrill at another
ime.
The second item of the program was a talk ee Dr. Ralph R,
Stewart on ‘‘Ornamental Plants of the Punjab,” an abstract of
which follows:
The Punjab is a large province in the northwest of British
India, extending from Delhi on the south to the Indus River on
orth. The
vori nta
Tose, saamince: various species of Hibiscus, Lawsonia alba, and
odorum.
Th the cities where there : more or — foreign influence,
there are many ornamental p Eve the mre ae
of town the stores and office ae have gardens. A lar
number of exotics have n introd ommo:
trees are the Crepe Myrtle, Bauhinia, Dalbergia sp., Albizzia sp.,
hevetia, the P. ee, Eucal s sp., Grevillea robusta,
Bombax malabaricum, various acacias, Cassia fistula, Cord ‘
Terminalia sp. and toward the foot hills of the Himalayas,
olia.
atives ee use ee for but two PUEnOFES gar-
lands and in Pp g bidding
207
them farewell, ina of Paina as snes or jasmine
are At may be used for the same
ease bare ip om Pecans is en favorite flower.
The idols a ‘phallic emblems may be garlanded or the flowers
an object of reverence by Hindus and a pot of this may be found
in almost every Hindu home. In addition the pipul (Ficus
religiosa) is a sacred tree and pada ney men Mequently make
arude sh elter in its shade and built
beside
BS
The Be tish ahi has taken pains in planting road-
side trees widely n the Punjab and from a slight elevation the
course of th an ae oa followed for mile Dy rhe lines of aie
Dalbergia oe an
roadside trees, ere in ee more atid regions two acacias,
Acacia arabica and A. modesta, are very common. In Kashmir,
NUS
pian hie to a great size in Kashmir and is a favorite
de
The ve ogul emperors were great gardeners and many of their
gardens are still kept in good repair. Their gardens are all
i ce n the
fountains which play on special aeenay A pleasure house is
usually placed i or in the middle of the artificial pool.
Fences are not common in the "Punjab pa ic are used a
great deal. For this pu: s, Euphorbia
Royleana, the century plant a Acacia
Europeans have come to esate viscosa, a privet-like
plant, Dae the lime, od ae century plant for their hedges.
Out through the cou: ue districts se trees are often disfigured
through lopping in times of drought and famine. The goats
and cattle are brought up to eat almost anything. Even in the
mountains where the pasturage does not seem to be r, the
shepherds lop branches from the trees, especially te oe
and horse chestnuts and the cattle seem to enjoy eating the
fresh leaves
208
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING AUGUST
Free illustrated public lectures will be delivered in the lecture
hall of the Museum Building at four o’clock on Saturday and
Panes eee during August, as follows:
Aug “Floral and Scenic Features of Porto Rico”
Dr. M. A. Howe.
August 3. ‘Flowers for the Home Garden”’
Mrs. WH. Peckh
August 9. “Plant Quarantine Work at the Port of New York’?
Mr.
August 10. “The Royal Botanical Garden at ao
Dr.
"A. Murrill,
August 16. “Botanizing in Trinidad” oe - J. Seaver.
August 17. ‘‘The Yellows Disease of Asters and Other Plants”
Dr. L. O. Kunkel.
August 23. ‘Florida, the Paradise and — Paradox”
r. J. H. Barnhart.
August 24. “The Nitrogen Problem and e Farmer”
. G. Curtis.
August 30. oe Hudson River Valley a ihe Advent of
ae hur ha
August 31. “The Paris B ical Garden”’ r. W. A. Mur
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Stout spent the last week of June at _the State
grapes for the development of new and hardy seedless varieties.
. Arthur Hollick, eae the anal ie taff, has
returned from Washin a five s’ leave
of absence for the soak ar oe on ae pa flora
with the Th
taceous and the other on the Tertiary flora. The Cretaceous
volume has been completed and ee 1ee publication
iss Martha Warren Beckwith of The Folk Lore Foundation
of Vassar College, who is engaged in an interesting investigation
209
of the usesof plants made by the negroes in the island of Jamaica,
spent a day at the Garden recently with Dr. Britton, identifying
a collection of J her, ee the native
names of these plants with their botanical n
g the visitors who lain in aie ay eee the
Massart, ae Belgium, and Dr. Albert W. C. a Herre,
Manila, P. I.
frequent rains in May and June followed by warm weather
ing 0: and
were aaa the faving ay. Tn ce ees a yellow species
i had
of Russula was fairly Thre
ie Cartnal ane at tera: oe on June 29 in the
Hemlock Grove were found the largest — ever seen
here of ne beau oe which m red 15 cm. across
and had a 1o em. in len and 2.5 to oS cm, thick. m
distance ne it suggested enae Russula.
Mr. Herbert Muirhead, C.E., gave a lecture a oe
Wild Flowers” at the Garden on May 18, 1924. s lantern
slides were photographs in natural color gmade es arry
Duncan of Clase and included many rarely beautiful
scenes in Scotland.
Roy Jeffers, F.R.G.S., the Secretary of oe Larne
anette Clubs of North America, which numbers ab
60 organizations, lectured at the Garden on ae afternoon a
yy 11 on his ‘Rambles among the Mountains.” A wide
variety of ales scenery was shows, ranging from the Adiron-
dacks and Mt. Ktaadn in Mai estward through the colorful
desert scenery - the see ee fe ‘California. An urgent plea
210
as made Lusi he Kings River region and Tehipite
Valley in in the "proposed eslargement of the Sequoia Nationa
Park.
the nation
to preserve this supremely fine scenic region for its 7.
and spiritual value than to ruin it 2 allowing commercial in-
roads for the benefit of a few. A number of our ae a tl
mountain for thrilling scenes of rock-climbing
and of snow and ies work, ce western wild flower views ot
remarkable beauty were also show:
. Sturgis has presented his ae of fungi to
he New York Botanical Garden, reservin: yxomycetes
for furthez study. The 2135 specimen s of ae a 64 of algae)
often on the labels, while few of the states are omitted entirely.
It is a delight to find the collections so well classified and so free
from insect ravages
In the lecture on ‘‘ Wild Birds of New York City,’ which was
aba at the Garden on the afternoon of June 8, by Mr. S.
. Chubb, there were shown most unexpected possibilities of
ae raid en ee ee who must dwell in a great city. The
lecturer has years been connected with the American
Museum < Neral Micon, His keen observation of nature
during lon erience as a field natu sens his success as a
pho ae o wild life in its native hau and his excellent
collection of colored slides enabled him to tere picturesque
and graphic scenes of bird-life before the oe i his hearers.
When one sees how the lecturer has scaled the walls 2 city
apanment ‘Douses to sey the family- life of at hawks and
waded roadway, temporarily : wee
to make studies and “photographs of the wild ae egrets,
he asks, “Why wander far afield to study Nat
setae for June. The total eens for the month
was 2.90 es. The maximum Meee erature for each week
were 82° on ne 7th, 84° on the rsth, 88° on the 22nd, and 93°
on as e 25th, The minimum annie were 4414° on the Ist,
° on the roth, 57° on the 17th.
211
ACCESSIONS
MUSEUM AND HERBARIUM
ama. (Given by Mr. C. D. Mell.)
6 specimens of Botrychium from a (Given by Dr. Herbert M.
Denslow.
17 specimens of f North America. (By exchange with
the United States Daa Museu m.)
le Royal, Michigan B i ith Dr.
¥ gt
George E. Nichols.)
ens of hepatics from Alaska. (By exchange with Mr. W. C.
Henderson.)
2 museum specimens of Centrolobium from Venezuela. (Given by Mr. C.
D. Meil.)
179 specimens of flowering plants from Missouri. (Collected by Mr. B.
F. - ush.
3 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from the local flora range.
(Caleta ae ass Percy Mula in.)
ecime: fi North Carolina and Florida. (Given
T.
uger.)
0 specimens of ferns ah flowering plants from the local flora range.
(Collected by Mr. AT, Beals.)
bie aa batesay Se National maa
of marine algae from Miami Beach, Florida. (By exchange
aa De Wil liam Randolph Taylor.
108 specimens is flowering plants from the local flora range. (Collected
by Dr. H. ae low.
New Jersey. (By exchange
I specimen ‘of R a Gougetiana. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz.)
264 specimens of ie exotics from New York. (Given by Mrs.
Mary
4 specimens of Characeae from Louisiana. (Given by Dr. M
arber.)
70 specimens of coral fungi, mainly from Chapel Hill, ae ane
(By pees with Professor W. C. Coker.
eee and Central America. (By exchange
wn
3
I cimens of fungi fro
with ihe Smithsonian ee
100 specimens “Fungi Exotici Exsiccati” fascicles Ioand 11. (Distributed
. Hans Sydow.
127 specimens of fungi from various localities. (By exchange with the
United rie Department of Agriculture.)
© specimens of fungi from Kashmir, India. (By exchange with Mr.
R. R. Stewart.
I specimen of Ionomidotts chilensis. (By exchange with Dr. Roland
Gres
00 specimens “North American Uredinales." (Distributed by Mr. Elam
Bvice mew.) |
North Carolina, M- h lla Oxydendri
and Sphaerulina ed a exchange with Dr. Frederick A. Wolf.)
212
21§ specimens of fungi from South America, (Purchased from Rev, G. A.
Bresadola.)
6 specimens of flowering plants from Staten Island, New York. (Given
I specimen of Phormidin Corium (?) from Lexington, Kentucky. (Given
by nae H. Gori
7 specimens of facie plants from New York. (Collected by Miss
Wee Lee.
specimens of flo pues plants from Long Island, New York. (Given by
Mr. bi iam C. Ferguso
§ specimens of marine ee from Rye Beach, New York. (Given by Mr,
Prentiss M. How re.)
1 fi York. (Given by Dr. J. K. Small.)
75 ceils of Aftreplex and Pate from North ‘America. (By
exchange with the Carnegie Institution
368 eee of flowering plants from the Rocky Mountains.
with the it )
By
48 specimens of flowering plants from Alaska. (By exchange with Mr.
J. P. Anderson.)
82 bia of flowering plants from Maine. (Collected by Mr. N. C.
Fassett.)
1 f, j R } eh Dene
Marie- Victorin. _
7 ] Uruguay. (Given by Dr. F. eeesatie:
ike) ee specimens, *'Kryptogamae Exsiccatae,"’ Century 27. (By exchang
with i Natural History Museum, Vienna, for the Columbia University
herbarium.)
115 specimens marine pee mostly from New York and vicinity.
(Given by the Am rican eee of Natural History.
vee marine, from Long Island, New York. (Given
by Mr. Roy Here
7 specimens of algae from the Yellowstone National Park. (By exchange
with United States National Museum.)
2 specimens of Cee from Long Island, New York. (Given by Mr.
Roy Latham.)
2 specimens of Cryptozoon ed an Upper Cambrian fossil, {roi
Greenfield, Saratoga Co., New York. (Given by the pus nce Cen
Albany, New Yo ne
8 specimens of a lime-secreting Phormidium from Inyo Co., California.
(Give ie Dr. W. - Swingle.
78 mens of a fossil (Quaternary) algal travertine from the Salton Sea
me “Califor top ae en py Dr. W. T. Swingle.)
fi Isle Royal, Michigan. (By exchange with Dr.
George E. Nichols.)
7 i fi Alas B i ith Mr. W. C. Hender-
on.)
25 specimens of flowering plants from Venezuela. (Given by Mr. C. D
Mell.)
PUBLICATIONS OF
The New York k Botanical Garden
Journal of The New York Botanical Gar Garden, monthly, geri notes,
news, and em articles. Free to members of the Garden. To
others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its twenty- Des olume.
Mycologia, Biosthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a year;
single ce not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its eet
volum
Addisonia, quarterly, devoted Saale to colored plates a by
aa Zine ns of flowering plants; eight plates in each n thirty-
ach volume. heen ae $10.00 a year. [Not eked in
ahi Now in its eighth v
Bulletin of The New York oe al Garden, containing reports of the
Director-in-Chief and other official Saat and technical articles em-
“lg results of cbagiearag Seats to ne ers of the Garden; to
others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its t pass na
North ateea 3 ora De etions of the wild aren of North rsa
including owen og ee Indies, and Central America. Planned t
completed in 34 s. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more
number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange.]
Memoirs of The Seda oa matsacnigs ae Price to members of the
ne ae $1. d per volum:
ol. I.
+
Vol. III. ‘Stu dies of Cretaceous Coiiteratis Remains from iecemaneciiltes
New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates.
1909.
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart
Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908.
ol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Pali aa to Plant
Geography, by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 plat
Vol. VI. Papers Sanaip at the Celebration of the s aeaeliy Aenea
of the New repute iii anical Garden. viii + 594 pp., with 43 plates and man
‘ep figures.
Contr: Going He The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical
papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from
journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. rah per volume.
In the eleventh volume.
THE NEW YORK petra GARDEN
mx Park, New York City
GENERAL INFORMATION
eons of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
phundced aa of beautifully diversied land in the northern part of the
Gin of w York, through oy ows the Bronx River. A native hemlock
forest is Ae. of the ean of the tract
Plantations of thousands of nati 1 1 | shrubs, and flowering
plants. by
Gardens, including a beautiful a ere a rock garden of rock-loving
plants, and fern and herbaceous garden
enhouses, containing thousands a interesting plants from America and
toreien countries.
Flower shows throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn dis-
plays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, gladioli,
cane op and chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse-blooming
um, cone exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local
plants ota within one hundred miles of the City of New York, and the
economic uses 0:
paler comprising more than one million specimens of American and
foreign ney
Bade aii in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central
ane a a America, ter ae study ae maven: es ne characte flora.
of ane ihe
Ali Dest ef patent literature, comprising more than 34,000 books and num-
erous pamph
eee ee on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout
the
Saul cations oe botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly
of popular, inter
The ‘tice . school children ; and the Bone oa the above features
orticultural
The Galena is dependent upon an annual mai by the
City of New York, private benefactions and member: fees.
possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications Be
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership ar
Benefactorniye aie. lis) 2 Aas eee single contribution $25,000
Patron - + + + 4 « « . . single contribution 5,000
FellowforLife. . |. 1. : . . . single contribution 1,000
Member for Life. . . . . . . . . single contribution 250
Fellowship Member an
Sustaining Member annual fee 25
N ae 1 f
The following is an approved form et eel leet
I hereby bequeath to The di porated under the Laws
of New York, Chapter 285 oF vee a sum of ————
All requests for further information should be sent to
Tue NEw York BoTaNnicaL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
re
VOL. XXV August, 1924 No. 296
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS AT HOME—II. THE FUCHSIAS
H. H. Russy
ETHYLENE, OR THE GAS THAT PUTS PLANTS AND ANIMALS
TO SLEEP
WILL1AM CROCKER
THE ROSE GARDEN, 1924
KENNETH R. Boynton
ROSES AND THEIR CULTURE
MarsHatt A. Howe
NESTING OF THE HUMMINGBIRD
R. S. WiLtiaMs
THE FLOWER BEDS
KennetH R. Boynton
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
AT8 LANCASTER, PA
INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Freperic S. Leg, President
Henry W. DE Forest, ee rie lle
E te Wetec Vice Pre.
Nn L. MERRILL, ed
Secretary
1S
PER
Josgern P. HENNESSY
W. G
Joun F. Hyvan, Mayor of th
Ppincr DAWSON Caicnng,
W
Giu mae THOMPSO
James F. Kemp
Pe te LEWISOHN
ENNE ee MACKENZIE
W. J. Mine ESON
PASEO Moore
ORGAN
LEwIs Boma Moe
FrEDERIC R. NEW
eee Boyce THOWEGY
City of New
President of ae Fein of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
R. A. HARPER, PH. D., Chairman
NicHoLtas Murray BUTLER, PHD
LL. D., Litt. D.
WiLuiam J. sae Pua. D.
James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D.
Freperic S. Leg, Pu. D., LL. D.
HERBERT M. Besar Sc. D.
Henry H. D.
GEorGE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
MARSHALL A. HowE,
PERCY ae ON
A. M., M.
LIZABETH G. BRITTON
Mary E. EATon
ENNETH R. Boynton, Bsw
OBERT S. WILLIAMS a
esTeR M. Rusk, A. M..
M. Denstow, A. M., D. D
B. Soutuwick, Px. D.
N HO? ‘
ARTHUR J. CORBETT .
VALTER CHARLES
: Honorary Curator of the Economic Colleattane
; Honorary Custodian
. ae ‘erk @
5 Superintendent of Buildings se Grounds
3 Mus
ete -in-Chief
tant Director
" Head Curator af the Museums
Director Fa the Laboratories
Curator
' ‘urato:
z otanist
dissociate Curator
Associate Curator
D. au oan
ane Curator of Mosses
Artist
Head Garden
“4 dministrative Assistant
echnic sststant
of Local "Herbie
Custodian na ait pies Grounds
andscape Engineer
d Accaunia
Pi
eum Custodian
$6z aLVIg Nadav TVOINVLOG HYOX MIN AH] JO IvNuno[
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoLt. XXV August, 1924 No. 296
TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS AT HOME—II. THE
FUCHSIAS
My collections of native fuchsias have extended from central
Mexico to central Chile. I have found none in a locality where
frost was kno though sometimes beside ice-cold streams,
fed by ee eae thousand feet higher and almost over
them. In all cases, S roots have been more or less shaded but,
with the exception of a single species, the flowering branches
ered growing in full forest shade, and ae rarely have I seen them
In texture, some of the smaller lelagsieg are almost herbaceous,
while others become small trees. ly climbing,
many possess elongated branches which push through and partly
recline upon other shrubbery, and the branches of nearly all
droop more or less.
While no fixed lines of demarcation can be declared, we can
recognize five general types of growth. One gr a consists a
Anothe
gr
rooting ee leaf- acl 6 x other decaying vegetable matter.
A fourth group includes ae widely-spreading half-shrubs,
inhabiting wee ledges. The fifth group consists of several
very stout stubby shrubs, with scanty foliage, which inhabit
arid or desert regions. Of this group, so very exceptional in
213
214
the genus, I am familiar with but one member, sage rosea
R. & P., which inhabits the dry hills of western Chile.
ae is its h ee of growth and a gage e tha ne
then cov w liage of a lovely soft green and its bra S
bear dense masses of small, pendent rose-colored flowers, after
the manner of the bleeding-heart of ardens, althou: e
nd vi
a. known to me only through herbarium specim
with Fr. wanes
er, a species representing eel p number three of my
classification. Like the last, it is but scantily provided with
is perpetually aguas Thes ot ems are often several yards in
len th. 1 t favorable a
ofte ly one or two, of very la d handsome flower:
which may be as h as three inches in length hé tube is
narrowly infundibular, the limb s abrupt and but little
spreading. The color varies fro: t orange-scarlet to a
deep red. The species is widely distributed but nowhere abund-
aut Over a ae area, at least from Ecuador to Bolivia, mostly
1 Fa r south it is repla
separated localities. The branchlets are much more leafy, the
215
leaves being large and long-acuminate, or almost attenuate,
like some willows, from ene it nes its name. The flowers,
of a light orange-scarlet, are ore slender than those of
the or the very delicate ele ae long-acuminate, like the
leavi
Our second-mentioned ae peed comprises more than
half of the species of the and includes most of those
attracting the attention of the passing traveller. These species
h
flower sepa an e
arses Its pedicels are very long and slender, and its style
and stamens are conspicuously exserted. One of the most
bee at: members of this iene was discovered by myself in
e mountains about Huila, outhern Colombia, and which [
i iil a a sie in allusion to the long and filiform stems of
the ides, the dense
oa ie foliaee which flank the road a: are conspicuously spangled
with the large, drooping clusters of these lovely flowers, of a
peculiar shade of purplish-red. Not only are the individual
flowers long-pendent, but the clusters themselves droop on
elongated branchlets. The abundant oblanceolate Hee about
an inch in length, are thin and delicate, but of deep
fl Its fi
in length, aed the whole plant is remarkably slender. The flowers
are of a bright scarlet-red and more than an inch in length.
F. gracilis Lindley, of Mexico, a is es a sland and gracefully
drooping habit. It has line: nd long-exserted
style and stamens. It is peniliee for the ae of its leaves,
216
ss sae ones being variously intermingled with much larger
A similar species collected by Dr. Pennell and myself near
Baleillas, Cire with very dense te apt clusters of flower
having a n orange tube and scarlet limb, on very short pedicels,
is notable for the beauty of its foliage. Th e leaves are thick
deep g cut
e tube w in its n
suddenly dilated into a broad bulb-like summit. The flowers
are of a deep crimson. F. splendens Zucc., of Mexico, ek
very distinct from all the other members of the gen Its
abundant pale-green thin leaves are heart-shaped at the 2b se,
roadly ovate and inate e, somewhat bell-shaped
flowers are axillary, with rose-purple tube and yellow limb.
The only Spee eno to me aoe resembles it is F. fulgens
DC., whic i aves, but the flowers, two and
a half inches long, are ee a nearly funnel-form. The
calyx is phi the petals
It is probable that some of ee species of the preceding group,
if Sinntea 4 in the open, would assume the erect habit, but those
of the group next to be described appear to be habitually erect
growers, with spreading crown. [In all cases, however, their
branches are recurved and aeually ee endulous at the
ends. The species best k very abundant an
common in hat open locations in Pe d Bolivia, is
oker. I di ul d fr
La Paz to Coroico, Bolivia, at an elevation of about 7000 feet,
ee aaa Me the Was magnificent scenery that can be
‘oad a 1 the
conceived. The E side of a vast
oe ben more os a mile acro Above was a long
curved row of glacier-covered peaks, ae which was the rich
tropical foliage, denser and grander with the steady decrease of
B , the vast valley ed d d and
outward ond the reach of vision. It wi a season,
d across the yan er of waterfalls were in sight,
most of them plunging amidst the vegetation to appear again
and again lower down. Here and there small clouds of vapor
217
were rising from the valley and floating away against the dark-
green background of the vegetation. Rae our attention
to the scenes uate tely about us, we could not escape a tempo-
Hate confusion e richness and sae of oe vegetation.
would be Sate for the genius of any landscape gardener
r Calceolarias, as more commonly known. Large-flowered
as this.
Not far from the scene of the above experience, I found
218
another fuchsia-tree, of somewhat similar habit, notable for
its densely crowded leaves, and bearing light-red flowers. It
aia to be a discovery and Dr. Britton named it Fuchsia
boliviana. ee hirtella HBK., of more northern regions, is similar
es ce thick leaves. F. serrarifolia R. & P., with strongly
American acne of this gen Fuchsia arbore rescens Sims, of
Panama, is named for its sa lke habit. It 5 ciseavinned
from the cae members of this group by a Saal flowers, only
a half inch in length, but which are
F. aie olaris HBK., of Colombia, is peculiar among South Ameri-
species for its fee and broad flowers, more like the forms
in A eee cultiv
The fiftl th and ae group. of fuchsias to be considered i is peculi-
unlike most of the group, has fl s of a deep crimson e
remarkable smallness of the lea f anoth , not more
than a fourth of an i long, is indicated fen a name F.
a ag HBK. Similarly, the names ia parviflora
.. B. minutiflora Hemsl., and F. oe ret, ., indicate
219
the great floral reduction of these species. In the first-named,
the crimson flowers are nearly concealed among the leaves.
pale-green and glaucous beneath and i merable small
flower Ts ot a Pale rose- scolar. This oP of ee woud ap ear
selection
and Saar and might be ae very popular i in conservatory
decoration.
H. H. Russy.
ETHYLENE, OR ies GAS THAT PLANTS AND
NIMALS TO SLEE
Considering the fact that I am discussing today a very narrow
field of research with plants, I could, perhaps, not choose a sub-
ee so — better illuetrate the sipniacanee of plant research
Again I could hardly have chosen a botanical topic
ne Seale beter aise in how many directions a very simple
aver: discovery may benefit man: mely, the discovery
ta
is yet to be learned by further investigation.
putas of an att t to answer a question
e Kni
The. fret ‘had hee th ti pinal f g
houses for three succeeding years. These losses occurred in the
fall when cold Gone came on and he had to close up the
4 Abstract of a lecture given in the Museum Soe of The New York
rena ae on the afternoon of June 15,
220
ventila The third year he began detecting
a sight ce of See gas in one corner of the range.
emov:
en
side of the alley. After that his carnation production went on
ne h
a
mpt 46 answer the florist’s question soon revealed
the as ae the buds and flowers - the carnation are ve
sensitive to traces of pone gas in the a One part of
illuminating gas in 20,000 of air kills ie nel sized buds;
one part in 40,000 of air, the bu a that are just ready to vine ;
and one part in 80,000 of air causes open flowers to close (‘‘g
to oni " never to open again) within twelve hours.
illuminating gas is a mixture of pales Hea
d th ethy tylene.
1; ae oe -
gas
etc. . forned b
ing” of petroleum, or both. Of the i ae one of
illuminating gas ethylene is found to be the ost effective
with plants. For instance, one i of ethylene in in 2,000,000 of
air causes the carnation to ‘‘go sleep” in twelve hours, as
would be ered if it ia ees : Pe cent of ae ees by volume
d
etect, let ce accurately dete ermine, » such small concen-
nt m
e :
detectors of traces of illuminating gas or ethylene in the air.
It should be ee d that some plants on the other hand are
t injured o chang ed in their growth by — concen-
Calla, and Easter Lilies, several sorts of ferns ne a ene oe
other plants.
The roots of a are bres by ies ae in the
soil. Here too we found t ethylene is the effective
constituent of on gas. a ' ae much ene Lee
ions $ toi soi
It is easy to pass illuminating gas into the soil about
221
tree at such rate that no odor will be detected above the ground
ks.
I have some evidence that the findings ot poten on the
be
effects of eer gas on plants h en grate-
fully received by gas companies buti it has ae led to Bence!
ood b :
"The housewite can benefit by heeding the effect of eats
gas from defective fixtures upon pot otted a nd cut flowers in the
LS eaeeal and the park keeper should be mindéul of this insidious
as ie
r Luckhardt, an animal physiologist at the University
of ee asked the question, “If ethylen e has such remarkable
u
recovers from this anaesthetic very quickly, so qu eee ed.
that incision pains are often still felt. It promises to displace
completely the older anaesthetics for many types a surgical
operations.
Now it happens that iid any carbon compound is burned
with insufficient oxygen r with an excess of oxygen but a low
temperature, combustion e incomplete and some reduced gases,
: Thi
suc car nox! :
occurs in the burning of a sheet of paper, a kerosene stove,
ush pile or a pile of rubbish. It also occurs in an operating
ee engine.
For many years ees stoves have been burned in citru
fruit curing house ae Ca TMornia: abene and ag ida i.
combustion of the kerosene. The exhaust from an automobile
engine is likewise effective. These stoves proved unsatisfactory
222
in many respects. They needed much attention, were the source
of numerous fires, often blackened the fruit with soot and gave
very irregular results, ria upon the sort of stove, trim of
the wick, and height of flame. About two years ago the c itrus
He en ne out 2 ule practical meted of citrus fruit
It avoids all the difcuides: “of ‘Whe
d mentioned above, produces the yellowing
about one half the time and puts the process under the exact
control of the producer.
tor Denny’s work suggests that, at lower concentrations
t th
yellow:
adopted | in n California
Ss.
A number of years ago an accidental fire in the basement of
a se in the Azores showed that the smoke eee in
the greenhouse above gave quick aveuler ripening of the pine-
apples growing there. Asa result o
practice in the Azores now to build s:
get timely and regular oe of the pineapple crop.
nt of work don n the ase uo emyley ne on plants
Probably better results can be attained - seen
ho
mudges in greenhouses to
=.
great ey
it contains.
er, were formerly the
best known agen fort orcing ioe plant organs into im-
mediate ea as well as for hastening plant processes and
223
ae abit The main drawback with them is that
is margin between the concentration that will
oe aa aes Sais that will kill. In other words, the
poisonous or lethal factor is hig! se anaes:
tor Luckhardt has found for animals and human beings
and Doctor Denny for citrus fruits, the hee a in ethylene
islow. In citrus fruits, for instance, ethylene can be used over a
ide ra f effective pene wit pe inj On thi
account it promises to be mu pe o ether and chloroform
as a forcing agent for the plant producer. It is also possible
that fu Bid investigation will show that some closely related
aati nds, such as acetylene, propylene, etc., are still more
effec
WILLIAM CROCKER,
Director, Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research.
THE ROSE GARDEN, 1924
(wr 5)
TH PLATE 29:
On account of cool and rainy weather the rose season of 1924
was nearly two weeks late. Conditions rae ae wo features.
€ si
hand, many beautiful varieties = developed ee full buds which
became “bull-headed”’ and n ned. Then the first supple-
first = of July, the eae crop of blooms ae eas kept
the garden in color for another month. Str n the
ae give promise a co September crop er as and
plenty before that.
Coming in when New York was entertaining many pee
the Rose Garden was an attraction to many. One noticed
visitors from states not particularly famous for roses, ce
Florida, residents of which had been successful with a certain
few and looked over other sorts to ee out. Mr. Robert Casa-
sad
he for us which were not so goo in California. Dr. Edmund
M. Mills, President of the American Rose Society, and Mr. L.
C. Bobbink of Rutherford, N. J., honored us with a special visit
at the time of the American Rose Society pilgrimages. They
224
were looking over several varieties given to us by eens
and aye which were not new put rnee Eucommen:
variety
has been increased by the following sorte :
Hysprip TEA AND PERNETIANA ROSES
Aladdin, HT, (W. Paul & Son, 1916.)
Alfred W. Mellersh, HT. (W. Paul & Son, rg18.
Burgemeester Sandberg, HT. (G. A. van Roscein. 1919.)
. 9.)
Cc S uglas, H H. Dickson, 1919
Charming, Per. (G. A. van )
Edel, HT. (5S. McGredy & Son,
age-Roberts, HT. (B. R. Cant & Sons, 1921.)
Secretaris Zwart, HT. (G. A. van Rossem, 1918
Souvenir de Claudius Pernet, Per. (Pernet- Duckes 1920.)
Souvenir de H. A. Verschuren, HT. (H. A. Verschuren & Sons,
1922.
Sunny Jersey, Per. (Le Cornu, 1918.)
HARDY CLIMBING RosEs
Adélaide Moullé, HW. (Barbier & Co., 1902.)
Alexandre Girault, HW. (Barbier & Ca: 1g
Auguste Roussel, H. Mac. laa & Co., 1913.)
Baronesse van Ittersum, H Pade & Co., 1911.)
Bess Lovett, HW. (Van Fleet, ae
Blush Rambler, HM. (B. R. Cant & Son, 1903.)
Bouquet Rose, HW. (T hens ae
SAW. 1909.)
a Cecile Brunner, HM. (Sport at Riverside, Calif.,
Climbing Helena,
225
Climbing Orleans, HM. pce e a 1913.)
Coronation, HW. (W. Paul & Son, 1
Dawson.
. 09.)
Duchesse fea ikge HT. (A, a 1888.)
rot (Dennison, 1909.)
ant ne oe “(Jackson x Perkin, 1902.)
r. Henri Neuprez, H (Tanne, 1913.)
Dr. Huey, i cee a
Eisenach, HW. (Kiese, 1910.)
Elisa Robichon, HW. (Barbier & Co. 1.)
Eugéne Jacquet, HW. - aan & Con pe
$'
vergreen Gem, H anda, I
Excelsa, HW. (Walsh, 1908
Flame, H (Turner, 1912.
MV, )
rau von Brauer, HW. (P. Lambert, 1910.)
Freifrau von Marschall, HW. (P. L pues 1913.)
Garisenda, HW. poe IQII
Gerbe Rose, HW. (Fauque & Sores 1904.)
Gertrude Rochfort,
Gr. mpson
Jean Girin, HW. (Girin, 19
Jean Guichard, (Barbier & Co., 1905.)
Klondyke, HW. (W. Paul & Son
Lady Gay, HW. (Walsh, 1905.)
La Guirlande,
Minnie Dawson, HM. (Dawson, 1896.)
Miss Flora Mitten, HW. (Lawrenson, 1913.)
HW. (N
Fairy, HM. — ae
1 Noel V. (Tanne, oe
Paul’s Scarlet Climber, HW. (\W. Paul & Son, 1916.)
Purple East, HM. (Paul & Sons, 1901.)
Renée Danielle, HW (P. Guillot, 1914.)
226
ote HM. (Witterstaetter, 1917.)
W. Paul & S
Souvenir de Y Aviateur Metivier, HW. (Ta 3.)
Souvenir de l’Aviateur Olivier de Menaien, HW (Tanne,
1913
Starlight, M. (W. Paul & Son, 1909.)
Steiler Rambler, M. (M. Leenders & Co., 1915.)
Waltham Bride, HM. (W. Paul & Son, 1903.)
Wartburg, HM. (H. Kiese & Co., 1910.)
Wedding Bells, HM. (Walsh, 1907.)
White aaa (White Dorothy Perkins), HW. (B.R. Cant &
Sons, 1908
oe AW. (Barbier, 1911.)
Tri P. Lambert, 1904.)
CiiuBinc Hyprip TEA Roses
Carmine Pillar, Cl. HT. (W. Paul & Son, 1895.)
Climbing Etoile de France, Cl. HT. (Howard Rose Co., 1915.)
Gloire des Rosomanes, Cl. Ben. (Vibert, ee
Reine Marie Henriette, Cl. T. (Levet, 1878.)
KENNETH R. Boynton.
ROSES AND THEIR CULTURE!
The rose has sometimes been called ‘‘the world ieee "Tt
is quite correct to say that for centuries the rose has been the
most universally popular seat at least in the civilized ae
of the North Temperate Zone,—the s that have made the
nation:
world's history and the ele s literature. The poets a all ages
1Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building of The
New York B ical 1 S d fi June 28, 1924.
227
have noted the rose in the maiden’s cheek. None has ever seen
there the pink tulip or the flaming rhododendron! As an appel-
lation for girl babies the rose vies with the violet in popularity.
So far as the speaker has learned, sno girl baby was ever named
“Dahlia” or ‘Chrysanthemum!’
The rose oe in as ina 1 maulitude o eiciee ee
and forms. cog. niz e
a many ae two thousand ee only fifty ue ee species, but
somewhat more than one hundred good natural species, aatives
of the North Temperate Zone and of the mountains the
tropics. A dozen or fifteen of these occur in the northeastern
tates. Our culti yuen varieties oie match up
accurately with the native spec Most of them represent
crosses or hybrids of two or more ie a very complicated
crosses, involving several or many species. In case of many of
the older varieties, no records of their origin or ancestry are in
existence and their pedigree may only be guessed at from the
characters that they now exhibit.
A cablegram published in The New York Times on June 20
able
announced the blooming of ‘‘14,000 varieties’ of roses in the
all the worth-while Pie kinds, are cultivated or offered
for sale in the United Sta
The lecturer began by i g photographs of some of our
native roses, which, like all wild roses, are of the ae
e
wers of our native single roses, though charming,
are as a rule not sufficiently nu s to make the mass effects
of color that the general rose-loving public dema: The first
strictly American gard se, parentage unknown, but probably
descendant of the Prairie Rose, is said to be one planted by
Washington at Moun non and named by him Mary Wash-
in: in honor of his mother. as laimed that the
It has been c
oldest rose garden in the United States is the one at the Van
Cortlandt Manor, Croton-on-Hudson. The old loop-hole-pierced
228
manor-house bears the date ‘A. D. 1681.” The date of the
a han
gated “York and niece variety.
d Climbing
Beauty, ne Dorsiny ao All fees roses are of American
a Dr. W. Van Fleet has beautiful, large, flesh-pink flower.
with polished glossy ss which is —
2 mildew and other ede and insect enemies rose
he American eee ociety, we variety
Radiance was the fi rst ne in the Hybrid Tea class in the
Northeastern, Middle, and Southern States, with Ophelia
ariety Frau I
first cae i popular favor in all poe wit ith George Arends
and Gen eared (the familiar “Jack Rose”) close
rivals ie ee choic
MarsHatt A. Howe.
NESTING OF THE HUMMINGBIRD
On Ma th, a hummingbird’s nest was observed in the
Botanical Garden near the Boulder oe Bees on the drooping
branch of a red maple di irectly © over the of the Bro
River. It was in
bridge could look down upon it and readily see one of the eggs
in the bottom of the nest at a distance of not more than nine
229
or ten feet away. When first found, although only one egg was
or of r
est. Not until about jane os did ae a se to on
each other, one bird seeming quite a bit larger than the other,
and always sitting well above its mate. June 28th the eee
bird was seen almost constantly preening itself, vibrating its
wings and at times almost rising out of the nest. The next da
both birds were quite active, rea shifting their positions,
sometimes facing in the same direction, sometimes in opposite
o'clock both birds were gon not obse again about the
premises. F: ove it seems the young are about three
weeks old before attaining powe ight. No male bird was
seen a i g these observations he nest itself,
saddled over a bra. about half an inch in diameter, at
a point whe uch smaller branch grew out, was considerably
hallower and greater in di. hen deser U e
meter
containing eggs. This was owing to the stretching of the rim
abut the usual materials. A soft, felty, vegetable fiber con-
stitutes the bulk of the nest, the outside being covered with
bits of lichen and bark more or less bound together with se s
ebs. R. S. Wi
THE FLOWER BEDS!
groups of rectangular gardens north of Conservatory
Range No.1 are used to etieed a ee . Pulbous, perennial,
and ae herbaceous flowers. TI
larly enamine = the eal ga ne for the beginner’s paren, te
for the nt garden requiring the least attention. Thes
flowers ee a oye round of evergreens and flow shru a
The main portions of the beds are devoted to perennials, the
flowering bulbs in the spring and annual
phe in n the. summer. deities of ano Oe ae a feun
including the ae oe fashioned flowers, en a
spur, Marigold, Petunia, and Z
Those who care for plants ee gray or white foliage will find
ed a: an
in variety, Perilla, Variegated d Gou t We ea Sanc chezia, Snow-
he-mountain, and Pe spo y
of these foliage plants came from warm countries and they must
be raised in a by cuttings, so are not adapted to the
ordinary garden. Others from the tropics, grown readily from
seed, and free flow wering, are the ene or Sun plant, the
French Marigold Id and A: — eet aaa eae re ee native
mum.
in groups. These were studied in the field as it wer me
account being taken of their methods . eaaeal oa propagation.
‘ Walks and Talks in The New . eal Garden—V. The Flower
Beds. Saturday afternoon, July 12,
231
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Dr. Ralph R. Stewart, the missionary botanist, who has been
studying the botany of the Western Himalayas for Ba past
ae years and has been spending aes mon a e
New York Botanical Garden in going over his ie on
nae red a arden on Saturday eee May 3, on “ Plant
he life of mads. In t
yak is the ee bu seat ahah large numbers of horses
and mules are also Methods of a cgeanl are most
primitive, oe rain i pulled up by the s by hand.
The country is on the whole so ee and es that what
eC na iey reis, is der Fi ete ‘he country
a1 dq I
by irrigation to obtain a ay of poles for making the roofs
h
f their houses. he snow line is very hi a few plants
are found up to 18,000 feet. Dr. Stewart found 80 species of
flowering pl. 15; t rt used abou
75 colored slides to illustrate te lecture, including r
of slides of the interiors of monasteries and pictures of the
famous monastery at Himis, ae the devil dance is held annu
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eri
dlich st
x
J
ist
a
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mo
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2
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West Indies. New York, 1 (Given by M H. Harlow.)
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Aucu
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Books PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL GARDEN,
AUGUST, 1923, (continued)
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GENERAL INFORMATION a
een of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden ;
shrubs, and flowering
q
VOL. XXV SEPTEMBER, 1924 No. 297
3 JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE SILVER-PALM—COCCOTHRINAX ARGENTEA
Joun K. SMALL
ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS
Henry Hicks
COLORATION IN ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE PLANTS
A. B. Stout
SPRING-FLOWERING BULBS AND HOW TO FORCE THEM FOR
THE HOME
MarsHatt A. Howe
DESTRUCTIVE FUNGI
FRED J. SEAVER
THE 1924 DAHLIA COLLECTION
Marsgatt A. Howe
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Journat or THE New York Botanica, GARDEN PLATE 296
Big Pine Key, Flori
On I t ingled
out to show its mosnae is ea on the Flor ie koe The higher
parts of Big Pine Key are occupied by » pine-palm association disposed in
three stories 4h Ree story of slash- pines (Pinus caribaea), a middle story
of silver-palms and thatch-palms nd a lower story of
saw-palmettos (Serenoa repens), The de evelopment of palms—silver and
thatch—is phenomenal when it is considered that the trees grow directly on
the plate-like surface of the odlitic limestone.
OOLTiC limestone.
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. XXV September, 1924 No. 297
THE SILVER-PALM—COCCOTHRINAX ARGENTEA
(wITH PLATES 296 AND 297)
A century elapsed between the period aie this elegant
alm was first popularly described and that when it was botani-
cally published. ea the heading ‘The Silver Leaf Palmetto”
ark - iene
“The usual eae of these trees is about sixteen feet.
leaves ie less than the preceding [the one cane
but thicker set, - a shining ce a f the leaves of ses
trees are made ropes, basket The berries are large and
sweet, ban ae a ee spi ae he hs reference is to the a
palm si Bahamas.
Howe , this tropical palm, notwithstanding its wide dis-
Pe a striking characteristics, seems to have figured
but little in botanical literature. As far as we can learn, the
14Mark Catesby was born in 1679, at Sudbury, Suffolk, England.
1712 to 1719 he was in Virginia; dane this time he collected numerous
sana specimens, sending the botanical ones t tore Sorat Dale (165
shia Braintree, in Eee eX,
it America again
1 obj e arrived
in of Charleston i in May, 1722, and remained there for some time, exploring ae
vicinity and te me interior; he then wen nt to Geor gia and Florida, and, i
1725, hile visiti
: g
t isl. d f tt Bak In 1726, | d E aI d
f his life I engraving and
ae with his own hand his monumental work, “The 1 na al history of
Cai rolina, Florida, and ne Bahama Islands. u athis was published in eleven
i Catesby
died i in London, : 23 December 1749.—Joun HENDLEY BAaRNHA ART.
2The Natural History of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands, XLI.
1731
237
238
species was first described and published ated in 1830
from a specimen sent by Loddiges from England to the Munich
ne Garden. The origin of this ane seems to be
ee
1
he many species of flowering
a whose recorded existence in ihe United States—southern
h
Florida inland and islands of the reef—was delayed until
the comparatively ae exploration of the Everglade Keys and
the Flo: ee Key: undertaken.
It ot unti ee ithin the seventies of the last cana that
this ies was definitely collected and recorded a: mber
of the flora of the continental Cee States. The cllecton on
which this first ae is based was made by A. P. Garber’
the Ever erglade Keys. The specimens were made the type re a
species—-Thrinax ee —by A. W.. Chapman? in 1878 and were
veonied as coming from ‘‘Rocky pine woods near Miami, South
lorida.’”*
Int 883 and 1884 the palm
and appeared under two names, if not under three, instead of
under one
. Chapman, in 1883,‘ interpreted it as two species,
Thrinax argentea, Keys of 56 uth Florida (Curtiss) and T.
Garberi, Rocky pine woods, Miami, South Florida (Garber),
It is suspected that Chapman ij i
also contained some material belonging to the silver-palm
} Feh g
a arte Paschall Garber 8, a Columbia, Pennsyl-
ry
: ie University of Pennsylvania, receiving his degree in 1872. He went
to southern Florida as a health-seeker about 1877, and while there pa
time to the collection oe the plants of that region, whose flora
was then i“ known. In 1880 he also collected plants in Porto Rico. In
1881 he returned to Pennsylvania, and died there, at Renovo, the same year,
- - H. B.
2 At W, Hct at Southampton,
oes He was picumnte ee Eats callege, where a attended Am mos
Eat
in a where i stu ‘ied ie ne. He removed to "Florida i in 1 1835,
and was a physician at Apalachicola from 1847 until death more than
fifty years later. The first edition of his famous “Flora of the Southern
United States’’ was published in 1860. He died at penn 6 April
i i cee em He B.
4Flora eas ae ae or 2, 651. 1883.
239
C.5. Sargent,! in 1884,? interpreted the plant under two names,
Thrinax sauna “Semi-tropical Florida, southern keys from
hia Honda si We
ahia H to Long’s [Long] Key; in the Indies, "’ refer-
ring Chap an’s Thrinax Garberi here as a synonym, n
entea, ‘semi-t lorida, on a I les
— of ri ae Elliott’s Key, Key Largo, Piney [Pine] ma
ca Chic , Key West, Garden Ke pe an nd o n the mall
sandy
or in sandy swamps. It also ae 2 Green Telands
In 1897 Caepman seduced his Thrinax Garberi to a variety
of T. cca nied.
In 9 C. S. Sargent described the genus eg eens and
propel 2 new specie ©: jucunda—as the t Continuing
afte he records that be an grows on:
“Dry ral ridges ae the shores of Bay Biscayne, where
it is rare, along. of the southern keys to the racer s
group, west o t Key, We st. Discovered =. A. H. Curtiss® in
sachusetts
Mas
After graduation from Beware Univers in 86a, 7 “entered the army,
1
f the Civil ‘olunteers.
i se been director of the Arnold aetna. a Jamaica Plain, Massach
and |
Ll ict
BH 5 es ee ee | he Arboret
to the ‘study of woody | plants.
n blicati have made his name familiar to all
botanists and tree-lovers.—J. H. B.
= nen of North America 217, 218. 1884.
a
. Sargent, ois va 10: 51. 1894.
7 ae argentea Garberi Chapman, Flora Southern United States, Ed. 3
462. 7+
5 Allen Hi. c } Feb 84: 1s arene
Hale New York. In hi h the family removed to Vieginia, ea he
for distribution. In 1 Florida, which
is hom for the remainder of his life. For many years he was a profes-
as hi e
sional collector, _ hiss hares with ae labels, are to ast found in
Il the | f the world. H of many of
240
Very similar to Thrinax argentea R. S.,
f that species as aed | in tl
oO. & he seeds
ifferi th he
herbarium of the Royal Gardens, Kew, in their brown, not
and larger
pies is franceried to the sa Soe oo
his
and sees as a species, ee followed by t
: o the last in the ie of its
color ea
but small 7 t
twelve inches in ie Found only ry coral ridges near
the shore ee iscayne, and possibly only a depauperate
form of the pe
A few years later the matter in the above auersnen relating
fOr ila a jucunda is ese cee as follows
jucunda is now known only in Florida; uaa
it ina a ry coral ‘idee and sandy flats from the shores of
y of the southern keys, to the Maas e-
sas group west o Key at es
‘The stems are ae for the piles of small wharves ae for
oe crawls, the soft tough young leaves are made into
and basket
"ctcotrnas eae was discovered in 1880 by Mr.
H. Cur n Bahia Honda Key. The Peels name is in
allicion to tne sweet edible flesh of the fruit.’
he estors of the Florida silver-palm were evidently
Ameen from the West Indies. It has not made much pro-
gress northward in the ages since its arrival ae side o'
tr rig h
it is now clear that only one species really exists within our
range
the plants of southern Florida. During the last five years of his life he
tended his activities to parts of the West Indies. He died at Tce
I Seutemiter 1907.—.
1C. S. Sargent, Botanica Gazette 27:90. 1899.
7C. S. Sargent, Silva 14: 87. 1902
JournaL or THe New York Boraxica, GARDEN PLATE 297
nee
Everglade Keys near Homestead, F I
the
(Coustrinas arsenlea) pas ed on the Fede main ne nd. The pri nel
t has beer
pine for ut away in the foreground. Partly thinned pinewoods
ma: be. cean in the background eats a vista through which a me ie
original forest may be observed. e conspicuous vegetatio
si Here th v isa p
palm association—an upper story of ‘slash: -pines (Pinus earth) a middle
elise repens). b pl
on the roughly ae aathe limestone.
241
On the Florida Keys, which acon are ty ee West
Indian, we find the silver-palm growing j t doe the
islands southeast of the Gulf Stream. the e gray sv aed
stems are tall, ten to twenty feet or more, and terminate in a
crown of many gracefully placed leaves, which are dark-green
and glossy above and silvery beneath.
When we pass a little further north onto the mainland and
the Everglade Keys we meet the silver-palm again. On the
d t
the lower Florida keys. Palms with stems six to ten feet tall
were not uncommon: Thence northward a the He River,
ie f the cau
e palms become lower and lower until, as a rule, the great
majority of the ingivaduale are acaulescen t, that is, with short
stems t rfa f the soil, and the crown
consists of only a few lentes which are much reduced in size
the er Florida Keys. It might d th difference
in size and general development is due to good and poor soil
The fa re, that in the ion of maximum development of
he facts a: reg
the silver-palm in Florida, soil is nearly or quite absent. The
best ane and groves of = palm trees grow on the plate-
like surface of the Key West odlitic limestone on the lower
orida Key s. Likewise the development of the species o
the Everglade Keys is where the soil is thinnest ree ON
An instructive case of the migration of a native plant was
recently observed in the case of the silver-palm. Within the
i speci een eXx-
s by ot mals.
When the ae an ee extends northward from the
upper end of Bay Biscayne, was dredged, sand banks were
242
thrown up on one side o the oe o a eee These
banks were barren but, 1
with herbs, shrubs, and trees representing both native pee |
plants and those ite ign to the n. Among the
&
West Taclies: The birds either falls the course of this inland
a
parts not suited to their growth do not germinate or, at least,
being found in the Bahamas, ane s o Domingo, ae to Rico,
the Virgin Islands, Tobago and ae It has recei ived sever !
able to one
species of the genus Ce occur in Cuba, however.
Joun K. SMALL.
ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS!
rubs are woody plants that do not get to be oe mostly
wo to fifteen feet in height. Onan means flowers,
berries, or ae The late Samuel Parsons, lands ape archi-
at Harvard and Cornell are all right planting shrubs for green
foliage, but what the American people want is a show.”’ The
‘Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building of The
New York Botanical Garden, June 22, 1924.
243
public still wants aa! flowers, at the least expense. aie
can give the phew oe the least money, trouble, and s
ow to find out to The New York Beenie
Garden or the Brooklyn Botanic Garden and look for the Ree
walk through, not ie at thirty-five miles per hour, look closel
and Sela ‘olor form. Look for the label, write it pene
look it up in nursery catalogues or better, ia to a nursery. Buy
the ah and take it home with you. Your g andniothers: would
have asked for a slip aad ag the lant See cash expense.
Se in this la oe ‘winters and look ee a cane ee
When the Mie is
i
Foulk of ae eae Nursery Company, Fusing predited
twenty go that people would tire of trimm prive
ay His "orice has come true. The ee of privet
is les
oe se barberry is rapidly increasing as a hedge plant.
It needs little or no trimming, for it rarely aie a six feet.
The coral red berries are the most showy of all c n shrubs,
making cheerful and ee ne ve landscape a furnish-
ing seeds for the robin g their star ving period
before the worms an insects are ready
Shrub borders instead of trimmed hedges are the next land-
scape improvement He the vicinity of New York City. How
change? Throw out or give away the hedge. Few have the
courage. eee back of the hedge a shrub border and take the
hedge out lat
Shrub borders can be See i to ten or more ject we
Tal ler e
for all of the front “border. ie ce tall varieties arch to the
und
244
“Succession of bloom throughout the season” is the stock
ments of landscape design. Consult a landscape architect.
Or be your own landscape architects make your mistakes and
correct them. Decide how high a f want. Select
from the shrubs in the Botanical Garden species that naturally
each about that height. For instance, if you wish a wall of
green eight a t high io find many of the snowball family,
Maalea lilac, mock o: and dogwoods. You will agree with
Parsons that the een is important You can get the height
and pint with many species. In the Botanical Garden, a
shrub at twenty years Se be fifteen feet wide. Plant six feet
apart and thin out. The outline of the borders can depend on
the width of your vista. Do not clutter up the place with trees
and shrubs. The first rae. of landscape is sky and length
and breadth of view. If y t is fifty feet wide, crowd Le
your shrub bou ees to abe ae and struggle to keep it the
If your ons area is — a ed feet wide the shrub ee er
may be t o fifte aie
If you like ae or rgleen bell, scatter it ae feet apart
along the borders. The t of Farming Sea g Island, has
adopted it for the village re er. I told them des eoild become
=
shrub, and Japanese quince. re sprout from these Bere
is practical any time of the year. A friendship garden or an
ancestral garden is easily acquired. My mother brought rom
central New York the same kind of a double white rose caer
grandmother brought from Syosset. Roo 2 peo: an be
r
Summer-blooming shrubs are not so plentiful but a chapter
245
on Aristocrats of the Garden by E. H. Wilson, Assistant Director
of Arnold Arboretum, will surprise you with many things ee
the commonplace vas rangea an d bush althea or rose of
pe.
Berried shrubs are worth a long chapter. Come
a ne).
literature, see “How to Know Wild Fruits” S ae Ca
Peterson, ee ed by eset & Co. Don’t forget to plant
and re-arrange in fa la Birds are our best friends.
e and see tl
Westbury, given by Mrs. Robert Bacon as a memorial to her
husband, ae 7 taal io France. Bee up on oo
of the United Sta he Ameri sO
iron tee varieties to the best if you will do a
. - ,
rv:
ae ne There are ee and there are ae from ania
: ‘ti
etimes,
a shod ask the laa in site states require written
rym. a
the oauiee of collecting w te Dine I have done a great
deal of it and I to educate the American
public to make America cee Why? Because native
ates plants fit the regio’ They are most certain to be
harmonious and economical to enn The greatest demand
246
from the nursery: should be for native plants. Neltje Blanchan,
n n the shade. ig roots, k them dam
cut back the top, water thoroughly once a week the first part of
the season. What are the native shrubs sufficiently abundant
in your vicinity to cele Dogwood, laurel, azalea, arrowwood
bayberry, and wil e to i le
be rare, don’t collect it. The dogwood you see ma ang a
public roa Leave i an abandoned pasture where they
are out of sight, he w where the quantity you take will not be
missed.
Summer planting is a new hobby of mine. It is practical
with most shrubs to dig them carefully, lift them out with ball
burden of remembering and doing several months later. It
gives you the fun of thinking and doing.
New and unusual shrubs are not frequently offered. Why?
olesale nurserymen grow what is already known and
able to $ he
wner has no more thought of changing
hem n ot Disae ne the chimney.
You i got to make the first move for the new and better
: ei e
u
of Prospect Park,’’ both by the Manhanaa Press, will give
247
the old and more common shrubs. They have not kept up
to date through lack of appropriation or fear that the people
ni Hi d Par he:
over 350 ckees of fives). The other departments and other
shrubs are in proportion. Unfortunately it d not have an
illustrated eritete The Arnold Arboretum publi ae a guide
meb n.
Quarantine 37 was given as the cause of lack of novelties at
the Flower Se It is more particularly ha cane of aes
he | hodod aleas, evergreens.
If you want what is ae t, ask for it. You will not t always
get the best things, because they are difficult to get and difficult
esitate to ask to see shrubs, etc., on private estates.
I doubt if your intrusion on private grouse to ask about plants
will be resented one time in twenty. People who have beautiful
let alone, as on de Shinnecock Hills , Long Island, Wherever
you are, you are learning to under: etand and enjoy the earth and
sky. Knowledge of the shrubs will help you as much as know-
ledge of eet if you use the New York Walk Book.
e Nash, the late Head Gardener of The New York
Bagi Cae once said, ‘There is no royal road to know-
ledge.” He still relied on the ie aie me of botany. There
are, however, many short cuts the names of shr ubs. You
&
oQ
e, but a na:
venient handle for knowledge and enables you to make your
home surroundings more quiet, useful, and beautiful.
Henry Hicks.
248
COLORATION IN ORNAMENTAL FOLIAGE PLANTS!
In a walk through the greenhouses and about the grounds
oO e New York Botanical Garden one sees many different
kinds of plants having gayly ee leaves. nae range of colors,
the diversity of their combinations, and their arrangement in
patterns sere these plants ay ees ae valuable
as ornamenta
In regard to on aa . coloration we ape group fae with
colored foliage into tw ain classes :—i e there is a loss
or change, or eennnes in the green eens so = portions
of the leaves or even entire leaves are white or of some shade of
yellow; in the other there is oon € shade or grade of red or blue
coloring material. Both th i as resent
in the same
leaves may be very different ie composition.
rt
as iron salts t be available to the plants. Also, certain
peas structures of the plant or, we may say, of the cell
echanism must be present and in proper working order. Loss
of green may, Gea, be due either to external or to internal
conditions.
The green pigment in plants performs a very vital function
in ne vO, of making | food. It absorbs certain wave lengths of
f the making
of simple sugars—the first ep in the building of all plant and
animal fo oe pene , in general, the presence of green indicates
that a plan n ma. ate its own food. ae absence of green in
eee wih are usually green very ofte t health
condit
s . an intensity of the loss of green, there may be partial
loss giving some shade of yellowish green or there may be com-
oes of lecture given in the Central Display House, Conservatory
Range 2, on Saturday afternoon, March 1, 192 4.
ae Ae giving ee As to time of appearance the chang
uniform for groups of cells or it may on
c pattern:
haps one ee A most interesting of vaegatons is the
infectious yy be transmitted to plants previously
all green. The ie ae finely blo et variegation of the
flowering maple (Abutilon) can be transmitted to certain all-
green Abutilons by grafting onto them a branch from a varie-
of tissue multiply | ae keep ae mlalive positions with remar’
able regularity. g
the env enene white and a purely green branch appears. The
n. (Several cases of these cecealled bud
sports were exhibited.) Many of the striped variegations seen
i a t ssi wise d
in such plants as the agaves and the grasses are like ue to
the grouping of tissues that are permanently green or w
n this type variegatio there two kinds of cells, one
of these two gives the pattern.
Aside from the two types of variegation already mentioned,
there is a wide range and variety of patterns which appear to
250
be associated with chemical and physical changes that occur.
In many of these the color changes develop according to the age
we note als reat diversity in te am ee f r,
quality and intensity, and in the arra: ae becae. While
these pigments are made by plants aoa ie ment is greatly
influenced by such external cca as light. There is also much
variation from bright crimson to dark blue according to the
relative acidity or alkalinity ae the sa B ether a plant
will be almost solid red, as the garden beet, or have only. red
blotches on the leaves, or not be ae at all, is chiefly a matter
of the sae nature of the plan
The of red, blue, and ee eomene that give such
brilliant ae in leaves are due to the same pigments as the cor-
ne ieee colors in flowers and fruits and the colors that abn elop
the aut ie een = the hap of our deciduous trees.
est colorations and t fantastic ete in the
"The most fa
foliage se ornamental plants are ae where loss of green with
various pheiences of ae occur along with red and blue
pigments. In these, a shade of red in yellow areas produces an
effect quite different from nee nen it is in ere area: This
is well ihe in Les croton: ue their ti
of green, yellow d, with
ations ners ae age of the leaves. A large and —
varied collection these plants may be seen in the main green-
houses near the entrance from the Third Avenue elevated
railway. (A group of these plants was included in the collection
of acai sate assembled for aie in connection with
re.)
the lec
In sot aree plants with ornamental foliage, it is to be
remembered that many of them do not breed true from seed.
aes , both bl d and white-bordered. It is also the case
for y patterns of red coloration. These plants are very
fie propagated vegetatively ys nen means as cutenes:
isway the white-bord
n
geraniums and pelargoniums and the red-blotched or fap red
types of ie may be kept rather constant to type a
or pot cultu A. B. ‘Sto
251
SPRING- sae etd BULBS AND HOw TO FORCE
THEM FOR THE HOME
More than four million dollars worth of spring- lgeeiess —
are impor ed enntally. iy o the United States,
Holland d soil appear to be es: ie ae
for Beats — ee results. Promising beginnings in growing
them for the market have, however, already been made
in our own co ae. oie on the Pacific Coast.
For indoor forcing one eS snouid have first-size or ‘‘top size”
’
bulbs, which in to produce large handsome flowers,
though for mass planting out of do second-size bulbs
e very satisfactory results and t are muc
October and Novembe e usual mon for planting, bu
ths t
for early seks that is, to have flowers indoors by Christmas
or in early winter, it is necessary to pot up most kinds of bulbs in
August or ae September. There are a few kinds, such a:
Paper-White Narcissus and other varieties [ = so- “called
at ma’ arte im
S vi r
time to develop a root-system and as a alert can not be success-
fully forced until three, four, or five nths after plan
The common Paper-White Narcissus, ae so-called ce
Lily, which is simply te variety of Nereis and various
kinds of hyacinths are often grown in the house and fed only
fatall. Fo
wn professionally a asa “bulb pan,” or a Salo box ane
as a “‘flat,’’ is quite satisfactory er for the bulbs
that are to be forced, but for ‘rodcing pores flowers, a
1 Abstract of 1 Display Hi f Co
Range 2, on he afternoon, March 22, 1924.
¥
252
deeper vessel, known as an azalea pot, is desirable. One of the
great secrets of success is to have the Dee Hoots well formed
before active forcing is begun and th rule, with
the possible exception of the Paper-White Narcissus and its
near relatives) develop ous when The pots are ve rather cool—
]
he: potted bulbs in the garden, if one has arden, bringing
them into th se before the ground pO heavily for the
i he i a ries of temperatures for the successive
stages of the forcing process for hardy bulbs runs about i
1 ° r root-formation, 50° for velopment of
stems, leaves, and buds; 60° for the development of the best
flowers; 70° for rapid forcing after flower-buds well formed
High peratu e occasionally for rushing th
developme t the resulting flowers ar nd with
elopment, bu
me varieties there is danger that the buds will not open at all.
Of varieties especially adapted for forcing, Kathleen Parlow,
pure white, is one of the best of the crocuses. Of the daffodils,
the double yellow Von Sion is popular with the florists. Of
co) iT
and somewhat
flowered are Emperor ae cae, i: poe with Scio
trumpet and white perianth lobes.
Of the early tulips, La Reine is a favorite among the whites,
Mon Tresor and Yellow Prince among the yellows, Pink Beauty
the
mong the stately later-flowering Darw lips, Pride of Haar.
lem, ric , Clara Butt, p be
Sanders, brilliant scarlet, shaded rose, are especially popular.
a s of hyacinths may be successfully flowered
in the house, if one does not keep them war i
careful to get them well rooted alee mas to force them into
flower. Of the hyacinths, La Gra and L’Innocence are
probably the best white varieties. pe nae e and Lady Derby
are standard pinks; Yellow Hammer is a good a and Grand
Maitre and King of the Blues ae excellent blue
Freesias se varieties of the big handsome- ree Amaryllis
(or, more properly, Hippea: ae are easy to grow in the home,
but lilies aad lilies of the valley are ae managed in the glass
253
houses of the Sap paeniias Our homes are usually
altogether t m for the successful forcing of the dainty
they may be buffeted by the winds of March and where they
may see an occasional snowflake
MarsuHatt A. Howe.
DESTRUCTIVE FUNGE
The ovat person thinks of finet, it indeed he ae thinks
them at all f plants
a questionable habits and which serve no useful purpose in the
orld except to furnish amusement for those who have nothing
a
one time oc bang eee spe chines pices in the world of affairs,
but this is no longer f plants which
were studied only ae has now become ; a great world of
living iat represented by more than fifty thousand ee
which n sae r is 2 ae nea by the discovery ae
But t good are they ?—is the question with whic ae
rane is the ca of fungi is called) is most ae
confronted. To answer this question would require more time
than we have at our disposal. Overlooking ce importance as
articles of food, and overlooking the fact th at many vast indus-
fact the pges and i i have much in ¢
The study of fun: oe ae rise to ee science of ea
pathology in which yates today leads the world.
mie ing more attention and offering greater See, aie to
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Mus a of The
New York Botanical Garden, on Saturday afternoon, ‘April 19, 4.
254
the young botanist than probably any other phase of botanical
work. And well it may, for a single plant disease such as the
n
at
oO
fi disease and some
m. — we can see the necessity for careful research, for
is m:
entirely devoid of green coloring matter ee in the leaves of
the higher plants. This absence of green color mi ae seem t
Dee into considerat he
at
living or dead. When fungi come to depend upon living plant
for their food Hey become eee ane: are usually injurious .
their hosts.
In structure the fungi consist of a growth of very delicate
d
threa ich are massed together so as to give rise to the struc-
tures which we recognize ush , mildews, . :
They are reproduced by means of min bodies k: as
h
an ute
spores. These are so small that ce are blown Fick au the
f em
usually they do no harm. In a few cases they may give rise to
diseases of the human body such as ringworm of the scalp and
nails or phe of the ear.
About seventy lantern _ were used to illustrate the
near eeks of the fungi and their relation to diseases of
plants. Great
appearance and live on entirely different and unrelated hosts.
The hosts concerned in this case are the five-leaved pines on
235
the one hand and the gooseberries and currants belonging to the
genus Ribes on the other. The blister rust cannot spread from
in
and from there back to the pine. If we destroy the currants
and gooseberries, we ‘break down the bridge’? by means of
which this meres a spreads.
oe Ae white pine is am ong our — vi uel lumber trees,
tha th d be checked and the
Gover. ernment i is att g to do this oe the sealed .
the wild Ribes oun winch itspreads. Itis also very importan
that this fungus should not be intr ae ae our western
ich ar
checked, it is doubtful if it can ever be eradicated now that it
has become established.
Both the coe blight and the BS -pine pie rust stand
th dang er
of plants from foreign count Ce: ie a Government pcs
should seem to be hese
restrictions or if ey should enier 6 our none yards and destroy
our currant bushes, we should not pian oo too severely
but just smile and ‘‘remember the ches
aa J. SEAVER.
THE 1924 DAHLIA COLLECTION
colle ction ae ele dahlias for 1924 is somewhat larger
ne of th s.
as the “Marean ae 4, i he been extended at both ends and a
small new bed to the north of it has been added. In ee of
these - plantings have been made with some regard to color
effects, with a considerable number of a kind of several ‘of
Pia varieties. In the Sen of these beds, designe
to produce a mass effect of red or scarlet, the varieties ae
are coe pee aes Lawn, Saad Bearer, Giant Ruby,
and Souvenir de Gustave Doazon. In the larger, the colors
range on ehades of orange, gold, or bronze at one end to shades
256
of rose, salmon-pink, and lavender-pink at the other end. he
ee varieties used here are Sagamore, Captain John, Sherlock,
.S. A., Myra Valentine, Red Cross, Mrs. Wm. J. Rowe
rae Chazot, Francis Lobdell, Countess of Tigasdale, jueys 8
Beauty, Jersey’s Jewel, Virginia Harsh, Mariposa, Jersey's Rose,
George Walters, oe Josiah T. Marean, Mrs. I. de Ver Warner,
ee and Esther R. Holmes.
the two main borders, one north of the railway station
ae and the other south, the arrangement has been chiefly by
c previou
the as Ses are ne Singles, ae ate aes
Shows, Pom and si Commercial
a amateurs growers o daas oe a nerous in abe
vio t
istence. Prominent among ie era ar to ihe 1924 col-
eae are W. H. Waite, Se ga dat hs eee Eagle
Rock, California; Meaehcn & Sher ratford, Conn.;
Fis ee asson, Trenton, N. J.; Dahtiadel Nuretie, Vineland,
N. J.; Babylon Dahlia ie pe lon, N. Y.; Huntington
Dahlia ee Huntin ,N, ; William F. ee East
3 | :Siosombe’s Da ae New Haven, Con
n, Con ic ou tis s Alling, West aver
>
wi
g
é
ee R. %. Col
Flushing, N. Y.; Mrs. Charles a. ‘St tout, Short cane te lg
W. Atlee Burpec Co. philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. . Waite, .
Upper Montclair, N. 13 Nat-Wal Da hlia Carden, ee N.Ja
Dahlia Ga rden, Frederick, Maryland; Richard Vincent, Jr.,
& Sons, White Marsh, Maryland; Geo. L. Stillm man, WwW aay,
R. I.; Geo.
Plains, N. Y.; Chas. H. Totty on Madison, N. J; ae E
odbury
The plantings, except for the oe bee were
fall in June gave the young plants a favorable start. July was
dry, necessitating some use of the hose. Leaf hoppers and red
257
spiders, the two chief enemies of the dahlia, have not been
troublesome up to the date of writin: ugust 12), but stem-
rs, as last year, were a especially in the back
rows of the main border immediately adjacent to the shrubbery.
i tigation of much interest i growers is bei
ae pee a ed Dr. A. B. ts ics, of th ora-
o determ ine the ed acne
are promising nove Some of them have been allowed to
bloom early, eee in the ee part : July. The present
condition of the border open an Sensi a display of
flowers in September and Oct
MarsHALL A. Howe.
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING SEPTEMBER
r. Wh
useum
rete at four ° melock on Saturday afternoons ee Sep-
tember, as follow:
Sept. 6. ‘one. Floral Products of the a Industries.
R. Boynton.
”
Sept. 13. ‘American Botanists of the Past. -
.H. pavaner
Sept. 20. ‘Shade Trees, the Companions “ Man.’
Mr. Carl Bannwart.
Sept. 27. ‘‘Dahlias and their Culture.” Dr. M. A. Howe
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Dr. N. M. Grier, Professor of Biology in Washington and
Jefferson oie visited the Garden on July 31, with a class
of aa students from the Biological Laboratory at Cold
Spring Harbor
258
Dr. John T. Buchholz, oes of Botany in the State Uni-
versity of Arkansas, spent of July and August at Cold
Spring Harbor and The ee York Botanical Garden in con-
. : : ae ‘ ;
spent the months of July and August at The New York Botanical
con asa bolder oF a nine Benois hip: He assisted Dr.
ilium and Hemero-
callis :
Mr. oe Menendez Ramos, Director of the Agricultural Ex-
Rio Piedras: Porto Rico, Feeney spat a day
at the Gar
of sugar cane, which is doing an increasing amount of damage in
the uae ng sections of the West Indies
Mr. Dae Farr, pete of the Wyomissing Nurseries
Cc Vyomissing, Pennsylvania, made a visit to the
callis that — ee among the hybrid seedlings of the
experimental p
Mr. t I ee iner, from the New York State College of
ersity e O;
ompany nve c
New York Botanical Garden is coéperating. Mr. Schreiner is
making the ene ie oe ba this wo
Professor F of Pen ania oe ee and
Professor H. i e Zz al have pes returned from Porto
Rico with an extensive collection of fungi for critical examina-
tion. They have been making a special study of the rusts of the
Hee - the Botany of Porto sane which is being published by
York Academy of Sci
toe ee. 7 - British pee for the Advancement
of Science which were held in nee be da, August I-33,
had a total eee ateendance oem the n 2500, of which
number nearly 600 came fro over seas.”’ The New York
Botanica! Garden was ee at a meetings by Professor
Frederic S. Lee, President of the Board of Managers; Professor
R. - Harper, Chairman of the Scientific Directors eee or
H. M. Richards, of ae ue Directors; and Dr. Mar hall A.
ae Assistant Dir
259
Stout, Director of the Laboratories, spent two
Werics aur g July and August a aes ue Isle, Maine, con-
tinuing aie on sterilities of p n coéperation with the
U epartment of Agriculture ae Pp D a
has been issued also as aa from The New York
Botanical Garden, No.
ohn K. Small, eae Curator of the Museums, returne
on July 30 after a three weeks’ visit to Flori da mai. inly i in search
paleo to F ore ve the northern end of the lake region,
Cape Sable to the Saint Mae s River.
The search for the plants involved required an itinerary of over
three thousand miles in the State. The garden collections were
riched by man mi
um temperatures were 56° on the 3rd, 49° on the r2th, 54° on
ihe 19th and 56° on the 26th.
ACCESSIONS
PLANT AND SEED ACCESSIONS
a Dahlia pole 2 varieties. (By exchange with oe ae A. Howe.)
4 Dahlia plants, 10 varieties. (Given by Mr. R. C. Co
- Dahlia aa "6 varieties, and 4 Dahlia ee 4 pr (Given by
Mr. Wm. F. Jost.
: Dahlia roots, 9 varieties. (Given by Slocombe's Dahlia Gardens.)
roots, 8 varieties, and 2 Dahlia plants, 6 varieties. (Given by
ee Nurseries.)
260
16 Dahlia iuidiaas be varieties, and 5 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. (Given by
Meachen & Sher
17 Dahlia ae ae Nat-Wal Dahli jens.)
15 Dahlia plants, 10 varieties. aie iven ane Mr. W. H. Waite.)
h ants, 6 varieties, and 4 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. (Given by
ahlia roots, 7 ane (Given by Mr. A. E. Doty.)
1 Dahlia roots, 8 varieties, and 2 Dehlia plants, 1 variety. (Given by
Babylon naa Gardens.)
1 Dahlia roots, 11 varieties. (By exchange with Dr. F. R. Waite, Jr.)
10 Dahlia a nts, § varieties. (Given by Richard Vincent, Jr., & Sons.)
10 Dahlia roots, 5 varieties, (Given ty W. Atlee Burpee Co.
Dahli ots, 8 varieties. ( cha ith Dr. John
abhi , 5 varieties. he eee with Frederick Dablia Gardens )
ahlia roots, 4 varieties.
Experiment Station.
7 Dahlia roots, 3 varieties. (Given . C. Louis Alling.)
Dahlia clumps, 4 varieties. (By he oene with Dr. Romeo Roberto.)
5 Dahlia plants, § varieties. (Given by Prof. George W. Fraser.
Dahlia roots, 5 varieties. (By exchange with Hentschel.)
5 Deaht » 3 varieties, (Given by Flushing Dahlia Gard
4 plants, 1 varie (By exchange with hn McCarroll
4 Dahlia roots, 4 Sarictiees By exchange wit Jas.)
4 Dahlia roots, 4 varieties. (By exchange with Miss Rosalie Weikert.)
4 Dahlia roots, 3 varieties. (By exchange with Mrs. Chas. tout.)
3 Dahlia plants, 3 varieties, and 2 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. (Given by
Mr. J. J. Broomall.)
: Dahlia ae 2 varieties, and 2 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. (By exchange
Mr. F. P. Quinby.
2 Dahlia . I variety. (Given by Charles H. Totty Co.
2 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. (By exchange with Mr. Brunner.)
2 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. (Gi by Mr. Geo. L. Stillman.)
Dahl ts, i yy exchange wit! A. Lowen
Dahlia roots, 1 variety. (By exchange with Oe an win Masquand,)
2 Dahlia plants, 2 varieties. (Given by Mr. Wm. hall.)
1 Dahlia plant and 2 Dahlia roots, 2 varieties. & ee with Mr.
~ Hulit:
ahlia a root. (Given by Mr. J. A. K ae
1 Dahlia plant. (Given by Mr. Wm. “8B. weeney.)
1 Dahlia root and 1 clump of Dahlia roots. pe exchange with Mrs. B. W.
Moore.
4 plants for Tris Garden. (Give n by Mrs. A. Fellows.)
. (Gi arr.)
6 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. J. F. Emigholz.)
134 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by The Glen Rood Iris Garden.)
47 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mr. John C. Wister }
i
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THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Bronx Park, New York City
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garde;
Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part of th
City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native hemlock
forest is one of the features of the tract.
Eaneanione of thousands of shrubs, and flowering
lan
cues including a beautiful kee aeden a rock garden of rock-lovin;
plants, and fern and herbaceous garden
houses, containing thousands x interesting plants from America and
foreign countries.
hows throughout the year—in the spring, summer, ani
plays of narcissi, ame tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water- lilies, sacl,
a nd chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse-blooming
Pe ssil plants, existing plant families, local
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economic uses of plants.
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foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central
ane SOuEny America, in the study ce colleeHen of th
of aren Whe
brary of botanical literature
erous pamphlets.
ee et on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout
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ications pn botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly
of popular, interes
Th i ‘school child ¥ d the publi through the above features
d ti ivi f f. horticultural,
The ‘Gaiam is dependent upon an annual appropriation by thell
possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for —
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are:
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ps following is an spproved form bs Beate
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All requests for further information should be sent to
THE NEw York BoraNnicaL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
Mf
;
‘
:
VOL. XXV OcToBER, 1924 No. 298
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
WHENCE CAME OUR ORCHIDS?
Joun K. SMALL
HARNESSING THE SUN: CAN BOTANISTS SOLVE THE
MOTOR-FUEL PROBLEM?
M. A. CHRYSLER
BOTANIZING IN TRINIDAD
FreD J. SEAVER
THE WATER-LILY POOLS
K. R. Boynton anp H. W. BECKER
FRUITING OF THE MAIDENHAIR-FERN TREE
S. WILLIAMS
WILD-FLOWER PRESERVATION PUBLICITY
E. G. BRITTON
MEETING OF THE NORTHERN NUT-GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION
THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING OCTOBER
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
LANCASTER, PA
INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY
" Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Freperic S. Leg, Presiden J ,
ENRY W. DE Forest, Vie Fale ApoLPrH LEWISOHN
F. K. Stureis, Vice Preside ENNETH K. Maceenae
Joun L. MERRILL, fb W. J. MATHESO:
N. L. Brirron, Secretary Baxnincton Moore
Epwarp D. ADAMS ( RGAN
HENRY DE Forest BALDWIN Lewis RUTHERFORD Meee
NicHoLas Murray BuTLER FREDERIC R. seed
AUL D . CRAVATH Coane
RosBert W. DE ForREST HeERpert M. Ricans
CuILDs Frick Henry H. Russy
WituraM J. Gres Va oF ‘
. HARPER ERTR. SHA
JosErH P. HENNESSY Warnes BOvcE! Teouaeet
W.G Baris pale
Joun F. Hyzan, as of th City of Ne
Francis DAWSON Gratin President if me LOW of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
R. A. Harper, Pa. D., Chairman JAMEs F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D.
NICHOLAS Mugay BUTLER, Pa. D., Freperic S, Leg, Pa. D., LL. D.
LE Dy Lin HERBERT M. RicHarps, Sc. D.
WILLIAM 1. idee, Pa. D. ENRY H. Russy, M. D.
GrorGE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
No E.SBRITTON;, PHD) SCs) ele.) Daren) tage Director-in-Chie,
MarsHALt A. Howe, Pu. 1B ES oa Da ek ap 8 ” Assistant Director
JOHNAK. SMALL, PH Dy (SCs De bee eieen oientes ” Head Curator of the Museu
A; Bei STOUT, (nH tigate oaate lay Mapa cet nce ae i the Laboratories
PA. RYDBERG, YP Moe Ste fen ee tee oP ae Curator
H. A. Gueason, Pu. D. eh Ore Curales
RED J. SEAVER, PH. ei yal ad ions ay Mw deehh Toh or lite Uae ame Curator
ARTHUR ec PH. Deg oh cee ie ances ts, theo gerne
Percy WILso: bi Je cues ve) Ciegoce > wt, /ay)) Conn ie a MAS SCI Scr en CEO
PALMYRE DE CM ITCHELL bi le ie) Ga la se Neil bwance Ie pati CSOs CEN CGM mT
Joun HENDLEY BArnuart, A. M., M. D . . . Bibliographer
Saran H. Harrow, A.M... . Librari
Hs. RUSBY} Me Danone ae Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
E.izABETH G. BRITTON. . . Honor sak Curator of ae ik
Mary E. Eaton . Deke (yet eee eels ist
Kenneta R. Boynton, B.S... .. . . Head Ga an
Ropert S. WILLIAMS . a2 Rok Nan vine Sau Re bani ne "Administrative Assistant
HEsTER M. Rusk, A. Ms ipa. tes chnical Assistant
. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D.. . Honorary Custodian 0) Toca Herbarium
E. B.Sournwick, (PH: Diyos cae Cus n of Herbaceous Grounds
Joun R. Brintey,C.E.. ... . es . Landscape Engineer
WALTERS. GROESBECK. . .. . Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR® |: GORBEBT. acute Superintendent of Pal By Grounds
WALTER CHARLES BA, Ae that Museum Custodian
teé1 LsADnAY T0oOg ATITAALY\\-AGUYH AHL,
—
g6z ALVIg NOCUYD TWOINVLOG SYOL ASN FHL JO TyNdiaol
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. XXV October, 1924 No. 298
WHENCE CAME OUR ORCHIDS?
SomME ASPECTS OF THE WHY AND WHEREFORE
It is apparently panies to tell, ieee at least, the
conrad under which even iate ancestors of our
modern orchids develop a or ex aa How acon: wee
See we have, we may assume that the
both terrestrial and epiphytic kinds, from nade regions where
If the condi
terrestrial, pe we andl assume ios ae Lille orchi tie
for ich ery primitive,
may have existed before es developed in the oo te king-
ees
develo , th
restrial to an epi phy He ha bita i is at as unlikely: as it might
i eC f Florid
ra a,
where the water gets too eae twice a da ay to permit terrestrial
plants to pte properly, ahaa ot highly spe oyea
jants,—species of Opuntia, Harrisia,
fhenise Ives to the trees, and there eee an epiphytic ee
Moreeren a goodly number of the ae orchids are pe
fectly at home in the mangrove trees in the same tidal swamps.
2
261
262
assume that the orchids were scattered into tempera
by the winds or ee birds, ron tropical an ca. The epiphytic
species of Florida, almost a o occur Saris
in the West a or in continental tropical America, or in
both. Hurricanes, and even trade-winds— anes A ne the
pias were more extensive ae the ae waters less exten-
ive— a tee from the West Indian forests and
en f nner n jungles, a easily have trans-
ra
ee i. one like on ee to the hammocks of primeval
Florida
Now, Florida at no remote time, Danica! nares was
uch larger in area and higher in pies de than it is at present.
If ‘this paiva — was wholly or in greater ne hammock-
clad indicate, a Sa flora was, perhaps,
flicks larger than it is now. The Florida of the very recent
geologic era, sera of its Sa size, except fo a a
o to speak, reduction as sult of various kinds of erosi
i a sie peer fae ‘of the whole land, was cai
a vast hammock.
is ae to assume that formerly Gos hia were
abundant. Natural agencies 5 which exis sted befor advent
a
ee in the remnan
es
also ies oe aan fenestney, nice min)
ies) a
(nin
ever class was the primitive type, one mueee nceive
that de other poner were derivatives, an . that thee origin
was not so very remote, geologically speakin:
In this aero: the development a the functions of
263
ertain organs in relation to their environment is of particu
ae est. There is, of course, the well-known highly sp Tee
and adaptive flower of the orchid; but in addition to this the
moisture-storage and food-storage apparatus of the orchid is
also specialized and adaptive.
The epiphytes have long, usually numerous, cord-like
partly to absorb nourishment. The caliber and length of the
y in different genera. Some species ha
s or branches, often well-developed storage-organs kno
chids with well- Soa ee pseudobulbs have quite slender
e although often of t
On the other hand, Teall epiphyte without Lane
often have coarse roots. A
of the white sane aioe (Pole hie panies oe —
rvoirs other than the roots—neither
pseudobulbs, nor leaves, nor scarcely any -—but a relatively
ast root-sy: h wholly out of proportion to th
of the plan e coarse worm-like roots contain much chlore-
phyll and thus function as leaves as well as a binding ap-
paratus.
The leafy and flowering stems of the epiphytic orchids are
long persitent—peren ‘ake as it were. Mineral matter in their
S e
to which they are attached is continually decaying and
but long-persistent roots collect a
and twigs as they fall
Vow, a step away from the epiphyte is t ie humus-lover.
these orchids we find the roots modified, of quite a cess
264
character, and copiously infested with friendly fungi. They ar
more fleshy than those of the epiphytic kinds, frequently a
hi ike. This m i
a adatfionel step away from the hamm ae ive ers brings us
to the a lovers, Bo more broadly speaking, soil-lo overs. 7
the typical ones i
with the root systems in the form of large arenes corm- are
I
conditions and enable it to perform its annual cycle even when
cant.
e typical sand-lover combines some of the characters of
an
ere, and just a
e regulars. Superfcially considered, they — might
Z :
floristics of the region, better considered as eee laggards or
265
castaways. These are piers represented by close relatives of
the humus-lovers. As the hammocks shr: ank or were wholly
destroyed, a few kinds of orchids, eae ith a limited geo-
graphic distribution, were stranded in the areas then left bare
of arboreous oe th and later fap by invading pine trees,
w forming the present pinelands. Rather than succumb,
so to spea ce they — themselves at least temporarily to
their new environm
These typical ee and humus plants have adapted
themselves to growing in the open pinewoods in a sandy soi
quits deficient i in humus, omer ary speaking: aan plauls
DsSonit
Search ster ae pm Brittonae are _to be
found o: he ne
yet wholly adapted to their present habitat and environment.
For, unlike rem oat , the plants with specialized storage
reservoirs, and whic appa annually and flower and fruit,
these castaways are . be found only at irregular intervals of
several aia except perhaps, odd specimens in the case of
co lon
nstru i instance of a sudden, complete and quite
ie ae ange of habitat came to our attention during explora-
tion in the floristics of Florida. bee were surprised to find one
bu orchi é
hammock. So unusual was this habitat for a large alee
orchid that an investigation of the soil was undertaken
the first place, the locality, in the cee was nen on
266
account of the absence of saw- ~palmetto. The absence of this
and the
occurrence of the orchid in question on the ground. Wherever
he orchid i
he sand. k
shall have vanished, this orchid, unless it can ec to
an environment totally different from that which i
cestors were accustomed, will disappear on the area a
question.
This is but one instance of a prehistoric agate Similar
tragedies occur continuously in Florida, and thus the hammock
area shrinks and along with it ie a orchid roe becomes
less and less extensive and les ied.
Joun K. SMALL.
HARNESSING THE SUN: CAN BOTAN ee SOLVE THE
MOTOR-FUEL PROBLEM
The ancients had some idea of their dependence on the sun,
for eae worshipped him; in our irreverent days we treat the
sun much as a cart horse, that is, more or less cieay we
a him up and make him do the world’s work
The world needs matter and energy. Although these two are
interdependent, the latter is the one which is in dang of being
deple
available forms, rea heat. For instance, when coal is
comoti ange potential oe into kinetic
energy, most of which is ee away as hea
The various sources of energy: Although we are . day largely
dependent on coal and petroleum, we may enumerate first the
1 Abstract of ag by Dr. M. A. Chrysler, Professor of Botany in Rutger:
sia delivered in the Museum Building of The New York pee
Garden on the a ton of July 2
267
natural sources provided by the wind, tides, and waterfalls.
It will be seen that the energy is in each of these cases derived
e are re
wonderful process of arene the Sie of building
up carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water by green
plants as a result of the energy be d fom ae sun by chloro-
phyll. Throughout the ages since chlorophyll made its ap-
alarming rate. Although gas now costs less than it did a few
years ago, this is due to production beyond the power of storage.
In thirteen eae the ied of oil will be exhausted, and yet the
demand grows apa
Various ways of or the problem have been offered:
ecole ae . ike et the oil, oe oil shales,
: h h :
m aye from grain, and it has been calcutated that ie present
acreage of corn would if turned into ee generate as muc
power as the gasoline now Bee annually. But this grain
crop represents sixty per cent of all the san and sugar-
producing plants. Can we ‘affo rd to bur much food-
stuff? The
daily ration which we receive from that body. This Gece
268
rn to one-man power and a collapse of our civilization.
wie our oases hasten ie day, or will our inventive ge
ius
ual t ask of more effectively harnessing the sun?
nes ure was Racer d by lantern Slee, showing the
arious sources of energ especially tl d by plants
in absorbing ae energ’ Plants were exhibited to illustrate
t
he important part agen iy tropical vegetation in this aoe
M. A. CHRYSLE
BOTANIZING IN TRINIDAD!
nidad is the most southerly and largest of the islands known
It was the privilege of the speaker to spend ‘a ae
tee islan
he frig: bel hind
e first land ee ane leaving New York was ee iiaad
of ca een the fifth day out. This was scarcely than a
ledge of rock protruding out of the water he - rren af a signs
] ne a a thouse and its keepe ing of the
e day wi sed under the elie. a os aad of Saba,
a a single iene cone, and en the island contains el
f land o 1b
colony of abou t twenty-five hundeea people, who in oe of
the ue conditions have kept their fair complexions and
light hai
. ee Bae Goly stop eine oH York and tomas was
at Grenada, “
to be pase in the a Tai he: we stopped here only a few
hours, no landing was made, although ss black faces in boats
of all descriptions ‘erally swarmed around our ship begging
low them ake us ashore, ee in his broken English
harbors
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical
Garden on Saturday afternoon, August 16, 1924
269
trying to impress us with the superiority of his own particular
craft.
The island of Trinidad is roughly rectangular in form and
its dimensions are approximately 25 by 45 miles. The surface
: i. : ;
tile and agriculture is the = eee cocoa snd sugar being
the ee articles of comme
the chief natural objects of interest in oe is a
sO- pein “Pitch Lake’? whic a lake abou me
sense that a glacier is a “river o: ‘ ice.” The: ea te ises ov
e hundred acres and is of anienowitl Foes ee fave
made to a depth of more than one hundred feet without
t fe) ou
hard, substance is viscid and the surface soft and easily
indent, epi in the middle of the day when warmed
entire mass is in slow motion, so sal holes dug in
. ae ee fill in after a few hou ays at most.
cages it has been the popular i iors n that the lake fills
m below as rapidly as the pitch is removed, this is not
ae the case but the cuetaee 4 is — ily pata as a
substance is removed. The la — s not a new discovery but w:
seen by Columbus in 1498. eae: is the ie source a
asphalt used in the paving as our streets and probably will be
for generations to come.
The first impressions of Port-of-Spain, the principal town o
th
were of beautiful parks and drives and the harsh bat cheerful
call of the kiskadee, a bird with habits similar to those of our
kin:
The pine life, like the animal- life, of Trinidad is very different
One is su
e its many trunk
fungi or plant parasites are also characteristic and odd. Ne arly
a thousand collections of these interesting microscopic plants
270
were collected for study, some of which have already been
described and published a: This tropical island is not
only an idea ee to visit ae favniches an unlimited field for
scientific investigation.
Frep J. SEAVER.
THE WATER-LILY POOLS
(WITH PLATES 298 AND 299)
tank for the aN water- ee was
After eae our
provided with new concrete tubs. Thes newly
planted, the pe being as pictured in PLAT. "They have
bloomed very freely, the flowers were ean = ge, and the
plants entirely free from the pests and diseases often attacking
them
Theh ardy Cast f 1 diverse types, among which
are a white, a eae pink, and a red type, all with large
flowers, and a type with small but many flowers, with color
usually a mixture of red and yellow.
Our white varieties are Castalia Marliacea albida, the white
1 fragra:
lilies with small blo but an s in great quantities, their
color being combinations of red and yellow; Sioux, Secgnoretii,
Andreana, and grasiella are of this ek
tz61 ‘Lsnony ‘100g ATITHTLVA\-ATANGL AHL
271
This hardy-lily ie collection is to be augmented with several
varieties of Nelumbo or lotus. The large specimens in the old
tank have on divided and grown anew, and hence are very
small this se
ee onic — are all started in era
ed pot: hey
and o: and,
ae for each ‘plant. The | towers cn tender ies are © produced
ater ey
are most desirable for cut flowers, ia Gon es to hve prea
In some, the flowers close at night and open again the eaea a
morning; in aie oe ey open at night an close in the mornin:
mo varieties, Panama-Pacific is a strong
grower and fee! flowering, the color a pend: purple, with
yellow stamens. In this, young plants spring from the upper
i ieti aubeniana and Mrs
me. The variety Wm. Becker is an improvement
on the variety Wm. Stone.
Conspicuous among the night- ee water- ne are Frank
Trelease, with mahogany-red flow and bronze-red leaves;
dentata Mei aa ae cup- oe cal pale ae pee
and yellow ; Geo with crimson flowers and
a leaves; ay baa ne Suan rose-pink nee
K. R. Boynton and H. W. BECKER.
FRUITING OF THE MAIDENHAIR-FERN TREE
x the first time the maidenhair-fern tree (Ginkgo
years, the
fruiting specimen, by chance, being flanked on Hie side os
272
a staminate tree. The fruiting tree measured, last November,
very nearly thirty- three ce in cir sche nce, one foot above
the ground, and it has we reased very little in size in the ten
os since ee Slightly over one panded fruits developed
last year and nearly ail pees nd fell between the eleventh
and Senne of November. The fruits are nearly evens
mostly slightly over one inch in Saag Be enclose thick,
nut-like seeds some thirteen-sixtee of an inch long. The
seeds have a very thin, brittle shell oe oe mee of ridges
encircling them about spe eas from either end and it is
mostly along this ridge the seed splits open the most
ane into two parts, ete oe peculiarity. ere
are some thin membranes covering the cotyledon that separate
all around just under the eee of the shell, the membranes
on one side re he e other
side adhering to i inside of mee hell and sheet the two parts
of the shell to appear of different colors on the inside. The
nuts are eaten by a Chinese, oan considering the disagreeable
nature s e outer part, 2re not at all bad flavored.
This r the same three trees have ea a te tae
ons eset hes bear a much larger crop than it did las
The mature fruits are Pee Bac on i ae
a but Sale two develo about normal size,
or more commonly one will be ae aie than the other,
when growing from the same pedice
R. S. WitxiraMs.
WILD-FLOWER PRESERVATION PUBLICITY
e paper bags have been is: — and sent to us for distri-
Forestry Association, Albany, N. Y. An advertisement by a
corporation of Utica, N. Y., enables the State Forestry paces
tion to issue the bags at a very reasonable price—$r.00 per 1000.
The bags have been found most useful, not only re picnics
273
and collecting, but He — library books in wet weather
and various other
A-neat paper cee sane from the Conservation Commit-
Club o
the flowers growing; they'll do their own sowing.”
E. G. Britton.
MEETING OF NORTHERN NUT-GROWERS’
ASSOCIATION
he fifteenth f the Northern Nut-growers’
Association was held at The New York Botanical Garden on
H
secretary. About fifty persons were in attendance.
Association was organized at a sada: held in the Museum
Building of the Garden in 1910.
he program of the recent oe included numerous papers
of scientific and economic interest. Among them were the fol-
lowing:
Pita the _ by Dr. W. ming.
n Mediate and Immediate Geluns in different
Mon ma inc nae a Report on Experiments with
Bh a ae
Grafting of oe Growth during the Growing Season,”
y Dr. Robert
ian rcs a nee Tada” by Dr. G. A. Zimmerman.
ore of Seeds and Nuts for Planting,” by Mr. J. F.
Hardines ss in Nut Trees,”” by M
“Stocks for Grafting the Hickory,’ ‘e Mr. Willard G. ee
“The Watch for pe eens ar ut Trees,” and ‘‘ Pro
nm Trees,” by
tection of Wound: f. J. Franklin Collins.
“Nut Situation in. Towa,” y Mr S WLS nyder.
“Heredity,’’ by F. Blakeslee.
“Nut Tree Crops as a Part of bi tmas Agriculture without
mith.
“Transplanting Nut Trees,” a Mr. Willard G. Bixby.
“Transplanting Nut Trees," by Mr. Henry Hicks.
274
“Nut-growing in Illinois,” by Prof. Arthur S. Colby.
“Experiments in Nut-growing at Cornell,’ by Pr of. L. H.
MacDaniels.
“Nut-growing in Canada,”’ by Prof. J. A. Nielso:
“Some Outstanding insects of a Northern Nuts,” by Dr.
Fred E. Brooks.
“Promising Seedlings,” by Mr. C. A. Reed.
On the afternoon of September 4, an excursion was made
the nurseries and orcha tds of Mr. Willard G. Bixby at Baldwin,
Long Island, where mar in nut-growing
are being made. Sen mber 5, the third day of the meeting,
iti
Tr. er Morris at Stamford, Conn., mstra-
tions of different methods of grafting were mad here in-
teresting and valuable collections of rees were exhibited
On the 3rd and the 4th, the members of the convention were
guests of the Garden for luncheon at Sormani’s Restaurant
THE CHESTNUT BLIGHT
oo nx Park enjoys (?) the dubious enema of being the
n which the destructive chestnut-tree blight was first
detected just about twenty years ago. Its discovery is commonly
credited Mr. Hermann W. Merkel, Chief Forester and
trous effects in the Zoological Park in 1904. In the number o:
urrill described in a ni chnical way the fun
ae causes the trouble and in Torreya for September of that
year he g it its first botanical nam erred to the exis-
no
original focus of the infection, as has been so olten assumed.
The “Weekly Bulletin of Forest Research News” of August 25,
issued by the U.S. D f Argiculture ie the following
statement in regard to this chestnut disease
“The sharp tang of early autumn, snow flurries, and the smell
of roasted chestnuts at the street corner—an association dear
275
to the heart of the city folk of the dean Ebates But
stnuts
for the last few yeat Ss
he vendors are still there oe ee smoky, ae charcoal
stoves, but the chestnuts they purvey are likely to be not the
native little eee a toothsome memory, but the aa oe
fla ees ae ae ety. Man ny passers-by have noted the
chan, bat ithout aay he oe nation.
Southeast. The Appalachian Fores tation,
maintained by the Forest Service at Ashev. N as been
studying the development of the blight through the Coast
St
“The chestnut blight is 7 found throughout the entire
Southern Appalachian region,’”’ says a recent report from the
tion, ‘ i ing ore rapidly than originally
predicted by forest pathologists. Within the next te: TS
large amounts of chestnut will be killed by the blight. Owne
of chestnut stumpage should therefore sell their Gmbers as aay
as suitable markets can be found for it
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING OCTOBER
Oe public lectures will be delivered in the lecture hall of the
Museum Building at four o’clock on Saturday afternoons during
October as follows:
October 4. “The Sun, the Wind, and mca
Norman —
October 11. “Autumn Colors” ee r. A. B. Stout.
October 18. ‘‘Preparing the Garden for Winter”’
Prof. H. Findlay.
October 25. ‘Bees and Bee Culture” Mr. G. C. Norton.
276
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Wehmeyer of the University of Michigan spent a
few fae the Garden early in September, looking over the
herbarium specimens of the fungus can Valsaceae.
r. A. B. Stout, ees of the a aeegy spent ten day:
early in Suan er aie New York State Agricultural Ex
periment Stat: peas ‘va, where he ae ves attention
problems ee penne fertility in pea
Miss Anna E. Jenkins of the Bureau of Plant Industry at
Washington recently devoted a day to the examination of the
Garden's ere of Exoascales, an order iy parasitic fungi
of which she is making a special investigatio:
Dr. Bruce Fink, Professor of Botany in Miami University,
xford, Ohio, who has a half-vear’s leave of absence from his
oe duties, is spending a considerable part of that time at
e New York Botanical Garden, the collection of
rae with a view to preparing a oa of the United
States representatives of that group a aa
Dr. Adolph E. Waller, ene ee of pony at oe
Ohio State University, devoted a p
ie sens the es an the "Eeonomi Museum of The
g the Garden library.
He | s now interested especially in the geog raphy of wena
plants of economic ave e supplementing work on the cro
centers of the United S
Dr. Otto Stapf, for many years keeper of the Herbarium
and Librarian of the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, and now
editor of the well- Bean Curtis’s Botanical Magazine, visited
the Garden on September 4 and 5. He attended the meetings
a afterwards devo nth
traveling and visiting feel institutions in ie United sets.
A. Gleason, of the Garden ee peturned to New York
on ee 31 after a four months’ most of which
time was devoted to comparing his collections of South American
plants with types preserved in the hérbarium of the Royal
277
Botunic Gardens at Kew, England. A shorter visit was made
also to the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle in Par
o Gliick, Professor of Taxonomic and Pharmaceutical
on the b a of aquatic plants, has been in
this country during August and ca ae He noe The
Botanical Garden several , and spent more
than a week investigating the reas on of ae of
eastern Long Island.
Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, of New Rochelle, N. Y., who i
a member of the Advisory Council of The New York Bot el
Garden and is the Director of the Ninth District of the Federated
Ga lu
afternoon of August 3 on ‘‘Flowers for the Home Garden.
a pease the flowers ae may be grown in the home garden
tude, be ns with the earliest-flowering bulbous
ee spring, such as snowdrops, crocuses, and scillas, ie
lowed by da fodils. and pan spring-flowering shrubs, irise
ee oe ane and chrysanthemums in the order of hee
bloo e spoke also of the coming exclusion of Narcissus
ite ne cae d States by the Federal Horticultural Board
and ment tioned certain wil wers t! i
gardens. Lantern-slides, many of them colored,
illustrated the talk; some of the most Hea showed ately
naturalized or growing as if wild. Mrs. Peckham helpe
organize the successful Garden Club of New Rochelle and ae
as its president for several terms.
poms Choice Flowering Trees and Shrubs” was the subject
helpful lecture given by Mr. Arthur Herring-
ton of Madison ae t The New York Botanical Garden on
July 20. Among the fowedee trees so well adapted for American
gardens he made a strong plea for a more general planting of
the ne ee the hawthorns, so varied, beautiful, and
is nothing m
rofus loom: In thei
ae r than eae crab apples and one does not aoe to wait
et years for them to display their ear aee since they commence
wer even while young and s ses has to ‘wait only
a year or two after planting them. The tive sp i
278
worth a place in garden planting such as Malus coronaria
Asiatic ae are Beane in their flowering season, tie
worthy of ntion bei M. floribunda, M. Halliana, M.
thetfera, re 1. oe Our native flow wering Do: i
known to everyone but few people know cee Se an
ne: dogwood a has aca merit for garden planting. Its
ame is Cornus Kousa. It ae a leaf and then into
ee in marked con oe a our native species, which flowers
on leafless branches. The eee tree an ee the silver bell tree
were cited as worthy of a aareeie place in gardens. Among
the es flowering shrubs the lecturer ee many ot
the choicest character, especially the ae hybrid forms of mock
orange (Ph tladelphus) Deutsia, and Weigela, originated by Le-
moine of Nancy, France, and A numerous additions to the
di . H. Wilson i
shrub family by the discoveries ana ry nin Japan,
Korea, ina, quite a number of which have 7 shown
a ready adaptability to American ae te and conditi an
e
© appreciate and visualize the charms of these choice subjec
of which the lecturer was advocating more extended planting.
. Gunther K. Ackerman, who had been in the employ of
The New York Botanical Garden since 1917 as a custodian, died
trained in oe oon ears,
been Secretary of the Bronx Society of Arts, Science and Hist
ae was faithful and diligent in all his duties and fertile in Ae
and suggestion. We deeply mourn his loss, and tender sympathy
to his bereaved family.
279
ACCESSIONS
Booxs PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL GARDEN,
AUGUST, 1923, (continued)
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PLANTS AND SEEDS
34 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mr. Lee R. Bonnewitz.)
44 plants for Nurseries and Rock Garden. ernie by Mrs. W. H. Peck-
am.)
54 plants for Wild Rose Garden. (Given by Bobbink & Atkins.)
40 plants for Arboretum and Conservatories. (By exchange with U. S.
. Agric.)
36 plants for C i A Vrit di (By exchange with Mr. C. H
Connors,
29 eee for Rock Garden. (By exchange with Mr. Clarence Lown.)
16 plants for Conservatories. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum
through Dr. J. N. Rose.
3 plants for aie Garden. (Given by Mr. Chas. L. Gowe.)
2 plants for Iris Garden. (Given o Mrs. R. M. Davis.)
5 plan ervatories. (Given by Mr.
5 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mr. J. X. Schreimer.)
1 plant for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. C.
2 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mr. E. O. James.)
6 plants for Iris G (Given by Mrs. C
8 pl for I arden. (Given by Mrs. M. W. Jacobs.)
7 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mr. C I
O m. Car
4 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. E. M. Aldrich. }
284
plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Miss Esther P. Foster.)
7 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Miss F. E. McIlvaine.)
| for Iris Gard (Given by Mrs. W. M )
2 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. H. S. Loughan.)
pl ies. (Given by M )
55 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by The Iris Plac
33 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by omas M. Fendall.}
ive
23 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mr. Frank WwW. ‘camel
6 plants for Iris Garde (Given by Dr. J. cLeland.)
4 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. A. R. Ferriday.)
8 pl Tris Gar (Given by Miss )
16 pl arden. (Given b
15 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Peonydale Iris Garden.)
5 plants for Iris Garden. (Given b 1.)
1 plants for Iris Gard (G! br
1 plant for Conservatori: (Given by Mrs. R. E. Deane.)
9 plants of Philotria ie for Conservatories. (Given by Miss K. B.
Tippetts.
I plant for Hert is. (Given by Mrs. W. Gilman Thompson.)
r
plant for (Given by Mr. N. E. White.)
sh isa for Rock Garden. en by Mrs. L. B. Wilder.)
26 plants for Iris Garden. (Gi iven see oe Iris Society.)
2 plants for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. W. E. Tobie. )
1 plant for Iris Garden. (Given by Mrs. Lewis R. Smi
3 plants for Iris Gard (Gi by Mr. N: niel Bacon.)
3p is n by Mrs. u Po
13 plants for Iri en by Mr. Willis E, Fr
2 pli for Conservatories. (Given by Mr. D. B Rees )
3 plants t (Given by Mrs. L. Cunningham.)
To plants for Rock Garden. (Given by Mrs. oS . H. Stout.
? plants for Nurseries. (Given by Mr. W. A
indwell.)
3 plants for Herbaceous Ground. (Given by Mis oo Halsey.)
1 plant for Rock Garden. (Given by a FIA
4 plants of Juniperus. (Given by The D. Hill ee )
18 plants for Nurseries. (Given by Mr. Lee R. Bonnewitz through Mrs.
W. H. Peckham.
25 plan ae for Nurseries. (Given by Governor set Pinchot.)
2 plants for Nurseries. (Given by Mrs. Milton Smith, Jr.)
21 ar for Nurseries. (Given by Mr. Carl ae ly.)
Members of the Corporation
Dr. Robert Abbe James B. Ford Eben E. Olcott
Fritz Achelis Childs Frick Prof. Henry F. Osborn
; Edward D. Adam Prof. W. J. Gies Chas. Lathrop Pack
: Charles B. Alene Daniel Guggenheim eae wages
Vincent Asto Murry Guggenheim F. R. Pier:
tins J. Horace Harding James R. Pitcher
John W. Auchincloss J. Montgomery Hare Ira A. Place
George F. Baker Edward S. Harkness Charles F. R:
Stephen ee Prof. R. A. Harper Johnston L. Redmond
enry de Forest Baldwin T. A. Havemeyer Ogden Mills Reid
Edmund L. Baylies A. Hecksch ards
Prof. Charles P. Berkey cha Jef wie WS D_ Rockefeller
Eugene P. Bicknell nton G. Hi pyl W. Em len Roosevelt
Billings re M. Huntington Prof. H. H. Rusby
George Blumenthal Adrian Iseli Hon. George J. Ryan
rge P. Brett Dr. Walter B. James Dr. Reginald H. Sayre
George S. Brewster Walter Jennings Mortimer L. Schiff
Pri . Britt Otto H. Kahn A ; k
Prof. Edw. S. Burgess Prof. James F. Kemp _ Henry A. Siebrecht
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Darwin P. Kingsley Valentine e ae
iy
Prof. W. H. Carpenter Prof. Frederic S. Lee James Spe:
Prof. C. F. Chandler Adolph Lewisohn Frederick dante
Hon. W. “ Clark Kenneth K. asi . . Sturgis
C. A. Coffi V. Everit Mac B. Thayer
Marin Le Bis Cooper Edgar L. Marston ee G. Thompson
Paul D. Cravath W. J. Mathes W. Boyce Thompson
James W. Cromwell George eka Dr. W. Gilman Thompson
Charles Deering John L. Merrill Louis C. Tiffany
Henry W. de Forest Ogden Mills Felix M. Warburg
agg W. de Forest Hon. Ogden L. Mills Paul M. Warburg
ir. H. M. Denslow Barrington Moore Allen Wardwell
aaa H. Dodge J. Pierpont Morgan Isheal Sot eee
Samuel W. Fairchild Dr. Lewis R. Morris Bronson Winthro
Marshall Field Frederic R. Newbold Grenville L. Winthrop
William B. O. Field
Members of the Advisory me
Mrs. Robert Bacon Mrs. Frederic S. Lee s. James Roosevelt
Miss Elizabeth Billings Mrs. a Lockwood Hi Arthur H. Scribner
Mrs. N. L. Britton Mrs. A. A. L Mrs. Benson B. Sloan
Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Mrs. V. edt aay Mrs. Samuel Sloan
i M
Mrs. Walter Pesibtie Mrs. Harold I. Pratt Mrs. W. G. Thompson
Mrs, oe aa Mrs. Wm Kelly Prentice Mrs. Cabot Ward
Mrs. Delan ne Mrs. William A. Read Mrs. William H. Woodin
Mrs. oa E. i sel
Honorary Members of the Advisory Council
Mrs, E. Henry Harriman Mrs. James A. Scrymser
Mrs. John I. Kane Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden —
are:
our hundred acres of beautifully biel a land in the northern part of the
City a New York, through which ah e Bronx River. A native hemlock
forest is one of the features of the tra
ti 1i 1 it shrubs, and flowering
Hadtaods of thousands of
plants.
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useum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local
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THE New York BoTaNnicaL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
a
a
VOL. XXV Novemser, 1924 No. 299
JOURNAL
OF
_ THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN
NTIANS AND SOME OF THEIR ALLIES
H. H. Russy
AMERICAN TROPICAL PLANTS AT HOME—III. THE ANDEAN
G
NATIVE ORCHIDS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND
H. M. DENsLow
REPORT ON A VISIT TO ENGLAND AND FRANCE
H. A. GLEASON
THE HUDSON RIVER VALLEY BEFORE THE ADVENT OF MAN
ArtHuR HOLLIcK
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING NOVEMBER
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
LANCASTER, PA.
ATS
INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Freperic S. Leg, Presiden James F. Kem
Henry W. DE Forgst, Vice President ADoLra eran! HN
F. K. Sturets, Vice President pn MacrENgs
Joun L. MERRILL, Treasurer ny aire
N. L. Britton, secret tary BamminToN Moons
Epwarp D. Aba J. P. Mor
Henry DE Fo eare oats LEwIs Rear Morris
NICHOLAS Laie aa BUTLER FrEDERIC R. NEWBOLD
Paut D. Cra Cares F. RAND
Rosert W. at Fanesn HERBgRT M. RICHARDS
Caps Frick Henry H. Russ
WittiaM J ae GrorGE J. RYAN
A. HaRPE ALBERT R.S)
JosEru P. pe Pes WiiuiaM Boyce TOMES
a pe ag
Joan F. Hyban, Mayor of th City of New
Francis DAWSON Gime President of oe Teaneed of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
R. A. HARPER, Pa. D., Chairman JaMEs F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D
NicHoLas Murray BUTLER, Pa. D., Fasbenic S. Lge, Pa. D., LL. D.
LL DS Er: ie ERBERT M. RICHARDS, Sc. D.
Witttan J. Gtss, Pa. D. anny “HL Russy, M. D.
GrorcE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
N. L. Britton, Pa. D., Sc. D., LL. ee . bs oa Dee
MARSHALL A, Howe, Pa. D., Sc.D 5 Assistant Director
own K. SMALL, Pa. D., Si 5 . Head Curator 0 Ae ae Museums
A. B. Srour, Pa. D. . . . . . . . . . « Dérector of the Laboratories
P. A; RYDBERG, Pa. Dei on ee te Curator
H.A, GLEASON, PH; Do \io foie Fale saa a se pea
*RED J. SEAVER, Pu. D. mda Mage Sa od tape ee z Cur
ApgTHUR HOLLICK )PH.!Ds 5) i) | eras nahi net ae a ee Pa Jeobota
>ERCY WILSON . Pin Mea pay kan Cane
PALMYRE DE C. MitcH - ee « « « Associate Curator
Joun HENDLEY Banka, A. M., OMe De eae ia aaa Bile
Sara H. Hartow, A. M. . Lib
. H. Russy, M.. IEE Gate. "Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
LIZABBTH G. BRITTON . . . Hon ee aati of bere
RY E. EATON - aie alge shuter ian tist
ENNETH R. Boynron, B. S.. aia areas ost d Ga see ener
OBERT S. WILLIAMS aie ori eppareries “Aaminitie Assistant
ESTER M. Russ, A. Minera Technical Assistant
. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D.. . "Honorary Custodia n of Local Herbarsum
i) Dy SOUTHWICK, PH) LD. we) telus Custodian maf Herbaceous Grounds
OHNE BRINLEY, \G.s. jer aoe aie aed Landscape Engineer
WALTER S. GROESBECK. . . . "Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. Sopereth i sap ene "» Superintendent of Fiiney hae Grounds
WALTER CHARLES SARE Orit Museum Custodian
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. XXV November, 1924 No. 299
AMERICAN TROPICAL PLANTS AT HOME—HI. THE
GENTIANS AND SOME OF THEIR ALLIES
My first encounter with a South American gentian was with
the primrose- sien species (Gentiana eelaipes lias Griseb.),
and it is not t uch to say that it required a cal examina-
tion for me recognize it as belo aba tot ae
an and w
familiar with their plicately closed or but ae pene
rigidly erect deep-blue flowers, so that a sight of a semi-
prostrate little plant bearing open almost saucer
shaped flowers of a pale blue color, was a oo to 2 remind
N Thi
t
was that of a small portulaca plant. Its flowers were suggestive
of those of our cultivated Chionodoxa. Closer inspection showed
it to consist of a dense rosette of small radical leaves, from which
radiated a cluster of slender prostrate stems, their terminal
portions upturned and bearing one to several flowers.
Later in the day, I was treated to a much greater surprise by
same gen
vith
e-blue flowers showing among the leaves. e collected, its
ete with the gentians was apparent, as its flowers were
formed precisely like those of a miniature ae ok though
285,
286
saa ee more nue and of a pale blue, with whitish
The stems were about as tall and slender as those of our
ae -cap moss, ae leaves but an eighth of an inch long, sessile
and narrow, and the flowers, which were produced sparingly in
the upper axils, about a hal es ae in jena ane not fri ringed.
It proved to be G. sedifolia, av
which I have encountered ae Colombia to Chile, and always
with undiminished or increasing admiration and delight.
Each o e-named species is represented . another
so much resembling it as to have led me to regard them as mere
ct,
2
ion
°
oO
flowers open ball-shaped and more than half an inch long and
dete d of inaving solitary flowers, there is a terminal cluster, and
stouter than those of the oe mer. Gentiana
rupicola HBK. i peculiar species which a ‘o combin
the ae of both the ees and pe groups.
Its slender stems, 2 to 4 inches in height, are densely tufted like
those of sedéfolia, but they are Rae leafy, at least below, and
twice i large me os as noe of pa atter. The very hand-
ee
late eee erect on on slender nee
‘he two groups already oe are not the only aoe
eee mae are likely to astonish the northern visitor.
a number of species that form what may be call - no
287
punicea eae since Gentiana punicea \Vedd. is the most commo
and best known of its members. This species was first pene
tu - of about 10,000 feet. ee picture presented by these plants,
among the grasses, was so striking as to form a permanent re-
Sister. and was quite eunliely, I should think, to suggest the
gentians to any botanist. The weak and slender stems, a foot or
more rose
fl *
t peduncles, and re aa club-shaped. This
was increased by the strange colors of the
flowers, s, which r ranged from saa to light scarlet. These buds
flowers remind one somewhat of those of a Fuchsia. Occa-
nally, a form is seen with densely leafy and multiflowered
pen low i vi
anomalous
ni
the erect upper buds, and the whole plant of a = -pyramidal
form. Gentiana incurva Hooker, a far less common species, is
ee but its leaves are wanting in the long SAesaaeen of the
form
iana Jamesonii Hooker, a species of Ecu ador, is very
stou j
our Aon Cr mann tains: I ake the latter
banks, in tl herbs or shrub: ee oa
in or near running water. They commonly differ from ours
in ae variation of their a from the regulation blue
inaequicalyx Gilg is of gregarious habit and flowers very ahuae
288
dantly. It closely resembles a bed of smal! plants of our fringed
gentian, bus the flowers are mot at all fringed, and are much
smaller. of arose-purple color. Gentiana
albido-coerulea Gilg is is very lee. but the flowers are twice as
large and, as the name indi brags . pte mixtures sie blue
i a. one of our se
flowers. G. corymbosa is a similar species of Colombia, as to its
flowers, but it is scantily furnished i leaves, which a on a
different form. Gentiana dilatata Griseb. produces a fee ma:
of stems, ce 6 inches long, from a large root, these te ae
ing in heads of medium- aoe flowers, compactly pie the
whole bre a handsomely formed bouq ie ie tr a antiae-
folia Britton and G. cochambambensis
a of eal iar habit. Both have elongated phere ik
stems, which incline to be rhizomatous, and clusters of weakly
Sealing reddish stems, sparsely cee d with much elongated
narrow leaves. The former has the upper had of the stem
widely branched, the branches ending in small heads of con-
tracted flowers. The latter, bai uy similar ” habit, differs
markedly in its flowers, which roadly
bell-shaped and of whitish color, the margins beautifully marked
7 purplish- pide
rao th ti close with a reference
to ae two showiest hediess so far as the writer’s observ: ais
enables him to judge
Gentiana Dielsiana cis G. speianitss pee has the dense
Siege of radical leaves f the Andean species,
these differ from all others that I have seen in being
z
m, si d ilis
entiana Kusnezovit Gilg (G. virgata Rusby) has the clustered
stems arising from a dense rosette of elongated linear attenuate
Pe all the above-named gs es of Dr. Gilg were independently
med and ical d by the a ‘iter cat the same time, neither author
was so engaged f Dr. Gilg’s names
in print a few days bef ily threw the latter into synonymy.
289
leaves, but they are very slender and prostrate at the base,
then ascending and densely leafy, bearing simple or branched,
erect slender peduncles in their ai the iis being broadly
bell-shaped, ie erect, slender -|
The Andean gentians, like any eir aioe cousins, are asso-
ciated with some curious and interesting meio at least one
of which is ofa surpassing beauty. The genus Frasera, so widely
distributed in the United States, does not occur, but the curious
little Halenia, bs its 5- pune coral : adv distributed
in both regions. i saprophytic
eiphaimos or Voyria, with its filiform stems and elongated
salverform corolla, the entire plant of a yellowish-white color,
and strongly Rees one — many of the Burmanniaceae.
Coutoubea, a ae of Vi d Gui is a densely branched
and very spiny herb, very See to suggest the bland herba
of the oe but strongly manifesting their peculiar bitter
aste.
Interest i in the gentian-allies of the Andes centers chiefly in
an
number of genera, some of them more closely related to others
than to those with which they were grouped by Bentham. The
most common ane a ae fetes and the best Known -
these, is th
throughout ‘the ae mos ee in open, sunny and rather dry
localities, on hillsides, though frequently in a quite different
environmen nt. The habit of the plants might be characterized
as “‘gawky. i e
of a pale or eae yellow, and have the general form of a
See flow How such plants a ever have come to be
aggregated ce . true Lisianthi of the West Indies, with such
genera Ol si i
cult of comprehension. It is to the latter genus that attention
here is particula tly anne and ee can not do better ea 1¢
quote what I said of it i of tt
290
on my first Andean exploration: ‘‘One of the most beautiful of
Bot, and the base of the cordillera. Here it was abundant
d of luxurious growth and had every appearance of being
Se that would lend itself freely to culture in tropical gardens,
or in the conservatory. A very noticeable feature was its tend-
by them for a considerable distance, and their discovery was
one of the special incidents of the day’s travel.
H. H. Ruspy.
NATIVE ORCHIDS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND
n the autumn of the year 1867, the year in which the Torrey
Botanical Club was born, a Brooklyn school-boy was intro-
duced to the orchid-flora of Manhattan by accompanying his
uncle, the late William Wallace Denslow, in his botanical
291
explorations. Mr. Denslow was then residing in Inwood and
Tipularia, at which the ee was permitted to gaze with unsa
fied curiosity, because he was strictly nos ae eee
any of the leaves—there were no fruiting scapes and it was too
late in the season for the flower:
ae ane de in ai preceding year of this pcs species
small coony. was cher hed with
{ Th this vicinity,
though it was pallected’ a later in Bedford Park ae was still
abundant at the earlier date on Staten Island.
These five acre representing three of the four tribes of
Orchidaceae found i _ the Northeastern States, and found so
iter’ Pogonia,
8
Aide and the yellow fringed orchis, in a productive swamp
n East Haven, Connecticut, seem to have stimulated an ardor
list of thes cime: w in the Herbarium of Amherst
Agricultural College, nes two of the less common species
of Habenaria, H. lacera and H. flava. The latter was found
in salt He s near Spuyten Duyvil and the ragged orchis near
High Bri Nearby was collected once aes! ee
(Ibidium Paes The larger coral root, C. ma ta,
was found in two localities on nea pea and Oe oe
tway-blade, Liparis Loeselii, in the ighborho ne The
s was one of the earliest ‘iscoveri in M 1866,
though the rattlesnake ee so-called, Goodyera pais
had been collected in August, 1865, near the Kingsbridge road.
202
ere was a very good beginning of the orchid portion of Mr.
Denslow’s herbarium, twelve species, one-si f the number
listed i ay anual, found wi square mile of u per
ildin
almost every square foot and 2,000 families are housed i
r
Broadway, fifty years ago. The only exemption from this
influx of buildi d lei
p e Hudso
River which the City is now acquiring for a park reservation;
and even - beng section no native orchid has been seen growing
for many y
Four ee genera are represented by the species of this peculiar
family that have been found in the parts of Westc ae ster County
nearest to Manhattan. These are: two Cypripediums, tl
early stemless one and the smaller yellow species, ee beau tiful
Calopogon, the curious Isotria verticillata, the purple fringed
i des, and aria ta, wi
habits of characteristic a widespread N orth American speci
There are few that have a wider range east of the Miss: ecion!
than the stemless ayes an er, the showy orchis, the purple
fringed orchis, the fragrant Spiranthes, the larger coral root.
plants are found el € gr bers, Tipular
which is vi a nt in parts of Delaware an
d Habenaria psycodes, nae in ma : places borders road-
be affirmed with certai are of the eileen species
enumerated, with the probable ae of Spiranthes cernua,
ere attan, at a ime within s
o hundred years. Though the people of New Yor!
he
what w Manhattan Square and there was a covert just
south of it ne anne bred, less than forty years ago; though
293
Jones’ Wood along the East River above Seventy-first Street
was oe forest Eas ok sear century; though there were
y brooks, some sw: and some ravines; yet conditions
fverable to the ees ‘of aie: were not prevalent. Much
of the surface was sand or bare rock. There have been no bogs
ow i in lesser degree, to the de see
ions of carele ess pickers. ee shady dells, howev vile and on Jes
frequented hillsides; in the few very wet swamps here and he
the smaller, age 2 of Uae orchid group iter Os in ees
ishing number
a ve found some vot thea in every month from May to , October
many parts of Manhattan; fifty years eee ee had been
pees ed by advanc a ne ation, except e
northern end of the Island; now they have a ed and,
excep t ae herbaria ae eee rateful memories of a few botanists,
ight soon be for: n ll of the se named are still
een Ww ery cae sad some wit! ten miles, of In-
wood Hill. But they are me of a Cait race; unless
we treat them with greater care ee kindness than were Ha
to the Indian owners of Manhattan, ed too will disappea
ha
It is a pleasure to record here that s of the hardier ones
‘o find on Manhattan Island,
tered specime ns of his favorite ee
and subtle foes, ae c
t associations and the
h lac
and spade and trowel of ‘ veiviliged”” m
H. M. Denstow.
REPORT ON A VISIT TO ENGLAND AND FRANCE
R. N. L. BRITTON,
Director Chief.
As directed by yourself and with the authorization of
the Board of Managers of The New York Botanical Garden
LQ
294
: eet Over ehtee montis of the summer of 1924 in studies on
America at the Roval B
Kew, England, and the Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris
M
London Friday, May 9, and began work at i
a
the Imperial Botanical C S,
eded to Paris for
five days’ work m. Af ending another we
in pce ee my work at Kew, I left mrad ieiged August
nd arrived in New York Sunday,
ae far the greater part of my Pee ae ee dt
identification of plants from the Gu ay especially ba
uiana, from which country we have received wey ea
specimens bat urin g the past psa ears. The gre t herbar:
at Kew c s the most presentation sof the ea ae
eee om anes Cane ae those of Parker, ee
Robert and Rich: eee a and Im Thurn, among w
im Ww ie
ee hee ae 2 Kew and contain numerous t . With-
out an een: of bs auientc specimens, any identi
fication o. id be difficult or impossible.
It was a source of much gr. noon to find that approximately
two thirds of our unidentified Guiana material could be accu-
fae Bie a ain egeite species. Since m
these were represented by named specimens in our col-
eon ee my work me eid our he aaran with a large
mber of named species which will serve as a point of departure
te our — investigations.
About . our fee could ny be lameede!
referred t While this does no ow
cenclaively that Ge: are eal new pind unnamed Ce it ae
pearl that the flora of the Guianas includes many unknown
s, and : rmits us to proceed with more assurance to their
firthe: stu
Besides ae Guiana material from our herbarium, I took wi
on, and Vernonia, and of the family Melastomaceae f
northern South America, particularly from Colombia, whence
295
they had been obtained for us by the recent eel into
nell, White
that and neighboring regions by Rusby, Rose, Ii, White,
Hitchcock, and . I ble to identify saree a
pee ie Sate at As ,an rt ly suc-
ul in cimens of complex genera
tn us other:
wait for comparison with ag — available at either of the
two institutions visited by m
The re-in elaine of ou : paternal into our herbarium,
the identification of other eer on the basis of my studies,
and the description of new species will occupy my time for
some months in the futur
Through the courtesy of the committee in charge of the
Imperial ne nical Congress, held in London in July, I was
at to attend its s areyee ae I jtene with great ae dieas
tion to ae papers and to the discussions of the various problem
now before the British ne s. I especially enjoyed the .
portunity of meeting personally many of the cucu botanists
of a itain and her numer oni
In my visit at Paris, I was hospitably received by Professo
F, Gagnepain, in the absence of the director, essor Henri
Lecomte, and ae every possible facility for work, At
Kew also, I was received with the greatest cone y Captain
AW. Hill, ee and “Major T T. F. Chipp, assistant director,
a free access to the Gisenineens collections by Dr.
Cotton, keeper the herbarium, an, librarian
nd Mr.
I am also | saree for much personal assistance in man
ways b r. N. E. Brown and by Messrs. Wright, Hutchinson,
and oe of the herbarium staff.
pea etd pas
. A. GLEASON,
September 9, 1924.
296
THE HUDSON RIVER VALLEY BEFORE THE ADVENT
OF MAN?
The Hudson River valley is a very ancient topographic
feature of this region, whereas man, Aiecaiees Puen
was born but yesterday; hence we do not have to hark back
very far in geologic “ime—only some ie e eds of a ousands of
years at most—to arrive at a period in the eons of the region
when man had n ee appeared upon the scen
Vespucci in ae John Cabot in 1497-98, oe Sebastian
1
Verazzano, who sailed along the coast from the Carolinas to
Newfoundland in 1524. What we know a Ne York Bay or
Harbor is designated on the map of his voyage as ‘‘Sangamano,”
in connection with which he says: ‘‘after coasting along the
shore to the northeast for a hundred leagues we found a very
aati situation among some steep hills, through which a
y large river, deep at its mouth, forced its way to the sea
e passed up this river about half a league, es we
found it torted a most beautiful lake, three leagues in circuit
Weighing anchor we aoe eighty pe towards
che ee as the coast stretched in that directio.
Eighty-five years subseq as in 1609, Hen mry Hudson
visited ae same region ee saile d up the river almost as far as
i? the site of o present oF of pene Neither om at first
Ww Saw ally
those of t eee however, and they ae
tire region pepe es savages whose traditions included n
mention of a t n their ancestors dit ie ence ce ec
The first question o be dec ide d, ther efore, in connection w:
disposal precludes the possibility of cae at the period when
the Hudson River valley was first outlined as a topographic
feature.
In Europe archaeologists have, apparently, proved the
existence of man in the Gees aa iod; but on this continent
1 Abst:
Siecrcon, a 30, 1924.
207
tel
finitely, any proof of man’s presence previous
to the heres pened. e ay therefore, begin our story
with what we know or infer i iti I btained
If a map of New York State is saeeate it may be seen that
the este is . sbrermally straight river. For a distance of
abou —from Saratoga to Man hattan—it follows
an dae pad line. despite the rugged topography through
Th or
duct revealed many ae and some ee facts
siphon, should be in solid rock. Ease s and borings in the
river bed showed clay, sand, ae and bowlders to a depth
of about 770 feet below the level of the river in the falda of
the channel, and at constantly eee depths toward each
bank. Below was a solid rock floor, as ee by diamond de
borings, driven through ihe rock from each side of the
higher than ay.
naturally be ee where was the coast line and where did the
river enter the ocean? The answer to this question is supplied
by the te soundings and contours off the adjacent
298
shores. These show that for a distance of about 75 to 100
miles out from the present coast line the water is compara-
tively shallow, and the be: ope of the ocean bottom is gradual
at the period when the land stood hu. eee . feet hi ther than
it does now. ee a De ain . rivers cut their wa the
ocean, and one of the most clearly defin - of these oi river
channels may ie traced on ae ocean bottom, by mea the
submarine contours, from the present nee fi the Hudson to
its — ea at = coast line of the old aes aloe
abou es to the southeast. We hav n that must
hav ney an eee of at least 800 tet in pone to pene
for the dept ths s the old river rales t Storm King. Suppose
then we imagine the land and its adjacent submarine plateau
to be pee ‘80 feet above - panes level. Eight hundred
oe fath oms. ane Coa line would then be exactly where
we would just beyond the present 100-fathom
contour. Such were » the topographic conditions in this region
in the Tertiary period. The climate was mild and equable, as
aten Islan
history is more clearly bees in a aecords natural iesied
and few of erp: nee
than are those of the Glacial eee The advancing ice dored
and grooved the hard rocks over which it passed; rounded their
299
surfaces; deepened and widened the valleys through which it
flowed; blocked old drainage channels and caused new ones to
nd do
times the ice receded and ee ee tee records ‘Genind it,
but finally it receded permanently and existing conditions were
first appearance in this region, as indicated by relics found in
Quaternary gravels of the old river terraces, and there our story
t end.
lecture was illustrated by lantern slides that included
pl
to ae I Canis aad ideal land eopee during the
Ter and Qua ary perio 1 phenomena
in ie ae of ous York, dingtanie explaining the meaning
and extent of geologic time.
ArtTuuR HOLtick.
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING NOVEMBER
The Garden lectures on Saturdays during the month of
November take the form of walks and demonstrations with
special reference to the announced subject of the day. The
s usual ee that the hour is three instead of Th
pede low:
Nov. 1. ae Rock Garden.” Dr. E. B. Southwick.
Nov. 8. ‘The Hardy Chrysanthemums.”
Mr. K. _ eS
Nov. 15. ‘‘The Hemlock Grove.” Dr. H. A. Gle
Nov. 22. ‘The Pinetum: The Collection of eee ee. Trees.”
r. N. L. Britton.
Nov. 29. ‘‘The Geology of The New York Botanical Garden.”
Dr. Arthur Hollick.
300
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENTS
Miscellaneous rare plants and seeds from southern Texa:
have been presented to the Garden by Mr. R. Runyon for grow
ing and for illustration in Addisonia.
Professor C. H. Ostenfeld, Director of the Copenhagen Botani
cal Garden, spent a few days with us in ceaas especially
occupied in herbarium studies of Arctic plan
Fine fruits of the Panamanian mahogany (Swietenia macro.
Maes from along the old Spanish trail across the Isthmus o
Panama have recently been presented to the Garden by M
Me 1.
Mr. . Crider, Director of the Boyce-Thompson South.
western Arbo retum in Arizona, visited the Garden in September
especially interested in the collections of cacti and other desert
plants.
Cluste f the fruits of the needle-palm (Rhapidophyllun.
Hystrix) ee the Turnbull Hammock near Titusville, Florida
have recently been presented to the Garden by Mr.
region of Florida
Major T. F. Chipp, Assistant Director of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, England, visited The New York Botanica
Garden on Saturday, September 13th, 1924, and was escortec
Ses the grounds, buildings, and collections by member:
of the staff.
. Nathaniel L. Gardner, Assistant Professor of Botany i
the Univ ersity of California, and well known as a writer on the
algae of the Pacific Coast, spent a month at the Botanical Garde1
in September and October, engaged especially in a study of the
blue-green fresh-water algae collected in Porto Rico by the
late Professor N. Wille of Christiania.
Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Assistant Director, acted as one o
judges at the oe dahlia shows during September
il
the 71st Regiment Armory, New York City; Rumson Gardei
301
Club at Rumson, N. J.; and Short Hills Garden Club, at Short
Hill, N. J. a ieceated on 1“ Dahlias and Their ean before
the M and 14.
L
1 September
Aided by a grant from our rein Fund, Professor M. A.
Chrysler of Rutgers College, spent part of August in western
C : : :
uba, prosecuting studies upon the C ee of ae egion. H
obtained for us two native species of Zam nd of
Microcycas calocoma; our esteemed corresponde
nt, Dr. Juan T.
Roig, Botanist of ee Cuban yee ral Experiment Station,
ave him valued assistance. Returning north, Professor Chrysler
obtained for us plants of two other species of Zamia in Florida.
gener, who is spending the year at the Botanical
Ww
n Hawaii.’ After graduation from the Massachusett: ri
cultural College with the degree of B.S. 1922, Mr. Degener
Hect in the Canadian Rockies and on
der Maa, and Kauai. During the past year he has been
tin botany in the Massachusetts Agricultural
Ses
The following visiting botanists — in the library during
the summer: Miss Mabel A. Ric ow heaton College, eae :
Prof. N. M. Gri bead class, Cold Spr g Harbor, N. Y.; Prof
sors H. M. dia H. a ie oe TL. W. Sharp. anil Lt
Randolph, Ithac ank D. Kern, State Colleg
Pa.; Messrs. Toba C. oe ie i i M. Fogg, Jr., Philadelphia,
Pa.; Dr. se, Prof. E. O. Wooton, Dr Swingle,
Columbus, Ohio; Prof. Bruce ee Oxford ; ; Dr. Earl E.
Sherff, Chicago, HIl.; Mr. Willard N. Clute, aoe TiL.; Prof.
John T. Buchholz, Fayetteville, ee Prof. H. S. Reed, Rivers
side, Cal.; Mr. Chas. S. Parker, Seattle, Wash.; Prof. Harold .
Prof. P. A. Bourne and Mr. T. B. McClelland, Mayagiiez, P.
302
R.; Mr. Raphael A. Zon, Rio Piedras, P. R.; Miss H. P. Sorokin
Une v. of eek grad, Russia; and Prof. Dr. H. Gliick, Heidel-
berg, Germany.
meee le August. een total saci eatie for the mon
Ss 5.0 mum.
nt
The mperatures recorded for
ie ae were > 98? on oe rh te on ae 11th, 83° on the 21st
and 94° on the 30th. The um temperatice were 62°
on the 9th, 55° on the 16th, ee on oe roth and 57.5° on the 27th,
Meteorology for September. The total precipitation for the
t
month was 3.76 inches. The maximum temperatures recorded
for each week were 96° on the rst, 85.5° on the 13th, 77° on the
18 nd 74° on the d. The minimum temperatures were
and on the 2oth, and 42° on the 24th and on the 25th
Meteorology for aaa oe Pan ee for the month
was 0.25 inch. The ma corded for each
week were 75° on the es ae on wie pie nee on the Oth, 74° on
minimu:
pompera ures were 42° on the 2nd, 43° on the oth, 33.5° on th
18th and 30° — the 23rd. There was a an slight frost on os
morning of 14t i: when the temperature was 3
7°, and twi
other slight yee which i a ed some of the Dehligs, on a
mornings of the 18th and the 23rd.
ACCESSIONS
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM
phs of American plants. (By exchange with the United States
National Museum. )
(Given by Mr, B. D. Walden.)
53 panies of ae from Ans called Mr. F. M. Reader.)
ee ecimens of Carex from Alberta. (Collected by Mr. A. H. Brinkman.)
1 specimens ee flowering plants ae ena and Montana. (By ex-
change with Mr. Elam Bartholomew.)
Idaho. (By exchange with Mrs. M
E. Soth.)
39 specimens of flowering plants from Wyoming. (Given by Professor J
F. Kemp.)
9 specimens of fl ing pk fi Colorado. (Given by Miss Hazel M.
Schmoll.)
A. O. Garrett.)
f fi i y fi Utah. (By exchange with Professor
PLANTS AND SEEDS
1 plant for Conservatory. (Given by Mr. George G. ie .)
1 plant for Conservatory. (Given by Mrs. T. S. Dayton.)
‘ iven by Mrs. M
.M. J. Fo:
2 plants for Conservatories. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.
I plant for Herhaceous: Ground. | (Collect ted by _ Geo, Friedhof. )
- plants for N Coll 1 Kimball.)
Sey for Rock Garden. eee by Miss M. E. Eaton.)
lant for Nursery from No: nth Carolina. (Collected Ae Mr. C. D. Beal.)
1 plant for _ (Calle ae K. R. Boynton.)
ida. (Collected by Mr. C. A. Mosier.)
: plants fr Rock Garden. aan by Dr. A. Hollick.)
5 plants for Herbaceous Ground and Rock Garden. (Collected by J.
Hartlin, a
16 plants for ies f North Carolina. (Collected by Dr. J. K.
Small.
: plants for Nurseries. er ted by Mr. R. W. Shreve.)
plant for Rock Garden. (Collected by Mr. John V. Borin.)
We plants om Florida. (Coll mae by Dr. J. K. Small.)
115 plants for | Ss ed by Mr. Percy Wilson. )
H (Collected by Wilso on & Bor! in.)
of Paiene ioe Rock Garden. ei by a John G. Bor: oy
13 bulbs for conservatories. (Collected by r. J. K. Small
113 plants for Conservatories. (By phe ith U.S. D
21 plants for Conservatories. (By exchange with Dr. David Pair )
2 plants for Conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. W. Wolf )
13 plants for Conservatories. (By exchange with ad Horticultural
oard.
11 plants for Conservatories, (By exchange with Mr. J. H. Ferriss.)
3 plants of Echeveria Bartramii. (By exchange with Mr. E. B. Bartram.)
5 plants for Conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. . Palmer.)
5 plants for Conservatories from Mexico. (By exchange with Mr.
Moeller.)
2 plants for Nurseries. (By exchange with Mr. H. Bird.)
7 plants for Nurseries. (By exchange with cernbie of Texas. )
2 plants for Nurseries. (By exchange with Dr. E. T. Wherry.)
67 bulbs of Caladium. (By exchange with Mr. H. Nehrling.)
304
: plants for Nurseries. (By exchange with Mr. E. C. Leo 2)
plants for Conservatories. “By exchange with Arm: cation Nu urseries.) ~
plants for experiments. (By exchange with Experiment Stat tion in
ii.)
I ies for Conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. W. B. Thompson.)
plants for Conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. J. B. Cobb.
I Cats - ae nservatory. (By exchange with the Misses Noble through
Dr. N. L. n.)
27 ee i Conservatories (By exchange with Mr. H. Nehrling.)
1 plant from Cuba. (By exchange with Prof. Roig.)
560 plants for Pelham ae Entrance. (pues )
21 plants for Roads & Paths. ana ed.)
6 plants for Pinetum. (Purcha:
300 plants for Pinetum. “Purchased )
360 lerived from
1 packet of seed. (Given aa “Mr. O. W. Barrett.)
1 packet of Agave seed. (By exchange with Dr. Wm. Trelease.)
1 packet of seed. (By exchange with Division of ane Pretoria.)
6 packets of seed. (By exchange with Mr. Robt. Run
2 pack nge wit. D. A. Cockerel )
packet (By exchange with U. S. Dept. Agric.)
16 packets of seed. (By exchange with Mr. T. D. Hatfield.)
4 k de ( ha ith Mr. R. Salgues.
99 pi ed. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, Edinburgh.)
96 packets of seed. (By exchange with Vilmorin & Andri Ce
127 packets of seed. (By exchange with Brooklyn Botanic Garden.)
kets of By exchange with 1 ic Gardens, Kew.)
Iq pack d. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, ae
of s
438 packets of ceo (By exc hange wi ae ean Garden, wa.)
f Nat Lae Bs Paris.)
2 packets of seed. (By exchange ee ee ae University of Brno
va.)
114 ie s of seed. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, Géteborg.)
175 packets of seed. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, a )
62 packets of ed (By exchange with Botanical Garden, Cambridge,
gland.)
321 packets of seed. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, La Mortola.)
)
f
87 packets of seed. (By exchange with Dr. R. R. Stewart.
packets of seed. (By exchange with Mr. Arthur S. ete!
| £ df South America. ‘olle ee 7 u
2 pacl f 0 Ric
I packet of seed. eH by Mrs N. L. Brit
653 packets of seed. (Purchase
0 packets of seed. (Given by Mrs. W. H. Peckham.)
PUBLICATIONS OF
The New York k Botanical Garden
Journal of The New York Botanical Bante Gastan, monthly, containing notes,
news, and ana articles. Free to members of the Garden. To
' others, 10 cen opy; $1.00 a year. Now in its twenty-fifth volume.
__ Mycologia, ene: devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a year;
ee a not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its sixteenth
D addizonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates ereimucae by
ed aa s of flowering plants; ei eight plates in each number, thirty-
volume. Subscription a $10.00 a year. [Not ofleced in
aa) Now i in its eighth volum
The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the
me. Now s relfth volume.
orth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America,
ee a i West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be
comp n 34 volum Each volume to consist of four or more
= bos now oe Be ntecatan price, $1. +50 tS parts a pated
number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. ]
Memoirs of an New ies Botanical Garden. Price to members of the
ers, $3.00
stone Park, fy Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map. 1900
The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Develop-
ment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903.
Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville,
New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates.
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart
Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908.
Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New ae A ee to Plant
Geography, by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 p 1915.
Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration ¥ the Twe ey Anniversary
of the ha Sas eg nical Garden. viii + 594 pp., with 43 plates and many
text fi
Contributions ad The New Y ical G A series of technical
papers written by students or les of the staff, and reprinted from
journals oie than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume.
In the eleventh volume
HE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Bronx Park, New York City
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden —
are:
‘our hundred acres of pesueitly diversities land in the northern part of the
City of New York, through if va ows the Bronx River. A native hemlock
forest is one of the featu: renor the ols
Plantations of thousands of d
plants.
shrubs, and flowering
le
s, including a beautiful ea eee a rock garden of rock-loving
plants, and fern and herbaceous garden
Gre enfant containing thousands e interesting plants from America and
force countrie:
er aed throughout the year—in the epring, summer, and a dis-
plays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water: “Tiltes. gladioli,
dahlias, and chrysanthemums: in the winter, displays of ‘greenhouse-blooming
Saal)
f fossil plants, existing plant families, local
en pate within one nied rites of the City of New York, and the
economic uses of plants
rbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of American and
foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central
aus Solan AOE aoe the study on pollecsion oh the
of re the
A library of botanical literature,
erous pamphlets
Public lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughout
the year.
Publications gn botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly
of depdlae: intere:
The education oe school children : and the Bune See oats the above features
cultur:
The Carden is dependent upon an annual appropriation i the
City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It
possesses now nee two thousand members, and applications for
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are:
Beneiarts + + + + « we +. . . Single contribution $25,000
+ 2 « + « « « . . single contribution 5,000
Fellow for Life avin wr mane single contribution _ 1,000
Member forLife. . ...... single contribution 250
Fellowship Member. . . . . . . . annual fee 100
Sustaining Member. . ... . . . annual fee 25
Annual Member . . . . annual fee 10
The following is an approved form os Peles
heey bequeath to The New York B D
of New York, Chapter 285 He oe the sum a -———
All requests for further information should be sent to
THE New York BotanicaL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
DrcempeEr, 1924 No. 300
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE BARTRAM OAK
Artur Hoiiick
ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE HEMLOCK FOREST
H. A. GLEASON
THE 1924 DAHLIA SEASON
MarsHaty A. Howe
BERTRAND H. FARR
A. B. Stour
THE NARCISSUS COLLECTION
KENNETH R. Boynton
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING DECEMBER
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
INDEX TO VOLUME 25
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At 8 West KING STREET, LANCASTER, Pa.
INTELLIGENCER PRINTING COMPANY
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Freperic S. Ler, President James F. Kemp
Henry W. DE Forest, yee itenaiat Apotr# LEwIso!
F. K. Sturats, Vice Pre. : ENNETH K. MAcenieds
Joun L. MERRILL, se lcinsics W. J. MATHESON
N. c. BriTTon, Pee retary BARRINGTON Moore
Epwarp D. ADA Morcan
HENRY DE Fore: Ms eae Lewis Beene, Bipene
NICHOLAS Mounty BUTLER FREDERIC R. ey
Pau D. Crav. Cwar.es F. Ran
RoBERT W. DE aneer HERBERT M mine
CHILDs FrRICE Henry H. R
WituiaM J. GIES GEORGE J. Ry. ald
. A. HARPER ae TR
JosEPH P. HENNESSY Libis BoycE TEOUEOR
Joun F. Hytan, oie of th ed bis ined
Francis DAWSON Case President of fhe Debord of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., ate
NicHovas Murray BUTLER, Pa. Ds, Peebee S. Leg, Pu. D. ear D.
LE. Dei. De HERBERT M. RICHARDS, Sc. DB:
WILLIAM a Gigs, Pa. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D.
GEorGE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
Ni. BRITTON, PHD SGub pluie are meee . Director-in-Chief
MarsHALt A. Howe, Pa. D., "Sc. | eS ssistant Drea
Joun K. SMALL, Pu. Disc. D: . ss. Head Curator of the Muse
A. B. Stout, PEs Doses tite. ich teu nal MO anecIOM sgh the Labo raloneed
P. A. RypBEerG, Pw. D. . May Gad ate Curat
H. A. GLEAson, Pa BTA RCO avis hier hg ay is a , Curae
Frep J. SEAVER, PH. D. Ris ee OMP EMEP REED PCN es Cd ys Curator
ARTHUR HOMAEE, PRE De yet eet ioe bere. Sea RE DR ea he DOTA
Percy WILSON . goo! eden essai, 8) el hep ree tei Runa SS OO Stea aurea
ess DE C. MitcH (ELL ela) les) ew) 9) aalluneirel yAlssOneates GrmaniE
Joan HENDLEY Bageciae A. M., M. D. . . . Bibliographer
Sara H. Hartow, A. M.. . ibrarian
. H. Russy, M. D. Bein © Honorary Curator of the Boo Collections
ELIzABETR rs BRITTON Ehsan r of Mosses
ARY E. Eat i We MERC ann . Artis
KENNETH R. BOUNtGne B. is JE iee Cady a) tier ens . He ad Gardener
RoBert S. WILLIAMS. . Biisee ris sla hs a eae "Administrative Assistant
Hester M. Rusk, A.M... .... Technical Assistant
i Denstow, A. M., D. D.. . Honorary Custodian of Teal Herbarium
E. B. Soutpwick, Po. D. . . . . Custodian maf Herts Grounds
Joun R. Brintey, C. E. Re ees too ean 6 ndscape Engineer
WALTER S. GROESBECK . Cle d Accountant
ARDHOURI |) CORBETT 6. aprcirn i) 4 Superintendent ‘of bare and Grounds
WALTER CHARLES . ...... Museum Custodian
oof aLVTg Naddvy TWOINVLOg WYO MAN 3H] 40 IvNano[
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXV December, 1924 No. 300
THE BARTRAN OAK
“My Good Friend John:—
“Pray what is the reason I have
acorns from that particular species of Oak that peses Mehl
found in thy meadow? And I observe, in thy s
other narrow-leafed Oaks. As I have now paar ca 1
wish for a dozen good acorns of each...
“Thine,
“P, Collinson.”
Thus wrote Peter Collinson, the English botanist, to his friend
5I.
Schuylkill River, about four miles above Philadelphia; and
oak mentioned by Collinson was at that time, and for nearly
a ee akbar ah the only mature tree of its kind known to
botanists. It was first described and figured and given a specific
name by F. eee Michaux, in his North American Sylva, pub-
lished in the early part of the nineteenth century. In this work
certain cere of Seeer bles. w piel are so little multiplied that
they seem 1 o disappear from the earth.
To this as belongs ¢ the Bartram ane Several English and
veral young plants, which I received from
M rtram himself, have been placed in our public gardens to
insure = preservation of the eens
The original tree was cut down about the year 1840. Man
Renee, oe ever, had examined specimens from it and its im-
305
306
Fic 19-year-old seedling of Bartram Oak, resembling Quercus
Pe oe text, p. 311.)
mediate progeny, and a considerable diversity of opinion was ex-
pressed in regard to its probable status as a species, a variety, or
hybrid. Michaux, as above cited, gave it specific rank. Nut-
307
tall ee “May not this be an anomalous variety of coccinea?”
Pursh remarked: ‘‘it is probably on eA a hybrid plant."’ Torre
ray:
in th
cites oe Can olle as referring it to a variety of Q. aquatica, and
then arks: ‘‘it is as likely to be a variety of Q. Phellos, with
dilated ne toothed or cut leaves.’
this period, however, other trees were discovered, at
i hi
scattered localities in New Jersey and ware; but this addi-
tional material only led to still further differences of opinion on
the studied the trees and specimens derived
e:
from them. En elmann first eis last the tree asa ee spe-
sea oe willow o: aks ena Phat) of wits it is era
Cope, also was incline ard it as a variety or for:
ed
with bristle tpped leaves, as a species from which it might have
been ved.
In EN a stand of about twenty trees of ee ina
as discovered by Mr. W. T. Davis, in the v:
vil ee aie and oe afforded sudan mate tr
The securing specimens of leave:
pine acorns from oo of the trees, and critical eee
hich th
ere ing in the immediate vicinity. Conclusive proof, how-
— was ae a it is of interest to note, in view of subse-
1 Hollick, Arthur. A Recent Discovery ee ee on Staten Island.
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15: 303-309. pl. 83-: 4D
19-year-old seedling - Bartram Oak, resembling typical
rules erie (See text, p, 311.)
309
quent developments, that in Garden and Forest for January 9,
1889, in an editorial review of the paper mentioned, the probable
i and th
from a typic ee of Q. heterophylla. aa were germinated
in ae eceneri house of the Garden, and about fifty seedling
trees were thus obtained, which were available for ane ae 2
tinguishable from the willow oak (Q. Phellos), others were appar-
ently identical with the red oak (Q. rubra), and others were inter-
mediate in leaf form between them, showing every possible gra-
dation between those that were entire or wavy-margined and
those that were more or less lobed.!. The hybrid origin and par-
entage of the tree from which the acorns were collected was def-
pe proven and ag seats of Oaercts i ileats aaa Bar-
tra: ed
oak: established, and was at last remov
ee the realm of mere personal opinion, ae a lapse of more
than 150 years from the time when Peter Collinson asked for
some acorns from the “ particular species of oak’’ that was grow-
ing in John Bartram's meadow.
A number of ae ees trees were subsequently set out in
he oak plantation in the eastern part of the Garden, where they
vost all have nae al ich to grow and develop. Ina
ort time the that the ie that sim-
Meee ae willow oak t cl ly y lacking in
vigor, while those that appr proached most Healy, the baer
of the red oak showed ev very indication of healthy growth. The
conditions are what might be expected from their parentage.
The willow oak is a southern type of the genus, which reaches the
northern limit of its natural range in the warm sandy soil of the
were described and figured by . MacDougal, in an article
he eh dia e of Wild Plants,” nn in the Botanical Gazette
3. f. 1-3. Ja 1907).
Fic 3. 19-year-old seedling of Bartram Oak, resembling Quercus
an. “(See text, p. 311
Coastal Plain region of Staten Island and Long Island and is,
therefore, not in a congenial environment, further north, in the
of tree, that ranges to as far north as Canada, and is feeugk hly
at home in mountainous and rocky localities, ane thrives in this
311
Three of our trees are yet living, and as they are all progeny
of one and the same tree, . are all of the same age (nineteen
, their present appe e has seemed to . Ras of
record, Speie as it is cai if all vill live to maturi
JRE I repr ts the tree that is most nearly like 0 Phellos
t a distance of 2 feet from the ghee and has a maximum
: d
struggle to maintain its existence. nee times the leading
one-sided aspect, similar to the asymmetrical sym ai growth
that is generally characteristic = a = nches of the tulip tree
“New Y
Garden, 03868. E218 No. 1. Phoreereh by A. B. Stout, Octo-
ag
FIGURE eae the tree that may be regarded as
typical a = heterophy It is approximately 20 feet in ai
15% inches in cir hae rence at a distance of 2 feet from the
ground, a has a maximum ee of branches of about 12 feet.
It is slender, but has the appearance of a thriving, healthy tree.
Recorded as uncertain. Photo graph by A. B. Stout,
aximun spread of br: mare of re 20 ahs “This is a vig-
a
span of life. New York Botanical Garden, oe E218 No. 6.
Photograph by A. B. Stout, October 8
F
They average about 6 inches in length, including a 5/,-inch
petiole.
Ficure 4B represents a leaf from the tree shown in FIGURE 2.
E 4. Leaves from aes 19-year-old seedlings of ee Oak,
roe es Pp. 311-312.)
The leave: dingly di in outli Relatively few are
entire or wa ine lobed
or indented ao on one spores for illustration; but this one is
fairly typical of the mass of the foliage. They average about 514
inches aa cluding a "/-inch petiole.
FIGure 4C epee! a leaf from = tree shown in FIGURE 3,
and is a es mple of the foliage as a whole, which differs in
its individual eee to a relatively small extent. They average
bout 614 inches in length, including a 1#/,-inch petiole.
313
will remain, now, for future botanists to watch and guard
ae trees, cane if they live to maturity, collect and germinate
acorns from them, and continue the haha ae of their inher-
ited nite through the succeeding generation
HUR HOLLIcK.
ECOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION IN THE
HEM ST
Two years ago the cee ioua betnen rs of the New York
Botanical Garden appointed a mittee, consisting of Mr.
the ecological relations of the Hemlock Forest. A part of the
results of os yavesesuon has ae ao een pee by the
Garden andab d here-
he Hemlock Grove in Bronx Park has long been known as
one of the interesting natural features of the region. Not only
does it present a picturesque variation in the scenery, but it is
since its destruction may be caused not only by improper hand-
ling under Coad Gane but also by the usual normal pro-
cesses of na
Before a proper method for its successful conservation can be
states aswell. For this, the cee ration of the Es ae
servation of the environment was carried on at New York, at
New Haven, at Ithaca, and at Cranberry Lake in the Adiron-
dack Mountains.
Moore, Barrington, Herbert M. Richards, H. A. Gleason, and A, B. Sto’
Peas and its environment. I. Field records. Bull, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12:
325-350. 1924
314
ny conditions affect the life of a tree. Some of them act
Man
on ae large trees, maeuaae ee rate of growth or their
production. Others are more important in their effect on
surrounded by a forest of an entirely re type. These
seeds grow if they find SebIe: conditions for their existence,
must be ae nape on verage, the ae .
problem o: e committee, therefore, was to determine
what the environment of the hemlock is a which it has
successfully maintained itself in i pase: ntinuance of
e co ce
these conditions in the future, in a much-visited ce garden
315
and in the midst of a dense and rapidly growing urban com
munity, may depend on the practical application of the ecientine
is igation.
Certain features of the problem are best handled oy experi-
i garde ong these
mental methods in the laboratory or test n. Am he
are the physiological conditions for the germination and
of hemlock seeds, ure and importa: f thi croscopic
fa and fi of the soil in their relation to hemlock, and t
optimum conditions of soil re perature for -
lock. Study of these similar factors is at present in progress
or planned for the fut
or the summer of. aor the field observations of the com-
mittee and the codperating institutions were confined to the
‘our st equi
Botanical Garden, within the hem ig forest, in the adjacent
en the two type
wi
were continued through the ae season
a ow
numerous interesting | points of similari ity pew en the various
stations, notwi pa t
variation in clim
The amount of “vainfall varies greatly, of oun from one
Tegion t ot n these observations it w: und to be
regularly less . ae hemlocks than in wae pean or
316
in the open. This is a to Pie iad era of the rain by the leave
and branches, and the nt so cepted varies from 48%
average minimum than the hardwoods. ee is interesting tc
note that the diff in mean New York
the warmest station, and Cranbe: erry Lake, the coldest, is only
2 degrees, and that these represent probably nearly or quite
the extremes of mean temperature at which hemlock can exist
in pure stan
The soil eniperaeunes were regularly slightly lower under
hemlocks than under hardwoods, both at six and eighteen inches
of depth, but in both types of forest are as lower than in
the ae hae the full effect of sun is fel
The of evaporation, as measured by ce white-bulb at-
eiraete ers, is higher at New Yo. under Bee = under
hardwoods, the difference amountin much 2 Ay
At Ithaca, the only other station wire ae comparisons
were possible, the two rates were the re eee
and pro i tant, is nae ce that evaporation
aven stations was 2% and 16%, that at Ithaca 3%, and
t at Cranberry Lake, in a distinctly colder climate, 38%
lower e rate measure New Yo: the
oO
oe
a
oO
oO
ce
2
=]
ea
oO
p
5
pany
z
i=)
a.
a
i)
o
Or w York,
hundred ante Acca than between any of the nee eae
hemlock sta
The ervironmentél differences between the es ea es
hardwood forest at New York, al gh measura
to b ei nt for
types. The committee concludes that it will be
necessary to look elsewhere for the cause of the difference, and
suggests that soil conditions offer the most promising point of
attack,
H. A. GLEAson.
317
THE 1924 DAHLIA SEASON
(WITH PLATE 300)
brief notice = 1924 a collection, written in August,
See in the September issue of the Journal. By way of
completion, it may now be eee that, in spite of stem-borers,
a its intelli in July and October, and a destructive wind
and rain storm on the last day of cases ne display of
ahlias
a
growing ‘ the bush,” fro which they may g
of it in a catalogue or from seeing a cut flower in a show.
but And, more than all, it has opened the eyes of many,
unfamiliar with the modern development of the dahlia, to the
beauties of its individual flowers and to the possibilities of using
it effectively in mass plantings. The orange bed, with the short
e
golden-orange Sagamore, and backed oe in the rear i the
atio
At the north end, oe orange bed graded off into the pink,
ally old (Ore aus lavender-pink tones and here the conspicu-
kinds were Francis Lobdell, Countess
of Lonsdale, Siskiyou, nlaee s Jewel, Jersey’s Rose, Mrs. I. de
Ver Warner, Geor: "alters, Mariposa, Virginia Harsh, Nibe-
Josiah T. Marean.
The new all-scarlet bed was not so successful, owing to various
causes, but another season is coming and with it me ever-
: ; :
h his year
ass effects of scarlet the variety Breeze Lawn will
e main border, where little attention was given to color
318
grouping, some of the more outstanding among the newer
varieties were
Yellow, orange, or copper-colored: Ambassador, Sunny South,
California Beauty, El Dorado, E. D. Adams, Tillamook, La
ene oo Eastern Star, Elberon Beauty, Laddie, and
Clara Finger
Pink, ue or lavender-pink: Elsie Daniels, Mr. Crowley,
May Blumer, Emma Marie, ies of Oz, eas ret pra
Ber ia Jost, Dorothy Durnbau Cant Joa
Patapsco, California Enchantress, ae Bude Pride a oe
necticut, Maid of the Mist, Mrs. W. H. Waite, and Junior.
Red: Josephine Mendillo, Marion McCreedy, and T. A. Leo-
a Dark- ved, red-purple, garnet, or mahogany: Merrick, Edith
eee oa Joe, Ebenezer, Pride of Dahliadel, Senorita,
ss edfor
Bico. a ore a ane Wilson Case tipped white), Mrs. F. T.
Street (dark red, tipped white), Earle Williams (scarlet, apoed
white), Nobilis ao es scarlet), Iam Se (dark aan
gold-tipped), Mar n (red, tip) te), Our ntry
Nee stipe whi i Biltmore oo hite),
rS. C. Doty (yellow, white-tipped), Ca: ones i aloe.
seed with md and Ben Wilson (red, gold-tipped).
White: Charity Slocombe, Snowdrift, Deadlock, and Pearl
ite
Sane of the plants, especially oS in the border south of the
railway station plaza, were more x less damaged frost on
the Hig of October 18. A e morning
of October 23 injured most of the plants, eee ee being
certain red-flowered varieties ace located at the north
end of the main border. The ere dug o ae vember 1§
without waiting for a final ene ze-up a all the plants, which
would have occurred two days later, when the thermometer reg-
istered 18° F. If the more or less colorful hang-over after Octo-
n N
13; in ee on October 26; in 1922, on cee 21; in 1923, on
Novembe:
MarsHat, A, Howe.
319
BERTRAND H. FARR
dH. Farr died at his home in Wyomissing, Pa.
e fi
one whose work be accomplishments have been conspicuously
noteworthy.
. Farr was born in Vermont. At an early age he moved
Bie he parents first to Wisconsin and then into Iowa. He
i Jowa a
this work ae at last ne him to Reading, Pa., and ied to his
having a home at Wyomissing.
Ati is said that when Mr. Farr was a small boy his aunt gave
i)
was ae hobby, “until in 1910 this hobby became his bine, as
he was ha is was but a natural development. First his
lots until several acres were under cultivation. Then a farm was
purchased a: Wyomissing Nurs Co: was €S
tablished. At the time of Mr ae ’s death the nursery was being
removed to a still ela farm nearby. The business had bee
incorporated and will now be eae by those who were
associated with him
Mr. Farr was widely known as an authority on the peony and
oi ie ove
ane Put et ee ee oS were consider ed by him as sufficiently
this year. For eight
years Mr. aia was ae the American Peony Society and
spent much time at the trial eee of the Society in the difficult
work of Renee the names of the nearly 3000 varieties.
320
Mr. Farr — gee a ae visitor at The New York Botan-
ical Garden. uch interested in all our Se of
hardy Pan one sa ana he gave freely of such plants as the
bearded and the Japanese irises to increase the colle ee and
make them more complete. He supplied a complete set of the
various day lilies (Hemerocalis) in cultivation for use in the
and arranged to name and distribute some of the best of these.
statement of the life work and the ambitions
of Mr. Pak can be given than that which he himself wrote in the
foreword of the firm’s catalogue for the present year. His
words are, in part, as follows:—
he ti
assertio on it in that sense; rather it
ideal toward es all of us are striving, myself and - yee
associates and developed with the business ate
and who, by their conscientious efforts, have helped me to the
success so far achieved. We always tried to do our best, a it
ou
To you, my oer e and patrons, I i tend thanks for
allowing me to share with you the joy of gardening. I repeat
that, to me, it means life in the fullest sense, and if I can be
instrumental in adding ever 80 en a the pany and happiness
while.
These closing words of the caine to the last general
catalogue which Mr. Farr issued may well be taken as his last
ans nal message to all lovers of flowers. They may well linger
the memories of his friends as gaa the ambition which
wailed the life of Bertrand H. Far
A. B. Stour.
THE NARCISSUS COLLECTION
Through the continued interest of the Dutch Bulb Exporters’
Peet and Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, of the Advisory
Council, the Garden now possesses a permanen nt daffodil col-
lection, The Association replaced last year’s magnificent gift
321
£2 lip Jafiadit
these to be used as a founda-
tion a semi- enaaral planting of ae manent interest.
In canes tion to these, a collection of 10,000 bulbs was selected
by Mrs. Peckham, for naturalizing and ae the display section;
eee were eee from John Scheepers, Inc., and Chester J.
ub, . Herbe
on rden Club, Mrs. Elizabeth G. Britton, Mrs. Theron
FIGURE 5. Preparations for Degas planting, October, 1924. Photo-
graph by Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckha
Mrs. Peckham’s personal supervision the bulbs were
ey hill south of the Horticultural Sa was increased, and
around the whole a narrow a of s e130 vancte planted,
ards f labeled
sorts. ” Between these a the Iris Plantations thousands of
322
daffodils were naturalized in the grass. For this purpose, the
English bulb-planter was used by Mrs. Peckham, and some dozen
other methods ae oe the bulbs securely under the sod were
experimented w
The resulting oe for next spring is fee awaited.
KennetH R. Boynton,
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING DECEMBER
Free lectures = demonstrations were given in the Central
Display Greenhouse of Conservatory Range 2 at three o'clock
on Saturday seen as follows:
Dec. 6. «Fruits an in Winter.” Dr. H. A. Gleason.
Dec. 13. a bber Dr. A. B. Stout.
Dec. 20, fj aane - Dr. F. J. Seaver.
Dec. 27. “A Study of ea and their Nests."’
Mr. R. S. Williams,
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Dr. Kauffman, of the University of Michigan, spent
several days at The Now Yo ie Bot eee Garden in the latter
part of November, certain of the higher
fungi preparatory to a monograph of this group.
ovember Conference of the scientific staff and re-
very interesting account of his summer’s work in England, a
summary of which was printed in the Novenner issue of the
Garden Journal
es Rafael Toro, from the Porto Rico Agricultural Experi-
nt Station, was sipeee at the Garden for a few days in con-
ain with the study 7 the Pyrenomycetes of Porto Ric ie
Mr. Toro is sp eee a year at Cornell University in mycological
work under oe direction Professors Whetzel and Fitzpa ions
ut and Mr. E. J. Schreiner spent a week in
northern Meine “during oo and another during November
northern New York in work on poplar investigation in which
the Garden is ae with the Oxford Paper Comp
323
On the last of these trips, Dr. Stout gave two addresses at
Syracuse University, one before the ee Club and one to
the Plant Science Club on subjects relating to sterility in plants-
e driveway ae of Garden has been greatly easy
n
opened i driving on August 19th, and by the subsequent closing
of the narrow and dangerous road which ran past the ruined
Lorillard Mansion, this old road now becoming a path, requiring
only some eee: and other ee A fatal accident
occurred on the old road several years ago and there have been
several oie eee ts. Its closing ae relieved apprehension;
it will eee a eee path passing close to many fine oaks in
the Arbore
f Jerful book itled ‘‘ Timbers
of rant America,” wren a Samuel J. Record, Professor of
Forest Products in Yale University, and Clayton D. Mell,
Tropical Forester, and published by the Yale University Press
on the Amasa Stone Mather Memorial Publication Fund, marks
u
authors have made occasional visits to The New York Botanical
Garden for the purpose of studying specimens and consulting
literature, and they have added many aes specimens to our
of th
with ae that a copy
of their book, given by them, ‘has been sadei ur library. It
is a volume of 610 pages, with many usteatons, ‘the art on the
tropical American countries and their forests b «Mell, that
on the trees and their woods by Professor ea
Meteorology for i ees one ee for vel
month was 2.48 inches, traces of which fell a all t
oe except sli ai traces, fell ae ae ee thied of -
nth. The maximum temperatures recorded for each week
were 73.5° on the 2d, 69° on the 7th, 65.5 on the 12th, 59° on the
22d and 52° on the 24th. The minimum temperatures were
34° on the oth, 31° on the 16th, 17° om the roth and 23° on the
oth. The first ice of the autumn nana across the middle
and upper lakes on the morning of the 18th.
INDEX TO VOLUME 25
Abutilon 249; cordifolium 70; per-
molle 59
Acacia han 207; Farnesiana 207;
modes
Acacias
Accessions, see New York Botanical
Garden
AM ctinosperm
Ag ans 59
Ro: att ta 56.
eratum littorale 79
3
When a tropical vegetation
3
207
ae
‘ipinia vittata 148
Alter nant thera 84
205; trifida 205
octet
and some of their allies 285. iol
ical
Ames, Oakes 99
am ris 7
7
momis Simpsonii 92
‘Ancestral history of some existing
alia Seis 26
rabis 17
\risaema. Sorin 26
rundinaria 93; tecta 94
Asimina 259
Aster 38; adnatus oo carolinianus
Atriplex 2, 11, 212; cut 205
Aubrietia 17; Auricula 7 Coluinnae
17; deltoi _ 2 17 olym: 17
Auld, Mrs 180
stralian a
vicennia 745 niti ida 71, 83
Avocados reference to pollina-
tion and t the production
The flower mechanism o
of fruit,
Bailey, L.
Baker, Mire, Ge corte F., Jr.
Bannwart, Carl 257
Barnhart, John Hendley 177, 208,
237-239, 257
Publications during 1923 118
Bay 7. Tohtistian 209
Beattie, james H. 157, 167
Beattie, W. R. 157, 167
Becker, H. W. & Bayaton, lk. R. 20
The wa’ ter-lily pools 2
Beckwith, Miss Martha Warren 208
oa 1105 heterodonta, 10g; lig:
110,
a 109
tepial oo plants
e—I.
$55
Bihai geniculata 1
Billings, Mies Hlisdbeth 131, 132, 173
Bir the Garden 40
Bie S. rome 176
Black, Caroline A. 21
5, 83
Blea purpurea
Blight, The Chectnut 274
Bobbink & Atkins 179
Bombax melaparle
Borreria havanen:
325
Botanical expedition to extreme
wester n Cuba, A 194
jotanical Garden, “hale in in ae 168
otanizing 7 fay idad 268
otrychium
oudiera 14
ougainvillea 116
ourne, P, A. 301
oussingaultia
57
oye C; Charles S. 2
ynton, Kenneth R. 20, 148, 149,
177) 257, 299
A unique lecture hall 116
Austratian plants 31
ications during 1923 118
iva lants of un-
48
Standardized plant names 117
er beds 230
The Iris Garden, 1924 196
The Narcissus collection 320
The Rose Garden 223
Tulips in the Botanical Garden
and Be cker, H. W., The water-
Britton, Elizabeth G. 24, 42,
49, 150, 321
124,
Holly
Publications during 1923 1
be oe preservation ase
272
Britton NL L. 42, 124, 173, 180, 299
A botanical ” expedit ion to ex-
trem e western Cuba I
An catia painary Decem r 15
Descriptive flora of 0 Rico
and the Virgin Islan a 7 9
Plants of the Galapagos Islands
Publications during 1923 119
Summer work with irises aoe
Parkway, The
rown, A. C. 15,
runfelsia ameri
y T.
ryce, Mar:
132
uchholz, John T. 258, 301
ee and how to force them for the
ana 133
73
R. baer
63, 76, 86
un score
Burns, Ceo Po
Butler, Mary “Marshal 173
Byrsonima lucida 76; ee 132
Cacti—An interesting plant-group in
en study of survival, The 197
Callica: arpa americana 60
Calonyction aculeatum 85; Tuba 85
Calopogon 291
Calvino, Mario 1 159
Campbell, Douglas H. 22
Camphora 57
Campyloneurum Phyllitidis 83
Can botanists solve the Sata
problem? Harnessing the Sun
Capraria pill ate a 75
Gaps sicum
x 302
Ge. Papaya 63
Carphephorus corymbosus 61, 64
Carpinus 62, 64
Carteria pinetorum
Cassia bahemen nsis ee Fistula 206;
mal is 57; Tora 57
Cc Aas
Ca: ae elastica 96
‘asuarina equisetifolia 71, 81
Catesby, Mark 2 237
Celtis mississippiensis 63
Saar plat at: ystachys II
lobiui
204, 295 |
17
con anny 65, 71, 72, 89
Cerci idophyllum j japonicum 21
Chaenomeles japonica 44
Chamaecrista brachiata 70, 90; mira-
bilis 13 a
Chapman , A. W. 238
Chapman, Frank M. A trip to
Ecuador 17
Chardon, Carlos E. 130, 133
Chelonanthus 289
Chenopodium 205; Berlandieri 205;
Boscianum 205
Chestnut blight, S the 274
Chiococca 76, 82, 85; alba 85; pine-
Cc
epee rocyst is I
Chori I
Ch ryster, M . A. 177, 209, 301
“Fra arnessin: z the Sun: Can botan-
lem? 266
Chrysophyllum olivaeforme 77
Chrysonsis 72; graminifolia 56, 69;
Tracyi 69
Chrysothamnus 212
Ch ubbi = . H. 177, 210
Chu g, H.
Cienfuegos ‘heterophytla 133
Cin zeylanicum 113
Cissus S 433 sieyoide 3 85
Citrus Lim 3 633 Limonum 63
Clark,
Clark, E.
Clarkson, Mrs. Banyer 174
Clerodendro n 57
Clusia 77
Clute, valle N. 301
Clytostoma 116
Coc colobis laurifolia 80; Uvifera 67,
land mosses 175
Coceothrinax 77, 239, 240, 242;
argentea 75; Garberi 240; jucunda
239. 240 .
Coccothrinax argentea, The silver-
alm 237
cti 36
Cochranea eee 57
us 57
also Donors
changes)
D. 30:
and
N. C2
tiedhol, George 302
artling, J. 303
ollick, eur 303
imball, Winifred 302
Lee, Margarette 212
Mosier, C. 3,
Reader, F. 302
Rusby, H. H. 304
hreve, R. W. 303
mall, J. K. 303
son and N 303
Wilson, Perey 211, 303
Colocasia esculenta 140
326
Coloration
plants 248
Colubrina Colubrina 79
in ornamental foliage
Conners Notes, News and 20, 42,
id 177, 208, 231, 257,
6, 300, 322
Caiterence ee 147, 175, 205
Connors, C. H. 2
onocarpue orcs 6, 82, 83
‘ook, Mel T. 1305 154
Can trifolia 2
Corallo sips Leer 291; odon-
torhiza
is 58, 68; Leavenworthii 56,
s canadensis 26; Kousa 278
Cor
Cortinellus rutllans is 209
tica 16, 100
Cor e0p:
or
, J. A.
Pu blications during 1923 119
Crider, F. ay 300
Crinun
Crocker, William 1 77
Ethy' lene, or the gas that puts
Cross, Mar 174
Crotalaria ar tiana 66, 70
anical "expedition to
rem nh mM 194
Cucurbit tar
cabtivated | ‘alents of unknown orgin,
eters
9
a 73
Cy yperus ssquarrosus 7 78
Dac thea excelsa 132
Dahlia 261
Dahlia callection, The 1924 255
Dahlia season, The 1924 317
Dalbergia Sissoo 206, 207
Dale, E. C
alibarda repen:
Danforth, R.
E.1
Date pollen, The Sability of 101
Datura 57
Davies , Mrs. J. Clar 173
December, ‘An eaaordinary 15
December bloom in the Rock Garden
Decumaria barbara 6
Deering, Charles 54, Me 197
de Forest, Mr. & me rs. Robert W. 174
Native. orchids of Manhattan
Island 290
Descriptive flora of a Rico and
nds 129
ifida
istribution of ceed of the fringed
gentian, The 38
Di axis fasciculat ta I
Dodg e, Mr, & Mrs. Cleveland H. 174
Donors (see also Collectors and Ex-
changes
aoa Dahlia Gardens 260
acon, Nathanie ol 284
‘ber, M. A. 2
olt, R. C.
‘unningham, Mrs, L. 284
I shies Nurseries 259
avis, R.
ayton, Mrs. T. S. 303
I e, Mrs. R. E. 284
Denslow, paper M. 211
ALE. 2
I untington Dahlia Cade 260
yatt, Schuyler M.
ris Place, The 284
ves, Mrs. Frances R. oe
Mis M. W. 2
eony dale ‘Tris Carden 284
I inchot, Giffor
urdy, Ca! rl 28
asmussen, Ms. W. M. 284
‘ chmoll, Hazel M: 303
328
Schreimer, vd re
Shull, J. M
Slocombe’s aia Gardens 259
Small, J. K. 2
Smith, Mrs noe ewis R. 284
Smith, Jr., Mrs. paleon 284
Stillman, George L. 2
Stout, Mrs. Chas. oe on
y, Wm. Be 360
Sweene’
Swingle, W. T. 2
Thompson n, Mis. W. Gilman 284
ae ae
Totty Co. Charles H, 2
Vincent, drs Set Richard 260
283
Downer. Jay. The Brons River Park-
way 1
Dr ryopteris intermedia 143
alba
321
Du tian W. D. 131
Eaton, Mary E. 197
Echeveria Bartr
England and ees 79 Report on a
visit to 293
Eranthemum albomarginatum 148;
atropurpureum 148; reticulatum
148
Eriant
Bnouenye
Eriogon tomen ntosuni 64
eens arborea 6,
Ethylene, or the gas shat oe plants
and animals to sleep 2
Eucalypti tig 31
Eugenia 81, 85; axillaris 63, 81; buxi-
Hs ne 63: 76, 81; caryophyllata 113i
a'8r
Eupatorium jucundum 69
Evander Childs High Schoo
Bae alsinoides 78
xchanges (see also Collectors and
‘Bono
Anderson, P. J. 2
Armstrong Nurseries 304
eee 302
B. 303
143
Bird, H.
Botanical Garden, Argotti 304;
Cambridge, England 304;
University of 304
Brooklyn Botanis Garden 304
Brunner, C. P. 260
. B. 304
Cockerell, T. D. A. 304
Cok er, W. C.2
304,
‘airchild, A. S.
airchild, Davi iS
Federal Ho: cela Board 303
erriss, J
n, D. S. 3
Royal Botanic Gardens
ohns
ropical ‘American’ “oiaiits at home
—I. The Begonias 107; Il. The
Fuchsias 213; —UI. The Andean
Gentians and some of their allies
285
Tropical ferns 37
Tropical vegetation flourished in
Alaska, When a 33
Tuckerman, Jane F. 174
man, Me & Mrs. Eliot 174
Tweed, Mrs. Charles Ht 174
168
teres Dillenii 144
Unique lecture hall, A 116
Vachellia elven: = 76
Val leriana_ scanden
Van Sinderen, Mrs, Howard 174
Verbena maritima 90, 92
Vernonia 294, 295
Viability of date pollen, The 101
ae Lantana 44; prunifoliu
vide Hl, Mr. & Mrs. E.
Villeneuve, aie de.
Viola pallens 26; Bea 17; tricok
17
Virgin Islands, Descnptive flora ¢
Porto Rico ee the 129
oa ee
Voyrii
Wahlenberg, W. G.
vee Adolph E. 4 oe
ter-lily pools, he 270, 271
therby, C. A.
ehmeyer,, L. E. 276
la 278
Wheeler, Me Everett P. 174
toh
in Alas
Whenees cane our orchids?
Whetzel, H. H. 125, 179, oe 508
0. E. 177
Whittemore, Jean S. 131
Wild-flower preservation publicit
272
Wilkinson, Mrs. R.
Wille, Johan Nordal Trecher 152, 3C
Williams, Capt. s. Philip 134
Williams, R. S. 124, T 5, 176, 322
Birds’ nests in the Garden 40
Fruitin he maidenhair-fer
t
Publications during 1923 123
Wilson, E. H. 278
Wister, John C. 99, 196, 301
ooton, E. O. 301
Wyomissing Nurseries Co. 44
Xanthosma 140 |
58
imenia 62, 71, 89; americana 76, 8
Xolisma Faiths 89
Xylophylla 81
Young, H. C. 155
Young, Mrs. A. Murray 174
Yucca aloifolia 92
Zamia 60, 62, 63, 66, 139, 140, 30.
floridana 140; integrifolia 59, &
dia 63
Zea 894
Zeller, Sa nford M. 43
Zingiber officinale 114
Ziziphus Jujuba 206
Zon, Raphael A. 302
Members z bin Corporation
Dr. Robert Abbe James ord ee E. Olcott
Fritz Achelis Childs ee rof. Henry F. Osborn
Edward D. Adams Prof. W. J. Gies Ga fetes Pack
Charles B. Alexander § Daniel Guggenheim Henry Phipp:
Vincent Astor Murry Guggenheim F. R. Pierson
F. L. Atkins J. Horace Harding James R. ee
John W. Auchincloss J. Montgomery Hare I . Pla
George F. Baker Edward S. Harkness Charles F. ate
Stephen Baker Prof. R. A. Harper Johnston L. Redmond
oie i Eun ci x A. Havemeyer Ogden Mills Reid
L. Bay A. Heckscher Prof. H. M. Richards
as ae P. Berkey Joseph P. Hennessy John D. Rockefeller
ee Pe Reet Ant sb G. Hodenpyl W. Emlen Roosevelt
C. K. G. Billin: Archer M. Huntington Prof. H. H. Rusby
eeore Bel ed Iselin . George J. Ryan
George P. Brett Dr. Walter B. James Dr. Reginald H. Sayre
rge S. Brewster aad Jennings Mortimer L. Schiff
Prof. N. L. Britton Otto H. Kahn Albert R. Shattuck
Prof. Edw. S. Burgess _ Prof. aay F. Kemp __ Henry A. Siebrecht
Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Darwin P. Kingsley Valentine P. Snyder
Prof. W. H. Carpenter Prof. Frederic S. Lee James Speyer
Prof. C. F. Chandler ree Lewisohn Frederick Sa
Hon. W. A. Clark eth K. Mackenzie Ee K. Stu
C. A. Coffin in “Everit M acy B. B. Thayé
Marin Le Brun Cooper Edgar L. ana Charles G MPaiacon
Paul D. Cravath W. J. Mathes W. Boyce Thompson
James W. Cromwell George rerteaes Dr. W. Gilman aoe
Charles Deering John L. Merrill Louis C. Ti
Henry W. de Forest Ogden Mills elix M Watirg
Robert W. de Forest Hon. Ogden L. Mills Paul M rburg
Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow Barrington Moore Allen hea
Cleveland H. Dodge Ve eee Morgan H. H. Wes a ae
Samuel W. Fairchild Dr. Lewis R. Morris Bronson Win
Marshall Field Fr ae R Newbold Grenville L. pana
William B. O. Field
Members of the Advisory Council
Mrs. Robert Bacon Mrs. Frederic S. Lee Mrs. James Roosevelt
Miss Elizabeth Billings Mrs.WilliamA.Lockwood Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner
Mrs. N. L. Britton Mrs. A. A. Low Mrs. Benson B. Sloan
Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Mrs. V. Everit neu Mrs. Samuel Sloan
Mrs. Charles D. Dic Mrs. Pierre Mrs. Theron G. Strong
Miss Elizabeth Hamilton Mrs. Henry ce Mrs. Edw. T. H. Talmage
A. Barton Hepburn Mrs.Wheeler H. Peckh: s. Henry O. Taylor
Mrs. Robert C. M eorge W. Perkins Mrs. John T. Ter
Mrs. Walter Jennings Mrs. se I. Pratt Mrs. W. G. ee
tai ie Gant Mrs. Wm. Kelly Prentice Mrs. Cabot
s. Delanc Mrs. nae A. Read Mrs. mae H. ee
ie Beas. E. anh
Honorary Members of the Advisory Council
Mrs. E. Henry Harriman Mrs. James A. Scrymser
ia John I. Kane Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Gard
are
Fo our hundred acres of pete higiga land in the northern part of
New York, through whic de the Bronx River. A native hemlock
forest is one of the features of the
petadens of thousands of nati 1 introduced t shrubs, and flowering
plan
an aces including a parte pee seerdch a rock garden of rook-loriieg
plants, and fern and herbaceous garden:
pele tp containing eed em interesting plants from America re rt
bee countri
ws throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn d 3
lays er pareisah daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, a ’
ae and chrysant! hemums; in the winter, displays of sreenhouse-blooming Y
seum, f fossil plants, existing plant families, local "
plants occurring ae one ingen miles of the City of New York, and the
economic uses of plan
An her'| erbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of American and
foreign species
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Cental
ane Se ue cieanan ae the study eae TaeaEe af the charactenaae mie ae
lnk haf +
of oat tae
ibrary of botanical literature
erous pamphlets
ihe isco on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing throughadtll
the
Be icueae on botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly
of popular, interest.
The education of school children. and the epee rivalled the above features nt
The iganienG is dependent upon an annual appropriation be he a
City of New York, private benefactions and membership fees. It
possesses now nearly two thousand members, and applications for ~
membership are ce welcome. The classes of membership are:
Benetactae Rig - . « « « « « Single contribution $25,000 i
Patro . +e « « + « » « Single contribution 5,000 \
Fellow for Life | SN tate . . . . single contribution 1,000 i
Member for Life. . . . . . . . . single contribution 25
Fellowship Memben ci Geltieee elon ist ice ee Heb a aee
Sustaining Member. . . . . . . . annual fee
annual fee
The following is an approved form i peaueet
ieee bequeath to The New York p der the Laws —
of New York, Chapter 285 of 18or, is sum ie -——
All requests for further information should be sent to
THE NEw York BoTaNICAL GARDEN
(1) BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
pain rs Pint otce’
rece oan
eae ee
ee
rset
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
VOLUME XXVI, 1925
PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE
DAVID LYDIG FUND
BEQUEATHED BY CHARLES P, DALY
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
MARSHALL AVERY HOWE
VOLUME XXVI
WITH 21 TEXT-FIGURES
1925
Published for the Garden
AT LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA.
THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Frepertc S. Lee, President James F, Kemp
Henry W. ve Forest, Vice President ApotpH LEwISOHN
. K. Srurcis, Vice President KennetH K. MAckENZzIE
oun L, Merritt, Treasurer . J. MATHESON
LL ean nies retary BARRINGTON Moore
pwarpD D. J. P. Morcan
NRY DE ee Basal Lewis RutHerrurp Morris
IcHOLAS Murray BuTLer Freperrc R. Neila
AUL D. CRAvAT Cuartes F,
OBERT W. pe Forest ea! M. Rictianns
HILDS Frick Henry H. Rus
ILLIAM J. Gres Gr ie J. Rya
. A. Harper we petite Boy on THOMPSON
Josrra P. Henne GILMAN en
ae F. Hvan. Mayor of the City os New
wets Dawson GALLATIN. President of the Deparment of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F, Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D.
NicHoLas Murray Burier, Pu. D, Freperic S. Lee, Pu. D., LL. D.
LL. D., Litt. D. sie RBERT M. Ricans, Sc. D.
Wriuram J. Gigs, Pu. D. Henry H. Ruspy, M. D.
Grorce J. Ryan
GARDEN STAFF
N. L. Britton, Pu. D., Sc. D., ae Di ith athe pein eae Director-in-Chief
. Assistant saa
D. baldalorenldes Head Curator of the Museu
A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the Paberatene:
P. A. Rypperc, Pu. D. Curator
A. GiEason, Px. D Curator
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. Curator
ARTHUR ae Pu. D. Pa ieobotantss
Percy WIL Associate Curator
PALMYRE OE c MITCHELL Associate Curator
es Bn noe He weve Ae Mi Me Disscs cose eae a Bibliographer
u H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian
rt ca Ruspy, M. on A Senter Honorary Curator a the Economic Collections
EvizaBetH G. BRITTON .......-00eeceeeeeeeeee onorary Curator of Mosses
Mary E. Eato rt:
Kennety R. Boynton, B. S. Head dener
Rozerr S. Ets Administrative Assistant
Hester M. Rusk, M. Technical Assistant
H. M. Denstow, (a M, D.D. .... Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium
E. B. Soutuwick, Pu. 1D. eee Custodian of aah oe
Joun R. Brintey, C. E. cape Engineer
Wa ter S. Gaoes eek ee ua Accountant
HUR J. CORBETT .............. Superintendent of Bld and Grounds
MEMBERS THE CORPORATION
Dr. Robert Abbe James Ford Eben E. Olcott
a oe ae Childs on Prof. Henry F. Osborn
D. Adam Prof. W. J. Gies Chas. Lathrop Pac!
Charles e Alexander Daniel Guggenheim Rufus L. Patterson
Murry Guggenheim Henry Phip
orace Harding R. Pierso’
ohn W. Awchincoss J. Montgomery Hare James R. Pitcher
eorge F. dward Harkness Ira A. Place
tephen of, arper obart Porter
enry de ae Baldwin T. A. Havemeyer Charles F. Rand
dmund L. Baylies . Heckscher Johnston L. Redmond
rof. Charles P. Berkey oseph P, Hennessy Ogden Mills Reid
ugene P, Bick: Anton G, Hode rof. H Richards
illings Archer M. Huntington ohn D. Rockefelle
eorge Blumenthal Adrian Iselin W. Emlen Roosevelt
eorge P. Brett Dr. Walter B. James Prof. H usby
orge S. Brewster Walter Jenni on. ge J. a
N. L. Britton tto ahn Dr. Reginald H. Sayre
Tr Bu Prof. James F. Kei Mortimer 1
r. Nicholas M. Butler arwin P. Kingsley Albert R. Shattuck
ro rpenter rof. Frederic S. Le A, Siebrecht
rof. C. F. Chandler Adolph Lewisohn Valentine P. Snyd
Ion. W. A. Clarl Frederick J. Li James Speyer
offin
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pres: ry I period of
time. All were originally sedimentary rocks—sandstones, shales
Abstract of a lecture given at The New York eee: Garden on
Saturday afternoon, November 29, 1924. After the lecture Dr, Hollick
piloted his auditors to points of geologic interest in the Gard den and ex-
plained the significance of the features examined.
4
and limestones—derived from the wear and tear of still older
sae of which we have no records, and from deep water, oceanic
sits.
s region was, of course, under water at the time when t
was slowly adjusting itself nging conditions. The sedi-
nentary strata were squeezed, laterally compressed, and thrown
int ds. Dik of molt Ta were intruded,
sometimes cutting across the bedding planes, sometimes follow-
ween them. hermal : ning quartz
and other minerals in solution, permeated them. e ig-
inal mineral constituents forme w combinations under the
influence of the heat and moistur e sandstones and shales
re metamorphosed into quartzite, gneiss, a schists, and the
ee into dolomite or magnesian marble.
The Fordham gneiss is probably of Eozoic age. The Inwood
limestone and Manhattan a are probably of early Paleozoi
age. The gr ranite intrusions represent the latest rock formation
A pried of continental elevation followed. The folded, meta-
morphosed rocks were raised above sea level, forming ranges of
hills and mountains, and erosion began. t ere
worn nd drainage chan . were established. The lime-
rst to nd this has
s s
the establishment of the ancient drainage channels, while the
more resistant gneiss a schist remained in the ee of rugged
hills and ridges of ri
It is difficult, and in 1 places impossible, to differentiate between
of the Fordham gneiss is in certain exposures near the western
5
bauer along the line of the Harlem Division of the New York
Central Railroad. The Inwood limestone is nowhere represented
as a surfac G
of grading and filling. The abutments of the approach to the ele-
vated railroad, however, were constructed of rock quarried from
this outcrop, and there wo eae and mineralogical charac-
ters of the rock may be seen and exai
A long hiatus in the ie pe Ree of the region
must here intervene. We know that there was a long period of
elevation, ‘aligwed by several dam teks of depression and reéleva-
tion, during which ther s deposition and erosion; but n
ecor i of th i
smoothed and rounded outer sees = grooves and scratches on
the surface exposures, and the erratic bowlders that ee
h 1
: r e
that were evidently torn from the Palisades and left stranded
here. Several times the ice advanced and retreated, until it finally
receded and disappeared. Coincident with it, and especially dur-
ing the periods of melting, aeae streams of water came ces
it, and these transported sand, gravel, and bowlders that did t
dently happened to the Bronx River, which originally occupied
6
the old eroded limestone valley ae the northwest border
of the Garden, along which the N. Y. Central Railroad i is located.
e flo
utlet was necessary, and this Segal into the gorge
theo which the present stream runs.
of the former flow of the water over the highest parts of
the Hace may be seen in the location of pot holes in the rock, and
in other evidences of water erosion.
The lecture was illustrated by maps, diagrams of geological
sections, and by specimens of the characteristic rocks, cobble-
stones, and pebbles that showed the difference in appearance be-
ween those that were transported by water and those that were
transported by ice.
ARTHUR HOo..ick.
SHADE TREES, THE COMPANIONS OF MAN?
The love of trees ae among uae and perennials.
ees relation between it a s
an any n make even a beginning towar
ering the fin, pene a pine tree and a soul? Yet the
one speaks to and affects the other. Make it into a violin and in
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical
Garden on Saturday afternoon, September 20, 1924. Mr. Carl Bannwart,
ie Superi P; ° ark, New Jersey. e
been described as the “ Archbishop of the Green Diocese” of 65,000
trees upon that cily’s streets. Thirty-five thousand of these trees were set
out within the last twenty years under his supervision.
7
the hands of Fritz Kreisler and Mischa Elman a cry comes out of
can cae with its language, I shall have spoken the iaaniane of
all time
is this companionship hard to explain-——when you think of
. ene to human vee exemplified by the tree. They feed
n y finda Lee Le and respite from nagging neces-
sities, ee the pack of p ng plagues which pursue him off
his scent by one ing to ie many-scented woods. Escape from
din and glare into their leafy quietness asc irritated nerves
and promotes a Christian temper, “‘ Their tempered light is like a
communicative trees begin to Perenade us to live ae cs a
i ifles.
acquaintance with the trees reacts upon the nature-
that he can contemplate the ue utumn wood wit thout
vel id t and wonder
ase of the power of oat i re What a ok of God
as that when He first thought of a tree!
8
“Nature never did bet
The heart that loved her: ie ce privilege
Through all the years of this our life to le ad
From joy to joy.”
iat fantastical to say that the tree is a
ie creature, not drawing the air into internal lungs, but
eading its jet nes ee upon the order that the fluid
circulating through a million veins from rootlets to topmost twig-
i pr
responsive crea whis ring, S sighing, murmuring, shivering,
writhing, cesinting er its s limbs, and bleedin: = when it is
hurt. Some vaguely felt intimated also by the fact
that many een tur €s make trees emblematical of men, from the
Old Testa: i
pe
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o
mes one suspects a sort of semi-h ee of dis-
position amon; Some behave eee ne others with re-
se e gather in groups or fraternize in forests, interlock-
r
ing friendly arms as if fond of fellowship and converse; as
Henley s
“Each to the other Hees anes signing,
s in some monstrous market plac
They pass the news, these Gossips = the Prime,
In that old speech ae forefathe
earned upon the la Eden, ere they heard
Naming the wondering folk of Paradise.”
Others like to stand apart as if possessed of dainty = ane
instincts, no ips, but given to pensive meditation. Of t
that cultivate reserve and independence the elm i i ome:
times it see , Let m ve an occasion all to myself;
give me entire possession of a field and see me fill it.” And,
behold, that one tree suffices to decorate the field from center to
outer edge.
9
At times and in a way trees have been teachers of mankind.
By rooted abiding in their appointed places they admonish vaga-
bonds and inculcate stability. Vagrant Louis Stevenson hints at
7H
esid
ing he may have a peculiar prestige. Sidne Hae wrote of the
Cedarcroft Chestnut on Bayard Taylor’s oe :
“The worth and sum of all his centuries
Suffused his mighty shadow on the grass.”
That the sensitive imagination of poets should ] enamored of
such a living wonder as the tree was from the first and forever
inevitable. Witness of this is borne in English as in earlier lan-
rds nder
hade and rounded an oak in Rydal Mount oe a sonnet; Ten:
f
wo
=
ne
oO
i
o
a
ness.
“T often think when working over my ae ” said John Fiske,
“of what Linnaeus once said of the unfolding of a blossom. ‘I
saw God in His glory passing near me, and en my head in
ship?”
“ Through every blade of grass,” says Carlyle, “the glory of
the pre esent God still beams.”
e many marvels and splendors of the world few sur-
er, ull o
quisite response of the human cae to such spectacles. Dorothy
Wordsworth’s journal pictures one: ‘ As we went along we were
stopped at once, at a distance of perhaps fifty yards from our
10
favorite birch tree. It was yielding to a gust of wind, _ all
t
like a flying sunshiny showe as a tree in shape with an
and eens but it was like a s of water.” Emily Dickin-
son e to Colonel Higginson : “T think you would like the
Fre tree I passed in my walk. 7 hit my notice Bete
er
the reverences and super: ms of men. owering aloft be-
ween man and t!
atries, The Soe ieaaed vaguely conceived o
ine bei
idea of a deity, “We know that at might some one goes by amongst
the trees, but we never speak of it
The lantern-slide illustrations ele ided copies of paintings by
Claude Lorrain, Corot, Blakelock th
; the Dodonn
fe}
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Charter Oak at Hartford; the Giant Cypress at Tule, Oaxaca,
Mexico; shakes? eare’s, Milton’s, Luther's, eee Buddha's
Jeanne d’Arc’s, Washington’s, Holmes’s, Emerson’s, well’s,
ryant’s trees; Sidney Lanier’s Live — ae pails in
history, architecture, painting, and sculptu
ARL BANNWaRT.
FUNGI AND INSECTS?
n July 26, a “ running lecture ” or ei Salas ei
of the w oe of cae eae and fung: Ss giv Lea
ing the Museum Building at 4:00 Seed the ee os was
1A brief report of one “Walks and Talks in The New. York
Botanical Garden,” on 7 oe 1924.
It
made under the tulip trees in front of the building and attention
called to the tulip-tree aphid, green fly, or plant louse which se-
cures i i i jui 1
own.
he work of the European Ridges oth was next encountered
in the maple and basswood trees. The caterpillar of this insect,
which is about two inches ne when mature, bores into the
for the a ges without any apparent cause, of the branches in
mild wind-storms.
One at the most destructive insects at this particular time is
the bag worm, an omnivorous feeder, attacking both deciduous
and evergreen trees of all kinds. The caterpillar of this insect
rence ade hi
an unusual amount of ee during the present season. This
pillars next spring their destruction now will help to suppress
the insect the coming year.
The destructive work of the European ‘* pine shoot moth”
the young plantation of red pines was the most striking esi
of the day. Several years ago the same insect attacked the dwarf
pines in the Botanical Garden and for a time it looked as pate
this ornamental would have to be entirely eliminated from our
12
collections. They were, earns allowed to remain and s
now to have almost entirely recovered from this “pideni
—
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ficial means would require more time and money than an institu-
tion of this kind could afford to spend, so that we depend largely
upon natural enemies for their control, resorting to artificial
treatment only in the most severe case:
Frep J. SEAVER.
EZRA BRAINERD
. Ezra Brainerd, who was president of Middlebury College
from oe to 1908, died at his home in Middlebury, Vermont, on
days before com i He
the time of his death. In 1900, in Scie with L. R. Jones
and W. W. Eggleston, he published ‘‘ The Flora of Vermont,
a oe the ie and baa Plants growing without ealdyarion®
blackberries and violets covered a much
ae geographic range, a were ee in part on the results of
culture in his own ee and aa he Se Saas as
13
a model of its kind in American botanical literature. Dr. Bra
erd was a frequent and always welcome visitor to the Botanical
Garden. Durin his later years he had bee nes a treat-
ment of the violets for the North American Flora and w
happy to i ae he left a manuscript that will ee le
that purpos
Marsuatt A, Howe.
RESIGNATION OF DOCTOR MURRILL
Dr. William Alphonso Murrill, who was for twenty years a
ant part in the development of the Garden and his
resignation has been accepted with regret
N. L. Britton.
CONFERENCE NOTES FOR DECEMBER
e December Conference of the Scientific Staff and Regis-
tre Saige of the Garden was held on the afternoon of the
hird.
r. Arthur Hollick spoke on “An Interglacial Flora from
ee Valley in British Columbia.” The following is a sum-
of his report.
- a twelve years ago the Canada Geological Survey sent to
for identification and report, a collection of fossil plants
the year 1913. About ten genera were identified in the collection,
14
including Hicoria, Populus, Alnus, hae ee Ulmus, Coccu-
lus, annie Platanus, and Vitis. The leaves are so closely
similar to certain existing species in these genera ooh they might
The Ficus is represented by well-defined fruiting branches. The
large size of the leaves, and the presence of the genus Ficus indi-
cates a luxurious, mechan aie climate.
sent. This lot has also alk ae and selected specimens from
d drawn C
ora, 0 ib’
f the Don Valley Ean eteieeel flora of Eastern Canada. The
The remarks were illustrated by ie eh . Ar plant re-
mains, and photographs and drawings of the specimens selected
for illustration.
A second report was presented to the Conference by Mr. E. J.
Schreiner on ‘‘ Some Observations on the Growth of Poplars.”
This was a i general summary of studies made during the past year
made in codperation with the Oxford Paper Co. Sections of
trees, various photographs, and graphs were —
TOUT
Secretary of - c enfereich
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JANUARY AND
FEBRUARY
Free lectures and demonstrations are given in the Central Dis-
play Greenhouse of CoaOy Range 2 on Saturday after-
noons at 3 P. M., as follow.
Jan. 3. “ Chrstmas Trees fen Other Lands:”
Mr. K. R. Boynton.
Jan. 10. “ Ferns of the Tropics.” Dr. M. A. Howe
15
Jan. 17. “Tllustrations of Rare Plants Grown by the Garden.”
Mr. K.R. ae
Jan. 24. “Some Plants concerned in the Formation of Coal.’
Dr. Arthur Hollick.
Jan. 31. es Plants.”
“Cc
Feb. 7. acti.”
Feb. 14. “ House Plants and Their Care.” Mr. H. W. Becker.
Feb. 21. “ Tropical Orchids.” Dr. H. A. Gleason.
Feb. 28. “The History and Development . Greenhouses.”
rt. J. H. Barnhart.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
A valuable collection of flowering plants and ferns from Avnik,
Alaska, collected by Mrs. John W. Chapman, has recently been
given to the Garden by De Herbert M. Denslow.
A collection of the bulbs of the Cayman Pagid (Hymeno-
callis caymanensis) has been secured from the Cayman Islands,
through the Director of Agriculture for oon Hon. H. H.
in securing them is to determine whether or not ou Flocida
coastal spiderlily is the same as this Cayman plant.
The January Conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered
we
» who ales attended the meet-
ings, had not returned fron Ww ae at that t
The following botanists registered in the foe aisee the
autumn months: Miss Ruth D. Sanderson and Mr. Ivan
Johnston, Gray Herbarium, ae Mass.; Prof. Forman T.
McLean, Kingston, R. I.; Prof. Wm. F. _Langworthy, Colgate
heen Messrs. S. H. Bu rnham, John P. Young and Raphael
A. Zon, Ithaca, N. Y.; Mr. George L. ae Geneva, N. Y.; Mr.
16
ene A, Rau, Bethlehem, Pa.; Prof.
Eug .B. S. Norton, College
ay Md.; Dr. Neil E. Stevens and Dr. ry, W
ce Mr. H. G
ington, r Prof
Merrill, N L. Gardner, and Erne beock, Berkeley, Cal. ;
Prof, ilip A. Munz, Pomona College, Cal.; Prof. Fra E.
Lloyd, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Prof. ac-
G
Clement, Queens University, Kingsto eee Mr. Fri
Ottawa, Can.; "De C. H. Ostenfeld, ae n, Denma ; Dr.
oO. ray and Major T. F. Chi ipp, Royal seen ae Kew,
England.
The following poem appeared in The Sun of November 20,
THE BOTANICAL GARDEN
a the kisses of the sun
Mellowing these lambent November ote
ity’s garden would not say torew
Delphiniums blue, pink roses, go
In making riotous this most pede! ae
Where butterflies yet lin, at the hea
Of sweetness, winging Hes pees to oe
Taking their fill ere they and blossoms part.
*Mid vivid bloom the low weeping hemlock
Sweeps; beneath it scratches a junco bird.
Masses of crimson barberries clustering ;
Pines in green gradations rising skyward.
Suddenly a-down come ae scolding crows,
Actions plain that enemy they see.
Alarmed, from cedar’s ja out flies an owl—
Crows pursue... . Can this city ae be?
Fran S CARRUTH PRINDLE.
Along the lines of the lecture of Professor M. A. Chry
The New Yo ne Botanical Garden on July 27, 1924, ae | an ve
of “ Harnessing the Sun: Can Botanists Solve the Motor-fuel
s of Mr.
Problem » a is of interest to note some recent remark
7
Fred R. Low, the retiring President of the American Society of
a ees Engineers. As quoted by The New York Times of
December 3, Mr. Low said, in substance
fter ane that the main dependence for power nowadays is on
our fuel s ly, and analyzing the ee whereby fuel is capable of
producing a yy the attraction between its atoms, mainly those of car-
bon, hydrogen, and oxygen, Mr. Low. proceeded to discuss the possible
“To separate these elements in the laboratory,” he said, “ we are obliged
- constantly going on, not with the noisy demonstration of prodigious
ort, _ quietly, in the delicate structure of a green leaf waving in the
Su -
“Tn $ manner in the frail and microscopic vegetable cell
the energy receiv on the sun is made to separate these atoms against
their mutual attraction- as wind up the clock that has run down. e
carbon is built into the structure of the growing plant and the oxygen
returned to the atmosphere.
“ And it has been by this process that the energy of the sunlight of for-
gotten ages has been absorbed, built into vegetation and stored in strata of
coal and pools of oil to render possible this — of power.
“When we ey ee 2 fo und the secret of the vegetable cell there de
bea possibility of accelerating and intensifying this slow process of Natur
[the storing of energy] and of utilizing more directly and Ate
than by our roundabout process of accelerating and retarding mole oe
larger proportion of this vast stream of energy that comes to us from the
sun.”
eae for December.—The total precipitation for the
mth was 2.55 si
m pie fo
60.5° on the gih, 55° on the 17th, and 38.5° on the 24th. The
minimum temperatures were 21° on the 5th, 22” on the 14th, 14°
on the 2tst, and rz° on t.
Meteorology for the year 1924.—The total ae for the
year at The New York Botanical a was 40.86 in This
was distributed by months as follows: a 4.89 ae in-
18
sued 2 inches snow measurement (0.20 inch water) ; February,
2 inches, including 9.5 inches snow measurement; March, 1
i latest pare femmperetate of the spring was on the morning
of the 17th of April, when 32° was recorded
ACCESSIONS
Lrprary ACCESSIONS FROM JULY I TO OCTOBER 31, 1924
Ames, Oakes. An enumeration a the orchids of the United States and
Canada. Boston, 1924. (Given by the author.
Berry, JAMES BERTHOLD. Sere woodland trees. Yonkers-on-Hudson,
—.. I¥estern forest trees. Yonkers-on-Hudso:
Cannon, WILLIAM AusTIN. General and Pssolagel etiases of the
vegetation of the more arid portions os grid with notes
on the climatic environment. ashington, ies en by the Car.
negie Institution of Washington.
Carrier, LyMAN. The beginnings of agriculture in America. New York.
Cute, Wittarp Netson. A dictionary of American plant names. Joliet,
Darwin, ERasMus, The temple of nature; or, the origin of society. Bal
Forestry almanac, compiled by the American Tree Association, Washing-
ton Ren n by Mr. C. L. Pack.)
Fon cS NIO. Saggio sopra Vutilitd di... preservar le foreste.
Fir 182 a
ee ere & Muir, Joun. The British oe hand book
1922. Demerara, [1923]. (Given by Dr. H. A, Gleason.)
19
Frick, Cuttps. List of the varieties es iat plants growing at Clay-
ton, New York. n. p. 1924. (Given by Mr. Childs Frick.)
Logs, ey Regeneration from a es chemical viewpoint. New
York
Mortaer, A “i yaité gatas ae la culture de Poster. Ed. 2. Paris, 1867.
PAaRMENTIER, ANTOINE AU Recherches sur les viéious ai
qui... peuvent en les alimens ordinaires. Paris, 1871.
Payen, ANSELME. Le malattie dei pomi di terra, della sibeneile dei
a
3. Milano .
Re, Fiurppo. Istruzione su eo di coltivare il cotone. Milano, 1810.
i produtti della conbustione del legno
i che si sen dalle combinazioni vetrose non sono di dan
oe piante. Padova, 1861.
SETCHELL, WILLIAM ALBERT. American Samoa, Washington, 1924. (Given
by the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
WILSON, ee - ANGDON. Nature sti ee in elementary schools. New York,
1898. n by eee S. H. Har
_ ae wahl schéner ba ‘seltener Gewachse als eine Fort-
etzung der ne acer Gewéchse. 2 vols. Niirnberg, 1795-08.
Books PurcHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL GARDEN,
AUGUST, 1923
(Continued)
ANpERSON, NILs a Monographia Salicum hucusque cognitarum.
Pars I. Holm 1867.
Annort, GEORGE ee Wacker. Pugillus plantarum Indiae orientalis.
ae Henri Ernest. Des mouvements dans les ad sexuels des
végétaur et dans les produits de ces organes. Paris, 1856.
Betti, Saverto Carto. Hieraciwm di Sardegna . cen nuove per la
Sardegna e notizie sul H. crinitum Sibth. — “To ‘orino,
BentHAM, Georcr. Revision of we genus Cas. [London, 1871.]
Bower, Frepertc OrrEN. On the comparative ey eine va s leaf in
the vascular aa and gymno. Ss. i; 4
Braun, ALEX ARU N garum unicellularitum genera nova
55.
Brrosi, GIovANNI. Tat torno alla anatomia delle foglie del? “ Eucalyptus
globulus Labil.” Milano, 1891.
CarueL, Troporo. Pensieri sulla tassinomia botanica. Roma, 1881.
he Rémy. De la famille des Bixacées: étude et description de la
u des Pangiées et du genre Gynocardia Paris, 1
ees a yes Denis. De Convoliulaceis dissertatio ‘secunda. [Geneva,
183
. De Convolvulaceis dissertatio tertia. [Geneva, 1841.]
20
—. oo pe Fydroléacées. [Genev 33]
CLementi, Grusepr ertulum orientale seu rece ee in Olympo
bithynico, in agro ae et hellenico non tae altis orientis
regiontbus annis 1849-50 collectarum "Ta arini, 1855.
Datta Torre, LHELM VON, ARMS, HERMANN. Genera Si-
phonogamarum ad systema a daa conscripta. Lipsiae, 1900-07.
Detpino, Giacomo Giuseppe FEperico. Fungione C ppdecols hel regno
e le. 3 parts. Bologna, 1886-89.
Dury, Jean Etrenn émoire sur Ia tribu des Hvystérinées de la famille
di Manistee " (Pyrénomycétes.) Genéve, 1861.
ot une espéce de rinses (Hypoxylées) et sur quelques
guestions de taxonomie. [Genéve, 0.
—. Note sur une maladie des yoiiies de la vigne et sur une nouvelle
a “ Alain, [Genéve, 1836.
rere ce sur que ae ee nouvelles, des environs de
ae a i). [Genév 36.]
———.. Second mémoire sur a Craik e des Céramiées. [Genéve, 1833.]
istéme méimoire sur le groupe des Céramiées soit sur le mode
de let , 1837.]
Duvat-Jouve, Joseru. Des c eee Bad et de leur impor-
tance pee Vétude critique des espéces végétales. P:
—_——.. Etudes anatomiques de Varéte ae ean [ Montpellier,
——_.. Etude bd des las de France. Paris, 1874.
ForsseLt, Kart Brot op, Beitra — ae der Anatomie und
oe Cues es , 1885.
Pres: s, JOHANN Baptist GEorc oe Beitrage sur Flora von
a i ;
Frirs, Extras Macnus. Novae symbolae myc scelogicee sistens eek in
eregrinis terris a botanicis danicis nuper collectos. Upsali
Fries, TEODOR GNUS. arctot Europae Cpacnlandia om ie
us cogniti. Upsaliae, 0.
GopeT, CHarLes Henry. Enumératio on des végétaux vasculaires quit crois-
sent dans le Canton de Neuchatel. scones atel, 1839.
GoTTLIEB-TANNENHAIN, Paur. von. Studien tiber die Formen der Gattung
lanth
Ml, TQOd.
Gravis, AUGUSTE. Recherches anatomiques sur les organes végétatifs de
PUrtica dioica L. Bruxelles, 1885.
Gray, ASA. nae boreali-americana. Decade 1. Cambridge,
Guntuart, Emr Aucust. Beitrige zur Bhithen-biologie der ie
pene und den Gattung Saxifraga. Stuttgart, 1902.
Henriques, JuLio Aucusto. Expedicdo scientifica d Serra da Estrella em
3 é
: C a: boa, 3.
HIvpesranp, Friepaich Hermann Gustav. Ueber die Geschlechtsver-
hdltnisse bet den Compositen. Dresden, 1869.
Intz, Ricwarp. Ueber den mechanischen Bau des Blattrandes. Halle,
880.
21
JANCHEN, Erwin. ea canum L, Baumg. und seine nachsten
Verwandten. as e
Jussieu, ADRIEN oe pe. Monographie des Malpighiacées. 2
parts. Pari ae
Kongliga ete fregatten Eugenies resa omkring Cai — befal af
irgin dren 1851-1853. Botanik 1, 2. Stockhol I.
Lance, Joran Martin CHRISTIAN. omenciotoe “Fl orae Danicae.”
Hauniae, 1887.
wn Bernuarp WILHELM, & a CarL Moritz.
tes hepaticarum, Fasc. 6-11. mae, 1
— CHARLES FRANCOIS BRISSEAU DE. Noueclies notes sur le canbium
‘aites d'un travail sur Panatomie de la racine du dattier. [Paris,
a
184
Gh Ferpinanp Jacos Htrnricu. Systematic census of Australian
plants. Vol. I. Vasculares. Melbourne, 1882.
Rap_korer, Lupwic Apotr TimotHeus. Die Befruchtung der Phaneroga-
dat ee sur Entscheidung des dartiber bestehenden Streites.
men.
Leipzig
ae a " Abrisse sur tabellarischen Flora der Schweiser-Kantone.
, 1868.
— rabellarische ae der Schweizer-Kantone. Schwyz, 1869
Ricrtarpson, AL a appendix [to Report of Capt. Franklin's
journey). sho 23.]
Satnt-Lacer, Jean Baptiste. Réforme de la nomenclature botanique.
i la 1880.
Sonver, Orro Witwetm. Revision der Heliophileen. [Hamburg, 1846.]
eee The von. Monographie der Gattung Alectorolophus. Wien,
1901.
Treve, es Quelques eae sur le role du noyau dans la divi-
IR.
s cellules végétales. [Amsterdam, 1879.
VRIEsE, Wines HENDRIK DE. Ee eas Haarlem, 1854.
Museums anp HERBARIUM
326 specimens of grasses from Brazil. (Collected by Mr. André Goeldi.)
7 specimens of Stizolobium. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant
Industry.
226 specimens of flowering plants from Mexico.
A. nee! fe
(Collected by Mr. C.
of flowering nh from French Guiana. (By exchange
wiih the ‘Nato History Mus , Paris.
I of Brachiaria err from Georgia. (By exchange with
the United Bistes pedi ent 7 Agriculture.)
I specimen of Centaurea Cyanus from Long Island, New York. (Given
by Mrs. John H. Barr tae t.)
ens of flowering and
00 spe n flowerless plants from Ba Rico and
the Virgin Islands. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
22
I specimen of a aculeata from the Arctic Ocean. (By. ex-
change with the pas ee Hae i Museum
ee by Mr. W. C. Henderson.)
68 specimens of mosses a Ae (By exchange with Dr. George
E. ~ ae i
ens of mosses from Alaska. (By exchange with the United
ne "National Museum
3 specimens of Repaties from Cuba. (By exchange with Brother
Leon.)
2 specimens of Sphagnum from Cuba. (By exchange with Brother
Leén.)
2 specimens of mosses from Venezuela. (By exchange with Professor
L. H. Bailey.)
aise of moss from Minnesota. (By exchange with Professor J.
M. Holzinger.)
14 specimens of mosses from Venezuela. (By exchange with the United
States National Museum.
28 specimens of mosses from Yellowstone National Park. (By ex-
change with the United States National Museum.)
2 specimens of mosses from Brazil. (Collected by Dr. W. A. Murrill.)
specimens of mosses from Panama. (By exchange with Dr. George
E. Nichols.)
50 specimens of mosses from Arizona, (Distributed by Mr. Edwin B.
Bartram,
II specimens of coralline oe from the Dry Tortugas, Florida. (Given
eae Wm. Randolph Taylor
pecimen of cara aca au from the Madeira Islands. (Given
by Professor T D. A. Coc
specimens of Characeae eae Venezuela. (Given by Mr. Henri
oie ier.)
64 specimens of North ae algae. (Given by Dr. W. C. Sturgis.)
I specimen (a part of type) of Crypfozoén Bassleri Wieland. (Given
by Dr. Geo. R. Wieland.
9 specimens of ae algae from Mt. Desert Island, Maine. (Given by
ee Duncan S. Johnson.
2 specimens of Hepaticae from Connecticut. (Given by Miss Annie
Lorenz.
I a en - cere Welwitchiit from British Guiana. (Given by Pro-
fessor L. H.
I specimen 2 “Frullania from New Zealand. ( Given by Mr. C. G
Lloyd.
23 specimens of sedges from Brazil. (Collected by Mr. André ee
pecimens of the fruits of Szwietenta sa from Pana:
aes by Mr. C. D. Mell.)
specimens of fungi from Ontario. (By exchange with Dr. L. O.
Can Its.)
3 anal of fungi from Costa Rica. (By exchange with Professor
F. L. Stevens.)
23
pecimen of fungus from Colorado. (By exchange with Professor
Ellsworth Bethel.
2 specimens of fungi from Pennsylvania. (By exchange with Dr. L. O.
Overholts.}
I specimen of Urnula Craterium from Ontario. By exchange with Pro-
fessor John Dearness.)
1 specimen 7 Peziza badia from Pennsylvania, (By exchange with Dr.
L. O. Overholt:
61 ao er fungi from Illinois. (By exchange with Professor F.
L. Steven.
66 specimens of fungi from Porto Rico. (Collected by Professor F. L.
Stevens.
6 specimens of fungi from Hawaii. (Collected by Professor F. L.
Stevens.
2 specimens of fungi from Florida. (By exchange with Mr. G. F.
Weber.
2 specimens of fungi from Siberia. (By exchange with Professor T. D.
A. Cockerell.
2135 specimens of fungi from various parts of North America. (Given
by Dr. W. turgis.
3 specimens of fungi from California. (By exchange with Professor
= A. Sete - ll.
specimen of Dearnessia Apocyni from Ontario. (By exchange with
Profesor Jon Dearness.)}
ecimen of Hypomyces Lactifluorum from Maine. (By exchange
ae Me. AW. Dreyfao
127 ae of Aijelio from Pennsylvania. (Given by Mr. L. W.
Nuttall
4 specimens of the He of Rhapidophyllum Hystrix from Florida.
(Given by Mr. L. A, Coleman.)
I specimen of moss rae “Cuba, (By exchange with Brother Leén.)
1 specimen . moss from New York Interstate Park. (Given by Pro-
fessor E. B. 1 ene: )
5 specimens, “Musci Acro. Bor, Am.” Fasc. 21. (By exchange with
Professor J. M. Holzinger.
2 specimens of masses of Chile. (By exchange with the United States
Beline Museu
mens of 1 mosses from Cuba. (By exchange with Brother Leén.
Hee of mosses from Venezuela. (By exchange with Professor
2 specimens of mosses from North America. (By exchange with Pro-
fessor J. M. Holzinger.)
I specimen of moss from Washington. (Given by Dr. Pets He a
2 specimens of mosses from Brazil. (Given by Dr. W. A. Murrill.)
I specimen of moss from Salt Lake City, Utah. (Given by Mi. A. O.
rr ie
45 specimens of mosses from Borneo and the Philippines. (By ex-
change with Mr. E. D. Merrill.)
24
O specimens of mosses from La Prienda, Oriente, Cuba. (By exchange
o Brother Hioram
6 specimens of flowering plants from the southern United States. (Given
by Mr. W. W.A
3 specimens of Hee from Florida. (Given by Rev. Hugh O'Neill. :
I specimen of Chelone from Maryland. (Given by Dr. Edgar
2 specimens Bumelia and Amerimnon. (By exchange with Professor
u
wn
»
£8
2 23
a
ame
449 specimens of flowering plants from Central America. (By exchange
“ the United States ah al Museum.
photographs of tropical American plants. (By exchange with the
Unie ne ae tional Museum
3 specim of Am n flowering plants. (By exchange with the
United Shue ‘National ae
specimens of sedges from Peru and Bolivia. (By exchange with the
490 specimens of flowering plants from “Hispaniola. (By exchange with
the United States National Museum.)
1 specimen of Salix discolor from South Dakota. (By exchange with
the United States Department of Agriculture.)
1,175 specimens of flowering ve nts and ferns from North America. (By
exchange with Harvard University.)
25 specimens of flowering oe from Florida. (Given by Dr. R. M.
Harper.
ecimens of flowering plants from the eastern United States. (By
exchange = os United cia sige Museum.
13 phot of flower: ants. (By exchange with the United
States Naticnal oe im.)
specimens of flowering plants from Colombia. (Duplicates from
the André Herbarium.
specimens of hata plants from the Blue Ridge, Pennsylvania.
(Given by Dr. J. K
Oo specimens of ih plants from Porto Rico. (Given by Don Narciso
pai
specimens of fossil plants from British Columbia. (By exchange
ae radia Survey of Canada.)
I specimen of peaty silt, pene plant remains from Manhattan
Island. Cues y Mr. S
I specimen of Br hates lnprach yeu from Unalaska Island.
Se bie with the Uni tates ace Museum.)
atic from North ees (Given by ’. C. Sturgis.)
I seinen of Sargassum natans from the aae Ocean. (Given by
Professor L. H. Bailey.
2 ee of hepatics from Alaska, (Given by Mr. W. C. Henderson.)
27 specimens of mosses from Michigan. (By exchange with Dr. George
E. Nichols.)
PUBLICATIONS OF
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arial gehts a copy; ars as a yea Nee in its eee sixth wolkemae.
Myco logia, bimonthly, devoted to eae including lichens; $4.00 a year;
single copies a for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its seven-
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thirty-two in each volum Subscription PF ice, Tera: 00 a ro. PUNGe
offered in exchange.] Monn in its tenth v
Bulletin of The New York Botanical aes) oataREES reports of Ne
Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em
bodying results of investigations. Free to all nee of the Garden; to
others, $3.00 per volume. Ow in its thirteenth v
North American Flora. Descriptions of the Ce lant s of North Amer-
ica, including Greenland, the West ea and Aes ral America. Planned
to be completed i ol 8vo. ach volum
our or more parts. 54 parts now eae eds 7S tes price, $1.50 per
part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not
fe in eee
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the e Garden, $1.50 per volume. others, $3.00
n Annotated Gietoete of ae Blora of Montana and the Yel-
(neee Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map.
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Vol. II. The Influence of Light and nee upon Growth and Devel-
opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi O pp., with ne fee 1903.
Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coney n em from Kreischer-
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Ni: Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, Py Charles Stuart
ae viii ++ 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1
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ume. In the eleventh volume.
HE NEW YORK Sean ane GARDEN
mx Park, New York City
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden —
are
Pane hundred acres of ies diversified land in the northern part
of the City of New York, through which flows ie Bronx River. A native
tra
Plantations 2 thousands of native and audeead trees, shrubs, and
flowering plan
Gardens, hea: a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock-
loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens
Greenhouses, pee thousands of perme plants from America
and foreign countrie
Flower shows Medan the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn
displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, pe -onies, roses, lilies, water-
pee gladioli, ce oe ene SCoahag nthemums; in the winter, displays of
enhouse-blo
m, pete Boat ts of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local plants occurring within ane undred miles of the City of New York,
and the economic uses of plan
An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer-
ican and foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character-
i flora
Scieunibe research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified —
problems of plant life.
A library of bare onl literature, comprising more than 34,000 books
nd numerous pamphlet
Public lectures on a Corea variety of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the yea
Publications on Beanies subjects, partly of technical scientific, and
partly of popular, interest.
The education oF price 1 children and the public through the abov
features and the giving of free information on botanical, LOrHclnaen
and forestal atieers
Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the
City of New York, private benefactions and membership
nearly two thousand mem!
possesses now tu members, and applicati
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are:
Benefactor (ison iors. sep on ne single contribution $25,000
Sia ROE RORERD ated) ae va RUA single contribut: f
Fellowifar bites s.r seal. 5 2% etree single contribut 1,000
ember: TOr Whee sre sic ahs clays obateieteee si sas cont bee 250
llowshi EMER, ise Meena eae annua 100
Sustainime Member scence ini aS fee 25
OL WEY baie nels RTO annual fee 10
The following is an epproven form of beque a
I hereby aS to T. York Botanical Garden aaa under ‘a
the Laws of New York, Resins 285 of 1891, the s' ———— Re
All carne oe further information sho uld ibe sent to
THE hae York BoTanicaL pean
RONX PARK, NEW YORK C
VOL. XXVI Frprvary, 1925 No. 302
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
SELF IBILITY IN WILD SPEGIES OF APPLES
A. B. Stout
TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS AT HOME—IV. THE HUCKLEBERRY
FAMILY IN THE ANDES
H. H. Russy
THE TREES OF ST. AUGUSTINE
W. Murriu
THE FRINGED GENTIAN
Gerorce F. Norton
GENTIANA CRINITA
ExizasetH G. Britton
PRELIMINARY NOTICE OF A PROPOSED INTERNATIONAL CON-
FERENCE ON FLOWER AND FRUIT STERILITY
Strout
PUBLIC LECTURES FOR MARCH AND APRIL
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
Art Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa.
Tue Science Press Printinc Compan
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Freperic S. Ler, Presiden JAM
Henry W. DE oaeer Vice President ADOLP HL LEwIsonN
F. K. Srurcis, Vice President KennetH K. MACKENZIE
Joun L. Merrity, Treasurer W. rane N
1D, TION, Sec Barrincton Moore
Epwarp D. ApAMs J. P. Morcan
ENRY DE Forest BALDWIN Lewis Ee Moms
NicHoLas es. BuTLER Frepertc R. NEwso
Paut D. Crava’ Cuartes F,
Rosert W. DE pOREe Hersert M. RICHARDS
Cuitps Frick Henry H. R
WitiraM J ore GeorcE J. Rya
A. Harp Apert R. S
JosrrH EP Ton NRaSY WILLIAM Boney THOMPSON
w THOMPSO
Joun F, Hytan, Mayor maps jhe ay of New Van
Francis Dawson GALLATIN. eae of Te pense of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D.
Nicoras Murray BuTLER, , Pu. D., Freperic S. Lee, Pu. D., LED:
iD) daria gs cies M. Jee Sc. D.
Wiuram J. Gis, Px. D. Henry H. Rusp
Gerorce J. Ryan
GARDEN STAFF
N: LeBaron: Pa. D:, Sc. Ds LL saison ee see Director- -in-Chief
MARSHALL A. H WE, Pu Dy, RAGE eo Dod Assistant Director
Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D. ead Curator of the Museums
A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the Laboratories
A. Rypperc, Pu. D. Curator
Gueason, Pu. D. Curator
FreD EAVER, Px. D. Curator
ARTHUR Ho tick, (ele. IDK Paleobotamst
Percy WILson Associate Curator
PatmyreE DE C. MiTcHELL Associate Curator
Joun ee BARNHART, “As My MaDe ia ecieee eect eee Bib iographer
Saran H. rLow, A. M. Librarian
(alg Lely Reueye MD eee Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
Euizazetu G. Britton Honorary Curator of Mosses
ARY E. Eaton Artist
Kennetu R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener
Rosert S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant
Hester M. Rusk, A. M. Technical Assistant
H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium
i B. Sournwick, Pu. D............... Custodian of ead baceous Grounds
Joun R. Brintey, C. E. oe dscape Engineer
Watter S. GROESBECK and Accountant
ARTHUR) GORBEDD UM esietiei-eleior Superintendent of Basra and Grounds
WALTER CHARLES Museum Custodian
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. XXVI FEBRUARY, 1925 No. 302
SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY IN WILD SPECIES
OF APPLES
Certain individuals of some of the wild species of ae are
freely, are evidently well pollinated through the movements of
branches and bags in the wind, and when fully self-compatible
set fruit abundantly.
A single tree of each of thirteen species and two trees of one
species were tested. The specific names here used are those
which t
her sources
From three to ten bags were ae per oe with each eee
2
26
at least several flower clusters and numerous flowers, this vary
ing according to the profusion of bloom
Of
the trees thus tested, one of ach of the following species
nd unable to pro-
these cases not a single fruit started to develop to flowers
the left is a cluster of panae - eae ehh
right i: of frui
cross- ee "Su ch r
apples.
Ficure 1. Above at
four weeks oS self-pollination and at the
from the same branch that developed from
sults are ee for the kind of sterility common in
submitted to self- and close- -pollination only, but each tree pro
ai cross- ea oe
abunda:
ers enclosed per bag and the number of fruits that matured are
as follows:
At. Toringo; 49 flowers, 18 fruits;
flowers, 69 fruits; 131 flowers, 80 fruits.
51 flowers, 31 fruits; 99
27
M. Malus; 25 flowers, 13 fruits; 35 ae . fruits ; 58 flow-
ers, 38 cae - flowers, 37 fruits (see figur
. Sargeniti; 45 flowers, 39 a > He wers, 41 fruits; 60
flowers, 45 ee 72 flowers, 57 fruits; 141 flowers, 135 fruits.
ese three trees p: roduced a in es ndance but the pro-
‘IGURE 2. Ahove are shown the mature fruits on a branch of the
compat: rOss-’
vatible in self-fertilization.
open pollination. These plants appeared to be fully self-com-
ble.
‘or another group of trees the number of enclosed flowers
that set fruit was relatively very low. ese plants ae
to be feebly self- panes The data for these are as follo
28
M. baccata; three bags enclosing 24, 35, 8 flowers, a
total of 117 flowers; in each ce wo bags one mae developed, in
ni
source, of 199 flowers enclosed in five bags a total of ” fruits
developed. Apparently this plant was more than feebly self
compatible. Difference such as this is frequently seen for dif-
ferent individuals of a single species.
AI. Arnoldiana; five bags enclosed from 29 to 50 flowers each
e
any
individuals grown from seed on each species are self-inc ets
I the sp
noted above. Some individuals may be fully eae
and others fully self-incompatible in the same species. Test:
[NFwy-Jjas pue
apqvedwos-jpos AjySry aq Aur syueyd awos osye pue sarads sty} jo syuejd pases juasoayip udoMjay vOoNeUod-ssoia
2q P[NOM d19y) ‘pyIA. ay} UT “‘Aqieau payueld arom yey) satjaTIeA pojeatno Jo $9073
$991] WOIF UOlBUT][OE-SSOID FO I[MSII dy} 19M 394} S14] UO S}IMIsz ay} [[e WY] ayeorpur
to) tae paoecs ay] JO (viupu0402 ales add. pum aut 50 aiiy 'e ae
30
of various oe from different seed origin are necessary to de-
termin
er ees growing wild are, except perhaps for origin
each from a different seed and unless
ti ere is opportunity for cross-pollinations.
nder such conditions tas a also cross-incom-
ividuals 3 e not at
FIGURE 4. ae fruits shown above are from the self-pollination of
flowers a within a paper bag on a branch of a tree of Malus Malus.
p is alls ben oe but some of its seed progeny may b
entirely are -incomp:
In cultivated apples, all the trees of a variety are from a anches
is i clo
1s complete self-incompatibility in a seedling anaie Sint ie
31
many trees of the clonal variety that may be propagated fro
ee are fruitless unless ea is ae cross- eae
of another clonal v This is the reason for in-
sae those clonal varieties — ‘apples a are fully or de-
cidedly self-fruitless.
ne can re oun 2 an apple tree to breed
true even though the y be mber of a ecies.
In private ree in neem h Se in oun. ee in
collections of species and varieties of the apple such as the one
at t tate Ex nd
Seed collections from such sources can not be relied upon to
par
It is not surprising a ‘this type of self-sterility should exist
among the individuals of various species of wild apples. They
have evidently transmitted this characteristic to the varieties now
in cultivation. It is, however, favorable to the interests of hor-
ticulture hat some ae of certain species at least, and
some of the clonal varieties now grown in orchard culture are
self-fruitful. They do not need cross-pollination and if highly
self-fruitful may . grown in solid blocks without a necessary
on
eca:
Those who are breeding apples to secure new and beter sorts
for culture will without doubt in the future give special atten-
tion to the obtaining of individual seedlings that are highly self-
fruitful
A. B. Stout.
TROPICAL AMERICAN PLANTS AT HOME—IV. THE
HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY IN THE ANDES
opular interest in the Huckleberry Family, as represented in
our Vacciniaceae contribute little in the way of ornament, if we
32
except the glorious crimsons and scarlets displayed by the au-
tumn foliage of the Vacciniums. The commercial value of our
any showy
of really eee appearance. Thei ers, for
hh
€ c
flowers, sufficient to provide for ample variety in decorative
appearance. To the systematic botanist, oe differences are
g
eae of one aoe as well as between those of different genera.
who would recognize many genera, though most of them can be
accorded but few species
To the above Siteneats regarding the absence of edible fruits
among these plants, the genus Psammisia forms a notable exce
tion, its berries being eagerly collected by country people, ee
33
being often seen in the South American markets. More thi
thirty species of Psammisia are reco ee ‘atu ash not oa of
them are known to contribute edible fru Their principal
center of development is in southern a ombia and adjacent
Ecuador, Venezuela, and northwestern Brazil. They occur
mostly in the cool regions in high elevations, nee never, so
oe as my observation extends, where any frost is known.
he species best known to me appears to be pees macro-
Pa (HBK.) Klotsch, which occurs abundantly in the moun-
h :
ou dark red. They are nearly an inch in length and as thick
a lead pencil.
” The ae of this species are about as large as an ordina
cranberry, of similar form, and of a rich purple or crimson-
u
Bogota, called Uv
being the product of are aa Planch. & Lindl,
34
the other, known as Uva Camarona, probably from P. macro-
a The former is ae about half as large as the latter
a s lar.
Both s Species are well een in the Economic Museum of
this Garden.
ae
>
y other genus of this family that I have found yield-
hich
common occurre om ee to ane Chile. This
species, as I oe t, aes ices tall, stout, simple stems from a
=
°
°
=
Se
w
&
=]
is
=a
2
3
ian
-_
°
3
3
a
=
=
=
=
f=)
~~
2
fe}
bo
ot
dmopiag paniculate inflorescence. It is probably the ee ee
35
species of the genus, its habit being more like that of the genus
Macleania than of its immediate relativ
more highly ornamental eae ei the family are found
in the very interesting genera Ceratostemma and Thibaudia, held
some authors to be but one, and united by them under
am on! the
oO
are short and may be erect or variously recurved or reflexed.
elliptica Hooker,” is one 0 e mo mmon and abundant
ecies i northern
tr C
liar in having its large leaves obscurely serrulate ; its light scarlet
owers are recurved and borne in dense axillary clusters.
e genera nes ales and Eurygania are very similar to
Ceratostemma, bere r flowers are usually smaller
36
A species of Thibaudia collected in Colombia by Pennell and
ae and probably not named, has densely flowered secund
axillary racemes more than six inches in length, and must be
very Eee when growing
Several of the less shows genera are of considerable scientific
$
int h s Rusbya Britton, which two species are
ow known, differs from all other plants in this ae in the
possession of s. eee usby, formerly r
flowers. Sephocled, of ‘which. many new species are now bein
collected, i
flowers pends on long filiform stems, and mostly of dul
coloratio
=
2
oe
g
FS
@
°
Fr
#
3
a=
<
2
o
=
a
o
4
v
28
ay
ion
a
ct.
fom
@
a
a:
=
£5
o
Many o ‘of these plants appear to be saprophytic, in Aa or
less degree, and would probably prove difficult of cultiv
H. i.
THE TREES OF ST. AUGUSTINE
he trees of the oldest cit ity in the United Sieles: cannot ae to
a the trim, conical red cedar of Virginia and New York.
in abundance in the Plaza is the live-oak, also very
ee and picturesque in appearance and extremely common
along the ee in soil that is rather moist and fertile. On the
oe sandy s away from water, the live-oaks give way to pines
nd scrub- ae that drop their leaves as do our northern species.
is the live- as that wears so well its showy dress of long gray
7 pea mos
37
A smail-leaved elm is quite common in St. Augustine, one tree
in;
thern magnolia need only be mentioned, since it is so well
known as far north as Philadelphia and New York. ge
nificent tree, with its handsome blossoms and foliage, is never out
of sight, either along the streets or in the woodlands near the city.
alms of various species are arias extremely ;
cabbage palmetto ae ig nati The ae effects about the
Ponce Le and certain oe buildin: e produced
chiefly with tall, sy iain alms e trunks o Imetto
are also used extensively for piles along the waterfront, bein:
The hackberry and the pecan are seen occasionally on lawns
in the city, while imported trees like the Melia, London plane,
white mulberry, eucalyptus, arbor-vitae, mimosa, and cycas are
more or less abundantly planted. Se trees—the grapefruit,
orange, tangerine, lemon, and kumquat—predo minal in the
orchard and garden; while the peach, iS Japanese “ quince,”
ss and papaya are not rare.
The camphor-tree is represented by two or three specimens in
the Plaza and by a number of trees of various ages throughout
the town. It is a shapely tree having gray bark, Baan twigs, and
Tu me tre
leaves, with green centers and highly ornamental pale-yellow mar-
The Dupont Company is attempting to grow the camphor-
tree on a commercial scale in Florida.
uae ae shrubby vines abound oon pas greatly to the beauty
of the hrub is probably the oleander,
wae TOWS enna although the Chinese rose ena,
and a wax myrtle (used for hedges) are fully as common
38
Yucca is used in different species; also the sane agave; the
small a aaa the Florida alee or coontie, mber of the
The Christmas-fower, Poinsettia, is planted everywhere and is
now at the height of its beauty. I have ju en ad. g a fine
hedge of it along the north wall enclosing Mr. Rockefeller’s place
shrubs project above it two or three feet, making a very hand-
some and gaily ee border
W. A. Mourritt.
St. Aucustineg, Fiorina,
DECEMBER I0, 1924.
THE FRINGED GENTIAN
The scattering of Fringed Gentian in many different places in
Westchester County, Y., an account of which was published
the Nov , 1923, issue of the Journal of The New York
Botanical Garden, brought requests for see people in more
I have mailed about five hundred packets : ae ve fur-
nishing some to be planted along the Bronx River Parkw:
Fringed Gentian may be grown in pots oad ea but
many of the plants die and they do not make the growth that we
find under the wild conditions.
It has been demonstrated that the seed may be stored over
growth of grass and weeds protects the young p.
Those who wish to try growing Fringed rae indoors
39
should select a nine-inch pot and in the bottom place one inch
ol
g
weed seeds, and finish the top with two inches of baked garden
soil mixed with pulverized moss.
Sow the seed on top of this but do not cover with soil. Place
Ficure §. Four-months’ seedlings of Fri d Gentian (Gent inita)
a little less than a month the plants will show as green pin points.
A
remain. The roots are long, smooth, and brittle, and if the tap-
root is injured, ie plant will die.
The following directions were mailed with each packet of
ed:
= Se atter ae seed it in the fall or early winter saa the Fringed
of May the plants begin to show as little green points and in
open field are difficult to find. In September the plant ee
40
the first season’s growth, which consists of a rosette of six to
eight leaves, the whole being about the size of a twenty-five cent
piece and aries close to the en
Through the courtesy of Dr. A. B. Stout, who has grown
Fringed Gentian ie we are able to show a photograph
of the young plants.
The stem does not grow until the second spring, beginning
April and blooming at an average height of eight to twelve inches
in cans and October.
eed crop is sometimes destroyed if an early frost catches
the seed pods before they ripen and as the Fringed Gentian is
ee from the seed only, there are few flowers the second
autumn after the freeze.
Some of the seeds do not germinate the first spring but “sleep
over” and eventually there is a field of blue to greet one every fall.
The seed is not sold but given away to flower-lovers, and I
will continue to gather it and mail to — ~ forward ia
© F, Norton,
ne of en St.,
New York City
GENTIANA CRINITA
The publicity which has been given to the planting of Fringed
Gentian and the interest which it has aroused is one of the most
ed, and many h:
inspired to go and do likewise and to supply their friends with
seed, so it would appear to have started a chain, which we hope
will be “ endless.”
Incidentally we have learned that in the December number of
the Garden Magazine for 1905, pp. 210-212, there is a most in-
teresting account of the growing of Fringed Gentian from seed,
4I
with a picture of the gold medal given by Doubleday, Page
Company to Mr. Murray, Head Gardener to Mr. Pierre aa
at Tuxedo. The article is ilustrated by see photographs,
both of cultivated and wild plants and shows the differences in
This year the late frosts and warm season ieee the gentians
in flower until November 16th, so that an abundant crop of seed
Garden, and we hope for results within two years, for the Fringed
Gentian is a biennial and this must be remembered when early
frosts or very dry seasons occur.
EvizaBetH G. Britton,
Ho ‘y Curator,
New York Botanical Garden
siege cet NOTICE OF A PROPOSED ene
VAL pee eee ON FLOW
D FRUIT STERILITY
here have Pe been held under the auspices of The Horti-
cultural Society of New York two important conferences on
matters of vital interest to horticulture. One conference in 1902
volumes 1 and 2 - its Memoirs.
Fo fiicers of the S e
the holding of another International Conference on some sub-
n
mey appropriated for the expenses of the een ierence
and for Ge publication of its proceedings.
A preliminary statement of the main fees of the confer-
ence may be made at the present time as follow
42
Scope: The conference will consider the phenomena of sterility
and fertility in fruit and seed production with special reference
to (a) the breeding of eatial plants, (b) problems of fruit
growing and seed production in horticultural and agricultural
crops, and (c) the botanical and genetical aspects of sterility and
fertility.
Character of the Sessions: It seems desirable to hold a three-
day conference with one day devoted to the interests of floricul-
ture, one to the problems of fruit growing, and one to the more
purely scientific aspects of the subject. There will be invitation
n
d. d to e-
sented by several noted horticulturists, pes and geneticists,
especially from Eur
Time and Place: pe International Conference on Plant Sci-
neces is to be held at Ithaca, N. Y., in 1926, which will be at-
time to time. An effort will be made to reach all who are inter-
ested in the subject.
The codperation of all who are interested in this conference is
requested. The committee is now ready to receive titles of
papers and an early report from those who plan to attend and
particularly from those who wish to presen aus is requested.
In behalf of the Horticultural Society of New York,
. B. Stout,
Secretary, Conference Committee.
PUBLIC LECTURES FOR MARCH AND APRIL
The following is the program of the Garden’s free illustrated
lectures for March and April. They are to be held in the Mu-
seum Building on Saturdays, beginning at 3: 30
March 7. “Yosemite Valley and the Big Trees.”
43
Dr. H. R. Rose
March 14. “Alpine Flowers of the Rocky Mountains.”
Dr. PLA ber,
March 21. “Plant Can Dr. Michael Pas
March 28. “Camping a Cie in the Mountains of Chile.
Mr. G. T. Hastings
April 4. “Porto Rico and the American Virgin ead
Dr. F. J. Seaver
April 11. “Across the Trail of Linnaeus in Arctic Lapland.”
Dr. G,. C. Fisher
”
April 18. “European Influences in American Botany.
Dr, J. H. Barnhart
April 25. “Flowers for the Spring Garden.”
Mr. K. R. Boynton
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
octor A. B. Stout of the Garden staff is spending six weeks
during February and March in southern Florida in studies of
the flower behavior of avocados with reference to pollination
and the setting of fruit. This work is being done in codperation
with the Florida Avocado Association and with representatives
of the state and of the Bureau of Plant Industry
. Britton, Director-in-Chief of The New York Botani-
cal Carden, sailed for Porto Rico and the Bt ae on
with cecal melee to economic plants and ornamentals ;
44
favorable opportunity is afforded in the recent introduction by
the Department of Agriculture and Labor of Porto Rico, of
many important plants from other tropical regions
Dr. Ephraim Hareubeni, former botanical adviser of the Pales
tine Gov ent and a student of the flora of Palestine ior
aera years, se et The New York Botanical Garden on Janu-
Christian Scriptures. On oe evening of a 9, Dr
on the Flora of the Old and New Testaments.”
The many friends of Edward iat ee will 2
shocked to learn of his sudden death, at his h n New
City, ening, February 2, wi :
Bristol, Maine, July 24, 1878, and from his graduation at Bow-
doi 1 1 devoted his life to teachin, a:
Society of Am fea, and he devoted much atention to the flora
of his native state, where he spent his s ers; but his chief
botanical int s in mosses. He was a charter member of
the Sullivant Moss Society; its president in 1905-07; and its
914. many years h in charge of all of the foreign ex-
changes of th ty, and contributed many papers to its off-
cial organ, The Bryologi e was a frequent and welcome
visitor at the herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden
Meteorology for January——The total precipitation for the
month was 3.35 inches, of which 2.45 inches (24.5 inches by
45
snow measurement) ‘fell as snow. The maximum Tempcarare
pace for week were 48° on the 8th, 46° on the 17th, 44°
on the 25th and 47° on the 26th. The minimum temperatures
were 18° on a vth, 12° on the 15th, + 1.5° on the 24th and
— 3.5° on the 28th.
ACCESSIONS
Liprary ACCESSIONS FROM NovEMBER I TO DECEMBER 31, 1924
Botanisches Archiv. Vols. 1-7. Berlin, 1922
owes, E. A. A handbook of Crocus ag Colchicum for gardeners.
London, 1924. (Given by Mrs. Ethel A. . -
Catturor, Dion Clayton. The charm of gar IQII
Coox, Ernest THomas. Gardens of En, i ee i eae Par-
Dream, Cartes CLtemon. Shrubs of Indiana. Indianapolis, 1924.
Metset, Max. A bibliography of American natural history. The pioneer
century, 1769-1865. Vol. 1. Brooklyn, 1924. (Given by the author.)
aia Aucusta Owen. American homes of today. New York,
(Given by Mr George P. Brett.
treal, Can. (Given by Dr. E. B. Southw iy
Recorp, SAMuEL James, & MELL, CLAYTON ee Timbers of trop-
ical America, New Haven, 1924. (Given by Prof. S. J. Record.)
onpe, ELEANouR Sincrair. .4 garden of herbs. London, rg.
Tansey, ArtHuR Grorce. Elements of plant biology. London, [1922.]
pe Harry H., & Eastea, Watter. The rose book. [Ed. 4.]
Lo 1922.
aia A Harotn. West African forests and forestry. New York,
0.
Waren, Marcaret H. Ga dae colour. Spring by Mrs. C. W. Earie;
Summer by E. V. B.; Autumn by Rose Kingsley; Winter by Vicary
‘bbe. Notes and 48 water ee sketches by Margaret Waterfield.
London, 1922.
Watson, bad Beaurort. The true story of a real garden. New York,
er Ancus Duncan. Hardy ornamental flowering trees and shrubs.
Ed. London, 1908.
Books PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BoTANICAL GARDEN,
UGUST, 1923
tinued )
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46
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DEcaIsNE, JosEP Monographie des genres Ligustrum et Syringa.
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Flora und Vegetation von Kerg [Jena, 1905
ScHIMPER, WILHELM PHILIPP. Recherches Pei ‘et morphologiques
sur les mousses. [Strasbourg, 1850.
Scuumann, Kart Mortrz. Bhikende Kakteen. Vols. 1-9. Neudamm,
1900-10.
Scuwernitz, Lewis D DE. Synopsis fungorum in America Boreali
media peed ‘TPhiladelp hia, 1832.]
SEBASTIANI, Francesco Antonio. Romanarum plantarum fasciculus alter.
Romae, 1815.
———. Komanorum plantarum fasciculus primus. Romae, 1813.
Specazzini, Carto Luicy. Fungi Argentini novi vel critici. Buenos Aireé,
181
Secretan, Lours. Mycographie suisse. 3 vols. Genéve, 1833.
Serx, Jonann Baptist von, & Martius, Kart FRiepricH Pare VON.
Reise in Brasilien auf Befell Sr. Maj. Maximilian Joseph I t
1817 bis 1820. 2 parts. Miimchen, 1823-28.
See Ernest. Lichenaea Girona: Pars prior. St. Gallen, 1890.
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
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ns J. Horace Harding . R. Pierson
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THE oe York BoTANICAL any
X PARK, NEW YORK
VOL. XXVI Marcu, 1925 No. 303
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
SILK-TOP THATCH—THRINAX PARVIFLORA
Joun K. SMaALi
SOME PLANTS CONCERNED IN THE FORMATION OF COAL
ArTHUR HOLLIcK
THE SOUTHERN DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEMLOCK
J. P. Oris
HOUSE PLANTS AND THEIR CARE
H. W. Becker
PLANTING FLOWER SEEDS
KennetH R. Boynton aNnp GEORGE FRIEDHOF
PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS, AND as ear ag es THE
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN DURING THE YEAR
CONFERENCE NOTES FOR FEBRUARY
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
Ar Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa.
Tue Science Press PrintInc CoMPANY
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Freperic S. Ler, Presiden James F. Kemp
Henry W. ve Forest, View peeso ApoLpH LEWISOHN
F. K. Srurats, Vice Presiden KennetH K. Mackenzie
Joun L. Merritt, Treasurer . J. MATHESON
N.L. TION, Secretary BarrincTon Moore
Epwarp D. Apams
Henry be Forest BALDWIN Lewis RUE Monee
NicHoLtas Murray ButLer Frepertic R. NEwso }
AUL D. CravaATH Cuar es F.
Rozsert W. bE Forest Hersert M. RIcHARDS
CHIL HENRY
WiraM J. Gries GerorcE J. RYA
R. A. R Apert R. SH
JosrrH P. HENNESSY Wits Hove THOMPSON
MAN THOM
GILMA
Joun F. Hyran, eee of the City of New Bun
Francis Dawson GALLATIN. President of the ences of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D.
NicHotas Murray Butter, Po. D., Freperic S. Lee, Px. Dy IDI, ID),
EAD errr: ERBERT M. RICHARDS, Sc. D.
Wi.uraM J. Gigs, Px. D. HENRY i. Russy, M. D.
GeorcE J. RyAN
GARDEN STAFF
N.-L. Brrrron, Px. DSc. DS UL Dies tee eee ere Director-in-Chief
MARSHALL A VHOWEV EH) Ds SC aD slacemosnitmen cence Assistani trea
JOHN KetSiALy wi DSCs Der eetereeee Head Curator of the Mus
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Taboraones
P. A. ERG, Curator
H. A. Gieason, P Curator
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. Curator
ARTHUR Hottrcx, PH, D: Paleobotanist
Percy WILson Associate Cura
Pavmyre DE C. Mir Associate Curat
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Sarau H. Hartow, A. M. ibrarian
HER RUSEY, Man Dyr eeinue ak Honorary Curator af the Economic Coltri
ExizaBetH G. Britton Honorary Curator of M yee
ARY E. Eaton Artist
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Rosert S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant
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. M. Denstow, A. WE IDE IDE 5655 Honorary Custodian of ara Herbarium
E. B. Saunton Pa Die eee ustodian of Her bacegs Grounds
Joun R. Brintey, C. E. andscape Engineer
Wa ter S. GROESBECK cies a ane Accountant
ARTE URW) CORBET Tree Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. XXVI Marcu, 1925 No. 303
SILK-TOP THATCH—THRINAXK PARVIFLORA
(WITH FIGURE 1)
From prehistoric times no tree, perhaps, has been so cherished
F
P t grew, w:
bolism and idolatrous worship by the ancients. There are mil-
lions of human beings t — in all countries from the Arctic to
the Antarctic who carry on the t
“It is no exaggeration to say, ae that this eminent tree-
group not only satisfies man’s physical needs, but in some degree
answers to the ie! of his soul as well.
1878, in a paper by A. W. Chapman.? In it he refers some speci-
2, 1878.
? Alvan Wentworth Chapman was born 28 September 1809, at South-
Stat died at
ee ee . April 1899, in his ninetieth year. —Joun He ENDLEY BARNHART.
nish thatch and are, sometimes, woven into braids and ropes.
51
mens from southern Florida to Thrinax parviflora and gives the
geographic distribution of the palm as “Keys alon Sh a
di
reefs, exte p the west coast as far as Cape
cies of the s Thrinax in Florida have ae the sub-
jects of much misunderstanding and misinterpretation. e
are th main reasons for this condition: first, decisions were
based on too scanty material, where ample specimens sh e
been or could have been secured; se y, the nm studies were
made in the closet instead of i field; thirdly, botanists were
or pelea ee ae dian,
he fol ted statements by C. S. Sargent? express what we
knew of this thatch-palm about a pa rter he a century after it
was discovered this side of the Gulf Str
“Dry coral ridges and sandy cree ae Cape Romano to
n
a:
Discovered by Dr. A. W. on Cap i
autumn of 1875, ue on Cape a a Dr. A. P. Garber* in Octo-
ber, 1879. This is the Thrinax excelsa of Flo nurserymen
but not of Gasebacs Closely related probably to Thrinax par-
viflora of Swartz, which appears to be widely tied through
the West Indies and to occur on the shore of Central America,
rles naga Sargent was born 24 April 1841, at Boston, Mass.
aes After raduation from Harvard University, in 1862, he en
he i
in Porto Rico. In 1881 he onli to Pansies and died there, at
Renovo, the same year, 26 August.—J. H. B.
52
but distinct from that species, as collected by Charles Wright® in
Cuba (no. 2329), and determined by H. Wendland,° in its lon
€
courtesy of the director, Mr. W. T. Thiselton Dee my Florida
i d.
ove quotation is a note accompanying the original de-
1
scription of Thrinax floridana, which, judging from in-
formation , proves to be t me as Thrinax parviflora
of the West Indies, whence its ancestors evidently migrated years
ago. Int Jes ies the silk-to tech occurs
hama in Jamaica, where the specimens we
lected upon whi he species was fou In Florida it is
strictly maritime in its distribution and an ‘alban of ham.
mocks in its floristics
During the spring of 1922, in continuation of our field studies
of palms, we made the silk-top thatch in the Cape Romano region
5 Charles Wright was born 29 October 1811, at Wethersfield, Com
ticut. He graduated from Yale in te oe thereafter, for nearly fe
to
d , Ne 185,
the North Pacific Exploring Expedition, and from 1856 to 1867 in Cuba
For most of the remainder of his life he remained at his early home at
i . HB.
6 Hermann Wendland was born 11 October 1825, at Herrenhausen,
i di
palm
upon which he became the leading authority. He died at Herrenhausen,
12 January 1903.—J. H. B.
William Turner Thiselton-Dyer was born 28 July 1843, at Westmin-
ster, London, England. H s educated at Oxford, and was a college
professor fri 1868 until 1875, becoming in th ear assistant director
of th yal Gardens, Kew. In 1877 married the da £ the
ciated with the administration of the most famous botanic garden in the
world for thirty years. He was knighted in 1899.—J. H. B.
53
object of search. Here is where, in 1875, it was for the first
ready to go back to BS West. I know of no palms of that kin
near the Cape now
The more spi hedi islands of the upper Florida Keys repre-
sent the center of its geographic area in Florida. There the
rom t
range extends westward and ee, but with diminish-
i i us on
cruising the waters adjacent to the islands. San
e the northern limit to its range on the eastern coast, except for
54
a single plant now growing on the nearby Ragged Key, Number
Six. It is similarly represented in a scattering way in the Ten
Thousand Islands, and Cape Romano on the western coast repre-
sents the northern limit of its range anywhere. Cape Sable and
Cuban palm has been eae with the genus Thrinax in
T e of interest to note that the long sharp perianth
lobes attributed to the flower of rinax Wen ana are
eae es features in the Sim s n, referred to above,
mpson specime
m Caxambas, which is the type locality, if not the exact type
station for Thrinax floridana
silk-top is a beautiful ene graceful palm. It may be dis-
which hang in dense long branches from the crown of rich green
Joun K. Smatt.
SOME PLANTS CONCERNED IN THE FORMATION
OF COAL*
1 is commonly—and correctly—thought of as a mineral.
d
ar.
we are dealing with coal as a finished product, which belongs in
* Abstract of a lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden on
January 24, 1925.
55
the mineral kingdo om; but in connection with the facts and the
story of its origin it belongs in the vegetable kingdom and comes
within - ene on of the botanist.
Coal i t tissue or cellulose (represented by the chemical
symbol C ee ; or carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in the propor-
i ch has
which has a minimum of volatile matter remaining is ice an:
oal.
thracite or hard ¢
herever Si: remains accumulate and are subjected to pres
or to deposits of any one period in the geological history or evolu
tion of the e Wherever and whenever plants lived and died
and suitable conditions lana coal was fo €
basin of wa’ earth’s surface today
swamp or shallow he
is a potential future coal bed, esi where conditions are
f
favorable for the formation of pea
56
ow that the vegetation of the earth differed in its pre-
ailin ng een from period to period. The evolution of the
vegetable kingdom progressed from early, low and simple forms
or types to those that became successivel her and € -
earliest sedimentary rocks—those of Edzoic Time—is S now mostl
in :
TO
the remains of marine vegetation, which must have been in ex-
$
outward aspect but bore flowers and oe nels of spores.
of Paleozoic Time, during the ee ee is was
z
Triassic and Jurassic—they were largely replaced by Gymno-
d
ern Asia, in China, and of a limited part of the eastern United
States, in Virginia and North Carolina.
ard the close of Mesozoic Time—during the Cretaceous
t
giving way to the deciduous Angiosperms. The the coal
mined west e Mississippi River i Cretaceous age
is formed of these classes of vegetation, similar in their generic
elements to those of today, in which recognize the an-
cestors of m: our existing broad-leaved re peli such
as Magnolia, Sassafras, Poplar Phas etc., mmnosperms
in which Pines, Sequoias, Taxo ee oe replaced
the cycads ot early Mesoz ic ime.
ries us up to the days in which we are living, saw a further de-
velopment of the deciduous type of vegetation. Tertiary and
more recent coals are of relatively little importance except in
limited localities. Som ska coals are of this age,
And finally we come to the modern peat and lignite deposits,
recently formed, and in places in process of formation, fr e
existing vegetation with which we are fam s be-
come coal be in the future, under favorable conditions; but
they will be of ttle importance and will be of interest onl. he
geologis an is not only rapidly using up all the coal ve has
en millions of ye rs in accumulating but he is also rapi e-
of coal might be
Ci
oal has been aed d ing a period of only about 200 yea
an the present ‘consumption, i s ae are
that the available remaining supply will be exhausted in the next
100 years s coal was accumulated during a
period of time approximating twenty-four million years, so that
in 300 years we shall ie eee le what it took nature twenty-
four million years to m:
T
of the principal types of vegetation, etc
RTHUR HOLuicx.
58
THE SOUTHERN DISTRIBUTION OF THE HEMLOCK
e Reverend J. P. Otis, of Marshallton, Delaware, has re-
a sent the following letter to
Marshallton, Delaware
February 2, 1925
Dear Doctor Bri
have just a ny much interest the abstract of your recent
lecture on “The Pinetum,” as printed in the JourNnat* for Janu-
ary (1925), especially that part relating to the Hemlock Forest
along the Bronx River in The New York Holanicel Garden. The
statement 0: two, recording that it is the “ most southern
hemlock ee ae the Atlantic Coast” is of especial interest.
In the strict sense this is no doubt true, for I kno large
was surrounded by quite a number of seedlings. Unfortunately
I told of its occurrence there, and it was soon cut down for lum-
to be indigenous. I have been informed that years ago there were
several trees where only one now stands.
* Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 26: 1-3.
59
n this connection it may be interesting to note that the crag-
ea (Tsuga caroliniana), still a coinhabitant of the tree in
question in the Appalachian Highlands, has never descended from
they are worth, however, I send the above notes to you.”
Sincerely, J. P. Otis.
HOUSE PLANTS AND THEIR CARE*
Our first step should be to note room and facilities that we
uld
Under such conditions house plant! monly perish.
To keep plants in good condition, sprinkle the leaves once or
twice a day or shower the plants. The deadly dryness of the air
am glad to oe my observations with some important facts
furnished by Dr. a n K. Small:
s is well know ths tree is abundant in and about the Appalachian
in of middle New Jersey, and two localities have been recorded for
Long Island, New York.
* Abstract of a lecture given in the Central ae oe of Conserva-
tory Range 2 on the afternoon of Saturday, Febru:
60
can be overcome in various ways. Pots can be placed on trays
the bottoms of which are covered with an inch of sand or moss
constantly kept wet. Also dripping wet sponges can be slipped
once or twice a day in the forks of bushy pot plants. Much also
ni a
best in the temperature of 68° to in adhe day time and 64°
he night time.
5” to 60
in the day time and 50° to 55° at night. Plants that grow Ce
mix well and let lime settle. Next day fill pot up with lime water
and repeat once a week from April to October. This will sweeten
the soil and keep the worms out
The best time to feed plants with liquid fertilizer is from April
to November, the growing months. Feed plants once a week.
liquid once a week. This por the plants.
61
Dissolve one inch square block of laundry soap in a pint o
hot water, add a tablespoonful of kerosene, mix well, then wash
; Hoel ; : :
leaves top and botto 0
s it will burn the roots. Do not let the sun shine on the leaves
or wo, then wash the leaves with clean water. Use
kerosene emulsion only when insects are on the plants
Mr. B also spoke on preparation of soil, on how and when
to water hou se plants, on the treatment of their diseases, and on
methods of seen ion H. W. Becxer.
PLANTING FLOWER SEEDS*
he flower garden season _ begins long before the plants are
fo
more complic
If seed is pur eee 8
sary to test the seed to see iti it is “good,” but the process is inter-
esting. For those flower ds which are best started in t
house, such as Ageratum, Snapdragon, Balsam, Mari Cos-
s, Lobelia, Mignonette, and Zinnia, a pot or box in the sun-
°
When seedlings are big enough to be trans-
* Abstract of a pee given in the Central Display House of Conserva-
tory Range 2 on the afternoon of Saturday, March 29, 1924.
sowing the see
62
planted, if boxes or pots are not available, paper pots, tin cans,
d them
the summer annual flower will furnish the quickest, cheap-
est garden.
e accessories to the sowing of seeds and handling seed-
lings, including seed catalogues, seeds, soil, pots, boxes, and a
miniature garden, were shown and methods were gone
KennetH R. Boynto
GEORGE oes
oe OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS, AND
STUD ee OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL
ee EN DURING THE YEAR 1924
Barnhart, a re Report of es ect aaes a 1923]. Bull.
N.Y. M
———_.. ee notes: ae N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: Mark
ae 237; Abram Paschall Cae 238; Alvan Went-
h Chapman, 238; Charles ae oie 239; Allen
ie Curtiss, 239, 240. " Issue for
Becker, H. W., with Boynton, K. R. The. water-lily pools.
Jour. N. Y. Bot Gard. 25: 270, 271. pl. 2908, 299. Issue for
O 1924.
Boynton, K. R. Aus ae plants. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25:
31-33. Issue for F
. A unique ee ‘hall. a N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25:
; I
——. Standardized plant names. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
25: 117. Issue for Ap 1924. [Review.
Chrysanthemum “Joan Edwards.” Addisonia 9: 1
2. pl. 289. 7 My 1924.
———.. Chrysanthemum “White Doty.” Addisonia 9: 3, 4.
pl. 290. 7 My 1924.
————-. Chrysanthemum “Rena.” Addisonia 9: 5, 6. pl. 291.
7 My 1924.
63
——. Chr ene “California.” Addisonia g: 7, 8.
pl. 292. 7My1
——. Ch ei as “Nellie Blake.”
Addisonia 9:9. pl.
293. 7 My
——_—. keen “Cranfordia.” Addisonia g: 11, 12
pl 294. 7 My 19
——. Gas “Christmas Gold.” Addisonia g: 13,
14. pl. 295. 7 My 1924.
———.. Chrysanthemum “Emma.” Addisoniag:15. 1. 296.
7 My 1924
—. Resort of the Head cas 1923]. Bull.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 201-206. 28 M
Tulips in the eee Cai. “he N. Y. Bot.
Gard, 25: 168-172. pl. 2 93 -+f. 4. Issue for ; 1924.
. Helxine Soletroli, ene g: 17, 18 . 207.
30 Je 1924.
Arl Pre yard
Agiaonema 7
. Addisonia 9:27. pl. 302.
924.
The iris garden. = N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 191.
924,
226. fe is Issue for Au 1924
he flower beds. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 230.
Tssie hae
——_. Whitfeldie lateritia. Addisonia 9: 43, 44. pl. 310.
16 N 1924.
—— & Becker: H. W. The water-lily pools.
Bot. Gard. 25: 270, 271. pl. 298, 299.
Britton, E. G.
for F 1 a
Jour. N. Y.
Issue for O 1924.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 39, 40. fectie
oes parasiticus (Schwaegr.) Besch. Bry-
1924.
ort . the Honorary Curator of Mosses [for
1923]. Bull N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 220, 22
———.._ Unifolium canadense.
30 Jl Ea
nents be a
———. Rep
1. 28 My 1924.
Addisonia 9: 25, 26. pi. 302.
lower Preservation Society of America.
Cornel en Sdiccl Leaflet 18: 49-56. S 1924. [Tllust.]
64
—-_——. The mosses of El Yunque, Porto Rico. Bryologist
27: 64, ee 19 S 1924.
——————.. Atri a to El Yunque, Porto Rico. Torreya 24: 83-
86. S-O 1
. wild. ae preservation sory Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 25: 272, 273. Issue for Oct 1
—————. Long life to our Christmas os The American
Girl 7: 28, 52. D 1924.
. Native ae greens of the East. Garden Mag.
and Home Builder 4o: 229. D 1924.
———.. The fr ee ae Torreya 24: 102, 103. N-D
1924.
Britton, N. L. Francis Alexander Schilling 24: 283, 284. Issue
for D 192
923.
Plants of the Galapagos Island. Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 25: 10, 11. Issue for Ja 192
n extraordinary December. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
== aidies of ihe Todisa plants—XII. Bull. Torrey
Club 51: I-12.
————. La vegetacion i cayo Icacos. Revista Agr. Puerto
Hics. 12: 91-96. F 1924. [Illust.]
—————. Report of the Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the
year 1923. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 181-193. 28 My 1924.
Islands. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 129-135. Issue for
i
Acer rubrum. Addisonia g: 19, 20. pl. 298. 30 JI
————.. A botanical ee to extreme western Cuba.
ioue, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 194, 195. Issue for - 1924.
er work an irises. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
25: 106, 57. IT for Jl 1924.
————. Asterandra grandifolia. Addisonia 9: 41. pl. 300.
I5N1
9
——— & Wilson, P. Botany of Porto Rico and the Virgin
Islands. Distsese Flora—Spermatophytes (continued).
N. Y. Acad. Sci. Survey 5: 315-474. 16 Je 1924; 475-626.
24.
65
ae H. A. Botanical observations in northern ee
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 24: 273-283. Issue for D 1
—-. Dichapetalaceae. N. A. Flora 25: ee 20 Mr
1924.
. The spices of commerce. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25:
IlI-114. Issue for 1924.
. Isotoma longiflora. Addisonia g: 21, 22. pl. 299.
30 Jl 1924.
—.. ih fistulosa. Addisonia 9: 39, 40. pl. 308.
15 Ni
—. Radbect triloba. Addisonia 9: 47, 48. pl. 312.
15 N 19
——-.. - and area from the viewpoint of phytogeography.
Am. Jour. Bot. 11: 541-546. 15 N1
———.. Studies on the sore io northern South America—I.
Buil. Torrey Club 51: 443-448.
28 N 1924.
eport on a visit to England and France. Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 25: mines Issue for N 1924.
with Moor , Richards, H. M., & Stout, A. B.
Hemlock aa its caieciens Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12:
325-350.
Harlow, 8. H. Dee of the Librarian [for 1923]. Bull. N. Y
My
Bot. Gard. 12: 210-212. 28 1924.
Hollick, A. A review of the fossil flora of the West Indies.
. Wash. Acad. Sci : 58. 19 Ja 1924. [Abstract
a paper.
—————. The ancestral oe of some existing plants. Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 14, 15. Issue for Ja 1924. [Abstract
of lecture. ]
—. The Joseph Leidy commemorative ha Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 18, 19. Issue for Ja 1
. [Note on nee Jour. N. Y. oe Gard. 25:
23. Issue for Ja 1924.
——. When a tropical vegetation existed in Alaska. Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 33-35. Issue for F 1924. [Abstract
of lecture. ]
Report of the Paleobotanist ne 1923]. Bull. N.Y.
Bot. Gard. 12: 218-220. 28 My 19
66
————-. Swamps, ancient and modern. Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 25: 145-147. Issue for My 1924. [Abstract of
lecture. ]
eview of the = ai 2 ee ae with
s Bul ard,
-
—_ eview of A. H. Gave Scone diseases of trees in
Greater New York.” Proc. Staten Isl. Inst. Arts and Sci. 2:
159, 160.
————. Pinus rigida. Addisonia 9: 45, 46. pl. 317. 15 N
1924.
————. The Hudson River valley before the advent of man.
Bot. Gard. 25: 296-299. Issue for N 1924.
[Abstract of lecture. ]
Berry, E. W. A late tertiary flora from Bahia,
Brazil. Aas cae Cras Univ. Studies in Geology 5:
6. pl.
- ?p
Howe, M. A. Tropical ae Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 37,
38. Issue for F 192 {Abstract of lecture.
———. Chinese marine alps Bull. Torrey Club 51: 133-
144. pl. z y 1924
Dablies and their ealeures The Flower Grower 11:
129-131. Ap 1924; 172-174. My 1924. [lIllust.]
—. Starch-bearing plants. Jour. N. Y. Bot Gard. 25:
are Issue for My 1924. [Abstract of lecture.]
. Notes on algae of Bermuda and the Bahamas. Bull.
Torrey oe cae 351-359. f. I-15. 22 Au 1924.
—., s and their culture. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25:
meee ss ae for Au 1924. [Abstract of lecture.
a e 1924 dahlia collection. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
25: seeaey: Issue for S 1924.
—_——. Spring-flowering bulbs and how to force them for the
home. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 251-253. Issue for S
1924. [Abstract of lecture.]
Murrill, W. A. The larger British fungi. Mycologia 16: 42, 43.
19 Ja 1924
. Wosdetode fungi. Mycologia 16: 44-46. 19 Ja
67
Cocoa and chocolate. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25:
11-14. Issue for Ja 1924.
e Placid fungi. Mycologia 16: 96-08. 31 Mr
———-. Truffles and truffle hunters. Scientific American 130:
332, 368. My 1924.
———. Report of the se eeeiler ales of Public res [for
1923]. Bull. N. Y. ard. 199-201. 28 My 1924.
——. Kashmir nee a Gene 16: 133. 31 My ie
————. Botanical features of Lake Pla Jour. N. Y.
Gard. 25: 142-145. Issue for M
——_———. Fungi at Woodstock, New ‘York. Torreya 24: 47,
48. es Je 1924.
—.. ect Spegazzini. Mycologia 16: 200, 201. 16
Au 1924.
———. Sketches - travel in South America. Torreya 24:
-93. N-Dr
ar, H. H. eer Plant Names of the American joint
committee on horticulture. Druggist Circular 65: 163.
[Review. ]
es American plants at home—I. The begonias.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gar. 25: 107-111. Issue for 1924;
I.
—II. The ae 2620. Issue for Au 1924; —II
The Andean gentians and some of their allies: een
Issue for N 192
ss e oe the Honorary Curator of the economic
collections [for 1923}. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 217, 218
1924.
The pharmaco- hal of Caapi. Jour. Am. Pharm.
Assos. _ 98-100. 1
———. Miri Gee aN ate: Am, Pharm, Assoc. 14: IOI,
102. 192
—_. etin of information, College of Pharmacy, Co-
lumbia ae for the session of 1924-1925. pp. 1-80.
1924.
————.. Annual report of the Dean of College of Pharmacy,
Columbia University, for 1923-1924. Annual reports of Co-
lumbia University. 1924.
68
Manual of Structural and Descriptive Botany. Ed
2. pp. 1-269. 1924.
Rydberg, P. A. Notes on Fabaceae—III. Bull. Torrey Club
51: 13-23. 8 F 1924.
The section Tuberarium of the genus Solanum. Bull.
Toney Club 51: 145-154. 17 My 1924; 167-176. 13 Je
1924,
——. es grandiflorum. Addisonia g: 23, 24.
pl. 300. 30 Je 19
————._ Plants fea by ancient American ug Jour. N
Y. Bot aay 25: 204, 205. Issue for Jl 1
—_—. me Senecioid genera—I. Bull. Torrey Club 51:
369-378. 8 S 1924; —II. Bull. Torrey Club 51: 409-420.
24 O 1924.
: aaa Fabaceae: Galegeae (pars). N. A. Fl.
24: 201-250. 4 O 1924.
Some extinct or lost and rediscovered plants—I.
orreya 24: 98-101. N-D 1924.
oe F. J. The ee sli of St. Thomas. Mycologia 16:
-15. plz Jat
: adios to a a flora of the West Indies. My-
es 16: 46-48. 19 Ja 192
Greenhouse pests. Jou rN. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 35-37.
ate for F 1924. [Abstract of lecture.
—, Cup-fungi of common occurrence. Torreya 24: 17-
The snapdragon rust. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25:
2
f ;
. Destructive fungi. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 253-
255. Issue for S 1924. [Abstract of lecture.
—. Botanizing in Trinidad, Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25:
70, Issue for O 1924.
ean : X. Polygalales. N. Am. Fl. 25: 299. 10 Mr 1924.
——_——-.. The land where spring meets autumn. Jour. N. Y.
ium fice 1923]. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 12: 194-198. 28
My 1924.
69
———-. Onobrychis onobrychis (L.) - db. in eastern
United States. Torreya 24: 48, 49. My-Je 19
————.. Breynia nivosa. Addisonia 9: 30. oi 303. 30
Jl 1924.
——_——. The cacti—an interesting plant-group in the study of
survival. Jour. N. Y. Bot a td. 25: 197-201. Issue for
Ji Lar PAbstcact of lectur
————. Plant novelties from Florida. Bull. Torrey Club 52:
379-393. 18S 1924
———._ The silver pale oetemanes argentea. Jour. - Y.
Bot. Gard. > 237-242. pl. 296, 297. Issue for S 1
—. An eee from the mountains. eee
24: 86, 87. “S01 1924.
—. Whence came our orchids? Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
25: 261-266. Issue for O 1924
Southwick, he B. December blobet in the rock le Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 16, 17. Issue for Ja
——. Saat rivularis. hate 9: pl. 307.
16 N 1924,
Stewart, R. R. Alpine plants of Kashmir. Torreya 24: 41-44.
924,
Stout, A. B. The flower mechanism of avocados with reference
to the production of fruit. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25 .
f. z. Issue for Ja 1924.
Sightseeing aie avocado flowers, California Cul-
Gesor 621: 3, 1 924.
Why solid ree eae of a clonal variety often
fail. eo Angeles Times, Farm and Tractor Sec. 1924: 1,
6, 14, 16. 13 Ja 1924.
————. The eeu of seed of the fringed gentian. Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: 38- Fi
39. Issue for F 192
Consider an svoeado fruit. California Caldwator 62°:
256. 1 Mr 1924.
———. Comments on oe California Cultivator 621:
324-325. 15M
t the fe on he work. California Cultivator 62°:
392. 29 es
1924,
——.. Rubber plants Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 25: ror—106.
Issue for Ap 1924. [Abstract of lecture. ]
79
—. The viability of date pollen. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
25: 101-106. i. 289, 290. Issue for i 1924
. Lilies at the flower show. Jour. N. y. Bot. Gard.
P 1924.
——_—. Sterility in lilies. The Gardener's Chronicle II.
75: 209. 12 Ap 1924; 3 My 1924
———. Report of the Director of the Laboratories [for 1923].
Bull. N. Bot. Gard. 12: 30-33. 28 My 1924.
———. The flowers and a of sweet potatoes. LN,
Bot. oe 25:153-168. pl. 292-+ f. 1-3. Issue for Je 1924.
Seed.
studies with species of Lilium. Jour. N. t. Gard. 2
Soe
Issu 1924,
———. Coloration in ornamental foliage Jour. N.Y.
Bot. ee 25: 248-250. Issue for S 1
—.. omoea Batatas. Addisonia g: Eo 36. pl. 300.
18 N a
& Clark, C.F. Sterilities of wild and cultivated pota-
toes with oe to breeding from seed. U.S. D. A.
Dept. Bull. no. 1195: 1-33. Mr 1924.
with Moore, B., Richards, H. M., & Gleason, H. A.
Hemlock and its environment. I. Field records. Bull. N.
Bot. G 350. 13 S 1924
Williams, R. S. Birds’ nests in the Games Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 25: 40. ae for F 1
Galapagos and Cocos Telandd mosses collected by Al-
ban n Stewart in 1905-6. Bryologist 27: 37-44. pl. 5-8 2Jl
——.. Erpodium ce base R. S. are sp. nov. Cont.
U.S. Nat. Herb. 20: 519-520. pl. 3 1924.
. Nesting of - hummingbird. aie “N. Y. ‘Bot Gard.
25: 228, 229. Issue for Au 1924.
Note on saree and Cowes Island mosses. Bry-
olowist 27:65. I0 S1
———. Fruiting of the see hair fern tree. Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. 25: 271, 272. Issue for O 1924.
———.. Orthorrhynchium chilense sp. nov. Bryologist 27:
87, 88. f. 1-9. Issue for N 1924.
71
Pseudoleskea Baileyi Best & Grout. Bryologist 27:
Issue for N 1924.
Wilson, P. Meliaceae. N. Am FI. 25: 263-296. 10 Mr 192
— Britton, L. otany of Porto Rico and the
Virgin ‘Telands, Pega flora—Spermatophytes (con-
tinued). N.Y d. Sci. Survey 5: 315-474. 16 Je 1024:
475-626. 8 N 1924.
CONFERENCE NOTES FOR FEBRUARY
A Conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered Students
of The New York Botanical Garden was held on the afternoon
of February 4.
Speaking on “Gametophytes of Lycopodium,” Mr.
ne
species mentioned, mature sporophytes were not growing in the
immediate neighborhood.
To procure the hitherto unknown prothallus of the Hawaiian
avy. t: ce we
= t ozen sporelings. Prying the loosened bark from the
, the ramifying gametophytes were finally found in a con-
dition suitable for study.
Several normal stations for the gametophyte of Lycopodiu
cernuum were found on Hawaii in the vicinity of Kilauea Vol.
72
These ca ees usually less than a score of gameto-
ings. But i
d r iD
ture of the substratum pees d 40° C,, only blue-green ba
lings were discovered. ees 31° e plants were most
denc
species as well as photographs were exhibite
U i ts
ms to be sufficiently distinet to constitute a new genus, differ-
ing ares Bryum chiefly in its peristome.
PUBLICATIONS OF
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news, and non- cae. articles. Free to members of the Garden. To
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me.
Addisonia, quart erly, devoted exclusively to colored plates penn
i ; ates in cac i
thirty-two in each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 a ae [N
i volume.
Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the
Tr foto i -in- Chief and other official documents, and ee Beetles em-
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others, Heo per volume. Now s thirteenth volume.
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to be completed ni 34 volumes. 8vo a uit to consist of
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the Garden, $1.50 per volume. To others, $3.00.
Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Y
lowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map
1900.
Vol. II. The Influence of Light and meee eee Growth ans pt
opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 3 . with Bee see,
Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coni Ree Rem rom Re ene er-
te New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii ere a pP., aah 29
plates. 1
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, Dy, Charles Stuart
Gager. viii + 478 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 19
Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Ce to Plant
Geography, by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. 1915.
Vol. VI. Papers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anni-
versary of the New York Botanical Garden. viii + 594 pp., with 43
ny t
Contributions from The New Yo re Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
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from journals other than the above. ee 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol-
me. In the eleventh volume.
HE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Bronx Park, New York City
GENERAL INFORMATION
deers of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
hundred acres of Deautitallyy diversines land in the northern part
of ae Ge of New York, through LGA Oey ke Bronx River. A native
Plantations et thousands of native and casa trees, shrubs, and
flowering plan
xardens, ae ding a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock-
loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens.
reenhouses, containing, thousands ae interesting plants from America
and foreign countri
_Flower shows thr Ae the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn
displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-
lilies, gladioli, dahlias, ane chrysanthemums; in the winter, displays of
a ein: ouse-blooming pla
seum, containing metre hot fossil plants, existing plant families,
local Calas occurring within Here undred miles of the City of New York,
the economic uses of plan
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A library aa botanical je comprising more than 34,000 books
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Public eres yen a ee variety of botanical topics, continuing
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Publications on “botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and
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he eateenoal ay schoo children and the public through the above
features and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural,
and forestal subjects.
The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the
City of New York, private benefactions and mee fees. It
possesses now nea arly two thousand Mangia and appa for
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are:
Bone ae ae BON HS EERE EATS citys ate i es contribution S2s000
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Membertorleitenmen-riesice ene ... single contributio: 250
Fellowship Member ............. .. annual fe 100
sUstamine, Member.) scence annual fee 25
Annual Member ............ Re falsens 1 fi 10
The following is an canoes form of beque
I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden ee under
the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the —_-
All requests ee further information nie a sent to
E New York BoranicaL ey
RONX PARK, NEW YORK C
VOL. XXVI Aprit, 1925 No. 304
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE TENT ener i
FreD AVE)
THE HISTORY AND ah aah or GREENHOUSES
Joun Henpiey Barnu
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS OF GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA
W. A. Mourriti
EARLY SPRING FLOWERS IN THE GARDEN
Percy WILson
ALPINE FLOWERS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS
P. A. RypBerc
vies PINTARD Beer’
N HenpDLEY BARNHART
Lue NOTES
. S. WILLIAMS
CONFERENCE NOTES FOR MARCH
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING MAY AND JUNE
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, ei
Tue Science Press Printinc ComPAN
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Freveric S. Lee, Presiden James F. Kem
Henry W. bE Forest, Vice President AgoleH LewIso
HN
F. K. Srurats, Vice President KENNETH K. Mickenas
Joun L. Merrity, Treasurer W. J. MATHESON
N. L. Britton, pecetcrs rae aes Moone
Salads D. Anam Jes
HENRY DE Forest Beaune Lewis eee Morris
MicHure Murray ButTer FREDERIC OLD
Paut D. Cravatu Cuartes F. RAND
eee W. bE Forest Herpsert M. RicHARDS
CuILps Frick NRY Ss
WILLIAM a Cre GeorcE J. RYAN
Har Avsert R. S
JosEPH Pe Euaaesee WILLIAM Bovee THOMPSON
W.
Joun F. Hytan, Mayor Ree ie City of New
Francis Dawson GALLATIN. President of wis OF eran of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D.
NIcHOLAS Munnay BUTLER, Pu. D., Freneric S. LEE, Pu. D., LL. D.
if)
iG
at)
5
ae
3
1
ie
as
im
>
gf
Se
ne
ie)
o:
Witiiam Al Gn) ‘Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D.
GeorcE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
pie BRITTON, Pat. 10), Soe Dy NESE pet kee eee Director-in-Chief
IMARSHALD Als HOWE EH -a Di SCiuD Neer ee hen erie rie A See pected
JOHN Ko SMALL Pann! (Se Ds os. naan Head Curator of the
A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the fe ee
P. A. Rypserc, Px. D. Curator
H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Ciater
Frev J. Seaver, Po. D Curator
ArTHuR Hottick, Pu. D. botanist
Percy WILson Associate Cate
PaLMyre DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curato
JoHN Henoiey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. ................-6-- Bibliographer
SARAH are a . M. Hi tig
Tel, y, M. Dee Honorary Curator ee is Economic Collectio
eee © Britton ‘ary Curator of Moses
ARY E. Eaton rtist
Kennetu R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener
Ropert S. WILLIAMS adminis aree Assistant
Hester M. Rusk, A. M. Technical Assistant
H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian of Loca Mea
E. B. Sac en Pir Die ene an Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds
Joun R. Brin-ey, C. E. andscape Engineer
Wa ter S. GROESBECK and Ane
ARTHUR J. CorBETT YY i d. of Buddinen and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXVI APRIL, 1925 No. 304
THE TENT CATERPILLAR
(WIrH FIGURE 1)
Occasionally some of our native insects which are always with
t seri r chu
y t no ous, occur in suc nbers as to consti-
tute a menace or epidemic. This was oa case last year with the
sect co as the le-tree tent caterpillar. Gar-
de: and garden clubs, as well as individuals, me very muc
0
facts concerning the tent caterpillar and means of erecitae it.
LIFE HISTORY
Most insects have several distinct stages in the course of their
ae ‘The ade Rue sa the eggs the life cycle is complete.
asses through these stages,
oe adult aan the form of a moth.
EGG STAGE
The eggs are wees in masses resembling wads of ae
gum on the twigs of the trees. The adults seem to show a great
deal of discretion in the oe of the proper tree, Bea the
73
Ficure 1. Photograph of wild cherry trees at Seat sdale, New York,
which ¢ been entirely denuded by tent caterpillars. This is not a
winter scene but defoliated trees as they appear in the month of June.
wing of an adult moth gg cluster about natural size, upper
and e
right hand corner; ee slightly enlarged, lower left hand
corner,
Photograph by Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham; drawings by the author.
eggs on the twigs of one which is suitable for the food of the off-
spring, usually selecting a wild cherry or an apple tree, or
numbers they often fall to the ground and migrate to other trees
5 caterpillars see mazi OW
of discrimination and een seen to pass by a lilac bush and
ect ush i on which to , the rose being much
more closely related to the apple and cherry than the lilac. Thus
ese lowly anisms re expert in detecting the natural
org:
relationship of plants than are some of the human kin
THE LARVA OR CATERPILLAR
Very early in the spring, as soon as the buds begin to open, the
larvae appear, each egg cluster giving rise to about two hundred
caterpillars out two days after hatching the minute cater-
pillars begin the formation of their nests, aie in the crotch
of a branch. This is enlarged to serve the demands of the insect
whose rate of growth is in keeping with its voraci ious habits.
t two
rom e selite d Ae ce in
which to build its cocoon. Within the cocoon eee pupa is formed
and in about three weeks more the adult appears.
TH
The adult of this insect a ae om ofa beautiful moth of a
. The eggs
summer and fortunately, from the control point of view, the in-
sect remains dormant until the ee spring.
METHODS OF CONTROL
Like most biting insects, this one can be ked by the use of
rsenate of lead, but oh method often re-
quires apparatus not at the disposal of the average person. Cut-
ting off the nests when the caterpillars are at home is also effec-
76
i Removing the trees on which the insect feeds has also been
ee re the wild cherry, which is of little eco-
nomic impor
Since He eee has a long dormant season, one of the
secure. A r of campaigns have been conducted in West-
by J. G. Cu
‘arm Bureau, as to the results o
esener CONQUEST
“ On Saturday, ae zth, there were cremated in bonfires in
the four cities and eighteen nae of Westchester County,
1,827,661 tent caterpillar egg masses, each of which contained
Ww.
about 400 eggs, which would have hatched young Cone
white nests which caused the unsightly appearance of fe ne
e
a bonus of 25 cents per 100 egg-masses gathered during the last
masses gathered by 4,067 pupils in 147 schools, aie and cer-
chool winning the county-wide cup was Hawthorne
Public School No. 7, Mt. Pleasant, in which 106 pupils gathered
99,200 egg masses; and the pupil gathering the most in the cam-
paign was Daniel Lehning, of St. Joseph’s Normal Institute, Po-
cantico Hills, with 15,975.
77
‘This fine start toward a county-wide clean up of this ae
has S
of Supervisors, the s' Tena of — principals, ae
ers the pupils w he actual wo e assistance ie
200 interested organiz ot and the publi sty furnished by
New York City and Westchester County n ap
“The Girl Scouts of the county are ene ae a special
campaign starte March Ist, and arrangements are being made
to have the Boy Scouts ae a final clean up pe hich
appear on the roadsides of the county before the caterpillars do
any damage.
“Tt is hoped that every home owner in the county will see that
pe mpaigns may be carried on during
the coming season in other localities ae ae the ravages of this
insect may be materially checke
Frep J. SEAVER.
THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
GREENHOUSES?
Nearly two thousand years ago, the Romans had made consid-
erable progress in horticulture. The climate of Rome was m
i se
the Roman baths and palaces, warmed by hot water conducted
through bronze pipes
1Abstract of a lecture given in the ae Display Greenhouse,
aes Range 2, of The New York Botanical Garden, on Satur-
afternoon, February 28, 1925. The lecture was illustrated with old
pri ate showing types of early greenhouse construction.
oS
V3)
Sheet glass was not unknown to the ancients, but the develop-
ment | greenhouses was dependent upon the production of such
beginning of our era. lt was at one aed customary, in the Eng-
es :
n
the sun’s ra e the only source of heat (save perhaps in
ay he h
summer But now, when our large conservatories comprise
c m
nee roken coun and the word “greenhouse” is hike for
SS Pp
i
This line of Bee ae during the seventeenth cen-
tury, and the me period w nessed the development of another
of construction to the long, narrow greenhouse, running east and
79
west, with the north wall of masonry, and the rest of glass; and
me ; and, a we hav
all the phases through which ane ae ele Shee still per-
sisting.
The most important feature in a glass house is the oe The
SS.
were interesting early speculations and even calculations
angle at which glass should be set in order to catch
the largest ares of the sun’s rays. Not only is the sun’s alti-
a
3°
5
8
@
3.4
=e
i=]
ga
c.
e
mispheric sae was even more ideal; such an outline
a
actually built ue a peak in the ce: For more than a hun-
en no i
fire in . middle of the floor. Then a closed stove was substi-
80
tuted, and the word “stove” for a greenhouse has continued i in
us n
especially in asi o la: nges of greenhouses.
entilation of greenhouses is essential, and has been accomp
lished in various ways, ttem: as made s lecture
°
o
<
Oo
ut no a t
to discuss in detail the systems either of heating or ventilation,
of greenhouse construction, as such matters would be too
technical to be of general interest
JoHn HENDLEY BARNHART.
ORNAMENTAL PLANTS OF GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA
Although cane confined to one town, my subject really
embraces mo towns, ee and farmyards of central
lorida, few of how the variety and al of 7
mental pla: een in Gainesville. I have described elsewhere the
trees—including numbers of giant oaks, magnolias, laurel-cherries,
hollies, camphor-trees, and palms—handso ‘m
foliage, making the city er of beauty during the winter
r hat spring is here, early in February, th er-
wild cherry, and dogwood will tone down the masses of green
and attract ine butterflies and bees.
Recalling aie towns a this winter in central Florida,
such as Crescent City. and, Orlando, Mount Dora, and
an orange tree or any other form of citrus tree here except an
8
occasional kumquat. A few miles away, where lakes and wood-
ds affo
d
everyday c
P
or loquat, also Gone a an the category af “ay seful” onmainenele
lanted i : :
Guavas, Japanese persimmons, and mulberries do well in this
locality.
The mountain ebony or “orchid-tree,” Bauhinia, which I have
seen in all its splendor in southern Florida and South America, is
e from Pa few
is the b-tree f Palestine and a
other introductions still on trial. The “dwarf poinciana,” Caesal-
pinia pulcherrima, seems to do fairly well, however, a uc
ire ri ers of handsome red and yellow flowers, fol-
lowed by short, four-winged seed-pods pinnate leaves are
j beginning to appe Un ty are se
specimens of Japanese varnish-tree, Sterculia platanifolia,
with green bark, big coarse branches, and (later) large, sycamore-
e leaves. y few of citi € as
splendid southern shade-tree, being more familiar with the tung-
oil tree, Aleuritis Fordii, Sa catalpa-like leaves and great
pvt of eis -white flower
In a yard near the Seaboard aiewy Station, there is a soap-
berry-tree, Sandu, about eight inches in diameter and higher
e house. The bark i i
a
clusters of yellowish, translucent, globose fruits of the size of a
small plum or ginkgo fruit, containing a large brown seed which
rattles when shaken. The owner of the tree told me she found
82
the seed in green coffee and planted it; but this species, Sapindus
marginatus, is native to Florida and the coastal plain northward
to Georgia and South Carolina, while the sumac-leaved soapberry,
with winged rachis, occurs farther so aes The pulp of the fruits
of both species makes a lather with wa
HeEpceE PLANTS
form a natural transition between trees and shrubs,
e
including red cedar, arbor-vitae, and biota, are freely used for
this purpose
DECORATIVE SHRUBS
Common elder, Sambucus canadensis, is exceedingly abundant
in and about Gainesville, growing sometimes into quite a tall tree
and is now covered with both fruits and flowers. Poinsettia, so
long attractive, is passing, being easily affected by the February
83
People may be seen cutting the canes into short sections
and sticking them into the ground for a new growth. Camellia
japonica has also passed its attractive stage and is giving place to
the brilliant Azalea indica, with white, salmon-colored, and purple
blossoms. There are azalea bushes in the yard of the Thomas
School probably seventy-five years old. Oleanders are abundant,
i i i and
with attractive flowers. ene of Sharon is oo. planted
and hydrangea more frequently; while roses of many kinds flour-
ish luxuriantly.
The golden dewdrop, Duranta Plumieri, now covered with
or
pamp eed,
cca, and coontie about comp. ie te ge list of seis a on
eee that have attracted my attention in Gainesville.
Woopy VINES
rubby vines are almost as abundant as shrubs and some, like
bears Oraner -red, ee flowers in large clusters, while
of ou pure-yellow, bell-shaped, and fragrant.
Th Boswil, Engli sh-ivy, trumpet-creeper, aati
and honeysuckle are too well known to need comment. ony-
84
mus radicans is rare here, while the creeping fig, Ficus repens,
is exceedingly abundant, covering entire walls with its small,
S -
m
potato vine is now covered with fruits marvellously lilee Irish
potatoes. Several tender, more herbaceous vines, like the morn-
ing-glory, are used for porch screens during the hot weather.
: :
»
wm
o
q
co
=)
oq
th
°o
5
7
2
me
5
a
ie}
Fh
ch
a
o
o
=
©
w
°
a
back ties sold forty ‘dollars worth of beads last year.
HERBACEOUS PLANTS
One could hardly attempt a list of the herbs used for ornament
as tender sorts duchin ed in Americ ca. order near me no
angel’s trumpet (Datura) bears an immen i a
like a trumpet; the firecracker plant has rush-like foliage and
slender, cylindric scarlet flowers; Narcissus of the polyanthus
nm;
pots on the porches; the violet- aon ower ae sum, and purple
mist-flower are brightening the rea
enough to be in evidence at parties; giant caladiums give good
foliage effects Bay cannas develop; scarlet-sage and coleus
are by no ans abse a big ae called nee rice”
(Aralia?), aa immense oe will soon throw out numerous
smal! white flowers ; and a shrubby- geen species of Lantana
uy
=)
ay
a
3
te
85
will continue to brighten and make fragrant the waste places with
its clusters of pretty lilac blossoms.
Ferns are very abundant, the Brazilian sword-fern perhaps
Christmas fern is used in the north aiden-hair ferns are ob-
tained from lime-sinks nearby and grown in swinging baskets
f£ cypress “knees.” I have seen the holly fern,
ma
Polystichum Baie cage in one yard here, ae —
n another, but the beau tiful O. regali. es
appear to be Ea een it ee preceenre: in = very
suburbs of the town. For shady lawns, St. Augustine grass is
very popular; while for sunny ee Berna grass is much
used. Carpet grass, Axonopus compressus, is being recom-
mended by the University.
W. A. Morri_t.
GAINESVILLE, FLorIpa, FEBRUARY 16, 1925.
EARLY SPRING FLOWERS IN THE GARDEN
e winter usually claims but few blossoms eas the trees,
shrubs, and herbs. There are, however, certain native as well as
foreign plants whose flowers make their appearance while the
days are still cold and dreary.
il Maple (Acer glee erm Wi
Salix gracilistyla Chi Wi Ha Hamamelis mol-
lis), and the Japanese Witch Hazel (#7 japon) flowered about
the twentieth of February. Catkins the Asiatic Hazelnut
(Corylus pontica), the European Hazelnut (C. Avellana), Amer-
ican Hazelnut (C. americana), ae Hazelnut, (C. rostrata),
the Dye Alder, (Alnus tinctoria), t European Alder
n t
shed their pollen between the eighth and See of
March,
Flowers of the Red Maple (Acer rubrum), the American Elm
(Uimus piairaeee and the Slippery Elm (Ulmus fulva) also
herald the coming of spring.
86
Unlike the Common Witch Hazel of our woodlands (H. vir-
aie whose blossoms do not open until late in the fall, the
flowers of the Vernal Witch Hazel (A. vernalis) made their ap-
pearance about the middle of March.
Small yellow flowers of the Cornelian Cherry (Cornus Mas)
and its close relative Sandzaki (Cornus ae began to
brighten up the a by March twenty-fi
The Spring Heath (Erica carnea), one o - most popular
of all hardy Soa flowered about the same time.
Scattered about the grounds are many ee come of the Yel-
low Bell (Forsythia), a member of the Olive Family, some of
which have flowered and are — an pera display about
A
Within the aes year the Garden has eae an interesting
and valuable collection of bulbous plants from Mrs. Wheeler H.
Peckham. The following flowered between - tenth and twenty-
second of Marc
n Sn nowdrop rae oS Giant Snowdrop (G.
Sprin, is
. Lomma.
ianus, Common Crocus ee erin the Winter Aconites,
(Eranthis hyemalis, E. ciliaca, and E. Tubergent).
The Green Hellebore (Helleborus viridis), a native of Europe
was another early ee bloomer and is sometimes found nae
ized in our eastern state
The Round-lobed Liver- leaf (Hepatica Hepatica) may al
found about the grounds, where the bees have He se ie
dainty -blue blossoms.
The tsfoot (Tussilago Farfara), is a foreigner, having
come to us from Europe. It is among the earliest members of
the Thistle Family to flower
Marcu 26, 1925 : Percy WILSON.
87
ALPINE FLOWERS OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS*
When a botanist speaks of an alpine eg or alpine plant,
a plant growing above timber line. It does not mean
necessarily that it grows in the Alps or at a altitudes. The
timber line in southern Colorado is at an altitude of about 11,500
lower down. In Montana we fin , in Al-
berta between 5,000 and 7,000 feet and it reaches sea-leved before
we come to the mouth ee C Mackenzie River en the alpine
plants become arctic pla he most common tree in the higher
Rockies is the En sn spruce. Near ber line it is
associated with the subalpine fir, a balsa cs e northern
R places we find also Lyell’s larch and on the
drier slopes the white-barked pine is found in th hern Rock-
s we
flowers of t the woods, the mps open places. Then
3 4.
desiccating Mr - ai alee etc. Krumholt” rie
fac show:
e first eae oe appears on the integrated rocks are
lichens; from their decay a little ones is formed and other
plants appear in the crevices. Thes: in the alpine region low
and tufted. Some plants from the seth both in the alpine
and the a egi0: ere nother formation consists
of the rock-slides, with almost no vegetation. So: Ipine plants,
as for ii wfoots, grow only about the edges of th
melting snow ts. Some other plants grow in wet places along
brooks, rills, and s ountain ae these are
more level, alpine meadows are f The most numerous
plants here are, of course, grasses, SLi blue-grasses, but
also other plants. Where the drainage is poorer, swamps, bogs,
* Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum of The
New York Botanical Garden on aay afternoon, March 14, 1925.
88
and lakes are formed. The alpine bogs are of two kinds, sedge-
bogs and willow-bogs. The sedge-bogs resemble much the tun-
dras of the arctic region e lakes contain rarely any flowering
plants, occasionally only some pond-weeds. A slide of the small
e d was also shown. This does not grow,
It was discovered in 1897 on Electric Peak just north of Yellow-
stone Park at an altitude of 11,000 fee’
P. A. Rypperc.
EUGENE PINTARD BICKNELL
f the death of Eugene Pintard Bicknell, which oc-
curred at his home at Hewlett, Long Island, on Monday, February
inheritor of valuable traits derived from various lines of dis-
tinguished American colonial ancestr
Interested in natural ei especially ornithology and botany,
its earliest beginnin i e appears in th ee
list of annual members (for 1896), and in every si eae list
IgIO was ted a member of the Corporation. The
Sci a Directors eis to add his name to their list, November
9, I and this on was approved by the Managers, April
,1 nee as a scientific ae on acco f
the Managers, January 8, 1923. He remained, however, an an-
89
nual See and a member of the Corporation, until his death.
He c buted to several volumes of Addisonia, his last pub-
lis ea aay paper being the text to ee plate 205 of
that journal (Hypopitys insignata) in 1
Jo: as ee BaRNHART.
BIRD NOTES
The past winter has not had, apparently, any especially note-
worthy bird visitors to the Garden
Last year’s robins were seen up S the tenth of December.
h snow and for
days the flock stayed close by a thicket where rose hips (from
Rosa multiflora) supplied an abundant, if not very nutritious,
food, then they disappeared as quickly as they had arrived, al-
though plenty of hips remained.
Probably the first real spring birds from the South were a
spectacle, feeding on scores of dead fish floating on the water
go
Doubtl tless the first spring bluebirds and robins from the South
i
two weeks later than usual. With the present fine weather con-
tinuing we may expect other arrivals from the South at any time.
Marc 925 R. S. WILtiaMs.
CONFERENCE NOTES FOR MARCH
rch Conference of the en Staff and Registered
oc . of the Garden was held o: afternoon of the fourth.
Dr. J. H. Barnhart spoke on “The ae neva Library Purchase,”
and an abstract of his remarks follows:
“The city of Geneva, Switzerland, has long been the hom
three botanical institutions ranking among the most fe of
“William Barbey died in 1914, Casimir de Candolle in 1918,
and in both cases their famous collections soon afterward became
QI
the property of the city of Geneva and were consolidated with
the collections of the already-existing city institution. h of
the great herbaria had required an equally great library for use
mense number were wholly superfluous, and i sd termined
e lo
“When they were finally arranged and catalogued, ree were
director, Dr. N. L. Britton, as one of the kind that comes an
once in a lifetime; the offer was tentatively acce i by hi
T for
placed in our library Il of these have been fully catalogued,
and listed, from time to time, in the Journal of th rden,
“The many rare works, much used in botanical study
but difficult to secure the books are in fine bindings,
and many thes ings are nearly ‘here are com-
Lost ‘and Rediscovered P ants.” The substance
aan in Torreya, the part Bene in No. 6 of Volume
4 (1924).
Hester M. Rusx,
Secretary pro tem.
92
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING MAY AND JUNE
The following is the program for the May and June lectures, to
be delivered in the Museum Building of The New York rae
Garden at 4 o’clock on Saturday afternoons. They wil na
trated by lantern slides and otherwise. Doors are opened at 4:1 “7
to admit late-com
aa eis or Daffodils,” Mrs. rae H. Peckham.
May 9. ulips,” r. K. R. Boynton.
May 16. “ es in the Colombian Andes
see) E. Hazen.
=
ru
Me
bo
“Trt eee . Wist
May 30. “ The Rock Garden B. Southwick,
June 6. “New — on the Flora of the ae a New Testa-
Dr. Ephraim Ha-Reubeni.
June 13. “Java the Javanese People,”
Dr. H. A. Gleason.
June 20. ‘“ What the World Drinks and Why,”
Dr. H. H. Rusby.
June 27. “ Roses and their Culture,” Dr. Marshall A. Howe.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Professor E. M. Gilbert, of the University of Wisconsin, vis-
ited The New York Botanical Garden in February, es some
time to the study of the collections of the higher fun:
Professor H. H. Whetzel, of Cornell University, spent several
ni
our institution on the survey of the fungous flora of Porto Rico
s. Mary H. Holway, wife of the late E. W. D. Holway, re-
Sean visited the Garden to talk over matters relating to her hus-
d’s work. Mrs. Holway accompanied and assisted her hus-
band on his last trip to South America, which resulted in bringing
ungi.
these, especially the rusts, are to be carefully studied by experts
in various groups, and the results published later.
93
r. John K. Small is making an extended study of the flora
u
and Louisiana, to El Paso, and back through Oklahom -
k herry of the Bur of Chemistry,
; partment of Agriculture, will be a member of the party.
Other botanists will be associated with them from time to time
as Ge proceed through the country.
e following uae botanists have registered in the library
caring the winter : Mrs. Rachel L.. Lowe, Portland, Me.;
Mr. Ivan M. jonicinn. hae Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass. ; Prof.
f
her
Miller, rene Pa.; Dr. W. R. Taylor, Univer-
sity of Penneylwanias Dr. Arthur P. Kelley, Rutgers University ;
Dr. Walter T. Swingle, Prof. R. Kent Beattie, Dr. Edgar I.
Washington, D. C.; Prof. Bruce Fink, Oxford, O.; R
Gardner, East Lansing, Mich.; Pro M. Gilbert, Madison,
Wis. ; rthur Harris, Minneapolis, Minn.; Pro
Kirkwood, Missoula, Mont.; Mr. Edward N. Jones, State Univer:
sity of Iow benhaus, College Station, Texas ; P
i, Berkeley, Calif. ; ames McMurphy, Stanford
University, Calif.; Prof. Philip A. Munz, Claremont, Calif. ; Prof
owe, University of Toronto; Dr io Pied-
ras, P. R. ; Dr.
Brozék, en de es Univer Czechoslovalds, and De Ephraim
Ha-Reubeni, Jerusalem.
r. Art hur Hollick i is on leave of absence from The New York
flora of Alaska in connection with the U. S. Geological Survey.
This work, as originally planned, was practically completed a
ar ago, but its scope was extended so as to include a consider-
able amount of new material collected by parties in the field dur-
ing the preceding and current years.
94
ae Walter yee Museum Custodian, died suddenly on
h 3. Mr. u
ing on the death of Col. F. A. Schilling in November, 1923
Mellie for February. The total a for the
th w. .69 inches, only slight traces of w ell as snow.
e
The minimum temperatures were 1 a on the 3rd, 24° on
the vath; 21° on the 19th, and 12° on the 28th
Meteorology for a The total precipitation for the month
was 4.30 inches, of trace fell as sno em
temperatures were 6: on the 7th, 67° on the 14th (interpo-
lated), 70° on the 19th and 72° on the The minimum tem-
peratures were 11° on the ae 27° on the 7th (interpolated), 29°
on the 21st and 26° on the 2
ACCESSIONS
BOOKS PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA ane
G , AUGUST, 1923 (CONTIN
AGARDH, Jaxos Georc. Analecta algologica; observationes de speciebus
Algarum minus cognitis earumque dispositione—Continuatio 1-5.
L
Amsterdam — hadenvie van wetenschappen. Jaarboek, 1877-91. Amster-
1878-92
re of the Royal botanic garden, Calcutta. Vols. 1-10. Calcutta, 1887-
1905.
Batrour, Isaac Bayley. Botany of Rodriquez. [London, 1878]
Barsosa Ropricues, Jodo. Plantas novas ee no Jardim botanico
o
do Rio de Janeiro. 6 parts. Rio de Jan 1891-98.
BiscuorF, GOTTLIEB WILHELM. Die es Gewdchse mit beson-
derer Beriicksichtigung der Flora Deutschlands und der Schweiz.
ii 8.
Lief. 1-2. berg, .
Bonnier, GAsTon Eucene Marie. Le monde végetale. Paris, 1907.
Bownier, Gaston Eucene Mariz, & Lrcterc pu nae ALBERT MATHIEU.
Cours de botanique. Vol. 1; Vol. 2, fase. 1-4. ‘aris, 1905.
Boutay, Nicoras Jean. Revision de : id des Hiei du nord
de la France. 3 fasc. Lille, 1878-1
95
[Bouvier, Louts.] Botanique ee choix de plantes de la Suisse et
de la Savoie. Genéve, 1877
Promenades see
de Geneve et les contrées voisines. Genéve, n.
itinéraire du jeune botaniste dans le
d.
qui est le plus souvent visitée par les voyageurs. Thoune et A
1843.
Bucguet, Jean Baptiste Micue.. Introduction a Vétude des corps nat-
égne végétal. 2 vols. Paris, 1773.
CANDOLLE, ea rg MUS DE, Recueil de mémoires sur la botanique.
ris,
Correvon, Henry. De plantes des Alpes. Genéve, 1885.
Osson, Ernest Sant CHARLES, GERMAIN DE SAINT-PIERRE, JACQUES
Synopsis analytique ae e flore des environs de Paris
ST.
destiné aux a elon es Paris, 1876.
Costa ¥ CUXART, TONIO CIPRIANO. Po enieg la flora de Cataluna.,
Déreter, Iewaz. Botonike Portréts. Lief. a Wien, 1906-07.
Dreves, JouaANN Friepricu PErer, H. DRIC ITLOB. Choix
e plantes Pee pene et dessinées, dane nature. 4 vols. Leip-
ig :
DucHEesne, ANTOINE Nicotas. Histoire naturelle des fratsiers. Paris,
17
= “Franets
e sinensis. 7 parts.
BiackweLt, & Hemstey, Wittiam Bortine. Index
6!
London, 188
H. ichnis der in A. Schmidt's Atlas der Diatoma-
ceenkunde Tafel 1-240 (Serie I-IV) abgebildeten a benannien
F :
en. zig, 1902.
Fries, Ettas Macnus. Novitiae forae suecicae. Lundae, 184.
Fucus, Leonnarp. De h es stirpium commentarti insignes, maximis
i is & vigiltis elaborati, Leonharto Fuchsio authore.
Gaston. Monographie des Rubus du bassin de la Loire.
Ed. 2. Paris, 1880.
Geological survey of California: Botany.
bridge, 1880.
GREMLI st. Excursionsflora fiir die Schweiz. Aarau, 1867.
GrirFITH, WiLtiam. Icones plantarum asiaticarum. Pt. 3, 4.
Vol. 1, ed. 2; vol. 2. Cam-
Calcutta,
Pt. 3, 4. ae 1851, 54.
tulae ad plantas asiaticas.
London,
eeeeeey No 3,
Harvey, Wittram Henry. Phycologia australica. vols.
18
ycologia britannice. New ed.
HecerscHwerLer, JoHAN: Die Flor i oa Pree und
herausgegeben von Osw. Heer. Zitrich, 1840.
96
Herperc, Peter ANDREAS CHRISTIAN. Conspectus criticus Diatomacearum
danicarum. Kjdbenhavn
Georc Fr Deutschlands Flora; oder botanisches Tasch-
ou
yr das Jahr 1791. Erlang
La flore de VAllemagne,; ou, entrennes botaniques pour I’ an
lan,
Ktrzine, eae Traucotr. Species um. Lipsi
CARL Ernst Otto. Methodik pe ane orien ti ae Rubus.
Lose, ALEX ANDRE Louis Stmon, & Courtors, RicHarp JosEpH. Com-
pendium florae belgicae. = vols. Leodii & Verviae, 1827-36.
LENDNER, ALFreD. Vocabulaire des termes techniques les plus couramment
I
, 1828- (sr
T. Einfiihrung in 1 die Bliitenbiologie auf historischer Grund-
lage. Berlin, 1895.
Macretcnt, DANIEL CHAMBERS. Manual of British botany; in which t
orders and genera are arranged and ie according to the natural
system of De Candolle. London, 1
Martoru, Rupotr. The flora of Cae Oi Vols. 1, 4. Capetown,
1933.
Masters, MAxweLi Tytpen. List of conifers and inieae in ee in
the open atr in Great Britain and Ireland. [London,
le des sciences, lettres et an - Nancy. [3
Sér.] 2-52, aor 1843-53.
Mémoires 7 oe démie de Stanislas—3 Sér. 1853-1866; 4 Sér. v. I-15;
5 Sér. v. 1-3. Nace 1854-
tne WALTER. Synopsis Characearum europaearum. Leipzig, 1898
Mriguet, FRriepRicH ANTON WILHELM. Stirpes surinamenses selectae.
Lugd
im,
RICH. Die Standorte und Trivialnamen der Gefasspflan-
zen des Aargaus. Aarau,
neuern Algensysteme und Versuch aur
tindung eines eigenen Systems der Algen und Florideen. Ziirich,
I o
Nicorra, oo Prodromus florae messanensis.
1878-1
Payor, Vina en
Fasc. 1-3. Messanae,
Florule du Mont-Blanc; guide du botaniste et du tour-
lpes Penni: Phanérogames. Paris [
: Untersuchungen tiber die Entstehung der ‘Schlafbe-
wegun der Blattorgane. Leipzig, 1907.
lora europaea algarum aquae dulcis et
submarinae. 3 parts. Lipsae. 1864-68.
MEMBERS ve THE CORPORATION
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ah D Cravath
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Ke Maskensic
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aa ond
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Ii §)
ames Speyer
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aul arburg
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Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
are:
Four hundred acres of beautifully diversvicd land in the northern part
of the City of New York, through which poe ao Bronx River. A native
Ss, a fain ng a beautiful rose Gap a rock garden of rock-
loving Brite s, and fern and herbaceous garden
G hi
es, containing thousands of cnteretene plants from America
and foreign countrie
F
ey Ss throu ghout the yea n the spring, summer, and autumn
displ of narcis daffod ls. rae irisée, peonies, roses, ‘ilies, aes
lilies, reload oli, cautias’ and chrys anthemums; in the winter, displays of
She ea blooming plants.
um, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
feed balers occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
and the econ 10m ic uses of plants
A
n comprising more than one million specimens of Amer-
fe and foreign species.
xploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Central a aaa South Aenea, Wee the study and collection of the shapes
Scientiae neoeate in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
ts of plant life.
A library y “botanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books
and numerous pat let
ectures on a ‘gteat variety of botanical topics, continuing
Publications on be tanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and
parcly of popular, interest
The education of school children and the public through the abov:
iving ae free information on botanical Soa canel
a by New Yo ye pasa benetactone and membe see fees. It
possesses now nearly two thousand eee nd applications for
membership are Sane welcome. The classes of membership are:
Benetncten AAEM ceria tact G sin io contribution $25,000
Aoopeasielallercva tals tevads is ia sorsperencionote opens single contributi i
Fellow OMMCife ee acies «siete Ae single contribution 1,000
miber ton wemeysacin. «coos eee single contribut 250
ellowship Member ............... al 100
Sustaining Member vcenecce sees annual fee 25
LiMember 32. cooow eens annual fee 10
The following is an approved fee of beque
M reneey Bilis) to The New York Botanical Garden aaa under
the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the es
All rea ne further information ahelel te sent to
THE ae York BoTaNIcaL na.
X PARK, NEW YORK C
VOL. XXVI May, 1925 No. 305
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOTANY AND HORTICULTURE OF PORTO RICO AND THE VIRGIN
ISLANDS
N. L. Britron
EUROPEAN INFLUENCES IN AMERICAN BOTANY
Joun Henpiey BARNHART
CAMPING AND COLLECTING IN CHILE
Georce T. HastInG
PLANT CANCERS
Micuaet LeEvINE
SPRING FLOWERS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN
Percy WILSon
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa.
THE ScieENcE Press PrRintTING COMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Single copies 10 cents
Annual subscription $1.00
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Freperic S. Ler, President James F. Kemp
Henry W. DE Forest, Vice Pr President Danie LEwIsoHN
F. K. Srurcis, Vice Presiden NNETH K. MACKENZIE
Joun L. MERRILL, spit thas W. J. MaTHESON
N. L. Britton, Secretary BarriNcToN Moore
POWs D Vo N
Henry bE Forest BALDWIN Lewis RUTHERFURD Morris
Miewonne Murray ButLer Freperic R. eda
AUL D. CRAVATH Cuar es F.
Rosert W. DE Forest HeErsert M. RicHARDs
Cuitps Frick HENRY
Wi.1aM J. Gres GeorcE J. R ae
. A. HARPER Apert R. SHA
JosEPH P. HENNESSY WILL1aAM Boyce THOMPSON
iy EeOMeseu
Joun F. Hytan, Mayor hee th ity of New York
PuANEEE Dawson GALLATIN. pee of ee SDeparcsens of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
u. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. De LL. D.
hee ‘Mona Burter, Pu. D., Freperic S. Les, Pu. D., LL. D.
OE Dy Gree IBY HipRBEnE M. RicHaws, S Sc. D.
Witiram. r Gus Pa. D. NrY H. Russy, M. D.
GEORGE i: Roan
GARDEN STAFF
NL: Britton) (Pa Diy ScD Diao. ewes nee Director-in-Chief
MarsHALL A. Howe, Pu. ID} See Deets Leip Assistant Director
JOHN Ke Smarr Pa. D.Sc) Derick. Head Curator of the Museums
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories
P. A. RypseErc,
H. A. Greason, Pu. I Curato
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D.
ARTHUR Hortick, Pu. D. tantst
Percy WI1so; ssociate Curat
PALMYRE DE C Associate Curator
Ee HENDLEY ee Ay ME) Me Dn creeoeeeeaeate Bibliographer
H H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian
Ere Russy, M. me nie Ae Honorary Curator ee the Economic Cone
Etazaser TH G. BRITTON ary Curator of Mos.
y E. Eaton ‘Arti
Konan R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gtnee
Rospert S. WILLIAMS 4 dmini. Assistant
Hester M. Rusk, A. M. ‘echnical paaryane
H. M. DeENsLow, A. M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian os motel Herbarium
E. B. Soutuwick, Px. SDE ca Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds
Joun R. Brintey, C. E. andscape Engineer
Wa ter S. GROESBECK erk and Accountant
ARTHUR? J, \CORBEED Gn eccrine Superintendent of Buddinee and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXVI May, 1925 No. 305
BOTANY AND ce etree OF mau RICO AND
HE VIRGIN ISLAN.
To THE ScienTIFIC Directors of THE New York Botanicac
RDEN :
re en: Pursuant to permission given by you and by the
plants of Porto d the Virgin Islands from latter part
of January to the early part of April, 1925, accompanied and as-
sisted by Mrs. Britton and by Mr. Ken: oynton, Head
Gardener. We sailed from New York for San Juan January 22d
pan
of the ship for kind attention, facilitating the care of our large
scientific collections.
There has recently been much activity in the experimental in-
the e ry pro:
station at Trujillo; large additions to the highly important collec-
tions at the United States Agricultural Experiment Station at
Mayaguez, atau the work of Mr. D. W. May, Director, and
of Mr. T. B. McClelland, Horticulturist; numerous valuable ex-
periments in the introduction of trees for forestry purposes at
97
98
the nurseries Ae the Porto Rico Forest Service at Rio Piedras s, in
rge o
tive eee species, and one of the very few members of that
r
n charge of Mr. F. M. Pennock at ae ana Llai one the unique
n old
other citizens and residents, in which rare trees and shrubs have
been established.
‘his work in experimental tropical horticulture and silvicul-
ture has provided an unsurpassed opportunity for the observation
iis
lands.
Studies of the native plants for use in this “ Descriptive Flora ”
led us widely afield in search of rare or little-known species, espe-
99
cially in some of the few ia areas of natural forest in
‘orto oe with valued aid from officials of the Forest Service
and fro on. Carlos E. Chatter Commissioner of Agriculture
who a tide d us to a most interesting series of low
i a 7
icon of leaf-mould was unusually thick, and where we saw one
very i i i
As guests of Sefior Eugenio Carlos de Hostos and Sefiora de
ostos, we visited their forest lands at Algarrobo, the nearest
natural forest to the city of San Juan, in which we had prev ee
made some studies, and where a fine tree may be seen of T:
nuco, one of the tallest and most majestic forest trees of nee
Rico, exuding a fragrant resin.
Mr. Boynton made the ascent of Monte El Yunque for three
days’ further studies of the elegant rain-forest of the Luquillo
1 the very w
new road south of Florida. At all these wild ee 2
100
Britton found mosses and brought away aie to aid her in
the preparation of manuscript for the moss part of the “ raed
tive Flora,” as also specimens of liverworts . study by P.
Re Alexander W. Evans, of Yale Le versity.
made some studies in the vicinity of Coamo, revisiting a
aa dry region in which we had | much time in previous
rainfall of the past autumn had given it al nce greater than
h een the efore. Through arrangements kindly ma
for us at Ensenada on the southern coa ax-
Livorio Troche. At Snsenada we revisited Mrs. Maxwell’s beau-
tiful garden, in its setting of coconut palm:
hrough the kind hospitality of Don Aguado Gonzalez and
Sefiora Gonzalez, of Arecibo, we were enabled to make renewed
search fo rare Eupatorium on the steep limestone hillsides
etween Arecibo and Lares, where ntary specimen of
the plant had formerly been obtained, successful far’
nding m shes, disappointing, in of them being in
ow occasion we also called o nm Narciso Rabell,
of San Sebastian, a diligent student and collector of the fossils
occurring abun the rocks of this region, some
strata rich in fossil plants, the investigation of which may be very
important in a g to our fe aeed knowledge of the Ter-
tiary ancestors of existing West Indian vegetation. At Arecibo
we also enjoyed the hospitality and companionship of Don Andres
Oliver and Sefiora Oliver who have rendered notable aid in the . .
geological work of the Scientific Survey.
e progress of paca in Porto Rico, through the effi-
cient operations of the Forest Service, was observed with high
ade, has o
ee wages the administration of Gove Hor: M.
Towner, whose recent recommendations for its nee panes
IOI
ment are of great value; from the nurseries of the Forest Service
at Rio Piedras, an average distribution of over two thousand
or :
t Ss g commem :
oo their — dita ‘naturalist, who resided ee many
ears at Bayamon. The other endemic tree verging on extinction
is C srscalils, or Hueso, or Violet-tree (Phlebotaenia “Comelli)
of the Gay-wings Family, with hard, nearly white wood, produc
%
a
1
5 s family, in
cluding Coki Point on the eastern coast, an important geological
locality where the Cretaceous cine ees and where we
102
were aces in finding in it some well- Baia ie mollusks,
ich will b fes dE
upon this geology for the Scientific Survey mas we
njoyed interesting consultation His Excellency, Governor
Philip Williams, Romig, of Nisky, an r
many a
of visitors and of tourists. Inasmuch as abundant
metal is at hand, the expense should not be very great and: a few
miles might readily be built yearly.
Respectfully submitted,
. L. Brirron,
Director-in-Chief.
EUROPEAN INFLUENCES IN AMERICAN BOTANY?
In considering European influences in the history of American
botany, we may disregard the pre-Columbian era; for although
y:
Six days after landing on San eae Columbus wrote: “ all
the trees are as unlike ours, as day is to night, and so are the
fruits, and so the plants.” On his a voyage, Columbus was
1 The text of an illustrated lecture delivered in the Museum Building of
The New York Botanical Garden, April 18, 1925.
103
handicapped by the loss of one of his three small ships, and it
k e
. new science were acquainted with many Ameri ants
i d
ica north of Mexico anadian planis by Cornuti, a
Frenchman. It w: blished in 1635, less than thirty years
after t st permanent settlement in Canada was not de-
voted exclusively to th ts of the new world, but the name of
Canad: upies a conspicuous place on its title-page, an -
ber of our northeastern plants were described and figured for the
firs e on wn, -saron canadense, bears almost
im
exactly the same name as that by which it is known today. Cor-
104
nuti, it would seem, was never in Canada—at least, if he was, he
do ts
the name of one John Newton, who brought him from New ms
land living material of the cardinal flower (previously known
hi om Canada), and says that from the earth clinging to its
roots grew other New England plants.
In 1672 there appeared in London the first account of the nat-
al products of New England. This was by John Josselyn, and
ount of
two voyages Yew England, published a few years |
he famous English botanist John Ray seems to ha e
familiar with many American plants, and from his ‘“ His
toria plantarum ” it appears that he had m
under cultivation at Can ridge. the omens to his
ge all gi rat
adding the then highly complimentary remark that the giver was a
very “curious ” person, meaning of course that he was of a very
studious nature
105
way we learn the names of perhaps a dozen men who
sent North American plants to Petiver, but in most cases we know
Mark Catesby, an English naturalist, spent the years
rom I712 in Virgina, the Carolinas, Georgia, Florida,
and the Bahama Islands, and u his return to En ub-
hi
descriptions and beautiful colored plates of many of the plants
as well as the animals.
John Clayton, a Rae colonist, sent many plants with their
descriptions to Gronovius, a Dutch botanist, who published them
in 1739 and 1743, a his own more or less stupid annotations
and corrections.
We come now to the time of Linnaeus, the great iva nat-
uralist, whose work of reducing botanic al knowledge to a sys-
P g his Am
the few years deans ae preceding nee publication of the “ Spe-
cies plantarum.” Kalm’s name is pie eeeaies in the genus
Kalmia, our beau a mountain adi and in various species,
such as the delicate Lobelia Kalm
106
hen we consider that the naa upon which were ba:
the published works of Ray, of Petiver, of Catesby, of ae
nd of Linnaeus are all ee in England, chiefly at the Nat-
c
understand something of - ee of England upon ee his-
tory of North American
From 1753 until the fas fe Linnaeus twenty-five years later,
very little progress was made in the knowledge of North Amer-
ican plants; but soon after this there pees the first Aaah oe
work publish ed in this country, mall vi mphry
and from n this time onwa ne the aioe of ae
=
@
4
>
herbarium, still preserved at the museum ural history in
ae is fu f interest to the American botanist of tod.
<’s son, also spent much time in America, pub-
lished a few years later his monumental work on the Nort
American forest trees.
The flora of Michaux was followed about ten years later by
The works of Michaux and ae were ee pe floras of
liable, but that of Pursh was more c ile numer-
ous residents of this country were devoting attention to botany,
nd European influence was destined to become a m of his-
tory rather than of current fact. Hooker’s gre: e
botanist to the literature of North American botany, at least as
far as flowering plants are concerned.
This fact is chiefly due to the influence of John Torrey, of New
York, and his younger associate, Asa Gray. In 1838, they began
107
together the publication of a flora of North America which shou
e to place our knowledge of th American t a
secure e new western material accumulated so rapidly,
however, t ey were obl ive up their flora when it was
t iged t i
still far from complete, and to devote all their available time to
numerous new es would have been described i ge pa
European workers, and the authentic material preserved in Euro-
pean herbaria. So well did Torrey and Gra ir American
tribution to the knowledge of the North American flora has ema-
ed from a European source. The only influence exert on
a rue of the mo
who first ae ee lent technical He riptions of American
is Nonares Gee 7 fae medicinal,” first published in 1569,
was very pular in its day, as it was an attempt to describe the
medic te snes ies of the newly discovered products, and espe-
the same
Linnaeus named the genus of North American mints, J/onarda.
108
In 1615 was published the first of several works relating to the
botany of Mexico, by Hernandez, who had been sent to Mexico
i
y
value, but they reflected and served to ay the awakening
interest of scientific Europe in Americ
The works of Piso and Marcgrav, are together in one
SS at Leyden, in 1648, and dealing with the medicinal prod-
and general natural history of Brazil, contained the first ac-
ae of importance of the flora of any part of South America;
date, is the jo 1 of travels in South America, unt
he medicinal s of P an - Chile, ae ge the
oo Feuillée in 1 an
Charles oe a reach: Franciscan friar, who made three voy-
ages to the French islands during the closing years of the seven-
kk,
o was Ww ae and publishing . about the same time upon
te flora of Jamaica, are both of abiding value.
ere is a-break of twenty-five years in the literary history of
West Indian botany between the appearance of the last volume
s by
trian boranig: ar Dutch birth, wh n : r years in eel
never been excelled. During the same half-century a Frenchman,
109
rae as an extended ccount of the flora of French
Guiana; M a b
bans west on oh ra of Chile; Swartz, a Swede, spent three
years in the West Indies and contributed very largely to the lit-
erature f their flo ay Ruiz | Pavon, ards, published their
Ss
to Asienean plants collected dad transmitted to him by his
friends.
Just before the close of the century Humboldt and Bonpland
eine ee comprising not less than fifteen folio and quarto
volum
Of a e numerous European workers on the American flora dur-
ch sub-
scriber, was more than a ete dollars.) Auguste Saint-
Hilaire, a French botanist, was also a very ardent student of the
Brazilian flora, and contributed largely to its elucidation, as did
Pohl, an Austrian.
The flora of Chile and Peru has been made known largely
through the eiblesaede of the Englishman, Miers; the Italian,
Colla; the German, ig; the Frenchman, Gay; the
Anglo-Parisian, Weddell. The flora of Ecuador and Colombia 1s
peans have written upon the flora of the Guianas, amo
aah be mentioned Meyer, Splitgerber, a Miguel, ae
Puli
oo flora of the West Indies has been partially elucidated by
such works as Ramon de la Sagra’s great history of Cuba, and
110
Sacer flora of the British West Indian islands and a-
e
eae but even in the present century there has been no more
earnest ae scholarly specialist in the flora of the Antilles than
Urban erlin
In ae - dlopmcet of Mexican and Central American botany,
botanists from the United States have long taken a prominent
both by t i
part, he collection of material and its subsequent descrip-
tio: s the importa: ork published, howe has been
by ropean writers, suc the Englishmen, Bent! and
H ; th man, pee the san s, Martens and
Galeotti ; d the D , Liebman: rae Ocr: e of de mos st
ceae of Mexico and Gasteaale 5 ie ee ees a.
‘Y»
zerland, and Portugal, for nearly every important country of
Europe has contributed investigator in this field.
And not only have Europeans done the ee but all of the
urop ve ya
scattered all over ae in private hands as well as in public
institutions, and often in comparatively out-of-the-way places,
and it is not always easy for a student of the American flora to
find the actual specimens studied by the writer of one of the old
IIt
ks, but as time has passed, the majority of them have become
ast
soon as we pass the southern boundary of the United States, we
find European study absolutely essential to a proper understand-
ing of American plants
Joun HenpLey BARNHART.
CAMPING AND COLLECTING IN CHILE?
Chile is a land of contrasts: 2,700 miles long, it averages less
n go mi . From
plateau, it rises to the ae of the high Andes. Though the
n consis fly of of
ai pes are
only in cultivation ; ee a and calceo-
ow, or mottled. Tropaeolums of several species are common
1 Abstract of a lecture at The New York Botanical Garden, Saturday
afternoon, a 28, 1925.
112
especially the dainty little climbing soldier plant, “ soldadillo,”
with its tricolor flowers of red, white, and blue, in shape showing
i rti Most of t
many tussocks of Hee plants representing several dif-
ral structure. Hi
ollar.
he mountains in many places se tich deposits of metal,
i i the s
of so low de that they w
e southern extremity of Chile is a half-submerged mountain
range, Sm ome eng nd the Straits of Magellan being
0
d the straits in the series of views aroun f the
large mines showed a lo ume made of California redwood
used to bring a mountain k to the power plant. er views
showed the characteristic vegetation of the lower mountain slopes
and of the high ridges.
Georce T. Hastincs.
PLANT CANCERS?
The Montefiore Hospital has not only provided the Care
with facilities for studying human and animal cancer but h
of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical
Gc on nie ay afternoon, March 21, 1925
113
made it a for him to enna the cancer-like growths of
plants. The experiments initiated in New York have been under
taken by various _ Scientists in Paris, Berlin, Copenhagen, aad
h
e lecturer traced the history of human and of animal cancer
to) 6
of the discovery of the cause of this disease are preliminary re-
ports and lack adequate proof.
lant tumors, known as crown galls, are often very harmful to
ts have been
made to determine their value in the cure of malignant diseases.
The influence of radium on these plant cancers was briefly de-
114
. The object of these experiments on plant tissues was to
understand better the influence of radium on human and animal
caricer.
he more than 75 lantern slides included many plant tumors
ciseerapned under the microscope. Living cultures of the bac-
teria which produce the crown gall disease were shown; also,
living geraniums and branches of rubber trees with plant cancers.
Micuae. LEVINE
SPRING FLOWERS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN
A list of the es spring ge of the present year was pub-
lished in the JournaL for April. Below are the plants that were
noted as Ale into bloom in the period between March a2gth
and April 12th:
March 29, Buffalo-berry (Lepargyraea argentea).
March 29, Dandelion (Leontodon Taraxacu ee
ndo).
April 1, Conrad’s Broom Crowberry eee Conradit).
April 1, Periwinkle (Vinca minor).
April 2, H ae nee ee Halleri).
April 2, Moss k (Phlox subulata).
ril 2, White- ae Glory- ins the-Snow (Chionodoxa Lu-
b
pril 2, Ground Ivy (Glechoma te
i ty
ae
Apri 8 Yellow Adder’s-tongue (Erythronium americanum).
115
April 8, Early Saxifrage (Micranthes virginiensis).
April 8, Crested Lungwort (Pulmonaria saccharata).
April 8, Mountain Cinquefoil (Potentilla montana)
April 8, Cut-leaved Toothwort (Dentaria laciniata)
April 9, Twin-leaf (Jeffersonia diphylia).
April 9, Bloodroot (Sanguwinaria canadensis).
April 9, Shortia (Shortia galacifolia).
April 9, Catesby’s Leucothoe (Leucothoe Catesbaei).
April 9, Single Hyacinth (“ Sir William Mansfield ”).
April 9, Pansy (Viola tricolor).
April 10, Single Hyacinth (“ King of the Blues”).
April 10, Single Hyacinth e a of the Whites ”).
April (“G
April 10, Darwin Tulip (“ cen “Pitt 7).
April 10, ae Maple (Acer eu ia
April 11, Bluets (Houstonia coerulea).
April 11, Se Violet (Viola ie :
April 11, Meadow Blue Violet (Viola papilionacea).
April 11, Japanese Rose-bud Cherry (Prunus subhirtella).
April 11, Sakhalin Cherry (Prunus serrulata sachalinensis).
i “oshino).
4
7
o
5
=
i=]
S
3
April 12, American Dog Violet (Viola ee
April 12, Canada Violet (Viola canaden
April 12, Smoothish Yellow Violet (Viola enucaveay
Percy WILson,
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Dr. J. C. Arthur, of Purdue University, Lafayette, saa! re-
cently spent a few days at The New York Botanical Garden, con-
ferring with the editor of North American Flora, senting the
publication of rust manuscript, which is nearly completed.
116
Hon. Carlos E. Chardon, Commissioner of Agriculture and
Labor of Porto Rico, was a recent caller at The New York B =
hardo
visit to the States was to look after details in connection with the
proposed embargo on certain Porto Rican fruits
r. A. B. Stout, Director of the Laboratories, returned in Apr
to his work at The New York Botanical Garden after se
two months in southern Florida in a study of the flower behavior
of avocados. Thi
with the Florida Avocado Association, the Dade County (Flor-
ida) Farm Bureau, and the Bureau of Plant Industry, the latter
represented in the field work by Mr. E. M. Savage and Mr. T
Ralph Robinson. While in Florida Dr. Stout addressed the Flor-
e
Clonal Variety in Horticulture” before the Florida State Horti-
cultural Society at its thirty-eighth annual meeting
of the extensive campaign waged in Westchester
h
entral R
tents of the young caterpillars which promise to be even more
abundant and destructive than during the past season
ccupant: Ww, n
program should be adopted to rid this section of the pest by de-
stroying the egg clusters during the closed season
everend Doctor Henry R. Rose, of Newark, New Jersey,
gave an illustrated lecture on “ Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa
Grove of Big Trees ” at The New York Botanical Garden on Sat-
urday afternoon, March 7th. He showed seventy slides colored
117
artistically. One was of President Theodore Roosevelt and a
group of naturalists at the foot of Grizzly Giant, the oldest ae
thing in the world. The tree is over 260 feet high and was you
when the ea were ee built. A hundred ae Sut
cavalrymen were ne of the fallen trees
tains lumber dans cal ae a box of a size to enclose a oe
ican liner “ The Leviathan.” Ane ous drivew: wn
rou very heart of the tree named “ California,” with an
automobile standing in the center, paar the vitality of these
great trees. Many wild flowers were show:
Nathaniel Harrington Cowdry died in New York City, 25
Devonshire, England, he _was bro ught to C. nada by his parents
I was a
ork in t e laboratories, at the University of Chicago,
fn Hopkins Unease a and Peking Union Medical College,
from 1913 to 1920, upon mitochondria in plants; his results were
published in several contributions to the Biological Bulletin.
While in China, from 1919 to 1921, he collected many plants;
Chinese plants at the herbarium of The New York Botanical
Garden,
Dr. G. Clyde Fisher, Curator, American Museum of Natural
History, gave an illustrated lecture under ha title of “ Across the
Trail of Linnaeus in Arctic Lapland” at the museum of The
118
New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, April
Dr. Fisher, as the leader of an expedition to Arctic Lapland e
manding sight in Lapland. He showed many photographs Y
plants ino were known to Linnaeus, the immortal “ Father
otany.”
On Saturday afternoon, September 13, 1924, Dr. John Hendley
Barnhart, Bibliographer of The New York Botanical Garden, de-
livered a lecture on “ American Botanists of the Past” in the lec-
ture hall of the Museum Building. His . |. :s ting talk treated
of the lives of m- " well-known ee some foremost
of these beitig Jo). 'layton, John Bartram, Hury, , Marshall,
and John Torrey. John Clayton came gaa England to settle in
Virginia and made extensive studie: the flora of that state
John Bartram, a Quaker, and the first native Ame botanist,
was born near Philadelphia in 1699 and, though only slightly
known by his publications, he is remembered b t-day bot-
John, continued the fine work of his father, wrote several ac-
119
of his travels in the southern Atlantic states, and m:
our native trees and sk The lecturer then m: tion of
v, who won renown through the publication of a
long list of important works. His admirers founded et
ory, the Torrey Botanical Club, the members of wh
alin tablishment of Th ee Botanical Gar-
and the erection uilding in which this lecture was
ored he lecturer ance with the ieee remark:
ay of fulne t
Frost and of Williamson, has not passed. The limits of our topic
forbid the mention of the names of the living, but now there
are farmers, and merchants, and professional men, who by devot-
ing their leisure moments to serious study are ce advancing
botanical science.’
ACCESSIONS
ote MUSEUMS AND HERBARIV
20 ween, vg ‘ungi, ‘ Cras Wisconsir’ exsiccati,” decades
TI-13. (Giv Dr. J. vis.
26 specimens es fungi, “ ae Dakoten* Distributed by Dr. J. F.
Brenckle.
200 specimens of fungi, “ Mycothe 4 Uarpatica.” (Distributed by Dr. F.
Petrak.)
2 speci mens of cup-fungi from California. (By exchange with Pro-
bride.
Specimens of fungi, “ North American Uredinales,” centuries 32, 33.
154 padnen of fungi from various localities, (By exchange with Pro-
371 specimens of fungi from Porto Rico. (By exchange with Cornell
University.)
120
specimen of fungus, Trichoderma paradoxum, from Japan. (By ex-
change with Dr, C. G. Lloyd.
ecimens of fungi from Porto Rico. (By exchange with Professor
Fi nk.)
ray
g
224 specimens of fungi from tropical America. (By exchange with
pee F. L. Stevens,
0 specimens of fungi from Porto Rico. (By exchange with Professor
ee Fink.
rctic specimens of flowering plants. (By exchange with the Na-
tional Herbarium of Canada.
24 specimens of flowering plants from Mexico. (By exchange with the
specimens of flowering plants from Minnesota and Wisconsin.
(By exchange with the University of Minnesota.
14 specimens of flowering plants from Chappaquiddick Island. (Given
colli
9 specimens of flowering planis from Iowa. (Given by Mr. B. D.
Walden.)
340 specimens of flowering plants from Arizona and New Mexico. (By
exchange with the Bureau of Plant Industry, Wlcuaron. D.C.
4I specimens of flowering plants from Alberta, Canada. (By exchange
[
8 specimens of ma: m Jamaica, B. W.I. (By exchange with
Academy of Nat = eae ae ‘phia. :
8 specimens of Anthocerotaceae. (Given by Professor D. H. Campbell.)
5 specimens of Gracilaria lacinulata — Florida (Given by Mr. Paul
a hell.
spe cim ens of marine algae from Se Tortugas, Florida. (By ex-
3 specimens of marine algae from ee (Given by Mr. S. Narita.)
I specimen . Plagiochasma rupestre from Mexico. (By ae with
the U. S. National Museum.
52 oe a Swedish marine algae. (By exchange with Mr. W. N.
Rystr6:
2 specimens of Batrachospermum and 1 specimen of Lemanea from Vir-
is (B: a exchange with U. ational Museum.)
‘imens o nee plants from Ecuador. (Purchased from
rane Mille, SJ.
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THE NEW YORK peepee GARDEN
nx Park, New York City
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
are:
ndred acres of beautifully ciersined land in the northern part
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Am m, containing ernie of fossil plants, existing plant families,
no plane occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
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THE OTANICAL Sars
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CIT
~ VOL. XXVI Junn, 1925 No. 306
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
FIRST BLOOMING OF THE DAFFODILS
ETH R. Boynton
PORTO RICO AND THE AMERICAN VIRGIN ISLANDS
Frep J. SEAVER
NARCISSI, OR DAFFODILS
ErHet Anson S. PeckHAM
FLOWERS FOR SPRING GARDENS
KennetH R. Boynton
BOTANIZING IN THE COLOMBIAN ANDES
Tracy E. Hazen
A SET OF GARDNER’S PLANTS FROM BRAZIL
H. A. GLeAson
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa.
Tue Science Press Printinc Company
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free tou members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Freveric S. Ler, President James F. Kem
Henry W. DE Forest, Vice President ApoLPH Lawisonly
F. K. Srurcis, Vice President KenNeETH K. MACKENZIE
Joun L. ME , Treasurer . J. MATHESON
N. L. Britton, ner tary pees Moo
Epwarp D. Apa J. P. Morcan
HENRY DE FoReer Bangin Lewis Raveeoa Morris
NicHotras Murray Butler FREDERIC OLD
Paut D. CravatH Cuartes F. Rano
Rosert W. DE Forest Hersert M. RicHarps
Cuiips Frick Henry H. Russy
Wiiu1aM J. Gre Georce J. eae
. A. HARPER ALBERT R
JosrrpH P. HENNESSY WILLIAM Boyce T THOMPSON
ores
7eEx F. Hytan, Mayor ie the City of New Y
nets Dawson GALLATIN. President of the Oe ate of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. a»
NicHovas Murray BurTLER , Po. D., Freneric S. Les, Pu. D., LL.
(C/OV IDL esaent Hipestet M. RicHarps, Sc. D.
Wiiam J. Gigs, ‘Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D.
GrorcE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
Ni LL Brirton,;P a. D))ScaDs Dir scree aera Dire or-in-Chief
MarsHALL A. Howe, Pu. D5 Sc. Deeee cad dete eee cata Diecns
Joun K. Sma tt, Pu. D., ScuDae nae ee ee Head Curator on the Mus
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. . Director of the Laboratene
P. A. Rypserc, Pu. D. ‘or
H Gieason, Px. D Curator
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. Curator
ArtHuR Ho tick, Pu. D. Paleobotanist
Percy WILSON Associate Curator
Pacmyre DE C. MITCHELL eset ey Curator
Joun Henpiey Barnuant, A. M., M. D. ..............-...05 Bib graphen
SARAH He ae ow, A. M. ria rari
5 BL, y, M. THE Ne ines Honorary Curator foes uke Economic Collecti Ane
Etrzanera BRITTON? 'eyayletelstaycie tects Gro Seate rary Curator of Mons es
Y EYATONIE ee
Kenwens R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardeneh
Ropert S. WILLIAMS 4 dmini. Assistant
Hester M. Rusk, A. M Technical Assistant
H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian of Local Her bara
Bs: SouTHwick, PHD. hee Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds
Joun R. Brin_ey, C. E. Landscape Engineer
Wa tter S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J) GORBETI 1 3)e chica ioe Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. XXVI JUNE, 1925 No. 306
FIRST BLOOMING OF THE DAFFODILS
The planting of nearly 50,000 daffodils on the slope south and
east of the Iris Garden has resulted in a display quite adequate
portions, the first a band of one hundred and thirty varieties in
small groups, arranged according to type, the second a masse
planting in thousand lots of tru or some of the more robust
kinds, and the third a naturalistic planting of the kinds suitable
for half-shade or for grass.
Passing along the systematic planting, the first new yellow
trumpet to attract attention was Cleopatra; Candlestick and Tres-
serve also surprised us. Herbert Smith, H ‘ord, John Far-
quhar and one or two others were also new man d
lovers g the bicolor trumpets some thought Robert Syden-
ham best, others still preferred Weardale Perfection. Sprin
Gl was the earliest of this section and Sulphur Beauty the
palest and shortest but one of the most attractive.
mM
and Whitewell. Near the road are some fine varieties of the
Barrii, Leedsii and Poeticus types. Of the Giant Leedsti type,
I2!I
Anil on tate
Gi reer
rredssiis relleetian
123
along the Douglas Spruce memorial plantation, some eight varie-
ties were shown, including Sirdar, Crystal Queen, Her Grace}
itchen 7
am
signed to be the base planting out from which the pauralieed
drifts of Poeticus, Barrii, Incomparabilis, and others would
Tange
Ficure 2. A view of a part of the Narcissus planting, April 23, 1925
These drifts of Poeticus varieties tow: ard Pelham Ave., Poeti-
ably natural or informal, as if placed there by nature. Mrs.
eckham is not quite satisfied with some ofthe points, and plan:
to extend the work further this fall
KENNETH R. Boyntox.
124
PORTO RICO AND THE AMERICAN VIRGIN ISLANDS?
This lecture was based on a recent exploring expedition to
hi
the request and th t the to an government.
ile a major portion of the time was spent in Porto Rico, in
ome ways the most interesting pa e expedition was the
visit to t! an Virgin Islands, first, because these islands
have so recently come into the possession of t ited States
and, dly, eon mi mycologist had befor
touched these islands, although several Europeans had previously
worked here. About fifty per cent. of the fungi collected were
previously unknown to the islands
E VirGIN IsLANDS
The Virgin bn were discovered by Columbus in 1493 a:
so-named by him on account of their numbers in allusion to a
to be excelled in the beauty of its natural scenery.
he island is about oes miles long and three or four miles
wide and is for the most part mountainous, the peaks rising to
elevation of 700-1,400 feet. There are no extended ae
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum of The New
York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, April 4, 1925.
125
roads and many parts of the island can be reached only on foot
or by horseback.
As in most West Indian islands, the heat, which would other-
own region (New York), this is not sufficient oe nae: la
culture. The lay of - ound is such also the rain runs
off rapidly, leaving the hillsides parched and d
The residents of St. Thomas as well as the athe es Islands
come Al
closely to get the words, and the dialect varies greatly in the dif-
ferent islands.
r ship enters the harbor, one of the most conspicuous ob-
and, in fact, the one for which it w. ased, is its wonderful
harbor, almost enclosed by land and so sheltered that ships up to
the number of 200 may be harbor e at one ti
the people are very poor, since about the only industry left is the
picking of bay Jeaves and the distilling of bay rum. The problem
of helping these people to help themselves is a very serious one
126
and one of the siete which comes to us with the pur
chase at the island. omas has been known as the “
Es
Q
a
6
s
a
=
2
3
eS =
=§
g
ay
=
a
fy
ia
8
3
a
7
BE Fi , 186.
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nell’Istria, Dalmazia e Monaco. ane 1841
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Haguenau, 1
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nd .
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L c
ames yer
Frede Le ‘Straus
i Stu
Thay
cae S eis son
Grenville L. Winthrop
MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
fj on
Miss nore Billings
Ts. L. Britton
s. An drew iad
ts, Bradish Johnson
: Roswell Miller
Wheeler H. Peckham
Mali
Pie
David rae Mackie
arquand
aw Perkins
Geo
rs. Harold I. Pratt
Mrs. Wm. Kelly Prentice
ad
Ward
. Cabot
Mrs. William H. Woodin
HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
Mrs. E. Hi
enry Hay
Mrs. John I. Kan
Mrs. James
A. Scrymser
Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
are:
hundred acres of beautifully Civ onsite land in the nore part
i fe Bronx River. A native
lantations st thousands of native and panei trees, shrubs, and
flowering plan
ing a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock-
loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens.
Greenhouses, ncainits thousands of interesting plants from America
and foreign countries.
nee shows throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and aut
s of narcissi, daffodils, pee irises, peonies, roses,
lilies, eladia li, dahlias
lilies, ee
and chry nthemums; in
ee ouse- «blooming per
the winter, displays of
Am containing eaiinit ts of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local plantas occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
the economic uses of plants.
erbarium, pompnne more than one million specimens of Amer-
ican and foreign speci
Exploration in differ
t parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Soa ead Sou
s,
th Amenea for the study and collection of the character-
"Sci ient’ Ae cee in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
inpente of plant life.
A library fe “botanical La comprising more than 34,000 books
and numerous pamp ohlet
ectures on a reat variety of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the year.
Publi otanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and
partly of popular, interest.
children and the public through the
ng a free information on botanical, hoctienlEaeele
nd forestal subjec e
The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation yy ne
City
of New York, prec apes are and membership fee
possesses now nea rly tw and members, and apiece ae
membership are alwayen ae The classes of membership are:
Benetactenilscncciee coe vee eene single contribution $25,000
Patron hj icmhisnie cola eee single ributio ,000
Fellow forseifern senses eit single tribution 1,000
Member for Wifey). usenet sihele contribution 250
Fellowship Member ............... annual fee 100
SustaminevMemben eae annual fee 25
Annual Miemberinnniate eee nnual f 10
The following is o See form o _beque
I hereby bequeath to ical Garde incorporated under
the Laws of New York, hse ae or ton re sum of ————
All requests for further information should ae sent to
E New York BoTanicaL pean
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK
WOU. X XVI Jury, 1925 No. 307
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE SCRUB-PALMETTO—SABAL ETONIA
Joun K. SMati
WHAT PEOPLE DRINK AND WHY
H. H. Rusby
HOW TO THINK ABOUT EVOLUTION
C. Stuart GAGER
JAVA AND THE JAVANESE PEOPLE
H. A. GLEeason
Kennetu R. Boynton
THE CHARLES PATRICK DALY AND MARIA LYDIG DALY FUND
N. L. Brirron
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING JULY AND AUGUST
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA.
Tue ScieENcE Press Printinc CoMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Freveric S. Lee, President Jam 5
Henry W. ve Forest, Vice erasers pee LewiIsoHN
0 W
F. K. Sturcts, Vice Pr NETH K. MACKENZIE
Joun L. Merritt, Sena . J. MATHES
N. L. Britton, Secretary BarrINcTON Moore
Epwarp D. ADAMS . P. Morcan
Henry DE Forest BALDWIN Lewis RuTHERFURD Morris
Nicuoras Murray Butler Frepertc R. NEwsOLD
Paut D. CravatH Cares F. RAND
Rosert W. DE Forest Hersert M. RIcHARDS
Cuitps Frick Henry H. Russy
Wiu1am J. Gries GerorcE J. RYAN
R. A. Harper Apert R. SHATTUCK
Josrra P. HENNESSY Woe Bovce THOMPSON
Joun F. Hytan, Sey oe the Ci ity of Nea,
Francis Dawson GALLATIN. President of the Ciisaemas of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
. Harper, Pu. D., Charman James F. Kemp, Sc. BD. iLL, 1D),
Nicros Murray Burier, Pu. D Freperic S. Lee, Pu. D., LL. D.
Derren): Hersert M. RICHARDS, Sc. D.
Walia? J. Gies, Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D.
GeorcE J. Ryan
GARDEN STAFF
INL» Britton; PHD: SC. Di; LES Di aaa eeneanehene Director-in-Chief
MarsHaL_y A. Howe, Pu. iD), SCD Ws aoe aeeche ats eee Assistant Director
Joun K. SMALL, Pu. ID: 'SGL Dard Cie Head Curator of the Mus
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories
P. A. RYpBERG, Px. D Curator
. A. Greason, Pr. Curator
Frep J. S rR, PH r
ArtHuR Hottick, Pu. D. ‘anist
Percy WILSON Associate Curator
PaLMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Curator
JoHN Henbury BAarnHaArr, A.M: Mi WDi eee ceceaenee cee ibliographer
Sara H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian
H. H. Russy, vine kes Byala Honorary Curator poke the Economic Collections
Evizanetu G. Burton norary Curator of a SSeS
Mary E. Eat rtist
KENNETH R, UBT) Bas: Head Chana
Rosert S. WILLIAMS Administrative Assistant
Hester M. Rusk, A. M. echnical Assistant
H. M. Denstow N M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian of Lata Herbarium
E. B. Sou UTHWICK, Pre DAV ae Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds
Joun R. BRINLEY, GVE; oe scape Engineer
‘Wa ter S. GroEsBEcK Clerk and Ac conninr
ARTHUR). CORBETT cus vase scoot Superintendent of mange and Greun
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXVI JuLy, 1925 No. 307
THE SCRUB-PALMETTO—SABAL ETONIA
The mature stage of the scrub-palmetto resembles the young
stage of the cabbage-tree (Sabal Palmetto). This palm was
doubtless observed by the early botanical travelers in peninsular
Florida, but, on account of its habit of growth, it was not dis-
tinguished them fr oung plan
age-tr he ure plants of the scrub-palmetto and the
plants of the cabbage-tree before the trunk has developed, are
ers,
characters above the ground to separate the two species are the
reel leaf-stalks, the short prostrate spadices, and the large
of the scrub-palme
“Tre very different = ee formations, the one a firm lime-
stone, the other a very loose sand, harbor the scrub-palmetto. In-
peas these habitats yielded it to botanists within a period
ofa of y
ee wo ie ereat ea Hea are covered with quite
unlike plant-association: estone, an odlite, lat Se a
Everglade Keys, meaieD a an West Indian fi
plant-covering, the Caribbean-pine (Pinus sche: nae ae saw-
al form—are the con-
ey elements, and associated with these is a miscellany of
ee habitat of the scrub-palmetto is the so-called
ane ies nn English name of the palm. The flora of
the “ scrub” is supported on a fine white sand. Its most promi-
I
ta
‘soAR0] oY} Japun Zurpvoids uses oq Av siaMoy oFTYAL FO sounyd oyT,
yur00T4 TMF Ut orem szuerd oy, ‘(AeP) opem sem yderSojyoyd sty, wey ‘“WOryeJed9A AaYJO FO UoIsN[oxe oY} 07 YSULOTe
‘quayxa WI satoe ‘pues oq oy Buy19400 Uayyo “eloyMes[O Wey} a0 JUepUNYe sIOUI sI oyyoured- qnI08 ayy, "punoge
soot} pus ‘sqnays ‘sqrtey etmepua pus ‘ezeqs 019 UT OATPOULSIP our OY} BT alay uotpeMossy yueyd ey ewig weIpuy
dT} WO INGe pUBS FO soUNpP IO spuUNOU 91AURSIS oY stoYM “VpLIO,T ‘UOLdo1 eYe[ ay} JO pus usayyNos oY} UL “T ANIOLT
o
147
nent elements are the spruce-pine (Pinus clausa), various scrub-
oaks (Quercus spp.), the saw-palmetto (Serenoa repens)—a
w. a
these is a series of sealed Floridian plants and endemic trees,
shrubs, and herbs.
Wh
le the scrub- pa almetto represents a remnant of a former
plant in the second edition of his Flora? as Sabal Palmetto mega-
1Abram Paschall Garber was born 23 February 1838, at Columbia,
Pennsylvania. He was graduated pe Lafayette College in 1868, and
di : fe ‘
1872. e we o southern Florida as a he ker about 1877,
while there devoted much time to the collection t lants of that
region, e flora was then little known. In 1 e also collected
at Renovo, the same year, 26 August—JoHN Henp.ey Barnwanr.
a
at feery 6 April 1 n his ninetieth vear—. :
of the dees Daited States. Ed. 2. 651. 1883.
Spoox 7Uey
-todurt oy} Fo ao ‘oyyeuped-mes oy} FO s}INAy pajuaos-Fuoijs ayy FO 4eVyy 07 qse.17t109 UL ayinb—oyep oy} FO Fey seTq
-Wgsat s0a8y Ita} ‘oSLey Apoarqerer Suq OF UOTIPpPS UL ‘seUrBtioqe ayy FO Jorp VY} UT WOTZBLTeA oULOdTAA B SBOT
‘soBptt orrered ut ory pues
i=
oe
oo
Aug. 22, “The Dismal Swamp of Virginia.”
Dr. Arthur Hollick.
Aug. 29. “Scenery of Our Western Mountains.”
Mr. Le Roy Jeffers.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
to Degener, who has been spending the year at The New
Yo i = anical Garden, studying his collections of Hawaiia
plants, is returning to Honolulu. He began his transcontinental
journey in June by motor-car, planning to make botanical collec-
tions on the w
Dr. A. B. Stout, of the als see eae a week i in June at
the State Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in further work
n the breeding of grapes so eee ee were
aS made on the ae of the tenting experiments with various
fruit trees conducted earlier in the season
r. P. A. Rydberg, Curator of the Museums and Herbarium of
The New York Botanical Garden, is devoting a large part of
June and July to field work in the chereanae Mountains. He is
Se by automobile and i anied by Mr. John T.
of the Massachusetts oaeie a College.
At a meeting of the Linnean pee of London held on May
, Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton, Director-in-Chief of The New
York Botanical Garden ; Professor Carl Caister of Ziirich; and
163
Dr. Alexander Zahlbruckner, Director of the Department of Bot-
any of Natural History Museum in Vienna, were elected Foreign
embers.
During the early part of es The New York Botanical Gar-
den, represented by Dr. F. J. Seaver, ae ed es) Cornell Univer-
t Run, Pennsylvania. This is the third “foray” of
nee hed. by the above institutions.
The Garden has issued invitations to its members and friends
Day, June 9 was Peony Day, and 16 was Rose Day. T!
tulips were so nearly in their prime on the d: e Annual
Spring Inspection, which occurred on April 30, that no special
Tulip Day was observe
uly number of The ides aes Alagazsine con-
nae a contribution by Miss Mary n, artist of the staff of
The New York Botanical Garden, pe the title
the aa Life of America.” The editor’s ae ciieree is as
follow.
hee 24 color plates, representing 55 flower paintings, appea
ing in this number of The National Geographic Magazine, are
= < has brou
from the brush of Miss Mary E on, whose work has brought
ch pleasure to members the National Geographic So-
ciety during the past decad T are reprod from th
co)
i decade. The
Society’s ‘The Book of Wild eae recently published, and
are printed in the Magazine in order that those who have saved
1 ave i
p p 8.
number belong to 49 different families, and, together with those
previously published, make a representative cross-section of the
floral life of America
On many of the western yellow pine SS in the Northwest,
the pine squirrel and the second-growth pine may be said to be
engaged in a struggle to the death, ny = squirrel holding a
164
conspicuous advantage according to latest reports, says the Forest
ervice, United States Department of Agriculture. The squir-
a he
tp
areas with seedlings will circumvent the sharp eyes and insatiable
appetite of this small foe
Aleteorology for June. The total precipitation for the month
was 2.98 inches. T
the 3rd, 51° on the 12th, 50° on the 17th, and 53.5° on the 24th.
ACCESSIONS
BOOKS PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL
G. AUGUST, 1923 (CONTINUED)
aoe Panes Traicté des drogues & medicamens qui naissent
des. Ed. Lyon, 1619.
ree eee Cae Receusio specierum generis Pteridis. Lundae,
1839.
No, Prospero. Histoire du baulme. Lyon, 1619.
adnnales de Musée du Congo Belge. Brux elles, oe
ASCHERSON, Pau Frreprich Aucust, & Kanttz, a Catalogus cor-
mophytorum et ne Serbiae, Bosniae, Hercegovinae, Montis
Scodri, Albaniae hucusque c a urn. er 1877.
Baker, JOHN GILBERT. Handbook of the Boa idee including the
Alstroemericac and — London, 1888.
—.. Handbook of the Bromeliaceae. London, 1889.
ae EUGENIO. Supplemente generale al “Prodromo della Flora tos-
cana di T. Carne Firenze, 1897.
165
Benxtuam, Georce. Catalogue des plantes indigénes des Pyrénées et du
ur ul! ge botanique fait
Bas Langue . précédé ae ‘une notice s) nt toya
dans les ‘Pyrénées pendant Pété de 1825. Paris, 18
BerrranD, CHARLES Evcuexe, & peiee Féuix. eer sur apie
caractéristiques de la structure des ee actuelles. x. La masse
libéro-ligneuse élémentaire. . . . Lille,
Bryon a-Berx2 AN NTONIO. Ste ‘ularum haere centuria prima [et]
secunda. o I 7.
Bonnet, CH: Considerations sur les corps organisés. Ed. 2. 2 vols.
a
I
paras sane tensed ou, a sur l'état passé et sur
———. La pai
Pétat futur des
Flore of ihe. ce ‘Region of Baja Cali-
fornia. [San Francisco] 1891.
Brrovet, Joux Isaac. Fragmenta monographiae Labiatarum. 3 fasc.
eve, I
. Prodrome de la flore Corse. Vol. 1, vol. 2, pt. 1. Genéve, 1910-
1913-
CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN gs pe. Essai sur les propriéiés médicales des
blantes. Ea 2 tis, 1816.
Carerere, Ere ge général des agi Paris. 1855.
Curist, Heras ans. Die Farnkrauier der Erde. Jena, 1897.
Corxcy, AucusTe Henrt Cornut pe ta Foxtarse pe. Ecloga plantarum
hispanicarum,; seu, tcom cierum novarum cel minus cognitarum
fer Hispa' nuperrime detectarum. Parts 1, 2, 5. Paris, 1893-1901.
01 Gres Flora ee 7 “ols. Como,
ConsTANtEy, N édité. acquise; ses con. enor horti-
coles, agricoles et mbdicles ene
Coste, Hrepoiyte Jacoves. & Sovrré. Josern. Florule du Val d' Aran. Le
Mans,
DEBEAUX, Hae Opoxs, & Dacyez, Gustave. Synopsis de la flore de Gib-
raltar. cate 1
Devataxne, N Maere. Hoedic et Houat; histotre, moeurs, productions
mnie de ces aie ie du Morbihan Nantes, §
so, GLACOoMO E Fi Sindi sopra un lign naggio anemo-
filo delle peeve ie assia sopra d oruppo delle Artemisiaceae. Firenzo,
wt.
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Gaescpamy, Sommario di osservazioni fatie negli anni 1865-66.
DESFONTAIXES, RExé Lovicne. Catalogus plantarum horii regii Parisi-
ensis. 3. Parisiis, 1
. Tableau de Pécole de botanique du Muséum @histoire naturelle.
Paris, I
Derwer, Wirgetaw ALEXANDER. Das pflansenphystologische Praktikum.
Jena, 1888.
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DeTont, Giovanni Batrista. Sylloge Algarum omnium hucusque cogni-
ol. 2. Bacillariseae. P il,
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Jax. Pflanzengeographise che ae wirtschafliche Monographie
de es ‘Sihltales bei Einsiedeln von Roblosen bis Studen. Ziirich, 1903.
Dumor Tier, Bar y CHARLES fe nalyse des familles des
BAe avec Vindication des principaux genres qui s’y rattachent.
q ;
Doe, aie Axexis, & Pitter DE Fasreca, Henrt Francors.
Catalogue de la flore vaudoise. Fasc. 3. Lausanne, 1887.
‘ Scuinz, H aaa sur la flore de
- ‘2
a
: Bruxelle
3 cen “Climat tologie com-
e de I'Italie et de PAndalousie anciennes etm 3 is, 1849.
Pic wane, Grorce. .4 revision of the North American spectes Of the
genus Juncus, with a description of new or imperfectly known species.
St. Louis, 1868.
ENGLER, mes Gustav Apotr. Ueber die Friihlingsflora des Tafel-
berges bei Kapstadt. [Berlin, 1903.
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und Comiichee, insbesondere der Samen Gkonomischer Phances Stutt-
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Fries, Etias Macnu: Epicrisis ei ane Hieraciorum. [Upsala, 1862.]
fee nm Comersee; eine as
von, Reise in den siidlichen Theilen von
£ Constant JosEPH. eee sur le passage de la racine
ala ae Paris, 1881.
GIESENHAGEN, Kart FrrepricH GeEors.
ena, 190I.
GILIBERT, JEAN EMMANUEL.
les plus communes, les plus utiles et les plus curieuses.
Die Farngattung Niphobolus.
Histoire des plantes age et étrangéres,
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1806.
GottscHE, CarL Moritz, eee Jouann Bernuarp WILHELM,
Nees von EseNBECK, Curistian GotrrrreD DanteL. Synopsis ee
carum. Hamburgi, 1 sed
GrevILLe, Ropert Kayr. Flora edinensis; or a description of plants grow-
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ultertori nascentium enumerati vols. Neapoli, 1827-28. Supple-
mentum. Fasc. 1. Neap oe
co e Siculae syno. ns exhibens ee vasculares in Sicilia
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1864-67.
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1-7. London, ee 75-9
Hovetacgue, Mau N ALEXANDRE. Recherches sur Vappareil végée-
tati pee Bionowaies Rhinanthacées, Orobanchées et Utriculariées.
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UTH, ae " Monographie der kasi Delphinium. Leipzig, 1895.
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in all natural sciences. a lam, 1917.
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1853-1854. [Cherbourg, 1856.
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toire et les principes des Plas aieations ae Paris, 1848.
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‘rancofurti ad Moenum, 1837.Index. 1838.
2 vols. Francofurti ad Moenum [et] Lipsiae, 1843-44.
Kuuy, Maxt IAN F H ADA: ices africanae; revisio cri-
tt nium hucusque cognitorum cormophytor fricae indige-
norum, ... accedunt filices Deckenianae et Petersianae. Lip
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1793—
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2vols. Paris, 1877-81.
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53-
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nte Joan. Emm Gilibert. 3 vols. Coloniae-Allobrogum,
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—.. s plantarum .. . curante Carolo Ludo-
vico Willdenow 6 vols. and an “Dern 1797-1824.
——. ma plantarum Europae . . nte Joan. Emman. Gilibert.
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TIAN FRiepricu, & ae ae Bryologia germanica. Vol. 1; vol.
7 ae
erlin, 1922,
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Nytanver, Wituram. Lichenes Scandinaviae. Helsingforsiae, 1861.
PUBLICATIONS OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Journal of one New oe ees aoeaer: monthly, containing notes,
news, and non-technical a Fre members of the Garden. To
others, 10 cents a copy; $1 ay a en Mew in its twenty-sixth volume.
Mycolo ogia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a year;
single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its seven-
teent me
Addisonia, ee tetly, devoted Neate ened to colored plates accompanied
by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number,
thirty-two in each volume. Bente aa tion price, $10.00 a year. [Not
offered in exchange.] Now in its ten 1
Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, one reports of the
Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em-
bodying results of investigations. Free to all members ee the Garden; to
others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its cea volume.
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North ne
ica, including Greenland, the West Indies, ae Central America. Plann
° et : 34 mes oy. 8vo. Each volume to consist Ry
our or more par 54 parts now issued. ” Subscription price, $1.50 per
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S
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X PARK, NEW YORK
VOL. XXVI Aveust, 1925 No. 308
JOURNAL
OF
THe NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
NEW DAY LILIES
A. B. Stout
SEEDS: THEIR TRICKS AND TRAITS
Wirtitam CrocKER
A FREAK OF THE MOUNTAIN LAUREL
ExizasetH G. Britton
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
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Tue Science Press Printinc Company
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
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Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Freperic S. Lee, Presiden AMES F. Kem
Henry W. bE Forest, Vice Beeraens ApoLtpH LEwIsoHN
F. K. Srurets, Vice Presiden NNETH K. MACKENZIE
Epwarp D. ADAMS
Henry be Forest BALDWIN
NicHoras Murray Butler
Lewis Ra Monte
Freperirc R. New
Cuartes F. Rann
Rozert W. DE Forest Hersert M. RicHARDS
Cuitps Fric Henry H. Russy
Wi1aM J. Gres Gerorce J. RYAN
A. HARPER Avsert R. SH
JosepH P. HENNESSY ee Boyce THomMPson
as THOMPSON
Joun F. Hytan, Ma ee Sean City of Ned
Yor
FRANCIS DAW GALLATIN. Preston of the Te comet of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
R. A. Harper, ek a de duly mes F. Kemp, Sc. D. 1 iB):
NicHoLas Murra rR, Pu. D. Freperic S. ese ID), ILIL, ID},
iD ban, Herzert M. RICHARDS, Sc. D.
Wituram. if Gis, ‘Pu. iD} ENRY H. Ruspy, M.
GerorcE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
‘Llesle ihe binaer eee Dia Chief
N. L. Britton, Pu. D., Sc. D.,
MASKS se A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. D
5 1D), Sye, 1D),
Rr 1D}
istant Dinas
Hees ae Head Curator oF the Mus
i B. Stou i Director of the Laboratories
A. RYpDBERG, Cur
H. A. Gieason, P Cote
Frep J. SEAVER, Pu. D. Curator
ARTHUR Hotrcx, Pu. D. Paleobotanist
Percy WILSon Associate Curator
PaLMyreE DE C. Mir Associate Curator
Joun HEnpLey Binns: Ay ME: ME Dine eect ereneiee Bhopal
Saranw H. Harrow M. arian
H. H. Rusey, M. B. aoe ae Honorary Curator oe the Economic Colleaate
EERE G. Britton Honorary Gira r of ee osses
Artist
. SouTHWICcK, Pu. D.
oHN R. Brintey, C. E.
M., D. D. .... Honorary erg of ate
an of Herbarees Grounds
andscape Engineer
.... Custod
Water S. GROESBECK
ie
d. of Buildings and Grow
ARTHUR J. CorBETT
Hea wdener
Administrative A ssistant
Technical Assistant
erbarium
and Accountant
nds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Voit. XXVI AUGUST, 1925 No. 308
NEW DAY LILIES
Numerous new varieties of day lilies a ee have re-
cently been developed at The New Botanical Garden
may be broken nae recombined, and even panes eed hy-
ends nearly 500 years.” Possibly t yere
brought to Europe from Asia as early as the time of Marco Polo.
In recent years s other species have been brought from the Old
World to the
Of then all, “Hemerocalti fulva has the gayest flower:
P
in Figure 2 (the middle flower of the upper row The flower
is bi-colored with the chrome and the red in conspicuous contrast.
16
170
For the flowers of the rather recently introduced species H.
aurantiaca there is a rich orange throat, outside of which there is
a delicate blending of orange ae ed with the red much more
subdued and delicate than in the H. fudva.
‘or each of the other species ‘bie flower color is of an almost
uniform shade of some grade of either ee or orange.
t is to be stated that few persons have thus far contributed in
t
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the species Hemerocallis flava, - eras H. Dumoriierii
anaes and H. minor. In Italy Mr. Carl Sprenger and his
e Willy
zers in France,
possibly three hybrids, Luther Burbank is credited with two
others, and several H. citrina hybrids have come from Mr. Ber-
trand H. Farr. alien aes hybrids have appeared in the trade,
mostly of origin unkno
Fic pse of a few of the hybrid oe lilies in the experi-
ental ae - the New York Botanical Garden. e plants here shown
are quite typical of many of the oe eee ns variety luteola and
ow vigor
the species H. aurantiaca; they gr and give an abundance
a bloom, which stands in the upper hee et ‘he ‘foliage or slightly
above. Most of the plants selected for propagation as new clonal varieties
ae a habit of growth, combined with flowers of alice shapes and
172
Thus a total of about 75, certainly not more than 100, hybrids
in Hemerocallis have been reported to date. About 40 have been
collectively are lacking in diversity of color eir
improvement along these lines h n the chief aim of th
breeding work undertaken at The New York Botanical ise
The first step in preparation for this breeding was to e
all the known species and varieties obtai e pr rsisten . Ge
ave to secure the hybrids already produced a! ed
breeding work.
The main task in the breeding work itself is to obtain seed and
o grow seedlings particularly from cr een differe:
species and varieties but from self-pollination as well his
is attempted it soon becomes evident why so few ngs have
previously been secured and why with the probable exception of
the Strasbourg hybrids the “ blood ” ‘ulva has never been
blended ne any of the other species previous to the results re-
oe L aper.
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cross, until four capsules (out of several thousand pollinations)
173
were secured at The New York Botanical Garden. Neither has
its pollen previously been used with success in any crosses unless
this was done at Strasbour;
ne so the work of preediag day md resolved itself, ae i
all, into a study of the sterilities, or we may say, of the p
ae cone alice (both ele and pee in the proces ee
fertilization. It has been a case of trying to circumvent or over-
come the obstinate sterilities characteristic - these Sine and
ee particularly of the gaily-colored H. fulv
This work has been in progress for ten years. Thousands of
been m
eed were repeated over and over until as in the H. flava and
low, ener and o This has also been done wit!
1
closel ine that of the coancely cultivated form of Ff.
i flower
Thus the yellow-flowered Hemerocallis flava and the H.
aurantiaca. e variety luieola (itself a hybrid between
rantiaca major H. Thunbergii) readily hybridizes with
auraniiaca and the seedlings of TOSS are
thus far obtained at The New York Botanical ei Of the
combinations just mentioned more than two hundred hybrids have
already bloomed. Hybrids between other species and varieties are
also blooming. A total of about 1,500 hybrids (all different seed-
grown.
The flowers of these hybrids taken collectively exhibit a wide
aurantiaca, The red may be rather uniformly dispersed over the
Ficure 2. The conspicuously large flower in this group is from one of
the finest of the new a lilies doar dat The a York Botanical
Garden. It has the largest full flower known ee oe and
i vr, H. Thun-
bergtt, H. aurantiaca, and H. flava for its four srendbar
t the left of this large flower is a oye of H. ae oo
above is a flower of the well-known form of H. Galas ‘and at the right
is a flower of the lemon-colored H. Thunbergii.
Above, at the extreme right, is a flower of the Melee luteola which is
a hybrid between H. Thunbergii and H. aurantiaca major. The flower is
larger than that of the Thunbergit parent, is a light sha: oe . golden yel-
low but is without the reddish tinges of the auran ntiaca pi
At the upper left i is a a flower of the variety Florham, ‘supposed to
be of American origin. has flowers of golden yellow in a shade slightly
different from /uteola.
outer half or two thirds of — petals, quite as in aurantiaca, or it
may be in streaks, in bands or halos, or in blotches. Different
grades of the red may be in is outer three or in the inner three
er se — or the red may be confined to the inner or to the
ut thus i t
in appearance; others have a velvety appearance due to minute
175
finger-like elevations of the cells of the surface. The flowers o
numerous hybrids glisten brilliantly in sunlight as if the surface
were liberally sprinkled with minute grains of gold, a character-
c that i heat also in the species H. aurantiaca.
cae best of the flowers are “ full,” with broad overlapping
petals a are improvements on many of the older types. Thus
the clear yellow shade of color seen in H. Thunbergii is cues
in certain hybrids in flowers that are fuller, larger, and m
tractive. Increase in the size = flowers is to be ae some ae
brids have flowers nearly twice the size of any of the species or
of any of the older varieties ae far seen by the writer and in a
few cases (see especially the larger flower shown in Figures 2
and 3) the size is combined with rare beauty and fullness of
flower.
Considerable range is seen in general stature and vigor of
. growth of the hybrids a and i in the height to which flower stems
stand wi a
most sh and floriferous plants are those that stand with flower
stems eee ioe feet tall and only slightly overtopping the leaves,
quite as shown in onee I. ii with taller and more up-
wer mmon but a:
flowers are elevated ae ns leaves with a foot or more of bare
stems exposed in a somewhat erg and neers effect. This
es of bloom for the hybrids corresponds in som
gree to that of the ee parents. s hybrids with
early-blooming parents, such as erocallis Dumortierit and
Pp: vely by di onal” variety quite
as irises and dahlias are propagated. In such a case the entire
176
Cuoneueldxa 10
“€ aun
fF aded azisoddo aag)
< a =
ys
177
variety is, in reality, one plant whose parts have been separated
and grown in different localities. Thus the standard of the pas
is assured for the metho i
variation that is sure to come oe there is the seed ies
of hybrids.
It will readily be understood how an entire clonal variety may
be self-fruitless. When the original seedling plant happens to be
self-incompatible and unable to set fruit and seeds to its own
pollen all the plants obtained by dividing its roots and stems are
eye self-sterile and a pollinations between them are no
e effective than are pollinations from flower to flow
f the plants as grown. And so many of the Senet anes
_ Here is shown (on oe page) the range in ys ae of
wi
fe) a ls nm
shadi AL rather “ le ” flowers and are among the best of the
seedlings selected for Propagat ion.
ather small flower of the ee saan of r ed yet seen in any day
eft.
a
ings. Below it and to t is a flower with colors somewhat as
A. aurantiaca me just ie ge isa ae ie aoe waxy sheen ind a
ea ey ellow. At the extreme left what trumpet-shaped
flower of good size and of a pleasing Sine color. Haged with a faint
halo ‘of red. In oe ais a the same large flower shown in Figu
Seven differen varieties were involved in the parentage ad
grandpercnte of ae eroup of hybrids.
of the day lilies are i Race i da as were the orig.
owe mi
8
parently all the plants of it now growing or ever grown in Europe
and America are merely parts of one plant! Some study will be
178
needed to determine to what extent the day lilies described as
train:
vo
further hybridization will more readily follow. w colors
or color patterns are possible—such as pure hie oan blotched
will be Seenaetel as sie varieties, named, and in due time
distributed
A. B. Stout.
SEEDS: THEIR TRICKS AND TRAITS?
The fairy tale of the germination of three thousand year old
er S
these records is one _ published by Ohga, a Japanese bo nee
He has excavated from the Pulantien Plain of South Manchur
ec of an ati lecture given in the Museum Building of
w York Bota: 1 Garden on Saturday afternoon, July 1 : 1925, by
ao Directoe of the ae yce Thompson Institute for Plant Researcl
179
viable seeds of ara oe ae Indian Lotus, that he be-
lieves have lai t least 120 years and more
row in water are now growing on the silt deposit over the pea
where the lake once existed. S of these years
ol r iu, the director of the Liantung Bank arien,
states that his ancestors moved into and cultiva this basi
about 200 years a Tombs in the cemetery at the village of
ung confirm this statement. All of this evidence leaves
little doubt that Ohga is right in placing the age of t s
greater than 120 years and more likely 200 to 4
w. ave these seeds not germinated before this? Some
to date has aeenene and Ohga has some very fine plants as a
result. The seeds are not only alive but they are all alive and
e seeds of Nelumbo are oo termed “ hard seeds,”
that is, an outer layer of t $ prevents the absorption of
water so that the seeds may i e in water or moist soil for years
with only now and then one swelling and with many remaining
hard for years, a perhaps centuries.
180
Hard seeds are common amongst clovers, alfalfas, beans, ae
indigo plants, locusts, and many other members of the bean fam-
ily as well as in the mallow family, the water-lily family | sev-
eral other families of plants. This character causes much annoy-
d
in water for months. Because of the greater hardness and less
Are hard seeds the a ones that lie in the soil for long periods
inati Mar
saa The upper seed Jee rinates only when the coat is
s t
ne temperature is hi ough (91° rcome the effect of
th t. Wh he upper seed peeninates: d s upon when
it meets one of these contingencies. Sor her seeds that ab-
sorb water readily, lie dormant in the soil cmene ‘eect mem-
branes reduce the oxygen supply to the embry
181
s of the water plantain lie i fosean in water for years
the embryo of the water plantain rests easy fo s, if neces
s until some change, slow den, internal or external,
brings about the necessary breaking of the coa e e
seeds remain dormant, due to the same mechanism as the water
tain.
Dormancy in rose seeds is a very interesting story but time and
space will not permit its telling in detail. Rose hybridizers stratify
Un eeds gra
these seeds in a cold place. der this sadiecs the ad-
ually germinate through a five to seven 1
i it for the last seedling of the hybrids. Fortunately,
science has stepped i Te ed. First, it hi
the embryos themselves are dormant and that t mbryos must
go thr some very definite and important chemical changes,
called after-ripening, before they are re to grow econd,
science has shown that these changes occur most rapidly whe
he germinator or stratification bed is h nder this
t
condition the seeds of all the rose species tested to date will after-
n
reater difficulty. It has also been shown that when the
stratification bed rises considerably in temperature the se °
i nt conditi e old stratification
nae much that is gained in the winter is lost the follo
summer. This old method w. ‘ood but it ed one ver,
eer feature—that of ee oe in ae stratifica-
tion bed. e new method saves time.
Many seeds are like the rose in having dormant embryos and
in ae a low temperature period in a germinator for after-
soil is sometimes very HmpOr ane ies BNC te ripen
readily in acid peat at 41° F., but not in sand at the same tem-
perature.
The last few paragraphs give some of the mechanisms by which
seeds are able to distribute their germination over a long space of
182
time so that some will always . ready to ean ne
dow rth. Of what a tag: is to
absolutely eee ive a ave their “Doubtin Thomases,” ue
homases say es ds carried the bl ok mustard seeds to
the meadow ta fe e black ee cae nue on
tl d the
gest that squirrels buried the eee ee fae Ohga digs oa
ne aon basin.
t abundance of the seeds is against the contentions of
ie pee in each case, also, the fact that no Nelumbo plants
that it would take the birds and squirrels several years to do all
this seeding, so the seeds must lie dormant in the soil for several
years at least.
The fatal evidence against the claims of the doubters comes
from another direction.
183
870, or forty-six years ago, Doctor Beal, of Michigan Agri-
tested for germination. The goth year test gave the following
results:
Percentage germi-
nated after being
i lO year:
Amaranthus retroflexus—pigweed 2 per cent.
Ambrosia elatior—ragwe ee 4a -
hel — —black mustard wm “ su
MUS S. amass Bra SS Ose =
Phe B pherd’s purse ..........-.0-0e eee o * a
Erechtites oe o te
- horbia maculata o “ “
Lepidium virginicum—pepper grass 1.1.6... e cece ee eee 7 ei 7
Lychnis Githago o “ “
Ane emis i Colue: doe fennel o “ “
lwarf malloy o “ =
Ocnothera mes PTIMPOSE Lo. eke eee ee ee eee 38 a
Plantago major—plantai: Io “ ae
Polygonum Hydropiper- 7 4 o“ «
rl diecaad ol 1 26 6
ex iis ellow dock suica, TOS =
Chactoch loa lutescens o “ 7
Alsine media o “ 7
Trifolium repens—white poker o “ e
Amaranthus graeciza weed 66" &
(Chenopodiunt album) la b’s quarter a2. nA
* Germinated though not recorded as buried.
From this table it is seen that ten of the twenty-two species of
he remaining 12 samples will be taken up at ten-year instead af
184
five-year periods, thus giving 120 years more for the experiment
to run.
20 years ago the United States Department of Agriculture
eo e De
shows, for neither treat td the see - to overcome dormancy, a
octor Ewart, an anne on the longevity of seeds, states
that seeds will remain alive longer in the soil than in dry storage.
”
is he means to apply only to “ hard seeds. The same is true,
ar
mbibed seeds can lie in the soil so long without entirely exhaust-
ing their stored foods by respiration!
do dormant seeds germinate so abundantly when an old
here is no doubt that cultivation or loosening up the soil has a
similar effect in arousing some seeds from dormancy
185
It would be sas to consider in detail the aan and
economic loss caused by the rest period in seeds and to see what
t <
es wild legumes for forage in the eighties and it is true
when nurserymen and florists try to a some of the
eon wild forms for decorative pur
to the last two or three decades it os been assumed that
art of the harvest. ix months r er oats in
contrast ery transient rest period in cultivated oats is Lan
haps evidence for this. ave lately discovered, T,
we
that the rest aie in the cereals is sometimes of See
economic significa:
In the more nort ee of the winter wheat states the time be-
tween threshing and sowing the next year’s crop is only a few
eeks. The la
ties and t ers in seed wheat ough-going
research and fortunately very simple methods were foun
germinating the dormant wheat see One is to run the ger-
inators at about 59° F. instead of 6 as previously done
nother way is to run the germinators at about 40° F. for a few
days and oo at 68° F. The latter method is spoken of as
“ chilling.”
186
he rest period in seeds of the cereals is deeper and longer
when og ripen during wet cold weather. In Germany they
y r
tethods of treatment were worked out for shortening the rest
riod.
Corn that ripens during a dry fall will germinate immediately.
It will even germinate on the cob if supplied moisture. Corn that
: in :
improvement in seed means an enormous increase in value!
the tree they contain about 65 per cent. of water. When the
develo up the e ly. These seeds
will retain “full vitality for a year, and probably much longer, if
kept mois cold, so they neither dry nor germi
Many tropical seeds are short-lived and offer great difficulties
in shipment in the living conditi If the loss of life in these is
due to teed this difficulty could be overcome by shipping in
moist cold storage.
Why do some plants produce seeds that must germinate imme-
and require after-ripening in a germinator at low temperatures
187
preparatory to germination. a ing eae maple seeds have
a winter immediately ahead of t For safety they must rest
TO
ing season ahead of them. They can safely begin growth imme-
iately
WILLIAM CROCKER.
A FREAK OF THE MOUNTAIN LAUREL'
Dr. George E. Stone, of Amherst, Mass., has sent us some
t they are all uniform and regular, whe nm these recent
specimens great irregularity has been foun e divisions of
the corolla are more than half its depth and extend downwar
fro’ s—betwee lobes—a: : ar-
gins being inroll The conspicuous knobs or pouches in which
the anthers are normally i ed are absent or represented only
light excrescences and the anthers are fr ither erect or
by slight e
occasionally recurved and in two series of five each—one series
longer than the other. Sometimes there are less than 10, or they
1 Kalmia pelts polypetala Nicholson. Handlist Arb. Kew 2: 49. 1804.
K. ee oust ruosa Mouillef
and. Cyc. Hort. 3: 1734. f. 2030. IQI5.
188
Fricure 1. Flowers of Kalmia latifolia polypetala from Sunderland,
Mass., somewhat enlarged.
y be shorter than usual, forming a cluster around the base of
he corolla. But the most remarkable development is the one
Miss Eaton i
gent in 1880. Below are - descriptions of this curious form by
Doctors Gray and Sargen
“ DIALYSIS WITH STAMINODY IN Kalmia latifolia, —These two
technical words we take from Dr. Masters’ interesting ae
t
ties. Dialysis is foe term applied to the separation of parts which
are eecanes united ; eine is the conversion of other organs
i ami
e before us a 1 and ene interesting mon
sieaty which i is described by th ese terms. as discovered by
Miss Bryant, at South Deerfield in this state, eae we are indebted
189
to her, through a common frie for the specimens before us.
Among the ee 2 ee: info which abound in a swamp
af
Th
ormal, and there is nothing apparent to prevent the o
being fertilized and maturing seed.”—A. Gray, Am. Nat
u 1870.
A CURIOUS FORM OF KA
e monstrous form of Laurel (Kalmia tate, figured on
is i a fev Miss
Ta m Miss Bryant su and who pu ne
lished in The American Naturalist (ay, 373) an ont of thi
reak of nature in a note entitled ‘Dialysis with Staminody in
e monst rosity tae in the division of the eee!
a
@
4
oO
8s
4
oO
<
SS:
oe
a.
Bo
5
°
e.
=
o
anther. The eee therefore serves as a capital illustration of
e form of dialysis and sea considerable interest to mor-
phologiate The poe on the inner surface of the corolla
peculiar to Kalmia, which receive the anthers before the flower:
190
bud expands and hold them back until freed by insects visiting
the flower, thus insuring cross-fertilization, are rudimentary in
“One of the two or three plants discovered by Miss Bryant
was introduced into the Arnold Arboretum, where it flowers regu-
ca
on the normal form of the Kalmia.”—C. S. Sarcent, Gard.
a roel 3: 452. 880.
Stone writes that during the past eighteen years he has
a
interest to know whether its range is restricted to that immediate
region and whether it breeds true from seed.
ExizaBetu G. Britron.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Dr. N. L. Britton has been eee aa a Fellow of the
American Academy of Arts and Scienc
n E. Honey, of Cornell University, spent a few days
in TalyA in i Garden herbarium, looking over specimens of para-
sitic fungi.
ael Toro, assistant ieee pathologist of the Insular
aa Experiment Stat: at Rio Piedras, Porto Rico,
who has been spending the a eal year at Cornell University,
191
as a summer student at the age where he was engaged in
a any of the fungi of Porto Ric
Professor L. O. Overholts, of the ae aoe aed ae
devoted a el ane part of his summer to tical study
e
e will contribute an account of these groups to the botany of
ce ae now being publishe
r. Arthur Hollick returned July 1, after a three months’ leave
of ee during which time he was in Washington, D
nection with the U. S. Geological Survey. A previous mono-
graph, on the Cretaceous flora of the territory, was completed by
Dr. Hollick last year and transmitted for publication.
The dahlia border of The New York Botanical Garden includes
this year 835 plants of 370 varieties. Among the new contrib-
tor: t h
utors of roots or green plants are the E. T. ford Estate,
Green’s Farm n.; Joh arding, Norwalk, ae ;
urphy, Peabody, Mass.; Andrew kin, Glouce:
M , Mas
William Seltsam, Bridgeport, Conn.; Wm. Marshall, eee
N. Y.; L. N. Davis, Stonehans Mass. ee Me oe
Red Bank, N. J.; and F. H. Hall, Cen , N. Mr. J.
Brana of Eagle Rock, California, has mi a oe of Cae
W. H
ns,
of the new varieties that won special prizes or attracted par-
nae attention in the New York and Boston dahlia shows of last
autumn.
192
ACCESSIONS
BOOKS eae THE LIBRARY OF MR. EUGENE P. BICKNELL
ESENTED BY MRS. CE APRIL,
BalrLey, cus Hype. Sketch of the evolution of our native fruits. Ed.
rk, 1906.
Bessey, tee Epwin. Botany for high schools and colleges. Ed. 3.
New York, ae
CHAPMAN, ALY. Wentwortu. Flora of the ee United States.
Ed. 2 tavith second supplement]. New York,
CouLter, JOHN MERLE. Manual of the botany es ie Rocky Mountain
i k, 1885.
Coutter, Joun Merrie, & Rose, JosepH NELson. Revision of North Amer-
ican Umbelliferae. Crawfordsville, 1888.
Darwin, CHARLES Roeert. The various contrivances by which orchids are
fertilized by insects. Ed. 2. New York, 1884.
Eaton, Amos. Afanual of botany for the northern and middle states of
america. Ed. Albany, 1824.
Gray, ASA. Synaptical ae a North America. Vol. 1, pt. 3. Edited by
Benjamin Line Robinson. New York, 1895-97.
——.. Vol. New York, 1 a‘
Journal of a eer Philadelphia,
Newman, Epwarp. [Zistory of Britsoh a and allied plants, London,
1844.
Perkins, Georce Henry. Catalogue of the fora of Vermont. Burlington,
1888.
Ranp, Epwarp Loturop, & Rep Dp, Jou OWARD. of Mount
esert Island, Maine. A pre a er ee of i: - Man growing
on Mount Desert and the adjacent islands. Cambridge, 1804.
Rhodora. Vols. 16-26. Boston, 1914-24.
i Joun. The flora o Essex county, Massachusetts. Salem, 1880.
UL S. val astronomical aie ion to the southern hemisphere daring
eee’ a ie M. Gilliss, superintendent. Vol
Ww ashington, 18.
Woop, ALPHONSO. ae of botany. New York, 1863.
BOOKS kenge FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL
UGUST, 1923 (CONTINUED)
Acnartus, Ertx. Lichenographia universalis. Gottingae, 1810.
——. Synopsis methodica he Lundae, 1814.
lar
Anperson, Nits JoHAN. lan. oe mies tionibus et figuris
analyticis adumbratae. ee Tabul eC yheracearun: Scandi-
naviae. olmiae, 1849-52.
BEcuinot, AuGusro. Contribusione alla briolugia dell’Arcipelago toscano.
Firenze, 1903.
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
t
ohn
eorge F.
William B. O. Field
Soke R. NEGbS Id
Valentines P. Snyder
ames Speyer
Frederick Strauss
Bake st eee
B. B. Tha
rate G. Thom
Boyce Thom
he W. Gilman ‘Thomson
Louis C. Ti
Felix M. Warburg
Paul M. Wa
Ete nee
Bronson Wi
Grenville L. Winthrop
MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
Mrs. Robert Bacon
Miss Elizabeth Billings
Mrs. N. L. Britt
Mrs. Walter Jennings
Mrs, Bradish Johnson
rs. Delancey Kane
. Gustav E. secre
rs. Frederic Sh dbs
m A. Tech eae
rs. Wm. Kelly Prentice
cS. William A. Rea
rs. James Roosev
Arthur a Serine
Mrs. Harold I. Pratt
€ ‘
rs. George W. Perkins
at
an
EF
o
an
o
5
=|
ie}
cl
wo
o
4
tS. William iH. Woodin
SE aia MEMBERS OF THE re COUNCIL
Mrs.
Mrs. Fok
Henry Bee
I. Kan
Mrs. Jam
Scrymser
Miss Olivia e P. Stokes
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
ree
Pot hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part
ct the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native
mlock forest is one of the features of the face
Spi aHans ae thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and
flowering plan
Gardens, aeNiae a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock-
loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens.
Greenhouses, ponies thousands of interesting plants from America
and foreign countr
Flower shows Eco the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn
displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-
ies, eer Cae ane chrys anthemums; in the winter, displays of
se-blo
con soe exhibit ei fossil plants, existing plant families,
local plants occur ring within Ot undred miles of the City of New York,
and the economic uses of plan
An herbarium, comprising more than one million specimens of Amer-
ican and foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character-
istic flora.
Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
problenie of plant life.
A library of botanical Mberatangs comprising more than 34,000 books
and numerous pamphlet
Public ieee sen ah torent variety of botanical topics, continuing
eee oy
Public ee an subjects, partly of technical scientific, and
partly of. Beene interest.
The education of school children and the public through the above
features and the giving of free information on botanical, ‘orticuleeale
and forestal subjects.
e Garden is agp t upon an annual approp ade by the
mb
ly
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership ar
single contrib 5,
single contribution 1,000
single contribution 25)
annual fee 100
annual fee 25
al f 10
The following is an approved form of bequest:
I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical ae incorporated under
f N EE weet
All requests for further information etait ie sent to
THE tabu York BoTaNicaL Pott
ONX PARK, NEW YORK C
VOL. XXVI SEPTEMBER, 1925 No. 309
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE BICKNELL HERBARIUM
Joun K. Smati
THIRD GRANT FROM INCOME OF THE CHARLES
BUDD ROBINSON eg FUND
N. L. Brr
COLLECTING GRASSES IN BRAZIL
AGNES CHASE
WORK IN THE IRIS TEST yaar
Er
THEL ANSON S. PECKH
NEW LIGHT ON THE FLORA OF THE OLD AND
NEW TE MENTS
Erxuraim Ha-Revuseni
LILIES
A. B. Stout
THE AMERICAN OAKS
Britton
FLOWERS eds Sie hee GARDEN
H R. Boy
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa.
THE ScIENCE Press PRINTING COMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
tw memvers of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Frepertc S. Lee, President James F. Kem
NnrY W. DE Forest, Vice President Apo-tpH Lew
K. Sturcis, Vice President NNETH K. MACKENZIE
Joun L. Merrity CEOS . J. MATHESON
INGp les PEON, Secretary Barrincton Moore
Epwarp D. ADAMS J. P. Morcan
Henry pe Forest BALDWIN Lewis RuTHERFURD Mowe
NicHotas Murray But_er Freperic R. NEwsou
Paut D. CravaTH Cuar.es F, RAND
OBERT W. DE Forest Hereert M. RicHARDS
Curtps Frick Henry H. Russy
Wi.iraM J. Gres GrorcE J. RYAN
R. A. HARPER ALBERT R. SHATTUC
JosepH P. HENNESSY WILLIAM Boyce THOEEON
n THOMPSON
Joun F. Hytan, hee beh He City of New Y
Francis Dawson GALLATIN. President of the ihe NS of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman AMES F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D.
Nigeae AS MURRAY Butier, Pu. D., Frepertic S. Les, Pu. D., LL. D.
IL, IDL, (ime, 1D); Hersert M. Ricwarps, Sc. D.
Wiiuram J. Gigs, Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D.
GerorcE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
Neale: Ne PD) ScD, TIED ne ieee ce cera eee Dine tor-in-Chief
Manone. x Howe, Pu. ID), Sec. | DR Ra SAS NIA BERIT DEL sistant Di recior
Joun K. SMaALt, Pu. IBY, ScD Maeno Head Curator rh the Mus
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories
P. A. Rypperc, Pu. D. ‘ator
H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Cu rator
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. ; ie us
ARTHUR HOo.tiick, PH. Diiues Pal. fer,
Percy WILSON Aeon eae
PatMyre De C. MitcHEeLL Associate Curator
Joun HeENDLEY ERNE ATE Ay Ma "MSD acid cccranerer sears Bibliographer
Shan H. Hartow, A. Tibremen
. H. Rusey, M. Avan Honorary Curator pone ad NG Collections
Euizanera G. Brirron ‘y Curator of Mosses
ARY E. Eaton rtist
Kennetu R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener
Ropert S. WILLIA ms Admnmis ae Assistant
Hester M. Rusk, A. M. cal Assistant
H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian of "oe ocal Herbarium
E. B. Sournwick, ai CD. aaa Custodian af Herbaceous Grounds
Joun R. Brintey, C. E. ndscape Engineer
Watter S. GroEsbECK Clerk and Accountant
ARTHURS) .) CORBELD) eae eee Superintendent of neddage and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXVI SEPTEMBER, 1925 No. 309
THE BICKNELL HERBARIUM
The Local Flora Herbarium of The New York Botanical Gar-
den embraces dried ane eas sie plants ope
naturally within the cumfer of a circle 200 miles
ermanent collection as now cons’ setnited was derived
easly A four sources, viz. (1) the herbarium of the Torrey
Botanical Club, formally transferred to the Garden by the Club
veral ye 0, (2) 1 flora collection mad members
of the Garden staff since the organization of the Garden, (3) a
selection from the general herbarium of the Garden eci-
mens from within local flora area, an an accumulation of
t
es during me several past decades.
local flora plants, came into the possesion of t arden ely,
Garden by Mrs. Bicknell, after Mr. Bicknell
In presenting the collection she said, “I feel that i was always his
[Mr. Bicknell’s] intention to give his herbarium to the Botanical
Garden upon completion of its classification a in Pucherence
tions is b :
In studying critical groups it is possible to get a real understand-
ing of them and the value of different characters only by having
193
194
available large and representative collections from numerou
n the use of such ¢ ollections is it possible .
localities. O
understand the range of v m wit ecies what are
itic and what are merely individual characteristics. A caref
st any such collection in any gro almost invariably
brings to light additional points theretofore overlooked whic:
make the understanding of such a group more thorou,
incorporation of the Bicknell herbarium into the local flora
collection wil a long st wards the establishment of a useful
p tow sef
ioe for the study = interpretation of the local vegetation when
me one with the interest and ability appears on the scene to
aides take the work in a serious and intelligent manner
a Boe the vegetation is varied and species numerous. Conse:
of this local region will need vastly cor herbarium specimens,
as well as vears of consecutive field stu The vicinity of New
York probably offers one of the very ae fields in the world for
such a study. Limestone districts and acid-soil districts, glaciated
s, ponds,
pine-barrens, marshes, swamps, rivers, and high hills all abound.
Careful and extensive eines Bae full field data ae .
these regions, are g to cast m and more light on the
lem of plant uses eee of plant een: and of the tales
reasons.
195
The Bicknell herbarium will be of material help in connectior
with the laudable effort of the present custodian of the Local
Herbarium to get a specimen to represent a species from each
cerned. The specimens of the various ema such as the
Bicknell and those made prior to it are becoming increasingly
alia for they, to a great extent, Senn oe plants of areas
whose vegetation has been in the process of being exterminated
T arden is very fortunate in possessing the collections made
in just past, for these i ogaeine repr ieee areas no
longer inhabited by plants, will be Yy important to study in
connection with those that will be ee together ie om some —
the more remote regions of the local flora area about whos
ang floristics there is yet much to be learned through ie
nd study.
Joun K. SMALL.
THIRD — FROM INCOME OF THE CHARLES
BUDD ROBINSON MEMORIAL FUND
Dr. C. B. Robinson was killed by fanatics in 1913, on the Dutch
East Indian island Amboina, while prosecuting botanical explora-
tion and investigation there on behalf of ae nee of Science
of the Philippine Islands.?
The above-named fund, now amounting to $755, yielding am
income of about $30 annually, was established in 1914 by sub-
scription of his friends and has since been held by the Garden,
its income specified for aiding botanical ne and erin
T.
pine Islands, to aid the botanical exploration of the island of
Guam, made ee ae Peter Nelson, of the Guam Agricultural Ex-
The second grant, $75, was made in 1922, to Rev. Dr. Herbert
M. Denslow, Honorary Custodian of the Local Herbarium, to aid
him in ee specimens in southern New York.®
1Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 15: 106. 1914
ee N.Y. Hoe ay a 47, a Pe
N.Y.
196
Under oo by the Board of Managers, a third grant
of $100 h Pee made to Mrs. Agnes Chase, Assistant in
the Division ie Agro tolo vee United States Department of Agri-
culture, to aid her in hei investigation and collecting of the grasses
of Bravil Mrs. "Chase Se accomplished the exploration of
Brazil for this purpose and sends the following account of her
k:
N. L. Britton.
COLLECTING GRASSES IN BRAZIL
With the financial assistance of the United States Department
a.
I landed in Rio de Janeiro November 17 last and left three days
later for Pernambuco in order to reach that region before t
dry season was much advanced. The strip of sandy coast to
mer oa south and the red clay hills and swamps inland from
the city afforded good botanizing.
I ee a 4-day trip to Bello Jardim in the sertdo, as the
Garanhuns, the me of the railroad to the southwest of Per-
nambuco, is also in the sert4o, but afforded much better ae
From here, together with two women missionar I
197
went to Paulo Affonso Falls i in Rio Sao Francisco. I had bee
d tha
and banks were ric rasses. I wen azeiro, two days
journey by rail. artius crossed Rio Sao Francisco at this place
and collected many grasses there. Donkeys, horses, cattle, sheep
and goats have changed the character of the tr m what
it was in Martius’ day. Two places north of Bahia seen from
the train, Alagoinhas and Parafuso, looked promising. I spent
a day in each and obtained fine collections at both. Another
profitable trip was across the bay to Cachoeira and Feira Santa
A
I reached Rio de Janeiro the second time ae in January, and
at once began on classic Corcovado. The grass flora is very rich
in the mountains about Rio. Through the Kindness of D r. Campos
Negras, the highest point in Brazil. Above the timber line
ant
to Minas Geraes. Here I got into the “campos,” open or ache
grasslands covering the high hills. I visited Juiz de Fora, Bar-
do Cipé, reto, and Itacolumi, in the campo country and
Vicosa, Serra da Gramma and : Capara gona da
matta, or wooded country. m: was exceedingly
rich in grasses. Many Aipeeals tare species I found to be
common.
I took with me a saan list of grasses known from Brazil.
There are some 1100 species in this list. I found about 500 spe-
cies, some a hitherto perenne from Brazil and some, I think,
198
eee When six months in one small corner of Brazil
elds so large a number, it makes one eager to cover more of the
nes
AGNES CHASE.
WORK IN THE IRIS TEST GARDEN
The work on the hada _ the American Iris Society’s Test
Garden for bearded irise e New York Botanical Garden
sixty-one varieties, twenty-five being dwarfs, twenty-three inter-
mediates and the others, i ene irises. None of these vari-
rate” below 7 according to American ‘Ins Socity standards
of excellence, so the quality of the plantation is greatly improved.
i amber
insipid have been enlivened b. addition of col hat should
properly be in another grou s, in the white and plicata
beds dull, dark blends have been ihe an to dark
w
bed. Some fine kinds ee been eee owing to a shortage of
are now being used as a reserve for varieties still under observa-
tion. Where there are plants enough available, three of each
betical Test Garden has been checked over, borrected and the gaps
199
fairly well filled in. The surplus plants of good varieties of
show gardens at Cornell, Broo!
Storrs oe Springeld (Massachusetts), New Bruns-
wick (New Jersey), om ersity, Larchmont, Mt. Vern
and New meee = tuck- oad of more erdinasy varie-
oe was sent to Central Par: a another to Staten Island. The
labelling and eee this surplus h
and has consumed much time. All beardless irises are n
i i t mixed
tain plants, ene to be of the same variety but from different
localities, may turn out eventually to be distinct.
Statistics follow :
Coton Prantinc, BraRpep IRI
RIS
vumber of beds replanted...’.. .......
10
Namber of plants set (about).......... 4150
Number of varieties
Ue Saat b es eae 19
In tHE Test Bens
Number of beds replanted............. 5
Number of plants set..........-.-.445 668
Number of varieties. ..........2..-6. 201
Native BEARDLESS [RISES
Number of beds planted..............
Number of ‘labels’. .... 0... 0-- 000000 120
Number of plants set........-....-4-5 473
Bed 1. 6 plants.
Bed 2. 6, 27, 9 plants
Bed 4. 21, 18 plants
Bed 6. I nts.
Bed 7. 8, 6 plants
200
Bed 8. 6, 12 plants.
Bed 9. 72, 15 plants
Bed 10. 12 plants.
Bed 11. 21, 15 plants.
Received from Mr. John C. Wister, 8 Mary Garden, 12 Caprice,
L. Crandall, 8 Nokomis, and 8 Albert Victor; from Mr.
Arthur H. Scott, 45 Lady Foster, 9 Isoline; from Mr. bert
Wayman, 3 Ambigu, 3 Anna Farr; m B arr & Co., 6
About twenty plants of dwarfs of doubtful nopienc nike were
planted in Mrs. Hitchcock’s ues for study.
Etuet Anson S. PecKHAm.
NEW LIGHT ON THE FLORA OF THE OLD AND NEW
TESTAMENTS?
After reviewing all the literature written about the plants of
cized the method accepted by students and scholars devoted
research of the plants of the Bibl method i
parative linguistic one, which depends upon linguistic similarity
of different peoples. He pointed out h ny great scholars
had been led astray by this method: Tristram in the discussion of
“ Hyssop”; Kohut on “ Zunin” in the Mishna; Dolman and
Funck on “ mana in the New Testament; and the celebrated
Against this method, the lecturer presented a ies of
hi :
) r
teristic of Hebrew and Arabic. These methods should become
of real value to students of the plants of the Bible
1 Abstract of an ne lecture given at The New York Botanical
Garden on June 925.
201
As an illustration of these methods oe speaker chose several
examples. One of these follow: In the Bible, plants are ae
mentioned in pairs, as “ Naa fare an - Nahallalim,” “ Sham
and Shayit,” ‘Kimosh and Hoah,” “ Shoshannah and Hoah,” o
etc. These plants grow in ee today in the same botanical
associations as in the days of the Bible. If we recognize one of
them—for example, the Hoah (the Thistle—in Arabic, “ Hur-
pears we not as Lily but as the Narcissus Tazetta. Only by the
aid of the above- a method is it made known that the
i ae is the
The material of ieee plant lore, unknown in the scientific
n
een ag a ee flora of Palestine and of the Old and New
Testaments.
Another point of special interest in the lecture was the discus-
sion as to whether the natural flora of Palestine of today is the
same as that of the time of the Prophets. It was pointed out that,
oe there may be a few slight changes, fundamentally the
today remains the same as in the
i=)
ot
&
77
ra
GB
i=}
°
a
a
a
a
a
ae
= 2
>
g
Q
[any
c
toy
o
Qa
B
&
<
e
4
4
°
cad
a
a
3
ao
“
fi
languages. They ia many places plants which never
grow n
ee so translated in this verse. At times large ies of
202
ancient big forests like the Nahallulim and Naazuzim ahi
tur:
taries, we acquire incorrect ideas about the historic flora of Pales-
tine and prejudice the understanding of the symbolic customs and
soul of the Prophets.
Should we say, for instance, with the learned Low, who in his
ie d
Pp k, Flo r Juden,”
Habazeleth Hasharon (Rose of Sharon) is the Colchicum Ste-
veni, then the belo one of the “S is res
diment. Here the lecturer interpolated the remark that modesty
should be the condiment of all our work.
r if the “ Lily of the Field,” as is often required by many
scientists, must be a large flower of strident colors, we must as-
percepti
taste of Jesus appear in anothe
e speaker ended his oe mie two important propositions:
ist, To found an International Council to correct the mistakes in
203
the translations of the Bible, to eliminate the ee ees
of the Book which millions of people read with confiden Th
é . :
of he
all of whom the Prophets have addressed themselves, a better
understanding of their ideas and sentiments
Epuraim Ha-RevuBeni,
LILIES*
\ general survey of the true lilies and their near relatives
reveals that the lily family contains relatively few plants of im-
portance as one and Apt crops. Of these the onions are take
agus are among t
most im The young shoots of aspar: r the
delicacies _ ms spring season. Bulbs of certain of ae ae lilies
en by man, espec in China. e seeds of a Ruscus a
used as a substitute for coffee. One member of the lily family,
New Zealand flax, yields fibre. Several members yield medicinal
products ; of these, sarsaparilla (from Smilax) may be mentioned.
The array of important economic plants in this family is, however,
nota noteworthy on
Man’s chief meee in the lily Rane is in their use as orna-
mentals. The eeu is noted for bea ie Sa eae
the flowers are bot autiful and conspic Her o be
found the tulips, ae the dog- at “violets, ce een
ili
f the true lilies (the genus Lilizm) as many as 400 different
known to flower growers, and of these about 25 kinds are well
kno
ow
The: list of hardy lilies that are, with moderate care, easily
grown in an ordinary flower garden about New York City 3 is
longer than most people suspect. It includes at least 15 species,
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the ae a of The
New York Botanical Garden on the afternoon of July 2'
204
s follows: the Madonna, certain varieties of the familiar Easter
wild yellow lily and the American Turk’s-cap (two species wild
bout N. Y. City), the coral lily, the regal lily, the eee
lily, the orange lily and the European Turk’s-cap lily. of
these may be ae successfully in almost any well- a
deep-loam garden soil.
It is generally considers that lilies thrive best and are most
attractive when grown in association with other plants. For the
ow-gri
t spri
Perhaps the chief reason why one fails to an lilies in the
home flower-garden is the difficulty of obtaining sound bulbs in
‘ood condition for planting. ea sorts are ara infected
with fungi that cause the bulbs the t hardy
sorts do oF always stand 7 ae he receive nee
storage and shipment.
few points of advice may be given to the prospective grower
ae lilies. There are at least 15 splendid lilies which will strive in
ectire
be delivered as quickly as possible. Have the an ae
All of the more hardy ne were illustrated by colored lantern
close up” views of jaan flowers and groups
of plants in garden plantings. Nume of the more tender
sorts were also shown in lantern slides
A. B. Stour.
205
THE AMERICAN OAKS
ieee Apa of the anak of the National Academ
of Sci , is a quarto of 255 p and 420 plates by Professor
William Tee paler and ee the Oaks of America.
Copies may be secured from the Superintendent of Documents,
xovern Pri i
thes e widely s aria of the wo
those of all the earlier ane being in Europe, especially in the
rved at i
species had for study it was aoa to see them, and Professor
Trelease accomplished this in most c
The total number of species mae in the work is 371, of
which 253 are Mexican; 84 inha bit the United States, 10 of them
Oak the
western Cuba. K oe of he Mexican and Central American
hen
began his panes in aes A he has described and illustrated
over 150 species new to sc
Many natural hybrids ae related species exist, at least
presumable hybrids, of these 51 are listed and their supposed
arents indicated.
The information brought together in this _ constitutes an
invaluable contribution to knowledge of the s Quercus, in-
cluding the characters of vegetative and repredative ere
economic considerations, relations to the other gen of the
family Fagaceae and the geological history and pare of the
stam and about 150 Bey species being reported, reaching back
the Cretaceous period.
N. L. Britton.
206
FLOWERS FOR THE SUMMER GARDEN?
h Nature’s preference for spring time we are most
Bite supplied with flowers then. Those who are u
think of a garden until summer, heweiee at summer home, cot-
tage or camp, can be adequately provided with flowers and fra-
grance, and those looking for healthful vacation employment can
be supplied with work in the garden.
the flowers in bloom now (August 8) a simple selection re-
od me ied u
Butterfly-bush, Chace: a ee Pepper -bush, Hydrangea,
Sour-wood, Rose of Sharon, Abelia, Blue Spirea, Lespedeza,
Spiraea; Oswego-tea, Blue Salvia . Stokes’ Aster, hen Speed-
well, Rudbeckia, Golden Glow, Pest temon, Loosestri Stra
flower; Snapdragon, Zinnia, Nicotiana, Petunia, ee ene ssum,
Larkspur, Marigold, Scabiosa or Pincushion Hower Blue Lace-
Flower, Pinks; tins Trumpet Creeper and Morning Glory
are among the names for the summer gardener to learn.
Of the shrubs i are only partially hardy, that is, they are
often killed back to the ground during a severe Ww inter, but send
up new shoots the next season and flower again. These are the
Blue Spiraea or Caryopteris, an attractive cee Aowertne shrub
colored torches attracting the butterflies. These shrubs need
practically no pr ee as they prune themselves
Hydrangea, which is well known; the Rose ‘of Sharon, with
as and double flowers “of all colors, which used to be commo
and should again be used ae oe the Gate. shrub, 0 or Vitex,
di
Sour-wood is a eae bus for Rhododendron ‘groups or
ody corners; and Clethra, the Sweet Pepper-bush, one for fur-
See every situation with fragrance of its white spikes of bloom.
JAbstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical
Garden on the afternoon of August 8, 1925.
207
PERENNIAL FLowers To CHoosE From
Monarda, or Oswego-tea, red, purple or pink.
Blue Sage, variety asurea grandiflora.
Stokes’ Aster.
Veronica ee leas a sai blue speedwell now in bloo
Purple Joosestrife, for we
spot, water-side or dan border.
Radecki o or een
n Glow, another Rudbeckia for yellow.
ieee Phlox, for any color except blue or yellow.
ANNUAL FLOWERS
Self-sown Hand-sown
Petunia Scabiosa
eee Zinnia
Nicotia: Marigold
Sweet re ssum Blue Lace-Flower
Larkspur Poppies
Strawflower China Aster
VINES
Jackman ia
Trumpet Cree
Morning Glens
Cardinal Climber
Kennetu R. Boynton.
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING SEPTEMBER AND
OCTOBER
The program of illustrated lectures given on Saturday after-
noons at four o’clock in the Museum Building of The New York
Botanical Garden during September and Oeher is as follows:
Sept. 5. “Carnivorous Plants, Dr. J. H. Barnhart.
Sept. 12. “The Method of Seed Disperear Dr. H. A. Gleaso:
Sept. 19. “Flowers for the Home Garden,’
Mrs. Wheeler H. a
Sept. 26. “Dahlias and Their Culture,” Dr. Marshall A. How
(Exhibit of living dahlias.)
Oct. 3. “The Gilt vation of Wild Flowers and Fer:
io Durand.
208
Oct. 10. “Autumn Color: r. A. B. Stout
Oct. 17. ‘Some Plants ae Attractive Fruits,”
r. K. R. Boynton.
Oct. 24. Keeping Plants in the Gardens and Borders Healthy,”
rof. H. H. Whetzel.
Oct. 31. ‘The Origin and History of Soils,” Dr. Arthur Hollick.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ne J. N. Rose, Associate Curator of the Division of Plants of
. S. National Museum, spent the last week of ee in
a in the herbarium and library of the Botanical Garden
D usby, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collec-
tions of the sn Garden and Dean of the College of Phar-
macy of Columbia University, devoted two weeks of his summer
vacation to making botanical collections in Nova Scotia
rrangements have been completed whereby the American In-
stitute of the City of New pes and the American Dahlia Society
will hold an exhibitio the 1oqth Field Artillery Armory,
Broadway at 67th Stes ‘New i from September 30th to
October 2, 1925, inclusive. e Am ea Insite will cele-
brating its 94th Annual ee pe he American Dahlia
Society, will stage “the ieee area an horticultural exhi-
bition ever held in New Yor!
A most helpful book for any one interested in the growing of
dahlias is W. H. Waite’s “A sae Book of Modern Dahlia Cul-
ture,” recently rae by The A. T. De La Mare Company of
Yew York. It
cated to t riter’s empl Edw. n Adams, in recogni-
tion of the generous encouragement that has resulted in “finer
and better lias.’ r. Adam en er of the Board
dah has been a m
of Managers of The New York Botanical Garden since 1912.
Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator, peed on the roth of August
ni
mountains of the Alleghanies. He was accompanie
n T, Perry, a graduate student of the Massachusetts Apical
209
tural College at Amherst. The following mountains were visited
P n
of Otter, and White Top, Va. Mountain; Tenn. ; Grand-
father, Mount Mitchell, the sae Craggy Mees Bald
Knob, and Mount Pisgah, N. C. About 3000 herbarium speci-
mens were brought home and 150 numbers of living plants were
mailed from the field.
e specimen of the fungus commonly known as “‘tuckahoe
has recently been received from Dr. F. A. Wolf of the North
Carolina aac ie Experiment a The specimen is ac-
ce eta by goes follo ae statem:
to you under ot i cover, a large tuckahoe which
i0 This s
This specimen is a valuable addition to our mycological exhibit.
The lecturer at the Botanical Garden on the nae of ee t-
R.G.
yons, some of which he is endeavoring to have included in the
Hawaii ee Park. On several occasions Mr. Jeffers viewed
210
the mountains from an erelane, reaching elevations of 10,000 to
and the tropical scenery of the Hawaiian Islands. A large num-
ber of oo beautiful colored slides illustrating these regions
were sho
The following “news circular,” which is of interest to many of
August 1, under the heading “Why Trees Fail to Bear
“Failure of tree fruits, particularly apples, pears, and cherries,
to set fruit is now generally re cognized as due largely to a lack of
tur
e Experiment Station o deeaaie the Soin iod require-
f e€ i more impo:
ait
already obtained are very definite and conclusive and have a prac-
tical bearing on how varieties must be interplanted if maximum
crops are to oe obtained.
tudies certain trees have been enclosed in cheese-
Pp
cted b er bag:
this means some very interesting conclusions have been rea ached
regarding the reaction of various varieties to pollen from different
sources.
‘For thing, it has been discovered that such well-known
ae nee apples as McIntosh, Gravenstein, Rhode Island Green-
g, Delicious, Red Gravenstein, and Cortland are decidedly self-
211
sees that is, will not set fruit to their own pollen. Likewise,
t ha
fo
ing discovery was that Baldwin ellen failed to a 20 on bot
Wealthy and Rhode Island Gre
‘Obviously, self- uicae varieries: should never be set in solid
blocks. Also, only those sorts should be used for tieplning
which are known to ae ood pollinators, The present investiga-
tions. which a be continued, should furnish information upon
e to
whic fant reconnnendal ions may be made as to suitable varie-
ties for interplan
‘With respect to sae work with cherries, it was noted that Black
ollen from Windsor. The Bartlett pear also failed to set fruit
eee to ae own meee but gave good results when pollen
fro
m Winter Nelis sed,’”
INGOT ES for a The total precipitation for the month
was 7.89 inches. The maximum temperatures recorded for each
week were = on the sth, 95-5 ° on es rath, 89.5° on the a and
87° on the 24th. The minimum eratures were 52.5° on the
rst, 61° on ae oth, 55° on the ae = 57° on the 24th.
tne = august. The total precipitation for the month
was 1.94 inc The maximum temperatures recorded for each
on the 8th, 89° on
56° on the 8th, 60° on the 12th, 50° on the 22d and 48° on the
29th.
ACCESSIONS
BOOKS PURCHASED FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL
GARDEN, AUGUST, 1923 (CONTINUED)
BEILSCHMIED, Kart Tra Pflanzengeographie, nach Alexander von
Humboldt’s Werke fe the enw Verthetlung se Gewichse
Breslau, 12,1.
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Sicilia Laie provenientium. Manipulus 1-3. Panormi, 181
oe Se osrrH, & FINGERHUTH, CarL ANTON. ee Rae
syne oe 4avols. Norimbergae, 1825-33
212
Botsster, Prrrre Epmonp, & Reuter, Greorces Francois. Pugillus =
‘arum novarum Africae borealis Hispaniaeque australis. Geneva
1852.
Borus, Harry.
Bouray, Nicoras Je
4.
Bouvier, JEAN Louts. Flore des Alpes, de la Suisse et de la Savoie, Paris
The orchids of the Cape peninsula. ee pel 1888.
rane . Mousses. Paris,
Muscinées de la France.
1878.
BROCKMANN-JEROSCH, Henryk. Die Flora des Puschlav. Leipzig, 1
Brtccer, CuristiAn Ge he tiber wildwachsende Pho
genbastard weizer- und Nach loren. ur,
Aelange ee neue Pfansenbatiarde der Schuweizer- Flora.
Chur, 2,
Bunce, ieee von. Die Arten der Gattung Dionysia Fenzl. [St.
Péter: Py
Sendschreiben an den Hrn
er oe tung Echinops. z
fetter He cna chen botanischen Gartens su St. Petersburg, Dr. E
1, [St. Pétershourg, :
p c LIAM TH The narcissus: its history
vit . a eae as review of the entire genus by J.
¢
Bak Laon 18:
Burnat, EMIe. ae des clipes Maritimes. 6 vols. Genéve & Bale,
1892-1917.
Camus, Enmonp Gustave. Monographie des orchidées de France. Paris
[1891-9
CANDOLLE, ANNE CASIMIR Eyeue pe. Piperaceae. (From I. Urban.
Symbolae antillanae. %
CARUEL, TEoDoRO. Statistica ie C1 ‘oscana., Firenzi,
Cuesnut, Victor Kins. Thirty poisonous plants of the coe States.
Washing
ae eecse Francors Fu.ors. Flore générale des environs de Paris. Ed.
vO. aris, I
CuristT, Herm MANN Eine Frithlingsfahrt nach den Canarischen Inseln.
Basel, 18
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CLos, Donnamigus
Ss Br eiaeies de Lapeyrouse.
nweisung eur
régé
Coaz, JOHANN M Forr SCHROETER, RL.
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Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien. Vols.
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dans le régne végé a er
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Drupr, Cart GeorG Oskar. Die Oekologie der Pflanzen. Braunschweig,
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Got im, 1828.
— mycologicum, sistens fungorum ordines, genera et spe-
vols. Lundae, 1821-29.
Gane. tone Francors Gortiies Puiuipre. Agrostologia helvetica. 2
vols. Parisiis, 18
Curarp, Louis. Flora gallo- provinctalis. Parisiis, 1761.
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rimera parte. Florula pilcomayen Buenos Aires, 1
Hecket, Enouvarp Marte. 7 Hee: végétal; nouvelles ‘recherches
natomiques et phystologiques sur la motilité dans quelques organes
reproducteurs des phanér aileg , 1
Hicpesranb, Frirorich Hermann Gustav. Die Verbrettungsmittel der
Pflanzen. Leipzig, 1873.
Hooxer, Wittram Jackson, & Taytor, THomas. Muscologia britannica.
Ed. 2. London, 1827.
Kerner von Mariraun, Anton Joseru. Das Pflanzenleben der Donau-
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ICKX, JEAN. Flora bruxellensis . cui additur lexicon botanicon in
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Korersrr, Gustav WitHeLM. Parerga lichenologica. Erginzungen zum
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——.. Sys a lichenum iaiaeie Bre
KUNTZE, oe RNST OTTO, ee oe os Silas panes
und [Velterungunst und die Frage vom salzfreten Urmeer.
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Jean Louis Aucuste. Flora gallica. Ed. 2
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PUBLICATIONS OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes,
news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. T:
others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now its twenty-sixth he
Mycolo ogia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4.00 a
ae copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in Tan meron
volume.
Nadiconia’ ci quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied
by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number,
thirty-two in each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 a year. [Not
i me.
Bulletin of The New York Botanical nay containing reports of the
Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em-
bodying results of investigations. Free to all members of the Garden; to
others, $3.00 eee volume. Now in its thirteenth volum
orth Am Flora. Descriptions of the wild eere of North Amer-
ica, ane Getand the West Indies, se Central America. Planned
eted in 34 volumes. oy. 8vo. Each volume to Corian of
our or more parts. 54 parts now issued. Subscription price, $1.50 per
part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not
aheved i in exchange.]
Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of
at Garden, $1.50 per volume. To others, $3.00.
n erarated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yel
lowston Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detailed map.
Vol. II. The padnence of Light and ones rea Growth and Devel-
opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 3 p., with 176 figures. 1
Vol. III. Studies of Cr ae Gbauetene Reutine from eer
ville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii + 138 pp., with 2
i
Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, Dy Charles Stuart
Gager. a + 478 pp., with 73 figures and aA plates. 1908.
ol. V. Flora of ae Vicinity of New ies ae Contribution to Plant
pecetarhy, Le Norman Taylor. vi + ith 9 plate 91
Vol. VI. oe presented aii he Celebration of the Twentieth Anni-
versary of t ew York Bo aie Garden. viii + 504 pp., with 43
plates and ce text aes
Contributions from The New ee Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted
from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol-
ume. In the eleventh volume.
THE NEW YORK cate GARDEN
nx Park, New York City
GENERAL INFORMATION
Poa of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
hundred acres of beaueitully divested land in the northern pany
eee
of the ‘City of New aes rough. site Bronx River. A na
hemlock forest is one of ne fea eiihed
lantations 3 ara of sate and seeeeaeed trees, shrubs, and
flowering plan
ns, a ding a beautiful rose carden, a rock garden of rock-
loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gar
Gr cenhouses) containing thousands of tee plants from America
=)
and foreign
Hew wer feaa Gaciehe ut the year—in the spring, summer, and autu
displays of narcissi, datodils, Sea itises, Seen? roses, ‘lilies, water
lilies, "eladioli dahlias, ancye nthem n the winter, disp of
greenhouse- havninn ue plan
A musew ntaining exh nibi ts of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local slats Scetnine atin sone hundred miles of the City of New York,
and be economic uses of p
herbariu: ne connie more than one million specimens of Amer-
ican rand foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Ind
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isti
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epee of plant life.
A library of botanical literature, comprising more than 34,000 books
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The education of school children and the public through the above
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oe forestal subjects.
he Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the
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possesses now nea arly tw icati
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I hereby EA ants to The New ie rk Botanical Garden *s bacleeee under
the Laws of New York, Cena of 1891, the of ———
All Pee te further info ueeded ete Aes sent to
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BRONX PARK, NEW YORK C
VOL. XXVI OctopeR, 1925 No. 310
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE TREE-CACTUSES OF THE WEST INDIES
N. L. Britron anp J. N. Rose
THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS
H. A. GLeason
THE DISMAL SWAMP OF VIRGINIA
ArtHUR HoLiick
AUTUMN COLORS
A. B. Stout
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING NOVEMBER
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ACCESSIONS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa.
Tue Science Press PrintiInc ComPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00
Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Frepertc S. Ler, Presi James F. Kemp
Henry W. dE Forest, ee EM diy ApoLpH LEWISOHN
Ke
F. K. Srurets, Vice ies en NNETH K. MACKENZIE
Joun L. tee RRILL, Tre er W. J. MaTHEson
a Ewe. TTON, Secret ae aah Be sererON, Moore
DWA ob. ADAMS fe EY, AN
ie aa pE Forest BALDWIN Lewis Rerearuny Mout:
NicuHotas Murray Butter Frepertrc R. New
Paut D. CravatH Cuartes F, Ranp
Ropert W. DE Forest Hersert M. Ricans
Cuitps Frick Henry H
WIt.1aM J. Gres GEorcE J. Rea
R. A. HARPER Apert R. SHATTUCK
JosepH P. HENNESSY cou ei Bowes THOMPSON
Joun F. Hytan, Mae: Oe the ‘Cit ity ee Ne
Francis Dawson GALLATIN. President of the iy ae of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D.
ere Munray Butter, Pu. D., Freperic S. Ler, Pu. D., LEAD;
Wruram J: Gres, Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D.
GrorcE J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
IN. Brrrron Pos, SC) Ds, (ola areeriar One reat Director- in-Chief
MarsHAt A. Howe, Pu. D., fon DAS Hoc is a8 Ae ae ‘istant re
Joun K. SMa tt, Pu. D,, SG Dg aaa hs Head Cur yop ikea
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. heer ee the Laborotines
P. A. Rypzerc, Pu. D. Curator
H. A. Gieason, Pu. D Caer
Frep J. SEAvER, PH. D.
ArtHur Ho tticx, Pu. D. mist
ERCY WILS Associate Cues g
PALMYRE DE C. MITCHELL Associate Cura
Joun Henpitey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. ...........-.-++--0s Biblio granhe,
ee ARAH H. Harrow, A. M. ibrarian
H. H. Rusey, M. OAC EE Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
Euizanets G. Britton Honorary Curator of Mosses
ATON rtist
Kennetu R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gai A ner
Ropert S. WILLIAMS Administrative As. ssistant
Hester M. Rusk, A. M. Technical Assistant
H. M. Denstow, A. M., D. D. .... Honorary Custodian of Local Herbarium
(ay 13h SOU DI WICK, Pu. ’D. NRO REBT A dear hae Custodian ue " Woabanenne Grounds
Joun R. Brintey, C. E. Landscape Engineer
Wa tter S. ea Clerk and Accountant
ArTHUuR J. Cor ty i f of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoLt. XXVI OcToBER, 1925 No. 310
THE TREE-CACTUSES OF THE WEST INDIES
A gigantic cactus, in form reminding the observer, at some dis-
tance, of a large apple-tree, is a characteristic plant of coastal
: ‘i Gab : :
in eastern Cuba a Baron nee and Mr. "Theodore Breole in
in
07, Dr. William R. Maxon, of the United States National
the College of La Salle, Havana, studied the locality a of that
city.
1Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Cienc. Habana 6: 98. 1869.
2Contr, U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 397, 3 ae pl. 49-51. 1909.
3 Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 106. 1909
Dendrocereus ia aene road acer Port- ae Paix and Mous-
tique, Haiti. Photograph by W. Buch.
L. Britton and Dr. J. N. Rose, using the kno
pps thus bose together, — ine Cereus naif is
s distinct from Cereus, and proposed for it the generic
name nyo: in ae to its i like form A aspect.
4The Cactaceae 2: 113, 114. 1920,
by W. Buch.
a flow
joint; 4a
int of a branch; 2, section of a
N '
NOG
ji /
\ oe &
t
€
a
i
_€@
—_—_—
ta?
fruit; 3, section of a
Dendrocereus eho) from sketches and specimens sent from Haiti
I,
we
220
The plant forms a massive short spiny trunk, which pases
divides into many branches, the ultimate ones three-winged, so
what elongated or short,® the margins of the wings crenate, ae
ing acicular spines or sometimes spineless
In the year 1755 the crea French beens Charles Flumier,
described in his rare old folio “ Plantarum americanarum,” a
cactus as Cactus ramosus, pie oblongis, triquetris,> and mabe
lished a bors aoteibed illustration of it. He had previously, in
tique, 1920, Drs. Bri and R also iia
iui, iy w ith this a distributed ee of the Wes
0
ee aie to Dr. Britton, have enabled us to recognize in this cactus,
ecies of the genus Dendrocereus, and to frame the
iene Seenhe nm:
Dendrocereus undulosus (DC.) Britton & Rose.
Cereus undulosus DC. Syst. 3: 467. 1828.
Cactus undulosus Kostel. ile. Med. Pharm. Fl. 4: 1393-
1835.
5 The Cactaceae 2: es - I
* Plant. Amer. 187, pl. 7 1755.
re ae ang Veg. 3: 467. 1828.
8 Encyc cl. te 9. 1783.
® The Cactacéae oe 123. 1920.
221
Tree-like, repeatedly branching, ea . high, the main
trunk stout, erect, very spiny. Ultim e joints = Wes ed, light
ngs i
s
fruit globose-pyriform, yellow, hard, about 5 cm. in diamete
Photographs sent by Mr. Buch show that this tree- cactus much
ve been establist Ne Botanical Garden sho
that the ee and armament of the two ang are similar, but
owers the Haitian ae are uch longer and more
ee segments.
e rediscovery by Mr. Buch, of this rare and remarkable
xtr i
plant, lost to science for so many years, is of eme interest
e has planted it in his garden at Port-au-Prince, where we hope
it will thrive; the cuttings at The York Botanical Garden
ts
nown outside of Haiti; they are unlikely, however, to mal
much growth in a greenhouse.
There is a third tree cactus, ee: Haiti, also first illus-
trated by Plumier on his plate 192 of the work an cited. This
“C Leo
a. 83
dolle in 1828. is becomes thirty feet high or higher and
widely branching, but its armament, flowers, and fruits are quite
different from those of Dendrocereus.
N.L. peal
J. N.
10 Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 72°: 3. 1921.
11 Vol. 4: 280, 281. 1923.
222
THE DISPERSAL OF SEEDS?'
e are few features in the life of a plant which are more
ds. These fami
stances are merely common examples of the universal tendency
of plants to migrate, the former showing the process, and the
latter a results.
Possibly because it can be so ee observed, the migration :
seeds is a favorite subject in nature study, since even the childre:
if h som
le ough his eet into ever wider fields of interesting
eae tions.
Seed dispersal is an essential part of the reproduction of our
flowering plants. eproduction consists in the production of
ous sma ies i i
that they become era organs for migration over con-
siderable distance
Such structures may an rally be termed adaptations, a wo
which covers a multitude of meanings in biology, but whi wh is
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building o
The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, Septe: mber 12,
1925
223
commonly applied to any unusual or extraordinary structure or
behavior, by which the plant is enabled better to endure or t
tili condi ich i
ture bullets to a distance as great as forty feet. The pods of our
224
wild bean split lengthwise when ripe into two halves, each of
y woody po
which twist, when t: alves are ceased. on great oe
pelling the seeds to a cn distance.
e explosive action of most fruits depends on the production
Il of the { which
ing or coiling of the rn and the consequent violent ejection of
the seeds.
While these methods of self-propulsion are interesting, they
by no means as efficient in covering long distances as some
le:
ast, which represents a new and modern phase in the migration
f plan
plan
A ey large number of plants are ines by the
wind, and all present the same general features of comparatively
inu
million to weigh an ounce, and in several other groups the seeds
are almost as microscopic the opposite extre ave
such plants as the tumbleweed, where the whole plant breaks off
t the und when mature, and blows across th elds,
scattering its ripe seeds as it tumbles. A single large tumbleweed
y ce as many as three million seeds, so it can be readil
appreciated that they have every chance for efficient distribution.
st conspicuous ex es of wind-distribution, the
e
qe
c ampl
seeds bear some special attachment. The dandelion, thistle, c
atis, and milkweed bear a large number of fine hairs which r
225
tard the rate of fall by their resistance to the air and give
eed a lo
giving the wind a chance to carry them to a considerable distance.
These, to carry the comparison further, may be likened to a
heli
Distribution by water-currents is normally limited to such
plants as regularly grow by the side of rivers or on the beach of
the ocean. Their seeds or fruits exhibit regularly a light cork:
i mal t ted by a thi
year.
and many other he of our aay and swamps nae ie
ig 5 : |
in this way, and a s. Be search along a tropical bea ae ill usually
show t ents or more kinds of 7 and fruits washed up by the
des is habit is usually considere reason fo wide
dispersal of 0 pical strand plants, and there
some evidence a few species have actually migrated across
the Atlantic from Africa to South America in this way. It 1
well known merous such seeds and fruits have been car-
ried north by the gulf stream, and finally ape ashore in Nor-
and, ‘anc g trip the
penetrates the protecting wall and destroys he vitality - the
eed.
Some plants float free on the surface of fresh water and fre-
quently make long migrations as a result. The quiet bayous of
2260
the Illinois River are covered with acres of the little floating
is quite probable that their wide geographic range can be so ex-
oo.
type of animal dispersal is found in our numerous
re, to
berry throughout the i vtieat belt, and ge sums of money were
227
spent in the attempt to overcome its very efficient method of
dispersal.
23
e most conspicuous method of dispersal by animals, in which
the human being plays an unwilling part, is through stick-tights
f animals or t thing o
to cross a continent at a single leap. There the agencies of co
merce are all-important sad have led to the almost cosm eae
f
earth, laden with seeds, as ballast, and dumps it in some foreign
port. If a ae is at all like that of the home port, some of
the seeds Hay or straw, more or less mixed wath weeds,
is used ae sane putea The boxes are sees far oes
the packing “ti iscarded, the seeds germinate, and the weeds are
established in a new hom eeds grow in a clover field, ee
hae are aoe with co ae and ea with the clover seeds.
i 01
bec a natura
duction station. Nearly seven hundred alien species have been
found in the vicinity of New York, and there are similar large
numbers of them about every large city
H. A. GLeason.
THE DISMAL SWAMP OF VIRGINIA*
The name Dismal Swamp of Virginia is somewhat of a mis-
nomer, for the reason that it lies partly in the state of North
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building of
The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday afternoon, August 22, 1925.
228
Carolina ; but it was always more easily accessible from the Vir-
tures—Lake Drummond—is wholly within the boundaries of Vir-
ginia has had more or less to do with the fixation of the popular
m
I assume that every one here has read or heard something
about the swamp. It may be found cok bed in various govern-
mnected with it; i
J
for several poems and works of fiction, and many popular maga-
icles.
rea of the swamp is about 1,500 square miles, or about
twenty-seven ti the size of Staten Island surface is
almost level, sloping gradually from the southwest towards th
northeast with tion above mean tide level of only about
12 to 22 feet. In consequence, its drainage is so i t that
it may be likened to a gigantic spo t remains constantly
water-soaked more or less inundated through f its
extent. Certain portions, however, more or less dry in
some 700 e
manently reclaimed by means | - aan ditches and canals, in
recen meh ars, and ae into land.
ar the center of the swamp is ee Drummond—an almost
circular body of fresh water, about 234 by 3 miles in diameter,
as they are more or less choked by vegetation and by trees that
229
have fallen into and across them. A journey along on e of these
ditches, through the heart of the swamp, is an interesting and fas-
cinating experience, as it affords opportunity to observe the wild
life, both animal and vegetable, at close range.
In recent years, however, the construction of the Dismal
row s, tc. There ar
water and the lake—the lower or saltwater one at Deep Creek,
and the upper or fresh water one about three-fourths of a mile
from the lake.
he water of the lake is yellowish-brown in color, but clear,
havi € ce of strong tea, and is said to
possess wonderful antiseptic properties, due to d
other organic acid. sol is fectly palatable and
wholeso e and Imost odorless. It was form ly < ed on
had t the r reputation of never becoming foul.
these trees as ae in their way, as are the Sequoias and Red-
woods of Califor
At night a weird sae is represented by the luminescent
fire” um, f the
tw e
to be unusually abunda: a al ‘brilliant ther t is commonly
called “ phosphorescence,” but this term is a aeons as
230
phenomenon is is due to phosphorus but to oxidation in con-
nection with certain fungi and bacteria
he lecture was ieee by aboae thirty lantern slides that
showed the topographic features of the region, the location of the
an
ArTHUR HOo_tick.
AUTUMN COLORS!
This lecture is given at The New York Botanical Garden each
year during the season of autumnal colorations. Numerous beau-
b
in this lecture me of these show gene ce or mas:
effects, others show the colorations that are characteristic of indi-
vidual species which grow wild about New 1 are
r
development of the colors. Altogether they are representative
views of autumn and of the various types of autumn
colorings.
fo}
rh
fa
oo
to)
he main colors of the foliage of plants in autumn are red,
yellow, and brown in various shades and intensities, with rarely
hi ombinations of two of these give many intermediate
ades.
In discussing the how and why of autumn colorations, it is to
fall of leave his is in general a response to the approach of
unfavorable conditions, or as we often state it, a preparation for
r. The leave the ordinary deciduous trees, which yield
a plant when unfavorable conditions approach. Thus, with the
coming of autumn the activity of the leaves ceases, they begin to
die, and the food materials in ees are transferred into the stem.
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building of
The New York Botanical Garden, Saturday Die October 10, 1925.
231
A fallen nae is ace devoid a food substances that are of
immediate u The skeleton of the leaf is left, to-
gether with . ae pneis most of which are insolu-
ble, in the sap of pl It is due to various physical and chem-
ical cha in the e or waste products that the autumn
colors in foliage develop. The yellows are chiefly derived from
the green pigments that prevail during summ e residue of
sap pigments gives the reds, an se are influenced greatly by
before it is about to c e lo leaf is cov-
ered, that part remains greenish and changes to dull brown while
the res of the lea — to ric golden or crims ret
development of autumn colorings. Thr he more ae
changes and the fall of leaves. But here about tk City,
of many of our trees, shrubs, and herbs passes Cae brilliant
i i ra
Evergreen s d ro leaves each year quite as do
deciduous tree he difference is that not drop all
their leave tu olors develop on t op that is to fall,
ut these are usually the more delicate and subdued shades of
yellow an umn colorings are especially conspicuous
in the white
is, perhaps, correct to say that nowhere on the earth are
autumnal colorings better than in the region about 0
it ere there is a wealth of deciduous trees _ shrubs that
possess pigments which give the color changes. weather con-
ditions in autumn often give many clear, ae days with
bright sunlight. The change from a moist warm summer favor-
able to the activity of plants to a cool autumn temperature
unfavorable to leaf activity and life is rather abru
232
If autumnal coloration occurred at rare intervals, let us say
once in 25 years, we would ees a ebees it as among the most
wonderful phenomena of nature. But c as it does each
autumn with regularity, we are likely to fall into - a of
viewing it as a matter-of-course event.
A. B. Stour.
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING NOVEMBER
— following is the program of free illustrated pai
give 3:30 on Saturday afternoons in November
ee Puilding of The New York Botanical Se en:
7. “ Beautiful Gardens of New York Sta
Mrs. ae W. Paris.
Nov. 14. “ Seeds as Carriers of Disease.” Dr. C. R. Orton
Nov. 21. “Original Exploration of the Yellowstone National
Park.” Prof. John M. Coulter.
Nov. 28. “ Botanical Features of Ceylon.” Dr. H. A. Glea
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
. O. Overholts, from ag las State College, has re-
a spent a few days at The New York Botanical Garden,
completing his manuscript on the higher fungi of Porto Rico
’. J. V. Osterhout, who has held botanical professorships
in an ee of California and Harvard University, has
his new work as a physiological enue Sains in the Rocke-
feller Institute for Medical Research in New York.
Professor John M. Coulter, for many years head of the De-
partment of Botany of the University of Chicago and, since its
B
for Plant Research, has recently become a resident of Yonkers
Mr. Rafael A. Toro, who held a research scholarship at The
New York Botanical Garden for two months during the summer,
has returned to his home in Porto Rico, where he will take up his
233
work as Assistant Plant Pathologist, in the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station at Rio Piedras. Mr. Toro will be associated in this
ork with Dr, Mel T. Cook, formerly of Rutgers College, New
The following visiting botanists have registered in the library
during the summer s r. John T. Perry, Amherst, Mass. ;
Mr. Adriance S. Foster, Bussey Inst., Forest Hills, Mass.; Dr
Ivan M. Johnston, Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, Mass.; Prof
F. H. Blodgett, Danbury, Conn. ; H. Whetzel and Mr.
Edwin E. Honey, Ithaca, N. Y.; Dr. Al Berger, e
Y.; Mr. John M. Fogg, Jr., Ualveroty of Pennsylvania; Prof.
L. O. Overholts, State ade Pa.; Miss SS R. Barnett,
Dr. Walter T. Swingle, D e Edgar T. Wherry, Dr. Neil E.
ip? sae E.G. dur betses, and Mr. Peter Bisset Washington,
D. C.; Mr. Donald C. Peattie, Rosslyn, Va.; Prof. W. C. Coker,
Chavet ae N. C.; Prof. J. C. Arthur, aes Ind.; Pro
ohn T. Buchholz, oe Ark.; Prof. Geo. B. Rigg, Seattle,
Harold Clu aad
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5
a
ea
‘J
=
4
o
3
a
o
ow
a8
io}
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<
a)
Jo n
Burkhill, Singapore, and Prof. H. H. Hu, Southeastern Ca
sity, Nanking, Chin:
F. O. Bower, who has recently retired from the Regius
professorship of inet in the Salah of Gla: asgow, i is spending
t ted S
Land Flora,” and various monographs on plant morphology.
Professor Bower has made several visits to The New York
Botanical Garden and he was the guest of honor at a dinner given
by Dr. N. L. Britton ae Professor Robert A. Harper at Sor-
th oO cto ~
search, The Ne ork nical Garden, the Brooklyn Botanic
G he R feller Institute for Medical Research, an
the botanical depa £ mbia University, Princeton
University, and Rutgers College, were in attendance. After-
234
dinner addresses were made by Dr. Britton, Professor ae
Professor Harper, Dr. Sates Crocker, Professor John M. Cou
ter, and Professor W. J. V. Ost
A new path, eae a a beautiful and interesting walk through
oak woodlands in The New York Botanical Garden has recently
i i uu e
wild flowers of many kinds are abundant in their seasons, White
Wood-asters being in full bloom at this time
Aleteorology i uae The total precipitation for the
h
month was 3.37 inches. The maximum temperatures recorded
for ea eek were aie ie oe 85° on the 11 he
13th, 85° on the 14th and 82° on the 21st. The um te
peratures were on the 2nd, 55° o: gth, on the 18th,
n
and 38° on the 26th, on which morning there were traces of frost.
ACCESSIONS
BOOKS py eoeap FROM THE GENEVA BOTANICAL
AUGUST, 1923 (CONTINUED)
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Avzert, ABEL. Botanique du Var. Plantes nouvelles ou rares. Draguig-
nan, 1884.
Axgzorr, Nicotas MrkxHatLowitcuH. Prodromus florae colchicae. Tiflis,
1895.
Allgemeine botanische Zeitschrift. Vols. 1-22. a 1895-1916.
pee hes la Soctété botanique de Lyon. Vols. eas pla
e la Société dhorticulture de Paris. "Vols 5 Paris,
235
— Paut Frrevrich Aucust. Aufzihlung und peel)
der
in der Provinz Brandenburg, d tmark und dem zogthum
Ma: . .«. Phanerogamen und Gefasskryptogamen. Berlin, 1864.
———. Beitrag zur Flora des nordwestlichen Kleinasiens. [Berlin, oh
Asso ¥ DEL Rro, Icnacto JorpAN DE. Synopsis stirpium uidigendim Ara
AucHER-BLoy, Pierre Martin Remi. Relations de voyages en Orient de
830 & . revues et annotées par M. le Comte Jaubert. 2 vols.
BasincTon, CHARLES CarDALE. Manual of British botany. Ed. 7. Lon-
n, 1874.
BAILEY, FREDERICK Manson. A synopsis of the Queensland flora. Supple-
ree Joun Grpert. Review of the British roses, especially those of the
no: f H
te
=
=
a
=
&
<
a
=
@
a
@
mS
&
evision of the genera bad neces of Tulipeae. [London, 1874].
——_—. Systema Iridacearum. ni 7
Batsis, GIOVANNI Barista. Catalogus plantarum Horti botanict tauri-
nsts ad annum 1810. Taurini, [1810
—. Catalogus stirpiwm Horti academici taurinensis ad annum I812.
Augustae Tauri 1812
. Catalogus stirbium Horti academici taurinensis ad annum 1813.
ugustae Taurinorum, [1813]—Appendix prima. Augustae Taurin-
orum,
—_—-. e lyowngise: ou, description des senee crotssent dans
les environs de Lyon et sur le Mont-Pilat. Vol Lyon, 1827-28.
Batt, Joun. Spici egium florae maroccanae. ondon, 1 78.
offer asi
ede son élection comme membre de la société. Paris, 1882.
Braces Y Sores Francisco. Flora las islas Baleares, seguida de un
L
ra de
diccionario de les nombres baleares, castellanos y botanicas. Palm
peace Manrano DE La, & Pérez, Micuer. Estudios de meteorologia
di
a. Vol. 1. México, 1885.
es ea Gortues. Ordines naturales plantarum eorumque
cha res et affinitates adjecta generum enumeratione. Gottingae,
1830.
Barton, Witttam Paut Critton. Compendium florae philadelphicae. 2
vole: ‘
ee HEINRICH ANTON DE. _Vortesungen tiber Bacterien. Leipzig, 1885.
Brauvisacr, GrEorGES EuGRNE CHARLES. Genera Montroutierana. plan-
tarum Novae dontae Paris TQOI.
. Guide des étudiants en médicine et en okay et des éléves
herboristes au Jardin botanique .. . de Lyon. Lyon,
e Lyo
Brexuaus, Konrap. Flora von Westfalen nach des Peis Tode
herausgegeben von L. A. W. Hasse. Mister, 1893.
236
BécurNot, oe Revi sone monografica del genere Romulea Maratti;
studio biol
Beihefte sum ase Eanipdiblaie. Vols. 1-33. Cassel & Jena, 1891-
1917.
Beitriige zur Biologie der Pflanzen. Vols. 1-13. Breslau, 1870-1917.
BertHowp, Gorrrriep. Siudien iiber Piidiniee ace Leipzig, 1886.
BeErRTRAND, CHARLES EUGENE. marques sur le Lepidodendron Hart-
court de Witham. Lille, Ti
RBiscuorr, GoTTLien WitHELM. Lehrbuch der Botanik. Sighs ae
PBoerLace, Jacosus Grjspert. Handleiding tot de kennis der flor
ederlandsch Indié. Vols. 1-3, pt. 1. Leiden, ay 100.
Borssrer, Pierre EpMoNp. Diagnoses plantarum orientalium noverum. 3
ls. Lipsi
Botssier, PrerreE Epmonp, & Reuter, Georces Francois. Diagnoses plant-
arum novarum navel braesertim in Castella nova lectarum.
Genevae, 1842.
Bonnet, EpMonp, & Barratte, JEAN Francois Gustave. Catalogue rai-
sonné des plantes vasculaires de : Tunisie. Paris, 1896.
Botanical miscellany. 3 vols. Lon 1830-33.
Botanical register; aie of ee ae of pie plants culti-
wu ritish Gar Vols. 1-33 and appendix. London, 1815-47.
Botanische Jahrbticher ae Shinai ase oe Pflanzen-
geographie. Vols. 1-55. Leipzig, 18 ee
RIQUET, JoHN Isaac. hes Labiées des Alpes ae Partie 1. Ge-
néve, I
Bulletin de “PAssociotion francaise de botanique. Vols. 1-5. Le Mans,
1898-191
Bulletin ie : Société botanique de Lyon; compies rendus des séances.
Seconde série. Vols. 1-10. Lyon, 1883-92.
Bulletin des travaux de la Société botanique de Genéve. Nos. 1-7. Ge-
néve, BS
ss des travaux de la Société murithienne. Fasc. 1-26. Aigle & Sion,
ae a pages - botanique générale de ’Université de Genéve.
Vols. Gen
Bullettino "della sae Bie italiana, Vols. [1-25]. Firenze, 1292-
16,
191
Buniva, MicHeLce Francesco. Nomenclator Linnaeanus Florae pedemon-
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VOL. XXVI NovemMBer, 1925 No. 311
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
GATHERING CACTI IN THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN
Joun K. SMALL
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXVI NoveMBER, 1925 No. 311
GATHERING CACTI IN THE EASTERN COASTAL
PLAIN
A Recorp oF BoranicaL EXPLORATION IN AUGUST, 1922
Shortly after the “ Bimini” of the West Indian aborigines was
; ida
u istory and economi ‘an t
counts of the ie pianis used as ie and fibers. _Thus Florida may
For example, we find records like the following in an accou
of The Journey of Alvar Nufiez Cabeza de Vaca (Translation .
Ad. F. Bandelier, 1905):
‘ After which time they [de Vaca’s captors] would remove to
another beep in order to eat De nen These are a fruit
ef the size of eggs, red and black, and taste very goo or
three months they eee upon them ec, eating nothing
else.” Te e
r best times are when ‘ tunas’ [prickly- pears] are ripe,
Vers ay have plenty to eat, as spend the time in dancing
: E e
squeeze and open them and set ee to dry. When dried oe
ay. The
peelings they grind and pulverize.”—Page
: : ‘
to satisfactior he Indians do it y, out of lack o
vessels. The juice is sweet and has the color of must. There are
many f tunas, an vi d ones, although to me all
kinds of tunas, and some very go
tasted alike, hunger sane perne me time to select, or stop to
think which ones were bet . .—Pages 96 and 97.
242
Our recent studies and explorations i in the eastern cactus field
grow the descendants of f ch the old niga
once feasted, as described in the above quotations and which a:
thus doubly interesting to the writer.
summing up of our inet of the cacti that came to
ee
light ha gs botanical exploration, particular ly in pie
i f
in the cactus Sinaia of Paes ee at Buena Vista, Flor-
g
Cc
8
ence in many places—: 2 aulber ry (Morus
paper- mulberry (Papyrius), and the “ acacia’ : Albiseia Tae
brissin
In No rth Carolina the oak and beech barrens were often coe
with —— (Solidago) or white with bonesets (Eu
torium
rass—a cane (drundinaria tecta)—quite different in
habit y of our northern es, occupied v: ps
and sometimes intermingled ea the cat-tail (Typh marshes
urther on, mps were ora ed in ee coloni of
escence eee ee "Wen on slender stems. Wet ditches were oc
243
cupied, often exclusively, by the Japanese honeysuckle (Nin-
tooa), which has a habit of spreading rapidly and crowding out
everything before it
An elegant white hibiscus (Hibiscus incanus) was Ae
t er
t
(Tecoma), with its clusters of long scarlet flowers and cig:
ge
The pine- hak rren swamps were often showy spots. The white
fringed eis (Blephariglottis), meadow-beauties (Rhexia),
inis ardi
e, while swamp-loosestrife (Decodon) and swamp-
ane (Ascle pias Fiabe oe aaa ana masses along
streams and ditches. e the homes of the
spatter-docks pier an while the pond- lily, (Castalia) thrived
in the still water back in the woods. Here and there a pon
[an
=
wp
Ss pon
onds were the kee -beard (XX erophyllum), with its very
numerous narrow ne leaves, the leopard-lily (Lilium Cates-
baei), with its erect fl of a peculiar shade of red, and the
white-frin ae orchis (Blephoritn), with its flowers creamy
ith
n thickets along ee and ditches two plants—lead-plant
(Amorpha) and poison-hemlock (Cicuta)—stoo e the other
vegetation, and a blue-tinged eryngo (Eryngium) was seen fre-
en n the hammocks the sour-wood (Oxydendrum), which
an, from sea-level to the high mou d is ce of
celebrated honey, was plentiful. With it grew a tree-like herb or
erb-like tree—prickly-ash (dlralia 0. n-
sively used in medicine ack-walnut (Juglans) with its
celebrated fruit was here also, as it was in t oun is
quently in evidence, both of them very handsome when in flower.
The one introduced from the East Indies long ago—the crape-
244
myrtle Gee Baiaidies the other of rather recent introduction
rom Japan— ‘the karri ( te mia),
As we approached Beaufort, our first destination, the highest
sine was well pena: with flowers. More conspicuous
e
a the vari-colored horse-mint es narda) with its curiously
e were in the middle
stretch of several hundred miles of coast line, botanically Ries
or quite unknown—it has never been explored. Here began our
+
oh
°
=
oa
a
°
=
a
im”
qq
2
oe
Bg
ou
or
cactus eee ign.
There are : two kinds oF prickly -pears at Beaufort. The one, a
sa
is really a eof Mexico. It may e ught to No
Carolina by way of Florida. It is quite interesting, both on ac-
count of its hardiness and its name. Plants were long ago taken
to Cambridge, glan They proved hardy ere and were
named Opustia Si pika ag inoes prickly-pear.
imens are growing on at Beaufort, bu ir future
existence the precar Plas have been transferred to t
island occupied by the Station of the United States Bureau o
Fisheries and also to the cactus plantation at Buena Vista,
Florida.
In the vicinity of Beaufort, Opuntia Drummondii grows on the
various islands lying off the mainland. It is plentiful on the
dunes near the abandoned Fort Macon opposite the town. T
i e
is the northern eee limit of that species.
As we well understood the prickly-pears of the South Carolina
coast, as far as they had been collected, we passed that region by,
245
and hastened to the coastal region of northeastern Florida. Our
course lay through
oods. wamps
fragrance of an aceite ie (Clethra snifio) which was then
the flowering representative of associated sh
H lo
rul
igh and low grounds alike
ad much in ni way of floral dis-
la swamps were the mo owy spots. The lower
roups of plants were the more in evid There, even the
widespread h as the fringed i = nd ae
d the
locally distributed fakes such as turkey- beard. (erp
at
in equal abundance. The bright-green t
namon-fern he s
collectively, a er he swamps utterfly-peas
radburya and Clitoria) and the still mo: owy and peculiarly
built passion-flowe ay-p Passiflora incarnata)——were a
vines e la plant we had collected in Mower also on th
r Botanically, the most interes plant, however, w
semi-vine—a blueberry (Vaccinium crassifolium)—with a re-
stricted geog c range in the Carolinas. m. yards of
t d homesteads the fruits of three k rees—t
paper-mulberry (Papyrius), the tree-of- heaven lege
the of-China (J/elia)—scattered 1
2
a.
3
rees are nati ves of eastern
pots pla T
sentatives of ne highest family of the monocots and the highest
246
of the dicots. The former were four orchids of the pom
type, rein-orchis relatives, ane fringed-orchis (Blephrgons
Blephariglottis, B. ciliaris, B. lacera, and Gyn niopsis in-
tegra). The dicots were represented ty three or cae kinds of
boneset (Eupatorium), deer’s-tongue (Trilisa), and a coreopsis
relative (Endorima
In and abut Sait Mary’s there c occur three definite kinds
three feet in diameter, which indicates that they represent some
of the eae r trees brought in from the West. In addition to the
ve-m med trees, several of the native kinds—live-oak
(Quer, “helly (ilex), and laurel (Magna are prominent
features in yards and streets. Giant red-cedars (Sabina) are
also there—because they were protected from the ax of the pen-
cil-maker who began to devastate that region over a century ago.
1 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 24: 5 and 6. 1923; 25:
59. 1924.
247
(Lagerstroemia indica) which was introduced from the East
Indies many years ago. It occurs in the South either as a small
tree—with a single trunk—or a large shrub—with a cluster of
trunks. It has a smooth bark somewhat eu that of the
native pigeon-plum m (Coccolobis laurifolia) and bears numerous
spider-lily oS with a few aoe was found in the
midst of t unes. This locality is only a few miles south of
Saint ae s where Hymenocallis cras. ae described a century
s discovered and as yet remains a mystery unless the
soaked in order to secure the mucilaginous matter which made the
solution of lime more adhesive and durable when applied to a
surface.
s the southern end of the island there occurred the
fee geet of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. This species
248
which we have named (Opuntia magnifica) has no close relatives
along the coast, but its habit suggests that it may be a natural-
e eds ve
along the highway, both the relatively ie ae elen
tam tenutfolium) and the tall bladder-pod (Glottidium vesi-
cari) which, although an annual plant, a makes a woo
stem over an inch in diameter. About the en the common
weed is often lion’s ear (Leonotis nepetaefoli
On the way back to Jacksonville we ee two additional
one. iat
kinds of prickly-pears in the pine woods, , Opuntia tur-
gida, first discovered several yea si of Daytona an
ot known elsewhere, and Opuntia lata, also first discovered sev-
eral years ago near Gainesville an retofore confined as far
a nity of the mouth of
the Saint John’s River, where both kinds and individuals of
Sak pear rival or excel any other local cactus development
in the te
the islands and on a mainland about the mouth
\
~~
=
i)
2 3
in
wes
oO
o
{abe
tic Beach to aytona. Goldenrods
(Mieracium), and thistles (Cirsizm) were the evident flowering
249
herbs associated _with the prickly-pears. This island is the
northernmost station for the wild-pepper plant, Peperomia cumu-
ico. i cc tis a wi
patch—a
plant in its winter stage and in full flower. Its normal schedule
had become disarranged for some reason that was not evident
to us.
The dunes at Pilot Town that face the estuary of the Saint
oppy (Argemone oe with large immaculate corollas,
and the other, a naturalized South American wild-sage (Lantana
Sellowiana) with small, but rich purple flowers.
Atlantic Beach, which faces the iva Ocean about six
more prolific than elsewhere within their geographic ranges, as
z € eee em
-jointed prickly-pear is erect and diffusely branched.
oO
Es
numerous, relatively ee adie See The two joe-
2Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 22: 197. 1921.
128. 1922 21. 1923.
uLooDSLL yt
UE SoANQIIA SuUUR US sPVIU SPPIYS PaIysvoiy IYI YM polsesUO. LLgUddIS JO SopRYS SNOTIVA dT, "SPpoo]
“Palq OAR, pues SuLivog-Aitoq 958 syurd ay) Jo ysour so} ‘spsiq Jo AaudHE oy YRNOsYyS aaayy parsers
uonriasoa Aq payrindod asom sdvay-jjoys oy] SuvIpuy oy, Aq uoNedNdso aay) adjpy “souiBoqe Fpro[y
oy} Aq SUapprur-UdayIUY OFUL Pawisofsuvs) J4d9M [OAD op-YSny ynoqe o} awed ATPBsnzeu yeyy ‘edie, pure
][Buus ‘syaar AYIOI [Vrgaas 9y} 94dF_ Vp Maary [eISAAD JO yNos uooSyl we aary yes up “1 aww
251
jumpers just referred oe Tracyi and O. impedata—ar
ead o
€
series of strings of
nies. They form an effective
nts are copiously spiny, and
jo
barrier to pro the
ints, separable by the merest
touch; so that one’s clothing is not long in being covered wit
the young and old spines when collecting on the dunes
lifax River region was our t objective. We
rshes the numerous
the colonies of the cowbane (O-xrypolis filifor-
we supported their white umbels above all the other herbaceous
vegetation.
n the ponds and fresh-water lagoons the yet little-understood
large-leaved pond-lily ofter! almost hid the surface of t
water
beneath the victoria-like ting leav: the higher pee
southward the horse-mint (A/onarda punctata) becai ore
abundant, and showed greater variety i des of color of its
bracts and flowers than it did in the northeastern corner of the
stat
At n City we crossed over to the sand-dun
of the ee plants we found was the coontie om umbrosa),
thus extending its geographic ge several mil rthw:
he dunes were less fl us than in the spring. The coast-
wise vi
rt p i
sensitive-plant (Chamaecrista fasciculata) which blooms mainly
in spring and summer.
252
nt tinued southward to Mosquito Inlet. There Hetero-
e flat plain-like areas of the dunes, not infrequent belw ween
the rolling parts, supported miniature forests of the varnish-leaf
odonaea le. Wherever we find this shrub, it seems
to be in flower and in fruit at all fae of the year. An accom-
panying shrub with a limited flowering season, known as tia
1n:
ie)
2
mas. Its fruits, the size of small peas, are white with
ey
attractive to > hina and the migratory inde doubtless brought
the n the West Indies. The con
in their porous structure, has enabled this plant to maintain an
existence a north of its normal geographic range.
Our next move was from the eastern coast to the western.
After ae the old highway between De Land and De Leo
Florida flat-woods, we selected an unusual route to Ocala.
as! i
eyed grass (Xvris ambigua) projectin, ove the lea ats lily
ads. About the lakes were oa ee ces times the growth
was an almost pure association of black- ae (Quercus Cates-
baei) or of the upland willow-oak (Q. cinerea).
lower grounds near the river we fo ae copious thickets
of guava (Psidium) trees. These had evidently been natural-
ized there for many years. When we reached the river we had
‘sdeay [jays 9yy ur atooaip ope SOL
-o8 O18 SuspprIu [yews jo s
‘ODUIPIsat Jo sase[d Airsod A
“poyzivaun sem ji se ysnt Sounxa MOU ‘sou
SUIOS JIM S[eLINEE spunour permg yea Aq poruedaros
Aer aeou pines 24 jou Aut io Avur says aSeiLA
Loqu ¥ OL out jo auo yo ‘uolapays B JO [jnys B SMOYS JISUT
ayL “31ayz st ‘queld- -Ppooy a}oary yey ‘aead-Alyo1id ayy yt Uyo, SOUTSIAOGe ay} SY UOIIPUOS oul¥s sy}
jnoge ur—dnor3 saary ayes ay) jo uappraruaysny udiseq [SOU AGT ep ‘ear yes uy oe wunolg
255
come to classic botanical ground. We crossed the river at or
near the spot where William Bartram found the royal-palm
(Ro a) a century and a half ago? tt time
Florida, evidently, had ha more tempered climate for the
royal und naturally only at the southern end of the
peninsula. Even these specimens are nowadays killed by
© freezes.” is species, in Florida, is actually be “ pushed
to the wall,” for the geographic range ends naturally with the
southern tip of the Florida mainland.
Our immediate objective on the western side of the Saint
John’s was Lake George, also classic botanical ground, for here
on its shores William Bartram camped and collected pian! in
sibilities of gettin: er the trail to our objective resulted in con-
flicti formation—positive and tiv d both
were correct for the accomplishment depended on the power of
the motor and the disposition of the driver. O nm. the western
side of the Saint John’s we were not long in ee t crub
which occupies an area nearly twenty-five miles wide west of
Lake Tr T. rub is a series of ancient sand- hills piled
ption a puz subs
The writer, after pence the ae visited by Bartram a
century and a half ago, has come to the conclusion a Bartram
later in life, in oa of his former travels’ in Florida, delivered
3 Travels ae 1T4.
4 See Journal of ae < York Botanical Garden 21: 31. 1920.
5 Travels oA 1792.
256
his memory of a composite prickly-pear picture by combining
the smoothish and large-fruited prickly-pear of the coastal In-
dian fields with the size and habit of the prickly-pear plant of
on
ore-region of Lake George was, evidently, a favorite
place of residence of the aborigines. Their old fields about Silver
more interesting plant was a tall bear-grass (Yucca) with white
flowers only about one half the size of any of the recognized
Eastern States’ species of that
The Natal-grass Cay was not uncommon near the
lake. It is being widely scattered over the Florida peninsula,
mainly by its wind-transported fruits.
Our cactus studies being finished in the Lake George region,
we set out over the giant rollers of white sand in the direction
r is i f
year. For mile e every tree a vi as
stroye Tt was a dismal sight, and emphasized the fact that
if n continues in Florida the peninsula will revert to
it condition— rt. However, vege’ was ni
altogether wanting, for about two dozen herbaceous plants had
spru p ou e parched sands with added vigor furnished
by the ashes from th st fre and they were blooming pro-
fusely, especially the leguminous plants. The vines, butterfly-
peas (Bradburya and Clitoria), and the milk-pea (Galactia),
with flowers more numerous and larger than we h ver seen
phantopus elatus), deer’s-tongue (Trilisa odoratissima), purple-
torches (Trilisa paniculata), and blazing-star (Lacinaria tenui-
folic). Yellow and rose-purple were conspicuous respectively
237
mong the much-branched plants in the yellow foxgloves (Afze-
fia) and purple fox-glove (Agalinis
n bogs and low level lands in the valleys between the
dunes, especially where the lumberman had formerly font
]
densely populated with foxglove (Agalinis) with purplish-green
foliage, that the whole area would appear to be covered with a
mong tio: he e
plants, ee eles maiden-cane Coe anaes
ae (Cicuta). sbendant rei plants
miles northward piCaineeu ie passing part way through the
Middle gis peer belt, which we could identify even in
the dark by character of the roads.
appro ene Gainesville, we passed the Alachua prairie, a
vast limesink which has been alternately wet and dry during the
last centu William Bartram’s oe of it in the latter
half of a eiere century is as fol :
e extensive ee hue savanna is a level green ee above
a
Orange groves, rising from an exuberantly fertile soil. The
towering “Magna ee a and transcendent Palm, stand con-
spicuous amongst thet
The same description applies today.
258
From Gainesville we took a southwestern course to Arc
and Bronson. This region is the type locality for ries a
a specics we discovered there several years ago. ere not
long in locating many specimens of this long-fruited prickly. “pear.
Its club-shaped berries and red juvenile armament are
fer :
e of
and rather inconspicuous species. On the other hand, in crossing
the peninsula Petalostemon carnets, a related species and a ve ry
showy plant, was enon y seen.
The roadside weed there, in place of the bitter- weed of the
a
from six inches to six feet tall. On the black-jack ridges and the
scrub between Archer and Bronson colonies of a blazing-star
( Laciniaria deneaee ane often forming rose-purple
patches on the white san
Having secured specimens of the prickly-pear of the lime-sink
region, we headed southward from Archer and paralleled our
1 :
quent all over the peninsula made themselves felt when we got to
the more southern and lower parts of the State
Joun K. Smact.
(To be continued.)
259
FLOWERS FOR THE HOME GARDEN?
ore we a the Bo suitable to be used in the home
Any g ;
dwelling, that can be stepped into from the house, may be called
Runes a home garden. Naturally, the eee of these il
f-
garden in, making it private. These boundaries may be simple or
elaborate to suit the aa of the garden, but, in any case, there
ill be
The flowering plants to be used in the home garden may
divided into four main groups: bulbous plants, herbaceous ae
shrubs and trees, and creepers.
It is essential to use many bulbs. The majority of bulbous
plants which are hardy in the vicinity of New York, bloom in
ome
flowering season gaan The e also a few autumn-flow-
s
ge
§ ya
snowflakes, Leucojum vernum and L. aestivum, the quamashes
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given in the Museum Building of
The New York Botanical Garden on Saturday et Guyeaie: 19,
1925
260
(Camassia), and the stars of Bethlehem (Ornithogalun) In
8 ations vith rock pi
the sprin fen, combinations of se bulb 0. lants
such as the aubrietias, arabis, Alyssum saxatile, ad dwarf irises,
etc., etc., may be m near the edge flower borders
s far better to have only a few good sorts of plants in your
masses of them. e also plans so that he has bloom through-
out the spring, summer, and autumn, he will have a very effective
garden
y effect can be kept up by the introduction of an-
eb
dener should save his own seed from any pare cal arly fine variety
as he will be sure then of having pink Canterbury Bells, if he
ee them to blu
261
Where the garden is made in the country, natural advantages
should be saved, especially if there are patches of ferns or wil
flowers, groups of elders or other shrubs which are jus rna:
1 ign material. If the dener desires this native
material for a en which lacks it, let him buy fro -
series that peed in these things; or if he helps himself let
him bear in mind reservation of wild flowers and take only
a ver tle here ee here. of our native oa are
posure. choice of m
ee ane. aan care, will produce flowers of a high
quality for the home garden.
e lecture was ee oe by more than seventy colored Ian-
slides, a majority of which were made in England by the
ise eee Malby Vv.
EtuHet Anson S. PECKHAM.
THE FRINGED GENTIAN
The time for harvesting Fringed Gentian seed is drawing near
and I am still sending a = packet of the seed to any one who
is interested enough to write for it
T wish to emphasize the oe that there will be no flowers the
first fall and the plants will be so small that they will be very dif-
ficult to find.
If planted according to the directions, which follow and which
are sent with every packet of seed, the plants will produce flowers
the oo ia after sowing.
Dire ction,
Scatter ae seed where the Fringed Gentian is to grow, in a
iit shaded spot or open field with good drainage and plenty of
oisture, in a light loam
he e very difficult to find the tiny plants but
the eis fall they will be from 8 to 12 inches high and in bloom.
This letter is one of many received this fall reporting success
in propagating the Fringed Gentian.
®
a
+
Md
cc)
2
5
=
7
“ SEPTEMBER 27, 1925.
“ My prar Dr. Norton:
“Tam among the fortunate people to whom you so kindly ga gav
some Fringed Gentian seeds tw ars ago. You e ner
sted to know that I have three beautiful patches of gentians in
bloom at present, two of them wo differ w open places in
a great source of joy and I wish to express to you my apprecia-
tion and gratitude
“ Sincerely yours,
I shall be very glad to receive a report, after the second year,
from those who scatter the seed
Georce F. Nor
Fae I wth S cs
w York City.
OcToBeEr 16, 1925.
PUBLIC LECTURES DURING DECEMBER AND
JANUARY
The following is the program of free lectures and aoa
tions in the Central Display Greenhouse of Conservatory Range
on Saturday afternoons in December and January, beginning ;
three o’clock.
Dec. 5. “ Tropical Gardens,” Mr. K. R. Boynton.
Dec. 12. “ Greenhouse Pests,” Dr. F. J. Seaver.
Dec. 19. caMe plants Dr. H. A. Gleason.
Jan. 9. Starch-bearing Plants,” Dr. ee A. Howe.
Jan. 16. “ Manegeted Plants,” Dr. A. B. Stout.
an. 23. “ Cycads, Dr. jin : Small.
Jan. 30. “ House Plants and their Care,” Mr. H. W. Becker.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
r. E, J. Schreiner has recently made two trips into Maine and
ne into Canada for further studies in connection with investiga-
tions with poplars
263
Professor H. H. Whetzel, of Cornell ee spent several
days at the Garden in the latter part of Octo On the 24th,
he gave a very practical lecture in the Garden's ae ae
noon course on “ Keeping Plants in the Gardens and Border:
ealthy.””
Dr. Roland M, Harper, who was a student at the Garden dur-
nce of four year
of the Florida State Geological Survey and is engaged in studying
the vegetation and other natural resources of southern Florida.
r. A. B. Stout, of the Garden Staff, spent a week during Oc-
iS)
n
Botanical Garden is eae with the Department of Horti-
culture of the Experiment Stat
r. H. A. Gleason spent the first week in November at the Na-
tional Herbarium at Washington, studyin,
operative botanical work now in progress on the flora ee ae re
South Amen a.
In Se meee and October, Hae Park Department of the City
resurfaced about a mile of the main roads within the grounds of
Ww
plac
facing over the concrete. The last sections of this greatly im-
proved road were opened to the public on October 14.
264
“Dahlia Day” at The New York Botanical Garden was ob:
served on Wednesday afternoon, October 14, a later date than
ar i
what damaged b
frost on the r aed of the 28th and were ay killed on the
morning of the 2gth.
The New York Times of October 18 announces the recent
1850, the year of California’s admission into the Uan on, and wer
1888 another small grove was found on Santa Rosa Island, off
the coast of southern California
Meteorology for October. The total et for the
month was 4.66 inches, of which 0.02 inch fell a: The
and 33.50°, noted above, damaged certain plants in some locali-
ties; but the first hard killing frost occurred on the morning of
the 2yth, when a temperature of 28° was recorde
PUBLICATIONS OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Journal of The New York Botanical ey monthly, containing notes,
news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To
others, cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Noes in its twenty-sixth volume.
Myco logia, bimonthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $4. 00 a ae
single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its seven
nth volume.
Addisonia, quarterly, devoted uray to colored plates accompanied
by popular descriptions of flowering plant ; eight plates in eethae umber,
thirty-two in each volume. Sikes price, $10.00 year. [Not
i in i fi lume.
Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the
Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em-
bodying results of investigations. Free to all members of the Garden; to
others, $3.00 be volume. Now in its thirteenth volume. °
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North Amer-
ica, Melding Gteeniand: the West Indies, and Central America. Planned
to be completed in st veloc Ror . 8vo. ach volume to consist of
four or more parts ts ued. Subscription price, $1.50 per
part; a limited number oe Beate. Looe will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not
offered in exchange.
Memoirs of The pee York erence Garden. Price to members of
the = aaa $1.50 per volume. To others, $3.00.
An De eid Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yel-
ena Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 402 pp., with detailed map.
The Influence of oe and Darkness upon Growth and Devel-
acDouga’ i
plates. 1909.
V
ol. IV.
Gager. viii + a pp., with 73 aes and 14 plates. 1908.
Vol. V. Flora ot the Vicinity of New ae Contribution to Plant
at i 191
pees ety: by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 with 9 plates
We We Vee A presented at the Gacteinon of the ayenecin Anni-
verry of the New York Botanical Garden. viii + 504 pp., with 43
16.
eins from The New York eta Garden. A series of tech
i
nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and peneiated|
from journals other than the above. Price oe cents each. $5.00 per vol-
In the eleventh volume.
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARD
Bronx Park, New aa City
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
Aree
Fo r hundred acres of beautifully dered land in the northern part
of the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native
hemlock forest is one of the features of the | Hace:
eaters es thousands of ae and introduced trees, shrubs, and
flowering plan
Ga alae including | a beautiful rose eeeey a rock garden of rock-
loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gar
Greenhouses, containing thousands of nee plants from America
and foreign ntri C
Flower shows throughout the year—in the spri ng, summer, a and autum
displays of narcissi, daffodils eS ae prone roses, lilies, wate
lilies, er atiol aan 4 ias, and chrysanthem the winter, displays of
greenhouse- nee
museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local pigms: Dacre within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
and a7 nomic uses of plants.
aca comprising more than one million specimens of Amer-
ican ae foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies,
ee and South Aedetcds for the study and collection of the character-
stic
Scie ntific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
erica of plant life.
A library of oe literature, comprising more than 34,000 books
a numerous pamphlets.
Public lectures on a great variety of botanical topics, continuing
year
Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and
The education of ca 1 children and the public through the abov
features and the giving of free information on botanical, sporticuitveatl
e Garden is dependen upon an annual appropriation by the
City of New York, private piecucnee and membership fees. It
possesses now y two t members, and applications for
membership are sae welcome. The classes of m :
Benetactor ect sonia ate uareuaieaayers . single contribution $25,000
AAR ULPeNe ha ee et eet aac ceautareneey ted single contributi 5,
Mellow Mor Witeva.oaauce nance single contribution 1,000
Member fonuleirer cevscaieerentee seiner single contribution 250
Fellowship Member ........ ssccees annual fee 100
rey Meer isile eaterantey store ierabate ars uve fee 25
ual fee
Con HME to nae G Aen may be Pa cei taxable incomes.
The following is an approved form oF _beque
I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Gorden sooo under
the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of ion mee of ————
All requests for further information diene bes sent to
THE orK BotanicaL Garp
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY
DecrempBer, 1925 No. 312
JOURNAL
OF
_ Tue New York BOTANICAL GARDEN
HH GATHERING CACTI IN THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN—Concluded
Joun K. SMALL
THE CULTIVATION OF WILD FLOWERS AND FERNS
Hersert DurAND
SMALL te COMPETITION UNDER asses OF THE
ey NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN,
INDEX TO VOLUME 26
a PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa.
Tue Science Press PrintiInc CoMPANY
; Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
Frepertc S. Leg, President James F. unas Mea
Henry W. ve Forest, Vice President Anonea Lew:
F. K. Sturets, Vice President KENNETH K MaceEna
Joun L. MERRILL, Treasurer . J. MATHESON
N. L. Britton, Secretary BarrincToN Moore
Epwarp D. ADAMS . P. Morcan
HEnry DE Forest BALDWIN Lewis RuTHERFURD Morris
NicHotas Murray, ButLer Frepertc R. NEwBoLp
Paut D. CravatH Cuartes F, RAW
Ropert W. bE Forest Hersert M. RICHARDS
Cuitps Frick Heyy H
Wr11am J. Gies GEOR RYA
R. A. HARPER Wyner Boy ee THOMPSON
JosrrH P. Hen W. dae THOMPSON
ouN F, ee Mayor of the City of N w York
FRANCIS. Dawson Ga.iaTin. President of ny Department of Parks
SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
R. A. Harper, Pu. D., Chairman James F. Kemp, Sc. D., LL. D.
NicHoLas Murray Burter, Pu. D., Freperic S. LEE, Pu. D., LED:
IL, 1D), Wigwe, 1D), eae M. RICHARDS, Sc. D.
Wriam Je Gas Pu. D. Henry H. Russy, M. D.
Gerorce J. RYAN
GARDEN STAFF
ON, PHD) SED: Le Daas ancart arate Director-in-Chief
Mageaarew K Howe, Pu D., Sei Aa istant Director
Joun K. SMatt, Pu. DAISCs Dios iaenacees Head Curator of the Museums
A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director af the Loborovonieg
P. A. Rypperc, Px. D. rator
H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Gunatee
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D. .... urator
ARTHUR Hoircx, Io: oe DS Paleobotanist
Percy WILson Associate Curator
PaLMyRe DE C. MiTcHEI Associate Curator
Joun HeENDLEY Beas Pe eel ag D Wena s Renn Ra Blo Bibliographer
Se H. Hartow, A. M. ibrarit
H. H. Russy, M. B. Meviredereres Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
Exizazeru G. Brrrron Honorary Curator of ieee
ARY E. Eato:
KennetH R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener
Rosert S. WEAN Administrative Assistant
Hester M. Rusk M. Technical Actas
. M. Denstow, ie M,, IDA D Balog Hon ae Nien of ron erbarium
E. B. SoutHwIick, Px. BID 1 RS of Her ous Grounds
Joun R. Brrntey, C. E. tates ape Engineer
Wa tter S. GRoESBECK Clerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CorBeTT Superi: dent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Voi. XXVI DECEMBER, 1925 No. 312
GATHERING CACTI IN THE EASTERN COASTAL
LAIN
(Continued from page 258)
On a seas sae we had an opportunity to examine
the “ Indian mounds which we had had reports. Mere super-
ficial ae ea them to be mounds of earth and rock
up in
abor. acti ee neue ies ago. Some of this ground was rather
ing.
dinies at Salt River. This water is a lagoon running south-
ward into the bye of channels toward Saint Martin’s River.
ver was lace for occupation by the aborigines—
our more at t aulover a int rtin’s River, an
small kitchen-middens on every point of land along the shores
These shell islands are very picturesqu he white piles of
ously above the water and the surrounding lighter-green marshes.
These middens are relatively high but small in area and with
266
steep sides. Consequently there has not been much opportun ity
f w i
@ n 0
milk-vine eee scoparia (? Four kinds of
trees were in evidence—red cedar (Sabina ‘eleolay. cabbage-
tree (Sabal Palmetto), live-oak (Quercus virginiana), and hack-
; ce pense
stood, ce a dozen kinds of herbaceous ane were observed
In order to go further down the western coast, it was necessary
to make a semi-circular detour many miles inland. We pass
1 See Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 25: 60 & 63. 1924.
267
through primeval country and through that cultivated by th
white man for several generations with the natural ne
destroyed or much modified. These observations lead us to re-
t
the lower parts. The animal life, likewise, has been and is being
modified and destroyed. LEven the bivalve is oF reduction.
he aborigi pon n to
the maximum measurements as a result of the too generous drafts
upply.
o return to vegetation. Our course inland lay through
neus mentioned above. s of P. Feayi show more o
tun: prov or
grottoes along the Withlacoochee River? at er season and at the
great hammock north and south of Brooksville.
However, in passing through the Choocochattee hammock we
ied . West Indian swamp-bracken (Blechnum Bo eiee
2See Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 21: 32-38. 1920.
.
‘Teodor AlaS1ey
sr ‘suappru- ways] Oy} JO JeYI a1] ‘uorjyejasaa oyy, ~
-UdYDIY Oy} ayT] ‘uorjeur10j-eurnboo styy, “spunour [eting pue suapprur-usyoity puy om Quepunqe sem Ajddns
-PpOo} B a13ayM aiayMas]a se grap eo A]1VI 91 OF ee, paysiuingy YTYM Jo []e—sqniys pue
$901] PooMpiey pue ‘onauyed- wes f & IS ejd jusasauids ur spunoqe ‘[Ios jo
pues] SMwseA uQ “f gan
‘sread-4] 1
areq Ajzeau Ysnoyyye ‘yon ‘puryst ayy jody ‘muaqynos eumboo aqI— eLT :
269
tale) at the only station known this side of the Gulf Stream, and
t
associated with it w re surpris
rein-orchis (Habenaria Habenaria), the type species of the ge
abenaria, which was collected in Florida only 0 nce before, many
years ag of this orchid are d have a fra-
grance closely resembling that of the Japanese-honeysuckle (Nin-
tooa) thir est Indian plant came to light here—a virgin-
bower (Clematis dioica). T ee in ee our
r
in the Annuttalagga hammock north
c
oe was forced upon us.
s a the country between Brooksvi le es
din: 18°
Some of the floristic
the Pinellas Peninsula have been described in a pre
7 ring plant lands and in
marshes was the peculiar boneset (Eupatorium mikanioides)—so
med from the sha the leaf-bla , in addition to
fh
na
their odd shape for the genus, stand edgewise instead o
al.
3 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 25: 65 and 66. 1924.
270
As we reached Salt yeas the sun set. Just e
d a washed-ou
rav
sed, but how it looked and what plants were there remained
a still to be learned.
Morning found us again picking our way through the mud on
pate low coun ae was s often well ae with flowers. An
Tt
es hie elongata), and cowbane (Oxypolis fliformis)
may be mentioned. The yellows were mainly of the goldenrod
(Solidago Chapmanii), the yellow-eyed grass (Xyris), and a
goldenrod relative—rayless goldenrod (Chondrophora nudata)
n occasional s f tar-flower or fly-catcher (Befaria race-
mosa) showed clusters of th rr rs in the pinewoods
starry flower Pp
Having reached Fort Myers more expeditiously than we had
anticipated, judging from reports as to the condition of the road
271
and trails, we were encouraged to strike out for peoes wi ith-
Ithoug!
aaa mentioned. In the scrub the nsely
fl d blazing-star (Laciniaria elegans) grew in patches o
oa commonly supporting several of the club-like rose-
purple fi g stems on a single tuber-like ro t e other
plant in bloom in the scrub was just the o it ize, structure,
and color—a slender wire-weed (Polygonella cihat ith sl
iry stems and small pale flowers. the cypress-
sees were filled with two plants of distinct families, bu uch
the habit—a red-root or paint-root (Gyrotheca tinctoria)
and fie red-root co phiola aurea).
The second half of the road passed through a northera exten-
he flavor of the fruits is ae ng. It has ve recorded
that they taste like “rotten cheese steeped in tobacco juice.” See
’s “God's Protecting Providence, Man’s Surest Help and
696
272
lata and P. Elhoitit). In the marshes the rank growth of the
various salt-bushes (Baccharis) blocked the road. The
ape Spo mano region was our object
We s ed at the Settlement of cs xambas. The island of
with a maximum elevation of eighty-seven feet. The plant cover-
ing is extremely aetna and has been partly described in sev
eral papers already pu
Associated with the dines are several kitchen-middens. In
d y
their ee as ran m the western coast. The open sandy
lope the ed
the species in the widely separated areas as we now find them are
the morning we crossed over to Cape Romano, by boat.
known species. We have named it Opuntia eburnispina on ac-
unt of its ivory-like oo short spines. The dildoe (Acan-
ees) was in flowe
6 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 22: 55-60. Ig21. 24:
1923.
221-224.
273
ape Romano the sand and shell heaps were bright white.
T , in various colors, of the plants that grew there were
n usly bright. The bright-blues the blue curls (Tri-
chostema) and the dew-flower (Commelina), bright-white of the
swamp-root (Phaethusa), the bright-yel f the wild-unctio
(Urechites), and the br. orange of t me-flower (Talinuim)
were striking he wild-cucumber (A/elothria) with stems sev-
eral yards long formed a decorative 1, hite sand
with its bright-green leaves, yellow flowers, and green-speckled
fr The spurge he most numerous kinds representing
a single family. supplied by th
s sly
saffron-plum (Bumelia inne hy oe ine ea berry (Ran-
dia aculeata).
Caxambas was an ideal spot for aboriginal settlement and the
s occupati
riginal agriculture, is more common there than on any of the
middens we have so far v
After a few more hours’ collecting on Caxambas Island, we
T
°
daha there were banks of the copious-fiowered wire-weed (Poly-
This plant was so plentiful that its honey-like fragrance often
fi f
led the air. East of Zolfo Springs we entered the southern end
e | egion, which is unique fr a physiographic a
phytogeographic standpoint e had never been able to i ti-
gate it in s —only in winter and spring—and our dream:
approaching darkness proved to be a new genus. In the MSs
of Sebring we made more extensive collections of fl ing
plants than elsewhere on that excursion. One of the Pees
274
obser rvations was this: the vegetable covering of the great sand-
region of the state would be to visit month to month the year
d
n examination of some of the sand-hills south of Sebring
dca that the summer flowering season was well past. How-
orescen
ongue (Penstemon eee and the rather net Poche
oe ia floridana
e were fortunate in finding two kinds of hickories—forms of
Hicoria floridana—in fruit. The dune or scrub hickories have
th
ere, too, cepecially is in the a Pe we were sur-
reat
were conspicuous on account of the masses of stiff stems of the
275
red-root eae tinctoria). It was in the hammocks that the
showy flowers were found. Meadow-beauties (Rhewxia) and
ove
e greenery.
special interest, eclipse thos of the other eee Beautifa |
on
$ Imett cial interest because they were not onl
exceptionally small, but nearly globular. The typical fruits are
e -sh ere were acres € ia te’s galingale
eavy and continuous rains cut our work in the sand-hills
rd th
out of an unbrol lively green sea of saw-palmetto, as far
as the eye could as except where the snowy and honey-scented
wire-weed refer: oO on a prece page was conspicuously
massed y irie
a foot of rain water stood on the prairie. The trail was impass-
able in some places, so we had to take ae to the flooded
prairie. .
6 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 22: 38 and 39. 1921.
Ficure 4. Along St. Lucie Sound, Fla——In hammock, now par
cleared, where the first settlement of white-men—colonists from sei
N
widely separated states as Georgia and New York—was established
on the nee River nearly a century ago. Here the celebrated Florida
orange is said to nave Cee eee The shake: cactus, a native of
Mexico, Sowa abov as then introduced. It, a eae pace
exotic cacti, est tablished Tteelf j n the hammock, and h s bee wing
there luxuriantly ever since
277
With vegetation scarcely more than knee-high, an uninterrupted
com circ
iew of the plete le of the horizon disclosed many local
thunder storms w appeared on the hori in p the
usual clouds of smoke from fires during the dry season. Purpl
was the color of the day—the da rple of the storm cloud an
the brilliant purple of the inflorescence of omposite
genus—Litrisa-—_mentioned on ia eding page. This firm suc-
an with leaves some ewhat resembling those of the olic-root
i +
Incidentally, w that road-making, in Dias is a
wonderful job, ue ee eee are often terrible! Before we had
gotten very far from the edge of the pine woods, while i a foot
was indicated by two plants very unusual in the wilds of Florida
—Jimson-we m bur-w: (Ac
spermum hispidum). These are both weeds of tropical origin.
in
The next morning after some observations on cacti—
Pereskia Pereskia, Hylocereus undatus, Selenicereus ae thus,
Acanthocereus floridanus, Harrisia fragrans, Opuntia Dillenii, O.
—of the i
part of the last century.
278
The various plant associations along the eastern coast had
conned their summer regalia. e low grounds were the most
floriferous. In them large aga x . eae eel blazing-
star oo ele, gans), the brig! veria ei
enrod ae 0 Chapa) succeeded one another nang ae
speckled flowers was the plant of the season, while on the coastal
d each sunflower (Helianthus debilis)—sometimes
locally called black-eyed susai (0) its dark-centered
any other plant.
eee ns from New York up to reaching ae con-
da Ww d
ys e
and packing specimens of cacti and in observation in the cactus
ee at Buena Vista.
In the Miami region we secured specimens of Opuntia austrina.
The discovery and description of this species by the writer sev-
mt
rh
cc
inl e harbors. M
these species “ grow to great anes ss there. SS Co)
uncommon in thes ense ae s. We found new Sao for
some of the rare plants discovered in that region a year or so
s.
In passing, it may be of interest to note that the Cape Sable
region is quite a palm center—a meeting place for palms charac-
279
teristic of the north and of the south. For example, in it the
Roystonea) are tapering off northward. And so, facts of in-
terest might ed almost indefinitely.
Vines were a prominent feature in the Cape Sable region.
nm in flower were: milk-vine (Philabertella clausa)
wild-allamanda (Ure s lutea), wild-rub denia
batatifolia), morning-glories (Ipomoea Aaa and J. cathar-
tie h
The most interesting herb, growing alone with the mallow
(Kosteletzkya pentasperma), which is not known elsewhere this
side of the Gulf Stream, was a delicate Jerusalem-cherry (Phy-
et with corollas only a qua ae of an inch in diameter, with
my edges and a yellow “e
pee the crest of the ay wave of summer vegetation was
rt he
ng a d
confined to a natural plantation of seedling prickly-pears which
had been under observation for several years, and which proved
to represent Opuntia austrina.
Lack of time defeated our plans to spend a day on Big Pine
Coastal Plain’ at The New York Botanical Garden
e white sands of the one-time coastal duuee—new building
lots—opposite Miami still ae numbers of their native her-
: ; : ; .
under such circumstances. Of course, ordinary rootstocks an
280
roots often suffice, but there were two see aes -colored
plants in flower that have develop ed s special mi s for self-
period of about ten years. Both of these sand-lovers were in
sized by contrast with the v
s of and observations on other flowering plants were
made as time permitted.
he ubiquitous beggar-ticks (Coreopsis) of the marshes and
low pinelands was reinforced by an annual sunflower (Hel-
anthus floridanus) with its numerous yellow heads. In ne upi-
t Hobe S
year 1696.” In his account of their experiences along the Florida
coast, he records that
Hunger has so far prevailed over them, that feel could
eat with an appetite the Palmetto-Berries ; the Taste whereof was
at once irksome, and ready to take away the breath.’—Preface,
e€ ee
e Time after we a been in the house came in ae
0:
we could 7 but - the Pa alm- A tries we could not bear
Taste in our —Page 46.
7 God’s Protecting Providence, Man’s Surest Help ay ae in
Times of ae Difficulty and Most Imminent Dange Preface
-F 126 pa 1696.
281
Scattered among the € saw- palmetto were patches of the gopher-
s also in fruit, bearing
ed drupes. These are also edible and
f ds
ot th ole surfa
t of the deep green ieaves spangled with white starry
ae
In the coastal region of the mainland, at the lower end of the
water-shed. South-
amps
dominant ae of the flowers of these marshes seem
the summer two plants dominate—rose-purple,
i ies “star i iannans elegans) and a brilliant purple rela-
282
tive, Litrisa carnosa, mentioned on previous pages of this article.
ese plants grew so thickly placed in some parts of the flat-
woods and marshes that their inflorescences, sata of myriad
heads, produced a purple haze close to the gro
ith the change of the direction of Gees nae is a change
in the floristics. One prominent tree in the hammocks about the
interest was the discovery of an apparently new plum nus
on the old sand-dunes south of the mouth of the Sebastian River,
a locality where several ot ew species had already been dis-
covered. The exceptional pone of the dunes and the kitchen-
bitter-weed (Helenium setts olan) and heterotheca (Hetero-
theca subaxillaris).
Reluctantly passing by the upper Indian River region and the
anana River we drove on to the Halifax River, where we found
an additional station for the false- eng igs a
article.
blue s in the
crubby vegetation of the dunes; the one a fleshy spiderwort
283
(Tradescantia reflexa), the other a wiry twining vine, the butter:
a ‘ad th
y-pe radburya virginica). North of Ocean City we left ie
Dixie Highway a rove over the remains of the old King’s
ad to Saint Augustine. Four miles north of the southern pres-
ent the King’s Road we found zamia (Zamia umbrosa)
d of
This discovery added a little latitude to the northern limit of the
geographic range of this species
There is much high pineland and low en in this region,
k. ich border T m are
nd also hammocks which borde ks. These hammocks
quite different from ie of the coal region ceerene n
ammocks -gums (Liguidambar), black-gums
ae and
At Pellicer’s Creek, west o Meta we unexpectedly found
plenty of Zamia umbrosa, thus extending the known geographic
an
the range still further northward later on when we can explore
the immediate region of the coastwise lagoons.
is itinerary, with special references to the cacti - other
plants encountered, and incidental references to us side
issues, will give some idea of what was accomplis ned. du uring the
three weeks’ field work, in addition to bringing together ot in-
ury a
to light through the suggestions and codperation of Charles Deer-
ing. Mr. Deering’s former cactus plantation at Buena Vista,
284
Florida, served as a depository for the cacti as we brought them
2
a
2
3
a
=
ct
=>
o
°
»
a
S
c
a
ee
2
i=]
o
@
ct.
=
oO
=]
3
3
=
io
=e
oR
of the ee ae were made in time to be iaeleded in “ Pe
Cactac
THE CACTI OF THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN
As Known at THE BecINNING or THIS CENTURY
‘(Stated in the nomenclature of today)
Hy Locereus FLORIDANUS s. pen. Fla. & Keys
ACANTHOCEREUS UNDATUS s. pen. Fla, & Keys
HArrisla SIM PSONIL s. pen. Fla. & Keys
CEPHALOCEREUS KEYENSIS 1, Fla. Keys
OPUNTIA (Curassavicae) peu y oye N. C-Fla.
( Tortispinae) Oru: Mass~Fla.
(Dillentanae) Diciewir s. pen. Fla. & Keys
THE CACTI OF THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN
As Known rin 1918
YLOCEREUS UNDATUS . pen. Fla. & Keys
ACANTHOCEREUS FLORIDANUS = pen. Fla. & Keys
HAarriSIA SIMPSONIT s. pen. Fla. & Keys
CEPHALOCEREUS KEYENSIS 1. Fla. Keys
OPpuNTIA (Curassavicae) DrumMMonpit N. Cn. Fla.
(Tortispinae) | MACRARTHRA S. C. coast
OPUNTIA Mass.—Fla.
sah a S. C-Fla.
pen. Fla.
(Dillentanae) Dit tewi s. pen. Fla. & Keys
?BeNnTONI a. Fla,
PERESKIA PERESKIA s. pen. Fla.
8“ The Cactaceae,” by N. L. Britton and J. N. Rose. 1919-1923.
285
THE CACTI OF THE EASTERN COASTAL PLAIN
As Known Topay
SELENICEREUS CONIFLORUS
PTERANTHUS
Hy.ocereus UNDATUS
ACANTHOCEREUS FLORIDANUS
Harrisia ABORIGINUM
IMPSONII
FRAGRANS
CEPHALOCEREUS on -RINGIL
‘YENSIS
Opuntia Euopuntia (Curassavicae) hee CTA
Dr bode no
TRA
IM ner
ee PISCIFORMIS
(Tun EBURNISPINA
(0. Hind
(Tortispinae) MACRARTHRA
OPUNTIA
PoLLarpt
ae sp.
-
Candescibed sp.
(undescribed s
AUSTRINA
(undescribed sp.
(Ammo philae) oe
(Dillenianae) hold
STI
DILLENu
INDHEIMERI
?BENTONII
TUNOIDEA
oe
(Elatiores) ZEORINA
CF fcusin dic ae) E US-INDICA
(Leucotrichae) pounce:
Cries (Brasilienses) BRASILIENSIS,
Cons
PERESKIA
RHIPSALIS.
PERESKIA
CASSUTHA
. Fla. —exot.
x pen. Fla. & Keys
s. Den, Fla. & Keys
—exot.
—Ga.
Del Fla —Ala.
) Cape pale. Fla.
A
) tie. Fla. coast
p.) ne. Fla.
pen. Fia.
) s. Fla. coast
pen. Fla.
s. pen. Fla. & Keys
Coastal Ga. & Fla.
—tTro
S.
N. C. coast—exot.
Ameli Fila.
en. Fla.
Big Pine Key, Fla.
Joun K. Smatt.
286
THE CULTIVATION OF WILD FLOWERS AND FERNS?
r every activity by lovers of our wild flowers and ferns
aa that the procedure is either complicat 2d or difficult.
i s of
best way to learn is to to the woods and fields during grow-
ing season and acquire the desired information at first hand—a
ul
are confined to notably beautiful sorts that are easily grown and
1 Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical
Garden on October 3, 1925
287
on atinige By making suitable selections from amon,
the:
and abundant bloom from April until November
PLANTING AND AFTER-CARE
Most herbaceous plants should be set in the ground so the
crown, or the junction of stem and roots, is not more than a half-
should be laid u pon be do of loose, woodsy earth, pressed in
_ Un less - soil is moist, give newly set plants a ihosoueli water-
g; and see to it that they do not lack water while becoming
ee piiea ee during dry weather thereafter.
Success Deprnps CHIEFLY UPON THE SOIL
The most important difference between the cultivation of ordi-
nary garden flowers and wild flowers lies in the character and
treatment of the soil. Manure and commercial fertilizers,
g.
ecause of chemical variations in wild soils and their impor-
tance in the eae of wild plants, I have arranged my lists in
288
‘soil’ groups and specified the kind of soil with which all the
plants of each group should be provided if they are to be success-
fully grown.
Species marked with a * can be obtained of most large dealers
in hardy perennials. The others can be bought of dealers who
specialize in native plants, or may, most of them, be collected
from the woods and fields.
GRouP I
_ Species which require soil of noticeable but not intense acidity.
uous trees. Avoi at under pines, hemlocks ai t er-
For plants preferring a moist, sunny location, use o
part of this woods hum two parts of field or pasture top-
soil. For those preferring a dry sunny spot, use equal parts of
humus, top-soil, and sand.
(a) Species preferring moist shade
Canada Mayflower, Afaianthemum canadense.
Ass Anemone, Anemone quinguefolia.
artridge-berry, Mitchella repens.
eat ie Shield-fern, Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum.
Species preferring dry shade
* Wood Lily, Lilium philadelphicum.
(c) Species preferring moist sun
* Turk’s-Cap Lily, Liliwin superbum.
Meadow Beauty, Rhexia virginica.
Bluets or Quaker Ladies, Houstonia caerulea.
Royal Fern, Osmunda regalis.
(d) a es a oaene dry sun
Star Grass, Hypoxis hi hir
Double-bristled Aster, Aster linariifolius.
0
Species which will not thrive in noticeably acid soil or in soil
that contains much lime. Mix two parts of. good garden loam
289
that has been manured, but not for two or three seasons, with an
equal quantity of woods humus
h id
and the mixture will be about
right. voi
mus from under oaks as well as that from under
evergreens. For mele plants add one part san
(a) Species preferring moist shade
* Large White een Trillium grandiflorum.
Trout Lily, Erythronium americanum.
Spring Beauty Beanies virginica.
* Liverwor eh triloba.
Dutchman’s Breeche » Dicenira Cucullaria.
top
Ostrich Fern, Onoclea Siaiiopien
b) Species ede a shade
- ea elguil oe
eats e Phlox, 4 divaricata,
co = lerian, Po. cE emonium reptans.
* Harebell, Cae rotundifolia.
DS PEIS pre tli moist sun
of Parnassus, Parnassia caroline:
(d) Species preferring dry sun
Wild Pink, Silene pennsylvanica.
Group
Species which are indifferent as regards soil acidity but
f
tidious as to texture, moisture, and exposu Those preferring
290
shade, either moist or dry, should have a soil mixture of good
g a moist, nee location, but sand should be added for
those preferring dry
(a) Species preferring moist shade
Foam oe Tiarella cordifolia.
Wild Geranium, Geranium maculatum.
* White caekemne Eupatorium urticaefolium.
(b) Species preferring dry shade
* Crested Iris, Tris crista
38
pubescens.
Christmas Fern, apie acrostichoides.
Evergreen Wood-fern, Aspidium marginale.
(c) oe preferring moist sun
icolor,
ly Fer cae ee Fi ee ocmnde
Triereupted Fern, Osmunda Claytoniana.
ea preferring dry sun
* Wild Lupine, ae Ss perennis.
icosa.
Various Golden-rods, Soidagais spps. Select for form and color.
Various Asters, Aster spps. Select for form and color.
Hersert Duranp.
Bronxvitue, N.Y.
291
SMALL GARDEN COMPETITION UNDER AUSPICES
OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, 1926
A. Purpose —The keynote of this competition is to popularize
aaa tee in the treatment of small (one man or woman) gar-
with a maximum of taste and a minimum of expense. This
ne he ay constantly in mind by all competitors.
n Competition.—The sonneeee is open to all persons,
‘etesion or amateur, other than landscape architects and em-
w
Copies of this program may be obtained at The New Yo 7
Botanical Garden or will be mailed on request.
iges—The first prize is $100 cash. The New York Botan-
Summer
notice which may be posted in or on the prize garden referred
to in the preceding paragraph.
of Award.—The jury will consist of three distin-
merica, one nominated by The Federated Garden Clubs of New
York State, and one by The New York Botanical Gar
F. Conditions—(1) The plot to be covered is 40 x et
se dimensions must ‘ strictly observed. All plans must be
scaled 14 inch to the foo
2) No competitor may submit more than one plan
(3) Plans oe be rendered in ink on mounted drawing paper,
size of sheet 13 x 18’ Color may be indicated but no perspec-
tive, picture, or emery will be considered. If, however, a
fence, pergola, or other construction is contemplated and can not
be easily described, a simple sketch sufficient to indicate the idea
may be submitted.
292
(4) Every plant, shrub, etc., must be given a key number and
its position clearly located on the plan.
5) The character of all material employed must be plainly in-
dicated on the plan, which may also describe any special purpose
as the garden is intended to serve, such as “Front Yard,”
“ Back Yard,” or ‘ Suburban Garden.”
(6) Each plan must be accompanied by a legible specification
of all poet or shrubs employed, detailing the color, quantity, and
ferred. Regard must be had for maintaining a succession of
n
as the keynote and with due consideration of climatal conditions.
a
suggested which renders highly skilled labor imperative. In con-
sidering cost, the jury will assume that all plants are to be de-
velo eee is cuttings, roots, divisions, bulbs, or seeds to mini-
mize e
"The winning plans (1st, ue and 3rd prizes) shall be the
sole and exclusive property of The New York Botanical nore
nee shall own the copyright, spas: rights, and every o
right and title connected therewith.
If full postage be included for that purpose, unsuccessful plans
will be returned. But all plans submitted are wholly at the
senders’ risk and The New York Botanical Garden assumes no
before 12 o'clock ots fof the first jay of March,
plan received after that day and Niel will be ea
II. Plans must be addressed t
Prize Garden Competition,
The New York Botanical og
Bronx Park, New York C
The wrapper must have no name or ee identifying the
sender.
III. Each plan must be forwarded flat (not rolled or folded).
To it there must be firmly attached a plain, sealed, opaque en-
293
velope containing the name and address of the sender. No iden-
be opened until the jury shall have rendered its decision.
INDEX TO
Abbott, W.
Abela’ ee 82
Acanthocereus 272, 278; aborigi-
num 285; floridanus 272, 277,
278, 284, 285; fragr. 285; pen-
tagonus 220; nit 285
4,
pe avid 277
Accessions, see New York Botan-
ical Gard en
Acer Negundo 114; platanoides
115; rubrum 64, 85; saccharinum
85°
Actinospermum 256
dams, Edward poner 208
Addisonia 89
Adiantum neato 289
Afzelia 257
Agalinis 243, 257, 275
Aglaonema marantifolium 63
Ailanthus 245
Albizzia Julibrissin 242
Aletris 277
Aleuritis Fordii 81
Allamanda ou cat age 84
ee us aay Alnus 85; incana 85;
a 85; ‘inet 1
Alpine. “Fewer rs
Mountains 87
Alsine oo 252; media 183
Aly:
ora
of the Rocky
axatile 260
retro-
flexus a
Ambiirion cea 114
Ambrosia elatior 18
wees ens European influ-
; Oaks, The 205
rmericaa’ Dahlia Society 208; In-
eae of the City of New York
; Iris Bead The 135, 198
189
rena Shen ist, The
Davidiana 80
cal American plants
. The huckleberry
family i i n the 31
André oo
from the
Duplicates
VOLUME 26
Anemone quinquefolia 288
he 163
An He eg 183; palestina 202
Anthop 35
pete a
Aquilegia canadensis 289
Apples, Sa on in
pinosa
Argemone ieenede
Arthur, J. C. 115, 136, a
Arundinaria nitida 82; tecta 242
Arzberger, E. i 233
Asaron canaden 103
pote pulchta 243; tuberosa
Aspara agus plumosus 84
spidium ted di 290; spinulo-
sum dilatat
a
Aster linariifolius 289; Novi-Belgii
Act colors 230
Axonopus compressus 85
Azalea indica 8
Azurea grandiflora 207
Babcock, Ernest 16
Babylon Loe ‘Gardens 191
Baccharis 266,
Bailey, L. H.
Bannwart Carl Shade trees, the
n6
88
B el R.
aaa John Hendley, 15, 43,
90, 118, 20
ene Piva: Fi fis
eouueuse: 77
Barrett, Otis W. 97
Bartram, John 118
Bates, CL. 9
atrachospermum 120
Bauhinia 81
Beach, Chester 136
295
eal, [W. J.] 3
ro R. Kee a 6
Becker, H. W. 15, 262
House plants and their care
5
ee cent during 1924, with
ton, K. R. 62
Bedford Restate, E. T. 191
efaria racemosa 270, 274
e m4
We Hollick, A.
Publicati tions during 1924 66
Bicknell, Eugene Pintard 88, 194,
195
Bicknell pds taihie aa 193
Bicuculla Cucullar
233
ciden 267
Blepharilots oe ey Blephari-
, 246; ciliaris 245, 246;
ree a
Blodgett, F. H.
Higomine of the Jaffodils, First
Books from the librar
ia University 233; Pri on
University 233; Rutgers College
233
Botanical Garden, Spring flowers
in the 1
14
eee in the Colombian
An
Botany and tee of Porto
Rico and the Virgin Is i nds 97
Botany, oe influe ces in
American 102
Bower, F. O. 233,
Bowles, FE. Augus 7.
» 233
Boynton, Kenneth R Id, 15, 43,
62, 92, 97-09, 162, 208, 262
First blooming of the daffo-
dils 121
Flowers for spring gardens
131
es for the summer gar-
Planting flower seeds 61
eri during 1924 .
63; ee ecker, H. W.
Tulip
Boy scouts the 77
Brachiaria plantaginea 2
Brachythecium Taaprocieyseitth
Bradburva 245, 256; virginiana
Beige: - Ezra e
Brassica nigra
ee set of emia plants
134: collecting grasses in
ae nia nivosa 69
Britton, Elizabeth G. 43, 63, 97,
100
A freak of the mountain
el 18
Gentiana crinita 40
Publications during 1924 63,
Britton, N. L. 41, 43, 58, 64, 91,
129, 162, 190, 218, 220, 221,
233
Botany and horticulture a
Porto ea and the Virgi
Islands 97
Publications cane 1924 64;
with Wilson, P. 6.
Resignation a Doctor Mur-
rill. 13
The eneian oaks 205
6
The Pine The collection
of evergreen trees I
Third grant from income of
the Charles Budd Robinson
memorial fund 195
— pee e, J. N. The Tree-
s of the West Indies
a
Bromus secalinus 183
Bronx Pa ee ,
Bronx River 2,
Bronx Riv yer 2 The New York
Botanical Garden 58
r River Parkwa
Brozek, Arthur 93
Brush, D. V. 98
297
Sie Col. 189
yant, Miss 188, 189
ryum 72
acho! z, Joh 233
uchnera elongata 270
a Nae 18-2:
ci angustifolia 273
ne Ege 183
yrnesia Weinbergi 98
Cacti in the Eastern Coastal
Plain, Gathering oe 265
I; ramosus
Camping and ance in Chile
III
Cancers, Plant
Candolle, Aiea Pyramus de
220
Capparis spinosa 202
Capriola Dactylon 271
Cardiosper rmum es 27t
ae ue ccidentalis 156; Tora 258,
Ge 87
Castalia 243, 281
Catalpa 246, 253
aterpillar, The tent 73
vendishia 34; acuminata 34;
cordifolia 34; paniculata 34;
pubescen
Display Greentouse :
vator: A Ran No.
9, 61, The
Cephalocereus Deering 285; key-
35; Mandoni 35; ser-
a 35
Cae 218; paniculatus 221; nu-
8; ulo:
diflorus 217, 218; undul sus 220
Chaetochloa lutescens 183
hamaecrista 242, 267, 274; as-
pera 269; fasciculata 251
Chace 266
Chamberlain, Edward Blanchard
44
ate
bate Tes Taha 15
ceo Carlos E. ne a 116, 136
ve Be Robinson Memorial
und, Third grant from income
the a
crete. Patrick Daly and Maria
Lydig Daly ae The 161
Charles, Pile Iter
Chase, Agnes, ‘ccliceting grasses
ae ie 96
Cicaopedini album 183
ae Camping and collecting in
Chiscuces alba 266, 279
Chionodoxa gigantea 86; Luciliae
. 7
a, nudata 270
16
Chrysler, M.
Chrys sopsis mariana 289
Cicuta 243, 257
Cirsium 248
Cissampelos
Cladoniae 281
lark, C. F, with Stout, A. B.
i & 1924 70
ae virginiana 2
lia
25
lum, Harold H. 99, 2
Coccoiobis laurifolia eee Uvifera
eae 279; argentea 69
Cocculus 14
oker, W. C. 23
Colchicum pet ae
Collecting grasses in 196
cti Brazil
ollecting in Chile, Camping and
IIE
Collection of ae trees, The
Pinetum, The
Collectors (see aise Donors and
Exchanges)
Britton, N. L. and Mrs, N. L.
Goeldi, André a 22
P
Steven , F. L.
Colombian Andes, Bounvae in
the 132
Colt, R. C. 19r
298
Commelina 273
Commicit. Notes, News and 15,
43, 92, 115, 135, 162, 190, 208,
232, 262
Conf fe)
ee att
and repstered students of The
ped ork Botanical Garden 15,
Conte chee on flower and fru
sterility, Preliminary hotice of
41
a proposed international
Conradina grandiflora 278
Conservatory e No. 1
Corylus americana 85; Avellana
85; pontica o aba 85
Coulter, Jenn Mt 2, 234
Cousins, a z 15
Cover, ee
Cowdry, Edr a Vincent 117
Cowdry, Nathaniel Sian
II
Cowdry, Thomas 117
The, Pee a traits
oe ‘piflorus 86; Susianus 86;
Tommasinianus 86; vernus 86
ptozo6n Bassleri 22
Caltivation [ wild flowers and
ferns, The
Cultus of Tris, The develop-
ent and 129
Gants. Jl.G7
Cyperus articulatus 257; brunneus
maa e Contei 275; tetragonus
ee utes fragilis 289
Daffodils,
121
Daffodils, Narcissi, or 127
Dahlia Border, The 191, 264
Dahlia Day 26.
Dahliadel Nurset rie
Daly Fund, The Charles Patrick
First blooming of the
Daly and Maria ae 161
Darnell, W.L. W.
Darwin, Charles 22 26
Datura 84; Stramonium 277
Davis, L. N. 191
Day: ilies, New 169
Dearnessia ‘Apocyii 23
Decodon 2
Deering, Charles 242
Degener, Otto 71, 162
Dendrocereus ar8, 220, 221; nudi-
bs a 0 oe sus 218-220
Hdrop
Densl pee ote ee t M. 15, 195
peer diphylla 289; laciniata
Benes aculeata 2
ee ae a poe of the
Iris, The
Deceiooment of greenhouses, The
history and
Dicentra Cucullaria 289
eos Swamp of Virginia, The
Dispe rsal of seed:
Bistebutors Gee ae “Calecor,
and Exc es)
w am oi
119
ei eon Meadia 289
Dodge, William E. 2
Dodonaea jamaicensis 252, 274
Donors (see also Collectors and
xchanges)
WwW
ng
s . W. 24
Bailey, John W. 2
Bailey, L. H. 22,
Garrett, ‘A. O. 23
Harper, R. M.
Henderson, W. C. 22, 24
Hollick, A. 120
Johnson, Ale S. 22
Lloyd, C. G. 2
Small, ae K. 24
Sturgis, W. C. 22-24
Taylor, ee Randolph 22
al
Wiela
Doty, Alfre
Duranta Plumieri 83
Early ae flowers in the Gar-
den
Pee Coastal ae Gathering
cacti in the 241, 26
fee Mary E. 163, 8
Le atte 217
Eggleston, W. W. 12, 93
Elephantopas goa 256
es 271
iliaca "36: hyemalis 86;
T g
Erechtites hieracifolia 183
Erica carnea 86
Eriocaulon decangulare 253
3
americanum I1I4,
grandiflorum 68
Etonia 149
Eucalyptus 253
Eupatorium 100, 242, 246, 248, 253,
267; capillifolium 251, 267; mi-
kanioides 269, 271; urticaefol-
jum 290
Eu cree maculata 183
corte influences in American
otal
+ W
pinecaa,
Evolution, How to think about 157
Evonymus radicans 83
Exchanges (see ales: Collectors
and Donors
Academy of — Sciences,
Philadelphia 121
2, 2
Bartram, “Edwin B. 22
Bethel, Ellsworth 23
Bureau of Plant Industry,
‘Washingt on, D. C. 21, 120
Cockerell, T. D. A. 2
Cornell University 119
Geole gical Say of Canada
a ard University 24
Hioram, Brother 24
Holzinger, J. M. 22, 23
Leén, Brother 22, 23
Lloyd,
Merrill, 23
Macbride, T. i. 119
National Herbarium of Can-
ada 120
National Museum of Mexico
I
Lee ee Museum,
Pan
United States Depart t of
Agriculture 21, 24
United States National Mu-
m fer I 20
Weber, red F. 2
Ezra Brainerd 12, 13
Fag
Fairchild ee . a
a II
4; aurea Seo. repens 84;
"Stahl 99
Fink, (Bruce 93
f +h
Fisher
daffodil
& Masson I91
Fisher, Ae Clyde 43, 117
Fitzpatrick, H. 13
Elaveria linearis 278, 282
Hen e Old an : New as
sh Now light on the
Florida, Ornamental plants of
Gainesville 80
Flower seeds, Planting 61
Flowers and . erns, “The cultiva-
tion of wil
Flowers for ee gardens 131
oe for the home eae 259
Hew s for the summer garden
Bicaeis in the Botanical Garden,
Spring 11
Flowers in the Garden, Early
spring
Flowers of the Rocky Mountains,
Alpine 8
Flushing Dahlia abn The 191
Fogg, John M. 2
Forestiera perloe 266
thia 86
191
Freak of the mountain laurel, A
18
Frick, Chi
Friedhof, ce
Fringed eatin. “the oo 261
Froelichia 258; floridana 274
Frullania
Fungi and ieee 10
Gager, C. oo
How ae nar evolution
Galactia 256
Galanthus Elwesii 86; nivalis 86
rber, Abram Paschall 51
arber,
Garberia francesa 147
Garden competition under aus-
N York
259; Flowers for the summer
20
Garden, Work in the Iris Test
198
Gardenia florida 8
, Flowers on spring 131
LL. 16, 136
3
Gathering cacti in the Eastern
ee Plain 241, 265
Gelsemium semper s 83
Geney library purchase, oe 90
Gentiana Andrewsii 289; crinita
39, 40
Gentian, The fringed 38, 261
300
Geobalanus oblongifolius 281
Geology of The New York Bo-
tanical Garden, The
Geranium maculatum 290
Gilbert, E. M. 92, 93, 136
Girl Scouts, The 77
Gleason, H. A. 15, 92, 207, 232,
262, 263
set of Gardner's plants
from Brazil 134
and the Javanese peo-
fe
Publications during 1924 65;
ee oore, B., Richards,
H a Stout, A. B. 65
The dispersal ot al 222
Glechoma hedera
Gordonia Wena erre
Gracilaria lacinulat
Grasses in ee il, Collecting 196
Gray, Alice A. 137
Gray, Asa 106, 3 137, 188, 189
P. 9
Gymnadeniopsis integra 246
Gyrotheca tinctoria 271, 275
Habazeleth Hasharon 202
Habenaria 269; Habenaria 269
all H. or
. M. 93
Hall of Fame, The New York
University 136, 1
Harnarelie japonica 85; mollis 85;
vernal is 86; virginiana 86
Harding, John 191
Ha- Reuben, Ephraim 44, 92,
ew light on the flora a the
“Sid and New Testaments
noe s. H. Publications dur-
ing 1924 | es
Har
arnessin : Can bot
ists colve the motor: fuel ob
lem? 16
Harper, Robert A. 15, 135, 233,
234
Te Roland M. 263
Harris vue fragrans 277; Simp-
soni
Harris, a Rote 93
Hastings, G. T. =
Hastings, or, T. Camping
and collecting | in Chile 111
Hawthorne Public School No, 7
76
Hazen, Tracy E, 92
Botanizing in the Colombian
Andes 132
ses 290; tenui-
s debilis 278; floridanus
Helcsonas viridis 8
emer 169, 170, 172, 174,
177; aurantiaca 170, 171, 173-
175, 177; aurantiaca major 173.
174; citrina 170; Dumortierii
170, 175; flava 169, 170, 173-175;
fulva 169, 170, 172-175, 177, 178
ulva maculata 170; or 170;
Thunbergii 170, 173-1
Hemlock Forest 58
Hemlock e southern distribu-
nae of the
atica Hepatica 86; triloba 289
Hererothece subaxillaris 252, 282
Hibiscus 37; ellatus 278; in
conus - 33 ae sinens 83
Hicoria 14, 246; floridana 274
Hieracium 248
istory and development of
greenhouses, The oa
Hitchcock, Mrs. Lu W. 200
ae Arthur 15, a 162, IQI,
re
Se
eee ates flora from
age ey in British
Paves ee 1924 65;
ange erry, E. bee 66
ae a Swamp of Vir-
The "Gealogy of The New
ork, The 4
Horicukure oe Poe Rico and
ae Virgin (ead. Bony and
en Eugenio Carlos de and
Sefiora 99
House plants and their care 59
301
Houstonia caerulea 115, 288
- evolution 157
How a think abo
Howe, Clifton
Howe. Bae ‘ os 15, 92, 117,
+ 207, 262
Bara "Brainerd 1
Mecpete during 1924 66
161
Hen :
Hod family in the Andes.
Tropical eee rican plants at
homes Macy e 31
Hu, H. H.
Hylocereus cloridanus 284; unda-
284, 2
277,
Hymenocallis. caymanensis
7
Hy pericum fasciculatum 253
Hypolepis an
Hypomyces Lactifluorum 23
H ypopitys “nsignata 89
Hypoxis bie ta 288
Hyss sop 2
Tlex 246; ete He ta
Tec and fun
i aces flora an Kootenay
lley ritish Columbia, An
Tet eeseeal conference on flower
and fruit sterility, Preliminary
notice of a pro I
cathartica
Pes-Caprae 269, 271: sagit-
27
fresine ogee 266
Tris cr
K
Test eae Work in ae ae
In s, The ae nt andc
of the
Isotoma longidors 65
ae oe
L
Jeffersonia diphytla T15
Joh , Fritz 16
108 n Th Ries Kane Memorial Fund
Johnston Ivan M. 15, 93, 233
Jones, Edvard N. 93
Uae :
Jost, Wim. So
Juglans 24
Kalmia 105; eee 187-189; lati-
‘olia mo 187; latifolia
polypetala ey 188
Kearney, Thomas H. 93
ase Arthur P. 93
Kennedy & Sone W. W. 191
Killip, [E. P.] 72
Kirkwood, J. 93
eee pentasperma 279
Kra: . P. 98
Laciniaria 270; hapmanii 271
79; elega » 278, 279, 281;
Garberi 269; gracilis 279; pauci
ora 258; tenuifolia 256, 279
Lagerstroemi oe 7
Langworthy,
ngw
Lantana a 84; Sellowicna 249
Laurel, A freak of the mountain
18)
aurocerasus caroliniana 82
Lectures, Public 42, 92, 161, 207,
232,
Lederer, Lester S. 200
Lehning, Daniel 76
Leman 120
the Li br fary 0 of Mr
ugene P. Bicknel
sented by Mrs. eal 192
as Pace from
ee
Botanical Garde den,
45
Lilie
Tiles ny day 169
Lilium 70, 203; auratiith
m 204; ca
adense 289; Catesbaei 243, 270;
philadelphicum 288; speciosum
243; cardinalis 290; Kal-
ioe syphilitica 289
302
Local
1 Herbarium 195
Lonicera fragrantissima 86; Stan-
dishii
opez, seas Pommeiee 98
Loring, Katharine P. 137
Lowe, Mrs. erg. L. 93
R.
Low, re
Dann Andrew
Lupinus diffusus ce perennis 290
Lychnis Githago 18
ycium ca janum 2
yeopodium 71; annotinu
cernuum 71; clavatum 71; com-
planatum 71; obscurum 71;
pachystachyon 71
Macleania 35
MacClement, W. T.
Macmillan, H. G. 16
i 46; Sona 2573
16
arpa a 26; Pace 26; Ringo sub-
lobata 26: Sargentii 27; Sie-
boldii 28; sylvestris 26, 28;
Toringo 26
°
Malva potandifolia 183
Malvaviscus
r
Cha:
Marshall, eal phrey 118, 119
Marshall, 191
Maxon, wet R ‘90, 2 217
Maxwell, French T. and Mrs. 100
eibomia 242
be oe
a
Memorial Fund, John Innes Kane
Memorial Fund, Third grant from
e€
incom a the Charles Buud
Robinson 195
Mentzelia eee 266
errill, E. D. - 195
Mertensia virginica 289
Meteorology for the year 1924 17
pees for December (1924)
7; January 44; February 94;
arch 94; April 139; May 139;
June 164; July 211; August 211;
September 234; October 26,
Meyerhoff, Howa 02
Micranthes virginiensis 115
Microspota cra
Mikania petal lia 279
Miller, 3
Milliot, Louis vi
Mitchella repens 288
Mit iphylla 289
Monarda 107, 2.
Monarda fistulosa 65; punctata 251
Moor e, Barringto Richards,
Herbert M., Glescon: H.A.,an
ut, A. B. Publicati ons “dur-
ing 1924 oe
oore, ie T. Channing 136
Morus 242, 282
Mountain ‘laurel, A freak of the
187
Miller, Willy 170
Munz, Philip 7 be 93
Murphy, Ty Un
Murrill, W. A oramenel plants
of Gainesville, Florida 80
ete during 1924
The trees of St. Augustine 36
Murrill, william A, Resignation
of Doc
Murray, Mr. oe
Muscari azureum 86
Myrica cerifera 82
Nama corymbosa 283
Narcissi, or daffodils ae
0. °
Narcissus collection 12
Narcissus Day 1
NEUE jon lla 127; poeticus
: iy satbus 127; Tazetta
Nash, George V. 149
National Geographic Magazine,
The 1
Nechodoma, Antonin 98
Nelson, Peter 195
Nelumbo 243; nucifera 179
Neoabbottia pa ata 221
ls whold, F reder c R. 41
New day in 160
New Jersey Agricolvaral Experi-
ment Stations 191
New light o nthe ave of the Old
an New. Tes nts 200
News, and Cae Notes 15,
115, 135, 162, 190, 208,
232, 262
New York Hed oa Experi-
ment Station 2
New York Botaical arden (see
also Collectors, Distribu-
tors, Donors, hanges
and Purchases)
1, 16, 41, 59, 77, 91, 92, 117,
122, 128, 134, 135, 137, 139,
161, 170, 178, 198, 3,
234, 242, 2
Accessions
, & 19, 45) 139, 192
and Herbarium
cont, Notes 13, 71, 90
ae powee ae 264
Hem 58
Tris Cent
ue 42, 02, 161, 207, 232,
ihetecrdiony 17, 44, 94, 139,
ee 211, 234, 264
Not N
arden
are garden comneduea un-
uspices of the, 1926
The ae eology of the
nee ae oe tate Con cwaden
Nierembergia ivulatig 69
Nictoe 269
Noble, M Mis sse 08
North ‘American te 13, 115
Norton, gor F,
he fringed ae 38, 261
oy S. 16
otes, News, ant Ce a 15,
43, 92, I15, 135, 162, a 208,
232, 262
Nymphaea 243, 253
Nyssa 283
nnis 183: futicosa
90
Okenia hypogaea 280
304
Oliver, Andres and Sefiora 100
Ty
285; ammophila 248, 255, 277,
280, 285; austrina 278, 279, 284,
2883 Bentonii 284, 285; brasilien-
285; cantabridigicnsis 244,
aoe Dillenii 252, 2 » 277.
278, 284, 285; Drummondii 244,
284, 285; rnispina 272, 285;
251, 285; keyensis 272, 285; lata
248, 258, 5; leucotricha 277,
285; Lindheimeri 285; macrar-
thra 284, 285; ae 248,
285; nitens : oe
285; ia 284, Beep
ciformis 249, 285: Pol lardi ae
284, 285; stricta 246-248, 252,
285; Tracyi 246-249, 251, 285;
272, "28 5
Ornamental plants of Gainesville,
Florida 80
Ornitho galum 260
Osthorrhynichiam oe 70
ton, C. R. 136, 2
a
unda amome
ce
mle Pe The fe debe
tion of the hemlock 58
phere = oe
Oxyden 243
Oxypolis filiformis 251, 270
IQE, 232, 233
Palmer, Lowell M.
Panicum fuscum Se hemitomon
aris, Mrs.
Parnassia caroliniana So
Parry, C. C. 264
Parthenocissus 243; quinquefolia
266
iflora incarnata 245
244
, ELA, Ss. (it . Wheeler
74, 86, 92, oe 200, 207
Flowers for the home garden
259
Narcissi, or oe 127
Wo ian 2 the Iris Test Gar-
103
Perry, ae T. i 208, 233
Petalostemon carneus 258, 267;
Feayi 267, 274; gracilis 258
Peziza earn
Phaethu 273
Philabertella clau 9
Phlebotenia Cowell 101
Phlox divaricata 289; subulata
184, 131
Physalis 279; angulata 271; Elli-
ottii 272
Pine forest, The western yellow
16.
snes claytonense
Pin The collection of ever-
Hees trees,
Pinus es ee
gida 66; Torre
clausa 147,
eyana 264
ma Sa 120
Planting flower eee 61
Plant cancers 112
Plants and their care, Hou
Plants at home—IV. The hace!
berry family in the Andes, Trop-
ical American 31
Plants concerned in the formation
of
olemoniu 28
Polygala Sues eole 280
Polygonella brachystachya 273;
oles 2 °7
Polygo Hydropiper 18.
Pole cichunt ode 290;
falcatum 8
Pontederia 257
PB otentilla 1 montana IT5
Potts, George C. 93
Populus 43 Bila 244; ote 85
- and the Virgin Islands,
“Bo Saad ihorticultace °
Porto Rico and the American Vir-
gin Islands 124
Portulaca eyeeeraeay
Preliminary notic of ‘a “proposed
international conn rence
flower and fruit sterility 41
Prindle, Franc ite 16
a ae 282; serrulat halinen.
115; serrulata "Yochino 1s:
subhirtella 115
Psamisia 32, 33; oe 33,
34; sclerophylla
Pseudacorus 130
P Seats Baileyi 71
Psidiu
Pu bheation: ot the staff, scholars,
and students of the New York
Botanical arden during the
year
Public Lectares during January
ee a ary I4; March and
Tay
rau ford pee 161;
ber and October 207; Novem
ber 232; December and Janie
ary 262
naria eer cre azurea
114; saccharata
Pulsatilla Halteri or
urchased (see A Scene
onors, and Exchanges)
Mille, Louis 120
Quercus 147, 20
Catesbae
coccifera
virginiana 266,
, FL P. ror
Quinby,
246, 281,
5, 283;
€1 253, 281;
cinerea 253;
lusitanica 202;
282
Rabell, Narciso too
au, Eu o - 16
Resignation of Doctor Murrill 13
Rhabdadenia “biflo ta 279
Sg Hystrix 23
Rhexia 243, 270, 7753 virginica 288
Rhipsalic ‘assuth ae
hododendr brad
eee B. L. 136, 137
Robinson, C. B. 195
Robinson, Ralph T. 116
305
Rockefeller oe for Medical
Research
Rock Garden
Ree Mountains Alpine flowers
e 87
(ree-cactuses of the
21
Roystonea 279; regia 255
Bache bie h 7 re triloba 65
3
1. The
West Indies
Rusby, H. H. 92, 135, 208
Publications sey 1924 67
Tropical Ameri
home—IV.
peas family in the An
What people drink and why
Reca 203
Rusk, Hester M., Conference
notes for March 90
Rydberg, P. 15, 43, 91, 162, 208
7
Publications during 1924 68
Sabal 279; Etonia 149, 150, 257,
275; ee he Bare aes
ee oe
147
Sabal PE tonia, The scrub-palmetto
145
Sabbatia Elliottii 270
Sabina 246; silicicola 266
Sageretia minutiflora 252
St. Augustine, The trees of 36
Salix caprea elliptica 85; discolor
24; gracilistyla 85
Salvia cinea 25
Saale canadensis 82
San Ruth D. 1
ers 5
Saneuinaria canadensis 115, 290
Sapindus 81; ee 82
iS) Ailes tae
aS 51, 190
Savage, E. M. 116
Schilling, Col. F. A. 94
Schmaltzia crenata 114
306
and studen The
York Botanical an
during the eed 1924. Publica-
ons of the oe 62
Sone: E.
i E. i. Sous observa-
n the growth of poplars
ede
Snrscee Carl 162
aires ‘staff and registered stu-
pe uf —o Conference
as bitelia 86. sibirica 86; sibi-
rica alb
. 200
to —— Sabal
ce}
Scrub-palm Etonia,
he 145
Seaver, F. J. 43, 161, 163, 262
Fi i 10
ad:
disp
Seeds: Their tricks neh ere 178
Selaginella funiformis 281
Boece ee coniflorus
ant. 285
are “incompatibility in wild spe-
apple
285; pter-
Greus: Ba
Soa repens 51,
271, 275, 280
Bela Witham
Set of Gardner's Oats from Bra-
145, 147,
il, A ©.
Sewall, Harold I. and Mrs. 98
trees, the companions of
Shera evaerore 11S, 137
Shull, George H. ie
Silene pe caaculva
Silk-top Meee ae parvi-
Publica
tions during 1924
Silk- a + paseye ial par-
viflor
The Bicknell ico 193
The scrub-pal -— Sabal
onia are
Small, John W. 242
Smilacina racemosa 290
Smilax 203
So ieee 68
Solidago 242, 248;
271; Chapmanii 251,
fistulosa 282
Some observations on the growth
of poplars 14
a plants concerned in the for-
an ae oal 54
angustifolia
270, 278;
Soahe 36
So eee distebotion of the hem-
lock, The
Southwick, E “7 92; Publications
during 1924 69
Species of ae Self-incompati-
2 pele in ue ild 2
See Cart 170
Spring flowers in the Botanical
Garden 114
Spring gardens, Flowers for 131
Spruce, Douglas, War-memorial
grove of 2, 3
Stahl, Agustin IOI
Stahlia monosperma IOI
Stapf, O. 16
Staples, Rosalie
State peieeieing ‘Station at
neva, New York 25, 162,
26,
Ge-
210,
Steirone 242
Steuclobiun sta
oo plataniflia 81
Stevens, Nei ae 136, 233
Stewart - . Publications dur-
Sricoloticn 21
Se soos E. 187
Sto B ©, 41, oo 135,
Conference notes for Decem-
ber 1
Lilies 203
New day lilies 169
Preliminary noice of a
posed international ceuter!
ence on wer and fruit
sterility 41
307
Berna pus 1924 69,
ore, B., Rich-
Ae ° M., and Gle eason,
70
Publications ons, ee 70;
and Clark C.
seltincompatbihiy in wild
pe 25
Stout, Mr 1. Ig
Sturtevant, Robert S. 136
Su irae garden, Flowers for the
Swabey, Marjorie 135
Swietenia Senate
Swingle, Walter T. 9;
Syrrhopodon ccs re
Tabernaemontana 83
ree ‘atepile, The 73
abe dia 36
ird Gra a om sees bg the
"Chaces Budd Robin Me-
morial Fun nd 195
Thiselton: Dyer, William Turner
Tonk Charles ae
on, J. B.
Thrinax. 49-54, oo: excelsa 51;
54
es nax Baeinora: Silk-top thatch
Tieella cordifolia 290
Toro, Rafa foe 232, 233°
Torrey: a Ol
Torrey Botanical Club 44, 136
ee a a 118, 119, 264
Towner, Gov. Horace M. To
Ss
eeiearnne reflexa 247, 2!
eae of the West Paice
T
Trees of Ge. Augustine, The 36
Trees, the companions of man,
Shade 6
Trelease, W. 2
Trichoderma Paradostin 120
Tricholaena 256; 281
ma 273
Trifolium repens 183
Trilisa 246; Suoratussima 256;
paniculata 256, 281
Seat grandiflorum ci
Triorchos ecristatus 2
Tropical American plants at home
he haenlebeny. ‘family
in the Andes 31
Tsuga canadensis 58; caroliniana
Tulipa praecox 202
a lip Day 163
Tulips 159
Tussilago Farfara 86
Typha 242, 257
Ulmus 14; ee 85; fulva 85
Unifolium oe e 63
Urechites 273; lutea ben
Urnula Craterium 23
Vacciniopsis 36
Vaccinium He crassifolium 245
Vallisneria 25
teeta i bepeue
I
Vetno 10. - altissima 251; sub-
cer ee
ca mjino:
Vincent, i & Soke Richard 191
Vi
ola blanda een Papen 115,
280; r
pte) ra crt
Virgin, The Dismal Swamp of
227
bata as anaes sa horti-
o Rico and the
97
Virgin Islands, Porto Rico and
the American 124
Vitex Agnus-castus 202
Vitis 14
Waite, Jr, F. R. 191
Mie Ww. H. 191, -
W: a geoides LIS
War Memorial Grove of Douglas
Spruc
Wayiiar, "Robert 200
lee ter County Farm Bu-
West “Tidies, The tree-cactuses of
the 217
2
oO
What pcople drink and why 151
Whe ry, ae i 137, 233
we ae 208, 233,
Whithetdia as 63
l to bear 210
Rit
: 13
Wild Flower Preservation Society
of Am
erica
Williams, Gov. "Philip 102
Williams, R. :
Bird Not
Publications ndehag 1904 70
Wilson,
Ea: ee
Garden 85
on during 1924, with
Britton, N. L. 71
ae eg Aowers in the Botan-
I Gard en 114
Winton, we L., Mr. and Mrs. 136
orine flowers in the
08
we John C. 92, 20
e development aad culture
‘9
mee the Iris 1
Wolf, F. A. 2
Wi ithe Welwitch
° elw
Wor the Iris Test Garden 198
Wright, Charles 52, 217
See 243; asphodeloides
Nir iienis amer. 275
Nyris 245, 290" sean 253
Yeld, George 170
Young, John P. 15, 136
Yucca 256; aloifolia 266
Zahlbruckner, Alexander 163
a mia 266; ae Be ee Bad
oricensis ee I, 283
Zon Raphae
Fritz Bee
Edward D.
Charles B. Alexander
‘i peeent A
BE, L.
ohn W. Auchinctoss
Bees
aul D. Cravath
Same Field
William B. O. Field
James B. Ford
ote gee k
Prof. W. J. G
Daniel Guizgenhcim
urry Gugg
2 JB
. Heckscher
Joseph P. Hennessy
Be G. Hodenpyl
r M. at tai
(eae, Ise
Dr. Wa
Otto Kahn
Prof. James F. Kem
Darwin P. Kingsley
Prof. Frederic S. L
erick sate
*y
eee R. Newbold
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
Dr. Robert Abbe
Prof. M. Richards
John D. Rockefeller
W. Emlen Roosevel
Prof. H. H. Rusby
Hon. George J. Ry:
te a H. Sayre
ee
nthrop
Bae ie uae
MEMBERS OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
Mrs. Robert Bacon
Miss Elizabeth Billings
Mrs. Edward Be man
Mrs. N. L. Brittor
Mrs. John W. Draper
me Elizabeth Hamilton
Barton Hepburn
Nis. Robert C. Hill
Mrs. Frederick C. Hodgdon } e
Mrs. Walter Jennings
Mrs. E.
Henry cate
Mrs. John I. Kan
Mrs. Bradish Johnson Mrs.
Mrs. Delancey Kane rs.
Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel TS.
Mrs. Frederic S. Lee rs
Mrs. William A. Lockwood Mrs.
Mrs. A. A. Low Mrs.
Mrs. Pierre Mali Mrs.
Mrs. David Ives Macki Mrs.
Mrs. nry Marquand Mrs.
rs. Roswell Miller Mrs
rs. Wheeler H. Peckham Mr
Mrs. George W. Perkins Mrs.
Mrs. Jam
=. William i. Woodin
HONORARY MEMBERS OF THE EAT COUNCIL
Scrymser
Miss Olivia o P. Stokes
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
are:
Fo hundred acres of Deane civeriaey land in the northern part
of the City of New York, through wae h flows the Bronx River. A native
hemlock forest is one of the features of the fant
A Plentasone of thousands of ue and iatrodneed trees, shrubs, and
owering plan
Gade including a beautiful nese garden, a rock garden of rock-
loving plants, and fern and herbaceous gardens
Greenhouses, containing tee cearae of arereeune plants from America.
an ntri
Bree Fabia tieougeul t the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn
displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-
lilies, ladioli “dahlias, and chrys anthemums; in the winter, displays of
use-blooming plants.
ntaining ex tibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local pret acne wit noe hundred miles of the City of New York,
and the economic uses of ae
An herbarium, corp sing more than one million specimens of Amer-
ican and foreign spec
Seep oration in Geiect parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character-
istic
Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
problems of plant life.
A library of borenicall literature, comprising more than 34,000 books
and numerous pamphle
Public re iy a ‘great variety of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the
Publications on “botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and
partly of popular, inte
The een of schoo! children and the public through the above
features and the giv of free information on botanical, horticultural,
a ee eenreeneG
Bde is Hae aay nt upon an annual appropriation by the
City of New private benefactions and me ee ship fees. It
possesses now n oe two thousand members, an d applications | ie
membership are aleve welcome. The classes of membership
nua. em
Haase. to ae Garden may be ea a fone incomes.
The following is an approved form of beque:
ereby bequeath to The New Yo is peer tcal Gorden So eee under
us of Ne oi ===
All requests for further cee en s endl ie sent to
Tue N York BoTaNnicaL cing a
NX PARK, NEW YORK C
(1)