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Tue New York Boranicat Garpen
VoLuME XI, 1910
PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE Davip Lypic Funp
BEQUEATHED BY CHARLES P. DaLy
JOURNAL
oF
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
PERCY WILSON
Docent
VoLuME XI WiTH 7 PLATES AND 42 FIGURES
1910
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 NortH Queen Street, Lancastsr, Pa.
py THe New Era Printing Company
PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA.
FICERS, 1910. PrESIDENT—HON, — ROWN. VICE- PRESIDENT — ANDREW CARNEGIE, crept CARERS F. COX Secretary—DR. N, L. BRITTON.
BOARD oF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. Term expires se 1911,
ADDISON BROWN RT W. DE eau W. BAYARD CUTTING, eee A, SCRYMSE
Term expires January, 1912. N I. KANE, . GILMAN THOMPSON. Term expires pearl 19 J. PIERPONT MORGAN, GE +: "PERKINS, RANCIS LYNDE ae SON. 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Tue PRESIDENT OF THE
7 L. BRITTON DREW CARNEGIE,
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairm DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PR F. J MES F, rane PROF. C. F. : PROF. FREDERIC S. LE CHARLES F, COX, HON. E,
L. WINTHROP, aS
GARD STAPF. eee N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. . W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director. DR. on K. SMALL, Head aes f the Museums. , Curator. urator, JA urator. ROBERT - ee 7 Adminis trative ees NOR N TAYLOR, Assistant Cur a Vv. NASH, Head ates r. AVER, Director of the Lai oratories, LEY BARN
useum Custodian,
RCY WILSON, Docent
Members of the Corporation.
Epwarp D. Apas,
Eucene P, BicxneELt,
Grorce S. Bowporn,
Pror. C. F. CHANDLER,
Wituiam G. CHOATE,
CLevecanp H. Dopce,
A. F. Estaproox,
H. C, FauHNestocx, SamvueL W. Farrcuitp, James B, Forp,
Henry W. ve Forest, Ropert W. DE Forest, Hon. Tuomas F, Girroy, Epwarp S, Harkness,
Aprian ISELIN, JR, Water B. JENNINGS, Joun I, Kane, Eucene Ketty, Jr., Pror, James F, Kemp, Eow. V. Z. Lang,
Pror. Freperic S. Lege, Hon. Seru Low,
Davin Lypic,
Epcar L. Marston,
W. J. MatHESon, QOcpen MILLs,
J. Prerront Morcan, THEopoRE W. Myers, Freperic R. NEWBOLD, Pror. Henry F. Osporn, Lowe. M. PALMER, Grorce W. PERKINS, James R. PitcHesr,
M. F. Piant,
Joun D. Rockere ter, WiLiiaM ROCKEFELLER, E. V. W. Rossiter, Pror, H. H. Russy, Mortimer L, Scuirr, James A. ScryMsER, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, Wiu1aM D. Sioang, NELSON SMITH,
James Spryer,
Francis L, Srerson, Cuartes G. THomPson, Dr. W,. Gitman THompson, SamueEL Tuorne,
Hon. Eczrton L. WIintErop, Jr.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
No. 121. JANUARY
Death:of (Mri. Mills) i cvowin sae fica wale. ca aunee dai alc adeee ae a alee I The Bronx River at Flood. .... 0.0... ccc ce teen e eee n eens 2 Report on a Trip to Santo Domingo..... 3 The Fossil Flora of New York a oo. IS Notes, News and Comment......... 19 ACCESSIONS 520s dei Sneak 2 oe ai No. 122. FEBRUARY
Relations of Botanical Gardens to the Public 25 Report on a Botanical Visit to the Isthmus of Panama..................4-
Sane an of the Staff, ae and ae of the New York Botanical Garden During the Year 1909.
otes, News and Comment Accessions
Collecting Fungi in Southern Mexi 57
ketch of the isha coi oe. Special Reference to Work in the South 78 Notes, News and Comment.......... 0... cs cece csc ence rete reetetssesere 83 Accessions......... 84
N
Accessions........... ee 105 No. 125. May
Botanical Exploration in Santa Clara, Cuba Lee 109
Preservation of Wild Flowers... 0.0.00. c ccc e ccc e eect ene ete eet e en eeeee 117
A Century Plant Coming into Flower 123
Conference Notes...... : 125
Notes, News and Comment. 129
ACCESSIONS 62582 os ais oe ua as ene ale aa VG Te es euese a eter Da ON Bi ais 132 No. 126. JUNE
Summer: Leéctures,- -1610> i fe iis hh oo ee oe eS Sa ae ee ee 135
The Preservation of Our Native Wild Flowers............ 0c eee ecee eens 136
Botanical Exploration of the Cays on the one Coast of Camaguey Province,
ak see ae ees aca ase ees Stace desta rasayana eseatedel Nant teats Aan sae eee Gee 147
nee INOCES coker ereveceit ied aia Wl boo El Ree pee Hane aah nae a anias 160
Notes, News and Comment eoghi dh due bagi’ wires a Wha igite Skee ta. eines cer eeacel epost ee ati 163
ACCESSIONS oi io.e5s easels oe lars Tae OP ay i Sees 165
viii CONTENTS
No, 127. JULY
otes, News and Comment ACCESSIONS. 6. ee ene eee eee anatase .
No. 128. AUGUST
The Br n- Botanic: Gardens 3 -5..008 et oe ie ae ee ead he ae in the Coe Court Century Plants and Some Ss Notes, News and Comment........... ACCESSIONS 4.0 Fi cay Fahd Red EUR No. 129. SEPTEMBER Autumn Lectures. ..... 0.00 cece eee te ete tte eee e en eeennae 201 Botanical leo in the Mountains of Northeastern Cuba............. 202 Notes, N and-C onimenitins nea) ks peace ele lial eae eae oe 222 7.4 ok (0) ¢ ny ar ee 224 No. 130. OcTOBER The Darius Ogden Mills Fund............0... 0.00 c ect e eee 225 Botanical Exploration in Western Cuba........... 0.00. e eee eee eee 226 The Fruit of the Great Ragweed as Food for Gray Squirrels................ 236 Winter Decorative Shrubs... 0.0... ccc eee teen eee 237 The u © Drought eve ati aaah la a as ne ee a ee 244 Notes, News and Comment... 22.22... e cette ees 245 ACCESSIONS sitio aso ca ee ea eee Heed Bs Peed ea eae tau Beak wey 246
No. 131. NOVEMBER Collecting poke in Colorado > Onference-Notesincacn eae ie obey Gare eee ieee nee ee eee eek ae
132. DECEMBER
JANUARY, 1910 No. 121 JOURNAL or The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR PERCY WILSON Administrative Assistant CONTENTS Foun sh Gah ELVES ote pete oe te roe Me ie ae uerresrron eebeuver at MLOOM si ic) aoa! 2) ohn ekg Cleef sl ey vents (ios esluaeige) ly ersumae 2 Report ona Trip toSanto Domingo... ..-.-+----+--+-+-+...-+-+e- 3 The Fossil Flora of New York and Vicinity.......-........... 15 PP RNP S. OG COMMENT. iss: sSec a, 6 6 we a as ee epee ee ah See 19 RR Fo tee cry int > oe awn dpe oe ete e cesta ante CAs? 8 eoygiosin 21
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
‘Ar 41 Norru Quren Srrest. Lancaster, Pa. by Tur New Era Printinc Company
OFFICERS, 1910. PRESIDENT— Vice-P
ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SecreTarY—N. L. BRITTON.
BoARD OF MANAGERS An
ELECTED MANAGERS. HON. ADDISON BROWN
. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING JAMES A. SCRYMSER, ROBERT W. ve FOREST,
JOHN I. KANE,
FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, W. GILMAN THOMPSON 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. Tue PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC Parks, HON. CHARLES B. STOVER. THE Mion OF THE City or New York HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNO
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.
PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS ietediast BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDL PR
. FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES F, COX, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr
ARDEN STAFF. sone N. a BRITTON, Director-in-Chie: . W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Direc DR. ee 8 SMALL celts Ci of the Dane
istant Curator. GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gar re FRED J. SEAVER, Director of the Laboratories R. JOHN HEND BARNHA ibrarian, DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the hori Collections. DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting COL. F. A. SCHILLING,
ARTHUR J. CORBET mm Custo, PERCY WILSON, Mint Ghe cite Assistan
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical peace
Vou. X XL. January, 1 1910. No. 121. 121.
DEATH OF MR. DARIUS OGDEN MILLS, PRESI- DENT OF THE BOARD OF MANAGERS.
It is with deep sorrow that we record the death of Mr. Darius Ogden Mills, on Monday, January 3, 1910, at his winter home, Millbrae, San Mateo County, California.
At the annual meeting of the New York Botanical Garden, held January 10, 1g!o, the following tribute to his memory was ordered entered upon the minutes :
Mr. Darius Ogden Mills has served the New York Botanical a as President of the Board of Managers since February,
He was one of the original incorporators named in the Cres of the Garden, granted by the Legislature of 1891, and earnestly worked for its foundation, contributing largely to its endowment fund. Since the organization of the Board of Mana- are in 1895 he has given fi liberally, both time and money, ee its
; he has served, since his election as President, on the Ex- bea Committee arid on the Finance Comittee, and ree attended nearly every oe of the Board or of the Committees held when he has been in New York. His advice and sugges- tion have been of great Serer he has given much personal atten-
His servicés as a patron of botanical science have been very important, and his counsel was always of the wisest. His death is a grievous loss to his coca by whom his kindly person- ality will never be forgott
Funeral services were ae at St. Thomas’ Church, New York, on Friday, January 14, 1910, and were attended by a delegation of the Board of Managers.
2
THE BRONX RIVER AT FLOOD.
The Bronx River has an average width of about 45 feet through its flood plain, the ‘‘ North Meadows” of the Botanical Garden, and its present depth there at average flow is not over three feet, At freshet times the river rises rapidly nearly or quite to the level of its banks and falls again nearly as rapidly as it rose.
This flood plain is nearly level, sloping slightly southward from the north end of the Garden to the long curve in the river north of the Long Bridge, but there were a number of areas in it which were from one to three feet lower than its general sur- face and partly occupied by pools and marshes. As the work of developing this northern part of the grounds has proceeded, by the building of driveways and paths, a large part of these depressions have been filled up to approximately the general level, and a great deal of drain pipe leading to the river has been laid, but much still remains to be accomplished before the ‘‘ North Meadows ”’ are completely reclaimed ; considerable progress has been made in this work during the past season. This flood plain is one of the most beautiful and interesting features of the Bronx River Valley, and the plan of development contemplates chang- ing it as little as possible, otherwise than the filling and drain- ing of the depressions above mentioned.
It is particularly suited to the growth of moisture-loving plants of all kinds. Several acres of it west of the river have already been planted with various kinds of willows (Saticetusm), some of which are now trees of considerable size, and a path now under construction will bring these close to the pedestrian. This col- lection may soon be considerably increased by additional plant- ing. The landscape design does not plan overplanting the plain, however, and large meadow areas will be retained.
The control of the river water at freshet has been a very inter- esting problem, which it has been sought to solve as econom- ically as possible. Studies of flood conditions have been made for several years and records kept of high water marks under various conditions. It is undesirable to raise any portion of the plain higher than is necessary, and it is desirable, from a land- scape standpoint, that it should be slightly undulating rather than
3
quite level. As the land-drains must of necessity outflow into the river, water backs up into them during freshets, and may temporarily flood limited low areas,
The average surface of the river is governed by the dam at the Lorillard Mansion. After careful surveys and studies this dam was lowered sixteen inches several years ago, and this resulted in reclaiming much of the marshy ground and caused flood water to pass down the valley much more rapidly than before; the river has not reached heights as great since this work was done as it did before. We thought at that time that about eight inches further lowering of the dam would be desirable, but this would futher diminish the height of the waterfall by that amount.
A typical freshet was studied from December 13 to 15, 1909. A storm commenced with snow in the early morning of December 13, changed to rain before noon and rainfall continued until late in the evening ; the total precipitation measured by the rain-gauge on the museum building was 2.44 inches ; the ground was slightly frozen in the morning but thawed out dune the day ; the river rose gradually at first, then more and more rapidly, reaching its maximum height of just about level with its banks at about five o’clock on December 14, flooding some low areas, rising in all nearly four feet in twenty-four hours; by nine o'clock in the morning of December 15 it had sean fallen two feet and by five o'clock that afternoon it went down nearly another foot and nearly all the depressions were emptied again.
. L. Britton.
REPORT ON A TRIP TO SANTO DOMINGO. Dr. N. L. Barrron, Direcror-1n-CuHIeF,
Sir; Acting under your instructions I left New York on Oc- tober 13 for the republic of Santo Domingo. Iwas accompanied by Mrs. Taylor, who took charge of the drying of most of the plants collected, and also made twenty-four colored drawings of orchids and fungi. The specimens secured have all come from the provinces of Samana, Seibo and Macoris. In view of the fact that this is the first expedition of the Garden to this country,
4
a short sketch of the region visited will render the present account more intelligible, and serve also to put on record some facts which may be valuable to future explorers.
The three provinces mentioned above include all the eastern end of the island of Hispaniola, and judging from their sparsely settled condition they will be for some time a region of unbounded botanical possibilities. Samana, the most northeastern province of the republic, is mainly taken up with the bay of that name and a peninsula some thirty miles long and ten wide. The most im- portant towns are Sanchez, Samana, Sabana la Mar and El Valle. The first three are all on Samana bay, probably the finest harbor in the world; and Sanchez, the most important town in the province, is the terminal of the railroad to the Cibao. Seibo, which is larger than Samana and Macoris combined, stretches from the Atlantic to the Caribbean, and includes practically all the eastern coastline of the island. The chief towns are Seibo, Higtiey, Hato Mayor, and La Romana. The latter is small in population but important as the port of Seibo and Higiiey and the country tributary to these towns. Macoris, the smallest of the three provinces, is on the south coast, and contains most of the sugar-estates in the Dominican republic. Its largest and only important town is San Pedro de Macoris.
Disregarding these political divisions, and speaking generally of the region visited, the northern half is hilly, while the southern part is practically level from Santo Domingo City to the east coast, a distance of about 100 miles. The mountainous region is nowhere higher than 1,800 feet, and the majority of the hills are much lower, so that the “ Gran Cordillera’ which includes the mag- nificent mountains of the Cibao and Haiti, here descends into a rather small mountain chain. There are a few isolated peaks off the main range, but they are essentially part of the great moun- tain chain which forms the backbone of eastern Cuba, Hispaniola and Porto Rico.
The region to the south of the main range, and continuing out to the south coast may be roughly divided into two general forma- tions, — the wooded and the savannah formation. The formeris found almost exclusively along a belt some twenty miles wide,
5
stretching along the south and east coasts, and it encroaches into the savannah at many points for some miles beyond its usual fase The savannah or ‘“Ilanos ’ is a great plain covered with
ough wiry grass, with a considerable sprinkling of small ae oft bush. All the country south of the before-mentioned range is slightly above sea level, the hills of two or three hundred feet that are often found being of no especial importance ecolog- ically.
These three provinces of Samana, Seibo and Macoris contain scores of rivers, great and small. The most important one is the Yuna, a stream some 230 miles long, which flows from the Cibao to Samana Bay. This river and its affluents water a large hydrographic basin, but at its mouth it is nota large or deep stream. f the rivers that take their rise in the mountain chain and flow north or south, the most important are the Casui and Macoris, Soco, and Chavon, all flowing south and all sluggish, except during the freshets: These three rivers and their branches, together with a number of smaller streams, are the chief water courses in the region south of the mountain chain. Commercially, one of them at least is more important than the thrice greater Yuna, but all of them have small hydrographic basins, and are not so important, ecologically, as the Yuna with its many affluents and great sphere of influence.
There is a great deal of variation in the amount, distribution and periodicity of the rains in Santo Domingo. Along the nort
observations. Along the south coast heavy rains may be ex- pected in July, August, September and October, and sometimes also in June.* Scattered showers occur throwehout the year.
* The weather and rainfall records of the south coast are based on figures kindly placed at my disposal by Mr. H. F. D. Burke, the Director-General of public works, Santo Domingo City ; a also those taken at the a ai sugar-estate, San Pedro de Macoris, secured through the courtesy of Mr. G. n.
6
From observations taken at San Pedro de Macoris, Santo Domingo City and Azua it is known that there is a decrease in the rainfall to the westward. The average yearly rainfall at the most easterly point is about sixty inches, at Azua it is 20.57 inches, This explains why the regions about Azua and Monte Cristi (a region climatically similarly situated) are the cactus gardens of Santo Domingo. It brings us also to the fact that the condi- tions are the same here as in the other West Indian Islands, as regards the rainfall in its relation to the wind and intervening mountains. During 227 days in the year the wind blows east, northeast or southeast. The great mountains situated to the windward of’the regions about Azua and Monte Cristi collect the greater part of the moisture that comes in from the sea, leaving the leeward portions comparatively dry.
I append temperature records, in so far as they have been available. They are constructed from maximum and minimum readings, averaged.
TEMPERATURE RECORDS, FARENH.
Jan. Feb, March, April, May. June. July. Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. San Pedro de Macoris. 75.8 75-6 75.4 79.2 81.1 82.5 81.5 80,2 81.0 80.0 76.4 74.8
Santo Domingo City. 76.0 77.0 1g09.
Jan. Feb. March. April. May. June. July. fs mie Oct. Nov,
San Pedro de Macoris. 73-3. 73-8 77.9 77-9 80.3 822 82.5 82, 82.8 81.1 74.4
Santo Domingo City. 75 752 76.5 80.0 76.2 79.7 814 i oe 80.3 76.4
The steamer arrived at Sanchez on October 21, and collecting was started in the afternoon of that day. A mountain at the ack of the town was climbed and some ferns, orchids and bromeliads were secured. The hill is known as “ Las Canitas” and is supposed to be 1,700 feet high, but can scarcely be more than 1,000 feet. Another ascent of this mountain was made at a different place, a cafion containing many interesting speci- mens being explored. A passion-flower vine with scarlet flowers formed a conspicuous feature in the vegetation, together with
were also found. It seems probable that the vegetation on “ Las is quite similar to what might be found on any one of the other mountains on the Samana peninsula.
7
To the west of Sanchez there is a large swamp which stretches for ten miles along the road to Arenoso. Two days were spent in this and many interesting specimens were secured, among them a giant Polygonum. The royal palm Oo dense forests in this swamp, and in some cases it has almost ive control of large areas. Another beautiful plant collected here was a white- flowered water-lily that covered many of the small pools.
One day was spent in an ascent of the Yuna River. The strength of the current and our inability to get a power boat pre- vented our going up more than a few miles. Many interesting
trees, some species of sedges, anda number of tall aquatic grasses were secured here. One can scarcely imagine the beauty and rich- ness of the vegetation that may be seen from a boat while cruising on a tropical river. A light draught power boat would open up miles of such cruising along the Yuna and its branches.
The vegetation about Sanchez is rich in moisture-loving plants, but xerophytes seem to be wanting, excepting a few orchids and bromeliads. No cactuses were seen, and the residents say they are unknown inthe region. The only palm seems to be the mag- nificent royal palm.
It had been the original intention to take the train from Sanchez up to La Vega, and make collections at that place and in the ad- jacent Cibao, but circumstances arose which made it undesirable. There is now an all-rail route between Moca and Puerto Plata, via Santiago; also trains from Sanchez to La Vega, San Fran- cisco de Macoris and Salcedo. A short ride of two hours on horseback is all that is lacking of an all-rail route from Sanchez to Puerto Plata.
Owing to the impossibility of working over the Cibao region, and to the delay coincident with the uncertainty of the arrival of the next steamer, it was determined to go across the island to the province of Macoris. At midnight of October 28, a start was made from Sanchez in a small sloop. We crossed Samana bay diago- nally to the mouth of the San Lorenzo River, leaving most of the baggage to be sent round to the south coast when the steamer should come. It rained every day during our stay at Sanchez.
Two days were spent at and near San Lorenzo, which is a
8
picturesque little harbor in Samana Bay. Interesting collections were made here and photographs taken of the wonderful caves which have fabulous stories related of their old-time buccaneer inhabitants. It was at San Lorenzo that the only tree-fern seen during the entire expedition was collected. Two other palms were found, neither of them having been met with on the north side of Samana Bay. One, known locally as ‘‘ Manacla’’ is common here but it was not seen anywhere else. The other, a fan-leaf palm, was subsequently seen almost throughout the
Fic. 1, Building a dugout from the silk-cotton tree, San Lorenzo, Santo Domingo.
eastern end of the island. Still another plant of peculiar interest collected at San Lorenzo was a tiny Dorstenta found growing in the crevices of the limestone rocks, It is rare and was not seen again.
On Sunday afternoon, October 31, we left here for the Consuelo sugar-estate, in the province of Macoris, our destination on the south side of the island. Taking only as much baggage as one pack animal could carry, and with a man for guide we started on the ride of something more than sixty miles. The first ten miles
9
were through an abandoned banana-plantation and its environs, and brought us at length to the town of El Valle. This is a picturesque place, consisting of one grass-covered street and a row of native huts along each side. We were hospitably put up for the night by a Dominican. His native courtesy has been many times repeated ; and it isa pleasure to report, that wherever I have travelled in Santo Domingo a similar feeling of good fel- lowship and friendliness has always greeted me
Fic. 2, Fish dam under construction. Made fram slabs of the royal palm, Consuelo, Santo Domingo.
The next morning at daylight we left El Valle and rode for nearly seven hours through one of the most splendid primeval forests that could be imagined. Giant trees covered the hills and mountains; and the wealth of timber and the vines festooned through it shut out all traces of the sun. No collections could be made as we were travelling light and only a very few driers could be carried. A thorough investigation of this region would be very profitable to the botanist, as it certainly would be to the timberman.
10
The country up to this time had been hilly, but no great eleva- tion had been reached until about noon, when we began the ascent of Buena Vista, which is the highest point between the north and south coasts of the island. On reaching the topa wonderful panorama stretched out in all directions. To the north lay all the vast tract of forest land through which we had come, and towards our destination at the south we could make out the beginning of the great level savannah country far below. Buena Vista is at approximately 1,500 feet. We pushed on that day to a little hamlet on the edge of the savannah called La Yerbabuena and here rested for the night. During all the ride from E] Valle, which, by the way, was over inconceivably bad trails, we had passed three people and four houses. Otherwise the country is apparently uninhabited.
The following day at two in the morning we started under a ha moon and after a ride of some thirty miles reached Consuelo.
Th
t five hours of this stage of the journey were spent in
"oO
ringa a tiny collection of huts near the edge of the plain, we entered another long stretch of forest, through which we travelled for about two hours until we came to the cane-fields. On the score of plants collected the overland trip cannot be considered profit- It was, however, exceedingly valuable as a means of getting a definite idea of the configuration of the country and of the typical plant formations that exist in the interior of Santo Domingo.
From November 3 to 29 all the collections were made, with some exceptions to be noted presently, within a short distance of Consuelo. This is a sugar-estate of 40,000 acres of which about 7,000 are under cultivation. Most of the remaining territory is wild country, if not, indeed, first growth forest. There are about fifty miles of connecting railway on the estate, and it is with much appreciation that I record the kindness of the administrative officials of Consuelo in putting this and their tug at my disposal. Without these ready means of transportation, and without their helpful codperation, the expedition must have lost much valuable
11
time. The estate is about ten miles from the south coast, with which it is in communication by the Magua and Macoris rivers. Collecting was started here as soon as possible, many orchids and bromeliads being taken as live plants for the conservatory collections. On November 7 a storm from the northeast put a stop to collecting and travel of any kind. The rain continued practically without interruption until November 13, and all the rivers became impassable. At Consuelo twelve inches of rain fell, in Puerto Plata twenty-nine inches, and the property loss through-
Fic, 3. Sada/, near Higiiey, Santo Domingo.
out the republic was very great. Apart from the loss of time occasioned by the delay of my baggage, owing to the distress of the steamer, and the lost days in which collecting was impossible, the expedition suffered no direct damage from the storm. It had suffered indirectly, however, as many of the habitats for ferns, hepatics and other moisture-loving plants had been destroyed by the freshets,
On November 15 active collecting was resumed and a region known as “ Monte Coca” explored. Anexceptional opportunity
12
{for the collection of trees was afforded at this point, as a new picee of the railroad was being built through the virgin forest, Ry following the gang of wood choppers, many interesting trees and epiphytes were collected, which otherwise it would have been difficult or impossible to secure. November 16 and 17 were spent in the same region. The flora impresses one as different from that seen at Samana, but not strikingly so. There is the same wealth of moisture-loving plants here varied by the occurrence of two species of creeping cacti. Besides the royal palm, the fan-leaf palm mentioned above was collected in fruit.
Fic. 4. Bayajibe, Santo Domingo.
Several days were then spent at different points on the estate, two trips on different branches of the river flowing through it were made. A fairly representative collection of the flora was secured, although no plants of sufficient interest to call for special mention were found. From observations made during my stay here it seems doubtful if ten per cent. of the flora was in flower or fruit at this season, and this was verified by residents of Consuelo who agree that the best time to collect flowering or fruiting specimens would be in April, May and June.
13
November 25 and 26 were spent near Azui, a small place in the province of Seibo, some ten miles from headquarters. Many interesting ferns and other plants were collected here, among them the only He/iconia seen during the trip. One day’s collect- ing along the shores of the Magua, Iguama and Macoris rivers netted some interesting riparian species. Most of the country along these rivers is forest land and contains much of interest to the botanist.
The region within striking distance of Consuelo had by this time been pretty well covered, and a trip to the eastward was undertaken. Taking a sloop on the evening of November 30, I sailed to La Romana, in the province of Seibo. Collections were made here December 1-3, and an entirely new set of plants were found, Species of cactus and one sort of Agave were secured and live plants taken in each case. The growth here is woody but very few of the trees are more than twenty feet in height. The whole aspect of the country reminds one of a “scrub”’ growth and is in striking contrast to the richer vegetation seen at Consuelo and Samana.
On the morning of December 4 we left for the interior town of Higtiey. It is about seven hours ride from La Romana, the road leading through the small town of Gato. Higitiey is ae last
woods are found in abundance to the eastward of the town. Interesting collections were made near Higiiey, a species of Misanteca being particularly noteworthy. Moscoso, a Dominican botanist, in his work * on the flora of the republic does not credit the tree to the country ; this fact added additional interest to the discovery. Another species of fan-leaf palm was also first seen h
La Romana was reached again on December 7, one night having been spent on the road at Gato. The next day at three
* Moscoso, R. M., | familias vejetales representadas en la flora de Santo Do- mingo, 1-118 pp. Santo Domingo, 1897.
14
in the morning we left in a sloop for the town of Bayajibe. This
is a small coast town on the western side of the peninsula which
forms the extreme southeastern point of the island. We penetrated
the interior for some miles at Bayajibe and a large collection
resulted. he bush here is very dense and many species not
previously seen were taken, among them live plants of a creeping ctus
We then sailed to the island of Saona, a place reputed to be the depository of much ancient wealth. The character of the
Fic, 5. Salt lake on Saona Island, Santo Domingo.
vegetation here is much the same as that previously collected at Bayajibe, a notable exception being still another palm. This plant proved to be Pseudophoenix Sargentii and was found in con- siderable quantities. It resembles the royal palm but is much smaller. Some interesting saline plants were collected around the shores of the salt lake that is situated on Saona island. It was deemed inadvisable to sail farther round the east coast of Santo Domingo towards Cape Engano, local pilots vouching for the high winds at this season of the year. The cruise was ended
15
at Saona and we started for Romana. All this country could repay another visit during the early summer months of April, May and June. We returned to Consuelo on December 13.
During the trip to the eastern end of the region, our head-
quarters were established at La Romana, and it is to the kindness
r. an Kampen that this excursion was so successful. His oe” of the country and hearty codperation were in- valuable.
It had been previously planned to go from Consuelo to Hato Mayor and explore the savannah country which lies all round this place, but unforeseen events made this trip impracticable and it was abandoned. Some more collecting about the estate and the packing and drying of the specimens consumed the time until December tg, when we sailed from San Pedro de Macoris to Santo Domingo City. Four days were spent in and around this historic city, which is the oldest permanent settlement in the New World. An attempt to trace an herbarium of Santo Domingo plants said to be in the city was unsuccessful, and no one inter- ested in the flora of the island could be found. Leaving Santo Domingo City on December 23, we arrived in New York, January 2, Ig10.
Asa result of the expedition about 1,700 specimens for the herbarium, and seventy-five live plants for the conservatories have been secured. In addition much information about the country and its possibilities has been accumulated, which should serve as a basis for future explorations in Santo Domingo.
At your suggestion the common West Indian littoral and roadside plants have been for the most part ignored.
Respectfully submitted, Norman TAYLor, Assistant Curator.
THE FOSSIL FLORA OF NEW YORK AND VICINITY.
In the course of a recent rearrangement of the fossil plant col- lections in the museum it was decided to make a special feature of those from New York City and vicinity, particularly from the Amboy clays and the Cliffwood clay marls of New Jersey, and
16
the ferruginous concretions of the Island Series of Staten Island, Long Island, Block Island and Martha’s Vineyard, all of which deposits are Cretaceous in age and approximately equivalent to the Dakota group of the West.
About two thirds of floor case no. 6 and one quarter of floor case no. 7 is occupied by the New Jersey specimens and the remainder of case no. 7 by those from the islands to the east- ward. Floor case no. 8 contains specimens of the Dakota group flora, with which comparisons may be made.
The flora of the Amboy clays, described by Professor J. S. Newberry,* had been known and the geologic age of the deposits in which the remains were found had been determined many years before any discoveries of importance had been made on the islands; although exposures of clay, sand and gravel, generally considered as probably identical with those of New Jersey, were more or less well known at a number of localities, notably in the vicinity of Kreischerville, Staten Island; Glen Cove, Long Island ; Block Island ; and in the celebrated cliffs at Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard. Paleontologic evidence, however, was lack- ing, and conservative geologists, in the absence of such evidence, declined to recognize the exposures as the equivalents of the New Jersey clays and clay marls.
In 1873, however, a geological map of the United States, prepared by C. H. Hitchcock and W. P. Blake, was issued in connection with the Ninth United States Census, on which the north shore of Long Island was indicated as Cretaceous. This feature was severely criticized by the eminent geologist J. D. Dana, in the American Journal of Science, who suggested that ‘‘a number of improvements . . . may be made in the map in preparing it for another issue. Some of these are . . . to take away the green color, which means Cretaceous, from the whole of the north shore of Long Island, no facts making the region Cretaceous.” The discovery of fossil plant remains, however, and their identification, supplied the facts which determined the issue and subsequently ended all controversy.
A few specimens of fossil leaves were found in drift bowlders
* Monographs, U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 26, 1895.
17
it Brooklyn and on Lloyd’s Neck, which were recognized by Professor Newberry as very similar in aspect to those of the -retaceous of New Jersey and the western part of the continent, and at a meeting of the New York Lyceum of Natural History, on March 23, 1874, he is quoted as saying that the rock in which the leaf impressions occur ‘‘is totally unlike anything known in this vicinity, and unfortunately has not yet been found in situ.
But its presence under these circumstances points to its existence in place at some locality not far away.”
Subsequently similar specimens were found in the vicinity of Glen Cove on Long Island and at Tottenville on Staten Island, in close proximity to the clay exposures, and in 1885 well de-
ned Cretaceous species were identified from the clay beds at Kreischerville, Staten Island
t was during this period that Professor Newberry began his studies of the Amboy Clay flora, by means of which he was
and thus to settle beyond further question the Cretaceous age of the clays on Staten Island and Long Island.
Immediately after thisa systematic exploration of Long Island was begun by the writer, with the result that fossil plants were found at a number of different localities, extending all the way along the north shore from Brooklyn to Montauk Point. These explora- tions were subsequently extended to Block Island and Martha's Vineyard and a large amount of additional material was collected, all of which was described in ‘‘ The Cretaceous Flora of Southern New York and New England”* as a companion volume to Pro- fessor es “Flora of the Amboy Clays.”
imens now on display in the cases mentioned include all of ee described by Professor Newberry and about two thirds of those described by the writer. The entire series is, therefore, especially rich in type and figured specimens; and those first discovered possess an historic interest in addition to
Monographs, U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 50, 1906.
18
their scientific value. Asa local exhibit the collection is unique and it would take many years of field work to duplicate it, even approximately.
t may also be pertinent to remark that a large amount of material recently collected, which is most valuable from the bio- logical standpoint, is not suitable for display purposes. Thin sections of lignites, cone scales, etc., represent this material, which is available for examination under the microscope. A preliminary illustrated description of certain of these specimens was issued in
Fic. 6. Middle Cretaceous flora after Saporta.
1909,* and a quantity of the crude material is now under investi- gation, which it is hoped may form the basis of another mono- graph or memoir on the subject.
The elements included in this flora indicate that at the period when it flourished a semi-tropical climate must have prevailed here. Eucalyptus, fig, magnolia, cinnamon, persimmon and other deciduous trees of southern distribution are prominently repre-
* «Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, New York,”
Arthur Hollick and Edward Charles Jeffrey. Memoirs New York Botanical Garden, vol. 3, May 20, 1909.
19
sented, while the most abundant of the conifers are of the type of the Norfolk Island pine. Sago palms were also present. A species of Melumbo grew in the waters and passion vines clam- bered up the trees. Associated with these were other genera of more northern distribution. Several species of sassafras, syca- more, willow, andromeda, etc., and the ancestors of the tulip tree, of which our Leriodendron Tulipifera is the sole living descendant, — foreshadowing a transition to the cooler climatic conditions of today. ArTHUR HOLLIcK.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. J. K. Small, head curator of the museums and herbarium, and Mr. J. J. Carter of Pleasant Grove, Pennsylvania, left for Nassau, Bahamas, January 10. They expect to spend about four weeks in botanical exploration of the unknown interior of the Andros Islands and thus complete the botanical survey of the
ahamian pects
Mr. Frank D. Kern, of Purdue University, has been granted a research ae in the Garden for one month to aid in his studies on the North American plant rusts, a group of small parasitic fungi, many species of which are injurious to cultivated plants.
Dr. P. A. Rydberg, curator, visited Baltimore and Washington early in January to examine specimens of the Calo: Family which he is monographing for “ North American Flora
Prof. W. C. Coker, of the University of North Carolina, spent several days at the Garden carrying on further investigations in the flora of the Carolinas.
Mr. H. H. Bartlett, chemical biologist in the Bureau of Plant (Industry, Washington, D. C., visited the Garden on January 3, examining the collections of Disioven in regard to the confusion which has existed concerning the drug known as “ Wild Yam.”
Dr. Mel T. Cook, of the Delaware Agricultural Experiment 3tation, Newark, Delaware, spent two weeks at the Garden dur-
20
ing January, looking up the literature concerning the occurrence of tannins, acids and alkaloids in plants, in connection with his studies on the factors concerned in the immunity of plants to specific diseases.
Among the “discoveries” of Mr. Norman Taylor, during his recent visit to Santo Domingo, was a work upon the flora of the island, apparently not known to any of the students of the West
ndian flora. It is a book of 118 pages, entitled “ Las familias vejetales reprensentadas en la flora de Santo Domingo,” and pub- lished at Santo Domingo in 1897. The author is Rafael M, Moscoso, who refers repeatedly to a larger and still unpublished work from which the present one is merely an extract. Sr. Moscoso’s brother, F. Eugenio Moscoso Puello, secured a copy of this book for Mr. Taylor, and this has been presented by him to the library of the Garden.
Prof. D. S, Martin has recently presented to the Garden an interesting parcel of old botanical drawings. Some are pencil sketches, by Dr. John Torrey, of the structure of the flowers and fruit of plants of New York State ; there are also a number of colored sketches of fungi, probably the work of D’Jurco V. Knevels, whose signature or initials appear upon several of them. Dr. Knevels was a fellow-student with Dr. Torrey at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, and was one of the original mem- bers of the Lyceum of Natural History (now the New York Academy of Sciences).
The following letter has been received by the Director-in-Chief and the lantern-slides offered have been gratefully accepted, on behalf of the Board of Managers:
January 6, 1910. Dear Sir :—
This Commission desires to present to each of a few of the leading educational institutions of the State a set of seventy-three stereopticon views relating to the discovery of the Hudson River and the inauguration of steam navigation thereon and will be happy to send you a set if you will kindly signify to us that it will be acceptable and useful in the work of your institution. The views are the same as were used in the public lectures de-
21
livered in New York City under the auspices of this Commission with the codperation of the Board of Education on September 29, 1909, during the Hudson-Fulton Celebration. The “ slides’’ are colored and are in a convenient, leather-covered, carrying case. A descriptive pamphlet accompanies them. Yours very truly, Henry W. Sackett, Secretary, Hudson-Fulton Celebration Commission.
Meteorology for December.— The total precipitation for the month was 4.51 inches, including a snowfall of 10 inches on the 25th—-26th. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 58° on the 6th, 53.5° on the r4th, and 43.5° on the 24th. Also mini- mum temperatures were recorded of 23.5° on the Ist, I9.5° on the 1gth, 16° onthe 22d, and 6° on the 30th. The mean tem- perature for the month was 32°.
The rainfall recorded for August was 7.3 in. instead of 4.75 in. as previously published.
ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM NOVEMBER 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 1909.
APOLLINARIS, QUINTUS. Kurtzes Hand-Biichlein und Experiment vieler Arts- Meyen. .. . pag 1651.
BoLpincu, I. Zhe flora of St. Eustatius, Saba and St. Martin, Leyden, 1909.
BurGerr, Hans. Die Wurzelpilze der Orchideen thre Kultur und thr Leben in ter Pflanze, Jena, 1909.
CLEMENTS, FREDERIC EDwaRD. The genera of fungi. Minneapolis, 1909. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.
Corpgs, J. W. H, et zamenste! der voornaamste Europesche houtsoorten,
Haarlem, 1857. EVILLE, NICOLAS. Histoire a, de? Europe. Lyon, 1737. EsTIENNE, CHAR De re hortenst libellus, vulgaria herbarum, florum, ac fruticum, quiin ee conseri solent, nomina latinis vocibus efferre docens. Lutetia,
1545. EsTIENNE, CHARLES. Praedium rusticum. Lutetie, 1554. Fivet, G. J. De ie apa aA (Batavia, 1859.] Frivet, G. J. De planten in den botanischen tuin bij het groot Militair Hospi- dal te ag ie Batavia, 1855. , HERMANN CHRISTIAN VAN, Vedr/ands plantenschat. Leewarden, 1854.
22
R, LEWIs.
HARPE hea ina: Sai on the geology and agriculture of the state of Mississippt. lee ven by Dr. J. H. rt. ) HASSKARL, ane
r. arnha. Peace over het nut, door de Bewoners van
Jus’ ARL. ava 2m pene I EN, JAN VAN DER Panett de foliorum plantarum ortu, situ, fabrica
Die Bivepaiceen Gattungen der Farn- und Blitenpflanzen,
a 28 BS = S Z
jin voor landbouw en kruidkunde. Utrecht, 1848-58. 2 vols. New vols. hird series. Utrecht, 1869-76. 3 vols, 1907.
> b < =
pee 90
S & a 1 ay
On the Laminaria-
co) . Historia medicinal de las cosas que tren de nuestras Indias
occidentales, gue sirven en sali Sevilla, 1569. NTING, ABRAHAM. ve Oeffening der Planten. Amsterdam, 1672.
Natuur- en ae wee voor Neérland's-dndie. Batavia, 1844-46.
4 vols,
PARLATORE, PHILIPPE. Les collections botaniques de Musée royal de physique et
ad’ Histoire oe de Florence. Florence, 1874. (Given by Miss Juliet Turner.)
D. cport on tertiary plants of British Columbia
8. (Deposited by the Trustees of
y
LOW, ere a Mt. L ae in oe, Ottawa, 190) Co’ ity.) N WituiaM Rupert. Zhe pomological manual, Ed, 2. New York, 1832. (Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.) SCHLEIDEN, MATTHIAS JAKOB. De plant en haar leven. Ed. 2. Leiden, HWERIN, Fritz GRAF VON. Afonographie der Gattung Sambucus, Wendisch- Wilmersdorf, 1 1909. (Given by Dr. N. ritton. ) » weekblad voor den Bein in Nederland, Redactie van Heinrich Witte. Leiden, 1875-1883. 9 vols. Tropical Agriculturist. Compiled by A. M. & J. Ferguson. Colombo, 1882-87.
vols. VaN BASTELAER, DESIRE ALEXANDRE. Promenades dun botaniste dans un coin des Ardennes Belges. Bruxelles, 1864. VRIESE, WILLEM HENDRIK DE. De medecijn-hof. Leiden, 185 VRIESE, WILLEM HENDRIK DE. Hortus Spaarn-Bergensis, Amstelodami,
9.
Webster's new international dictionary of the English language. Springfield, Igto. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton. WIESNER, JULIUS, Organographie und Systematik der Pflanzen. Ed. 3 Wien, 1909.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
1,200 specimens of flowering plants from the Philippine Islands. (By exchange with the Bureau of Science, Manila.
40 specimens of fleshy fungi from Chappaqua, New York. (Given by Mrs. C. E. Rider.)
23
3 eerie of Colvillea racemosa from Jamaica, West Indies. (Given by Mr. William Harr 270 ene sae the botanical collections of the Peary Arctic Club Expedition of 1908-09. (Given by the American Museum of Natural History. 4 specimens of mosses from North America. (By exchange with Professor T. C. rye. ) 3 specimens of mosses from New Haven, Connecticut. Geo. E. Nichol 35 canbe oa flowering plants from the eastern United States. (Given by Mr. S$. S. Van Pelt and Mr. C. S. Williamson. )
(By exchange with Mr.
6 specimens - coniferous plants from New Jersey. (Given by Mr. Bayard Long.) I specimen of Artemisia biennis from England, (Given by Mr. G. Claridge
) Too specimens, ‘‘ Fungi Columbiani’’ Century 30. (Distributed by Mr. Elam Bartholomew. 3 specimens of mosses and hepatics from British Columbia. (Given by Dr, H. H. Rusby, 1 specimen of Puccinia poromera. (Give Mr. E. W. D. Holway.)
25 specimens, ‘ Lichenes Suecici co ” fascicle VI. (Distributed by Dr. G. O. A. Malme.
33 specimens of flowering plants from North America. (By exchange with the United States National Museum. 3 specimens of mosses from Bronx Park, New York City. (Given by Mrs. N. L.
-} 67 specimens food plants from western North America. (Collected by Dr, H. H. Rusby. 12 specimens of fossil plants from Shiobara, Japan. (Given by Miss M. C. Stopes. 20 specimens of fossil plants from Eschscholtz Bay, Alaska. (Given by Pro- fessor H. FE Osborn. )
‘Tay f, P
Florissant, Colorado, (Given by Mr. Frederick K. Vreela: nd.) 135 specimens ap foe plants from! Colorado: (Given by Professor J. F. Kemp. ( ge 2 Columbia University. ) 4437 ee from Cuba. (Collected . Dr. J. A. Shafer. for the Economic Museum, ees Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 4 specimens of mosses from South America and Africa. (By exchange with Dr. 2 v. Brotherus. 5 specimens of mosses from tropical America. (By exchange with Mr. Jules Zardot 20 specimens of flowering plants from the Black Hills, South Dakota. (Given oy Mr. N. T. Peterson. 118 specimens of flowering plants from Canada. (By exchange with the Geo- Sil Survey of Canada, 9 specimens of Lepidium from the eastern United States. (Given by Mr. E. P. 3icknell. )
24
PLANTS AND SEEDS. 7 orchids for conservatories. change with Mrs. Ernest Meiére. ) JAY
(By ex 22 a from Cuba, for conservatories. (Collected by Dr. afer. of Lilium superbum from Staten Island, for herbaceous grounds, (Col-
plan ee by John Finley. 14 aa for conservatories. (By exchange with U. S. National Museum through Dr. : N, ae pe Santo Domingo, W. I., for conservatories. (Collected by Mr Norman Taylor. (Given
specimens of duckweeds and 4zo//a from Holland, for conservatories.
by Prof. J. B. Smit 2 packets of seed ioe nurseries, (J}y exchange with Mr. John Dunbar. )
Members of the Corporation.
Joun D. Arcusorp, Epw. V. Z. Lane, Georce F. Baker, Pror. Freperic S. Lr Gerorce S. Bowpoin, Hon. Setu Low, Pror. N. L. Britton, Davip Lynic,
Hon. Appison Brown, Epcar L. Marston, Dr. Nicuoras M. Bur ter, J. Prerpont Morcan,
ANDREW CARNEGIE, Turopore W. Myers,
Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Freperic R. Newno.p,
Witiram G, Cuoatr, Pror. Henry F. Oszorn,
Cuartes F. Cox, LoweEtit M. PaLMer, Joun J. Crooxe, Georce W. PERKINS, W. Bayarp Curtine, James R. Pitcuer, Crevecanp H. Done, M. F. Prant, A. F, Estasrook, Joun D. RockeEreLiEr, H. C. Faunestock, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, SaMuEL W. FarrcuiLp, Pror. H. H. Russy, James B. Forp, Mortimer L. Scuirr, Henry W. ve Forest, James A. ScryMser, Rozsert W. ve Forest, Henry A, SIeBRecHT,
Hon. Tuomas F. Girroy, WiruiaM D. SLoane,
Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Netson SMITH,
Epwarp S. Harkness, James SPEYER,
Henry R. Hovyrt, Francis L. Stetson, Tuos. H. Huszarp, Cuartes G. Tuomrson,
Anprian IsELtn, Jr., Dr. W. GitmMan Tuoxrson, Joun I. Kane, SAMUEL THORNE, Louis C. TIrrany,
Georce W. VANDERBILT,
Eucene KELLy, Jr., Pror. James F. Kemp, Hon. Ecrerton L. Wintrurop, Jr.
PUBLICATIONS
OF
The New York Botanical Gar
Joumal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, ilastrated taining notes, and non- “echnical pers of Beers interest. Free to memoers Garden, To others, 10 ce! copy; $1.co a year. [Not offered in exch Now in its eleventh volume.
Mycologia, pees illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to { eerie dishens s; containing technical articles ane news and. notes of gener erest. 33. a year; Binal copies not for sale. ge.)
n its Hee Gale
Builletia of che: Mew York Botanical Gardon, containing the annual of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, an ae < = a gi embodyi results of investigations carried out in the Garden. members of | Garden ; to others, $3.00 per volume. Ba I, Nos. 1- a Die » 3 Maps, an eas 189 Lae ol. II, Nos. 6-8, 518 PRs a es Too ee Vol,
gate, 1905-190 Vol. V, s. 15-18, ph ee , a plates, 1906-190: ; VI, No. 19, 114 PP.» 1908. Vol. VI, No. 20, 112 pp., 1909. Vol. VII, No, 2 i 48 Pp-, 40 plates, 1909.
North American Flora. Descriptions an the wild plants of North A including Greenland, the West Indies and Central America. Planned to bee cr pleted in thirty volumes. Roy. 8vo, Each Sone a consist of four or more Subscription price $1.50 per part; a pes number of separate parts will be sold
$2.00 eac
ol, 22, part 2, issued ‘Denoiier 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangea Conomincene, Iteacese, Hlamamelidaceae, Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyl macea
aoe es part 1, issued Oct. 4, eu: Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae. Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidia ee pe): 25, part 1, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Lina eae eorninene! vd Vol. 9, parts 1 and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly poraceae, 4 Vol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, 1908. Grossulariaceae, Platanaceae, Cro mataceae, Connaraceae, Calyealifhecenes Rosaceae (pars). Vol. 22, part 4, issued Nov. 20, 1908. Ro See pa! Be Vol. 17, part 1, issued June 30, 1909. Typhales—Poa Vol. 16, part I, —— Nov. 6, 1909 Oph etsales ene
Memectra of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to member ol Garden, $1.00 ie etree e. To others, $2.00. [Not offered i — exchange. ] Co) bya (5 notated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellow:
Park, by Per ad "Ryd berg. ix we 492 pp., with detailed ae 1g00. Vol. II. The iutiuenee of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Devel by ee T. MacDougal. 320 pp., with 176 figures.
gures. 1903.
Vol. ITI. Studies or Teiathceonla, Coniferous Remains from Kreischel Ne York, by pes Arthur Hollick and Dr. Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii 1 138 P 29 pies
Jol. Iv. Effects of oe rae, of cree on taeda by Charles Stuart
eH F278 Bp oe 73 figures and 14 plate: 1908.
my Pom sag Nee York ‘Botantcal Garden.
cal ae per: nite yy students or i ter than die a Shake: Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. Five volum' RECENT NUMBERS 25 CENTS CH. ‘ 126, ane Genus Ceratopteris: A Preliminary Revision, by R. C. Benedic' 127. e Crataegi of Mexico and Central Americe, by W. W. Eggleston. — 128. ater on the Rocky Mountain Flora— XIX, by P. A. Rydberg. — NEW YORK BO OfanicaL GARDE RK. New YO!
Vol. Xi FEBRUARY, 1910 No, 122 JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
PERCY WILSON
Administrative Assistant
’ CONTENTS
Relations of Botanical Gardens to the Public............-+.-:-+--. : oe Report on a Botanical Visit to the Isthmus of Panama............. 30 Publications of the Staff, Scholars, and Students of the New York Botanical
Garden During the Year 1909... . 2. 7 2 e ee ee ee ee ee 44 PEIMIFEKENCOMINOL ERS i Praieainut en ai cic led apie Oat baleen a clegh alias eis! wares ele ass 51 Pere wa MUG COMMENT. 2) 5) ase ai ak oe he Wekie a ca fblca ce (aclevs eee Laas 52 Accessions. .... PPR RNase ere e Me amouraree eT ecey sures velar an vyyie 2 rat os te 54
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
Av 41 NortH Qugen Street. Lancaster, Pa. by Tue New Era Printinc Company
OFFICERS, 1910. Soca ee ROMER VicE ANDREW casa \ aaa Pais F. Secretary—N. L
BoARD OF MANAGERS.
1. ELECTED MANAGERS.
HON. ADDISON BROWN, - ea bak to ANDREW CARNEGIE, ORGE W. RKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, er ES A. SRNR | ROBERT W. ve FOREST, sta LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON |
2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ew Parks, HON. CHARLES B. STOV Tue Mayor oF THE City oF New pare HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR.
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. :
PROF. H. H. , Chairman. Be NICHOLAS ‘MURRAY Sireae Soe AMES F. KEMP, F. C. F. CHANDLER, PR OF. FREDERIC S. LEE, CEA ES F. a HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr. GARDEN STAFF.
a N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- ee W. A. MURRILL, ener Directo: DR. fee K. SMALL, Head Curator of the pare DR. P. A. RYDBER a ee im
NORMAN TAYLOR, iaccistint Curator. , Head G
Si FRED a SEAVER, Divcciae of As Lorie DR. JOHN HENDLEY pagers. , Libr DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of t. conomic Coca DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Cee Chemist.
i PERCY WILSON, Aisinstcative PRE
ee ep Te
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XI February, 1910. No. 122.
RELATIONS OF BOTANICAL GARDENS TO THE PUBLIC.*
Botanical gardens are important factors in public education, and are, at the same time, places for public recreation and en- joyment. They are highly specialized parks in which the planta- tions are formed and arranged primarily with regard to botanical facts and theories. Inasmuch as the great majority of their
ng p a the plants, treated as museum objects, suitably labeled, are installed to illustrate not only the objects themselves, but their relation to other objects. This museum feature is then a direct and imme- diate function in imparting information to the public.
The grouping of plants in botanical gardens is susceptible of widely different treatments, depending upon the character and the area of land available, the expense involved, and the facts and theories selected for illustration ; also in the temperate zones, at least, upon the amount of greenhouse space available ; also on the relative importance given to landscape considerations and upon the areas retained as natural forest, thicket or meadow. Facts and theories capable of demonstration may be grouped i in
Read in a symposium on botanical gardens at meeting of American Association for the Advancement of Science, Boston, Dec. 28, 1901 26
26
a general way as (1) Biological Relationships, (2) Morphological and Physiological Features, (3) Economic Applications, (4) Geo- graphical Distribution, (5) Aesthetic and Landscape Features, Practical considerations enter largely into groupings of any kind.
. Biological Relationships. — \n this installation it is sought to one species of the various plant families in juxtaposition, the groups thus formed being located in relation to each other in some predetermined sequence ; this sequence in recently planted botanical gardens is usually one which seeks to demonstrate not alone affinity, but the progressive increase in floral complexity, in other words, an evolutionary sequence. In such installations practical considerations render the sequence necessarily incom- plete in any one set of plantations ; sunshine-requiring herbaceous plants and shrubs cannot be successfully grown close to trees, and some natural families, such as Papilionaceae and Rubiaceae contain herbs, shrubs and trees ; climatic considerations prevent many families being brought into any one sequence; the biologi- cal grouping must then be obtained piecemeal ; the most satis- factory and least expensive method is to grow the collections of trees (arboretum), of shrubs (fruticetum), of vines (viticetum), and of herbaceous plants, for the most part, at least, in separate areas; families principally composed of plants inhabiting climates other than that of the locality require artificial environment, such as glass houses for tropical and warm-temperate zone plants in gardens of the cold-temperate zone ; it would be an interesting experiment to ascertain if arctic plants could be grown success- fully in the temperate zones by some system of refrigeration. By a suitable arrangement of land and water, aquatic plants may be brought to some extent into juxtaposition with those of the same or related families requiring dry soil. One advantage in the biological grouping of large collections is the facility with
te By indicating on the labels the native regions of slants biologi- cally grouped, much simple information bearing on geographical
27
distribution may be given. Casual observers are often as much interested to learn where a plant came from as to learn if it has any useful or ornamental features ; the biological grouping also teaches them, by suggestion, that plants even from remote regions are related to other plants which they may know something about and thus opens up new lines of thought for many people.
2, Morphological and Physiological Features. — The demon- stration and illustration of structure and function presupposes some acquaintance with elementary botany, which the great majority of visitors do not at present have. The rapid develop- ment of nature-study in schools will render groupings of plants arranged from these standpoints much more generally significant than they are at present. It is possible and practicable to form groups of plants selected to illustrate the gross morphology and the simpler phenomena of physiology. These groups are more likely to be elaborated in gardens established primarily for stu- dents than in those laid out primarily for the use of the public. To a certain extent, groupings illustrating ecological consider- ations can also be established with advantage, although areas remaining in the natural state are more usefu
3. Economic Applications. — Plants eioured and labeled with reference to their uses, or the uses of their products, are of very direct interest to the public, coming, perhaps, closer to ordinary
are best brought out by a special installation classified as food oe, es plants, fiber plants and otherwise. As in the case of sy , economic installation has to be piecemeal, using glass houses for topic economic plants and for those from warm-temperate regions. The elaboration of labels is of great
satisfactory display of useful plants. These subjects can be very thoroughly illustrated by the formation of musems of economic plant products and this is usually accomplished in highly developed botanical gardens. A system of cross references on labels be-
,
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tween the living collections and the museum collections is a great desideratum. e expense of such a system is, however, very great, and it requires constant attention, because the death of a
living plant, which cannot at once be replaced, complicates it. ' 4. Geographical Distribution. — Groups of plants illustrating the botanical features of regions other than those of the locality of a botanical garden may be installed, and this feature is given more or less prominence in the collections of many gardens. As mentioned under biological relationships, the information thus furnished is of immediate interest to the public, and in some gardens geographical grouping has been adopted as a primary classification. Like the biological grouping, it has its limitations, and conditions of soil and climate make it necessarily imperfect and incomplete. Any attempt at growing trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants of a region close together in limited areas, while at first very interesting, ultimately fails because of the growth of the trees and the consequent shading out of the lower plants, unless the trees are cut out and their value in the grouping lost. Climatic conditions may be overcome by temporary geographical group- ings, and in greenhouses some such groups may be installed quite satisfactorily. As to the relative value of the biological over the geographical as a primary classification in large public gardens, there is room for difference of opinon, An ideal method, if space and funds are available, would be to install both systems.
5. clesthetic and Landscape Features. —The public is more immediately interested in landscape effects and in anes from the standpoint of beauty than in most other features of botanical gardens. Well-built and well-kept grounds appeal to people as attractive places to visit. Natural woodlands, thickets and meadows also interest visitors, perhaps more keenly the residents of cities, and, in some respects, especially from the standpoint of ecology, are as useful educationally as the artificial plantations. Landscape considerations applicable to parks and private grounds are not wholly adaptable to botanical gardens, and this is often notably true in the inharmonious floral color contrasts necessi- tated by the grouping, although these may be minimized by care- ful selections. In most botanical garden planting it is sought to
29
display the plant in its natural form, so that extensive massing of individuals is avoided, although, in large gardens space is often available for both massed and open planting. In the grouped plantations incongruous elements should be avoided, such as establishing herbaceous flowering plants in plots among collec- tions of trees and shrubs, which would divert attention from the main installation, or the introducing of exotic species into natural woodlands and thickets, which would give the public erratic ecological conceptions. Flower gardens, as such, are generally located separately from the botanically grouped plantations, for in them aesthetic considerations are predominant.
The popularity of botanical gardens causes them at times to be overcrowded and problems relative. to the control and circu- lation of large numbers of people arise which have to be met as well as possible. A comprehensive system of paths is essential ; the majority of visitors instinctively keep to the paths, but it is undesirable in large gardens, at least, to actually restrict visitors to paths, for they could then come close to only a relatively small number of the plants installed, unless the path system was unduly elaborated and landscape considerations wholly neglected. very small proportion of the public is intuitively destructive, and it is this small number of people that entail high expense for guards and keepers ; legal punishment of offenders as a warning to others of mischievous proclivities is the only treatment avail- able. In large gardens a driveway system and provision for conveyances for hire are also desirable, for many visitors are un- able or unwilling to walk considerable distances.
The indirect relation of botanical gardens to the public lies in their function of adding to the knowledge of plants and plant products and the diffusion of this knowledge by publication and otherwise. Laboratories, herbaria and a library are essential ad- juncts to the garden itself, aad through investigations carried on in them and in the garden, additions to knowledge are constantly made. Of these additions to botanical information those of an economic character are the most immediately available for the public good, but the more theoretical additions to information may prove the more important in the long run.
30
From what I have said it ee be clear that the function of botanical gardens in their relation to
ent from their relations to college and eae students Nt after all, this difference is one of degree rather than of kin N. L. i REPORT ON A BOTANICAL VISIT TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA Dr. N. L. Brirron, DrrecTor-In-CHIEF.
Dear Sir: ¥n anticipation of fulfilling a long-cherished desire to investigate the marine flora of the Panama region, I was enabled, with your permission and with the aid of the exploration fund of the Garden, to leave New York for Colon on November 27, 1909, by the steamer Zagus of the “ Royal Mail”’ line. I was accom- panied by Mrs. Howe, who rendered efficient assistance in the preparation of the specimens secured. Our first stop was at Kingston, Jamaica, where we took advantage of a day’s wait-over to visit the Hope Gardens and to call upon Hon. H. H. Cousins, Director of Agriculture for Jamaica, and Mr. William Harris, Superintendent of Public Gardens and Plantations.
Colon was reached on the morning of Sunday, December 5, and we immediately crossed the Isthmus —a distance of about 48 miles—on the Panama Railroad to the city of Panama. This town is attractively situated on the placid island-studded bay of the same name and to the landward is flanked by near-by hills and distant mountain ranges. The next day we called on Col. W. C. Gorgas, Chief Sanitary Officer of the Isthmian Canal Commission, and were granted permission to stay for a time at the Taboga Sanitarium for convalescents, maintained by the Com- mission on Taboga Island, which is in the Bay of Panama, twelve miles from the city. The following morning we went out to this island on the government launch and were most hospitably re- ceived by the superintendent of the sanitarium, Dr. W. E. Mc- Pherson, who arranged for us a commodious laboratory and did everything in his power to facilitate our work. The sanitarium is located near the rocky shore and, altogether, our surroundings
31
seemed ideal for successful work with the marine flora — except for the one unhappy fact, which gradually became apparent, that a marine flora, in the ordinary sense, was in that region almost non-existent. The vertical rise and fall of the tide on this and the adjacent islands appeared to be, while we were there, from twelve to fifteen feet, but at the ebb of the tide, the pools, and the rocks and stones, both above and below the low-water line, were seen to be nearly destitute of plant life —at least, of con- spicuous species. And not a fragment of an alga or of any marine seed-plant was found washed ashore at any point in the part of the Bay of Panama that was examined. There were a few closely incrusting species of Ralfsia, Hildenbrandtia, Squa- mariaceae, Corallinaceae, and Cyanophyceae, and certain minute filamentous and unicellular forms representing various groups of algae. The material secured has not been critically studied as yet, but it would probably not be far out of the way to say that no more than fifty species of marine algae were seen and collected during the week that was spent in exploring the shores of Taboga Island and of the adjacent islands, Urava and Taboguilla. The cause of the paucity of marine plant life in this region is not wholly obvious. The scorching effect of the direct rays of the tropical sun is of course unfavorable to any luxuriant develop- ment of the algae between the tide-lines, as is abundantly demon- strated in the West Indies, yet, a priori, one might reasonably expect to find here a considerable growth of plants near the low- water line, as in corresponding latitudes in the West Indies and as, indeed, only fifty miles or less to the northward on the Carib- bean shores, even though it be on the shores of another ocean and on the opposite edge of a continent. The only obvious factor in which the conditions are manifestly different on the opposite shores of the Isthmus is found in the range of the tides. In the Bay of Panama the tides have a maximum vertical range of from ten to nineteen feet ; at Colon, on the Atlantic or Caribbean side, the range is commonly less than two feet. On the borders of the Caribbean Sea there is often an abundance of algae in water that is much deeper than that which at flood tide covers the rocks at low-water line in the Bay of Panama, but it is clear that
32
they are not subject to any such fluctuations in water-pressure and light-intensity as would be the case under the heavy tides of the Pacific side of the Isthmus, for in the whole West Indian region the range of the tides is for the most part only two or three feet. Observations as to the relation of the amplitude of the tides to the development of the marine flora in the tropics are apparently few and any sweeping generalizations are doubt-
Fic. 7. Low tide, Bay of Panama.
less unwarranted, yet it seems probable that the combination of wide-ranging tides and a tropical insolation is distinctly unfavor- able to any luxuriant growth of marine vegetation. It should be added that spermatophytes also, of such genera as Thalassia, Cymodocea, Halodule, and Halophila, some of which, as to indi- vidual plants, are profusely abundant in most parts of the West Indies, especially on a muddy or sandy bottom in moderately
33
yuiet water, seem to be entirely lacking in the Bay of Panama. Animal life, too, in the littoral zone, at least, is poorly represented, as compared with the Caribbean region. However, one or two kinds of coral were occasionally conspicuous just below the low- water mark. In connection with the question of the influence of the tides in the development of a tropical marine flora, it is of interest to note that a Swedish botanist, Dr. Nils Svedelius, has recently reported that at Galle, on the south shore of Ceylon, where there is a rich development of littoral and sublittoral life, both animal and vegetable, and where a marine biological station has been established, the range of the tide is only about three feet. Whether the deeper waters in the Bay of Panama would yield any considerable number of algae, I am unable to state, so far as results of any attempt at dredging are concerned. I went to Taboga Island equipped with a biological dredge, but the general dearth of visible algae and the rough character of the sea-bottom, combined with rather unsatisfactory experiences with dredging operations under apparently more favorable conditions, deterred me from unpacking the dredge —a circumstance that I now regret.
The harvest of algae being scanty at Taboga Island, I here, as also later during the expedition, gave some attention to securing photographs of botanical interest and to collecting mosses, Hepaticae, fungi, lichens, fresh-water algae, and occasional seed- plants. The annual rainfall on the Pacific side of the Isthmus is much less than that on the Caribbean side. The average yearly rainfall at the city of Panama is given as about 72 inches, while at Colon it is about 128 inches. On Taboga Island, judging from common report and the character of the vegetation, the yearly rainfall is less than at the city of Panama. While we were there—the second week in December — there were frequent showers and the vegetation in general had an intensely green and luxuriant aspect. The higher plants were less frequently found n flower or fruit than would doubtless have been the case a little later, in the drier months of January, February, and March. But ‘he rains were favorable, on the whole, for the growth, and also ‘or the detection, of the fungi, mosses, and‘ lichens. Taboga
34
Island has a circumference of about three miles and rises to a height of perhaps one thousand feet. A considerable part of the land is under cultivation, the growing of pineapples of a particu- larly delicious quality being the principal industry. The southern side of the island, however, is precipitous and is partly covered with a native forest. In densely shaded places in the upper ranges of this forest two handsome species of Begonia were found in flower and dried specimens of them, with seeds, were obtained.
Fic. 8. Clusia rosea on a rock-islet near Taboguilla Island, Bay of Panama; a Cereus just above the high-water mark. Photo ae taken at a half tide. This and the neighboring islets are much frequented by sea-bird
The rainfall in this region is too great for any extensive develop-
t of a cactus flora, but on the rocky borders of the islands of Taboguilla and Urava, two species of Cereus (in the older sense) and one of Opuntia were found. ey were without flowers or fruit, so far as observed, but plants of a small narrow-leaved
35
Agave or ‘century-plant”’ growing near them were sending up Jowering-stalks to a height of from four to ten feet. These stalks sometimes bore bulbils in the place of flowers and some- times both flowers and bulbils in a single inflorescence. Livi
specimens of the Agave, the three cacti, and of two orchids were crated and forwarded to the Garden, where they are now grow- ing in the propagating houses, in spite of the fact that they
Fic. 9. Aerial roots of C/usia rosea on a rock-islet near Poe ene Island, Bay of Panama, The waters of the Bay are shown at the lower left-hand c
reached New York during the severe winter weather of the recent Christmas holidays.
Near the island of Taboguilla are several more or less dome- shaped rock-islets rising abruptly from thirty to eighty feet above the high-water mark and crowned with a densely interlaced tangle
36
of Clusia rosea, one of the group of peculiar trees that in the British West Indies are known as ‘‘ Scotch attorneys” from their habit of starting their growth on another tree and finally strang- ling and replacing the host tree by their numerous clasping and twining aerial roots. Here, however, the C/usza has evidently started on a naked rock, the crevices of which have been pene- trated by the creeping roots. As the stem has raised itself in the
Fic. 10. éalea, at Culebra, Canal Zone, showing a large pendent cluster of fruit. |
air, aerial roots (Fic. 9) have been sent down from its branches and grasping the rock or some part of another tree of the same sort, have added their support and anchorage to the growing tree as it spreads and sprawls over the barren rocks. In this way a dense tangle of branches, roots, and trunks is formed, covering sometimes several square rods —a tangle in which individual trees, if they exist, can scarcely be distinguished. In habit of growth
37
the Clusia is here quite suggestive of the widely different banyan of the East Indies. It illustrates well what a luxuriant develop-
Fic. 11. Aé¢fadea, at Culebra, Canal Zone. Detail of the cluster of fruit shown
in Figure 10,
ment certain trees in the tropics can attain on a practically naked rock with no soil except that formed by their own fallen leaves
38
and by the droppings of the sea-birds that make their homes in its branches. Some of the smaller islets have scarcely anything but the CZusia in their seed-plant flora, and, crowned with the dense polished dark-green foliage of this peculiar tree, they present a most curious and interesting appearance, especially when at ebb-tide the green crown seems to be lifted out of the water by a pedestal fifteen or twenty feet high of almost perpen- dicular bare rock. The islet shown in the photograph (Fic. 8) is one of the larger of its sort and while the C/usza is, I believe, the only tree or shrub represented there, several of the higher plants have gained a foothold about the base, notably a pendu- lous, creeping, and climbing Cereus, which is shown, rather in- distinctly, towards the right of the picture.
We left Taboga Island on December 14 and returned to the city of Panama, or rather to Ancon, its Canal Zone suburb, where we remained for another week. e city, or most of it, is situated on a point of land, which is succeeded to the seaward by an extensive area of shallow water, so that at a good low tide
G. 7) one can walk out almost half a mile from the massive old Spanish seawall, against which the waves break at high tide. The bottom is largely rock and there are numerous tide-pools and tidal runways, which a collector of algae might be pardoned for hoping to find teeming with the tropical treasures of his speciality, but such, unhappily, are conspicuous mostly by their absence. In occasional places the exposed littoral rocks in the lowest third or fourth show a good growth of Caloglossa, Bos- trychia, and Gelidium (?), and a little lower are a Raéfsia and three or four species of encrusting Corallinaceae and Squam- ariaceae. These, with a few blue-green algae, a few other more or less microscopic forms, and a Chaetomorpha in the higher lit- to al regions, appear to constitute, roughly speaking, the marine flora of the immediate surroundings of the city of Panama. Through the courtesy of Mr. George W. Miller, the manager of the Panama office of the Central and South American Telegraph Company, a small house on the water-front was placed at my service as a laboratory, but the poverty of the collecting field so far as the algae were concerned rendered it scarcely a necessity.
39
Algae of more interest, however, were found growing on roots of mangroves in the swamps bordering the Pacific terminus of the Canal at Balboa, formerly known as La Boca. Here, also, were secured specimens and photographs of a peculiar, peri and at present undetermined tree that was growing in the “ man-
rove formation’”’ in association with Rhizophora, we Laguncularia, Conocarpus, etc. For access to a photographic
Fic. 12. A spiny-trunked native palm (-4s/rocavvam 7), at Culebra, Canal Zone.
dark-room in Ancon, I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Samuel T. Darling, Director of the Pathological Laboratory of the Ancon Hospital. While making our headquarters at Ancon, we spent a day at Culebra, where the deepest cut of the Canal is being m Here we collected mosses, etc., photographed native ealnie and also made a call upon Col. George W’. Goethals,
40
chairman of the Isthmian Canal Commission, to whom we are indebted for various helpful courtesies.
On December 21 we crossed the Isthmus and located at Colon, the northern terminus of the Panama Railroad. This town, though politically distinct, is essentially continuous with the American settlement Cristobal, which is at the Atlantic end
A ae silk-cotton tree (Ceiba pentandra) with epiphytes, at Ahorca
Fig. (agate: ee
of the Panama Canal. Colon and Cristobal are situated on what was originally Manzanillo Island, which was largely a mangrove swamp, fringed to the seaward by a coral reef. A fill along the line of the railway has converted the former island into a penin- sula. The coral reef along the northern margin of this island or peninsula is exposed to almost the full force of the surge of the
41
Caribbean Sea, being only slightly protected by Point Toro, which lies about three miles to the northwest. The range of the tide here is only about two feet under ordinary conditions and the reef has a fairly well-developed algal flora, in striking contrast to that of the Bay of Panama, with its heavy tides, less than fifty miles to the southward. The species are mostly, at least, those of a wide distribution among the West Indian islands and on the borders of the Caribbean Sea. On this exposed reef they are naturally of the surf-loving kinds, among which the unsegmented corallines are well represented. Among the plants of peculiar interest found growing on this reef were two or three specimens of what I take to be Meristotheca Duchassaingit, which was originally described from the island of Guadeloupe and has since been found washed ashore in Barbados and in southern Florida. A few species, not otherwise seen, were obtained by dredging in the quieter waters of Manzanillo Bay to the eastward of the island on which Colon is located. Towards the end of our stay in Colon a successful afternoon of dredging was enjoyed near Point Toro, with the kind assistance of Dr. C. A. Hearne, As- sistant Quarantine Officer, and the aid of an electric launch be- longing to the quarantine station.
During the first ten days of our stay in Colon, our work was somewhat hampered by heavy rains. We happened to be there during the worst of the three floods that visited the Canal Zone during the past season and Panamanian floods are of a sort that interfere more or less with nearly every form of human activity. At the meteorological station at Cristobal a rainfall of over 34 inches was recorded for the month of December — the highest record for December in the thirty-nine years during which records have been kept in Colon and vicinity. The record for November was 42.5 inches, which had been exceeded only once during the same period. The soil and humus deposits were, naturally, well and continuously saturated with water during our visit, and this condition, together with the prevalent high temperatures, was very favorable to the development of fungi, of which a con- siderable number of species were secured for the Garden collec- tions. I walked the tracks of the Panama Railroad from Colon
42
to Ahorca Lagarto, a distance of 12.7 miles, taking photographs of trees, plant associations, etc., which will be of service in the lecture courses given in the Garden. On such trips I was able to secure, also, specimens of mosses, Hepaticae, fungi, fresh-water algae, etc. One plant that was found growing in abundance in the marshes between Mt. Hope and Mindi may prove of some sanitary interest and importance to the inhabitants of the Canal Zone. This was an Asol/a,a closely related species of which
Fic. 14. 4:0¢/a on surface of water in a swamp between Mt. Hope and Mindi, Canal Zone.
has been successfully used by European sanitary officials in the warfare against mosquitos and malaria. It is a small plant of moss-like habit, though allied to the ferns rather than to the
ses. Certain species of this genus, when growing under favorable conditions, as was evidently the case in these Pana- manian marshes (Fic. 14) form floating masses so dense, that, it is said, they prevent mosquito-larvae, developing in the water below, from obtaining sufficient air, thus asphyxiating them or
43
even preventing the hatching of the eggs, operating, in short, very much as does the mosquito oil, which is now used so copiously and effectively in the Canal Zone. I communicated this find to Col. W. C. Gorgas, Chief Sanitary Officer of the Isthmian Canal Commission, who manifested much interest in the matter. All the specimens of this Azod/a that were collected were sterile and the determination of the species cannot be made with entire confidence. It is, however, larger and of a denser
Fic. 15. A flood on the Chagres River, near Gatun, January 1, IgIo.
habit of growth than the Azolla caroliniana of the United States and southward and is probably Azolla filiculoides, originally described from southern South America but now considered to range as far north as California.
For various courtesies which facilitated our work in Colon and vicinity and added to the comfort of our stay there, we are especially indebted to Col. George W. Goethals, Chairman of the Isthmian Canal Commission, to Judge Thomas E. Brown, Jr., of
44
the Canal Zone Judiciary, and to Mr. Pierce T. Murphy, Super. intendent of Hotels and Quarters of the Panama Railroad.
We left Colon on January 12 on the S. S. Clyde of the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company and reached New York on January Ig, making a brief stop at Kingston, Jamaica, en route,
Respectfully submitted, MarsHALt A. Hows, Curator.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS, AND STUDENTS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN DURING THE YEAR 1gog
Anderson, a P. The educational organization of nature-study, Jour. N. Bot. Gard. 10: 56-63. Mr 1go9
passing of : wild flowers. jou N. Y. Bot. Gard. Io: 147-163. 9.
Arthur, J.C. Cultures of Uvedineae in 1908. Myc. 1: 223- 256. N Igoo.
Barnhart, J. H. Report of the librarian. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 164-186. 23 Mri
Some American ae of former days. Jour. N. Y.
. Gard. 10: 177-190. pl. 63, 6g. Au 1909. — Torreya
41-257. Di
Benedict, R. C. New hybrid in Dryopteris. Bull. Torrey Club 36: 41-49. 29 Ja Ig
The fern collections of ae New York Botanical Garden.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 75-81. pf. 59 +f. rz, 72. Ap
1909.
The type and identity of Dryopteris Clintontana (D. C. Eaton) Dowell. Torreyag: 133-140. f. 7, 2. 1 Jl 1909. Studies in the Ophioglossaceae— 3. Key to Botrychium in North America; group of B. ¢ernatum. Torreyag: 197- 200. 26 O 1909.
genus Ceratopteris ; a preliminary revision. Bull.
Torrey Club 36: 463-476. f. 7-3. 3S 1909.
& cera L. M. Ophioglossaceae. N. Am. Fl. -13. 6N1I
16:
45
Opluogtossales. N.Am. Fl. 16: 1. 6N 1909.
Britton, E.G. A rare moss in the conservatories. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 140, 141. Je Igo9.
Notes on Nomenclature— X. Bryologist 12: 28, 29.
1909
Notes on Nomenclature — XI. Bryologist 12: 62-63.
Jl 1909.
Musci Mexicani. Bryologist 12: 83. S 1909.
—-— Arctic mosses. Bryologist 12: 106. I9g09.
Britton, N. L. Report of the secretary and director-in-chief for the year 1908. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 115-136. 23 Mr 19009.
Darwin and botany. Pop. Sci. Mo. 74: 355-360. (Mr)
1909.
Botanical exploration in the West Indies and Florida. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 99-114. f. 77-26. My Igog. Scheuchseriaceae, N. Am. Fl. 17: 41-42. 30Je 1909. Rhipsalis in the West Indies. Torreya 9: 153-160. 3 Au 1909.
Report on a visit to the Royal Gardens, Kew, and to the British Museum of Natural History, London, England. Jour.
fe)
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 221-224. 9.
& Rose, J. x. “Thonponat anew genus of Crassulaccae from Mexico. Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 12: 391-392. pl. zy, 45. 10 My 1909.
ee B. T. Ba Western American birches. Bull. Torrey b 36: 421-440
; 19
jae W.C. Dene from North ee Myc. 1: 262 —264. pl. 16. 1909.
Additions to the flora of the Carolinas. Bull. Torrey Club 36: 635-638. 16 .N 1909.
Cook, M. T. Notes on the embryology of the Caryophyllaceae. Ohio Nat. 9: 477-479. pl. 22. 7 Ap 1909.
Notes on the embryo-sac of ike adenophylla.
Bull. Torrey Club 36: 273-274. pi. e 1909.
Notes on the peeires of peer ae Bot. Gard.
48: 56-60. p/. 6. 21 Jl 19
46
Darling, C. A. Sex in dioecious plants. Bull. Torrey Club 36: 177-199. pl. 12-14. 4 My 1909.
Eggleston, W. W. The Crataegi of Mexico and oo America. Bull. Torrey Club 36: 501-514
New North American Crataeg?, Bull. eee aa 36: 639-642. 16 N 1909.
Gruenberg, B. C. Some aspects of the mycorhiza problem. Bull. Torrey Club 36: 165-169. 27 Mr 190
Haynes, C. C. n enumeration of the Washington and Oregon Hepaticae, collected by Mr. A. S. Foster, 1904-1909. Bry- ologist 12: 65-71. Jl 1909
Hollick, A. A new genus of fossil Fagaceae from Colorado. Torreya 9: 1-3.f. 2, 2. 26 Ja 1909.
Araucariopitys, a new genus of Araucarians. Proc.
Staten Is. Assoc. Arts and Sci. 2: 99. 305 1909. (Review.)
On the structure of the leaf in Cretaceous pines. Proc.
Staten Is, Assoc. Arts and Sci. 2: 99, 100. 30 S_ Igog.
(Review.)
New ferns described as hybrids in the genus Dryopéeris,
Proc. Staten Is. Assoc. Arts and Sci. 2: 100, Ior. 305
1909. Site
&
rey, “E. C. Studies of Cretaceous coniferous re- mains Ahi Kreischerville, New York. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 3: 1-138. p2 7-29. 20 My Howe, M. A. Thaxter's Contribution paar a monograph of the Laboulbeniaceae. Part II. Torreyag: 6-8. 26 Ja 1909. (Review.) Recent bulletins of the state geological and natural his- tory survey of Connecticut. Torreya g: 35-37. 26 F 1909. (Review.) Phycological studies —IV. The genus Meomeris and notes on other Siphonales. Bull. Torrey Club 36: 75-104. fl. 1-8. 4 Mr 1909. eport on an expedition to Jamaica, Cuba, and the Florida Keys. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: r1g—118. My
Howe, R.H., Jr. Preliminary notes on the genus Usuea, as
47
represented in New England. Bull. Torrey Club 36: 309-
327. pl. 21-23 +f. A-D. 17 Je 1900.
Lichens of the Mount Monadnock region, N. H. No. 3. Bryologist 12: 31, 32.
Kern, F. D. The rust of Gone Torreya 9: 3-5. 26 Ja 1g09.
A notable species of Gymunosporangium from Colorado. Myc. 1: 208-210. f. 2. 11S 1909.
Murrill, W. A. Collecting fungi in Jamaica. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 21-39. pf. 57. f. r-ro. F 1909.
Illustrations of fungi—I. Myc. 1: 1-3. pl. 7. 27 F
1909.
The Boletaceae of North America——I. Myc. 1: 4-18. 27 F 1909.
Polyporaceae (conclusio). N. Am. Fl. g: 73-131. 12 Mr 1909.
Report of the assistant director. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 137-147. 23 Mr : Illustrations of fungi—-II. Myc. 4: 37-40. pl. 3.
Ap 1909. Illustrations of fungi—III. Myc. 1: 83-86. pl 7. 4 Je 1909.
Polyporaceae from Japan. Myc. 1: 164-170. 22 Jl 1909.
Boletaceae of North America—TII. Myc. 1: 140-160. 22 Jl 1909.
- The protection of shade trees against fungi. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 198-205. p/. 77, 78 +f. 30, 37. S 1909. A new Boletus from tropical America. Myc. 1: 218, 21g. 11 S 1909.
A new poisonous mushroom. Myc. 1: 211-214. f. 3,
g 11S 1909 Illustrations of fungi —IV. Myc. 1: 257-261. pl. 75. N 1909.
Noteworthy additions to the mycological herbarium. Myc. 1: 274, 275.f. 5. 09.
Nash, G. V. The Ames collection of eee Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 63-68. Mr 1909
48
Report of the head gardener. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard,
6: 187-194. 23 Mr 1g09. Poaceae (pars). N. Am. Fl. 1'7: 77-98. 30 Je 1909. Butomaceae. N. Am. Fl. 17: 63, 64. 30 Je 1909. rare eos Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 163, 164. pl. 62, (Au) 19
A“ Maes Ge in bloom. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
10: 190, 191. pl. 65. Au 1909.
The aquatic garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 205-
208. pl. 69. 5S 1909.
The cycad collection. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 225-
227. pl. 70. O19
A desirable autumn shrub. Jour. N. Y. Bot Gard. 10:
235, 236.7. 92. O 1909.
A new grass endemic in Jamaica. Torreyag: 209, 210.
26 O 1909.
The tropical fern collection. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.
0: 256-261. pl. 77, 72. M 190
The Kafir-bread plants. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 275-277. pl. 74. D 1909
Robinson, W. J. Experiments on the effects of the soil of the Hemlock Grove of the New York Botanical Garden upon seedlings. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 81-87. f. 73. Ap 1909.
Reproduction by budding in Drosera. Torreyag: 89-
96. f. 1-6. 30 Ap 1909
Experiments upon Drosera rotundifolia as to its protein-
digesting power. Torreya g: Iog-114. 1 Je 1909.
sby, H. H. The rubber plants of Mexico, Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 10: 4-9. Ja 1909.
Report of the honorary curator of the economic collec- tion. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 153~156. 23 Mr 1909. —_—— An important collection of varnish resins. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 68. Mri
Rydberg, P. A. ee ee N. Am. Fl. 17: 73, 74 30 Je 1909.
Spargamaceae. N. Am. Fl. 17: 5-10. 30 Je 1909.
49
Elodeaceae. N. Am, Fl. 17: 67-71. 30 Je 1909. Notes on Rosaceae —II]. Bull. Torrey Club 36: 397- 407. 14 Au Igog
Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora— XIX. Bull.
Torrey Club 36: 531-541.
The flowers and fruit of the Turtle- grass. Jour. N. Y.
Bot. Gard. : 261-264. pl. 73. N 190
Studies on the Rocky Mountain fee kx Bull. Torrey Club 36: 675-698. D 1g0
Schneider, R.C. New combinations in AraHaceae. Bull. Torrey Club 36: 643, 644. 16 .N Igog.
Seaver, F. J. Notes on North American Aypocreales— I. New and noteworthy species. Myc. 1: 19-22. pl. 2. 27 F 1909.
—_ Report of the director of the laboratories. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 157-163. 23 Mr rgoo.
The Hypocreates of North America—I. Myc. 1: 41- 76. pl. 4, 5. 15 Ap 1909
——— Notes on North American Aypocreales—I]. Nectria Pesisa. Bull. Torrey Club 36: 201-204. pf 75. 4 My 1909.
Discomycetes of North Dakota. Myc. 1: 104-114. 4
Je 1909.
Studies in pyrophilous fungi—I. The occurrence and
cultivation of Pyronema. Myc. 1: 131-139. pl. 9-72. 22 Jl re)
The Aypocreales of North America—II. Myc. 1: 177
-207. pl. 13. 11 S 1909.
Some ae diseases: Their cause and treatment. Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 241-256. f. 33-37. N Igog.
& Wilson, G. W. Pee and lower fungi — Fas-
cicle II. Myc. 1: 121-125. 4 Je 1909.
Ascomycetes and crete fungi — Fascicle III. yc. 1: 268-273. N 1909.
Shafer, J. A. Botanica! explorations in northeastern Cuba. r. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 132-139. Je 1909.
Small, J. K. Exploration in the everglades. Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 10: 48-55. Mr 1909.
50
———— Report of the head curator of the museums and her- barium. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 148-152. 23 Mr Igo9.
Additions to the flora of peninsular Florida. Bull,
Torrey Club 36: 159-164. 27 Mr Igog.
Alismaceae. N. Am. FI. 17: 43-62. 30 Je 1909.
Sumstine, D. R. Mucor cultures. Science II. 29: 267. 12 F 1909.
Notes on mushroom spores. Science II. 29: 621. 16
Ap 1909.
Some moulds from Pennsylvania. Torreya g: 143-145.
1 Jl 1909.
Four interesting species of moulds. Myc. r: 218. 1
taylor, N. The field meetings of the Club for 1909. Torreya > 33,34. 26 F 1909.
Cymodoccaceac. N. Am. FI. 17: 31, 32. 30 Je rgog.
Liliaceae. N. Am. Fl. 17: 37. 30 Je 1909.
Natadaceae. N. Am. FI. 17: 33, 35. 30 Je 1909.
Zannichelliaceae. WN. Am. FI. at 13-27. 30 Je 1909.
Zosteraceae. N. Am. FI. 17: 29, 30. 30 Je 1909.
Native trees of the Hudson River peed Bull. N.Y.
Bot. Gard. 90-147. pl. 1377-7150. 27 Aul
The 1909 Symposium at Stamford, re York. Torreya
9: 188, 189. 27S Ig09.
Local flora notes —I. Torreya g: 203-208. 26 O
1909.
Local flora notes——II. Torreya g: 257-261. D
1909. Wilson, P. Notes on Rutaceae—II. Torreya g: 32, 33. 26 F 1909. Some East Indian economic plants and their uses. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 87-93. f 14-16. Ap Ig09. Typhaceac. N. Am. Fl. 17: 3, 4. eport on the botanical exploration of the islands of the Salt Key Bank, Bahamas. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 173- 176. f. 29. Au 1909.
51 CONFERENCE NOTES.
The regular monthly conference of the scientific staff and stu- dents of the New York Botanical Garden met in the library on January 5. The first paper of the afternoon consisted of a discussion of the variations among the non-lobed Sassafras leaves by Mr. E. W. Humphreys.
The results presented were based upon the study of five hun- dred simple Sassafras leaves collected at random in Pelham Bay Park, Bronx Park, and along the Palisades of New Jersey.
The characters studied were the ratio of breadth to length, the leaf form, the condition of the tip and of the base, and the vena- tion. The ratio of length to breadth was found to vary from 1- 1 to 1-334. In form, the leaves were oval, elliptical, oblong, oblanceolate, obovate, lanceolate, and ovate. Of these, the oval leaves were by far the most numerous, amounting to nearly 61 per cent. Emarginate, truncate, obtuse, acute, acuminate, and cuspidate tips were found, the majority, over 60 per cent., of which were obtuse. In regard to the base, also, there existed considerable variation. In the larger number of leaves, about 55 per cent., the base of the blade began at opposite points on either side of the petiole, in the remainder the blade began at the base at alternate points on the petiole. In the manner in which the leaf narrowed from the middle to the base, there was again much variation. The venation, of the type known as campto- drome, appears to be much more constant than any of the fore- going characters. In general the two large lowermost secondaries, and the tendency of the tertiaries and quaternaries to form quad- rangular areolae are especially noteworthy.
Finally, this study tends to show that the practice of paleo- botanists in placing more stress for purposes of identification on the venation than upon what might be called the external char- acters is a sound one.
Mr. F. D. Kern, of the agricultural experiment station of Indiana, gave some of the results of his critical work on the cedar- apple rusts, a group of heteroecious fungi, z. ¢., fungi which have in their life-histories two or more stages which stages usually occur on different kinds of host plants.
52
In working out the life-histories of the cedar rusts several un- usual species have been found. There are two species which are especially worthy of mention.
t may be said at first that such a large number of the cedar rusts have been found to have their complementary stage on the
c considerable surprise that one species has been found which has its alternate stage on an herbaceous plant of the rose family, a far different host from the woody plants of the apple family. While working on the Garden collections during January of 1908, a rust was discovered on this rosaceous host (Porteranthus stipulatus) and from a study of its form it was decided that it must be asso- ciated with a cedar rust. There were two collections of it known, one from Perryville, Mo., and the other from Mammoth Cave, Ky. It was thought that a trip to one of these places might result in the finding of a cedar rust which would be associated with it. Mammoth Cave was selected as the better place to visit, as the country is in a wild condition, and a subsequent trip there revealed a rust on red cedar which was afterwards proved to be associated with the rust on the rosaceous plant.
Most of the rusts of the apple family which are related to the cedar rusts have a peculiar characteristic form. There has been one, however, from the western coast which was so unlike the others that when it was described the remark was made that it could not belong to a cedar rust. Recent cultures have shown that this assumption was an error and that in spite of its unusual form it is beyond question related to a cedar rust.
t the close of the regular programme, Mr. Norman Taylor gave a brief account of his recent trip to the West Indies, a more detailed account of which appeared in the speed JOURNAL.
D J. SEAVER.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. W. A. Murrill, assistant director, returned from Mexico January 29 with 3,300 specimens of fleshy and woody fungi, col- lected at various elevations from the vicinity of Cordoba and
53
Jalapa on the east to Colima and Tecoman on the west. Accom- panying the collection are 120 colored illustrations of the more perishable species, drawn by Mrs. Murrill. Many interesting original photographs were also secured. A full account of this expedition will appear in the JourNnAL for March.
Dr. Raymond H. Pond, plant pathologist of the Texas Agri- cultural Experiment Station, College Station, visited the Garden last month on his return trip from the Boston meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Dr. Pond held a research scholarship at the Garden at various times from 1905 to 1907, and for several months was biologist of the Metropolitan Sewerage Commission of New York City.
Volume 9, part 3, of “North American Flora” appeared February 3, 1910. This part contains descriptions of the Boletaceae and Chantereleae by Dr. W. A. Murrill; and the Lac- tarieae (pars) by Dr. Gertrude S. Burlingham.
Dr. Charles Reid Barnes, professor of plant physiology in the University of Chicago, died on February 24. Professor Barnes was born in Madison, Indiana, in 1858; and was educated at Hanover College, Indiana, and at Harvard University. He has been best known as a teacher of general plant physiology, as a student of the taxonomy of mosses, and as co-editor of the Botanical Gazette.
The danger to buildings from the dry rot fungus (Merudius lacrymans) has not been recognized in this country as it has in Europe and builders have been allowed to use unseasoned wood to a large extent. A recent investigation in New York City by Professor I. H. Woolson, of Columbia University, brought to light an astonishing condition of affairs in a great number of wooden buildings, which may collapse as did the Gledhill factory unless speedily repaired.
The gray squirrels in the Hemlock Grove have found the severe winter very trying without their accustomed store of chestnuts. Mr. E. W. Humphreys recently observed one of them making a meal on Stereum fursutum, a leathery fungus occurring commonly on dead wood, which would seem unpalat- able to the last degree. During the summer, squirrels are very
54
fond of species of Russu/a, and other fleshy forms appearing on the forest floor, and red squirrels in Alaska have been known to carry fleshy forms into the trees and preserve them for future use ; but I believe this is the first instance recorded where a tough form like Stereum has been so used.
Meteorology for January, rg1o.— The total precipitation re- corded for the month was 6.38 inches.
Maximum temperatures were recorded of 52° on the 2d, 40.5° on the 16th, 50.5" on the 22d, and 44° on the 24th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 3° on the 4th, 11° on the 11th, and 19.5° on the 26th.
ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. Utah. (By exchange with U. S. National
2
.) 94 specimens of Crataegus from Missouri, (Collected by Mr. E. J. Palmer.) 67 specimens of tertiary fossil ae from Florissant, Colorado. (Collected by Messrs. Willard Rusk and Ter ry Duc 1 specimen of fungus from Durango, “Mexic co, (Given by Mr. Charles Shelby.) 50 specimens, ‘‘ Uredineen,”’ fascicle 46. (Distributed by Professors H. and P. dow,
I specimen of shoes canker from the Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. (Presented by Mr, R. W. Curtis.
2§.specimens of ee i from Pennsylvania. (Given by Professor D. R. Sumstine.)
I specimen of Spongipellis delectans from Indiana. (Collected by Mr. C. C.
er,
3,300 specimens of fungi from Mexico. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs, W. A. Murrill. ) 14 eae of Polyporaceae from Washington. (Given by Mr, Elam Bartholo- ew,
1,003 ere of algae, mosses and hepatics from Panama. (Collected by Dr. M. A. Howe. 2 specimens of Jnonotus hirsutus from Mississippi. (Given by Dr. Hermann von Schrenck. 28 specimens, ‘* Ascomycetes,’ fascicle 4§. (Distributed by Dr. Heinrich Rehm.} 1 specimen of E/fuingia fasciata from Mississippi. (Given by Dr. Hermann von Schrenck
95 speci States National M 10 specimens ae mosses. (By exchange with the Sullivant Moss Society. ) 3 specimens of mosses from Connecient and West Virginia, (Given by Professor a L, Sheldon. )
mens of miscellaneous flowering plants. (By exchange with the United im. )
55
6 specimens of mosses from Troy, Jamaica, W. I. (Collected by Mr. J. King Brown,
20 specimens of mosses and hepatics from Santo Domingo. (Collected by Mr. Norman Taylor.
2 specimens of Polyporaceae from Ohio. (Given by Professor A. D. Selby.)
20 specimens of mosses from France. (Given by Brother Leo
26 specimens of woody fungi from Ohio. (By exchange on Mr. L, O. Over- holtz. )
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
17 plants from Panama. ge by Dr. M. A. Howe.)
3 plants for the conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. Frank oe )
19 plants from Santo Domingo. pains by Mr. Norman Taylo:
I Plant of Hibiscus schizaepetalus for the conservatories. (Given oy Mr. Esmonde
n. I plant of Opuntia from Mexico. (By exchange with the United States National J. N. Ro
s of seeds from nO Doria ngo. (Collected by Mr. Norman a ss I a of seed of a Pentstemon from Colorado. (Collected by Dr.
sby. 12 packets of seeds. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, Penang. ) 5 packets of palm and cycad seeds from Mexico. (By exchange with Dr. J. E. arvey. )
Members of the Corporation.
Joun D. Arcusoxp, Grorce F. Baker, Georce S. Bowporn, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. Apptson Brown, Dr. Nicuoras M. But er, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Wiiiam G. CHOATE, Cuartes F. Cox,
Joun J. Crooxe,
W. Bayarp CutTTING, CLeveLtanp H. Dopce, A. F. Estasrook,
H. C. FAHNESTOCK, SaMvuEL W. FaircHILp, James B. Forp,
Henry W. ve Forest, Rosert W. vr Forest, Hon. Tuomas F. Grrroy, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Epwarp S. Harkness, Henry R. Hoyt, Tuos. H. Huxnsarp, AbrIAN ISELIN, JR., Joun I. Kane, Evucene KELLy, Jr.,
Prog. James F. Kemp,
Epw. V. Z. Lang, Pror. Freperic S. Les, Hon. Setu Low,
Davip Lyoic,
Epcar L. Marston,
J. Pierront Morcan, Tueopore W. Myers, Freperic R. Newso1p, Pror. Henry F. Osporn, LoweELt M. PALMER, Gerorce W. PERKINS, James R. PITCHER,
M. F. Prant,
Joun D. RockereELter, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, Mortimer L. Scuirr, James A. ScryMSER, Henry A, SIEBRECHT, WictiaM D. SLoane, Netson SMITH,
JaMes SPEYER,
Francis L. Stetson, Cuartes G. THompPson, Dr. W. Gitman Tuomrson, SAMUEL THORNE, Louis C. TIFFANy,
Georce W. VANDERBILT,
Hon. Ecrerton L. Winturop, Jr.
PUBLICATIONS
or
The New York Botanical Garden
Jo the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, taining notes, and non-technical articles of g Garden, To others, 10 read a copy; $I. 00 a year. [Not offered in exchang Now in its eleventh volum
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise ; devoted to fu including lichens ; containing technical articles ane news and not. es of ee terest. £3.00 a yea oe single copies not for sale. N in its second ee
Bulletin of the ‘New York Botanical Gerteue pee the annual rep
an Flora. Descriptions ba ee wild Plants of North Ameri : edit F
: 1 ol. 22, part I, issued May 22. aoe Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassuls =
e. ;
» part 2, issued December 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangea Cunoniacene, Iteaceae, Hamamelidaceae, ’Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo nomaceae. ;
Vol. he re I, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginacese, Tilletiaceae Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aeci ceae (aeeye
Vol. 25, part 1, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae Erythroxylaceae, % Vo - 9 parts 1 and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly-
2, part 3, issued June 12, 1908. baker oie Platanaceae, Cros r: e
Vol. 9, part 3, “seued Feb. 3, 1910. Boletaceae, Cee and Lactari a
(pars).
Memoirs of the lad York Botanical Garden. Price to members of he Garden, ee pines volum ‘o others, $2.00. [Not offered in exch Vol
$ e. An Annotated eet of the Flora of Montana and the Yellow Park, by ives Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp. » with detailed map. 1900. % Vol. II. The ae of ‘Light and Darke ss upon Growth and Developmen nt, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320pp., with r ae figures. 1903. Vol. III. pemnaiee of Cretaceous Coninoae Remains from Kren ork, by me aor Hollick and Dr. Edward Charles alte viii + 138 pp-
ve Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Ge viii rs 278 pp-, with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. ‘ m the New York Botanical Garden. A seriesof nical papers writen bast students or members of “the ee and reprinted from jou other than the abov. rice, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. Five volumes.
Secene oa BACH. 127, The Crataegi of Mexico and Central America, by W. W. Eggleston. 128. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—XIX, by P. A. Rydberg. 129. Studies on the Rpecys eae Flora — ber; WwW YORK BOTANICAL GARD Bronx PARK, New YORK |
MARCH, 1910 No. 123
JOURNAL
OF
he New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
PERCY WILSON
Administrative Assistant
Si RN Ce ASG UNSERE = x 5 |
IER — CEE, ON OG “es
ei of the Crataegus Problem, with Special Reference to Work in the South. 78
Notes, News jad Comment. 0 el ee 83
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Ar 4; Norrn Quzen Street, Lancaster, Pa. sy THs New Era PRintInG ComPrany
OFFICERS, 1910. ag aia Oe Vi ANDREW CARNEGIE, Sb ee i. one Srecretary—N. L. BRIT
BoARD OF MANAGERS.
1. ELECTED MANAGERS.
HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGA ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERK =o
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, ROBERT W. ve FOREST, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON
2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PaRKS, TOVER
Cc N. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR.
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.
PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman. 3 DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES F. COX, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr.
GARDEN ST ao N. L. BRITTON, Directo Chi te . W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Directo DR. foes K. aver ae pris of the arctan DR A. RG.
, Curator. DR eee wecee Curator. DR. MARSHALL A , Curator.
NORMAN TAYLOR, Assistant Curator. ORGE V. NASH, Head Garden FRED J. SEAVER, Director of the Tapes DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Lo ibrarian,
2 Cust PERCY WILSON, Si tecena tie Assistant.
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden Vow. XL es 7 March: 1910. a No. 123.
COLLECTING FUNGI IN SOUTHERN MEXICO.
Dr. N. L. Britton, Drrecror-1n-CHleF.
Si: Following your instructions, I sailed from New York, accompanied by Mrs. Murrill, on the S.S. “ Merida” of the Ward Line, December 2, bound for Veracruz, the special object of the expedition being to secure specimens and descriptive notes and drawings of the higher fleshy and woody oe which have here- tofore been very imperfectly known from Mexi
Cuba was reached at sunrise on December 6, oe the ship re- mained in the harbor at Havana all day. On the morning of December 8, we anchored in twenty feet of water four miles from Progresso on the coast of Yucatan and went ashore in a steam tug. The town is small and uninteresting except for the im- mense amount of henequen fiber that passes through it as the chief port of Yucatan. About 500 ships call at this port during the year, mostly for henequen. Large storehouses for the bales of fiber may be seen along the beach. The sandy soil supports little vegetation, the sea grape, some species of cacti and a few cocoanut and almond trees being the chief plants noticed.
The train for Merida, the capital of Yucatan, left Progresso about the middle of the forenoon and traversed the twenty-two miles in an hour, first crossing a broad lagoon near the coast, filled with mangrove, and passing for the remaining distance through the very extensive heniquen plantations for which Yuca- tan is famous. The bed of coral rock which constitutes the only soil here seems particularly well adapted to the formation of fiber
57
58
of good quality, a richer soil producing weak fiber and an excess of fleshy tissue in the leaf.
Henequen, or sisal, is the commercial name of the fiber of Agave rigida, known to the Yucatecos as sacet. The ancient Mayas used this fiber for making the ropes with which huge stones were dragged to the summits of their pyramids and tem- ples. There are now about four hundred plantations in Yucatan, comprising about a million acres, which yield 600,000 bales a year, valued at twenty million dollars. The plants are propa- gated from sprouts, cuttings, or seed. Very little preparation or cultivation of the soil is necessary. Six or eight years after planting, the two lowest rings of leaves are cut, and this is con- tinued each year for eight or ten years, when the plant produces a long flower-stalk and dies. The instrument used for cutting the leaves, called corba, is something like a machete, but is hooked at the end. e cut leaves are stripped of their spines and mashed to a pulp in huge crushers, after which the mass of fibers, about a yard in length, is cleaned, combed, dried, and compressed into bales for shipment. The fiber is woven into ropes, binder-twine, etc. In Yucatan, very fine hammocks are made of it, which sometimes sell for a hundred dollars or more.
Merida is now a very attractive city of 45,000 inhabitants, with splendid streets and a perfect system of sewerage, presenting the strongest contrast to conditions there a few years ago. The sec- tion occupied by the homes of owners of henequen plantations is particularly attractive. A feature of Merida is the great number of windmills employed. The porous nature of the coral rock causes the water to sink some distance below the surface, where it runs in underground currents. These currents may sometimes be reached by natural openings or caverns, called locally cenotes. The soil used in gardens and plazas has been brought from hills in the interior of the peninsula, and trees have been planted in openings blasted in solid rock. ;
At daybreak on the morning of December 9, we left Progesso for Veracruz, arriving the next day about noon, eight days after leaving New York. Veracruz is another city which has been en- tirely transformed in the past few years. The streets are asphalted
59
or well paved, perfectly drained, and lighted by electric ight.
most important, port of Mexico. The town is built on the level shore only four feet above the sea and contains little of botanical interest. The main plaza is well filled with large palms and other tropical plants and is the home of thousands of blackbirds, whose loud clamor continues without ceasing from daylight until dark. All efforts to dislodge these birds have proved unavailing. The buzzards, or zopilotes, avoid the plaza and make their home on the towers of the parochial church and nearby buildings.
Early on the morning of December 11, we left Veracruz on the Interoceanic Railway, bound for Jalapa, situated in the mountains eighty miles distant and nearly a mile above sea-level. The grade is steep, the road is of narrow gauge, and there are many stops, so it was afternoon when we reached out destination. However, the journey is full of botanical interest and we found much to observe and enjoy.
Just outside of Veracruz, there are large sand dunes contain- ing only cacti, but these are soon left behind and the road enters the low, tropical, highly productive zone, twenty-five miles in width, lying between the village of San Francisco and the coast. During the dry season, from October to May, this zone is not so attractive as in summer, but we saw cocoanuts, oranges, several fine palms, among them the coyol veal, which yields the palm-oil of commerce, banana patches, sugar plantations, and a number of common wild tropical plants, such as Ricinus, Bursera, Ficus, Ceiba, Agave, Tamarindus, and the like. Meadows where corn and beans had been gathered were overrun with a large orange- flowered Coreopsis, while the railway embankments were covered with a small pink-flowered Convolvulus. The rocky slopes often contained cacti. At La Antigua, after about an hour’s ride, we crossed a fine river of that name, flowing through rich meadows.
Beyond the thatched cottages of San Francisco, the coffee zone begins, which extends to Jalapa. This zone also supplies bananas, pineapples, corn, and many other important products. In the woodlands, the “‘molatta tree” first attracted my attention because
60
of its large and beautiful flowers, which are white with a purple center. The trunk and branches, which were leafless at that season, are ashy-white. The tree is small, but exceedingly abundant.
Rinconado, near the battlefield of Cerro Gordo, was passed at 10 A. M., and, after traversing a broad plateau with a fine view, we came to Carrizal and then to Colorado, a region of black, fertile soil that produces great quantities of corn. Here are rough, low, limestone hills with valleys between, resembling the Cockpit Country of Jamaica. The rock-masses are much tilted and folded, and the scenery becomes rapidly wilder as the road winds about the successive hills and crosses the intervening barrancas filled with luxuriant vegetation. Palms, of various forms and sizes, are very conspicuous here, but beyond El Palmar they gradually give place to hardwood trees, on which an increasing number of bromeliads and orchids appear. A conspicuous orchid with rose-colored flowers was seen again and again.
Between El Palmar and the broad plateau on which Chavar- rillo is situated, the underlying rock seems to change for the most part from limestone to granitic formations overlaid by vol- canic discharges. At the same time, oaks and cycads and bracken ferns appear, to the exclusion of palms and many other kinds of plants common at lower elevations. Beyond Chavar- rillo, the broad fertile plateau, covered with grass and dotted with clumps of scrubby oaks, pinguin, and opuntia, extends for many miles and supports great herds of cattle. In the midst of this plateau, the Mexican Fruit Company has recently planted extensive areas in oranges, pineapples, bananas, cherimoyers, and coffee. These are the first orchards of importance between Vera- cruz and Jalap
Pacho, six miles from Jalapa, the plateau gives place to again, with coffee in abundance and splendid primeval
dense crowd at the station and up the very long, narrow street leading to the principal part of the town. There were no
61
vehicles of any kind to be seen except a single street-car drawn by four mules, which was already filled to overflowing. Mer- chandise of all kinds is carried on the backs of men, ponies, or
urros. The streets are roughly paved with large blocks of lava, the gutter being in the center, which is the condition found in most Mexican cities.
Jalapa is a very old town and of the greatest interest botanic- ally, situated as it is in the midst of a primeval forest at an alti- tude that insures plenty of rain and moderate temperatures the whole year round. A number of medicinal plants, as well as many rare and beautiful orchids, have been collected in this forest in past years. Jpomoeca Jalapa, a powerful cathartic familiarly known as jalap, and Swelax medica, or sarsaparilla, were formerly exported in large quantities.
By climbing the Cerro Macuiltepec, on the eastern slope of which the town is perched, a splendid view is obtained, wit Perote to the west, Orizaba to the southwest, the forest to the south as far as the hills above Pacho, and the gradual slope toward Veracruz far away to the southeast. It is believed by many that the reefs in Veracruz harbor are caused by lava from the giant Perote, which flowed down this long incline in past ages. Nearer by, five hundred to a thousand feet below, lies the town, embowered in tropical vegetation and surrounded by cultivated fields and dense forests. Excellent water, obtained from Perote, flows from fountains in the streets, after the manner of Swiss and Tyrolean towns, and the natives, dressed in their curious costumes,
o
filling their water jars at these fountains, make a very picturesque sight.
Over a week was spent at Jalapa, daily excursions being made to various parts of the forest, which yielded rich collections of fungi, many of which were apparently undescribed. Polyporus xalapensis, described from this locality by Berkeley in 1849, was found in quantity. Certain of our own species, such as 7remella mycetophila, collected rather frequently on Collyiia dryophila, and Chitopilus abortivus, found for sale in the market, were rather a surprise to me. e woods were full of ferns, mosses, liverworts, and lichens ; while the lava walls along the roads and in the fields
62
were covered with xerophytic species. A species of Se/aginella, resembling the resurrection-plant of the western plains, grew abundantly on the exposed roadside banks above Pacho. _Black- berries were just beginning to ripen, while peaches were the size of small marbles, and corn was either being planted or was just showing above ground.
A visit to the market showed a profusion of interesting plant products, such as oranges, lemons, limes, sweet lemons, grape- fruit, cherimoyers, sapotes chicos, sapotes negros, mammee apples, sweetcups, pineapples, tamarinds, bananas of various kinds, the best variety, called “melt in your mouth,” bein about as large as a man’s thumb and very sweet, thornapples (Crataegus), a very poor native variety of apple (Pyrus), cocoanuts, peanuts, hickory-nuts, sweets and jellies of various kinds ; sweet potatoes, pumpkins, squash, pumpkin seed, tomatoes, peppers of many shapes and sizes, ground-cherries, peas, beans, corn, cab- bage, plantains, potatoes, cauliflower, yams, guavas, lettuce, pars- ley, onions, watercress, radishes, carrots; gardenias, camellias, cannas, callas, azaleas, bougainvillaeas, and savory roots and herbs, some for garnishing and some for medicinal use.
Practically all of this produce is brought in from the surround- ing country and exposed for sale in small booths, or on the ground, by native men, women and children. Much of it is of poor quality and undersized, as though grown in sterile soil or with little cultivation. This was very noticeable in the case of the cocoanuts, peanuts and tomatoes, the latter especially being in- variably small, deeply creased and badly flavored.
On December 20, the collections made at Jalapa were packed and shipped by express to Messrs. Berea, O’Kelly & Co., agents of the Ward Line in Veracruz, who kindly took charge of these and several additional shipments until my return. Shortly after noon, we left Jalapa by train for Mexico City vza Puebla, where we spent the night. Careful notes were made of the route, which is exceedingly interesting to the botanist, but offers few oppor- tunities for proper food and shelter. Indeed, all through rural
solved in advance when new regions are to be visited for a stay of more than twelve hours.
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From Jalapa to La Cima, a distance of nearly forty miles, the train climbs to an elevation of over 9,000 feet, passing some of the finest scenery on the eastern slope. Beyond Banderrilla, six miles from Jalapa, the first pine-trees were observed. This is the long-leaved, Montezuma pine, very abundant at high elevations in Mexico and an exceedingly important timber tree. An arbor- escent species of Yucca, probably Y. pericu/osa, is used for hedges here and at San Miguel. One sees railway ties piled up at the sta- tions awaiting shipment. Alders and birches appear in the thickets and oaks increase in size and number; while the few peach-trees noticed are just coming into flower. The stations are far apart
eyond Cruz Verde the road enters an immense field of lava,
spaces filled with a tangle of shrubs and pines. A few fields and coppices of hardwoods appear as oases in this area of desolation ; in these, a tall red-flowered thistle is conspicuous, and the first specimens of the maguey, or century-plant, are observed, planted in hedge-rows.
At Las Vigas, the maguey becomes more abundant, and the broad plateau beyond shows extensive and splendid forests of pine in pure stand without undergrowth, which doubtless support a considerable fungous flora during the summer season, when it is warm and moist. From La Cima the great mesa stretches away to Puebla and beyond, broken only by dry hills covered with cacti, which are very abundant in the vicinity of Limon. Tepeyahualco is surrounded by maguey plantations, cornfields, and cattle ranches. n these ranches, some of the most dan- gerous bulls of the Mexican ring are bred.
The great tableland of Mexico is over five hundred miles wide and fifteen hundred miles long, divided into several mesas of dif- ferent altitudes by mountains of great height. The two ap-
64
proaches to this tableland on the east, at Jalapa and at Saltillo, are utilized by the two railways connecting Veracruz and Mexico City. It was part of our plan to enter the central region by one railway and return by the other. On these immense plains, with an average elevation of 6,000 feet, wheat, corn, rye and barley are grown in vast quantities, often to the extent of two crops a year in well-watered localities. The most conspicuous plant, however, is the maguey, Agave americana, cultivated all over this region as the source of pulque, the national beverage.
On the way from Puebla to Mexico - maguey plantations were almost continuously in view, with large pulque haciendas, from which trainloads of pulque are shipped each morning to the capital. e scenery is uniform except at Atotonilco and be-
ond, where the railway crosses the rough range of volcanic hills separating the two mesas. Wheat and corn alternate with the maguey in the valleys, yucca and cacti ornament the rocky places and serve for hedges, and straggling pines and some hard- woods crown the higher hills and barrancas; while the snow- topped Malintzi, Ixtaccihuatl, and Popocatepetl, towering from 13,500 to over 18,000 feet above sea-level, dominate the view for most of the distance.
Mexico City was reached shortly after dark, and we registered at the Hotel Palacio, near the Cathedral. An aqueduct was being constructed within a few feet of this famous church and thousands of bones of the Aztec nobility were being unearthed, which dated back to 1520, when Alvarado made his attack upon the temple. In the extension of this aqueduct along the Tacuba road, a great many interesting relics discarded in the precipitate flight of the Spaniards on “da noche triste” recovered, The National Museum, containing an immense col- lection of objects of both historic and prehistoric interest, was closed for rearrangement and will not be reopened until the cen- tennial celebration next fall.
n the day we reached the city, the government started to dig a lake about the tree of ‘a noche triste,’ under which Cortez reviewed his mutilated army, with the hope of prolonging its life. This celebrated historic tree, a giant ahuehuete, or cypress, Za-
are expected to be
65
odium mucronatum, is now reduced to a mere “ shell,” with a few straggling branches, and I fear that, in spite of the rigid laws for its protection and the lake that is being dug about it, a few more years
the most vigorous shoots be left to take the place of the original trunk when it is gone.
magnificent grove of ahuehuetes adjoining the castle of Chapultepec was examined with great interest. hese ancient
lameda, a small central park much frequented by all classes, is planted with a great variety of trees, shrubs, and flow- ers, and adorned with many statues. During the cold winter nights, the beds of flowers are protected from frost by heavy cloths supported on a network of wires. The past winter being unusually severe, it was necessary to use the cloths almost con- tinuously at night and occasionally during a part of the day. During the week preceding Christmas, a portion of the avenue adjoining the Alameda was devoted to the sale of holiday deco- rations and supplies of all kinds, when it presented the gayest and liveliest appearance imaginable. Large numbers of Christ- mas trees, closely resembling those sold in New York City, and immense quantities of Florida moss, 7i//andsia usneoides, as well as a variety of true mosses and ferns, from the forests in the mountains to the south, were here exposed for sale ; also flowers, fruits, sweets, hats, baskets, and a hundred other articles of native handiwor On ae eve of Christmas Day, we left Mexico City for Cuer- navaca, the capital of the State of Morelos, situated in the beauti- ful Morelos Valley, at an elevation of about 5,000 feet, and pro- tected from north winds by the Ajusco range. This city was presented by Charles V to Cortez, who introduced sugar-cane
66
from Cuba and erected sugar-mills, the one at Atlacomulco be- ing the oldest crushing-mill on the continent.
The railway journey from Mexico City to Cuernavaca is most delightful, affording a splendid view of the Valley of Anahuac, as the train climbs the north side of the great Ajusco range, and an equally fine view of Morelos Valley, as it descends the southern slope. Mixcoac, where flowers are cultivated for the city markets, San Geronimo, surrounded by strawberry fields, and Contreras, where baskets of yellow hawthorn apples are offered for sale, are soon passed, and we enter the regions of lava and forest, broken at intervals by valleys filled with corn. Ajusco, near the sum- mit, is the center of the charcoal industry. Although pines are the most conspicuous trees here, oaks are by no means lacking,
and they are cut in great quantities for charcoal. About fifteen ent: dollars worth of charcoal is consumed each day in the
ity of Mexico alone. Indeed, the supply of timber is beirg rapidly exhausted in this way and prices are increasing at such a rate that a gas company has concluded that it will now be profit- able to supply the city with gas for fuel.
The train now runs for miles across a comparatively level plain, the giant crater of Ajusco, covered with coarse grass and fields of wheat and corn, dotted with volcanic hills and clumps of pine, juniper, oak, willow, and spruce or fir. La Cima, the highest point of this plateau, is nearly 10,000 feet. Beyond Las Tres Marias, the southern wall of the crater is crossed and the descent begins. The railway station of Las Tres Marias, so called from
hree mountain peaks to the east of it, is a collection of about fifty huts, half of them built of grass, in a low, fertile meadow where there is more or less water. It is a pity that there are no accommodations at this point for sleeping and eating, as it would
an excellent base for visiting the crater and the fringe of
ravines below. There is no doubt that this region, including the barrancas near Cuernavaca, is botanically one of the richest and most varied to be found anywhere in the world. Even in the middle of winter, we found there a profusion of flowers hardly equalled on the moister and lower elevations of the eastern slope.
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From E] Parque the descent is very rapid, and, leaving the pines behind at Alarcon, we soon reach the orchards and corn- fields of Ramon and then the picturesque town of Cuernavaca, situated at 5,000 feet elevation on a ridge between two barrancas, and commanding a superb view of the valley on all sides, with its encircling mountains, among which the snowy tops of Popo- catepetl and Ixtaccihuatl appear on the eastern horizon.
e made our headquarters at Cuernavaca for five days, col- lecting in the barrancas and gardens from San Antonio on the west to Chapultepec on the east, and climbing the mountain side to the north. The town is of great interest historically, as well as botanically. The state capitol was once the palace of Cortez, and here the great conqueror spent some of the last years of his life. Hotel Morelos, built in 1569 by one of Cortez’ generals, has had an eventful history, having been used as a fortress both by friends and foes of the government on several occasions. Its roof and patio are now filled with flowers and tropical foliage plants, making it one of the most attractive buildings of its kind. Great climbing plants of Bougainvillaea, with crimson or purple flower-bracts, are abundant here and elsewhere in Cuernavaca. Many spineless specimens of Opuntza were also observed in cul- tivation in the gardens there.
Borda Garden, once a magnificient example of the formal, Italian style, constructed at a cost of half a million dollars, is finely situated in a prominent part of the town, but is now sadly neglected as a garden, having become little more than an orchard of mango and sapote trees and coffee bushes, although still beau- tiful because of its basins, fountains, terraces and pergolas.
On December 28, an excursion was made on horseback to the Tepeite Valley, fourteen miles distant, on the southern side of Ajusco, 2,000 feet above Cuernavaca. The name means “ Valley in the mountains,” and it is reached by a tortuous, rough trail, which is very tiresome both to horse and rider. Leaving Cuer- navaca at early dawn, we reached the edge of the valley as the sun rose over Popocatepetl and the ruins of Tepoxtepec, then fol- lowed the trail up the mountain until we came to a hut near the Tepeite River, where we left our horses and lunch, and proceeded
68
on foot four miles farther, collecting as we went. This region was moist and very rich in fungi, as well as in ferns, mosses, and epiphytes. Being generally known only to charcoal-burners, it is doubtful if it has ever before been visited by a botanist. Quan- tities of deer, wild pigs, cats, and other animals live undisturbed in this primeval forest. We secured 175 numbers of very inter- esting fungi and returned to Cuernavaca by sunset. It would be useless to attempt to give here any adequate idea of the flora of this valley.
On the afternoon of December 29, we left Cuernavaca for Colima, arriving December 31, after a continuous railway journey of over twenty-four hours from Mexico City. For most of this distance, our route lay through fertile valleys similar to those already described, the elevation at Guadalajara being 5,000 feet, or 2,500 feet lower than Mexico City, and the descent to Colima being a further drop of 3,500 feet. The climate at Guadalajara is very similar to that at Cuernavaca, only it is more exposed to north winds. On the way to Colima, the temperature gradually increases and the vegetation becomes more tropical, but, during the dry season, collecting must be confined chiefly to the bar- rancas and river valleys.
At Mazatepec, about an hour's ride from Guadalajara, are large storage reservoirs 5 for irrigating the valley below, and not
Nicolas, the train climbs a steep ridge over 5,000 feet above sea- level, affording a magnificent view of the long valley already traversed. Here were the first plantations of Agave seen since leaving the valley of the Lerma, and it proved to be quite a different plant from the pulque-plant of the tableland, the leaves being slenderer and more densely clustered, with a distinct bluish tint. This is the maguey de vino, the source of the Tequila
WKNAL UP Ln awry LURK DULANILAL vanity, Bunda asenane
Patio of Granp Horet, JALAPA. PLANTING CORN NEAR JALAPA. TRE OF ‘ pee No eee Mexico.
Main Piaza, VERACRUZ. BANK OF FERNS NEAR JALAP Wiguine UNDER WILLOWS, Tauaea,
69
liquor, so called from the district where it is chiefly produced, and an important plant of the state of Jalisco.
At Zapotlan, the usual base for the ascent of Colima and Nevado, we had lunch at the Chinese restaurant, and, continuing our journey through the very dusty plain, we reached Tuxpan and the valley of the Tuxpan River, where the splendid scenery begins, reminding one of the ascent of the eastern slope below Jalapa. The railroad has only recently been completed through to the Pacific, at an immense cost, passing through tunnel after tunnel and crossing scores of barrancas of great depth which join the great cafion formed by the river. The lowest rock seen was limestone, but there is much igneous rock and lava, the different strata showing very distinctly at many points along the cafion, where they reach a total thickness of 500 to 1,000 feet. The plain above the cafion, well shown at Platanar, rises in two terraces, each 300 feet or more in height, while the Volcan de Colima and the snow-capped El Nevado, its extinct twin, in the background, reach an elevation of 12,000 to 14,000 feet above the sea.
Shortly before reaching Colima, the capital of the very small state of Colima, the train leaves the rugged Tuxpan Valley and crosses over to the fertile region drained by the Colima River, where there are broad plantations of sugar-cane, corn and rice. The town dates from 1523, and its population of 20,000 shows a good percentage of Spanish blood. It is situated at an elevation of 1,500 feet, on a gentle slope facing the Pacific, which is about thirty miles distant.
We spent only four days at Colima, the season being too dry for fleshy fungi. One forenoon was spent in a large orchard in the suburbs and the afternoon in an abandoned ranch near the
A barranca at Balcon, three miles to the east, reached by a beautiful calzada, was also visited. This entire stretch of road- way was shaded by magnificent fig-trees, alive with parrots, and enclosed on both sides by high lava walls, on which hundreds of iguanas were sunning themselves. In this barranca we found an interesting species of climbing cactus, which appears to be unde- cribed. Cuttings of it were brought home for propagation. We
70
owe much to Mr. Vose, an American civil engineer at Colima, for valuable information and assistance.
During our stay in Colima, we visited Monsieur A. Le Harivel, formerly one of Maximilian’s soldiers, who is much interested in fiber plants and has a number of species growing in his garden. He also showed me growing specimens and gave me cuttings of the candelilla, or wax-plant, which grows in the barrancas above Colima and supplies a vegetable wax that is coming into use for phonographic records. The cylindrical, green stems, reaching a yard in length and filled with milky juice, are ground and boiled, when the wax rises to the top and is taken off and pressed into blocks, which sell in New York at thirty-five cents per pound. The plant appears to be a species of Pedi/anthus, or possibly an Euphorbia ; this can be better determined when the cuttings have developed leaves and flowers.
The only es journey made from Colima as a base, was to Tecoman and the west side of the valley of the Armeria River, which rises in the state of Jalisco and flows south through the center of the state of Colima, receiving the Colima river below Coquimatlan. Leaving Colima at 6 A. M., I reached Tecoman at 8:40 and walked six miles farther, following the west bank of the river until the first tributary was reached and working both sides of this stream for a distance of nearly two miles, returning to Colima at 7 P. M.
This journey was of special botanical interest, being on the Pacific Slope in a region not well known, with elevations from 1,500 down to 150 feet. At the first station below Colima, the large and attractive fruits of some cactus were sold by the Indians under the name of “ pitalla” or “ pitaya.”’ They were spherical in shape and nearly as large as oranges, with greenish-purple skin and red meat. After crossing the river and entering the rough limestone bs a species of Cerews, more slender than the
wooded slopes. Between Madrid and Caleras there was a fringe of low, wet woods and broad meadows filled with rice, which is the principal crop of this region. The natives here are very dark and wear wide, white trousers with red sashes. Their huts are
URNAL OF THE NEW York Boranical Garprn, Lovie UNNVE
Casriz oF CHapuLTePec, Mexico. Las Tres Marias STATION. CuERNAVACA, LOOKING WEST. Ev Parque STATION. Dininc-room oF Hotet Moxevos. Pacace of Cortez and MARKET.
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made of grass, consisting mainly of a roof for shade, and they sleep in hammocks. The state laws are very rigid. For exam- ple, animal charcoal may not be used for bleaching sugar, because it is made from old bones ; and all flour must be made from the entire wheat grain.
The walk across the great desert plain surrounding Tecoman was not less interesting than the railway journey. On the right is a semicircle of blue mountains overtopped by the volcano of Colima ; on the left the plain slopes gradually to the shore of the Pacific, a few miles away. Scattered over the plain are oases of shade, where tall, spreading cacti and spine-bearing trees ward off the surrounding desert with interlacing branches. Careful search revealed only three species of cacti, the nopal, the organ cactus, and a quadrangular, straggling or climbing species, all of which were abundant. The first bore green fruit, the second purplish flower-buds, and the third was entirely bare. A few cattle crop- ping the dry grass, a silent mocking bird or two, a red squirrel gnawing the fruits of a species of Rhamnus, and long files of large, red, leaf-cutting ants, each with a piece of leaf held aloft after the manner of a sunshade, composed the only visible animal life. These ants, determined by Professor Wheeler as Alfa mexicana, carry quantities of leaves into their underground nests and cul- tivate upon them as they decay a species of fungus, which they eat. A closely related species with similar habits occurs in Texas.
On entering the dense jungle lying between the west bank of the river and the higher portions of the ridge of hills which shuts it off from the ocean, the scene is entirely changed. Yellow-billed parrots, fat ground pigeons, large, lazy butterflies of brilliant colors, lizards, snakes, squirrels, pigs, deer, pumas, jaguars, and many other animals inhabit this jungle in abundance. Many spe- ies of fungi were found on the dead and decaying timber, but it was too dry for species growing on the ground. To secure these, the region should be visited a month or two earlier, before the rains have ceased. At one point where I waded the stream, the water-lettuce of Florida, Pistia Stratiotes, was abundant on the sur- face of the water, beneath large, overhanging palms of the genus Cocos.
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A short distance beyond Tecoman, a lagoon begins, which continues to Manzanillo. I had planned to collect along this lagoon near the ocean, but, learning from Dr. L. A. Turnbull that it was infested with alligators and various fevers, and that the accommodations at Manzanillo were of the poorest kind and the trains exceedingly slow, I abandoned the idea and determined to return to the Gulf Slope, where there was more moisture, Accordingly, we left Colima January 5, and reached Mexico City January 7, breaking the journey at Guadalajara. On Jan- uary 8, being Saturday, I was induced to join an automobile excursion to the buried city of San Juan Teotihuacan, thirty-two miles northeast of the capital, not only because of the great in- terest attached to the ruins, but also because of the opportunity it afforded me to observe at close range the extensive mague plantations and cactus thickets along the route.
e most conspicuous objects in the precincts of the sacred city are the pyramids of the sun and moon, constructed of basal- tic blocks and trachite by some tribe antedating the Toltecs. The larger structure is 216 feet high, with a very broad base. When the excavation of the city has proceeded further, more light will doubtless be cast on this ancient tribe and the history of these almost unknown ruins. It is interesting to note that a Temple of Agriculture occupies a conspicuous place in this city, reminding one of the zealous worship of the goddess Ceres.
The common maguey, or pulque-plant, reaches its best devel- opment at this altitude and is very abundantly cultivated. This plant has been the source of a variety of useful products, such as paper, twine, parchment, thatching, vinegar, molasses, and even néedles and thread; but it is now cultivated almost entirely for pulque and ae the former obtained by fermentation of the sap stored up for flowering, and the latter by distillation from the root and lower leaves after roasting. The plants require little attention until old enough to flower, which generally occurs when they are from eight to ten years old. When the giant flower-clusters are about to be produced, harvesters go through the plantations and cut out the incipient stalks, at the same time scooping out a sort of basin, into which the sap flows and is col-
73
lected, to the extent of a gallon or more each day for two or three months, or until the plant dies of exhaustion. The sap is drawn from the basin by suction through a long gourd, or acocote, the fruit of a species of calabash, Lagenaria vulgaris, and taken in pig-skins or sheep-skins to the fermenting-rooms, where the addition of old pulque converts it into the pulque of com- merce within twenty-four hours. The finished product resembles diluted yeast and contains about 6 per cent. of alcohol. If kept longer than a day or two, it becomes stale, a fact which the na- tives fully appreciate.
The nopal cactus, Opuntia tuna, also thrives best on the table- land, but is found in abundance at lower elevations. The fruit of this species, called zvxa, is large and attractive, and is greatly esteemed by the Mexicans. The plants are used for hedges, while the young pads are eaten by cattle and made into a stew or preserved as confections by the Indians. Being abundant and conspicuous, as well as useful, the nopal has been used in designs for Mexican coins and for the national banner.
The organ cactus, Cereus exce/sus, with its cluster of tall, fluted cylinders resembling organ-pipes, is one of the stateliest plants seen in Mexico. It bears purple flowers near the apex of the cylinders, but the fruit is of little importance.
The cochineal insect, which feeds on certain species of Opuntia resembling the nopal, develops best in the state of Oaxaca, said to be the original home of the cochineal industry, where it is now much reduced on account of the discovery of aniline dyes,
Both going and returning along the shores of Lake Texcoco, I saw countless flocks of migratory ducks of various species feed- ing upon the rich animal life of this lake. Here the curious and remarkable water-lizard, or axolotl, eaten by the Indians, makes its home; and here are deposited, among the rushes or on bundles of reeds placed there for the purpose, the eggs of the peculiar marsh-fly, Akuatlea, which form a staple article of food among the Tezcucans.
On Sunday, January 9, we were entertained at the home of Dr. and Mrs. Hardin, in Mexico City. Dr. Hardin is the author of an important treatise on the Liquefaction of Gases, and is at
74
present Treasurer of the Mexican National Gas Company, which is spending $2,000,000 on an initial plant for lighting and _heat- ing, to be ready for service this spring.
On the morning of January 10, we left by the Mexican Railway at an early hour for Orizaba, arriving at 3:30 P.M. The railway journey is of great interest, especially during its latter stages, The pyramids of the sun and moon; the famous battlefield of Otumba; the Plain of Apam, as celebrated for pulque as Munich is for beer; Soltepec, with its magnificent view of the four great mountains, Popocatepetl, Ixtaccihuatl, Malintzi, and Orizaba ; and Apizaco, the supply station for canes made of various native woods, are all passed in the first three or four hours.
Beyond Rinconada, thin woods appear on the mountain flanks and subtropical trees hung with Florida moss fill the ravines, but these are soon passed and the great fertile plain comes into view that extends unbroken to the base of Orizaba. This plain is practically one vast field of wheat, with long rows of ripened grain, and threshing-machines at work, and also the primitive threshing-floors of the Egyptians, where horses are rapidly
chicomula, the point of departure for the ascent of Orizaba, the monarch of Mexican mountains (18,225 feet) anll, with the exception of Mt. McKinley, the highest peak in North America. It was first ascended in 1848, by a party of General Scott’s officers, and the journey is frequently made now without much difficulty. A fine view of Orizaba was obtained at Esperanza, where we stopped for dinner. Here, on the edge of the great tableland, 8,000 feet above the sea, the train is inspected and prepared for its plunge to the coastal plain.
As we begin to circle the base of Orizaba, we suddenly leave the desert and feel the first rain we have seen since leaving the mountains above Jalapa; and the change from parched earth and cactus to green grass and luxuriant vegetation is very delightful.
SURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BULANICAL UAKUEN.
Cc BARRANCA EAST OF a
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The journey of thirty miles from this point to Orizaba, a drop of 4,000 feet, is through some of the most splendid scenery to be found anywhere.
rizaba is a celebrated resort for both summer and winter, having the right elevation (4,000 feet) and being charmingly sit- uated in a picturesque mountain valley. The frequent rains and fogs, which sometimes discourage the tourist, are an inspiration to the mycologist, who finds after each season of downpour a fresh crop of interesting fungi.
On January 11, I went by street-car to Rio Blanco and fol- lowed a stream from that point up into the mountains, obtaining as many specimens as my baskets would hold. The next day, we drove to Rincon Grande and collected in the ravine near the falls and in the forest above, obtaining many fleshy fungi and a considerable number of mosses, liverworts, and ferns, which cover the moist, limestone cliffs here in great profusion. The third day was spent on horseback in the coffee plantations, where the rich
m fungi of interest. On account of the damp weather, all these specimens had to be dried over the folding stove which we had in our outfit.
Orizaba is one of the great coffee centers of Mexico, being the largest town in a coffee district of 700 square miles, which extends as far down as Paso del Macho. Banana plants are used to shade the coffee bushes, which, with proper warmth and mois- ture, begin to yield in three or four years. The crop was just maturing while we were there and natives were picking the red berries and drying them on level cement floors, preparatory to hulling and shipping the beans up to the large storehouses at Esperanza, where the air is dry. The annual export of coffee from Mexico amounts to about $6,000,000 in value. The flavor of coffee, like that of tobacco, depends quite as much upon its treatment after picking as before. Good coffee may be grown in almost any locality where the soil is rich in humus and well drained, and the altitude and latitude such that plenty of moisture, with a temperature never below 50° Fahr., will be insured.
The market in Orizaba is well worth visiting at this season.
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There is the usual profusion of vegetables, fruits, and flowers, with dried meats and peppers, nuts, sweets, cereals and beans, Artichokes, resembling misshapen white turnips, were abundant. Muskmelons, small watermelons, red radishes 12 to 18 inches long, olives, pads of nopal cactus, Italian chestnuts, oysters, and turtles were among the specialties. The flower girls offered roses, violets, Easter lilies, gardenias, camellias, pinks, pansies, geraniums, azaleas, wreaths of moss, potted plants, and packages of various flower seeds.
On the afternoon of January 14, we left Orizaba, at an eleva- tion of 2,700 feet, arriving at 5 P. M., just after the heavy storm which had swept the Eastern Slope for about a week. On ac- count of this rather unusual general rain, I decided to take advan-
ingly, I left early the following morning by the Veracruz and Isthmus Railway for Motzorongo, 25 miles southeast of Cordoba, at an elevation of only 800 feet, where I secured the a col- lection obtained during any single day while in Mex
Motzorongo is in the midst of a sugar plantation eae by the Motzorongo Company, of which Mr. E. E. Winsch is manager. I was received with great cordiality by Mr. Wiinsch and advised to try first the steep ridge on the west of the valley, where con- siderable cutting had been done to obtain firewood for the sugar- mill. I found the dead logs and the floor of the dense virgin forest covering the side and summit of this ridge, which rises 600 feet or more above the valley, teeming with fungi of the most in- teresting kinds, and I devoted the entire day to this locality, with- out stopping for food or water until shortly before the returning train was due.
I was compelled to spend the next day in working up this col- lection, but the day following, leaving Mrs. Murrill in charge of the drying, I went in the same direction as far as Xuchiles, 15 miles from Cordoba, at an elevation of about 1,500 feet, and col- lected during the forenoon in the coffee and banana plantations along the south bank of the Rio Blanco, where there was con- siderable dead wood left from the original forest. In the after-
OURNAL OF TILE NEW YUKK DULANIVAL “anes a
n Pepro, GUADALAJARA, Tain Piaza, TExcoc cae oF Sun anp Moon. eee eo Texc ‘OCO. Als IN STREET, DRizApay Cor a LOOKING TOWARD Mounratns. ne
77
noon, I followed the railroad north as far as the Seven Waters and then cut across the pastures and through the coffee groves for several miles to Cuichapa, where I boarded the 5 P. M. train for Cordoba, returning with nearly as many specimens as on the previous trip.
This whole region about Cordoba is of great botanical inter- est, and is easily accessible by railways running in four different directions. In the immediate vicinity, are plantations of sugar- cane, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, coffee, and tobacco; while the town itself, with only 7,000 inhabitants, can hardly be seen from a distance on account of the gardens and groves which surround it.
Late in the afternoon of January 19, we left Cordoba for Vera- cruz, where our steamer awaited us. The station was filled with crowds of natives, some of them from the interesting Indian village of Amatlan, with segments of bamboo containing tuberoses and bunches of the best banana, the fat, yellow Dominico, which, un- fortunately, cannot be shipped more than a few miles
The journey to Veracruz was made mostly after nigntall At El Potrero, there are mountains which should furnish good col- lecting for a day, at least; and the ravines about Atoyac might
the coast, the last range of blue hills having been left behin soon after leaving Atoyac.
On the morning of January 21, we embarked on the S. S. “Esperanza” with all of our collections, comprising 1,250 num- bers, or about 3,300 specimens, of fungi, besides some mosses and other miscellaneous plants, and, after being held inside the breakwater for twelve hours by a terrific “‘norther,” started for New York, arriving January 209. :
It will be some time before this collection of fungi can be thoroughly examined, but it is estimated that half of the species have not been reported before from Mexico, and that between fifty and one hundred are undescribed.
Respectfully submitted, W. A. MurriLt, Assistant Director.
78
SKETCH OF THE CRATAEGUS PROBLEM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WORK IN THE SOUTH.*
My first critical work on the genus was begun in Vermont, June, 1899. Dr. Brainerd and I searched western Vermont thor- oughly, supplying Dr. C. S. Sargent with our material. I made several trips to Montreal, one to Riviére du Loup, Quebec, and another to the Berkshire Hills, Massachusetts. In the summer of 1903, two long trips were made in Vermont, for the Arnold Arboretum.
In 1904, upon coming to the Garden, I commenced a special study of the group.
The first thing necessary was the collection of a Crataegus her- barium. This has gradually been accomplished, and to-day we have what I consider the best Crataegus herbarium in the world.
imens from the type trees. Nearly all of them responded and thus we have secured material that has helped to settle many problems. Later, in the spring of 1907, I sent out a circular of instructions for collecting Crataegi; this was sent mostly to bot- anists in the South and West and has secured more desirable specimens, which are still coming in, Since then I have paid special attention to material from parts of the country from which no collecting had been done.
Second, my own collections have added largely to the herba- rium. In the fall of 1904 I spent five weeks in the field visiting many places in Vermont, several localities in Connecticut, the Berkshire Hills and the Arnold Arboretum in Massachusetts, and a number of localities in eastern Pennsylvania. In 1905 my collecting was done from New York City north to Dutchess
ounty, New York. Since then trips have been made to the Ar- nold Arboretum and several extensive ones in the south.
Third, our herbarium has been much increased by a complete set from the Biltmore Herbarium. Mr. Beadle sent collectors ~ “* This paper was read at the aes conference of the scientific staff and students of the Garden, on February 2, 1910.
79
all over the South, for a number of years, and thus had much material ; but the botanical work of the Biltmore Estate was stopped in 1904 and the only way to get material was to go there and select it. Mr. Beadle very kindly allowed me to make this selection.
Fourth, by a large set of material selected from Mr. Ashe’s types. This Mr. Ashe allowed me to do on my first visit to him in December, 1907. This visit was very essential, for no one had seen his Crataegus herbarium. Before examining this collection there were at least seventy-five of his species that I did not know, and could not even assign to groups.
Along with the herbarium construction I started a card cata- logue of the Crataegus species of the world. I first used the Kew Index Catalogue as a basis, but now my catalogue repre- sents the species as I have seen their descriptions in the original literature. This was a tremendous task and I have had to visit all of the great botanical libraries of the country to accomplish it, but the necessity for the work can be seen in the many new names added to the Kew list, and the numerous errors corrected.
This search has also given me a broad knowledge of the best literature of Crataegus. I am now expanding this work into a general study of Pomaceae and Prunaceae.
Another task which I set out to accomplish was to bring to- gether the work of Beadle, Ashe and Sargent, who had been, in a general way, working entirely on independent lines. Beadle knew but few of Ashe’s species; Ashe had but little more infor- mation in regard to Beadle’s or Sargent’s; while Sargent had only about one third of Beadle’s species in his herbarium, and had made the statement that nearly one hundred species were indeterminable. This situation I have gradually cleared up, but still have many problems to settle, principally in regard to Ashe’s species. My visit to Ashe’s herbarium showed me, at once, that I should have to visit many of his southern type stations, for in some cases his material was incomplete, and then, again, I needed to see many of his southern species in the field to properly understand them.
My real critical study of the’genus began in 1906, in the prep-
80
aration of the group for Britton and Shafer’s Trees of North America. In this work I was handicapped by lack of southern and western material, for the only species I could take up were those represented in our herbarium, and therefore the work is lacking in southern and western species
In 1907, I wrote up Crataegus for the new Gray’s Manual, In this work I was still bothered by lack of knowledge of the southern and western forms; while Dr. Sargent has since pub- lished over two hundred species, from the northeastern range. I was aided, however, by easy access to the Arnold Arboretum herbarium, and IJ had an excellent opportunity to observe the many living forms then coming on in the Arboretum.
In November, 1907, I had my first trip South, visiting White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia; Biltmore, Fayetteville and Raleigh, North Carolina; and getting much valuable fruiting material. At this time I spent three days in Ashe’s herbarium, and three months at Biltmore; and took North with me all of Beadle’s species and most of Ashe’s species which I did not already have.
In 1903 and 1904, Mr. C. L. Boynton, of the Biltmore Her- barium, made extensive trips in North Carolina, visiting Ashe’s type stations; and he also covered a good deal of Kentucky, West Virginia and Virginia. Those explorations helped to settle some of our vexing problems and also made others.
In August, 1908, I started on another southern trip. Most of the species and groups of the South, except in the mountains, are different from the northern plants; and one problem to be settled was, How many of the southern species reach southern Virginia, West Virginia and Kentucky. Another problem was, How many of the northern species extend south in the mountains. This journey gave me much information along these lines.
I first stopped in southwest Virginia, visiting Finchley, Law- renceville, Emporia and Franklin, along the southern border.
is trip showed me that we cannot expect many of the southern species in Virginia. Of the great group Flavae, C. flava Aiton was the only one seen, and of the southern /z/ricatae, perhaps one species. I reached Fayetteville, North Carolina, in time to
81
be tied up by the great coastal plain flood, but while waiting there found Crataegus flava Aiton in good fruiting condition and was thus able to identify surely, for the first time in America, the plant described by Aiton from material in the Kew Gardens in 1789. Then I went to Ashe’s stations at Bladenboro, Raleigh, King’s Mountain, Charlotte, Salisbury, China Grove, and Catawba, North Carolina; stopped at Biltmore, and, finding Crataegus in extra fine condition there, made a complete collec- tion of the species of the region. Then I visited Ashe’s stations at Hot Springs, Paint Rock, and Marion, North Carolina, and, going over the mountains by the new Clinchfield R. R., stopped at Bristol, Virginia, and then at Mountain City, Tennessee. From Mountain City, Tennessee, I drove over forty miles across the Stone Mountains to Beaver Creek, Ashe County, North Carolina. This was the type region of several of Ashe’s species and the most important region to look for northern forms. Mountain City, Tennessee, is at 2,500 feet elevation, the pass over Stone Mountain 3,500 feet, and Beaver Creek over 3,000 feet, while no part of Ashe County is lower than 2,500 feet.
I was very successful in my search here, getting Crataegus amara Ashe, the type of a southern group which I had not seen in Mr. Ashe’s herbarium, and a number of northern species, including C. rotundifolia (Ehrh.) Borckh, which proved to be Ashe’s C. viminea, a fact which I had suspected both from the description and from material collected by Boynton.
I next went to West Nashville and Lookout Mountain,
h
C. collina, and Mr. Beadle got several of his types. Then I started north again, stopping at Salisbury, Chapel Hill, Southern Pines, Sanford, Fayetteville, and Kinston, North Carolina, and securing much valuable material and information.
In May, 1909, the Garden sent me to explore the Cumberland- Tennessee region in Western Kentucky. On my way down, I stopped at White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, finding both Crataegus and Malus in fine flowering condition; then I went to Clifton Forge, Virginia, and secured Crataegus Vailae Britton in
82
flower; Mr. C. L. Boynton had found it there before in fruit, Then I stopped at Biltmore and sent north all of the unnamed Crataegus in the Biltmore Herbarium. Nashville was next visited. I spent about four weeks in western Kentucky, secur- ing some Crataegus and Malus material, and, on my way home, stayed a week at St. Louis, having a fine opportunity to see Crataegus Margaretta Ashe; but spending most of my time arranging and studying the Crataegus herbarium of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
In August I started on my longest trip South, stopping again at A. A. Heller's station, Franklin, Virginia, for Crataegus flava, and this time eunss fruit and was certain of my determination.
My n was Fayetteville, North Carolina, and then
day at Rac South Carolina. Elliot’s Herbarium at ae Charleston Museum was then visited and his Crataegus types aoa
From September 5 to 11, I was at Eutawville, S. C., in the vicinity of Thomas Walters’ collecting ground. Four days were spent in the sand-hill region at Aiken, South Carolina and Augusta, Georgia, and one day at Waycross, Georgia.
Albany, Georgia, was the next stopping place, and, after that, Camilla, Georgia, where Crataegus aestivalis (Walt.) T. & G. is very common, and where I saw it for the first time in the field.
Two days were spent at Montgomery, Alabama, and two at Nashville, Tennessee. I next visited western Kentucky. Two weeks were occupied between Paducah and Kuttawa in making a general collection. A few interesting species of Crataegus were found and many oaks and hickories, while my collectiori of Com-
ositae was very large. The same may be said of my Compositae collections at the other southern stations.
C. L. Boynton’s trips in Kentucky and West Virginia had given us many interesting Cra¢aegus specimens and, although it was now getting late in the season, I stopped at several of his stations. Leitchfield, Kentucky, is in the sandstone region ; but in a limestone outcrop of a few acres, were one new species and two very rare ones of Crataegus, and at least two hybrid oaks. Salt Lick, Kentucky, was the next station visited, where several
83
species were seen different from any I had before found in Kentucky.
Another new species was then relocated at Gauley Bridge, West Virginia, and much interesting material secured at Thur- mond, Hinton, and White Sulphur Springs.
I then stopped at Buchanan, Virginia, the type locality of Crataegus Brownit Britton. This was originally collected in flower and I wanted to see it in fruit, but was unsuccessful. For- tunately, Boynton found fruit of it here before this. However, I did find fruiting material of Crataegus Vailiae Britton, giving a third station for this species. The next day, Roanoke, Virginia, the type locality for C. Vailiae, was explored with no success ; in fact, no Crataegus was seen here in fruit except C. Crus- Gali L
From Roanoke I went back into the Piedmont region in North Carolina. Mr. Ashe had told me that the Crataegi of this region were seldom seen in fruit and this I had found true. However, this time I found Crataegus Beadle: Ashe in fine fruiting condi- tion at Dunn’s Mountain, Salisbury, and some interesting forms were seen at Albemarle, Stanley County, North Carolina. It was now the last week in October and the hard frosts had come, even to this southern country, so I started north.
n my way north I stopped at Philadelphia and rearranged the Crataegus herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences. I have now gone over all of the great Crataegus her- baria of this country. The next most important work will be the study of Cra/aegus types in foreign herbaria.
W. W. EGGLESTON.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. N. L. Britton, director-in-chief, accompanied by Mrs. Britton and Mr. Percy Wilson, administrative assistant, sailed for Cuba on February 17, to continue the botanical exploration of that island. After landing, the party was joined by Professor F. S. Earle.
Syracuse University will begin next fall courses in forestry and
84
agriculture, leadirig to the establishment of a college of agricul- ture and forestry
Columbia University is offering through the department of botany a course of extension lectures on agriculture and agricul- tural methods. This series is designed to serve as an introduc- tion to the extensive additions planned by the department, lead- ing, it is hoped, to the establishment of schools of forestry and agriculture.
At the Boston meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and affiliated societies the following botanists were elected to the positions designated: Dr. D MacDougal (Desert Botanical Laboratory, Tucson), president of the American Society of Naturalists; Dr. F. L. Stevens (North Carolina Agricultural College), president of the American Phytopathological Society ; Professor D. P. Penhallow (McGill University), vice-president of Section G; Dr. Erwin F. Smith (Department of Agriculture, Washington), Professor L. R. Jones (University of Wisconsin), and Dr. G. T. Moore (Missouri Botanical Garden) were, respectively, elected as president, vice- president, and Secretary of the Botanical Society of America.
Meteorology for February. —The total precipitation for the month was 3.86 in. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 46° on the 2d, 42” on the 8th, 54° on the 16th, and 57.5° on the 27th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 2° on the 7th, and 12.5° on the 1gth and 26th.
ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 283 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from New Caledonia. (By exchange with the Museum of Natural History, Paris. 1§ specimens of flowering plants from Panama. (Collected by Dr. M. A. How 3 specimens of Eriocaulon from New Jersey and Maryland. (By exchange vith
2 arenas of Quercus from Vermont. en by Professor F. S. Lee.) specimen of Quercus heterophylla from he Island, New as (Given by Dr. a ie Hollick. specimen of Cocos from Chile, (Given by Dr. Robert E. Morris.)
85
25 specimens ‘‘ Ustilagineen’’ fascicle X. (Distributed by Professors H. & P. Sydow, )
8 specimens of Hypocreales from Wisconsin. (Given by Professor R. : a )
2 specimens of slime moulds from Colorado. (Given by Professor E. hel.)
17 specimens of fungi from Iowa. (Given as Etec er Le
35 specimens of rusts. (Given by Professor
2,960 specimens from Andros, Bahamas. ee = Dr. J. K. Small and Mr.
Carter.
30 specimens = aie from North America. (By exchange with the Missouri Botanical Garden 4 museum scien from Panama. Soar ees me M. A. Howe.) (Given by Dr. 11. H ry.) I specimen of pie (Given by ia M. e | nes. ) 5 specimens of Crataegus from New England. (Given by Professor F. L. Fernald. ) 2 specimens of Crataegus from Colorado. (Given by Professor F, Ramaley. ) 51 specimens for the local herbarium, (Given by Dr, Philip Dowell.) ‘© specimens of flowering plants from Canada. (By exchange with the Geological ie of Canad a. 755 s of mosses from West Virginia, Connecticut, Nebraska and Colorado. (Given yP Pee Joba L. Sheldon. ) 4 spec of mosses from the Old World. (By exchange with Mr. Jules
n wu 7c & 2 8 i) i= a ce] = $e) a 3 a s
Cardot. 20 specimens of mosses from France. (By exchange with Professor V. F. Brotherus. ) PLANTS AND SEE 7 cactus plants from Mexico. (By exchange with National Museum, through Dr. R
ose. 32 plants from Andros, Bahamas. (Collected by Dr. J. K. I plant for conservatories. (By exchange with Mrs. Ernest ae ) 8 orchids. (By exchange with ne A. | ea )
2 ae kets of palm seed, from Canal Zone, Panes (Collected by Dr. M. A.
I Poneeet of Ageratum seed from Havana, Cuba. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton. )
12 packets of Crataegus seed. (Collected by Mr. W. W. Eggleston. )
2 packets of seed from Colima, Mexico. (Collected by Dr. W. A. Murrill.)
1 packet of seed from Santo Domingo. es by Mr. N, Taylor.)
Members of the Corporation.
Joun D. ArcHszorp, Georce F. Baker, Georce S. Bowporn, Pror. N. L. Britton,
Hon. Appison Brown,
Dr. Nicuo_as M. But Ler,
ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHanpLer, Wittiam G. CuoateE, Cuartes F. Cox,
Joun J. Crooke,
W. Bayarp CuttIna, CLeveLtanp H. Dopce, A. F. Estasroox,
H. C. Faunesrock, SAMUEL W. FarrcuILp, James B. Foro, Henry W. ve Forest,
Rosert W. DE Forest,
Hon. Tuomas F. Girroy,
Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Epwarp S. Harkness, Henry R. Hoyt, Tuos. H. Hussarp, Aprian ISELIN, Jr., Joun I. Kane, Eucene KELLy, Jr.,
Pror, James F. Kemp,
Epw. V. Z. Lane, Pror. Freperic S, Leg, Hon. Setu Low, Davin Lyoie,
Epcar L. Marston,
J. Prerrpont Morcan, TuHeopore W. Myers, Frepertc R. NEwsOLD, Pror. Henry F. Ossorn, LoweLL M. PALMER, Georce W. PERKINS, James R. PitcHer,
M. F. Puant,
Joun D. RocKEFeELLerR, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, MortiMer L. Scuirr, James A. SCRYMSER, Henry A, SIEBRECHT, WitiiAMm D. SLoANneE, NeEtson SMITH, JaMeEsS SPEYER, Francis L. Stetson,
Cuartes G. THoMpPson,
Dr. W. GitmMan THOMPSON,
SAMUEL THORNE, Louis C. TIFFANy,
Gerorce W. VANDERBILT,
Hon. Ecrerton L. Winturop, Jr.
PUBLICATIONS PS
or The New York Botanical Garden Journai of the New nen Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con- iaining notes, and non- Pesca articles of general] interest. Free to mem sers of the
Sarden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange, Now in its eleventh volume
logia, thly, illustrated in color and ane A. devoted to fungi, including lichen “containing technical articles and news and notes of general eee terest. “33. Oa teas single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its ery volum
Builetin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports: of the Diener CGREne ard other official documents, and technical articles embodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to members of the
d to ° er volume lumes six and seven now ent. 7
Worth America a. Descriptions of ithe wild plants of North America, including Greenies ‘he Watt Indies and Cen America. Planned to be com- pleted in thirty volum R vo. E Tu me oe consist of four or more parts. Subscription price 31. Be t; a limited number of separate parts will be sold
art I, issued es 22, 1905. Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula-
assla:
Vol. 22, part 2, issued Decet ber 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniaceae, Iteaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo- aomaceae.
Vol. 7, ae I, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae.
Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidia ceae (pars).
Vol. 25, part 1, issued August 24, 1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, Erythroxylaceae. oe a parts I and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly-
Vol art 3, issued June 12, 1908. Gro euro, Platanaceae, Crossoso- Mataceae, bette es Cal eannnecant Rosaceae rs). Vol. 22, part 4, issued Nov. 20, osaceae (a )
ol. ss 190 Shy z
Vol. 16, part I, issued Nov. 6, 1909 Ophioglossales——Fili icales ( ee 9, part 3, issued Feb. 3, 1910. Boletaceae, Chantereleae, tire Lactarieae pars {
Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the — Garden, $1.00 per volume. To others, $2.00. See offered in exchange.
Vol. I. An Annotated camloete of the Flor Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Per Axel eae x + 492 pp., with etaited map. Igoo.
Vol. Il, The Influence of cage and Darkness upon Grow: ie and Development,
by D. T. Piva “ay. pp-, eae aie thecee: ae Vol. III. Studies o F crmceane Coniferous Remains fi m Kreischerilley Ne York, by Dr. oo Hollick and Dr. Edw ae Charis pers viii + 13 with -
29 plates. 19 Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium ie Plants, by Charles Stuart an viii = 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908. butio: m the New York Bot aed arden. A series of tech ae weiten by raniderits or members of the staff, sa reprinted from journ urnals other than the a Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. Five volumes. Ree UMBERS 25 CENTS EACH. 127. The Crataegi of Mexico and Central Americe, by W. W. Eggleston. 128. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora— XIX, by P. A. ee 129. Studies on the Rocky nate Flora— XX, by P. A. Rydberg. w YORK Girl aide ate GARDEN ONX PARK, New YORK
‘Vol. XI APRIL, 1910 No, 124
JOURNAL
oF
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
PERCY WILSON
Administrative Assistant
CONTENTS PAGE PET UP LOR EO RLO TOM Sie tsi. cit op ajirchy eu ilnieurenseh oy wk wi Punara Mel oe) abate, ie 87 Report on Botanical Exploration in Andros,Bahamas............. 88 OE ISECTS NIDUCER Ou ES os eid ee a ee eae Mer er or Mintessmewarand-Comment;) 5.9.3). fot. ee el 104 REMIT MMMM yer Cat ee IP CF ele hig, elcaiy e's mele | elm eMclas ao damy otedies | alle 105
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
Ar 41 NortH Quen Street, Lancaster, Pa.
sy THe New Era Printinc ComPANY
OFFICERS, 1910.
PreEsID
VIcE- Passions ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX SEcreTARY—N. ie BRITTON
BOARD OF MANAGERS.
1. ELECTED MANAGERS.
HON. ADDISON BROWN, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, ROBERT W. ve FOREST, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON.
2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC Parks, HON. CHARLES B. STOVER. Tue Mayor oF THE City oF NEw York, HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.
PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY. RH at . JAMES F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE, CHARLES F. COX, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr
GARDEN STAFF ee N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Directo DR. eae a SMALL, Head Curator of the Musca P. A. RYDBERG, Curator.
FRED J. SEAVER, Director of the sti? Se DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Librarian. DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections. DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemie
OL ABSA SCHILLING, Ss R. BRINLEY, Landenate Engineer
i PERCY WILSON, Wcininteraties Assistant.
i : , 5 ¥ “ in vi “ A:
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XI April, 1910. No. 124.
SPRING LECTURES, 1910.
Lectures will be delivered in the lecture-hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons at
S: April 30. “Spring Flowers,” by Dr. N. L. BriTToN. May 7. ‘Collecting in Southern Mexico,” by Dr. W. A.
May 21. ‘Water Lilies,” by Mr. Georce V. Nasu.
May 28. ‘An Expedition to the Panama Canal Zone,” by Dr. M. A. Howe.
June 4. ‘Summer Flowers,” by Dr. N. L. Britton.
Junerr. ‘‘The Rose and Its History,” by Mr. Gzorce V. Nasu.
June 18. ‘'The Native Trees of the Hudson Valley,” by Mr.
by Dr. ARTHUR HOLLICK.
July 2. “The Fungous Diseases of Shade-Trees,” by Dr. W. A.
MorriLi.
The lectures will be illustrated by lantern-slides and other- wise. They will close in time for auditors to take the 5:35 train from the Botanical Garden Station, arriving at Grand Central Station at 6:03 P. M
The Museum Building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical
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Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. Visitors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway at 149th Street and Third Avenue.
Lectures will be continued during the summer. Announce- ments of the Summer Course will be made later.
REPORT ON BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN ANDROS, BAHAMAS Dr. N. L. Brirron, DirEcToOR-IN-CHIEF. Sir: According to plans for exploration in the botanically little known parts of Andros, Bahamas, approved by you, Mr. Carter and the writer left New York for the field on the tenth of
tropical Laboratory, and reached Nassau, New Providence, in due time. We wish to thank Mr. Simmons, who is in charge o} the Subtropical inion and Garden at Miami, for placing the use of that institution at our disposal.
Nearly all matters of detail connected with the expedition at Nassau, had been arranged before our arrival, through the kind- ness and forethought of the Hon. Herbert A. Brook, Registrar of the colony. After consultation with Sir William Grey-Wilson, Governor of the Bahamas, and the Colonial Secretary, both of whom did all in their power to make our undertaking successful, we boarded our vessel, the Nellie Leonora, which was awaiting us in the harbor, and, weighing anchor towards sunset, we set sail for the government headquarters of the Mangrove Cay section of Andros. Our associate, designated by the governor as a member of the expedition, was Mr. James R. Aranha, of the Surveyor General’s office of the colony. Mr. Aranha was an ideal companion, and his accurate knowledge of the topography of Andros and personal acquaintance with the native inhabitants, together with ‘his tireless activity in the field, enabled us to ac- complish our work both expeditiously and thoroughly.
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Leaving Nassau harbor with a very light breeze, we rounded the western end of the island of New Providence about midnight. Gradually freshening and favorable winds on a southerly course increased our speed, so that sunrise found us off the reef opposite the settlement of Mangrove Cay. The run was relatively smooth and without noteworthy incident except for the sudden and un- accountable explosion of the binnacle lamp about two o'clock in the morning, which accident scattered burning oil about the cabin. The resulting flames, until extinguished by the quick
Fig. 16. Camp on the deck of a wrecked sailboat in a branch of Deep Creek.
action of members of the crew on watch, threatened a conflagra- tion of serious proportions.
We anchored inside the reef between Golding Cay and the mouth of Lisbon Creek, and landed at once to call upon the commissioner of that district, Mr. L. E. Forsythe, whose intimate knowledge of Andros gained through his long residence there served much in directing our future movements.
Collecting was prosecuted here as far behind the marginal
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ridge as it was possible to go on foot, and, in order to penetrate further inland, an expedition by small boat was made several miles up Lisbon Creek, where collections were made on some of the larger islands formed by the forking and intertwining of the creek branches. Having devoted as much time as was advisable to this section, we moved to the most southern base selected for exploration, namely Deep Creek. Having crossed the margin of the reef here, we found that we must anchor several miles from shore on account of the shallowness of the water on the reef. Consequently, we decided to stock a small boat with supplies and equipment and make camp inland several miles from the mouth of the creek. After establishing our camp on the deck of a wrecked sailboat that had been blown ashore during a recent hurricane, we proceeded to the headwaters of Deep Creek. Hav- ing finished collecting in the Deep Creek region, we returned to our schooner and started northward, making our way inside the reef, carefully avoiding shoals and submerged rocks, and came to an anchorage off Smith Hill, which is about four miles north of the mouth of Deep Creek. This was the first of a series of points selected as being the most advantageous bases from which to gain access to the interior.
Our collecting here and at subsequent stations was on lines approximately west from the shore to the water-shed of the island. Leaving Smith Hill, we sailed further north inside the reef for a distance of about six miles to the Crow Hill region and invaded that section by way of two little used trails that enter the back country several miles apart from each other. We had now worked up to near our first base on Mangrove Cay, consequently we started for Fresh Creek, attempting to sail inside the reef to Golding Cay. We were successful as far north as the channe| that leads out to the ocean near Golding Cay; but there the combination of unfavorable winds and the narrowness of the channel defeated our attempt to pass out, and we were compelled to return to our anchorage opposite the Crow Hill region, and sail out to the ocean at that point at day-break the following morning.
At first, conditions appeared favorable for making rapid prog-
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ress over our twenty-five mile course to Fresh Creek, but later in the day a series of light breezes and calms delayed our progress to such an extent that we were compelled to run in behind High Cay for a night’s shelter just after dark, about six miles distant from our objective point. However, by an early start next morning, Fresh Creek was reached shortly after sunrise. Here Commissioner H. O. Wright, who sighted our boat while still outside the reef, came aboard with a local pilot, who took our vessel into the mouth of the creek at high tide, to an anchorage
Fig. 17. The “Nellie Leonora” at anchor inside the mouth of Fresh Creek, op- posite the settlement of Fresh Creek.
in the deep water behind the bar, thus giving us the only smooth and perfectly safe anchorage we had during the trip. One of the ship’s boats was at once loaded with supplies and camp equipment, and we proceeded some fifteen miles up the creek to the water-shed, and made camp on a dry sand-bar about the middle of the island, in the vicinity of the fresh-water lagoons which exist in that region. After successful operations at this point, we returned to the vessel and sailed up the coast for about
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nine miles and anchored off the mouth of Staniard Creek. While hunting for an anchorage, our schooner ran fast ona large sand- bar. The tide was then low, and, with no prospects of getting the boat off until the next high tide, we at once went ashore to collect and arrange for an excursion to the interior on the follow- ing day. Our next move was about eighteen miles northward through a very rough sea to Nicholl’s Town, where we were hospitably received by Commissioner G. H. Clarke. We col- lected here in the regions to the south, west and north of the settlement.
Fig. 18. Camp on a sand-bar on the water-shed at the head of Fresh Creek. This 1 region is interesting on account of its large fresh water lagoons. It is situ- ated about the center of the largest island of the Andros group.
The topography of Andros is comparatively simple, and the highest altitude is probably less than one hundred feet, still there is sufficient diversity in the general make-up of the island to support six different plant formations. The coastal region represents the usual littoral flora of the tropics, which need not be considered further. Along the eastern edge of the island is
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a lime-rock backbone of a single ridge or broken into several ridges. It extends nearly the length of the island, or a distance of about ninety miles. This backbone ends rather, or quite, abruptly with the shore on the eastern side. On the western side, however, the undulations, usually several in number, extend mostly one or two miles inland and gradually disappear in the flat country. Behind this rock ridge, there is a nearly level expanse extending to the western side of the island, which varies from about eight to forty miles in width. The rock backbone is broken south of the middle of the island by three transverse channels known as Northern, Middle, and Southern Bights. These bights make the four primary divisions of Andros. A second category of islands comprises the numerous small cays in the bights and on the barrier reef along the eastern shore, which varies from one to four miles in width. A third category contains those islands formed by the network of water-ways resulting from the almost innumerable branches of the eight or nine principal creeks which break through the rock ridge on the eastern shore and the numerous creeks of the western shore. The region made up of this third category of islands is called the swash.” The backbone of ends is covered with a hard-wood forest called the “‘coppice.” In the swash five distinct plant formations are represented, namely, ‘‘coppice,’’ which exists here in n isolated a and is not continuous as it is on the rock
ge, the “scrub,” the ‘“‘pineyard,”’ the “savannah’’ and the ma rl.”
The coppice consists of deciduous-leaved trees and shrubs. In it herbaceous vegetation is almost wanting or inconspicuous, except for the presence of orchids and bromeliads. The scrub consists of a dense growth of deciduous-leaved shrubs with scat- tered red cedars and palms. The pineyard occupies the flat, slightly elevated expanses of naked rock. Accompanying the pine trees are numerous shrubs and some herbs. The savannah exists on the higher land between the rock ridge and the marl, where soil of good quality covers the rock and makes possible a rather copious growth of grasses, sedges and other herbaceous vegetation. The marl isa series of vast, level, prairie-like tracts,
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dry in the winter and more or less submerged in the summer. It consists of a rock foundation covered with a paste-like calca- reous mud, which supports stunted shrubs and inconspicuous
S
The floral features'of Andros are more interesting than its topography. Andros lies at the center of an ellipse which in- cludes the main chain of the Bahamian archipelago, the middle portion of Cuba, and tropical Florida within its boundary. On
Fig. 19. Northern bank of Deep Creek, about one mile from the mouth. This shows a ‘section through the rock backbone of Andros. The plant covering is
coppic
the one hand, being thus surrounded, its flora partakes of many elements of the flora of these neighboring regions; and, on the other hand, in spite of having individual characters in its topog- raphy in addition to its relative large size and isolation, it appar- ently supports a very limited endemic flora.
Interesting revelations confronted us at each successive station as we advanced. Deep Creek was our southernmost base. This
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stream is well named, and, if it were not for the bar at its mouth and the shallow water on the adjacent reef, it would afford an excellent anchorage for boats of all sizes used in that region. For several miles inland from the mouth, the banks are high, especially those on the north side, where they are usually pre- cipitous, and, despite the absence of soil, they harbor a luxuriant growth of the common coppice plants and the less frequent and at the same time striking species of nearly leafless euphorbia- ceous plants and shrubby and arboreous cactuses. The epiphytic flora there is represented mainly by speciesof Epidendrum and Vanilla. Toward the head-waters of the creek, the pineyard and marl occupy the vast level stretches. In the former, be- tween its scattered pine trees, are showy masses of ironweeds and shrubs of the myrtle, dogbane, trumpet-creeper, madder, and sunflower families, supporting vines of the wild yam and various morning-glories. The shallow limestone sinks in the pine woods furnish a few terrestrial orchids; while the surrounding marl, for the most part barren, is dotted with stunted mangroves and other saline bushes. The most interesting shrub here is Bucida spinosa, which, tall and erect in most localities, grows perfectly prostrate, the branches spreading radially on the groun T most distant portions of the marl reached by us support three common Floridian herbs of the orchid and bladderwort families, namely Limodorum Simpsonii, Pinguicula pumila and Utricu- laria subulata.
At Smith Hill the rock ridge seems less rugged than farther down the coast. On its densely wooded slopes, we first met with small plants of Ibidium lucayanum, growing in deep humus, and Oncidium variegatum growing on the neighboring shrubs; how- ever, both these plants are scarce. The marl at this point, and the fresh water lagoons to which we penetrated, yielded the same plants we encountered at the head-waters of Deep Creek. The Crow Hill region, which is situated between the ocean and the eastern end of South Bight, exhibited greater diversity in both the structure of the land and the vegetation than did the former locality. In addition to the rolling hills of the rock ridge, there are flat, desert-like expanses of rock with small and large lime-
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stone sinks which support a great variety of herbaceous and woody plants. A number of ferns we had not before encountered were found here, and Ibidium lucayanum grew much larger and in
Fig. 20. Cephalocereus bahamensis in the “‘coppice’’ along Deep Creek. Older plants are much more copiously branched.
greater profusion, together with the larger-leaved and otherwise more conspicuous orchid, Govenia utriculata. Among the woody plants, Ilex Krugiana and Vitis Munsoniana, both natives of
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Florida, were common in thecoppice. At this point, on account of the relative narrowness of a land, the marl does not exist and the pineyard is insignifican
Mangrove Cay is the enti of the three larger islands of the Andros group. The marginal ridge is high, but narrow. Behind it we found the greatest development of the scrub met with in all our travels, and, besides the mostly common shrubs which compose it, this formation is not very interesting except for its several palms and the Bahamian red cedar. Lisbon Creek alone enabled us to go inland, as the swash comes close to the marginal ridge. The coppice adjacent to the creek seems to be the culminating point for the growth of several species of orchids, among them the epiphytic Epidendrum gracile, with its pliable leaves and very fragrant, large flowers, and the terrestrial Pelexia setacea and Vanilla articulata, the latter growing in such remark- ably vigorous clumps that it almost strangled the supporting vegetation.
Fresh Creek is situated near the widest portion of the largest island of the group. Contrary to its name, it is exceedingly salt, and, like Deep Creek, it forms an excellent channel for many miles inland and can be entered and used as a harbor by sailboats of forty and fifty tons burden. Its banks, where it cuts through the rock ridge, are low, and the pineyard and marl begin to appear not very far from its mouth. We penetrated fully fifteen miles inland, to a series of fresh-water lagoons. In this region, vast stretches of marl are broken by long and narrow strips of pineyard and irregular patches of water, some of which are salt, some brackish, and others fresh. Vegetation generally is stunted, often conspicuously so. Trees are mostly reduced to shrubs; the pine trees, which in most places seem to be able to
shapes. e most interesting herbs collected were Physurus querceticola and Utricularia cornuta, of Florida. Although not abundant, at least at this time of the year, the latter plant
was found here and there over a large area Inland from the mouth of Staniard Creek we found conditions
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quite different from those existing at any of the other points visited. After passing over the densely wooded marginal ridge, upon which epiphytic and terrestrial orchids, such as Epiden-
drum nocturnum, Epidendrum plicatum, Broughionia domingensis
large limestone sinks varying in depth from twenty to thirty feet. The sides of these sink-holes are covered with species of ferns we had not before encountered. There are many interesting plants in the pine woods, and also several small coppices with
Fig. 21. A view in the interior of Andros, near the headwaters of Fresh Creek. The “marl” is shown in the foreground, and‘ narrow strips of “ pineyard” pear in the distance.
their characteristic species, one of these being Canavalia bahamen-
beautiful fresh water lakes. These lakes are distributed in a chain running toward the southwest and probably connecting with the fresh water lagoons we encountered at the head-waters of Fresh Creek. Here Zamia pumila and Aletris bracteata appear
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in the grassy savannahs, Smilax Beyrichit and Smilax laurifolia form tangles in the adjacent bushes, Ilex Cassine bears flowers and fruits at the same time, and the poison ivy of that region, Rhus Blodgettii, grows just as it does in Florida.
At Nicholl’s Town there is considerable coppice to the south, west and north of the settlement, and beyond this to the west is pineyard and savannah. As this region of Andros was the best known botanically, we did not devote much time to it; but
Fig. 22. A fresh-water lake in the savannah region west of Staniard Creek, northern portion of Andros.
during a rapid survey, we brought to light Vanilla Eggersti, an orchid originally from Cuba,and Limnanthemum aureum, a Baha- mian plant, but known before only from Great Exuma.
Andros is said to comprise fully one third the land area of the Bahamas. Approximately one thousand species of flowering plants are definitely known to occur on the islands of the Baha- mian archipelago. Of this number, about five hundred and fifty, or over fifty per cent. of the Bahamian flowering plants, grow
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naturally on Andros. An exceptionally large percentage of the plants are native, mainly because such a small area of the island is inhabited and cultivated. Less than half a dozen species are endemic.
glance at a map of Florida and Andros will show the striking resemblance of Andros to southern peninsular Florida. The re- semblance not only exists in the outline of Andros, but we have there the rock backbone corresponding to the east coast of
carried further, for, on the eastern coast, is the deep tongue of the ocean in place of the Gulf Stream and on the western coast lies the shallow Bahama Bank in place of the Bay of Florida and the adjacent Gulf of Mexico. This much for the geography; topographically, the rock ridge of Andros and adjacent pinebelt correspond to the Everglade Keys of Florida, while the marl and the savannahs with their patches and narrow strips of pine-land represent the Everglades themselves. In fact, we were in many situations, where the surroundings were so strikingly similar to those we were accustomed to in Florida that a second thought was often necessary in order to definitely locate ourselves. After tabulating the species of flowering plants known to occur in southern peninsular Florida and Andros, we find about three hundred and fifty species out of the five hundred and fifty growing on Andros, common to both places. Leaving out of consideration the host of strictly Floridian plants common to the two regions just mentioned, and also those that occur in both Andros and the coastal plain of the United States, it may be interesting to note a small group of species that seem perfectly at home in both the temperate Allegheny Mountains and tropical Andros. Among these are the cat-tail, Typha angustifolia, the pond-weed, Potamo- geton heterophyllus, the green-briar, Smilax laurifolia, the smart- weed, Persicaria punctata, the Virginia creeper, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, the dodder, Cuscuta Gronovii, the fleabane, Leptilon canadense, and the fire-weed, Erechthites hieracifolia.
Having explored the territory as planned, except as local con- ditions made changes necessary, we returned to New York about
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the middle of February with three thousand herbarium specimens, some museum specimens, and many notes on observations made in the field. Respectfully submitted, J. K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums.
CONFERENCE NOTES.
The regular conference of the scientific staff and students of the Garden was held in the library on March 2. Mr Cc Benedict first discussed the Relationships of the Genera of the Vittarieae.
According to the law of biogenesis or recapitulation, the stages of growth through which an organism passes in reaching maturity repeat, %. e., recapitulate, stages through which its type has passed in the course of its evolution. Considerable use is made of this law in conchology, where it is often possible in a single individual to trace all the growth stages of a single shell type. In plants, as for example in the study of the development of a given leaf type, it is necessary to take individual leaves from the earliest onward, but it seems probable that, with this difference, the law may be used equally well in the vegetable kingdom and the fern tribe, Vittarieae, seem to furnish a good example to illustrate it.
The Vittarieae are a tribe of tropical ferns of the family Poly- podiaceae which includes most of our common species. One species grows in Florida, V. lineata (L.) Sw., there known as old man’s beard. It usually grows on palmettos, often forming a beard-like clump, the leaves being long and very narrow, only a few lines wide, and hanging down in a very good imitation of a beard. The venation of this species and of all Vittarias is very simple and consists merely of a single vein through the middle, giving off lateral veins at intervals. These run to the margin, then bend forward parallel to the midvein, and each one joins the one above it, making a single series of closed spaces or areas, ara! areolae (i. é., little areas) along each side of the midve
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The first leaves of V. lineata as shown by studies of Mrs, Britton and Miss Taylor, and of V. remota Fée which I have studied, are very simple, and the venation consists of a single vein extending through the middle. This is exactly the type of venation of a species of Monogramme, M. trichoidea, a Philip- pine species, which may well be considered as the simplest living fern. The leaves of this fern are but one or two inches long and scarcely thicker thana thread. After this first stage in the Vittaria leaf, the next few leaves show successively one or two to several areolae, arranged as in the mature leaves, but the leaves are broader in proportion, and sometimes actually broader than the later leaves. This stage corresponds to a species described as Antrophyum minimum Baker, but which I have put with two other species of about the same size and habit in the genus Hecistopteris J. Smith. There may be some question whether Baker’s species belongs in this genus, but at any rate, it may be said that Vittaria passes through stages corresponding to Mono- gramme trichoidea and Hecistopteris minima, recapitulating in its growth the venation characters of these genera.
Similarly Antrophyum and Ananthacorus which have the most complex venation of all the genera in the tribe also recapitulate the characters of Monogramme and Hecistopteris minima. They differ from Vittaria when mature in having several to many rows of areolae along each side of the midvein instead of one, and they reach this condition merely by adding secondary areolae out- side of those first formed in the Hecistopteris minima stage. Thus in Antrophyum and Ananthacorus, the two axial rows of areolae correspond exactly (i. e., are homologous) with the only two rows developed in Vittaria.
The particular interest attaching to this line of study, lies in the possibilities which it offers in the way of clearing up some of the relationships and the generic limits of such fern genera as Phlebodium, Goniophlebium and others which have complicated reticulate venation and which are known to be related, but about which there is much difference of opinion. It should also be of value in connection with the study of seed plants.
Mr. B. O. Dodge gave a synopsis of his work on the fungi of
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Wisconsin. Six hundred species were collected in Kewaunee county in the Green Bay Peninsula. ost of the inhabitants, expecially Bohemians and French, were familiar with a number of the edible varieties. ‘The honey-mushroom, Armillaria mellea, the butter-mushroom as they call it, Boletus Clintonianus, and the copper-mushroom, Boletus versipellis, are among those most commonly collected for foo
Water color reproductions and photographs of some excep- tional forms were shown. One of the rat-tail fungus (Collybia vadicata) which was twenty-five inches high, a jelly-cup (Aceta- bula vulgaris) six inches broad, and the brain-fungus ( Naemotelia encephala) three inches across. This last is remarkably brain- like in both internal and external appearance.
Several rare species were reported; one of the earth stars (Geaster pectinatus) was collected from two localities. This species is easily identified by the striations at the base of the puff-ball portion and by its slender stipe. The bone-fungus (Polyporus osseus) the occurrence of which in America has al- ways been doubtful was also found during two seasons. It is one of the white, somewhat imbricated forms which, while watery and soft when fresh, b tremely hard and bony when dry.
The only specimen of Scutiger subradicata Murrill reported since the type specimen was described, differed from it only in having a longer and more slender stem.
Water color paintings of two cup fungi (Pseudoplectania melaena and Detonia fulgens) had been painted to com a group without knowing that they both were very rare in America.
Two species of wood staining fungi (Chlorésplenium) wi discussed. Specimens of what was undoubtedly Chloro splenium versiforme had been collected on several ash log portions of the wood stained blue-green. The ae: aoe beneath the fungus was usually uncolored. It does not seem probable that in the five logs examined the wood had been first stained by the other species (Chlorosplenium aeruginosum) and the stained wood later covered with fruit of Chlorosplenium versiforme. It would seem from his observations that both species stain the wood.
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A table showing the geographical distribution through the United States of the species collected showed that the fungous flora of the Wisconsin region probably does not differ materially from that of any other region. Where species had not been reported in other state lists it was evident that it might be a species not easily recognized or that the region had not yet been thoroughly worked.
FRED J. SEAVER.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. Ezra Brainerd, of Middlebury, Vermont, recently spent a day at the Garden herbarium. Dr. Brainerd was on his way south to study violets in the field for about two months.
The second instalment of the George Massee fungus her- barium which arrived here in January is being incorporated in the permanent collections. This addition consists of about twenty-five hundred specimens of Discomycetes which are of great value in connection with work on ‘‘North American Flora.”
Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton and Mr. Percy Wilson returned from Cuba, April 6. A large amount of herbarium material, specimens of living plants and many valuable notes on geo- graphic distribution were secured. A report of this expedition will appear in the May JouRNAL.
Number 24, Vol. VII., of the Bulletin of the New York Botani- cal Garden, containing the annual report of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, was issued March 17, 1910.
Dr. J. A. Shafer returned to the Garden, April 5, having spent six months in botanical exploration in northeastern Cuba. visited the principal keys bordering the north coast westwardly of Nuevites Bay, explored the pine-covered plateau of the Sierra Nipe, and made several excursions into the little-known mountain regions west of Baracoa.
Mr. Wilmer G. Stover, of Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, spent several weeks at the Garden during March and April, preparing a key to the gill-fungi of Ohio.
Professor F. D. Heald, of the University of Texas, visited the
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Garden March 12, to examine certain species of the genus Cer- cospora, many of which are harmful to cultivated plants.
Dr. Gertrude S$. Burlingham was at the Garden during the Easter vacation, studying the genus Russula for publication in “North American Flora.” Her monograph on Lactaria, a closely related genus, has recently appeared in this work
r. J Cowell, director of the Buffalo Botanic Garden, and
inspecting the collections at the two conservatory ranges and at the propagating houses
Meteorology for M ae —The total precipitation for the month was 1.04 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 54.5° on the 13th, 65° on the 20th, 81.5° on the 25th, and 85.5° on the 29th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 22.5° on the 11th, 17° on the 18th and 32° on the 22d.
ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS, JANUARY 1 TO MARCH 31, 1910.
Bercer, ALWIN. Stapelicen und Kleinien einschliesslich einiger anderer ver- wandter Sukkulenten. Stuttgart, 1910. (Given by the Author. BRIDGEMAN, THoMas. The florist’s guide. Ed. 2, New York, 1836. (Given
: robart.
Bripceman, Tuomas. The fruit cultivator’s manual. -New York, 1844. (Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.
BRIDGEMAN, THOMAS. The young gardener’s assistant, New edition, New York, ane (Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.
CANNON, WILLIAM AUSTIN. ‘Studi ies in heredity as illustrated by the trichomes of species ane hybrids ee glans, Oenothera, Papaver, and Solanum. Washingto: 1909. (Given by Dr. D. ‘T. MacDougal.
Carnegie Institution o Washington. Year Book 6 & 7. Washington, 1908~09. 2vols, (Given by Dr. D, T. MacDouga
CoppeTT, WILLIAM. American penliaee London, 1821, (Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.)
Conrab, HENRY SHOEMAKER & Hus, HENRI THEODORE ANTOINE. Ria lilies and how to grow them. New York, 1907. (Given by Mr. G. V. Nas
CouLTER, JoHN MerLeE& NeLson, AVEN. ew manual of Sees of the a
ocky Mountains, New York, 1909. (Given by Dr, N. L. Britto:
Doy.e, Martin. The flower garden, New York, 1835. cae by Dr. J. H. Barnhart. )
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GmrstTE, A. Notes sur la médecine et la botanique des anciens Mexicains. Rome, 1909. (Deposit by - Trustees of Columbia University. ) GoopRIcH, CHAUNCEY. Th orthern fruit Se Burlington, 1849,
r. J. H. mere : GREEN, JosEPH REYNOLDS, ee 2 kp botany 1860-1900. Oxford, 1909. mp-fires on desert and lava. New York,
. a N, WILLIS LINN, The: trees of California. San Francisco, 1909. (Given
. rnhart. UNK, WILHELM. Sidliographia Linnaeana, Berlin, 1902. (Deposited by
the Trustees of Columbia University Ke.Lioce, JAMES LAWRENCE, ” Sheth fk industries. New York, to10. (Given itton
Tr! KLEBAHN, pete Krankheiten des Flieders. Berlin, 1909. LaMBeRT, ANDRE & STAHL, Epuarp. Die Garseuay kirebeur: Ed. 2, rae 1910. Livinesron, BurToN Epwarp, The relation of desert plants to soil moisture and to evaporation. Washington, 1906. (Given by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. ) Luoy: RANCIS ERNEST. The physiology of stomata. Washington, 1908, (Given by Dr. D. : MacDougal oBius, MARTIN Boras aibraeopcnes Praktikum fiir Anfinger. Ed.
oscoso, RAFAEL M. Las fantilias vejetales ase en la flora de Santo Domingo. Santo Domingo, 1897. (Given by Mr. Taylor.) Peari, RayMond, Variation and dit ae in Ceratophyllum. Wash- ington, 1907. (Given by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. Ricca, Usatpo. Movimenti d’irritazione delle piante, Milano, 1910. (Given
r. ) Report of the New York Meteorological Observatory of the Department of Parks, Centr al Park, Mews: York City, - the year 1900-08. New York, 1900-08. 9 vols.
SAYERS, EpwaRp. The eee flower garden companion, Boston, 1838.
ee arnhart, S, EDWARD. The American fruit garden companion, Ed. 2. Boston, 1839. (Given by Dr. J. H. Barnhart. SCHLEIDEN, MATTHIAS JAKOB, Studien: populdre Vortrdge. Ed. 2. Leipzig, . L.DING, VOLNEY MORGAN. — and movements of desert plants. Wasting 1909. (Given by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. S, CARL BERNHARD. Phalaridea. Petropoli, 1839. (Given by Dr. J. H. a art. ) MUSEUM AND HERBARIUM. 8 <a of uosses from Troy, Jamaica, W.I. (Collected by Mr. J. King Brow 18 specimens of Crataegus from the northeastern United States. (Given by Mr. E, P. Bicknell. I specimen of Crazaegus from Massachusetts. (Given by Mr. C. E. Faxon.)
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22 specimens of mosses from Arizona. (By exchange with Professor J. C. Blumer. } - 15 saat of ferns from New York, (Given by Mr. W. R. on. ) 2§ specimens ‘‘ Lichenes Suecici Exsiccati,’’ fascicle VII. eee by Dr. G.O. A. Ma ne 280 specimens of West Indian plants, from the Alexander-Prior Hebarium. (By exchange with the Royal Gardens, Kew, England. 20 caves of Sphagnum from the United States, (By exchange with Mr. H. H. Bar ae specimens of mosses from Cape Breton Island. (By exchange with Mr. George E. Nichols. 15 sags specimens of Fissidens. (By exchange with the Royal Gardens, Kew, Englan 2 Ce a Philonotis. (By exchange with Mr, Gabriel Dismier. ) 3 Specimens of Leucobryum. (By exchange with the Royal Botanical Garden, Berlin, Germany. 6 specimens of Fisstdens. (By exchange with the Museum of Natural History, Paris, France 3 area 18 of mosses from Michigan. (By exchange with Mr. H. H. Bartlett.) mens of fungi from Russia. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant In- soi, ‘Washington AaOn 2 specimens of fungi from Java. (By anes with Abbé G, Bresadola. ) I specimen of a puff-ball from Jamaica, W. (Given by Mr. Wm. Harris.) 15 nee of fungi from Vermont. (Given by Miss Gertrude Burlingham. ) 27 specimens of fungi from Pocahontas County, West Virginia. (Given by Pro- fessor Jebn L, Sheldon, 2,500 specimens of fungi. (Being the residue of the fungus herbarium of Pro- fessor George Massee. 50 specimens of gill-fungi from Ohio. (By exchange with Mr. Wilmer G, Stover.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 154 conifers and oo trees for hardy collection. (By exchange with New York anit Par' 5 plants for ae (By exchange with Botanical Garden, Stuttgart, es to plants from Mexico. (Collected by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) aoe for conservatories. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, Budapest,
I cactus from Jamaica. (By exchange with res Botanical Gardens, ) 17 plants from Cuba. (Collected by Dr. . Shafer. 33 plants from Cuba. (Collected by Dr. N. Britton, a 11 bulbs for conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. E. S. eee 180 packets of seed. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, Tabor, Bohemia. ) 38 packets of seed. (By exchange with Botanical Garden n, User cme
n
eed. 37 packets of seed. (By exchange with Botanical ae ines oa ) I packet of seed, (Given by Mr. G, E. Osterhout. )
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tor packets of seed, (By exchange with Royal Botanical Garden, Glasnevin, Dublin. :
5 packets of seed. (By exchange with Botanical Garden, Groningen, Belgium. )
(By exchange with Botanical Garden, Darmstadt, Germany,) (By exchange with anaes Garden, oo Hungary. ) 5 packets of seed from Mexico. (Collected by Dr. H. H. Rus'
10 packets of seed from Costa Rica, une Mr. H. woe }
(Purchased. 27 packets of seed for baa collection. (By exchange with Prof. W. J. Beal.)
Members of the Corporation.
Joun D. ArcnegoLp, Grorce F. Baker, Georce S. Bowpoin, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. Avpison Brown, Dr. Nicuoras M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, WitiiamM G, Cuoare, Cuartes F, Cox,
Joun J. Crooxe,
W. Bayarp CurrTIne, CLeveLtanp H. Dopce, A. F, Estasrook,
H. C. FAHNESTOCK, SaMvueEL W. FaircuILp, James B. Forp,
Henry W. ve Forest, Rozert W. DE Forest, Hon. Tuomas F. Girroy, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Epwarp S. Harkness, Henry R. Hoyt,
Tunos. H. Hussarp, Avrian ISELIN, Jr., Joun I. Kane,
Eucene KELLY, Jr.,
Pror. James F, Kemp,
Epw. V. Z. Lane, Pror. Freperic S. Leg, How. Setu Low,
Davin Lypic,
Epcar L. Marston,
J. Prerront Morcan, THEODORE W. Myers, Frepertc R. NEwso_p, Pror. Henry F. Ossorn, Lowett M. PALMer, Grorce W. PERKINS, James R. PitcHeEr,
M. F. Prant,
Joun D. ROCKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, Mortimer L. Scuirr, James A. ScryMSER, Henry A, SIeBRECHT, Wituram D. SLOANE, Netson SMITH,
JaMEsS SPEYER,
Francis L. Strerson, Cuar_tes G, Ti0oMPson, Dr. W. GitmMAN THOMPSON, SAMUEL THORNE, Louis C. TiFFrany,
Grorce W. VANDERBILT,
Hon. Ecerton L, Winturop, Jr.
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Joumai of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con- — taining notes, and non-technical articles of general interest. Free to mem ers of thea Garden, To others, 10 a a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange, ]} sae in a eleventh volum 3
logia, bimon nth illustrated in color and one ae ; devoted to fungi, x acing lichens ; containing technical Sine ends ws and notes of re in- te #3.00 a year; sin le copies not for Now — ume.
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Vol. ae part 1, issued May ae. Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- ceae, se a eR Parnassiaceae. Vol. 22, part 2, issued December 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae,
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Vol. I. An Annotate : casicen e of the Flora of Mont and the Yellowstone — Park, by Per Axel Rydber, ii 492 pp., with det ailed ane goo.
Vel. II. The Tater of ‘Light wae Darkness apres Growth and Development, | By Dia ly MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., ey 1903.
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York, by Dr. Arthur Hollick and Dr. Edward Charles ee viii + 138 pp., with _ 29 plates
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a : gta than the a Price, 25 cents each. baba per volume. Five volumes. CEN i y 129. Studies on the Rocky Stostatat Flora— XX, by Pe AS Rydberg. New
Ww YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BRONX PARK, NEw YORK on ‘
Vol. XI MAY, 1910 No. 125
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
PERCY WILSON
Administrative Assistant
CONTENTS : PAGE Botanical Exploration in Santa Clara, Cuba. .- 2... - + +s eee eee 109 Preservation of Wild Flowers... ... 2+ +2 ee ee eee err eee 117 A Century Plant Coming into Flower... .-.- eee ses ee ere 123 (Sn ED STIGE CSIC Ge ae nt ge a 125 Notes, News and Comment. ....-.---- eset te tee eee 129 SOPOT) 6 ge aco SR Ste en en a 132
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
Art 41 Nort Queen Street, LANcAstER, Pa.
By Tue New Era PrintTING COMPANY
FICERS, 1910. See ADDISON BROWN. E- PRESIDENT — ANDREW CARNEGIE, Reese LES F. COX SrecreTary—DR. N. L. BRITTON.
BoARD OF MANAGERS. : 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. Term expires meats 191 Eee t BROWN, RT 7 pE FOREST W. BAYARD CUTTING, ae A. SCRYMSER. Term expires January, 1912. N. L. BRITTON, JOHN I. NE, ANDREW CARNEGIE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON. 4 Term expires pS J. PIERPONT MORGAN, E Ht "PERKINS, FRANCIS PNne STETSON. 2 X-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE HES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF Pusiic Parks, HON. C . STOVER.
ARLES B. Tue Mayor oF THE City oF New York, LIAM J. GAYN 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR PR USBY, Chairman. DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. coe PROF. C. F. CHANDLER ie a FREDERIC S. CHARLES F. O53 xX, setdse Ly see ae
GARDEN STAFF. DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- or DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Dir DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of a cua A
GE V. N ea arde: FRED J. SEAVER, Dirbctie ee At ratories. DR. JOHN HEN ART, Librarian
PERCY WILSON, Hiaindichue Ascher m
JOURNAL OF THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN. Plate LXXIx,
Agave americana IN THE COURT OF CONSERVATORY RANGE NO. 1.
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. X1 May, 191] 1910, No. 125.
BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN SANTA CLARA, CUBA.
To THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.
Gentlemen: For the purpose of continuing botanical explora- tions in Cuba, and for increasing our collections of the plants of that island, as previously authorized by you, I was absent from the Garden from February 17 until April 6, 1910, accompanied by Mrs. Britton and by Mr. Percy Wilson, Administative As- sistant.
We reached Havana on April 21 by the steamer ‘‘Morro Castle”’ and there met Mr. F. S. Earle, formerly a curator of the museums of the Garden, now an agricultural expert of the Cuban Sugar Refining Company, who had kindly made arrangements in ad- vance for a trip through the Trinidad Mountains in the southern part of the Province of Santa Clara, a region botanically little known, and the examination of which was one of the principal objects of the expedition.
A day’s delay being necessary in starting for Santa Clara Province, February 22 was given to a study of the coastal flora at the Playa de Marianao, a few miles west of Havana, where a number of interesting plants were collected, including a beautiful small palm (Thrinax) and very fine flowering specimens of the somewhat rare shrub Colubrina cubensis, of the Buckthorn Family.
We proceeded by rail to Cienfuegos, on the south coast, on February 23; this city is situated on a large and beautiful bay, some fifteen miles west of the western foothills of the Trinidad
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Mountains. Here we had the pleasure of renewing our acquaint- ance with Dr. Emilio Cabada, and called on him at the beautiful family home, near the city, where he and his respected father have been much interested in the formation of a botanical garden. The following two days were occupied in outfitting for the mountain trip and by excursions to the mouth of the bay, for the purpose of studying the plants of the low hills which almost close the narrow entrance. We found the flora rich and varied, including a fine Agave, the occurrence of which had been indi- cated to me by Professor Trelease, and which grows there abun- dantly, on an attractive little cay and onthe mainland. Enoug
specimens were secured and shipped to supply our collections and those of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Here we also saw for the first time, a tree-like widely branching cactus up to twenty feet in height, its small flowers almost concealed in the excessively spiny ovary, which forms a soft egg-shaped bur in fruit; abun- dant specimens of this were also shipped, which will aid the cactus studies in progress in coéperation with Dr. J. N. Rose, of the United States National Museum. A climbing night-blooming cactus (Selenicereus) and a columnar woolly Cephalocereus were also collected. The little town of Castillo de Jagua proved to be so satisfactory a base that we determined to return here, after the mountain work had been accomplished, for the other main object of the expedition, the study of the vegetation of the southern coast of Santa Clara.
On February 26 we traveled to Hoyo de Manicaragua, about forty-nine kilometers eastward of Cienfuegos, part way by public motor-car, and part way by stage and there found ourselves just at the base of the northern foothills of the Trinidad Mountains. Here we enjoyed the kind hospitality of Mr. C. F. Koop, at his large tobacco estate; Mr. Earle had previously acquainted Mr. Koop with our objects, and he made it easy for us to carry them out by arranging for the necessary men, horses and mules, ad- vising us as to routes and facilitating our work in many other
February 28 a start was made for the higher elevations, two
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practicos, five horses and five mules forming the motive power of the outfit, a tent, a hammock and a sleeping bag, with camp equipment and provisions supplying the domestic needs. It is perhaps necessary to record that the mountain roads are im- passable by wheeled vehicles.
The first camp (February 28, March 1) was pitched in a guava thicket near Guanabana at 260 meters altitude, and here we began to find, in the valleys, near streams, the characteristic plants of this mountain system; a few kinds of ferns were abun- dant, the manaca palm (Calyptronoma) was a fine feature in one ravine and specimens of many interesting trees and shrubs were collected. We are grateful to Sefior Don Casimiro Barrios for pee attentions.
arch I we moved on to the penars cascades of the Hanabanilla River (almost 320 meters altitude) and camped on a grassy ridge above these most attractive waterfalls; this river plunges here through a long, deep valley with very steep banks clothed with a great variety of plants. Specimens of more than one hundred different kinds were obtained during two days’ collecting; a small-flowered Agave with bright green leaves was a prize worth coming for; ferns and mosses in great variety and abundance; many orchids and bromeliads on the trees and rocks; and wee flowering plants in the crevices of the rocky river bed together with the beauty of the cataracts make this spot one long to be remembered.
A guava thicket at Siguanea, altitude about 400 meters, was next occupied as a camp, March 2 to 4, and the wet ravines of that vicinity were visited, the most notable one being the Arroyo de Manaca at Herradura; ferns, mosses and a variety of woody plants being the chief features of interest. Here we were given assistance and information by Sefior Don Amado Cardenas Mon- teagudo, Commandante of the guardia rurale, and this help is gratefully appreciated; Mr. Earle was obliged to leave us here on account of duties at the sugar plantations; advantage was taken of his return to Cienfuegos for the shipment of the living plants collected up to this time.
On March 5, at the invitation of Sefior Don Manuel Hernandez,
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we moved camp a few kilometers to the bank of a small stream at Los Cocos, with the special object of exploring the beautiful Arroyo Cimarrones, 470-500 meters elevation, under his personal guidance and were well repaid by the opportunity to collect many species not heretofore seen by us, including two pretty Begonias, a beautiful composite, and here we first met with tree- ferns on this trip, though not in the luxuriance and abundance in which they were later found at the higher elevations; mosses were found here in great quantities and the splendid red orchid Stenorrhynchus speciosus was a brilliant floral feature.
March 6 we traversed a ane! level gebgies of country to the village of Rio Negro (45 t tion), passing along swampy woodland containing some interesting bog ferns and other plants, with a luxuriant growth of the manaca palm, and made camp in an unused tobacco shed, where the tent was pitched and the hammock swung. From here a few hours’ tramp brought us into another wet valley, the Arroyo Trinitario, where some sixty different species of moisture-loving plants were collected, ferns and mosses being abundant again and varied. It is to be re- ’ corded that the hills and hillsides at elevations up to 600 or 700 meters through the region thus far traversed were at this time of year disappointing botanically, being very dry, and although quite heavily wooded, very few plants could be found in flower or in fruit; there had been no rain for several months; after the spring rains, we were told, the hillsides burst into bloom.
amp no. 7 was made on March 8 under a large wild fig tree near a stream at Mananteales (about 450 meters altitude) but no very good collecting ground was found in the vicinity, dry hills and pastures surrounding it. Here we had opportunity of viewing an important Cuban industry, the raising of fighting cocks, one establishment having some one hundred and fifty of these birds, carefully labelled and variously priced up to high figures, and learned that the region was famed far and wide for the excellence of this product, which had the curious result of making eggs high-priced and difficult to obtain for culinary pur- poses, because they might be hatched out and yield cocks of great value! So the next day, March 9, we moved on and up to
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El Porvenir (650-750 meters elevation) and camped in a coffee plantation along a brook, and here a rocky ravine and several forested hillsides yielded specimens of over fifty species not met with at the lower elevations; several tree-ferns, additional to the one previously noted were present in abundance; we were es- pecially pleased at securing specimens of these splendid plants, which will aid the study of this group by Mr. W. R. Maxon, in progress for “North American Flora.” A number of the forest trees were here found in flower, notably the ‘‘pancho” (Maye- paea), a relative of the northern fringe tree, its showy white flowers with similar narrow petals.
The road from El Porvenir to Aguacate, traversed March 10, was full of interest in the vegetation of the woodlands, the high grassy slopes and steep hillsides, and the mountain scenery is superb. Here we found at about 800 meters altitude several kinds of plants which grow naturally at sea level in Florida, notably the bracken fern Pteridium caudatum; camp was made in a Piper thicket at 850 meters altitude and here as at other camps in these mountains, two blankets were needed at night and winter overcoats were comfortable even about the camp fire. Weare indebted to Sefior Castineyra for kind attention and useful information. Aguacate was the highest land reached dur- ing the trip, the barometer indicating about 950 meters on one hilltop. Some distance to the east the Peak of Potrerillo, the highest of this range, rises to the height of 3,459 feet (about 1,100 meters) according to the sailing chart, but it is not accessible from the road traveled by us.
Our last camp in the Trinidad Mountains was pitched in a poma rosa jungle at Arroyo Grande about 650 meters altitude; here we were on the southern side of the mountains and the vege-
and a silver-palm (Coccothrinax) were seen on a rocky hillside. On March 12 we traveled from Arroyo Grande, down the south slope, to the picturesque ancient city of Trinidad, mostly through
lid
steep mountain pastures of little interest botanically, but the views of the deep blue Caribbean Sea were greatly enjoyed from the higher altitudes; we rode into Trinidad just as the cathedral clock struck eight and that we went to bed promptly goes without saying.
From Hoyo de Manicaragua to Trinidad, 850 separate col- lections of plants were made, and these specimens will partly represent the flora of this mountain range. Itis possible that the Peak of Potrerillo, rising about 150 or 175 meters higher than we attained, supports some additional species; this is best reached from Trinidad and may well be made an object of another expe- dition at another time of year.
Trinidad is situated at the southern base of a series of limestone hills, a few kilometers from its port, Casilda. Parts of four days were occupied by a study of the flora of this region, the hills, the coastal plain and the valley of the Rio Toyaba being visited, and specimens of over one hundred species, mostly shrubs and low trees, were here obtained. Fine marine views are had from the watchtower hill ‘‘La Vigia” just back of the town and the narrow valley of the Toyaba, navigable for small craft for several kilo- meters is very attractive, the low hills being wooded quite to the water and their flora varied; the striking floral feature at the time of our visit was the purple Ginoria, its nearly leafless branches covered with a profusion of showy flowers resembling those of the crape-myrtle, each tree conspicuous in the landscape for a long distance. Our boatman called it ‘flor de samana santa’’ be- cause it always blooms in Holy Week. Several kinds of mistle- toes inhabit the trees, and the rather rare Ravenia, a shrub of the Rue Family was found on the rocky river bank.
The plains about Trinidad are infested by a spiny African shrub, Dichrostachys nutans, called “aroma” by the Cubans, of the Mimosa Family, growing three to five meters high and densely covering many square miles of land, formerly under cultivation, to the practical exclusion of all other vegetation; it is most dif- ficult to eradicate and a weed of enormous vigor. It has also become established in other parts of Cuba; the plant is distrib- uted by cattle, and is a serious menace to agriculture; no eco- nomical method of extermination is as yet apparent.
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On March 16 we returned to Cienfuegos by the very comfort- able little steamer “‘Josefita”; some collecting was accomplished near the city on the morning of the seventeenth, and in the after- noon we proceeded again to Castillo de Jagua at the mouth of Cienfuegos Bay, which was made the base of operations for eleven days. The picturesque little pueblo takes its name from a small and beautiful fortress built some two hundre years ago to command the narrow entrance, and the hotel is im- mediately alongside of this interesting relic of Spanish ascend- ancy. From March 18 to 22 collections were made along the coast, and near it, including a visit to the valley of the Rio Arimao, some ten kilometers to the east, a small sailboat proving a con- venient means of transportation, and a satisfactory view was thus obtained of the coastal flora. The gigantic cactus Cereus nudifilorus is locally abundant and fine fruiting specimens were obtained, supplementing the flowering ones had last year from Guantanamo; two palms, one a Copernicia the other a Coc- cothrinax, grow plentifully at Punta Diablo and Punta Sabanilla on either side of the harbor entrance and at Punta Diablo another (Thrinax) occurs sparingly. Shrubs and small trees were found in great variety; the most striking floral feature was a bright scarlet-flowered tree of the genus Erythrina, blooming as many Cuban trees do before the season’s leaves appear, and so conspicu- ous as to be detected from the boat while more than a kilometer off shore at Punta Colorado, east of the lighthouse. The trip up the Arimao brought us in gare six kilometers, to fresh water, and here many aquatics were collec
Mr. Earle joined the pa again on March 23 and we at once started in a cat-boat with two practicos eastward along the coast to study the flora of the southern foothills of the Trinidad Mountains and the adjacent river valleys, touching at Guajimica Cove, and proceeding that night as far as Rio San Juan where we camped on a sand-bar for two days, about half-way between Cienfuegos and Trinidad. There is here a delightful little harbor between the coastal hills; the borders of extensive mangrove swamps yielded specimens of many species of interest, anda small ravine, in the foothills, where a little stream cascades through
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the forest after rainfalls, yielded many others, including a showy purple-flowered tree of the Meadow-Beauty Family, and a deli- cate little tufted Se/aginella growing in travertine. The coastal hills provided several trees and shrubs not seen further west, but the inland hills proved dry and uninteresting. Returning, we camped in a charcoal shed at Guajimica Cove on the night of March 25; here there is another fine little harbor, its eastern side a precipitous cliff in the coastal hills, where a red-flowered Ges- neria, found sparingly at Rio San Juan, grows in great plenty
the mangrove-swamp margins furnished other plants not ae. seen on this trip; Rio Gavelan, a navigable stream, was visited in the afternoon, and in the evening, the boatmen pronouncing the viento bueno del norte, we set sail for Castillo de Jagua and ran in under a six-knot breeze, well repaid botanically, and delighted with our cruising experiences on the south coast. Our reception by the country people, both in the mountains and along the coast was most cordial; help and hospitality were freely offered at every point and politeness is evidently a natural trait; there was no inquisitive observation, and as soon as our errand was learned, intelligent interest was at once evidenced; our recol- lections of these kindly people will be most pleasant.
e two main objects of our expedition having been accom- plished, a third one was taken up, and a visit made to the city of Santa Clara where we proceeded by rail on the afternoon of March 28, for the purpose of studying the flora of the extensive palm-barren nearby and three days were given to this work. This botanically interesting tract of land occupies many square miles, characterized by the abundant growth of a Copernicia palm; of many kinds of low shrubs and trees, for the most part different species from those inhabitating either the mountains or the coast, and of many grasses and small plants along the water courses; the variety of plants growing here is evidenced by our securing specimens of one hundred and seventy different species during three days of continuous collecting; some of these are the same as those had in the similar barren near Camaguay last year, but many are different, and not seen by us before; a Tecoma shrub, of the Trumpet-creeper Family, with showy pink flowers was abundant and conspicuous.
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We traveled to Havana on April 1, and spent the following day partly on the north coast at Cojimar, where interesting shrubs and cacti were found in the coastal thickets, including a prickly- ash (Zanthoxylum) especially desired by Mr. Wilson for his study of that group for ‘North American Flora,’’ and partly in the palm-barren east of Guanabacoa, which, being extensively pas- ture-land, did not yield much of particular interest. We sailed from Havana, April 3, on steamer ‘‘Saratoga’’ and arrived at the Garden, April 6.
The collections of plants made during the trip embrace in all 1,771 field numbers, aggregating not fewer than 4,000 specimens. This satisfactory result is due to the perfect weather experienced throughout, to the help and coéperation of Mr. Earle, and to the fluent command of the Spanish language possessed by the sefiora americana, which aided us on land and sea
Respectfully submitted, N BRITTON, Director-in- Chief.
PRESERVATION OF WILD FLOWERS.*
The few haunts of natural beauty in and about our city are fast becoming destitute of those innocent little plants, which, by their simplicity and loveliness, add charm to those cherished spots. It has been observed that during the past ten years, a great number of wild flowers have disappeared, several species having been completely exterminated, among which are the arbutus and the mountain laurel.
t is needless to state that those desirous of preserving our public grounds, and all who are interested in botany, are greatly alarmed at these results. Means have been taken to prevent the destruction of our native plants. Societies have been formed for the purpose, but these can effect comparatively little without the help of the community.
warded a second prize, April, 1909, from the Caroline and Olivia E. Stokes Fund for the Preservation of Native Plants.
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Plant preservation is dependent mainly upon the power of self-protection among plants, and upon the attitude of people towards them. Plants are adapted naturally to their environ- ment. Some of them have devices by means of which they are rendered undesirable both to animals that may wish to feed upon them, and to people who may want to pick them. The absence of beauty in some plants, as well as protective coloring, affords them shelter; while the more conspicuous are the ones which are destroyed. Others have a disagreeable odor, bitter taste, or poisonous properties; these act as a safeguard, and protect the plants from destruction by animals.
All plants, however, are not endowed with the power of de- fending themselves against unwelcome visitors. Most are, on the contrary, so attractive or so beautiful, that people long to pick them. This is the case with our wild flowers. Almost any- body who sees them is instantly seized with an impulse to tear them up, without considering that it is the life of a plant and its single aim in life that they may destroy. The aim of every plant is to reproduce as many of its own kind as possible. If certain species fail to do this, those species gradually disappear. Peopl may say that picking a few flowers in a certain public park will
the same parks, those parks will lose their wild flowers. This is what we are trying to prevent. But most people do not know that picking flowers is the main cause of the extermination of certain species of native plants.
In order to carry out its aim, the flower must produce seeds, which, when scattered, fall to the ground and grow up into new plants. When the flower is in bloom, the work of developing seeds has just begun, and is not completed until the petals and any other attachments fall off, and the fruit of the flower is ripe. If flowers are gathered before the seeds are fully developed, every hope of reproduction on their part is destroyed, and all that they have already done toward it, is useless. The lives of so many plants have therefore been wasted.
Some people, when picking flowers, pull them up with their roots. This is very disastrous to the plants, especially to spring
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flowers. These have large underground storehouses in their root- stocks, and without the roots, the plant is unable to perform its proper functions. Late blooming plants suffer less, for their vegetative work is nearly completed when they become attractive and subject to injury. If, however, they are torn up with their roots, the promise of the next year’s growth is destroyed.
Shrubs and woody perennials, such as the dogwood, are harmed when branches containing buds are broken off, since many young branches are thereby prevented from growing.
It is therefore evident that one of the causes of the disappear- ance of flowers is picking. The trouble arises from the ignorance as to the extent of the damage done. When a number of children who live in crowded districts, leave them to spend a happy day in the fields, their first thought is to gather flowers which they do untiringly, never stopping till they have a plentiful bouquet. But by the time they get home, the flowers are all wilted, and the children get no satisfaction from them. Chaperons of a party of children should impress upon their charges the necessity of enjoying the beauty of the flower in its haunt, and of leaving them where they are. The children may be allowed to pick one or two flowers carefully without unearthing the roots.
There is also a lack of consideration on the part of older people. Many completely ignore the rights of other people to enjoy public property, and, when on private grounds, they forget that the owner may have taken great care to plant them; papers, boxes and broken glass are often left on the grass, which, apart from spoiling the effects of nature’s beauty, may hinder the growth of many flowers by shutting out the necessary sunlight. Sometimes matches are carelessly dropped, which produce fires, harmful, in their way, in burning to the ground a great number of plants. All this, with just a little care on the part of the visitors to our parks, may be easily avoided.
We have seen how it is that so many of our native plants are disappearing. Many people will acknowledge the fact that they are decreasing very rapidly in number, but it matters little to them. They seem to think that if our wild flowers are gone, cultivated ones can take their place, and they see no reason why .
120 any particular efforts should be made to preserve our wild flowers.
Another reason for the destruction of numberless native plants is the constant improvement of our city by cultivating wild lands around it, clearing them, draining them, or building on them. This, of course, cannot be helped, as an increase in popu- lation demands the extension of city limits.
There is every reason that our native plants should be saved. Every city takes pride in having its own local flora, and ours will soon disappear if care is not taken. It is advisable, when certain species become scarce, to transplant them to other places where they may be kept without fear of injury; but some flowers like the arbutus do not bear transplanting, and it is very difficult to transplant others. We should, therefore, a especially to leave such flowers to grow and reproduce their . Then again, our wild flowers are so beautiful that it seems a to have them destroyed, when they should be increasing in number every day.
When we consider the struggle for existence which every plant undergoes, we are willing to save them if only through gratitude, human sympathy and kindness. Plants, as well as animals, have life. As far as scientists know, ‘Life is the impulse to exist with the power of development from assimilation.”” No scientist can define life. The basis of life is protoplasm, without which no living thing can exist. ‘‘Plants are manufactories from which life is gained by inert material. Chlorophyll is a modification of protoplasm, and leaves, under sunlight, manufacture that life- giving energy that we, as animals, eat and assimilate.” It is therefore evident that plants came before animals, and that the latter are dependent upon plants for food. We should therefore be grateful to plants, which are a means for our very existence.
As regards our sympathy and kindness we have only to kno what a plant endures in life, and our sympathy will iy be given to it. A seed isa miniature plant. If a seed is left in the ground, and has the proper conditions for growth, which are warmth and moisture, it awakens from its dormant state, and becomes active in pushing forth root and stem
The root gives the plant a firm hold in the ground. A certain zone is covered with minute root-hairs, which take in from the
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soil mineral matter and moisture which are necessary to the plant for food. The stem develops leaves, and acts as an organ of transmission and communication between root and leaves, send- ing up to the leaves the raw materials gathcred by the root-hairs. The leaves take in carbon dioxide through stomata, little air chambers on their under surface. A leaf has four functions: photosynthesis, or starch-making, respiration, or the giving off of oxygen, assimilation, or the formation of tissue from manu- factured food, and transpiration, or the giving off of water in the form of vapor. All this work which the root, stem, and leaves do, and which cannot be done without food and sunlight, is essential to the life and growth of a plant; as a result of this work, these organs multiply and increase in size; no plant can live if any one of these organs should, for some reason, fail to carry out its mission. Besides this, the plant has yet to produce many flowers, which can, by a long and complex process, re- sulting in the change of the flower into fruit, develop a great number of seeds imbedded in the fruits. When this is done the work of the plant for that year is completed, and it remains with us and with nature to see that as many seeds as possible are scattered and planted.
This gives an idea of the amount of work which even our modest little wild flowers must perform, and it is our duty to allow them to do it, without hindering them in any way. principle which botanists uphold and carry out is, ‘‘To love the flower and leave it on its stalk.” It is to be regretted that more are not botanists, but a knowledge of plant life and of the struggles of a plant for existence is sufficient for the adoption of the same principle.
The way, then, to preserve plants is to encourage the study of nature. Children should know that plants are living things, which they must not destroy, and should learn to love them, not passionately, for that would lead to extensive picking, but truly.
High school students are very enthusiastic in their nature work, and, in their eagerness to get specimens for study, destroy many neighboring flowers. Destruction on the part of botany students may easily be prevented. Instructors can arrange to
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buy certain kinds of flowers, at botanic gardens or nurseries, where they are raised in large quantities for the purpose. If not, it would be advisable to have a portion of the public gardens and city parks devoted to raising such plants as are needed for botanic instructio
re dre certain wild flowers, such as violets, dandelions, daisies, buttercups, goldenrods, asters, and black-eyed Susans, which may be picked without fear of their extermination. Vio- lets are cleistogamous, that is, they are closed to cross-fertiliza- tion, but usually produce hidden flowers underground which fertilize themselves. The other flowers, most of which are com- posites, are so numerous that they are considered pests. It would therefore be a good plan to have students study the struc- ture and characteristics of these flowers, so that the rarer ones, which are decreasing in number, may be saved. These are the orchid, the dogwood, the rose, the spring beauty, the columbine, the wild pink, the blood-root and the azalea. Cultivated flowers, native as well as foreign, may be substituted for these, which are too precious to be ruthlessly destroye
But it must not be thought that caea and students are doing all the harm to our flowers. There are various other col- lectors of plants, cultural, commercial and scientific. Of the cultural collectors little can be said, but it remains with them to make use of those flowers which may be picked without injury. Those who collect flowers for commerical purposes should be far- sighted enough to realize that, if they heedlessly gather the rarer plants, the time will come when they will be unable to profit by them. as to scientific collectors, they destroy many flowers in their experiments and researches, and although it is held that anything sacrificed to science is praiseworthy, still ruthless col- lecting is also bad.
The societies for plant preservation are active in circulating petitions to inform people of the conditions existing among plants and of their power to prevent wanton destruction of our little wild flowers. These societies are doing work along the same line as the Audubon Society, which did very much to protect birds from injury. But the problem before the wild flower protectors
1238
is more difficult than was that of the members of the Audubon Society. The latter was able to give strong reasons for the pres- ervation of birds. Birds have the same instinct in their sufferings as we have, and they demand our sympathy and protection. The great economic uses of birds were made clear to the public, and this helped toward the success of the workers.
But our wild flowers have no great economic uses, except that a few are employed in the manufacture of medicines, but this has, on a large scale, been done away with. To most of us, wild flowers are nothing more than things which were made to beautify the world, and cannot be saved through similar petitions as those which were made in behalf of birds.
The safest and the surest way to insure the protection of our wild flowers is through nature-study. When people realize how plants struggle through life, when they come to know plants more intimately, when they see how much more beautiful plants are in their natural abode than elsewhere, and when they learn to feel for plants and sympathize with them as they do with their companions and fellow-men, then petitions will no longer be needed, but the plants will be able to carry out their aim in life without any external difficulties, and they will have in people, mutual aid for their existence. Let us hope that our wild flowers will soon bloom, unmolested in their haunts.
NTONIA SCHATZBERG. WASHINGTON IRVING HIGH SCHOOL, N ORK CITY.
A CENTURY PLANT COMING, INTO FLOWER.
In house no. 6 of conservatory range no. 1, which is located but a short distance from the terminal of the elevated railroad, is the large collection of agaves or century plants. Here these plants may be found during the greater part of the time but about the middle of May they are transferred to the court of the conservatory, where they form a part of the collection of American desert plants which is one of the attractive features of the Garden. They remain out of doors until about the middle of September when they are again placed in the conservatory.
One of the most striking members of this collection of agaves is a large plant of the American century plant, Agave americana, which was presented to the Garden in 1901 by Mr. F. T. Holder. In its nine years at the Garden it has changed but little, pre- senting now about the appearance it did when first received. The leaves, as shown in the accompanying illustration, are long and arching, the larger ones measuring about six feet in length and four to five inches wide, with a thickness of three inches at the base, their thickest part. They are terminated with a stout spine about an inch long, and the margins are armed with short black teeth. At times the old decaying leaves have made the plant appear unsightly, and on several occasions, on this account, it was decided to remove it from the collections, but it was allowed to remain with the hope that it would bloom some day. This hope is now being realized, for late in April it was noticed that the center of the tuft of leaves was changing in appearance. A few days later the meaning of this changed appearance was evident, for the apex of a flowering stem emerged from the heart of the leaves. On April 28 the top of this stem was five feet seven inches above the tub in which the plant is growing. On May 12 its height was seven feet, five and a half inches, showing a growth of twenty-two and a half inches in two weeks, or an average of a little over one and a half inches per day. Some days this has grown but one half an inch, while on others its in- crease in height has been three inches, the differences being due largely to varying conditions of temperature and light.
This is the largest century plant which has ever bloomed at the Garden, although other smaller ones have done so. One of these was the Vera Cruz century plant, Agave Vera- Crus, which was in blossom last summer; an account of this appeared in the JouRNAL for August of that year. Another was Queen Victoria’s century plant, Agave Victoriae-reginae, which flowered in the summer of 1906, a description of this occurring in the JOURNAL for July of the same year.
The name ‘‘century plant” has been applied to these plants from the mistaken idea that they must be one hundred years old before blooming. This is evidently fallacious, for in a wild state
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they flower at a much younger age than this, some of them per- haps before they are ten years old. Most of them die after their blooming period is over, many producing young shoots from the base which perpetuate the plant. In cultivation under glass, however, they mature much more slowly and require a longer time to arrive at their blooming period. The plant_here described may be forty years old, or perhaps older. The vigor of its flowering stem at the present time would indicate that it may finally reach a height of twenty-five feet or more. Some time during the summer it will bear a large cluster of flowers at the summit.
Century plants are found in deserts or in other dry regions in tropical and subtropical America. They are most abundant in Mexico, with other species in Florida, Texas and the West Indies.
GEORGE V. Nasu.
CONFERENCE NOTES.
At the regular conference held in the library, on April 2, Dr. W. A. Murrill, who presided over the meeting, exhibited a new colored chart from Sweden showing a large number of poisonous and edible mushrooms and commented on oat various species illustrated as well as on the merits of the ill themselves.
Mr. Nash exhibited staminate flowers of Leitneria floridana, taken from plants derived from seed obtained in an exchange with the Missouri Botanical Garden. The plants have been growing in ordinary soil in the nursery, far removed from the influence of swampy conditions. The relationship of this plant, which forms the single genus of the family Leitneriaceae, is not clearly understood. By Engler and Prantl it is placed between Myrica- ceae and Salicaceae. It is remarkable for the exceeding lightness of its wood, which has a specific gravity of about 0.21, making it the lightest known wood in the United States and one of the lightest in the world. This interesting plant was discovered by Drummond, apparently in Texas. In 1847 Dr. Chapman found it along the shore in the vicinity of Apalachicola, Fla., and in October, 1892, it was discovered by Mr. B. F. Bush in the deep swamps along the St. Francis River is southeastern Missouri.
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Dr. Arthur Hollick exhibited and commented upon two speci- mens recently brought to light in overhauling unnamed material in the paleobotanical collections, as follows:
A fossil fungus allied to Polyporus, from the Carboniferous of West Virginia, described and figured in Afycologia for March, 1910, under the name Pseudopolyporus carbonicus gen. et sp. nov., and a fossil alga, unusually well preserved and defined, from the Devonian of Delaware County, N. Y., which will be described as a new species under the genus Thamnocladus.
Mr. E. D. Clark delivered a paper on “‘The Changes Produced by the Heating of Soils and their Effects on the Growth of Pyronema and other Fungi.’’ The following synopsis was pre- pared by Mr. Clark.
At a former conference we outlined the proposed investigation upon this subject and at this time we shall discuss the results we were able to obtain. Pyronema grows in nature only upon soil that has been burned over, but as far as we know, no one until Kosaroff, and he only recently, has attempted to explain this fact. He proved that this fungus can be readily cultivated upon heated soil in the laboratory, but not upon soil which has not been so treated. Furthermore, he claimed to have been able to render unheated soils favorable to Pyronema by washing the soil with water and in other ways. All of this led him to believe that in unheated soils there are substances present, toxic to Pyronema, which are destroyed by the heating. This expla- nation based upon the presence of toxic substances is in accord with some of the more recent theories which find in such toxic organic matter the cause of the lack of fertility shown by certain soils.
We tried to extract a soluble substance from unheated soils which would show toxic effects upon Pyronema, and tested these extracts under many different conditions, but we failed in every case. This led us to believe that possibly the cause of the luxuri- ant growth of this fungus on burned soils was not due to the destruction of toxic materials in the unheated soil, but rather to the setting free of certain food materials not available to the plant before the soils were heated. Pots of soil were heated to
127
180° C. for four hours and the soil leached with distilled water. To our great surprise these water extracts of heated soil were brown in color and had an odor of caramel. They proved to be such favorable media for Pyronema and other fungi that we were unable to preserve the solutions except by sealing the bottles at the temperature of boiling water. On the other hand, the extracts of unheated soil were colorless, practically odorless, and were never infected with fungi of any sort.
With these dark-colored extracts at our command, we made a great variety of tests. We found that these extracts were ideal culture media for Pyronema, Fusarium, Penicillium, etc., and that the addition of large quantities of such extracts to heated soils caused them to become more favorable to Pyronema growth than
capable of supporting the growth of the fungi. It should be
resulted in complete failure. The reason for this is not clear, but it may well be that the adsorptive and decolorizing effects of the finely divided soil are similar to those of bone-black. Some of the dark-colored extracts were distilled in the hope of sepa- rating the volatile and non-volatile substances into fractions with different properties. This attempt likewise failed, for Pyronema grew both in the colorless distillate and in the dark distillation residue, the growth being most abundant in the latter, since it was more concentrated. We heated some soil in a combustion- tube and caught the products of the dry distillation in water; the solution thus obtained was alkaline to litmus and had the very offensive odor of pyridine bases. The solution seemed neither to inhibit nor to stimulate the growth of Pyronema. From this experiment and others, it does not seem likely that the beneficial effects of heating the soil are due to the driving off of unfavorable substances, but to certain changes produced in the soil itself. The extracts of heated soil were acid to litmus, gave many tests for organic acids, responded to the tests for carbo- hydrates, and finally, showed a strong reducing action upon
128
Fehling solution. These extracts then, seemed to contain organic acids and substances of the nature of sugars, resulting possibly from the decomposition of the cellulose, etc., left in the soil by previous plant growths.
We undertook a closer chemical study of the extracts of heated and unheated soils from New York, Massachusetts and North Dakota. Parallel determinations were made of the total soluble matter, the organic matter, and the inorganic matter in soil extracts prepared in various ways. In general, we found that the extracts of heated soils contained from six to fifteen times as much soluble matter as did the same soil before heating and further, the organic matter seemed to be increased to a greater extent than was the inorganic matter. The. increase of soluble materials seemed to bear some relation to the amount of organic matter in the soils. The extract of one sample of North Dakota soil contained one thousand parts per million of soluble mat- ter before heating, but showed ten thousand eight hundred parts per million after heating. The facts already referred to, that upon standing, the heated soil gradually lost its properties favor- able to the growth of Pyronema and also that unheated soil could not be made favorable, even by the additions of large amounts of heated-soil extracts, were studied quantitatively and it was proved that when unheated soil was saturated with heated-soil extracts and allowed to stand, the latter were reduced to the same colorless state with almost exactly the same chemical com- position shown by ‘extracts of unheated soils.
e ash of the different extracts was examined to determine
ash of heated- and unheated-soil extracts (from North Dakota soil) contained calcium, magnesium and potassium, largely in the form of sulphates, along with some iron, sodium, manganese, silica, etc. From the known stimulating effects of calcium, and to a less extent of magnesium, one might say that the inorganic substances of the various soil extracts, as well as the organic constituents, may play a part inthe growth of Pyronema upon heated soils.
As this work was being prepared for publication we found that
a similar paper is about to be published dealing with the effects of steam heat on soils, and the results are similar to ours in every respect, although we used dry heat in all cases. This would indicate that either dry or steam heat produces very deep- seated changes in soils, and that the sterilization of soils has other effects equally as important for the growth of plants as is the destruction of bacteria and fungi. In the course of this work _ we have come upon many interesting facts and it is our intention to carry this investigation still further with special regard to the effects of heated-soil extracts upon the green plants; the fungus Pyronema having served us well as an indicator of the changes produced in soils by heat. FRED J. SEAVER.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Mr. J. B. Norton, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washing- ton, D. C., spent a day at the Garden last month studying the herbarium collection of Asparagus.
Dr. E. J. Durand, instructor in botany at Cornell University, has been appointed assistant professor of botany in the University of Missouri.
Professor G. F. Atkinson, of Cornell University, visited the Garden April 21, to consult some of the older mycological litera- ture.
Dr. George G. Hedgcock, of the National Timber and Forest Disease Survey, spent ten days at the Garden in April, consulting the collection of timber-destroying fungi.
The chair of botany at the University of Vermont has been filled by Dr. George P. Burns, of the University of Michigan.
Dr. Perley Spaulding, of the Division of Forest Pathology at Washington, made the Garden a brief visit in April to examine the collection of plant rusts.
r. Frank Dunn Kern, associate botanist of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Lafayette, Indiana, has been appointe fellow in botany at Columbia University for the ensuing collegiate year.
130
Miss E. C. Field, scientific assistant in the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., was at the Garden aay two weeks in April, consulting the collections of parasitic fun
Mr. Fred J. Seaver, director of the Cre spent two days at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., studying fungi in connection with his work for ‘“North American
ora.’
Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, librarian, accompanied by Mrs. Barnhart, sailed for Europe, April 30. Dr. Barnhart will repre- sent the Garden at the International Botanical Congress to be held at Brussels, May 14-22. He has been commissioned to secure books for the Garden library.
Dr. Arthur Hollick, curator, and Mr. Norman Taylor, assistant curator, spent several days in New Jersey, exploring the region from Freehold to Farmingdale, with the special object of examin- ing the flora of the marl belt and pine-barrens in that region. The flora was found to be about two weeks in advance of New York city.
A scientific expedition to Colombia is being organized at Neu- chatel, the leader being Dr. O. Fuhrman, professor of zodlogy at Neuchatel University. Dr. Mayor will accompany the expedi- tion and devote his attention mainly to the parasitic flora.
The regular force of museum aids has been temporarily in- creased in order to mount the large accumulation of herbarium specimens received several years ago. This material will be dis- tributed as fast as it is prepared, and thus made available for study.
The water of the lakes north of the Museum Building late in April was observed to be clouded and murky and a microscopic examination of it showed it to be swarming with multitudes of minute diatoms of the genus Navicula. This spring the diatoms seem to have replaced in a large measure the usual luxuriant growth of Jfougeotia, Spirogyra,and other filamentous green algae. The diatoms are of peculiar interest to microscopists on account of their symmetrical and elegant forms and the regular and beau- tiful markings in their enclosing membranes. These enclosing walls are permeated with silica or silicic acid and the hard glass-
131
like siliceous skeletons are very durable. Diatoms are often so numerous in both fresh and brackish waters that the flinty shells left on their death form large deposits. Extensive deposits of diatomaceous matter are found in sedimentary rocks of various geological ages, especially from the Tertiary onward. These diatomaceous earths are put to various economic uses, the prin- cipal being as ingredients of scouring compounds or polishing powders, as a matrix for absorbing the gum in the manufacture of rubber goods, and also, it is said, as a matrix or carrier in the making of dynamite. Two of the best-known quarries of dia- tomaceous earths in the United States are at Richmond, Virginia, and in Nevada.
The Horticultural Society of New York, in codperation with the Garden, will hold its summer exhibition of plants and flowers in the Museum Building. The exhibition will open on Saturday afternoon, June 4th, at 2, and will close at 6, and will remain open on the following day, from 10 to 5. Premiums have been offered by the Garden, to be awarded through the Council of the Horticultural Society, for peonies, roses, flowering shrubs and trees, orchids, and irises and other hardy herbaceous plants. An invitation is extended to all to enter exhibits, whether members of the Horticultural Society or not.
Following the meeting of the Horticultural Society on Satur- day afternoon, there will be a public lecture, in the lecture- hall
trated with colored lantern-slides. At the close of the lecture, about 5 o’clock, opportunity will be eee for visiting the grounds of the Garden under guidan
Meteorology for April_—The eh etion recorded for the month was 4.39 inches. Maximum temperatures were re- corded of 78.5” on the 5th, 80° on the 15th, and 79.5” on the 30th; also minimum temperatures were recorded of 35° on the 8th, 29.5° on the 13th and 35° on the 2gth.
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ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. o specimens for the local herbarium from eastern Pennsylvania and New
ji (By exchange with Mr. Harold W. Pr
28 specimens “Fungi Dakotenses,”’ fascicle 3. ees by Dr. : F. Brenkle.)
158 specimens of Mexican mosses. (Distributed by Mr. C. G. Pringle.
1 specimen of Sphaeralcea vaviabilis triphylla from Arizona. (Given by Pro- fessor T. D. A. Cockerell.
II Seana of ae from the northeastern United States. (By exchange with Dr. and. x specimen of es from New York.
Peck.) I specimen of Crataegus from Indiana. (Given by Professor J. C. Arthur.) ich “Fungi Columbiani,” Century 31. (Distributed by Mr. Elam
(By exchange with Professor C. H,
im a eer specimens from North America. (By exchange with the 1
mi vate States National Museum.
ae ‘“Lactariae of North America,” fascicles r and 2. (Distributed °
50 specim by Meee Gertrude E. Burlingha 60 specimens - polypores aca the western United States. (By exchange with . Hedgcock.
Japan specimens of er ens. (By exchange with the Royal Botanical ade aie German y.) f hepatics from Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. (By exchange with Mr. George E. Nichols.) Io specimens of fungi from Caucasus. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. imen of Lupinus ict Nevada. (By exchange with the University of
cimens of flowering plants from Canada. (By exchange with the Geo- anada.)
a. 8 specimens of flowering plants from Vancouver Island. (By exchange with-
Canada. I specimen of Utricularia from Cuba. (Given by Mr. F. S. Earle.) 79 specimens from Vukon. (By exchange with the na neel Survey of
Canada. specimens from eae ee by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton, Mr.
me aie and Mr. F. S. Earl PLANTS AND SEEDS.
4 plants of Romuneya Coulteri. (By exchange with L. S. Pie 5 plants for herbaceous collections. (Given by ae ae Ehrle.)
133
2 plants from Cuba. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shai a
6 plants, derived from seeds from various sources.
6 packets of seed. (By ee with Botanical Garden, Portici, a Italy.)
6 packets of seed. (By exchan, ith Mr. Carlus Reukart, Nice, France.)
1 packet of seed of Rhipsalis es from Ceylon, (By exc etiastiee with Dr. J. C. Willis, Royal Botanic Gardens, Ceylon.)
Members of the Corporation,
Epwarp D. ApAms, Joun D. Arcusoip, Grorce F. Baker, EucGENeE P, BIcKNELL, Grorce S. Bowpoin, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. Appison Brown, Dr. Nicnoras M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Wittiam G, Cuoate, CuHartes F. Cox,
Paut D. Cravatu, Joun J. Crooxe,
W. Bayarp CutrTINnG, CLEvELAND H. Donce, A. F. Estaprook,
H. C. Faunestocx, SaMvUEL W. FarrcuHiLp, James B. Foro,
Henry W. ve Forest, Rosert W. DE Forest, Hon. Tuomas F. Girroy, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Epwarp S. HarkKNEss,
ApbriIAN ISELIN, Jr., Wa ter B. JENNINGS, Joun I. Kane, EucENneE KELLY, Jr., Pror, James F, Kemp,
Epw. V. Z. Lane, Pror. Freperic S. Les, Hon. Setu Low, Davip Lypic,
Epcar L. Marston,
W. J. MaTuHEson, Ocpen Mitts,
J. Prerrpont Morean, TueoporeE W. Myers, Freperitc R. NEwBoLp, Pror. Henry F. Ossorn, LoweELt M. PALMER, Gerorce W. PERKINS, James R. PITcHER,
M. F. Priant,
Joun D. RockKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, E. V. W. RossITER, Pror. H. H. Russy, Mortimer L. Scuirr, James A. ScRYMSER, Henry A, SIEBRECHT, Wixui1am D. SLOANE, Netson SMITH,
JAMES SPEYER, Francis L, Stetson, CuarLes G. THOMPSON, Dr. W. GitmMan THompson, SaMuUEL THORNE, MYLES TIERNEY,
Louis C. TIFFANY, Gerorce W. VANDERBILT,
Hon. Ecerton L. Winturop, Jr.
PUBLICATIONS
or
The New York Botanical Garden
Joum: f the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, taining See ad non-technical articles of general interest. Free to mem ers ‘of the Garden, To others, 10 a a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange. ] Now in Be eleventh volum
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise ; devoted to fungi, inalgdiag lichens ; containing technical artic ta andes ews and ni not. es of ba in- terest. $3.00a ine 5 mile copies not for sa fF Now in its second volume.
eo ae
Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director-in- Chief and other official documents, and techni i articles aap en. Free to
North American Flora. Des ons of the wild plants of North including Greanlande ¢ the West Tudies: ae Central America. Planned to Be com- leted in thirty volumes. oy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts ubscription price $1.50 per part; a ee number of separate parts will be sold 2.00 eac’ cl
art I, issued May 22, ae a Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula-
eae.
ol, 22, part 2, issued December 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniacese, Iteaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Presiceteeeies Altingiaceae, Phyllo- nomacea'
Vol. fe part I, issued Oct. 4, ee Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae. Vol. 7, ot 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aeccidia-
25, "part I, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, Reythtosieieae Vol. 9, parts I and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- poraceae, ol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, 1908. See Platanaceae, Crossoso- mataceae, Chiaefabeee. Calyca' anthaceae, Rosaceae (pars Vol. 22 i 08. Ro:
cales Vol. 9, sat a ‘jeanea Feb. 3, 1910. Boletaceae, Chaneicteae iad Lactarieae (pars
Mem irs of the New zor Botanical Gar Price to Bi: of the Garden, $1. 00 ss volume. thers, $2.00. [Not ote a exchange. e ol. An Annotated Catloge of the Flora of Mon and the Yellowstone a
ee by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with aeanled an 1900. Jol. II. The Influence of Tight aa and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by D T. MacDougal. xvi + 320pp., with 1 ae euce Be Vol. ITI. Studies of Cretaceous Conifer TOU mains m Kreischerville, New York, by Dr. Arthur Hollick and Dr. Edward Chee itor viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates. 1909. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. vili + 278 pp., with 73 figures and ae te es, 1908. 2 ntributions fro York Botanical Garden. A series of tech- aL pebe mae by students or balls mbers of the staff, and reprinted Fou : foun one than ove. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. Five vo Ay iskar taart 25 CENTS EACH.
27, 128. Studies on the Rocky Moun’ mee XIX, by P. A. “Ry dberg. 129. Studies on the Rocky Moana Flora— XX, by P. A. ayers NE ORK BOTANICAL GA EN Bronx PARK, aS York Clty
JUNE, 1910 No, 126
JOURNAL
oF
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
PERCY WILSON
Administrative Assistant
PAGE Summer Lectures, 1910 The Preservation of Our Native Wild Flowers... ..- +--+ +++ sss 136 Botanical ee of the Cays on the North Coast Camaguey Province, Cuba 147 ESI US el a Pr ee a Notes, News and Comment Acces
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
Art 41 NortH Queen Srreet LANcASTER, Pa
py THe New Era Vrintinc COMPANY
OF pe anaes! 1910. PresipeENT—HON. ADDISON BROWN VICE- Pnusions — ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX, SEcR oe N. L. BRITTON.
BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. Term expires January, 1911. ee BROWN, ROBERT W. ve FOREST, . BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER. Term expires January, 1912. N. L. BRITTON, JOHN I. KANE, ANDREW cuter W. GILMAN THOMPSON. Term expires pera J. PIERPONT MORGAN, E "PERKINS, FRANCIS ae STETSON 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLic Parks, HON. CHARLES B. STOVER.
PROF. H. H. RU _ Chairman ae Soe ee Coe ns AMES F. KEMP, ROF. 7 Cbd ER, ora FREDERIC S. LEE, ene : ay HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr.
DEN STAFF.
DR. re 1b ee ON, Sout Chief.
DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director. DR. JOHN a SMALL, Head Curator of the Dsceunel DR. D
EA DR. JOHN HENDL RY rarian, DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator omic Collections, DR. WILLIAM J. ES, ie Chemist A. SCHI Superintendent JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape En. WALTER S. GROESB , Clerk and Accountant.
ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Museum Custodian. PERCY WILSON, Administrative Assistant.
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vo. XI. June, 1910. No. 126.
SUMMER LECTURES, 1g1o0.
Lectures will be delivered in the lecture-hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons at four o’clock, as follows:
July 9. “Botanical Features of the West Indian Islands,” by Dr. N. L. Britton.
July 16. eg Relations between Plants and Animals,”
July 30. i Canoe down the Yukon River, Alaska,” by Dr. Arthur Hollick.
Aug. 6. ‘Edible Mushrooms,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill. Aug. I “Influences which Govern Local Distribution of
Aug. 27. “Grasses and their Economic Importance,” by Mr. George V. Nash.
Sept. 3. ‘Poisonous Mushrooms,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill.
Sept. 10. ‘European Influences in the History of American Botany,” by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.
The lectures will be illustrated by lantern-slides and other- wise. They will close in time for auditors to take the 5:35 train from the Botanical Garden Station, arriving at Grand Central Station at 6:03 P. M
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The Museum Building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. Visitors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway at 149th Street and Third Avenue.
Lectures will be continued during the autumn.
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR NATIVE WILD FLO
We are now awakening to the realization of the fact, that some of our most delicate and beautiful wild flowers are fast disappear- ing. This has led a number of people to interest themselves in a movement to prevent the complete extermination of many of our native plants, a movement which promises to secure excellent
society known as e Wil ower Preservation Society of America has been organized, and has done much good by issuing appeals to the general public, to nature- ceed teachers, and to children, asking their support in this movement.
How flower picking may be stopped mae restricting the pleasure and freedom of the nature-lover, is one of the important questions to be solved. This can be partly done by education —by teaching the public to love the flowers and by discouraging their wanton picking and destruction.
Years ago, people thought that flowers were only for attraction, and useful for decoration, or subjects for poetry and song; but about 1793, after Sprengel’s interesting work, in which he deals with their function, color and scent, man began to realize their greater import. Even at this period of civilization, many have not yet realized their value.
What would spring be without flowers to adorn the woods and waysides? Imagine spring in its prime, when wild flowers adorn every spot, when trees and shrubs are plentiful, vieing with each
*Aw da second prize, competition of 1909, from the Caroline and Olivia Phelps aye Fund for the Preservation of Native Plants
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other in their natural beauty, and then imagine spring, with the sweet fragrance of the flowers lacking, the cool and refreshing woods and copses removed, and the fields for miles and miles exposed to the burning sun. The latter condition will surely be our inheritance, unless some measures are taken to prevent it. To illustrate the tendency toward the extinction of some of our native species, let us consider the orchids of temperate climates. These beautiful flowers were previously very abundant and be- cause of their attractiveness would have been able to accomplish pollination successfully, and thereby continue the reproduction of their kind; but by indiscriminate picking because of their beauty, their number has been greatly reduced, and when the flower-lover finds one, if he loves flowers as he should, he refuses to pluck it, lest he too aid in its extinction. There are many other wild flowers, such as the mayflower, which have become comparatively rare, because of their superior fragrance; these flowers are gathered wherever possible and sold at a low price. Destruction by picking seems to be the penalty that man has put upon the flowers in return for the response of the flowers to the effects of all natural influences, whereby their beauty was first called into being. The picking of the most beautiful always leaves the least attractive to perpetuate their kind. If left to selection by nature, the more beautiful the flower, the better is the chance for cross pollination, and the continuance of its kind. Thus flowers have a tendency by natural selection to become more beautiful. When man picks the most beautiful flowers he can find, he therefore not only helps to eliminate the species, but is putting a premium on the development of the less beautiful.
survive. Shall the survival of the fittest include those of beauty, or will man, untutored, determine that beauty is a factor to be eliminated, and aid against all nature, in the elimination of that beauty by satisfying an ignorant and perverted taste or greed?
As there are laws prohibiting the sale of certain game, shot in
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the state, the intention being to prevent the extermination of game by pot-hunters and dealers, so there should be laws pro- hibiting the gathering for sale of our native wild flowers. Another native flower, picked in large quantities because of its beauty is the wild rose: “Hast thou named all the birds without a gu Loved the wood-rose and left it on its ae —Emerson. After having braved its thorns and broken its tough branches and stem, the picker gets small benefit since the petals quickly
flowers leaves behind a memory cherished for years. The entire public must be enlightened on this subject, or nature will soon lose much of her beautiful garb.
Steps have been taken in the encouragement of children for a love of nature, and nature-study is now taught in most elementary schools. The preserving of native wild flowers may be taught in a few instances in connection with nature-study, but as taught at present, the reverse of preservation is the rule. These amateur students become very enthusiastic in the line of specimen hunting, but this enthusiasm should be guided so that their interest would not lead to the destruction of the very things for which nature- study is intended to give them a deep love. Children probably love most to pick wild flowers, and as soon as they are taught not to destroy the flowers, the battle is partly won.
In the biological laboratory work of high schools, especially the high schools of towns and villages of rural districts, there are vast numbers of wild flowers collected for study because they are easily obtainable, and because the students rather enjoy going into the fields about their homes to gather specimens. This reason for destruction could be obviated by school authorities, who should arrange for the purchase of such supplies from botanical gardens or nurseries, kei plants have been raised in large numbers for purposes of study.
The true see of nature should be in the heart of everyone, as soon as the flowers open. How fine it is to look upon a bright flower, when the winter is over and spring commences. The
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trailing arbutus, another rare flower, brings joy to the hearts of many when they find it on the snow-covered ground. There are other flowers too, which open early, just after the last sign of winter. The interest in spring flowers does not require to be instilled in the hearts of the real nature-lover. It comes with the spring itself. Those to whom this mostly applies are the children. If the children love the flowers so much, why not have them consider them as living things?
Why cannot the fifteen thousand boys and girls in the various schools of our different boroughs become interested in the general movement for the protection of our native plants? This vast army of workers could be secured with the aid of a few really interested persons. Series of lectures should be delivered to these children, especially because there are among them some amateur botanists who hunt after rare specimens and press them, often to be later discarded. Appeals should be made for their aid in this work. Societies should be formed among them, and the many who cause destruction of large numbers for specimen pur- poses, would probably abstain from it. These societies in the nature-study classes should be governed by local societies, who should have jurisdiction over the vicinity. The local societies should be directed by persons especially fitted for this kind of work. The plants needing protection in the immediate vicinity should be noted and protected.
The local societies are needed because the national nature societies can only study the general situation on a wide scope, while the local societies or branches can take care of the imme- diate needs of their own localities. As the Society for the Pre- vention of Tuberculosis has made a grand campaign in the home, school and elsewhere, and has in connection with its excellent work published considerable literature, so there is great need for the distribution of educational literature, especially to the classes of nature-study in the public schools, in order to arouse them to the importance of the necessity for the preservation of our wild flowers.
Charts and descriptive pictures should be liberally supplied to the nature-study classes, so that the destruction of material
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for demonstration would be reduced to a minimum, thereby saving thousands of beautiful flowers which would have been used as spec
The eee a additional appropriation for the use of botany classes in many cities would probably have a beneficial effect, and would allow the purchase of cultivated plants where now wild plants are gathered in order to accomplish the work laid out, because of the necessity of keeping within the appropriated sum. For example, the City of New York only allows the sum of thirty cents to be expended per pupil for the purchase of biological material for the entire year, and this amount must cover the expense of the zodlogical, physiological and botanical material purchased for his or her use during that year. This entirely inadequate amount is a factor contributing to the necessity of flower and plant gathering. It is time that a sentiment against the stinting of educational facilities should be aroused. New York is known far and wide as the city that lets out the education of its youth to the lowest bidder, and the meager allowance for material for biological study is in keeping with the reputation she has earne
Botany ssild be taught probably with greater success, by
fro
minor consideration, the omission of which would be of little detriment to the teaching of botany.
On Arbor Day, the topic of preservation of our wild flowers should have equal consideration with the preservation of our forests. The two may well go together, for in many respects, later mentioned, the preserving of wild flowers is dependent upon forest protection. The influence of Arbor Day should be as far reaching as possible. The public schools should give it even a broader consideration, and essays should be frequently written, bringing forth many new ideas, which might prove of great help.
Some plants have adapted themselves to live under certain conditions unfavorable for their elimination by gatherers. Some orchids have adapted themselves to swamps and inaccessible
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places, or perched upon the branches of trees. Some plants have acquired disagreeable odors, bitter tastes, poisonous prop- erties, or stinging glands which prevent persons and animals alike from molesting them. Others have so protected themselves against man and other destructive forces, that the picking or loss of their flowers do no harm. Some have hardened their stems, so that it is difficult to break them. These are naturally pro- tected and need no special consideration at the present time; but many have not been able to protect themselves against man as an additional destructive factor in their struggle to exist. These are the particular kind that should receive the friendly attention and assistance of man himself.
The wild flower has its own personality. It has struggled hard for its existence, and now exists as an individual and pro- duces its own kind. The more we pick of these struggling indi- viduals, the fewer they become, and the propagation of their kind is unable to withstand and keep pace with their gradual decrease in numbers. When taken on a small scale, one hardly observes the loss which has occurred, but taken in the aggregate, the loss amounts to an incalculable quantity.
Nature has fitted certain flowers for their definite places in the world. The mountain laurel crowns the mountain with its wreath of beauty. The mountaineer loves the mountain for its natural splendor. To him belongs a rightful share in all the beauty by which nature has surrounded his home. The people of the foothills and lowlands love their homes and their sur- roundings no less dearly than does the mountaineer his wilder range. The flowers of the fields and open woods furnish the pictures of their childhood which live with them as types of beauty unsurpassed. This beauty is their inheritance. So has man on all sides been surrounded by a magnificent wealth of natu- ral beauty in which the flowers, shrubs, herbs, birds and trees play an important part. The gathering of mountain laurel for
Christmas and other decorations in winter, and for its beautiful flowers in spring, robs the inhabitants of the mountain of plants which should furnish cover for his game, and beauty that should cheer his heart and compensate for the harder and more rugged
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conditions with which he must contend. It is his right to protest again the destruction of the beauty which he enjoys, and it seems only right that man should be entitled to enjoy the beauty by which he may be naturally surrounded. Whatever tends to destroy this adds a degree of unattractiveness to the world in which he lives. There can be no doubt that the beauty of nature has its moral effect upon man’s life. It is uplifting and stimu- lating. Let us therefore strive by influence of word and example, to preach the gospel of the preservation of the beautiful, for its beneficial influence upon the lives and character of the people. The wild flower is decidedly out of place when taken from its natural home. It is accustomed to be among its neighbors, among the other flowers and trees and beneath the open sky. Picture the native wild flower in a wilted bouquet or used in the home as a decoration, and then picture it in its native haunts, surrounded by all the environments which go to make up its charming society. It is as out of place in the home, amid its alien surroundings, as the robin would be if pent up in a canary cage. One of the best ways to preserve some of our rare flowers, such as the trillium, the arbutus, the hepatica, the anemone, the gentian and other delicate flowers which are gathered in large quantities, notwithstanding the fact that they wilt very quickly after picking, is to establish for their preservation public and private parks. Such parks have already been established in Massachusetts and New York, and have helped greatly. The help given is worthy of great commendation, and much credit should be given to those who have taken up this valuable line of work. Their work should be brought before the public, which should extend its financial and moral support. There are many parks in and about greater New York which can be used for such purposes. Park commissioners should lay special stress upon the protection of the wild flowers and insist upon the arrest and punishment of persons who injure or destroy any of the plants or flowers over which their authority extends. More parks should be established also. Such property as is not of high value should be purchased by the state, and held as reservations. The state could also
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drain many swamps and convert them into park lands in which many native flowers could flourish.
When the movement for the protection of birds was at its height, a veritable wave of sentiment extended throughout the country. Many societies were organized for their protection, magazines devoted much attention to their preservation, and many books were written on the subject. At length, the bird lovers realized that the arousing of public sentiment had gained such headway, that they finally secured the enactment of laws
a
had the birds spared to them. If this can be done for birds, there is no reason why a campaign as far reaching in its effects cannot be begun in behalf of our wild flowers and forests. In the movement for protection of native plants, steps have already been taken to arouse public sentiment, but this has not yet been sufficiently broad to assert itself in legislative enactment, al- though some legislation on plant and flower protection is even now highly desirable.
Land owners should also be encouraged to post trespass signs, warning the public against the picking of flowers from their property, just as they now post signs forbidding hunting and shooting on their lands. This would have the double effect of preserving the flowers as well as the educational value of impress- ing the public with the worthy aim and necessity for guarding the wild flowers against extinction. The custom of going into the fields and woods to gather flowers is of ancient origin, but with proper steps, this custom could be materially and gradually changed. Trespassing signs will in some instances be unheeded, but in the majority of cases the sign will carry double weight.
Many plants and flowers must of necessity be destroyed, be- cause of man’s g advance upon new or unused territory. Vast areas of plant-life are in this way destroyed in comparatively short time. Timber is cut from farm lands for fuel, or to clear the land for crops. Marshes, swamps and low lands are drained and improved. Owners of large estates destroy plants and trees growing on their property, changing the natural beauty into an
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artificial one. The building of towns tends to destroy vast areas of plant-life, and this seems legitimate and necessary, though a deplorable destruction. This is the cost of civilization and must be met by a more vigorous campaign for the prevention of un- necessary plant destruction.
Thousands of trees are cut down annually to every one planted.
are not taken to restrict certain acts detrimental to plant-life, an extinction of many kinds of plants is inevitable. A factor in any plant’s preservation is the maintenance of its natural environment. The connection between forest and wild flower is so close, that the safeguard of the former means a large measure of protection for the latter. Not only must trees be protected for their own valu- able service to man, but for the protection they afford to game, birds and plants, which seek the environment of forest homes. The loss of forests means an irreparable loss to the society of plants which have adapted themselves to their shady haunts. Trees have countless uses in their relation to commerce, manu- facturing, climate and man, but their most important value, outside of a financial consideration, is their value to nature. When forests are destroyed, what will take their place in their ountless uses? What will take their place in assuring rainfall a indirectly providing sources for rivers? What will shelter the plants which inhabit their fastnesses? If trees are destroyed, plants, both weak and strong, which are protected by them would soon die of drought. Moreover, the streams which provide water for pastures and low lands would dry up, harming directly the e
forests themselves. Again, where the heat is continuous, and the sun shines intensely, plants which survive in a shady spot would be exterminated by the removal of the forests. Thus, forest preservation insures a continual existence of shade-loving plants.
The annual destruction of trees is enormous. The various uses for timber are so numerous that only a few of the most im-
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portant ones will serve to show the reasons contributing to our forest destruction. Timber is used for the manufacture of furni- ture, paper, wood alcohol, excelsior, charcoal, medicines and other products besides its uses for buildings, poles, ties, fences, etc. To further protect our forests not only should logs be allowed to enter the United States duty free, as now, but also finished lumber should be allowed to enter duty free.
Fire is another great destructive agent of forests and forest plants. It destroys areas of timber all over the country. Not only does it injure forests, but it destroys other plant-life indig- enous toit. Trees are continually hewn to build the hut of the hunter, and to supply his fire. Many forest fires have been started from camp fires which were not extinguished before they were left. Others have had their origin in the careless throwing away of lighted cigars or cigarettes. The state has lost millions of dollars’ worth of timber from fires, and the annual loss is so enormous that a greater appropriation for services of more fire wardens should be made than at present. Their valuable work more than compensates for their services. It is only reasonable that this should be done, as the loss incurred would amount to more than can be afforded.
In conclusion, I would recommend that for the preservation of our wild flowers and native plants, the following suggestions be carried out:
1. That the education of the public along the lines of flower protection be more vigorously pursued. When this is properly done, public enlightenment and sentiment will place restrictions upon the individuals who are guilty of needless plant destruction. This education will also result in a fuller appreciation of the world about us.
2. That methods should be adopted to discourage the picking of specimens by students. To this end I recommend the organi- zation of societies to secure the codperation of school children and nature-study classes and clubs; also for the study of local conditions, with a view to giving special attention to the species most liable to decrease.
3. That a broad use of the press should be made to bring before
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the public the necessity of the work of wild flower preservation, and to create a public sentiment for codperation in this work.
4. That the methods of teaching nature-study in public schools be modified, and cultivated flowers be substituted instead of wild flowers throughout the state. To this end I recommend that the matter be presented to the various boards of education with a view of securing an allowance sufficiently liberal to permit of a proper study of type forms in the school, without resorting to a collection of wild flowers for that purpose.*
5. That laws should be enacted, making it a misdemeanor to traffic in native wild flowers.
6. That the state and its cities secure more lands for park purposes, and therein furnish protected homes for many of the wild flowers that tend towards elimination.
7. That the posting of signs forbidding the picking of flowers be encouraged and supported.
8. That our forests be further protected, and that our legis- lators be apprised of the necessity of planting and developing new forests to a greater extent than has been done in the past. Our legislatures should be impressed with the need of a greater annual appropriation for the protection of forests against fires, and the number of fire wardens and equipment for fighting forest fires should be materially increased
Realizing the great amount of work to be done, there is need for the most vigorous efforts on the part of us all to secure the ends desired. May the campaign so well begun be strenuously continued, that the world in which we live may be brighter and better for the labor expended in this noble work of the preserva- tion of our wild flowers.
ALEXANDER M. HAMBURG. Boys’ HicH Scu ROOKLYN, ae Vor City.
In this connection it is encouraging to note that the following wild flowers have been eliminated from the list of botanical supplies in the New York public : : il F
hepatica, Indian tur and it is propos to substitute tee plants for wild cats Solomon's seal, wild geranium and others.— Ep
a a) a rad 8 8 s 5 = & oO eS as a € a Fs = a x ° o S a
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BOTANICAL EXPLORATION OF THE CAYS ON THE NORTH COAST OF CAMAGUEY PROVINCE, CUBA.
Dr. N. L. Britton, DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF.
Sir: Sailing from New York City on September 22, Nuevitas, Cuba, was reached on the morning of October 2, after the usual delay in Nipe Bay, where immediate steps were taken to secure a boatman to take me about the cays to the westward.
The ‘‘Albertia,”’ an open, cabinless, flat-bottomed, center- board boat about eighteen feet long, the usual type of craft used in these waters, was secured, and headquarters were estab- lished at Tiffin, an American colony, about six miles from Nue- vitas and near Marinavo Bay, where accommodations were pro- vided by Mr. Martin Bessler, resident manager of the colony.
Owing to much rain and adverse winds it was not until October 7 that a start was made, when in company with a Cuban sailor, I left Tiffin landing and put in at Port Biaro. From here I walked to La Gloria in quest of a boy to accompany us, and was fortunate to secure Raymond Jenkins, an American lad, well
white sandy coast, similar to Punta Arenas of Cayo Sabinal which I visited the previous spring; its flora also was the same so that very few specimens were taken and we continued westward along the seaward side of Cayo Romano, whose eastern extremity was seen to be a conglomeration of mangrove thickets and shallow lagoons, to Pueblo Romano, a small settlement of the employees of a henequen plantation. The remainder of the afternoon and the greater portion of the next morning was spent here in collecting among the low limestone hills, which were covered with a sparse shrubby growth. Very few large trees were seen; a bluish-leaved Copernicia and a silvery-leaved Coccothrinax were very abundant.
Sailing about noon on October 9, we proceeded along the sandy coast to what seemed to be the end of the range of hills paralleling the coast, and marked on some maps as Silla de Cayo, with an
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altitude of 230 feet, although they did not seem to us to be over 100 feet high. On landing we found that the beach presented the usual sea-coast plants, back of which were a few large trees and a great number of silvery-leaved fan-palms, called by the Cubans “mira guana.” This is a species of Coccothrinax and its leaves are used for thatching. The hills were very rocky with little and often no soil, but still supporting a dense growth of shrubs and a few small trees. On the other side, however, the hills were less steep, less stony, often quite fertile and supported some good sized trees mostly of the same species as those seen in smaller form on the seaward slope. We camped here in the net-house of a | fisherman and the experiences with heavy rains, high winds and biting insects was such that it was a pleasure to embark at day- break on October 12 for Cayo Paloma, the largest and outermost of a group of small cays situated between Cayo Romano and the end of Cayo Cruz This cay is about a mile long and half as wide, and consists of a limestone hill, scarcely 100 feet high, covered with a low forest growth, some of the trees, however, attaining large size. Our stay of a day and a night on this beautiful island was a constant battle with insects. Since the boatman had refused to anchor the boat off shore for sleeping purposes, our camp was located upon the land, and as the collections were not drying well in spite of their being transferred to dryers that had been passed over our charcoal stove, I concluded it was best to return to headquarters early in the morning of October 13. In returning we were caught in several severe squalls before reaching Cayo Romano, after which, however, we had good weather and a stiff wind from the west. Keeping on the seaward side of Cayo Guajaba, a good view of its entire outer coast was had, much of which is white sandy beach fringed with Coccothrinax, among which was noted one large tree of the beefwood, Casuarina equisetifolia, called ‘‘pino” by the sailors, and thus accounting for the statement made to me last winter that “pine trees grew on Guajaba.” Much of this outer coast, however, is composed of mangrove swamp broken up by shallow lagoons. A small hill near the northwestern corner and a range of low hills passing through
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the middle in a northerly direction appear to be the only high land upon it. Passing through the Carabelas Channel to inner waterways we reached Tiffin landing about six o’clock in the morning. After remaining at Tiffin until the morning of October 18, curing the collections and awaiting the overhauling of the boat, which had developed a bad leak on the first cruise, we started out with the intention of rounding Cayo Cocos. The weather being very wet and the sea rough, we were compelled to tie up for a time on Cayo Piedra, a part of Cayo Guajaba, a point touched on my trip last winter but for which I did not get a name at that time. Several species not then seen by me were collected.
he sea having quieted down, we again proceeded and reached a point opposite Punta Guanaja by nightfall where we anchored, spread a canvas over the boom and spent a fairly comfortable night in spite of the heavy rain. Early next morning we continued west-
navigation very tedious, so that it was quite late in the afternoon when our first stop was made at Punta Jucuro, on Cayo Romano, this being the first firm land seen along the southern coast. e however, a wide strip of fertile black soil separated the sandy bank from the interior lagoon and supported a forest growth of medium sized trees, some of them carrying many bromeliads. Two fan- leaved palms with tall thin trunks grew together, one a Coccothrinax called “‘mira guana,’’ the other probably a Thrinax and called “suana lana,” the latter having a woolly coating between the layers of its bud. This woolly substance is scraped off and used for stuffing pillows, etc. It is said to be on sale at Nuevitas, at about twenty-five cents per pound, but I failed to find any so exposed. Next morning, October 20, we landed at Salina de la Principal, the landing place for a primitive salt works long since abandoned. The beach here is made up of finely broken shells. Conocarpus occurs at the water’s edge, the grassy thicket in the rear being made up of common coastal species with Metopium the principal small tree. Dense thickets of Pithecolobium were
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quite frequent. Back of this sandy ridge which rises but a few feet above tide is a great salt marsh, but its borders, which were examined for some distance, yielded nothing of unusual interest. J was afterwards told that a tramway once extended from here to the seacoast of the cay. Had I known it I would probably have undertaken to follow it. Continuing westward from here it was nearly dark when the boatman announced that we were at the nearest and best landing place from which to reach Loma de Loro, a prominent hill on Cayo Romano. We anchored here for the night. The barking wild dogs on the shore, however, disturbed our slumbers, and upon landing next morning we soon discovered the cause — the carcass of a aes see horse, the first evidence I had of the statement that ‘‘wild” horses were quite numerous on this cay. Further oe were seen during the day, but the animals themselves were not met with. Making an early start we were compelled to wade often up to our waists through water which covered the three and one half miles of mostly sharp-pointed rock, with here and there a clump of stunted Avicennia ora small grassy salt marsh lying between the hill and the coast. The hill consists of lime rock. It is about a mile in diameter and probably 100 feet high, apparently sloping gently in all directions. The southern base is bordered by a dense thicket of shrubs, at this season standing in water and in many cases entirely covered with Spanish moss and other brome- liads. The slopes are covered with rich black soil and small broken limestone, supporting a forest of medium-sized trees, many of which, however, were not in flower or fruit and conse- quently not collected. The groves were almost entirely composed of Pseudophoenix Sargentii, called by the fisherman “palma : e palms occurred in all sizes from fresh seedlings to fruiting specimens, probably 35 feet tall. The trees occurring most frequently that were known to me were Bursera, Metopium and Coccolobis laurifelia.
Returning to the boat late in the afternoon, we set sail and succeeded in reaching Cayo Arto before nightfall. This cay is perhaps the largest and highest of the group of small rocky islands separating the bays of Jiguey and Perros, known as the
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Cayos Neuvo Canal. It is scarcely a mile long and rises to an altitude of about 60 feet, its banks are very rough and rocky. The hill itself is made up of lime rock, large boulders forming the surface, the interstices being filled with rich blackish soil which supports a rather dense forest growth. Some of the trees attain a large size and remind one very much of Cayo Paloma. Large specimens of a columnar Cereus were very plentiful. One of these protected from the wind by a clump of trees was fully 20 feet tall, its upright branches spreading across a distance equaling its height and supported by a short trunk fully one foot in diameter. Flowering specimens of this cactus were
was very abundant here and I collected cuttings of what appeared to be five distinct forms. The iguana, a large lizard, was fre- quently seen on these rocky islands. These cays are occasionally visited by boatmen in search of fresh water which accumulates in the crevices of the lime rock, in the rainy season. They call it “agua dulce” and ‘‘agua buena,”’ but it is neither sweet nor good, if the supply we secured was a fair indication of its quality. From these small islands we crossed the eastern end of Perros Bay, landing on a white, sandy beach, fringed with Conocarpus and backed by a thicket of Afetopium, behind which was the ever- present laguna. The most interesting plant seen here was a large round-topped, red-barked, Malpigiaceous tree.
The boatman having announced that we were now on Cayo Cocos—the accuracy of which I, however, doubted—and as it was quite apparent that it would be folly to attempt to carry out the original plan of going around Cocos, we sailed northeastward, intending to go through Paredon Channel and endeavor to follow along the seaward coast of that cay for some distance, in order to make several landings before turning “homeward” via Cayo Pare- don Grande, Cayo Cruze and the seaward side of Romano; but after several hours of tacking, poling and sticking on the mud ina very shallow body of water, the boatman announced that the
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channel was closed up and that it would be impossible to get to the seaward side of the cays, unless the channel that is supposed to cut Romano into two parts was open, we would have to return over the route we had come to Guajaba Channel before we could get outside. Having suspected for some time that the boatman: who was a splendid sailor, had passed beyond the territory with which he was familiar and was no longer to be depended upon as a guide, I insisted that he had given no evidence that we were in the channel or that we had been on Cayo Cocos, and that we must go at least ten miles farther westward before I would consent to return. Fortunately, at this point, we sighted a group of fishing boats in that direction and set sail towards them, in quest of information. These we overtook about dusk and were in- formed that the mouth of the channel was at least three leagues to the west. They also told us that the bay side of Cayo Cocos was made up of a conglomeration of mangrove thickets and shallow mud-bottomed lagoons and that it would be impossible to make a landing as we did not have a small row-boat. It was long after dark when we found a suitable anchoring place for the night. Next morning, October 23, we sailed some distance westward
Later on, however, we made a landing on the channel shore where a ledge of lime rock was exposed to the water. Here Conocarpus was the principal woody plant. Back from the shore a salt marsh formed the boundary of an extensive lagoon. The number of common weeds here plainly indicated that it was the occasional landing place of fishermen. From this point the channel nar- rowed very rapidly and we passed through several miles of very deep water. The mangrove (Rhizophora), of considerable height, was the only vegetation visible and several alligators were seen during this tedious trip, for it was necessary to row much of the time, there being no wind and too much depth of water to use the pole.
It was quite late in the afternoon when we got on the outside and it was seen that this part of both cays was the same monoto-
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nous combination of Rhizophora, mud and water. The view of Paredon Grande Light and a little rock out in the sea was inspir- ing, and as I had not seen such a rock island in Cuba I was’ anxious to examine it, thinking it might harbor some specimens of cacti. The boatman, however, pronounced it too dangerous to attempt in our small boat, saying it was fully twelve miles out in the open sea and the weather was so unreliable; in fact, he did not wish to continue westward along the Cocos coast. However, after passing a long stretch of the mangrove formation, we met with a hard, lime rock shore and made a landing in time to do an hour’s collecting before sundown. The night spent here will long be remembered, for although we were anchored probably 1,000 feet from shore and a mild breeze was blowing in from the sea, it was a continuous battle with mosquitoes of large size which continued to annoy to us until daybreak.
Next morning I explored the dense thicket between the coast and an extensive lagoon, about three fourths of a mile inland. The vegetation was rather vigorous, considering the sparseness of the soil and hardness of the rocky surface. A large number of species not seen before were collected. Probably the most con- spicuous feature of the place was the numerous spreading trees ofa speciesof Plumeria. An open grassy place, the remnants of a shack, and several fresh-water holes plainly indicated that the place may have been occupied, from time to time, probably by turtle fishermen, for it is said that there are no permanent inhabitants on the entire cay. The day being an unusually fine one, and conditions being favorable, we started for the rock already men- tioned, which I afterwards learned was called Cayo Pelon. Reaching it in the middle of the afternoon, it was found to be a solid, soilless lime rock, about 1,000 feet long, about 60 feet across its widest point and about the same height. During a high sea it is washed over so that little vegetation can exist there; but twelve species were seen upon it, four of them woody, all being common seaside plants. No cacti were found. Leaving here as soon as possible, for our boatman was getting uneasy at what he said were signs of bad weather, we headed eastward towards Paredon Grande Lighthouse, which we reached shortly
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after dark after much troublesome sailing, the last half of the distance being through very shallow water. As the lighthouse keeper had not yet retired, Raymond persuaded me to go with them to the top of the lighthouse. The effort was fully repaid by the moonlight view of the surrounding region, showing that between the sea and the mainland of Cuba there was a vast region of absolutely useless territory, an insect-breeding conglom- eration of mangrove swamp and shallow, often mud-bottomed lagoons, Cayo Paredon Grande itself being a triangular crust surrounding a large lagoon. The night was spent in comfort in the cabin of the mail boat, by the kind invitation of its captain, who insisted that it would be impossible to sleep outside, on account of the insects.
The entire day of October 25 was spent in collecting on this cay. The nothernmost point, upon which the lighthouse is situ- ated, is hard lime rock 30 or 40 feet high, and in severe weather is washed and beaten by wind and wave. The growth upon it
e no
several grasses and an abundance of ‘‘mira guana”’ ( Coccothrinax), which grows in great quantities on most of the cay, often forming large groves. Continuing farther along, the beach is replaced by mangrove swamps. The northeastern coast for the first mile or so is high rock cliff, followed by a series of sand dunes 25 to 30 feet high and supporting a flora the like of which I had not seen before in Cuba. These dunes shift considerably, covering and uncovering the palms and small trees that grow in the vicinity.
Here too ee palms are mostly found on the inner or lagoon side, and not on the sh ide, as on the northwestern coast. Thedunes gradually become ioe and finally there is a flat sandy beach which in turn gives way to the mangrove formation. It is said that the south coast of this cay is mangrove with shallow muddy lagoons, and that the channel separating it from Cayo Romano is impassable for the smallest of boats. The following night was spent on our own boat in the little harbor, a stiff breeze blowing in from the sea protecting us from the ravages of mosquitoes and other insects. Next morning we sailed for Cayo Cruze, making
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several short stops at points eastward of Paredone Grande, but their exact position I was unable to ascertain except that we passed inside the Cayo Anton and Cayo Caiman and many other smaller low islands, reaching a landing place at the west end of Cayo Cruze by evening. Next morning I crossed this cay to the seaward side which is low flat white sand with the usual plants of such a region. The south side, upon which we landed, is flat lime rock covered with the usual shrubby growth found in such situations. The afternoon was spent on shore caring for the collections, it being one of the few bright and rainless days experienced on the entire trip. Toward evening we crossed over to Cayo Romano in order to examine the low hill known as Alto Aji, and anchored for the night at a short distance from its base.
The morning of October 28 was mostly devoted to an examina- tion of the eastern end of this hill, which is about one and one fourth or two miles long and probably not over a mile wide at any point. Beginning at the water's edge it rises gradually to a height of 40 or 50 feet, and is like the other elevations that were
loose surface rock is quite fertile and some medium-sized trees occur among the tall shrubbery. Numerous seedlings of Pseudo- phoenix Sargenitt oécur on the north slope, but fruiting specimens
to Cayo Cruze, landing at the mouth of the channel which the maps show as cutting the cay into two parts. Its outer end, however, was found to be closed up entirely by drifting sand, although the southern end was comparatively deep. A decaying dock, the ruins of a rather large house, and us cocoanut trees were some of the indications that the place was once the preten- tious home, probably of a sponge merchant. Several small grassy plots, and fresh-water pools surrounded by cyperaceous plants, and a good fresh-water spring were some of the features that marked this spot as an unusual one for this region. Towards the sea was a low sandy plain, the sand being piled up into low irregular ridges and often packed into angular rock-like masses
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with a blackened surface, but crumbling under one’s weight. Shrubs usually growing upright in the lee of such masses were of the same species as the straggling and contorted ones exposed to the wind. The sea-grape, Coccolobis Uvifera, was very abundant here, but it was by no means the predominating feature. A Coccothrinax, apparently the same species as observed elsewhere, was very abundant. Eastward of the former channel the sand was less disturbed and rather more barren, although several fresh-water lagoons occur here, these being a source of consider- able disappointment as they were apparently barren of all'plant- life and scarcely’ anything grew on their ever-changing margins. Leaving here during the afternoon we sailed around the southern
fuel, and specimens of a shrub not observed elsewhere were secured. Sail was then set for Pueblo Romano, where a stop was made early in the afternoon to inquire about a large savanna said to exist to the south of the hills previously examined, but indefi- nite information and the inability to secure a satisfactory guide led me to abandon the idea of further investigation, so we em- barked for Tiffin landing which, by sailing throughout most of the night, was reached early Saturday morning, October 30. ” The curing of the collections, which had received several soakings, and their packing for shipment required most of the time until November 6, when a start was made on the third cruise, which was intended to encircle Cayo Guajaba. Fortunately, Mr. E. G. Franks, owner of the ‘Albertia,’? who ad taken me about Nuevitas Bay and the Sabinal so satisfac- torily the previous winter, found it convenient to take charge of the boat. Mr. Carl Schrickle, of Tiffin, also volunteered to go along, so that the party consisted of four persons. Weather conditions were against us from the start, so that we were com- pelled to tie up to the mangroves several times for protection before we reached the first landing place on the bay side of Guajaba, at the foot of the range of hills that cross the island in a northerly direction. These are low lime rock ridges; their
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greatest altitude is probably less than 100 feet, their covering mostly shrubby, although there are occasional small areas of woodland where the trees attain fairly large dimensions. Groves of Pseudophoenix Sargentii composed of very tall, slender individuals occur near the shore as well as at the summit of the southernmost hills. Well towards the interior a fresh-water swamp was surrounded by a dense, dark thicket which harbored a number of plants I did not recognize, conspicuous among them being an orchid without leaves or “‘bulbs,’’ the thin flowering stem arising from a cluster of fibrous roots clinging to small twigs and branches, the flowers being about two thirds inch in diameter and paces ae ebpesene of white moths in flight. The only other high is Loma Checa, near the northwest corner. It was hoped that it eoall be reached by walking from the hills above described, but we soon found that the intervening ]agoons would prevent this, so we set sail for it early on the morning of November g, but could not get to it by boat on account of shallow water and were compelled to wade through mud and water for several miles before reaching it. Here we met with great flocks of flamingos and numerous other water birds. The hill is a small one, scarecly 40 feet high, and like all others examined on these cays, is made up of lime rock. Its surface is covered with very good soil, few large stones being seen. The greater portion has been cleared off and is covered with guinea grass. Some cocoanut and mango trees also attest that it was inhabited in recent years. At present, the guinea grass furnishes fine grazing for a herd of “wild horses,’’ numerous evidences of which were seen, but the shy animals themselves were not discovered. A portion of the hill is covered by forest growth similar to parts of the larger hill already described
The leafless orchid was also seen here and some of the trees at the foot of the hill were entirely covered with ‘Spanish moss”’ (Tillandsia). From the top of the hill a view was had of the region lying between us and the sea; it seemed to be low, flat land similar to that encountered on the Sabinal last spring. Several clumps of palmettos were seen, the only ones noted on any of the cays except the Sabinal. It was here remarked that no royal
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palms had been seen on any of the cays. A view of the sea showed it to be very heavy and upon our return to the boat it was evident that it would be impossible to go outside in our little raft, so we reluctantly set our course “homeward,” but were soon compelled to tie up under the lee of tall mangroves for protection from wind and wave, and the night spent there was none too comfortable. Next morning, with considerable trouble and much risk, we crossed the bay to Port Biaro to permit Ray- mond to disembark for his home at La Gloria. Thinking the other side was the best, we recrossed the bay and were much relieved when we reached several tall mangroves where we tied up for the greater partof theday. We had reason to congratulate ourselves that we had no accidents and were safely on land while the storm continued for several days longer. It had been my intention to cross over to Cayo Sabinal, to a low hill of which I had no knowledge when that cay was explored on my previous trip, but this storm prevented my doing so and it was not until Novem- ber 20 that I succeeded in having the collections cured, packed and shipped to New York. aving also shipped my outfit to Nipe Bay via coastwise steamer, I left Tiffin on the morning of November 21, stopping at Queen City, and made an excursion into the dry, barren savanna to the eastward of the railway, for the purpose of securing better material and photographs of the peculiar waxy-leaved palm seen there the previous spring. In this I was quite success- ful and also found a small thicket-forming fan-leaved palm, probably a Thrinax, which fruited when scarcely more than one foot high and was not seen to exceed more than six feet. I got into Las Minas quite late that night and went by train to Cama- guey next morning, noting that the waxy-leaved palm also oc- curred in the dry savanna to the west of the railway some five or six miles north of that city.
During the intervals between the cruises about the cays, I made trips when practicable into the country immediately around Tiffin. This region is mostly covered with a growth of upright shrubs and small pinta ie foundation peine lime rock soil. On the lower land or “‘jucuro”’ forests
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and this time of the year were under water. The higher thicket- covered region was under cultivation before the ‘‘ten-years’ war,”’ and this probably accounts for the almost entire absence of large trees, the soil being as a rule rich and deep.
To summarize the results of this work it may be briefly stated that the larger number of these islands are made up of a conglom- eration of small areas of land, mangrove swamps and shallow lagoons. The proportion of high land is very small and occurs mostly in ridges running in a northerly and southerly direction, and although there are a few fertile spots it is as a whole very poor andbarren. The insect pests, of several varieties, are particu- larly abundant and exceedingly active. At the present time there are very few inhabitants. On the Sabinal, the keepers of Maternillos Light are supposed to be the only residents. Cayo Guajaba has no permanent inhabitants, but a number of Nuevitas fishermen have shacks on its seaward coast and remain there during the turtle fishing season. On Cayo Romano, aside from the people connected with the henequen plantation, but two fishermen and their families live. Cayo Cocos is said to be unfit for human habitation. Cayo Paredon Grande has the lighthouse keepers and their families as its only citizens. Cayo Cruze is supposed to have but one sponge fisherman's home occupied. One or two families may reside on some of the small rocky cays, as Palomo for instance. In former times, however, there were a good many more. The flora of these islands is as a whole quite different from that of the Cuban mainland and I believe a study of the material collected will prove it to be largely Bahamian.
In concluding this narrative of this part of my winter’s work in Cuba I may say that in spite of the many discomforts and some hardships experienced, my interest in the work is such that I would be pleased to continue it westward, completing Cayo Cocos and touching some of the many smaller islands of the chain stretching on to Cardenas, some of which are situated fully one degree north of those already visited.
Respectfully submitted, J. A. SHAFER.
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CONFERENCE NOTES.
At the conference meeting held in the library on May 4 Mr. George V. Nash exhibited two living plants in flower of the genus Cattleya. He remarked that this genus of orchids was distrib- uted from Central America to southern Brazil, being especially numerous in the Andes. One of the plants exhibited was Cattleya Skinneri, from Gautemala and Costa Rica. The other was a form of this nearly white. This white-flowered form led the speaker to remark upon the occurrence of such forms among the orchids. He stated they were known in a great many species. One of the most recent known occurrences was a white form of Cattleya Gigas, which had come into flower at the establishment of Messrs. Lager & Hurrell, at Summit, N. J. This was the first white-flowered form of this species known, and the speaker aa aves that the owners held the plant at $2,000.
A. Murrill read by title a paper on the Polyporaceae of ae maica, eontsame a record of 115 species. This paper will appear later in MYCOLOGIA.
Dr. Charles H. Thom, mycologist in cheese investigation for the United States Department of Agriculture, gave a discussion of the relation of certain moulds to the process of cheese ripening.
From the standpoint of the biologist cheeses may be grouped into two classes: (1) Those ripened by molds, (2) those ripened by bacteria. By far the larger part of the five hundred or more kinds of cheese belong to the class in which bacteria play the predominant part in the ripening process. But there are a small number of varieties and these including some of the best known of all kinds, in which mycelial fungi play the most important réle.
A study of these cheeses has been conducted jointly by the United States Department of Agriculture and by the Storrs Agri- cultural Experiment Station at Storrs, Conn., for the past six years.
The mould-ripened cheeses fall into two groups—those with the mould on the outside and forming a distinct rind and those with the mould forming green streaks inside the cheese.
The first class is represented by two famous French varieties
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Camembert and Brie. Camembert is probably the best known of these and it is to this cheese that we have given the most care- fulstudy. In the ripening of Camembert it was long known that
of the freshly made curd from acid to alkaline after which bacteria completed the actual softening of the curd. It has been shown however by this investigation that a species of Penicillium (P. camembertt Thom), which has been found to be always present upon the cheese secretes an enzyme capable of changing the hard sour curd of the newly made cheese into the soft ripe cheese although without the characteristic flavor which seems to depend upon the action or Oidium lactis and various species of bacteria. This species has not been found outside the cheese work in America. In the commerical handling of Camembert cheese this organism has been shown to develop best under the conditions found in the factories of Normandy. Success in the handling of this cheese seems to depend upon such a regulation of condi- tions as will permit just the right development of the Camembert Penicillium, of Oidium, and of the slime bacteria which also grow in the rind of the cheese. These conditions briefly are: (1) A fresh cheese should contain between 55 and 60 per cent. of water which is reduced during the ripening period of about four weeks to 48-50 per cent.; (2) a relative humidity in the ripening room of 85 to 92 per cent.; (3) temperature between 50 and 58° F. Within these limits a considerable variety of results can be secured by slight changes in one or the other condi- tion. If the humidity is too high; bacteria and Oidium will completely overgrow and suppress the Penicillium; drop the humidity 2-3 per cent. and they can be nicely balanced; drop it again as much and the Penicillium will completely cover the’ cheese and smother all other growth; drop the relative humidity still again and P. camemberti loses its dominance and is more or less completely replaced by green species. Success is thus seen to depend upon accurately knowing the conditions best suited to the forms to be handled and then producing these conditions. In America, this problem calls for the building of factories spe-
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cially equipped for temperature and humidity control. The right conditions are furnished by nature in Normandy.
The green mould cheeses are more or less completely penetrated by Penicillium roqueforti. The best known of all these cheeses is Roquefort. This is probably also the most famous of all kinds of cheese. In this cheese the mould is carefully inoculated from bread cultures which are propagated by the best of laboratory methods. The cheese is made so that it contains channels, cracks, air-cavities throughout from the first. This permits the mould to begin growing as soon as the cheese is made. The cheese is much harder than Camembert—about 40 per cent. water. It requires a longer time to ripen also. The minimum ripening period is probably at least two months, while the time actually used is generally much longer. Here as in Camembert the proteolytic changes, which are very complete, are attributable
is only necessary to call attention to the fact that Stilton cheese made from cow's milk in England and Gorgonzola made in Italy are also ripened largely by the agency of the same species but in these cheeses inoculation with the mould is not generally practiced. The cheeses are, however, pretty well filled with mould in fairly pure culture. It is thus seen’that the Roque- fort species is so well adapted to the conditions found within such cheese that once in a factory it becomes the dominant species within such cheeses without inoculation.
Many other species may be found accidentally in or upon cheese. Penicillium brevicaule is a frequent contamination of Camembert. Mucors are often found, but the species discussed above are those which have real part in cheese ripening.
Mr. E. D. Humphreys gave the results of recent determinations of Triassic fossil plants.
The work of arranging and identifying the specimens in the various miscellaneous collections of fossil plants in the possession of the Garden has revealed several that were of more than ordi- nary interest. Among these, was a small one of Triassic plants
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from the Santa Clara coal field, Sonora, Mexico, which is of importance because the Triassic flora of North America is, com- paratively, so little known. It consists of about two dozen specimens and about half a dozen species, These latter include two or three species of well preserved ferns (one of which is represented by both fertile and sterile fronds), a remarkably fine equisetum (probably a new species) showing the teeth and branches with great clearness, a cycad or two, and aconifer. All are embedded in a hard fine-grained shale that splits rather un- evenly. Specimens of a number of species were exhibited. RED J. SEAVER.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Prof. LeRoy Abrams, of Stanford University, California, has been granted a research scholarship in the Garden for two months to aid in his studies on the trees and shrubs of southern California.
r. R. C. Benedict is also in residence for a month under a scholarship grant and is pursuing his studies of the fern tribe Vittarieae in connection with work on ‘‘North American Flora.”
Mr. W. W. Eggleston has oa accepted a position as assistant botanist of the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. He has been detailed to study poisonous forage plants in Colorado in codperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry.
Dr. Charles E. Fairman, a physician of Lyndonville, N. Y., has spent a week at the Garden looking over material and liter- ature preparatory to a monograph of one of the families of the fungi. Dr. Fairman has been for many years past an enthusiastic student of fungi and through his publications his name is well known to mycologists.
Dr. Arthur Hollick attended the meeting of the American Association of Museums at Buffalo, from May 31 to June 2, as the delegate representing the Garden. Dr. Hollick read a paper on ‘‘ The Paleobotanical Collections of the New York Botanical Garden,” in which the origin and development of the collections and the methods of installation, arrangement and labeling, were
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described and discussed. Advantage was also taken of the op- portunity to visit the Buffalo Botanical Garden, where half a day was occupied in an inspection and study of the grounds and conservatories under the personal guidance of the Director, Mr. John F. Cowell.
Dr. H. H. Rusby, chairman of the scientific directors, and honorary curator of the economic collection of the Garden, will spend the summer in Mexico in connection with his investigations of the new rubber-producing tree, Euphorbiodendron fuluum, to which subject he has already devoted considerable time and at- tention for the Consolidated Palo Amarillo Rubber Company. Advantage will be taken of this opportunity for making extensive collections for the Garden, especially of economic material, and for the investigation of Mexican drugs and medicinal plants in the interest of the United States Pharmacopoeia, of the new Revision Committee of which he is a member.
The main part of the collections of desert plants, contained in houses nos. 5 and 6 of conservatory range no. 1, have now been transferred to the nearby court, as has been the custom for a number of years back. The space allotted outside to these col- lections this year has been increased, two additional beds having been provided. Of the five beds, two are devoted to American desert plants, one to such plants from southern Africa, another to desert plants from the Old World generally, and the remaining bed to the orpine family, which has representatives in both the Old World and the New. A comparative study of these groups is a matter of much interest.
In the course of a stroll through the Garden recently, Mr. R. S. Williams and Mr. R. C. Benedict found along the east river-path below the Boulder Bridge a patch of ground covered with fresh leaves of the red maple evidently from a tree which hung over the path. The leaves were attached to small fruiting twigs and a close examination showed that they had been cut off cleanly, presumably by gray squirrels in search of a meal of the seeds. Only the one tree seemed to have been so visited.
Meteorology for May.—The total precipitation for the month
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was 2.22 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 75.5° on the 7th, 72.5° on the 11th, 83.5° on the 21st and 87° on the 29th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 38° on the 6th, 37.5° on the 15th, 42° on the 17th and 48° on the 28th.
ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 121 specimens of Creteegus from Missouri. (By exchange with Mr. E. J. Palmer.)
7 specimens o bates American mosses. exchange with Dr. A. J. ares ) the Economic Museum. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
te of mosses from Paciban eae (By exchange with Mr.
man.)
1 specimen of Eruca sativa from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (Given by Mr. J. J. Carter.) 2 specimens of hepatics from h, Given by Professor Marcus E. Jones.) n ae ane . P Lovell.)
1 specimen of Crataegus from North Dakota. (Given by Dr. J, eG
26 specimens ‘'Fungi Dakotenses,’’ fascicle 4. een ets by Dr. J. Brenckle.)
1 specimen of Camptothecium nitens from Connecticut. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz.
1 specimen of Hecistopteris Werckleana. (Given by Prince Roland Bonaparte.)
100 specimens “Fungi Columbiani," Century 32. (Distributed by Mr. Elam Bartholomew.)
I specimen of Polyp fi fi New York. (Given by Miss Helen Palliser.)
10 specimens of fungi from Caucasus. (By exchange with the Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C.)
8 specimens from anna Island, British Columbia. (By exchange with
the Geological Survey of Can:
104 specimens from paren ne (By exchange with the Geological Survey of Canada.
2 specimens of Scouleria marginata from Washington. (Given by Mr. Thomas A. Bonser.
4 specimens (types) of Leucobryum. (By exchange with Mr. Jules Cardot.)
28 specimens of mosses from Uruguay. (By exchange with Dr. Florentin
150 specimens of flowering plants from Illinois. (By exchange with the Field
oe of Natural History. 6 specimens of mosses from North America and Europe. (By exchange with
oe John M. Holzinger.
13 specimens of Crataegus from Washington, D. C. (Given by Mr. H. C. Skeels.)
15 specimens of Crataegus from eastern Pennsylvania. (Given by Dr. C. D Fretz
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PLANTS AND SEEDS. lant of Pachyphytum from Mexico. (By exchange with the U. S. National vo. through Dr. Rose.) 2 plants of Echeveria setosa. (By exchange with the U. S. National Museum, ae aie Rose.) Bee for the herbaceous collections. (By exchange with Mr. L. S. Liv. reins 44 See for herbaceous collections. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton and Miss Cc. C. 47 meee roi Mexico. (By ied with Mr. J. C. Harvey.) 3 plants of Pinus virginiana n by Mr, Wm. K. Bassett.)
- Mar (By oe . H. D. Darlington.) {Given by maid aie ) ions. ee 7 plants from Mexico and Texas. (
d. By exchange with U. S. National Museum, 264 plants derived from aioe ose various sources.
Bonn, Germany.) I roackee seed of Catalpa cpeviose (By exchange with C. J. Lockyear.) 30 packets of Mexican ai ea seed. (By exchange with the U. S. National Museum, through Dr, J. N. R
Members of the Corporation.
Epwarp D. Apams, Joun D. Arcueotp, Georce F. Baker, Eucene P. BICKNELL, Grorce S. Bowpoin,
ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Wit11am G. CHoarTE, Cartes F, Cox,
Pau D. Cravatu,
H. C, Faunestocx, SAMUEL W. FarrcHILp, . James B. Forp,
Henry W. ve Forest, RoBERT W. ve Forest, Hon. Tuomas F, Girroy, Hon. Hueu J. Grant, Epwarp S. Harkness, Henry R. Hoyt, Tuos. H. Husparp, Anvrian ISELIN, Jr.,
Wa ter B. JENNINGS, Joun I. Kane,
Eucene KELLy, Jr., Pror, JaMEs F. Kemp,
Epw. V. Z. Lane, Pror. Frepreric S. Les, Hon. Setu Low, Davip Lypic,
Epcar L. Marston,
W. J. MATHESON, OcpEN Mitts,
J. Pirrpont Morcan, THEODORE W. Myers, FrREDERIC R. NEWBOLD, Pror. Henry F. Oszorn, Lowett M. PaLtMer, Grorce W. PERKINS, James R. PitcuHer,
M. F. Prant,
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REW YORK ila GARDEN x PARK. New YORK
Vol. XI JULY, 1910 No. 127
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
PERCY WILSON
Docent
CONTENTS
PAGE @heWlowerMxhibition ..). . 32+ sw ee tt ee et ww tl 167 The Preservation of Our Wild Flowers... -- 1... 2.6 eee eee 169 Nature Studyin London... . 1-2. - see eee et et te tt es 175 Preservation of the Wild Flowers... .. 2. ee eee ss tee etree 178 Notes, News and Comment. ...-..--- +e sees etree ees 183 PROMMKO UME M DS Ce Ug) el le) ae) wie pee foe 8 fe) is) 0 he ey el oi aiiie ye 185
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RCY WILSON, Docent.
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XI July, 1910. No. 127.
THE FLOWER EXHIBITION.
The Summer Exhibition of The Horticultural Society of New York was held on June 4 and 5, in co6peration with the New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. The west end of the basement hall, in which is located the collection of fossil plants, was filled with plants and flowers. Owing to the cool weather which prevailed the week before the exhibition, a large exhibit was not expected, but the result was contrary to expecta- tions, the amount of plants and flowers entered for competition being greater than the facilities for their display. The place allotted to the exhibition was crowded with material, enough in fact to have filled the entire hall.
The exhibition opened on Saturday at two in the afternoon, and continued open the following day from ten until five. Th attendance on Saturday was large, greater than at any previous flower exhibition held at the Garden. The visitors were largely flower-lovers, for they spent much time in examining individual flowers and passing intelligent comment on them. At four there was a lecture in the lecture-hall by Dr. N. L. Britton on “Summer Flowers,” illustrated with colored lantern-slides. At the conclu- sion of the lecture an opportunity was afforded to visit the court of the conservatories, under guidance, to sev the large American pasar plant which was sending up its stout flowering stalk or
‘pole.
On Sunday, although the weather was threatening, ending in a downpour at closing time, the attendance was still larger than on 16
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Saturday. Had the weather been fine there would undoubtedly have been a large crowd present. The opening of these exhibi- tions on Sunday is certainly appreciated.
The premiums were offered by the Garden, to be awarded by the exhibition committee of the council of The Horticultural Society of New York. These were for peonies, hardy roses, flowering shrubs and trees, hardy rhododendrons and azaleas, herbaceous plants, irises, and orchids. The peony was the flower most in evidence, and the display was a fine one, in spite of the cool weather which interfered with their proper development. Mr. Geo. H. Peterson took the first prize in most of the classes, including that for the largest and finest collection. His exhibit in this class was a feature of the exhibition, occupying the entire west end of the exhibition hall. The first prize for the best collection of cae peonies went to Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, Albert
ahodny, garden
The coo cae preceding the exhibition retarded the de- velopment of roses, so that few were sent. The first prize for the best collection of hardy roses went to Mrs. F. A. Constable, James Stuart, gardener, the second going to the F. R. Pierson Co. The first prize for the best collection of hardy flowering shrubs and trees was awarded to Mr. E. H. Weatherbee, Francis Milne, gardener, the second prize going to Mr. T. A. Havemeyer. Mr. Havemeyer also took the first prize for the best collection of hardy rhododendrons and azaleas, the second going to the F. R. Pierson Co. The first prize for the best collection of hardy herbaceous plants was secured by Bobbink & Atkins, the second being taken by Mr. E. H. Weatherbee. The same firm also took the first prize for irises, the second going to Mr. T. A. Havemeyer. For the best six orchid plants in bloom, Mr. Clement Moore took first prize, while the first prize for the best collection of cut orchids went to Mr. J. A. Manda.
For an excellent display of campanulas and sweet peas, a special prize was awarded to Miss Blanche Potter, George Witt- linger, gardener. A special prize was also awarded to Mrs. J. B. Trevor, Howard Nichols, gardener, for a collection of oe early vegetables.
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These flower exhibitions are becoming more and more popular, manifesting an increased interest in horticulture. It is hoped that at future exhibitions the amateur gardener will take a more active interest. It is planned to arrange the next schedule of premiums so that the amateur may feel tempted to enter more into the competition.
GEORGE V. Nasu.
THE PRESERVATION OF OUR WILD FLOWERS.*
On a beautiful spring morning we wander into the woods, to forget for a while, if possible, the trials and battles of life, and to receive new faith and new hope from nature’s heart. Suddenly the serene silence of the early morning is broken by a child's silvery voice, without much volume, but with a sweetness that the greatest opera singer can never equal. Hastening toward the spot, whence the sound arose, we catch parts of a simple little song. Passing under an arch, formed by two young sap- lings, we stop instantly, for before us is a picture, whose equal the greatest artist can never produce upon his canvas. A baby girl bending to the ground, plucks with her tiny hands a lady slipper, and raising it to her ruddy lips, she kisses it. The sunbeams, penetrating through the leafy bower, play and dance upon her golden hair; the robins are not afraid to approach and sing to her. The purple-winged butterflies alight on her chubby arms, and the bumble-bee, even when she plucks the pink lady slipper upon which it has just alighted, does not desire to harm her with its deadly sting. Can we think of anything more beautiful, more sacred than this little child wandering far away from civilization, in a world entirely her own, raising a wild flower to her lips and kissing it? The wild flower, growing alone in the wilderness, exposed to the violence and extremes of the elements, with no caretaker but God himself, is a message direct from heaven to those who love wild flow
I think the wild ee ek to be preserved, ay person
*Awarded a third prize, competition of 1909, from the Caroline and Olivia Phelps Stokes fund for the Preszrvation of Native Plants.
170
who does not love or admire wild flowers is lacking in refinement and culture.
Many poets have expressed their admiration and love of wild flowers in such beautiful sentiments as Lowell has in his poem “To the Dandelion,” a flower regarded by most people as the meanest wild flower:
“Dear common flower, that grow’st beside the way, Fringing the dusty road with harmless gold, First pledge of blithesome May, eh children pluck; ae cal of ae ne that
round May match in wealth—thou art more dear to me Than all tne prouder Summer-blooms may be.”
Surely we ought to take at least enough interest in them to put forth our best efforts for their preservation. The best way to accomplish this is to get a large number of people in a certain community interested in this movement, and they in turn will interest their friends, till in time everybody will hold a wild flower as sacred as the Jews hold the dogs that lounge about the streets of Jerusalem.
oO we ever stop and imagine what a blessing a bunch of sweet- smelling wild flowers would be on a sweltering hot day to those wretched souls who are compelled to live or work in the tenements on the lower east side? What pleasure would a few “baby” orchids cradling at their hearts the tiny images of infants in long robes, afford, or even field daisies, of which Chaucer quaintly says:
“OF all the flowers in the mede, Than love I most the flowers white and eds: Soch that men callen daisies in our toun.'
In some cases these poor people have never seen a blade of
grass grow. Imagine what their joy and enthusiasm would be if
without depriving them of their hard-earned money, which is so
171
necessary to sustain their lives. Lowell so admirably expressed this thought when he addressed the dandelion in the following words:
“Tis the Spring’s largess, which she scatters now
To rich and poor alike, with lavish hand
'
To take it at God’s value, but pass by The offered wealth with unrewarded eye.”
Then, too, wild flowers cover up barren spots in the field and woods and help to beautify places which would otherwise be eye-sores to passers-by. Some plants, such as those of the Ameri- can ivy or the Virginia creeper, cling to barren rocks by means of but if no rock or wall be near, turn into delicate tendrils, which clasp bough and twigs, and this vine adapts itself to any station in life and makes the utmost of its opportunities.
Further, a great amount of the honey which most people re- gard as the most delicious delicacy comes indirectly from the wild flowers. The bee and the wild flower form a sort of mutual- benefit society. The sweet scents of the conspicuous corollas of the wild flowers may be regarded as advertisements to catch the attention of the passing insect and to tell it of the presence of nectar. Professor Gray expresses this system in the following humorous manner: ‘‘Where free lunches are provided, some ad- vantage is generally expected from the treat.” The bumble-bee, flying from flower to flower, gets its velvety body sprinkled thickly with golden dust. In extracting the nectar which lies deep down in the long tubes, it crawls all over the blossom head and some of the pollen, which had clung to its breast and legs, is sure to be left on the stigmas of the flower. It has also brushed against the anthers, and has taken a fresh supply of the yellow powder, with which it will fly to another flower head. Thus it carries on the process of cross pollination, which is so necessary for the maturing of all flowers, and takes in return the sweet nectar, which it carries to the hive for food. In order to preserve our wild flowers, it is very urgent that we take care lest these useful bees become unable to carry on their important work. In this connection it might be well to examine the rather curious
172
demonstration of Huxley concerning the crop of red clover in a certain section of country. He has proved that there is a direct ratio between the quantity of red clover in any given section, and the number of old maids residing in that section. His demonstration is as follows: Old maids keep cats; cats are ene- mies of the field mouse; these mice in turn are the foes of the bumble-bee, for they devour the little store of honey, which the thrifty insect lays by for its winter sustenance. Bumble-bees are the pollen-carriers of the red clover. Hence, the more old maids there are in a region, the more plentifully it is stocked with cats; the fewer therefore are the field mice; the greater is the number of the bumble-bees, and the more abundant in con- sequence is the crop of red clover.
Some wild flowers are very wonderful in their construction, accomplishing feats which, if universally known, w ould e con-
friends of the botanist. The harassed scientist wages ceaseless war upon them all summer, but all in vain. One can imagine what comfort the thought brings to his sorely tried soul that there are plants in the world which avenge their fellow plants and turn the tables by eating insects. The commonest and most wonderful of the ogre-flowers is the little sundew, which Darwin admired so much that he thought it a worthy object for long and patient study. This plant is found in wet sandy spots. The leaves are round and long-stalked, pressed flat in a rosette against the ground, and rather a reddish color at the first casual glance. A stem bending downward at the tip bears a number of buds and one white flower. As they wave with the wind they cer- tainly do not look very bloodthirsty or even mischievous. Upon examining the leaves closely one finds that their surface is really
covered with living movable sticky hairs, each tipped by a ruby- colored gland scarcely as large as a pinhead. When an insect lights on the leaf, attracted by the bright red glands with their honey-like gum, he becomes clogged by the sticky hairs and cannot drag himself free, for all his frantic efforts. The hairs
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bend toward the prisoner till their glands touch his body, reaching after him from all sides. few moments later, the leaf itself rolls up and encloses the captive. The more the fly struggles, the more it excites the living hairs to grasp it, while the sticky fluid pours from the red glands till the little legs and wings are so tied and plastered down that they can strive no longer. The gum stops up the tiny holes in the insects sides through which it breathes, and it soon dies, strangled and exhausted. After the insect has been lured, secured and killed, the next thing in order is the banquet. The fluid, which has all this time been flowing from the ruby glands, continues to flow, but becomes somewhat changed in its nature. Chemists who have examined the fluid at this point have found that it is very similar to pepsin
m leaf, fii glands bend over it at first, but soon find out their mis- take and let go again. Darwin experimented on the leaves with tiny scraps of raw beef, and he found that some which had feasted too heartily suffered apparently the pangs of acute dys- pepsia. They changed color, refused all food, grew limp and dejected, and died miserably. Is not this wild flower growing out in the open, with no covering over its frail little head but the blue heavens, more wonderful than any machine ever in- vented by man?
There are a few wild flowers extremely poisonous in their effects on the majority of persons who come in contact with them; still their number is so insignificant in proportion to all the other flowers that they ought not to prejudice any one against the other wild flowers. Besides, in most cases they can be easily detected from the harmless flowers by some tell-tale detail, as for instance the poision hemlock may be distinguished from some of its harmless cousins by the claret-colored blotches on its large smooth stalks, or by a very offensive “mousy” odor, which its leaves emit when cut or bruised. Our real wild enemy, the poison-ivy, is exceedingly common everywhere. It thrives on rocks, along stone walls, in fence corners, or clambers up tree
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trunks, in thickets and moist meadows. The poision-sumach is a near relation to the poision-ivy. It has beautiful rose-purple leaf- stalks. Some persons gather the flowers and foliage of both plants with impunity, while others are badly poisoned by them. Some- times children who are ignorant of the effects of some poisonous plants, induced by the peculiar feeling they experience upon munching the foliage, enjoy games in which the object is to see who can longest endure the discomfort. There are some plants poisonous to the stomach. Such plants, as fool's parsley, and poison-hemlock, have sickened and killed children, who have eaten their roots, supposing them to be ‘‘sweet cicely”’ or the like. Cattle turned out to pasture in the spring, after being shut up all winter, are liable to eat this plant, and to be seriously injured or even killed by it. As most young children love to gather wild flowers, they should always be cautioned never to taste or handle any flowers with which they are not perfectly familiar. Mother nature warns us against these poisonous plants, in her own way, for they are generally biting, acrid or nauseous to our palates.
After realizing the wonderful life of the wild flowers—and their actions certainly are wonderfully like those of the conscious think-
a mystery asever. Those who try to define it only give it a new name. Are we going to neglect our wild flowers, and allow them to be exterminated before we discover God's secrets in their creation? No, we must preserve our wild flowers.
It is late on an autumnafternoon. An old gray-haired lady is reposing in a big arm chair before an open window. She is gazing far out upon the open meadow, to the woods beyond. How inviting the trees and flowers look to her with their bril- liantly colored robes. She is dreaming of the happy days of youth in that far-away time, when she too could go out into the forests and live with the wild flowers. She drops her eyes, and her glance falls upon a vase of fringed gentians, resting on 4 nearby table, the last message from the woods before the long sleep. She reaches for them, and as she draws them to her she singles out the most beautiful, at the same moment a lone tear
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falls upon them. As we pass under the open window, we hear in a soft low voice the following words: pa een 3 earliest thoughts are linked with thee; ight of thee calls back the robin’s song, ai nae the a old tree Beside the door, sang bee all day long, And I, secure in childish piet Listen as if { heard an pee sing it n,
Fresh every day to my untainted ears, When birds and flowers and I were happy peers."
Murvin A. BECKER. Morris HIGH SCHOOL, New York Clty,
NATURE STUDY IN LONDON.
Recognition of the educational value of nature study might at first sight appear to have come almost too late, when by far the larger number of the children of England are now born and brought up in great cities. Nature study in its full educational sense involves a good deal more than visits to museums or indoor lectures, though both may be of great assistance; and many teachers in city schools may well have looked round them rather disconsolately for opportunities of contact with living nature, when the benefits of this kind of training first began to be gen- erally recognized. But great towns are by no means so deficient in natural life as the casual spectacle of their vastness and aridity might suggest. Parks, public gardens and the collections of living birds and animals which are kept in many of them provide fairly ample opportunities for intelligently directed study and observation; and, over and above the plants and animals which are preserved and tended by human care, all such ornamental open spaces, as well as many mere wastes left by the builder, become the asylum of many wild species.
London, though the greatest of all great cities, is strikingly rich in records of wild species which have occurred within its boundaries. It is well provided with gardens and spots of ver- dure, as great cities go; and its fauna and flora are constantly
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reénforced from the abundance of wild life in the fields and woods of the surrounding counties and by the introduction of many strange and accidental visitors through foreign trade. The south- west winds of later summer shed over London the winged seeds of the great purple willow-herb that grows in the Surrey pine woods; and a bunch of bananas sold in a greengrocer’s shop in Lambeth or Canning Town may be found to conceal the nest of a West Indian humming bird, or some more formidable tarantula or centipede. Nature is present in London much more widely than is suspected; but she often escapes notice owing to her novel and unsuspected refuges. The sluggard of central London who decides to heed Solomon’s admonishment can still go to the ant; but he is a good deal less likely to find it in its ordinary out- door haunts, which we may presume that Solomon had in mind, than among the sugar barrels and wine-flasks of a great pro- vision store.
Apart from rare and exotic additions to its list, London pro- vides considerable opportunities for studying the wild life of our own country. Most British trees, and many wild plants, can be observed and distinguished in London parks; and, though London birds are of fewer distinct kinds than haunt most country- sides, they are very numerous, and their great tameness makes them excellent subjects for observation. Plants, birds, animals and insects also excite a livelier interest among London children than among their country cousins, from their very unfamiliarity and their contrast with their urban surroundings. The London urchin concentrates on his illicit minnow-fishing in park waters all the natural interest in wild life which eames boys disperse in a hundred daily occupations. A few summers ago, when the trees in Hyde Park were falested with ae caterpillars of the
trying to tempt their captives’ fickle appetites with such un- natural delicacies as orange peel.
Though the London child’s attempts at pet keeping are often extremely ill-instructed, they spring from a healthy natural in- stinct, which only needs proper education to become of great
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assistance in the training of mind and character. Pet keeping has one marked advantage as a means of training, since it makes the child personally responsible for the health of the pet under its charge. Butit has numerous difficulties and disadvantages in London life when extended beyond the range of a compara- tively small number of creatures that lend themselves kindly to such a relationship. The truest kind of nature study de- velops an interest in the forms and processes of nature which is no less keen for being devoid of any stimulus of proprietary instinct. In America, where nature study in schools is more highly organized than it is as yet in our own country, it is found that a healthy personal stimulus can be provided by instituting competitions between school forms, or individual scholars, for the earliest or fullest records of observations, and by other such simple devices.
The chief difficulty which at present stands in the way of nature study in English town schools is the lack, not of objects to study, but of qualified persons to instruct. Many school teachers excellently qualified in all that their training has demanded of them are not much more familiar with nature than their pupils; and they have often lost much of that power of observation which children generally possess. The same is true of many other persons who might superintend natural history societies and field classes. However great is their willingness to volunteer, they themselves often need help and instruction before it can bear much practical fruit. Distances are so great an obstacle in London, especially for children, and above all for poor children, that information on the local Sie for nature study in each district is specially helpful and valua
An excellent example has been recently set to other local bodies
gives a detailed account of the plants, birds, insects and other phases of nature and wild life which occur in Battersea Park and its neighborhood; but much of its information, as well as the suggestions which it throws out for lines of inquiry and discussion,
178
would be almost equally applicable to other parts of London. Ih is largely owing to such concentration of observation on a smal and well-defined area as has produced this book that the natura history records of London are so surprisingly rich and so en couraging-to all who take up the study of nature within it: borders.—London Times—New York Evening Sun.
PRESERVATION OF THE WILD FLOWERS.*
All beauty originates in nature. Man cannot create beauty all he can do is to imitate the beautiful in nature. While all ir nature is attractive, the smallest and most hidden herb, as wel as the tallest and stateliest tree, by far the most beautiful cre. ations of nature are the flowers
fan has realized the exquisite beauty of the flowers, anc therefore grows them in his gardens that they may be nearer tc him and he may the better enjoy their charm and fragrance He has also, by careful cultivation and selection of them, suc. ceeded in producing flowers that are very much improved ir color, size and fragrance. Doubtless, when beauty is measurec by the standard of form and color, the cultivated flowers sur: pass their wild prototypes. But does this standard consis! of form and color alone? No. The real standard takes intc consideration also the sensation of pleasure which the visior of the flower imparts to the individual who beholds it. Tak. ing this into consideration, which, on the average, gives yot the greater pleasure, and impresses you as being the more beauti- ul, the cultivated or the wild flower? Which give you the greater sensation of beauty, the pansies which grow in you! garden, or the violets which you discovered while on a pleasan' ramble in the woods, sleepily nodding their heads in the gentle breeze blowing through the shaded dale where they grew in grea’ numbers? Which are you more proud to show your friends the pansies or the violets? Which do you enjoy more, a wall
*Awarded a third prize, competition of 1909, from the Caroline and Olivi Phelps Stokes Fund for the Preservation of Native Plants
179
through: a scientifically planned garden with its geometrically designed flower-beds, or a pleasant ramble in the woods and fields of nature with their diversity of irregularly distributed flowers? In fact, it is this very irregularity of the distribution of the flowers which adds one of the greatest charms to nature. Are not the flowers a hundred times more beautiful when we come upon them suddenly, and in the most unexpected places? For “Beauty is more beautiful when beauty's least expected.”
Nature is generous, very generous, and permits all who would to enjoy her beautiful domains; to inhale the fragrance of her odorous flowers, and to feast their eyes on her iridescent hues. Very different from this is the behavior of man. No doubt, should he ever be able to make anything that even approaches in attractiveness the laurel-covered mountains and hillsides of the Alleghanies or the vast fields of golden-rod in October, he would surround it with a ten-foot fence and a double tier of barbed wire to confine its beauties to a few of his select friends,
And how does man show his appreciation of nature’s generos- ity? Byselfishly tearing out the most charming flower he finds, and thus, while he does not enjoy its beauty very much longer, deprives others of enjoying it; and, by keeping the plant from producing seed, deprives himself and everybody else of that enjoy- ment in after years.
There was a time in the history of this country when the hand- some pink moccasin flower flourished in great numbers in the deep woods; but a public who, with no thought of the future, picked every specimen it could find, and an immense horde of “orchid hunters” whose minds know only the lust for gold, have so reduced its numbers that, even though each flower that does set seed produces upward of a million seeds, it is now ex- tremely rare in its wild state, and the discovery of one during a ramble in the woods is considered an event. The blue gentian is another case. Once so common, it is now rare in its native haunts. Greedy street venders who ruthlessly tear up the plant by the yard, and the public without even the excuse of eking out a paltry income by its sale, have rendered the fragrant,
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trailing arbutus a rarity, and have altogether exterminated it in the vicinities of our eastern cities. The pretty cardinal flower is another victim; and still another, and the last one I will discuss here, is the charming arethusa, which is doomed to total extinc- tion in its wild state, because of the relentless war being waged against it by the “orchid hunters’ who sell its bulbs.
I have given you but an inkling of the destruction of our most beautiful wild flowers by an ignorant public and a gold-greedy class of flower venders, for fear that, should I attempt.to portray to you anything like the real condition of affairs, I would soon tire you. Let it suffice to say that there are hardly any wild flow- ers, excepting the weeds, which have not suffered from these causes. How curious that the majority of the people show their appreciation of a flower’s charm by selfishly and ignorantly tearing it out!
For years and years this wanton destruction of the most beauti- ful in nature has been going on without any signs of its ever abating. Must then the wild flowers be exterminated, as needs must happen if things continue in their present course, and with- out a dissenting voice? True, every now and then somebody in a position to know warned the nation of the inevitable exter- mination of the wild flowers, but he was quickly put down with cries of ‘‘pessimist.’’ Of late, however, there has been grow ing
grow until it has accomplished its purpose and our most beauti- ful wild flowers have been saved.
It is very well to say the wild flowers must be saved, but how? Before we attempt to consider the remedy, let us first discover the causes. One of the chief causes of the disappearance of the wild flowers is the class of people who depend on the money they can secure from the sale of those that they pick for their livelihood. Perhaps the best and only measure that can be used in this case is the enactment of a law forbidding the picking of wild flowers for business purposes. It has been urged against the possible enactment of such a law that it would deprive a multitude of men of their means of earning a livelihood;
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but, as the flower market must be supplied, there will arise a greater demand for hot-house flowers be this will mean an in- crease in the number of hot-h y that will more than offset the loss of employment eee by the enactment of such a law.
The other, and more difficult cause to combat, is the picking of the flowers by the public wherever and whenever they find them. These people can be divided into several groups. First come those who pick the wild flowers just for the fun of picking them. They do not take them home, nor do they enjoy them much when they pick them. They throw them away. I have often seen a field of buttercups crossed by a path where somebody who had gone through a short time before had torn off every flower he could conveniently reach without going off his path, evidently just for the fun of it, for the buttercups were all lying about where he had cast them away as soon as he had picked them. A person who did this to buttercups would not hesitate to do the same to every other wild flower he came across. The only measure that would help in such a case is the education of the cul- prit as to the damage he is doing when he thoughtlessly tears out the flowers in this way; for nobody would do this intentionally.
Second are those who, in the case of perennials, are not satis- fied with the flower alone, but tear out the roots and stem also. A good example of this is the damage done to trailing arbutus. Jack-in-the-pulpits, although still quite abundant, are evidently on the decline because people, not satisfied with the flower, insist on taking the corm also. As in the previous case, about the only
appreciate the eau of the hes and therefore, when they come upon tt n -y do not hesitate to pick it. Perhaps a think, Heres isa ae flower. In a few days it will wither and be beautiful no longer; then bed oe we not pick it and enjoy it for the rest of its short life? b
the world of so very much. This is but a small speck on the
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surface of the earth and it does not matter much whether we pick it or not as there are so many others in the world.”’” But most probably they are so accustomed to pick a flower when they find it growing wild, that they do not think at all.
The only way we have of fighting the indiscriminate picking of wild flowers is by educating the public. Nearly every person in this country reads some newspaper or periodical, and if we could get the owners and editors of these interested in the subject, we would have taken a great step towards the end in view.
But our greatest hope lies in the schools, where we of the present are moulding the future. As things now are in the schools the outlook for the future of the wild flowers is ex- tremely dark. There is at present too little nature study in the curriculums of our schools, and that more of a mechanical nature thanit should be. Itis very well for the child to know the functions of the different parts of the plant, and the like, but, before we teach him this we should teach him the true beauty of the wild flowers, and the importance of not picking too many of the flowers he finds growing wild. At present the child is taught nothing of the kind. During my many years at school I never heard a teacher say a word about the necessity of pre- serving the wild flowers. It is not because they are not aware of the disappearance of the flowers—as I have often heard them speak about that. The general trend of their thoughts seems to be that because the more beautiful wild flowers are disappearing, we should pick them whenever we find them before they have altogether disappeared, if we want to get our .’ They, like many others, while aware of the dis- appearance of the flowers, and conscious that every specimen they pick helps to hasten their disappearance, have given up the hope of saving them and have resolved that, while they do last, they are going to ‘‘get their share’’ of them. They seem to think, ‘‘If all the flowers are going to be picked anyway, then why should I not pick them?” If these people should see that a concerted effort is being made to save the fast disappearing flowers, they would, doubtless, join in it. And if we thus interest the teachers in the subject, we have secured the schools,
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and if we have secured the schools we have saved the fast disap- pearing wild flow
In short, we must ee the public the havoc they do when they iawenes Aately pick all the beautiful wild flowers they find. must instill new hope into those who have lost all hope of saving the flowers. We must imbue the public with a judicious sense of foresight; to let the very rare wild flowers flourish and set seed in peace; to discreetly pick only a few of the moderately rare ones; and of the abundant, prolific ones to pick all they may desire. We should not desire to prohibit the public from picking all wild flowers; but we can and must stop that indiscriminate, wasteful, picking which has so de- cimated the numbers of our most beautiful plants
Though some think that forbidding this picking for business
purposes would be sufficient to effect our purpose, we cannot decide whether or not, until it has been tried. And until it has been tried we can set on foot the educational movement. It can do no harm, and it can do immense good. Let everybody, therefore, work for the preservation of not only the fast dis- appearing wild flowers, but also of everything else in nature. It isa debt we owe to our more ignorant brothers and sisters. Let everybody imbue his friends with the spirit of preservation, and let his friends do the same to their friends, and in this way let the good work continue till ignorance is no more and, when asked,
oO
“Hast thou named all the birds without a gun? Loved the wood-rose and left it on its stalk?” all will be able to answer ‘‘YEs.”’ Morris A. RAINES. Morris HicH ScHoor New York City.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
t the summer meeting of the Vermont Botanical Club held at Woodstock, Vermont, July 4, 5, and 6, Dr. N. L. Britton delivered a public lecture in the Woodstock Opera House on the evening of July 5, illustrated by colored lantern-slides of wild flowers from the Van Brunt Collection of the Garden. The
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meeting of the Vermont Botanical Club, in which the Vermont Bird Club codperated, was a very successful and enjoyable occa- sion, and was made so, largely by the hospitality of Professor and Mrs. Frederic S. Lee, and Miss Elizabeth Billings. Many interesting plants were observed. About fifty persons attended.
Prof. David R. Sumstine, of the Pittsburgh High School, has been awarded a scholarship at the Garden for the month of July. Mr. Sumstine is engaged in a systematic study of certain groups of the lower fungi.
Dr. William J. Gies, consulting chemist of the New York Botanical Garden, will conduct investigations of various species of poisonous fungi during the coming year.
Leaf-blight of the plane-tree (Gleosporium’ nervisequum) was very conspicuous this season on the grounds of the Garden from the middle of May to the end of June, the continued rainy weather being especially favorable to the development of the fungus. This severe attack, following so closely the epidemics of 1907 and 1908, will undoubtedly kill or severely injure many of the smaller branches of the plane-trees in this region.
Mr. H.S. Jackson, research scholar at the Garden in 1907, has been appointed professor of botany and plant pathology in the Oregon Agricultural College. Mr. Jackson has been, since August, 1909, research assistant in plant pathology in the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.
Bulletin 118 of the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agriculture, contains the results of four years of research in ‘Culture Studies oo Penicillium” by Dr. Charles Thom, mycologist in ch Twenty-seven species and three varieties are descabed a in this paper. In addition to the morphological characters, the physiological effects upon nutrient media have been found to be reliable characters in separating some species and in such cases are introduced into the diagnosis of the species. The work is illustrated by thirty- six figures.
Mr. Harlan H. York, of Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, recently visited the Garden on his return from Jamaica, West
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Indies, to New York. Mr. York will spend about six weeks at the laboratory of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences located at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island.
Dr. W. A. Murrill, assistant director, recently returned from Virginia with a collection of poisonous fungi, which will be chiefly used for chemical analysis. Returning, he found evidences of the chestnut canker not far from Baltimore, Maryland, and diseased trees became more abundant northward. At Belair, Maryland, seventy-five miles south of Philadelphia, and at Northeast, Mary- land, the effects of the canker were very noticeable, most of the chestnut trees being dead or in a dying condition. At Red Bank, New Jersey, where the first chestnut trees were observed
near South Amboy, New Jersey, where whole forests were either killed or badly affected. Throughout the whole of Staten Island, not a single healthy chestnut tree was observed
Dr. J. E. Kirkwood, research scholar at the Garden at various times from 1899 to 1904, has been appointed professor of botany and forestry at the University of Montana.
Meteorology for June——The total precipitation for the month was 4.84 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 72° on the 4th, 79° on the 8th, 89” on the 14th, 95° on the 23d and 93° on the 30th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 44.5° on the 5th, 49° on the 8th, 57° on the 14th, 54° on the 26th and 60° on the 29th.
ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
76 specimens of flowering plants from British America. (By exchange with the Geological cael of Canada.)
18 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from the Philippine Islands. (Dis- tributed by Pi a A. D. E. Elmer.
2 specimens of Dryopteris simulata from New York. (Given by Mr. R. C. Benedict.
8 canis of cana from Connecticut. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz.)
6 specim if rth n ferns. Given by Miss Margaret Slosson.)
I ek of Daas ee ae: (Given by Prince Roland Bonaparte.)
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1se specimens of flowering plants from Texas. (By exchange with the Fiek Museum of Natural History. 121 specimens of lichens, hepatics, mosses and ferns from Mexico. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs. W. A. Murrill.) 22 specimens of Crataegus from Cooper Plains, New York. (By exchange with Mr. G. D. Cornell.) II specimens of Crateegus from the northeastern United States. (Given by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.) I specimen of Aytonia Evansii.from Jamaica. (Given by Dr. A. W. Evans.) 2u specimens ‘‘American Hepaticae,"” Decades 5 and 6. (Given by Miss Caro, line C. Haynes. 135 specimens ‘‘Mycotheca brasiliensis,’"” Century 1, and appendix. (Distributed by Dr. Ernst Ule. 7 specimens of Dicranella. (By exchange with Dr. ee nae 6 specimens of Leucoloma. (By exchange with Dr. V. herus.) 12 specimens of mosses from Arizona. (By exchange hee no ge - Goodding.) o specimens from. New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. (Collected by ie pane Taylor.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 1 plant of Nidularium striatum. (By exchange with M . J. Manda.) 40 rhododendrens. (By exchange with Department oe Parks, Borough of Bronx 3 cacti from Cuba. elie by ban Leon.) 8 hardy ferns. (Given by Mr. k. C. Benedict.) plants for hardy ones a conservatories. (By exchange with Buffalo ecu Garden.) 3 cactus plants from Gonzales, Mex. (Collected by Dr. H. H. Rus 21 plants for the conservatories, from Mexico, Texas en Nevada. ey ex- change with the U. S. National Museum, through Dr. J. N. se.) Sed F.L eeian )
(Given by 179 pinata eee from seeds from various so 8 packets Mexican seed. (By exchange with c = ‘National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose. 1 packet seed of Geonoma Swartzii. (By exchange with Public Gardens, Ja- maica, W. I. 5 packets New Mexican seed. (By exchange with Pref. E. O. Wooton.)
Members of the Corporation,
Epwarp D. ApAms, Joun D. ArcHBoLp, Grorce F. Baker, EuceneE P. BIcKNELL,
Georce S. Bowpoin,
Dr. Nicuotas M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Wittiam G, Cuoate, Cuartes F. Cox,
Paut D. CravaTH, Joun J. Crooke,
W. Bayarp CurrTIne, CLEvELaND H. Dopce, A. F. Estasroox,
H. C. Faunestocxk, SaMueEL W. FaircuHiLp, James B. Foro,
Henry W. ve Forest, Rozgert W. DE Forest, Hon. Tuomas F. Girroy, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Epwarp S. Harkness, Henry R. Hoyr,
Tuos. H. Huszarp, Aprian ISELIN, Jr., Watter B. JENNINGS, Joun I. Kane,
Eucene Ketty, Jr., Pror. James F, Kemp,
Epw. V. Z. Lane,
Pror. Freperic S. LEE,
J. Prerpont Morcan, THEODORE W. Myers, Freperic R. NEWBOLD, Pror. Henry F. Oszorn, LoweELtt M. PaLMer, Gerorce W. PERKINS, James R. PITCHER,
M. F. Prant,
Joun D, RocKEFELLER, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, E. V. W. RossITeEr, Pror. H. H. Russy, Mortimer L. Scuirr, James A. ScRYMSER, Henry A, SIEBRECHT, WivtiaMm D. SLoAneE, NeELson SMITH,
JAMES SPEYER,
Francis L. Stetson, Cuartes G. THOMPSON, Dr. W. GitMan THOMPSON, SAMUEL THORNE,
My es TIERNEY,
Louis C. TiFFany, Gerorce W. VANDERBILT,
Hon. Ecerton L. WintTuHROP, JR.
PUBLICATIONS OF The New York Botanical Garden ournal of the New York Botanical den, monthly, illustrated, an
J Gar laining notes, and non- Rigi articles of eee interest. Free to members ‘of e Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in #xchange.] ume.
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, iliac lichens ; conta technical articles ond BEE and) notes of rn in- terest. £3.00 a Ae ag single copies not for sale. Now in its second volu
Builetin of oN. ‘ew York Botanical Garden, containing the annual | reports of the Director- in chi ef and other official documents, and technical
results of gore eagens carried out in the Garden. Free to all ampiatcit: of the Garden i S, $3.00 per volume. Volumes six and seven now
merican Flora. ach volu pas 2 con nsist of four or more parts. acco! Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula-
1. part 2, issued Decem ber 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniaceae, se aceae, Hamamelidaceae, Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo-
coe a part I, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiaceae. Vol. 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinaceae, Aecidia-
ceae (pars). Vol. 25, part 1, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, ba heh a tek Yol. 9, parts I and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly-
wer ae, ol. 22, part 3, issued June 1908. Grossulariaceae, Platanaceae, Crossoso- mataceaey Conner raceae, Calycanthacene, Rosaceae (pa =) ) 1908. ee
rs). —Poale: Ophigeinss les—Fili
E i cales. Vol. 9, "part oy bie Feb. 3, "glo. Boletaceae, Chantereieae? ‘and Lactarieae
(pars). Jol 25, part 2, issued | June 3, 1910. Tropaeolaceae, SuLEAR IGS 1 Limnan- thaceae, I and Malpighiace:
Memoirs of the Mew ek oealldniey den. Price to members ofthe
a + 492 with detailed map. 1900. _ il. ess upon Growth and Development, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi 0 pp., wil elle res. ae 3. - : : i i m Kreischerville, New York, by Pr ae Hollick and Dr. Edward Chatles caaieeg viii + 138 pp., with
IV. Etiects of the Rays of eae pe Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. viii ME sae pp-, with 73 figures and 14. 908.
Contributions from the New a oF Bo Garden. Asse oa nical papers atc bya students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the ab: ice, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. red olumes.
M
WN R
12g. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora— XX, by
130. i ae Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora— Sphaerocarpos Hians s hae nov., with a Revision of. the Gedkt ea Tilustra-
ous a the Species, by C. C. Hay Peaeie YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN RBeoany DB
Vol, X1 AUGUST, 1910 No. 128 JOURNAL oF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR PERCY WILSON Docent CONTENTS MURINE eM ees h so Lit MN, clita sé, ee) whole ee 6) ele! e arte Ga @heBrooklyn Botanic Garden .........02++eeecccrerreres 190 The Collections in the Conservatory Court... ...--+..-+-+++2eee 192 Century Plants and Some of Their Uses .......--++2-+:++es 195 Presmnewey ANd iComment.. .:.0<c. es ew oe ee ee wwe ws 198 ONIQUNM MEL Ouest sg. ite Sapa ly ie ef wie league « 199
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
Ar 41 Nortu Queen Srreet, Lancaster, Pa
vy THe New Era Printing Comrany
FICERS, 1910 Pansinees—HON, A ADDISON BRO immer hy CARNEGIE, oe URER—CHARLES F. COX, San sila z L. BRITTON.
BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. Term expires January, 1911. T W. vE Tee
ADDISON BRO BER W. BAYARD PING JAMES A. SCRYM Term expires January, 1912. N. L. BRITTON, JOHN I. KANE, ANDREW CARNEGIE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON. Term expires January, 19 J. PIERPONT MORGAN, GEORGE W " PERKINS,
FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON. 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLic Parks, HON. CHARLES B. STOVER nT
PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman. DR. a atce peer BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. eae PROF. C. F. CHANDL: PROF. FREDERIC S. LE
CHARLES he cor ; HON. E. L. WINTHROP, eS
GARDEN STAFF. DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. DR. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director. DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums. DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator. H'
ROBERT S WILLIAMS, Administrative Asssion. NORMAN TAYLOR, Assistant Cur
FRED J. SEAVER, Director of the Laboratories. DR. JOHN HENDLE NHART, Libraria: DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of mic Collections.
Y WILSON, Docent.
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
Vor. XI August, 1910. No. 128.
DOCENTRY.
For several years a system of personal guidance of visitors applying for such attention has been in practice at the New York Botanical Garden, in Bronx Park. Aidsand gardeners from time to time have been detailed for this work, and the results have been such that the board of managers has authorized the director- in-chief to amplify it through the appointment of an officer known as a docent, and to concentrate the work in hishands. Dr. N. L. Britton has appointed Percy Wilson to the position. The docent has served for a time as administrative assistant to the director- in-chief. A recent afternoon with the docent was passed in con- sidering the pinetum, a collection of cone-bearing trecs, and their botanical allies. The hardy species of this collection are mostly planted in the southwestern portion of the Garden, surrounding the great public conservatory range no. 1, and extending to the museum approach, the herbaceous grounds, and the economic garden. So they are spread over thirty acres or more. Most of the trees as yet are small, as but little of the planting is more than ten years old; they have been obtained from time to time from a variety of sources, but the greater number were presented to the Garden by Lowell M. Palmer, a member of the corporation.
The trip began at the northern end of the glade occupied by the economic garden. Here was seen the Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria), planted here in the lee of the woods for protection from cold winds. One of the trees is bearing its small round characteristic cones; in its native home in eastern Asia it forms
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a gigantic tree and its lumber is highly prized. Near-by is a group of the so-called umbrella pine (Sciadopitys), also Japanese in origin, its common name taken from the peculiar clustering of its long narrow leaves. This is one of the most decorative of evergreen trees, growing more than a hundred feet high, and has been cultivated around Japanese temples for ages.
The true cedars (genus Cedrus) are represented by the deodar, native of the Himalayas, and by the Mount Atlas cedar, of northern Africa, both gigantic trees in their native habitats. Passing south along the ridge, visitors find fine young trees of the curious and beautiful golden a (Pseudolarix) of China;
unlike them, its cones fall into pieces, while still on the tree. The real larches are exemplified by several species near-by. The eastern American kind, tamarack, or hackmatack, which forms bog forests further north, is represented by a few wild trees in the northern part of the Garden.
Yews, relatives of the cone-bearing trees, but producing a pulpy fruit are clustered on a slope just east of the larches; the Japanese species grow most vigorously in this latitude, and sev- eral horticultural varieties of it and of the English yew are in the collection. Passing next to the pines, one finds a splendid group of the cunning little Tyrolese Mountain pine; south of the larches and near-by several species of the white pine group, all
ost important timber trees; the Japanese red pine, and the North American Banks’ pine are planted near the main driveway on one side, and the Austrian pine and Scotch pine on the other side; a number of other pines are to be seen on the hills east and northeast of the large greenhous
The docent points out the differences in foliage, and in cones of these trees. Then he leads the way to the spruces and firs. The cones of spruces are pendulous on the branches; those of firs are upright.
The hemlock spruces (genus Tsuga, a name taken from the Japanese for the typical species) are planted near the elevated railway approach. The docent reminds his pupils of the famous natural forest of the Canadian hemlock spruce on the hills bor-
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dering the Bronx River within the garden. The Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga) is represented by a group of fine young trees ob- posite the elevated railway entrance. These bear long cones with bracts projecting beyond the scales, but they are not fruiting this season.
To the west and south of the great glass house are the arbor- vitaes (Thuja) and the Asiatic retinisporas in great variety, and succeeding them many species of junipers (Juniperus). The red cedar (J. virginiana) is plentifully wild in many parts of the grounds. The white cedar, so abundant in swamps from New Jersey southward, is planted for protection from cold in a swale near the Southern Boulevard entrance, and the two kinds of bald cypress, native only as far north as New Jersey, occupy another swale across the driveways. Both these depressions are on the site of an old marsh, reclaimed by grading operations several years ago. The swing of the visitors around this conifer- ous circle ends on the ridge at the south end of the herbaceous garden, where they admired a group of the curious maidenhair tree (Ginkgo), native of eastern Asia, its common name is given with reference to its peculiar leaves, which are somewhat like the leaflets of some tropical maidenhair ferns (Adiantum). Gink- go produces a pulpy fruit somewhat like that of the yews, but much larger, and is an interesting relative of the conifers, now naturally restricted to eastern Asia, but in former geological epochs of wide geographical distribution, as shown by its leaves found as fossils in Europe and in North America. On the way back to the railway station the party stops at houses no. 12 and 13 of the great glass house to view the collection of Norfolk Island pines (Avaucaria), natives of the southern Pacific Islands and of South America, but in former geological time extending north, at least as far as New Jersey, as shown by fossils in the Amboy Clays, studied by Professors Hollick and Jeffrey, and spe described by them in a memoir of the New York Botan- ical en. Here are also many other beautiful conifers not ey) in this latitude, as well as specimen plants of the bizarre leafless joint firs (Ephedra), outlying relatives, natives of dry and desert countries, and in house no. 1, the cycads, or sago- palms, tropical relatives.
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The docent has a vast deal of information at his command— botanical, horticultural, and economic. He points out the care- ful mulching of the young conifers with leaf-mould, to conserve moisture and furnish plant food, this leaf-mould being obtained from leaves raked from lawns every year and rotted in large
iles in an out-of-the-way place along the Bronx River. He tells how, under the microscope, the wood of coniferous trees can readily be told from that of hardwoods, and by expert knowl- edge the different coniferous woods distinguished from each other. He touched on the manifold useful products of these trees, other than lumber, such as turpentines, oils, pitch and balsam, tan- bark from the hemlock spruces, and edible seeds from many of the pines; on the conservation of coniferous forests, and refore- station of denuded countries; on the relative rapidity of growth; and on the kinds best adapted for decorative planting.
The present arrangements are for the docent to leave the front door of the museum building every week-day afternoon at three o'clock, and his routes are as follows: Mondays, herbaceous
Wednesdays, fruticetum and north meadows, including the ea. lection of willows; Thursdays, deciduous arboretum, nurseries, propagating houses, and public conservatories no. 2; Fridays, public conservatories no. I and flower gardens; Saturdays, museums, library, herbarium and a public lecture at four o’clock for those who care to attend it—New York Evening Post.
THE BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN.
On the twenty-eighth of December, 1909, Mayor McClellan, on behalf of New York City, and the president and the treasurer of the board of trustees of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, on behalf of the institute, signed an agreement for the establishment of a botanic garden and arboretum in the borough of Brooklyn. For this purpose there has been reserved a tract of land, comprising between thirty-five and forty acres, lying
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south of the Museum Building of the Brooklyn Institute on Eastern Parkway, between Washington Avenue on the east, and Flatbush Avenue on the west. The southern limit coincides with the boundary between the old town of Flatbush and the old city of Brooklyn. This is an area of well diversified topogra- phy, and will lend itself most admirably to the purpose in hand.
The city of New York has appropriated the sum of one hundred thousand dollars toward the erection of a laboratory building and greenhouses, and public-spirited citizens of Brooklyn have contributed fifty thousand dollars additional, the interest of which may be used for equipment. The erection of a laboratory building and greenhouses will be commenced as soon as the necessary arrangements therefor can be completed. No scien- tific staff will be assembled before 1911.
While the € promoters of this garden recognize the importance
and hope is to make the garden as helpful as possible to the botanical work in the public and private schools of the city.
The plans of the laboratory building include offices of admin- istration, class rooms, a large lecture room, a library, laboratories for class use and for research, and several private rooms for investigators.
A range of ten greenhouses is planned, two of which will be directly connected with the laboratory for plant physiology, and be reserved entirely for research. The other greenhouses will be open to the public.
In view of the magnificent opportunites afforded at the New York Botanical Garden, in the Bronx Borough, no attempt will be made to develop an herbarium, beyond that necessary to illustrate the local flora, and the energies of the laboratories will be devoted to morphology, physiology, experimental evolution, and related phases of the science
C. STUART GAGER.
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THE COLLECTIONS IN THE CONSERVATORY COURT
Attention has been called before to the collections in the court of conservatory range no. I, which is located but a short distance from the terminus of the Third Avenue Elevated Railroad. This court is on the south side of the conservatory, and has in either end a large pool fifty by one hundred feet, each devoted to a collection of water lilies, the one to the west containing the tender sorts, while the easterly one is allotted to the hardier kinds, those which remain permanently, both summer and winter, in their present position.
Between these two pools, arranged in five beds, is a large collection of desert plants. These two groups of plants, that of the aquatic world and that of the desert, represent the two ex- tremes in plant environment, and exemplify forcibly how plants can accommodate themselves to conditions so diverse. The water lilies are submerged, their roots embedded in the soil two to three feet below the surface of the water, the only portions exposed to the air being the upper surface of the leaf-blades and the flowers. In great contrast to these are the desert plants in the nearby beds, which, in their native environment, have to contend with a lack of water as marked as its abundance is pronounced in the other case
As the water supply of desert plants is precarious, they must be provided with means for water-storage to carry them through the Jong dry spells to which they are subjected. This need is supplied by the thickened stems or leaves, or by large tubers, one of which will be found in all perennial desert plants. Among the members of the cactus family, which form a large part of this collection of desert plants, the thickened stems are the storage organs. In the long narrow bed to the west of the central one is a large collection of the genus Opuntia, known often as prickly pears. In some of these the stems are made up of flattened joints which are round, elliptic or oblong, while in others the joints are cylindric. These joints are usually referred to as leaves, but they are not, the leaves of most cacti being very small bodies borne on these joints and soon falling off.
In the large central bed immediately across the path are other
193
genera of the cactus family. The tall columnar forms belong to the genus Cerezs or its near relatives. In house no. 6 of the conservatories nearby will be found large specimens of a genus closely related to Cereus. This is Carnegiea gigantea, of Arizona and Sonora, the giant cactus or sahuaro. t the northerly end of this central bed are other cactus forms. Here will be found
large plants of Gunnison’s hedge oe will at once attract
in usually spiral rows. Some of these are especially attractive in flower or in the equally showy fruit. In this same large bed will also be found plants of the Spanish bayonet, Yucca aloifolia; the desert palm, Neowashingtonia; and the queer desert plant Fou- guieria; together with some desert forms of the pine-apple family.
Forming a large part of the central bed is the collection of century plants, members of the genus Agave. In these instead of the thickened stems it is the thickened leaves which serve the purpose of storage organs. They too present a great diversity in form but not to so great an extent as the cactus family. The sisal hemp plant will be found here. In this, known as A gave rigida, the margins of the leaves are smooth, there being no spines whatever. In other species the marginal spines are large and form an effective armament for the plant. Some form dense rigid rosettes, a condition especially noticeable in Queen Victoria’s century plant, while in others the growth is more open, well shown in the largest specimen in the bed, occupying its center. This is the American century plant, Agave americana.
A description and illustration of this plant were published in the May number of this JourNaL. At that time the flowering stem or ‘pole’ was but just making its appearance above the leaves. The illustration accompanying the present article shows
194
the plant as it is now and offers a striking contrast to its former appearance. The first flowers expanded on the afternoon of July 30, about three months from the time the flowering stem first emerged from the leaves. The plant attained its maximum height, seventeen feet, two and a half inches, on July 12, since which time its growth in that direction has not been appreciable. Late in June it began to make the lateral branches of the inflor- escence, and its growth during July has been mainly in that direction, its height increasing but a little over two feet during that time; in June its increase in that direction was nearly five
et.
The two beds already referred to contain only American desert plants. In the long narrow bed to the east of the central bed will be found a collection of desert plants from southern Africa, in which the large genus Aloe plays an important part. These plants resemble in habit the century plants already referred to, but belong to the lily family instead of to the amaryllis family. Other interesting plants, also members of the lily family, are species of Gasteria, Apicra, Haworthia and others.
Near this, and placed obliquely to it, is a bed made up of one family, all the plants in it being members of the orpine family, thus showing the distribution of a single family in desert regions in all parts of the world. While in a similar bed opposite, on the other side of the court, is a bed containing desert plants from the Old World only. Especially attractive here are the semper- vivums, with their leaves frequently arranged in dense rosettes. The spurges here, with their tall angular stems, will at once suggest the large columnar plants of the genus Cereus, already referred to. The resemblance in form is quite striking, although the two belong not only to entirely different parts of the world, but also to widely separated plant families. These tall thick- stemmed spurges are mainly from Africa, while the genus Cereus, as well as all other cacti, with a very few exceptions, are strictly natives of the New World.
In the court, placed in various parts as decorative features, are a number of miscellaneous plants. Among these are several acacias from Australia, a fig-tree, hydrangeas, palms, a species of
195
Doryanthes coming into bloom and much resembling a century plant, and other plants.
It is, however, the two large groups which form the real interest of this court, groups accustomed to widely differing environments. In one of these it is water which plays the important part, and in the other it is the absence of this element. The plants, how- ever, are so nicely adjusted to their environment that each kind thrives in an environment which would be destructive to the other.
GEORGE V. Nasu.
CENTURY PLANTS AND SOME OF THEIR USES.
“Doesn't it have flowers till it’s a century old? Has this one been here a hundred years? Will any of us live to see it bloom again?’’—these and ten thousand like questions are fired daily at the patient attendants near the plot of desert plants in the Bronx Botanical Gardens. For the wondrous century plant pre- sented to the gardens by F. T. Holder in 1901 is now in gorgeous bloom, to the delight of all beholders.
The fifteen-foot stalk with its magnificent clusters of tropical blossoms draws continual crowds to the court of the public conservatories. To get there go to the end of the Third Avenue “L’’—and there you are, in the center of Fairyland.
On warm, sunny days the flower stalk sometimes grows three and one-half inches in twenty-four hours, and records of six inches a day are on the books. The blossoms, often as many as a thousand in number, cluster on the short side branches, the lower branches coming into bloom first.
After flowering and seeding, the plants die, but previous to this they send up numerous suckers by which the species is propagated. These plants are often referred to as cacti, a com- mon mistake because of the thick, fleshy leaves, which are spine- tipped, and often armed along the margin with sharp teeth. The century plants are not cacti, but are members of the amaryl- lis family to which the common garden narcissus and daffodil belong.
196
Century plants (Agaves) are found wild in deserts or other dry places in continental tropical and sub-tropical America and in the West Indies; in the Spanish-speaking lands they are called “maguey’’; in the Lesser Antilles ‘“‘karata’; in the Bahamas, curiously, ‘bam Most species are stemless or nearly so, in the ordinary ae condition, and of rather slow growth. Two species are native in southern Florida and about twenty in the southwestern States. The American century plant is com- monly found in cultivation in many parts of the world, and is said to have been introduced into Europe about 1561. It is probably native of Mexico. A variety of this species, with golden-striped leaves, is also largely grown for ornament. The name “century plant” has been applied to these plants from the mistaken idea that they must be one hundred years old before blooming, a notion probably due to the fact that plants under cultivation in conservatories bloom much later in life than those in their natural surroundings. On the table-lands of Mexico, where cen- tury plants are extensively grown, they flower when they are from seven to ten years 0
Century plants have many uses; some species bear thick, fleshy leaves containing a large quantity of strong fiber, which is often removed by beating, after the leaves have been allowed to soak in water until the fleshy parts partly decay. The fiber is then carefully clipped and done up in large bales, when it is shipped away to be made into rope. Sisal or hennequin is the most important of these fibers. Aztec manuscripts were largely writ- ten or painted on paper made from the leaves of century plants, and it was long considered equal to the papyrus of Egypt. The leaves of some species are used by the poorer classes of Mexico to thatch their cottages, while a large, fat worm which lives in these leaves is pulled out and enjoyed as a great delicacy by the Indians. Mats, vinegar, molasses and various other articles are also derived from these plants.
ulque, the national drink of the Mexicans, is obtained from several species of century-plants. At the time when the great flower-clusters are about to be produced, harvesters go through the plantations and cut out the incipient stalks, at the same time
”
197
scooping out a sort of basin, into which the sap flows and is collected to the extent of a gallon or more each day for two or three months, or until the plant dies of exhaustion. The sap is drawn from the basin by suction through a long gourd and taken in pig-skins or sheep-skins to the fermenting rooms, where the addition of old pulque converts it into pulque of commerce within twenty-four hours. The product resembles dilute yeast and con-
“sumed each day in Mexico City alone. The use of pulque was common among the Aztecs at the time of the Spanish conquest, and it is known that the Aztecs learned its use from the Toltecs, who, according to a legend, owed their downfall to its discovery. Because of the pernicious effects of pulque-drinking among the Indians, several of the Spanish viceroys attempted to prevent its use, but without success.
Mescal, a drink made by distillation from the roots and lower leaves after roasting, is usually not obtained from the same species as pulque, although there is a general belief to the con- trary.
The collection of century plants at the New York Botanical Garden is extensive, comprising many rare species, and including a number new to science collected by Dr. Britton and other members of the garden staff in the Bahamas and Cuba; these will soon be technically described by Dr. William Trelease, direc- tor of the Missouri Botanical Garden, at St. Louis, who has received duplicates of them from the New York collection. Dr. Trelease has studied the genus Agave for many years. One o these new species to science grows only, so far as is known, on Watling’s Island, where it was probably seen by Columbus after his landing, but remained unknown botanically until collected there a few years ago by Drs. Britton and Millspau
Some of the Mexican species are quite small meet and sev-
198
eral of these have recently flowered at the Bronx, their flower- stalks only two or three feet tall. Two plants of Queen Victoria’s agave, a kind with short stiff leaves and quite a tall ‘pole’ have flowered; this species does not die at once after flowering. — New York Evening Sun
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr John Hendley Barnhart, librarian, returned from Europe, August 1. After leaving Brussels, he visited ee Leipsic, Berlin, Paris and London, purchasing books for the Garden lib- rary, and studying the collections of ae ae ceae) in the botanical gardens of these cities.
We learn from Science that ‘A party from the department of botany of the University of Chicago consisting of Drs. Coulter, Chamberlain and Land and Mr. Brown, will engage in research work in Mexico during September. Dr. Coulter will pay particu- lar attention to the ferns of the Jalapa region, Dr. Chamberlain will continue his studies on Mexican cycads, chiefly in the moun- tains about Tierra Blanca and Tuxtepec, Dr. Land will collect liverworts in the Tuxtepec region, and Mr. Brown will study cacti.
Miss Winifred J. Robinson, of Vassar College, is in residence at the Garden engaged in studies of the ferns of the Hawaiian Islands.
Prof. W. C. Coker, of the University of North Carolina, spent several weeks at the Garden during July, carrying on further investigations on the flora of the Carolinas.
Prof. A. S. Hitchcock, systematic agrostologist, U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, is making a trip through Mexico in the interests of his work upon North American grasses. He is visit- ing, where possible, the type localities of the species of grasses based upon the work of the earlier botanists, such as Humboldt, Haenke, Schiede, Liebmann, Bourgeau and Schaffner, many of which species extend into our southwestern states.— Science.
Meteorology for July—The total precipitation for the month
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was 0.64 inch. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 96° on the 8th, 95.5° on the rith, and 97° on the 24th and 25th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 54° on the 6th, 60° on the 15th, and 57° on the 19th and 31st.
ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
ffl 1 Arkansas. (Given by Professor J. T. Buch-
holz.)
1 specimen of cones of Pinus resinosa from Vermont. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
3 specimens of Microthamnium from Mexico. (By exchange with Mr. Jules Cardot.}
45 specimens of hepatics from Jamaica. (oven by Dr. Alexander W. Evans.) e peci f Omphalandria li: ib Cuba. (By exchange with the Field Museum of Natural History.)
150 specimens of Crataegus from Missouri and South Carolina. (Given by Mr.
John Davis. 3 photographs of Pinus glabra from Georgia and South Carolina. (Given by Porfessor W. C. Coker.) 25 specimens for the local herbarium, from Morris County, New Jersey. (Given by Mr. R. C. Benedict.) 43 specimens o of young fern plants. (Given by Miss Margaret Slosson.) 30 specimens “‘Ascomycetes”’ fasc. 46. (Distributed by Dr. Heinrich Rehm.) 16 specimens of Aster from New York. (Given by Professor E. S. Burgess.) 8 specimens for the local herbarium, from Staten Island. (Given by Dr. Arthur Hollick.) 0 specimens for the local herbarium, from Westchester County, New York. (ie in . Barnes. cimens ‘tr rom Idaho, Washington and Oregon. (By exchange with the eae ie National Museum.)
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM APRIL 1 TO JULY CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN PyrRAMUS DE. Prodromus systematis ae regni vegetabilis. ne fe 73. 17 vols. in 20. Index. Auctore H. W. Buek. erolini, 1840-74. 4 vols. in 2. LARK, GEORGE H., & FLETCHER, JAMES. Farm ae of Canada. Ed. 2.
ANDOGER, MICHEL. Novus ee sores ue Parisiis, 1910. KIENITZ-GERLOFF, FELIX. Praktikum. Leipzig, IQIo.
AUER, KARL, LINSBAUER, LUDWIG, & PORTHEIM. LEOPOLD VON. Wiesner ae seine Schule. nee ent.) Wie: Lopner, MAx. haa ~ Piane As Sianaeniee Jena, 1909. MUTzE, WILHELM. Rose: d Sommerblumen. Leipzig, 1910.
200
Passon, Max. Die Kultur der Baumwollstaude. Stuttgart, 1910
RIeHM, EDUARD. Schédlinge der landwirtschafilichen Ruluurphaisen. Berlin, IQIO.
Risso, ANTOINE. Flove de Nice. Nice, 1844.
SCHWERTSCHLAGER, JOSEPH. Die Rosen des siidlichen und: miitleren Franken- age Miinchen, 1910
=] =]
9 ER, SAMUEL “Hu ARD. Guide to the genera and classification of the ee American Fie Cambridge, 1897. (Given by the Torrey Botanical Club.)
TILDEN, JOSEPHINE ELIZABETH. Minnesota algae. Minneapolis, 1910. (Given . Britton.)
TRINKWALTER, L. Ausserdeutsche Kultur- und Nutzpflanzen. Leipzig, ie VINCENT, FRANK. Norsk, Lapp, and Finn. New York, 1881. (Given b
VINCENT, FRANK. The land of the white elephant. New York, 1874. (Given
VINCENT, FRANK. Through L th h th 7 New York, 1876. by the Author.)
(Given
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
lants derived fi eed from various source: oe nts for conservatories. (By exchange wit “ “ J. M a.) 34 plants from Nueva Gerona, Isle of Pines, Cuba. dy oie with Mr. K. Dahlberg.) 7 plants from Mexico. (Collected by Dr. H. H. Rus 3 seedlings of Yucca glauca. (Given by Mr. Frank K. Balthis, )
Members
Epwarp D. ApaMs, Joun D. ArcHBOLD, Grorce F. Baker, Eucene P. BIcKNELL,
Georce S. Bowporn,
Dr. NicHoras M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Witi1amM G,. CuHoatE, Cartes F. Cox,
Paut D. CravatH, Joun J. Crooxe,
W. Bayarp Curtine, CLeveLanp H. Donce, A. F. Estasroox,
H. C. FaHNestock, Samuet W. Farrcuixp, James B, Forp,
Henry W. bE Forest, Rosert W. bE Forest, Hon. THomas F. Gixroy, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Epwarp S, Harkness, Henry R. Hoyt,
Tuos. H. Husparp, Avrian ISELIN, Jr., Watter B. JENNINGS, Joun I. Kane,
EuceneE KELLY, Jr., Pror. James F. Kemp,
of the Corporation.
Epw. V. Z. Lane, Pror. Freperic S, Lee, Hon. Setu Low, Davip Lypic,
Epcar L. Marston,
W. J. MaTHEson, OcpEN MILtLs,
J. PrerPont Morcan, THEODORE W. Myers, Freperic R. NEWBOLD, Pror. Henry F. Ossorn, LowE.Lt M. PALMER, Grorce W. PERKINS, James R. PitTcuHeEr,
M. F. Pant,
Joun D. RockeEFELLer, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, E. V. W. Rossiter, Pror. H. H. Russy, MortTiMer L. ScuHirFr, James A. ScCRYMSER,
Francis L. STETSoON, CuHarLes G. THOMPSON, Dr. W. GitmMan THoMPson, SAMUEL THORNE,
My es TIERNEY,
Louis C. TiFFany,
Gerorce W. VANDERBILT,
Hon. Eczerton L. WINTHROP, JR.
PUBLICATIONS
or
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con- taining notes, aiid non-technical articles of general interest. Free to mem 3ers ‘of the Garden, To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange. Now in its eleventh volume.
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise ; devoted to fungi, including lichens ; conta ining technical Srune er pnews and n Les, of general in- erest. 3.00 a year; single copies not for ge.] Now ae
julletin of ‘ew York Botanical Garden, containing the anpual | reports of the Diretorin-Chiet and other official documents, an results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Fre aha all noe at the pe
h vi : Re Price $1.50 per part ; "a limited number of s separate parts will be sold for cae ape EAP vir eis in exchange. ] Vol. 22, part 1, May 22, 1905. Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- ceac, Penthoraceae, Parnaniintere Vol. 22, part 2, issued December 18, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Cunoniaceae, Iteaceae, Hamamelidaceae, Pterostemonaceae, Altingiaceae, Phyllo- nomace: Vol. = part 1, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletiac - 7, part 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredineceaa’ Aecidia- ceae pete Vol. 25, Lasts I, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, giupez laces "ol. 9, parts “1 and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- perce, Vol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, 1908. Gr pay pig Platanaceae, Crossoso- matacene a Calycanthaceae, Rosaceae (par: valeg art 4, issued Nov. 20, 1908. Rosaceae (puke yh:
3 "i . Ty es—Poales. Vol. 16, part 1, issued Nov. 6, wee Ophioglossales—Filicales Vol. 9, part 3, “issued Feb. 3, 1910. Boletaceae, Chantereleae, ‘and Lactarieae
Vol. 25, part 2, issued | June 3, 1gI0. Ee era eee) Limnan- thaceae, K gophy and Ma ca any
Memotrs of the New York Botantcal Garde Piee to members of the ats $1.00 gt volume. To others, $2.00. [Not fered an exchange.
nnotated Catalogue of the Flora of Mon and the Yellowstone Fee by Per ee "Rydberg ix + 492 pp., with detailed neo 1900. The Ini uence of peace and Darkness upon eles and Development, by D T. MacDougal. vi + 320 with us Macatee 1903.
Vol. III. Studies i Cr etaceous Conifero ains from Kreischerville, New York, by Dr. Arthur Hollick and Dr. award’ Chace pees viii + 138 pp., with 29 plates sO
Effects of the Rays of Radium oe Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. vili ae “27 PP.» with 73 ae and 14 plates 8. butions fom the New York ues Garden. A series of tech-
nic aieavet written by students or members of the staff, and rey ea from journals other than the ee, Y Sica, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. Five volumes. ce Ee CENTS
RS 2 ACH. y M Flora — X . A. Rydberg. I 30. Mono anita Gee Arthroclianthi Baill, Bf DBE n Hochreutiner. 131, Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—X XI, by P. Rydberg. 132. Sphaeroc ae Hians Hone nov., with a Evicon of the Gants and IIlustra- tions of ne Species, by C. C. New YORK BOWNaES GARDEN RONX PARK. NEw YORK CITY
Vol. XI SEPTEMBER, 1910 No. 129
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
PERCY WILSON
Docent
CONTENTS PAGE SPUN EC LUNES UM fs SAVE B el Yes a)ns. (2 ))e(ce eek cls ievle elene es ens 201 Botanical Exploration in the Mountains of Northeastern Cuba. ....... 202 DEM PENe WAL ange Comment: 2). sets + ee es ele hw ete ee eee 222 Pana MONG MM ITA Ge Trin rey Miah oD Ae, Jo Sab sy Suites e sel bg ce hake. So 224
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
Art 41 NortH Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa.
By THe New Era Printinc Company
CERS, 1910 PRESIDENT— SA . ADDISON B VICE- Presipent — ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX, SEcRETARY—DR. L. BRITTON.
BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. Term expires January, 1
ADDISON BROWN, ROB ae a DE ee W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSE Term expires January, 1912. N. L. BRITTON H . KANE, ANDREW CARNEGIE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON. Term expires pan J. PIERPONT MORGAN G E a PERKINS, FRANCIS LYNDE ae so EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE Passrneine OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PusLic Parks, ARLES B. STOVER. Tue Mayor oF THE City oF NEw York, LIAM J. GAYN 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTO PROF. H. R » Chairman. . NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. JAMES F. KEMP, nor Cc. F. CHANDLER, PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE,
CHARLES F. COX, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr.
DEN STAFF. ae ine 1 BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. RILL, Assistant Director. DR. roan x SMALL, Head Curator of the Museuntsn A. RYDBERG, Curator. a _MAnStA LL A. HOWE, jee ARTHUR HOLLICK, Cu einer. = WILLIAMS, pre arene Assston seer TAYLOR, Assistant ee rat ad Gardener. FRED 5 pees Director Bi a he ase a DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Librarian, DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of th conomic Collections. D é
HUR J. CORBETT, Museum Custodian. PERCY WILSON, Docent.
Rt
ye
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
‘
Vou. XI. September, 1910. No. 129.
AUTUMN LECTURES, 1g10.
Lectures will be delivered in the lecture-hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons at four o’clock, as follows:
September 17, “Orchids, Wild and Cultivated,” by Mr. G. V. Nash.
September 24, “The Botanical Gardens of Europe,” by Dr. W.A. Murrill.
October 1, ‘Some Floral and Scenic Features of Jamaica,” by Dr. M. A Howe.
October 8, ‘‘Carnivorous Plants,’’ by Dr. H. M. Richards.
October 15, ‘‘Autumn Flowers,”’ by Dr. N. L. Britton.
October 22, ‘‘Plant Diseases and Their Control,”’ by Mr. F. J. Seaver.
October 29, ‘‘Explorations in Santo Domingo,” by Mr. Norman Taylor.
November §, ‘‘The Flora of Switzerland,” by Professor E. S. Burgess.
November 12, ‘Some Economic Plants of Mexico,” by Dr. H.H. Rusby.
November 19, ‘‘Cuba: Its Flora and Plant Products,” by Dr. N. L. Britton.
The lectures will be illustrated by lantern-slides and other- wise. They will close in time for auditors to take the 5:35 train from the Botanical Garden Station, arriving at Grand Centra] Station at 6:03 P.M.
201
202
The Museum Building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. Visitors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway at 149th Street and Third Avenue.
BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN THE MOUNTAINS F NORTHEASTERN CUBA.
Dr. N. L. Britron, DrrEcTor-INn-CHIEF.
Sir: Having completed my work of exploration on the cays of the north coast of the Province of Camaguey,* I went to Holguin, Oriente, at the invitation of Mr. and Mrs. Angus Camp- bell, of the Holguin Fruit Company, to join them in their Thanks- giving dinner. From here I made several excursions into the adjoining palm barrens and low mountain sides to obtain photo- graphs of the peculiar mountain palm, collected in this vicinity the previous season, and also to secure flowers and fruits of a columnar Cereus. In the latter I was unsuccessful. While en- deavoring to set up my camera in order to photograph a colony of the mountain palm, I discovered a very small Memillaria which was barely protruding through the layer of broken stone that filled the interstices between the langer rocks. The largest of these plants were scarcely an inch in diameter, one of them bearing a small, yellowish flower. This cactus is evidently very
search by Mr. Campbell and myself. As no species of Mamil- laria has been reported from the northern side of Cuba, and as it is very distinct from the one you collected on the south side of this province the previous winter, it will probably prove to be a species new to science. A number of other plants not seen on my last trip were also found.
Arriving at Felton December 1, I found that Mr. Jennings S. Cox, Jr., general manager of the Spanish-American Iron Com-
*See Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 147-159. 1910.
203
pany, stationed at Santiago de Cuba, had already sent letters of introduction to Mr. H. C. Reed, superintendent of the Mayari mines, and it is largely due to the many facilities placed at my
Fic. 23. Rhipsalis Cassutha, on tree, Woodfred, Oriente, Cuba.
disposal by Mr. Reed, and the assistance rendered by his asso- ciates, that my stay in the Nipe region was comfortable as well as profitable.
204
Felton, the seaport and executive center for the Mayari mines, is situated on a small cay in an arm of Nipe Bay and has the usual limestone formation common to the north coast and apparently the same flora. Little time was spent here other than that re- quired to get my outfit gathered together, which had been shipped to Nuevitas by steamer, and to make arrangements for trans- portation to Woodfred. The town of Woodfred is situated on the northern edge of the plateau of the Sierra Nipe, at about 1,800 feet altitude, and is connected with Felton by about sixteen miles of standard railroad and two inclined planes, one of these is over 7,000 feet long with several grades, some of which are very steep. At the time of my arrival these were just passing from the constructive to the operative stage. The experience of riding on locomotive tender or cowcatcher or on ore cars or the “barney”’ of the inclines was novel and at times thrilling, but always a great help and convenience. The railroad constructed to carry iron ore from the foot of the mountains to the seaport traverses the low coastal plain and skirts along the eastern side of Mayari Valley, the latter, with its extensive groves of royal palms and its fertile fields of tobacco and Indian corn, present- ing landscape views which equal if they do not excel those of the far-famed Yumuri Valley of Matanzas. The river just as it enters the level plain from the hills of the southeast is crossed by a large steel bridge. Piedra Gorda, at the base of the moun- tains and at the mouth of the cafion of the Arroyo del Medio, is the terminus of the railroad, and here the extensive system of inclined planes begins.
Excellent quarters were acale at the Weodined ey pe only those having proper establishment is fitted up with hot and cold shower baths, al the open fire place with its blazing wood fire was a great comfort on damp, cool nights and an unexpected novelty for a tropical country. This also proved to be an important factor in the dry- ing of the collections, as artificial heat was almost constantly necessary. e wide verandas afforded magnificent views of the fertile Mayari Valley with its many small plantations, the rich coastal plain with thousands of acres of sugar-cane of the
205
Preston estate, and almost the whole of Nipe Bay and north- ward beyond Satea to the sea; while to the westward Banes can be seen, and the towns of Antilla, Guaba, Preston, Mayari and Felton. The Woodfred Inn, like the offices, cottages, and most other buildings, is constructed entirely of the lumber of Pinus cubensis, a hard, yellow pine, felled and sawed on the
Fic. 24. Falls of the Mayari, from bluff on trail from Arroyo Seboruco, riente, Cuba.
premises. These trees attain a height of seventy-five feet or more, and are rarely two feet in diameter. Several years ago a number of trees were tapped for turpentine, but itis said that the sap was too thick to flow properly; evidences of this experiment can still be seen along the Bandera trail.
This species of pine forms large forests which cover many acres of the plateau at elevations of from 1,600 to 2,200 feet, a few scattered individuals being found at lower or higher altitudes. As a general statement, it may be said that the pine forests occur
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in this region only on the iron ore, an earthy deposit of limonite overlying the mountain rock, which is a kind of serpentine. The surface is always a bright red, but underneath it often passes through various shades of brown to bright ocher-yellow. It is very porous, so that in spite of the frequent rains the pinelands always seem dry, and its pulverulent nature reddens everything coming in contact with it. I understand that steps are being taken to manufacture paint from it, as various shades of red, brown and yellow can be secured by different degrees of cal- cination. The surface beneath the pine trees is covered either by dry wiry grasses, bracken ferns, or deciduous shrubbery, among which frequently occurs a huckleberry (Vaccinium) some- times becoming tree-like and up to ten feet in height, bearing bright red flowers and dark red or black fruit. A spiny tree- fern and a fan-leaved palm are also found in this formation, but very few deciduous trees grow in the midst of the pinelands; however, on the edges they are often abundant and of large size.
e deciduous woody growth follows rocky streams and the steep bailaies usually bordering them, where an accumulation of humus frequently forms a rich, thick soil. Here one finds a great variety of trees and shrubs with many epiphytic orchids, bromeliads and ferns; also numerous mosses and filmy-ferns. Sphagnum forms small patches in the boggy forest or thicket, especially where a streamlet has its source.
Below the plateau, the steep and much eroded mountain sides are composed of serpentine boulders, rocks and precipices with little or no soil. These are very dry and incapable of retaining much moisture, except near streams. The slopes are covered by a low scrub with very few trees. As a whole, the growth is very dense, often spiny and frequently matted together with vines, or made impenetrable by a woody vine-like grass. A great variety of species occurs in this scrub, but very few are her- baceous. Epiphytic orchids and ferns are also scarce. A fan- leaved palm, different from the one seen among the pines, and apparently of the same species as the so-called mountain palm
Holenin, occurs {Oy ard me lower elevations. A species of glyscattered throughout this formation, which
r
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extends down to an altitude of 300 or 400 feet, below which limestone predominates and a different and more vigorous flora
Fic. 25. Arroyo del Medio, near Woodfred, Oriente, Cuba.
is encountered. There are also limestone hills of highe alti- tude in the region. The streams rising in the plateau and flowing northward are
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the Arroyo del Medio and Rio Guayabo, tributaries of the lower Mayari. Farther westward is Rio Guava, which flows across the coastal plain into Nipe Bay. On the east side of the plateau are the Rio Seco, Rio Naranja and Rio Piloto, tributaries of the upper Mayari. These rivers usually have their source in many small tributaries which spring from deciduous woods or thickets, and flow over rocky beds entirely devoid of sand, mud or fishes, cutting deeper and deeper as they attain volume. The sparkling clear water, free from mineral substances and said to be almost chemically pure, bounds over boulders and precipices in a con- tinuous chain of rapids and cataracts, and finally takes an im-
he richest collecting in this region was along these streams. The Arroyo del Medio and the largest of its tributaries, the “Sawmill” Arroyo, were systematically worked from the big falls upward to their sources; most of their branches were also simi- larly explored. Rio Guayabo was touched at the falls and at several points above, but heavy rains prevented extensive ex- plorations on this stream.
The foothills were worked principally by way of the Piedra Gorda-Woodfred trail. This trail is about five miles long and was opened up by the iron company only a few years ago, pre- liminary to its operations in the region. Being new and its margins comparatively free from the ravages of fires, so frequent in this section, one gets into the heart of the scrub and can work in and out on either side. The advantage of being able to return
in the dark. It was along this trail that most of the species peculiar to the foothills were obtained. The Bandera trail, con- necting Mayari and San Luis, passes several miles to the west- ward of Woodfred, but being an old Spanish trail and its margins badly fire-swept, it afforded no good collecting. It was probably on this trail that Charles Wright secured the plants peculiar
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to this region that are labeled Mayari, but I doubt if some of these could be found there now.
The deciduous forest, of limited extent, was carefully examined at various points and particular attention was given to a rich tract on the Bandera trail, near the falls of the Guayabo. For shelter here we used a manaca-thatched shack, built and used by the engineers of the iron company in their preliminary work in this region. A tract of woodland near Woodfred which had recently been felled for fuel, but not yet cut into cordwood, afforded an unusual opportunity to collect many rare epiphytic
Fic. 26. Manaca-thatched shack, Bandera Trail, Sierra Nipe, Oriente, Cuba.
plants harbored among the treetops, which are usually difficult to obtain even if observed.
About December 30, Dr. E. A. Schaefer, a friend of my boy- hood, recently retired from the drug business, and an officer of the Pittsburg College of Pharmacy, joined me at Woodfred and during the remainder of my stay there was my constant com-
210
panion, accompanying me on all excursions in all kinds of weather and also assisting with the drying and preservation of the speci- mens; his collaboration added materially to the results obtained. The first excursion on which he accompanied me served to thoroughly ‘‘baptize’ him into the work. This was a trip to the peninsula that separates Lebisa and Cabonico Bays. Going down the trail from Woodfred to Mayari in an almost continuous rain, the trail being so slippery that our mounts were in constant danger of falling, one of the party was thrown, fortunately ona level stretch of road near Mayari, suffering nothing worse than the additional burden of carrying several pounds of the roadway on his clothing. The night was spent at Mayari and before dawn next morning we embarked in a motor-boat, as the guests of Mr. Effingham Dun, and went down the river about sixteen miles, into Nipe Bay. Touching at Felton, we continued east- ward through an artificial canal into Lebisa Bay, arriving at a landing place near El Purio about nine o’cloc Our intentions were to get to the pinelands on the low foothills nearby, as their
altitude was considerably lower than they are known to be at any other place in this region. As we were unable to secure horses for the entire party, Dr. Schaefer and myself were ccntent to collect on the peninsula. The usual limestone formaticn and its flora of the coastal region occurred. The country is broken into low hills, the soil yellow and quite fertile, but very sticky in the rain, which lasted practically all day. On the way back we disembarked at Felton, and returned to Woodfred next morning by the ore train.
Loma Menqura, the round-topped peak so prcminent in the southern horizon as one approaches Nipe Bay by steamer, is situated about eight miles south of Woodfred, and is reached by the Bandera trail. It is composed of serpentine rock, rising out of the pine-covered plateau, which at this pointis at about an elevation of 2,200 feet, the summit of the mountain being about 3, level. We made an ascent on its easterly side, which is rather dry, very rocky and quite hard to climb. The growth is mostly scattered scrub with an occasional tree of small size, much of it having been frequently fire-swept; the top is rather
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flat and covered with broken stone of all sizes among which were found, to our great surprise, many species already collected along the rocky arroyos 1,200 to 1,500 feet below. The northern and western slopes are much steeper and more moist, and are covered with a denser and richer growth and larger trees. It had been our intention to go down this, but it was found to be im- practical to do so without remaining in the bush over night. This we were unprepared to do, and it was almost dark by the time we returned to our camp, one of a series of manaca-thatched shacks used by mining engineers in their exploration work several years ago. We remained here for several days, making excursions across the pinelands to the falls of Rio Naranja, and into several of the areas of deciduous trees, called ‘‘cayos. They are like islands of deciduous growth in a sea of pines, the largest ones having local names applied to them by the Cubans, who come here from the Mayari Valley and elsewhere to hunt wild pigs, which are quite plentiful. These forests are made up of much the same species as occur near the streams in the northern part of the plateau, but appear to average larger. The soil is rich and black and many ferns and orchids abound. The manaca-palm, so highly prized for thatching, is very abundant and of large size. Another kind of thicket oc-
”
curring in the pinelands is made up of smaller trees and shrubs, growing among boulders of a very hard brownish iron ore, prob- ably hematite. The most interesting feature of the thicket is a species of Juniperus, upright trees thirty to forty feet high with a trunk diameter of four to eight inches, the branches more spreading than our northern red cedar. These trees are easily
illed by fire and many more dead trees were seen than living. It was also observed in shrub form on a flat ledge of the same kind of ore, but was not seen on either the serpentine rock or limonite formations, nor at any considerable distance from Loma Menqura, although it was not observed upost it. The return from this excursion was made by way of the Plancha trail, which passes through dense deciduous woods that yielded a number of species not secured elsewhere.
No attention was given to the Mayari Valley, which is highly
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cultivated, being occupied by many small farmers, but the
limestone region at the foot of the mountains, in the vicinity of Piedra Gorda was studied; also along the railroad as far as Arroyo Seboruco to the marble-like cliffs and its caverns. Part of the valley was also explored and a trip was made on foot across the limestone ridge between this stream and the Mayari at its falls, where the rock is serpentine and the flora is of the foothill scrub.
After some delay and trouble in packing the collections for shipment to New York by Munson Line steamer from Antilla, and the loss of several days in keeping a lookout for the boat for
coa, whose sailing time from Nipe Bay was shrouded in considerable mystery, we finally got aboard the S.S. Nuevitas on the evening of February 11. Next morning found us in the little harbor of Sagua, and on the following evening we disembarked at Baracoa.
Baracoa, said to be the most ancient town of Cuba, is pictur- esquely situated on asmall, ratheropenbay. Next to the several old forts, the most striking object to arrest the attention of the newcomer are the dead and dying cocoanut trees. Everywhere on the surrounding hills, the crownless trunks, the victims of the
interested parties. The region has been sorely stricken by the almost complete annihilation of this i s most important industry.
As very few strangers come to Baracoa, there are few hotels. Their accommodations are as indifferent as their rates are exces- sive, and it was found necessary, in order to secure suitable ac- commodations, to rent a vacant house, with a large yard for spreading dryers. Cots and a few chairs loaned to us by newly made friends, together with our camp-outfit completed the furnish- ings. When in town we usually had our meals brought in by Dr. Schaefer remained with me for several weeks before taking the steamer for Havana.
The surrounding hills are of limestone, very much eroded, and evidences of two ancient sea beaches are plainly visible at ceveral places. It is a very rough country, but much of the land, is quite fertile, especially in the small valleys. El Yunque
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a massive limestone peak something over 1,800 feet in altitude, hasavery flat top and mostly perpendicular whitesides, and forms a most striking object, either as seen out in the ocean on a passing steamer, or in the western horizon from Baracoa, from whichit
Fic. 27. Cocoanut palms, dead and dying, victims of the cocoanut disease.
is about six miles distant and not difficult of access. Its top was once a coffee plantation and as it is supposed to have been visited
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by Wright, and later by Pollard, Underwood and Earle, I paid no attention to it at this time.
Several excursions were made into the surrounding hills and valleys. The coast on either side of the bay, and also the lower portions of the Rio Miel and Rio Macaguanigua were examined. Rio Guaba was also visited. The serpentine hills occurring many miles inland were examined, on the trail to Florida. Here they are covered by a dense, low scrub very similar to the foothill region of Sierra Nipe. A few small trees of the Cuban pine are sealtered through its higher elevations, and farther south on the
‘‘cuchillas’’ they become plentifu
The region lying west of Biacs and extending to Nipe Bay is exceedingly rough, very sparsely inhabited, the settlements usually consisting of a store and a few families, situated on the numerous small bays which are formed at the mouth of the short rivers. There are also a number of small cays that would prob- ably repay an investigation. Communication is by small sail- boats, of which there are a considerable number. There is also supposed to bea trail paralleling the coast, but this is very obscure and the many rivers to ford make it very uncertain for travel in the wet seasons. Botanically this region is unknown except in so far that Charles Wright was at La Catalina, south- ward of Sagua de Tanamo in March, 1861, but he probably got no farther eastward. Of late this part of the country has been of great interest to mining concerns on account of large deposits of nickeliferous iron ore known to exist here, and under the suppo- sition that more may be found, various companies have sent ex- ploring parties and engineers to several points, and considerable field work has been done, camps built, ‘‘trochas’’ and some trails opened, but no actual mining operations begun. One company so engaged is the Jurugua Iron Company, of which Mr. Whitaker of Santiago de Cuba is general manager, and from whom I had letters to their agent at Baracoa and their chief engineer in the field. These letters were kindly secured for me by Mr. Jennings S. Cox, Jr. I also had the good fortune to make the acquaintance of Mr. W. W. Fitch, who had a general oversight of the field work of this company. Their camp ‘‘San Benito,’’
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south of Canete Bay, was supposed to be the farthest point inland in the entire region that had been reached by any pros- pecting operations. They also assured me that I was welcome to visit it and that I required nothing but my collecting outfit to make the trip. Accordingly, I left Baracoa on the morning of February 21 in the little sailboat, chartered by the company to carry supplies.
I stopped at Navas, where Mr. Fitch had his headquarters, and then continued westward to Canete Bay, where we anchored. The captain informed me that it was too late in the evening for the tender, a small rowboat, to take me up the river to the first camp, so the night was spent on the boat. _ Early next morning the tender called and after loading it with
provisions, took me across Yamaniguey Bay and about one mile up the river to a palm-thatched shack used for storing supplies, and from which all provisions for the men working in the moun- tains were packed on man-back. Several hours were lost in the delay here, during which the man in charge had sent off the mail carrier and several pack-men, and also elaborately prepared breakfast for me consisting of a box of sardines and a freshly opened can of red pepper skins. All this time the pack-men, awaiting their loads, were discussing with much surprise the Americano and his intention of going ‘‘arriba’’ and tried to dis- suade me by gestures and exclamations of ‘‘camino malo,” ‘‘muy alto,” ‘‘mucha distancia,” etc. I learned that the trip was all “4 pie” and that but one pack-man could be spared to go with me, so I reduced my outfit to a liberal supply of collecting paper, a change of dry clothing, and my sleeping bag, for I had learned by experience on the Sierra Nipe that the nights are very cool in the mountains and that it was impossible to sleep with the ordinary hammock and blanket.
The trail passes through a dense tropical forest on the alluvial banks of the river for a mile or more and then into the hills, through alternating stretches of scrub-covered serpen- tine rocks ‘and open, hard-packed, red ore lands with scattered, stunted pine trees, a few shrubs, and a tall dracaena-like plant not seen in the red ore lands at Nipe. As higher elevations
my 66
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(about 1,400 feet) were reached, the trail ran through pine forests with undershrubbery, alternately up and down hill, crossing several streams, with blackfaced serpentine rock beds, flowing to the right of our course. At about four o’clock in the after- noon we came to a small opening where poles, old tin cans and other rubbish indicated that a camp had once existed. One shack had part of its roof intact, and the pack-man announced that we must stay here for shelter during the night. There was a stream nearby flowing to the right of our course so I spent several hours collecting along its rocky banks. Its elevation was about 1,350 feet, but the name of the stream or whence it flowed I was unable to ascertain. This place was called “Camp Toa.’ The man had supper prepared when I returned to the shack, the meal consisting of a can of sardines and a piece of hardtack; there was no coffee or tea, but he said he had a can of preserved red peppers, which he would open if I cared to have them. I had a difficult time finding a level spot upon the stony and root-covered floor of the shack to spread my sleeping bag, but rested well in spite of its unevenness
Early next morning we started off ahout coffee, leaving the bundle of plants so far collected under the roof of the shack, the man cautioning me not to stop and pick up much along the way as we had a very long and hard journey yet to go. About 9:30, after making a descent along a precipice where it was
very rough region with many ravines, landslides aad sink-holes, the vegetation of which was rank, but not tall, consisting largely of trees, among them a beautiful, unarmed tree-fern. We crossed a small stream flowing to our left with a bed of soft yellow sandstone and deposits of yellow sand forming small pools containing little fishes. Here I collected several férns and other plants not noticed before. This formation appears to be very unusual in this region, and a mining engi- neer told me that he did not believe it was sandstone at all. It is also maintained that no fish exist in the streams of these
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-¢
iat — p nn 3 o 3 Q o Q p
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mountains; this coincides with my observations of all streams flowing over serpentine rocks, which appear always to be devoid of sand or sand-bottomed pools. From here an ascent to an altitude of about 1,700 feet brought us to a flat, wet plateau of yellow soil containing many small pieces of the supposed sand- stone. It was covered with a forest of scattered pine trees, appearing different from the Cuban pine. These trees were ten to forty feet tall with trunks three to six inches in diameter, and branches two-leaved, somewhat spreading, and bearing rather small cones. There were also thickets of low shrubbery, promi- nent among which was a bright scarlet-bracted euphorbiaceous plant, and on the margins of numerous small pools along the sides of the trail a small creeping Lycopodium with erect club-shaped spikes. Passing again into the ordinary scrub of the region, we crossed a stream of rather large volume flowing to the left of our course and came to another abandoned camp similar to the one already mentioned. This was known as ‘‘Camp La Barga,”’ elevation about 1,600 feet. Here we took breakfast, ‘‘sardinas solas’’ forming the entire meal. I was informed that we must hurry, as we should have made this our starting point early that morning. Accordingly, I made no further attempt to collect on the remainder of the way, except such small plants as I feared might be overlooked on the return trip. We went through a shallow stony pass, and over a high ridge covered with a very peculiar thicket, most of which was scarcely three feet high. Here I found a number of scattered pine trees which were only five to ten feet tall, their leaves bunched at the ends of long black twigs, the cones small and cylindric and the branches covered with a black hair-like lichen. Another striking plant standing above the top of the shrubbery at this weird place, was a small silvery star-leaved palm from four to six feet high, of which, however, no inflorescence wasseen. Aside from the region described above, which was one of but three or four points along the entire trail from which a view of the surrounding country could be obtained, the growth was a dense forest-like scrub about ten feet high, its roots creeping over the rocky soilless surface and covered by a thick mat of long green moss,
218
which also clothed the trunks and stems of the trees and shrubs, greatly magnifying their apparent diameter.
The trail was very narrow. Not a twig, root or stem that was possible to climb over or pass around had been disturbed and as it became tramped to a lower level than the moisture-laden mat of moss at its sides it became a wet and muddy ditch, too crooked, rough and steep for a pack-animal to travel; not even a dog had passed along it; man was the only being ca- pable of doing so. These conditions, with a heavy portfolio, clothing saturated with the moisture from dripping foliage on the sides and splashing mud below, long before a heavy rain which began during the afternoon, an empty stomach and a general ignorance as to one’s whereabouts, made this, the 2:d of February, my forty-seventh birthday, one of the most tryirg days I ever experienced. It was nearly dark when I finally reached ‘‘Camp San Benito,’’ where I changed to dry clothing and had a supper of bean soup and the usual accompaniments of a camp meal. This, with the satisfaction of having completed a difficult journey through a very interesting region, together with a good night’s rest in my sleeping bag hung upas a hammceck, put me in good shape for the next day, the forenoon of which was spent in collecting along the ‘‘trocha’’ westward of camp. The afternoon was devoted to a trip down the long stream near camp and many shrubs not collected by me before were secured along its rocky banks. A beautiful blue-flowered Pinguicula occurred among the rocks, and epiphytic. members of the same family grew upon the bushes overhanging the stream. Back from the river, the moss-mulched thickets already described contained a few trees over fifteen feet tall and on the banks an occasional pine tree rarely over thirty feet was seen. I was unable to get any name for this stream, nor could the engineers at the camp tell me where it emptied. The camp was situated in a rather flat region, at about 3,000 feet altitude. The trail was said to ‘be twenty-seven miles long, but I afterwards ascertained that it was only twelve and one-half miles in a direct line south of the coast. Probably twenty men were engaged in running ‘‘trochas” and drilling for samples of ore. All their provisions and sup-
219
plies were carried in on man-back, it requiring one man three days to bring in about fifty pounds, two days coming in and one going out.
It had been my intention to do considerable collecting on the return trip and spend about three days along the trail, but as the engineer in charge of the camp was absent and the Spanish youth acting in his stead took little interest in my work and made no effort to understand or supply my needs, I was compelled to alter my plans accordingly.
I could get only three small cans of sardines and two tins of
salt meat to sustain myself and one pack-man for two days. As the pack-man was already overloaded, I appealed for more assistance, but without success. I suggested that a man be instructed to gather up such packages as we should leave at the two abandoned camps along the trail on his way down, but this was also ignored. My chagrin can better be imagined than described when a few days later I saw five men come to the lower camp entirely burdenless. On the second day I was compelled to share the burdens of the pack- man and , a large- pas
to eet off the trail. We ocd at the eee aeie. on the evening of the second day, both overloaded, very hungry and tired out.
Next morning I learned that it would be several days before I could get a boat returning to Baracoa, so I explored the rich alluvial Yamaniguey River valley and the low serpentine hills which extend down to tidewater near the mouth of the river and also form part of the shore line of the bay. On both of these forma- tions I collected various species at practically sea-level which in the Sierra Nipe were not supposed to get below 1,000 feet altitude. The spiny tree-fern and the Cuban pine were two striking examples indeed, the specimens of the latter collected here being knocked off the tree from a row boat. Frequent rains during all this time added to our discomfort and anxiety. The collections had much exceeded the capacity of the limited number of driers I brought with me, so that the plants were being kept in damp papers much too long for their proper preservation, as I had not
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expected to be gone much longer than half of the eleven days consumed on this trip. However, upon my return to Baracoa I found that very few specimens had been spoiled, -but some were badly discolored. It required over a week to care for the col- lections and to recover from the exposures and fatiguing effects of this very interesting journey.
Another trip was made into the region west of Baracoa by going to Navas, where I arrived on the afternoon of March 18, and was the guest of Mr. Fitch. Almost constant rain frustrated most of my plans, but I succeeded in getting well up the Navas River, on which I observed another species of tree-fernin addition to the spiny one also there at very little above sea-level. The principal object of this trip was to get up to ‘‘Camp Buena Vista,” an extensive mining camp now abandoned, situated ap- parently only a few miles directly back of Navas and probably the highest point so near the coast. It is at an elevation of about 2,000 feet and can be plainly seen from boats passing along the coast. The trail to this camp was long and circuitous and had been cut out so that pack-animals could use it. In company with a guide I reached the camp and returned to Navas the same day, my pedometer registering apeue nineteen miles. Crossing
serpentine, scrub-covered hills before reaching a rough hilly region, whose steep sides are quite fertile, and support a forest of good sized trees. Small cocoanut plantations are met with throughout this region and one wonders how the product is gotten out at a profit. A small river that enters the sea east of the Navas was crossed, and some very steep climbing was required to reach the top edge of a series of “‘cuchillas,”” along which one passes to the westward. At times the top is scarcely wider than the trail, with immense precipices on each side. This is very wet and covered with many trees of medium size. A pinnate-leaved palm, called by my guide ‘‘palma bolo,” and is apparently local as I have not seen it at any other point in Cuba. The buildings, of which there were a half dozen or more in good condition, were thatched with the leaves of this palm and are in the midst of what appears to me as one of the
was very abundant
221
richest and most tropical spots I have visited. A week’s stay at this point should well repay the little trouble it would take to establish headquarters here. I much regretted that I was not prepared to remain at the time. Upon my return to Baracoa, on the evening of March 24, I was informed that the little fruit steamer upon which I expected to sail for New York was due to depart on March 30. It required every hour of the intervening time to dry the plants secured on this excursion, and to pack my accumulations for shipment.
While at Baracoa I was much aided by the few English-speak- ing persons I met and am greatly indebted to Dr. Arthur F. Lindley, to Messrs. J. G. Diesend, W. B. Bemis, and Charles Reese for valuable information and many kindnesses. To Mr. W. W. Fitch, of Navas, I am especially indebted for his hos- pitality and the opportunity he afforded me to enter a region, which without his aid, would have probably remained botani- cally unknown, for some time to come.
I secured passage on the banana-laden steamer Fagertum on March 30 and arrived in New York on April 4.
. A. SHAFER.
to Ww bo
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. N. L. Britton, director-in-chief, accompanied by Mrs. Britton and Dr. C. Stuart Gager, director of the new Brooklyn Botanic Garden, sailed for Cuba on August 20. The party was joined by Professor F. S. Earle, and left for the province of Pinar del Rio, where they will spend several weeks in botanical explo- ration.
Professor Frederic S. Lee, of Columbia University, one of the scientific directors of the Garden, will be a guest of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at its Sheffield meeting. Later he will take part in the proceedings of the International Physiological Congress in Vienna.
Professor Francis E. Lloyd spent the month of August at the Desert Botanical Laboratory, Tucson, Ariz., continuing his studies of transpiration and stomatal movement in ocotillo, Fouquteria splendens.
Edward W. Berry, of the Johns Hopkins University, has re- cently been appointed an assistant geologist of the United States Geological Survey and is now engaged in collecting paleobotani- cal material in the Southern States, particularly from deposits of Cretaceous and Tertiary age, in continuation of his previous work in North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and New Jersey. A large part of Mr. Berry’s earlier collections from the Cretaceous of New Jersey, containing many type specimens, are included in the paleobotanical collections of the Garden.
Dr. Arthur Hollick, curator, will spend a part of the month of September in field work on Staten Island, in connection with a forthcoming Bulletin of the New York State Museum in the geology of Greater New Yor
In conservatory range no. I, house no. 4, one of the chocolate trees, Theobroma Cacao, is again flowering freely. The flowers of this plant appear upon the trunk and the lower part of the branches, differing in this respect from most other plants in which the flowers are borne toward the apex of the branches. Some
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of the flowers are setting fruit, and it is hoped that these will mature and produce the pods from which the chocolate beans of commerce are procured. These have been prcduced a number of times by this or other trees in the Garden collection.
About a year ago reference, with an illustration, was made in this JOURNAL to a desirable autumn-flowering shrub, Clero- dendron serotinum. This is again in flower, and with its creamy corolla and old-rose or claret calyx is a striking shrub, and one much out of the ordinary.
Meteorology for August-——Total precipitation for the mcnth 1.17 inches. Maximum temperatures recorded, on the 7th, 90°; on the 11th, 87.5°; on the 20th, 86.5°; on the 25th, 88°. Mini- mum temperatures recorded, on the 6th, 58°; on the 1oth, 62°; on the 14th, 58°; on the 21st, 53.5°, and on the 27th, 49°. Heaviest shower occurred on the morning of the roth, when 55 of an inch fell.
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ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. S nal Museum.) photasiape of ‘Baien ee ae from South ae oles exchange C. Coker
ar Professor W. 14 specimens of fungi fn the United States. (Given by Mr. C. J. Humphrey,) 75 specimens of fleshy fungi from Sunhurst, North Carolina. (By exchange with Dr. H. D. House. I specimen of fungus from Washington. (Given by Professor T. C. Frye.) 3 specimens of fungi from the United States. (Given by Dr. George G. Hedge- cock.) ‘i 22 specimens of flowering plants from Vermont. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Brit- ton.) I esti of an orchid from Hawaii. (Given by Miss Winifred J. Robinson.) ns of flowering plants from Yukon Territory. (By exchange wit! the ae sean Survey of Canada.) 102 specimens of flowering plants from Nantucket Island. (Given by Mr. E. P. Bicknell. specimens of flowering plants from eastern Greenland. (By exchange with me University of Copenhagen. 7,500 specimens from eastern Cuba. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS. 9 aed tons: (Given by Mr. L. S. Hopkins.) Drummondii, from Texas. (By exchange with U. S. National rane through Dr. J. N. Rose.) 3 cactus plants from Mexico. (By exchange with U. S. National Museum,
e.)
6 cactus plants from Mexico. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
2 palms. (Given by Mr. A. Heckscher.)
I plant for conservatories. (Given by Mr. W. H. Sparks.)
37 plants derived from seeds from various source
= packets seed. (By exchange with Bot. Gard. — Univ., Sapporo, Japan.)
packet seed of Furcraea andina, from Peru. (By exchange with Missouri
eee Garden.
I packet seed of Aristolochia, from Mexico. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
2 packets seed of Eucalyptus. (Given by Mr. Jno. N. Culyer.)
I packet rose seed i rom Colorado. (Given by Dr. T. D. A. Cockerell.)
I packet seed of Colpothrinax Wrightii, from Herradura, Cuba. oe by Mr. F. S. Earle.
4 packets seed. (By exchange with Public Gardens, Jamaica, W. I.)
Members of the Corporation.
Epwarp D. Apams, Epw. V. Z. Lane, Joun D. ArcuBotp, Pror. Freperic S. Ler, GeorcE F. Baker, Hon. Setu Low Eucene P, BIcKNELL, Davip Lypic,
GeorceE S. Bowpoin, Epcar L. Marston, Pror. N. L. Britton, W. J. MarHeson,
Hon. Appison Brown, OcpEN MILts,
Dr. Nicnoras M. Butter, J. Prerront Morcan, ANDREW CaRNEGIE, TueEoporE W. Myers, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Freperic R. NEwso_p, Wii11am G. Cuoate, Pror. Henry F. Ossorn, Cuartes F. Cox, Lowett M. Parmer, Paut D. CravatH, Gerorce W. PERKINS, Joun J. Crooxe, James R. PITCHER,
W. Bayarp Curtinc, M. F. Prant, Crevetanp H. Dopce, Joun D. RocKEFELLER, A. F, Estasroox, WitiiAM ROCKEFELLER, H. C. FAuNESTOCK, E. V. W. Rossiter, SAMUEL W. FarrcHILp, Pror. H. H. Russy, James B. Forp, Mortimer L. Scuirr, Henry W. bE Forest, James A. ScryMser, Rosert W. bE Forest, Henry A, SIEeBRECHT, Hon. Tuomas F, Giroy, Witiiam D. Steane, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Netson SMITH, Epwarp S. Harkness, JaMEs SPEYER,
Henry R. Hoyt, Francis L. Stetson, Tuos. H. Huszarp, Cuartes G. THomrson, AnvriANn ISELIN, Jr., Dr. W. Girman Tompson, Wa ter B. JENNINGS, SAMUEL THORNE,
Joun I. Kane, My tes TIERNEY, Eucene KELty, Jr., Louis C. TrFFany, Pror, James F, Kemp, Grorce W. VANDERBILT,
Hon. Ecrerton L. WINTHROP, JR.
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Vol.XI OCTOBER, 1910 No. 130
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
PERCY WILSON
Docent
CONTENTS
TAGS
pinewDarins Ogden MililsFund: .- =... eet et 225 Botanical Exploration in Western Cuba... ......--..-----. 226 The Fruit of the Great Ragweed as Food for Gray Squirrels. .-_ . . . a 236 Manier Decorative: Shrobs\. . . - 9. -.. 6.9. - 2 ee ee 237 T Dmirrie re DOUP HUE eRe er eos se ole) Baek ees a Se 244 jotes, News and Comment.........- =..---++..0.. 245 Peon UMM Ge ess eke oe 8 Belg ale eel 246
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN Art 41 Nortu Qugen Street, Lancaster, Pa
zy THe New Era Printinc Company
FICERS, PresipeENT—HON. ADDISON BROWN. VicE-PRESIDENT — ANDREW CARNEGIE, TrREASURER—CHARLES F. COX, SEecreTary—DR. N. L. BRITTON.
BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. Term expires January, 1911. ROBERT W. ve FOREST JAMES A. SCRYMSER. Term expires January, 1912 10)
ADDISON BROW W. BAYARD CUES
N. L. BRIT
TON, . NE, ANDREW CARNEGIE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON.
Term expires January, 1
J. PIERPONT MORGAN G i "PERKINS, FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON. 2 X-OFFICIO MANAGE THE Passes 0 OF THE DEPARTMENT OF gee Parks,
N. CHARLES B. STOVER.
THE pee OF THE City or New York,
HON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIREC RS PROF. H. H. RUSBY, Chairman DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF.
PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. Te EDEe Se LEE,
CHARLES F. COX ON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr.
DEN STAFF. DR. Nok: Se Director-in-Chief. . W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director.
DR. DR. JOHN = Ree Head Curator of the ‘Pesiis: DB
N TAYLOR, Ass tan 3
FRED J. SEAVER, Diver J the L Lavon ‘ortes DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART,
brarian, DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Fc Collections. Che:
WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk a eae = ae CORBETT, suscum nes RCY WILSON, Doc
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XI October, 1910. No. 130.
THE DARIUS OGDEN MILLS FUND.
The treasurer of the Garden received early in the year from the executors of the estate of the late Mr. Darius Ogden Mills,
bequeathed by Mr. Mills. At the meeting of the Board of Managers, held April 18, 1910, in mania the receipt of this money, the following resolution was adop
Resolved: That in memory o r. Mills, ee in dappieanton of his services to the Garden as ae of the Board of Managers, this gift of $50,000 be, and is hereby designated the Darius ODGEN MILLs FuND
At the meeting of the Board on October 19, 1910, on recom- mendation of the Scientific Directors, the following initial appro- priations were made from the income of this fund:
1. For the purchase of plants, $500. This appropriation will be expended for plants desired for the grounds at a number of different places.
2. For exploration and collecting, $500. This will enable the Scientific Directors to continue the work of botanical exploration in the West Indies, it being planned to send a collector again to
uba.
N. L. Britton, Secretary.
226
BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN WESTERN CUBA, To THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.
Gentlemen: Pursuant to previous authorization to continue the botanical exploration of the West Indies, I have recently vitlted
uba again, being absent from the Garden for this purpose ftom August 20 to Spetember 27, this being my fifth trip to that isl&fd. I was accompanied by Mrs. Britton and by Dr. C. Stuart Gaget, formerly director of our laboratories, now director of the néw botanical garden in Brooklyn, which is being established by the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, and to their aid muth of the success of the expedition is due.
Professor F.S. Earle, formerly one of our curators, now agricul- tural expert of the Cuban-American Sugar Company, joined us n Havana on our arrival on August 24, and the first field work of the trip was done that afternoon at Cojimar, on the coast
Fic. 28. The large cactus, Cephalocereus Bakeri, at Cojimar, near Havana.
just east of Havana; we had studied the coastal thickets there in February, finding many plants of interest, and this second visit revealed others which were not in flower at that time. Some species which I hoped to find here could not be detected; an interesting phase of Cuban botany is the apparent extermina-
227
tion of a considerable number of species recorded by authors as growing near Havana, but not recently found. It may be that some of these are very local in distribution and that recent students have therefore failed to find them. The botanists at- tached a few years ago to the Cuban Agricultural Experiment Station did considerable field work near Havana, and our valued correspondent Brother Leon of the Colegio de la Salle at Vedado, has also collected quite extensively here, but a number of trees and shrubs remain lost, and are known to science only from the old specimens preserved in herbariums and museums of the Old World. It is desirable to make still further search for them, and I propose to locate a collector at Havana, when convenient, in order to make another attempt to obtain specimens for our col- lections, and to describe them, if found, more completely than has been done.
On August 25 after a visit to the Botanical Gardens of Havana where we observed many plants of interest, we proceeded west- ward by rail to Herradura, near the center of the Province of
Fic. 29. The Barrigona Palm, Colpothrinax Wrightii, near Herradura.
228
Pinar del Rio; a study of the flora of this western part of Cuba was the principal object of our expedition. I had previously visited parts of all the other provinces, but Pinar del Rio was altogether new to me; collections made by previous students had demonstrated the great difference that exists between its flora and that of the central and eastern parts of Cuba; I was therefore prepared for novelty, and we found it in abundant measure.
At Herradura we were the guests of Professor Earle and Mrs. Earle in their characteristic Cuban farmhouse, and to them we are
oo PM bb nih vn Bes,
1
Fic. 30. Laguna Santa Maria, near Pinar del Rio.
indebted for codperation and hospitality which made our work easy and rapid; we used this delightful spot as a base of opera- tions from August 25 to August 31. Herradura is located in the northern part of the undulating plain which stretches from the bases of the mountain range which parallels the northern coast of Pinar del Rio, south to the Caribbean Sea, the general elevation of the district being from 120 to 160 feet. Mira las lomas is the appropriate name given to the house by Mrs. Earle, and the views of the hills to the north are truly beautiful. This broad plain is traversed by numerous streams flowing southward,
229
their valleys rather shallow, but sometimes with quite steep banks, and in these arreyos many different trees and shrubs find congenial homes, among them the pinnate-leaved Manaca palm (Geonoma), and a beautiful tree-fern, the latter class unusual at such low altitudes; the streams occasionally broaden out into lagoons, in which fine water-lilies and the beautiful yellow- flowered floating heart (Nymphaeoides) abound; here also grow many interesting shrubs of the meadow-beauty family, so numer- ous in species in tropical America, represented in our own flora only by the genus Rhexia; low ferns in variety occur and among them a fine climbing one (Lygodium).
The higher gravelly areas are characterized by the Caribbean pine, with an associated flora of much diversity, the Cuban oak, not specifically separable from the live oak of the southeastern United States, being the largest hardwood tree of these soils.
The slopes, swales and savannas are marked by two highly interesting palms, one the barrigona, or bottle-palm (Colpothri-
leaved (Paurotis), with spiny leaf-stalks, and a low cylindric trunk covered with their persistent bases, and in this association shrubs and herbaceous plants differing from those of the pine- lands abound. The royal palm (Roystonea regia), the grandest palm of the West Indies, is locally abundant, as nearly through- out Cuba, on various soils, and with it grow many low plants not observed in the other associations mentioned.
On August 31 we travelled northeast by wagon from Herradura to San Diego de los Bajios, situated in the foot-hills of the moun- tains and famous for its sulphur-water baths, and studied the flora of the craggy limestone hills, the wooded valleys and pine- clad slopes until September 3. The flora of the limestone hills and mountains is abruptly and almost totally different from that of the plain. The most striking tree is the mountain palm (Gaussia), a slender species anchored in the rough limerock by many coarse fiber-like roots, the trunk bulged near the middle somewhat like that of Colpothrinax, but pinnate-leaved and re- markably slender below and above the bulge. On steep cliffs,
230
we found a remarkable cactus of the genus Harrisia, growing pendent and straggling over the rocks and in this respect and others different from all its known relatives; many kinds of ferns were obtained in deep holes of the limestone and in the wooded
1
Fic. 31. Lake in the Tobacco Lands, Pinar del me: Water Hyacinth, Piaropus crassipes, on the
valleys, and several fine aroids and bromeliads were collected. Returning to Herradura, parts of three days were given to the care of the collections already made and to further field work in the savannas.
On the morning of September 5 we proceeded westward by rail to the city of Pinar del Rio; and from there the country north and south was studied botanically until September 12, transportation by carriage being comfortable and convenient over the recently built calzadas, fine stone roads constructed during the second occupation of Cuba by the United States army, reaching from the south coast at Coloma to the north coast at Esperanza, eastward all the way to Havana, and westward over high pinelands towards Guane. Splendid views of the southern coastal plain are had from the Guane calzado, which winds beauti- fully among the lomas, reaching altitudes of over 800 feet a few
231
miles from Pinar del Rio. Taking the cross-section of the island made easy of study by the Coloma-Esperanza road and the country adjacent to it, we find at Coloma a mangrove-fringed coast with a pretty little harbor, the littoral vegetation that of all similar regions in the West Indies. This is immediately suc- ceeded by a nearly level belt raised only a few feet above tide- water, characterized by a dense forest of the low palma blanca
purplish flowers was a conspicuous floral feature. Succeeding this Copernicia plain come savanna lands marked by the Paurotis
Fic..32. The Sierra near Bafios San Vicente. Reyal Palms on the talus.
palm in great abundance, with many fresh-water lagoons and moist sedgy swales remarkably rich in species of low herbaceous plants like those of similar areas of our southeastern states, including sundews (Drosera), yellow-flowered bladderworts (Utric-
232 .
ularia), ground orchids (Bletia), and the showy purple-flowered Angelonia of the snapdragon family.
Slightly undulating pinelands come next as we proceed _north- ward, in which grow many characteristic herbaceous plants and
FIG. 33. Bay of Mariel.
shrubs. A few miles west of the calzada lie the large fresh-water lakes at Laguna Santa Maria, nearly surrounded by pine barrens, the soil of which is a fine white sand, and this locality proved one of the richest collecting grounds visited during our trip. A tall wand-like white-flowered ground orchid, and two different green-flowered ones were of much botanical interest; several kinds of yellow-eyed grasses (Xyris), a white-flowered bladderwort in the water and a large yellow-flowered one on the borders of the lagoons, with a purple-flowered species of the Burmannia family, clubmosses, a Sabbatia, with large white flowers and many other species were collected, both the soil and the flora being similar to those of pine-barren areas in southern New Jersey.
233
To the north of the pinelands and extending northward to the base of the hills lie the rich tobacco lands of the Vuelta Abajo, highly cultivated and their original flora mostly long ago exter- minated, except in limited isolated patches. Groups of royal
palms and of the palma cafia (Sabal) remain, and with them enough species of other plants to show that their primaeval flora was widely different from that of pinelands or low savannas.
Hilly pinelands and oaklands on shaly soil succeed the tobacco lands; the numerous streams have cut them into deep broad arroyos; in the bottoms of these valleys shrubs and trees grow in large variety, many of them the same as those observed along the streams at Herradura, but each little valley visited contained some species different from those found before, and we by no means exhausted their botanical possibilities. A most striking floral feature of the pinelands near the Guane road, on the Sierra de Cabra, at about 800 feet altitude, is the red-flowered shrub Befaria, related to our rhododendrons, abundant there, but not seen elsewhere by us.
In order to obtain a convenient stopping place from which to study the flora of the limestone sierras, and that of the country between them and the northern coast, we drove on rine er 12 to the Bafios San Vicente, where there is more sulphur water, and remained there until September 17. Hilly aide exten north nearly to Vifiales, with an outcropping ledge of limestone onthe way. Coming into the fertile valley of Vifiales the craggy limestone masses of the sierra almost burst into view, and for the next fifteen kilometers the road affords mountain scenery as picturesque and attractive as one could wish to see; long and short, high and low, but invariably steep hills and mountains are all about, rising abruptly, and clothed luxuriantly with a varied tropical vegetation; to lovers of natural beauty this drive alone is worth all the time required for a trip to Cuba, but being quite off the line of tourist travel, the region is little visited.
In places the cliffs are nearly vertical to a height of 700 feet or more. Ascent may be made here and there on the talus of broken rock and up some of the valleys, but the limestone is so rough and jagged (termed diente-perro by the Cubans) that
234
neither horses nor mules can go on it, and the ascent requires hand over hand climbing, taking advantage of trees and shrubs on the way, and putting one’s feet where you know where they are at every step. Among characteristic plants of this formation are the mountain palm (Gaussia), and a beautiful thatch-palm (Thrinax); a maguey (A gave) is very abundant, not in bloom at the time of our visit, but beginning to send up its flower-stalks; a curious green-barked tree, Ceibon (Bombax emarginatum), the trunk tapering upward, the fibrous inner bark used for packing
Fic. 34. The bushy cactus, Harrisia ertophora, Bay uf Mariel.
tobacco into bales, is dotted all over the forest; long vines of the genus Solandra droop from the cliffs, their large greenish- white flowers very conspicuous; showy white-flowered shrubs of Portlandia and red-flowered Gesnerias ornament the cliffs and in moist places at the foot many species of fine ferns and mosses are found; a shining green-leaved aroid (Anthurium), clings to the cliffs in almost impossible situations; floristically and orographi- cally this is one of the most attractive places in the West Indies.
235
North of the Sierra there is a repetition of pine and oak-clad hills and wooded arroyos extending nearly to the coast at Esper- anza. Here we find a mangrove littoral flora, with low thickets, which contain some species of shrubs and small trees not observed on the southern coast, among them Catesbaea spinosa, one of the most elegant low trees, bearing long, drooping, whitish flowers, which are succeeded by snow-white fruits the size and shape of small hen eggs; it was laden with fruit and we observed it with much interest and admiration.
Returning to Pinar del Rio on September 17, a study of a low oak chaparral was made south of Vifiales, and some species not elsewhere observed were collected. We travelled to Havana on
Fic. 35. The coastal palm, Thrinax parviflora, mouth of Bay of Mariel.
the afternoon of September 18. The remainder of our time was devoted to a study of the coastal hills and low cliffs about the bay of Mariel, some twenty miles west of Havana. A sail-boat was used, and a comprehensive view of the flora was obtained. Many of the species are the same as those of the coast nearer Havana, but many are different. We were especially pleased to find the rare skullcap, Scutellaria havanensis, abundant on shaded limestone rocks, its blue-purple flowers very pretty and delicate. The bushy cactus, Harrisia eriophora, is scattered through the
236
thickets and two species of the climbing night-blooming cactus, Selenicereus, were obtained, one of them bearing a beautiful pink fruit.
The expedition was wholly successful; our collections are en- riched by living plants, seeds, museum and herbarium specimens of 1,415 field numbers, the total number of specimens obtained being over 3,500. Dr. Gager was the photographer, and obtained over 120 negatives of plants, landscapes and characteristic Cuban scenes, which are valuable as records and for purposes of illus- tration.
Scarcely any real discomfort and no illness whatever were experienced and we received the most courteous reception and cordial attention throughout.
Respectfully submitted, N. L. Britton, Director-in-chief.
THE FRUIT OF THE GREAT re AS FOOD FOR GRAY SQUIRRELS.
The ragweeds form a group of plants that have long forced themselves unpleasantly upon the attention of that suffering portion of humanity which is annually subject to hay-fever. is the pollen of the ragweed, Ambrosia trifida L., with that of certain other plants, which is regarded as the cause of this most annoying affliction. Naturally, there are many people who are interested in the extermination of these troublesome plants, and in some sections of the country (in the Adirondacks and on Marthas Vineyard) more or less organized efforts are made to eliminate the ragweeds and golden-rods from the local floras- To those engaged in this work, and to most of those suffering yearly from hay-fever, the assistance of any ally will probably be gladly welcomed.
Such an ally seems to be the common gray squirrel. During the latter part of September, a gray squirrel in Bronx Park was observed running up the trunk of a young tree, with a leafy stem of Ambrosia trifida in its mouth. Seating itself in a crotch of
237
the tree it apparently ate the seed borne in the axils of the leaves and dropped the stem to the ground. An examination of the numerous specimens of this weed in the immediate vicinity showed many plants whose seed-bearing branches had been gnawed off. As the place where the squirrel was actually seen eating the seeds is well guarded by a high wire fence, and as it is, furthermore, one to which visitors rarely resort, there seems to be little, if any, reason to doubt that the many stumps on the plants are remnants of branches gnawed off by the squirrels.
How extensive a habit the eating of the seeds of this species of Ambrosia is among the gray squirrels, and, consequently, how great a check upon this particular ragweed’s increase it may be, are matters about which it is difficult to assert anythin should be borne in mind that only one squirrel was secaally observed eating the seeds. The plants are, however, so numerous hereabouts that there seems to be no present cause for hay-fever sufferers and their sympathizers to rejoice, or for those interested in the protection of the local flora to be downcast over the speedy extermination of Ambrosia irifida.
t may also be pertinent to suggest that possibly the squirrels may have taken to eating the seeds of the ragweed, as well as certain parts of other plants, by reason of the recent destructive effects of the chestnut tree fungus, which has cut off one of their principal former sources of food supply.
Epwin W. HuMPHREYS.
WINTER DECORATIVE SHRUBS.
What can we do to make our out-of-door surroundings more attractive during the long winter months? From spring until fall we have an abundance of flowering trees, shrubs and herbs to make bright our landscapes, and if we will only choose the right ones, some of the shrubs and trees will delight the eye during the bleakness of winter. While these lack flowers at that time of the year, and while most of them lose their foliage at the approach of cold weather, there are certain others which have a
238
winter attractiveness often overlooked. We must look for these attractive features in the color of the bark, in the evergreen foliage, or in the bright persistent fruits. Some of the plants desirable for winter effects are given below, with a brief descrip- tion of each from the stand-point of the horticulturist. There are many others which may be employed, but those enumerated are of easy acquisition at most nurseries. For convenience of refer- ence and selection they are grouped according to their attractive winter features.
Species desirable on account of their colored bark:
Kerria japonica, often called the Japanese rose, grows 4-5 feet tall and with an equal spread. The bark is of a yellow green.
Cornus stolonifera flaviramea, the golden-stemmed osier. Bright yellow-green bark, the stems 4-6 feet tall and with an equal spread. Especially sunshiny during the winter.
Cornus alba, C. stolonifera, and C. sanguinea, the red-stemmed osiers. All similar in habit and size to the golden-stemmed osier, but with dark red bark.
Euonymus alaius. Bark dark brown, curiously winged on the branches. Grows 4-6 feet tall and wide, sometimes a little larger.
very desirable shrub, not only on account of its winged branches, but also for the beauty of its foliage in autumn, and the brightness of its berries.
Forsythia viridissima. With the new branches green. Grows 4-6 feet or more. In mid-spring it has an added attraction in its profusion of yellow blossoms.
The plants in which the value as winter decorative shrubs consists in the evergreen foliage, are divided by horticulturists into two groups, known as coniferous evergreens, such as the pine, hemlock, spruce and fir, and broad-leaved evergreens, of which the rhododendron, holly and laurel are examples. Of these the coniferous evergreens are greatly in the majority. A few of the more desirable follow:
Pinus Cembra, P. Peuce and P. Strobus, all white pines. The leaves of these are soft and in bundles of 5. Eventually trees, but valuable in group planting until ten or twelve years old.
Pinus densiflora nana, known as the Japanese table pine, or
239
“Tanyosho” pine. This generally becomes 3-4 feet high and with a spread perhaps a little greater, forming a broad flat- topped mass of dark green.
Pinus montana Mughus, the knee pine. A dense pine of dwarf habit, rarely exceeding 3-4 feet in height, but with a greater spread. A most desirable plant for group work, standing well ex- posed situations and drought.
Abies nobilis. A large tree where it grows naturally, but in our dry climate of very slow growth. It forms a dense compact plant with a spread equal to its height and of irregular outline. There is a variety glauca of this with bluish foliage.
Abies Nordmanniana. Also a tree, but available for sometime before it becomes too large. It has rich glossy green foliage and a conical outline, its spread nearly equal to its height.
Chamaecyparis pisifera, the Sawara cypress, and frequently known in the trade as Retinispora. This finally becomes a conical tree, in ten or twelve years as many feet high. The variety plumosa is very graceful and of somewhat lower stature. The variety squarrosa is very unlike the others in general effect, having needle-shaped widely spreading leaves of a light grey green, giving the foliage a silvery appearance in summer, this being tinged with bronze as cold weather approaches; there is a dwarf form of this, 3-4 feet tall, known as Veitchii. The variety filifera has long slender drooping tips to the branches and is of lower growth; there is a golden form of this called aurea, which has a dwarf habit, 3-4 feet high with a little greater spread.
Chamaecyparis obtusa, the Hinoki cypress, and frequently known in the trade as Retinispora. Of more open habit generally than C. pisifera, excepting the dwarf forms. In a dozen years it may attain a height of an equal number of feet. The variety aurea has the tips of the branches golden. There are dwarf varieties. One of these is nana, of rather irregular outline and commonly 2-3 feet tall, and the form with golden branch-tips, known as aurea. Another desirable dwarf variety is compacta, of dense more regular outline and growing 3-4 feet high.
Pseudotsuga mucronata, the Douglas spruce. This, although a tree eventually, will not outgrow its usefulness for ten years, if
240
planted when small. It is a delightful conifer with dark green foliage, with the young growths a yellowish green, offering a striking contrast with the old leaves. It is of conical outline, symmetrical, and one of the best evergreens for this climate, standing drought and exposure well.
Juniperus nana and J. Sabina, with the ascending stems 2-4 feet high. A form of the first, known as aurea, is effective in the bright yellow tips of its branches.
Juniperus prostrata and J. chinensis procumbens are of trailing or prostrate habit, and useful along the margins of a group.
Juniperus virginiana glauca, the blue red cedar, is of a beautiful bluish green and highly decorative. It is much less subject to the attack of red spider than is J. virginiana, the common form of the red cedar.
Picea pungens glauca, the glaucous Colorado blue spruce. Al- Pisa eventually attaining considerable height, it is desirable for many years as a group element. It is of conical regular ae taller than broad. The young growths are of a beautiful
axus cuspidaita nana, the dwarf Japanese yew. A most desirable plant, much hardier than the English yew. Grows 2-4 feet high and of equal or greater width. Very attractive in its rich deep green foliage and red fruits.
Thuya occidentalis globosa and T. occidentalis Little Gem are dwarf forms of the American arbor vitae, the former of globose habit, 2-3 feet high, the latter very dwarf and broader than high.
Tsuga canadensis pendula, a dwarf form of our common hem- lock, with a broad somewhat depressed top and long spreading branches drooping at the end. It rarely attains a height of more than 2 feet, with a spread sometimes of 4 feet. An excellent plant and of unusual appearance.
The following are some of the best broad-leaved evergreens:
flex crenata, the Japanese holly. An excellent shrub of dark green thick foliage, with a neat appearance and irregular outline. Commonly grows from 3-6 feet tall and broad.
Ilex opaca, the American holly. It is this plant which furnishes the greater part of our Christmas holly. Of slow growth in this
241
vicinity. Its associations make it very appropriate in winter outdoor decoration
Azalea amoena. Usually 2-4 feet tall and of equal spread. Its foliage bronzes beautifully in the winter. It of course adds the charm of flowers during the spring.
Rhododendron. Any of these may be used, their dark green foliage being very effective. Early summer also brings an added attraction in the flowers.
Odostemon nutkanus, and often known as Mahonia Aquifolium or Berberis Aquifolium, the Oregon grape. Of erect or ascending habit, 2-3 feet tall and aie as broad. The spiny leaves bronze beautifully during the w
Cotoneaster buxifolia, a ae and C. microphylla, known as wand-boxes. These are much alike in general appearance, of low stature, 1-2 feet tall, but with widely spreading branches, the width greater than the height. They are decorative in the numerous small green leaves. Do not do well in exposed situa- tions
Kalmia latifolia, the mountain laurel or calico-bush. 2-5 feet tall, and of about equal width. Its delightful flowers of early summer make it especially attractive in a surrounding of ever- greens.
Leucothoé Catesbaet. The foliage takes on a charming bronze color during winter. Grows to 2-4 feet tall, sometimes taller, and of about equal spread. It is also attractive in flower
It is among the shrubs with persistent fruit that we get some of our most attractive winter features. They are in the main deciduous, so the brightness of the fruit is well displayed. Some of these are:
Ligustrum Ibota, L. ovalifolium (the California privet) and L. Regelianum. These privets have black fruit and are similar in so far as winter decoration is concerned. Of these the two first are of rather tall growth, 10-15 feet. Ligustrum Regelianum is of much dwarfer habit, 3-5 feet, and with widely spreading hori- zontal branches.
Symphoricarpos occidentalis, the western snowberry or wolf- berry. 3-5 feet tall and of equal spread. Its branches are droop-
242
ing at end and bear numerous ivory-white fruits about 14 inch in diameter. Very striking.
Tlex are known as the winterberry, and its Japanese relative, Ilex serrata. Both of these are desirable on account of the bright red fruit, borne in little bunches along the branches. Commonly 4-6 feet tall. The fruit of the Japanese plant is smaller, but is generally borne in greater profusion than in the American species.
‘ymphoricarpos vulgaris, the coral berry. 3-5 feet tall and of equal spread. Bears quantities of dark red fruit in bunches along the drooping branches.
Euonymus alatus, the winged euonymus. With bright red fruit. Already referred to on account of its bark and curious branches
Berberis Thunbergii, the Japanese barberry. Commonly 3-4 feet tall, or sometimes taller, and of about equal spread. A most desirable winter shrub. Its fruits occur in great abundance and remain through the winter in a plump bright condition. They are about 14 inch long and of a rich red. This is one of the most desirable all-round shrubs, for it has perennial attractions. During the early part of the season it bears a profusion of flowers, followed during the summer by a dense foliage which will stand well under a drought, and which in the fall changes to a bright red; then the bright red fruit takes up the sequence of attractive- ness and carries it through the winter to the time of flowers and leaves.
For those who may desire to try winter effects, and to whom perhaps the above may appear bewildering, I make the following suggestions as examples of what may be done in group combina- tions. If the space at one’s command is limited, it may be neces- sary to use but a single plant of each kind; if the available space is more ample, they may be planted in clusters of two, three or more. The habit, character, and color of the various elements should be borne in mind in plant-grouping.
For a pure green effect, with no attempt at color, the following elements make an effective combination, an example of which may be seen at the foot of the Museum approach on the left
243
hand side as you approach the building: Chamaecyparis pisifera squarrosa, and its dwarf form Vettchii; Chamaecyparis pisifera plumosa,; Chamaecyparis pisifera filifera; Pinus montana Mughus; Psuedotsuga mucronata; Ilex crenata.
As a feature in formal surroundings, Ilex crenata is very effec- tive, its neat appearance and clean green color especially adapting it to this purpose. The use of it in this way may be seen illus- trated around the fountain enclosure at the foot of the approach to the Museum. Combinations of this with coniferous ever- greens may also be seen there.
A group including both evergreens and deciduous plants with bright berries can be obtained by employing the following: Pinus Cembra or P. Peuce; Chamaecyparis pisifera filifera aurea; Odos- temon nutkanus; Azalea amoena; Ilex crenata; Symphoricarpos occidentalis; Berberis Thunbergit; Juniperus nana; Juniperus chin- ensis procumbens or Juniperus prostrata. If the Japanese barberry can be so placed as to contrast with the pines, the brightness of its berries will be emphasized during the winter.
For mass effect, though not so satisfactory as single specimens, the osiers, members of the genus Cornus, are available. Planted in groups of 10 plants or more they are very striking.
Eliminating the conifers entirely and employing only broad- leaved evergreens and deciduous shrubs, a combination may be formed with the following which will give satisfaction in the fall with brilliant foliage, in the winter with bright-colored berries, and in the summer with attractive flowers: Azalea amoena, of which there are several forms with bright flowers which appear about May; Rhododendron maximum, which flowers late in June or early in July, or Rhododendron catawbiense, which puts forth its flowers in June; Odostemon nutkanus, with bunches of yellow flowers in May; Kalmia latifolia, with its charming flowers in late May and June; Leucothoé Catesbaei, with flowers in May; Berberis Thunbergii, its perennial attractiveness eady de. scribed; Euonymous alatus, with its bright fall foliage; Ilex ver- ticillata or Ilex serrata; Ilex opaca; Symphoricarpos occidentalis.
The above groups may be used with great effect as settings for herbaceous gardens, forming delightful backgrounds for such purposes.
244
These are _ merely suggestions as to what may be accom-
this purpose will suggest groupings to those interested.
Now a word as to planting, an important factor in the final result, and one too often neglected. Do not plant too close. Itis better that the group appear a little too open at first than to ruin the individuality of the various shrubs. Shrubs, asa general rule, should be planted very little closer than the diameter of their ulti- mate growth. For instance, if a shrub has a general ultimate diameter of 4-5 feet, do not plant closer together than 3-4 feet, unless you want a dense meaningless mass of green with all indi- viduality of the elements lost, and with no undulations to the surface of the group. If your plants are very small to begin with, it is sometimes permissible to plant closer than the ultimate size of the plants would warrant, but only with the distinct under- standing with yourself that when the plants begin to crowd you will rearrange your group, taking out enough of the specimens to leave room for the development of the remainder.
GeEorGE V. Nasu.
THE LONG SUMMER DROUGHT.
The month of June showed a rainfall of 4.84 inches. Of this amount 4.80 inches fell up to and including the 18th of the month. From this time the weather was characterized by un- usually low precipitation, only .o4 of an inch being recorded for the last twelve days of the month.
During the month of July only three showers were recorded, .15 of an inch on the 7th, .36 of an inch on the 16th, and .13 of an inch on the 30th. A trace of rain was recorded on each of the following dates: 3d, roth, 12th, 19th, and 27th. The entire rainfall recorded for the month of July was .64 of an inch.
The month of August was characterized by frequent, but very light showers, the heaviest shower recorded for the month amounting to .55 of an inch on the roth day of the month. In
245
addition to this .15 of an inch was recorded on the 2d, .o5 of an inch on the 9th, .10 of an inch on the 15th, .16 of an inch on the 19th, .11 of an inch on the 26th, and .05 of an inch on the 2oth. The total rainfall recorded for the month was 1.17 inches and the showers were quite evenly distributed through the month.
One heavy shower was recorded on the Ist day of September amounting to .go of an inch, but for the rest of the month less than one half inch was recorded and this in very light showers distributed as follows: .o3 of an inch on the 2d, .03 of an inch on the 3d, .o2 of an inch on the 5th, .o4 of an inch on the 6th, .13 of an inch on the oth, and .20 of an inch on the 26th. The total rainfall recorded for September was 1.35 inches of which 1.15 fell up to and including the oth, leaving only .20 of an inch for the last twenty-one days of the month.
One shower was recorded during the first half of October amounting to .15 of an inch on the 7th of the month. The weather continued to be dry until the 19th when a heavy rain- fall was recorded beginning a little before midnight on the 19th and extending over the 20th. On the morning of the 2oth 1.75 inches were recorded and the long drought broken.
The summer drought extended from the 19th of June to the 19th of October. During this period of four months 3.35 inches of rainfall was recorded. The average precipitation recorded at the Garden for the months of July, August and September for 1905 to 1909 inclusive was 12.60 inches. The rainfall recorded during the same months for 1910 was 3.16 inches
. J. SEAVER.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. W. A. Murrill, assistant director, sailed for Europe Octo- ber 1. He will visit many of the larger museums and herbaria to examine type specimens of fungi.
Mr. Fred J. Seaver, director of the laboratories, recently returned from a collecting trip in Colorado. About nine hundred collections of fungi were made in the Rocky Mountains near Denver, at altitudes ranging from 6,000 to 14,000 feet.
246
Professor Guy West Wilson, of Upper Iowa University, Fayette, Iowa, has accepted the position of assistant in vegetable pathology in the North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. Professor Wilson was formerly a research student at the
rden.
r. R. C. Benedict has been granted a research scholarship in the Garden for the month of October. He will continue his studies of the fern tribe Vittarieae.
Meteorology for September —Total precipitation for the month 1.35 in. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 84° on the 4th, 95° on the 6th, 85.5° on the 18th, 86° on the 21st, and 88° on the 26th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 50° on the roth, g7.5° on the 15th, 43.5° on the 23d, and 44° on the 30th.
ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
590 specimens from New Jersey, for the local flora. (Collected by Mr. Norman Taylor.)
3 specimens of West Indian plants. (By exchange with Professor Ignatius Urban.)
265 specimens of lichens from Nevada. (Distributed by Dr. A. C. Herre.)
I5 specimens of mosses from Utah. (By exchange with the United ae
National Museum.)
7 specimens of mosses from Japan and America. (By exchange with Mr. Jules Card es
7 specimens of mosses from Connecticut. (By exchange with Mr. George E. ols.) specimens of lichens from Oregon and California. (By exchange with the
26 specimens for the econbinic Museum. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 93 specimens of flowering plants from Colorado. (By exchange with Mr. E. L. Johnston.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 123 plants from Cuba. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.) 1 plant of Opuntia, from Texas. (By exchange with = : S. National Museum,
r. J. N. Rose. 500 hardy bulbs. oe ae ) 9 plants derived from seed from various sources. 2 plants of Cyeas revoluta. (Given by Mrs. Samuel Verplanck.)
Members of the Corporation,
Epw. V. Z. Lane, Pror. Freperic S. Ler, Hon. Setu Low, Davip Lypic,
Epcar L. Marston,
W. J. MaTHESoN,
Epwarp D. Apams, Joun D. ArcHBOLD, Georcr F. Baker, Eucenr P. BickNett, Grorce S. Bowporn, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. Appison Brown, OcpEN MILLs,
Dr. Nicnoras M. Butter, J. Prerront Morcan, ANDREW CARNEGIE, THEODORE W. Myers, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Freperic R. NEwso.p, Witi1am G. Cuoate, Pror. Henry F. Ossorn, Cuartes F. Cox, LoweELt M. PaLMer, Paut D. CravATH, Georce W. PERKINS, Joun J. Crooxke, James R. PitcHeEr,
W. Bayarp CurtTING, M. F. Prant, Cievetanp H. Donce, Joun D. RocKEFELLER, A. F. Estasroox, WILLIAM ROCKEFELLER, E. V. W. RossITER, Pror. H. H. Russy, MortiMer L, Scuirr, James A. ScRYMSER, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, WitxiaM D. SLOANE,
H. C, FaAHNEsSTocK, Samuet W. FarrcuHiLp, James B. Forp,
Henry W. ve Foresz, Rosert -W. bE Forest, Hon. Tuomas F. Girroy, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, NeELson SMITH,
Epwarp S. Harxnass, James SPEYER,
Francis L. Stetson, CuHarLtes G. THOMPSON,
Dr. W. GitMan THOMPSON,
SAMUEL THORNE,
Henry R. Hoyt, Tuos. H. Hussarp, Aprian ISELIN, Jr., Watter B. JENNINGS, Joun I. Kane, Mytes TIERNEY, Louis C. TIFFANY,
Eucene KELLY, Jr., F Gxorce W. VANDERBILS,
. Pror. Jamzs F. Kemp,
Hon. Ecerton L. WinTHROP, Jr.
PUBLICATIONS
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The New York Botanical Garden
Joumal of the w Yo arden, monthly, illustrated, con- taining notes, and non-technical aries of pao interest. Free to members of the
Garden, To others, 10 y; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange.] pce in its ipalas a ologia, b ahi; illustrated in color and otherwise ; devoted t ‘0 fungi,
anaes lichens ; eontitiea technical articles eo news aul note: 3 ee in- terest. $3.00a 78 ar; single copies not for sale Now in its second volum
Bulletin o! wer York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports af the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical ae embodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden; to others, $3.00 ee volume. Volumes six and seven now current.
North aeneeieant Flora. Descriptions ot the wild plants of North America; iacluding Greenland, t the West Indies and Central America. Planned to be com-
pleted in t volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more parts. subscription price $1.50 per part; a teeta mber of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange
ol. 22, part 1, issued May 22, eae Rosales: Podostemonaceae, Crassula- ceae, Pentliorsseaes Parn: antares.
ol. 22, part 2, issued December 18, _, 1905. Saxifragaceae, Hydrangea Canonicene Iteaceae, , Altingiaceae, Phyllo.
Wel. 7 part I, issued Oct. 4, 1906. Ustilaginaceae, Tilletia Vol. 7, cigs 2, issued March 6, 1907. Coleosporiaceae, Uredinuckes Aecidia- ceace = (pas) Vol. 25, part 1, issued August 24,1907. Geraniaceae, Oxalidaceae, Linaceae, Erythroxylaceae, Vol. 9, parts 1 and 2, issued December 19, 1907, and March 12, 1908. Poly- ai detage
Vol. 22, part 3, issued June 12, 1908. Grossulariaceae, Platanaceae, Crossoso- matacee, Connaraceae, Calycanthaceae, Rosaceae (pars). Vol. 22, part 4, issued Nov. 20, 1908. Rosaceae
(pars). Vol. ae part 1, issued June 30, 1909. Typhales—Poales Vol. 16, part 1, issued Nov. 6, 1909 Ophioglossales— Filicales Vol. 9, part 3, issued Feb. 3, 1910. Boletaceae, Chantereleae, ‘and Lactariese
Vol. 25, part 2, issued | June | 3, gto. Tepe bigger Limnan- thaceae, Ki ygophy and Malpighiac:
Memoirs of the Now York Botanlcal Garden *Pric ice to members of the Garden, $1.00 ae volume. To others, $2. [Not offered i a exchange. ]
Vol. An cnatated Catalogue of the J Flora of Mon and the Yellowstone Park, Ke Per Asal Shalt ix + 492 pp., with dele ap 1900.
Vol. The Influence of Ae and Darkness poe see and Development, by D. ae ae ougal. ae 320 with 176 6 figu pie
Vol. ILI. Studies oF Ciataseant Goumetn Rees Tom 1 Kreischerville, New York, by Dr. Arthur Hollick and Dr. Edward Charles Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with
p sone
ol.
909. Effects of oe bed s of are on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. 1908.
viii + Bee pp. .» with 73 figui sed 14 Contributions pea? the ew ae ‘Botanical Garden. A series of tech- nical papers baa en by students or members of the ee and reprinted rod mourn oth, ve, Pie ah Sn each. $5.00 per volume. Five volum RS a CENTS EACH
133. Iowa Discomycetes, by i a J. Sea 134. Studies on the Rocky ‘Mountain Flora — XXII, oe me Nie Rydberg. 135. Studies of West Indian Plants —III, by N. L. Bri 136. Notes on Rosaceae — I by P. A. "Rydbe erg. New YorRK ieag ei 2 GARDEN ONX PARK, New York OITY
NOVEMBER, 1910 No. 13]
JOURNAL
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he New York Botanical Garden
EDITOR
PERCY WILSON
Docent
j : : d
CONTENTS ou beitia ine TNT | AUCCE 1) eC) at ade eg a "347 AHS DICIGE 9 AUR eles ane ae ee nT aa ee eee aN 255 PaeemeNewsisandieComment . .°.). 6). ec) ie ov oe eee Saves 260 CSUN TATIEL SU GSRSGAp As Eat Ua I REIN 261
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FICERS, 1910. aaa nT—HON. ADDISON BROWN. CE-PRESIDENT — ANDREW CARNEGIE, = SuRER—CHARLES F. COX, SEcrETARY—DR. N. L. BRITTON.
BOARD OF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. Term expires January, 1911. ADDISON BROWN, BERT W. ve FOREST, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER. Term expires January, 1912. . N. L. BRITTON, HN I. KANE, ANDREW Gentes W. GILMAN THOMPSON. Term expires pes 19 J. PIERPONT MORGAN, GEORGE aa “PERKINS, FRANCIS LYNDE ie SON. 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE oe set OF THE DEPARTMENT OF See Parks, ». CHARLES -B; VE THE Be OF THE CITY OF ae Ae ON. WILLIAM J. GAYNOR. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. ROF. H. H. RUSBY, ee DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PR AMES F. KEMP, PROF. C. F. CHANDLER, PR oe FREDERIC SEE, CHARLES F. COX, HON. E. L. WINTHROP, Jr.
DEN STAFF. DR. NE, See Hate tor-in-Chief. R. W. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director. DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator. HOW
eee Ss WILLIAMS, Administrative “Assistant AN TAYLOR, Assistant Cur ne
DR. JOHN HENDLEY pega mager # rarnan,
ata a CORBETT, Museum Cus ERCY WILSON, Docent.
JOURNAL
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VoL. Xl November, 1910. No. 121.
COLLECTING FUNGI IN COLORADO.
During the past summer, I spent a part of the month of August and September in Colorado, the object of the trip being to study and collect fungi in the Rocky Mountains in the vicinity of Denver. Leaving New York on the fifteenth of August, after a brief stop with friends in Iowa, we arrived in Denver on Satur- day, August 20. The first few days were spent with Professor Elsworth Bethel, of the East Denver High School, who is one of the pioneer mycologists of Colorado, looking over his collections of fungi and selecting the more interesting for study, and in planning the course of our collecting campaigns. Much of the time I was accompanied by Mr. Bethel who, being familiar with every part of the state, aided me in selecting the best collecting grounds and very kindly contributed all of the material which he secured to the Garden collections, and in addition to these, numerous other specimens previously collected.
n the twenty-fourth of August we went by way of the Moffat Road, which is well known for its beautiful mountain scenery, to Tolland at an elevation of nearly 9,000 feet. Here we stopped several days and spent the time exploring the gulches and mountainsides in the vicinity, our trips extending up the canyon a distance of about eight miles, the highest point reached being about 10,000 feet. Above this the trees dwindled into
247
248
mere shrubs and vegetation became so scant that it was not thought worth while to extend our trip to higher altitudes. Mr. Bethel continually lamented the fact that conditions were so dry that our collections were not a fair sample of what Colo- rado had to offer in the way of fleshy fungi, but in spite of the dry weather, I had no reason to feel disappointed in the results of this trip, for in the few days spent here several hundred
ay hick " a Pe lect;
Grant, in which gz
Fic. 36. Cabin, tl fi trip in the Geneva Creek Canyon.
specimens of fungi were collected. Professor Ramaley, of the State University of Colorado, who has his summer home at Tolland, very kindly gave us access to microscopes and accessories in his summer laboratory which is also located here. This fur- nished us the opportunity of making a microscopic study of some of the more interesting collections. Professor Ramaley also accompanied us on one of our longest trips.
After returning to Denver, one day was spent in the foothills
249
at Golden, at an elevation of 6,000 feet. From Golden we made a trip through one of the neighboring canyons and secured, among other specimens, a number of interesting leaf-parasites.
The principal collecting trip of our entire stay in Colorado was in the Geneva Creek Canyon, a branch of the Platt River Canyon. This is reached by taking the narrow-gauge line of the
Fic. 37. French Gulch one-half mile above the cabin. This is one of t polches in which a number of interesting fungi were collected. The trees in the foreground are aspen (Populus tremuloides)
Colorado and Southern Railway, which ascends the canyon by keeping close to the river, a swift-flowing, clear stream which as it falls over the rocks adds much to the beauty of the natural scenery of the canyon. Leaving Denver in the morning, we arrived at Grant about noon, a distance of nearly one hundred miles from Denver. From this point we ascended the Geneva Creek Canyon by team to a distance of three miles. Here be- tween two mountain streams is a small park in which a number of log cabins had been built to serve as temporary homes for summer resorters, and in one of these cabins we made our home for ten days. Our cabin was surrounded by numerous gulches
250
and mountain streams and the most of our collecting was con- fined to these, since the mountainsides were too dry to afford much outside of a few of the larger woody fungi. The small
mossy bogs which furnished many species of the smaller fleshy ungi.
Fic. 38. Geneva Park at an elevation of about 9,000 feet. The mountains in the background have an elevation of between 13,000 and 14,000 feet.
We extended our collecting trips up the canyon and on one occasion reached the crest of the mountain-range at a distance of from twelve to fifteen miles from our cabin and here attained an elevation of between 13,000 and 14,000 feet. Above timber- line the conditions were not favorable for collecting fungi as would naturally be supposed; but I was surprised to find a few fleshy cup-fungi in mossy places even at some distance above snow line. At the crest of the mountain-range vegetation of all kinds was very scant.
One of the most interesting spots visited in the vicinity of our cabin was Geneva Park. The term park as here used applies to any level valley between mountain-ranges. Geneva Park, which was located about three miles above our cabin, is at an elevation of between 9,000 and 10,000 feet and covers an area five to seven miles long and one to two miles wide. The approach
View across Geneva Park showing swampy character of the soil. d.
FIG. 39. Cattle are grazing in the backgroun
leading to the park is very steep and rocky and probably repre- sents the terminal moraine of a local glacier. The park would then result from the filling in of this natural reservoir with the wash from the mountainsides above. The entire region is sur-
The land itself is nearly level and the soil is swampy and fur- nishes a good substratum for fungi. The country is not favorable for agricultural purposes on ac-
252
count of the short growing season resulting from the high altitude but the land is extensively used for grazing purposes. In former days it was doubtless a favorite hunting ground for the Indians, judging from the number of broken arrow-heads found in the vicinity. It is still frequented by deer, mountain-sheep and other forms of wild game. A comparatively short dam is all that is necessary to convert this beautiful park into a great natural reservoir and this is now being considered. The water which
Fic. 40. A mountainside near Geneva Park, from which the trees have been stripped and used for lumber.
could be stored in such a reservoir would serve to irrigate an immense area on the plains below where agricultural work can be carried on only by means of irrigat
The standing timber, which consists ay of coniferous trees (spruces, firs and pines), is not as large as would be expected in the canyons visited by us, but this is probably due to the fact that the larger and better trees have been cut down and used for lumber. Numerous sawmills have been operated in Geneva Creek Canyon and in places the ruins of the old mills and the mountainsides covered with rotting logs and charred stumps are all that remain to tell the story of wasted resources. In
253
places the stripped areas are covered with a second growth of small trees but in other places they remain bare and unprotected.
Among the deciduous trees and shrubs the aspen, mountain- alder, mountain-maple and willows are the most common. In places the aspen occurs in great numbers and attains considerable size and extends as high as timber-line. It, however, decreases in size as we ascend the canyon, and when we reach the timber- line it is no longer a tree but a low shrub and the leaves are so
Fic. 41. Ruins of one of the many sawmills which have been operated in the canyon,
much reduced in size that we would scarcely recognize it as the same plant occurring at lower altitudes. e mountainsides were often covered with patches of aspen trees. Although our visit to the canyon was early in September, the temperature often dropped to the freezing point toward morning and the leaves of the aspen had already assumed the golden and scarlet colors characteristic of the autumn, and these bright colors in
254
contrast with the dark green of the coniferous trees did much to brighten and beautify the mountain scenery. Although the nights were cool, the air was clear and the temperature rose quickly in the morning so that in the middle of the day it was often uncomfortably warm, and on the whole the weather was ideal for collecting.
Fic. 42. A mountain cabin. Home of Mr. E. Sullivan, a homesteader and mine operator. The cabin is surrounded by aspen trees
As would naturally follow from the small number of different kinds of deciduous trees and shrubs found in these mountain canyons, the number of wood-inhabiting fungi are relatively few. Several of the larger woody fungi which occur on coniferous trees were very common but here again the number of such species is restricted by the comparatively small number of dif- ferent kinds of host plants. The smaller fleshy fungi which occur in moist soil, leaf-mould and mossy banks were quite abundant. The large flesh fungi were, judging from reports, not so abundant as usual on account of the dry season.
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Probably the most interesting collections were among the cup- fungi. The number of such fungi which occur on damp soil, mossy banks and in boggy places were found to be especially abundant. Some of these were found to be parasitic on mosses in boggy places. Having collected and studied the cup-fungi in the middle West and East, I was impressed with the number of species common in the Rocky Mountains which were different from the common species collected in other places. This dif- ference would depend partly on the climate at high altitudes, where most of the collections were made, many of the species probably being arctic or subarctic species. It would also depend in part on the different kinds of higher plants which give rise to the substrata for fungi, and this again is probably indirectly governed by the climate.
n addition to the fungi collected in the mountains, a number were collected on the plains about Denver. No actual count has been made, but as nearly as can be estimated from the various collections, about nine hundred specimens were brought home. While few of these specimens have yet been studied microscopically, I have every reason to believe that such study will furnish many points of interest to our knowledge of North American mycology, and possibly furnish some species new to science.
I wish here to acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor Bethel and also to my brother, Mr. Arthur G. Seaver, both of whom did all in their power to make our stay in molec? both pleasant and profitable.
FRED J. SEAVER, Director of the Laboratories.
CONFERENCE NOTES.
The first conference of this academic year met in the library on Wednesday, November 2, and in the absence of Dr. N Britton and Dr. W. A. Murrill, was presided over by Dr. Arthur Hollick. The following discussions were offered:
256
Dr. Arthur Hollick exhibited a fruit of Ficus sp., from the Cre- taceous (Laramie) of Converse County, Wyo., sent for identifica- tion by Mr. Charles H. Sternberg
This is the first specimen of a Ficus fruit reported from the Laramie formation, which is upper Cretaceous, and is an un- described species. A few have been found in the Dakota forma- tion, which is lower Cretaceous (F. neurocarpa Hollick, Bull. Torrey Club 30: 104. fig.B yr. 1903) and Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell has recently described one from the Tertiary shales of Florissant, Col. (F. Bruesi Cockrl.).
These discoveries now give us the ancestral history of the genus from the lower Cretaceous through the Tertiary to modern times.
Fossil leaves referred to the genus have been known from all these formations, but the identity of many of these was ques- tioned. The discovery of the fruits however show that the deter- mination of the genus from the leaves alone was correct.
Mr. F. D. Kern spoke on the rusts of red and white clover. He showed that until recently the rusts affecting these two common economic plants have been considered as belonging to the same species, but that there are really two morphological species. The chief differences are in the urediniospores. Aside from the mor- phology there are also undoubtedly differences in the habit or life-histories of these species. The subject will be discussed by Mr. Kern in a paper soon to appear.
Mr. Norman Taylor discussed temperature as a factor in local distribution of plants. In attempting to arrive at some conclu- sion as to the effect of temperature on the distribution of the plants growing within one hundred miles of New York, many interesting problems have arisen. The most obvious method of taking the annual mean temperature as a basis of calculation comes to nothing, as the differences in this are too slight to account for the very different vegetation in the Catskills where the mean temperature is 45°, and at Cape May, N. J., where the mean temperature is only 53°. The comparative similarity in the temperatures of the two places mentioned does not begin to express the great dissimilarity in the vegetation.
Following the method used by some investigators of similar
257
problems who have held that the average maximum temperatures were the controlling factors, these were taken. But here again the comparative equality could offer no satisfactory solution, as in both places the maximum was about 90
Reversing the process, and taking the average minimum tem- peratures, a procedure followed by still others, netted more sug-
* gestive results. The differences here were considerable, as the
average minimum at Windham in the Catskills is — 12°, while at Cape May in southern New Jersey it is 8°, a discrepancy of
» about 20°. This, however, is vitiated by the protective nature
of the snow blanket which covers the colder region for the greater part of the winter; an advantage lacking in lower New Jersey, where, however, the increased temperatures during winter about equalize matters. Then, too, it has been shown that seeds can stand artificial temperatures enormously lower than are ever found in nature, so that plants which rely on their seeds for per- petuation must be indifferent to any natural minima. Against this average minimum temperature as a delimiting factor in the distribution of our local plants, is the protective dormancy of all the woody plants in the region, during the cold weather. These objections are sufficient to render the theory incompetent, and it was abandone
Merriam’s “ife zones,’ an attempt to plot out the more promi- nent belts of animal and vegetable life in North America upon the basis of temperature, was found to come more nearly to the known facts of the distribution of our local plants, than any of the above hypotheses. But while its general principles were found to hold good, the difficulty of using a scheme of continental scope upon a limited area was such that accuracy seemed unlikely.
any investigators have thought that some method of using
the accumulated temperatures of a part of a season, or of all of it, would throw some light on the problem, but the dangers here are many and have been well summarized in Warming’s “Oecology of Plants,” page 26.
At the suggestion of Dr. C. Stuart Gager a new phase of the problem was then investigated. The method of the Department of Agriculture in their work on the acclimatization of wheat
258
furnishes the basis of what, it is believed, will be the solution of the problem. They have shown that wheat, transported from one part of the country with a known length of growing season, to an adjacent part with a slightly shorter growing season, will thrive very well. And if this process is continued with places having a progressively diminishing growing season, wheat may finally be grown in a country that would not have grown it if it had been transported the whole distance at the initial move. In other words they have successfully proven that the length of the growing season has a more profound influence on plants than any other temperature factor. r. Gager suggested that this factor be reduced to some working basis for the plants in our local flora range. With this in mind sixty-three different points within the hundred-mile radius were taken and the length of the growing season determined for each. This was done by adding the number of days between the last killing frost of spring and the first killing frost of autumn. Only places where there were complete records for ten years or more were selected. The results have been instructive and suggestive as there is a differ- ence of more than one hundred days in the length of the growing season between the Catskill region and southern Jersey. At Windham the season is one hundred and twenty-three days: at Cape May two hundred and twenty days. Some of the places in the high mountains ot New York and Pennsylvania have
contains the northern plants; while the other has a growing season of one hundred and sixty-three days or more (usually much more) and contains the more southern plants.
Taking the pine family it was found that the red pine, the white spruce, and the fir had never been discovered outside of the first of the regions mentioned above, that is, they have never been detected growing in a region with a growing season of one hundred and fifty-three days or more. It is proposed to plot out the distribution of all the species in the range, giving the
259
extreme variations of their growing season, with an indication of what is their predominately favorable length of season.
Mr. Nash exhibited a plant of Paphiopedilum Fairieanum, which was described by Lindley in 1857 from material said to have come from Assam. It was quite common in cultivation in Europe for some years after its introduction, but by about 1881 it was considered a very rare plant, the plants, probably owing to ignorance as to its habitat, slowly dying, until but a few indi- viduals were left. The large nursery firm of Sander & Sons sent out a collector about 1894 to seek for it in the Khasia and Jaintia hills, but without success.
he horticultural world was startled in the early part of 1905 by the announcement in an Indian horticultural paper that the long lost orchid had been rediscovered, but by whom and where this discovery had been made was kept a secret. Th nounce- ment was at first doubted, but it was finally established that the plant had really been rediscovered by G. L. Searight, an engineer, on duty in the valley of the Torsa or Amuchu River in the Chumbi district of western Bhotan. For the first thirty or forty miles of its course this river flows through rugged mountains, and it was here, in the niches of gneissic cliffs, that this dainty little plant had its home. Here, exposed fully to the sun and air, at altitudes estimated at from 3,000 to 7,000 feet, this plant thrived. Ignorance as to its needs, so unusual among most of the members of this genus, may well excuse the failures in its first advent into cultivation. Now that its peculiar habitat is known better suc- cess is being attained with it. This species represents the northern extension of the genus, reaching about latitude 27, even further north than Paphiopedilum insigne.
The plant has always had the reputation of possessing a weak constitution, due perhaps to ignorance as to its habit which resulted in errors in cultivation. Its individuality is marked,
of the parents, its characteristics have been strongly impressed. It has again become a plant common to many collections, and will probably form the basis now for much more hybrid work in this interesting genus.
260
Mr. Fred J. Seaver spoke briefly on the number of apparently diseased plants which have been referred to the Garden during the past season in which the injury was caused by “red spider’’ rather than fungi. One of the means of checking this insect is
o spray with water and keep the air moist. It would seem probable that the prevalence of this insect during the past sum- mer might be due in part to the dry weather, this acting in- directly on the development of the insect and directly through its weakening effect on the host. FRED J. SEAVER
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. Arthur Hollick, curator, has been granted leave of absence for the purpose of studying and reporting upon paleo- botanical material collected by him in Alaska in 1903, under direction of the U.S. Geological Survey. He plans to be in Washington at the U. S. National Museum until May 1, 1911.
W. A. Murrill, assistant director, returned from Europe, November 20. During his absence of seven weeks, he examined all of the collections of gill-fungi from tropical America in the herbaria at Copenhagen, Upsala, Stockholm, Berlin, Paris, and London.
Dr. Melchior Treub, who from 1885 until his retirement last
October 3, in the fifty-ninth year of his age. Dr. Treub besides editing the important Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buiten- zorg since 1885, had published many noteworthy botanical papers, covering various phases of the science.
The daily papers of October 27 announced the death, on Octo- ber 26, on board the steamship Lake Manitoba en route to Liver- pool, of David Pearce Penhallow, Sc.D., MacDonald Professor of Botany at McGill University, Montreal. Professor Penhallow’s principal line of work in recent years was in morphology, both of fossil and living plants, but he was also actively interested in
261 general botany, horticulture, forestry, ethnology and _ social
science.
Meteorology for October —The total precipitation recorded for the month was 2.38 inches. Maximum temperatures were re- corded of 86° on the 6th, 82° on the roth, 78° on the 17th, and 74° on the 27th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 45° on the 8th, 33° on the 13th, 38.5° on the 24th, and 209° on the 31st.
ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
the local flora herbarium. (Given by Mr. K. K. Mackenzie.) 25 specimens of lichens from Austria. (Given by Dr. A. C. Herre.) I50 specimens, ‘“‘Hepaticae Europaeae Exsiccatae,’’ series VI-VIII. (Dis- tributed by Dr. Victor Schiffner. pecimens of hepatics from Oregon and California. (By exchange with the ati u
2 specimens of hepatics from Veniiont: (Given by Dr. 3 specimens of Viola Egglestonitz. (Given by eaten Ezra Brainerd ) 68 specimens from Maine and Alabama. Given by Mr. K. K. Mackenzie.)
2 specimens of Orthotrichum. (Given by Mr. George E. Nichols.)
93 specimens from the eastern United aa Si y Mr. J. J. Carter.)
6 specimens of Prunus from Washington, D. C. (Given by General T. )
4 specimens of mosses from Washington. (Given by Mr. George E. Nichols.) 25 specimens, ‘Fungi Utahenses,"’ fascicle 8. ielene by Professor A. O, Garrett.) 2 specimens from the Bahamas. ea: by Mrs. Alice R. Northrop.) 4 specimens of Salix. (Given b . K. K. Mackenzie.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS. 330 plants for Aquatic Garden. (Purchased.) Io cactus ti s. (By exchange with the U. S. National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Ros 14 orchids ae the conservatories. (By exchange with Mrs. Meiere.) 1,340 tulip bulbs. (Purchased.) Azolla plants from Holland. (Given by Prof. J. B. Smith. 1 Erythrina from southern Africa. (Given by Mr. J. D. Beck. I a ie vivipera. (By exchange with U. S. ne Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.) 1 a americ (Given by Mrs. Schuyler.) 2 plants for ee. — by i Stransky.) 23 orchids. (Given by Mr. F. R. Newbold.)
262
3 plants of Echeveria. (By exchange with U. S. National Museum, through Ros
Dr. J. N. 5 plants — the conservatories. (Given by Mr. W. H. a 11 plants of Opunti exchange with Dr. D. T. MacDougal.) rce:
d of white strawberry from Caaainaele (By exchange 1.
with Dr. D. T. MacDougal 2 packets seed from southern Africa. (Given by Mr. J. D. Beck.) I packet seed of Viburnum. iven by Mr. Samuel E. Rusk.) 32 packets Cuban seeds. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
rt.)
pininioe tllustrata; or, The knowledge of the microscope Lo
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HANTELAT, A. Catalogue a ees cryptogames et phanérogames qui zpotssenl spontanément aux environs de la é-De-Buch. Bordeaux, 1844. CHAPE, JUAN BAUTISTA. ie ociones elementales de historia natural, que compre- henden la mineralogia, botanica y zooldégia. arte 2. Botanica. Cadiz, 1843. Cuorsy, Jacques Denis. Plantae eine nec non ex insults finitimis et etiam aoe quaedam oriundae. Genevae, 1858. T, HERMANN. Ueber die a ‘ke des eects Basel, eee JOHANN Lupwic. Vollsténdige Pomologie. vols. a ae 1812. Coun, FERDINAND JULIUS. De cuticula. Wratislaviae, 1850. COLE Witiiam. Classification and description of some eee nib ia anes in AS northern island of New Zealand, in the summer of 1841— on, 1845. WOOD, CUTHBERT. Observations on the microscopic alga which causes the ee of the sea in various parts of the world. -[London, 1868. LMEIRO, MIGUEL. Apuntes para la flora . las dos Castillas. Madrid, 1849. EIRO, MIGUEL. Catalogo metodico de piantas observadas en Catalutia
46. TOLMEIRO, L. Curso de botanica 6 elementos de organografia fisiologia,
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Enumeracion de ie Re pee de Espata y Portugal.
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CoLMEIRO, MIGUEL, & BouTELOU, ESTEBAN. Exdmen de ne encinas y demas Grboles de la peninsula que sees bellotas. Sevilla, 1854.
‘OLOMBINA, GASPARO. I1 bomprovifaccia, per sani, e amalati. Padova, 1621.
ComBEs, JAcQUES LUDOMIR. a et ses environs. Agen, 1855
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ComMELIN, JAN. he Belgick, or Netherlandish aati Condon
ComoLtt, ee Plantarum lariensi ie Atlin lectarum ne quam i in oo . joyUum usu uli prodromum florae comen- sis. vo-Comi,
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CorpierR, FRANCOIS SIMON. Beschreibung und Abbildung der essbaren gifligen Schwiimme, welche in Deutschland und Frankreich wachsen. Quedlini ae 8.
, ANTONIO re igaie Programa y resumen de las lecciones de boténica
ae ea
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CRAMER, JOHANN CHRISTIAN. Enumeratio aren quae in systemate sexuali Linnaeano eas classes et ordines non oblinent. Mar’ ; RESCENZI, PIERO DE. Trettato della nara 2 vols. “Belewaa: 1784.
Crome, GrorG ERNST WILHELM. Botanischer Kinderfreund. 2 vols s. Got- tingen, ae.
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TTANDA, Vices & Det Amo, Martano. Manuel de boténica descriptiva.
Madrid, 1848.
CyrILLo, DoMENICO. Plantarum rariorum regni neapolitani fasciculi I et II. Neapoli, 1788.
DAENEN, L'abbé. Plantes phanérogames de France et des Alpes du Valais. Dreux, 1852.
D Torre, Giorcio. Historia plantarum. Dryadum, Amadryadum, Clori-
ALLA 1 disque triumphus. Patavii, 1685. DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT. De la variation des animaux et des planies. 2 vols. Paris, 1868. DEAKIN, RICHARD. Flora of the Colosseum of Rome. London, 1855. DECAISNE, JOSEPH. Histoire de la maladie des pommes de _ en 1845. Paris, 1846. DELAMARRE, Louis Gervais. Traité pratique de la culture des pins. Ed. 3. Paris, oe LAVIGNE, GISLAIN FRANCOIS. Flore germanique ou histoire des plantes in- oS 7 eee et en grande partie dela France. Erlang, 1801-2. MBOSZ, STANISLAUS. Tentamen florae territorii cracoviensis medicae. Cra- coviae ns DESVAUX, Nicate AucGusTE, Flore del’Anjou. Angers, 1827. DeEsvaux, NICAISE AUGUSTE. Observations sur les dinates des environs d’ Angers. 818.
DeEsvaux, NICAISE AUGUSTE. Recherches sur les appareils sécrétoires du nectar ou du nectaive dans les feurs. Paris, 1826. Desvaux, NICAISE AUGUSTE. Statistique de Maine et Loire. Angers, 1834. DE VISIANI, ROBERTO, & MASSALONGO, ABRAMO BARTOLOMMEO. Flora de'ter-
veni terziarit di le nel Vicentino. Torino, 1856. CH, JOHANN HEINRICH. ie Arzneimittel des Hippokrates, oder Versuch
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Dope, KarL FRIEDRICH. Neuer Pflanzen-Kalender. 2 vols. Niirnburg,
DOLL, Jouann Curistopy. Zur Erklérung der Laubknospen der Amentaceen. Frankfurt a. M., 1848.
DOLLINER, GEORG. Enumeratio plantarum phanerogamicarum in Austria in- feriori crescentium. Vindobonae, 1842.
DonaTl, ANTONIO. Trattato de semplici, pietre e pescit marini, che nascono nel lito di Venetia. Venetia, 1631.
269
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ZY, FRANZ, MOLKENBOER, JULIAN HENDRIK. Muscorum frondosorum novae species ex Archipelago indico et Japo' Lug ta 1844.
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vien ttre les plantes la France. Nouvelle édition. Paris, 1825
F éditi ‘ : Du HaMeL pu Monceau, Henri Louis. Abhandlung von den Obstbaumen. 3 vols. cannes 1775-1783
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NEw YORK lade delg GARDEN x PARK, NEW YORK OITY
DECEMBER, 1910 | TO WR NB
OF
ve New York Botanical Carden
EDITOR
PERCY WILSON
Docent
: ; “te ‘ "
CONTENTS % PAGE Johns Hopkins Botavists at Cinchona. .....- «....+.. eee 271 ation Meeting, Northern Nut-growers Association. ........-..- 272 pportunity to Study the Origin and Development of aTropical Forest. . 273 js
UR MITIAIRO DTM ETIO Sf) tie elisa le hac Nene obiap) pela ele ally 276 gat 2 ce y pial Se vin ag Fue, late ph sive wiey ome pe pelllaiy\a. ya. pe sh. ny 9 277 Messe ee ei ag va wei was Eheim App ym ewe! 279
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. VoL. XI December, 1910. No. 132.
JOHNS HOPKINS BOTANISTS AT CINCHONA.
The residence and laboratory at Cinchona were occupied, during June and July, 1910, by a party of six botanists. The party consisted of Professor Duncan S. Johnson, Messrs. W. H. Brown, A. R. Middleton, L. W. Sharp,and H. H. York, from Johns Hopkins University and Professor S. H. Derickson, of Lebanon Valley College. Cinchona was also the headquarters, for several days in June, of three zodlogists from Johns Hopkins, engaged in collecting dragonflies, phosphorescent coleoptera, and parasitic copepods. The botanists were engaged in researches on the ecology and seed-development of the Piperaceae; on the seed-development, germination and relation to the hosts of ten or twelve native species of Loranthaceae; on the cytology of lichens; on the seed-development of the Orchidaceae and Amaryl- lidaceae; and on the reproductive cells of the liverworts. The unusual delay in the coming of the rainy season gave abundant opportunity for field work. In the studies made at Cinchona and the amount of material preserved for study elsewhere, the stay at Cinchona proved highly satisfactory to the workers and it is believed will prove of importance to science when the re- searches there begun are completed.
During the stay of the Hopkins party on the island, Mr. William Harris, Superintendent of Public Gardens and Plantations, was helpful to the members in many ways. Mrs. Harris, who was stopping at Cinchona, took charge of domestic arrangements at the residence and thus left the investigators free to devote them- selves entirely to botanical work.
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272
The equipment at Cinchona has been increased lately by the addition of new chairs, stools, and Rochester lamps for the labora- (ON y and of a cookstove, mattresses, and china for the residence. These articles have been given by parties from the Desert Laboratory and from the Johns Hopkins University that have recently visited Cinchona.
During this, the writer’s third visit to Cinchona, he has become still more convinced of the peculiarly advantageous location of Cinchona as a tropical botanical laboratory. It not only offers a laboratory in a stimulating climate, within half a day’s ride of a varied montane rain forest, of steaming lowland valleys, and of dry coastal deserts; butit is also located in an island with astable government, good roads, an English-speaking population, and within four and a half days from New York, and nearby Atlantic ports.
Duncan S. JOHNSON.
Jouns Hopkins UNIVERSITY.
ORGANIZATION MEETING, NORTHERN NUT- GROWERS’ ASSOCIATION.
A meeting was held in the museum building on November 17, for the purpose of organizing an association devoted to the in- terests of nut-growing. The meeting was called to order shortly after 2 P.M. by Dr. N. L. Britton, who welcomed those present and wished them success in their undertaking. During his re- marks he referred to a recent visit to Cuba, where he succeeded in collecting nuts of the Cuban walnut, Juglans insularis Griseb. Specimens of these were exhibited, and some of them presented to Dr. R. T. Morris for his collection of edible nuts of the world, deposited at Cornell University.
Dr. W. C. Deming was made chairman of the meeting, and a temporary secretary waselected. The chairman read a number of letters from various parts of the country, expressing an active interest in the formation of an organization such as was proposed. A committee of three was appointed by the chair to draft a constitution. This committee, consisting of Mr. John Craig,
273
Dr. R. T. Morris, and Mr. T. P. Littlepage, submitted a report recommending that the name of the organization be the Northern Nut-Growers’ Association, that residents of all parts of the country be eligible to membership, and that the officers be a president, a vice-president, and a secretary-treasurer. An execu- tive committee of five was also provided for, two of said com- mittee to be the president and secretary-treasurer. The annual dues were placed at $2.00, and life membership at $20.00. The recommendations of the committee were adopted.
An interesting exhibition of nuts, and specimens illustrating methods of grafting, formed a feature of the meeting. Chestnuts, walnuts, and hickory nuts, including the pecan, were illustrated in much variety. Mr. T. P. Littlepage had a series of nuts of the pecan which he had collected from a number of selected trees in Kentucky and vicinity. One of these, almost globular in form, was of particular excellence, being of clean cleavage and delicious flavor.
Dr. R. T. Morris was elected president; Mr. T. P. Littlepage, vice-president; and Dr. W. C. Deming, secretary-treasurer.
GEoRGE V. Nasu.
AN OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A TROPICAL FOREST.
The Blue Mountain Region of Jamaica experienced during November and December, 1909, a number of days in which the rainfall was far greater than any before recorded for the island, and probably greater than any that has occurred in the same length of time during the past century.
The effect of the disastrous floods, consequent upon this un- precedented rainfall, on the plant covering of the region about the Cinchona Tropical Station of the New York Botanical Garden is well worth recording. Such a record will not only be of interest in giving an idea of the immense changes wrought by these floods but also in suggesting the rare opportunity here presented for studying the extremely interesting problem of the recovering of a virgin soil with new vegetation.
274
That the effects of the rains were very great is evident even to the casual observer, who looks out from Cinchona over the surrounding country. Not only were scores of acres of coffee fields stripped to the bare rock but the native vegetation of large areas of the steep mountain sides was washed down into the valleys, and even the primeval forest of the valley bottoms was swept out and carried down to the sea. The south slopes of the Blue Mountains, eastward from Cinchona, are now marked
examples will serve to clearly suggest the character and extent ‘of the changes effected in the vegetation by the floods.
In 1903 and in 1906, the writer had visited the valley of the eastern branch of the Green River, just below Whitfield Hall Coffee Works, to collect species of Piper and Peperomia then growing there in abundance, in a dense forest which covered the valley from its steep western slope across the bottom of the valley to the coffee lands on the hills to the east. In June, rgro, this whole valley was a gray desert of broken rock and pebbles, from a quarter to half a mile in width and stretching from the gray cliffs at its head down beyond the junction of this branch with the western one of the Green River. Not merely were the shrubs and herbs of the forest floor gone, but the great trees, with their covering of epiphytes and lianes had disappeared completely. Some of these plants perhaps lie buried in the old
of the stream but most of them were evidently washed down to the Yallahs River, and on twenty miles to the sea. Scarcely a bit of driftwood is to be seen along the edges of the valley. Great boulders, eight or ten feet across, have disappeared, having either been buried or rolled farther down the valley. One huge rock, 20 feet high, at the junction of the east and west branches of the river, stands crowned with a large tree that clings to the boulder by roots wedged in its cracks, oo what the former level of the forest floor was at this point
The only plants that have gained a arr in this stony waste. during the seven months following the flood, are scattered seed- lings of the John Crow Bush, Bocconia fruiescens L., and a few
276
other species from the surrounding hills, all of which latter species are rare compared with the Bocconia.
This steeply sloping valley bottom of hundreds of acres of new soil of broken rock ought to prove as interesting, from many aspects, as the island of Krakatoa as an area in which to study the occupation of a virgin soil by a new plant covering. Seeds of many species, and in considerable numbers, must be scattered over this valley yearly from the plants of the neighboring moun- tain sides, and species after species may be expected to establish itself beside the John Crow Bush, as larger and more numerous areas become fitted, by the gradual accumulation of soil and by the growth of other plants, to support the more exacting species.
A second region of unusual botanical interest that was greatly changed by the floods is the cloud-filled valley of the Mabess River, which tumbles downward north of Morce’s Gap with a fall of about a thousand feet to the mile. This valley, at a point about two miles north of Morce’s Gap, has, because of its lower altitude, a warmer and moister climate than Cinchon It is filled with clouds for probably two thirds of the ceeey hours during the year. Recent visitors to the Mabess Valley
where about Cinchona.* Shreve and others found the forest floor to the edge of the stream and the boulders in the middle of the stream carpeted with an herbaceous vegetation of mosses, ferns, orchids, Peperomias, and Pileas, and draped over the rocks and trees were Acrostichums, Lygodiums, Columneas and many other lianes. This was the condition of things in 1906. In June, 1910, the boulders in the middle of the stream and along its edges, which Shreve found covered with thick humus and sup- porting a luxuriant vegetation, were bare to a height of eight or ten feet above the stream. The whole stream bed up to this height, and therefore often for a distance of fifty feet back from the normal edge of the stream, is ground clean of all vegetation and of all relics of the former vegetation. There is left only a mass of polished boulders and broken pebbles. Only where *See Shreve, F. A collecting trip at Cinchona. Torreya 6: 81. 1906.
276
hanging lianes or fallen trunks with their loads of epiphytes drop over the cliffs, is any living vegetation to be seen below the high water mark mentioned.
Here again botanists have an opportunity such as is rarely presented to them, of studying the occupation by plants of an area in which all the conditions for plant life except a soil are present to a nearly optimum degree. It seems safe to predict that the reoccupation of this denuded area, especially of the tops of the boulders, by even the first plants, will necessarily be slow. The accumulation of a humus to support a vegetation such as that described by Shreve will probably take centuries.
frequency of floods of this disastrous character. It likewise indicates the length of time through which the study of the reinvasion must be studied. Duncan S. JOHNSON. Jouns Hopkins las aid BALTIMORE,
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Professor H. L. Bolley, dean of the department of biology in the North Dakota Agricultural College, called at the Garden recently on his way to Washington to attend a meeting of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations.
The collection of lady-slippers, or Venus-slippers, represented by the genera Paphiopedilum and Phragmipedium, are now in full bloom. These are located in houses 12 and 14 of conserva- tory range no. 1. A great part of these are from the collection of Mr. Oakes Ames, who presented his large orchid collection to the garden in 1907. Some very interesting color-variations are represented in the yellow forms of Paphiopedilum insigne. These are in house no. 15, and should be compared with the type forms in house no. 12.
A specimen of the ‘‘Hottentot’s head,” Stangeria eriopus, in con- servatory range no. 2, New York Botanical Garden, is now bearing
277
a cone for the second time. This species of the cycad family is a native of southern Africa. Stangeria differs from all the other genera of cycads in having the leaf-segments pinnately-veined instead of parallel-veined, and its v enation so much resembles that of some ferns that this plant ginally described many years ago as a Lomaria. As many of the fossil plants of the coal measures, first supposed to be ferns, have recently been shown to be more nearly related to the cycads, this living genus is of particular interest.
In conservatory range no. I, are specimens of plants from which three of the most important beverages are derived. In house no. 13 the tea plant, Thea sinensis, isin flower. It is from the young leaves of this plant that tea is made, the different kinds depending upon the manner of drying and preparing them. In house no. 4 are two other beverage plants, coffee, Coffea arabica, and chocolate, Theobroma cacao, both now in fruit. The two seeds in the red berries of coffee are the coffee-beans of com- merce; and the numerous seeds, arranged in five rows, in the large pods of the Theobroma are the chocolate beans.
Meteorology for November.—The total precipitation for the month was 2.83 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 65° on the 2d, 62° on the roth, 54° on the 18th, and 60° on the 24th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 29° on the Ist, 21° on the 21st, and 29° on the 2
ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
346 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from St. Domingo. (Collected by
Baron Hap yon ie ckheim.) the local herbarium. (By exchange with Mr. Harold W. Pretz.)
4 specimens of Salix from Maine. (Given by Mr. K. K. Mackenzie.)
2 specimens of mosses from Connecticut. (Given oe Mr. George E. Nichols.)
37 specimens for the local herbarium. (Given by Mr. K. K. Mackenzie.)
3,000 specimens from North America. (By a with the United States National Museum.
3,500 oe from Cuba. (Collected by Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton, Mr. F. S. Earle and . C. Stuart Gager.
83 specimens a mosses from Oregon. (By exchange with the United States National Museum.)
278
1 specimen of Leucobryum from Illinois. (Given by Mr. W. W. Calkins.)
8 specimens (types) of mosses. (By exchange with Mr. Jules Cardot.)
22 specimens of flowering plants from Maine, South Carolina and Alabama (Given by Mr. K. K. Mackenzie.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
I2 cactus plants for the conservatories. (By exchange with U. S. National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose. ;
I plant of Tillandsia from ‘Apsentine: (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.
5 plants of Zemia from Herradura, Cuba. (Given by Mrs. F. S. Earle.)
1 Castanea sativa. (Given by Dr. W. C. Deming.)
1 Bourgainvillaea, (Given by Mr. F. R. Newbold.)
r plant of Salvia leucanthe. (By exchange with Board of Park Commissioners, Rochester, N. Y., through Mr. John Dunbar.
rmaple plant. (By exchange with Vassar College, through Mr. Wm. Stopher.)
i ased.)
I packet seed of Gentiana crinita. ae n by Mrs. F. E. Curtis.)
I packet seed of Passiflora laurifolia. (By exchange with Public Gardens, Jamaica, W. I. I packet seed of maken Bonplandiane. (By exchange with U. S. Nat. Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose.)
I packet seed - Paurotis Wrightii. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
INDEX.
Abies nobilis 239 auca
gl 239 ‘ordmanniana 239 Ab ». Prof. Le Roy 163 ‘Acetabula vulgaris 103 Adiantum 189
Agave - 35, 59, 68, I10, III, 193, 197,
-Cruz 124 Victoriae-reginae 124 Aiton 81 Aletris bracteata 98 Aloe 194 Ambrosia 237 trifida 236, 2
i 36, 237 American arbor-vitae 240 entury-plant 19.
Oak es 276 us 102 I
Armiller:
ria mellea 10
he, Mr 79. 80, 81, 83 Asparagus Astocation, “Organization meeting,
orthern Nut-growers 272 Astrocaryum =
Atkinson, eae = F. 129 Alta mexicana
Aitalea 36, es
Austrian pine 188
pee nia 39, 150
Azalea amoena 241, 243 ‘azolla , 43
caroliniana 43 ‘ike ulotdes 43
are Report on botanical explora- ion in Andros (figs. 16-22) 88
Banks’ pine 188 Barberry, ae 242, 243 Barnes, D: 3 Barnhart, H. 130, 135, 198 Barrigona palm 227, 2 artlett, Mr. Beadle, Mr. 78, 79, 81 ecker, M. A., The preservation of our wild flowers 1 169 Befaria 233 Begonia 3 emis, Mr. B. enedict, Mr. R. c. a 163, 164, 246 Berberis Aquifoliu um 241 Thunbergit 242, 243
1s Mr Mar 147 Bethel, Prof. Elsworth en 248, 255 Billings, ans ee th x Blake, W. Bletia 232 Bobbin . Atkins 168 Boccon
hia 38 Botanical aphenta in Andros,
ham s, Repor' rt on (figs. vale 88
ner ion in Santa Clara, Cuba 109
exploration in the mountains of northeastern Cuba (figs. 23-27)
2
sa subeaae in western Cuba (figs. 8-35) 226 exploration of the cays on the orth c we of Camaguey Prov- e, Cuba 47 ie to ce public, Relations of 2 visit to the Isthmus of Panama, eport on a (figs. 7-15) 30 Botanists at Cinchona, Johns Hopkins 271 ttle-palm 229 Bo ugainvillea 67 Bourgeau 198
Boynton, Mr. C. L. 80, 81, 82 79
280
Brain-fungus Brainerd, Dr. eer 78, 104 a a r. N. L. 83, 87, 104, 131, 135, 183,187, 197, 201, 222, 255, fae eae exploration in Santa Clara, Cuba pad ration in western 226
arius Ogden Millis, the Board of
The Bronx River at flood 2 The Darius Ogden Mills Fund 225 Britton, Mrs. N. L. 83, 102, 104, 109, 22, 22' onx River at flood, The 2 oie
125 3utter-mushroom 103
Cabada, Dr. tia IIo Ca giant 19, Gunnison's hedgchog 193 hedgehog 1 u
ell rs. Angus 202 anavalia bahamensis 98 Carnegiea gi us Bae
arter, Mr. 8 ‘asuarina cia 148 € oo Spinosa
100
Mount Atlas 188 red 189
Cedrus 188
Ceiba 59
Ceiba pentandra 40 Ce wa hes 35. 63 can
193 comi ae = flower, A (PI. bois Que n Victoria’ s 124, I
meee some of their uses a see cadliete 110 baham s 96
Baker: oe Cereus 34, oe 70, ISI, 193, 194, 202 excelsus 73 nudi. Lise 115 Cae Chamaecyparis “obtusa 239
9 Silifera 239, 243
Veitehit ie. ae Chamberlain, Dr. 198 Dr.
Chapman, a 125 Chlorosplenium 103 aeruginosum 103
versiforme 103 Chocolate plant 277 Cinchona, Johns Hopkins botanists at 271
Clark, Mr. E. D. 126
2 34, 36 Coccolobis aes 150
156 Coccothrinax 113, a rae 149, 154, 156 Cockerell, Mr. T. 256 Cc seer — nw ee
a ae
Coe Coffea pee 277 is e plant ae
Coker, Prof. W. C. 19, 198 Collecting iy in Colorado (figs. 36- 42) 2 a uthern oie (Pls. LX V.-LXXVIIL 5 Collections in the conservatory court, he (PI. rere Cie dryophila 6 radicata 103 Colorado, Collecting fungi 36-42) 24 Colpothrinax 229
fungi
in (figs.
Colpothrinax aia ae
Colubrina cuben. Ga bine aaa Conference notes 51, 101, 125, 160, 255 Conocarpus a ee I5I, 152
Conservatory court, The oo in the (Pl. een )1
Constable, Mrs. F. A vulus 2
eo0) ‘F3
sushroom 203
ta 82 problem, with special reference to workin oe ba Sketch of the 78 rotundifoli. iflor
Cryptomi Cuba, Botanica exploration in Santa Clara,
Botanical erpibistiows in the moun- of northeastern (figs. 23-27)
o Botanical exploration in western (figs. 28-35) 226
airy “exploration of the cays nm the north coast of Camaguey Pro ines 147 Cuban walnut 272 Curtis, Dr. C. 135 Cuscuta Cronovii - 100 Cymodocea Gn ‘press, Sao 239 Saw:
281
Dana, J. D Darius Onden Mills Fund, The 225 r. S. T.
Darling, Dr. Death of ays Darius Ogden Mills, biased of the Board of ers I
Decorative shrubs, ae of D Dr. Cc.
of a tropical forest, An rtunity : study the origin 27. bibenicis: capa I oe Di ene Mr. J. G. Dioscorea 19 Di: panel cocoanut 212, 213 ntry 187
American Museum of
Natural
» Mrs. C. W. 199 artholomew, Mr. Elam 54 assett, Mr. W. ae an
saa .jJ.D
ethel, er E. 85
ao Mr.
icknell, Mr. E. +I 06, 186, 224 ona ages Prince Roland 1 165, 185
onser, 16
rons Prot e 261
ritton, Dr. N. Ig
ritton, Mrs 3, 166,
gham alkins, Mr. W. W. 278
. Mr. J. J. 165, 26 ockerell, Prof. T. D. A. 132, 224 oker, Prof. W. C. 1 ulyer, Mr. J. N. 224 urtis, Mrs. F. E. 278 urtis, Mr. R. W. 5. avis, Mr. John 199 eming, Dr. W. C. 278 odge, B. O. 13 owell, Dr. Philip 85 ruce, G. C. 23
‘axon, . C. E. ‘ernald, Prof. F. L. 85
282
Aaxon, Mr.
Euph
W. J. 2 . H. 23, 35, 165, 224,
» Mr. S. E. 262 Sehrenck, me Hermann von 54 chuy: 261
Smith, Prof. J. B. 2 H
Williamson, “Mr. Cc. S. 23
retz, Dr. C. D. 165 Wood, Mr. James 133 rye, Prof. T. C. 224 ta 8 arper, Prof. R. Doryanthes 195 ris, Mr. William 23, 107 Douglas ee 189, 239 aynes, Miss C. C. 166, 186 Drosera eckscher, Mr. A. 224 Drought, The long summer 244 edgcock, Dr. G. G. 224 umm: 125 erre, Dr. A. C. 261 Dun, Mr. Effingham 210 ollick, Dr. Arthur a a Durand, Dr. E. 129 olway, Mr. E. Dwarf Japanese Yew 240 owe, D A. 261 umphrey, Mr. C. J. 224 Earle, on F. S. 83, 109, 110, III, II5, ones, Prof. M. E. 85, 165 214, 222, 226, 228 farlik, Mr. Joseph 166 Earle, Mrs. F. S. 2 emp, Prof. J. F. 23 Earth star 103 Cingman, Mr. C. C. 165 Echinocactus 193 <usano, Prof. = I Eggleston, Mr. W. 163 Lee, Prof. F. Sketch a ban Mon problem, Leon, Brother ee — with me ial reference to work Long, Mr. Bayard 2 in chee aS h 78 Lorenz, Miss Serene 305 185 English yew ps a Mrs. P. Ephedra t
plicaium 98 pe anes eae 100 Erythrin Euo ony pe 238, 242, 243 oroia 70 Exphorbiodendron fulvum 164 Exe
mae Mr. H. - oe Beal, P.
eo 107 rk Commissioners, New York 278
Rochester, Boer Garden, Bonn, Coma
“a rae Hungary 1 mstadt, Ce ie Groningen, oe 108 mperial , Sapporo,
Jap
Leiden, Holland 107
Penang
Porticn Naples, Italy 133
St ala ee Sealine ny 107
or, B a 107 Bresadola, “A G. ror, Brotherus, Dr. V. F. 23, 85, 186 Buffalo Botanic Garden 186 Plant Industry, Wash- D.C. 1
Bureau of i 07, 132, 165
Spit of S , Manila 22 Cardot, Mr. rules 23, 85, 165, 190,
Coker, Prof. W. C. 224 . G. D, 186 Dal ahlberg, Mr. K. 200
283
Darlington, Mr. H. 166
Department of Perks. ‘Borough of Bronx 18
Director of Agriculture, Jamaica 107
Dismier, Mr. Leia 107
Dunbar, Mr. John
Felippone, Dr. Florentin 165
Field ee of Natural History
186,
165, I Frye, Prof. T. C. Geological Survey” of oo 23. 85, 132, 165, 185, Goodding, Mr oe Grout, Dr. A. 65 arvey, Dr. J. C. a — aeegeaiee rof, j.M
ne use H 22 Johnston, Mr. E. Lindberg, Dr. Harold, 186 Livingst M . 132, 166 ockyear, Mr. 166 MacDougal, Dr. D. T. 262 anda, Mr. A. I Manda, Mr. J. A. 85, 166, 200
Meiecre, onde Ernest - 85, 261 Miller, Mr. E. S. 107
Missouri Botanical Garden 85, 224 Museum of Natural History, Paris 4, 107 poms b iF Di Survey Nichols, M Te = 23, 107, 132, 246 Overholtz, Mr - 55 ‘almer, Mr. E Fi 165 Pauls, Mr. C. J. ee Peck, Prof.
C. ee pee of Natural Science: Pretz, Mr. 277 Public eae fe 186, 224, im Reukart, Mr. Car! Royal Botanic Sener Ceylon 133 arden oe Ger- y 13 Jasnevin, Dublin 108 gland 107
le inberg, Mr. key 55
Wie ase , Dr. K. . 2
Woo P of, E. 186 Exhibition, T e coe @ bere ) 167 xploration in Andro: mas, Re- port on oa ae. 16-22) in Santa Clara, Cuba, Botanical in the mountains of northeastern Cuba, anon (figs. 23-27) 202 uba, Botanical (figs.
n the north coast of Cam maguey etree Cuba, Bo- tanical 1
Fairman, Dr. C. E. 163 fra ae 8, 12, 13 Fic 256
York and Siena The fo: ssil (fig. 6) I , The > ei LXXX.) 167
146 ieee Preserv ation ns the wild 178 ation of wild 117 a eservation a our native wild
I The preservation of our wild 169
Ere an aus ortunity to study the
levi Siopmient of a
pene Forsythe, Mr. L. E. 89 For ysythia ibe ge 238 Fossil flor New York and vicinity, The (f Is
anks, Mr. E. G. Fringed gentian 146 Fruit of the great a tite - food for ray squirrels, T Fuhrman, Dr. - 130 und, The Darius Ogd Fungi in Calonac. Cieae. tae 36- 2) 247
in southern Mexico, oe
(Pl 8 LXXV, -LXXVIII.) 57 ea lee bone & bra fossil es
rat-tail 103 Fusarium 127
284
Gager, Dr. C. S. 222, 226, 236, 257, i The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Gasteria 194
Gaussia 229, 234 rate aad 103 Gelidium 38 Coltiae 142
fringed 146 Geonoma 229 Gesneria 1 Giant cactus 193 Gies, Dr. W. J. 184 Ginkg Ginor
@1r Sport Goethals, Col. G. W. 39, re) 8
Gunnison’s Sie pees 193
aenke 198 Halodule = Halophila Ham sero “Alexande r M. The preser- n of our native wild flowers
rdin, Dr. 73 Hardin, Mrs. 73 Harris, Mr. William Harris, Mrs.
30, 271 . William 271
Hearne, Dr. C. A. pete 102 inima 102 Hedee bea ‘Dr. G. G. 129 ipa ei 193 13
Heliconi Hemlock spruce 188, 190 sia 142, 146 endez, eee Don Manuel 111 Hildenbrandtia Hinoki fee : Hitcheock, Prof. A. S. 198 Hitchcock, C. H. 1 older, Mr. F 95 Hollick, Dr. Art 18, 87, 130, 135, , 189, 222, oe 256, 260 f ork and
he fo: vicinity (fig. Holly, American 240
Holly, ci renee 240
. 87, 13 Report on a bo Sern val to the
Isthmus of Panama (figs. 7-15) 30 Humboldt 198 Hum oe Mr. E. W. oe 53 The fruit of the great ragweed as
‘ood for gray squirrels 236
Ibidium lucayanum 95, 96 Ihssen, Mr. G.
Jackson, Mr. H. S. 184 Japanese i 242, 243 cedar
s, Raymond 147, 154 Tohie Hopkins - botanists at Cinchona 271 Johnson, Prof. D. 5. An opportunity re aly the origin
and development of a tropical forest 273 Johns Hopkins botanists at Cin- hona 271 Jones, Prof. Juglans diag 272 Juniperus 189, 211 chinensis pre 240, 243 nana 240 aure prostrata 240, 243 Sabina 2 sa users 189, 240 glauca 240
patie ee ue 243 Kam van I
Kern] os oo “t9, 51, 129, 256 erria pape 238 Kirkw Pe J. 85
Knee pin Knevels, D anes V. 20
285
Koop, Mr. C. F. 110 Kosaroff, 126
Lady-sli ppe 296 Lagenaria suleeaed Lager & Hurrell, hear 160
Laguncularia 39 Lahodny, Albert 168
Lee, Proi 84, 222 Lee, Mrs. 184
Le Harivel, Monsieur A. 70 Leiinerta floridan
Leon, Broth
sie can
Lieb nn I Ligustrum Ibota 241 alifolium 241
Regelianum 241
Limnanthemum aureum 99
Limodor Simp. 495
Lindley, D: I
Lindley 2
Liriodendron Set abd -
Littlepage, Mr.
Lloyd, Pr
Lomaria 2
ria 277 London, Natur Long summer dro rein 217 Lygodiu:
re-study in 175 ught, The 244
ugal, Dr. D. T. 84
. 30 n Nut-growers Asso- Or rganization 292 a Dirhassoincit 4 4 Merulius i a
Meteorology, see N. Y. Botanical Metopium 149, 150, Mexico, Collecting a ae in eras
Pls. LX: ee oe 25 Middleton, ae A. R. 2971 Miller, Mr. G.
Mills, Mr. D. O. Fund, The Dane Ogden 225 era of the Board of Managers, h of Mr. Darius Ogden 1 Mills ei ps 197 Milne, Francis 168 Misanteca pease flower 146 Monogramme 102
tri v choi ‘dea Monteagudo, Sefior Don Amado Car- denas III Moore, Mr. Clement 168 Moore, Dr. G. T. 84 Morris, Dr. R. T. 27 73 Moscoso, F. Eugenio 20 Moscoso, 1 0
cedar 188 Mountain eae ee 241 pal alm
ical exploration in the ae a
27) 2 staat urphy, M ely Dr. oi os er 87, ee 135 160, , 201, a 255, savin fungi in ae
co (Pls. LXXV. “LXXVIL 5
Murrill, Mrs. W. A S 57, 76 Mus ae aio 10
ee Myrtle, es “7
Naemotelia encephala 103 Nash, Mr. G. V. 87, 125, 135, 160, 201, 25
9 A re plant pe into flower 1
Northern
court (PI. The flower sates (PL LXXX.) 16 Win ree shrubs 237 Native wild flowers, The preservation of our 13 Nature-study in London 175 Ai sy
Nei Weswsshin cine 193 ae ileal Prof. J. S. 16, ork and vicinity, The fossil flora (fig. 6) 1 New York Botanical Garden ee Ms 21, 54, 84, 105, 132, 165, 185, 199, 224, 246, 261, 277
286
Explorations 3, 88, 109, 147, 202, 226, 247
Lectures, oa Autumn 201 ening
Summer 135 Meteorology, 1909, December 21; January, 1910, 54; February 84;
March 105; April 131; May 164; June 185; July 198; nee 223; nara ad 246; October 261;
277 Precipitation, see Meteorology io!
Rep 8 3, 88, 109, a 202, 226, 247 mperature, see Meteorology wane Howard 1 Norfolk Island pine 189 Northern Nut-: -growers: eearaa a Or- ganization meeting 272 Norton, Mr. J. B. 12 Notes, news and comment » 52, 104, 129, 163, 183, a er ries
260, 276
Nut-growers Associ: acai Organization meeting, Northern 272
Nymphaeoides 229
Odostemon nutkanus 241, 243 ats an
Graaion Spinatiies 98 variegatum 95 Opportunity to study the origin and a elopment of a tropical forest,
273 Opuntia ae 67, 73, 192
Tuna Organization meeting, oe Nut- growers Association
as ropical , An opportunity . study ie
Palm, sae ig 227, 229
n a botanical visit to e Tethr mus ae. 7-15) 30 Pahts pedi 276 Fiarieanum 259
Paphiopedilum insigne 259, 276 Parthenocissus quinguefolia 100 31
aurotis 220, Pedilanthus 7 sare Setacea 97 Penhallow, Prof. D. P. peal sate ta 127, 161, 18 brevicaule 162 camemberti 161 aclu ti 162 Pepero 274 Perea punctaia 100 Peterson, Mr. G. H. 168 Phiebodium 102 Phragmip 276 hy. querceticola 97 Piaropus crassipes 230 Picea pungens glauca 240 Pierson Co., F. Pine, Austrian 188 nks’ 188 Japanese red 188 Japanese table 238 knee 2 ne a 189 Sco1 T sre canta 188 umbrella 188 Pinguicula 218 pumila 95 Pinus Cembra 238, 243
A century
tea 277 Plants some of their uses, Century
Plumiera 153
Portiandtia 234 Potamogeion heterophyllus 100
287
Potter, Miss Blanche, 168 Paervation of our native wild flowers, The r
phoenix Sargentii 14, 150, 155, 157 eudoplectania melaena 103 Pacoplypora carbonicus 126 Psi anu 189
3 onema 126, 127, 128, 129 62
ee niles 's agave 198 ry-plant 193
Ragweed as food for ane squirrels, The fruit . the great 236 17
aes rof. 248 Tat ail fens 103 Rav Red a s -stemmed osier 238 Reed, Mr. H. C. ae Reese, Mr. Charles Relations of boenicd: gardens to the
botanical visit to the Isthmus of Panama (figs. 7-15) 30 on 2 a trip to Santo Domingo (figs. 3
n s t: Andros,
Bahamas Ge 16— ae Reports, see ao Y. Botanical Garden
Pnshbiie Rham: Rhex Bipalie. Cassi 203 Rhizopho: , 152, 153 Gaon 2 aces 243 243 Rhus 1 ‘Blodgettii 99 Riccinus 59 Rich: Dr. M. 201 Robinson, Miss W. J. 198 ose, Dr. J. N. a Rose, Japanese 2. Royal palm 9 = o 229
eer regia
Rusby, Dr. H. H. 164, 201 Russi
Rust, ee tia g i Rydberg, Dr. 19
2
259
Santo Deiage. Report on a trip to gs. I~5) 3
Sargent, Dr. C. S. 78, 79, 80
Sassafras 1
Sawara cypress 239
Schaefer, Dr. E. A. 209
Schatzberg, einai wild flow 117
, 210, 212 Preservation of Schiede 198
Schri ickle, ee = 156
Sciadopyti.
cote! h pi ne
Sealer subradicata 103 _ GL. 259
eek . A. G. a Seaver, Mr. F. J. 130, 135, 201, 245, 2 Collecting fun in Colorado a. 36-42) 2 Contereane notes 5I, IOI, 125, 160, 255 The long summer drought 244 Selaginella 62, 116 Selenicereus cee 236 Shafer, Dr. J. A.
104 Botanical exploration in the moun- cise ns 0 ae heastern Cuba (figs.
27, Botanical “exploration of the cays on the north Soe . Camaguey i nC uba
M ve, A Test 276 rubs, Winter decorative 237 Silk-cotton tree 8, 40 Simmons, Sketch of the Crataegus problem, with pecial reference to work in the sout Small, Dr. jJ. K Report on botanical exploration in ae dros, Bahamas (figs. 16-22) 88 Smart-weed 1 Smilax Beyrichii 99 laurifolia 99, 100 medica 61 Smith, Dr. E. F. 84 Sete dubon 122, 123 ae 167 Solandra 2
Solidago 2. Spanish ae Peay Dr. ee 129 Spirogyra 130 Spruce, aie fen bDiue 240
Douglas 189, ae
he nae 188, ee The ae of the great rag-
eed as food for gray 236
Spiers 277
eriopus 276 Stenorrhynchus speciosus 112 Stereum 54
rof. D. R. ils oe ycamore
A ia See eat occidentalis 241, 243 vulgaris
Tamarindus 59 Taxodium mucronatum 64 Taxus cuspidata nana 240 aylor, Miss 102 Taylor, Mr. Norman 20, 52, 87, 130, 135, 201, 25' Report on a trip to Santo Domingo (figs. 1-5) 3 ‘aylor, Mrs. Nonan 3 nt 277
Thistie ae aed 63 , Dr. C. H. 160, 184 ae 109, noe 149, 158 ahs as 235 Thuja reset 240 Osa 240 Tillondsia 187 ct es aa Torrey. D Trailing ee te 146 Tree-fern 8 Tree, au ohn 189 ain nm 8, 40
eae Dr. William 110, 197 Tremella mycetophile 61
Treub, Dr. Melchior 260 168
14 ip to ned Domingo, Report*on"a I-5) 3 Tropical See An opportunity to study the origin and develop- ment of a 273
188 anadensis pendula 240
Tyrolese Lanes cae 188
Umbrella pine 188
Underwood 214
Utricularia 231 cornula 97 subulata 95
Vaccinium 206 nilla
102 Visit 5 oe Isthmus of Panama, Report a botanical (figs. 7-15) 30
io} a
Vose, Mr. 70
Walnut, Cuban 272
Wa terledtuce 71 Weatherbee, E. H. 168 Whitaker, Mr.
Wild flowers, Preserva tion of 117
The preservation of our native 136
yam I9 Williams, R. S. 164 Willow 1 Wilson, Mr. Percy 83, 104, 109, II7,
187 Wilson, Prof. G. W. 246 Wilson, Sir W. G. 88 Winterberry 242 Wi nter decorative iaarrle 237 or ge
ch, Mr, E. E.
289
Xyris 232 Yucca alotfolia 193 losa 63
periculos:
Yam, wild 19
Yew, dwarf Japanese 240 Za: E 24
mia 113 pumila 98 York, Mr. H. H. 184, 271 Zanthoxylum 117 ucca 63
3 Eucrne P. BIcKNELL, Gsorce S. Bowvoin, Pror. N, L. Britton, Hon. Appison Brown, Dr. Nicuoras M. Butter, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. C. F. CHANDLER, Witi1aM G, Cuoate, Cuartes F. Cox,
Paut D. CravatH, Joun J. Crooxe,
W. Bayarp CuTtTING, CLevetanp H. Dopce, A. F. Estasrook,
H. C, Faunestocx, SamueL W. Farrcuivp, James B, Forp,
Henry W. ve Forest, Rosert W. bE Forest, Hon. Txomas F, Gitrov, Epwarp S. Harkness, Henry R. Hoyt,
Tuos, H. Husparp, Aprian Isexin, JR.,
4 Waiter B. JENNINGS, _ Joun I. Kanz, Eucene KELLy, Jr., Pror. James F, Kemp, ia Epw. V, Z. Lane,
J. Prerront MorGan, TueoporeE W. Myers, Freperic R. NEwsovp. Pror. Henry F. Osnorn, LowrEL.t M. Pacmrr, Georce W. PERKINS, James R. PitcueEr,
M. F. Puiant,
Joun D. RocKkEFrELLes, WiLLiaM ROCKEFELLER, E, V. W. Rossiter, Pror. H. H. Russy, Mortimer L, Scnirr, James A. ScRYMSER, Henry A, SIEBRECHT, Wix.tam D. SLoang, Netson SMITH,
JaMES SPEYER,
Francis L. STetrson, CuHarLes G. Tuompson, Dr. W. GItMan THOMPSON. SAMUEL THORNE,
My es TIzRNEY,
Louris C. Tirrany, Grorce W. VANDERBILT,
Hon. Ecexron L. WintTEROP,
r
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aay
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BOARD OF ANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAGERS. Term expires January, 1912. N. L. BRITTON JOHN I, KANE, AN seats CARNEGIE, W. J. ‘i W. GILMAN THOMPSON.
Term expires January, 1913
HOMAS H. HUB J. PIERPONT MORGAN, FRANCIS LYNDE stETSON, GEORGE W. PERKINS, YLES TIERNEY. Term expires pea 1914 Perea BROWN, ROBERT W. be cea AYARD ee ae A. SCRYMSE
. EX-OFFICIO MANAGE THE PRESIDENT OF TMENT OF ee Parks, T
F LIAM J. GAYNOR. 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. PROF. H. H. , Chairman, DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. R. A. HARPER, CHARLES F, PROF. JAMES F, KEMP, PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES,
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GARDE TAFRF. DR.N. “ BRITTON, Director-in-Chief. DR. MURRILL, Assistant Director. DR. JOHN K SMALL Head the Museums.
. PLA. RYD DR. chan A. ae Caine: DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, paid FR D 5 re Cu
ROBERT S. WILL rae Assistant, Y ue eta Curat EORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener.
nee
, Curator
d , UR J. CORBETT, stat Os
Members of
Epwarp D. Apams,
Joun D, ArcupBotp, Georce F. Baker,
Eucene P. Bicxne tr, Georce S, Bowporn, Pror, N. L. Brrrron, Hon, Appison Brown, Dr. Nicuotas M. Butter,
CravaTH, W. Bayarp CutTtIne,
CieveLrann H, Done,
HNESTOCK, SamueLt W. Faircuitp, James B. Forp,
W. ve Forest, Rosert W. ve Forest, Hon, Tuomas F. Girroy, Epwarp S. Harkness,
nRY R, T, Tuos. H, Huszarp, Aprian ISELIN, Jr, Wa ter B. JENNINGS, Joun I. Kane, Eucene Ketty, Jr., Pror, James F. Kemp, Epw. V. Z. Lang,
x
Hon. Ecerton L.
the Corporation.
Pror. Freperic S, Leg,
Hon. Setu Low,
Davin Lyotc,
Epcar L. Marston,
Turopore W. Myers, Freperic R. Newsorp, Pror, Henry F. Osgorn, Lowett M. Parmer, Georce W. Perkins, James R. PitcuHer,
M, F. Prant,
Joux D. Rocxere.ter, Wititam ROCKEFELLER, H. H. Russy,
Dr. W. Girman Tuompson, SAMUEL THoRNE, My rs Trerney, Lovis C. Tirrany, Grorce W. VaNnDERBILT, . Winturop, Jr.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
No. 133. JANUARY
Some Useful Plants of Mexico... 0.0.0... ccc cece eete ett enna Conrerence Notestucean rd sy ce ete sonal pias t i vendes Via ee npanes N
Accessions . No. Se FEBRUARY Report on Recent — in Mex Pebatins of the » Scholars, and eee of the New York Botanical
eas oe Ve ear
Cue Notes......
Notes, News ee Comment i's). s cases ine i ead wee ee een
Accessions. .... 0. 135. Marcu Studying Tropical American Fungi in European Herbaria.............06. Conference Notes....... otes, News and Comment Accessions
No. 136. APRIL A Little-known Mangrove of Pan:
ma. The Educational Work of eacie Gardens. Spring Lectures, 1911
ane News and Comment
Access'
No. 137. May
Botanical Exploration in Cu
peer hans of Rubber pie a Guayule Plant... 2.0.0... ... 0 csc eee
‘on! Not A Collection of pie Cherry Trees cise ia yin ees eae ainaaaee alice kt
Notes, News and Comment.............6. 0000 c eae Accessions
138.
oO. UNE Students and Investigators at the New York Botanical Garden 1897-1911...
No. 139. JuLy
Explorations in Southern Florida.
e Rhododendron Banks. ........ 0... 0c. eee
viii CONTENTS
Conference Stas “eC
No Accessions
No. 140. AUGUST Report on Cuban Exploration
por een Along the Western Boundary of the Garden
The Flower Exhibition.
Notes, ied s and Comment Accessio:
No. 141. SEPTEMBER The Uses of the Cactuses
No Accessions
No. 142
base on a Visit to the Royal Gardens, Kew, England, and to the British useum ory. 2
of Natural Hist
The a cplsaiee ees bit
Notes, News and C Accessions
NOVEMBER
Report on a Trip to Southeastern Utah in the Summer of 1911 Exploration in the Southwestern States and West Coast of Mexico
otes, News and Comment
Accessions
No. 144. DECEMBER Exploration in Lower California.
Conference Notes......
Notes, News and Comment
Accessions . Index
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XII January, 1911. No, 123.
SOME USEFUL PLANTS OF MEXICO.*
One who would investigate the vegetable products of Mexico must establish his base of operations in the public market places, preparing there his list of subjects for investigation, and obtaining there such nicemanon Hegarding them as may direct his further search. The ‘merc ado,” or ‘‘ricoba”’ as it is sometimes called in South America, is an institution of prime Seenee through- out the whole of Spanish America. The practice of keeping meats, vegetables, fruits and other country produce in isolated shops, then known as is coming more or less into vogue, mostly as a result of icaedke ae and influence, but it remains true that the only w which a general idea of such products can be gained, is ne a faithful attendance upon the mercados, where one is certain to find represented, throughout the different seasons, everything that occurs within the territories that are respectively tributary to them. He wi find, however, that the information there to be oa aes is strictly limited. e will be reliably informed that a certain lot was produced in a certain place, but he can learn little about the distribution of the article elsewhere. He will be correctly in- formed as to its current names at that place, but if he subse- quently encounters it some hundreds of miles distant, he is not only almost certain to hear one or more different names for it, but he is very likely to find the same name applied to an entirely different article. Thus, the late Dr. José Ramirez has published
*Abstract of a lecture delivered at the New York Botanical Garden, November 12, I910
1
2
a large work on the botanical and common names of Mexican plants, which I have found of very little practical use when travelling widely over the republic. Undoubtedly, the author’s work was carefully and laboriously done, and the observations recorded are accurate, but the result is invalidated by the effects of provincialism, in the manner stated.
e student undertakes to secure information concerning the character of the plants yielding the products, he finds the results exasperatingly vague, and even contradictory, and when he contemplates visiting the source of supply to obtain this information, he is appalled by the distances to be covered, and
the many different directions in which they lie. It is a most common occurrence for these Indians to travel on foot for a
Fic. 1. Visiting the Source of Supply.
hundred or a hundred and fifty miles to bring their fruits to
ket.
It might be supposed from this that these products would be widely, or even generally distributed in commerce, but such is far from being the case. On the contrary, provincialism is in
o other way so strikingly manifest as in the local distribution of the cultivation and trade in particular articles or varieties of them. I dare say that one who has spent a long life in Mexico,
who has travelled much, and who has been attentive to the products, would be almost certain to see something entirely new to him, probably a number of such articles, on visiting the market of a distant town
It thus happens that a surprisingly large number of important vegetab'e products of Mexico are botanically either wholly un- known, or known in the most general and indefinite manner, and that it is exceptionally desirable that all travellers should unite
very fragmentary way. Even a leafy branch without flowers or fruit, or a photograph, with suitable notes, may prove the means of clearing up some long existing doubt as to the identity and source of a very important product. It is to be remembered, in this connection, that the value of these products is often far from being local. Many of them are capable, either in their natural condition, or after easy ernie of being favorably received in the markets of the w
It is with this idea that the present ee is uae It is in no sense a synopsis of Mexican economic , but strict y what its title implies, remarks on ‘‘Some ae re of Mexico,”’ these plants being such as have claimed my special attention while travel ing there.
On the pe of drugs, I will merely touch. Native Mexican drugs are a le Aside from the fact that the subject is not one of alae Nes interest, it would require a volume for its treat- ment. Having here an illustration of a species of Argemone, a member of the poppy family, I will remark that I expect the oil of the seeds of this genus to some day become an important article of commerce. Aside hae the fact that it has excellent medicinal qualities, it is likely to subserve many of the other uses of fixed oils. rgemone is represented in Mexico by many species or varieties, and it grows most readily and abundantly.
Most of the food-plants of Mexico, being those of cultivation, and well-known elsewhere, will not receive attention, but I will refer to several interesting novelties in this
The use of the young shoots of Oriental bamboos for food is well known, so that I was interested in observing that the
4
young shoots of the species which I encountered on Limon Mountain, 160 miles south of Mexico City and about 55 miles from the Pacific coast, possess excellent edible properties, though I did not learn that they are so used. These shoots, from 12 to 18 inches in length and nearly an inch in greatest thickness, resembled asparagus shoots, except that they tapered regularly rom the base to the acute summit and that the scales were closely appressed. They were very tender and crisp, starchy and of a rather neutral flavor, these being valuable qualities for a staple food.
n this same mountain side, I found numbers of the small trees here represented, belonging in the Acacia group, but as yet undetermined by me. The Indians informed me that the par- tially opened leaf-buds of this tree, six inches or more in length and nearly an inch in thickness, are edible. I tried some of them in the raw state, and found them tender, sweetish, though decidedly astringent, and evidently quite nutritious.
The small nut-like fruits of a number of palms are important commercial articles in most markets, some being used for the expression of their oil, others for food. It is quite evident that the same individual names, in different localities, represent dif- ferent species and even different genera.
I think that everyone who has ever cultivated dahlias must have been struck by their enormous productiveness in roots, and many, like myself, must have wondered if it were possible to utilize them for food and wished that such might be the case. Being closely related to the highly nutritious and delicious Jeru- salem artichoke and, like it, richly charged with inulin, there can
no question as to its availability as a food, if free from dis- agreeable and deleterious properties. Various species of dahlia are exceedingly common and abundant in the mountains of Mexico. In the lava beds between Mexico City and Cuernavaca, where this picture was taken, they cover acres, the beautiful flowers representing every shade of color from yellow, through orange, salmon and vermilion to scarlet, mauve, lilac and rose. Upon one of my trips I was accompanied by a native who was remarkably well versed in the native uses of the plants. As I
5
was in the act of collecting a specimen of dahlia flowers, he as- tonished and delighted me by informing me that its root was eaten. In order to test him, I professed great incredulity and even made sport of his statement, whereupon he most earnestly and somewhat indignantly ran and pulled up a bunch of roots
Fic. 2. Dahlias in Lava Bed, near Ajusco, Mexico.
and insisted that they were eaten by his peope. I consider this not only a very interesting but economically a most important subject for investigation.
The century plants, or magueys, one species of which is here represented, are noted rather as beverage plants than as food plants. Their use for such purposes, as well as for their fiber, is pretty well known, and is much too extensive to be discussed at
the present time, but I wish to refer to the use of the enormous heads or buds, just previous to flowering, and trimmed of their projecting leaves, for food. They are placed in pits or ovens and baked or roasted for many hours. On being removed, they are of a rich deep-brown color, their form being perfectly preserved, and very sticky with the exuded sugar. I have fr aah seen them for sale in the market places, of great size and I shoul think weighing as much as 200 pounds. They are oe old entire or the immense scale-like leaf-bases are pulled off and sold separately. As a food, this article is to be regarded rather as a sweet preserve
Other curiosities in the line of native foods are the large fleshy roots of Prionosciadium diversifolium Rose, which I encountered on Limon Mountain. These roots in size and form reminded me considerably of those of spikenard (Aralia racemosa). I was informed that the natives cook and eat them as we do parsnips and carrots.
Various species of fungi are collected in Mexico for home use or for sale in the markets as food. I purchased in this way sae ace from some Indian women while collecting it
the ntains near Toluca, and a rather large species of ull ball in in nk market of Mexico City.
Another curiosity was the sale inthe Mexican City markets of the herbage of a purple-flowered species of Oxalis, looking not unlike O. Acetosella. It is used as an ingredient of salads and is said to be eagerly bought by Mexican epicures. I afterwards saw the natives collecting it on the banks by the roadside, whe it completely carpeted the soil, consisting of partially decayed r I have not yet had time to determine the species
In the market of Queretaro, I was surprised to see dee common purslane (Portulaca lee) regularly sold as a culinary vege- table. For one cent, equal to half a cent of our money, I pur- chased as much as could be crowded into a quart jar, and, being a gringo, I was doubtless cheated.
It is worthy of note that I found growing in the rich soil among rocks at the foot of a cliff near Cuicatlan, Oaxaca, a very small species of Solanum, bearing tubers. So far as I have
been able to determine, this is an"undescribed species. It bears pure white flowers and its very small tubers are white and trans- lucent.
The genus Physalis is well represented in Mexico by wild species, many of which contribute edible sweet fruits, besides which there are several cultivated varieties, their specific identity very uncertain, which contribute vast quantities of so-called
Fic. 3. Lava Beds Covered with Fern Growth, near Ajusco, Mexico.
“tomaties.” These are mostly not sweet, but rather highly flavored and are used as ingredients of various dishes. To the edible fruits of Mexico, I must give special attention. Passing over the better known fruits, such as apples, pears,
quinces, strawberries (which are supplied in the restaurants throughout the entire year), oranges, bananas, cherimollas and
which I purchased in the market of Oaxaca. Although small, knotty and ugly in appearance, it possesses a remarkable fra- grance and flavor and is sweet and rich beyond any other that I have ever eaten, unless possibly the very large and handsome fruits of the Guayaquil market. I should also like to comment upon the remarkable variety observed in the aguacates, or alli- gator pears, of Mexico. One of the extremes is a nearly spherical fruit not so large as a hen’s egg and having the rich purple color of the egg-plant, or darker. The other is a pear-shaped fruit, with very long neck and weighing two or three pounds. Betw these extremes we have all combinations of color, form and ae Those who purchase this fruit will find it economical to select the long-necked varieties, as the neck is composed of solid meat, the very large seed being confined to the larger en The Zapotes of Mexico are varied and of the greatest interest. Some of them belong in the genus Sapota, or the closely related enus Lucuma, while others are in widely separated families. “Zapote blanco,” or white zapote, is a delicious sweet fruit, resem- bling a roundish pear, of a green color, with a thin skin and white flesh and containing usually five large seeds. Strange to say, it is credited to the rue family. ‘‘Zapote negro,” or “Zapote prieto,” on the contrary, is a persimmon. Most of us are familiar with our own native persimmon, the pulp of which is of a deep-brown color, and with the Japanese species, or ‘‘kaki,’’ which much resembles a good sized tomato and has red or orange pulp. The black zapote here considered resembles the kaki in form but is two or even three times as large, of a deep green color externally, and the pulp of almost inky blackness. Like other persimmons, it is rather dry and wanting in flavor, though sweet. There is a record in the medical college of Mexico City of an unpopular professor having been changed in color from head to foot as a result of a fusilade with these fruits by his disgruntled disciples.
9
:
“Zapote borracho,”’ meaning drunken or bloated zapote, is really a very delicious fruit. It is ovoid-pear-shaped, smooth and green, without, and with a very deep yellow pulp in which are im- bedded several large seeds. The pulp is very sweet and of a peculiar and delicious flavor. I judge that it is a species of Lucuma. The two first-named zapotes were found in the market in late winter, about February, while the last-named was ob- tained in July.
One of the most important fruits native to Mexico is the “Nance agrio,” or “Nance amarillo,’”’ meaning the sour or yellow nanchi. It is the product of the small Malpighiaceous tree Byrsonima Karwinskiana (not B. ee as stated by Dr. se in his ‘‘Notes on the Usfeul Plants of Mexico’). This tree seems to be exceedingly widely distributed throughout
a ie}
Mexico, and the ripe fruit seems to be in season, in different parts, throughout most of the year. I purchased it down near the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in February, and it was abundant in the markets of Guerrero in July. At the last-named period, T found trees in the mountains of Guerrero loaded with the green fruit of the new crop, with some ripe fruit, and still bearing a considerable quantity of flowers. The fruit almost exactly re- sembles an oxheart cherry, except that it is not at all flattened laterally and not indented at the base. It is of a light, bright yellow and contains a stone like that of the cherry. Its flavor is mildly sweet and sub-acid, and it has a characteristic and very agreeable strong flavor of its own and a deliciously ea fragrance. It is eaten raw and cooked in the fresh state and is dried for subsequent cooking.
Yet still more delicious, more closely resembling the flavor of a cherry, but far richer, is the ‘Nance dulce,” or ‘‘Nance colorado,” meaning sweet or red nanchi. This is far less common an abundant than the other. I encountered it only in Oaxaca. The tree is about as large as a cherry tree, and bears flowers and fruits at the same time, but two or three in a cluster, instead of in racemes like the other. The fruit is about twice as large as the other, of a beautiful red color and lightly and irregularly two
or three lobed.
10
Very often when I have tasted the fruits of our common wild cherry seis serotina, or Padus serotina, as it should be called), I have wondered if it could not be improved by culture and
Once, my Adirondack guide informed me that he had found a tree bearing such unusually good fruit that he had transferred it to his garden, fertilized and cultivated it, and seen it develop cherries which burst open with their richness. Of all this I was reminded when a station peddler cried out his stock of ‘‘Capulinas
ulces,”” which I quickly found to be a species of Padus, very similar to our P. Ses but three times as large, and of delicious sweetness and flavor. It is Padus Capulin, mostly occurring wild, but frequently transferred to gardens, where it does not seem to be improved as I think it is capable of being. This fruit is ripe in July and August.
In one of my lectures here, I referred to the Pacay, an enormous bean-like fruit of the Andes. It is often more than a foot long, an inch and a half wide and half as thick, and contains eight to twelve large beans, like lima beans, imbedded in a pure white substance resembling absorbent cotton. This apparently fibrous mass is juicy and dissolves in the mouth like water-melon pulp, which it considerably resembles in flavor. It is the product of Inga edulis, a large tree in the Acacia group. There are many species of Jnga, and most of them contain such an edible pulp. I found one in the Mexican markets, and traced it to Cuernavaca, where Mrs. Harry O. Robinson very kindly procured me speci- mens, from which I determined it as Inga Jiniquil. It is known by the common name Jiniquil, and is marketed in July and August
One of the most delicious fruits that I encountered was pur- chased in Zamorain February. Itisa Bromelia. Though I have no means of determining the species, it is probably B. Pinguin. The fruits occur in large heads like the fruits of a Yucca, but more densely arranged. Individually, they resemble small pink radishes, in size, form and color, though the shape is quite ir- regular. The fruit is firm and crisp, much like that of an apple, and is sweet, acid and delicious. From what is written of it,
11
it seems to be more acid at times, so as to be used in making a lemonade- like drink. I do not recall its native name, but if it
s the ep mentioned, it is called “Aguava,” “Cardo,” or “Timbiri ichi.’
One of the most important commercial table fruits of Mexico is the grenadilla, which is a species of Passiflora, or passion flower. Having never seen its foliage or flowers, I am unable to name it specifically. In middle or late winter, it may be seen in bushels on all fruit stands. Its skin is rather hard and thick, like that of a gourd, and it contains a myriad of blackish seeds
nearly colorless and transparent sweet jelly. This jelly may be sucked from the seeds and the latter rejected, though it is more common to swallow the mass entire like an oyster. In Bolivia I have seen one almost exactly similar, though rather smaller, of which the pulp is cid sour like that of a lemon, and which is used for an acid dri Altogether the most i eeeceeng fruit which I encountered is one which is almost wholly unknown either economically or scientifically. It is exceedingly rare, even where it occurs, and appears to be in the process of extinction, and specimens of it in herbaria and other collections are almost non-existent. The us Mocinna was described by Ramirez in 1894 in a Mexican governnet publication and is merely referred to in the Nachtrage e Pflanzenfamilien. I was exceedingly fortunate in finding at Seis de Gonzales a single plant in flower and later one in fruit. Looking at the fruit as here exhibited, you would say that it had a short, stout, curved peduncle and five terete, rigid, horn-like or spine-like, erect, superior calyx teeth it attached, however, we find it inverted, the calyx-teeth be- ing reflexed, the supposed peduncle a style, and the real peduncle extremely long and filiform, and the fruit pendulous. This re- markable fruit is classed with the papaw, or papaya, sili to me it seemed more closely related to the passion flow It grows prostrate among rocks, its stems being very ena and slender and much like those of the Cucurbitaceae. It bears no tendrils. The fruit is known as “‘Jarilla’” and is greedily sought
12
by human beings as well as animals. It was not ripe when I found it, but it is said to be sweet and delicious
mon Mountain, I found a very peculiar wild grape (Vitis blanco Munson), the leaves and young growth very white-woolly and the plant more inclined to form beds upon rocks than to climb high. The tendrils are very long and stout, shortly- branched and tender and juicy, and very much inclined to bear small bunches of flowers and fruits at the ends of these branches. The flowers are of a dull purple, several times larger than those of any of our own grapes, wild or cultivated, and thick and fleshy. The clusters, like the individual fruits, are very large, ae short and broad, of a deep-purple red, and contain a few very large seeds. The pulp is characterized iy being highly ase very sour and intensely “foxy.’’ So great is this acrid effect, that if a number of fruits are eaten, it will leave the mouth sore and almost bleeding. It seems possible that through hybridiza- tion some of the properties of this fruit might be advantageously incorporated into our cultivated varieties.
In the lava beds previously mentioned, and growing among the dahlias, I found a very large currant bush (Ribes Pringlet Rose), almost a small tree, of erect, pyramidal habit, which bore very large racemes of correspondingly large currants. The fruit was not ripe at the time, so I can say nothing of its characte
In oo cafions of Oaxaca near Cuicatlan, I found another species of grape, in flower in February, and in July I found in the same locality a species of mulberry which is apparently not de-
ribed. The tree is of small size and of dense growth. The foliage has almost the form of Morus celtidifolia, butis soft-woolly or hairy instead of rough. The fruit is small and short, having much the form and size of a large raspberry, of very few fruitlets, and of a pinkish-yellow color. Its sweetness is slight and it is rather insipi
On Limon ‘A ouitein I collected a delicious sweet fruit re- sembling in appearance a deep blue olive, which proves to be an undescribed species of Mayepea, in the olive family.
ne of the strangest pieces of information that I received
13
was that the most delicious berry-like fruit of the Gonzales district is that of a white flowered species of Lantana.
The so-called Mexican plums, or Ciruelas, known in the British West Indies as hog plums, are yielded by two or more species of Spondias, in the Mango family. I purchased in Mexico City in July, a very large, deep red variety, which appeared to me specifically distinct from both the S.luéea and S. purpurea.
Among the lava beds south of Mexico City, I one day in July purchased from an Indian vender a small basket of large black-
Fic. 4. Plumiera rubra, Limon Mt., Mexico.
berries, beautifully oval in form and structure, but not of very good flavor. I did not see the plant or its foliage, and could not identify the species.
ear Toluca I found a single clump of black-cap, or black raspberry bushes. It did not look much like either of our species, though it may be the very stout form of R. occidentalis that has been called variety grandiflorus.
Last year, I lectured on the Mexican rubber plants, giving attention to those of present commercial importance. On my last trip I took note of a number of others which have not as yet disclosed commercially important properties, but some of which are now undergoing practical experimentation.
14
Probably the most important of these is known in Oaxaca as “Mulatilla.” It is a small species of Euphorbiodendron, the largest tree that I saw being only about four inches in trunk- diameter. It is said, in rare instances, to reach a diameter of a
Fic. 5. Palm, the Leaves used for Thatching in Guerrero, Mexico.
foot. The species is not described, and I purpose to describe it as E. Mulatilla. Its milk has apparently the same composition as that of E. fulvum, the ‘Palo Amarillo.”
The milk of Plumiera rubra is said to be richer in rubber, though its quality is inferior. This tree is known in Mexico as Cacalo- xuchil. It is widely distributed and sometimes has a trunk diameter of nearly a foot. The species is widely distributed
15
through tropical America, where some of the other species become large forest trees.
Jatropha wrens, called in Mexico ‘‘Mala-mujer,” is another small tree or large shrub, the milky juice of which contains some rubber, and which is widely distributed throughout tropical America. The entire tree, including both leaf-surfaces, is thickly beset with needle-like spines, which, besides being pungent, are poisonously irritant. Working with this ene even for the making of herbarium specimens, is decidedly pai
“Cordoban” is the local name in Oaxaca oi a very peculiar small shrub known to botanists as Pedilanthus Pringlei. Its stems grow in clumps, are little branched, mostly from one to two yards long, about as thick as the finger, soft and full of milk, nearly leafless and droop or recline on other plants. Its peculiar little flowers, of a coral-red, are inconspicous. It is a near relative of the Euphorbia. Should it ever be found practicable to collect its rubber, it will probably be only by grinding up the entire plant.
number of miscellaneous uses of plants may now be men- tioned. The leaves of the palm here exhibited, ee a Thrinax, furnish te roofing for a large part of the poorer houses of Balsas and other Guerrero towns. The leaves of a Furcraea furnish in the same district a considerable ate of fiber for rough cordage. ‘‘Jaboncilla’”’ is a name applied at Gonzales to
white foliage and large chocolate-purple flowers much like those of the sweet pea. It is so called because it can be used as a soap substitute.
When bananas ripen and the plants are cut down, their stems are cut into joints about a foot long, these joints being then hollowed out and the tough cylinders being slipped over ripe pineapples to protect them during transportation.
A small silk-cotton tree (Ceiba sp.) abounds in a large part of the mountainous plateau of central Mexico, and bears annually, in the aggregate, an enormous quantity of cotton-like fiber. attached, not to the seeds, as in ordinary cotton, but to the inside of the pod. This cotton is fine and of a beautiful silky luster,
16
There is a great desire in Mexico that a use should be found for it. I secured a quantity of this cotton and had it examined by an expert cotton manufacturer, who reported that the hairs were
Fic. 6. Pineapples Protected in Hollowed Stems of Banana, Oaxaca, Mexico.
too short. He stated that if, by cultivation and breeding, it could be made to produce a fiber of sufficient length, it would be a valuable product.
H. H. Russy.
CONFERENCE NOTES.
The regular conference meeting was held in the library on the afternoon of December 7, and was presided over by Dr. N. on.
Mr. C. S. Schwarze gave a review oe his work on Dimero-_ sporium, a genus of the “sooty moulds.” The ‘sooty moulds,” which are related to the powdery mildews, differ mainly in that they produce a superficial black (instead of white) mycelial growth which spreads over the substratum. The genus is largely tropical and the species may be either parasitic or sap- rophytic on the leaves and stems of various plant Schwarze mentioned especially the characters which distinguish
17
this genus from other genera of the same family of plants. large number of original drawings illustrating the characters of the various species were shown.
r. . Benedict showed specimens of teazels which had recently ica added to the economic collections. The teazel
as a cultivated crop in America is one about which very little is known. The cultivated teazel (Dipsacus Gowns differs from the common wild teazel in having the bracts of the inflores-
cence recurved and very stiff, patie hooks which are ae in “fulling,” ‘“‘knapping’’ or ‘gigging’? cloths on which such a surface is desired as is seen in serges, etc., as distinguished from worsteds, which are smoot
st of the oa s siely of teazels is grown in Europe. The best aie of teazels, however, are grown in central New York, in the townships of Skaneateles and Marcellus of Onondaga County. Something about the soil makes the quality of these teazels especially good but efforts to introduce the culture into neighboring regions have been unsuccessful. There are, however,
a few grown in Clackamas County, Oregon, by a former Skane- ateles man.
Mr. Benedict also called attention to an unusual oak in the eastern part of the Garden, the identity of which is in doubt because of the fact that it resembles two of our common species. Its leaves are cut much like those of the common white oak but its acorns are borne on long stalks as in the swamp white oak. It seems to fruit sparingly, at least it has for the last two seasons, and as a result it has been impossible to secure acorns for culture. These were desired in order to determine whether the seedlings would throw any light on the identity of the parent tree. Su an experiment carried on with the seeds of another suspected hybrid proved conclusively the justice of the suspicion.
Mr. E. W. Humphreys called attention to the fact that among the fossil plants that make up one of the small museum col- lections from the Triassic of Sonora, Mexico, is a specimen of
than aueee interest. It is an equisetum (Schizoneura ee Zeiller) which does not seem to have been reporte m North eee before. The specimens described by Zeiller
18
were from the French possessions in southeastern Asia. Thus, during Triassic times, Sonora, Mexico, and Tonkin, Asia, appear to have had an equisetum in comm
Mr. Nash exhibited a number of flowers of a lady-slipper, Paphiopedilum insigne, a native of the Himalayan region, showing a great range of color variation. A great many varieties have received names. In the type of the species, the dorsal sepal, or standard, is green with numerous small brown spots and a white border at the apex, varying greatly in the number and size of the spots and the amount of white on the margin. In the variety Sanderae, which was discovered in a consignment of the plants received by Sander & Sons, the standard is a bright yellow-green, the upper portion a pure white, and the only remains of the spotting are a few minute specks at the base. The whole effect is of a yellowish-green flower. The flowers of eee ilum Massaianum were also exhibited. This is a hy-
f P. Rot ere with P. superciliare, the ie itself : hybrid production.
Dr. W. A. Murrill exhibited specimens of “Shiitake,” an edible mushroom cultivated for centuries in Japan on decaying trunks of oak and hornbeam sprinkled at intervals with rice water, which species has been found to have several scientific names. Specimens obtained from shops in Japan by the Chal- lenger Expedition in 1875 were named Agaricus ies edodes by Berkeley (Jour. Linn. Soc. Bot. 16: 50. 78), this being the first name applied and the best pee of the species. Excellent specimens have been sent to the Garden by Professor Kusano, of Tokyo, during the past year, and others have ey Sine in the Chinese shops of New York City.
Dr. N. L. Britton called attention to a Cuban palm (Thrinax) possessing a soft fiber which is removed by the natives and used for stuffing pillows and for other similar purposes. Specimens of the plant were exhibited.
Frep J. SEAVER.
19
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Professor E. O. Wooton, of the Agricultural College of New Mexico, spent several days at the Garden during December consulting the acai m. Professor Wooton is spending his sabbatical year at the United States National Museum to com- plete a work on the flora of New Mexico.
In conservatory range No. 1, house No. 11, is the collection of bananas and related plants. Two plants of the edible species, Musa sapientum, are now making fruit; the so-called “hand”’ bananas is developed from the cluster of flowers under am of the large colored bracts clothing the axis of the young banana bunch; bananas are natives of the old world tropics; many edible kinds are extensively cultivated throughout tropical and warm-temperate regions. In the same house i is Strelitzia Nicolai, native of southern Africa, now in bloom, its flowers borne near the top of the tall stem; also Ravenala madagascari- ensis, native of Madagascar, the special interest of which lies in its large leaves with broad sheathing bases, where water ac- cumulates; when these are cut the water runs out in considerable quantity, hence its name of ‘‘travelers’ tree’; its stems are used for making houses, floors and for other economic purposes.
Volume 3, part 1, of “North American Flora,’’ comprising 88 pages of text, appeared December 29, 1910. It contains the order Hypocreales, with the families Nectriaceae and Hypo- creaceae, by Fred J. Seaver; and the Fimetariales, with the Chae-
tomi elen P. dariaceae), by David Griffiths and Fred J. the species here treated, especially those belonging to the genus Nectria, are injurious to cultivated plants, while many of the species of Cordyceps live upon, and aid in destroying injurious insects. Many of the orchids in house No. 15, conservatory range o. I, are now in flower. Among these are the Dendrobiums, from the old world, many of them rich in color, others pure white. A Philippine orchid, Platyclinis glumacea, is at its prime, a mass
20
of slender drooping racemes of small white flowers. Cattleya and the closely related genus Laelia are attractive. Laelia anceps, from Mexico, bears its flowers in clusters at the end of a long stem; the variety rosea, with deep rose — is gee showy. Laelia superbiens, from Guatemala, uch rarer plant, is also in bloom. pee aureo- Vieillardi, a aes
‘two or three months. There is a large display of the greenhouse lady-slippers or Venus’-slippers, Paphiopedilum and Phragmi- pedium. Paphiopedilum Rothschildianum, from New Guinea, is striking in its striping of yellowish and black. eels tonso-Charlesworthit, a aie is of more modest color One of the best of these now in bloom is Paphtopedilum ae a hybrid. The flowers are nee large; the standard is yellow- ish-green, with a white band at the apex and spotted with purple- black; the petals are green, gene ais marked with rose at the a his plant came with the es Ames’ collection. Meteorology for December—The ore precipitation for the month was 2.46 inc Maximum temperatures were recorded of 41° on the 8th, 45° on the 15th, 43° on the 24th, and 52° on the 30th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 9° on the 1oth, 7° on the 17th, 12° on the 22d, and 12° on the 31st.
ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. ri of Philonotis from Connecticut. (By exchange with Dr. George E. Nich 150 specimens eee theca Boreali-Americana, "fascicles XXII.~XXIV. (Dis- tributed by Messrs. Collins, Holden and Setchell. 5 specimens = tee ascus from California. (Given by Mr. James McMurphy.) Me specimens of fleshy fungi from Europe. (Collected by Dr. W. A. Murrill.) pecimens of fungi from North Carolina. (By exchange with the United Be "National use )
eae by Professor John Macoun.) (Distributed by Professor John Macoun.) sopecimens of fungi from Colorado. pee ted by Mr. Fred J. Seaver and mes Bethel. specimens of Philonolis. (By exchange with Mr. Gabriel Diomie 2 specimens of Fregaria and Alsine from Indiana. (By eae with Mr. Charles C. Deam.)
¢ £, cr. qd
21
207 miscellaneous specimens. (By exchange with the United States National gees specimens of flowering plants
from Manchuria. a Botanic Garden, a as
(By exchange with Im- oe panes
-plants. a ns Dr. H. H. Rusby.) Dr. H. H. .
I specimen of Japanese wax. (Gi y.) 9 museum specimens from Cuba. eel = Dr. . es Saree -) II specimens of raisin grapes from California. (Given by M ord.) 839 carats of flowering plants and ferns from Mexico, eee a Dr. H. H. Rusby.
120 specimens of Crataegus from chet reese 160 specimens of ferns from Haw: (Give Mr. D. D. dwin.) I specimen of Phoradendron phryll f: ew es ae by J. M. Thorburn & Co. ;
oe pe Mr. ses E. Smith.)
1 specimen of elderberry wine made by Mrs. John Marlowe. (Given by Miss Anne Dorrance. 26 museum specimens from Cuba. , (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton.) pecimens of flowering plants from the West Indies. (By Ha with Peas I. Urban.)
specimens of Gerardia from the eastern United States.
{Given by Mr. F. W. Pennell.)
2 specimens of Grindelia squarrosa. (Giv 43 miscellaneous specimens. Museum.
n by Mr. F. T. Pember.)
(By eines with the ee States National 6 specimens of rice from Burma. — o Mrs. Alice C. Russell.) 17 specimens of drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.
2 nee of Sphagnum from Mt. isle New York.
(Given by Professor E. B. Chamberlain. 2 specimens . mosses oe Illinois. (By exchange with Mr. W. W. Calkins.) specimens from Oregon. (By exchange with the United States National a n ee en Blodgettii from Florida. (By exchange with the Bilt- more herbarium. Rey of Gymnogramme schizophylla from Jamaica. (Given by Professor D. S. 21 specimens of Fissideus from South America. (By exchange with Dr. V. T. Brotherus.
coeennil of Oncidium from Brazil. Sk by Mr. A. Lange.) , 3 specimens of Colorado plants. (Given by Mrs. M. E. Soth.) ; specimens ae Colorado plants. ee by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell.)} specimens of Opuntia from ac eomacl (By exchange with the United States ee Museum.) 33 specimens from Colorado. (By exchange with Mr. George E. Osterhout.) 189 specimens from Colorado. (By enc Rey Mr. Earl L. Johnston.) 59 specimens from Nevada. (By exchange with the University of Nevada.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 2 Phyllocactus. (Given by Mrs. F. E. Cu
rtiss.) 1 Strelitaia reginae.
(Given by Mr. F. R. Newbold.)
22
1 Crassula tas (Given by Miss Helen I. Spivey.) I ee pla (Given by E. A. & W. R. Anderson. nts for conservatories. cae exchange with E. G. Benson.) d
k=) >
zg mn. (Pure! . 8 packets seed of Eulophus californicus. (Given by Mr. R. J. Smith.) I packet seed Trapa natans. (Given by Mr. Emilio Vasconi.)
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM AUGUST 1 TO OCTOBER 31, 1910. (Continued.)
ACOSTA, sited DE. Esainalin ee e denbeus ican Indie. baci 1596. - Ap
G! im several | new inseuious Ea. 4. London, T77E. ALEXANDRE, NICOLAS. i ph ti
Rouen, 1790, ALEXANDRE, Nico.as. Dictionnaire botanique et pharmaceutique. Paris, 1802,
Bart, THEODOR. Die wichtigsten Sétze der neuern Mycologi Jena, 1861. BECKER, JOHANNES. Flora d ere um Frankfurt am a ain. Frankfurt a. M., ECQUEREL, A Cé Recherches sur | id de lV'el
dans les végétaux. Paris, B » PETER JONAS. via medica e regno vegetabili, sistens simplicia oficinalia, pariter atque culinaria. Stockholmiae, 1782. ARDI, JOHANN Jacos. Beobachtungen iber Pflanzengefésse. Erfurt,
cK, Hieronymus. De stirpium maxime earum, quae in Germania nostra nascuniur. Argentorati, 1552. B
OCQUILLON, HENRI. Revue du groupe des dees Thése. Paris, 1862. BORCKHAUSEN, Moritz eso Botanisches Worterbuch. Giessen, 1797. REFELD, OSCAR. Dictyostelium mucoroides, ein neuer ans smus aus der Verwandtschaft der Myxomyceten. a a. 8
RT, ADOLPHE THEODORE. Mémoire sur la famille des Rhamnées.
CESAT! Vt INCENZO, & De Noraris, GIUSEPPE. Saale pee aschigeri. Genova, 1863.
Y, Jacques Denis. Mémoire sur la famille des Sélaginées.
Schema di classificazione degli Genéve, 1823.
HIRO, MiGuEL. Memoria sobre la posibilidad actual de bacer una Flora iene y sobre los principios que deberian presidio & su formacion ‘ DANZEL, JOHANN FRIEDRICH NicoLaus. De Lycopodii herba et saneines, Got-
&
tingae, I
Deceknn: JEAN VINCENT Yves. De Caricibus Galliae indigenis tentamen. Parisiis, 1828.
DEMEOSZ, STANISLAUS. Tentamen florae territorii cracoviensis medicae. Cra- coviae,
DE
GNO, ACHILLE. Sulle piante fossilé del Trias di Recoaro. . .
« osservaziont. Venezia, 1862.
23
DIETRICH, FRIEDRICH GOTTLIEB. Die geese Geranien Botaniker und secinihanegi Ersten Bandes. Heft 1 1801— s, Louis. Cours cine nlal et ae aa ae et 2 eine rurale et Pr Paris, Bete 6 vols. Durour, Lion. Ailas des Champignons comestibles et vénéneux. Paris, 1891. gees ae iel CuHaRLES JosEPH. Bouquet de littoral belge. Gand,
ee F. S. Des pene vésineux tant ba ioie a sais es ou dese eriplion complete des arbres, arbr F, ae 1802 Ss. 7
4v ssa tae canta ice ise accompagnés de la florule des stations d du aris, 1868.
DURAND. p-DUQUESNEY. Coup-d'oeil sur la végétation des arrondissemens Lisieux et de Pont-l'Evéque, suivi cc catalogue raisonné des plantes vasculaires de cette contrée. Lisieux, 1846.
'URAND, ERNEST, & BARRATTE, JEAN FRANCOIS GUSTAVE. Florae on pro dromus ou catalogue raisonné des plantes de Tripolitaine. Genéve
Duscnak, M. ur Botanik des Talmud. Pest, 1870.
EicuwaLp, Kart EpuarD von. Plantarum novarum vel minus cognitarum
ar in itinere caspio-caucasico observavit. Lips! I- ST, ALFRED. The new flora of the volcanic island of Krakatau. Cambridge, 190) Essen, PErEe Hans Pane vpaes Die Giftpflanzen Deutschlands. Céln, 1910. e care of trees in lawn, street, and park. an a 1910. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) ERMAIN DE SAINT PIERRE, ERNE: Archives de biologie végétale, ou recherches expérimentales sur les divers phénoménes de la végétation. Paris, GLEICHEN, FRIEDRICH WILHELM VON. Das Neueste aus dem Reiche der Pflanzen.
Niirnberg, 1764.
GOLDENBERG, FRIEDRICH. Flora saraepontana fossilis. Die Pflanzenverstein- mgen des Steinkohlengebirges von Saarbriicken abgebildet und beschrieben. Saar- ee — 2.
ACH, AUGUST HEINRICH RUDOLF. Berichte iiber die Leistungen in der serapischn und enon Botanik wahrend der Jahre 1843-53. Berlin, —56.
RONOVIUS, LORENZ THEODOR. Auctuarium in bibliothecam piiam: Luge duni Batavorum, . AMPEL, CARL. 150 kleine Garten. Plan, Beschreibung, und Bepflanzung. Berlin, 1910. HARTINGER, ANTON. Die essbaren und giftigen Schwimme in thren wichtigsien — Wien, 1858. RICHER, Emit. Die Aufzucht und Kultur der parasitischen Samenpflanzen. Jena, Igio, ER, LUDWIG SAMUEL JosEPH DAvID ALEXANDER VON. Specimen flora a toaomes vallis Arpasch Carpatae Transiluani. Eine Probe der rN Es ‘paschthales in den siebenbiirgischen Karpaien. Wien, 1853. pa ADT . GOTTHARDT. Vegetations-verhdlinisse von Kremsmiinster und
Umgebung. Linz, 1
24
Hooker, JusepH Datton, Illustrations of Himalayan plants. London, 1855.
. ond I9Io. ven by Dr. 7 JORGENSEN, EUGEN. Diatoms in ie samples from ae and Vesteraaten. Bergen, 1905. KarsTEN, GusSTAV KARL Wi-uELM HERMANN. Histologische Untersuchungen. a 1862. ‘SC
HY, KARI Die Isthmus
y 5 Ft ey ney von on Wien, 1858. Lacrorx, ioe SOSTHENE VEYRON DE. Nouveaux faits constatés relativement @ l'histoive de la botanique. Caen, 1857. LANGE, _JOHAN a) Cumsstian, Descriptio icontbus illustrata ies flora hispanica. Havniae, 186
zs
LAVALLE, JEAN. Catalogue général des plantes cultivées au jardin okaniaice dela
ville de Dijon. Dijon, 1854.
AAVALL: HHONSE. Icones selectae arborum et fruticum in Hortis Segrezianis collectorum. ag 1880, :
EDERMULLE! ARTIN FRosENIUS. Mikroskopische Gemiiths- und Augen- Ergétzungen. a trnbere, 1763 MAIRE, ADRIEN. le la deerinube histologique. des ene omen
8
E Hee)
MERY, NICOLAS. Dictionnaire ou traité universel des drogues ciples Rot- terdam, 1727. | EMERY, NICOLAS. Dizionario overo trattato universale delle droghe semplict.
EMERY, ees Dizionario overo trattato universale delle droghe semplici. Venezia, 1751. . Lémery, Nicoras. Traité pialiis des drogues simples. Paris, 1698. Link, JOHANN HEINRICH FRIEDRICH. Icones anatomico-botanicae. Anato- gee rie idee: pois OHANN HEINRICH EDRICH. ies nes ee anatomico-botanicae. ee anatomisch-botanische Abbildungen. Berlin, ~ Linsser, Cart, ie periodischen " Eyscheinungen . * Pidaienldbeass St. oo 1867-69. ‘WSKI, HYACINTHUS STRZEMIE. Muscorum frondosorum species novae
ie Wien, 1847. Lojaco eae MICHELE. Flora Sicula o descrizione delle piante vascolari spontanee o aa in. Stctli Palermo, 1889~1907.
lia.
Lonitzer, ADAM. Krdéuter-Buch, oder das Buch uber alle drey Reiche der Natur. Augsburg, 1783.
Lonitzer, ApaM. Kréuter-Buch, und kilinsiliche Conterfeyungen der Baumen. Ulms, 1
Vaumed, ApAM, Kreuterbuch, Kunstliche Ct ge der Béume. Franck- fort, 1582. ORENZ, JOSEPH ROMUALD. Die Sivatonomie von Aegagropila Sauteri. » [Wien, ]
MaGNENUS, JOHANN CHRysosTOM. De manna dil Hafae-Canitis, 1658. Mancewnotr, C. Des Algues utiles. Paris, 1
25 MANN, JOHANN GOTTLIEB. Deuischlands gefahrlichste Giftpflanzen, mit erlaul- Martins, CHARLES Fréipéric. La végétation du Spiteberg comparée a celle des Alpes et des Pyrénées. Montpellier, 1865.
Martins, CHARLES Frépiric. Promenade botanique le long des cétes de I’ Asie-
YN, JOHN. Abbildung und Beschreibung seltener Gewichse. Niirnberg,
17907.
MaArzarI-PENCATI, GIUSEPPE. Memoria sull'introduzione del Lichene islandese come alimenio in Italia. Venezia, 1815.
MASSALONGO, ABRAMO BARTOLOMMEO. Flora fossile de monte Colle nella pro- vincia Veronese. Venezia, 18
SALONGO, ABRAM io Ban ior ouoare: Lichenes capenses quos collegit in itinere 1857-58 Dr. Wawra. Venezia, 1861. MASSALONGO, ABRAMO BARTOLOMMEO. Monografia del genere Silphidium.
Matrio.i, PreR' ANDREA. Commentarii in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de medica materia, Venetiis, 1554.
Matsumura, Jinzo, & HayatTa, BuNzo. E Tokyo, 1906.
MAYER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH ANDREAS. Einheimische Giftgewdchse welche fir Menschen am schddlichsten sind. Berlin, 1798-1800.
MEDIcUS, FRIEDRICH CasIMIR. Von der Neigung der Pflanzen sich zu begatten, [1775].
MeEDICcus, FRIEDRICH CASIMIR. Observationes botanicae. [1775.]
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Mémoires du Museum d'histoire naturelle. Paris, 181 is 20 vols. ee JOHANNES. Opera quae extantomnia. Ven 1562 MEYEN, FRANz JULIUS FERDINAND. Ueber die pate tee Safte-Bewegung
34- LLARDET, PIERRE MARIE ALEXIS. Nouvelles recherches sur la periodicité de la tension. Strasbourg, 1870
Mitneg, Couin.] A deaceipidie catalogue of rave and curious plants . . . from the East Indies. oa on, 1773.
MiIRBEL, CHARLES FRANCOIS BRISSEAU. Exposition et défense de ma théorie de i eae ee ne und Vertheidigung meiner Theorie des Gewdéchs-
La Haye, 1
eae pass ee & DE Norarts, Giusepre. Florula Caprariae. Taurini, 18
ace ons FRIEDERICH. Eft ini fari Svampe. Kiébenhavn, 1763. ‘
MULSANT, ETIENNE. Notice suy Jean Juste Noél Antoine Aunier. Lyon, 1859.
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e a NIwOuL, EpouarpD. Contribution a l'étude anatomique des Renonculacées.
26
Norpstept, Cart FREDRIK Otto. NGgra ickttagelser dfver Characeernas groning. [Lund, 1865. Norturop, Joun Isarau. A naturalist in the Bahamas. New York, r9to. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) OLTMANNS, FRIEDRICH. Ueber die poneraee der Concentrationsinderungen des Meerwassers fiir das Leben der Algen. (Berlin, 1 RSTED, ANDERS SANDGE. Om en saeregen, ee ukjendt Udvikling.... [Kjébnhavn, 1868.] : . UIs HERMANN. A manual of poisonous plants. Iowa, 1910. sei He Dr. N. L. Britton.) ; ONS, HENRY Griscom. Children’ dens for pli health and educati ms York, Pasi arg cisend ANTONIO. Descrizione di una anomalia del Polipodio volgare. Napoli, 1 PAYEN, ANLESME. ” Mémoires sur les développements des végétaux. Paris. 1842. Payer, JEAN 'BaPTisTE. De la famille des Malvacées. Paris, 1852 Paver, JEAN Barptiste. Des classifications et des méthodes en histoire naturelle. Paris, 1844. PEpIcino, NiccoLo ANTONIO. Pochi studi sulle Diatomes viventi presso alcune terme dell'isola d'Ischia. Napoli, 1867. PEREBOOM, CORNELIS. Systema characterum plantarum, seu dictionarium
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2a
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vor. X11 February, 1911. No. 134.
REPORT ON RECENT COLLECTIONS IN MEXICO.
Dr. N. L. Britton, DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF
Sir: I have the honor of submitting the following report of some collecting which I succeeded in doing at odd times during June, July, and August last, while occupied in Mexico by the Consolidated Palo aaa Rubber Compan
During the latter part of June, I spent a few days in the moun- tains at Empalme de Gonzales, Guanajuato, and collected herbarium specimens of about 60 species. The most interesting feature of this flora is a great variety of species of Opuntia, some of them very large indeed. The salies bute of deer ie which is very abundant here, is an i roduct. There is here also a very extensive growth of es aan fuluum, and the hills are covered with a great variety of species of Terebinthus. From this point I sent homea number of living cac- tuses, as well as a number of museum specimens of fresh fruits. Here also I collected fruiting specimens of the little-known Mae ashe
le day was sent in collecting in the mountains between
Mexico City and Toluca and herbarium specimens of about fifty species were obtained. Museum specimens of edible
fungi were here obtained, two species not having been previously recorded as edible.
Three days were spent in the Limon Mountain region near Balsas, Guerrero, where herbarium specimens of about fifty species were collected, as well as an interesting lot of native edible fruits, in jars, for our museum.
27
28
One of the largest collections was made in a single day, and
in the rain, on the lava beds between Mexico City and Cuerna- vaca. This was the favorite collecting ground of Mr. Pringle, and I was very desirous of getting pictures to illustrate its flora. Although nearly five dozen negatives were exposed, not more than a dozen pictures turned out well, owing to the rain and very cloudy condition. The most interesting feature of this place are the wonderful variety and abundance of ferns, the great abundance and variety of dahlias and the scarlet Scrophu- lariaceae. Some sears interesting large Umbelliferae and Arali- aceae were observed.
y far the most interesting flora seen was that of the high mountains and deep valleys in the vicinity of Cuicatlan, Almo- loyas and Dominguillo in the state of Oaxaca, where several days were spent and large collections made. The flora here is so very varied that it is difficult to name specially interesting groups, with the exception of the Cactaceae. The plains and lower hills are covered with a perfect forest of huge cactuses, of which living specimens were sent home. Museum specimens of the edible fruits of these cactuses were also obtained. Altogether, nearly if not quite a hundred species were here collected. The flora of this section is one of the most interesting that I have ever en- countered and is very rich indeed and I cherish the hope of some- time being able to collect extensively there.
A large number of photographs, representing interesting sees floral features and economic material were obtained. Thes mber more than one hundre Many lantern slides have eee made from them and others will be available for the same purpose
An account of many of the useful plants observed was presented at the Garden lecture of Saturday, November 12, and a synopsis published in the JouRNAL for January.
Respectfully submitted, s
. H. Russy, Curator of the Economic Collections.
29
PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF, SCHOLARS, AND STUDENTS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN DURING THE YEAR gto.
Abrams, L.R. Studies on the flora of southern California—III. Bull. mes on 37: 149-153. f. I 1910.
Andrews, A. L. . Réll’s proposals the nomenclature of Sphagnum. seas 13: 4-6. 10
Arthur, J. C. Right and wrong conceptions of plant rusts. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1909: 383-390. 1910.
Cultures of Uredineae in 1902. Mycologia 2: 213-240. 23 5 IQI0.
Banker, H. J. A correction in Nomenclature. Mycologia 2: 7-1. gio
Barnhart, J. H. Revert of the librarian. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 203. 17 Mr IgIo.
Koeberliniaceae. N. Am. Fl. 25: 101, 102. 3 Je 1910.
Barrett, M. F. Three common species of Auricularia. Myco-
ogia 2: 12-18. 1 Ja
Benedict, R.C. A cae habitat for Camptosorus. Torreya Io: 12-15. 29 Jaigio. {Illust.]
Fern leaves, ferns and fern allies. Am. Fern Jour. 1:
9-12. Au I9gIo.
Dryopteris Filix-mas Xmarginalis ies in culti-
vation. Am. Fern Jour. 4.
Britton, E. G. Coe Finch Austin, 1831- eh Bryologist 13: 1-4. Portrait. 3 Ja 1910.
A plea for more and better local work. Bryologist 13: 30-32. 9 Mri9
——— Adalbert Ok Bryologist 13: 86. Jl
Splachnobryum in greenhouses. Baelbee oS ie 19. pl. 11. I9Io.
Britton, N. L. Death of Mr. Darius Ogden Mills, President of the Board of Managers. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 1-3. Ja 1910.
Relations of Botanical Gardens to the public. Jour.
N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 25-30. Mr 1910
30
Report of the Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the
year 1909. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 149-168. 17 Mr IgIo.
Outlawed generic names. Jour. Bot. 48: 110, III.
1 Ap Igto.
Botanical paces in Santa Clara, Cuba. Jour. N.Y.
Bot. Gard. 11: 109-117. 1910
Studies of West Indian ava Bull. Torrey Club
37: 345-363. 29 JI 1910.
Botanical ear in western Cuba. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 226-236. — O1
Burlingham, G. S. ae Lactariae 2 a America.—Fasc. I and II. Mycologia 2: 27-36.
Lactarieae. N. Am, Fl. 9: 172-200. 3 F IgI0o.
Clark, E. D. Osborne’s vegetable proteins. (Review.) Tor- reya 10: 250-252. 17 N IgIo.
e plant oxidases. 1-111. Easton, Pa. 1910.
Coker, W. C. A visit to the Yosemite and the big trees. Jour. Elisha Mitchell Soc. 25: 131-143. Mr 1910.
w host and station for Exoascus filicinus (Rostr.)
Sace. Mycologia 2: 247. 23 gIo.
Another new Achlya. Bot. Gaz. 50: 381-383. f. 1-8.
6 N toro.
Eggleston, W. W. History of Vermont Botany. Rutland Evening News 23:7. 1
Early botanists visiting Vermont. Vermont Bot. Club
Bull. 5: 10-14.
p Igto. Sketch of the Crataegus problem, Ree special reference to work in the South. Jour. N. Y. t. Gard. 11: 78-83. Ap i910. Crataegus viridis L. in Virginia. Rhodora 12: 93, 94.
27 My Ig1o.
Gruenberg, B. C. Note on — work with mycorrhiza. Plant World 13:18, 19. Ja 19
Haynes, C. C. Oecebituary Abbe ‘Charles Lacontre. Bryolo- gist 13: 10. 19
Pleuroclada albescens found in United States of America.
Bryologist 13: 49, 50. pl. 6. 2 My toro.
al
Sphaerocarpos hians sp. nov. with a revision of the genus and illustrations of the species. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 215- 230. pl. 25-32. 2 Je 1910.
Hollick, A. The fossil flora of New York and vicinity. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 15-19. Ja 1910
A new fossil polypore. Mycologia 2: 93, 94. f. I, 2s
8 Mr Igio.
A new fossil fucoid. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 305-307.
pl. 33. 21 Jl 1910.
The chestnut disease on Staten Island. Proc. Staten Is.
Assoc. Arts and Sci. 2: 125-127. 18 Au I9glo.
Recently introduced grasses and Proc. Staten Is. Assoc. Arts and Sci. 2: 189. 16S 1
maple trec fungus. Proc. Staten - Assoc. Arts and Sci. 2: 190-192. 16S IgI0,
Howe, M.A. Jepson’s A flora of California. (Review.) Tor- reya 10: 16-18. 29 Ja Igio.
Editorial Note. In Thompson, E. T. The morphology
of Taenioma. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 98. 31 Mr rogrto.
Report on a botanical visit to the Isthmus of Panama.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 30-44. f. 7-13. Mr IgIo.
Charles Reid Barnes. Bryologist 13: 66,67. 2 My 19to.
Greene’s Landmarks of botanical history. (Review.)
Torreya 10: 149-156. 1 Au
Collin’s Green algae = eae America. (Review.) Torreya 10: 188, 189. 29 Au I9I10
Humphreys, E. W. Three examples of retarded development among leaves. Am. Bot. 16: 6-8. F r1gio. [illust.]
Variation among non-lobed sassafras leaves. Torreya
Io: 101-108. f. 7-8. 26 My 1910
The name Buthotrephis er Hall. Bull. Torrey Club
37: 309-311. 21 JI 1910
Kern, F. D. Further notes on timothy rust. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 1909: 417, 418. 1910.
rediction of relationships among parasitic fungi. Science I]. 31: 830-833. 27 My Igto. Two new species of Uromyces on Carex. Rhodora 12: 124-127. 13 Je I1gI0.
32
The morphology of the peridial cells in the Roesteliae. Bot. Gaz. 49: 445-452. pl. 21, 22. f. 1,2. 23 Je 1910.
Murrill, W. A. A new phalloid genus. Mycologia 2: 25, 26. 1 Ja 1910
Ilustrations of fungi—V. Mycologia 2: 1-6. pl. 17.
1 Ja 1910
Agaricaceae. N. Am. Fl. 9: 163. 3 F Igio.
Boletaceae. N. Am. Fl. 9: 133-161. 3 F Igio.
Chantereleae. N. Am. Fl. 9: 163-172. 3 F 1910.
Illustrations of fungi—VI. Mycologia 2: 43-47. pl.
8 Mr I910
19.
Report of the Assistant Director. Bull N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 169-177. 17 Mr 1910. Collecting fungi in southern Mexico. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 57-77. pl.:75-78. Ap Igto. — ie of fonge—VII. Mycologia 2: 159-163. pl. 27. 15 Jl 1910. The Polyporaceae of Jamaica. Mycologia 2: 183-197. 15 Jl 1910. A new Boletus from Mexico. Mycologia 2: 248. 23S IgI0.
A new Boletus from Jamaica. Mycologia 2: 305. 15 D 1910.
Poisonous uaa Mycologia 2: 255-264. l. 33. f. i. 15 :
Nash, G. V. ae of the Head Gardener. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: ened 17 Mr rg10.
A century plant coming into flower. Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 11: 123-125. pl. 79. Myt1
Tropaeolaceae. N. Am. FI. 25: oe 91. 3Je
The flower exhibition. Jour. N. Y. Bot. pane IL: ee
169. Jl 1910.
The collections in the conservatory court. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 192-195. pl. 8. Au 1910.
Winter decorative shrubs. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 237-244. O 1910
Observations on hardiness of plants cultivated at the
33
N.Y. ene Garden. Mem.N. Y. Hort. Soc. 2: 130-142. N 19
ae meeting, northern nut-growers association.
Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 272-273. D gto.
Rusby, H.H. The necessity for state and municipal codperation in the purification of our drug supplies. Drug. Cir. and Chem. Gaz. 54:6. Ja 1910.
President’s New Year greeting to the members of the American Pharmaceutical Association. Bull. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 10
— Impure drugs on the Pacific coast. Cal. St. Jour. Med. 8: 17-20. Ja IgIo.
Government codperation in the publication of the Phar-
macopoeia welcomed, but not control. Pharm. Era 43: 27.
Basic principles of Pharmacopoeia revision. Am. Jour.
Pharm, 82:61. F roto.
Report of the Honorary Curator of the economic collec- tions. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 193-194. 17 Mr 1gIo.
———— Report of Chairman of the Board of Scientific Directors for 1909. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 242-245. 17 Mr toto.
— Call for exhibits for living medicinal plants at the Rich- mond meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association. Am. Drug. and Pharm. Record 56: 200. -11 Ap Ig1o.
‘The Federal law and the Pharmacopoeia. Merck’s Rep. Ig: 132-135. y 1910.
——— The living medicinal plants exhibited at the Richmond
meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association. Am. Dive: ond Elsen Record 56: 333. 23 My ioto. Pharmacopoeia revision. Pharm,
Era 43: 457. My IgIo.
The legal standard for Asafoetida. Chem. & Drug. 86: g02. 11 Je 1910.
New species of cue from Bolivia. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 487-517. 30
eee of Prof. C. a << Helivere: Drug. Cir. & Chem. Gaz. 54: 606. NI
34
The physical standards of the ire ae Drug. Cir, . Chem. Gaz. 54: 616-620. D 19 Pharmaceutical eee for ne eiduate of schools and —- of Pharmacy. Part relating to human physiology, botany, pl , materia medica, and posology. 21-63. Presidential Dddress, American Pharmaceutical Asso- ciation. Proc. 434-444. Rydberg, P. A. Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora—XXI. Bull, Torrey Club 37: 127-148. 31 Balsaminaceae. N. Am. Fl. 25: pe 3 Je IgI0. Limnanthaceae. N. Am. Fl. 25: 97-100. 3 Je Igto. Studies on the Rocky Mountain oe Bull. Torrey Club 37: 313-335. 21 Je 1910 Studies on oe ocky Mountain flora—X XIII. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 443-471. 5 O1 Notes on Rosaceae. Bull. co Club 37: 487-502. 28 O I9gIo. ——— Studies on the Rocky Mountain flora—XXIV. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 541-557. 30 N Igro. Seaver, F. J. The Hypocreales of North America—III. My- cologia 2: 48-92. pl. 20, 21. 8 Mr rgto. Report of the Director of the Laboratories. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 195-202. 17 Mr 1910 Notes on North American Hypocreales—HI1. Two new species with studies of their life histories. Mycologia 2: 175-182. pl. goandf.z. 15 Ji 1910. -——— The Genus Sphaerosoma. (Review.) Mycologia 2: 203- 204. 15 Jl 19Io. Collecting fungi in Colorado. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 247-255. M 1ogIo. Diseases of Economic Plants. (Review.) Mycologia 2: 307-308. 15 D rgto. Fimetariales. N. Am. Fl. 3: 57. 29 D 1910. —— Hypocreaceae. N. Am. Fl. 3: 31-56. 29 D_1910. Hypocreales. N. Am. Fl. 3:1. 29 D 1910 ———— Nectriaceae. N. Am. Fl. 3: 3-30. 29 D toto. Iowa Discomycetes. Bull. Nat. Hist. Labr. Univ. of Iowa 6: 41-219. pl. I-47. 1910.
35
& Clark, E. D. Studies in ea fungi—II.
Mycologia 2: 109-124. pl. 24-26. 9 Je Griffiths, D. & Fimetariaceae. Re ae Fl. 3: 65-88.
29 D 1910.
Slosson, M. One of the hybrids of Dryopteris. Club 37: 201-203. 29 Ap IgI0,
Small, J. K. Report of the Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 188-192. 17 Mr 1910.
Report on botanical exploration in Andros, Bahamas.
Jour. N. Y. Bot
Bull. Torrey
m 10. A new terrestrial orchid. tee 10: 186— 188. 29 Au 1910. The geographical distribution of Lespedeza striata. Torreya 10: 207, 208. 23S I9gIo. A mountain Anychiastrum. Torreya 10: 230, 231. 27
O I9g1
naan to the flora of peninsular Florida—IJ. Natu- ralized species. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 513-518. 28 O I9g10. Notes on Chrysobalanus Icaco L. Torreya 10: 249. N
1gI0. Taylor, N. Report on a trip to Santo Domingo. Jour. N. Y. I9I10
Bot. Gard. 11: 3-15. f. 1-5. Spalding’s distribution and movements of desert plants. (Review.) Torreya 10: 66, 67. 31 Mr Igio.
Local flora notes—III. Torreya 10: 80-83. 26 Ap
1910, Catalogue of the flowering plants and ferns of Connecti-
cut. (Review.) Torreya 10: 128-131. 1 Jl 1910. Local flora notes—IV. Torreya 10: 145-149. 1 Au
10. Local flora notes—V. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 429-435.
8S Igro.
Local flora notes—VI. Torreya 10: 224-228. 27 O
1910. Local flora notes—VII. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 559-562.
3 N roto.
36
Vail, A.M. & Rydberg, P. A. Zygophyllaceae. N. Am. FI. 25: 103-116. 3 Je 1910.
Williams, R. S. On collecting mosses. Bryologist 13: 56, 57. My roto.
Wilson, P. Notes on Rutaceae—III. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 85, 86. 5 Mr I9gIo.
Notes on Rutaceae—IV. Bull. Torrey Club 37: 437,
438. 5 O 1910.
CONFERENCE NOTES.
At the regular conference meeting held in the library on Jan- uary 4, Mr. B. O. Dodge, of Columbia University, gave a review of his recent work on the Ascobolaceae, a family of cup-fungi. The family includes ten genera and about two hundred species in the whole world. e cup-fungi belong to the ascomycetes (sac-fungi) and are characterized by having their spores borne in sacs in the ratio: 2~4-8-16-32-64, etc., 8 being the most common number. One of the chief characters of the family Ascobolaceae is that the spore-sacs protrude far beyond the fruiting surface, giving rise to the old idea that the spore-sacs themselves were thrown out at maturity. It has, however, been shown that this is not the case, but the spores are thrown out from the sacs in the same way that shot are fired from a gun and the emptysacs retract and disappear. The genera of the family are much better defined that those of some other families of cup-fungi. Several of the genera possess spores which assume at maturity the most beautiful violet and purple colors finally becoming brown with age. In addition to the color the spores in many of the species of the typical genus (A scebolis) are sculp- tured in various ways, the sculpturing taking the form of a net- work, of longitudinal striations or simple tubercular roughenings.
Many of the plants of this group are so minute that they are studied with difficulty and for this reason the state lists of the species of this family are usually small. Nineteen were reported by Mr. Seaver from Iowa in his recent paper on Iowa Discomy- cetes, this being the largest state list seen.
37
The most of the species of the family are known as coprophilous (occurring on the dung of animals) fungi, but a few occur on other substrata, one occurring commonly on burnt ground, one on clay soil, one on old sacking oan coarse building paper when kept moist, and one species has been recently collected in Colorado on the weathered surface of old wood.
It is claimed that the spores of many of the species must pass through the alimentary canal of the animal body before they will germinate and grow. Many experiments have been conducted in order to simulate the stimuli which the spores would thus receive, which experiments have been claimed to be more or less successful.
This group of fungi is also of interest to morphologists since some of the species show sexual reproduction. Mr. Dodge, in addition to his work on the monograph of this group of plants, has also worked out some very interesting data with reference to the morphology and the stimuli necessary to the germination of the spores which will be published at some later time.
r. W. A. Murrill introduced the subject of the gill-fungi of Neh America to which he has been devoting considerable attention, and briefly described a recent trip to Europe made for the purpose of examining type material, an account of which will appear in the Journay for March. The first of a series of articles upon these fungi was published in the January number of Mycotoata, the article being based upon original studies of fresh specimens in Cuba, Jamaica, and Mexico, supplemented by large collections obtained in many parts of tropical America by Britton, Earle, Underwood, Shafer, Wilson, Brace, M. E. Peck, Small, Harris, C. L. Smith, Broadway, Williams, Howe, Duss, Wright, Mrs. Britton, Mrs. Earle, Miss Marble and others.
FreD J. SEAVER.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. J. K. Small, head curator of the museums, left recently for a collecting trip in southern Florida. Dr. B. F. Lutman, of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, visited the Garden on January 3.
38
Dr. Ezra Brainerd, of Middlebury, Vermont, spent two days at the Garden in February, in continuation of his work on violets.
Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton sailed February 18 for Cuba, where they will spend several weeks in a continuation of their botanical explorations in the West Indies.
At the annual! meeting of the Connecticut Botanical Club held in New Haven, January 28, Mr. Norman Taylor delivered a lecture on ‘Some Distribution Factors in our Local Flora.”
Dr. W. C. Coker, professor of botany in the State University of North Carolina, recently spent several days at the Garden, continuing his work in the flora of North Carolina.
W. W. Eggleston, of the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture, cease scholar at the Garden during the past month, recently spent several days consulting types in the Gray her- barium.
Miss Mary P. Anderson has resumed her studies at the Garden
n the ‘Distribution of Ferns in Japan,” several month
after an absence of
Dr. Marie rates formerly lecturer in fossil botany at Man- chester University, England, spent a week at the Garden in February consulting the library and collections of fossil plants with special reference to the plants of the Cretaceous Period
Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, curator of the department of botany in the Field Museum, Chicago, spent a few days at the Garden in February on his way to the West Indies where he will continue his explorations on the flora of the Bahamas
Meteorology for January—The total precipitation recorded for the month was 1.72 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 51° on the 2d, 53° on the 3d, 47° on = 10th, 46° on the 2Ist, and 52° on the 27th. Also minimum peratures were recorded of 11° on the 5th and 18th, 16° on ee 24th, and 17° on the 31st.
39
ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
200 specimens ‘‘Fungi Columbiani.”” (Distributed by Mr. Elam Bartholomew.)
(Given by Mr. F. W. Pennell.)
T museum specimen of Blighia sapida irom Hope Gardens, Jamaica. (Given by Mrs. William Harris.
ecimens of mosses from Connecticut. (By exchange with Dr. George E.
Sia
I cone of Ceratozamia Miqueliana from the conservatories of the New York Botanical Garden.
I specimen of Eleocharis flaccida from Virginia. (Given by Mr. F. W. Pe .)
3 specimens of Mexican plants. (By exchange with the United States National Museum.) I specimen of a hepatic. (By exchange with Mr. Gabriel Dismier.} 25 specimens of ‘‘Lichenes Suecici Exsiccati,"’ fascicle VIII. (Distributed by
eae
Dr. h "Salisbury, Connecticut. (By exchange with Dr. George, 5 ‘Nicls) Calif r. C. C. Kingman.) ts specimens from the vicinity of New “York ‘City. poe by Mr. K. K,
Mackenzie.
Is men of Ceratozamia mextcana from the conservatories of the New York Botanical ce den.
© specimens ‘ Uredineen," fascicle 47. (Distributed by Professors H. & P. Sydow.
I§ specimens of mosses, hepatics, lichens and fungi. (Given by Miss Caroline C. Haynes )
5 specimens of Philonotis from North America. (By exchange with Prof. J. Pree Collins.)
14 specimens of hepatics from Kyoto, Japan. (Given by Professor Bashford
I specimen of Barbula Dieckii from Washington. (By exchange with Dr. Julius Roell. 36 specimens "' Ascomycetes,” fascicle 47. (Distributed by Dr. Heinrich Rehm.) 58 specimens from Nevada. denen with the University of Nevada. i : ks from ce Me (By exchange with the Agricul-
a e Kodi are en by Miss Ruth Mylro
122 specimens from Ellesmere Land. (By exchange with the oe of Christiania.
PLANTS AND SEEDS.
4 orchids for conservatories. (By ex a with Mr. J. A. Manda.)
r plant of sini ilum Mangoldi. (Given by Miss H. M. Gould. 6 plants of Opuni (By exchange with ae U.S. National Museum, through Dr, J. N. Rose.)
40
3 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. Walter Granger.) 3 plants of grape fruit. (Given by Mr. Louis A. Berte.) plant of Livistona chinensis. (Given by Mrs. Joseph Pulitzer.) 3 plants of Agave Wercklei. (By exchange with the Bureau es Plant Industry.) 7 plants of Vaccinium. (By exchange with Bureau of Plant Industry.) 11 plants derived from seeds from various sources. I packet seed of Sequoia gigantea. (By exchange with the Bureau of Forest Service.) 16 packets of water lily seeds. (Purchased.)
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM AUGUST 1 TO OCTOBER 31, I9ro. (Continued.) Barnes, Henry. Flora of Yorkshire. eee ent. Lond
lon, 1854. Bavoux, Victor, GUICHARD, A., GUICHARD, P., & PaiLLoT, JusTIN. Billotia,
ngon, : Bruéréi, JEAN Baptists JosEPH. Lichens de Rouen. [1824.] aaa Basi.ius, Hortus eAeeneien 2 vols. AND! A 1 PIERRE PYRAMUS DE. pee zum Studium der
Botanik. 2 vol Leipzig, 1838. CANDOLLE, I PIERRE PYRAMUS DE. prahne zum Studium der Botanik, odey Grundriss dieser as aft. Ed. 2. Leipzig .F. Antleitung dieim mitileren und nérdlichen arm wildwach- senden Phe Ed. 13. ne 1891.
Die_, AUGUST FRIEDRICH ADRIAN. Systematisches Verzeichniss der vorztig- lichsten in Bees vorhandenen Obstsorten. Frankfurt, 1818. CHEANDIA, PEDRO GREGORIO. ra caeseraugustana, y Curso prdctico de
, 1861. MELIN, JOHANN GEORG. De Coffee. Tubingae, 1752. GRISEBACH, AUGUST HEINRICH RUDOLF. Catalogus Sianiaae cubensium. oe 1866. , CARL OTTO. Einige neue Hyphomyceten Berlins und Wiens. Moskau, 18472. . HocHSTETTER, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH. Populdve Botanik. Ed. 3. Reut- lingen, 1849. eee ctuady AN. Versuche mit Pflanzen. Leipzig, 1780.
Si DRICH THILO. Systemai: tisches Verzeichniss der in dem ee rie der Schwarzburgischen Firstenthiimer wildwachsenden ee mischen Pflanzen. Sonderhausen, 1846.
JENnK: NSON, JAMES. A generic and specific description of British plants, irans- ef species plantarum of the cel cease Linnaeus. Kendal, 1775+
justine. ADRIEN DE. Botanique. E JusSsIEU, IEN DE. Bolanique. Ed. 12. Paris, aad ADRI e. Elementarkurs d janik. Pr;
EN er Boia: ig, 1844. KER , JOHANN Simon. Giftige und essbare Schwimme, welche sowohl in Herainon Wirtenberg als auch in ibrigen Teutschland wildwachsen. Stuttgart,
igsngy CuRISTIAN GOTTHILF. De succis plantarum. Lipsiae, 1752.
41
PHOF, JOHANN HIERONYMUsS. Physikalische Untersuchung des Pelizes welchen die Natur durch Féulniss auf einigen Wiesen hervorgebracht 1752. Erfurt,
ocH, WILHELM DANIEL JosePH. De Salicibus europaeis commentatio. Er- langae, 1828. OCH, WILHELM DANIEL JOSEPH. Taschenbuch der deutschen und schweizer dnali Hallier. Leipzig, 1878. OELREUTER, JOSEPHUS GOTTLIEB. De insectis coleopteris, nec non de plantis quibusdam rarioribus. Tubingae, 1 Kro: Gui
3 oy & = 8 3 Ce S a at > % $3. & 8 3 a 3 3
ANGETHAL, CHRISTIAN Sie Beschreib der Gi hse Di hl ach thven natirlichen Familien und ihrer Bedeutung fir die Landwirthschaft. me 2. Jena, 1868
LeEcog, HENRI. écondatit ift ét i dation, considérée dans ses rapports avec l'horticulture, Paericulene et la sylviculture. Paris, 1845.
LE Joxis, AUGUSTE Francois. Lichen: i de Cherb aris, ie
Le Joxis, AUGUSTE FRANCOIS. ae vasculaires des environs ine Cherbou Paris, 1860.
E Maovut, JEAN EMMANUEL Marie. Leg élé: taires de botanigq Ed. 2. Paris, 1857. Lr
3 de Uhub
INDLEY, JOHN. A'Fiivészet elaner vdzolatai. Kolozsvartt, 1836 ENFOLD, JANE WALLA‘ lowers, fr uits, and ferns; u eaeaibn of the botanical eves of that a pes and ae drawn and coloured from nature. Lon SCHMIDEL, Gaae heneay Descriptio ttineris ber Helvetiam, Galliam, et Germaniae partem. Erlanga SEYNES, Du ee dans le régne animal et dans régne végétal. Montpellier, 1860. . ROBERT. Scotia illustrata, sive prodromus historiae naturalis. Edin- burgi, 1684. Smtva Tarouca, Ernst. Unsere Freiland-Stauden anzucht, Pflege und Verwen- dung aller bekannten, in Mitteleuropa im freien kulturfahigen ausdauernden krautigen ewdchse. eas IQIO. MEE, My garden: tis plan and culture. London, 1872. STAUDE, ae Die Schwimme Mitieldeutschlands. Gotha, 1858. ENZEL, KARL Gustav. Untersuchungen ib er Bau und Wachsthum der Farne.
2 gate
.
oO
ENZEL, Kon Gustav. Untersuchungen tiber Bou und Wachsthum dey Farne, IL. _ Jena, Sn IKA, — oe RANZ, Kurze re der Kryptogamen aus der néchsten Um_ gebung der Stadt Briix. Brix, TOMPS, THEODOOR JAN. ia en synapsis bij Spinacia oleracea L. Amsterdam
ENORE, ee Ad florae neapolitanae prodromum appendix quinta. Neapoli, 1826. THO
= o
IONNER, FRANZ. Dans la grande forét de l'Afrique centrale. eres 1899. HORY, CLAUDE ANTOINE. Bibliotheca botanica rosarum. Paris, 18
*
42
TORNABENE, FRANCESCO, Saggio di geografia botanica per la Sicilia. [Napoli, 1846.] : ETTER, ERNST Rupotr. Plantarum imagines et Oeererrs floram russicam ie Monachii, 1844-4 EW, CHRISTOPH Jacos. Cedrorum Libani historia earumque character botan-
Ww, CHR: H Jac Hortus nitidissimis omnem per annum superbiens parm der paca oe Nurnberg, 1750-1 86. FETTI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA
René, & TULASNE, CHARLES. Fungi hypogaei. His- toire et graphie des champi, hypogés. haa 1851. TurPIN, Prerre JEAN FRANCOIS. Mémoire sur V'inflorescence des Graminées et des —— [Paris, 1819.]
ILIPP CHRISTIAN, & GRUBER, FRIEDRICH. Flora von Hildesheim,
S Wild flowers of western New England. Springfield,
1893. (Given by'A. F. Si WEBB, PHILIP BARKER. on nahin seu Es aelaciiee plantarum rariorum per Hi: oe sponte nascentium. Parts . Par . NN ISTOPH. Bo Rar eters nebst etnigen neuen Gattungen und Art oe mnover, 1798. ghee es ae ora selection of Neilgherry plants.
Wrrsinc, Apam Lupwic. Eclogae botanicae e dictionario regni vegetabilis
Y wanderung. Gotha, IKOFER, KASPAR Tostas. Versuch einer Alpen-flora der Schweiz. St.
LL Gallen [1828]
TIXXXT IVIg ‘NECUVD IVIINVLOG AYOA MIN FHL Jo TyNuno[
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XII March, 1911. No. 135.
STUDYING oo AMERICAN FUNGI IN EUROPEAN HERBARIA.
Dr. N. L. Britron, DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF.
Sir: Acting under your instructions, I sailed from New York October 1 on the S.S. ‘‘Kaiserin Augusta Victoria,’’ of the Hamburg-American Line, arriving in Hamburg October 10 and leaving the same day by rail for Copenhagen, Denmark, where I made the first stop for the purpose of comparing recently collected gill-fungi with older specimens collected in tropical America. By careful identification in this way, with descrip- tions and field notes at hand, it is possible to build up a new collection of much greater value both for representation and comparison than the types themselve
At Copenhagen, I examined the aay or more drawings of tropical American gill-fungi made by Oersted, copies of which were sent by him to Fries and used in describing many of his species. Very few specimens representing these species were found, either at Copenhagen or elsewhere. Professor Warming and Dr. Osten- feld gave mea hearty welcome, and introduced Messrs. Ferdinand and Winge, two of their younger botanists. An excursion was made through the very compact and well arranged botanical garden, after which I took the small steamer to Malmé, where I caught the night express to Stockholm and reached Upsala, my next objective point, late in the afternoon of October 12.
Passing through Sweden at this season, one is impressed with its similarity to parts of the Adirondacks. e hills are rugged and crowned with Norway spruce and Scotch a against which
43
44
the delicate outline of the white birch, clothed in golden-yellow foliage, stands out in pleasing contrast. Lakes and streams
ound, bordered with thickets of alder and willow, and the narrow strips of meadow that separate them from the foothills constitute in many places the only arable land. e€ common heather, Calluna vulgaris, and the orange hawkweed, Hieracium aurantiacum, were in flower; the second crop of hay was just being harvested; the nights were frosty, and many of the trees had shed their leaves.
Fic. 7. A smail lake near Upsala, Sweden.
o days were spent at Upsala, during which time, through the kindness of Dr. O. Juel, all of the specimens in the Friés Herbarium which could have any bearing on my study of tropical gill-fungi were examined. Unfortunately, many original speci- mens in this collection were lost or destroyed by insects thirty
more years ago, before the herbarium was arranged in its oe shape. It must be remembered, also, that Fries was in no sense a collector or herbarium maker, and there are several places in Europe where his species are better represented than at Upsala. Most of his original descriptions were drawn from
45
fresh specimens growing near his home at Femsjé, in southern Sweden, where the flora is quite different from that at Upsala.
On the evening of October 14, I left Upsala and went to Stock- holm, visiting Mr. Lars Romell the same evening and arranging for the work of the next day, he having very kindly offered to assist me in every way possible during my stay there. Early the next morning, we visited the Botanical Garden, at Frescati,
Clusters of the glistening ink-cap mushroom, Coprinus micaceus, at the ae of an elm near the main building of the University of Upsa
a suburb of Stockholm, wheré it was reéstablished by Bergius about twenty-five years ago. The garden is small but very
well worth seeing. A very interesting feature of the museum is the immense collection of woodcuts, lithographs, and photo- graphs of botanists from all over the world, collected by Pro- fessor Wittrock, the director, during a period of about forty years.
46
Returning from Frescati to Stockholm, we examined all the herbarium material we could find on the subject of tropical gill-fungi, the most important being that collected by the Regnell Expedition in South America and worked over by Romell. At the museum we found Robert E. Fries, a grandson of Elias Fries, working on his collections of flowering plants recently made i South America. We also called at the high school to see Profes- sor Lagerheim, who made an extensive collection of various
Forest of Norway spruce near Hammarby, Sweden, the home of nd.
- 9. ae with young ae spruce trees in the foregroun
groups of plants in the equatorial region of South America, the larger fungi of which collection, mostly woody forms, were sent to Dr. Patouillard for determination.
e afternoon was spent in a section of woodland a few miles south of Stockholm, where we obtained a very good representa- tive collection of the larger fungi appearing at that season of the year. These were described next day on the way to Berlin, where I arrived early on the morning of October 17, and pro-
47
ceeded at once to the botanical garden, located at Dahlem just south of the city.
Through the: kindness: of Professor Urban, assistant director, and Dr. Lindau, curator of the mycological collections, I was able to examine the large number of tropical gill-fungi in the herbarium of the Berlin Botanical Garden, consisting of Wright’s
uban Fungi from the bie eaied Heenan the Duss duplicates from Guadeloupe, and imp tions from South America,
|
Fic. 10. Portrait of Elizabeth Moraeus, wife of Linnaeus, at the Hammar house. The celebrated botanist owed much of his success to the eA en- couragement, and assistance of his beautiful and intelligent wife.
Africa, and elsewhere. This work required four days, but the time was well spent, especially because of the extensive knowl- edge gained of African and oriental tropical species.
The plantations in the Berlin Botanical Garden have developed greatly since I last saw them in 1906, particularly those repre- senting the ane ibudon of plants and the dwarfed
48
vegetation of elevated mountain ranges. Unfortunately, the soil is dry and sandy, and the plantations are entirely exposed to the winds. The large greenhouses are filled with interesting tender plants, many of them very old and of historic importance.
n the evening of October 19, I was entertained at the home of Dr. Paul Magnus, professor of botany at the University of Berlin, where there are this year 12,000 students. Dr. Magnusis
IG. ie common polypody fern, Polypodium vulgare, covering the face of a ae ae. near Norrképing, Sweden.
just completing a large supplement to his work on the fungi of the Tyrol. He is the author of several hundred articles on fungi, especially the plant rusts, and still finds time in his busy university life to add many more to the list each year
On the evening of October 20, I left Berlin for Paris, fortunately escaping the great railway strike, and was established at the Continental Hotel, within easy reach of the Jardin des Plantes,
49
by the end of the next day. After leaving Berlin, where chrys- nthemums and dahlias were almost the only flowers still in bloom and where the street-trees were mostly bare, the vegetation
became gradually greener, with less autumnal coloration, and the evidences of frost became very s
The beautiful Ardennes Valley, in neuen ee was almost un- touched by the approach of winter. All the way from the French
the shor in the north. Owing to the abundant moisture present, many species a ee cover the ae and twigs of trees, as well as all exposed rocks timbers.
frontier to Paris, peasants were busy gathering sugar beets, pulling or spading them up, cutting away the leaves, and loading them upon large carts drawn by from two to four horses in tandem. Others were plowing small strips of land wheat, using heavy plows drawn by large white oxen. Pea men were gathering pears and apples. The poplar trees ater everywhere along the roads and fence-rows for shade and fire-
50
wood, showed but slight autumnal. coloration and no loss of foliage.
Imagine my surprise, on awaking the following day, to find it the coldest and most disagreeable had experienced after landing, except one day at Upsala that began with a snow- to: nevertheless went early to the Cryptogamic Herba- rium on the Rue de Buffon, where Dr. P. Hariot awaited me, kindly placing at my disposal the very complete tropical Amer-
Fic. 13. A portion of the Berlin Botanical Garden devoted to alpine plants. The large masses of rock used in constructing these miniature mountains were actually brought from the mountain systems represented.
ican collection of fungi containing Montagne’s Cuban and South American types, as well as many species described by Berkeley & Curtis, Léveillé, Patouillard, and others. For my present purpose, this collection proved to be the most valuable examined, with the exception of the one at Kew
About four days, from October 22 to October 26, were spent at this herbarium, while, in going back and forth, most of the botanical portion of the Jardin des Plantes was rather carefully
ay |
examined. Fortunately, the. weather had been mild and most of the flowers of the season were in bloom. I was particularly impressed with the attractive appearance of several oval beds of a golden chrysanthemum called ‘Gerbe d’ Or,” a very appro- priate name. In the enclosure controlled by the Ecole de Botan- ique, labels of different colors, red, green, blue, and yellow, are
sed to designate plants used for medicine, food, arts, and orna-
14. View in the Luxembourg Gardens, Paris, one of the many beautiful Sie parks of the cit
ment, respectively. Black labels are attached to poisonous
had a main trunk a yard in diameter, but this has all disappeared above ten feet from the ground, the present top of the tree being composed of several branches that have sprung from this much abbreviated trunk.
On the afternoon of October 26, I began the examination of Dr. Patouillard’s private herbarium at Neuilly, a suburb of Paris, in which work Dr. Patouillard gave me valuable aid and many helpful suggestions. Besides other valuable material, this her- barium contains the types of many species described from the comparatively recent collections of Duss in Guadeloupe, which are of the greatest importance in the study of tropical American fungi. I was glad to find that these types are much better
Fic. 15. Famous beech trees in the Royal Gardens at Kew, England.
preserved than most of the Duss specimens seen elsewhere. A collection of drawings of Mexican fungi made by Paul Maury proved to be of unusual interest, but, unfortunately, nearly all of the specimens from which they were made were lost. Dr. Patouillard is one of the great exponents of the extensive use of the microscope in taxonomic study, and his herbarium aboundsin drawings, measurements, and other useful results of such study.
53
During my stay at Neuilly, I made a small collection of gill- fungi in the Bois de Boulogne, which were determined for me by Dr. Patouillard.
nt orning of October 28, I left Paris for London via Calais and Dover, arriving about sundown, and taking a suburban train for Kew the same evening. The day was fine and the journey through France and southern England delightful. The cool weather had tinged the poplars along the highways and the young hardwood forests planted on the sterile uplands with bright autumnal tints, while the grass on the meadows and most of the foliage in the lowlands was still green. Intensive farming operations continued as usual for the season. On nearing the coast, stretches of the common heather in flower, and thickets of Scotch broom became very conspicuous, the latter being much used for sweeping. The small twigs of deciduous trees and shrubs are also abundantly used for this purpose in France and elsewhere in Europe.
The Royal Gardens at Kew, in many ways the most attractive public gardens in the world, are situated on the south bank of the Thames, in the suburbs of London. They contain beautiful lawns, lakes, and vistas; curving paths bordered with decorative shrubs; thickets of holly, azalea, and rhododendron; groves magnificent beeches and evergreens; and towers, hare eae gardens, museums, and many glass houses. The two largest houses, the palm house and the temperate house, errs impress the visitor on account of their splendid perspective, which would be impossible in a climate like that of New York, where interiors must be subdivided for heating purposes.
The mycological - herbarium at Kew is very complete, the col-
scribed by Berkeley: Cooke, Massee, and others. There are also arge collections from Ceylon, India, eastern Asia, and many other parts of the world.
During a stay of nearly two weeks at Kew, I collected a number of interesting gill-fungi in the garden grounds, whic were kindly determined for me by Professor Massee and Mr.
54
Cotton. Professor Massee has just completed an introductory work on fungi containing forty colored plates illustrating many species, which is to appear within a few months. visit to the new home of Professor Hemsley at Strawberry Hill was much enjoyed. I was entertained by Colonel Prain, the director, on
ovember 10. On November 12, I sailed for New York from Liverpool on the S.S. ‘‘Carmania,” of the Cunard Line, arriving November 20.
The results of this visit to the principal herbaria in Europe were most gratifying. All of the material bearing on the subject in hand was examined and compared with specimens from our own collections, and many valuable notes were secured. A series of articles on the gill-fungi of tropical North America will appear this year in Myco.ocia, beginning with the January number.
Respectfully submitted, A. MuRRILL, Assistant Director.
CONFERENCE NOTES.
The regular monthly conference meeting was held in the library on February 1, and was presided over by Dr. W. A. Murrill. At this meeting Dr. E. D. Clark gave a discussion of work recently done on the poisonous properties of the mushroom, Inocybe infida.
ss this Inocybe is usually considered a harmless mush- room, it recently caused the poisoning of a physician and his family in this vicinity. The physician reported his own symp- toms as follows: rapidly developing feeling of fullness of the head and an effect on the heart, likened to the action of nitro- glycerin, profuse sweating and finally pain in the abdomen, all
Our attention was drawn to this plant and we undertook a chemical and toxicological investigation of its properties.
The method of Harmsen for the isolation of muscarin from Amanita muscaria was applied to the sample of Inocybe infida.
55
Aqueous solutions of the product exhibited toxic actions upon frogs when injected into the lymph-sacs. The following symp- toms were elicited. Ten minutes after the injection of a moder- ate quantity, the frog made swallowing motions, apparently had difficulty in breathing and began to be lethargic. It remained partly paralyzed for ten to twenty-four hours, after which re- covery took place in about half the number of cases.
In order to see if the alcohol extraction method of Harmsen was as efficient as its author claimed, we applied it to samples of the deadly Amaniia muscaria and to the harmless Clitocybe multiceps. In the first case, final residues were obtained which were ex- tremely toxic to frogs, killing them with the classical symptoms of muscarin poisoning. On the other hand, the Clitocybe residues were wholly non-toxic but gave the general tests for alkaloidal substances.
We now decided to purify all of our mushroom extraction residues by precipitation with potassio-mercuric iodide and sub- sequent treatment as outlined by Dragendorff. After this puri- fication treatment, aqueous solutions of the final products cause in frogs exactly the same symptoms as similar solutions of the residues from the original alcoholic extracts. At this time it was also noted that all of the purified products gave oie ea reactions for choline with Rosenheim’s perio extracted materials from the harmless Clitocybe ven ee no toxic action upon frogs under any circumstances but seemed to contain very large amounts of choline.
Our conclusion is that Inecybe infida, as well as Amanita muscaria, contains material which, although precipitated by the alkaloidal reagents and exerting toxic effects on frogs, differs
oth hoa and qualitatively in its effects from those given by n from Amanita muscaria. On the other hand, extracts i cee from Amanita and Inocybe, when obtained from Clitocybe multiceps, which is known to be harmless, show no toxic effect on frogs. . It also seems likely that choline is present in the alcoholic extracts of the mushrooms and passes unchanged through the treatments planned to extract and purify muscarin and similar substances.
56
red J. Seaver ae the results of his studies of the cup- fungi ae in Colorado during the past summer. Of the nine hundred specimens collected, approximately one fourth of this number belonged to the cup-fungi. From this number of specimens sixty species have been identified and a number are still undetermined. Two new species are to be described, also eight species have been reduced and other possible reductions suggested. The results : this seas will appear more in detail in a paper to be published in Myc Dr. P. A. Rydberg gave an account eo the recent shipwreck of Professor J. M. Macoun. Leaving Halifax on the 2d of July, he reached Churchill on the 25th and after ae for a month in the vicinity started north. Saili Hudson Bay in steamer ‘‘Jeannie’’, the party canbe ae an ae is almost in the Arctic Circle and here on the evening of September 5th, the vessel was wrecked in a storm. In order to reach home it became necessary for the party to travel 800 miles overland by snow-shoes. All of their botanical specimens were saved and will prove to be of much interest FRED J. SEAVER.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. J. K. Small, head curator of the museums, recently re- turned home, after a collecting trip of several weeks in southern Florida
Mr. George V. Nash, head gardener, recently spent several daysin Washington studying grasses in connection with. his work on North American Flora.
Mr. William Solotaroff, formerly connected with the Garden, and now superintendent of the Shade-tree Commission of East Orange, New Jersey, has just published through Messrs. Wiley & Sons a well written and attractively illustrated book of nearly three hundred pages on ‘‘Shade-trees in Towns and Cities,” in which every tree lover will be interested.
The government steamer ‘‘ Albatross” sailed from San Diego, February 25, on a two months’ collecting expedition to Lower
7
California. Dr. C. H. Townsend, of the American Museum of Natural History, is in command of the expedition, and he is ac- psadlnaniea by seven investigators and collectors, representing his
own institution, the New York Botanical Garden, the New York Zoological Society, and the United States National Museum. Dr. J. N. Rose, representing the Garden, will devote his attention to the cacti of the peninsula, and he is expected to make large and important additions to the collections of these interesting desert plants now under cultivation in the conservatories here.
In conservatory range 1, house No. 4, is a large ines of Medi- nilla magnifica, belonging to the Melastomaceae or meadow-
eauty family. his, a native of the Philippines, its flowers in large hanging ae of pink; these occur in great profusion and make of the plant a charming object when in full bloom. Its first flowers are about to open, and the tree usually remains in bloom four or five weeks. Most of the members of this family have 3-nerved leaves; this Hu and a few others
ave the leaves pinnate-veine ttle plant of this region, known as Rhexia virginica, or eerie belongs to this family.
In the same house, in the central area, is a large plant of the Mexican bread-fruit, Monstera deliciosa. This forms a part of the aroid group, in the westerly part of the house. The fruit is cylindric, six to eight inches long. A number of these may be seen at the top of this plant. When ripe the fruit is edible, and resembles the pineapple in odor and flavor. It is also known as cerinam.
Meteorology for February—The total precipitation for the month was 3.66 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 47’ on the 4th, 51° on the 12th, 45° on the 16th, and 57° on the 25th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 12° on the 3d, 15° on the 6th, 9° on the 16th and 11.5° on the 22d.
58
ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 27 cultures of fungi. (Given by Dr. Mel. T. «) 3 specimens of ene (Given by Professor D. R. Sum 7 seinen of polypores from Ohio. (By exchange with L. Ae holts.) 20 specimens of ‘“‘American Hepaticae.”” (Given by Miss ce duline. cee Ty
1363 specimens of mosses from Japan. (By exchange with M. Jules Cardot.) II specimens of mosses from California. (By exchange with C. C. Kingman.)
specimens of ‘Solechacbe jum and Cree (By exchange with M. Jules
men of Anthelia J k fi Washington. (Given by Miss Caroline
H
jer Gate idee kis ) 4 specimens of Hepaticae ‘from New York and New Jersey. (Given by Miss Caroline Bae Haynes.) museum specimens of '‘ guayule’’ (Parthenium argentatum) from the Stockton Plateau, Texas. (Given by Prof. F. E. Lloy ecimens of seed-plants from ie Hacky: Mountains. (Given by Mr. W. W. Eggleston.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. I plant of Crinum for conservatories. (Given by Mr. James Wood.) 5r nan derived from seeds from various sour I packet seed of Clitoria glycinoides. (By enanee with Public Gardens, Jamaica, W. I packet see sei of ‘Chinese date.” (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.) 468 packets of seed. (By exchange with the Missouri Botanical Garden.) I packet of seed of Triplaris surinamensis. (By exchange with Public Gardens,
Ww. packet of seed of — rupesiris. (Given by E. F. Ramsey.) I ee ed. (Given by Mr. H. C. Pearson.)
I packet of seed. (By nok with Imperial Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg, Russia.)
* LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM AUGUST 1 TO OCTOBER 31, 1910. ontinued.)
BaIER, JOHANN get Horti medici Academiae altdorfiensis historia curiose
conquisita. Altdorfi, ARBARO, ERMOLAO. Adj
post Dioscoridis fa Daeouis locavimus. Coloniae, 1530.
BARENTIN, FRIEDRICH WILHELM. Die Vegetation in der Mark Brandenburg. Berlin, 1840.
ject he lobed 6, ’ guem
ag
Bau! , CH , & BAUMANN, NAPOLEON. Collection de Camellias éléves Sa Solwiee 182 ECHSTEIN, JOHANN Mattageus. Forstbotanitk. Ed. 5. Erfurt, 1843. KER, JOHANNES. Flora der Gegend um Frankfurt am Main. Frankfurt a.M., 1828 BECKER, JOHANN PHILIPP. Chemische Untersuchung der Pflanzen und deren Salze. ne 17 ECQUERE / Anica César. Sk sur les effets électriques obtenus dans les
tubercules, les racines et les fruits. Par Si. BerG, Otro Kari. Charakte a, EB Sir die A kund i Technik h sten cera Sac a 2. erlin, 1861.
, HEINRICH VON. " Veruien einer Monographie der Chine. Hamburg, 26. Bericht tiber die Sitzungen der Naturforschenden Geselischaft su Halle im Jahre al 70. BERKHEY, JAN LE FRANCQ VAN. Exposilio characteristica siructurae florum
760. BERTOLONI, ANTONIO. Excerpta de re herbaria. Bononiae, 1820. oe ANTONIO. Lucubrationes de re herbaria. Bononiae 22 CHOFF, GOTTLIEB WILHELM. Plantae medicinales aie cota
ae nanueelen in eae relatae. Heidelbergae, 1829.
Bock, HIzRONYMUS. + Buch von Underscheydt, Wiirckung und Namen der Kreiitter. secre 1539:
BoEHMER, GEORG RupoLr. Flora ‘Lipsiae indigena. Lipsiae, 1750.
BOEHMER, GEORG RuDOLF. Planta ves varia, Wittebergae, 1765.
BojJER, WENZEL. Planches relatives au genre Gaerinera.
Boletin de Comision de Parasitologia Agricola. Vol. 1, nos. I-9. Mexico,
02 RADLEY, RICHARD. A philosophical account of the works of nature. London,
R, CHRISTIAN AuGUST. Plantae calidarit et frigidarii in Horto Breiter-
iano, oder Verzeichniss. , CHRISTIAN oe Planiae perennes Horti Breiteriani, oder Ver- oe 9. NIART, ADOLPHE THEODORE. Mémoire sur la famille des Rhamnées.
WN, ROBERT. Character and description of Kingia. (London, 1825.] N, JACQUES. Diatomées, espéces nouvelles marines, fossiles ou pélagiques.
RUN, JACQUES, & TEM E, J. Diatomées fossiles du Japon. Leipzig, BRUNNER, SAMUEL. ae durch das Gstliche Ligurien, Elba, die ees Siciliens und Malta. Winterthur, 182 BUNGE, ALEXANDER VON. Beiirag zur Kenniniss dey Flory Russlands und der Steppen Ceniral-Asiens. ee eens 1851.] CASPARY, JOHANN XAVER ROBERT. Die Nuphar der Vogesen und des Schwarz-
I em HAPAUX, ALBE! Le Congo, historique, ee physique, politique, économique, eee et colonial. Bruxelles, 1
60
CHEVALLIER, FRANCOIS Futcis. Histoire des Graphidées, accompagnée d'un tableau analytique des genres. Paris, 1824. .
[CLARET DE LA TOURRETTE, Marc ANTOINE Lours.] Voyage au Monte-Pilat dans la province du Lyonnais, contenant des observations sur l'histoire naturelle de cette montagne, et des lieux circonvoisins; suivies du catalogue raisonné des plantes qui y crotssent. Avignon, 1770.
LARET DE LA TOURRETTE, Marc ANTOINE Louis, & ROZIER, a BaPTISTE Francois.]. Démonstrations élémentaires de botanique. Ed. vols. Lyon, 1796.
nee LuIGI. Freyliniae genus addita icone. _ Taurigi, 1830. lant R
UIGI. he Maurine, 1824. OURTOIS, RICHARD. Commentarius in Remberti Dodonaei Pempiades. Ctriz, P. F. Anleitung die im mitileren und nordlichen Deutschland wildwach- senden Pflanzen. Ed. 12. Leipzig, 1872. DEAKIN, RICHARD. Flora of the seme of Rome. London, 1855. DECAISNE, JOSEPH. Histoire de la maladie des pommes de terre en 1845. Paris,
846. DELAMARRE, Louis GERVAIS. iii de la création d'une richesse million- naire es la culture des pins. Paris,
27. RRE, Louis GERVAIS. a pratique de la culture des pins. Ed. 3,
D Amo, Mariano. Memoria premiada sobre la distribution geografica.
Madrid, 1861. DELBOS, JOSEPH. Thése de botanique. Recherches sur | de de répartit des végétaux dans le département de la Gironde. Bordeaux, 1854. Ss) INES, R&né LouicHEe. Choix de plantes du corollaire des instituis de
FONTA
aan Paris, 1808.
DeEsvaux, NIcAISE AUGUSTE. Recherches sur les appareils sécrétoires du nectar ou nectaire dans les fleurs. Paris, 1826.
Zz, JUAN VILARO. Elementos de botanica. Habana, 18
pane eee Pepacius. De medica materia libri V de aoe venenis, Col- oniae, 1529.
Dopart, Dionys. Mémoires pour servir a U'histoire des plantes. (Paris, 1666— 60. . Dopart, Dionys. Mémoires pour serviy a l'histoire naturelle: des plantes. Amsterdam, 1758.
Donati, ANTONIO. Trattato de semplici, pietre, et pesci marini, che nascono nel lito di Venetia, la maggior parte non conosciuti da Teofrasto, Dioscoride, Plinio,
DREIER, JOHANN, & FOCKE, Wi aeiat OLBers, Nachivage und Berichtigungen zur Flora bremensis. Bremen, 18
Drovet, HENRI. Catalogue de la flore ais ia aida oti: 1866.
DUBOIS, FRANCOIS NOEL ALEXANDRE. laquell parvi- ent... & connaitre les plantes de la France. Nouve’ lle edition. Paris, 1825.
Du BREUIL, ALPHONSE. Cours élémeniaire théorique et pratique Gaetan:
[DuJa , Férx.] Flora complete d'Indre et Loive, publige par la Sociéé Teenie Tours,
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vou. XII. April, 1911. No, 136.
A LITTLE-KNOWN MANGROVE OF PANAMA.
While searching for marine algae in the mangrove swamps at the Pacific terminus of the Panama Canal (Fic. 16), in December,
Fic. 16. <A scene at Balboa, the Pacific cernaulls of the Panama Can: e Panama mangrove, ee Rhizophorae, grows in the mangrove thicket on the eotuarial a ane ar the center of th ¢ photograph one also a ae ight. he
er 1-4, 6 ie esent
photograph was evidently taken at a moderately low tide; it is here reproduced yy courtesy of the Pictorial News Co., New York
61
62
1909, I was impressed by curious, large, ovoid, top-shaped, long-beaked, corrugated, brown fruits that were frequent on the mangrove mud at ebb tide. It required scarcely more than the
Fic. 17. The Panama mangrove, Pelliciera Rhizophorae, at Balboa, Canal fee
A well- ele as tree about 25 t high growing on alluvial mud near the nes line. This tree has been isolated by clearing ie in the swam he red mangrove a Mangle) is shown at the left.
lifting of the eyes to discover the source of these strange fruits. The trees that bore them were growing in company with the red mangrove (Rhizophora Mangle), the white mangrove (Lagun-
63
cularia racemosa), and a black mangrove (Avicennia sp.) between the tide-lines or sometimes at slightly higher levels than the red mangrove. The trees were found in all stages of development from very young seedlings to maturity. They begin to bear flowers and fruit when only two or three feet high (Fic. 20), but
Stumps of the Panama mangrove, Pelliciera Rhizophorae, at Balboa,
Fic. 18. Canal Zone. The swamp vegetation has been cleared away as a part of the cam- paign eanat ae The red mangrove (Rhizophora Mangle) is shown in the background.
when full grown are about 25 or 30 feet high (Fic. 17), with a single trunk, which is buttressed at the base somewhat after the fashion of the bald cypress (Taxodium) of the southern United States (Fics. 17 and 18). Some of the roots that form these but- tresses or a part of them are more isolated and distinct than the buttresses in the bald cypress, which are flutings of the trunk, yet
64
the tree, so far as would appear from our photographs, can hardly be said to send down aerial roots which develop into prop-like supports after the usual manner of the red mangrove. The basal mass of roots and fluted trunk is more or less solid.
The leaves of this mangrove are simple, unstalked, alternate (2/5 arrangement), oblong-lanceolate, broadest near the middle
polished, dark green, and entire except for small glandular teeth that disappear with age. The only conspicuous veining is the midrib and this is sometimes obscure towards the obtuse apex of the leaf. The leaves are commonly 3-5 inches long and 1-1.75 inches in greatest widt
e flowers of re seeuitae tree are large and showy, slightly suggestive of those of certain magnolias, though rather less conspicuous. They are solitary in the axils of the leaves, are white or tinged with pink, and when fully expanded have a spread of four or five inches, the five long narrowly tongue-shaped petals radiating irregularly somewhat after the style of the arms of certain star-fishes. Reference to a photograph (Fic. 22) will give a better idea of the general appearance of the flower than any descriptive words can. It is not the purpose of this paper to give a detailed technical description of the tree and its parts but it may be of interest to state that the flower-bud is enveloped and subtended by two bracts (Fic. 22), which are narrower than the leaves but broader and a little longer than the petals and are rose-colored, coral-red, or crimson. The calyx, corolla, and stamineal whorl each consist of five free and ae alternating members. The externally crimson sepals are about three fourths of an inch long and are ovate in general outline but are strongly concave (Fic. 21), suggesting the shells of certain limpets; in the middle of the inner surface of each and occupying about one half of its area are numerous small vesicular pores or glands. The petals are usually light pink except for the prominent whitish midrib, though on certain trees, especially the older ones, they are nearly white. They are 2.5 inches long, linear or elongate- tongue-shaped from a somewhat expanded base, which is about 0.6 of an inch wide, and they taper gradually to a blunt point.
65
When the flower is fully open the petals are somewhat reflexed or recurved, especially towards the apex, and the outer face of the petal becomes concave. The petals fall soon after the open- is of the flower and a little later the sepals and bracts drop
way. Attempts to prepare aha specimens from the trees showed that it was difficult to do so in such a way as not to detach the petals, sepals, and ete even the leaves are apt to fall from the branches after being dried by the methods customary with botanical collectors. The floral envelopes are more persistent when material is preserved in water with the aid of formalin, especially if flower-buds or freshly opened flowers are selected for the purpose, I do not recall that I noted any odor from the flowers at the time of collecting or that I observed any insects about them in the field but in attempting to dry specimens for the herbarium a ‘‘sweetish’’ odor was noticed and the flowers and leaves exuded a sticky substance that attracted great numbers of ants. The water in which specimens have been preserved with the aid of formalin has an odor, modified of course by the formaldehyde, that is strongly suggestive of crude West Indian molasses.
The stamens are about 2.5 inches long and their filaments are at first found closely appressed to the much elongated ovary in every other one of the ten pronounced longitudinal grooves on the surface of that organ. The narrow anthers are an inch long or more, are sagittate at the base, and the narrow connective is produced at the apex into a corrugated point, which, before the opening of the flower, projects beyond the stigma. The rigid woody pistil is conic-cylindrical, 2.5 inches long, and is divided about equally as to length between the 1o-grooved ovary and the smooth style. The main cavity of the ovary is divided into two compartments, which are, sometimes, at least, confluent above. Each of the compartments has a single ovule, but only one of the two ovules develops into a seed.
The fruits of this peculiar tree are at maturity top-shaped, (FIG. 23), 3-5 inches broad, and 3.5-5 inches long, including the abruptly tapering beak or snout, which comprises from one third to one half its length. When young the fruits are greenish
66
brown, but later change to a chocolate-brown. They soon develop upon their surface, in more or less definite rows, numerous small waxy-yellow or red pustules which become pulverulent and somewhat elongated and have the general appearance of lenticels. The surface of the fruit shows more or less distinctly
Seedlings of Pelliciera Rhizophorae in alluvial mud near the high-tide
Fic line, Stee Canal Zone. About one eighth of the natural size.
the ten original longitudinal ridges of the ovary surface, but there are also an equal number, or more, of secondary ridges, so that the surface of the fruit in its final mature state is quite irregularly many-ridged and -grooved (Fic. 23). The wall of the fruit, which is indehiscent, is leathery and averages about one fourth of an inch thick. The single seed consists almost wholly of the large embryo, the seed- coats being scarcely recognizable and endosperm evidently lacking. The embryo is cordat
general contour, with a rigid, pointed hypocotyl or radicle about half an inch long, which projects into the beak of the fruit
|
67
(FIG. 23, upper row). Each of the two firm fleshy cotyledons has somewhat the form of a half of a flattened heart bisected in the plane of the flattening; each is 2.5-4 inches in horizontal diameter, 2-3.5 inches in vertical diameter, and is about three quarters of an inch thick in the middle. The crimson or coral- line-red plumule is strongly developed at the time of the dropping of the fruit; its apex is gracefully curved or hooked somewhat
oe trees of Pelliciera Rhizophorae; two or three feet high and be-
Fic. 20. ginning to flow
after the fashion of an interrogation mark; if straightened out ° the plumule would measure about three inches in length. If this mangrove were not so far removed from most of the schools of the world, its embryo, with its great cotyledons and large gaily colored plumule would doubtless come into great demand as attractive and instructive object for demonstrations and dis- sections in botanical classes. The peculiar long-beaked fruit of this mangrove is apparently a biological adaptation to the
68 conditions under which the tree grows. The substratum on which this mangrove, like the Rhizophora, flourishes is commonly a soft estuarial mud into which a prowling collector ordinarily sinks for six or twelve inches or more. The fruit of the tree falls point downward and its weight is such that the force of the
Flowers and foliage of Peiliciera pais ea one fourth of howin
I,
the ae size. In the upper flower all of the well the concave Sepals ane _ two bracts ce oriental divarica In the lower flower 1 persist, though m (directe 7 ee in the photograph) is obscure on account of seine one ae the bra
&
fall anchors it in the mud below even though the mud at the time may be covered by a certain amount of water. And here in the mud near the upper range of the tides, planted with its radicle downward, it germinates (Fic. 19).
This strange mangrove was so ein different from those of Bermuda, Florida, and the West Indies, with which I had asso- ciated rather intimately for some years, that I secured photo-
69
graphs of it in various stages of development and also specimens of its foliage, flowers, and fruit, for the Garden museum and
but finally a description of it was located by the Garden’s librarian, Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, and located, rather curiously, in the Tea or Camellia Family. That its affinities were not immediately recognized is not especially surprising, as its flowers and fruit are somewhat anomalous in this family,
Fic. 22. Flowers, flower-buds, and foliage of Pelliciera Rhizophorae. About one third of the natural size. The branch at the upper right-hand corner shows a
lower right-hand corner, the two bracts, here somewhat ere and rolled, are well exhibited
70
though its leaves seem to agree fairly well with those of other members of the group. The genus, consisting of this single species, is given the rank of a tribe or section in most of the works that have had to deal with it, and it is quite possible that the taxonomists of the future, if modern segregating tendencies con- tinue to prevail, will find sufficient grounds for recognizing this peculiar tree as the type of an independent family. e idea
member of the Tea or Camellia Family consorting with the red mangroves will at least strike many taxonomists and ecologists as a detail of distribution and adaptation that has not been poner! emphasized in botanical literature.
appears that this mangrove, which thus far in our discussion
has ne nameless, was first described by Bentham and Hooker in 1862 under the name “ Pelliciera, Planch. et Trian. gen. nov.” Later in the same year, in the Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Triana and Planchon described it further and added the specific n Rhizophorae, presumably in allusion to its association with the red mangrove Raion Mangle). Specimens of t tree were probably first collected by the Colombian botanist, José Triana, about the mouth of a water-course on the Bay of
of Colombia. This locality is on the Pacific coast and is about 400 miles south of the city of Panama, near which city my speci- mens were obtained. At about the same time that Triana was
collecting a specimen of the tree on the shores of the Bay of Buenaventura, or probably a little late Dr. Sutton Hayes found it growing with mangroves ‘‘in the Rio Grande swamps,” which
is doubtless just where I found it ites years later, the Rio Grande now forming the Pacific end of the Panama Canal. Triana’s scanty specimen, brought by him to France, and the more ample specimens sent by Sutton Hayes to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, England, appear to have formed, essentially, the basis of the published knowledge of this peculiar tree, though the species has since been reported for one locality in Costa Rica by John Donnell Smith. Triana’s specimen from southern Colombia and Sutton Hayes’s from Panama seem to have agreed except as to the color of the flowers and the number of loculi in the
71
ovary, which are said to be § in the Triana tree and 2 in Sutton
whether the petals and sepals are pink or white is of no signifi- cance, judging from what I saw of the flowers in Panama. And
Fz
Fic Fruits and seeds of the Panama mangrove, Pelliciera Rhizophorae. About | one eee of the natural size. The sharp points of the beaks of the nearly mature fruits were broken off in handling, but naa still — in the pair of very immature fruits, In the fruit shown in t oe upper a part of the pericarp has been removed, exposing the single seed, i more cn a large embryo
y
fruit. ight in the upper row is an embryo with the two large cotyledons partly eee to show the hooked plumule.
the alleged 5-celled ovary of the more southern tree seems to be in need of further investigation, for the original diagnosis by Planchon and Triana was confessedly based on ‘‘un exemplaire
72
trés imparfait."’ The descriptions by Bentham and Hooker and by Triana and Planchon were supplemented in an important manner in 1879 by W. Botting Hemsley, who in his Botany of the Biologia Centrali- Americana published an excellent plate of
yes that the fruit that he had was rather small or immature. It is probable that all of the descriptions over-emphasize the Rhizophora-like habit of the tree. So far as my recollections and photographs go, Pelliciera does not show wholly independent proplike aerial roots after the manner of the red mangrove, but it is to be borne in mind in this connection that the photographs were taken on comparatively high and dry soil and that even Rhizophora in its upper ranges has few or no aerial roots serving as props, in striking contrast to its habit when invading the water from a river-bank or when trying to find anchorage on a more or less submerged coral reef.
As a detail of orthography it is to be noted that Triana and Planchon changed Bentham and Hooker’s spelling of the aoe name Pelliciera to Pelliceria, even while sa aaee: t genus was dedicated to the memory of llaume tee bishop of Mon@aes Pica érudit, ee ae: The original spelling, however, has been generally maintained and would seem to accord better with the spelling of the name of the man whom it was the intent to honor
If any apology is needed for reproducing so many photographs as accompany these notes, it may be found, I hope, in the fact that, to the best of my knowledge, no photographs of Pelliciera have ever before been published and in the further fact that any tree that associates with the geologically important and_bio- logically interesting red mangrove has more than ordinary claims to attention.
Marsuatt A. Howe.
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THE EDUCATIONAL WORK OF BOTANIC
The botanic garden as an educational institution is a com- paratively modern development, and may be traced backward through a series of gradual stages to the time when man first began to cultivate wild plants. The first gardens were cultivated for useful rather than ornamental purposes, and the earliest Greek gardens were little more than olive orchards. The Greeks also developed ornamental flower gardens, and this idea was borrowed from them by the Romans.
The earliest botanic garden of which we have definite record was established by Aristotle, in Athens, some three hundred a fifty years before Christ, and through the opportunities for study which it offered to Theophrastus, became an important factor in the advancement of contemporary botanical science. On the death of Aristotle, the garden, by the terms of his will, was be- queathed to Theophrastus, who improved it in many ways, the expense of these improvements being borne by Demetrius Pha- lereus, a wealthy and public spirited citizen of Athens.
The remote ancestry of the true botanical garden is to be found in the earliest attempts to cultivate medicinal plants. Pliny
began to grow medicinal herbs in the monastery gardens. This practice was subsequently undertaken by the early apothecaries, giving rise to the so-called ‘‘physick gardens,” for the growing of ‘‘simples.”” Such gardens were naturally utilized to forward the work of instruction in materia medica, in connection with the medical schools.
out the sixteenth century occurred a renaissance of the scientific study of plants, and the early herbalists began to cultivate living specimens for botanical study. Thus the modern botanic garden may be traced from the vegetable garden and
* Reprinted from the Cyclopedia of Education, Vol. 1, pp. 421-424, through the courtesy of The Macmillan Co., publishers. + This paragraph does not occur in the article as originally published.
74
orchard, through the ornamental garden, the physic gardens and the private gardens of the herbalists, an interesting and very natural parallel to the development of the science of botany itself; for plants were first studied as articles of diet, then as the source of remedies for disease, and only subsequently for their own sake, from the standpoint of the modern botanist.
There are to-day over 200 so-called botanical gardens in various parts of the world, 36 of which are in Germany, 23 in Italy, 22 in France, 16 in Russia, 13 in Austria-Hungary, and 12 each in Great Britain and Ireland, and the United States.
Forma! instruction was undertaken by botanical gardens as early as 1545, in the garden at Padua, where lectures on plant life were given, and a crude form of laboratory work undertaken in the form of “‘ostencio simplicium,”’ or demonstrations of medicinal herbs. Even before this date the public study of botany was inaugurated at the garden of Pisa (1543), by order of the Grand Duke Cosmo I., and the second director of this garden was the celebrated nee Caesalpino, the successor of
hini who, in 1547, founded the garden at Bolog:
The educational work of botanic gardens falls de il under six heads:
I. Sue tion — means of well- labeled specimens.
2 pular lectu
3 aesins .
4. Periodical and other publications.
5. Courses of lectures and instruction to organized classes.
Docentry.
These various phases of botanical education developed in con- nection with gardens approximately in the order here named.
I. Rak aes by Means of Well-labeled Specimens—A
um has recently been described as a collection of attractive nee well illustrated by specimens. The earliest educational work of botanic gardens was confined pee entirely to what might be accomplished by such means. In other words, the garden was a place where anyone sufficiently interested could go and ‘‘educate” himself, ¢. e., secure without the aid of a teacher
a certain limited amount of information about plants. From
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the nature of the case, this must always remain a prominent and valuable phase of botanical instruction by gardens. In the early gardens the labels gave only the scientific name of the plant, but subsequently there were added the common name, the geographic distribution, and the place of the specimen in the system of classification—the family to which it belongs.
So long as no attempt was made to illustrate any phase of botany but classification, such labels indicated the limits of in- formation one might obtain, but, as a rather modern develop- ment, appearing first in this country in the Missouri, Harvard, and New York gardens, plantations were organized on other bases, such as geographical distribution, relation to environment (ecology), modification of parts (morphology), economic use, both for food and medicine, plant breeding, and the history of botany. Thus the range of information to be obtained from labels was greatly extended. But after all, and at best, the result was for the most part only information about plants, more or less detached and uncorrelated; not botanical education. The general public visit a botanic garden for recreation rather than information, and while these well- labelled plantings do a real service, and meet with a genuine and wide-spread appreciation, they leave much to be desired. They would be justified, how- ever, from the standpoint of education, if they did no more than extend the interest of the public in things botanical, or serve to give an added interest in life.
2. Popular Lectures—As an educational force in botanic gardens, popular lectures are only second, in time of develop- ment, to the labelling of specimens. They were introduced as early as 1545 at the Padua garden. At first they were no doubt largely confined to the medicinal properties of plants, illustrated by living specimens from the garden and ea ntarin and by dried specimens from the herbarium. Later they have been extended to all phases of scientific botany, from a early spring flowers to botanical exploration and theories of heredity. The introduction of the stereopticon has here, as elsewhere, done much to increase the interest in such lectures. At the free weekly lectures given every Saturday from April to November
76
at the New York Botanical Garden, {the attendance varies from 50 to 500, depending upon the weather, the topic, and somewhat upon the time of the year and the extent of the lec- turer’s reputation. The average attendance, however, is increasing.
3. Research —Botanic gardens, in the true sense of the word, have always been centers of investigation; otherwise they tend to become merely pleasure parks. The educational work of the early physic gardens was very largely research, while practically no attention was given to popularizing. Thus, when John Gerarde, in the latter part of the seventeenth ean acting for Lord Burleigh, a the letter to Cambridge University recommending t a physic paraen be ee there, the purpose stated was to encourage ‘‘the facultie of simpling,”’ and the oe of Bologna, Montpellier, Leyden, Paris, and Upsala (the seat of Linné’s labors), flourished in the middle of the pee century for the primary purpose of aiding teaching and research. Well-equipped garden laboratories for research are becoming more and more common, especially in gardens organically connected with, or affiliated with colleges and uni- versities.
4. Publications —At first these were mainly confined to catalogues of the living plants, then were introduced guides to the grounds, seed lists, lists of plants offered in exchange, guides to the museum and conservatories, and finally monthly and other periodicals, embodying the results of research, and other matters pertaining to the advancement of botany or the organization of the institution.
5. Courses of Lectures and Instruction to Organised Classes.— This is one of the latest and most important educational ana ments of botanic gardens. Regular courses were medical students as early as 1829, in the Chelsea Bisse ee and this has now become an important phase of activity, espe- cially of all gardens connected in any way with educational insti- tutions. In fact didactic instruction by botanic gardens has developed parallel with the growing tendency to establish them in connection with universities or other educational institutions.
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In the earliest and later private gardens practically no AuentOn was given to teaching. In the physic gardens of ores societies and schools of medicine, the teaching was confined to t nature and properties of medicinal plants, but, with the i zation of university gardens. and gardens closely articulating with institutions of learning, was introduced formal instruction of classes in various phases of pure and applied botany. The public school system of Pittsburg furnishes what is doubtless a unique instance of botanic garden and laboratory as part of the equipment for science teaching in high schools. The new botanic garden, established by the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, while not organically connected with any school, and while planning ample provision for research, was inaugurated primarily as a teaching institution. e plan involves a staff of teachers, as well as of investigators, ie the organizing of classes of both elementary and advanced g
6. Docentry—Docentry is a aes a new idea in edu- cation, and is confined to institutions devoting a considerable portion of time to the popularizing of knowledge. So far as the writer knows, the New York Botanical Garden was the first, and is to date (1910) the only botanical garden employing docentry. The former system, here as in most other gardens, was that of personal guides for visitors who apply, and aids and gardeners were detailed for this purpose.
Under the new system there is a regularly appointed ‘‘docent,”’ who leaves the front door of the museum building every week- day afternoon at three o'clock, with a definite route for each day. Parties may start with the docent, or he may in turn meet with two or three interested visitors, volunteer interesting information concerning the trees and other plants of the collections, and thus assemble an extempore class. The Saturday trip is confined to the museum, herbarium, and library (containing many rare and historically interesting volumes), and is completed in time to aie those who wish, to attend the weekly public lecture at four
There is Gicined below the educational work of various gardens, in the order of their age. The date indicates the year in which the garden was established.
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1. Jardin des Plantes, Paris (1610).—As is well known, the Jardin des Plantes is only partially devoted to plants, the botan- ical work being, in fact, quite overshadowed by the zodlogical. On Sunday afternoons public lectures on botanical subjects are given inthe amphitheatre of a special building. These lectures, locally called ‘conferences,’ are illustrated by lantern-slides, museum specimens and living plants from the conservatories, and admission to each course is by ticket.
okyo, Japan (1638).—This garden, now the garden of the Imperial University, was established by Tokugana the Third, at Shinogawa, on the southern an of Yedo (modern Tokyo). After the revolution of 1868 it was taken over by the Meji eae and was again ae le to the Imperial University 869. At this last transfer its old name, Oyakuyen (‘‘the ee plant garden”’), was changed to Igakkoyakuyen (‘‘the medical school garden”’). In 1871 i came under the supervision of the educational department of the empire, and in 1875 its name was again changed to ree botanic garden. In 1876 it became part of the college of science of the university. Instruction is given to university students in botany, entomology and pharmacy; while the grounds are open to the general public.
3. Chelsea, sie (1673).—Chelsea is almost unique among the early gardens in the extent to which it organized instruction in various ae of pure and applied botany. The garden was established by the Society of Apothecaries of London, on lines similar to the private gardens of the herbalists, differing from them in being supported by a public society. It was the first public institution of its kind in London, and is now the oldest. As early as 1633 the Society of Apothecaries inaugurated an annual ‘‘herbarizing,” which was discontinued after a short period; but after the opening of the Chelsea garden these ‘‘her- barizings’” were renewed, and soon took the form of a demonstra- tion of plants to the members, by the ‘‘demonstrator of plants.” In 1829 weekly demonstrations were begun, confined largely to the specimens in the materia medica department of the garden, followed by a lecture. The successive lectures were planned to form a summer course of study in botany. The titles of the
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lectures in one course were as follows: (1) The different systems of botany, both natural and artificial, particularly those of Linnaeus and Jussieu: (2) the structure and growth of plants; (3) the different parts of plants, with their description and uses in the process of vegetation; (4) the natural and chemical analyses of vegetable matter; (5) the medicinal use of the most important articles in the materia medica, etc. aa lectures were well attended by medical students, and when Lindley, in 1835 (Encyc. Brit.), was made director of the garden panes Horti), and professor of botany, the lectures were held twice a week at 8:30 A. M. in May, June and July, instead of weekly at 10 A.M. from May to September. At the close of this course an examination was given, optional to the students, and a gold medal worth ten guineas awarded to the candidate attaining the
continued in 1853, but subsequently renewed. It is interesting to note that among the successful competitors were Huxley, Masters, and H. C. Bastian.
In the ‘‘ Rules and Regulations as to Admission to the Garden, Lecture Room and Laboratory,” issued November 20, 1902, it was stated that: ‘1. The purposes for which the Chelsea Physic Garden is maintained are: (1) To render assistance in the teach- ing of botany; (2) To provide material and opportunity for botanical investigations; . . .. 4. Teachers holding tickets of admission will be allowed to iueediee their students to the garden for purposes of study, but each teacher will be held responsible for any damage that may be committed by his or her students whilst in the garden.” Individual students and classes with teachers take advantage in large numbers of the oppor- tunities offered, and in addition specimens are furnished to teachers for class use.
4. Kew (1759)—The famous Kew gardens date from the appointment of William Aiton, a pupil of the Chelsea Garden, to organize a physic garden for the Princess Augusta, of Saxe- Gotha, Dowager Princess of Wales. The ornamental garden around the royal residence was utilized for this purpose. The only formal educational work at Kew is the training of gardeners
80
but this is thoroughly organized, and very important, for Kew is the source of gardeners for most of the colonial gardens. Five years of practical experience is required for entrance upon the course, which includes lectures in physics, chemistry (as related to botany and geology), general botany, economic botany and geographical botany. Each student is required to collect a herbarium of 250 named and mounted specimens, and, if his work is satisfactory, he receives a Kew certificate at the end of two years. Kew remained a private possession of the crown until 1840, when it was made a public garden, with Sir William Hooker as the first director.
5. Edinburgh (1763).—This garden is a part of the University of Edinburgh. It has museums, class-rooms and laboratories, where most of the instruction in botany in the university is given.
6. Harvard (1805).—Established and continued primarily to further botanical teaching and research in Harvard University.
7. Buitenzorg, Java (1817).— The ’sLands Plantentuin, at Buitenzorg, is the finest botanical garden in the w It has well-equipped laboratories for research, a bot: a library of over 40,000 volumes, and one large building devoted exclusively to laboratories for visiting botanists from other countries. Certain European governments send annually a student to Buitenzorg, and other countries are represented at irregular inter-
k is almost entirely researc
8. Afissouri, St. Louis, Mo. (1859).—These gardens are known
locally as ‘‘Shaw’s Garden,” in honor of the founder, Henry
aw. mong the objects named in the enactment that estab- lished the garden is the dissemination among men of a knowledge of plants ‘by having a collection thereof easily accessible; by the establishment of a museum and library in connection there- with, and also by the establishment of public lectures and instruc- tion upon botany and its allied sciences.” In 1885 the same benefactor endowed the Henry Shaw School of Botany, at Washington University, St. Louis, and provided for the codpera- tion of this school with the botanical garden. The professor in the Shaw School of Botany is the director of the garden. In addition to serving the needs of the students and staff of the
81
Shaw School of Botany, the garden grounds are open to the public, and the founder’s will provides that there must be preached an annual sermon on the power, wisdom and goodness of God as shown in the growth of flowers, fruits and other gape of the plant world. The collections are freely used by t teachers with their classes in nature study.
9. Montreal (1585).—It was the intention of the founders of this garden to make ample provision for formal instruction in
otany, pure and applied, but the institution was under municipal control, and finally ‘‘killed by political differences in the city council.”
10. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. City (1894) —The forerunner of this garden was the “Elgin Botanic Garden,” of Dr. David Hosack, in New York City (the present borough of Manhattan). The garden was successively trans- ferred to New York state and then to Columbia University but was finally abandoned for lack of mone The present garden has a coéperative agreement with Columb ce herbarium and botanical library of the university are deposited with the garden, and the university students and staff in botany enjoy, without any additional fees, all the privileges of the garden. The undergraduate courses are all given at the uni- versity, but much of the research is carried on at the garden. Weekly lectures on “‘popular”’ and semi-popular botanical sub- jects are given on Saturday afternoons from April to November. The system of docentry, inaugurated in 1910, has been referred to above.
Probably the most elaborate attempt ever made on the part of an institution of ie character, to codperate with and aid the nature-study work of public schools are the courses of spring and fall lectures given to the teachers and pupils of grades 4B and 5B of the city schools. In the annual report of the director- in-chief for 1904 it was recommended that, ‘lectures designe d
ca i= ®
might be given with advantage, board of education of the city passed resolutions empowering the principals to arrange for the lectures. At the close of the
82
first course the district superintendent reported that the results were most gratifying, the children, in some instances, being stimulated to make collections of fungi, ferns and mosses, and to cman window boxes further illustrating the subjects of the lec
eee were two courses arranged; one of two lectures and
the stereopticon, and given by a regular member of the garden staff, the pupils are taken out on the grounds in groups of thirty to forty, where demonstrations are given on the subject of the lecture. This work is followed up during the next week in the class-room.
During the first year the lectures were given to the pupils of Bronx Borough only, but in 1906 the privilege was extended to the public schools of Manhattan, and the afternoons of four days of each week were given over to the lectures. The pupils, accompanied by their teachers, come on trolleys, elevated roads, and subway, each paying his own fare, and, notwithstanding this ee and the further fact that attendance is optional with the pupils, the attendance increased from about 5,000 pupils in 1905 to nearly 13,000 (9,378 from the Bronx, and 3,391 from Manhattan) pupils and teachers in 1906. During 1906 the work was inspected by many teachers, including several from Europe, and the course was repeated on Saturday mornings for teachers unable to be present on the afternoons regularly scheduled. The attendance of pupils from Manhattan was not continued, owing partly to the long ride on the elevated railroad. It should be stated that there is no record of any mishap to the pupils in going to and from the garden. In 1909 7,273 pupils and 235 teachers from grade 4B, and 9,622 pupils and 341 teachers from
rade 5B, or a total of 16,895 pupils and 576 teachers attended these lectures.
11. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden (1910).—This garden was established by The Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, in coéperation with the municipal government of Greater New York It is the primary purpose of the garden to combine instruction to
83
classes in botany with research work, and. to assist in every practicable way the botanical work of local schools, both public and private. The plans provide for the organization of a staff consisting, not only of investigators to have charge of research, but also of members whose primary duty will be the conducting of classes in various branches of the science, including courses for beginners. Ample provision is made for carrying out this purpose in the plans for the laboratories, greenhouses and plantations.
In addition to the institutions referred to above, there should be mentioned the gardens at Oxford and at Cambridge (England), at Munich, Amste rdam, Berlin, Vienna, Geneva, St. Petersburg,
and research; while well-organized gardens are foun Michigan Agricultural College (Lansing, Mich.), the University of California (Berkeley), the University of Pennsylvania (Phila- delphia), and Smith College (Northampton, Mass.). The educa- tional work of the Royal Botanic Society’s Gardens, at Regent’s
ark, London, is also extensive, covering popular lectures, the supplying of materials to classes in schools, and the organization of a practical school for the training of gardeners. Educational exhibits are also held here from time to time to illustrate the nature-study of the local public schools.
BIBLIOGRAPHY. Agreement with Columbia University cage New York Botanical Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 19. 97. Blakeslee, ‘A. F. The aim Garden as a ae Museum of Agri- culture. Sci. N. S. 85. . J. Botanic ane toe Gaz. 23: 51. 1897. Britton, N.L. aes Gardens. Sci. N.S. 4: 284. 1896. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 1897. Proc. A. A. A. S. 45: 171. — —— Report on ee to Europe. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 6: 12 1905. Report of ee Secretary and ee in-Chief for the Year 1904. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4 Nature ane Work of a ae ie Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 275. 1906.
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—— Relations of Botanical Gardens to the Public. Sci. N.S. 31: 641. d Cowell, John F. The Buffalo Botanic Garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 2:24. 1901.
Falkenberg, Paul. Der Garten und seine Entwicklung. Rostock, 1899. Smith. Ann. Rept. Appendix, issued 1891.
Fawcett, William. The ee blic en and Plantations of Jamaica.
Bot. Gaz. 24: 345. 1897. Gager, C. Stuart. The re and the Public Schools. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 7: 156. ee W.F. The Place . ae Gardens in Collegiate In- tion. Sci. N.S. 31: 1910 een John W. jon ee aad his Garden. Garden and Forest 10: 183. 1897. ull. — Bot. Club 24: 274. 1897. merican _o eee —II. The nee Gardens of Jamaica. Plant World 5: 41. 1902.
Johnson, Duncan - Pee Botanical Garden. Sci. N. S. 31: 48
. IgIo. King, George. A Guide to the Royal Botanic Garden. Calcutta. Chapter 2. History of the Garden, p. 2. Calcutta, 1895. ams sat .T. Botanic Gardens. Pop. Sci. ae 172, 1897. e New York Botanical Garden. Sci. N : 935. 1900. “Foe: Sci. Mo. 57:1 1900. Nash, George V. Codperation in Nature Study with Public Schools. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 05. New York Botanical Garden, Act of Incorporation of. Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 1: 1. 1896. Notes, News and Comment. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 9: 119. 1908. Notes, News and Comment. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 10: 143, 273.
1909. Olsson-Seffer, Pehr. Visits to some Botanic Gardens Abroad. Plant World. 10: 27. 1907. Pe ow, D. P. Montreal Botanic Garden. First Annual Report. 1885. Montreal, 1886. ; Perredés, Pierre Elie Félix. London Botanic Gardens. Am. Jour. Phar. 77: 451, 523, 562. 1905; 78: 1, 68, 113, 172, 224, 270, 317)
Public Lessons on Trees. N. Y. Evening Post. July 16, 1910. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. ug., 1910.
Ramaley, Francis. The Botanical Garden of Buitenzorg, Java. Pop. Sci. Mo. 67: 579. 1905
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sa a P. A. The Scandinavian Botanical Gardens. Jour. N. Y. ot. Gard. 2: 129. 1. Sea A. Forbes. Gardens, Ancient and Modern. London, 8
1899.
Tissandier, Albert. The botanical garden of Buitenzorg, Java. Trans- lated from La Nature. Pop. Sci. Mo. 48: 335. 1896.
Trelease, W. The ee Botanical Garden. Pop. Sci. Mo. 62: 193. 1903.
— The Administration of Botanical Gardens. Sci. N. S. 32: 681. Re
e American Botanical Gardens. The Missouri Botanical
eae Plant Wor 9
Treub, M. A tropical botanical garden. (Trans. from Revue des Deux Mondes 97: 162. 1890.) Smithsonian Inst. Ann. Rep. 1890: 389.
1891. Underwood, L. M. The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. Sci. N. 5. Io: 1899. Vail,A.M. AnOld Physic Gardenin New Amsterdam. Jour. N.Y. Bot. Gard. 2: 183. 1901 Watson, Cambridge Botsaie Gardens. Garden and Forest 9: 443. 6. —7 ee Botanic Garden. Garden and Forest 9: 483. 1896. C. STUART GAGER. BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, BROOKLYN BOTANIC GARDEN.
SPRING LECTURES, 1911.
Lectures will be delivered in the lecture hall of the museum building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at 4:00 o'clock, as follows:
April 29. ‘‘The Preservation of Our Native Plants,” by Dr. N. L. Britto
ay 6. ee is Botany ?” by Dr. C. Stuart Gager. May 13. ‘Transforming an Old Swamp,” by Mr. George V.
May 20. “The Reef-building and Land-forming Seaweeds,” by Dr. Marshall A. Howe.
May 27. ‘The Influence of Soil Acidity on Plant Distribu- tion,” by Mr. Frederick V. Coville.
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June 3. ‘‘How Plants are Distributed,” by Prof. Carlton C. Curtis.
June 10. a Royal Gardens at Kew, England,” by Dr. William A. Murr
June 17. ies in the High Mountains of Colorado,” by Mr. Fred J. Seaver.
June 24. ‘Past Climatic Conditions Indicated by Fossil aa by Dr. Arthur Hollick.
The lectures will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise. They will close in time for auditors to take the 5:35 train from the Botanical Garden Station, arriving at Grand Central Station at 6:03 P. M.
The museum building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the Third Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. Visitors coming by the Subway change to the Elevated Railway at 149th Street and Third Avenue.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Mr. B. O. Dodge has been awarded a research scholarship at the Garden for the month of June.
P. Clinton of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station ated the Garden Friday, April 7, and spent some time looking over specimens of fungi in the Ellis Collection.
Number 25, volume 7, of the Bulletin of the New York Botan- ical Garden, containing the annual report of the director-in- chief and other official documents was issued March 16, I9I1.
Dr. and Mrs..N. L. Britton returned April 4, from Cuba where several weeks were spent in botanical exploration. A large number of living plants were secured for the conservatories as well as extensive collections of dried plants for the herbarium.
The regular monthly conference meeting was held in the library on Wednesday, March 1. At this meeting Dr. M Howe
87
sate and showed specimens of ‘“‘A Little-known Mangrove of ana The entire paper appears in this number of the pane
A letter has lately been received from Dr. Charles B. Robinson, formerly a member of the Garden staff, stating that he expects to return to this country about the end of July. Dr. Robinson has been in the service of the Philippine Bureau of Science for over three years and it is understood has been collecting this spring along the Indo-China coast, a region very little known botanically.
Mr. Norman Taylor, for some time past assistant curator at the New York Botanical Garden, has recently been appointed curator of plants in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden having assumed the duties of his new position March 16.
r. Taylor has been in the service of the New York Botanical Garden for the past six years. For two years he held the position of custodian of the plantations. In 1909 he was appointed an assistant curator, of the museums and herbarium, and has devoted much time to the building up of the herbarium of local plants. In this connection he has been considering the various factors which bear upon the distribution of our local plants.
At various times he has aided in carrying on botanical explora- tions in the West Indies, one trip being made, in company with Mr. George V. Nash, to the Bahama Islands in 1904 and another to the republic of Haytiin 1905. In company with Dr. Fernow, he made a trip to Cuba during the summer of 1906, and in 1909 carried on explorations in Santo Domingo.
n addition to numerous papers on various phases of local flora work, he has monographed several families of plants for North American Flora. In 1909 he prepared for publication in the Garden BULLETIN an extensive and well-illustrated paper on the ‘‘ Native Trees of the Hudson River Valley.” He has also assisted very successfully with the demonstration work in con- nection with the public school lectures.
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Meteorology for March—tThe total precipitation for the month was 3.67 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 57.5° on the gth, 56.5° on the 15th, 70° on the 22d and 55.5° on the 30th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 16° on the 7th, 15.5° on the 17th, 17° on the 25th.
ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 571 specimens of Crataegus from the Southern States. (By exchange with the Biltmore Herp ua,
mens of flowering ake from British America. (By exchange with ee Geologea Survey of cam da.)
ichig: h Mr. C.K. ee a specimeiié of Crataegus from pea ed (By exthanee with Mr. C. Bissell. specimens of Crataegus from Pennyslvania. (By exchange with the Carnegie re Pitts burgh. 17 specimens of Crataegus from Ohio. (By exchange with the University of Ohio. 835 specimens of Montana plants. oe ed by Mr. B. T. Butler.
1458 specimens from western Cuba. (Collected by Mr. Percy Wilson ) 206 specimens of Rubus from eastern pone America. (Given by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.
specimens ‘North American Uredinales,"’ Century I. (Distributed by Mr. oe ae ew.) 2 specimens of Florida plants. (Given by Mr. Henry Nehrling.) 4 specimens of flowering plants from the western United States. (Given by Mr. George V. Nash. 2 specimens of Alloplectus from Costa Rica. (Given by Captain John Donnell Smith. specimens of conifers from Georgia. (By exchange with Mr. H. A. Allard.) 1 photograph of Gyrostachys cernua from New York. (Given by Miss Helen Ingersoll.) 7 photographs of Venilla planifolia. (Given by Mr. J. Manhei. 15 specimens of mosses from Connecticut. (By exchange with Be Gone E. ae specimens of flowering plants from Arctic America. (By exchange with ‘ies Gave of Christiania.)
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XII. May, 1911. No. 137.
BOTANICAL EXPLORATION IN CUBA.
To THE SCIENTIFIC DirEcTORS,
Gentlemen: In continuation of the botanical exploration of the West Indies, I spent the latter part of February and the month of March, I911, in western and central Cuba, sailing from New
York on February 18 and returning on il 4. Mrs. Britton accompanied me as on previous expeditions, and we were for- tunate in having with us Mr. John F. Cowell, director of the
Buffalo Botanic Garden, who had previously coéperated in our exploration work on the islands of St. ae and Porto Rico. We reached Havana on February 22 and the day was spent in company with Brother Lecn, of the Colegio a la Salle, in a visit to the coastal hills and river valley east of Vedado. Brother Leon guided us to a single specimen of what appears to be a rare cactus with sharply four-winged stems which I had on a previous occasion observed in the vicinity of Cojimar, east of Havana, but had failed to establish the species in our collections. The plant forms a bush three feet high or more, but it was neither in flower or fruit at this point and, as in my previous observation of the species in Cojimar which was.in the same barren condition, I am as yet unable to classify it. Fine specimens of the coastal Agave of this portion of Cuba (A. Legrelliana) were secured.
collected by Brother Leon during several years for his college;
duplicates of most of these specimens have been contributed by
him to our collections and we are indebted to him and to his
associates at the Colegio de la Salle for kindness and hospitality. 89
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On February 23 we visited the two botanical gardens of Havana and were received with much cordiality by Dr. Felipe Garcia Cafiizares, director of the Secondary School Garden, and by
r. Gomez de Ia Maza, director of the garden of the university. Observations were made on a large number of plants in these collections and further codperation in our work in Cuba was discussed and arranged. Dr. de la Maza presented us with a large map of the island of Cuba, showing the judicial districts of the island in detail.
On February 24, accompanied by Brother Leon, we visited the Sierra de Anafe at Guayabal in the extreme eastern part of the Province of Pinar del Rio, traveling about twenty-two miles by trolley. This is the eastern ridge of the limestone sierra which extends pace ras westward through Pinar del Rio to the city of ne. e€ most interesting plant observed here was another cactus, pe ane neither in flower or fruit, forming a tree-like plant ten or twelve feet high, repeatedly forked into very slender branches. A large Agave was abundant and a beautiful palm of the genus T: es clothed the jagged limestone rocks along a precipitous crevice. A small trailing vine-like Sida carpeted portions of the bottom of this crevice and we hope to be able to grow it under greenhouse benches, as it occurs in deep shade
The base of operations from February 26 until March 19 was established at the city of Pinar del Rio where some time was spent last September.* Some of the ground traversed at that time was reéxamined for the observation and collection of certain plants at this different time of the year, but most of our time was given to new ground. The dry weather which had continued in Pinar del Rio since last October had parched the vegetation of hillsides, mountains and savanna and it was mainly along water courses and arroyos that plants could be found in flower. We were fortunate here in making the acquaintance of Dr. Eugenio Cuesta, the teacher of natural science in the secondary school, and he aided us greatly by information, advice and companion- ship.
*See Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 230-235. Igio.
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The valleys of several streams yielded specimens of a consid- erable number of interesting species not found in flower during our previous visit to this region. Among these, a beautiful white-flowered shrub of the Heath Family, similar to the Leu- cothoés of the southeastern states, and perhaps in the same genus, was a fine floral feature. The beautiful tree-fern of these lower elevations, observed sparingly last time, was found in abundance
and a number of trunks were brought with us for cultivation. Additional plants of a Fureraea, of interest because pronounced by Professor Trelease, of the Missouri Botanical Garden, to be apparently different from the known Cuban species of this genus, were obtained; a bright yellow-flowered St. John’s-wort (Hyper- icum), forming a shrub three feet high and exceedingly floriferous was frequent along the rocky stream banks; one cliff in the valley of the Rio Mestanza which furnishes the water supply for the city of Pinar del Rio, was covered with a tail-flower (Anthurium) different from any species with which we are familiar and a good supply of this was taken for cultivation; a species of prickly pear (Opuntia) having most of its joints spineless interested us greatly as distinct from other Cuban species of this genus, its fine yellow flowers very conspicuous; many kinds of ferns, mosses and lichens were collected in the arroyos.
But by far the most interesting plant observed and collected in the region was the tall cycad of western Cuba (Microcycas calocoma). \Ve had long known of the existence of this remark- able plant, but had never before — in seeing it in its
natural habitat; it grows in valleys in oak and pine woods on shaly soil at an elevation of about 600 above the sea and is locally abundant. The tree attains a maximum height of about 20 feet, usually forming a simple trunk which tapers somewhat toward its summit and is there crowned by a magnificent tuft of large pinnate leaves sometimes as many as one hundred in the tuft; its general aspect is similar to that of the common sago palm of the greenhouses (Cycas revoluia), but the trunk is more slender and the leaves more numerous; when fruiting, the pistillate plants form very large cones, often a foot long or more; these from their resemblance to pineapple are called ‘‘pifias’” by the Cubans
92 ose name for the plant is ‘‘ palma co : were so much interested in this rare tree that three cea expeditions were made to its localities and three valleys containing it were visited; by the aid of friendly Cubanos, a team composed of a cow and a young bull drawing a wooden drag, an abundant supply of the trunks was brought out from the hills and transported by cart to the city and subsequently shipped to the Garden, the largest taken being seven or eight feet tall From the city of Pinar del Rio trips were made in several directions. On March 4 and 5 we explored the limestone Sierra and river valley at Guane, the terminus of the railroad. The flora of the Sierra is similar to that of the mountains near Vifiales, visited last September, but with a number of additional elements; the same little Agave, identified by Professor Trelease as A. Wildringti, was abundant, as well as the slender mountain palm, Gaussia princeps. The most attractive floral feature at the time of our visit was a small tree of the genus Tecoma, flowering freely while essentially devoid of leaves, the large light pink flowers conspicuous against the steep dry rocky slopes. The water-fall of the Rio Portales was very attractive and the rocks were clothed with a variety of small plants, among these, a white-flowered Aster, jae resembling some of our numerous northern species; ee species of palms were abundant in the vicinity. On Marc 7 i. river swamps in the vicinity of Galafre were explored; here we were especially interested in a beautiful wild fig (Féczus), its leaves with nearly white vcins, making it apparently desirable for ornamental greenhouse cultivation; we subsequently observed this tree at other points and obtained ripe seeds which we hope will germinate. Leaving Mrs. Britton at Pinar del Rio, to care for the collections Mr. Cowell and I made two trips on a fishing schooner on the south coast, from the little port of Coloma. The first of these was made on March 1 and 2 to Cayo Real, an island of an archi- pelago some aoe miles south. We found this cay, however, to be composed wholly of sand-dunes and mangrove swamps with the ordinary vegetation of such formations, but our disappoint- ment was much modified in returning from Coloma to Pinar del
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Rio by the discovery of a wonderfully beautiful orchid growing on the trunk of the pond apple (Anona palustris) in a little marsh. The orchid was in full bloom, its flowers of a bright magenta, forming clusters a foot or more long, the individual blossoms more than an inch across. Only four individual plants could be found after a long search and these were all on one tree. he
plant seems to be in the genus Broughtonia ad is apparently undescribed
The second schooner expedition occupied the period from March 8 to March 16, sailing west from Coloma as far as the Bay of Corrientes, near the western end of the island, touching, both going and coming, at the Laguna de Cortes, near Cape Francis, but at no other intermediate points, because from just west of Cape Francis to Cape Corrientes the coast is an unbroken vertical es- carpment, with no harbors and no way of landing upon it safely, except when the wind blows from the north or northwest, which is unusual. Along Corrientes Bay, after we had rounded the Cape, after sailing against the strong current for some time, we found the rock wall setting back from the coast and landed at four different points and were thus able to obtain a good view of the vegetation and to make quite extensive collections. The flora was quite varied, containing many species common to the coastal woodlands and thickets of other parts of Cuba, but also a number of others with which we are unacquainted and which = form interesting objects for study. The stout ‘palma cana,” a palm of the genus Sabal, related to the palmetto of Florida and the Bahamas, occurs here in large groves in places almost to the exclusion of other trees, so striking i in appearance from the sea that one of
C
thatch palm, ‘‘palma lana” (Thrinax sp.) so-called from the vel- vety coating of the inner surface of its leaf sheaths, was exceed- ingly abundant, its slender trunks attaining a height of 4o to 50 feet, and with it the “ sae blanca”’ (Copernicia sp.) attained almost equal height. Two cactuses were abundant on the rocks, one an upright bushy pees the other a trailing and climbing Selenicereus, both night-flowering species, but not in bloom at
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the time of our visit. A number of attractive orchids inhabited the trees, the most conspicuous being an orange-flowered Cyr- topodium. The schooner provided convenient transportation for bales and boxes of living plants, and all the collections made were safely transported to Coloma and then by cart to Pinar del Rio, the only trying feature of the trip being the beat to windward in returning, this necessitating three times as many hours as the run before the trade wind took in sailing westward.
During our absence on the Corrientes expedition, Mrs. Britton
Dr. and Sefiora Cuesta had made a number of interesting eae in the vicinity of Pinar a Rio, and March 16, 17 and 18 were given to further exploration work along streams in the vicinity of that city. On March 19 all the collections made were packed, taken with us to Havana on March 20, shipped to New York, and we proceeded the same day to the city of Santa Clara, in order to obtain some additional observations and col- lections of plants of that province, studied by us on a previous trip.*
A considerable number of species of shrubs and trees were found in flower in the vicinity of Santa Clara, especially along water courses, different from those previously obtained by us. Fruiting 2s of the Agave abundant on the rocky hills t the material of this species collected last year. A note acai floral feautre in the palm barren at Santa Clara was a beautiful blue-flowered shrub of the genus Jacaranda in the Bignonia Family, and an abundant supply of this was collected; it appears to be quite unknown to botanists and was one of the most interesting species observed during our trip. In order to obtain a rare palm growing on the banks of the Rio Damuji at Cienfuegos Bay, Mr. Cowell, Professor Earle and I proceeded to Cienfuegos and, by using a small river steamer, succeeded in obtaining a number of trunks and very perfect flowering specimens. A palm of the genus Paurotis grows on the border of a bog in great abundance, together with a number of other interesting plants; using the same river steamer, we pro-
*See Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 11: 109-117. Igt0.
95
ceeded the whole length of Cienfuegos Bay to the village of Castillo de Jagua, which was used as a base last spring while we were exploring the southern coast of Santa Clara, and here additional material was collected of the undescribed Agave of that region, the plants being in fruit, and also of a much branching cactus characteristic of this region. A stop was also made at Punta Gorda, on the eastern side of Cienfuegos Bay, where trunks of another palm, perhaps Copernicia, were dug out and fruiting specimens obtained. Returning to Santa Clara by way of the city of Santo — a few hours were given to collecting in an arroyo near that c We reached Havana on evening of March 28, and on March 29 went to the Playa deMarianao for a reéxamination of the coastal flora at that point. On March 30, accompanied by Brother Leon, we again visited the Sierra de Anafe, near Guayabal, previously visited on February 24, and obtained some additional specimens. We are indebted to Mr. Arthur Shaler Williams, of Guayabal, for much information and kind hospitality. On March 31, Dr. Cafiizares presented us to his Excellency President Gomez, who expressed great interest in our work, and we discussed Havana parks and gardens with him. The afternoon was given to a visit to Cojimar, on the north coast, east of Havana, where
of the most characteristic of all Cuban palms (Copernicia macro- glossa) was obtained. On the morning of April 1 we paid another visit to the Botanical Garden of the University, obtaining cut- tings of two cactuses which are growing there to perfection, said goodbye to the director, Dr. Maza, boarded the steamer for
r return v York, and reached home on April 4 aetna 775 collection number: re secured, comprising he living plants have been divided
with the Buffalo Botanic Garden, and there are many other duplicates available for exchanges with other institutions. Respectfully submitted, N. L. Bri
ITTON Director- -in-Chief. May 2, IoIrr.
96
MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER FROM THE GUAYULE PLANT
The guayule plant, Parthenium argeniatum, occurs in the central plateau of Mexico, and in its extension, the Stockton Plateau of Texas. There has recently been established at Mara- thon, Texas, a factory for the manufacture of rubber from the plants which grow in that vicinity, embracing the whole of the area of distribution in Texas. Through the courtesy of Mr. W. H. Stayton, I have been able to transmit to the museum of the New York Botanical Garden a suite of specimens illustrating the various stages in the process of manufacture. The more important steps in this process are as follows :
The shrub is collected in the field by pulling it up by hand. It is then brought to a central point, called a guayule camp, where it is packed into bales in the fashion of baled hay. From this point, it is hauled to the factory, a distance of 50 to 100 miles according to the location of the camp. Arrived at the factory, the weight of each bale is recorded for the purpose of comparison with the field weight at the time of baling and for the purpose also of establishing data so as to show the percentage of returns. The bales are stacked in the factory yard until seasoned, since the extraction does not go on well if the fresh shrub is use
The first step in the actual factory process is a crushing of the shrub between corrugated rollers moving at differential speed. The comminuted shrub, a sample of which is shown in is then placed in a pebble mill. This is a short drum, containing a charge of Norwegian or Mediterranean flint pebbles, a certain amount of water and the amount of shrub to be ground. The mill is rotated on its axis at a certain rate of speed for certain length of time, at the end of which the shrub is found to be finely ground and the rubber more or less separated from the the bagasse, that is, the fiber, et cetera, of the shrub, and occurs in the form of small rounded particles, more or less adherent to each other, called ‘‘worm-rubber.” The mill is now dis- charged, the water, rubber and bagasse being led through ditches toa skimming tank. This material, as it passes from the pebble mill to the skimming tank, is illustrated in jar no. 3. It will be
97
noticed that the material in this jar no. 3, in part sinks, namely the fibrous bagasse, and in part floats, the rubber, or rather the chief portion of it and cork bagasse. It is thus that in the skim- ming tank the major portion of the ground shrub is separated from the rubber, which floats and is accompanied by flakes of cork (cork bagasse). This is shown in jar no. 4, while the fibrous bagasse, which sinks because of being water logged, is shown in jar no. 5. e fibrous bagasse is then discharged, the float- ing material (rubber and cork bagasse) is boiled for one hour and then allowed to remain one or two days in a settling tank. The material which remains floating is then placed in a compres- sor with water and subjected to a pressure of 250 pounds, with the result that the cork bagasse is water logged. The result of this cane is the practically complete separation of the rubber from bagasse. is rubber is shown in jar no. 7, while the cork bagasse ae accompanied it is shown in jar no. 8. The practi- cally clean rubber, illustrated in jar no. 7, is then further pe by being passed through a beater-washer. This is merely an iron tank, with an undershot paddle-wheel with a great many blades. he wheel is rotated rapidly, thus causing the circula- tion of the whole mass an Yy agitation, the separation of the rubber and bagasse, which still remains associated with it. The now entirely clean rubber is finally run through a pair of finely corrugated steel rollers, which sheets it. In this condition it is ready for the market and is shipped in 200-pound sacks. The rubber in condition ready for ee is illustrated in jar no. 9. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMENS.* I. Guayule plants (‘‘shrub’’) as they come in from the field. 2. Ground quiet throug L two nat iat
¢ dea ht
3. After p 4. Skimming tank surface: rubber and floating beeee ae flakes). a Sinking bagasse from o. 4 after one hour boiling and one to two days in settling tank to prepare ve compressor 7. Rubber aici after forty minutes in compressor under 250 8. Water logged “floating bagasse” of no. 4, after forty minutes in compressor 9. No. 7 after beater-washer and sheeted ready for the market. RANCIS E, Lioyp.
os
ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE.
* Specimens on exhibition in case 20 of the Economic Museum.
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AN UNUSUAL PINE.
ring a visit some time ago to the New York Botanical ee while passing through the glass houses in company with Professor Britton, my attention was attracted to a curious speci- men ofa pine, Pinus pinea. From the illustration of this plant (Fig. 24), there are evident two kinds of branches with respect to the size and shape of the leaves which they bear, and it is
frequently other conifers) always bear two kinds of leaves. This dimorphism has an interesting bearing on the geological history of the genus Pinus and the closely related genus Larix or arch, a matter which has been very much discussed by the morphologists.
Turning to the example in our illustration it will be noted that the lower branches are studded with short stiff leaves, except in a very few places where longer, twisted ones occur. These are like those of the upper branches and chief stem, and, as in the pines in general, are arranged in groups, or fascicles. Examina- tion of the specimen would show that, wherever a fascicle occurs on the lower branches, it would, in each case, be found in the axil of one of the shorter leaves which occur singly. The explan ation
is really a very short branch bearing brown, papery sheath- scales (which fall away in, e. g., the ad and are persistent in the yellow pines), surrounding the basal portions of two, three, (occasionally four) or five long, slender green leaves, or ‘‘ needles.’ n one species, Pinus monophylia Torr. & Frem., there appears to be but one leaf, but by closer examination a vestigial second leaf may be found, enclosed within the sheath, the exception thus proving the rule. In the case before us, there are three needles in the fascicle. It is of significance that Pinus pinea and P. monophylla are members of the same sub-section accord- ing to Engler & Prantl. In all seedling pines the first foliage leaves formed, after the cotyledons, are single, so that during its early development, the
Fic. 24. A young ae of Pinus pinea, growing in the glass houses of the New York Bota, tanical Garde The lower branches bear chiefly primordial leaves, while the upper bear aes
100
chief shoot has the appearance of the lower branches in our illustration (Fig. 25).
Fic. 25. Seedling of Pinus Coulteri (?) showing the cotyledons and primordial leaves of the primary shoot and its earlier branches.
After a shorter or longer period, according to the species, the fasciculated leaves appear, usually after the first season of growth. During the earlier periods of germination therefore, only the flattened, primordial leaves are to be seen.
'
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The ability to produce these primordial leaves is not, however, confined to the seedling. I have shown, for example, that in one of our western pines, Pinus ponderosa, shoots, which nor- mally would bear only thin, brown, papery scales, namely the shoots which bear the male, or pollen-bearing cones, may be made to aa true primordial leaves by the mere pruning away of the upper part of the shoot ne in thespring. It is thus possible, aie to cause shoot, which normally would produce if any, only ee leaves, to produce the flattened, primordial kind of leaf. A comparison at this point with our larches will show that what may be induced experi- mentally in the pine is normally produced in these trees, for the new shoots of the larch always produce leaves which are not fasci- culated and which produce the morphological equivalents of pine fascicles in the form of short spurs. It is interesting in this con- nection also to recall that certain fossil forms found in Siberia, which are, it is probable, either the progenitors of the pines or at least lie close to the family stem, produced normally both kinds of leaves. After the fashion of the larch, the plant which has caused the writing of this short paper, Pinus pinea, we may regard as harking back to an unusual degree during its earlier develop- ment, to this geological type, but only in a quantitative sense does this plant differ from seedling pines in general.
In similar fashion a number of species of our native pines, after they have been cut down, produce water shoots in the manner familiar to us, following the cutting down of many of our deciduous trees. These shoots also bear at first only the primary leaves.
This condition, which may be induced in some pines by wound- ing, occurs normally in certain species in our southeastern states. Here a second growth is frequently induced by the protracted season, and the autumnal shoots, as well as the earlier spring growth on smaller plants, bear flattened primordial leaves, some of which may produce fascicles in their axils, though many do not.
The general subject, suggested by the behavior of the specimen before us of the heteromorphy of coniferous leaves, is one of
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great interest about which much might be written. We may recall, as a further example’ of this phenomenon, the cover-scales of the firs and of the western rina In these the cover scale is very leaf-like, especially, e. n Abies bracteata, and resembles more closely the lee ae than the fascicu- lated leaves, if we may judge by analogy with Pinus. In this genus, as in the larch, the cover scales are to be seen, without dissection, only in the young seed cones, as they are overtopped and finally quite hidden from sight by the more rapidly develop- ing seed scales.
Francis E. Lioyp. ALABAMA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE.
CONFERENCE NOTES.
At the regular conference held April 5, Mr. F. D. Kern gave a further report on some of his recent work on Gymnosporangium, a genus of plant rusts. This genus of rusts is commonly as the cedar-apple rusts, since several species of the genus give rise to gall-like growths known as cedar-apples.
e most rusts, those of this genus are, with one exception, foe cou. 4. e., have the different stages in their life cycles borne on different host plants. The life cycle of these rusts consists of two stages, the aecial and the telial, the former appearing, as a rule, on the members of the Apple Family and
he latter on the cedar. One, however, is autoecious: 7. ¢., has both stages on the same host, the cedar. The aecial stage is not entirely limited to the Apple Family, one having been found on a member of the Rose Family and it is probable that others may also occur outside of the Apple Family Many rusts have in addition to the aecial and telial stages, a third stage, known as the uredinial or repeating stage. spores of this stage germinate immediately and by means of this stage the rust is enabled to spread over extensive areas in a
unless the two kinds of host plants, apples and cedars, are grown
103
in close proximity. While the repeating stage is wanting in the known species of this genus, it is possible that it ate have existed
in the past. Its absence may be partially comp ted by the long peridia of the aecial stage and the pro eportionatel large number of spores produced. The telial stage of Gymnosporany
gium, unlike that of other rusts is not a resting ne but the spores germinate as soon as matured. The life cycles of these rusts were outlined carefully and compared aa so far as possible, homologized with those of other groups of p
Much attention was given to the question Fie onan « of the species of the genus which would depend largely upon distribution of the hosts on which the rusts occur. The rusts of this genus would not be able to exist except where the distribu- tion of the two hosts required to complete their life cycles overlap.
A study of the genus has revealed forty species for the world, thirty-one of which are found in North America. Three are common to America and Europe and several are found exclu- sively in India and Japan. The entire paper will be published in the BULLETIN of the Garden.
Dr. W. A. Murrill spoke on the mounting of fleshy fungi in the herbarium and exhibited a number of devices recently intro- duced for this purpose in the Garden herbarium. The difficulty of mounting agarics for the herbarium in anh a way as to prevent them from being crushed, while economizing space and maintaining a single series, is recognized by every mycological curator. In many herbaria, it is still the practise to press all specimens flat and glue them to the sheet or enclose them in
packets; in others, a. sata box collection is kept for the larger specimens, and, when a specimen is wanted, there is much confusion and noise ae it is found and finally returned to its proper place in the sequence. At the New York Botanical Garden, several devices have been tried with more or less success, the chief objects being to preserve the specimens and to arrange them, with all notes and drawings, in one series. or large specimens, boxes of different sizes are used, and these are placed in light trays made of tulip wood, or glued to cardboard cut to fit the’ pigeonholes of the herbarium cases.
104
Small specimens are placed in pill-boxes or similar thin boxes specially designed, which are enclosed in packets, a safer and better way than fastening them directly to the sheet. A very convenient arrangement for special or odd sizes is a small open ox with cardboard bottom and sides of cypress or white pine or cork strips attached with glue, which box is enclosed in a packet. This device is excellent for microscopic slides, which also properly belong in the herbarium series with the specimens. he older mycologists mounted their specimens so that they might readily be seen as the sheets were turned, a method with obvious advantages, but, unfortunately, very destructive to the specimens. A rather expensive substitute for this method is the use of envelopes with transparent fronts and boxes with glass or celluloid tops, which might at least be employed for sample sets of species to be used for ready reference in the identification of new material.
All specimens, however mounted, should be inspected at least once a year, and a small quantity of naphthalene flake added to the boxes or packets in which they are kept in order to prevent invasion by insects. Suggestions from other curators will be welcomed.
Dr. N. L. Britton exhibited a number of plants recently collected in Cuba.
FRED J. SEAVER.
A COLLECTION OF JAPANESE CHERRY TREES.
In April, 1910, Mrs. Florence Lydig Sturgis offered to present the Garden with a collection of Japanese Cherry Trees, and the Board of Managers, at a meeting held April 18, 1910, author- ized the Director-in-Chief to gratefully accept this gift.
A site for this plantation was selected last summer in a valley in the arboretum, contiguous to the collection of other kinds of cherry trees, and the ground was prepared for the plantation during the autumn. The path system of the arboretum planned for this part of the grounds was partly built during the fall and winter and completed early this spring. We were fortunate to
105
find twenty trees of eleven different types in the nurseries of the Hinode Nursery Company, at Whitestone, Long Island. These trees were well grown, averaging ten or twelve feet high, and were in excellent condition. Their location in this easily accessible nursery made obtaining them a simple matter, and early in April teams were sent to Whitestone, accompanied by our own gar- deners, the trees were carefully dug out and were set in their new home within forty-eight hours after being taken from the nursery. At the present writing, they are in bloom and objects of great beauty.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Professor William Trelease, director of the Missouri Botanical Garden, visited the Garden on April 24 and 25 to examine the herbarium and collection of living plants.
Professor W. A. Setchell, of the University of California, visited the Garden on April 15 and again on May 2, to examine the col- lections of marine algae. He sailed for Europe on May 3.
Dr. LeRoy Andrews, of Cornell University, had been awarded a research scholarship at the Garden for the month of July.
Dr. Pehr Olsson-Seffer, professor of botany in the newly ex- tablished University of Mexico and chief of the section of botany of the department of biological exploration of Mexico, was shot and killed by insurrectos on April 29 near Cuernavaca, about 75 miles from Mexico City. Dr. Olsson-Seffer had, often visited the Garden and at the time of his death was sending portions of the herbarium of the Department of Agriculture of Mexico to the Garden specialists for study and determination. In January, 1909, he established ‘‘The American Review of Tropical Agri- culture,’’ which promised much in the way of advancing scientific agriculture in the tropics. Dr. Olsson-Seffer was a native of Finland, but he received his doctorate from Stanford University, where he was instructor in systematic botany from 1903 to 1905.
There are many interesting things to be seen now in conserva- tory rangeno.1. One of these, in house no. 4 on one of the central
106
columns, is a large plant, a native of Costa Rica. This is So- lanum Wendlandii, or Wendland’s Solanum. At the top of this vine, near the glass, are the large clusters of flowers, resembling in color those of the common potato, of which it is a relative, for the potato is also a member of the same genus, being known as: Solanum tuberosum. In passing to the next house, no. 5, note the large plant of Medinilla magnifica, to which attention was. called some time ago, and which is still in full bloom, an object of great beauty. In house no. 5 isa plant of the rat-tail cactus, Aporocactus flagelliformis, from Mexico. Opposite this, on the west bench, the gasterias and aloes make a great show with their masses of flowers, ranging in color from white to red. In the next house, no. 6, is one of the century plants, sending up its tall flowering stem some twelve feet. This is Agave univitiata, and belongs to the group of these plants with long spike-like inflorescence. In house no. 13 are two Australian plants. One of these is Doryanthes excelsa, rarely seen in flower, belonging to the amaryllis family. The flower-stalk is about twelve feet high, covered with sharp reflexed ee and bearing at the apex a Fee cluster of crimson flow The other Australian plant is e bottle-brush plant, pee cttrinus, with the red flowers a in are masses much eda the common bottle- brush, hence the common nam ; Meteorology a April—_The ee precipitation for the month Maximum temperatures were recorded of
69° on the 6th, 60° on the roth and 15th, 61° on the 21st and 85° on the 29th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 24° on the 2d, 29° on the 12th, 31° on the 18th and 37.5° on the
27th
ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
4 specimens of mosses from North Carolina. (By exchange with the United States National Museum.)
Is ese of Juglans rupestris from Texas. (Given by Mr. F. T. Ramsey.)
pecimens of Syrrkopodon from South America. (By exchange with Dr.
eo Lindberg.)
4 specimens of Syrrhopodon from South America. (By exchange with Mr. Jules Cardot.)
107
1 specimen of Chaptalia tomentosa from South Carolina. (Given by Professor W. C. Coker.
I specimen iat Suaeda Richii from Maine. (By exchange with the Herbarium of Harvard Universit
50 specimens ans Pacific Algae,”’ from New Zealand and Tahiti. uted by Miss Josephine E. Tilden.
25 specimens of flowering plants from Porto Rico. E. D. W. Holway.)
(Distrib-
(By exchange with Mr.
Oh (By exchange with Mrs, Katharine D. Sharp.) 6 Sieciiens from western Asia. a exchange with the Bureau of Plant i c,
a i . (Given by Dr. R. T. Morris.) 2"specimens of drugs. (Given by Dr. H. H )
. Rusby. 5 miscellaneous museum specimens. (Given by Mrs. Alice C. Russell.) PLANTS AND SEEDS. 6 Japanese . trees. (Purchased.) 418 shrubs and herbaceous plants for decorative collections.
re ) 20 Japanese chert rees. _ Giv en by Mrs, Florence L. Stu b tega:
r plant of Hof
va! aia, (By excl ae a Department
of, Sahn Boroug! ch ‘onx. 350 s for ee collections. (Purchased.) 95 Reais plants. (Purchased.) Bee ium from ge a. (Given by Mr. F. S. Ear
e.) by Dr. & Mrs. Britton and Mr. J. F. Cowell.), ies fi re ba. (Collected by Dr. J. A. Shafer.) ide: ae from the Bahamas. (Collected by Dr. C. F. Millspau,
I a plants fo:
ty >
5 plants of Populus. y exchange with Bureau of Plant Industry. I plant of Dendrobium nobile var. Mrs. A. Rogers. (By exchange with Mr. H,
Gernhart.)
- gorange trees, (Given by Col. F. A. Se 1,130 plants derived from seeds from various s 319 ae of seeds.
burg, Russi:
67 pa pas of seeds.
Sapporo, Jap 65 Pi
(By exchange with enree pee Garden, St. Peters« (By exchange with Botanic Garden, Imperial University,
a - seeds. (By ex change with Tiflis Botanic Garden, Russia.) I packet of seed. (By exchange with Mr. Carlo Zeimet. (By exchange with Botanic eae Rarer ee I ee of nie of Ficus, from Cuba. (Collected by Dr. N. L Cc seeds. (Given by Peter Henderson = Co as packets of ae (By cacnea e wit ith B d
kfurt, Germany.) (By h Botanic se pueniee Germany.) 3 packets of seeds. (Given by Mr. Wilbur eee eil. 6 packets of seeds from ee Rica. (Given by oh Cc. Werckle.)
108
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM AUGUST 1 TO OCTOBER 31, 1910. (Continued.)
Abhandlungen herausgegeben vom Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereine 2u Bremen. 18 vols. Bremen, 1866~190
Acta Societatis Sctentiarum Fennicae. ols. Helsingforsiae, 1842-1856. Acta Societatis aapicuaicies ee Netrlanize. 6 voli via, edned Ap. EAN, identale Frangaise.
is, 1910. AINSLIE, WHITELAW. Materia medica of Hindoostan. Madras, AMOREUX, PIERRE JOSEPH. Mémoires, sur l'utilité des Lidhens; pa la médi-
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rchiv fiir die Naturkunde Liv-, Esth- und Kurlands. Dorpat, 1854-1856. Archiv skandinavischer Beitrége zur Naturgeschichte. Greifswald, 1845-1850.
RGY, CHARLES D’. es Phaséolées dans la fore Chinoise. Paris, 1865. BaSKERVILLE, THOMAS. Affinities of plants: with some hanes upon
183 ARD ARTHUR dna A catalogue of the British marine algae. London, Bio, ee Skizzen verstorbener Bremischer Aerate und Naturforscher. Bre- men, 1844. Biytt, AXEL GUDBRAND. Om vegetationsforholdene ved Sognefjorden. Chris» tiania, 1869. Boletin de la Sociedad Espanola de Historia Natural. 6 vols. Madrid, 1901=—
B , CHARLES. Untersuchungen tiber den Nutzen der Blatter bey den 803. NIER, en & LayENS, GEORGES DE. Quelques mots d'un botaniste
BRADLEY, RICHARD. ee ew improvements of planting and gardening, both philo- sophical and oui Ed. 2. London, 1718. ROW: General ates geographical and systematical, on the botany of Terra apa eae on, I UCKMAN, JAMES. A ene guide to the environs of Cheltenham. Cheltene ham, 1844. ulletin de la Fédération des sociétés d'horticulture de Belgique. 25 vols. Gand, Liége, & Bruxelles, 1861-188 Bulletin de la Société Belge a Microscopie. Vols. 1-25. aaa naa nie Bulletin de la Société des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la Fran Nantes, Rae 190 0, Gunownto. De iicenuees eats eee bay 15. ee des pla 1: Laval, CLaupiTz, JOSEF. piles canarischer pasted mit Bereich von Standort und Klima. Hildesheim, 1902. NTE, SIMON D: nee asa sobre las variedades de la vid comun que vegetan en Andalucia. eee 807.
I.
oS
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CLEMENTE, SIMON DE Rojas. Memoria sobre el cultivo y cosecha del Algodon en a M 18.
beneral y con aplicacion 4 Espana. adrid, 18 5 LUYT, OUTGER. Opuscula duo singularia. I, De nuce medica. II. De Hemero- gio sive Ephemero insecto, et Majah verme. roda
Amsterodami, occHI, ANTONIO. sci di Pietro Antonio jas g ire della Societa Botanica Florentina. Firenz » Mic : cae | ainda o elementos id organografia, fisiologia, seal y Stee de las plantas. Parte primera. A SERRA, JOSE FRANCISCO. On the ee of the sutmersed ERNEST SAINT CHARLES, & GERMAIN DE SAINT PIERRE, ERNEST.
isceaiens sur quelques Plantes critiques ce environs oe Paris, Paris, 1840. CREPIN, FRANC i
hot.
Bruxelles, 1876. CREPIN, moore Florule des environs de Han-. Suis Lasse. Bruxelles, 1873. CUTANDA, VICENTE. Flora compendiada de Madrid y su provincia. Madrid
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DEBEAUX, JEAN ODON. Algues marines récoliées en Chine. Paris, 1875.
DEBEAUX, JEAN ODON. Enumération des Algues marines de Bastia. Paris,
74:
DEBEAUX, JEAN Opon. Florule de Shang-Hai. Paris, 1875.
DEBEAUX, JEAN ODON. Florule de Tien-Tsin. Paris, 1879.
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fum. Bremen, 1855. Dusy, arg ian Mémoire sur ille des Primulacées. Geneve, 1844. DuriEu DE MAISONNEUVE, MICHEL CHARLES. Le nouveau Jardin des plantes. Bordeaux, 1853. EBEL, WILHELM. Zwé6lf Tage auf Montenegro. 2 parts. Kénigsberg, 1842-44. LE, BuURKARD. Die Lehre von den Haaren in . gesammien organischen
EDGEWoRTH, MICHAEL Dag Catalogue of plants found in the Banda district, oie {Mooltan, 1851. GER, NicoLas. Positionum botanico-anatomicarum centuria.. Basileae,
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ENGESSER, CARL. Flora des siidéstlichen Schwarzwaldes. Donaueschingen, 1852, ; : IN, THEODOR CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH. Bibliothek der Forst- und Jagd-
Wissenschaft, Ed. 2, by Wilhelm Engelmann. Leipzig, 18.
RNDTEL, CHRISTIAN HEINRICH. Viridarium warsaviense, sive catalogus plantarum circa Warsaviam. crescentium. Mi ibeaoss 1730.
RNDTEL, CHRISTIAN HEINRICH. Ei sive de aere, aquis, locis, ef incolis, Warsaviae, eorundemque moribus et morbis tractatus.: Dresdae, 1730.
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Gurgourt, NICOLAS JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON. Histoire naturelle des drogues simples. - 5. 4vols. Paris, 1849-51.
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TB. cap eee AUGUST VON. Ueber einen fossilen Farvenstamm Caulop- teris Pe aus dem eee Schwarakohlenasbire é. Zwickau, 1842. HacQuET, BALTHASAR. i 1782. Hacena, Kari. Phanero; camen Fiche des Herzogihums eee auf Grund- lage von Trentepohl's Flora. Bremen, 1869. N. hee essays. 2 vols. London, 1738-1740. NN CHRISTIAN VAN. Eerste heeieisdlen der plantkunde. Ed. 2.
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XII. June, 1911. No. 128.
STUDENTS AND INVESTIGATORS AT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, 1897-1911.
Abrams, LeRoy, Stanford Univ, Calif. Sheffield, Iowa, Oct. 1, 74. A.B, Stanford Univ, 99; A.M, 02; fellow, Columbia Univ. oes N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 04-05; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, N. Y.
oT. GARD: 05, 10. Act. prof. bot, Idaho Univ, 99-00; asst. pea 8 bot. Stanford Univ, 00-02; instr, 02-04; asst. curator, Div. Plants, U. S. Nat. Mus, 05; asst. prof. bot., Stanford Univ, 06-; assoc. prof. ro-. A.A.A.S; Nat. Geogr. Soc; Wash. Bot. Soc; Wash. Biol. Soc; Torrey Bot. Club. Taxonomy, phytogeography
Anderson, Mary Perle, Hoes Mann School, N. Y. City and East et Vermont. East Berkshire, Vermont, June 9, 64. B.S, Mt. Holyoke Coll, 90; Mass. Inst. Tech, 97-98; Woods Hole, 99; Chicago Univ, 02-04; Columbia Univ. and
G
N. Y. Bort. oO in (Paris), 07. Teacher sci, Kansas City Ladies Coll, Independ- ence, Mo, 90-94; teacher sci, Plymouth H. S, Mass, 94-95; instr. biol, Somerville H. S, Mass, 95-02; instr. nat. study, Vermont State Univ, summer schools, 02, 04, 05; instr. biol. and nat. study, summer session, Columbia Univ, 03; instr. bot, Mt. Holyoke Coll, Mass, 04-06; critic teacher, biol. and nat. study, Teachers Coll, Columbia Univ, o7-. First ee prize essay, Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am son og; Am. Nat. Study Soc. Synopsis and geographical distribution of the ferns of Japan. Andrews, Albert LeRoy, Cornell Univ, Ithaca, N.Y. Williams- town, Mass, Dec. 27, 78. A.B, Williams Coll, Williamstown, 117
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Mass, 99; A.M, Harvard Univ, 03; Ph.D, Kiel Univ, 08; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 09. Instr. in Ger- man, Univ. of W. Virginia, 03-04; instr. in German, Dartmouth Coll, Baie instr. in German, Cornell Univ, o8-. Taxonomy of bryophyt Arthur, ene caves Lafayette, Ind. _ Lowville, N.Y, Jan
50. B.S, Iowa State Coll, 72; M.S, 77; Johns Hopkins ee eae Harvard Univ, 79; Sc.D, Cornell Univ, 86; Bonn, a N. Y. Bor. GARDEN, 03, 04; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, 06, 07, 0 ee bot, Univ. of a and Wisc, 79-82; bot. exp. — Geneva, N. Y, 84-87; prof. veg. physiol. and path, Purdue Univ, &7-; bot. at Univ. Agric. Exp. Station, 88-; Int. Cong, Arts and Sci, St. Louis, 04 (speaker); Int. Bot. Cong, Vienne, 05; Brussels, 10 (del. Smith Inst.). F.A.A.A.S. (secy. sec. F, 86; asst. gen. secy, 87; v. pres, 95); Bot. Soc. Am. (pres. 02); Soc.
Sci; Wash. Acad. Sci; Phila. Acad. Sci; Torrey Bot. Club; Int. Assoc. Bot; Deutsch Bot. Ges. ycclone fungous dis- eases of cultivated plants, sa of plant rusts.
Bailey, triet Brown, dece Nov. . fe N. Y. Bor.
ARDEN, 02-04. Wild oe Pict Soc.
Baker, Charles Fuller, Pomona Coll, pea Calif. Lansing Mich, March 22, 72. B.S, Mich. Agric. Coll, 92; A.M, Stan- ford Univ, 03; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 06. Asst. zool, Mich. Agric. Coll, 91-92; asst. zool. and entom, Colorado Agric. Coll, 92-97; zoologist, Ala. Polytech. Inst. and entom. to exp. station, 97-99; teacher biol, Central H. S, St. Louis, 99-01; asst. prof. biol, Pomona Coll, 03-04; chief dept. bot. Estacion Central Agron. de Cuba, 04-07; curator, herbarium and Bot. Garden, Museu Goeldi, Para, Brazil, 07-08; assoc. prof. biol. Pomona Coll, 08-09; pref. zool, og-; zoologist and assoc. botanist, Ala. biol. surv; in charge, Colorado forestry and zool. expl. exped. in Santa Marta Mts, Colombia, 98-99; F. A. A. A S; Assoc. Econom, Entom; Entom. Soc; S. Calif. Acad. Sci: Wash. Entom. Soc; Havana Acad. Entomology; bot
Banker, Howard James, DePauw Univ, Green ae Tad. Schaghticoke, N. Y, April 19, 66. A.B, Syracuse Univ, 92;
119
M.A, Columbia Univ, 00; Ph.D, 06; N. Y. Bor. GarDEN, 99-00, 02, 03-04, 05, 06, 10. Instr. biol. S. West Nor. School, JAA.
A. 5; Bot. Soc. Am; Torrey Bot. Club; a Moss Soc; Ind. Acad. Sci. Mycology, taxonomy of Hydnaceae. Banta, May. B.S, Wellesley Coll, 89; N. Y. Bot. Garpen,
Barnhart, John Hendley, 2690 Morris Ave, N. Y. City. Brooklyn, N. Y, Oct. 4, 71. A.B, Wesleyan Univ, 92; A.M, 93; M.D, Columbia Univ, 96; N. Y. Bor. GaRDEN, 01-03; Int. Bot. Cong, Vienna, 05 (del. N. Y. Bot. Garden); Int. Cong, Brussels, 10 (del. N. Y. Bot. Garden and Torrey Bot. ae Editorial asst. N.Y. Bot. Garden, 03-; librarian, 07-.
S; Am. Soc. Nat; Torrey Bot. Club (editor-in- a 03-07, v. pres, oO8-); N. Y. Bot. Garden (life mem.); Biol. Soc. Wash. Botanical bibliography and nomenclature; tax- onomy of flowering plants; local floras of North America.
Barrett, Alice Irene, deceased. N.Y. Bot. GARDEN, 00-01.
Coll, Columbia Univ, 01-02; Woods Hole, 02; Columbia Univ. and N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 03, 06, 09-10; A.M, Columbia Univ, 05; Cornell Univ, summer, 06. Teacher, H. S, Verona, N. Jersey, 04; teacher sci. and math, Randolph-Pond School, N. Y. City, 05-06; instr. bot, Wellesley Coll, 06-08; assoc. instr. nat. ae State Normal School, Upper Montclair, N.
Bateson, Charles Edward Wagstaffe, E.M, Columbia Univ, 02; A.M, 05; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 04-05. Paleobotany. Benedict, Ralph Curtiss, N. Y. Bot. Garden, N. Y. City. Syra- cuse, N. Y, June 14, 83. Ph.B, pee es 06; Ph.D. Columbia Univ, 11; STUDENT AND AID, N. . GARDEN, —08; ASST. CURATOR, Je, 09; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, I0, II; eee Columbia Univ, 08-09; fellow, o9-10. Inst. in bot. . Y. Univ. (summer school) 10, 11; lecturer in bot, Ford- ham Univ. Medical School, 1o-; instr. bot. N. Y. Univ, Coll. Div. and bacter, School of Appl. Sci, r1-. F. A. A. ALS;
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Am. Fern. Soc; assoc. editor, Am. Fern. Jour, 10-. Mor- phology and phylogeny of ferns, eens
Billings, ae th, 279 Medison Ave, N. Y. City. Woodstock, Vermont, 71. Barnard Coll. ee student), 95; N. Y. Bor. GARDEN, 02-03, 04, 05, 06, 08. N.Y. Acad. Sci. (life mem.); Paleobotany, taxonomy.
Blodgett, Frederick Harvey, Roanoke Coll, Virginia. Rockford Ill, Sept. 12, 72. B.S, Rutgers Coll, 97; M.S, 99; sTUDENT AND AID, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 00-01; asst. curator bot, Fiel Columbian Mus, 01; asst. State Path, Maryland Agric. Coll, o1-06; grad. student asst. bot, Johns Hopkins Univ, 06-10. F. A.A. A.S; ae Bot. Club; N. J. Micr. Soc. Pathology; embryology and ontogeny.
Bower, Frederick Cae. Univ. of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland. Ripon, Yorkshire, England, Nov. 4, 55. B.A, Univ. of Cambridge, 77; also M.A. and Sc.D; studied at Strassburg; Kew; Peradeniya; Glasgow; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, (CINCHONA) SUMMER, 09. Prof. Univ. Coll, London, 80-82; Royal Coll. of Sci, S. Kensington, 82-85; Univ. of Glasgow, 85-. ” Fellow of the Royal Soc. London; Royal Soc. Edinburg; Fellow of Linnean Soc. of London; Deutsch Bot. Ges; Bavarian Acad.
pholo:
Wiss. Mor
Brackett, Mary Morrell, Morris H. 5, N. Y. City. A.B, N.Y. City Normal Coll. 93; A.B, Barnard Coll, Columbia Univ, 99; Cold Spring Harbor, o1, 02, 03; N. Y. Bot. Garden (Cin- CHONA) 04. Sec’y Wadleigh H. S, N. Y. City, 00-09; teacher biol, Morris H. S, N. Y. City, og-. A. A. A.S, Torrey Bot. Club, N. Y. Assoc. Biol. Teachers, Asst. editor Plant World, 06-07. Morphology, physiology.
Braislin, Anna Priscilla. (Mrs. Thomas H. Montgomery, ie A.B, Vassar Coll, 97; Univ. of Penn, Philadelphia; N. Y. Bot GARDEN, 99-00.
Brandenburg, Ellen Klapp. Philadelphia, Pa, 82. B.S, Colum- bian Univ, 04; Harvard Univ, summer school, 03; Cold pas Harbor, 05; Cornell Univ, summer school, 06; N. Y.
ARDEN, 07. Instr. biol. and English, Washiagion HH. aes 04-07. Botany, mycology.
>
121
Bray, William L, Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, N. Y. Burnside, III, Sept. 19, 65. Cornell Univ, 89-91; A.B, Indiana State Univ, 93; M.A, Lake Forest, 93-95; M.A, 94; Univ. of Berlin, 96-97; Ph.D, Univ. of Chicago, 98; N. Y. Bot. GarpEn 06. Inst. in bot, Lake Forest, 94-95; adj. prof. biol, 96; inst. bot, Univ. of Texas, 97-98; adj. prof, 98-o1; assoc. prof, 02-05; prof. 05-07; prof. bot, Syracuse Univ, o7-. F. A. A. A. S; Bot. Soc. Am; Int. Assoc. Bot; Phi Beta Kappa; Sigma Xi. Ecology.
Broadhurst, Jean, Teachers Coll, Columbia Univ, N. Y. City. Stockton, N. J, Dec. 29, 73. N. J. State Nor. School, Trenton, N. J, 92; B.S, Teachers Coll, Columbia Univ, 03; A.M, 08; N. Y. Bot. eee: o1-o2. Asst. bot. Barnard Coll, 02-03; inst. biol. and nat. study, N. J. State Nor. School, 03-06; instr. biol. ae ai o6-. F, A. A. A. 8; Torrey Bot. Club; Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am. (2d Stokes prize essay, 04); Nat. Study Soc; editor, Torreya, 08-11; assoc. editor Jour. Torrey Bot. Club, r1-. Morphology.
Broomall, Laura Baker. B.S, Univ. of Mich, “ N. Y. Bort. GARD Embryology of spermatophytes
Britton, Blab Gertrude, N. Y. Bot. Ga en Bronx, N. Y. City. . City, Jan. 9, 58. Private schools, Matanzas, Cuba to — private school 6, East 42 St, 69-73; grad. Normal Coll, 75; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN 99-. Critic teacher, Training
Dept, Normal Coll, 75-82; asst. in pe sci, 82-85. Torrey Bot. Club; Sullivan Moss Soc; Conn. Bot. Soc; Bot. Soc. Am; Am. Fern Soc. Morphology, pene of bryophytes.
Bruckman, Louisa, 103 W. 87 St, N. Y. City. New York, March 16, 72. N. Y. City Normal Coll, 87-91; Pd.B, 95; Pd.M, N. Y. Univ, 95; B.S, 07; Cornell Univ, summer school, 99; Cold Spring Harbor, 00, o1, 03; N. Y. Bor. Gar- DEN, 00-01. Teacher, elementary schools of N. Y. City, 92-02; instr. yon ‘Girls! . 5, Brooklyn, o2-. Torrey Bot. Club; N. Y. Assoc. of Biology Teachers. Biology
Brues, Charles Thomas, Bussey Inst, Forest Hills, Boston, Mass. Wheeling, W. Virginia, June 20, 79. B.D, Univ. of Texas, o1; M.S, 02; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 02-03; scholar in zool, Columbia Univ, 03-04. Special field agent, U.S. Dept. of Agric., 04-05;
122
member of staff, Marine Biol. Lab, Woods Hole, 03; curator invert. zool, Milwaukee Pub, Mus, 05-09; inst. econom. entom, Harvard Univ, og-. Wisconsin Nat. His. Soc. (gen. secy, and editor, Quarterly Bull, 06-09); A. A. A. S; Assoc. Econom, Entom; Entom. Soc. Am; Wisc. Acad. Sci, Arts and Letters; rane Entom. Club; editor of Psyche, ro-. Taxonomy and ecology of Gramin Budington, eae Allyn, een Coll, Oberlin, Ohio. Leyden, Mass, Oct. 22, 73. A.B, Williams Coll, Mass, 96; A.M, 99; Columbia Univ, 99-02; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN. Instr. in math. and sci, Dow Acad, Franconia; asst. in biol, Williams Coll, Mass, 98-99; asst. demonstrator of physiol, Columbia Univ, 00-02; instr. in zoology and physiol, Mt. Hermon School, 02-05; instr. in biol, Wesleyan Univ, 05-08; assoc. prof. zoology, Oberlin Coll, Ohio, o8-. F. A. A. A.S; Am. Soc. of Zoologists (Eastern branch); Am. Soc. Naturalists; Ohio Acad. Sci. Botany, zoology. Burlingham, Gertrude Si » Eastern District H.S, Brooklyn, Mexico, N. Y, April 21, 72. A.B, Syracuse Univ, 96; ars Hole, 99; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN and Columbia Univ, 05-08; Ph.D, 08. Preceptress, Ovid Union School, N. Y, os teacher biol. sci, Binghamton H.S, N. Y, goes Tee, biol, N. J. State Nor. School, Trenton, N. J, Mar.—June, 08 ; teacher biol, Eastern District H. S, Brooklyn, N. Y, o9-. Torrey Bot. Club; Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sci. ne
Butler, Bertram Theodore, College of the City of poet York, City. Nashua, Iowa, Mar. 22, 72. Ph.B, Hamline
wa ee o1; A.M, Columbia Univ, 08; Columbia Univ. and w. Capes o7-. Teacher, elementary schools and
7 >} a instr. nat. sci, Montana Wesleyan Univ, 03-05; City Supt. of Schools, Glendive, Mont, 05-07; teacher of botany, Coll. of the City of N. Y, o9-; botanist with the Inter- continental Rubber ne N. Y. City. Flora of Montana;
Byrnes, Esther Fussell, er H. S., Brooklyn, N. Y. City. Philadelphia, Pa, Nov. 3, 67. A.B, Bryn Mawr, 91; A.M,
123
94; fellow, 94-95; Ph.D, 98; Woods Hole, 91; N. Y. Bor. GARDEN, 02-03. Demonstr. biol, Vassar Coll, 91-93; Bryn Mawr, 95-97; teacher biol, Girls H. S, Brooklyn, 98-. Am. Soc. Nat; Mar. Biol. Assoc; fellow, N. Y. Acad. Sci; N. Y. Asso
Biol. Teachers (v. pres). Cytology; zoology, Re ED
Cannon, Getrude Louise, 1786 Clay Avenue, New York City. N. Y. City, July 9, 86. A.B, Barnard Coll, Colum- bia Univ, 07; Teachers Coll, eae A.M, Columbia Univ,
Bot. GARDEN, SUMMER, 10. Research worker (as nee attendant on staff of ae Ilana oe Hospital) research in hereditary transmission of insanity, epilepsy, etc, Mar. 19 to Sept. 3, 10. Morphology and taxonomy of bryo- phytes and fungi.
Cannon, William Austin, Tucson, Arizona. Washington, Mich,
ept. 23, 70. .B, Stanford Univ, 99; A. 00; fellow, Columbia Univ, 00-02; Ph.D, 02. Asst. bot. Sian ior Univ, 99-00; LAB. ASST. N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 02-03; Carnegie fellow, 06; resident investigator, Desert Bot. Lab, Carnegie Inst, Tucson, Ariz, 03-05; member of staff, o5-. F. A. A. A. S; Bot. Soc. Am; Nat. Geog. Soc; Am. Forestry Assoc. Structure of plant hybrids; biology of desert plants.
Cardiff, Ira Dietrich, Washburn Coll, Topeka Kansas. Goshen, Ill, June 20, 73. B.S, Knox Coll, Ill, 97; Chicago Univ, 99- 04; Ph.D, Columbia Univ, 06; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 04-06; Asst. Bot. Columbia Univ, 04-06; asst. prof. bot, Univ. of ee 06-07; prof, 07-08; prof. bot. Washburn Coll, o&-.
A. A. A. S; Kans. Acad; Utah Acad; Nat. Geogr. Soc. Mor- phology, ae
Carss, Elizabeth. Ph.B, Cornell Univ,95; N. Y. Bot. GarpEn,
00-01 Chedsey, Mary Coe (Mrs. H. Mack Thomas), White cae N. N. Y. City, 79. A.B, N. Y. City, Nor. School, 9 .5, Tce Coll, pecrriia Univ, 04; Barnard Coll; N. . Bor.
_ GARDEN; Woods Hole, summer, 03; Cold Spring Harbor, 05. Teacher, N. c City elem. schools, 98-02; teacher of sci, Charlton School, N. Y. City, 04-05; substitute teacher, N. Y.
124
Training School for Teachers, 06. Torrey Bot. Club; Am. Nat. Study Soc
Clark, Anna May, Training School for Teachers, 212 W. r2oth St, N. Y. City. Brookfield, Vermont, April 21, 74. State Nor. School, New Britain, Conn, 96; Ph.B, Vermont Univ. 97; master’s diploma, Teachers Coll, Columbia Univ, 04; M.A, 04; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 03-04. Teacher sci, State Nor. School, Farmington, Mass, 99-03; teacher sci. and nat. study, N. Y. City Training School fer Teachers 04-07; first asst. and head dept, o7-. Biology, botany, nature study.
Clark, Ernest Dunbar, Dept. Biol. Chem, Columbia Univ, N. Y. City. Boston, Mass, May 4, 86. John Harvard sehiolae 06-07; research asst. to Dr. Alsberg, dept. physiol. chem, Harvard Univ. medical school, 07-08; A.B. (in chemistry), 08; fellow, ile chem, oe ues o9~-10; A.M, 09; Ph.D,
; Colu a Uni T. GARDEN, 08-. sst. Ghent oa Univ re instr. ae chem, Columbia Univ, to-. A. A. A. S; Am. Chem. Soc; N. Y. Acad. Sci; Assoc. Harvard Chemists; Torrey Bot. Club; Columbia Biochemical
roblems in plant chemistry.
Gee Frederic Edward, Univ. of Minn, Minneapolis, Minn. Lincoln, Nebr, Sept. 16, 74. B.S, Univ. of Nebr, 94; A.M, 96; Ph.D, 98; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 02. Asst. bot. Univ. of Nebr, 94-97; instr, 97-01; adj. prof, 01-03; asst. prof, 03-05; assoc. prof. plant physiol, 05-06; en ag prof. bot, Univ. Minn, o7—-. F. A. A. ALS; . Am. ee mycology.
Clements, Mrs. F. E. (See Scawartz, Edith.)
Coker, William Chambers, Univ. of N. pera Chapel Hill, N.C. Hartsville, S. Carolina, Oct. 24, 72. B. S, Univ. of Carolina, 94; Ph.D, Johns Hopkins ce o1; Bonn, oI-02;
. Y. Bot. GARDEN (CINCHONA), SUMMER, 00, 05, 07, 09, IO. Asst. bot, Cold pune Harbor, 00; assoc. prof. bot. Univ. of
Carolina, 02-08; prof, o8-; ae of bot. staff, Bahama exped. of Baltimore pine Soc. 03. F. A. A. A. S; Am. Soe. Nat; Bot. Soc. Am; N. Carolina Acad. Sci. (v. pres, 07-10, pres. I0—-); editor Jour. of Elisha Mitchell Sei. Soc. Cytology, embryology.
125
Cook, Melville Thurston, Agric. Exp. Station, Newark, Delaware. Coffeen, Ill, Sept. 20, 69. DePauw Univ, Ind, 88-89, 91-93; A.B, Stanford Univ, 94; A.M, DePauw Univ, o1; fellow, Ohio State Univ, o1-o02; Ph.D, 04; Woods Hole, 96, 99, 00; Univ. of Chicago, summer, 97, 98; summer lab, Sandusky, Ohio, 02-03; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 07. Princi- pal, H. S, Vandalia, Ill, 94-95; instr. biol, DePauw Univ, 95- 97; prof, 97-04; lecturer human embryol, Central Coll. Physicians and Surgeons, Indianapolis, Ind, 02-03; comp. anat, Medical Coll, Ind, 03-04; chief dept. plant path. and econom. entom, Estacion Central Agron. de Cuba, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba, ae o — Dewar Coll, and cae ail exp. station, 07--. ALS; c. Econom. Entom fellow, Ind. Acad. as eh Am; aes ae Bia Soc. Am. Pathology, resistance or immunity to disease; cecidology
Corry, Robert Thomas, Coll. gaara & eee eee
iv, ity, Jan. 26, 89. Coll. of the City of N 06-09; Coll. “of Physicians and cee 09-. Piso chemistry of plants, toxins of bacteria and fungi.
Crane, Aurelia Blair, Barnard Coll; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 04-05. Torrey Bot. Club. Mycology
Cummings, Clara Eaton, deceased, Dec. 28,06. Plymouth, ..H, July 13,55. Wellesley Coll, 76-79; Dick, 86-87; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN (CINCHONA), 05. Instr. bot. Wellesley Coll, 79-87; assoc. prof, 87-03; prof. 03-06. Chief editor, ‘‘Decades of N. A. Lichens’”’ and ‘“Lichenes Boreali’’; assoc. editor Plant
; Myc y Bot Hist; Bost. Mycol. Bee Wild Flower Pie ee Am. Li Cicas olog
hae Chester Arthur, Columbia Univ, N. Y. City. Leon, Y, Oct. 4, 80. A.B, Albion Coll, 04; A.M, 06; Ph.D, Columbia Univ, 09; Columbia Univ. and N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, a Prof. biol, Defiance re Defiance, O, 04-06; asst. bot, mbia Univ, 06-08; tutor bot, 08-10; instr. bot. ae Bot. Club. ee eis eis:
T26
Delafield, Mrs. John Ross (See White, Violette S.).
Derickson, Samuel Hoffman, Lebanon Valley Coll, Annville, Pa. Grad. Lebanon Valley Acad, 98; B.S, Lebanon Valley Coll, 02; MS, Johns Hopkins Univ, 03-; Bahama Islands, June & July, 03; Bermuda Islands, 09; N. Y. Bot. Ga (CINCHON i 0; Col pring harbor, 10. Act. prof. biol, Lebanon Valley Coll, 04-06; prof. biol, o7-. Morphology is a Hepaticae, taxonomy of various groups of
oa eee ae Columbia Univ, N. Y. City. Mauston, Wisconsin, April 18, 72. Grad. Milwaukee Nor. School, o1; Univ. of Wisconsin, various times, 95-08; Ph.B, 08; asst. bot. Columbia Univ, and N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 08-. Principal, Greenwood High School, Greenwood, Wisc, 96-00; Algoma
igh School, o1-07. Torrey Bot. Club Gay: eee II-). Mycology, morphology and taxonomy of Ascobolaceae.
Dow, Bertha McLane, 123 W. 80 St, N. Y. a New York City, June 3, 69. Barnard Coll. (spec. student), 95, 01-02; N. Y. . GARDEN, 00-01; oods ole, summer, 06; Teachers Coll, Columbia Univ, ro-. Instr. sci, Park ge N.Y. City, oo sei, The Alcuin Prep. ‘School,
Y. City, o5-. Biolog Dutour, Mice. Gallipolis, “Ohio, Aug. 22, 63. Ohio State Univ, , Defiance Coll, O, 99; fellow and asst. bot, Ohio State Univ, 99-00; N. Y. Bot. GarDEN, 00-01, 02-03; A.M, Colum- bia Univ, 03; directora, Escula Practica de senoritas, Guate- mala City, Cent. Am, 05-07; eae Stockbridge Hall, Yarmouth, Me, 07. Sociology;
.-Dunn, Louise Brisbane, deceased, hi nt o2. A.B, Columbia Univ, 97; A.M, 99; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 99-00.
Durand, Elias Judah, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. Canan- daigua, N. Y, March 20, 70. A.B, Cornell Univ, 93; Sc.D, RESEARCH SCHOLAR, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 05; asst. bot, Connell Univ. and asst. crypt. bot, agric. exp. station, 95-96; instr. bot, 96-10; asst. curator herb, 98-00; asst. prof. bot, Univ. of Miss- ourt, 10-; F.A.A.A.5.; Bot. Soc. Am; Sigma Xi. Mycology, discomycetes; embryology.
127
Eaton, Elon Howard, Hobart Coll, Geneva, N. Y. Springville, N.Y, Oct. 8,66. Griffith Inst, 85; A.B, Univ. of Rochester, 90; B G
-. and N. Y. Bor. 99-00; Woods Hole, 08. Asst. principal, Canandaigua H. S, 89 and teacher sci, 90-95; master of sci, e Bradstreet School, Rochester, N. Y, 95-06; prof. biol, Hobart Coll, Geneva, N. Y, o7-. F. A. A. A. S.; Am. Ornith. Union; ee — Acad. Sci.; aaa Assoc. Ornithology y, ecology and forestr sees “Willard Webster, U.S. co of Agric, Washington, D. C. or Rutland, Vt. Pittsfield, Vermont, March 28, 63. B.S, Dartmouth, 91; student, Gray Herbarium, 97; Biltmore ey 07-08; Harvard Univ, 03; RESEARCH SCHOLAR,
N. Y. Bor. GARDEN, 08, 09, 10. Work on local flora of Vermont, QI—-04; asst. city engineer, Rutland, Vt, 93-975 civil sa aie 97-04; ap, N. Y. Bor. GarDEN, 04-07; lecturer, Biltm
Forest School, 07-08; Bur. Pl. Indust, U. S. Dept. Agric. 10-. F. A. A. A.S. Vermont Bot. Club; N. Eng. Bot. Club; Thayer School Civil Engineers (Dartmouth); Wash, Bot. Club. Tax- my of Crataegus, Pomaceae, ses ia poisonous plants. Bmerson, Julia Titus, 131 E. 66 . Y. City . ¥. City, pril 6, 77. Coll. Pharm, on: Univ, 98; Teachers Coll, Columbia Univ, 98-99; Woods Hole, 99, 00, 01, 03, 04; Briar- cliff Manor Agric. School, o1; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 02-04; 04-09. Spec. asst. plant path, Purdue Univ, 02; lab. asst, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 03-04; private tutor in bot.06. Torrey Bot. Club; Wild Ficwer Pres. Soc. Am; National Conserv. Assoc.
7°
Fairman, Charles Edward, Lyndonville, N. Y. Yates, N. Y. Dec. 28, 56. A.B, Univ. of Rochester, ae A.M, 77; M.D, St. Louis Medical School ‘(Washi ington Univ.), 77; N. Y. Bor. GARDEN 10. Corresponding Mem. per eae Acad. Sci. acai taxonomy of ascomycetes.
Fawcett, Edna Hague. Washington, D. C, Feb. 26, 79. B.L, Smith Coll, 01; Barnard Coll, 02-03; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, o4-
128
05; teacher, public schools, Springfield, Mass, 01-02; teacher, primary work and nat. study, Miss Keller's Day School, N. Y. City, 02-05; sci. asst, Bureau Pl. Industry (Lab. soil bac. and water purif. invest.), U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D. 06. Soil bacteriology.
Field, Ethel Content, U. S. Dept. of Agric, Washington, D. C. Conway, Mass. Scholar in bot, Univ. of Nebr, 08-09; A.B, 08; M.A, 09; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, Io. Asst. bot, Univ. Nebr. meee teacher bot. in School of Agric. to County Teachers,
mmer, 09. topath. Soc; all Xi. Phytopathology, ae and peaeae fu
Gager, Charles Stuart, Brooklyn iieae Garden, Brooklyn,
Norwich, \. Y, Dec. 23, 72. A.B, Syracuse Univ, 95; Pd.B. and Pd.M, N. Y. State Nor. Coll, 97; Harvard Univ, 97; Ph.D, Cornell Univ, 02. Lab. asst. biol, Syracuse Univ, 94-95; v. principal, Ives Sem, N. Y, 95-96; prof. biol. sci and physiog, N. Y. State Nor. Coll, Albany, 97—05; asst. bot, Cornell Univ, summer, 01-02; instr. 05; collaborator, Jour. Applied Micros, o1-02; Las. asst, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 04- 05; acting prof. bot. Rutgers, 05; prof. bot. N.Y. Univ, summer, 05, 06; teacher biol, Morris H. S, N. Y. City, 05; DIRECTOR OF THE LABORATORIES, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 06-08; prof. bot. State Univ, Missouri, 08-10; director Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1o-. Assoc. onee Plant World, 05; F. A.A. A.S; fellow, Am. Geol. Soc, 05-06; N. Y. State Teachers Assoc, o1-04; Albany Entom. Soc. ae (v. are 98-99); Torrey Bot. Club (secy, 05-08); Soc. Exp. Biol. & Med; Am. Soc. Biol. Chemists; Bot. Soc. Am.; St. Louis Acad. Sci, 08-10; Phi Beta Kappa; Sigma Xi. Plant oe cytology.
Gaines, Elizabeth Venable, 297 Ryerson St, Brooklyn, N. Y. Mossingford, Virginia, April 25,69. Vassar Coll, 89; Mass. Inst. Tech, nae Chicago Univ, 98; A.B, Adelphi Coll, 99;
A, mbia Univ, 03; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 02-03. Instr. ne ere Coll, 99-. Am. Home Econom. Assoc; N. Y. State Sci. Assoc. Sanitary biology.
Gardener, John Robert, 24 E. g9th St, N. Y. City. Fayette,
Iowa, 70. B.S, Upper Iowa Univ, Fayette, Iowa, 90; C.E,
129
State Univ. of Iowa, 94; M.S, Upper Iowa Univ, 98.
N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 00, aND VARIOUS TIMES THEREAFTER, A.A. A.S; Math. Soc. Botany; mathematics.
rsa Charles Winthrop. N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 00-01.
ee Heng Allen, Univ. of Michigan, Ann aie Mich. Dalton City, Illinois, Jan. 2, 82. B.S, Univ. of Ill, o1; M.A, 04; fellow, Ohio State Univ, 04-05; ae Univ. ne N.Y. Bot. GARDEN, 05-06; Ph.D, 06. Asst. bot. Univ. of Il, 01-03; instr, 03-04, 06-09; assoc, 09-10; special asst, Missouri Bot.
arden, summer, 04; Univ. of Mich, Mus. 7 to Isle
Royle, summer, 05; asst. prof. bot, og-. F. A. A. A. Bot. Soc. Am; Torrey Bot. Club; II. Acad. Sci; aon Acad. Sci; National Geogr. Soc; Sigma Xi. Ecology and phyto- pathology with sane reference to the prairie province and to post glacial migrati
Gordon, Clarence ane Mass. Agric. Coll, sani bie Mass. Clinton, Mass, Feb. 15, 76. B.S, Boston Univ, M Columbia Univ, 05; Ph.D, 11; N. Y. Bor. nen 05-06. Asst. prof. zool. and geol, Mass. Agric. Coll. ro-. A. A. A.S; Am. Breeders Assoc; National Geogr. Soc; Assoc. N. Y. Acad. Sci. Geology and zoology
Griffiths, David, U.S. Dept. Meee Washington, D.C. Abarist- wyth, Wales, Aug. 16, 67. B.S, S. Dakota Agric. Coll, 92; M.S, 93; Ph.D, Columbia Univ, 00; N. Y. Bor. GarpDEn, g9- oo. Teacher sci, Aberdeen H. 3, Aberdeen, S. Dakota, 93- 98; prof. bot. Ariz. Agric. Coll. and bot. Ariz. Agric. Exp. Sta- tion, 00-01; asst. div. agrost, U. S. Dept. Agric, or—-. FLA. A.
. S; Bot. Soc. Am; National Geogr. Soc; Bot. Soc. Washing-
ton; Washington Acad. Sci; Torrey Bot. Club. Forage plants.
Grout, Leon Everett. Newfane, Vermont, Sept. 14, 77. B.S, Univ. of Vermont, 02; Teachers Coll, Columbia Univ. and N. Y. Bor. GARDEN, 02-03. Agriculture.
eens pets C, 69 W. 88 St, N. Y. City. Seti Austria, Aug. 15, 75. B.S, Univ. of Minn, 96; N. Y. Uni School of Pedagogy, 01-02; N. Y. Bor. GARDEN, 02-06; a og, 10-11; A.M, Columbia Univ, 04. Sugar testing lab, U. S.
’
3; : ,
130
Appraisers Stores, N. Y. City, 98-02; instr. De Witt Clinton H. S, 02-10; head dept. biol, Commercial H. S, Brooklyn, N.Y, 1o-. Teacher evening schools of N. Y. City, 02-03, 04-07; lecturer biol, Rand School Social Sci, 07; A. A. A.S;N. Y.H.S. Teachers Assoc; N. Y. Assoc. Biol. Teachers. Mycorrhiza
problem.
Hanks, Lena Tracy, 425 Nostrand Ave, Brooklyn, N. Y. New York, Jan. 1, 79. A.B, Columbia Univ, 01; A.M, 02; Mus. arp, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 01-02; Adelphi Coll, Brooklyn, 03- 04. Teacher sci, Adelphi i as elas teacher biol. Girls’ HS. 05-. nSoc. Biolog
Hare, Raleigh ae aie e P. & S, Columbia Univ. B.S, Alabama Polytech. Inst, 92; ee = Columbia Univ.
and N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, I0-. Prof. chem, N. Mexico Agric. Coll. and chemist to the N. Mexico a Sion (absent on leave). ant chemistry.
Harlow, Sarah Havens, Nyack, N. Y. Florida, Orange County, N. Y, Oct. 20, 67. B.S, Wellesley, 91; N. Y. Bot. GarpEn, 99-01; A.M, Columbia Univ, o1. Teacher, Am. Collegiate Inst, Smyrna, Turkey, 93-96; Tuxedo Parle School, Tuxedo Park, N. Y, 96-99; Randolph Cooley School, Plainfield, N Jersey, 01-03; ane eau ie Conn, 04-08; private tutor, Nyack, N. Y,o
a ia Roland ee caller “Polak N. Y. Farmington,
, 78. Bz. of Georgia, 97; N. Y. Bot Ck. ne oe: Ph.D, oe Univ, 05. Aid, U. S. Now: Hero; O1, 02; collector, Geol. Surv. Ga, 03-04; MUS. AID, N. ARDEN, 04; bot, Geol. Surv. Ala, 05, 06, II; (ere asst. Am Mus. Nat. Hist, 06; pane er bot. Biltmore Forest School, 08; collector in Fla. for Arnold as 09, to. N. Eng. Bot. Club; Torrey Bot. fee F. A. A. A. S. ee of Eastern North America, especially of the coastal plai aynes, ne Coventry, Highlands, N. Jersey and 16 E. 3 St, N. Y. City. N. Y. City, April 13, 58. Grad. Mrs. a vanus Reed's School, 76; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 02-. Torrey Bot. Club; Sullivant Moss Chapter (v. pres, 08); Wild Flower
131
Pres. Soc. Am; N. Y. Bot. Garden (ann. memb.). Taxonomy of Hepaticae.
Hazen, Tracy Elliot, Barnard Coll, Columbia Univ, N. Y. City. Jericho Center, Vermont, July 4, 74. A.B, Univ. of Vermont, 97; A.M, Columbia Univ, 99; Ph.D, 00; N. Y. Bot. GarpEn, 99-00. Director, eae Mus. Nat. Sci, St. Johnsbury, Vermont, 01-02; asst. bot, Barnard Coll, —03; tutor, 03- 07; instr. 07-10; asst. oe o-. Algae, oie Chlorophyceae,
Hedgcock, George Grant, U. S. Dept. of Agric, Washington, D.C. Augusta, Ill. Oct. 5,63. B.S, Nebr. Univ, 99; fellow, A.M, or; Ph.D, Washington Univ. (St. Louis) 06; Missouri Bot. Gard, 02; Mississippi Valley Lab, 07; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 1o. Principal pub. schools, Oak, Nebr, 91-93; Ruskin, Nebr, 93-95; asst. bot. Nebr. Univ, 99; scientific aid, bur. plant indust, U. S. Dept. Agric, 01; asst. pathologist, 02-08; patholo- gist o8-. F.A. A. A; Bot. Soc. Am; Phytopath. Soc; Wash. Bot. Soc; Wash. Biol. Soc; Int. Assoc. Bot. Phytopathology, fungous and mistletoe diseases of forest trees. enry, Florence (Mrs. Hervey W. Shimer), Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. Sacramento, Calif, Sept. 24, 79. N. Y. State Nor. School, Cortland, N. Y, 97; A.B, Cornell Univ, o1; A.M, Columbia Univ, 02; Columbia Univ. and N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 02-03. Paleobotany.
Hewins, Nellie Priscilla, Elmhu rst, N. Y. Maspeth, N. Y, Jan. 20, 78. B.S, Cornell Univ, 98; grad. student, Cornell Univ, 98-99; AM, Columbia Univ, 00; Teachers Coll, oo, 07-08, 08-09 (secondary diploma, 00); Cold Spring Harbor, summer, 01; Cornell Univ, summer, 05; Alliance ae Paris, summer, 03; Stern School of Languages, 03-0 Bot. GARDEN, 99-00, 04-05; Teachers Coll, oa Dae 07-08; Columbia Univ, summer, 08; N. Y. Univ, 10-, Teacher sci, South Orange H. S, 01; instr. biol, Newtown H. S, Elmhurst, L. I, or-. A.A. A. 5; N. E. A; N.Y. Assoc. Biol. Teachers; N. ¥. State Teachers Assoc. Biology.
Hockaday, Ela. N. Texas Nor. School; N. Y. Bot. GarpEN 05-06. Lichen flora of Texas; morphology.
Holm, Herman Theodor. Brooklyn, D.C. Copenhagen, Den-
132
mark, Feb. 3, 54. Grad. Copenhagen, 80; Ph.D, Catholic,
02; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 03. Botanist
and zoologist, Danish North Pole Exped, 81-82; traveled in
West Greenland as botanist and zoologist for the Danish
Government, summer, 84, 85, 86; asst. bot, U. at. Mus,
. Dept. Agric, 93-96. Danish, Swedish, French,
German aad Canadian scientific societies. Anatomy and morphology of phanerogams.
Horne, William Titus, Univ. of Calif, Berkeley, Calif. Kanka-
an : Instr. bot. Nebr. We aa Oy, a8 60: instr. bot, niv. of Nebr, Sch. of Agric, summer school, 99-00; asst. plant path, Estacion Cent. Agron. de Cuba, 04-07; chief of dept. veg.
Cc. tropical plants, olive knot, root rot of trees (Armillaria). House, Homer Doliver. Biltmore, N. Carolina. Oneida, N. Y, July 21, 78. B.S, Syracuse Univ, 02; N. Y. sage 03-04; M.A, Columbia Univ, 04; a Columbia Univ, 02-03; substitute ieachies ae Rage cal 04; aid, U. S. Nat. Mus, Div. Plants, 04-05; Indust. U.S. 7 of Agric, 05-06; assoc. prof. bot. nd fee Clemson Coll, S. Carolina, 06-07; arp, N. Y. Bor. GarvEn, 07-08; assoc. diene and lecturer bot. a dendrology, Biltmore Forest School, o8-. xonomy. Howe, Regnald Heber, Jr. Middlesex School, Concord, Mass. uincy, Mass, Apr. 10, 75. Special student Lawrence Scien- tific School, 98-01; Harvard Univ; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, N. Y.
Ornith. Soc; Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist; National (nee Soc; Biol. Soc. of Washington. Morphology, taxonomy and geographical distribution of pea family Usneaceae and
Ta Hoyt, William Dana, Rutgers Coll, hes Brunswick, N. Rome, Georgia, April 16, 80. A.B, Univ. of Georgia, o1; M.S, 04; Johns Hopkins Univ, 04-09; fellow, 08-09; Bruce
133
fellow, 09; Ph.D, 09; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN (CINCHONA) 06; Univ. of Heidelberg, o9—-10; Stazione Zoologica Naples, 10;
Rutgers Coll, ro-. A. A. A. S; Torrey Bot. Club. Plant
y Humphreys, Edwin William, 406 E. 85 St, N. Y. City. New Jersey, June 15, 83. A.B, Coll. of the City of N.Y, 03; Columbia Univ, summer school, 04, 05; M.A, 06; N. Y. Bor GARDEN (VOLUNTARY ASST. TO Dr. HOLLICK) 05~. Teacher in the ain a N. Y. City, o3-. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
gy, paleo oa Clarence Jo, Forest Service, U. S. De aor of Agric, Madi Wisc Wakem Ohio, A.B.
and B. Se. (in oe Univ. of Nebrasics, oN ee Univ, 07-08; 08-09; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, WINTER, 07-08. Asst. in botany (mycology), Cornell Univ, 07-09; Forest Service, U. S. Dept. Agric, o9-. F. A.A. A.S; Am. Phytopath. Soc; Sigma Xi. Pathology, with reference to the timber diseases.
Irving, Mrs. Leonard. (See Rennert, Rosina Julia.
Isham, Florence, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 02~03. Taxonomy of local sedges.
Jackson, Herbert Spencer, Corvallis, Oregon. Augusta, N. Y,
04; also 04-05; instr. bot, Delaware Coll. and asst. plant path, agric. exp. station, Newark, Del, 05-07; N. Y. Bor. Garpven, 08; Austin Teaching Fellow in bot, Harvard Univ, 08-09; asst. in plant path, Oregon Agric. Coll. and exp. station, 09-10; prof, ro-. Mycology, pathology and taxonomy of
ungi.
Johnson, Duncan Starr, Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, Md. Cromwell, Conn, July 21, 67. B.S, Wesleyan Univ, 92; Ph.D, Johns Hopkins Univ, 97; N. Y. Bot. Garpren (CInN- CHONA), 03, 06, Io. Curator, Mus. Brooklyn Inst, 97; Munich, 01; i charge biol. lab, Biookiva Inst, Be assoc. bot. Johns Hopkins Univ, 98-01; assoc. prof, 01-06; prof. 06; Bot. Soc. Am. (Sec’y, 06-09) F. A. A. A. S; Torrey Bot. Club. Plant embryology; marine algae; plant distribution.
134
Kellicott, William Erskine, Goucher Coll, Baltimore, Md. Buffalo, N. Y, April 5, 78. Ph.B, Ohio State Univ, 98; Ph.D, Columbia Univ, 04; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 99-00. Asst. zool, Barnard Coll, Columbia Univ, 01-03; tutor; 02-05; instr.
FL.A.A
05-06; prof. ee Coll, o6-. F. A. A. A. S; Soc. Nat; Soc. Zool; N. cad. Sci. Vertebrate morphology, embry- ology.
Kern, Frank Dunn, Purdue Univ, Lafayette, Ind. Reinbeck, Iowa, June 29, 83. B.S, State Univ. of Iowa, 04; M.S, Purdue Univ, 7 Ph.D, Columbia Univ, 11; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, N. Y. Bor. GARDEN, 06, 07, 08, 10; fellow, Columbia Univ, 10-11 ee N. Y. Bot. GarDEN, 10-11. Lab. asst. animal morph. and algae Univ. of Iowa, 02-04; special agt. bureau of pl. indust, U. S. Dept. Agric, 04-05; collaborator, bureau of pl. indust, 07; asst. and later assoc. bot., Purdue Univ, Agric. Exp. Station o5-; inst. crypt. bot, Purdue Univ. 1
S; Ind. Acad. Sci; Torrey Bot. Club; Bot, Soc. Am; — Soc; Sigma Xi. Mycology, pathology, uredino imura, fora Hirobuchi, Miyagiken, Japan, Dec. 2, 80. Sapparo Agric. Coll, Japan, o4; A.B, Stanford Univ, 06; Columbia Univ. and - Bot. GARDEN, 07-08; Tohoku uin Missionary , Japan, 01-03; Sotokufu Chugakko oe en oo og-. Biology, sex- determination in plants.
King, Cyrus Ambrose, 431 E. 4th St, Brooklyn, N. Y. Plum Tree, Indiana, June 19, 67. A.B, Indiana Univ, 93; A.B, Har i
te) 03-04, 05. Teacher nat. sci, H. S, Decorah, Ia, 93-96; asst. bot. Harvard Univ, 96-00; asst. bot, summer school, Harvard Univ, 97-01; Radcliff Coll, Mass, 99-00; instr. Ind. Univ. 00-02; instr. in charge bot. biol. station, Indiana Univ, summer, 02; teacher biol, DeWitt ee H. S, N. Y. Fo ee first asst. fae Erasmus Hall H. S, Brooklyn Y, 07-. . A. A. S; Soc. Nat. . States; Torey ae Club; N. Y. Assoc. a Teachers. Cytology. Kirkwood, Joseph Edward, Univ. of Montana, Missoula, Mont.
135
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Jan. 24, 72. A.B, Pacific Univ. Oregon, 98; special fellow in biol, Princeton, 98-99; A.M, 02; Columbia Univ. and N. Y. Bot. Garpen, 99-01, N. Y. Bot. GarDEn, 02; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, 04; Ph.D, Columbia Oni, 03. Desert
0 07; prof. bot. and head of dept, 07; asst. bot, dept. invest, Continental-Mexican Rubber Co, 07; asst. prof. bot. and forestry, Univ. of Montana, 09-10; prof. and head dept. bot. and aid ro-. F. A.A. A. S; Sigma Xi; ied Bot. omic botany, embryology, physiolo ae ie cer — Lakewood, N. Jersey. Point Pleasant, N. Jersey, Aug. 28, 76. A.B, Smith Coll, 99; A.M, mbia Univ, 06; N. Y. Bot. GarDEN, 04-05. Demonstr. bot, Smith Coll, oo-o1; asst. bot. Barnard, 03-05; asst, Cold Spring Harbor, 04; lab. asst, N. Y. Bot. Garden, 05-06; asst. Dept. ot. Res. Carnegie Inst, 06-07; teacher, The Knox School, Lakewood, N. J; principal private school, Upper Montclair, N. J, 09-11; principal private school, Utica, N. Y, r1-. Torrey Bot. Club; Barnard Bot. Club. Plant morphology, physiology. na Elsie W, Nor. Coll, N. Y. City; N. Y. Bor. GARDEN,
Ea Elsie M, 44 W. 97 St, N. Y. City. Bayreuth, Germany, Sept. 5, 77. A.B, Barnard Coll, Columbia Univ, 99; A.M, Columbia Univ, o1; Ph.D, 07; Columbia Univ. and N. Y. Bot. GarDEN, oI-. Asst. bot, Columbia Univ, summer school, o1, 02; teacher biol, L. I. City H. 5, 02; teacher biol, Wadleigh H. S, 03-09; head dept. biol, og-. Wild ns Pres. Soc. Am; A. A. A. S; Torrey Bot. Club; N. Y. Bio Teachers Assoc; H. S. Teachers Assoc; Barnard Bot. cou Physiology of water storage on desert plants.
Leavenworth, George, Greenville, Mass. St. Genevieve, Mo, Sept. 30,75. A.B, Univ. of Missouri, 02; N. Y. Bor. GARDEN 02-03; Columbia Univ, 03. Connected with the firm of J. H. Leavenworth & Son, manufacturers of hardwood lumber, Green- ville, Miss. Forestry.
136
Lewis, Ivey Foreman, Ashland, Vermont. Raleigh, N. Carolina, Aug. 31, 82. A.B, Univ. of N. Carolina, 02; M.S, 03; Fisheries Lab. Beaufort, N. C, 02, 05, 06, 09; Cold Spring a 04, > Johns Hopkins Univ, 03-08, fellow, 06-08; N. Y. Bot (CincHona), 06; Marine Biol. Lab, Naples, 7-58 Woods Hole, 06, 07, 10, 11. Acting prof. biol, Randolph-Macon, 05-06; prof. o8-; instr. bot, Woods Hole, 07, 10, 11; asst. Univ. N. Carolina, summer, 03, instr. bot, summer, 04. Algae.
poe Sidney, Coll. P. & S, Columbia Univ, N. Y. City.
Y. City, Dec. 4, 87. Coll. of the of N. Y, 02-05; ae mbia Univ, o5-. Botanical rank
Livingston, Burton Edward, John anne Univ, nen Md. Grand Rapids, Mich, Feb. 9,75. B.S, Univ. of Mich, 98; Ph.D, Chicsyo Univ, 01; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, . Y. Bor. GARDEN, 03. Asst. bot. lab. Univ. of Mich, 95-98; instr. sci. H.S. Freeport, Ill, 98-99; asst. plant physiol, Chicago Univ, 99-04; assoc, 04; field work, Mich. Geol. Surv, o1; collaborator, U.S. Bureau Forestry, 02; instr. biol, summer school, Eastern Ill. State Nor. School, 03; Carnegie research asst, 04; soil expert, U. S. Bureau of Soils, 05-06; Desert Bot. Lab, ane Inst, 06-09; prof. plant ae ce Hopkins Univ, o
. S; Am. Soc. Nat . Soc . Am; Walker ~ oe Boston ee Nat. Hist, 03. ee physiology, ecology, soil
phys:
ieee Mrs. Flora Virginia. N.Y. Bot. GARDEN, 04, 05.
Locke, Emily Pauline. B.L, Smith Coll, 00; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 02.
MacIntyre, Lucy. N. Y. City, Dec. 5, 64. Miss Leverett’s School, N. Y. City, 73-79; The Misses Graham School, 79- 83; Dresden, Germany, 83, 84; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 03-04, 05, 06, 07, 08. A. A. A. S; Torrey Bot. Club; ious for Political Education. Rororolcey of algae; general bryology.
Marble, Delia West. N.Y. City, 68. Special student, Colum- Univ, 97-98, 05; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, oI-02. Torrey
Club; Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Private tutoring in ee
137
Mathewson, Chester A. Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 11, 78. ase Univ, 99; Cincinnati, 01-03; Yale Univ, 03-04; N. Y GARDEN, 04-05; B.S, Columbia Univ, 05; A.M, 06; Coll. - P. & S, Columbia Univ, 07. Instr. Technical School of Cincinnati, ec Teachers Coll, Columbia Univ, 05-06; ease S, N. J, 06-07; H.S, Commerce, N. Y: City, 07. Am ead Soc; N. Y. Assoc. Biol. Teachers ee
Maxon, oe Ralph, U. S. Nat. Mus, Washington, D Oneida, N. Y, Feb. 27, 77. Ph.B, Syracuse Univ, 98; N. - Bot. GARDEN, 03; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, 05; ASST. N. Y. Bor. GARDEN, 98; aid, crypt. bot. Div. of Plants, U. S. Nat. Mus, 99-05; asst. curator, o5-. F. A.A. A.S; Linn. Fern, Chapter (pres, 00-01); Bot. Soc. Washington; Washington Acad. Sci; Wild Flower ‘Pres: Soc. Am. (charter mem.) Taxonomy of
ferns. eases Florence, 366 . Nicholas Ave, N. Y. City. New
ee Conn, Aug. 2. B.S, Columbia Univ, to; Nor. . Coll, N. Y¥. City, 85; ee Coll, Columbia Univ, 00-02; 3 Coll, 02-08; Cold Spring Harbor, o4
Y. City, o4-. Wild Tower Pres. Soc. Am. Botany, morphology, Saponaria.
Millspaugh, Charles Frederic, Field Mus. of Nat. Hist, Chicago, Ill. Ithaca, N. Y, June 20, 54. Ithaca Acad, 69-71; Cornell Univ, 72-75; M.D, N. Y. Homeop. Med. Coll, 81; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 03-. Prof. bot. W. Virginia, 91-92; curator, dept. bot, Field Mus. Nat. Hist, 94-; professional lecturer bot, Chicago Univ, 95-; prof. med. bot, Chicago Homeop. Med. Coll. 96-. Mem. Pan. Am. aegis Med. Plants, 99-01; Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am. (charter mem, director, o2-); Mexican Med. Soc. (hon. fellow); ae Med. Soc; Torrey Bot. Club; A. A. ; Soc. Nat. Cent. States; Sigma Xi; Geogr. Soc. Chicago; editor, Homeop. Recorder, 89-90; studied at various times in herbarium, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN and other Am. Her- baria, Kew, British Mus. Nat. Hist; Linnaean Soc; Owen’s Coll; Manchester; Leyden; Berlin; Praag; Vienna; Florence; Geneva; and Paris. Taxonomic botany, flora of the West Indies.
138
Molwitz, Ernestine. A.B, Columbia Univ, 02; N. Y. Bor. GARDEN, 01-03. Plant anatomy and physiology. Mulford, Fannie Augusta. Nevada City, Calif, Sept. 20, 55. Bot. GARDEN, 02-03. Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am. (charter mem.); Torrey Bot. Club. Flora of Long Island. Murrill, William Alphonso, N. Y. Bot. Garden, N. Y. City. ‘ampbell County, Virginia, Oct. 13, 69. Virginia Polytechnic Inst, agric. course, 86; B.S, and mechan. course, 87; Randolph-Macon Coll, 89; A.B, 90; A.M, 91; Ph.D, Cornell Univ, 00; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, pes Prof. nat. sci, Bowling Green Sem, Virginia, 91-93; prof. nat. sci, Wesleyan Female Inst, Virginia, 93-07; cere in bot, Cornell Univ, 97-98; asst. bot, Cornell Univ, 98-99; asst. crypt. botanist, 99-00; teacher biol, De Witt Clinton H. S, N. Y. City, 00-04; ASST. CURA- Tor, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 04-05; FIRST ASST, ee oe direc- tor, oO8-. Sigma Ni; Torrey Bot. Club; Bot. Soc. Am; Phyto- path. Soc; sie Mycologia; Jour N. Y. B ee n, 06-08; assoc. editor, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club and Torreya 03-10. Mycology, taxonomy of the higher fungi. Palliser, Helen Letitia, Cornell Univ. Med. School, Ithaca, N. Y. Bridgeport, Conn, May 4, 82. A.B, Barnard Coll, Columbia niv, 05; Teachers Coll, Columbia Univ, 03-05; A.M, 06; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, a Cornell Univ. Med. Sctioal, 09; asst.
biol. Vassar Coll, 06-09. Mycology. Pond, Raymond oo Agric. Coll. Station, ae Topeka, Kansas, March 3, 75. B.S, State Agric. !. of Kansas 98;
M.S, 99; Ph.D, Univ of Mich, 02; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 05, 06, 07; Bonn and Strass, 07-08. Asst. bot, Kan. State Agric. Coll, 95-98; asst. chem, 97-98; asst. in charge of herb, Univ. Mich. 98-99; asst. plant physiol, 99-00; spec. investigator, Bur. Fisheries, 99-00, 01; asst. bot. and path, Maryland Agric. Coll. and Exp. Station, oo-o1; instr. chem. and biol, Township H. S, Sterling, Ill, 02-03; prof. bot. an macog, and director lab, Northwestern Univ, 03-07; asst. ae physiol, Chicago, summer, biologist Metropoli- tan Sewerage Commission, N. Y. City, 08-09; plant patholo- gist, Texas Experiment Station, og-. ae A. A. A. S; Bot. Soc.
139
Am; Bot. Cent. States; Phytopath, Soc; Sigma Xi; Am. Soc. Biol. Chem. (charter mem.) Plant physiology.
Rand, Edith Edwina, 700 W. End Ave, N. Y. City. Norwich, Conn mith Coll, 99; fellows idee Woods Hole, fellaw Hel: oo; fellow bot, o1; N. Y. . GARDEN, 01-02; A.M, Teachers Coll, Columbia Univ, 02; oe asst. zool, Smith Coll, 97-00; teacher biol. sci, Horace Mann H. §, 02-07. Botany.
Rea, Paul ia sanet The Charleston Museum, Charleston, S. Carolina. Cotuit, Mass, Feb. 13, 78. Woods Hole, 98-99; A.B, Williams ar 99; Oe ae and N. Y. Bor. Gar- DEN, 99-00; A.M, Williams Coll, 01; Columbia Univ, 02-03. Asst. biol, Williams Coll, 00-02; field asst, Bur. of Forestry, U.S. Dept. of Agric. 02, 03; prof, Coll. of Charleston and director Mus, 03-; ae Woods Hole, o6-. Am. Assoc. Museums (secy, o7-); A. A. A. S; ee Bull. Charlesion Mus, 03-; Contr. from ee Mus; Proc. Am. c. Mus; Compiler, Directory of Am. Museums. ia ee
Rennert, Rosina Julia (Mrs. Leonard Irving). N.Y. City, July 8, 78. A.B, Nor. Coll. N. Y. City, 97; pe Columbia Univ, o1; A.M, 02; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 99-01, 02-04. Asst. teacher biol, Washingiom tins ALS, N.Y .City, 02-03; Wadleigh H.5, N. Y. City, 03-07. A.A.A.S. Plant anatomy, physiology. Robinson Chalres Budd, Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I. ee Nova Scotia, Oct. 26, 71. A.B, Dalhousie, Halifax, ; Cambridge eae 97-98; Christ’s Coll, 98-99; Columbia ce and N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 03-06; Ph.D,Columbia Univ, 06. Teacher, ee ees Acad, N. S, 92-93; Pictou County Acad, 93-97, 99-03; night schools, N. Y. City, 03-06; ASST. curator, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 06-07; econom. bot. Bureau of Science, Phil. Govt, 08-11. Torrey Bot. Club; Bot. Soc. Am; Nova Scotian Inst. of Sci; Sigma Xi. Systematic botany. Robinson, Winifred Josephine, Vassar Coll, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Johnstown, Mich, Oct. 17, 67. Mich. State Nor. Coll, 92; ich. Agric. Coll, summer, 94; B.S, Univ. of Mich, 99; B.Pd, 99; Woods Hole, summer (Mich. Univ. Table) 99, (Vassar Coll. Table) 00; N. Y. Bot. GarDEN, 02, (CIN-
140
CHONA) 04, 07-08; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, 03, 09; M.A, Columbia Univ, 04; Berlin Univ. Herb, Germany, summer, 05. Instr. training dept, Mich. State Nor. Coll, 93-05; LaB. asst, N. Y, Bot. GARDEN, 07-08; instr. biol, Vassar Coll,oo-. F.A.A.A.S; Am. Soc. Nat; Torrey Bot. Club; National Conserv. Assoc; National Arts Club. Taxonomy of fer Rose, Anton Richard, Dept. of Biol. Cheney care yan ity. Washington Co, Minn Gus Adolphus Coll, Minn, 00-04; B. S, 04; re eas School laboratories, under Yale Graduate School, 07-08; M.S; N. Y. Bor. GarDEN, 10-. Instr. Sane N. Hampshire Coll. Agric. and Mechan. Arts, 04-06; asst. chemist Nein in nutrition), 06-07, 08-10; asst. Dept. Biol. Chem Univ, I0-. m. Chem. Soc. Biological iad status of ash constituents in ihe life history of the plant and its rela- tion to animal nutrition. Rubrecht, William Keller. A.B, aaa: Coll, o1; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 02. Algae; fu Sage, Lillian Belle, 3414 E. 12 St, N. Y. City, or Norwich, N. Y. Norwich, N. Y. A.B, Mt. Holyoke Coll, Mass, o1. N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 06-09. Teacher biol, Mg ney, Irving H. S, N. Y. City, 02-09; head dept. biol, o Flora of Chenango Co. Scott, George Gilman, The Coll. of he City of New York, N.Y. City. A.B, Williams Coll, Mass, 99; N. Y. Bor. GARDEN, 99. Teacher of zoology, Coll. of the City of New York. Zoology. Schwarze, i rl Alois, ie ee St, Brooklyn, N. Y. Brooklyn, Y, 86. S, (in agric.) Missouri State Univ, 09; Columbia ae and . y. Bot. GARDEN, og-. Student asst. in bot. Missouri State Univ. 09. Torrey Bot. Club. Mycol- ogy, pathology and physiology, taxonomy of ascomycetes. Schwartz, Edith (Mrs. F. E. Clements), Univ. of Minn, Min- neapolis, Minn. AB, Univ. of Nebr, 98; Ph.D, 04; N. Y Bot. GARDEN, 02. Instr. Univ. of Minn, o9-. Seaver, Fred Jay, N. Y. Bot. Garden, N. Y. City. Webster Co, owa, 77. Chicago Univ, summer school, o1; B.S, Morning- side Coll, Iowa, 02; scholar, State Univ. of Iowa, 02-03; special asst. to Dr. Arthur, Purdue Univ, Agric. Exp. Station,
141
eee 03; fellow, State Univ. of Iowa, 03-04; M.S, 04; expl. ex . Mexico, State Univ. of Iowa, spring, 04; fellow, ae Univ. 06-07 and N. Y. Bot. GarpDEN. Instr. bot. State Univ. of Iowa, summer school, 03, 04; asst. bot, 04-05; instr. (in full charge) biol, lowa Wesleyan Univ, 05-06; elected prof. biol, 06; asst. prof. bot. N. Dak. Agric. Coll. and mycologist to the agric. exp. station, 07-08; director of the laboratories, N. Y. Bot. Garden, o8-. Fellow Iowa Acad. Sci; Mrs. William Larrabee research prize,o4; Phytopath. Soc; Torrey Bot. Club; Bot. Soc. Am; Columbia Univ. Biochemical Assoc; Sigma Xi; assoc. editor, Mycologia, o9-; editor, Jour.
Y. Bot. Garden r1-. Mycology, phytopathology, tax-
onymy, morphology and physiology of ascomycetes.
Selby, Mususting Dawson, — sie ie Station, Wooster, Ohio. Athens Co, Ohio, Sept. 2, 59. , Ohio State Univ, 93; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 03-04. : pen Huntington, W. Virginia, 84-86; principal, H. S, Ironton, Ohio, 86-87; teacher bot. H. S, Columbus, Ohio, 90-94; botanist and chem- ist, Ohio Agric. ee Station, 94-02; botanist, o2—-. F. A. A. A.S; Bot. Soc. Am; Bot. Cent. States; Ohio Hort. Soc. (chair- man, Comm. Veg. He 95); Ohio Acad. Sci, (pres, 01); Columbus Hort. Soc. (secy, 88-89, 91-94); St. Louis Acad. Sci; ae Bot. Club; Am. Phytopath. Soc. (pres, rz-). Plant dise
poe 7G Lott, U.S. Dept. of Agric, eae a D.C. Co s Hollow, N. Y, March 23, 65. . State Nor. ee co N. Y, 88; scholar, Univ. of es 94-97; B.S, 97; fellow, 97-98; A.M, oI; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, N. Y. Bor. GaRDEN, 03; Ph.D, George Washington Univ, 06; studied in various European laboratories and herbaria three months, 05. Spec. field agt, Div. of Agrost, U. S. Dept. Agric, summer, 95, 96, 97; asst. ah U.S. Dept. Agric, 98-01; asst. path, O1-02; path, o F, A. A. A. S; Bot. Soc. Am; Wash. Biol. Soc; Bot. rn se: Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am. (chart. mem.) Phytopath. Soc. (chart mem.) (secy-treas, o9~); Inter- national Assoc. Bot; Sigma Xi; editor, phytopath, and myc, revised edition Century Dict; assoc editor, M ee coeditor,
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Phytopathology. Plant pathology, mycology, taxonomy of pyrenomycetes,
Shimer, Mrs. Hervey W. (See Henry, Florence.)
Shimer, Hervey Woodborn, Mass. Inst. of Technology, Boston, Mass. Martin’s Creek, Pa, April - 72. sea 91-93; A.B, Lafayette Coll, Pa, 99, A.M, o1; Ph.D, Columbia Univ, 04; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 02-03; eee Univ, 04-05. Tutor, mod. lang, Lafayette Coll, 99-01; asst. paleont, Columbia Univ, 02-03; non-res. lecturer stratig. geol, Mass. Inst. Tech, 03; instr, 03-08; asst. prof. paleontology, oe instr. hist. geol, and physiog, Yale Univ, summer school, F. A. A. A.S; Boston Soc. Nat. Hist; Am. Anthrop. rae Nat. Geog. Soc; Am. Forestry Assoc; Assoc. of Ph.D’s of Columbia Univ; Sigma Xi. Geology, stratigraphy, paleontology, morphology.
Shoemaker, Cornelia Janney. A.B, Swarthmore Coll, 94; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, oI-02. Instr. Friends’ Seminary, N. Y City. Plant physiology.
Shreve, Forrest, Desert Lab, Tucson, Arizona. Easton, Md, July 8, 78. A.B, Johns Hopkins Univ, o1; Ph.D, 05; Bruce fellow, 05-06; HON. ASST . Y. Bot. GarpeEn, (CrncHona)
05-06; instr. in charge, pineal bot, Biol. Lab, Col Spring Harbor, 04-05; assoc. prof. bot, Woman’s Coll. of Baltimore [Goucher Coll.], 06-08; Carnegie Inst. Wash, Desert
ab, Tucson, Arizona, oS-; Torrey Bot. Club; Bot. Soc. Am; _ A.A. S. Plant rans and physiology Slater, Florence W. B.S, Cornell Univ, 00; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN,
00-01.
sa Margaret, 852 Lexington Ave, N. Y. City. Paris, Fra N. Y. Bor. GarDEN, 02-03, Asst. curator,
N. 7 Bot. Garden, 11-. Linnaean Fern Gane: (secy, 00-
Stewart, Lilian. Carlton Coll; N. Y. Bot. GarnEN, 04-05.
ant physiology. Stockard, Charles R. B.S, Miss. Coll. of oie and Mechanic Arts, 99; N. Y. Bot. GaRDEN, 04-05. Cytolo Stover, Wilmer Garfield, Ohio State Univ, Cabos Ohio. A.B, Miami Univ: N.Y. Bor. Garpen, 10. Student asst. bot.
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Miami Univ, 10; insir. bot. Ohio State Univ, 11-. Taxonomy of gill-fungi. Streeter, Stella Georgiana, Cummington, Mass. Cummington, Mass, Aug. 6, 74. B.L, Smith Coll, 98; N. Y. Bor. GARDEN, 033 A, Columbia Univ, 03; Teachers Coll, masters ae ma, 03; Bermuda Biol. Lab, 05; Cold Spring Harbor, 06, 08, 10; Cornell Univ, 09; fellow, Smith Coll, 10-11. Head dept. sci. H.S, Hempstead, N. Y, 99-02; teacher biol. H.S, ee N. J, 04-07; teacher bot, H. S, Jersey City, N. J, o Plant physiology; marine algae. Sumstine, David Ross, Pittsburg H.S, Pittsburg, Pa. Somerset, a, Jan. 21, 70. A.B, Thiel Coll, Greenville, Pa, 90; Luth. Theol. Sem, Chicago, 91-92; Chicago Univ. 03; M.S, Univ. of Pittsburg, 08; Sc.D. (honorary) Beiisy ania Coll, 10; RESEARCH SCHOLAR, N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 09, Io. Principal, Ligonier pub. schools, 93-94; supt. Apollo pub. schools, 94-99; Kittanning pub. schools, oe Turtle Creek pub. schools, 05-09; Pittsburg H. S, principal East High Division (and ee of sct.), O9—; asst. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg, 03-. . A. S; Bot. Soc. of Western Pa. (pres. 06-07); Torrey aoe Club. hie Gane pathology, Mucorales and Hyphomy- cetes of North Am Torrey, John fi ‘Comal Univ. Medical Coll, N. Y. City. Burlington, Vermont, April 19, 76. A.B, Vermont Univ, 98; Bor. GARDEN, 99-00; Columbia Univ, Ph.D, 02; fellow, exp. path, Cornell Medical Coll, og-. Asst. zool, Columbia Univ, 00-01; bacteriologist, Sea Side Hosp, Staten Is, N. Y, 03-04; asst. instr, histol. and bacter, Cornell Univ, Medical Coll, 03-04; ene a a path. and lecturer in hygiene, 10-; Soc. Exp. Bio Med; Am. Assoc. of Pathol eae and
serene oe ies
Thom, Charles, Agric. Exp. Station, Storrs, Conn. Minonk, Ill, Nov. 11, 72. A.B, Lake Forest Coll, Ill, 95; A.M, 97; Missouri State Univ. 97-99; Ph.D, 99; Woods Hole, summer, 97; Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C, summer, 01; Cornell Univ, 02-04; mycological investigation, Storrs, Conn, 04-11; N. Y. Bot. GarRpEN, 10. Asst. Lake Forest, 96-97;
144
instr. biol, Missouri State Univ, 97-99; instr. bot. 99-01 asst. prof. bot. o1—-02; asst., in mycology, Cornell Univ, 02-04; mycologist in pone investigation, U. S. Dept. F. A. A. A. S; Bacteriological Soc; Phytopath. Soc; Assoc. Bot. Soc. Am; Conn. Bot. Soc; National Dairy Instructors Assoc. Pathology, mycology, taxonomic and physiological shudics in pense and Aspergillus, organic agents in
= =. - iS) 8
hile: aie we aie New York, Dec. 22, 70. Ph.B, Col- umbia Univ, 96; Ph.D, 04; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 02-03. Asst. analyt. chemist, Columbia Univ, 99. Chem. Industry; Nat. Geog. Soc. Sanitation, water su rt Mor Crawford. N. Y. oF oe 18, 76. A.B, ity of New vere 96; Coll. of P. & S, Columbia i oe es Path. Inst, State Hospitals for Insane, 98-01; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 04. Teacher chemistry, Harlem Evening H. S, for Men, N. Y. City, 00-04; asst. teacher biol, De Witt Clinton H. S, N. Y. City, 01-04; Wadleigh H. S, N. Y. City, 04-08. A.A. A.S. Teaching of biology. Wang, Chung Yu. Univ. Tientsin, China, 99; A.M, Columbia Univ, 04; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 04-05. Paleobot Watterson, Ada (Mrs. Robert M. Yerkes), 3 aie Place, Cambridge, Mass. Cleveland, Ohio. A.B, Columbia Univ, 98; A.M, 00; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 99-00; Marine Biol. Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, 99, 01; Marine Biol. Lab, Woods Hole, 00, 06; Harvard Univ, summer school, 06. Asst. bot. Barnard Coll, 99-02; asst. bot. and zool, o1-02; tutor biol, Teachers Coll, Columbia Univ, 02-05; instr. nat. study, Columbia Univ, summer school, 04, 05. Plant and animal physiology. been Dorris William. Ph. : N. Y. Coll, Pharmacy, 01; 0’ ARDEN, 02. Bacteriology a ‘Violette Ss. (Mrs. John i ea: N. Y. Bor. GARDEN, 01-02. Fellow, Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am; Torrey Bot. Club; N. Y. Bot. Garden (life member). Taxonomy. pare Edwin Mead, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr. Busti, ay 21, 76. B.S, Ohio State Univ, 96; A.M, Harvard pee 98; Ph.D, 99; fellows, 99-00; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 04.
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Asst. bot, Ohio State Univ, 94-97; prof. bot. and entom, Okla. Agric. and Mechan. Coll, 00-01; biol. and hort, Ala. Polytech. ine anus prof. of bot. and pleat physiologist and pathologist, Ala. Exp. ey 04-08; prof. agricultural bot, Univ. of Nebr, o8-. A. A. A. S; Am. Soc. Nat; Soc. Am. Physiology, neal
Wilkins, Lewanna, Eastern High School, Washington, D. C, or 1414 Girard St, ea ee D. C. Fairfax Co, Virginia, Jan. 21, 69. B.S, Wellesley, 91; Martha’s Vineyard, summer, 92, 94; Woods Hole ah ley Coll. Table) 96; C. Hart Merriam’s Camp, Mt. Shasta, Calif, summer, 98; Goettingen, Germany, spring and summer, 05; Columbia Univ, summer, 07;
Y. Bot. GARDEN, 07, 08, 09, 10. Teacher biol, Eastern
. 5, Washington, D. C, 92-. Wild Flower Pres. Soc. Am. (charter mem.); Biological Soc. of Washington, D. C.; National Geogr. Soc; A. A. A.S. Taxonomy of Solanaceae.
Wilson, Guy West, N. Car. Agric. Coll, Raleigh, N.C. Carmel, Indiana, June 19, 77. B.S, DePauw Univ, 02; A.M, 03; M.S, Purdue Univ, 06; N. Y. Bor. GARDEN, 06-07; prof. biol. and curator mus, Mount Union a pee 03-04; instr. bot, Lafayette, H. S, Ind, 04-05; arp, N. Y. ARDEN, 06-07; prof. biol. and curator mus, rae Iowa ae Fayette, Iowa, 07-10; asst. vegetable path, N. C. Agric. Exp. Station t1o-. Ind. Acad. Sci; fellow Iowa Acad. Sci; A. A. A.S; Phytopath.
oc. Local flora of Ind; mycology.
Wold, Emma Marie, State Univ, Eugene, Oregon. Trondhjem, Norway, Sept. 29, 73. A.B, Univ. of Oregon, 94; A.M, 97; Univ. of California, summer, 03; Columbia Univ. and N. Y Bot. GARDEN, 04-05; Univ. of Oregon, 07-08. Instr. sci, Eugene H. S, Eugene, _ 99-04; instr. biol, Mills Coll, Calif, 05-07; instr. bot v. of Oregon, 09-10. Algae.
Womack, eed Douglas, Wadleigh H .5,N.Y.City. Farmville, Va, Jan. 17, 74. Grad. Va. State Normal School, 91; B.S, Adelphi ao Brooklyn, 99; Univ. of Chicago (summer ses- sions), 90, 93. Barnard Coll. and N. Y. Bor. GarDEN 11. Teacher, Adelphi Academy; New Haven H. S; Wadleigh, H. S. Bacteriology, phytopathology, fu
Wood, George Clayton. Mexico, Cas Co, N. Y, Feb. 2, 78.
WN
146
A.B, Syracuse Univ, 00; Columbia Univ. and N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 04-05. Teacher hist, Syracuse Class. Prep. School, 99-00; principal, Jefferson Gram. School, Little Falls, N. Y,
lyn, N. Y, 03-08. Am. Acad. Soc. and Polit. Sci; Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sci. (mem. exec. comm, dept. bot.); publisher, H. S, Biol. Leaflet, poe N. Y, 06-08. Plant distribution and ecology; lichenology
ieee Irving Tupper. Cornell Univ. Forest School, 00-02;
Y. Bot. GARDEN, 03. Native and cultivated shrubs in Shigeo, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. Tokyo, Japan, Sept. 7, ie M.S, Teachers Coll. Tokyo, 98; Columbia Univ. and N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, — oe Univ (including Woods Hole mee Biol. Lab.), 05-07; Ph.D, 07. Asst. prof. Tokyo Teachers Coll, 04; asst. oF Chicago Univ, 07-. A.A. A.S. Cytology.
Yatsu, Naohide. Tokyo, Japan, Sept. 8, 77. A.B, Imper. Univ, Tokyo, 00; Ph.D, Columbia Univ, 05; N. Y. Bot. GARDEN, 03-05. Asst. prof. zool. Imperial Univ, Tokyo, Japan, 10o-. Zool. Soc. Zoology, cytology, embryology.
Yerkes, Mrs. Robert M. (See Waterson, Ada.)
York, Harlan Harvey, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas. Plain- e 8, , DePauw Univ, 03; A.M, io State Univ, 05; student asst. chem, DePauw Univ, o1-02;
tutor human anat. and physiol, DePauw Univ, o1-02; student
asst. bot, DePauw Univ, 02-03; fellow, bot, Ohio State Univ,
03-04; asst. bot, 04-05; fellow, Columbia Univ. and N
Bot. GARDEN, 05~06; spec. asst. bot, Nat. Mus, Wecineton,
06; assoc. in bot. Biol. Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, 06, 07
elected spec. asst. dendrology, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, 06; insir.
bot, Texas Uni, o6-. Ohio Acad. Sci; Texas Acad. Sci;
A.A. A.S
— wn o ao} ai
Zeleny, Charles, a. ‘ol Ill, Urbana, Ili. Hutchinson, Minn, Sept. 17, 78. B.S, Univ. of Minn, 98; M.S, 01; Ph.D, Chicago Univ, 04; N. Y. Bor. GarpEN, 01-02. Inst. zool. Univ. 0 Indiana, 04-07; assoc. prof. 07-09; assoc. — Univ. of Il, og-. F. A. A. A.S; Soc. Zool. Zoolog
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. X11 Piso ma 1911. No. 129.
EXPLORATION IN SOUTHERN FLORIDA.
. L. Britton, Drrector-1N-CHIEF.
a Ww ith your permission, I left New York for ae Florida on the morning of January 24 0f this year. At Wa ton I was met by Mr. J. J. Carter, of Pleasant Grove, aie vania. Mr. Carter had been previously associated with me in
ost of our exploration in southern Florida, and had again eee his services for field work. We proceeded direct o Miami, and made our exploration headquarters at the Sub- tropical Garden of the United States Department of Agriculture upon the invitation of Mr. Edmond Simmonds who had charge of that institution.
The time at our disposal was divided between the mainland and the Florida Keys. The season being later than that of our previous sojourn in the region we decided to first explore the already known more interesting localities both near our head- quarters and then distant points and other regions previously singled out for attention, but not visited for either lack of time or adverse meteorological conditions, and although our collec- tions have not yet been studied the following account may con- tain points of general interest.
Beginning with the localities nearest our headquarters both for the sake of convenience and to gradually accustom ourselves to the physical demands of field work incident to that region, we visited the pinelands and Everglades lying about the source of the Miami river, entering them both by boat and on foot. Interesting collections were made especially about the junction
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of the pinelands and the Everglades. We collected plants we had not encountered there at earlier seasons, and our most valuable find was a large fruiting specimen of a typically West Indian terrestrial orchid, quite rare in the United States, namely
atypus. Other local collecting was done in that ever-prolific
area, Brickell hammock, which is now partially within the city limits of Miami and adjacent to its southern boundary. This
G.26. The coastal sand dunes opposite Miami. In the background may seen nia large leaves of th pee and other shrubs. The foreground is occu- pied by a plant of a cactus ie n to grow only in tropical alee called Opuntia ausivina. This aie is peculiar among other opuntias growing east of Texas in
ring ers, like potatoes, on its a part:
limited area has added many novelties to our flora, consisting chiefly of typically Antillean plants, and it is still maintaining its reputation, for since my last report two more additions to our tree flora have been found in its forests. Opportunity was then taken to examine the sand dunes along the coast at points opposite Miami, at the House of Refuge about seven miles further north and on Soldier Key, south of Cape Florida. The
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especial object of visiting these localities was to study and collect specimens of one of the very rare and very little known American plants called Okenia hypogaea. This plant was collected at the
It is a beautiful vine-like plant, with silvery leaves and blue flowers, that creeps over the sand, and it buries its fruits in the sand just as the peanut does. When previously collected, and before its identity was known, we found it growing plentifully; but unfortunately the vegetation there had not yet recovered from the almost annihilating effects of a hurricane of the previous fall, and diligent search was rewarded by the finding of a single young seedling, which was comforting inasmuch as it indicated that the species is not obliterated from the flora of the United States.
Referring to the above-mentioned hurricane which visited southern Florida last October, I may say that it was much more severe and destructive than newspaper reports of it printed at the time indicated. It was a peculiar storm in at least one feature. It was nearly rainless, and clouds of salt spray from the ocean were blown inland undiluted for miles. The effect of this drifting spray on vegetation, especially on the young growth of shrubs and trees, was quite similar to that of fire.
Our only exploration north of Miami was confined to a line between Ft. Lauderdale and Miami. There the tropical plants are greatly diminished and plants more characteristically ‘“ Flori- dian” appear. The section embraces not only hammocks, pinelands and arms of the Everglades, but also patches of the so-called ‘‘scrub,” which appear to be ancient sand dunes. These ancient dunes do not occur further south in the state. There the strikingly white sand supports a growth of herbaceous, shrubby and arboreous plants, among which the saw palmetto, a widely distributed plant in the southern states, the sand pine, unknown outside of Florida except from a single locality in Alabama, shrubby oaks, some of them known only from southern Florida, and a broom-like plant, a relative of the northern crow- berry called Ceratiola ericoides, appear to predominate.
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After this our attention was directed southward and we began exploration by a tramp over the Everglades, selecting a line several miles in from the shore of Bay Biscayne, for eleven miles below Cutler, thence west six miles to the settlement of Homestead. This move did not yield prolific results, but it gave us an intimate knowledge of some territory we had not before visited. From Homestead we walked to Big hammock prairie, which is a short
id scrub.” The saw
27. Ch er is in the lower right hand corner. The broom-like plant in the fore ground is Ceratiola ericoides. Back of the latter are scrub oaks, and the back. a is occupied by trees of the sand pine
distance from Camp Jackson, thence down the prairie to the Everglades and through new territory including both pineland and front prairie back to Homestead. Recovering from this excursion we retraced our steps southwestward to Camp Jackson, whence we explored new territory to the south, the west and the north. To the southward domelike elevations seeming to rise high above the level prairie attracted our attention. Upon
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reaching them we were surprised to find them to be willow-fringed hammocks of bald cypress trees with immense trees at the center, the trees at or near the center and forming the top of the dome often being exceptionally large. In one hammock we encountered perhaps the largest bald cypress ever observed. It measured over eleven feet in diameter near the base, and the spreading branches were as large as ordinary cypress trees themselves.
A forest fire on the Everglade Keys. This fire swept the keys below ere. T.
again; and all the pleats that grew there before seem to reappear. The pitc of the Caribbean p readily, consequently the trees are not, as a rule, much Geqiaved by these forest fires.
The water was still high in the Everglades and we were not able to get as far west as we had anticipated. Selecting a circuitous route, in order to increase our collecting area, we began our tramp back to Homestead. The course followed was a line five or six miles northward from Camp Jackson through the
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Everglades, to the west of and past Camp Longview; thence back through the pinelands until we intercepted the old Camp Longview trail through the woods, then northeastward for some miles along the old trail to a point north of Homestead and finally south to Homestead. This excursion took us through much new territory which proved interesting from many standpoints.
Incidentally we visited several attractive homesteads about Miami. These are developed and used without destroying their natural conditions. One of these was that of Dr. Nevins, which is situated on a high limestone ridge of pineland between Miami and Cocoanut Grove The actual elevation of this ridge is less than twenty feet, but it is locally considered a mountain. Dr. Nevins has made a beautiful homestead there with respect to the natural features of ge section. Another place of unusual interest is that of Mr. C. T. Simpson, which is situated on Bay Biscayne between Lemon City and Little River. Mr. Simpson has also preserved the natural features of his land, and in addition he has made a living museum of eo plants in a beatiful ham- mock along the shore of the Two particularly interesting plants were encountered there: ae one a tree of the galba (Calo- phyllum Calaba) and the other a vine of the sea-bean (AMucuna ig both raised from seed floated from the Seine Sea on
e Gulf Stream and wesled aston on the nearb This
brings up t h the seeds of — ies plants are frequently washed ashore both on the Florida Keys and on the coast of the lower part of the peninsula, neither species has yet been found growing naturally in Florida. The nurseries
r much of interest, as regards both exotic plants and natives. One particularly striking plant there is a large specimen the Bahamian- Cuban-Floridian palm, Paurotis Wrightit, which has grown from a small plant Mr. Soar and his brother collected near Cape Sable while they were exploring in that region about a dozen years ago.
Having finished our work on the mainland we started for the lower Florida Keys, and our long-cherished desire to begin the exploration of those little known islands was at last gratified. We proceeded over the Key West Extension of the Florida East
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Coast Railway, to Marathon, which -is situated at the western extremity of Key Vaca. There we met Mr. W. J. Krome, engineer of construction of the Key West Extension, who gener- ously advised us about the keys we intended to visit and kindly placed the facilities of his construction camps at our service.
Fic. 29. Interior of Big Pine Key. The intimate mixture of page Pines.
y be here is but one kind of pine, but several kinds of pi A sierra specimen of the ee palm stands in the center of the picture. A ahamian shrub new to the flora of the United States may be seen in the lower
left hand corner.
We secured a fishing boat, and crossing the Bahia Honda channel
Harbor) and Little Pine. We carried out our plans perfectly, with the exception of a visit to No Name Key. The loss of our rudder early in the morning of the last day interfered so with our movements that the examination of No Name Key had to be deferred until a future time. These kevs, with the exception of
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the outlying West Summerland Keys, are very different from the upper keys, or those lying to the northeast of the Bahia Honda channel. In the first place their axis is at a different angle and they are very irregular in shape. Then too, the vegetation, with the natural exception of the common coastal flora, consists largely of pine trees and palms, either growing separately or intimately intermixed, and also much of the her-
Fic. 30. A saw grassswamp or miniature Everglade on Big Pine Key. e low areas are bordered by a growth of pine trees, palms and shrubs just as the land.
Everglades are on the mainland
baceous and shrubby vegetation characteristic of the pinelands of the Everglade Keys on the mainland southwest of Miami. he first thing to attract our attention on the keys was the dead or apparently dead woody vegetation. Skeletons of hard- wood shrubs and trees were everywhere. Forests had the appear- ance of having been fire-swept. In the open places drift wood was piled high and heaps of dead leaves were everywhere. These scenes were examples of the penetrating effect of the
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hurricane mentioned above. Big Pine and Little Pine Key were the least damaged of the islands visited. Their coastal ham- mocks acted to some extent as a barrier to protect the interior from the searching effect of the salt spray. The pine forests which occupy most of the area there are in ee vast level parks with the Caribbean pine and four or five kinds of palms grouped in infinite variety, and accompanied by herbs, vines and shrubs. The depressions in the rock which composes the structure of the islands were either filled with masses of the saw
Fig. 31. A palm barren on Cudjoe Key. These prairie like expanses are mainly coveted: by a carpet of Brasses and sae and showy-flowered herbs.
1 shrubs, but getation is composed of palms. The cabbage palm and the thatch palm predomi nate. A small clump of the saw palmetto may be seen in the center of the picture. The arboreous palms in this landscape are all cabbage palms.
palmetto or with saw-grass, the latter forming miniature Ever- glades. Not only do we find the vegetation different from that of the upper keys and related to that of the mainland, but the animals characteristic of the mainland, such as the deer, the
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wildcat, the alligator and rattlesnake are there. This fact is still more interesting when we take into account the fact that many of the upper keys are relatively close to the mainland and some of them were formerly almost connected with it, while the lower keys are not only cut off from the upper ones by the wide Bahia Honda channel but are separated from the mainland by an unbroken expanse of water forty miles wide or more. On the keys where the pine is absent palms predominate and
arboreous vegetation. The several kinds grow either inter- mingled or in pure groves, and on the prairie-like expanses they present a unique landscape.
Although vegetation on these keys, and elsewhere had not recovered from the effects of the hurricane referred to, and being still further reduced by a prolonged drought we secured over four hundred field numbers and about two thousand specimens of the rarer and more interesting species of plants. Big Pine Key yielded a Bahamian shrub new to our flora. A thorough investigation of these keys at both the beginning and end of the
rainy season would doubtless yield surprising results, for previous collecting on them has evidently been largely or wholly confined to the coastal hammocks. Our discovery of acres of the saw almetto on all of the keys visited and of immense groves of the cabbage palmetto on several of the keys is a strong indication as to the superficial method of collecting done there before, for the existence of these conspicuous plants off the Florida mainland had not been previously suspected, except for a report of the occurrence of the cabbage palmetto on Key Lar. Respectfully seer J. ALL, Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium.
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THE RHODODENDRON BANKS.
A little over a year ago a carload of about 800 rhododendron plants was imported from the mountains of North Carolina. These were used mainly in forming decorative plantations in the neighborhood of the West Lake north of the museum. On the steep bank at the southwest corner of this lake a group of Rhodo-
Fic. 32. Rhodendron banks bordering the West Lake, north of the museum.
dendron punctatum was placed. The pink blossoms of this plant gave a charming touch of color in May; this early blooming habit makes it especially desirable.
The steep bank of this lake, on each side of the bridge, and the nearby triangle formed by the paths, were planted with Rhedo- dendron maximum and R. catawbiense, the former to the north of the bridge, the latter to the south, while in the triangle plants of both were placed. The accompanying illustration is from a
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photograph made of this bank early in June, when Rhododendron catawbiense was in full bloom. The blossoms varied from a pale pink to deep rose, aes latter color predominating. As this species wanes toward the middle of June, or a little later, Rhododendron maximum ne to show its flowers, usually of a paler color, reaching its maximum of flowers toward the end of June or early in July. With these three native species it is possible there- fore to have flowers continuously from May to
After flowering the plants present a jal mass of green to which color may be added by means of lilies. For this purpose some of the taller growing sorts should be selected, and if this is carefully done a succession of these flowers may be had from late in June to the time of frost, the dark green of the rhododendrons forming an effective back-ground for the flowers. For June Lilium candidum, the Madonna lily, with its pure white flowers, may be selected, or the orange-flowered Lilium maculaium, with its darker spotting, a stately and dignified lily. For July Lilium auratum, the Japanese ee banded lily, is excellent, as is also
r own native meadow lily, Lilium canadense. For August the Turk’s-cap lily, aay eh ais and the tiger-lily, Lilium tigrinum are suggested; and for the latter part of this month, and carrying on into September, Lilium speciosum is available.
A word as to the planting of these rhododendrons. Good top- soil, with well-rotted manure, was used for filling in around the plants. At the completion of planting about six inches of leaf- mould was placed over the entire plantation, this forming the best mulch and more nearly meeting the natural requirements of these plants. In the fall, just before the winter set in, an additional dressing of old leaves was added, a process which it is intended to repeat yearly, the necessary leaf-mould being thus continuously formed by the rotting of the leaves. During the extended drought of last summer the plants were watered once or twice each week. The result of this treatment has been entirely satis- factory, not over a dozen plants dying during the past winter, which has been especially destructive not only to rhododendrons, but also to other evergreen trees and shrubs.
GEORGE V. NASH.
15%
CONFERENCE NOTES.
The last of the spring conferences was held in the library on
ay 3, Dr. W. A. Murrill presiding. The meeting consisted mainly of informal reports by various members of the staff and students
Mr. Fred J. Seaver showed specimens of two fungi (Neopeckia Coultert and Herpotrichia nigra?) which occur as parasites on various coniferous trees at high altitudes in the Rocky Mountains. The two fungi are so much alike that they can be distinguished only by microscopic examination of the spores and for this reason the species have been hopelessly confused and most of the pi mens in our collections are incorrectly named. So far observations have gone the one species ree Coulter’) occurs only on species of pine, while the other (Herpotrichia nigra?) occurs on spruces and firs but never, so far as observed, in America on pine
Herpotrichia nigra was originally described in Europe and has been reported on both spruces and pines as well as on other coniferous trees. Examination of various European specimens of this species shows the spores to be much smaller than those examined in American specimens. Whether this difference in size which is very marked is due to the fact that the spores are
mature is uncertain. Attempts to secure specimens of type oe in or Reena the identity of the European species have so oo i unsuccessful.
The fact that this European species occurs on both spruces and pines while the American specimens which are thought to be identical does not occur on pine and that this difference in habitat is accompanied by a difference in the size of the spores suggests the possibility that the American specimens may constitute a species distinct from the European.
The pine inhabiting species of America (Neopeckia Counteri) which is very different from the preceding species in spore char- acters is unknown to Europe. - The results of these studies will appear more in detail in a paper to be published later
Dr. F. D. Kern gave an interesting account of a recent visit
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to Newfield, New Jersey, the former home of Mr. J. B. Ellis, whose extensive collections of fungi were several years ago added to the Garden collections.
The object of this trip was to collect more material of certain species of plant rusts which were described several years ago rom material collected near Newfield. y following the direc- tions on the packets of these fungi in the Ellis collection, he was able to accomplish the object of his trip. A point brought out by Dr. Kern was the value of indicating carefully the type locality of new species of fungi as a guide for collectors who might want to duplicate these collections in later year:
Dr. M. A. Howe commented on the a of Olsson-Seffer, an account of which appeared in the JournaL for May.
Briefer notes were made by Drs. W. A. Murrill and C. A. Darling and Mr. B. O. Dedge.
FRED J. SEAVER.
JOHN J. CROOKE
Mr. John J. Crooke, a member of the New York Botanical Garden Corporation since 1896 died at his residence, Great Hills, Staten Island, on April 22, 1911, in the eighty-eighth year of his
age.
Throughout his long life Mr. Crooke was devoted to all phases of natural and physical science. His collegiate education was at Yale, under Professor Benjamin Silliman. He was an inti- mate friend of Professor John Torrey and of Professor John S. Newberry, of Columbia, and his acquaintances included most of the prominent American men of science of the latter half of the nineteenth century. His investigational work was mostly in the domains of chemistry, physics and metallurgy, but he accumulated large and important collections of shells, birds, minerals and plants, and built a house to contain them on his Staten Island estate, which also contained at one time a fine working natural science library, since distributed. Some years ago, he presented the American Museum of Natural History with his shells and
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minerals; the collection of the shells of land snails was especially noteworthy and is an important part of the Museum’s scientific equipment; he subsequently presented the New York Botanical Garden with a considerable part of his herbarium. Prior to these gifts, at about the time of Dr. Torrey’s death in 1873, Mr. Crooke presented Columbia College with the valuable, gen- eral herbarium formed by the Swiss Professor Meisner, and with an herbarium illustrating the flora of the southeastern United States prepared by Dr. A. W. Chapman, of Apalachicola; these are incorporated in the general herbarium of Columbia College deposited at the New York Botanical Garden.
The natural history collections accumulated by Mr. Crooke were mainly brought together by purchase; he did not collect extensively himself, although, during his long residence at Colo- rado, while developing his mining interests there, some speci- mens, especially minerals, were personally obtained by him. He made important discoveries and original observations in chemistry, physics and metallurgy, Sere in new technical processes of manufacture, many o ich were patented. He was a charter member of the Torrey emer Club, and in the early days of that organization, aided its work materially. The writer has been favored with Mr. Crooke’s intimate acquaintance since boyhood and his direction to lines of scientific inquiry was induced by this companionship and suggestion.
In botany, Mr. Crooke is commemorated by the genus Crookea, of the St. John’s-wort Family, native of the southeastern United States, dedicated to him by Dr. John K. Small in 1903.
N. L. Britton.
SUMMER LECTURES, Io1l.
Lectures will be delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o'clock, as follows:
July 1, ‘Wild Flowers of Summer,” by Dr. N. L. Britton.
July 8, “Swedish Botanical Gardens,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill.
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July 15, “Plant Diseases and their Control,” by Mr. Fred J. Seaver.
July 22, ‘The Uses of the Cacti,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby.
July 29, “Plants as Insect-traps,” by Dr. John H. Barnhart.
Aug. 5, “The Vegetation of the Dismal Swamp of Virginia,” by Dr. Arthur Hollick.
Aug. 12, ‘‘ The Paris Botanical Garden,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill.
Aug. 2 ‘* A Visit to the Panama Canal Zone,” by Dr. Marshall A. How
Aug oe Co soa Their Uses in the Landscape,” by Mr. Soe V.N
The nae ehh occupy an hour, will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise. The doors will be closed at 4:00, and opened again at 4:15 to admit those arriving late.
The Museum Building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railway to Botanical Garden Station, by trolley cars to Bedford Park, or by the nee Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bron Visitors coming by the subway change to the Elevated ee at 149th Street and Third Avenue.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. F. E. Clements, professor of botany in the University of Minnesota, accompanied by Mrs. Clements, were visitors at the Garden on June 17.
Dr. W. A. Murrill, assistant director, spent ah . and 6 at Albany consulting types of fungi in the State Mus
Dr. R. A. Harper, professor of botany in the Uae of Wisconsin, was a recent visitor at the Garden.
Dr. Chas. H. Thom, of the Connecticut Agricultural Experi- . ment Station, recently spent several days at the Garden consult- ing literature pertaining to his work on certain groups of the lower fungi
Mr. Edward C. Johnson, pathologist in charge of cereal disease work, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D. C., spent a
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part of the day, June 20, looking over smuts and rusts in the Garden collections.
Dr. W. C. Coker, professor of botany in the University of North Carolina, spent several days at the Garden in June, in continuation of his work on the flora of North Carolina.
. Rankin, fellow in Plant Pathology at Cornell iiniversity, made his headquarters at the Garden during most of May, while beginning an investigation of the chestnut canker with special reference to its control in New York state.
Volume 25, part 3, of North American Flora, containing Rutaceae and Surianaceae by Mr. Percy Wilson, Simaroubaceae by Dr. J. K. Small and Burseraceae by Dr. J. N. Rose, was issued May 6, I9QII
Owing to the dry weather in May, the plane-trees entirely escaped the blight (Gloeosportum nervisequum) which h attacked them severely during the last three seasons.
The Municipal Engineers of the City of New York made a visit of inspection to the New York Botanical Garden on the afternoon of Saturday, June 17. At two o'clock, an n illustrated lecture he bse on of Shade Trees” was n by D W. A. Weal in the lecture hall of the museum ae ae the remainder of the afternoon was devoted to the inspection of the buildings and grounds under the guidance of members of the Garden staff.
owell M. Palmer has recently presented to the Garden a siippismenesey collection of evergreen trees from the nurseries of his estate at Stamford, Conn., including some six hundred plants, mostly of small size, which have been placed in the nurseries of the Garden. It has been through Mr. Palmer’s previous liber- ality, through gifts of conifers, that the collections already planted out, surrounding conservatory range no. 1, have been secured, and the present gift will increase the representation of these trees eee The present spring has been unsuitable for the planting out of trees and shrubs, owing to the drought which continued through May.
Dr. Arthur Hollick, curator, returned on May 17 from a six months’ leave of absence granted for the purpose of studying
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and reporting upon the fossil flora of Alaska, for the United States Geological Survey. The work was prosecuted at the U.S, National Museum. A paper entitled ‘Results of a Preliminary Study of the So-called Kenai Flora of Alaska,’’ based upon the above mentioned investigation was read at the Pittsburgh meet- ing of the oe. Society of America and subsequently printed in the American Journal of Science 31: 327-330, April, 19it. The bulk of the material studied was collected by Dr. Hollick during his trip down the Yukon valley in 1903.
Dr. Marshall A. Howe, curator, represented the Garden at the sixth annual meeting of the American Association of Mu- seums, held in Boston and vicinity, May 23-27. About one hundred delegates from the principal museums of the United States were in attendance. Meetings for the reading and dis- cussion of papers and for the transaction of business were held in Boston at the Museum of Fine Arts and at the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History; in Cambridge, at the Fogg Museum of Art of Harvard University; and in Salem, at the Peabody Museum. Visits were made to the Museum of the Harvard Medical School, to the Arnold Arboretum, and to various other museums of Harvard University. Parties were also organ- ized to visit the museums at Worcester, Andover, and Lancaster. The American Association of Museums, though now only five years of age, is exerting an important influence in developing, eri and sea the educational and research work
the American museum
Meteorology for May.—The total precipitation for the month was 1.31 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 82° on the 7th, 86.5° on the roth, 85° on the 18th, and 86° on the 22d. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 32° on the 4th, 41° on the 15th, 52.5° on the 16th, and 51° on the 24th.
Meteorology for June—The total precipitation for the month was 4.94 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 85° on the 2d, 90° on the roth, and 91° on the 20th, and 28th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 51° on the 4th, 55° on the 6th, 50° on the 17th, and 54.5° on the 22d.
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ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
(By exchange with the British Museum.)
specimens of fungi from North America. (Giv y Mr. Fred. A. Wolf.)
I specimen of Wolffelia foridana from North atin seers by Mr. Bayard Long.)
2 specimens of Monotropsis from Alabama. (Given by Professor Wolfgang Wolf.)
Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Kentucky.
2 specimens of A mphoridi: i British Columbia. (By exchange with Professor John Mac an 22 specimens of a moss (By exchange with Professor V. F. Brotherus.)
1 specimen of Adelia men from Florida. (By exchange with the United
I specimen of ‘aber of A pios A pios from the Dismal Swamp, Virginia. (Given by Dr. Arthur Hollick.)
18 specimens of Cretaceous fossil plants from Wyoming. (Collected by Mr. Charles H. Sternberg.)
I specimen of fossil plant from Montana. (Given . W. D. Matthew.)
8 specimens of plants from Florida. (By exchange a be John W. Harsh-
specimen of nee purpureus from Pennsylvania. (By exchange with _F.K. oO specimens aia American Uredinales.’’ (Distributed by Mr. Elam mew. I ee of Mnium serratum from Washington. (By exchange with Professor .C. Fr
1,800 specimens ays Cuba. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton, Mrs. N. L.
Britton and Mr. J. F. Cowell.
I specimen of ivan from New Brunswick. (Given by Mrs. Elizabeth M. Dunham.) Nana of polypores from North America. (By exchange with Mr. Elam renee
2,000 specimens of fungi (rusts). oe by Professor Paul Sydow.)
12 specimens of polypores from Ohi (By exchange with Mr. L. O. Overhots.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS. 10 cacti from New Mexico. (Collected b r. W. W. Eggleston.) 21 cacti for conservatories. (By oe oe National Museum, through Dr. J. N. Rose. 4 plants of Aristol lochia Gigas Sturtevantii, (By exchange with Buffalo Botanic Garden.) 23 violet plants. (Given by a Ezra ee )
plants of Vittaria from New Biovidence: (Given by Miss Rafaela Brace.) 8 plants for conservatories. (Given by Mr. John Lewis Childs )
8 Pelargonium plants
plants of Sequoia en
chased. .H. ee ne are pee
of ne . Pithecoctenium hexagonum. ca,
166
Nate by Mr. A. T. Whit y Mrs. F. A. Constable.)
n by General T. E. Wilcox.)
A ae wi ge Brooklyn Botanic ee
alifornia. Ci by Dr. J. N. Rose.
e.)
m seeds se various sources.
nic Garden, Oxford, England.) (By exchange with Public Gardens, Jamaica,
(By exchange with Public
t seed. (Given by Dr. 63 ckets seeds. I packet seed of Musa Ensete. W.l. I packet Gardens, Jamai 2 packets
seed of Pe os
(Collected by Dr. J. N. Rose.)
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM AUGUST 1 TO OCTOBER 31, i910. + (Co
Knoop, JOHANN HERMANN, 0.
Knoop, JOHANN HERMANN. sterdam, 1790.
Knoop, JOHANN HERMANN. Leewarden, [1763?].
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Jo:
i HERMANN,
cage [175 IL.
Beschryving van plantagiegewassen. Amsterdam,
Beschryving van vruchtboomen en vruchten. Am- Dendrologia, of beschryving der plantagie-gewassen, Fructologia, of beschryving der vrugtbomen en
Pom igiaee dat is beschryvingen en afbeeldingen
s natirli
he System des Pfi h hg wiesen in der Flora von Jena. Jena, KopotAny1, ANTAL. nea enieds vegy- és életian. Pest, 1867. pacer a dey Oberlaustiz. Gérlitz, 1 LE, JOHANN LupwiG CurRISTIAN. Flora an Fipseuinaes Bayreuth, Poi und herausgegeben von Theodor Christian Elirodt. Bayreuth, 1798. OENIG, EMANUEL. Regnum vegetabile physice, medice . practice enuclea- tum. 2 vol Basileae, 1688-9 Koipzum
eoaeee. ERWIN.
d
1,G. Plantae een Nakeharanae. Lehrbuch d
any ae GEORG THEODO
Tokyo, 1910.
ien, 1856.
R, & panne J ad B
otanik.
lantae Tinneanae
Kotzz, I
KRAUSE, Leipzig, 1831.
KREUTZER, KARL JOSEPH.
KRGNINGSSVARD, CARL indigéna Phanerogamer och Filices.
KRUGER,
GNAZ VALENTIN
Jou. WILHELM.
JOHANN FRIEDRICH.
tschen Kunstsprache und Pflanzennamen. KUNTH,
, CARL SIGISMUND.
"De generi. ibus plan
Taschenbuch der Flora Wiens. Gusta
Flora berolinensis,
OH, ae
hr-el- pe Vindobonae, 1867. Tyrnaviae, 1776.
choi Aedes meet Botanik.
te Wien, 1
v. Flora dalekarlica, Se "paiae
bisa 1843
tork
Tan dant 1
h der boian- Quedlinburg, 1833. Berolini, 1813.
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Kurr, JOHANN GOTTLOB. Untersuchungen iiber die Bedeutung der Nektarien in der Blumen, auf eigene Beobachtungen und Versuche gegriindet. uttgart, 1833.
LABAN, F. C. Flora des Herzogthums arn des Fiirftenthums Libeck, der Stadi Liibeck und deren Umgege Hamburg, i
LacoizquEta, Jos# Marfa pe. ae a las plantas... en el valle de Vertizarana. 1883-85.
GERHEIM, NILs Gustar. Contribuciones & la flora algologica del Ecuador.
Quito, 1890.
LAGERHEIM, Nits GustaFr. Las bacterias violadas. Eat 1891,
LaGuslI, VINCEN: Erbuario italo-siciliano. Paler
. 0, 1743. LAMMERSDORFF, Gee NN ANTON. Plantarum te Sructificationes historiae Monkey de sia jructifictions, ii rk 1781.
HAL, CHRISTIAN EDUAR Kalender hen Pfu nebst einem Saeeteise der H oe wad des via der merkwiirdigsien Béume der
ee SON, Daas Macnus. Flora dfver Wermland och Dal. Carlstad, ae LATERRADE, JEAN FRANCOIS. Flore Bordelaise et de la Gironde. Ed. 3. Bor- deaux, 1829
Lecog, HENRI. De la fécondation naturelle et artificielle des végétaux et de Uhybridation, considérée dans les rapporis avec Vhorticulture, l'agriculture et la sylvi- culture.
ECOQ, He ENRI. oy des ey fourragéres ou flore des prairies naturelles el senate dela France. Paris, 1
cog, Henri, & LAMOTTE, ae aus Catalogue raisonné des plantes vascu- ae du dlileas central dela France. Paris, 1847. ae Ss. An introduction to the science of botany. Ed. 4. London, 1810. RD. Avpergu sur la flore de l'arrondissement de Charires. ree ae 1860.
LEHMANN, JOHANN FRIEDRICH. Primae lineae florae herbipolensis. Herbipoli,
1809. LEHMANN, JOHANN GEORG CHRISTIAN. Beschreibung einiger neuen und wenig bekannten Pflanzen. Halle, 1817.
EIGHTON, WILLIAM ALLPORT. Catalogue of the Cellulares or flowerless plants of Great Britain. Shrewsbury, 1837. LE AND, SEBASTIEN RENE. Catalogue des plantes recueillies @ Cayenne
NORM. par M. Beeseae Caen, 185)
Schwimme, nebst einem
EN: Pee liber die islandische Flechte. Gotha, 1840. NZ, HARALD OTHMAR. Die niitzlichen und schédlichen Schwimme. Ed. 3.
ENZ, HARALD OTHMAR. geno schédliche, und verdéchtige Schwimme. Ed. 6, by Otto Wiinsche. Gotha,
LEOPOLD, JOHANN DIETRICH. oie sylvestres florae ulmensis. Ulm, 1728. Letrsom, JoHN COAKLEY, & ELLis, JOHN. Geschichte des Thees und Koffees. Leipzig, 177 LEVIER, Baile: Les tulipes de Europe. Neuchatel, 1884. t.
4. LIEGEL, GEorG. Beschreibung neuer Obstsorten. Heft. 1-3. Regensburg, 1851—
vu, W. ph gene Euten, 1863 LiIncKE, JOHANN RUNGE: Deutschlands Flora in colorirten naturgetreuen esa Lief. 1-95. Leipzig, 1840—[? ERN, FRANZ BALTHASAR VON. Hortus alsaticus, plantas in Alsaiia nobili ee circa coe sponte nine designas. Argentorati, 1747. LINDLEY, escriptive botan ge the art of describing plants correctly in ee ae Ed. 5. On Lin ‘AR pee ee ae aus der Naturgeschichte, Physik und Arenepwissenschfi. 3 vols. ee 76-78. us, CARL. blioth fae
LINNAE dit li ti Halae,
TAT. LINNAEUS, CARL. Centuria II. Dee Upsaliae, 1756. Linnatus, Cart. De maro. Up: 1774. LINNAEUS, CARL. LEigenhindige Anse tiber sich selbst mit Anmerkun- gen und Zusézen von Afzelius. Aus dem Schwedischen iibersezt von Karl Lappe.
826. LinnaEus, CarL. Flora jamaicénsis. Upsaliae, 1759. LINNAEUS, CaRL. Flora zeylanica. Amstelaedami, 1748 LiInnaAgEus, Car_. Fundamenta botanica. Ed. 2. Stor ckh olmiae, 1740. LinnaEus, CARL. Materia medica curante D. Io. Christ. Dan. Schreber. Lipsiae,
LINNAEUS, CARL. Nomenclator botanicus enumerans pone dip TT eae
edit 7 LinnagEus, Cart. Oldndska och Gothlindska resa. Stockholm, 1745 LinNAEuS, CaRL. Systema natur .2. Stockholmiae, 1740.
LinnaEus, CARL. Versuche einer Nai Kunst-, und Oeconomie-Historie, von ee i grenesasia cdijiseacn fasts ie ‘AMES.
Ed. 3. Nantes, 1876. OCHNER, MICHAEL FRIEDRICH.] Papaver ex omni antiquttate erutum, gemmis, nummis, statuis et marmoribus aeri incisis illustratu N tim! ‘ae, I
LoppicEs, CONRAD. er eae, in the collection of Conrad Loddiges and Sons. 42]
2). LéweE, JOHANN CARL CHRISTIAN. Handbuch der theoretischen und praktischen Kréuterkunde. Breslau, 1787. OJACONO PojsERO, MICHELE. Flora Sicula o descrizione delle piante vascolort spontanee o indigenate in Sicilia. 3 vols. Palermo, 1902-1909. LHELM. Verzeichniss der um Gdttingen wildwachsenden
ENTZ, PAUL GUNTHER. Verzeichniss der europdischen Laubmoose. Stutt-
gart, Ss
ae Gustav. Botanisches aes fiir die eens aaa Kronlinder und das angrenzende Ge ein, 1854;
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Lorinser. Ed. 3. ” Wien, 1871; Ed. 5. Wien, 1883. . Lorinser, Gustav. Conspectus Stachyopteridum im Bohemia sponte nascen- tium, Prague, 1838
169
ORINSER, GuSTAV, & LORINSER, FRIEDRICH WILHELM. Taschenbuch der Flora Deutschlands und der Schweiz. ien, 18, RT. Enchiridion a. or a compleat herball. Ed. 2. Ox- ford, 1665. Macepo, M. Notice sur le palmiey Carnauba, Paris, 1867. Macrapven, James. Description of the Nelumbium jamaicense, the Jamaica water bean. Kingston, peed
1847. VOR, WILLIAM . Notes on the propagation and cultivation of the hones or panes ark tr Madras, 18: R, FRANZ JOSEPH. see der astreichischen Baume und Striucher.
[Makrino, TomiTaro.] es japon rts, re ok 1906. Mak , ALE a. jer dinner Kreises. Briinn ALY, SEF Ka
863.
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MARQUET, FRANCOIS Nica Veni Mecum de botan Paris, 1773.
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numerazione delle piante 7 miocene Sino ad ora conosciute in Italia. Verona, 1853.
MASSALONGO, ABRAMO BARTOLOMMEO. Frammenti lichenografici. Verona, 1855. MASSALONGO, ABRAMO BARTOLOMMEO. Geneacaena Lichen:
7 mum. Veronae, 1854. MASSALONGO, ABRAMO BARTOLOMMEO.
Monografia delle Dombeyacee par fino
. Neagenea Lichenum. Verona, 1854. MASSALONGO, ABRAMO BARTOLOMMEO. Palaeophyta rariora formationis ter- Hiariae. Nine » 1858. NGO, ABRAMO BARTOLOMMEO. Plantae fossiles novee in formationibus tertiariis. Nese 1853.
” MASSALONGO, ee aera
= HCG sul? autonomia dei Lichenit crostosi e materiali pella
» 1852. SSALONGO, ABRAMO BARTOLOMMEO, Sulla ee Hookeri ‘di Schaerer noia.
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Decsription et histoive végétaux ligneux qui crotssent peas en France. Ed. 2. Nancy, 1860.
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LI, PIER’ ANDREA. Compendium de planiis omnibus . .. de quibus Scripsit suis in Commentariis in Dioscoridem editis. Venetiis, 1571. Martioxt, Pier’ oS ‘A. Il Dioscoride. Vinegia, 2. ATTIOLI, PrER’ ANDREA. II sesto libro di Pedacio Dioscoride Anazarbeo. _ Vinegia, 1551 MatTI01I, "Prer’ ANDREA. Opusculu li hi facul:
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ATTUSCHKA, INR! sponte crescentium. ie 1779- EDICUS, oe Casimir. Botanische Beobachtungen des Jahres 1782. Mannheim, 1
MEINECKE, Tae Lupwic GEO! Der Botaniker ohne Lehrer, Halle, 1809.
Menpoza, Disco. Expedicién oe de José Celestine Mutis al Nuevo Reino de Granada y memorias ineditas de Francisco José De Caldas. ae 1909.
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Mérat, Francors Victor. Nouvelle flore médicale suivant le sysidme sexuel de Linnée. 2 vols. Bruxelles, 1841.
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Mertz & Co. Berichte itber en. thres Anbaues in verschiedenen Theilen Deutschlands. Berlin, 1859. G FR: RIEDRICH WILHELM. Betiradge zur ERE REAT chen Ken aes Fag der Innerste in den sistent ubenhagen und se zur Flora des Kénigreichs Hanno 2 parts. Gottingen, | 1822. esis GEoRG FRIEDRICH WILHELM. Firs hanoverana excursoria, Gottin- gen, 1849. MEver, J. C. & Scumipt, Fr. -Flora des Fichtelgebirges. Augsburg, 1854. MIKaAN, JOSEF TTFRIED, Catalogus plantarum omnium juxta systemalis vegetabilium, Pragae, 1776. ILIARAKIS, SPYRIDON. Beitrége zur Kenninis der Al land. Die Meer es-Algen der shake Senne Athen, a Miter, Parte. Narnberg, 1769-1776- MILLER, PHILIP. Le grand dictionnaire des Dae et des cultivaieurs, ou encyclopédie rurale. 8 vols. ake [t790?]. ANABU, & MAKINO, re Pocket-atlas of alpine plants of
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JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XII August, 1911. No. 140.
REPORT ON CUBAN EXPLORATION.
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-INn-CHIEF.
Sir: In accordance with your instructions, I sailed from New York City December 3, 1910, and spent three weeks in the provinces of Havana and Pinar del Rio in making a collection of botanical specimens for the Garden.
Upon my arrival at Havana on the morning of December 7, I was met by Brother Leén, ofthe Colegio de la Salle at Vedado, who had made arrangements to accompany me during my three days’ stay in that province.
December 8 was given to exploration in the coastal region between Morro Castle and Cojimar. Here, however, owing to a severe drought and an unfavorable season, few plants were in flower or fruit.
Of the shrubs, one of the most common is a species of Zanthoxy- lum (Z. taediosum), a relative of the “‘Hercules-club” of the Bahamas, and originally described from specimens collected in the vicinity of Cabafia. In sandy places back from the coast, this species often attains a height of five or six feet, but growing as it sometimes does on exposed littoral rocks it becomes dwarfed and prostrate. everal species of Lantana were frequently met with, occa- sionally growing together, and conspicuous on account of their brilliant red, orange, or white flowers.
The spurge family was represented in the coastal sands by several small, prostrate species of Che maesyce, and in the thickets
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near Cojimar by a species of Omphalea (O. trichotoma), with its much dissected or entire leaves. Many individuals were ex- amined, but all proved to be barren. The Garden collection however, contains excellent flowering and fruiting specimens ob- tained here during the spring of 1
The hillsides of Monte La Noria, and thickets along the Coji- mar River were visited the following day and specimens of many plants not represented in the coastal flora were obtained. Large shrubs of Anasiraphia (A. ilicifolia), of the thistle family are to be found on some of the steep cliffs, while in dense shade on a rocky hillside, a large clump of Brunfelsia with showy purple
lossoms was in
The banks of the Rio Almendares from Puentes Grandes to the seacoast were examined on December 10, and a number of interesting additions to the collection were ma
Sailing in the evening on the S. S. “Julian fiasee I arrived
t Bahia Honda at 4:30 the following morning. As it was ee and there was no available means at this early hour to transfer my baggage from the landing to the town, a distance of about one and a half miles, I was obliged to carry several of the large packages containing plants in driers, and await the delivery of the remainder of m
Accommodations at Bahia Honda were rather undesirable, but through chance acquaintance with Mr. John G. Keyser, I arranged to make headquarters at his residence on Bs casura carl a wis citrus plantation about two miles from town, where I re-
ed from December 12 to 20, and greatly enjoyed his ne foasteality:
Two days collections were made along Camino Aguacate, where my work was greatly facilitated by the kind suggestions of Mr. and Mrs. William Price, American residents, to ele had a letter of introduction from Mr. Ernest W. sted, a former associate at the Cuban pee Station at pala de las Vegas.
Royal palms are everywhere in abundance and form a striking feature in the landscape. Several specimens with bulging trunks much resembling the “palma baragona”’ of the savanna regions
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of Pinar del Rio were seen. Along some of the streams, a areas are forested with a dense growth of ‘‘poma rosa” Jambos), to the exclusion of native species, while near the a trees of the alligator pear and mango were prominent.
The extensive shore line of Bahia Honda was examined with the aid of a schooner, but here the flora proved rather uninterest- ing, as a large mangrove swamp extends for a considerable dis- tance, and the plants collected are — those of similar environ- ments on other West Indian islan
hile at ‘‘ Buenaventura,” ee guidance of a native, I visited several streams, along the largest of which, the Rio San Miguel, two days were devoted to collecting. Here, however, owing to uprooted trees and tangled underbrush, the work of a recent cyclone, our progress was greatly retarded, and we were often obliged to follow the bed of the river, sometimes in water
A shrubby aster was found on the rocks in the bed of the river in the vicinity of Mal Paso, and excellent herbarium specimens of it were prepared, together with other endemic plants.
The rocky hillsides directly back of Bahia Honda are covered with a low, dense growth of shrubbery, and being of a different formation, bear for the most part species absent in the coastal floras or on the fertile hillsides.
the steamer plying between Havana, Bahia Honda, and other ports along the northwest coast, makes but two trips each month, I returned to Havana early on the morning of December 22. Again having the kind codperation of Brother Leén, we explored the region, for a mile or so, between Cojimar and Playa de Bacuranao. A short distance back from the coast, we dis- covered a single plant of Cereus cnet originally described from specimens collected in the vicinity of Havana. This cactus, sometimes attainting tree-like dimensions, may formerly have been well represented in the coastal flora about here, but at the present day it is certainly rare, as it was not noticed at any other points we visited.
Parts of two days were spent in the aii between the Rio Almendares and Playa de Marianao, where the flora is more varied than in the country about Cojimar.
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On December 27, I went by automobile stage to Santiago de las Vegas to visit Laguna de Castellano, which at some seasons waters a considerable area, and contains many aquatics, and the following day by rail to Laguna Ariguanabo, where the lotus (Nelumbium luteum), of which we found only decaying leaves and stems, is said to be abundant and very attractive during the summer months. A yellow-flowered bladder-wort (Utricularia foliosa), was plentiful in shallow water, while species of Castalia, Nymphaea, and Nymphaeoides were also foun
The collection aggregates considerably over 1,000 specimens and includes many plants of interest.
For many courtesies I am greatly indebted to Mr. Wilhelm Lange, cae F. L. Page and Mr. William M. Price, of ‘' Buena- ventura.’
Sailing from Havana on December 31, I arrived in New York January 3, I9II.
Respectfully submitted, Percy WILson, Assistant Curator.
IMPROVEMENTS fee THE aes BOUNDARY HE GARDEN.
Pursuant to Chapter 558 of the Laws of the State of New York for 1909, and to the provisions of an agreement authorized by this legislation made in 1910 by the city of New York, the New York and Harlem Railroad Company, the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad Company and the New York Bo- tanical Garden, the telegraph and telephone wires and_ their supporting poles which have stood for a number of years along the western side of the Garden have recently been entirely re- moved, and the wires placed in a subterranean conduit, thus relieving this side of the Garden of an unsightly feature
Some of the poles stood on land of the Garden and others on the land of the railroad companies. The wires were interfering with the growth of trees planted for.a border-screen along the
175
boundary, and the poles, which were set inside Bronx Park a number of years ago, were found to be here without authorization.
The new conduit containing the wires was constructed partly on the right of way of the railroad companies and partly just inside the Garden, in accordance with detailed plans approved by all parties concerned, and buried deep enough to permit the planting of trees and shrubs over it, where desired. Access to the wires is attained by man-holes at suitable distances apart. The conduit was very carefully located in relation to standing trees, so that none of any value in the border-screen were affected. In the early autumn of 1910, a number of shrubs were removed from the line and seins elsewhere; these may be replaced during the coming Octobe
The agreement also aes a provision for the construction of a fence by the railroad companies along the boundary, extend- ing the entire distance from the Elevated Railroad Station on the south to the northwestern corner of the Garden land, without expense either to the city or to the Garden. This fence was built during the spring; it is of iron with concrete posts, and is avery neat and effective barrier.
All this construction work was carried out by the railroad companies in a very careful manner, so that no harm was done to any part of the grounds or to the trees, and all surplus material was cleaned up and disposed of as directed. It is a matter of congratulation to all concerned that this useful piece of work has been so speedily and satisfactorily accomplished.
N. L. Britton.
THE FLOWER EXHIBITION.
An exhibition of plants and flowers was held on July Ist and 2d, in the fossil hall in the basement of the museum, by The Horticultural Society of New York, in codperation with the Garden. A similar exhibition was held in June, one will occur on August 26th, devoted mainly to gladioluses, and another will be held in September,
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At the July exhibition the main features were. Japanese irises, outdoor roses, and flowers of herbs, shrubs and trees. It was the first flower exhibition held in July, and the outcome was uncertain. It was a success, both halls being filled with flowers.
The first prize for a collection of outdoor roses was awarded to Scott Brothers, who also received first for twelve vases of eer irises, the second prize going to Mrs. F. A. Constable.
r. rlington received first and Mrs. A. M. Booth second prize ior a ie tion of six vases of sweet peas. The first prize for a vase of one hundred sprays of sweet peas went to * Darlington and the second to Mrs. Booth. Mrs. F. A. Constable and Mr. T. A. Havemeyer took prizes for collections of herba- ceous flowers, the former first prize and the latter second. Mr. Havemeyer also took first prizes for a collection of flowers of shrubs and trees, and for six vases of Japanese irises. Three vases of sweet peas brought the first prize to Mr. Darlington in that class, the second to Mr. Havemeyer.
For a collection of three vases of sweet peas, three varieties in each vase, a special prize was awarded to Mrs. A. M. Booth, Mr. Havemeyer also receiving a special prize for a collection of sweet peas. A beautiful vase of the madonna lily, Lilium candidum, was exhibited by Mrs. Constable, to whom a special prize was awarded. Mr. L. S. Livingston exhibited a vase of cut blooms of Romneya Coulteri, a plant rare in cultivation and of difficult culture. Mr. Livingston has had great success in the cultivation of this aes Special mention was given to this exhibit by the judge
Grorce V. Nasu.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. R. A. Harper arrived in New York August 4, to assume the duties of Torrey Professor of Botany in Columbia University. Dr. Lester F. Ward visited the Garden in July and spent an afternoon inspecting the conservatories, propagating houses and
nurseries. ‘
177
Dr. N. L. Britton, accompanied by Mrs. Britton, sailed August 9, for a month’s residence at the Royal Gardens, Kew, England, in continuation of their studies on the flora of the West Indies.
Miss Lewanna Wilkins, of Washington, spent a part of the month of July at the Garden in continuation of her work on Solanaceae.
Dr. Bruce Fink, professor of botany in Miami guia Oxford, Ohio, arrived at the Garden August 10 for a mont residence, in the prosecution of his researches on North eee ican lichens.
Dr. Gertrude S. Burlingham spent a part of the summer near West Wardsboro, Vermont, collecting fungi in connection with her work on a monograph of the genus Russuia for North American Flora.
Miss Winifred J. Robinson, instructor in botany at Vassar College, has been residing at the Garden during the past month, continuing her work on Hawaiian ferns.
Miss Martha Kennerly, instructor in biology in Normal Col- lege High School, New York, has been engaged in the study of mosses at the Garden during the past month
Dr. Howard J. Banker, professor of biology in DePauw Uni- versity, Greencastle, Indiana, spent several days at the Garden in July looking over literature on the fungi.
Dr. Albert LeRoy Andrews, of Cornell University, spent the month of July at the Garden as research scholar. He has com- pleted his manuscript of the genus Sphagnum for North Amer- ican Flora and has recently been engaged in the study of Weisiaceae. A part of the time has been spent in the pine barrens of New Jersey in search of the fruit of various species of Sphagnum.
At public conservatory range no. 2, on the eastern side of the grounds, the additional houses constructed during the past year under a Park Depart t t with John R. Sheehan & Com- pany were completed and¢opened to the public on July 3. The
178
collection of tropical exogenous plants heretofore installed in houses 7 and 8 of conservatory range no. I were moved into the larger of the two new structures at conservatory range no. 2, with- outincident. This collection, in its present home, can be seen to much better advantage than before, and it can also be better cultivated, on account of the greenhouse benches being lower and the plants more readily accessible. Advantage is being taken of the opportunity to paint the interior of houses 7 and 8 of range no. 1 while they areempty. In the autumn, the collections of cacti, which at present are nearly all out-of-doors, will be brought into these houses 7 and 8, and a much more compre- hensive display of these plants will be effected by bringing there several hundred specimens hitherto grown only at the propagating houses.
Meteorology for July—tThe total precipitation recorded at the Garden for the month was 1.96 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 100° on the 2d, 104.5° on the 3d, 102.5° on the 11th, and 89° on the 18th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 58.5° on the 15th, 56° on the 19th, and 54° on the 26th
ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 11 specimens of fungi from southern California. (Given by Professor C. Fs Baker.) i specimen of Pithecoctenium hexagonum from Hope Gardens, Jamaica, West Indies. (Given by Mr. William Harris. photograph of Ilicium floridanum from Alabama. (Given by Dr, R. M. as 7)
. 7 cit p By exct ith Mr. C. C. King )
5I specimens for the local herbarium, (By exchange with the United States National Museum. 7
I specimen of Leskea algarvica from Portugal. (By exchange with Mr. H. N. Dixon.)
“4 specimens of mosses from America and Europe. (By exchange with Mr. Jules Cardot.
1 specimen of Gustavia superba from Jamaica, West Indies. (Given by Mr. William Harris.
1 specimen of Juglans from China. (Given by Mr. C. W. Beebe.)
179
4 specimens of mosses from California. (Given by Mr. George M. Pendleton.) 59 specimens of mosses from Mexico. (Distributed by Mr. T. S. Brandegee.) i specimen of Andreaea obovata from Norway. (By exchange with Dr. Niels Bryhn. z specimen of Tortula mucronifolia from Connecticut. (Given by Miss Annie Lorenz.) 4 specimens of mosses from Salisbury, Connecticut. (By exchange with Dr. George a Nic) nol . 1 f he Ch ke Bay region. (By exchange with the United States National Museum.) 6 specimens of flowering plants from South Carolina. (Given by Professor W. C. Coker. a — of violets from the New York Botanical Garden. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Bri Ii specimens rot moles (Given by. Professor Ezra Brainerd.) Philippines. (By exchange with Mr. E. D.
Merrill. 1 f, Mexico. (By exchange with the Department
ecim of of Sen Exploration Mexico.) I specimen of fungus from Mexico. (Given by Professor T. D. A. Cockerell.) 2 specimens of Rada phoenicolasius oa Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (Given by Mr. J. J. Carter.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS. 24 plants for conservatories. (By eek with Mr. Frank Weinberg.)
3 plants for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. Herman Lionarons.) 14 cactus plants from Utah. (Coste by Dr. P. A. 64 plants for the conservatories. (By exchange with U. . San Museum,
through Dr. J 2 1 packet seed of Juglans sp. from northern China. (Given by Mr. C. W. Beebe.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM AUGUST 1 TO COTOBER 33, Ig!o. Concluded.) Mout, Huco von. Grundéragen af den vegetabiliska cellens anatomi och physio- logi. Stockholm, 18 Moux_, Huco von. " Movpholeiische alate tiber das Sporangium der mit Geféssen versehenen Crvptogamen. iibingen, 1837. OHL, HuGo von. Untersuchungen alee die winterliche Farbung der Blatter. Tiibingen, 183 OH Nicova ee til en Islands Naturhistorie. ibbenhay n, 17. MOLDENHAWER, JOHANN HErNRICH DANIEL. € vasis plantarum ae vadicem pas Ante Trajecti ad Viadrum AN IGNacIo. Saggio sulla storia ea del Chili. Ed. 2. Birt 181 Mon. S, "Nie LAS. Delle cose, che vengono portate dall’ Indie occidentali eerie ee uso a medicina. en 1982 Monarpes, Nicoras. Due libri ie amas ‘de 4 semplici, aromati, et altre cose.
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sileae,
TWXXXT 3LV1d
‘NECUV) TVOINVLOG NYOX MIN FHL sO IWNanof
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XII September, 1911. No. 141.
THE USES OF THE CACTUSES.*
The Cactaceae do not comprise a very large family, yet its members present a great variety, and constitute a very important feature in the world’s vegetation and landscapes.
About 40 genera and 1,000 species are known. This audience is peculiarly favored by being privileged to see, in the green- houses and grounds of this Garden, what is undoubtedly the largest and most representative Gilection of these plants that has ever been brought together, more than 600 species being included.
Cactuses are confined almost wholly to dry regions. In nearly all cases, these regions have a distinct rainy season, although it is sometimes very short indeed. During this rainy season, the plant lays in a supply of water sufficient to last it during the dry season that follows. For the performance of this function, the cactus, like the camel among animals, is specially constructed, a certain portion of its cells being so changed in form and habit that they are capable of taking in and holding securely a large amount of water. Tissue consisting of this sort of cell is called water storage tissue. Sometimes there is only a thin layer of this tissue under the surface of the stem, while at others, a large part
of of such tissue is of this peculiar kind. € promptness with which the plant gorges itself with water as soon as the rains commence can be demonstrated by taking measurements of its
*Lecture delivered at the New York Botanical Garden, July 22,1911.
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girth at intervals of a few hours, when the rapidity of the process will remind one of absorption by a piece of sponge
It must be mentioned, however, that there are some cactuses which actually live in moist forests and thrive in a humid atmos- phere. Many of these moist-climate species, if not most of them, are epiphytic, growing on the trunks or branches of trees. Owing chiefly to the peculiar life-habits mentioned, the cactuses have developed ae forms, hare age snide: among them itea
selves, constitu
ost important of these seuiceural changes is the . i the stem of various massive forms, composed largely of soft tissue. Next in importance and ina e is the loss of the leaves, and a corresponding modification of the outer bark, by which it assumes the duties so originally ne to the leaves. It is evident that the evaporation from ordinary leaves, in the torrid atmosphere of the desert, would quickly result in the loss of stored water—long before the new annual supply became avail- able; thus, under that law of life that declares that that which a r animal needs to enable it to successfully encounter the conditions of its environment, it shall secure, the cactus loses its leaves, at least as to their foliaceous form, and the epidermis of the stem is so modified as to assume wholly their duties, instead of iad aiding a little in their performance, as is customary among other plants. Their surface thus becomes smooth, green ay fen ike.
The leaves are not wholly lost, but are converted into spines, which often assume very strange and peculiar forms. That these changes are the result of environment, is evidenced by the fact that in various other families, especially the spurge or castor-oil family, almost exactly similar forms occur among the members which live under similar conditions.
The loss of moisture by evaporation is not the only danger to which plants of the desert are subjected. Their rich stores of water and of soft and digestible tissue, make them eagerly sought by foraging animals, against which they are protected by the formidable spines which I have described and illustrated. Some few possess no spines, having lost, their leaves altogether. These
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are, as a rule, poisonous, though there are believed to be some exceptions.
The protection gained by this spiny armature is increased and made more effective by the great readiness with which pieces of the stems take root and multiply, if broken off. In this way, they come to grow in vast, dense colonies, often to the exclusion of almost all other growth, and sometimes so densely as to entirely preclude travel among them by large animals.
the peculiarities which I have mentioned, have de- veloped quite a number of uses to which cactuses are put. First among such uses we will consider those which relate to the furnishing of drinking water for desert travelers in danger of perishing of thirst.
The fact that cattle, fed upon cactus pulp, require no other water supply, teaches the thirsting savage to chew and suck this pulp. When hecan reach some one of the large barrel-cactuses, he employs a more elaborate method. The top of the stem is cut off and the soft inner pulp of the body is chopped and broken up, and then mashed with a pounder, and finally brought into such a state that it can be taken up and the water wrung out of it with the hands. It is said that in Mexico, a large cylindrical stem-section is sometimes removed, the cut ends sealed up, a hole bored in one | the section placed over a fire with this
hole uppermost, and t ontained water driven off and con- densed. A number of area in this process suggest them- selves, but it can scarcely be regarded as impossible
The protective properties of the spines of cactuses are utilized in many ways. Cattle hedges are produced by merely dropping pieces of the stems in a row, where they quickly take root and form an impenetrable barrier. Stems of the organ- ~cactus are
stems a foot or more in diameter, and often twenty feet or more inheight. Adobe walls surrounding gardens are surmounted with a growth of spiny cactus which is pretty apt to keep out maraud- ing boys. Huts or kraalls are often built wholly or partly of cactus stems, and are an excellent protection against the inroads of wild beasts and serpents.
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A strange mode of utilizing cactus spines is for the torture of prisoners by savages. It is reported that the Apache Indians, during the war of 1880, having captured some of their own people who had taken service with our Government as spies, gathered a pile of inflammable material, topped it with a mass of cactuses, threw the bound and naked captives upon the pile, where they were held fast by the great number of spines which penetrated deeply into the flesh, and in this position were burned.
The protection offered by the possession of poisonous prop- erties is utilized by the Indians of northern Mexico in a peculiar
species of Lophophora, or as they were formerly called, Anhalo- nium, natives of the region named. Most of the bodies of these plants are beneath the surface of the earth, only an inch or two of the top being aérial. These tops are cut off and dried, becom- ing greatly reduced in size and of a button-like form, so that they are popularly known as mezcal or muscal buttons. At certain times, the Indians gather for religious feasts and ceremonies, on which occasions they chew these buttons, swallowing the juice. A narcotic or delirifacient effect is produced, the subject going into a state of bodily paralysis, resembling sleep to an observer, but the mind being in a condition of trance, in which visions are seen and strange experiences are imagined. This procedure is thus in the same class as the use of opium or hashish by the orientals. If an excessive amount is taken, or if the
e quently eae in ae th. These plants have been chemically analyzed and their narcotic properties have been found to reside in a series of powerfully poisonous alkaloids. Efforts have been
ade to utilize these alkaloids in medicine, but their field of usefulness has not yet been determined, and they are regarded
rather as medical curiosities than as therapeutical agents.
Another poisonous species is the night-blooming cereus of the West Indies. The flowers, and to a less extent the stems of this plant have been utilized in medicine, asa heart tonic. Some chemists have extracted an alkaloidal principle, others equally competent and careful have failed todo so. Some physicians
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find the medicine of great service, others equally reliable have found it inert, and the conclusion is unavoidable that the proper- ties of the different lots of drug have varied, from some as, yet undetermined cause.
An unimportant though interesting use of the cactus as depends upon the peculiar manner in which its woody zo constructed. Its wood does not form a continuous eae as in the case of ordinary shrubs and trees, but consists of narrow bands which run spirally around the stem, in both directions, leaving lozenge-shaped openings at the intersections, these being occupied by a continuation of the soft tissue of the center, which connects the latter with that of the bark. In the young state these woody bands are small and the openings between them large, but with age the former gradually widen until at length the latter may be entirely eliminated, the woody zone becoming complete. Such stems, when of proper form and convenient size, are cleaned of their bark, the pith removed, the interstices cleaned out and the saan skeleton then bleached or stained for use as an odd walking stick
One of the uses of certain species of prickly pear cactus, formerly of vast importance, has been largely minimized by the discovery of the anilin dyes, namely, its use for the feeding and cultivation of the cochineal insect. Had it not been for the substitution of anilin for cochineal coloring, the demand for cochineal wou this time have been so great that enormous areas covered by cactus, and now practically useless, would have been required in the cochineal industry.
We now come to the more important uses of the Cactaceae, namely those relating to nutrition. It cannot be claimed that cactus pulp is a highly nutritious vegetable Air but this act by no means implies that its uses for food or fodder are unimportant. On the contrary, the conditions are a as to render the possible importance of these plants for fodder so great as to be almost beyond one’s conception. It is well known that one of the greatest problems that now face political economists is that of finding some way of enlarging our meat supplies, so as to meet the increasing necessities of the human race. The pro-
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duction of cattle in the United States by the old system of wide herd ranging is practically at an end. Development here must now take the form of intensive methods of cattle production, upon relatively small areas. It is the problem of land scarcity that now faces the grazing industry. In this emergency, we find millions of acres of land upon which the supply of ordinary forage plants is so small, and is found during such restricted portions of the year, that grazing cannot be profitably conducted there, but which support an amount of cactus vegetation capable of supplying an almost limitless a . fodder, provided that a method can be found for using it. his condition, were there no other, would render the iG. ve cactus for fodder one of the most important to which governments could direct their attention, but there is another, the importance of which is . not less. It has been found in feeding cactus to cattle, that they can subsist upon it without the addition of any other water supply, there being about 8 gallons of water per hundred pounds, and probably more in some species not yet tested, so that it at once provides a method of cattle production where there is no water supply. It is perhaps too much to see. that the successful raising of cattle by means of upported supply of cactus pulp, of the sort now ane is eee but it can be affirmed that this supplv is capable of preserving the lives of great herds during temporary periods of scarcity of fodder and water. There are furthermore good grounds for hoping that through the process of plant breeding and improvement by cultivation, the character of cactus fodder can be greatly im- proved as to its nutritive ratio and value, and that processes of separation and manufacture can be devised which will render it available for many uses not now practicable.
The results of the use of cactus fodder up to the present time indicate that its value, in kind as well as in amount, is almost the exact equivalent of that of green corn fodder, and that, in order to give the animal the fodder ratio required by the laws of nutrition, some richer fodder, as grain, must be fed with it. Fed in this way, and without any additional water supply, milk cattle were found to thrive without any apparent deterioriation. It
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is furthermore worthy of note that the digestibility of grain and hay becomes greater with the addition of the cactus fodder.
It goes without saying that the spines existing upon these plants constitute a great obstacle to their successful use as fodder. The large spines, conspicuous to the eye, and rendering the plants so obviously formidable, are really of little importance when compared with the inconspicuous ones, which are not noticeable to the ordinary observer. I do not mean that these large spines
lessness is manifested in handling the plants. Furthermore, there is in many cases a little cap at the tip which is detached and left behind in the flesh when the thorns are pulled out. Some of these caps Possess their own poisonous properties, in addition to those which may exist upon them from the presence of ordinary atmospheric germs. The result is that they are capable of pro- ducing, and frequently do produce serious festering wounds and sometimes quite serious blood poisoning.
For every one of these larger spines, there are perhaps hundreds of a different kind, as fine as hair and only a small fraction of an inch in length. These are not borne singly as are the larger ones, but form little cushions, appearing like velvet to the eye, so densely massed they are, and penetrating the flesh in great numbers when these cushions are touched, even in the lightest manner. It is obvious that to feed cattle or sheep upon cactus fodder bearing this frightful armament would prove seriously injurious and, ultimately, aad fatal in most cases. he method that has prevailed in the ordinary use of cactus as a famine fodder, has been that of ce off the larger spines and scorching off the finer ones, a process to which they yield instantly. A more important method is that of causing the plants to cease the production of the spines, by a process of plant selection and breeding. To this undertaking, Mr. Burbank, and to a less extent some others, have devoted great attention, and the results are quite promising.
Before taking up the important uses of the cactuses for human food, a few words may be said regarding their possible utilization as a source of sugar, alcohol and fiber.
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The presence of fiber in plants so conspicuously juicy and pul is manifestly of relatively small importance. Nevertheless, there is great diversity among the different species and genera in this particular and it is, to say the least, not impossible that important uses for cactus fiber may yet be found. Moreover, should manu- facturing processes finally be resorted to for the production of concentrated cactus foods, there will be, as a result, enormous quantities of fiber, as a by-product. While much of this would Pansat) eS used for fuel in the factory, it is very likely would become available in the manu-
facture of paper cals, the important chemicals required in this industry being obtainable in many of the regions where the cactuses grow
The percentage of sugar in the cactus pulp is decidedly small, but when we reflect upon what has been done through selection and breeding to increase the percentage of sugar in the juice of the sugar cane, the sugar beet and especially the sorghum, we are justified in entertaining great hope for similar results in this family.
For the production of alcohol, it is not necessary to separate the sugar, but merely to ferment the mass and distill. In Mexico, and especially in Australia, an incredible amount of sugary cactus fruits go to waste annually which could easily be utilized in the production of spirit.
Coming now to the subject of the cactus as a human food, we note that even though it be not highly nutritious, it is fully equal in this respect to many of our vegetables used as relishes, and for adding to foods of other kinds. In Mexico, the young shoots or flattened joints of several cactuses, peeled and cleaned, are fried in fat as we fry egg-plant. Not only are they so palat- able as to be used by the well-to-do, but they constitute a very cheap food for the masses. For one cent of Mexican money, equal to one half cent of ours, I have purchased enough of these “‘nopalitas’’ to furnish a breakfast for a small family.
Cactus pulp is preserved, as we preserve watermelon rind or citrons, and is also sold candied, like our glacé fruits. Cactus fruits are also candied in the same way and are among the most
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delicious wares of the native confectioners. A ruder and cheaper, but yet excellent product is made by crushing the very ripe fruits, molding the paste into little cakes and thoroughly evap- orating it, when it keeps well for a long time. Such cakes are quite sweet, though scarcely as sweet as figs, which they some- what resemble in flavor. Since the number and variety of cactus fruits is very great, it will be seen that there is a wide range in sweetness and flavor among these products. Indeed, not all of
em are sweet. I have purchased one variety in the market of Queretaro, in the dried condition, which was very sour and might form the basis of an excellent sauce or pie, similar to those from gooseberries or cranberries. These fruits were of green color and of the size of large gooseberries. The sale of cactus fruits, to be eaten in the fresh condition, constitutes a very important branch of industry in Mexico. Most of these fruits are classed as Tunas, and are produced by species of Opuntia or prickly pear.
goose egg, and are of all shades of red, purple, crimson, yellow and green. Not only is this variety of color found upon the outside but throughout the pulp. Remembering that the cactus fruit is borne inside the end of a short branch, it may be inferred that they are very spiny on the surface. These spines must be carefully removed before they can be eaten. This is readily done by wiping them with a wisp of grass or a piece of paper, or they may be carefully peeled eae held upon the end of a fork, like a hot potato. To the taste of most northern people, they are rather insipid and not very agreeable, but those brought up to their use find them quite as tasty as we do our staple fruits. The Pitahaya, fruit of the giant species of Cereus and Gace. allies, is quite different and requires separate treatment. nearly spherical, about as large as an egg, and of an exceedingly deep purple, internally and externally. It is much sweeter and of pleasanter flavor than the tunas, and is highly prized by all classes. It is not, however, merely its flavor that imparts the value, for the tiny seeds of which it largely consists are fatty and highly nutritious. The Indians, during the season, subsist largely upon this fruit and wax strong and fat.
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Another fruit which requires special mention is the Garambulla, among the smallest of the edible cactus fruits, but growing upon one of the largest of its trees, Myrtidlocactus geometrizans (Mart.) Console. This tree grows in the form ofa candelabra, the crown consisting of a dense mass of ao four- or five-angled branches, as thick as the arm or leg. e flowers and fruits occupy the edges of the angles, usually oe touching one another through- out. The fruits are as large as small gooseberries, and of an ex- tremely deep purple. They bear the flower remains upon the tip and, unlike most other cactus fruits, are entirely smooth. They are collected sometimes by shaking, by waiting until they fall from their own ripeness, by scraping the angles with the end ofa pole or, oftenest of all, by hand-picking. Thousands of bushels of them are sold annually in the market places in the fresh con- dition and other thousands are dried for winter use. They are sweet and delicious, of a flavor very hard to describe, that of a combination of various fruits, perhaps resembling the mulberry more than any other one frui
Altogether, while we cannot — the Cactaceae as among the most useful of the families of plants, their aggregate impor- tance must be rated as great and their possibilities even greater.
Russy.
MUSHROOM POISONING.
The recent epidemic of mushroom poisoning, during which about thirty persons lost their lives within a few weeks in the vicinity of New York City alone, was undoubtedly due to the
ni g angel,” in the groves and woodlands of this region. After i: heavy and continued rains of the last week in August, fol- lowing a prolonged drought, mushrooms of many kinds sprang up in great quantity, the white form of the deadly amanita being conspicuous because of its color and large size, as well as because of its abundan The pete. were mainly among the ignorant and foreign- born, who, to my personal knowledge, often collect everything
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they find in the form of a fleshy mushroom as they scour a piece of woodland, at times leaving behind them the ‘‘cups” of the poisonous species imbedded in the soil. These same persons not only eat the specimens themselves, but also sell them to shop- keepers and share them with their friends. The white form of Amanita phalloides, especially when young and broken away from its swollen base, does not appear.so very different to these collectors from the common field mushroom, Agaricus campestris, which is often pure white above and has its vivid pink gills hidden from sight by the veil in the younger stages. The two species are, however, very widely distinct, and persons incapable of distinguishing them would do well to abandon at once the réle of mycophagist. The following descriptions indicate how different the two plants are: ComMon MusHroom, Agaricus campestris.
Pileus 5-9- cm. broad, convex to expanded, dry, silky and whitish or floccose-squamulose and light reddish-brown, the color being chiefly in the scales; flesh white, thick, solid, of mild flavor, sometimes becoming reddish when broken; gills free, rounded
behind, ventricose, crowded, white when young, becoming sal- mon-pink, and finally purplish-brown or blackish; spores ellip- soid, smooth, dark-brown, 12 long; ring delicate cel
cu-
ous, formed from a thin, white veil, wien covers the gills in their
younger stages; stem smooth, white, cylindric, ene equal, stuffed within, 3-6 cm. long, 1.5-2 cm. thick
The common mushroom occurs in low grass on meadows or on
rich, moist upland pastures, being common after rains from
August to October i in this latitude. e ‘‘spawn,”’ or vegetative
matter found therein. In the cultivation of this species, bricks of spawn are planted in suitable soil and the conditions of growth attended to with great care. This is the mushroom usually found in market, either in the fresh state or in cans. Most persons who collect fungi for food in the fields limit themselves to this one species. DEsTROYING ANGEL, Amanita phalloides.
eus vex to expanded, 5-15 cm. broad; surface smooth,
Bcc ein slightly viscid when moist; margin entire, con-
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colorous; flesh white, not objectionable to the taste, although at times emitting a slightly disagreeable odor; gills white, not
sheathed at the swollen base with a conspicuous white volva or ‘‘death-cup” 2.5-4 cm. in diameter
e above description applies — to the white form. The species is common during summer and autumn in open groves and along the edges of woods. The most important part of the deadly amanita is the sheath at the base of the stem known as the “‘death-cup.”’ This is what remains of the outer coat of the ‘‘egg”’ after the cap has burst from it and has been carried upward by the growing stem. The ring on the stem is somewhat similar to that of the common mushroom, but the gills are white, both when young and old, those of the common mushroom being at first pink, then black.
When gathering mushrooms, it is exceedingly important to get all of the stem and not leave a portion of it in the ground, since the ‘‘death-cup”’ may thus be overlooked. Mushrooms should not be gathered in the ‘‘button are growing in the same place, otherwise an ‘‘egg”’ of one of the poisonous kinds may be collected by mis
If distress is experienced within four or Ae hours after eating
”
stage unless mature specimens
mushrooms, it is probably a case of indigestion or minor poisoning and should readily yield to a prompt emetic. If, however, from eight to twelve hours have elapsed since eating the mushrooms, disagreeable symptoms should be taken very seriously, since it is almost certain that one of the deadly narcotic poisons is at work. A physician should at once be called and the heart action stimulated by a hypodermic injection of about one sixtieth of a grain of Seen which should be repeated twice at half hour intervals. Atropine is an antidote to the poison of the “fly manita,’’ which gee es the nerves controlling the action of the heart. If the ‘“‘deadly amanita”’ has been eaten, the atropine will probably do no good, and death will surely follow if the amount eaten is sufficient.
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For further information on this subject, the reader is referred to an article on local edible mushrooms in the JouRNAL for December, 1908; and to one on poisonous mushrooms in My- coLocia for November, 1910.
W. A. Murri_t.
THE GLADIOLUS EXHIBITION.
The August exhibition of The Horticultural Society of New York was held in codperation with the Garden on Saturday and Sunday, the 26th and 27th. The premiums offered were for gladioluses and water-lilies. Two large tables, fifty feet long, one in each of the central aisles of the fossil hall, were necessary for the exhibits, with three igen supplementary tables to ac- commodate the overflow. able in the west end of the hall, fully one half of the table in = east end, and part of the supple- mentary tables were devoted to gladioluses, so the preponderance of this popular flower was evident, making it primarily a gladiolus exhibit. Without seeing this large display; one could hardly realize that there were so many forms of this beautiful flower, all the colors of the rainbow being represented in many combina- tions
There were other exhibits besides gladioluses. <A collection of water-lilies, rich in color and fragrance, was one of the attractions. Mr. Wilbour S. Boyer, of Bedford Park, exhibited some peaches grown within a short distance of the Garden. Mr. John Lewis Childs, in addition to his fine exhibit of gladioluses, had an attractive group, containing Lycoris squamigera, Calla Elliottiana, Montbretia, in three varieties, and Tritoma Pfitzeri, one of the “red-hot pokers.”” Mr. C. H. Werner exhibited a large vase of Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora. The New York Botanical Garden made a display of flowers and fruits of herbaceous plants and of trees and shrubs; this collection attracted much attention.
eather conditions during the exhibit were unfortunate, interfering much with the attendance. This is especially to be regretted in this case, for a finer display of gladioluses is rarely seen than was assembled at this exhibition.
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The following awards were made for gladioluses in the open to all class. For the largest and best collection Mr. John Lewis Childs received the first prize. For the best twelve varieties, three spikes of each, the first prize went to Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, A. Lahodny, gardener; the second to Mr. H. Darlington, P. W. Popp, gardener. The first prize for the best vase of a white variety was awarded to Jacob Thomann & Sons, the second to Mr. ae Lewis Childs. For the best vase of a pink variety
Mr. S. Miller received first, Mr. John Lewis Childs, second. Mr. " Darlington was awarded the first prize for a center piece.
In the class for non-commercial growers the following prizes were awarded for gladioluses. For the largest and best collection of named varieties, the first to Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, who also took first for the best six varieties, two spikes of each, Mr. Dar- lington taking second. The first prize was awarded to Mr. Have- meyer for the best vase of a white variety, and also for the best vase of pink, the second going to Mr. Darlington in the pink class
The first prize for a collection of water-lilies, in the open to all class, went to Mr. Wm. Tricker. Special mention was given to a collection of seedling gladioluses, shown by Mr. E. S. Miller; to a collection of Chinese asters, exhibited by Mr. H. Darlington; and to a collection of hybrid tea outdoor roses, exhibited by Mr. Wm. Tricker.
The judges were James Stuart, Robert Stobo, and John Canning. GEORGE V. Nasu.
AUTUMN LECTURES, to1t.
Lectures have been and will be delivered in the Lecture Hall of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on Saturday afternoons, at four o'clock, as follows:
ept. 2. ‘‘The Berlin Botanical Garden,’’ Dr. W. A. Murrill. Sept. 9. “Plants and People of Pinar del Rio, Cuba,” Dr.
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Sept. 23. “The Vegetation of the Dismal Swamp of Virginia,’’ Dr. Arthur Hollick.
Sept. 30. ‘The Bo of pe re as of the New York Botanical Garden,’’ Dr. N. L on.
Oct. “Some Scenic aie nae Features of Cuba,’’ Dr. Marshall A. Howe.
Oct. 14. ‘The Movements of Plants,’’ Dr. C. C. Curtis.
ct. 21. ‘‘Some Types of Variegated Plants,’’ Prof. R. A.
Harper.
Oct. 28. ‘The Methods of Detecting Adulteration in Food and Drugs,’’ Dr. H. H. Rusby.
The lectures, which occupy an hour, will be illustrated by lantern slides and otherwise. The doors will be closed at 4:00, and opened again at 4:15 to admit those arriving late.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. Charles E. Fairman, of Lyndonville, N. Y., spent several days at the Garden in August, consulting the library and collec- tions of fungi.
Mr. B. O. Dodge, accompanied by Mrs. Dodge, recently spent several days in Bermuda collecting fungi and algae.
ydberg, curator, returned September 18 from a
a months collecting trip in southeastern Utah. R. C. Benedict, who has recently been appointed instructor in ene in New York University, has been awarded a research scholarship at the Garden for a part of the months of August and
September. r. Wilmer G. Stover, a graduate of Miami University, hae and ie student at the New York Botanical Garde as
been appointed instructor in botany in the State re oe College at Stillwater, Oklakoma, for the coming year.
The water lilies in the court of conservatory no. I are especially fine at present, particularly the tender sorts in the western pool. A novelty in this pool is the new one in the center, with large blue flowers, Grosherzog Ernst Ludwig. This resembles Pennsylvania
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in some respects, but is even larger. The pure white Castalia dentata is very striking, with its large flowers. Of this same type are Frank Trelease, a rich crimson, mottled; Geo. Huster, a brilliant crimson; O’ Marana, pink with a ee stripe down the middle of the petals; and Rewensis, light pi Then there are a number of examples of Castalia satietoce including the type with deep violet-blue flowers, and the variety with rose-colored blooms. Of the same type are capensis and coerulea, both blue-flowered species; etait and Wm. Stone, both hybrids, the former
ith light blue, the latter with violet-blue flowers; and Mrs. C. W. Ward, a ae rosy pink. The royal water lily from Para- guay, Victoria Cruziana, has been flowering for some time, and is still doing so. The large leaves, with the broad upturned margins, make this plant a conspicuous object in the pool. The flowers have the scent of the pine apple, and appear during the night.
Meteorology for August—The total precipitation recorded at the garden for the month was 6.50 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 93° on the 17th and 94° on the 23d. tem- perature of 98° was recorded between the 1oth and 14th, but record failed to show the exact date. Also minimum tempera- tures were recorded of 52.5° on the 20th, 55° on the 22d, and 54° on the 31st.
The early part of the month was dry but the last eight days of the month were characterized by almost continuous and, for a part of the time, heavy rainfall.
ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. 107 specimens of Rubus from eastern North America. (Distributed by Mr. W. H. Blanchard.) specimens of fossil fruits from Wyoming. (Collected by Mr. Charles H. sie .) 6 specimens of fossil figs from Wyoming. (Collected by Dr. F. H. Knowlton.) 36 specimens of Rosaceae from Mexico and Central America. (By exchange with the University of Copenhagen.) specimens of flowering plants from Colorado. (By exchange with Mr. George E. yn rhout.)
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2 photographs of type specimens. (From the Herbarium of the University of Copenhag en. specimen of Trigonella iad has from Alabama, (Given by Prof. S. M, fee y.) . I-specimen of Ceratopteris fr rom Louisiana. (Given by Dr..R. C. Benedict.) 5 specimens of oo denticulatum from Montana. (By exchange with pean ue iene er.) specimens from the collection of Dr ne Bremen. on specimens from Utah. (By exchange with Professor C. P. S: 10 photographs of fleshy fungi aa Illinois and Oregon, (By ae with r. C. F. Millspaugh. I eae of Laetiporus speciosus from Brooklyn, New Vork. (Given by Mr. J. J. Levison.) 22 specimens of woody fungi from Michigan.” (By exchange with Dr. H. D. House. 2 specimens of Mexican plants. (Given a Professor T. D. A. Cocker.) - I specimen of a fasciated strawberry. (Given by Miss Jane Oppen! I specimen of Gymnostomum laeve from arctic America. (By ex ee with Dr. Bryhn.)
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SEPH. Prodrom der Waldstitter Cefesspfensen “Schwyz; Zs RICHARD, ACHILLE. Nouveaux éléments de bot d. 12. ie 1876.
RotH, ERNsT. ea Hiithentragende Schmaroi teerpflonsee. _Hambur; B 1899.
Rovirosa, José N, de Méxi de los helechos de esta regién precedida de un bosquejo ‘de la flora general. Mexico, 1909.
Sacus, F: G Jutrus von. Vorl gen tiber Pfu Physiologi: pte
82, IDLIN, EDUARD. Die wichtigsten Futter-Gréser. Ed. 3. by Wilhelm Schitle, Sen. & Wilhelm in Jun. sine cae: 1877 [1876..
Botanik. Ed. 4. by O. E. R. Zimmer-:
2 vols, ae ,& Sc sae wh Die vorsiiglichsten Gifipflanzen Deutschlands und
der Schweiz. Constanz, no d:
. CARL. cae ee des Alpen-Wanderer.
s. Ed. 6. Ziirich, [1898.]
. acreage fir héhere Médchenschulen und Lebrerinnen
Seminare. Parti. Berlin, CHUM.
Ss (ANN, KARL Monit, ‘i ‘Cue, Ernst. Das Pflanzenreich. Neudamm,. [t896.
. SEUBERT, Moritz. Die Pflanzenkunde in populdver.Darstellung. Ed. 6. Leip- zig, I é .
5. Fi , SEUBERT, Monritz. Grundriss der Botanik. Ed. 5. Ed. by W.v. Ahles. Leipzig,
‘ER, H. Bilder aus der Pfhlanzenwelt fiir ihre Freunde, fiir die Tungend und die Schule. anpae [187,
RTSON. Forest flora and forest resources of Portuguese East
9.
Ss . THEODOR. Botenischer Taschenbegleiter des Alpenclubisten.. Ziirich, 1871.
era iain Shade-trees in towns and cities. New York, IQIl. (Given by . L. Bri
STADLER
ALOMON. fe zur Kenniniss der Nectavien ae Biologle der Blithen. Ber lin, I
4 B g
cece GoTTLIEB, & ScHROTER, CARL. Die besien Fulterpflanzen. ‘art 2. pee 1884. :
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XII October, 1911. No, 142.
REPORT ON A VISIT TO THE ROYAL GARDENS, KEW, ENGLA . TO THE BRITISH MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY.
To THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS,
Gentlemen: Pursuant to your permission I sailed from New York, August 9, on the Cunard steamship “ Lusitania,” accom- panied by Mrs. Britton, arriving at Fishguard, Wales, August 14, and proceeded to the Royal Gardens at Kew, Surrey, England, for the purposes: (1) of studying the living plant collections in the grounds and greenhouses with reference to comparison with our own and in particular those of Saar (2) for the com- parison in the Kew Herbarium, and in that of the British Museum of Natural History, of over nine ee specimens of Cuban plants of our recent collecting, which I took with me for that purpose, together with a considerable number from Jamaica; be- sides (3) for information concerning a number of questions which have arisen during the course of our work, only to be obtained by reference to older collections.
An exceptionally severe and prolonged drought had turned usually moist and green southern England to grey and brown, so that much of its normal beauty was absent; fields and lawns in particular were affected, the latter so much so in many places as to make us wonder if they could ever be brought back to their usual velvet-like condition without ploughing and resowing. Gardens also, naturally, had suffered severely; shrubs showed leaves and fruits dried up long before their time for falling; trees
215
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were losing their leaves a month or more before they ordinarily would and herbaceous plants were flowering much less freely than is usual.
In spite of these, for England, extraordinary conditions, Kew was fascinatingly attractive, and the great number of different plants brought together from all parts of the world is almost bewildering, and of surpassing interest. Many of the young trees of many kinds, planted in recent years, had made good growths since my visit, of two years ago, and tlie living es of all kinds had developed and had been increased in I took note of many species desirable for cultivation i us; the climate conditions are so different, however, that a great many species, thriving in southern ar in the open, can only be maintained under glass at New
he cactus collection at Kew jane a number of South American species not yet obtained for the Bronx, notably certain kinds of Cereus and related genera, and some of these are very fine large plants. Several of them came into bloom during my visit and a study of their flowers enabled me to satisfactorily refer them to the genera in which they properly belong. I asked, and was promised, cuttings of some of these cacti, for our own collection. The genera Pereskia and Pereskiopsis, in which Dr. Rose and I are at present especially interested, are not well rep- resented at Kew, and I am sending duplicate plants there in exchange for the Cereus cuttings, together with some other cacti.
Our field work in Cuba has made our collections of plants from that island very large and representative, comprising, taken to- gether with collections made under other auspices, not fewer than 20,000 different specimens. The study of these plants seemed to disclose the existence in Cuba of such an unexpectedly large number of species new to science that I deemed it very desirable to check these results by comparisons of a selection of the apparent novelties at the great herbarium at Kew, and to prove or disprove the identity of others of which I was uncertain. I accomplished this interesting investigation, though not without continuous application, for the number of observations required was very large. The general result is that our exploration work
217
adds some four hundred species to the known flora of Cuba, most of which are undescribed and new to science, a result well worth the time and cost entailed. Some of these I propose to describe myself, and to submit others to associates and corre- cea ts for description. The greater number of novelties in-
habit the mountainous portions of the Province of Oriente, explored by Dr. J. A. Shafer in 1909, and 1910 and 1911; the region next most prolific in new species is the mountainous part of Santa Clara, explored by myself, with Mrs. Britton, Professor F. S. Earle and Mr. Percy Wilson in 1910; and other new types are found in the collections made elsewhere. Important addi- tions to knowledge of geographic distribution of plants have also been made
The field is so evidently unexhausted, that I propose to con- tinue Cuban exploration, as previously authorized, and I have commissioned Dr. Shafer to proceed to the Province of Pinar del Rio for two months’ collecting, and thence to Santa Clara for one month; I desire to personally study portions of Oriente not yet visited by any of our collectors or by other botanists and to make this exploration in March and April of 1912.
Opportunity was taken during my visit to these great British institutions to obtain information relative to the type specimens
any American plants, for use in ‘‘ North American Flora” and elsewhere; for reference to some literature of botany not con- tained in our library; for observations on variegated plants for the use of Professor Harper in his forthcoming investigation on this interesting topic; and for methods of cultivation of many species. rs. Britton continued her studies of mosses both at Kew and
at the British Museum and obtained data of importance for use in the forthcoming first bryological part of “North American Flora.” We took with us parcels of duplicate West Indian mosses for both institutions, as exchanges. She made pleasant visits to Dr. Braithwaite in London, Mr. Dixon in Northampton and Mr. Nicholson in Lewes for consultation relative to bryo- logical questions of mutual interest, as well as to the Misses Mitten, at Hurst Pierpoint; it will be remembered that the moss
218
collections of their father, the late distinguished William Mitten, became the property of the New York Botanical Garden by purchase, several years ago, this purchase having been made possible by generous friends of the Garden.
I also transmitted, at the time of my visit, both to the Royal Gardens, Kew, and to the British Museum of Natural History, sets of herbarium specimens collected by our Mr. R. S. Williams n Bolivia in 1901-3, when he accompanied the expedition organized by Sir Martin Conway; these specimens have been in course of study by Dr. H. H. Rusby who has published descriptions of many of them, while others will be described by him in a paper now ready for printing.
We were most cordially eee) at Kew and at the British Museum, and were given much important assistance in our work by the staffs of both institutions; and we are grateful to Col. Prain, Director of the Royal Gardens, and to Dr. Rendle, Keeper of the Museum’s Department of Botany, and their associates for this kind codperation.
Respectfully submitted, L. Britron, Director-in-Chie.
THE PLANT PHOTOGRAPH EXHIBIT.
A set of 214 enlarged photographs, illustrating plant societies, habit-, flower-, and fruit-characters of trees and other higher plants, as well as habit and structural characters of some of the larger algae and fungi, has been installed in the systematic museum of the Garden. The photographs, which are 11 X 14 inches in size, are mounted in glazed frames, 43 of them bearing four each of the bromide enlargements and seven bearing six each. The frames are fastened to the walls of the museum on the second floor and, so far as practicable, have been placed near the cases containing representatives of the species illustrated. The en- Jargements have been made chiefly from 4 X 5 negatives ob- tained by various Garden expeditions to Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Santo Domingo, Porto Rico, and Panama. About
219
150 more enlargements have been made, provided with printed labels, and await the completion of frames in order to be installed. Both the present grouping in the frames and the position of the frames on the walls are provisional and will be subject to better- ment from time to time as other photographs become available. The labels of the photographs thus far installed are given below, omitting the explanatory details and not attempting to reproduce the typography and alignment. In several cases where a label appears to be repeated, the accompanying photographs differ in detail, as would be evident if the labels were here reprinted in full.
The Deceptive Halimeda, Halimeda simulans M. A. Howe. Codium Family (Algae). Culebra Island, Porto Rico.
iscoid Halimeda, Halimeda Gicaaee Decaisne. Codium Senay esas Caesar’s Creek, h man’s Shaving-Brush, eee pyriformis A. & ELS. Gepp. Codium Family (Algae). Bemini Harbor, Bahamas.
The Mermaid’s Wine-Glass, Acefabulum crenulatum (Lamour.)
See Dasycladus Family (Algae). Miami, Florida. e Sea Broom, ie eae M. A. Howe. Co- ren ay ae). reat he let ae Udotea ae Deane Codium Family nee ). Bahama Islands.
The Coherent Udotea, Udotea conglutinata (Ell. & Soland.) Lamour. Codium Family (Algae). Bahama Islands.
Halimedas with Sporangia, Halimeda Tuna - & Soland.) Lamour. and Halimeda tridens (Ell. & Soland.) Lam Codium Family (Algae). Culebra Island and Tallaboa, oe Rico
he Honey-Comb Halimeda, Halimeda favulosa M. A. Howe. Codium Family (Algae). Cave Cays, Bahamas. [An entire plant.]
The Honey-Comb Halimeda, Halimeda favulosa M. A. Howe. Codium Family (Algae). Cave Cays, Bahamas. [A portion of surface magnified.]
The Erect Goniolithon, Goniolithon strictum Fosl. Coralline Family (Algae). Stocking Island, amas.
he Erect Goniolithon, Gonalien strictum Fosl. Coralline Family (Algae). Stocking Island, Bahamas
220
The Peeling Goniolithon, Gontolithon decutescens (Heyd.) Fosl. Coralline Family (Algae). Great Exuma, Bahamas.
The Peeling Goniolithon, nis decutescens (Heyd.) Fosl. Coralline Family (Algae). Bermuda. (A magnified section.)
The Antillean Lithophyllum, Paice ie Fosl. &
owe. Coralline Family (Algae). Culebra, Porto Rico. [An entire plant.
The Antillean Lithophyllum, Lithophyllum Antillarum Fosl. & Howe. Coralline Family (Algae). Culebra, Porto Rico. [A magnified section.]
The Broad-Topped Goniolithon, Goniolithon acropetum Fosl. & Howe. Coralline care (Algae). Culebra Island, Porto Rico. {An entire plant.]
The Broad-Topped Goniolithon, Goniolithon acropetum Fosl. & Howe. va eee cee (Algae). Culebra Island, Porto Rico. [A magnified sec
The Nor ee ig oteanien Lithothamnion glaciale Kjellm. Coralline Family (Algae). Topsail, Newfoundland. [Entire eee
The Northern Lithothamnion, Lithothamnion glaciale Kjellm. Corstens eee (Algae). Topsail, Newfoundland. [Magnified section.]
The Northern Lithothamnion, Lithothamnion glaciale Kjellm. Coralline Family (Algae). Topsail, Newfoundland. [Magnified section.
The Bermudian Lithophyllum, Lithophyllum bermudense Fosl. & Howe. Coralline Family (Algae). Spanish Point, Bermuda. {Magnified section
The ioe aati Lithophyllum, Lithophyllum daedaleum Fosl. & Howe. Coralline Family (Algae). Santurce, Porto Rico. {An entire plant.]
The Labyrinthine Lithophyllum, Lithophyllum daedaleum Fosl. & Howe. Coralline Family (Algae). Santurce, Porto Rico. {Magnified section.
The Labyrinthine Lithophyllum, Lithophyllum daedaleum Fosl. & Howe. Coralline Family (Algae). Gudnica Harbor, Porto Rico
221
A Bank of Coralline Algae. Haingsisi, Malay Archipelago.
The Glistening Ink-Cap Mushroom, Coprinus micaceus (Bull.) Fr. Mushroom Family. Upsala, Sweden
Scorched Russula, Russula adusta (Perk ) Fr. Mushroom Family. Hammarby, near Upsala, Sweden.
The Fat Pholiota, Pholiota adiposa (Fr.) Quél. Mushroom Family. New York Botanical Garden
The Fat mens Pholiota odipose (Fr.) Quél. Mushroom Family. New York Botanical Gar
The Artists’ Ln Fungus, een megaloma (Lév.) Mur- rill. Bracket-Fungus Family. New York Botanical Garden.
The Variegated Bracket-Fungus, Coriolus versicolor (L.) Quél. Bracket-Fungus Family. New York Botanical Garden
The Variegated Bracket-Fungus, Coriolus versicolor 2 Quél. Bracket-Fungus Family. New York Botanical Gar
The Show ie eae Laetiporus speciosus ne Murrill. Bracket- eee Family. On the trunk of a Red Oak, Palisades, New Jersey.
The Gill-Pored Daedalea, Daedalea confragosa (Bolt.) Pers. Bracket-Fungus Family, New York Botanical Garden.
e Scaly Bracket-Fungus, aoe orus caudicinus (Scop.)
Murrill. Bracket-Fungus Family. London, England.
The Border of a Fresh-Water Swamp in the Bahamas, New Providence.
A “Savanna”’ and a ‘‘Coppice” in the Bahamas, Great Inagua.
Salina Vegetation in Santo Domingo, Saona Island, Province of Seibo
Salina Vegetation in Santo Domingo, Saona Island, Province of Seibo.
Seashore Vegetation in the Bahamas, New Providence.
Seashore Vegetation in the Bahamas, Pine Cay, Caicos Islands.
Seashore Vegetation in the Bahamas, Sheep Cay, Great Inagua.
Seashore Vegetation of the Supposed First Landing Place of Columbus in America, Watlings Islan
Sand-Dune Vegetation. Anastasia island) near St. Augustine, Florida.
Sand-Dune Vegetation. Anastasia Island, near St. Augustine, Florida
Seashore Vegetation of Southern Porto Rico, near Ponce. Vegetation of a Cuban Limestone Cliff. Bafios San Vicente, Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba The Vegetation of a i Hlaimmock’* of Southern Florida. Near are Florida “Pine Island” and “Prairie” of Southern Florida. Near ae Florida. : Vegetation of the Pinelands of Southern Florida. Near Cutler, Florida The Slash Pine or Caribbean Pine, Pinus caribaea Morelet. Pine Family. Near Cutler, Florida. The Vegetation of a Tropical Mountain Forest. Mt. Mandios, near Utuado, Porto Rico. A Well-Watered Tropical Mountain Forest. Between Cin- chona and Morce’s Gap, Jama Mountain Ondeasonch in ce Mt. Casse. Lowland River-Bank Vegetation in Santo Domingo. La Romano, Province of Seibo. Riverside Vegetation in Jamaica. On the Rio Cobre. A Roadside Thicket in Panama. Near Mt. Hope, Canal Zone. The Traveler’s Tree, Ravenala madagascariensis Sonnerat. Banana Family. Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica. The Wild cane Bihai sp. Banana Family. Near Lion Hill, Canal Zone, Pan e Sugar Cane, oe oficinarum L. Grass Family. Hope oe Kingston, Jamaica The Sugar Cane, Saccharum officinarum L. Grass Family. Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba. Cultivation of the Sugar Cane, Saccharum officinarum L. Grass Family. Bayeux, Haiti. The Wild Cane, Gynerium saccharoides Humb. & Bonpl. Grass Family. Mayagtiez, Porto Rico Rock Ferns. Above Go Seen Switzerland. The Deer-Fern, Struthiopteris Spicant (L.) Scop. Fern Family. Above Goeschenen, Switze The Beech- Fern, Phegopteris sp. Above Caeienen: Switzer- land.
223
The Common Polypod y, Polypodium vulgare L. Fern Family. Norrképing, Sweden. Tropical Ferns, Dicranopteris sp. Between Cayey and Caguas, Porto Rico. Tree Ferns, Cyathea arborea (L.) J. E.Sm. On military road, between Cayey and Caguas, Porto Rico. Tree Ferns. Between Utuado and Adjuntas, Porto Rico. Mountain Palm, Palma de Sierra, Gaussia princeps Wendl. Palm Family. Bafios San Vicente, Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Cohune Palm, Corozo Gallinazo, Atfalea Cohune Mart. Palm Family. Culebra, Canal Zone, Panama. The Date Palm, Phoenix dactylifera L. Palm Family. Bay of Mariel, Cuba. The Cedar of Lebanon, Cedrus Cedrus (L.) Lyons. Pine Family. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. The Slash Pine or Caribbean Pine. Pinus caribaea Morelet. Pine Family. New Providence, Bahamas. The Haitian Pine, Pinus occidentalts Sw. Pine Family. Near Marmelade, H The Mexican Bald Cypress, Ahuehuete, Taxodium mucronatum Tenore. Pine Family. Mexico City, Mexico. The Mexican Bald Cypress, Ahuehuete, Taxodium mucronatum Tenore. Pine Family, Mexico City, Mexico. The Southern Yucca, Palma de San P a Yucca australis (Engelm.) Trelease. Yucca Family. Near Puebla, Mexico. The Porto Rican Mountain Palm, Acrista Sia O. F. Cook. Palm Family. On Mt. Mandios, near Utuado, Porto Rico. The Porto Rican Mountain Palm, Acrista monticola O. F. Cook. Pam Family. On Mt. Mandios, near Utuado, Porto Rico. The Porto Rican Royal Palm, ee borinquena O. F. Cook. Palm Family. Near Utuado, Porto The Porto Rican Corozo Palm, lee media O. F. Cook. Palm Family. Mayagiiez, Porto Rico. Cohune Palm, Corozo Gallinazo, Atialea Cohune Mart. Palm Family. Near Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama. Cohune Palm, Corozo Gallinazo, ae Cohune Mart. Palm Family. Culebra, Canal Zone, Panama.
224
Cohune Palm, Corozo Gallinazo, Attalea Cohune Mart. Palm Family. Culebra, Canal Zone, Panama.
The Pacuai Palm, Astrocaryum panamense Linden (?). Palm Family. Culebra, Canal Zone, Panama.
The Silvery Thatch-Palm, Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd.) Sarg. Palm Family. U. S. Naval Reservation, Guantanamo Bay,
uba. The Silvery Thatch-Palm, Coccothrinax argentea (Lodd.) Sarg. ily. U. S. Nav
Palm Fam al Reservation, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
The Silvery Thatch-Palm, Coccothrinax lag (Lodd.) Sarg. Palm Family. Tenados, Great Inagua, Bah
The sy Thatch-Palm, Coccothrinax ae (Lodd.) Sarg. Palm Family. Consuelo, Province of Macoris, Santo Domingo.
The es Palm, Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) O. F. Cook. Palm Family. Near Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba.
The Mountain Cabbage Palm, Pee oleracea ot ). Palm Family. Near Cinchona, Blue Mountains, Jam:
The Porto Rican Royal Palm, panne ae. F. Cook. Palm Family. Mayagiiez, Porto Rico.
The Cane Palm, Palma Cafia, Japa, Sabal Japa C. Wright. Palm Family. Herradura, Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
The Epaulet Palm, Prite hardia Thurstoni F. Muell. & Drude and Queen Alexandra’s Palm, Archontophoenix Alexandrae (F. Muell.) H. Wendl. & Drude. Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica.
The Oil Palm, Elaets guineensis Jacq. Palm Family. Bayeux,
iti.
Cuban Palms. Herradura, Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
The Corozo or Corojo Palm, Acrocomia fusiformis (Swartz) O. F. Cook. Palm Family. Near San Juan Hill, Santiago, Cuba.
The Bottle. Palm, Palma pee Colpothrinax Wright Griseb. . Wendl. Palm Family. Near Herradura, Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
The Bottle Palm, Palma Barrigona, Colpothrinax Wrightii Griseb. & Wendl. Palm Family. Near Herradura, Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
The Trumpet Tree, Cecropia eve L. Mulberry Family. Mt. Morales, near Utuado, Porto
The Trumpet Tree, Cecropia eee L. Mulberry Family. Mt. Morales, near Utuado, Porto R
The Large-Flowered Agati, A gait ond (L.) Desv. Pea Family. Ancon, Canal Zone, Pan
Large-Leaved Coccolobis, Coccolbis ean oe Jacq. Buck- wheat Family. Utuado, Porto R
Single Leaf of Large-Leaved Ce Coccolobis grandifolia Jacq. Buckwheat Family. Utuado, Porto Rico.
Panama Mangrove, Pelliciera Rhizophorae Trian. & Planch. Tea Family. Balboa, Canal Zone, Panama.
Red Mangrove, Rhizophora Mangle L. Mangrove Family. San Juan, Porto Rico.
Red Mangrove, Rhizophora Mangle L. Mangrove Family. Near Guancia, Porto Rico
ed Mangrove, Rhizophora Mangle L. Mangrove Family. Miami, Florida
Red Mangrove, Rhizophora Mangle L. Mangrove Family. Bayeux, Haiti.
The Panama Mangrove, Pelliciera Rhizophorae Trian. & Planch. Tea Family. Balboa, Canal Zone, Panama. [There are four views of this, including flowers, fruit, stages of growth, etc. The Black Mangrove, Avicennia nitida Jacq. Vervain Family. Ponce, Porto Rico.
The Seven-Year Apple, Genipa clusifolia (Jacq.) Griseb. Madder Family. Sheep Cay, Great Inagua, Bahamas
The Spiny Catesbaea, Catesbaea spinosa L. Madde: Family. aera: Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
y Catesbaea, Catesbaea spinosa L. Madder Family. er Sens of Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
The Indian Almond, Terminalia Catappa L. White Mangrove Family. Aguadilla, Porto Rico.
The Indian Almond, a erminalia Catappa L. White Mangrove Family. Bayeux, Hai
The Indian Almond, Fis Catappa L. White Mangrove Family. Aguadilla, Porto Rico. [Showing fruit.]
The Black Olive Tree, Bucida Buceras L. White Mangrove Family. Great Inagua, Bahamas.
226
Tropical Station of the New York Botanical Garden. Cin- chona, Blue Mountains, Jamaica. Tree Ferns, Eucalpytus Trees, etc. Cinchona, Blue Moun- tains, Jamaica. Tree Ferns, Eucalyptus Trees, etc. Cinchona, Blue Moun- tains, Jamaica. Large-Flowered Beaumontia, Beaumontia erenifor Wall. Dogbane Family. Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jama‘ Common Fig, Ficus Carica L. Mulberry Family. Bozen, Tyrol, Austria. The Golden Fig, or Florida ae (?), Ficus aurea Nutt. (?). Mulberry Family. Key Wes Short-Leaved Fig, Ficus Nutt. Mulberry Family. Sheep Cay, Great Inagua, Bahamas. ee Leaved Fig, Ficus set Nutt. Mulberry Family. Sheep Cay, Great Inagua, Baham A Grape-Fruit Tree, Citrus ame L. Rue Family. Hope , Gardena: Kingston, Jamaica. Fruits and Foliage of the Akee, Blighia sapida Konig. Hope - Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica. : e Soursop, Anona muricata L. Custard-Apple Family. pret New Providence, Baham e, Coffea arabica L. Madder F; amily. Mayagiiez, Porto
ae} im”
oa The Flame Tree, Flamboyant, Royal Poinciana, Delonix regia at Raf. Senna Family. Cap Haitien, Haiti e Flame Tree, Flamboyant, Royal omens Delonix regia Raf. Senna Family. Santurce, Porto The Flame Tree, Flamboyant, Royal Poincane Dine regia (Bojer) Raf. Senna Family. Santurce, Porto Rico. [Flowers — me in detail. me Tree, Flamboyant, Royal Poinciana, Delonix regia Pe Raf. Senna Family. Santurce, Porto co. [Tre laden with pods.] The saa oe Algarroba, Pithecolobium Saman (Jacq.) Benth. Mim amily. Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica. The peas ae Algarroba, Pithecolobium Saman (Jacq.)’ Benth. Mimosa Family. Province of Pinar del Rio, Cuba.
227
The Wild Tamarind, sable bahamensis Benth. Mimosa
Family. Great Inagua, Baha
The Sensitive Plant, Mimosa “piidiea L. Mimosa Family. Lion Hill, Canal Zone, Panama.
The Milky Euphorbia, Euphorbia lactea Haw. Spurge Family. Great Inagua, Bahamas.
The Milky Euphorbia, Euphorbia lactea Haw. Spurge Family. Near Havana, Cuba.
Spanish Bayonet or Dagger Plant, Yucca alotfolia L. Yucca Family. Montego Bay, Jamaica
The Ocotillo or Candiewed: Fouquteria splendens Engelm. Coach-whip Family. Near Tucson, Arizona.
The Balsam Apple, Momordica Charantia L. Gourd Family. Santurce, Porto Rico.
altrop or Bur-Nut, salsa cistoides L. a Family.
U.S. ‘Naval Reservation, Gua amo Bay, a.
Gray Nickers, Guilandina a (L.) Small. Senna Family. Great Inagua, Bahamas.
The Hooked Pepper, Piper aduncum L. Pepper Family. On a roadside between Adjuntas and Ponce, Porto Rico.
A Century Plant in Flower, Agave americana L. Amaryllis
Sisal, Henequen, or Pita, Agave sisalana pene Amaryllis Family. West Caicos, British West Indies. Pulque Plant, Maguey, or Century Plant, Agave atrovirens Karw. Ros ag Family. Texcoco, Mexico. The Mauritius Hemp, Furcraca gigantea Vent. easels Fa mily. Mayagiiez, Porto he Spiniest Prickly Pear, Opuntia ene Mill. Cactus Family. Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica Prickly Pear, Opuntia sp. Cactus ene U. S. Naval Reservation. Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Nash’s Prickly sae icles Nashwvi Britton. Cactus Family. Great Inagua, Baham: Spineless Prickly ae Opuntia inermis DC. Cactus Family. Boot Key, Florida. The Florida-Key Cereus, Cephalocereus keyensis Britton & Rose. Cactus Family. Key West, Florida.
228
Millspaugh’s Cereus, eget Millspaughtt Britton. Cactus Family. Mariguana, Baham: Royen’s Cereus, Cephalocereus ee (L.) Britton & Rose, Cactus Family. Gudnica, Porto Rico Cephalocereus- aa Cactus Family. La Romana, Province of Seibo, Santo Dom ws Hatrisia, eae Fernowti Britton. Cactus Family, Near eu ee Cuba. The Woolly Harrisia, Harrisia ertophora (Pfeiff.) Britton. Cactus Family. Bay of Mariel, Cuba. illspaugh’s Cereus, ase ae ee Britton. Cactus Family. Great Inagua, Baham The Cuban Tree- Sets gem nudifiorus (Engelm.) Britton & Rose. Cactus Family. U. S. Naval Reservation, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba T macaru oa Cereus Jamacaru DC. Cactus Family. ae Porto Rico Jamacaru Coens Cereus Jamacaru DC. Cactus Family, Santurce, Porto Rico. The Five-Angled Cereus, ania cscs (L.) Britton & Rose. Cactus Family Schott’s Cereus, Pia pane ee ) Britton & Rose. Cactus Family. Torres, Sonora, Mexico. The Inagua Melon-Cactus, The Turk’s-Head Cactus, Cactus tnaguensis Britton & Rose. Cactus Family. Little Inagua, al 7 rants Melon-Cactus, The Turk’s-Head Cactus, Cactus inaguensis Britton & Rose. Cactus Family. Mariguana, Ba- hamas. Harlow's Melon-Cactus, Cactus Harlowit Britton & Rose. eg Family. U.S. Naval Reservation, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
The Bahamian Fiddle-Flower, Pedilanthus bahamensis Millsp. Spurge Family. Grand Turk Island, West Indies. The Sea- — De iiie Uvifera (L.) Jacq. Buckwheat Family. Bayeu e Sea- ‘Grape, ai = (L.) Jacq. Buckwheat Family. San Juan, Porto Ric
229
The Sea-Grape, Coccolobis Pe (L.) Jacq. Buckwheat Family. San Juan, Porto Ric The Sea-Grape, Coccotobis Veit, (L.) Jacq. Buckwheat Family. Watlings Island, Baham Logwood Trees, Haematoxylon ae ee L. Senna Fam- ily. Near Montego Bay, Jamaica. e Mahogany Tree, Swietenia Mahagoni Jacq. Mahogany
amas. m-Vitae Tree, Guaiacum sanctum L. Caltrop hamas.
Lignum-Vitae Trees, Guaiacum officinale L. Caltrop Family. Kingston, Jamaica. The ieee Cua Ceiba pentandra oe Gaertn. Bombax w Providence, Baham he ie Cotton Tree, Ceiba pentandra Ly Gaertn. Bombax Family. Nassau, New Providence, Baham The Silk-Cotton Tree, Ceiba pentandra L.) Gaertn. Bombax Family. Near Ponce, Porto Rico. The Silk-Cotton Tree, Ceiba pentandra oe Gaertn. Bombax Family. Nassau, New Providence, Baham The Cal Nae Tree, Crescentia Guile - Bien Family. Bayeux, Haiti. The Calabash Tree, Crescentia Cujete L. Bignonia Family. Bayeux, Haiti. The Calabash Tree, Crescentia Cujete L. Bignonia Family. Ponce, Porto Rico. The Welted Trumpet Flower, Bignonia venusta Ker. Bignonia Family. Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica. The West Indian Ebony, Brya Ebenus (L.) DC. Pea Family. Near Kingston, Jamaica. The ‘‘French Oak,” Macrocatalpa longissima (Jacq.) Britton. Bignonia Family. Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica. The Teak Tree, T enone grandis L. Verbena Family. Hope aa Scie n, Jamaica. i peas Aguacate, Persea Persea (L.) eaan a mily. Bayeux, Haiti. The Akee Tree, Bhighia sapida Konig. Soapberry Family. Hope Gardens, Kingston, Jamaica.
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The Jamaican Tree-Blueberry, Vaccinium meridionale Sw. Huckleberry Family. Near Cinchona, Blue Mountains, Jamaica. The Norway Spruce, Picea Abies (L.) Karsten. Pine Family. erste near Upsala, Sweden an Beech, fia _ohetica L. Beech Family. -In Forest of Pena Fra: The’ Horse-Chestnut, Wee Hippocastanum L. Buckeye Family. Bonn, Germany. The Maidenhair Tree, The Ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba L. Ginkgo Family. Washington Aquatic Negetaten in ‘he Tropics. Higitey, Province of Seibo, Santo Dom: Vegetation of a Tropical oe Swamp. Between Mt. Hope and Mindi, Canal Zon The Fern-like Azolla, ae " fliouloidos Lam. (?). Salvinia Family. Ina marsh, near Mt. Hope, Canal Zone, Panama. The Japanese Golden Lily, Lilium auratum Lindl. Lily Family. In the Botanical Garden, Upsala, Sweden. Lichens and Mosses. Hammarby, near Upsala, Sweden. he Common Juniper, Juniperus communis L. Pine Family. Near Upsala, Sweden The ‘French Cotton,” Calotropis procera (willd.) Dryand. Milkweed Family. Near Aibonito, Porto Rico. ; The Silk-Cotton Tree, Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn. Bombax Family. Ahorca Lagarto, Canal Zone, Panama The Silk- oe Tree, Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn: Bombax Family. Near Havana, Cuba. Canoe-Making from a Trunk of the Silk-Cotton Tree, Ceiba pentandra (L.). San Lorenzo, Province of Samana, Santo omingo. The Corkwood Tree, Ochroma lagopus Swartz. Bombax Family. Near Utuado, Porto Rico.
MarsHatL A. Howe.
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NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. Arthur Hollick, curator, has been granted a leave of
absence for the purpose of continuing his study of the paleo- - botanical material collected by him in Alaska in 1903, under the direction of the U. S. Geological Survey.
Drs. J. C. Arthur and F. D. Kern, of Purdue University, Indiana, recently spent some time collecting plant rusts in Colorado in connection with work on ‘North American Flora.”
Mr. C. A. Schwarze, formerly a student of the Garden and Columbia University, has been appointed assistant in botany in Columbia University for the coming year.
Mr. A. B. Stout, of the University of Wisconsin, has been appointed director of the laboratories, to succeed Mr. Fred J. Seaver, who has been transferred to a curatorship.
Dr. W. A. Murrill lectured before the Lenox Garden Club at ee October 3, on the anna of edible and adele
mushrooms. He also secured with the assistance of Mes Field and Hoffmann, an important ee of fleshy fungi - the Garden herbarium.
On October 13, Dr. Murrill left for a trip to Washington, Oregon and California, the object of the trip being to collect and study fleshy fungi.
Sir Frederick W. Moore, director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, visited the New York Botanical Garden on October 9 and to, at the close of a trip to the eastern United States and Canada. Arrangements were made with Sir Frederick for an exchange of specimens of greenhouse plants, there being many species in the New York collections which have never been in cultivation in the Old World, and a large number of them duplicated.
No. 26, volume 7, of the Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden was issued October 12. This number completes the volume and, with the exception of the table of contents and index to the volume, is entirely given over to ‘‘ A Biologic and Taxonomic Study of the Genus Gymnosporangium,” the paper having been
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offered as a thesis in Columbia University by Dr. F. D. Kern, associate botanist in Purdue University Agricultural Experiment tation, Indiana. The paper consists of 89 pages of text, eleven plates and 36 figures One of the principal longitudinal paths of the Garden, extend- ing from the Newell Avenue entrance, at Williarhsbridge, along the east side of the Bronx River, through the north meadows,
the fe + Bridge, is approaching completion. A difficult and tedious piece of construction work for this path, for a distance of about five hundred feet, on the edge of the river at the foot of a steep bank north of the Long Bridge, has been successfully accomplished by building a rubble stone wall to carry the path, from stones and boulders which have been saved for the purpose from old stone walls and exposed by grading operations in various parts of the grounds; the foot of the steep earth slope above this path is supported by a low wall of boulders, parallel with the similar low wall along the west side of the river roa
This river path will doubtless be a very popular and attractive walk, as soon as it can be opened to the public, connecting, as it will, with the trail leading south from the Boulder Bridge along the east side of the river, passing the Lorillard Mansion, where it leaves the Garden reservation, and continues on southward to the Linnaean Bridge at Pelham Avenue. It will afford a most attractive view of the scenery and the flora of the Bronx valley for over a mile.
Meteorology for September —The total precipitation for the month was 1.55 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 87.5° on the 2d and ioth, 85.5° on the 12th, and 89.5° on the 20th. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 57° on the gth, 38° on the 14th, and 53° on the 18th.
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ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
366 specimens from Brazil. (By exchange with the Bureau of Science, Manila.)
3 specimens of Euphorbia arundelana from Maryland. (Given by Mr. H. H. Bartlett.)
5 specimens of West Indian plants. (By exchange with the Royal Gardens, Kew, E: eae )
3 specimens of orchids from oo (By exchange with the Department of Arve Joma: ahs Indies.) Do:
oO plants. (By exchange with Professor I. Urban, Roya Botanic Garden, sani pallens ) cimens of fungi from Glenwood, New Jersey. (Given by Mr. E. C. re rt.) 12 specimens of fungi from Amityville, Long Island, New York. (Given by Dr. Bauer.) I5 specimens of fungi from Pittsfield, Massachusetts. (Given by Dr. B. T. Butler.) 102 oe of fleshy fungi from Stockbridge, Massachusetts. (Collected by Dr. W. A. rill and Dr. W. Gilman Thompson. 409 specimens mt fleshy fungi from near New York City. (Collected by Dr. W. A. Murrill.) 26 specimens “‘North American Musci Pleurocarpi."" (Distributed by Dr. A, J. Grout.) 12 specimens of ferns from the Philippine Islands. (By exchange with Mr. E. rrill.)
I pace of fungus. (Given by Mr. Harvard S. Fawcett 10 specimens of polypores from Ohio. eae exchange with Mr. S. O. Overholts.) I specimen of cork. (Given by Dr. H. sby. imens of fungi from New an "(Collected ‘by Mr. F. J. Seaver and ink
I specimen of fungus. (Given by Dr. Charles E. Fairman.)
25 specimens ‘‘Lichenes Suecici Exsiccati.” Fascicle IX. (Distributed by Dr. G. O. A, Malme.)
I specimen of Encalypta ciliata from Vermont. (Given by Mr. E. J. Winslow.)
2 specimens of mosses from Grand Manan, New Brunswick. (Given by Mrs.
Elizabeth M. Dunham.
28 specimens ‘‘Musci Acrocarpi Boreali-Americani.” (Distributed by Pro- fessor John M. Holzinger.) 31 specimens ‘“Ascomycetes.’’ Fascicle 48. (Distributed by Dr. Heinrich h
5 specimens of Molendoa. (By exchange with ae Istoan Gyosffy.) 3 specimens of mosses from Colorado. (Given b r. J. S. Jewe 10 cai of fungi from Colorado. yan by eae Ellsworth Bethel.) 5 specimens of fungi from Chinese Turkestan. (By exchange with the United States aaa of Agriculture.) ;
234
30 sasha of woody fungi from North Carolina. (By exchange with Dr. H. D.
if, North Carolina. (Given by Professor F. L. Stevens.)
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM NOVEMBER ,, 1910, TO JUNE 30, 1911.
(Concluded.) STERNE, Carus. Herbst und Winterblumen. Prag, 1886. : STEVENS, FRANK LINCOLN, & HALt, JOHN GALENTINE. Diseases of economic plants. New York, 1910. (Given by Fred J. Seav STRASBURGER, Epuarp. Ueber is oad a esis Jena, 1878, TRA! GER, Epuarp, NOLL, FRr1Tz, SCHENCK, HEINRICH, & KARSTEN, GEORG! Lehrbuch der Botanik Ed. 8. na, 190
. 8. 906. STRASBURGER, Epuarpb, Jost, Lupwic, apes Hernricn, & Karsten, rb:
4 TUCKI, GOTILIEB. Materialien fur aes ae Unterricht in der Volksschule. ‘eil: Botanik. .2. Berne, 1892-93. ‘ABERNAEMONTANUS, rea Tueroporus. Neuw vollkommentlich Kreuterbuch. shea am Mayn, 1625. Ys, CaRLos. Ei pe boténico de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires, 1910. £, OTTO WILHELM. Flora von Deutschland, Oesterreich, und der Schweis
Tita, ‘atalogus plantarum, pie consitus est Patavit amoenissimus hortus ae ac excellentissimi Equitus Jo. Francisci Maurocent. Patavii,
Exh Toh tli
13. : Saas F., & Kriecer,R. Grundriss der Botantk fiir Leipzig, 1882. Troup, R.S. The Indian forest memoirs. Vol. 1. a 1909. bidainiee PRISCILLA. An introduction to botan Ed. ondon, 1823. , STEFAN. akipscations fir die sarees eae iad ae _Deutsch- mie pants 188 ‘ARIMANN, Brannan Beitrage zur St. Gallischen Volksbotantk. Ed. 2. St. oO ee ANN, BERNHARD, & SCHLATTER, THEODOR. Kritische Uebersicht uber dte Gasp der oe St. Gallen und Appenzell. [Part 1. Eleuthero- petala it. Gallen
cei Peni a ae products of India. London, 1908. WIESNER, JULIUS VON. Natur-Geist-Tecknik. Wien, 1910. IGAND, JULIUS WILHELM ALBERT. Flora von Kurhessen und Nassau. Dia- il Ed.2. C ILLIAMS, JOHN H. The ees that was ‘'God."" Tacoma, 1910. (Given H. Bai
OMM, HEIN ica Moritz. Fortsliche Flora von Deutschland und Oester- +
WoENIG, Franz. Die Phone im alien Aegypien. [Ed. 2.] Liepzig, 1886. Wotr, Rupotr. Johannes Gessner, der Freund und Zeilgenosse von Haller und
Worter, M. Kurzes Repelitorium der Botanik filr Studierende der Medizin Mathematik und ee Ed. 6. Anklam, 1892
Dp, ALPHONSO, & STEELE, J. Dor
to iotany, being an illustrated flora. H TO.
WOnscuE, FRrepricn one: Leipzig, 1896. SNSCHE, FRIEDRICH OTTO. . 2. Leipzig, 1877; II Teil.
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New Yor Di
Die h
YSABEAU, VICTOR FaRvenré ALEXANDRE.
n vA IKKE, EUGEN.
Le jardinier de tout le monde. Paris.
RMAN. Rae to study plants: or, introduction iven by Roland M. bes Deutschlands. Ed. 7
Sete
Die verbreitetsten Pflanzen Deutschlands. Ed. 2.
Schulflora von Deutschland. Die Phanerogamen. Sheren Pflanzen. Ed.
eipzig, 1892.
Verzeichniss der in der Umgegend von Aarau wildwachsenden phanerogamischen Pflanzen. Aarau, 1847.
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XII November, 1911, No. 143.
REPORT me A TRIP TO SOUTHEASTERN UTAH THE SUMMER OF to1t
Dr. N. L. Britron, DIRECTOR-tN-CHIEF.
Sir: In accordance with your instructions, I left New York on the roth of June for a collecting trip of two months and a half in southeastern Utah. On my way out I visited Duluth, Minne- sota, where I stayed a little over a week. During this time I went out collecting twice. The most interesting plant collected was Rubus parviflorus (R. Nutkanus), which grew in great pro- fusion around the city. The plant is a typical Rocky Mountain plant. but one of those which come across the plains to the Great Lakes.
On the 24th of June, I arrived at Salt Lake City, Utah, and was met at the station by Professor A. O. Garrett, of the City High School. Professor Garrett was to accompany me on my
w days I stayed in the city. Indeed, I am greatly indebted to Professor Garrett for all the help he gave me both in collecting and otherwise, as well as for a pleasant and most congenial companionship during the trip. He introduced me to the Na- tional Copper Bank, where I deposited the money needed for the trip. From the bank we received a letter of introduction to the leading commercial firm of southwestern Utah, viz., Cooper, Martin & Co., of Moab. Through them our checks were ac- cepted everywhere and we had many advantages which we would not have had otherwise. Mr. Cooper also kindly furnished us
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much valuable information, gave us letters of introduction and references to several persons in and around Monticello and Bluffs, and helped us in ay oe ways.
After having bought and p ought would be hard to Bet in the sffiall country ie we left Salt Lake City on June 29th and arrived at Tho n Springs in the
afternoon of the same day. We ere pea the place for two or three hours. Thompson Springs is ‘situated along a small creek in the desert, near the base of the Book Cliffs between Green and Grand Rivers. The principal vegetation consisted of sage-brush (Artemisia sires shad-scale (Atriplex conferti- folia), and other species of Atriplex. Mixed with these were species of ee Busan. Eurotia, Dondia, Lepidum, Gilia, Cryptanthe, Abronia, Malacothrix and others
The following day we took the stage for Moab. The stage road runs over the desert plain, in most places similar to that around Thompson, but in several places we found tracts of real sand-dunes and in a few instances the plains are crossed by now mostly dry. About eight miles from Moab the road enters a canyon which leads down to the Grand River.
e most interesting plant seen in this canyon, as well as at several other places in the region, was Fraxinus anomala which on account of its leaves, usually unifoliolate, looks more like an aspen than an ash. While waiting for the ferry, we collected about a dozen species under the steep cliffs of the Grand River Canyon. The most interesting of these were Odostemon (Berberis) Fendleri and a large species of Asclepias. From the berries of the first a kind of jam is said to be made by the Mex- icans and Indians. Our stay at Moab was made very pleasant by many of the inhabitants there, who were very friendly and helpful. Especially do I wish to extend my thanks to Mr. Cooper, mentioned above, Dr. Williams, the two Mr. Clarks, uncle and nephew, and others. Dr. Williams showed us several favors, and the Clarks offered us the free disposition of the old aed ne at their stamp-mill, during our stay in the
a Sal Mountain
ae is a in a valley running southeast from Grand
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River and surrounded by steep palisade-like cliffs on both sides. It follows Pass Creek, a tributary to Mill Creek. The latter
valley is desert, but made fertile by irrigation. Only along Grand River and Mill Creek are there some natural meadows. Under irrigation excellent peaches and apples are raised, espe- cially the former, although this year the crop was rather poor. Also some alfalfa, corn and vegetables are raised. A plan is under way to materially increase the irrigated area by making a big reservoir to store up the superfluous flood-water in the spring and during other seasons. Rainis not frequent but when it comes it usually comes in great torrents. If the planned reservoir is built the irrigated area will be more than doubled.
Moab is situated at an altitude of 4,000 feet. The valley, except the small natural meadows, has a desert flora. This con- tains a good many plants from the south and shows many ele- ments characteristic of the flora of Arizona. I have not vet begun the determination of the plants, and cannot now give any list, but species of Aériplex and Artemisia, together with Sar- cobatus vermiculatus, were predominant.
We had hard work to secure a team to take us up to the La Sal Mountains, for half the town were going away to celebrate the 4th of July at Monticello, 65 miles further south, and nearly all horses were used for the trip. We decided to make a trip to Pritchett Valley in the meantime. We could get only one saddle- horse at the livery-stable and that one not too good, but Dr. Williams kindly loaned us his horse. We secured Mr. Hall, the deputy sheriff, as a guide, and a gentleman from Denver also
accompanies he ae Canyon joins the Grand River Canyon about 6 miles below Moab. Along the Grand River we found some
woody vegetation consisting of several species of Quercus, one each of Celtis, Rhamnus and Populus, two of Rhus and Salix, etc., and a few peach trees with some of the fruit ripe enough to eat. To us the trees looked more like escaped ones than the remnants of an abandoned orchard. The trail up the Pritchett Canyon
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was very steep and in some places rather dangerous. In some places we had to lead our horses. The scenery was very in- teresting but the flora was poor. The woody vegetation con- sisted mostly of cedars (Juniperus monosperma), pinyons, moun- tain-mahogany, service-berries, scrub-oaks, etc. e cliffs on both sides were very steep; many had alcoves and caves formed in them; others were of most phantastic forms. The most re- markable in form were the so called Ostrich Rock and the
Fic. 33. “El Archo”’ or ‘‘Pickyabo,"’ bridge in Pritchett Valley.
Block Bridge, but the most interesting part of the scenery was the natural bridges. An illustration of El Archo or Pickayabo is given (fig. 33). The bridge is 62 feet high and the arch 49 feet high and 120 feet long. It is probably formed from a cave, in which a hole was first formed in the roof and then enlarged more and more by the action of the water, until at last a bridge was formed. Hall’s bridge, discovered by our guide, is of about the
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same size. Itis situated in a more inaccessible side ‘canyon and has been seen by only half a dozen visitors, and possibly a few hunters. According to Mr. Hall the photographs taken on our trip were the first ones ever taken of this bridge.
On the 5th of July we started on our trip to the La Sal Moun- tains. We had found, by chance, a man who was going u to the mountains for a load of lumber and was willing to take us along. The vehicle, a heavy lumber-wagon, was not a very comfortable one. Our seats consisted of a canvas trunk
4. Lower foot-hills of La Sal Mountains showing the transition between the aes valley formation” in the foreground and the ‘'foot-hill formation”
containing our supplies, and belonging to the Garden, together with our bedding. The distance by wagon-road from Moab to the La Sal Mountains is 25 miles. For nearly half the distance the road follows the valley of the Pass Creek. Near the place where it leaves the Creek, we stopped for lunch and here the picture (fig. 34) was taken. It illustrates the point of change from the valley flora characterized above and that of the foot-
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hills of the high mesa surrounding the La Sal Mountains. This is characterized by a number of low shrubs and under-shrubs as Amelanchier utahensis, Cercocarpus montanus, Coleogyne, Petra- doria, Yucca, Nuttallia, Fendlera, Ephedra, Gutierrezia, Cowania, and some species of Quercus. The altitude was about 6,000 feet. About 1,000 feet higher these shrubs are replaced mostly by the cedar-pinyon formation. Both the cedar (Sabina or Juniperus monosperma) and the pinyon or nut-pine (Pinus edulis) are low scragly trees, usually 15 to 20 feet high. Within this formation
Fic. 35. “'Cedar-pinyon formation" of the foot-hills of La Sal Mountains;— the dark trees are the cedars, the lighter ones the nut-pin
at Little Springs, altitude 7,200 feet, we camped over night. Around this we collected a few hours and gathered several in- teresting plants, among them several species of Stipa. In the morning we continued our journey. A few hundred feet higher we reached the top of the mesa. Here the cedars and pinyons ceased. The photograph (fig. 35) was taken just where the road emerges from the cedars and pinyons. The dark trees are the cedars and the lighter ones the nut-pines. The mesa was
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mostly covered by chaparrals. These consisted mostly of scrub- oaks, mixed with rose bushes and service-berries. Between 8,000 and 8,500 feet the land became more sloping as we neared the bases of the mountains proper. The chaparrals were replaced first by isolated groves and then by more continuous woods of aspen and at about 9,500 or a little more the spruce wood began. The illustration (fig. 36) shows an open valley in the aspen forest. e tall herbs in the foreground are Dugaldia Hoopesti, which made the whole valley vellow by its large flowers
IG. 3 “Aspen formation’’ at the base of oe La Sal Mountains; to the right a few eae of the ‘‘spruce formation” abov
the right are shown the first outposts of the spruce woods. These consisted of an almost pure stand of Picea Engelmannit, which was the principal tree lumbered at the sawmill situated a short distance from this place. The Engelmann spruce is here a very slow-growing tree. Inacutof a little over two feet in diameter,
The stamp-mill, owned by Mr. Clark and others and near which we had our camp in the old boarding-house, is situated in
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the Gold Basin, in the central group of the La Sal Mountains. It is at an altitude of 10,000 feet. During out stay at this place, we collected for two days in the Gold Basin, two days in the spruce and aspen wocds along Brumley Creek and on the upper extensions of the mesa below, one day on the northern slope, mostly in Horse Gulch, and three days we climbed the moun- tains above timber-line. The picture (fig. 37) shows the up- per part of Gold Basin. In the foreground the timber-line is
Fic. 37. Upper part of Gold Basin, La Sal Mountains, showing timber-line in the rerceiound and one of the peaks in the background.
shown. In the basin itself the timber-line, on account of the
eep snow, is much lower oe (about 10,500 feet) than it is on the ridges, where the sp d to 11,000 or a little higher. The flora of the spruce wood ae as well as the alpine vegeta- tion, was very similar to that of the Rockies in central and southern Colorado. In the La Sal Mountains there is much slide
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rock. The tops of the highest peaks are practically only a large mass of loose rocks. The picture (fig. 38) illustrates just one of the highest peaks. Of course, there is not much vegetation there, but these peaks are not wholly without plants. Claytonia megarrhiza | have never seen growing except between such rocks, and on top of Mt. Peal, the highest, the altitude of which ac- cording to the U.S. Geological Survey is 13,089 feet, we found
Fic. 38. Summit of one of the peaks in the La Sal Mountains, showing slide rock.
Polemonium confertum, Erigeron trifidus, Arenaria obtustloba, etc.
On the 19th of July, we returned to Moab. e following two days we spent in fixing up the collections made, packing a big box of dry aes and two smaller ones of live cactuses, and shipping them to New York. On the 22d, we took the stage for cara The road runs first up the valley then crosses over a low divide into the valley, or rather canyon, of Cain's
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Wash, then crossing a series of canyons and ridges, then over a desert plain, saints by Hatch Wash, where the stages from Moab and Monticello meet. On this road, there is a stretch of over forty miles a country with no human habitation, except the stage owner's log cabin at Cain’s Spring and a tent in the canyon where the road began to ascend the plateau on which Monticello is situated. In this tent lived an old man who took care of the animals at the station where the a changed horses in the afternoon. The ection made o e road was meager. few plants were eee up at fe station and a few along the road where the driver was willing to stop.
Monticello is situated on a high plateau, at an altitude of 7,000 feet, seven miles east of Abajo Mountains. Some of the land around the town is irrigated from the branches of Monte- zuma River, and a small portion is under ‘‘dry farming,” but a good deal is lying idle. The mesa is mostly covered with sage- brush and towards the mountains and where it is more broken or sags with scrub-oaks, hawthorn, ea Sea Cercocarpus, etc. Most of the land could be used for far The state has an oe farm at Verdure, about six ae south of Monti- cello, and here were raised in 1910 under ‘‘dry farming” forty bushels of wheat to the acre. If we should judge from the rain-
We stayed five days at Monticello this time, but had only one good day’s collecting. On two other days we were out an hour or two between rains. It was very hard to take care of our sae for there was little chance of drying our papers.
ind was nearly always from the southwest and the rain began to fall as soon as the clouds struck the Abajo Mountains, we thought that if we were on the west side of those mountains, we would be out of the rain-belt. We, therefore, decided to make the trip to the Elk*Mountains, which are situated west of the Abajo Seencre We had intended to work the latter first and go to the Elk Mountains later. We rented two saddle- horses and four panes Of the latter our guide rode one and the other three were packed with our tent, bedding, provisions, presses and other baggage. We found one of them too old an
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too slow for making progress and when passing a Mexican’s camp we rented two more donkeys and left the old white one with the Mexican.
Our trip took us around the southern end of the Abajo Moun- tains, crossing Verdure Creek, Johnson Creek, and Dry Wash to Allen Canyon. The most characteristic shrub on the ridges between Johnson Creek and Allen Canyon, was an Amelanchier with tomentose leaves and yellowish fruit, which was almost dry, even when ripe. Large stretches were covered by this bush. In other places were intermixed scrub-oaks, cedars, pinyons, moun- tain-mahogany and other shrubs. Along the streams were found willows, black-birches, alders, choke-cherries and poplars. The travel down Allen Canyon was very hard, as the recent rains had washed out the trail; in one place we could not cross the river and we had to climb the steep side of the canyon s almost impossible to get the donkeys up with their loads. Along the lower part of Allen Canyon we passed several Indian camps, with herds of goats. At our camp in the evening near Cotton- wood Creek, we were visited by four Indians and the following day two young Indians overtook us and kindly put us on the right road. We had taken the trail leading up Cottonwood Canyon instead of Hammond Canyon, where the best trail leads up on the Elk Mountains. Even in Hammond Canyon we had a hard time, as we missed the trail leading up the south slope and followed the canyon almost to its head. The scenery
ere was grand; the most fantastic rocks were seen in form of spires, pillars, domes, animal heads, etc. The Elk Mountains are in reality a high table-land, 8,000 to 8,500 feet high. The top is flat, covered with grass and scattered bull-pines (Pinus scopulorum), and are used for summer pastures for thousands of cattle. The only real mountains are found at the southern- most end, two high knolls, of 9,400 and 9,500 feet altitude, known as the Bear’s Ears (Orejos del Oso). The second day of August we were camped at the foot of these and investigated botanically the western of the two mountains. Its flora was rather interesting.
As the natural bridges, so renowned and well-described by
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Professor Cummings of the University of Utah, were but ten miles away, we decided to make a trip to the White Canyon. Professor Garrett and myself rode over in the afternoon to Mr. Scorup’s summer camp four miles away. We had been referred to Mr. Scorup by Mr. Cooper in Moab. Mr. Scorup not only gave us all the information which we needed, but in the morning rode over to the Bear’s Ears and showed us from the pass between them, the way we should take. The direct
Fic. 39. Edwin Bridge in Armstrong Canyon.
trail is very precipitous and dangerous, but Mr. Scorup showed us a way, about twice as long, but easy to travel. After two steep hills and the crossing of a shallow canyon, the road was almost level through pinyon woods and sage-plains until we came to Armstrong Canyon, near the Edwin Bridge, a picture of which is shown (fig. 39). A steep trail led down into the canyon and we struck camp near the foot of the bridge. The photograph was taken from our camp. The bridge is 108 feet high, the span is 194 feet long, 15 feet thick, and 20 feet wide at the narrowest point.
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On the following day, August 4th, we set out on foot to see the other two bridges and the ruins of the cliff-dwellers’ houses of White Canyon. We traveled down Armstrong Canyon five miles. Just at the point where it empties into the White Canyon, the Carolyn Bridge spans the latter. It is much more massive than the Edwin Bridge, but is so crowded in among the cliffs that it does not give, by far, such an imposing impression. Its dimensions are: height of the arch under the bridge 98 feet, length 186 feet, thickness of span 107 feet and width 49 feet.
Fic. 40. Augusta Bridge in White Canyon.
The grandest of them all is the Augusta Bridge, in White Canyon 314 miles above the Carolyn Bridge. e arch is 157 feet high and 261 feet long. The top of the bridge is 222 feet over the creek bed. As it spans the main canyon and is in full view for some distance, its grandeur is fully appreciated (fig. 40).
long the sides of the White Canyon we saw several cliff- dwellers’ ruins, but the best one was found about a mile above the big bridge. After seeing these we returned to camp.
250
We had made the side trip to the White Canyon, principally in order to see these remarkable bridges, compared with which the one in Virginia is almost nothing, but we found that the flora was very interesting and decided to stay for a few days’ collecting. Armstrong Canyon turned out to be one of the best collecting grounds we had on our trip. At least one plant, a species of Anticlea, is new to science
Fic. 41. Two small cliff-dwellers’ houses.
On our return trip we stopped over a day collecting in Mr. Scorup's pasture, the only part of the Elk Mountains that had not been grazed over so thoroughly by cattle, and hence had kept more than other parts its original flora. We owe Mr. Scorup thanks for all the favors shown us. Thanks are also due Nielson Brothers. On oe to Monticello, we too another route in part. We took the usual trail down the south slope of Hammond one down the lower part of the same
found ntisally large cottonwoods (Populus acuminata). One of these measured 14 feet in circumference. Near the head of Dry Wash we found one of our best collecting grounds.
251
We arrived at Monticello sone 13th, which was a Saturday. On the following Monday made a ad trip eastward from town extending into ae atone ma Cany On Tuesday we secured a team which took us up to the ee Mountains or as they are oftener called the Blue Mountains, and camped near Mr. Innes’ sawmill. The Abajo Mountains are much lower than the La Sal Mountains, the highest point reached being a little over 11,000 feet. In other words, they reach to about timber-line and only a few alpine plants were found on the very summits. On the eastern side, the slopes are covered first with scrub-oaks and bull-pines (Pinus scopulorum), higher up with aspen and Engelmann spruce. The northern slopes are more wooded. The wood consists mostly of Engelmann spruce mixed with Douglas fir. The southern slopes are mostly treeless and covered by a coarse bunch-grass, Festuca arizonica. F this it appears that the Abajo Mountains, although further away, have a woody flora more like that of the mountains of Colorado than the La Sal Mountains. In the part we visited of the latter, we saw neither the Douglas fir nor the bull-pine and a man at the sawmill there, who was more intelligent than
Rockies and of Oregon, told me that they were not there. The herbaceous flora of the Abajo Mountains was also strictly Rocky Mountain. We were greatly surprised in finding Adoxa and Trautvetteria ae On August 24th, Mr. Innes kindly took us down to Montic The ae. a Professor Garrett returned to Salt Lake City, where his school was to open on the next Monday. I took the stage to Bluffs, forty-seven miles away. The road between Monticello and Grayson led across several deep canyons and passed mostly through the scrub-oak and cedar-pinyon belts. From Grayson to near Bluffs it led over table-lands, first covered by more or less scattered sage-brush; further south this was sup- planted by the black-bush, Coleogyne, and other shrubs. Towards San Juan River the land became more sandy, and shrubby species of Eriogonum became more common. A mile or two from Bluffs the road entered a canyon, leading steeply
252
down from the table-land. The canyon opened suddenly into the valley of San Juan River. At this place the river valley is bordered on both sides by almost perpendicular walls of, I judge, about 300 feet. These high walls or bluffs give the name to the town of Bluffs. On the north side at short distances between, shorter or longer box canyons run from the San Juan Valley into the table-land. One of these box canyons is illustrated (fig
Fic. 42. Box canyon in the bluffs north of San Juan River, with alcoves.
42). ‘The canyons and their branches often end in alcove-like cavities with over-hanging rocks. nder these rocks are usually found a species of Mimulus growing in the crevices, sometimes even under the ceiling of the alcove. After blooming the plant sends out runners like the strawberry, but these runners grow in all directions, up or down or horizontally. Wherever they
happens to take place in the ceiling, the new plant formed at the place will grow with the root up and the flower down. In the crevices and in the loose soil and gravel under this Mimulus, I often found growing Aquilegia micrantha, a Primula, a Lim-
253
norchis, Epipactis gigantea, an Oenothera and two species of Carvduus. One of the latter is evidently new to science. I also collected in San Juan Valley, as far as twelve miles in either direction and on top of the table-land, north of the river, and gathered many interesting plants. The flora is more like that of Arizona than that of the rest of Utah
On August 30th, I took the stage northward and homeward. I stopped a single day at Moab to gather up some baggage and plants stored there and to pack my things for the railroad journey. On my trip home I stopped a few days each at the following places: at Denver to call on the Colorado botanists, Bethel, Ramaley, Cockerell and Osterhout; at Lincoln and Wahoo, Nebraska, my o omes, to visit old friends, and at St. Louis to study on the collection of Rosaceae at the Missouri Botanical Garden. I extend thanks to Dr. Trelease and Mr. Craig for many courtesies and help given.
The result of the exploration cannot be given now, as the plants have not been determined. The collection contains many interesting and rare plants, as the region was practically a virgin fi only two botanists having visited it before and each only fora short time. Our collection contains nearly 6,000 sheets, representing 1,740 numbers of phanerogams, about 50 fungi and afew mosses and lichens. As some species were duplicated, being collected at more than one station, the number of species is some- what less. My estimate is somewhat over 1,000 species.
Respectfully submitted, P. A. RyYDBERG, Curator.
EXPLORATION IN THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES AND WEST COAST OF MEXICO
Dr. N. L. Britron, DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF.
Sir: In order to obtain certain botanical specimens desired by the New York Botanical Garden and the National Museum I was authorized February, 1910, by Dr. Richard Rathbun, Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, to visit the
254
southwestern states and the west coast of Mexico. I accordingly oo from Washington, D. C., on the 19th of February with Mr. P. C. Standley and Mr. Paul Russell as assistants, and ae about the first of May.
Field work was begun at Big Spring, Texas, where a beautiful new Echinocereus was gathered along with other curious desert plants. Short stops were made at Sierra Blanca and El Paso, Texas, Agricultural College, New Mexico, and Benson, Arizona where about 130 plants, many of them cactuses, were eollee te a
mn the morning of March 3 we arrived at Hermosillo, the pen and principal town of Sonora, Mexico. It is in a fertile green valley filled with orange groves and grain fields; but the hills are deserts of the Teal kind and here it was that we spent most of our time. During the six days at Hermosillo we cated about 300 species, including several cactuses. The most interest- ing cactuses were Opuntia gosselliana with its ete colored joints and very long porrect spines and the very rare little Mamil- laria mainae. e then proceeded to Guaymas, which is on the Gulf of Califor. ere we collected numerous cactuses from tiny seen to the giant ‘‘cardons,” of which there are two in this vicinity, viz., Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum and P. pringlet.
Carnegiea gigantea, the giant cactus of Arizona, is also to be found on the neighboring hills. This species we — traced southward to the hills bordering the valley of the Yaqui River. it was not seen south of this river and I am ae to believe that this is its southernmost limit.
From Guaymas we proceeded by train to Alamos, where we remained about a week, making daily excursions over the lower hills or up the side of Alamos Mountain which is near the town.
was much surprised to find here a Cephalocereus, but the species has not yet been determined. About 475 species were collected.
A night and a part of the next day were spent at Navajoa, where we changed cars for the Southern Pacific Railroad. We then proceeded south to San Blas which is the junction of the Southern Pacific and Kansas City and Orient roads. With San Blas as a base we collected on all the neighboring hills, thence
255
taking the train for Topolobampo, which is the seaport for San Blas. Returning to San Blas we went in the other direction to Fuerte, which was then the eastern end of the Pacific branch of the Kansas City and Orient Railroad. At San Blas we were the guest of E. A. H. Tays, a progressive mining engineer, who is alive to the development of western Mexico. He has since sent us some interesting plants from the mountains east of San Blas.
We then proceeded to Mazatlan, the principal seaport of Sina- loa and a most charming place to visit. From here we made trips to the mangrove swamps, to the sandy sea beaches, and to hills adjoining the sea and those east of the city. Here we found a varied and interesting flora. The cactus ae while not so overshadowing as at other places along the coast, was extremely interesting. Here we found an eee Cephalocereus, Ma- millaria mazatlanensis and Cereus vagans only known from these hills near the ocean, Rathbunia kerbert growing as a clumsy vine, several strange species of Opuntia, and other like plants.
We also made excursions to Presidio or El Union, Rosario, Palmar and Acaponeta to the south, and Guadalupe to the north. From all these places an abundance of material was collected. At Acaponeta and Palmar are large forests of the beautiful palm Inodes rosei, a species well worthy of cultivation as an ornamental. This tree is of great economic value to the natives, who use the leaves to thatch their rude huts, and for hats, mats, and various other uses. Growing along with this palm I found a second species which seems to be undescribed.
n retraced our steps northward to Culiacan, now the center of a great irrigating enterprise. On the dry hills were many strange plants, the most striking and boven of which proved to be a new genus, Erioxylum, a near relative of the cotton plant. It was common along the railroad all the way from the hills north of Mazatlan nearly to Culiacan, but had an ae ee of dropping out of the flora where stops were made. d hoped to collect it at Guadalupe but could not find it near Ae town and only found it at Culiacan after an exhaustive tramp southward, just as we were planning to retrace our footsteps to that place.
256
From Culiacan we went by rail to Altata which is on the coast, but little of interest was found outside of the sand-loving plants.
On May 23 we were again in Guaymas, where a day was spent visiting some neighboring ranches and a rocky island in the harbor. April 24 we arrived at Magdalena, also in Sonora, where we spent a day. We then left for Tucson where we closed our field work and returned to Washington.
The results were a collection of 10,000 herbarium specimens, representing 3,000 numbers, besides numerous living specimens of succulents, chiefly cactuses. A set of the living and herbarium specimens has been deposited in the New York Botanical Garden.
The funds for the expedition were furnished by the New York Botanical Garden, the Desert Laboratory of the Carnegie Institu- tion, and the U.S. National Museum.
ITINERARY OF BOTANICAL EXPEDITION TO THE WEST CoasT OF MEXICO,
Places visited. Arrival. Departure. Big Springs, Texas. Feb, 23 Feb. 23. Sierra Blanca, Texas. Feb. 24. Feb. 25 El] Paso, Texas. Feb. 25. Feb. 27 Agricultural College, N. Mexico. Feb. 28.
El! Paso, Texas. March 1. March I son, na. March 2. March 3 Hermosillo, Sonora. March 4. ch Guaymas, Sonora March 10 March 10 E ime, Sonora. March 11 arch 11 Alamos, So March 13 March 21 Na , So March 21 March 22 San Blas, Sin March 22 March 29. Topolobampo, Sinaloa March 23 Marc Fuerte, Sinalo: March 25 March 28 Mazatlan, Sinaloa. March 30 April Acaponeta,{Tepic. April 9 April 12 Rosario, Sinaloa. April 14 April 15 almar, Sinaloa April 15 April 15 Guadalupe, Sinaloa April 18 April 19. Altata, Sinaloa. April 20. April 20 Culiacan, Sinaloa April 21 April 22 mas, Sonora. April 23. April 24. Magdalena, Sonora. April 25. April 26. ucson, Arizona. April 26. April 27.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. W. L. Johannsen, professor of plant physiology in the University of Copenhagen, who has been delivering a course of lectures in Columbia University on ‘‘The Modern Principles of Heredity”’ was a recent visitor at the Garden.
Recent reports from Dr. W. A. Murrill as to the conditions’ for fleshy fungi on the Pacific coast are most favorable and the trip will result in the addition of many interesting species to the mycological herbarium.
The second meeting of the Torrey Botanical Club for this season was held in the main laboratory of the museum building of the Garden, October 25. The meeting consisted of informal reports by a number of the members.
Dr. E. D. Clark, instructor in biological chemistry in Colum- bia University, has been awarded a research scholarship at the Garden to assist him in carrying on some investigations in certain phases of plant chemistry.
The first of the autumn conferences was held in the main laboratory of the museum building on Monday, November 6. A full account of this meeting will appear in a later number of the JOURNAL.
Dr. William H. Brown, a student at the tropical laboratory during the summer of 1910, has recently been appointed plant physiologist in the Philippine Bureau of Science, Manila.
The Control of the Chestnut Bark Disease is treated by Haven Metcalf and J. F. Collins in farmers bulletin No. 467 issued by the United States Department of Agriculture, October 28, 1911.
The total financial loss from this disease is now estimated at $25,000,000. The only known practical means of controlling the disease in a forest is to locate and destroy the advance in- fections as soon as they appear. Advance infections should be located by trained observers and destroyed by cutting and burn-
ing. Chestnut nursery stock should be rigidly inspected and only perfectly healthy plants passed. The life of valuable orna-
258
mental trees may be greatly prolonged by promptly cutting out all diseased parts and covering cuts with tar. Spraying is of no use in stopping the fungus after it is once started. Diseased chestnut trees‘should be cut down and utilized as soon as possible. For the present the planting of chestnuts anywhere east of Ohio is not advised, but there is no apparent reason why chestnut orchards west of Ohio cannot be kept free from the disease.
Meteorology for October —The total precipitation for the month was 4.95 inches. Maximum temperatures were recorded of 75° on the 16th, 74.5° on the roth, 72° on the 4th and 67” on the 23d. Also minimum temperatures were recorded of 48° on the 2tst, 36° on the 13th, 35.5° on the 8th, and 30° on the 29th. The first killing frost of the season occurred on the 29th.
ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM. Overholtz. 7 specimens of mosses from Wisconsin. (Given by Mr.
2 specimens of hepatics from Europe. (By exchange with Prnfessoe Istvan Gyorrff:
Io specimens of polypores from Oxford, Ohio. (By exchange with Mr. T. O. -)
y- I specimen of Teiraphidopsis novae-seelandiae Broth. & Dixon. (By exchange with Mr. H. M. Dixon. 10r specimens of plants from the South Pacific Islands. (Distributed by Miss Josephine Tilden.
4 specimens of Riccia from Connecticut. (Given by Miss C. C. Haynes.) : 6,000 specimens of flowering plants and ferns from southeastern Utah. (Col- lected b: Rydbe
17 specimens of drugs. “(Given by ae ue H. ry.) ama eee by Dr. R. M. Harper.)
PLANTS AND SEEDS. I plant of Oncidium Papilio. (Given by Mrs. Miller. 4 plants Livistona chinensis. (Given by Mr. A. Heckscher.) 12 cactus cuttings. (By exchange with eee Gardens, hats England.) 2 plants for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. J. W. Grant.) 19 orchids for conservatories. (By exchange with Mr. . 7 Manda.) Given by Mr. C. Jones.)
plant of Crinum. (Given by ni Grace Simonson. > 3 cuttings of a Pieced from Mexico. (Given by Mr. Weeks.)
259
8 plants for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. J. B. Lazzari.) t lemon tree. (Given by Miss E. Richard.)
6 plants of A ponogeton distachyum. (By exchange with Mr. H. A. Dreer.) 5 plants from British Guiana. (Given by Mr. F. E. Lut
25 orchids for conservatories. (By exchange with Mrs. a B. Tuttle.)
7 cactus plants fro Ih. (Collected by Dr. P, A. Rydbe: 3 t ta for herbaceous grounds. (Given by ae A. Buchholz.) I plant of Beaucarnea recurvata. (Given by Mr. L. Bernard.)
19 plants for nurseries and conservatories. (Given by Mrs. A. P. Morosini.) 53 cactus plants and other succulents for conservatories. (By exchange with tional M h Dr. J. N. Ros
a eum, ig) ‘ 20,950 bulbs for decorative plantations. eae )
595 plants for decorative plantations. (Purchased.) 2 packets Betula seed from Vermont. (Given by. Mr. W. H. Blanchard.) i Bethel.)
sby.) 5 packets of seed. (By exchange with Insular Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, I)
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM JULY 1 TO OCTOBER 31, 1911.
Acosta, JOSEPH DE. Historia natural y moral de las Indias. Sevilla, 1590.
ARDISSONE, FRANCESCO. Enumerazione delle alghe di Sicilia. Genova, 1864. ARNOLD, FERDINAND CHRISTIAN Gustav. Cladoniarum ones Miinchen 1888—-1900.]
AUERSWALD, BERNHARD. Botanische Unterhaliungen zum Verstindniss der heimatlichen Flora. Ed. 2. Leipzig, 1863.
Bara, JEAN BAPTISTE. Apercu ae et catalogue des champignons observés dans les environs de Nice. Nice, 1858.
-BerG, OTTO Kar_. Pie ce Botanik. Ed: Ss. Berlin, 1866.
BorNET, JEAN BAPTISTE EDOUARD. Observation sur ‘infusoires dans le Valonia utricularis A Cherbourg, [1859]. BRAITHWAITE, ROBERT. Check list of British mosses from aes s British moss flora. Keene no date. 3 vols. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.) CHEVANDIER, EUGENE, & gaa GUILLAUME. Mémoire sur aia propriétés méchaniques du bois fe 848. LARKE, BENJAMIN. On b and zoélogy, including a new arrange-
ment of phanerogamous plants. London, 18
CiarKgE, CHARLES Baron. A list of the ee sida “ie and mosses col- lected in the immediate neighborhood of Andover. Calcutta, 1866.
CLEMENTE, SIMON Roxas. Versuch iiber die ee oe Weinstocks in Ane dalusien. Gratz, 1821.
Cwriz, P. F. Anleitung die im mitileren und nordlichen Deutschland ui senden Pflanzen. Ed. 13, by Franz Georg Philipp Buchena Leipzig, 1
Datta Torre, KARL WILHELM von, & SARNTHEIN, LUDWIG VON. a Pilse aes von Tirol, Vorarlberg und Liechtenstein. Innsbruck, 1905. (Given by Dr. W. A. rill.
Hesston AUGUST WILHELM. Hortus belvedereanus, oder Verzeichniss der
' 260
Pflanzen welche in dem .. Garten zu Belvedere... sind. Part 2. Weimar, 1821. ; :
Erc , FEDERICO. Saget abgeschlosen Ende roro. Guate- mala, em (Given Dr. N. L. Britton.)
FarLow, WILLIAM eee Lis a the marine algae of the United States, with notes of new and imperfectly known species. [Boston, 1875.
{FurttneR, Cu. G.] Die Begattung aad Fort-pflanzung organtscher Wesen. Berlin, 1797.
FonscoLomsg, E. L. J. HippoLyte Boyer DE. Calendrier de faune et de flore pour les environs d'Aix. Aix, 1845.
Fracoso, R G i % de i ta de Cadiz. Madrid,
REGE, CHRISTIAN AuGUST. Versuch eines allgemeinen botanischen Hand- worterbuchs. 2 parts. Zeitz, I
des Safts in den Pflanzen und Biumen. Weimar, 1804. RCKE, moraines Aucusr. Flora von Nord- und Mittel-Deutschland. Ed. 5.
Ss, W. M. Spices and how to know them. Buffalo, as
G6neczy, PAL. Pestmegye és taéjéka virénya. Budapest, 1
GrotH, BENNO HumBERT ALFRED. The sweet potato. Pinta IQIt.
Hamper, WILHELM. Handbuch der Frucht- und Gemiiseiretberei. 3, by Kunert. Berlin, 1911
ARIOT, PAUL. Liste des algues marines rapporteés de Yokoska Caton) par
M. le Dr. Savatier. [1891.
HorrMan, Jutrus. Alpen-Flora fir Touristen und Pflanzenfreunde. Stuttgart,
a FRIEDRICH. oe medicae.] Halle, 1694~1734. ‘OP! AV: EINRI sches Taschenbuch fiir die Anfiaes dieser os aay der person ain ro vols. Regensburg, 1790-1808 IRMISCH, JOHANN FRIEDRICH THILO. Beitrége zur ae Morphologie der Pflanzen. 6 pts. Halle, 1854-1879. ACQUIN, NICOLAUS JOSEF voN.] Index plantarum quae continentur in Lin-
ARSTEN, GUSTAV WILHEL! ee Die medicinischen Chinarinden Neu- Granada's, Berlin, 1858.
Kirsc ER, See Flore Vogéso-Rhénane. 2 vols. in 1. Paris,. 1870.
Kiésiscy, R. L. Deutsche Waldbiume und i ie. Leipzig 1857.
thre Physiognom name Ernst HEINRICH. Een eeuw bloembollenteelt ae cide Haarlem
ee ELisaBetH L, The mushroom hand book. How to know wild mush- rooms and how to cook them. New York, [1911]. (Given by D: ae . Murrill.)
LINNAEUS, CARL. Genera plantarum. Ed. 2. [Ed. 3.] Aare
LINNAEUS, CARL. anzensystem. 2 vols. Wien, 1786. Edit ae by Johann Andreas Murray and ete Joseph Lippert.
L
IPSKY, WLADIMIR. Ceylon et ses jardins botaniques. St. Petersburg, 1911. Lipsky, WLADIMIR. . végétation forestitve du Turkestan. St. Petersburg, OI
261
MESSER, FREDERICK A, <A new and easy method of studying British wild flowers by natural analysis. London, 1 YER, FRANZ SALES, & pe FRIEDRICH. Gartentechnik und Gartenkunst.
Igrl MEYER, GEORG Maou WILHELM. Flora des Kénigreichs Hannover. Ange- wandter Theil. Part 1. Géttingen, 1837. R, FERDINAND JACOB HEINRICH VON. The plants indigenous Around Sharks Bay and its vicinity. Pert 3: THOMAS VOLNEY. ae of Amerian grape culture. Denison,
U ’ no date. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.
Oup: S, ie ENE ras jan ABRAM. Aanteekeningen op h tematischen he gedeelte der Pharmacopoea ee Rotterdam, 1854-1856.
ERRAULT, CLAUDE, CHaras, Morse, & Dopari, Dionys. oo zur Naturgeschichte der Thiere und Pflanzen vols. Leipzig, 1757,
RITZEL, GEORG UST. Thesaurus Teeratered botanicae omnium eo Ed. 2. Leipzig, 1872.
REHDER, ALFRED. The Bradley bibliography. Vol. ~I. Cambri IQII
RICH. A LE. Nouveaux élémens de eae y i" oo ee on Ed. 6. Paris,
1838. RODRIGUEZ Y FEMENIAS, JUAN JOAQUIN. Datos algologicos. 4 parts. Madrid, 1889-96. R . RICHARD. Die Bananenkultur geographisch, wirtschaftlich und kultur~ histovisch betrachtet. Gotha N, EDUARD. ee und Beschreibung der wichtigsten Fuitergraser. Sate 50. MITz, CARL JOHANN FRIEDRICH. Griine Algen aus dem Golf von Athen. fae 1878. [WEINFURTH, GEORG AUGUST. Ueber: sate vadiatus Thuill, Berlin, 1861. LEVOGT, ee Haprian. De Urt vadit Johannes Melchior Drechs- sler. Jena, An introduction to physiological and systematical
SMITH, fice EpwarbD. Coubindium florae britannicae. Ed. 3. London,
MS-LAUBACH, HERMANN ZU. ie Corallinenalgen des Golfes von Neapel und
der angrenzenden Meeres-abschniite ee 81. ONDER, OTTO WILHELM. Alga tvalianae. Hamburg, 1880. STRASBURGER, EDU . Ueber Azoll. Jena, 1873. STRAS: ER, Epuarp, NOLL, Fritz, SCHENCK, JOHANN HEINRICH RUDOLF
BURG R & ScHIMPER, ANDREAS FRANZ WILHELM. Lehrbuch der ene fiir Hothechulen.
Jena, 1894; ed. 4. Jena, 1 THURET, GUSTAVE eee ee 1857. cas 1M CHRISTIAN. Florae megapolitanae Hae Leipzig, 1788. REND, CAMILLO. Primeira contribuicdo para o estu a Undecima para a Flore M: TOTHFALUSI, MIKLOS. A magyar gazda mint kertesz. ee
Deuxiéme note sur le fécondation des Fucacées.
262
UNGER, FRANZ josern ANDREAS NicoLtaus. Ueber Aufnahme von Farbestoffen bei Pflanzen. Wien, 1849. Wis, JoHN Curistopaer. A revised catalogue Be the negcreel flowering
plants and ferns of Ceylon. ‘colombo, 1911. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) ER, EpDUARD. Ausfiihrliche Beschreibung aie icher pan Leipzig, 1836. Wins
(CHE, FREIDRICH OTTO. Die Alpenpflanzen. [Eine Anlei ihredK. niss. Zwickau, 1893.
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XI December, 1911. No. 144.
EXPLORATION IN LOWER CALIFORNIA.
Dr. N. L. Brirron, DirEcToR-IN-CHIEF,
Sir: On February 10, 1911, I left Washington to embark upon the U. S. Steamer ‘‘ Albatross’’ which was about to start for a scientific cruise along the coast of Lower California. The ex- pedition was organized by Dr. C. H. Townsend, then acting director of the American Museum of Natural History, and I had been invited to accompany him and collect plants for the New York Botanical Garden and for the U.S. National Museum.
The ‘‘Albatross,"’ a ship belonging to the Bureau of Fisheries, is splendidly suited for exploration work with its laboratory, library, and all kinds of equipment, but is especially fitted out
and y
work, while Lieut. B. G. Barthalow, a capable navigator and accommodating executive officer, was second in command These two with other officers and men and our eight naturalists and collectors made up a party of eighty.
The program of the trip as planned and carried out was to go down the west coast of Lower California and then into the Gulf of California about two thirds its length, visiting as many places on the mainland and islands as time would permit.
On February 28, we steamed out of San Diego harbor for Guadalupe Island. This island is well known to botanists, having been visited by Dr. Edward Palmer in 1875, at which time he collected many new species. I had expected to re-collect many of these species, but my visit was somewhat disappointing.
264
The ship spent three days near the island but owing to rough
eas I spent only two days ashore. There evidently had been considerable rain, for many of the hills and rock slides were green, but the number of interesting species seen were very few, the vegetation consisting largely of native and introduced weeds. This is due to the fact that the island is overrun by goats which have destroyed many of the native plants. The rare palm (Brahea ae pines is only known from this island was not seen, although stumps, some a foot in diameter, were passed in the canyons which showed plainly that they had been gnawed down by the goats. :
Fic, 43. View on Cedros Island, a Rhus in the foreground.
High up in the canyons were a few live-oaks (Quercus tomen- tella), some with a trunk two feet in diameter. These often grow down in the bed of the canyon where great boulders, brought down by the sea torrents, are dashed against the trunks, peeling off the bark and scarring them - ees Two California poppies were seen growing ose ity, but certainly distinct. One was the peay ene ae paneieas which is well worthy of cultivation as an ornamental plant, but Ree it was only in flower and no seeds could be ob-
ned. Only one cactus was seen and that an Opuntia of the
O. prolifera type. It was very common in the lower part of the island, often forming small thickets.
arch 9, landings were made on both the west and the east islands of the San Benito group. West San Benito Island has been collected upon by Commander Pond and Dr. Edward Palmer, but so far as I know nocollections have been made from East San Benito. Four cactuses, an Agave, and a Dudleya were the most interesting succulents obtained. March 10, 11, and 12, were spent on Cedros Island and three landings were made, one on the south end and two along the east shore. About 100 species were collected, including five species of cactuses, two of Dudleya, and an Agave. —
Fic. 44. Valley on Cedros Island with 4 basti 1 otk 1 plants.
On March 13 and 14 we were in San Bartolomé Bay, where a small collection was made, including 4 species of cactuses, one Dudleya, one Agave, and one Yucca.
On our way south a stop of an hour was made at San Roque, a bird island upon which no flowering plants have yet become established and where nothing was obtained except three rock ichens.
One day was spent at Abrejos Point, which is surrounded by salt flats and sandy plains divided by long salt-water lagoons.
266
The sailing charts show “‘sage-brush flats,’ but nothing of this kind is to be found. The only growing things on the sandy plains were the seedlings of some wild onion (Allium sp.), which gave a decided green color to the otherwise brown sand. On the low hills some three miles back three cactuses were collect
‘wo ae were made on Magdalena Island, the first on the ocean side at Santa Maria Bay and the second on the bay side near the village of Magdalena. On this island Mr. T. S. Brandegee landed in January, 1888, and found it a veritable flower garden, but now it was like a parched desert, for the island had been long without rain, how long we did not learn. On Margarita, a neighboring island, we were told that there had been no rain for six years. The numerous dead cactuses and other succulents clearly indicated that there had been a long drought. Only a few desert shrubs were in flower. The most remarkable of
depressed bush covered with lavender-colored flowers. The tips of the flowering stems were purple and swollen as if they had been stung by some insect, but careful inspection showed that this form is natural and is produced by the imbedded ovaries. At Santa Maria Bay especially there was a rich display of suc- culents, ten cactuses being found within a stone’s throw of the
beach. An Agave was ay ele common. t Cc
wo landing: ta Margarita Island, but little difference was seen in the vegetation as compare with that of Magdalena. An Opuntia somewhat different from the one on Magdalena was common and this has been made a distinct aes pycnantha by Dr. J. M. Coulter. <A giant cactus not seen on the other island, though perhaps to be found there also, was ae but not common On March 23, we reached Cape Sa Lucas, the extreme south- ern tip of the Peninsula, where we remained two ‘o the east of the Cape is a fairly good landing. Historically, this is one of the most interesting botanical localities in Lower Cali- fornia. Here it was that Hinds made a large collection of cac-
267
tuses in 1839, but his entire collection died en route to England. Again it was here that L. J. Xantus, a bird collector, spent many months in 1859-60. His plant collection of 121 species formed the basis of a paper by Dr. Asa Gray in which 25 species were described as new. Nothing further was learned of these species for nearly a half century. In 1889, Mr. T. S. Brandegee re- discovered many of them, but generally in more northern local- ities. During my two days’ stay I collected over 100 species, doubtless most of those obtained by Xantus, besides quite a number of other species not before reported from here. e season was extremely dry and practically no annuals were found. The cactus display was more varied than in any other locality. Thirteen species were obtained in one morning’s walk. Among other interesting succulents were an Agave, a Yucca, and a Dudleya
From Cape San Lucas we proceeded to San José del Cabo, also near the southern end of the Peninsula but to the east of Cape San Lucas. I was somewhat disappointed with this place, partly due oo to the fact that the flora is very similar to that of Cape San Lucas. Among the aie: succulents was a Hechtia, eee new to Lower Californ:
e then proceeded to the United States malig station near La Paz, situated on Pichilinque Island. On this island also are situated large salt works. The few families who live on the island keep goats and these animals have eaten up all the annual and low vegetation. Four species of cactuses, however, were co and a remarkable species of Fouquierta, which is aie new. The following day I visited the Peninsula proper where
* Fouquieria Burragei Rose, sp.
A large spreading shrub, 3 to 7 meters high with a short but definite trunk; branches wand-like; inflorescence an elongated panicle resembling an interrupted raceme or spike, 10 to © 35 em. one: Hower vety small, peubscaailes ones creat
i ony
ee 4mm. 1 obtusi I le, terete, glat bel sna: ae but very hairy in re mia third; capsule a m. lon;
Collec by J. ose on peiecae Island near La Paz and on the
Cali ane greene This species is very different from F. pen Vee os common species near La Paz. It is much nearer to the Mexican F. campanulata than to the latter, but with still smaller flowers, etc. Named for Commander Burrage whose interest in our work has been mentioned above.
268
I again found this Fouguieria. Jt was practically past flowering, while another species nearer La Paz was in full flower. The same day I found on the high hill back from the bay what appears to be a new species of Afamillaria, and a most interesting new Agave, which, however, was not in flower. The next day was spent nearer La Paz, where I collected still another undescribed Agave. had collected the same near La Paz in 1897 but at neither time was it in flower. A fine display of cactuses was seen in all the low lands about La Paz.
Fic. 45. “Palo Blanco” tree at Agua Verde Bay, Lower California.
We then proceeded northward to San Josef, a very dry and barren island where little material was collected save 13 species of cactuses. Parts of twodays were given to collecting.
The next stop was at Agua Verde Bay. Here there is a small settlement and a stock ranch and this is also one of the places from which tan bark is shipped. This is furnished by a tree called
“palo blanco”’ (Lysiloma candida), which is very common through- out southern Lower California. Eight species of cactuses were collected.
From this place we proceeded to Carmen Island, where there is a large dry salt lake from which is obtained the well known Carmen salt. Dr. Edward Palmer made collections on this
269
island in 1870 and again in 1890. A report on the latter col- lection was published in the Contributions from the U.S. National
erbarium, volume one. Ten species of cactuses were collected, the most interesting of which was Echinocactus Diguetii. Large plants six feet high were common growing along the o!d beach of the lake. The plants were sitting so rea upon the shells that they could easily be toppled over by one’s foo
From Carmen Island we proceeded north to Mulege on the peninsula proper, at the mouth of Concepcion Bay, where a short
Fic. 46. ‘‘ Palo Blanco” bark ready for shipment.
stop was made. Thence we moved up to the head of the bay, where a stop of two days was made, another being made on our way out half-way down the bay. All the country about Con- cepcion Bay is a veritable desert and only about 75 plants were collected, of which 12 or more were cactuses. Some of the latter were extremely interesting. One large Echinocactus* is much used in making candy. It is represented in the type collection only by a cluster of spines. Mulage, a small Mexican town, is on a little stream which furnishes water for the irrigation of many gardens, where all kinds of tropical fruit and vegetables are grown
* Echinocactus rectospinus (Coult.) Britton & Rose. Echinocactus Emoryi rectospinus Engelm. in Coult. Contr. Nat. Herb. 3: 362. 1896
. 270
At San Francisquito we spent only one night and only a few hours were given to shore work. This proved to be a very in- teresting station and although extremely dry ee curious plants were found to interest me. The cactus display was very remark- able. At this place I found the strange Peis invicta, which
Fic. 47. Large plant of Echinocactus Di it he st £ S: Catalina Island
does not at all suggest an Opuntia but was taken to be an Echi- nocereus. Nine species of cactuses were collected.
The next stop was at Angel de la Guardia, the largest island in the Gulf, which is the most barren region I have ever seen, unless it were a sandy waste or an alkali flat. The island is
271
inhabited by giant lizards and rattlesnakes which made it, to some members of our party, a real paradise.
en passed over to Tiburon Island. The flora of this island is of Sonoran origin. Here we found the giant cereus (Carnegiea gigantea) for the first and only ti
Two short landings were made at San oon where some fine cactus specimens were collected, some of which are unde- scribed.
At Catalina Island we spent several hours although the vessel did not cast anchor. This island is the type locality of Echin- ocactus Diguetii, the giant cactus among the _ barrel-cactuses. Plants Io to 12 feet high are common, while plants 15 feet high are occasionally seen. One plant was measured which was 88 inches in circumference. This plant is the most characteristic plant on the island, dotting the hillsides and valleys everywhere. Five other cactuses were gathered. Later the same day we were dropped off at Santa Cruz Island while the vessel drifted down the Gulf, returning to pick us up at sundown. e two hours on the island were very busy ones, spent in noting the various cactuses, of which I saw ten. A most interesting Mamillaria, not seen elsewhere, was common, forming large clumps, its sur- face densely covered with snowy white spines. Two days were spent in coaling the ship at Pichilinque Island. The day before the ship left four of our party took a launch and went over to Espiritu Santo Island, where we were picked up the next morn- ing by the ‘‘Albatross.”” The island is the headquarters of the pearl fisheries of the Gulf. As at all settlements in Lower California, goats are here in abundance and the native vegetation has consequently suffere
Our last collecting was ane on Ceralbo Island just before we
talina and Santa Cruz, it is uninhabited and has not been interfered with in any way by man or domestic animals.
The botanical results of the trip were extremely satisfactory. Two sets of 900 plants each were collected. This is not a large collection to make in two months under ordinary circumstances, but it must be remembered that we were in a desert country,
272
part of which was overrun by goats and in no part of which had there been rain eg months, in some place not even for years.
4:44 £. y for the p f gathering the cactuses
of the region, many of which are endemic species. Nearly half a carload of living plants was sent back to New York, which reached their destination in nearly perfect condition.
The sh Seed here used are furnished through the courtesy of Dr.
The a eet table chews our itinerary in detail:
Thet ur ip
ITINERARY OF SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION TO THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA. isit ed. BS i 1. : ie
Ports Vi stds aarieth eatea tere natch m. Feb. 25, 5:00 p. m. Canine Island. m. ar. 5, 5:25 p.m San Diego m. Mar. 7, 9:00 p. m. San Benito Islands.......... Mar. 8:30 a.m Mar. 10, 5:30 a. m ‘os Island m. Mar. 12, 6:25 a.m m Mar. 15, 5:23. a. m. m. Mar. 15, 11:26 a. m. m Mar. 15, 7:30 p. m m. Mar. 16, 5:42 p.m. m Mar. 18; 5:30 p. m m Mar. 19, 10:00 a, m. m ar. 20, 123 a.m m. Mar. 21, 7:00 p. m m Mar. 25, 6:15 a.m. m Mar. 26, 4:50 p. m m ‘ar. 30, 08 a. m. m April 1, 6:30 a. m. im. April 2, 11:00 a.m m. April 3, 4:22 p. m. m. April 5, 8:00 a. m. m, April 8; 8:30 p. m. m. April ro, 6:50 a. m. ™. Aprilzz, 8:40 a. m. m. April 13, 10:55 a. m m. Aprilr4, 8:30 a. m m. April 15, 6:0 m. m. April 16, 11:67 a. m. m. April 16,5 5:19 p. m. m. Aprilz9, 6:30 a. m. m April 19, 12:35 p. m. m Aprili19, 5:58p. m. m. April 20, 9:63 a. m m. April 23, 10:00 a, m
. N. Rose.
273
CONFERENCE NOTES.
The first of the autumn conferences was held in the library on Monday, November 7, Dr. N. L. Britton presiding
Dr. E. D. Clark discussed the results of work on the soluble substances in soils resulting from exposure to dry heat, which study is a continuation of work reported last year.* The fol- lowing is a synopsis of the paper prepared by Dr. Clark. In these later studies we have extended to the higher plants our observations on the effects of heated soils upon the growth of fungi. We had previously noticed that the color of soil extracts seemed to vary with the temperature to which the soil had been subjected, the higher temperatures causing darker extracts.
matter than those of lighter color. In other words, the amount of matter made soluble by heat depended upon the intensity of the heat and to this, the color of the extract served as an index. The highly colored extracts always proved favorable as a medium for Pyronema and other fungi. On the other hand, experiments
with lupine ae indicated that they were affected in an unfavorable way by the heated-soil extracts, especially by those from soils exposed to high temperature and consequently having much material in solution. Those extracts most favorable to the growth of fungi were most unfavorable to the growth of green plants.
Oats were sown on a series of soils already exposed to different temperatures and the effects of the various soils noted soils which were heated to 90° C. and 120° C. seemed to show slight stimulation of growth over that of the control on unheated soil. However, the soils heated to 150° C. and 170° C. had a marked inhibiting action upon the oat seedlin:
Coville has found that certain plants a. as the blueberry, etc., are lovers of acid bog-soils and only reach their best develop- ment under such conditions. We wish to determine whether the
* Studies in Pyrophi ilous Fungi—Il. Changes br rought a about by the heating of soils and their relation to the growth of Pyronemu and other fungi. Mycologia 2: 109-12, IQL0.
274
better growth of these plants on burned-over areas is due to the greater amount of soluble matter of an acid nature produced by heat. We also expect to study more carefully the nature of the soluble organic matter and its effect upon the cells of green plants. r. A. B. Stout presented in part the results of his studies on the ee Sclerotium rhizodes, a report of which will soon — as a research bulletin of the Wisconsin Experiment Statio This fungus has been found in Wisconsin on eleven species of grasses: Phalaris arundinacea; Calamagrostis canadensis; Cala- magrostis neglecta; Poa pratensis; Panicularia Rhone Phieum
pratense; Hordeum jubatum; Bromus — Eatonia pennsyl- vanica; Agropyron caninum and Agrostis hyemalis. Infected specimens of all these grasses were aa ved.
Special point was made of the ie of the fungus in the different organs of the host plant. The fungus is coexistent in leaves, buds, stems, rhizomes and roots of the same plant. In the leaves it is vigorously parasitic, in the buds and stems it is less
and in the roots it assumes characters usually attributed to eee mycorrhiza.
The morphological and cytological evidence, however, indi- cates that the action of the mycelium in individual root cells is parasitic.
e mycelium is perennial in the soil and in the underground parts of the plant and so far as known the mycelium is sterile.
The report aimed to present only those phases of the study which could be demonstrated by the herbarium specimens and the et eae te which were shown
Dr. N. L. on exhibited a specimen of Cereus hexagonus just coming into fe and remarked on the generic character of the perianth being deciduous from the top of the ovary; in most related genera it is withering-persistent.
A. B. Stour.
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Dr. J. A. Shafer recently spent several days at the Garden on his way to the West Indies where he will continue his botanical explorations in Cuba.
275
Mr. W. W. Eggleston spent several days at the Garden in November in continuation of his studies on Crataegus and Malus.
Professor R. A. Harper is conducting a series of seminars for the benefit of the graduate students of Columbia eteees the subject considered being the reproduction of th er fungi. The first of the series which was held in the main sc a of the Garden, Saturday, November 4, consisted of an introduction covering the earliest literature of the subject.
Dr. Mel. T. Cook, formerly a research student at the Garden, has resigned his position as pathologist in Delaware Agricultural College to accept a similar position in Rutgers College, New Jersey.
Mr. Norman Taylor, curator at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, is continuing his studies on the local flora at the Garden.
The squirrels of Bronx Park seem in the last year or two to be taking after strange gods in the food line. This may of course be due merely to the fact that the writer has never before happened to observe them eating the foods here mentioned, though they may have been a common enough diet. On the other hand, it may well be caused by the lack of chestnuts brought about by the ravages of the chestnut disease. At any rate, a squirrel has
several occasions been seen making a meal of oats which had fallen from the feed-bag of some horse. Another has been seen eating the seeds of the sweet-gum (Liguidambar Styraciflua L.). In either case, if the eater finally succeeded in reaching the state where his hunger was satisfied, it must be admitted that he deserved all the bliss he found there—E. D. Humphreys. es for November—The total precipitation for the mo $ 4.52 inches of which .77 inch fell as snow on the a following the 14th. There were 17 clear days during the month. The maximum temperature recorded for the month was 67° on the 12th. Other high temperatures were recorded of 62° on the 7th, 53° on the 5th, 56° on the 18th and 50° on the 26th. The minimum temperature recorded for the month was 21° on the 22d. Other low temperatures were recorded of 24° on the 17th and 14th and 28° on the oth an
276
ACCESSIONS. MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM 15 specimens of mosses from North America and the Old World. (By exchange with Mr. Jules Cardot.) I specimen ps fa f; Long Island, New York. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.) 25 specimens ‘‘Ustilagineen,” fascicle XI. (Distributed by Professors H. & P. Sydow I specimen of fungus from Maryland. (By exchange with Dr. C. L. Shear.) 2 specimens 7 fungi from Colorado. (Given by ead Ellsworth Bethel.) M Prot r J. C. Arthur.)
ontana.
I qapecimefi of Viola retusa. (Given by Pr ofessor | Ezra Brai ae )
208 specimens of algae from the Saigiee Islands. ee ae with the Bureau of Science, Manila.)
I specimen of Citrus from Europe. (Given by the Portugese Synagogue, New York.)
2 specimens of hepatics from Connecticut. (Given by Dr. Alexander W. Evans.)
I specimen of J Louisiana. (Given by Professor R. C. Cocks.)
50 specimens ‘‘Uredineen,” fascicle 48. (Distributed by Professors H. & P. Sydow.)
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM JULY 1 TO OCTOBER 31, rorr. oe icatiae
Beare Erwin. Einfi lle Vererbungslehre. Berlin, 1911. AR’ RNST. Die Erziehung der Pflanzen aus Samen. Ein Handbuch fiir ce ee und Gartenfreunde. Ed.2. Berlin, 1911 BurGerr, Hans. Die Anzucht tropischer Orchideen aus Samen. Jena, 1911. Czapex, Frizpricu. Uber eine Methode zur directen oe der Ober- sce isis dey Plasmahaut von seen en. I. ERA, Lio. Recueil d’oevres. stologie eal ern Brussels, IgIo. ica by Madame Léo aoe ForrsTer, Kart. Winterharte Bliitenstanden und Sirducher der Neuzeit. Leip- zig, IQII. GERTH VAN WIJkK, H. A dictionary of plant names. The Hague, 1911 GUNTHART, EmiIL AuGusT. Prinzipien der physikalish- ee Bisel in ihrer Anwendung .. . des Bliiten-apparatus der Cruciferen. Jena, 0. HAECKER, VALENTIN. Allgemeine Verberbungslekre. Braun: le IQIl. ES, RupotF. Das Aussterben der Arten und Gattungen sowie der grasseren Grapher des Tier- und Pflanzen-reiches. belies IQIy. ER, Oo ~OSKA nd Insecten. Ihre Anpassungen ees und lige eae Wee. Leipzig, r9rr. KRa en Klima auf kleinsten Raum. Versuch einer arakten pees nes rs a auf ee Wellenkalb. Jena, 19 LANDSBERG, BERNHARD. Didaktik des isscia ome ichts. Leipzig, 1911. MassartT, . Esquisse de la géographie botanique de la Belgique. (With annex.) Bruxelles, rg1o.
277
MEY: Tu. Arsneipflanzenkuliur und Kréulterhandel. Eine Anleitung fiir A ae Landwirte und Gartner. er] 19 RICKEN, ADELBERT. Die Blitte: a gg Dean und der anaes Lander,
besonders Oesterreichs und der Schweiz. Leipzig, oTH, Grorc. Die asao a iano Parts 1-4. Dresden, [1910-11].
imxKer, Kurt H. von, & TSCHERMAK, ERICH von. Landwirtschlaftliche Studien in Nordamerika mit besonderer Berii der Phi dich Berlin, 1910.
HOF, J. C. Tu. Die Pflanzengattungen. Geographische Verbreitung, cae ies as aller bekannten Arten und Gattungen im Pflanzenreich. Leipzi;
ye ADOLF. Die fleischfressenden P flan Leipzig, 1911 WEHMER, CARL. Die Pflanzenstoffe. Fleet ajacmaties Bearbeitet Jena
M, Kari. Die Samenpflanzen. Systematische Ubersicht ihrer Familien und wichtigeren are und Arten. Wien, I910.
FRIEDRI WILHELM. Die Pilze in si iia phystologischer, biologischer und ee Beziehung. Breslau, 18
INDEX.
Abies bracteata 102 ; lexandrae 224
Abrams, LeRoy 117 panko peers 245 ‘onia 2 236 Argemone 3 Acanthocereus pentagonus 228 Arist: te 73 Accesions, see N. Y. Botanical Garden ‘Armillaria edodes 18 tabulum crenulatum 219 Arlemisia 239 rl an monticola 223 tridentata 238 Beales ao 224 Arthur, Dr, J. C. 1138, 231 ia Artichoke, Jerusalem 4 ‘Adena Asclepias 2. desea Hippocastonum 230 scobolus 3) Agar pen 243, 244, 251 eT oe oe Aster 92 A gati nab nee ters, Chinese 208 sia = Fae ae 4 95, 265-268 Astrocaryum peinaer 224 Albriplex 238, 23 nS A conferti; 3 Legrelliana 89 Atialea Cohune 223, 224 sebastiana 265 gusta, 227 Avicen univittata 106 nitida 225 Wildringii 92 Azolla ‘fliculoides 230 Agropyron caninum 274 Agrostis hyemalis 274 Bailey, H. B. 118 itd epee 79 Baker, C. F. Bald cypress 63, 151 ‘Alligator fon 8, 173 Bamboos, Ori Allium 266 Bananas 15, 16, an Aloes 106 Banker, Dr. H. J. Amanita 55 Ba: ame The Siar (ag. 32) 157 muscaria oe 55 Banta, May 11 phalloides 205 Barnhart, Dr. Be iy aie IIQ, 162 anita, igi 204, 206 Barrel-cactus 1 271 Amelanchier Barrett, A. mre 242 Barrett, es, Mr. Oakes 20 Barthalow, ‘Lieut. 3. G. 263 Anastraphia Bastian, H. tlicifolia 172 Bateson, C. E. W. 119 Anderson, Miss M. P. 3 Bean, sea- 148 Andrews, Dr. A. L. ie es on ccvieegiatae grandifiora 226 Anhalonium 198 Beech oe Anona muricata 226 Beets, sugar palustris 93 Benedict, Dr. a. C. 17, 119, 209 Anthurit i Be Seite m 70, 72 Anticlea Bergius 45 A A porocacas *Aageliformis 106 Beices 18, 50, 53 Appl Bethel 253 pond = ancien venusta 229 rusts, cedar: Bihai Wee pina ee Billi nee Elizabeth 120 6 247
Aralia racemosa . Birch, blac 278
279
Birch, white 44 , Budington, R. A. 122 Black birch 247 Bull-pines 247, 251 _ -bush 251 unch- 51 -cap 13 Burbank, Mr. 2 locust 51 Bureau of Fisheries 263 mangrove 63 Burleigh, raspberry 13 Burlingham, Dr. G. S. 177 zapote Burrage, ae ane G. a "263, 267 Bladder-w 174 Butler, B. Blighia copii ga 229 Byrnes, E. ae Blodgett. Byrsonima crassifolia 9 Blueberry 2 2 Karwinskiana 9 Booth, . A. M. 176 otanical aig in Cuba, 89 Cabbage palm 155 Botanic gardens, The educational work palmetto 156 of 73 Cactus Harlowiit 228 Bottle-brush plant 106 inaguensis 228 Boundary of the Garden, Improve- Cactus 27, 28, 89, 93, 95,148, 173, 245, ments along the western 174 254-256, 264-272 ower, F. O. 120 barrel- 197, 271 joyer, Mr. W. S. 207 giant oe 266, 271, 272 race organ- rackett, M. 120 prickly Bae 199, 203 rahea guadalupeni 264 Gis tail 106 rainerd, Dr. 38 Cactuses, The uses of the 195 raislin, A. a 20 Corinne 4 aithwaite, D Calamagrostis canadensis 274 randegee, Me. 7. ‘s — 267 neglecta 274 randenbur; en Calla Elliottiana 207 ray, | Callistemon citrinus 106 read. fruit, “Mexican 57 Calluna vulgaris 44 ritton, E. G. Calophylium Calaba 152
ritton, ae oe L 16, 18, 37, 38, 85, a cera 230 86, 98, 104, 161, 177, 209, Cafiizar
ao
273, an Botanical exploration in Cuba 8& pounioe: John n G
bow f the Garden ‘a cn A. 123 John Crooke 16 iff, I. D. 123 Report on a visit to the Y' Carduus 2 Gardens, w, England, and Caribbean I5I, to, the itish Museu f Carnegiea Rein 2 Py 271 Natural History 215 Carss, Elizabeth 123 Britton, es N. L. 37, 38, 86, 89, Carter, Mr. J. J. 147 4 rr ar 17 Castalia 174 Rea Jean 1 capensis 210 Broadway 37 coerulea 210 Bromelia 10 dentata 21 ing’ ro Frank gaan 210 S ciliatus 274 ‘0. Hust rongniartia 15 pionitea ba Ludwig 209 room, Scotch 53 kewen. roomall, L. B. 121 Mrs "C- W. Ward ato roughtonia 93 O'M. @ 210 ny 257 Powe siscnia 209 ruckman, Louisa 121 : Aa aie rues, T. m. Ston runfelsia x72 net ands 210 eae Ebenus 229 ace Antonius 73
ucida eee 225 Catesbaea spinosa 225
280
Cattleya 20 Cecropia peltata 224, 225 Cedar 240, 242, 247, 251
apple 102
rust 102
Cedrus Cedrus 223 Ceiba 1
pentandra 229, 230
4S Century plants 5, 106 Cephalocereus 228, nn 255
Cercocar: nee Cereus 203, 216 hexagonus 274
xhear’
275 ae bes 275 . J. L. 207, 20
5
Citrus decumana 226
perros scoparius 219
Clark, M 243
ails MM. 124
Clark, Dr. E. ee a 124, 257, 273 STS.
Clements, Clinton, Dr. G. P. 8 e 55
iticeps 55 Coast 2 Mexico, Exploration in the outhwestern states and west Coccolobis eee 225
Uotfera 228, 229 eal argentea 224 l2
oe 38, 124, 163 Coleogyne es 251
Collection of Japanese cherry trees, A 104 Collections in Mexico, Report on recent
pur:
Conference notes 16, 36, 54, 102, 159, 2
Comises Palo Amarillo Rubber Co.
Const: table, Mrs. F. A. 176 Construction work, see N. Y. Botanical Garden
soet Sir pe 218 0. 125, 275
Coprinus micaceus 45, 221
Cordyceps 19 _
Coriolus iad 221
Corry, R. T. 125
Cosmo I, Grand Duke 74
Cotton 15, 1 silk.
Re 7
aegus 275 Crescentia raced
8
otanical exploration in 89 aban everane Report on 171 uesta, Dr. Eugenio 90, 94
athea arborea stay be < voles
ad bald é3 ISt Cyrtopodium 9
281
Daedalea confragosa 221
ixon, cease Mr. B O. 36, 37, 86, 126, 160,
209 Dodge, Mrs. B. O. 209 3
Dondia 238
Donors Anderson, E. A. 22 Anderson, R. 22 Baker, Prof. C. F. 178 Baldwin, Mr. D. D. 21 Bartlett, ae a H. 233
B
Beebe, Ms. < Sw. i ae
Benedict, Dr. ae
Bernard, ea
Berte, Mr. Eka
Bethel, Prof. Ellgworth 233, 259, 27 Bicknell, Mr. E. P. 88
Blanchard, Mr. a 259 Brace, Miss Rafael: 165
Brainerd, Prof. ar 165, 170, 276
Britton, .N. L. 276
y.
pea Prof. ‘T. d. A. 21, 179,
Coe ‘ock: ‘es, roe aa
Coker, W. Cc. mo 179 Cane ae F. A. 166 Cook, Dr. M. T. ey
Curtiss, Mrs. F. E Dean, Prof. Bashford 39 Dorrance,
Granger, Mr. Walter » 40 sie Mr. . 258 Harper, Dr. R. M. 178, 258
Donors, aire Mr. nee 178 Har.
M Lis Miss Ruth 39
Nas r. G. V. 8 Nagiee ‘Mr. ee 88
Newbold, Mr. F. R. 21 Aa ations ‘Mise Ears 2Ir Pearson, Mr. H. C. 58 ember, 2r Pendleton, ee 2 Pennell,
Mr. Portugese LEN New York 276
Pulitzer, Mrs. eae 40 E
Ramsey, E. 106 Richard, Miss E.2 oc Rusby, Dr. H. H. 21, 58, 107, 166, 33: nie 2 Russell, Mrs. C. 21, 107 chilling, Col. F. 10 imonson, Miss Grace 258 mith, Captain J. D. 88 ith, I
oe
rof. S. I ni, Mr. oo 22 Tae Mr. E. C. 233
282
Donors, Weeks, Mr. 258 Werckle, Mr. C. 107 White, Mr. A. T. 166 balieas one T. o 166
r. E. J. 233
ufour, Alic pre Hoopes 243 unn, L Durand, rE. 7 ee Duss 37, 47, 52
Sate ba F. S. 37, 94, 217 Ear! Se ae ty 27 Eaton nia vdemssivnic 274 Echinocactus 26 D a 269-2 Emoryi reps 269 reclospinus Echinocereus 2 oes - om Educational work of botanic gardens,
W. W. 38, 127, 275
.T. 127
spruce 243, 251
Ree Municipal 163
England, and to the British Museum of Natural History, Report on a
visit to the Royal Gardens, Kew,
215
: ae
Ephedra 242 ae aie 253 Equisetum 1 Erigeron bikie oe eile um 238, 251 Erioxy = 5 pa eine frutescens 264 Eugenia Jambos 173
gai 1a I 13
227 Euphorbiodenirn 14 fulvum 14, 2
Mu ia stile 14 European herbaria, enayine tropical XXXIL, figs. 7-15) 43
Eurotia 238 Evans, Helen 127 Evening primrose 266 Exchanges Agricultural and se elas Col lege of New Mexico 3: H.
Allard, Mr. Arthur, Prof. J. C.2 276 Bartholomew, a Elam 165 Benson, E. G. 2 Biltmore Herbarium 21, 88 Se Mr. C.
ic Garden, Budapest, Hun.
Frankfurt, Germany 10;
Bu B 165 Bureau of Plant Touseey, Wash ington, + 40, 107 Science, Manila 233, 276
Calkins, Mr. W. W. 21 pane ules 58, 106, 178, 27¢ ie Museum, Pittsburgh 88 alae Prof. J. F. 39 vis, Mr. C. K. 88 Deam, Mr. C. C. 20 : Department of Agriculture, Ja maica, . 233 Biological Exploration, Mexice
rough of Bronx 10°
ismier, Mr. Gabriel 20, 39 Dixon, Mr. H. N. * Dreer, Mr. H. A Frye, Prof.
Cr Geological Survey My Canada 88 beter Mr. H. 107 Prof. Istvan ie 258 Hershberger, Dr. J. W. of Har vard june
ia 21, 58, 107 Insular ureau of Agriculture 59
dber, Macoun, Prof. John 165
283
Exchanges, Manda, Mr. J. A. 39, 258
Merrill, Mr. E. D. 179, 233 Millsp » Dr. C. II Missouri Botanical Garden 58 Nichols, Dr. » 39, 88, 179 Osterhout, Mr. G. E. 21, 210 Overholts, Mr. L. O. 58, 165, 233,
25
Public Gardens, Jamaica, W. I. 58, I
Roell, Dr. Julius
Royal rea ae ae: Berlin, 233 Ga dens, Kew, England 233, Shar es Mt s. K. D. 107 Shear, Dr. . eae ey Smith, Pro’ Tiflis Piste a. Russia 107 Tuttle, Mrs. B. U. S. Dep artment of Agriculture 233
Forest Service 40, 165 National Museum
co) Gate Prof. I. 2
Zein » Mr. Ca rlo 107 Exhibit, The plant photograph 218 Exhibition, The flower ladiotus (P1 sup ee 207
Cc ota: wer California ee 43-47)
203 in southern Florida (figs. 26-31) 147
of Mexico 253 hoa on Cuban 171
Fagus sylvatica 230 Fairman, Dr. 2 127, 209 Fawcett, E. H
inand, Mr.
Fern, common i ae 48 tree.
Fernow Dr. 8
Festuca arizonica 251
Ficu. od
irene rag Carica 2
vic Field, Mr. oe Field, E. C. 128 Fig 92
Fink, Dr. Bruce 177
Fir 159
Douglas 251 Florida, Exploration in southern (figs. 26-31) 147 Flower exhibition, The 175
ouguieria, 267, 268 Burragei 26
S227 Pidenes phil 238 Fries 43, 44 Fries, Elias 46 Fries, R. Fungi, cup- 36, 56 gill- 37, 43, 44, 46, 47, 53, 54 in European herbaria, Studying
aaa cprigs (PL LXXXIL, 15) 4, teens Co gI gigantea
aes na on S. 85, 128, 208 cational work of botanic
oe ens 73 Gaines, E. V. 12 Galba 152 Garden, Improvements along the west- ern bou: aor of the 174
Gardener, J. Gardens, as educational work of
bot: Garrett, Prof. He O. 237, 248, 251 Gasterias 1 Gaussia ne ee 223 oe rite ch lia le, Joh ao
hini 74
Giant cactus 254, 266, 271, 272
Gilia 23
Gill-fungi 37, sae 44, 46, 47, 53. 54
Gilman, C. _
Ginkgo biloba
Gladioluserhibition, The (PI.LXXXIV.) 207
ladioluses 175, 207, 208
leason, H. A. 129
lis hh
163 oS cua Je ca 158
Grass, bunch- 251
n B. C. 129 Coun oficinale 229 sanctum Guayule neat 96, 97 es ae die of rubber from
Pacer Crist 227 Gum, sw 75
Cience oe Gymnosporangium 102, Aah 231 Gynerium saccharoides 2
Haematoxylon campechianum 229 Halimeda discoidea 219 favulosa 219
‘una 21 Hall, Mr. 239, 241 Halsted, Mr. 2 na 172 Hanks, L. T.
m 54; 55 Hee Prof. R. A. 162, 176, 209, 217,
en R. M. Haris, Bie. William 37 Harri ophora a
46 ‘Hayes, Dr. Sutton 70-72 s, C. ae
Hayne:
Hazen, 2
Heather, en 44, 53
Hechtia 2
Hedgecock, G. G. 131
Hemsley, Prof. 54
Hemsley, W. 2
Henry, Florence
Herbaria, ‘Seudying tropical American
fungi in European (Pl. LXXXII.,
cS 15) 43,
figs. Herpotrichia apse 159 Hewins, N. P. 131
Hieracium a anita um 44 Hinode Nursery Company 105 Hockaday, Ela 131 peeanae oe 231
Hog plum:
Ho! ne De “Arthur 86, 133, 162-164,
- M, a 37, 85, 86, 160, 162
A little“ known oo of Pail ama (figs. 16-23) a plant otek exhibit até . Hw,
c. Humphreys, Mr. E W. 17, 133, 275 Huxley, Hyarancce eas grandiflora 207 Hypericum
a aa along the western bound: ary of the Garden 174 Inga 10
His 10
Jiniquil 1
Ink-cap ae glistening 45
Innes, Mr. 251
Inocybe 54, 55
infida 4
Inodes Rosei 255
Investigators at the New York Botan- rr ima 1897-1911, Students
117
Irises, eee 176
Irving, Mrs. Leonard 133
Isham, Florence 133
Jacaranda 94 porch H. S. 133 Sai cherry trees, A collection of
woiden onities lily 158 na 6
Jui uniperus ¢ commun: monosperma Hoe os Jussieu 79
W. E. Mise Mar -
Kellicott, ent tha 177 D. 102, 134, 159, 160, 231
Kennerly, Kern, Dr
Keyser. M rjJ.G Kimura, ate a King, C. A. 134
285 ;
Kirkwood, J. ee 134
af Kusano, Prof. 18
rae 18, 20 Laelia
ani ee 20 anceps rosea 20
supe 0 Laetiporus as 2a -agerheim, Prof. 46
aho' dny, A. 2
Lange, Mr. wine 174 Lantana 13, 171
Larix Leavenworth, George 135 ectures, se
ae. Brother 89, 90, 95, 171, Lepidum 2
galas é a
Lewis, I. F. here Sidney 136 Lilies, wat
naeus 46, 47, Liquidam bar Si pra oe Li thot
16-23) 61
V. 136 , An unusual pine
24, 25) 9 Manuf: facture [ rubber from the a ae plant 136
Locke, Locust, Re 5r
e N.Y. ee haae
emai ie 228
Lophophor
Lotus 174
Lower California, Exploration in (figs. 47) 263
Lucuma 8, 9
Lutim
man, Dr. B. F. 37 Lycoris squamigera 207 cuss oma bahamensis 227
andida, 268
MacIntyre, Lucy 136
Maho, parthe mountain- 240, 247 Pps 238
275. Mamillaria 268, 271 mainae 2 binecamaad 255 Mango Mangrove, black of Panama, ines (figs. 16— 2a) 6
ae 61-71 red 62-64, 70, 72
a
rb. W. 37, 136 54
is 12 Maz: ir. Gomez de la 90, 95 Meadow beaut ty 57
Meisner, Pri 54 Metcalf, Haven 257 Meteorology, see N. Y. Botanical
Mexican panies 57 lum
HibbEr plats ts > Mexico, Texpien tion in the uth- western. sore and west eee of 253 eport on recent collections in 27 Some useful plants of (figs. 1-6) 1 crocycas calocoma OT Middleton, Florence 137 ildews, powder Miller, Mr. E. S. 2
Millspaugh, Dr. C. - 38, 137
286
Mimosa pudica 227 Mimulus 252 Mitten, William 218 Mitten, Misses 217 Mo gets Il erophylla M olwite Ernestine x38
Monstera deliciosa 57 Montagne = Montbretia 207 Montgomery, Mrs. T. H., Jr. 120 Moore, Sir F. W. 231
raeus, Elizabeth 47
FF. A. 138 Municipal Engineers Ae
urrill, Dr. W. A. 18, 37, 54, 86, 103, 138, 159-163, ae — 1 257 Mushroom poisoning 204 aes tropical “American fungi European _herbari (PL. LX. II., figs. 7-15) a
Musa sapientum 19
Mushroom, common 205, 206 glistening ink-cap 45
us 27 goemetrizans 204 Nanchi, sour 9 sweet (Pl. 207 The rhododendron banks (fig. 32)
Nee
Ni prt ue luteum 174 Neopeckia Coulteri 159 Nevi
161 Maci I910, December 20; IQII, January 38; February 87;
March 88; April 106; May 164;
June inal oe ly 178; August 210;
Septemb: ; October 258;
November - ecil aici see Meteorology
of the staff, scholar
89, wi 171, 215, 3: Students sen vets at the,
aed a. 117 rature, see Meteorology 217
Nich rae ae Mr.
Nielson Brothers 250
N: igh
Noth American Mon 19, Aas 163, 177, 217, 231
Norway spruce 43, 46
Notes, nd comment 19, 37, 56, 6, 105, 162, 176, 209, 231, 257,
274 Nut-pine 242
N: spuphecosdee 174
Oak 17, 18, 149 live- 264
scrub- 150, 240, 243, 246, 251 swamp white 17
white 1 ats a Ochroma ‘ago ven Odostemon Fendlert Sia enothera 253 ersted kenia hypogaea 149 Isson-Seffer, Dr. Pehr 105, 160
Acetosella Oxheart cherry 10
287
Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum 254 Rieti bratense hae Pringlei 254 4 lifer. Padus 10 Pholiota adip Capulin to >hotograph exhibit, The plant 218 serolina 10 Phragmipedium 20 age, Mr. F. L. oer Pp, lis Palliser, H. L. 19, Picea Abies 230 Palm 14,15, 18, eee ae 152-156, 254, En saat — Pine 153-156, © cabbage 155 An un ee Ga 24, 25) 98 mountain 92 , bull- 247, 251 royal 172 aie I51, 155 silver 153 nut- atch 93, 155 sand a 150 Palmer, Dr. Edwa: _ ak 265, 268 Scote 1 , Mr. L. M. Pineapples 8, 15, 16 Palmetto, cabbage ne us 98, 102 saw 149, a 155, 156 caribaea 222, 223 Panama, 4A litt! oe mangrove of Coulteri 100 igs. 16— 6 edulis 242 angrove 61- js 71 monophylla Peniculari nervaia 274 occidentalis 223 Se pinea 98, 99, or Laan IOI Pophiopeiiom 20 copulorum 247, 251 ions pee 242 247, 248, 251 in: Se Piper aduncum 227 insigne ae 18 Pis; Massaianum 18 clase Saman 226 Rothschildianum 18, 20 Planchon 70-72 es fare 18 Plane-trees 163 0-Charlesworthii 20 Plan © Mosutcease of rubber from the Porthenium argentatum 96 : uayule 96 rec iflora 11 photograph jag The 218 ssion flow Plants of Mexico, Some useful (figs. ently Dr. ve. 50, 52, 53 Paurotis 94 peanut! oo 19 Wrightit 152 Platypus Pear, doped 173 Pliny 73 Ss s prickly 199, 203 Plumiera rubra 13, 14 pri ‘ck! Plums, hog 13 Peas, sweet re Mexican 13 Peck, M. E Poa pratensis 274 Pole Damen 228 oisoning, Mushroom 204 Pringlei 15 ‘olemonium confertum 245 Pell olypodium vulgare 48, 223 rade varia 72 ‘olypody fern, common 4 Pellic: ‘olyporus caudicinus 221 Rhinophore 61-63, 66-71, 225 ond apple 93 Rhizophor seep ti 471 ‘ond, Commander 265 Penicillus parform 219 ad R. H. 138 Peraphyllum oplar 49, 53, 247 Pereskia 216 ‘Opp, Pereskiopsis 216 oppy 2' . Persea Persea 229 one us 23 Persi. on op : 250 Petrador Portulace ae 6 Phalavis. oruasnster’ 274 106 Phalereus, rites 73 a mildews 16
-Phegopteris 2 Prain, Col. 54, 218
288
Prantl 98
Precipitation, see N. Y. Botanical len
Price, Mr. William 172, 173
Price, Mrs. Sloat 172
ea: actus ae 203 Paineoce.. evening 266 Primula 252
ringle,
in; Mr. 28 Prionosciadium elie earg 6 Pritchardia Thur.
mus Serolina Pseudotsuga 102 eee of the staff, scholars, and lents of the New Yor: as tan. GIO
29 Publications, see N. Y. Botanical Puff-ballt 6 plieaaoaid common 6 Pyronema 273
Quercus 239, 2 iomentctlo Osa
ainfall, see N. Y. Botanical Garden amaley 253 amirez, Dr. José 1, 11
E
and, E. E. 139 ankin, 13 aspberry, bl:
106 Ravenala madegascriensis ig, 222 tea, P. M.
Mexico, Report on
27 Red mangrove noe 70, 72 Rendle, Dr. 218 Rennert, R. J. 139 mace of a trip to southeastern Uta the summer of 1911 (figs. 33-. ey
23 ona biget to the Royal Garde Kew, England, and to th e British Moun of Nai 215
on recent collections in Mexico 27 spans) Y. Botanical Garden Rhamnu. 239 Rhexia secre 57 Rhiz eve a 68,
72 ingle 62, 63, 70, Rhododendron arn) The Nee ey 157 Rhododendron wore! maximum pt I 3 punctatum 157
Rhododendrons 157, 158 26.
Rhus 239, 2 Ribes Pringi Robin, Ves Robinia Pseudacacta 51 Robinson, Dr. C. 87, 139 Robinson, Miss W. J. 139; 177 Robinson, Mrs. H. O. Romell, Mr. Lars 45, 46
neya Coultert 176
se, A, 14
Rose bushes
243 . J. N. 9, 57, 163, 216, 267 Exploration in aia California (figs. 43-47) 2 Exploration in ie sout! srg taker s and west coast of Mexi
233 Rosenheim 5, aie tea 208 oyal Gardens, Kew, England, and to the aes? Museum of Natural History, Report on a visit to the
alm 172
water lily
Roystonea horaiaie 223, 224 set pes 224
Rubber ae s, Mexi: from Au guayule cine Manu- cf 96
ae Seine ele 13 arviflorus 2. eae es H. H. 162, 209, ort — recent ies in
Mexico Some use plants of Mexico (figs. 1-6,
e uses vs of ee ria 195 Russell, Mr. Paul 2 Rusoule 177
adusta Rusts, aarp Ry ed Dr. P. A. ar 09 ort ofp a trip a Bias aerate vita in the ey of I9r (figs. 33-42) 2. :
Sabal 93 Ata
RY Saccharu: _ eee
eentelo 238, iAbs ie es Sage, - 140
St. Jona’ 's-wort or
Salix
289
ander & Sons 1
eret 17 Sc holars, and students of the New York
rca of the staff, 29 : Schwartz, Eaith hwarze, Mr. C. - 16, 140, 231 Sclerotinm are 274 Scorup, a Biss 250 ae bro
ea Suike Grote 176 Scott, G. G. 140 Serb 0 - 150, 240, 243, 246, 247, 251 Sea-|
Seaver. Me. F. i 19, 36, 56, 86, 140, 159, I Gneae notes 16, 36, 54, 102,
159
Iby, A. D. 141 Selenicereus 93
rvice-berries 240, 243 Setchell, Prof: W. A. 105 Shad-scale 238 Shafer, Dr. 37%) 217, 274 Shaw, Henr: Shear, C.
Li Sheehan & Company, John R. 177 Shimer,
90
Silk-cotton tree 15
Silliman, Prof. Benjamin 160
Silver palm 15.
Sim ie Me oS IA7 n, Mr. C. T.
ret 142 Small, Dr. J. K. 37, 56, 161, Exploration in ae ‘Florida
(figs. 26-31) 147 Smith, C. 7 Smith, ae Donnell 70 Soar, Mr. John 15 Society, Horticultural 175, 207
6
ope
tubero-um 106 Wendlandii 106 Solanum, Wendland's 106 Solo taroff, Mr. William 56 f Mexico (figs. 1-6) z
Sooty Ns 16
Sour nan
Southern or ke Exploration in (figs. 31) 147
Southwestern states and west coast of
, Exploration in al 253
Spathoglottis Gareos Vieillardii
Sphaeralcea 238
oy 43,4
Staff, scholars, and students of the w York Botanical avin ing the year 1910, Publica- is of the 2
Standley, Mr. P. C.
254 States and west coast of Mexico, Ex-
Stayton, Mr. W. H. 96 Stewart, Lilian 142
Stipa 242 Stobo, Robert 208 Stockard, C. R. 14: Stopes, Dr. Marie Stout, Mr. A. B. +274 Conference notes 273 tover, Mr. W. » 209 ter, S. 7 Strelitzia o icolat hie eo Sead 222
2g
uart, fae 208 Saas of the New York Botanical Ga irde en during | the cate 2930,
P
and 29 gna ican uate at the New York
otanical Garden, 1897-1911 117 en ies American fungi in ropea! he aie (Pl,
eee. me 7-15) 4 Sturgis, Mrs. F. L. 104 a! beets 49
mstine, D. R. 143 Bae amp white oak 17 patie 275
ae 176 Swietenia chai 229
Tail-flower 91 Taxodium om mucrona! 223 Taylor, Mr. ae 38, 87, 275 Tays, E. A. H. 255 Tea roses 208
290
Teazel 17 common wild 17 cultivated 17 Tecoma 92 Tectona grandis 2 Temperature, as N. Y. Botanical
Ga see Terebinthus Terminalia Cotoppe 225 Thatch palm 93, 155
is
ores. Prof. John 160, 16 C. H. 57, 263, 272
oI ‘rees, - ‘cee of Japanese cherry
Trelea: nee ‘Prof. V William 91, 92, 105, 253
Tricker, Mr. William 208 Trip to pany erp Utah i in the sum- sa of 1911, Report of a (figs. ‘
42) 2 Trione SPiitzeri a ical oe fungi in European The rbharia, St manda (PL. LXXXIL., figs. 7-15) 4. Turk's-cap lily 158
pees iaaeisga i athi, ss Uh! lig. W Underwo: a Unusual pine, oe (figs..24, 25) 98 Urban, Prof. Useful plants of Mexico, Some (figs. 1- 6
Uses of the peieaia The Utah in the summer of 1 eee Report of a trip te southeastern (figs. 33-
42 Utricularia ene 174
Vaccinium meridionale 230 Valentine, M. C. 144
() Royal Gardens, Kew, ngland, and to the British Museum of Natural History, Report on a 215
Vitis blanco 12
Wang, C. Y. 144 hil a = sd
7 eae boundary of the Garden, Im- ents along the 174 44
266 Willow te 247
Wile: ley & tink pune 56
anna 145, 177 oe
zF' = rele’
145 Wilson, Mr. Percy 37, 163, Report on Cuban exploration 171 Winge, Mr. = Winter Wittrock, Prof. 45
45 rof. E, O. 1 Wor! ae oo ee The educa-
Worthiey. 1. P 146 Wright 37, 47
Xantus, L. J. 267
Vamanouchi, Shigeo 146 Yatsu, Naohide 146 3, Mrs. R. M. 146
australis 223
sas i I7I Um
Zeiller Zeleny,. Charles 146
ees
ae
Ou Mate ie af
Aah ait ie Kh
i ta | S ROO ab ri atetate Wey at }
ahi Ch i ath