JourNnaL OF Tue New York BorantcaL GARDEN VoLumE III, 1902 PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE Davip Lypic Funp BEQUEATHED BY CHARLES P. DALy. JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL Director of the Laboratories Pa; aS y ae (en FL Ew ae Si rer i ‘4 Sa VoLuMmE III WiTH 2 PLATES AND 29 FIGURES 1902 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT 41 Nou Quzen Street, LANCASTER, Pa. e New Era PrintinG CoMPANY PREGS OP RA PRINTING COMPANY, THE NEW E. LANCASTER, PAL OFFICERS, 1902. PrEsIDENT—D. O. MILLs, VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER—CHARLES F. Cox, SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON. BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1, ELECTED MANAGERS, ANDREW CARNEGIE, CHARLES F, . BAYARD Currin, GEORGE W. PERKINS, WILLIAM E. Dopce, James A. SCRYMSER, SAMUEL SLOA Joun I. Kang, SAMUEL THORNE, W. GILMAN G cue 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, Hon. WILLIAM R. WILLCox, THE MAyor OF THE City oF NEw York, Hon. SetH Low, 3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS. Por. L. M. UNDERWOOD, Ch iirman. Hon, ADDISON oe Hon. M Pror. C. F. Ciranou, oF. J. F. Kemp. GARDEN STAFF. Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief. Gunnce V. Naso, Head ee NNA MurRRAY VAIL, Libreria: ' Dr. H. H. Ruspy, Curator of the Economie Collections. wn. J. G Co: : Sc ING, Superintendent. J BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer. ER S, GROESBECK, Clerk and Accoun CORNELIUS VAN Brunt, Honorary Floral pea Dr. Timotuy F, ALLEN, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. ADDISON BRown, Wm. L. Brown, Hon, Cuas, C. BURLINGHAM, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. Cuas, F, CHANDLER, Wa. G. CHOATE, Hon. EDwarD Cooper, Cuas. F. Cox, Joun J. Crooxe, W. BAYARD CUTTING, ROBERT W. DE Forest, Wo. E. DobcE, Pror, Sam’L W. FAIRCHILD, Gen, Louis FITZGERALD, RICHARD W. GILDER, Hon. Tuomas F. GILroy, PARKE GODWIN, Hon. Hucu J. Grant, Henry P. Hoyt, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., Morris K. JEssup, Joun I. Kane, EuGEene KELLY, JRk., Pror, JAMEs F. Kemp, Joun S. KENNEDY, Members of the Corporation. Hon. SerH Low, Davip Lypic, Epcar L. MARSTON, D. O. MILLs, J. PrerpontT Morcan, THEO. W. Myers, Gero. M. OLCcoTT, Pror. Henry F. OSBORN, LowELL M. PALMER, GEORGE W. PERKINS, James R. PITCHER, Rr. Rev. HENRY C. PoTTER, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. ROCKEFELLER, Wm. ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, Ws. C, SCHERMERHORN, JaMEs A, SCRYMSER, Henry A, SIEBRECHT, SAMUEL SLOAN, Wo. D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, Louis C. TirFany, SAMUEL THORNE, Pror. L. M. UNDERWooD, WILLIAM H. S. Woop. TABLE OF CONTENTS No. 25. JANUARY The Preservation of Native Plants fo. oie tS Ser Gade Oh de A Se Research Work intheGardeo . 202 7 ww ee ee Report of Dr. D. T. MacDougal o on Eaplontion in Montana... ..... Notes, News and Comment en ee ee eee ae a Accessions ....... $02 BF GE cau Hest de eee da ws oop ek “ee No. 26. FEBRUARY The Need of cipiatisa ti Endowment... 2.000 fw ee ee te Paleo sires t the Garden . Report of Dr. J. K. Small and Mr. G. 'V. Nash pon a Tp to Florida . Notes, cist andComment .. 0 7. 1 ww ee te Accessions ends ine ee ey eRe ele ihe hoe er, cee oe es Se) ae Ge No. 27. MARCH Pape for the Preservation of our Native Plants (Stokes Fund Prize Essay) JA, t Henry’s Collection of Chinese Plants. . .......-.4-5- Production of Cinchona Bark and Oise in the East Indies . . e Endowment Fund ie ane oo tee Oe ee ee ee eS Re otes, News and Comment .. .. . oo Sp gh sheet ay sea nes eae S02 ee ae, ant Accessions. 2... 1... Be BIE SMe REIL a oe Ge tay RAGE COS a ae No. 28. APRIL Reception Days and Lectures... .. 2... New Missionary Work . . 2 2... Publication of the Staff aad Students of the New York ‘Botanical Garden. . Accessions , Oh Br isteles ax secede Bike «Me teh ee Wen Rk a le Weather Report Rede Ca Se ee ei, Gea Wa eae ee ab We No. 29. A New alan of a Cereal Grains a sa Hredarts beep ete an, ators Report of D: MacDougal on an E S How Shall ov our aa Flowers be Preserved 4? Geir aes Cotizer Se Programme of Third ae none of Horticultural Society of New York . Notes, Newsand Comment 2... 0 22. ee eee te ee The Collection of Tree Ferns 6 ww ww ee te es Horticultural Society of New Wark rutin ces atid eetcda, enter cad as a (ke Gea a viii CONTENTS Programme of the June Meeting of the Horticultural es of New York An Attempt to Introduce a aioe Into the Local Flor noe Notes, News and Comment ..........--- Accessions 2... , ke No. 31, JULY The Temperature of the Soll... 2. 0 2. ee ee Effect of Lightning on Trees . June Meeting of he Hortialtea Society ae New ¥ oie : - Report of Mr. F, S. Earle trip to Texas and New Mexico eee The Plant Picture ea lee Ae Ae ate ie cece se ee Notes, News and Comment , .....-++- No. 32. AUGUST The Rediscovery of Z/iottia . ee ear The Nature and Uses of = pone, he ee ee ee Notes, News and Commen Accessions BAIS, a es Gee en Sade anes usy Beha, Biss No. 33. SEPTEMBER The Microscopical Exhibit. . .. 2... 1. we ee ao Old Mice oe Presented by Mr. On the Nutritive Value and some of the Enel aes or the Gesanit A Palm of ie Sepa nas s Notes, News and No. 34. OcrosBer Reception Days and Lec Results of the Use of the ears Fund for lie Preseesiion of Wild Flowers _ Report of Mr. Percy Wilson on a ica to Porto Rico. Accessions rare otes, News iad Comment oN, ee Ae ode Ss No. 35. NovEMBER Health and Disease in Plan Some Interesting eee. to the brary Driveways, Paths and Grading A New Pal r the Conservatones: Notes, News bs Comment No. 36. December Some Historic Tre A Remarkable Plant ofa Seaith: Aneta Tail- Flow Report of the Director-in- aaa, on his visit to the Roya Caine ew - Notes, News and Commen Accessions ales Death of Dr. ete Allen eee dex Vol. III ~ JANUARY, 1902 No. 25 JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL Director of the Laboratories CONTENTS PAGE The Preservation of gal DIANA pes samt coos ten the 5 TES apes eieb gt I meerancn Workin the: Garden or. icon. coe aa Berns Seabee pele e ts 3 Report of Dr. D. T. eas on eeplomations ine MOntana ae Pres oe. 8 Notes, News and Comment. ......--...-.-5-4. 13 PANT eit p Teor etn tte fe meade st a. cote eee el TN en egal te aul eS ohn 14 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT = gel Quegen Street, Lancaster, Pa & New Era Printinc Company OFFICERS, 1902. PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS, Vicr-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE, TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX, SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON. BoarRD oF MANAGERS. 1. ELECTED MANAG 1p Sa MORGAN, ANDREW CARNEGIE, GEORGE W. PERKINS, CHARLES F. W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, WILLIAM E GE; SAMUEL SLOAN, JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON, p. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORN 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKs, N. WILLIAM R. LCOX. THE MAyor OF THE City OF NEW YORK, HO} ETH LOW. 3. SCLIENTLFIC DIRECTORS. ROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, Chairman. HON. ADDISON BROWN, MILES M. O BRIEN, PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H.-H. “RUSBY, PROF. J. F. KEMP, GARDEN STAFF. DR. N. L. BRITTON, Divector-in- Chief. ‘ DR. D. T. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant. DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Curator of the Museums. DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator. DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Assistant Curator. DR. MARSH HO » Assistant Curator. WALTER CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral eee. JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden Vou. III oe . _ January, 1902. a No. 25. 25. THE PRESERVATION OF NATIVE PLANTS. The thoughtless and indiscriminate picking of flowers and breaking of twigs or branches from wild plants is an offence per- petrated by many persons who ought to know better. Every effort to educate people to realize that plants which are thus picked or broken can not be enjoyed by others who follow them, is a distinct aid in diminishing selfishness and in developing the more healthy taste to preserve natural objects rather than to deface ordestroy them. Inthe vicinity of many of our cities and towns, wild flowers, once common, have become rare by such vandalism, so that the healthful pleasure and interest of woodland walks have become much less enjoyable. In order that the desirability of preserving native species in their full beauty shall be continuously brought to the public attention, the Misses Olivia and Caroline Phelps Stokes presented to the Board of Managers of the New York Botanical Garden, under date of August 29, 1901, the sum of $3,000, on condition that the interest of this fund should always be used for the inves- tigation and preservation of native plants or for bringing the need for such preservation before the public. At a meeting of the Board of Managers held October 23, 1901, the following resolution was adopted : Resolued, That the gift of $3,000 from Olivia and Caroline Phelps Stokes, for the investigation and preservation of our native plants, be and is hereby gratefully accepted, under the conditions of the letter of Miss Olivia E. oe Stokes to Professor N. L. Britton, dated August 29, I 7 2 At the same meeting it was referred to the Scientific Directors, with power, to determine upon a method for the expenditure of the annual interest upon the fund, and at a meeting of the Scien- tific Directors held December 6, 1901, the following resolutions were adopted, they having previously been submitted to the Misses Stokes, who made some valuable suggestions concerning the details : Resolved, That this gift be known as the Olivia and Caroline present applied to the payment of prizes for essays upon the preservation of wild aoe Gacudine shrubs, herbs and trees, and the publication and distribution of such essays, which are to be Is, that they also be issued as separates from the JouRNAL and dis- tributed anaes to all intereste Resolved, That such essays must be submitted to the Director- in-Chief ae later than February first ; those accepted for prizes and must be clearly written or type-written in triplicate; they become the property the Garden, which does not undertake to return any essay su Resolved, That A ie year 1902 the following prizes be offered, payable April 15th Resoted, | ons the awarding of these prizes be referred, ne mmittee consisting of Judge Brown, Profess Wane ond an the Director-in- It is further arranged that in all ecards bearing in any way on native plants, delivered under the auspices of the Garden, this topic shall be alluded to; it will be brought out in its very important relation to forests by Mr. Van Brunt in his lectures on “Trees, their Flowers and Fruit,’ to be given at the American Museum of Natural History in April, and will be brought to the attention of visitors to the wild parts of the Garden by‘ suitable notices and restrictions. Presentation of essays in competition for the three prizes now 3 offered is invited from anyone interested, under the conditions outlined in the foregoing resolutions. N. L. Brirron, Director-in- Chief. RESEARCH WORK IN THE GARDEN. A description of the general facilities for botanical investigation offered by the Garden was printed in the Journat for January, Igor (No. 13). During the past year the equipment and or- ganization of the various departments concerned have been made much more efficient by the addition of apparatus and other ma- terial facilities as well as by the appointment of new members of As a consequence the number of subjects which may be pursued to advantage is increased, notably in palaeobotany, economic botany and plant pathology, and the opportunities for work in other lines have been broadened. The codperation of the botanical staff of Columbia University, of Professor Rusby of the College of Pharmacy and of Professor Burgess of the Normal College has been continued. The library has received additions of more than a thousand volumes and twice as many pamphlets and now includes over ten thousand volumes. The most notable additions were made by the deposit of the paleobotanical library of Columbia University, and by the purchase of several hundred volumes by means of money contributed by several friends of the Garden. The equipment of the laboratories has been increased by a number of important pieces of optical, chemical and physiological apparatus, and a number of special desks for investigators have been constructed after a design by the director. In addition to the appliances for cultural work in the skylighted rooms, dark chambers and constant temperature rooms in the laboratories, one of the working greenhouses has been set aside for the use of experimenters. The collection of living plants now embraces more than ten thousand species and affords material for diverse investigations. Furthermore it may be readily enriched in any group when 4 necessary to secure material for special work. The presence of this large number of living forms materially lessens the task of preparing an adequate collection of preserved material for morpho- : logical and anatomical work, except in the algae and fungi. ae One of the most important results of the exploring expeditions sent out by the institution consists in the acquisition of living and preserved material necessary for the extension and completion of investigations in progress at the Garden. These explorations are so planned and executed that they are among the most valuable researches prosecuted by the staff, securing much needed data on plant geography, distribution, climatic relations and other general | ecological problems, which may be successfully attacked only by a careful survey of large areas of territory. Expeditions have been made to Java, Singapore, Singkep, Porto Rico, St. Kitts, Florida, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Colorado, Nebraska and Montana during the past year while numerous persons in the field have codperated more or less in such work, and in many other parts of the world including Mexico, New Zealand and Bolivia. The museum collections have been notably increased in her- barium specimens and dried material. The appointment of Pro- : fessor F. S. Earle as assistant curator in charge of the fungi has resulted in greatly accelerating the systematic arrangement of the vast Ellis collection, and also enables the Garden to offer oppof- tunities for investigations in plant diseases, in which Dr. Alex. P. Anderson, of Columbia University, also participates. Dr. M. A. Howe has been appointed ‘assistant curator in charge , of the algae, to which collection the large number of Characeae j marine material obtained by Dr. Howe from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia during the season greatly extends the range of work which may be carried out with these forms. A good variety of living specimens are also accessible at tidewater less than three miles distant from the Garden. Perhaps the most important accession to the museum collections during the year consists of the fossil plants of Columbia University. This collection was begun by Professor Newberry over fifty years ago and consists of about 8,000 specimens, containing a large 5 number of types. Dr. Arthur Hollick who was formerly asso- ciated with Professor Newberry, and under whose care the col- lection has grown to its present proportions, has been appointed assistant curator in charge of palaeobotany, and is constantly in- creasing the collection as the result of his own explorations. The weekly conventions held on Wednesday afternoons in the conference room of the Laboratories have proved a most stimu- lating feature to the attending botanists. Subjects have been re- cently presented as follows: Germination of Poa pratensis, by Mr. E. Brown, U.S. Seed Laboratory SS and floral features of Porto Rico, by Professor L. M. Underw oo of pollen tubes, and tetrad formation in Diodia, by Professor F. oyd. Plants and pears of the San Francisco Peninsula, by Mr. W. A. Cannon. Dascysypha resinaria, a fungus parasins on Adies balsamea, by Doctor Alex. P. Anderson. Flora of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, by Doctor M. A. owe. Epithelial cells of Zea, secreting diastases, by Mr. John Torrey. Taxodium in eastern United States, by Mr. R. M. Harper. Problems in systematic mycology, by Professor F. S. Earle. The following schedule shows the special subjects in which special facilities are offered for research work. In addition it is to be said that a large number of problems in almost any subdivision of botany might be taken up by investigators of experience, and every effort is made to furnish the material facilities necessary for such work. The laboratories are open during the entire year and persons desirous of availing themselves of the facilities af- forded should address the Director-in-Chief : Physiology of the Cell—Problems in the chemical and the physical properties, movements and irritability of unicellular and other generalized organisms. Laboratory. Doctor MacDougal. Ecology.—Plants studied in relation to their environment and 6 the problems of evolution involved. Field and laboratory ; cons ferences. Professor Lloyd. Morphology of aoe —Study of the structur ment of the Algae. Field and laboratory. Doctor r Howe ; Doc- tor Richards. Morphology of Fungi.—Study of the structure, polymorphism’ and development of the Fungi, including culture methods. Field and laboratory. Professor Underwood ; Mr. Earle. Morphology of Bryophyta.—Study of the structure and develop- ment of Musci and sea Field and Jaboratory. Professor Underwood ; Mrs. Brit Morphology of Diving —Study of the structure and de- velopment of a and Fern-allies. Field, garden, conserva- e and develop- tories and labor. Professor Underwood. bd M Sprmatpiatn, —Study of the structure and de- velopment o Flowering Plants. Field, garden, conserva- Experimental Morphology.—A study of variation of form and structure, and determination df the causes. Professor Lloyd; Doctor MacDougal. Taxonomy of Algae—Study of the diagnostic characters and relationships of the principal families and genera. Field, her- barium and laboratory. Doctor Howe. Taxonomy of Fungt—Study of the diagnostic characters and relationships of the principal families and genera. Field, her- barium and laboratory. Professor Underwood; Mr. Earle. Taxonomy of Bryophyta —Study of the diagnostic characters and relationships of the principal families and genera. Field, Taxonomy of Pteridophyta.—Study of the diagnostic charac- ters and relationships of the principal families and genera. Field, herbarium, garden, conservatories and laboratory. Professor Underwood. Taxonomy of Sp .—Study of the principal families and genera. Field, hecbadia garden, conservatories and labora- tory. Doctor Britton, Doctor Small, Doctor Rydberg. Ti axonomy of Gramineae.—Study of the diagnostic characters 7 and relationships of the principal genera of grasses. Field, her- barium and laboratory. Mr. Nas General Palaeobotany.—Developmental history and arrange- ment of the fossil flora of some selected locality. Critical study of structure. Laboratory field and museum. Doctor Hollick. Developmental Taxonomy.—Fossil ancestors of some family of plants. Comparative study of form and structure. Laboratory and museum. Doctor Britton, Doctor Hollic Embryology of Spermatophyta. ee embryology of special groups. Special embryological problems. Technique. Laboratory. Professor Llo Special Taxonomy. Seine study of a family or genus of plants of not less than fifty species. The group may be chosen from the entire range of the vegetable world. Field, herbarium, laboratory, conservatories and garden. Directed, according to the group chosen, by Professor Underwood, Doctor Howe, Doctor Britton, Doctor Small, Doctor Rydberg, Mr. Nash, Professor Burgess, Mrs. Britton. Regional Botany.—Collection, determination and comparative study of the plants of some restricted area. Field, herbarium and laboratory. Professor Underwood ; Doctor Britton. Cretaceous Flora of Eastern North America.—Collection and determination of specimens of some station, with attention to stratigraphic relations. Field and laboratory. Doctor Hollick. Physiology of Nutrition.—Treated from a chemical standpoint. Laboratory. Doctor Richards. Ecological Physiology —-Problems in adaptive reactions, in form, structure and movements, to external energy and environmental factors. Field and laboratory. DoctorMacDougal; Doctor Curtis. Physiological Anatomy.—Problems in the relationships of tissues and functions. Laboratory. Doctor Curtis. General Phystology.—Problems in absorption, excretion, nutri- tion and transformations of energy, growth, the general irritable organization of the plant and mechanism of movement. Labora- tory. Doctor MacDougal’; Doctor Curtis. General Pathology —Study of diseases caused by parasitic fungi, and bacteria with special attention to the morphology of 8 the pathological organisms. Also problems in immunity, and effects of unfavorable environment. Field and laboratory. r F. S. Earle and Doctor Alex. P. Anderson. Economic Botany.—-Investigation of plant product. arts and sciences and of the methods employed in their produc- D. T. MacDouGat. s used in the tion. Professor Rusby. REPORT OF DR. D. T. MACDOUGAL, FIRST ASSISTANT, ON EXPLORATIONS IN MONTANA IN !go1. (Presented to the Scientific Directors Oct. 22, 1901, and ordered printed. ) Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in- Chief : Dear Sir: 1 have the honor to submit the following account of my operations in Montana in June, July and August, Igo1. I left, New York June 1st and proceeded to Missoula, Montana, in accordance with arrangements made with the University of Montana for the codperation of the Garden in the biological ex- pedition to be sent out from that institution. The journey was broken by stops of a few days for the purpose of making collec- tions and observations in the valley of the Platte River, and in the sand hill region in northern Nebraska, in which more than two hundred species of living plants and herbarium specimens were obtained. Similar work was accomplished in the vicinity of Missoula, Montana, during the week in which the outfit of the expedition was being completed and an ascent of Sentinel Mountain, east of the city, was made. An arrangement was made, which has since been carried out, by which the entire collection of unmounted plants belonging to the university, numbering several thousand, was shipped to the Garden for investigation, the Garden to retain duplicates. President Craig and Professor M. J. Elrod, director of the biological expedition, made every effort to facilitate my work, and the plans of the expedition were arranged to give every possible opportunity for botanical work. . 9 The biological expedition moved out of Missoula on June rath, and during the next two months we lived under canvas or in flying camps without shelter. Our main outfit was transported in a large wagon which followed the route along the plains near- est the mountains, and short trips were made from the main camp up into the two regions accessible only by pack animals and afoot. G. Eastern end of Lake Placid showing outlet masked by willows. The trees in ike foreground are Adies grandis. (After a photograph by Professor M. J.. Elrod. ) The main route lay northward along the western foothills of the Mission and Kootenay Mountains, and along the eastern shore of Flathead Lake. Only our more important camps may be mentioned. A thorough exploration of the valley of Sin- yale-a-min lake and its outlet, Post Creek, was made during the middle portion of June. The author made the ascent alone of Sin-yale-a-min peak (9,500 feet) on June 20th finding its summit 10 ding in covered with snow to a depth of 10 to 40 feet and exten se drifts far down the slopes even on the south side. Many esting alpine forms were encountered. most unfavorable for wo which much attention was given was that of a peninsula at the southern end of Flathead Lake, from which an ascent in the mountains at South-end pass was made by the author. Big IG, Sand dune on Flatbed prairie. A clump of Symphoricarpos, has been nearly see a by the advancing sand. (After a photograph by Professor M., J. Elrod. ) Fork, a small settlement near the mouth of Swan River on Flathead Lake was reached on July 4th. A small frame build- ing at this place serves as a summer biological station for the university. The building furnishes facilities for the preparation of museum material, fixing and hardening of forms for morphological study, facilitics for photography, and the usual dissecting and microscopical practice. Rowboats, sailboats, and a naptha launch were used in making collections and observations on Flathead Lake and its tributaries, and long excursions were made by chartering one of the two large steamers which ply regularly across it. Among the smaller boats was a canvas rowboat which could be taken ll to distant waters by wagon, and used in a similar manner. In this way, the animals and plants of the large lake, swiftly running mountain streams, morainal lakes, and swamps were obtained, while the prairie, primitive forest, and adjacent mountain slopes still further diversify the fauna and flora, and were visited with profitable results. The material secured is unusually rich in rare and novel forms, in opportunities for securing statistics in variation as affected by temperature and altitude, for continuous limnological investiga- tions in inland waters of low temperature, for the study of gen- eral and vertical distribution of both plants and animals. The nearness of the high ranges of the Kootenay mountains brought within easy reach the arctic-alpine forms which are so interesting from a phylogenetic point of view, and the diversity of the country offered a rich field in physiographic ecology, as well as a geolog- ical field practically unworked. G. 3. Dodge mountain: a recently explored peak in the southern Kootenays, ut 7,500 feet ne (After a photograph from summit of a peak to the west, by pare M. J. Elrod.) The station was made the base of operations during July and August, and a number of students visited the place and carried on observations under the direction of the members of the party. Dr. H. C. Cowles, of the University of Chicago, accompanied by nineteen students, made a stay of a week here and secured some valuable data in physiographical ecology. In addition the entire party was successfully conducted to the summit of a neighboring : 12 mountain and given the opportunity for a brief study of xerophytic and alpine forms. Numerous ascents were made of the westernmost ranges of the Kootenay mountains, and the director of the expedition, acting in conjunction with members of the U. 5. Geological Survey, has named one of the largest explored by us, Dodge mountain, in honor of Mr. Wm. E. Dodge of the Board of Managers, in rec- ognition of the valuable service rendered by him in promoting botanical investigations in Monta Rost lake, Echo lake and ee peak were thoroughly ex- ” plored and the curious phenomenon of ‘red snow’ was encoun- explonng party from biological station of ae of Montana, on ao ie Silloway Peak. (After a photograph by Mr. M. Ricker. ) tered during one of these excursions. A special trip with one packhorse was made by Professor Elrod and the author early in August across one of the mountain ranges into the valleys in which Trail lake, Lake Placid and View lake lay, and some of the most valuable material of the entire expedition secured. r. Wilson P. Harris of the Cornell Forestry School accom- panied me on the expedition as voluntary assistant, and paid = 13 special attention to lichens. A set of these plants will be placed in the herbarium of the Garden. About 3,000 herbarium speci- mens were obtained during the course of the summer’s work, and a number of living plants were added to the growing collec- tions in the Garden. Much of the territory traversed had not been visited by a botanist before, and the results of our observa- tions should make many extensions in ranges of species, furnish material for the critical delimitation of forms but little known, and add to our knowledge of the plant geography of one of the most interesting regions in the Rocky mountain domain. Respectfully submitted, D. T. MacDovuaat. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT. Miss Maria Morgan has recently presented the Garden with a complete set of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. Al- though the Garden already possesses two sets of this periodical, we are very glad to have a third one, inasmuch as complete sets are now very difficult to obtain, and the volumes are consulted as much, perhaps, as any books in the library, herbarium or laboratories. The Badletin was founded in 1870, by Mr. William H. Leggett, from whom many of the present generation of New York botanists received their first interest and enthusiasm for their science ; it has been published monthly since its commence- ment and contains an invaluable store of botanical information ; it is now edited by a committee of the Club, Professor Undeswood being editor-in-chief. A recent and valuable addition to the library is the presentation by the Rev. Haslett McKim, of about ninety volumes, mainly on microscopy, which heretofore has been but poorly represented there. This gift includes sets of Zhe American Microscopical Journal, The Monthly Microscopical Journal of London, and of — fiir Mikroscopie und fiir Mikroskoptsche Technik, as well s complete set of Botanisches Ceutralblatt, which will be of great service in the laboratories. The total amount of precipitation in the Garden during Decem- 14 ber, 1901, amounted to 8.82 inches. Maximum temperatures of 49 on the rst, 59 on the 14th, 33.5 on the 23d, and 50 on the 29th ; and minima of 8 on the 7th, 15.5 on the 16th, 3.5 on the 18th, and 21 on the 26th were. observed. ACCESSIONS. LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM OCTOBER 8TH TO DECEMBER 31st, LLEN, TIMOTHY F. Contributions to Japanese Characeae, 1-3. New York, 1894-98. 2 copies, ay Dr. Timothy F. Allen.) ALLEN, TIMOTHY The ee: ee 1888-96. 2 copies. (Given by Dr. Timothy F. i * American Monthly Mee Journal, Vols. 1-12. New York, 1880-1891. 6 vols. (Given by the Rev. Dr. Haslett McKim. oe ican Naturalist. Vol. 4. Salem, 1871. (Given by Dr. John Hendley Barnhar! ian aut Microscopical Journal. Vol.1. New York, 1878. (Given by the Rev. Haslet im. Aus allen Welln, Edited by Dr. Otto Delitsch. Vols.1-4. Leipzig, 1870- 73. 3 vols. (Given by Martin Fiche, Jr. Aus der ca Edited by E. A. Rossmissler. Hogan, 1861-63. 5 vols. tin Ei Ey » Jr.) Barton, H. Histoire des Plantes. Paris, 1867-1895. 13 vols. (Given by the Rev. Dr. Haslett McKim. BaLtet, CHARLes. The Art of Budding and Grafting. London, 1873. (Given by Martin Eiche, Jr. Berichte der Beyerischen Botanischen se eae eur decid der heimischen flora. Vol. 2. Miinchen, pile (Given by Dr. Ti y F. Allen. BiscHorF, G. W. Die Kryptoyamischen Gewdchse os besonderer beriicksichti- gung der Flora Deuischlands und der Schweiz. Nurnberg, 1828. (Given by Dr. Timothy F. Allen.) BisHor, N. Cutalogue of all the Phaenogamous and Vascular Crypto- ies Plants at peat known to grow — re in the State of Connecti- ¢, Hartford, 1901. (Given by Dr. N. BLacKMAN, GEO. E. On Angular ae. a les jor the Microscope. New York, 1880. (Given by the Rev. Dr. Haslett Bo.ton, H.C. Catalogue of Scientific and en Popiodials 1665-1895. Ed, 2. Washington, 1897. Travels through that part of North America formerly called Louisiana. OSSU. Translated from the French by John Reinhold Forster, to which is a ry the translator 4 Pashia Cale of all the known ing of English North ne or, A Flora Americae Septentrionalis. London, 1771. 2 vols. (Given by J. Pier- pont Morgan 8 prado Cai tt. Vols, 1-68. Cassel, 1880-1896. Bound in 34 vols. iven the Rev. Dr. Haslett McKim. Gi by th Dr. Haslett McKi 15 Botanisha Notiser. Lund, 1840-41, 1844. 3 vols. (Given by J. Pierpont Mor- 9 : BraUN, ALEXANDER. Charae Australes et Antarcticae. (Given by Dr. Timothy F, Allen. BRAUN, ALEXANDER. Yagmente einer Monographie der Characeen. Edited by Allen 2 Dr. Otto Nordstedt. Berlin, 1882. (Given by Dr. Timothy F. BRAUN, ALEXANDER. Uber die Richtungsverhaltnisse der Softtrine i in den Zel- len der Characeen. Berlin, 1852. (Given by Dr. Timothy F. BRIDGEMAN, THOMAS. Zhe Florist’s Guide. New York, a "(Given by Mar- tin ane Jr.) Britton, N. L. Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and Canada. New . 1g0l. 4 copie Bulletin of the shies Penal Club. Vols. 1-26, 1870-31899. 19 vols. (Given by Dr. Timothy F. Allen. ) California State Board of Agriculture, Transactions, 1859, 1863- 65, oe a 1877-81, 1883-93. 21 vols. (By exchange with Mr. Chas. H. Shii California State Board of Forestry, First and Therd — ee 1886 and 1892 vols. (By exchange with Mr. Chas. H. Shin Cali, ae State rue of Horticulture, Annual poe a 887-90. 3 vols. (By exchange with Mr. Chas. H. Shinn. Cali ifornia State pana Commissioners for 1887 and 1892. 4 vols. (By Chas. H. Shinn.) inn aceae, Parnen 5 vols. (Given b y Dr. Timothy F. Allen.) CLARKE, B. A. Review of the Ferns of Northern India. London, 1880. L. M. Underwood. Coun, FERDINAND. a ro] 2 PI a CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN PYRAMUS DE. Observations sur la Structure et la Classi- fication de la Famille i eon. Paris, 1838. (Given by Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes, CaNDorL. LE, AUGUSTIN PYRAMUS DE. Statistigue de la Famille des Composets. Paris, 1838. (Given Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes. Comstock, J. An anid duction to Botany. Ed. 2. Hartford, 1833. (Given by Miss ie S. WI DARWIN, CHARLES, ee Plants. New York, 1875. (Given by Dr. Arthur Hollick. ARWIN, CHARLES. The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms, a Observations on their Habits. New York, 1882. (Given by Dr. Arthur Hollick. Geological Survey of Alabama. Plant Life of Alabama by Chas. Mohr. Mont- gomery, Alabama, 1901. 40 GoE K. ee Schilderungen. Marburg, 1889. 3 vols. (Given Ge Miss Caroline Phelps St okes HAnscirc, ANTON. Zu Ri ola, baer Laubblatter. Prag, t Hartic, Rovert. Holzuntersuchungen. Berlin, 1901. (Given by Miss bas Peles s Stokes State Horticultural and Transactions, Ser. z. Vols. 2-63 g=11/ Praeos Chicago. (Given n by Prof. F. 8. aaa IncEN-Houss Jo HANN, Baar me Pflanzen. Wein, 1 Kansas State Horticultural Society, Transactions. Vol. 22. Topeka, 1898. lee Prof. F. S. Earle. , GzorcE. Die Bedingungen der Fortpflansung bei einigen ee und oS Gee 1896, _ (Given by = cao Phelps = cokes. } . Kou, F. G. der K. ure und Kieselsdure in der pres ate a oa by Miss s Caroline Phe ‘Stokes.) Leafand Flower ee and how to make them. New York, 1860 | (Given ick. ) Lepegour, K. F. hee Icones irs novarum vel imperfecte cognitarum: Floram rossicam. Riga, 9~34. 5 vi Memoirs of the Torrey eae Cheb. Vols. 1-7,9. New York, 1889~1go1. {<) i an. o1 MEYEN, F. J. F. Mewes System der Pfhlanzen- Physiologie. Berlin, 1837. 2 vols. ¥ 1841 MEyEN, F. J Phlanzen-Pathologie. Berlin, MEYEN, F. J. F. Phytotomie. Berlin, 2 vols, MeyeEn, F. J. F. Ueber die Neuesten Fortschritte der Anatomie und Physiologie, der eee Haarlem, 1836. vols. = J. F. Ueber die Sertimsorga e dey Pflanzen. Berlin, 1837 QUE ANS Chotx de Plantes Rares, cultivées et dessinées dans le os Botan a Daten. La Hage, 1863. MIQUE _W. Commentarii Phytogr raphict. Leyden, 1838- cca : . W. De Palmis Archipelagi Indici. Amsterdam, 1868. MIQUEL, F, A. W. Flora van Nederlandsch Indiz, ‘Aveterdan, 1855-60. 5 vols. MIQUEL, F. A. W. JWustrations de la Flore del’ Archipel Indiey. Amsterdam, 1871. ‘ ae FL. A.W. Journal de Botanique Neerlandaise. Vol. 1. Amsterdam, I aren DE, MARCEL. Recherches I fel asa fa ster les Cuscutactes. Paris, 1900. ( n by Miss Caroline Phelps Sto faturwissens: bali Verein 2a Osnabriick, ge 1893-8. 4 vols, (Given by Dr. L. Schéney. Nebraska ae i wa Society, Transactions for 1896. Lincoln, 1896. (Given by Prof. F. S. Earle. New Jersey peek aie of the Centennial Exhibition Report, Trenton, 1877. (Given by Miss Vail. Office of Experiment Stations, Bulletins 15 and 33. Washington, 1893, 1896. 2 vols. (Given by Prof. F. S. Ea ales PANTANELLI, Eurico. Studi d’ Anatomia e oe sue Pulvini Motori di Ro- binia Pseudacacia L. e Portieria ee va Roe Modena, Igor. Members of the Corporation. Dr. TimotTHy F. ALLEN, Pror. N. L. Britton, Hon. AppIson BRown, Wo. L. Brown, ANDREW CARNEGIE, Pror. CHAs. F. CHANDLER, Wo. G. CHOATE, Hon. EpwArD Cooper, Cuas. F, Cox, Joun J. CROOKE, W. BAyarpD CurTTING, RoBerT W. DE FOREST, Wo. E. Dopce, Pror. SAM’L W. FAIRCHILD, Gen. Louis FitzGERALD, RIcHARD W. GILDER, Hon. Tuomas F. Giiroy, PARKE GODWIN, Hon. Hucu J. GRAnt, Henry P. Hoyt, ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., Morris K. JEssup, Joun I. Kane, EUGENE KELLY, JR., Pror. JAMEs F, Kemp, Joun S. KENNEDY, Hon. SetH Low, Davip Lypic, Epcar L. MArsTon, D. O. MILLs, J. PreRPONT Morcan, THEO. W. Myers, Hon. Mies M. O’Brien, Gro. M. OtcortT, Pror. Henry F. OsBorn, Lowe. M. PALMER, GEORGE W. PERKINS, James R. PITCHER, Rr. Rev. Henry C. Porrer, Percy R. Pyne, Joun D. ROCKEFELLER, Won. ROCKEFELLER, Pror. H. H. Russy, Won. C. SCHERMERHORN, James A. SCRYMSER, Henry A. SIEBRECHT, SAMUEL SLOAN, Wo. D. SLOANE, NELSON SMITH, Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON, Louis C. TIFFANY, SAMUEL THORNE, Pror. L. M. UNDERWoob, WiLiaM H. S. Woop. PUBLICATIONS The New York Botanical Garden Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con- taining notes, news and non-technical articles of Cir interest. Free to all mem- bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Ce offered in exchange.] Vol. I, 1900, viii + 213 pp. Vol. ae Igol, vit-eoge Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the ora | reports of the Director-in-Chief and other the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. 1-5, 449 pp, 3 maps, and 12 plates, 1896-1900. $3.00. No. 6, 232 pe ee ae Free to all members of the Garden; to others, 50 cents. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. 1. An Annotated Cat- alogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, e assistant curator of the m' gement and eritic 1 discussion of th Pteridophytes and Phanerogams of the region with notes from the author’s field book and including pear of 163 new species. ix 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with de- tailed m Pric mbers of the Garden, $1.00. To others, $2.00. [Not offered 1 in pee ah Con the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech- nical papers written Ae students or sia of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the abov Price, 25 cents each. No. 1. Symbiosis and aes by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. No. 2. New Spe from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Baie No. 3 one dichotomous PRBS: some new Ny Sine cies, ap Geo. V. Nas) No. 4. 1 i ee “Bes Aut foaee No. 5 Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora-—I, ae Axel Rydber; 2 a 6. Notes and Descriptions of North American ae I and II, by Dr. l. K. Sma No. 7. Pe Reproduction and Multiplication in Erythronium, by Fred- a H. Blodget o. 8. ty new Species of Grimmia from Montana, ae R. S. Willia Ne g. Studies on the Rocky Coe Flora—II, b: ee r. Per Axel “Ryd No. 10. Studies on the Rocky in Flora—IIJ, by Dr. Per Axel Rydber. No. 11. Life-history of Schizea pair a Elizabeth He paste and Alexandrin ) 12. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—-IV, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg. No, 13. Farther Studies on the Potentilleae, by Dr. Per Axel Ryd We No. 14. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—V, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg. No. 15. Studies on the Rocky Mow ae Flora—VI, by De Per 7 Rydberg. wn =a 5 aad p i=] a ie 4 ees of the Southern States, by Dr J. K. Sm: No. 19. The American Species of Limmncrchis and Piferia, Naan : Mexico, by Dr. ‘par Axel Rydberg. No. 20. gee ae a and pai Ne, of tk and A. Dracontium, by R. J. R Caed]; f Apt, Aha Ts All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to YORK Sees GARDEN ONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY > a ims ch agg eT fear Vol. Il MARCH, 1902 No. 27 JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden EDITOR DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL Director of the Laboratories AE Se Q re ES Sy EP ° 0 = S14 ° CONTENTS Ses for the Preservation of our Native Plants (Stokes Fund Prize | Ce SURG Se STR. le cd CO enc aA er re er ee ee et ee a ie Henry’s Collection of Chinese Plants... -.......+.--5 47 Production of Cinchona Bark and Quinine in the 1 EAB UFENGIORS comer ake ese ie 51 MAMMMHMMOWIMOND LUNG ys, ek elie a ee ge ee ee eee ee 56 Semvewaoand Comment... 6... ke lee tre ee ET Oe ee ee ee ee ee ee 58 PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT - NortH Queen STREET, gol to Pa y Tus New Era Printinc Com OFFICERS, 1902. PRESIDENT—D, O. MILLS, VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW ena sa. TREASURER—CHARLES F. CO SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON. BoARD OF MANAGERS. 1, ELECTED MANAGERS. ANDREW CARNEGIE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN, . CHARLES F. COX, GEORGE W. PERKINS, W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. a ee WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOA: JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THe D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE. 2, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS, WILLIAM R. WILCOX THE MAyor OF THE City OF NEw YorRK, HON. SETH LOW. . SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS ROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD, Chairman. HON. ADDISON BROWN, Pp Cc. F. CHANDLER, HON. CHAS. C. BURLINGHAM, PROF, ne F, KEMP, DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY, AR N STAFF. DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chief. DR. YDBERG, Assistant Curator. R. ARTE a HOLLICK, Assistant Curator. DR. MARSHA HOW. tstant Curator. A CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer. JOURNAL The New York Botanical Garden VoL. HI. March, “1902. No. 27 SUGGESTIONS oo THE PRESERVATION OF OUR ATIVE PLANTS.* As man began to pass from the so-called pre-human state into the human state, he doubtless early made a crude classification of the plants by which he found himself surrounded, distinguish- ing those that could in one way or another be made useful from those found from experience to be without value, which latter he presumably soon further subdivided into those distinctly harmful, er: occupy new territory, where he found himself surrounded by new plants and animals of which he acquired knowledge, and, when possible, adapted to his needs. It seems beyond dispute that for many centuries early man wandered over wide areas, driven hither and thither in his pursuit of means of subsistence, and so it came to be established that the animals and plants in nature belonged to him who could take and hold them. Notwithstand- ing the fact that certain prescribed areas came to be recognized as the ‘hunting grounds” of the individual, the family, the tribe, or the nation, countless generations passed before private ownership of the soil was established as we know it at the pres- ent day. Plants and animals were, in large measure, common property. But with advancing civilization private ownership be- came more and more firmly fixed and carried with it, as a matter of course, jurisdiction over the plants and animals, but as wild animals have ever been held as of greatest importance, laws and * Awarded the first prize of fifty dollars, competition of 1902, from the Caroline and Olivia Phelps Stokes Fund for the Preservation of Native Plants 41 42 regulations governing their disposition have been most prominent. Beyond restrictions regarding forests and a relatively few plants of economic importance, plants as they occur in nature were, and are even at the present day, looked upon largely as common property. It is thus seen to be difficult, indeed impossible, to estimate the impress that these countless generations of license have left on the present generation. To stem the tide seems well nigh impossible, but as certain of our more delicate or showy plants seem on the verge of extinction, as the result of thoughtless, not to say wanton, destruction, it would seem that the time had come when steps must be taken before they are numbered with the relics of the past. The problem is how this end may be accomplished. As already suggested it is practically only those plants and animals that enjoy a real or fancied economic importance that have been the objects of protective enactment, and even in this respect laws for the protection of plants have lagged far behind those safeguarding animals. More or less rigid laws have-been in force in England for several centuries, having as their object the protection of the so-called game mammals and game birds. hen America was first settled by European races, game of all kinds was found so abundant that its supply seemed inexhaust- ible, and it is only within the past two or three decades that the public conscience has been awakened to the danger of its total ex- termination, and as a result of this awakening every state and territory in this country now has, for the most part, a carefully drawn game law, and within the past year we have had the first effective national legislation—the so-called Lacey act—which makes the transportation of game of all kinds, or birds used for decorative purposes, from one state to another, a crime against the United States. Parallel with this in large measure is the case of our forests. This country is so vast and the forest area was so enormous that the supply seemed illimitable. But wise heads long ago foresaw the parallel between this country and the various European states regarding forest denudation and sought to stay the tide of de- struction. But it was only when the actual end was in sight that 43 remedial measures were seriously thought of, and as a result forestry has gained more ground within the past ten years than during all the world’s history. As proof of this quickening interest it may be stated that the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture, through its bureau of forestry, which in 1898 offered to take charge of and administer private forest lands along the lines of scientific forestry, now has actually under its management 176,975 acres, and has on file applications from private owners covering over four million acres. Add to this the fact that the U. S. Government has set aside 41 forest reserves in variou parts of the country, having a total area of 46, ee acres, and we can appreciate how forest protection has We may return for a moment to the pee ate of the birds that are not ranked as game birds, for they furnish the closest parallel with our plants. As they are practically valueless for mm caprice of Gatien rnllions were destroyed annually simply for decorative purposes. Owing to this ceaseless persecution not a few species were threatened with absolute extinction, and only then did the sentiment for their protection begin to gain ground. At first confined to a few nature-lovers, the agitation has spread, until, within the past ten years, we have seen a veritable wave of sentiment for bird-protection extend from end to end of this country. Dozens of societies for the study and protection of birds have been organized, magazines of similar scope have been estab- lished, numerous books have been written, and finally legislation has been enacted making it a crime against the state or the nation to traffic in our song or insectivorous birds. As the result the birds of the sea-shore, plain and forest are to be spared to us. I have ventured to indulge in this somewhat lengthy preamble for the purpose of showing on the one hand, the difficulties that naturally inhere in the problem before us, and on the other hand, to set forth the measure of encouragement afforded by kindred undertakings. To devise means for the adequate pro- tection of our native plants will not be easy, but the same might have been said a few years ago about our birds, yet their protec- 44 tion by legislative enactment and an awakened public sentiment is an accomplished fact. It is but reasonable to suppose that the same may in time be accomplished for our vanishing plants. It seems to me that all legitimate effort that can be made for the conservation of the native flora is naturally divisible into two fields—first the broader, higher plane of enlightened public senti- ment regarding the protection of plants in general, and second the immediate steps that must be taken to save certain of the more showy or interesting forms now threatened with extermina- tion. The first is something we may reasonably hope for, even if it comes slowly ; the second is a practical question that must be solved quickly or it will be too late. It has been pretty conclusively shown above that as the plants most in need of the safeguarding are without a definite money value, it can only or largely be accomplished by an appeal to sentiment. As forests possess this economic value, their con- servation may safely be left in the hands of interested parties. Under the guidance of this growing ban d of expert foresters the - 2 i ay i= 4 oO 77) s oO i) w 5 =) pp oe “< p w w 5 a a. = 5 a 5 c w ct cn oD oO Qu. oc a 9 iat oO i= ro must be led to see that it is only selfishness which prowl the indiscriminate plucking of every bright-colored flower or shapely fern that attracts their eye. A walk afield, enlivened by the presence of flowers and birds, leaves behind a memory that may be cherished for years. The ruthless breaking up of this rounded symmetry of nature, simply for the gratification of the moment, leaves a void impossible to fill. As a means of awakening this more or less dormant public sentiment, I would make the following suggestions : In large measure it can be accomplished by the aid of the pub- lic press. As perhaps the best means of reaching this field, I would advocate the formation of what may be called a press bureau. That is, an individual or a set of individuals should be charged with the duty of preparing, from time to time, short, crisp, readable accounts of this movement. These should be printed on slips in the form of “copy” and distributed as widely as pos- 45 sible to newspapers and other periodicals, accompanied with a re- quest to the editor for publication if found available. Some will! of course find their way into the waste basket, but if supplied in this convenient form, many will undoubtedly be printed. This work should not be sporadic, nor on the other hand would it be wise to crowd it. As a further means of spreading this movement I would ad- vocate the establishment of a national society, aiming to do for plants what the Audubon Society has so well done for our birds. This of course should be in no wise a technical botanical society, but an organization adapted especially to children, young people and nature-lovers in general. With relatively slight modification the constitution of the Audubon Society could be adapted to the needs ef an organization of this kind, for which I venture to suggest the name Zorrey Society, There could be no more fit- ting memorial to this celebrated botanist than a society devoted to the preservation and popular study of the plants he loved so well, The establishment of chapters of this society should be urged in centers where interest, however slight, is manifested, and in time a journal devoted to it its needs could be inaugurated. At first, however, it might be best to affiliate with some existing publication, after the manner of the magazine Bird-Lore, which is the official organ of the Audubon Societies. Another fruitful field to be cultivated is the public school. Probably no class in the general public is so destructive of flowers and plants as the average school child. Most children are naturally destructive, but most of this comes from thought- lessness which can be in large measure corrected by judicious instruction. As a first step toward securing this correction the aid of teachers of nature classes should be secured. Leaflets setting forth the objects of this movement should be widely and systematically distributed among teachers, and if practicable a reading book adapted to the lower grades of public schools should be prepared, in which interesting accounts of plants and plant-life should be woven with appeals for plant protection. The establishment of school gardens should be heartily en- 46 couraged, for the abundant success attained by these gardens, growth, and when once their interest is aroused half the battle for plant protection is won, at least so far as they are concerned. Ve may now turn our attention to ways and means calculated to produce immediate results. ‘Immediate”’ is the only word that can be used here, for in certain localities such as the prox- imity to large centers of population, watering places, summer re- sorts, etc., many plants are approaching dangerously near the point of being destroyed absolutely. As a first step toward this end, it seems to me that the public should be informed once and for all, that none of these plants that it is desirable to protect have any definite intrinsic value. They should be made to understand that the plants are simply a part of the definite setting of nature that it is important for esthetic or scientific reasons to maintain. The cupidity of the average human being is so great, that, if it were simply rumored that these plants could command a money price, their doom would be fixed. Wherever it is possible, signs should be erected containing warnings against the plucking of flowers or fruits or bright- colored leaves from shrubs and trees. Most residents of cities are already familiar with rules against mutilating plants in parks and along public streets, and similar warnings, if posted conspic- uously inthe more rural locations, will undoubtedly have a salu- tary effect. There should be no disposition to exclude the public from the enjoyment of the beauties of nature, so long as the rights of others are recognized. I havein mind a very large landed estate, which the public is invited to enjoy, the only condi- tion being that the plants and animals must not be disturbed. Whenever certain species of plants are becoming rare on ac- count of devastations by man, signs should be posted along con- spicuous routes requesting moderation in gathering, or even abstinence, on the part of the public. These should not be worded so as to direct the public to the exact spots where the plants may be found, but rather of a general nature, calculated simply to call attention to the fact of their rarity. 47 As many persons may not recognize a plant by its common or scientific name, it might be well to post in a conspicuous place a colored drawing of it, or in the absence of this a dried specimen (suitably protected by glass) and requesting that if the plant is found in the vicinity that it be not disturbed. Teachers of nature classes could be of great assistance in bringing rare plants to the attention of their pupils in this manner. In public lectures form- ing parts of nature courses, speakers should be urged, when possible, to inform their audiences of this movement, and request their cooperation. In this connection J can but urge again the formation of local societies for plant protection, perhaps under the guidance of a central or national organization, which could supply them with leaflets for distribution and otherwise direct their energies into the most fruitful channels. And finally, after having dealt with the so-called ‘ general public,” it may not be amiss to say a word to the botanist. It has not usually been thought necessary to protect plants from botanists, for of all people they should be interested in the protec- tion of our flora. No true botanist will in any way endanger the perpetuation of a rare or interesting plant, nor will he knowingly become a party to such acrime. It would be small encourage- ment indeed to the public for the botanist to preach moderation to them and be known to indulge in unlimited or indiscriminate personal accumulation. F. H. Know ton. U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM, WaSHINGTON, D, C. MR. A. HENRY’S COLLECTION OF CHINESE PLANTS.* This collection of plants from different part of China and For- mosa, which has lately been purchased by the New York Botan- * The very important collection here described at our request by Dr. Henry, the ses chauisetie collector, giv s the best herbarium series representing the Chinese flora in America, and it it serve to answer many Ugtnies and horticul-ural ques- tions, as well as others made likely by th f the Chair of Chinese at Columbia University. It was purchased by means of contributions kindly made by members of the Garden 48 ical Garden, consists of nearly 8,000 sheets of dried specimens. Ferns and their allies with a few mosses number about 500 sheets, the remainder being flowering plants. The greater part of this herbarium was gathered and dried by Mr. Henry himself and natives working under his direction. Still there are a good many specimens which he received from other collectors; and the most important of these contributions will now be briefly alluded to, Dr. Ernst Faber in 1887 made a botanizing trip to Mount Omei, the famous sacred mountaig of western China; and a com- plete set of plants collected, some 1,200 numbers, was presented to Kew. More than 100 new species have already been described out of this material. Dr. Faber also gave a second, less com- plete set to Mr. Henry, which forms part of the present collec- tion. This set is now very valuable, as Dr. Faber’s own her- barium was afterwards accidentally destroyed by fire in Shanghai, and duplicates of the Omei plants are not extant elsewhere. The flora of Hong Kong and of the adjacent mainland as far as the Lofau Mountains in the province of Canton, is fairly well represented in this collection, as Mr. Ford, the superintendent of the Hong Kong Botanical Garden gave to Mr. Henry from time to time many specimens which were collected in this area. Other collectors in differents parts of China have also contributed, as may be seen by the labels of numerous specimens, which bear the names of these collectors and the exact localities where the plants were gathered. Mr. Henry’s own great collections were made in four regions, namely: Central China, Hainan, Formosa and Yunnan. In the present herbarium there are nearly 1,000 specimens from central China, by which is meant the mountainous parts of Hupeh and Szechwan in the vicinity of Ichang, a town on the river Yangtse inland from Shanghai about 1,000 miles. Hainan is scarcely represented at all in the collection, as the material collected there was not extensive enough to be divided into sets, and was given in its entirety to Kew. e Formosan plants number about 1,000 species and consti- tute a large proportion of the known plants of the accessible part of that island. Its eastern half, a great mountain mass, is 49 inhabited by savages, and is as yet little explored botanically- The flora of Formosa, the northern neighbor of the Philippine archipelago, is, since the acquisition of that group of islands by the United States, of especial interest to Americans, and any study of Philippine plants necessitates comparison with those of Formosa. This part of the collection should be appreciated in New York. The Yunnan part of the collection contains about 4,500 num- bers, comprising probably 3,000 species. All those plants were collected in the years 1896 to 1900 from two stations as centers, Mengtse and Szemao. These are frontier customs posts, close respectively to the borders of Tonking and Burmah. With the aid of native collectors the country within a radius of 100 miles from each station was fairly well botanized over. Southern Yunnan is an entirely mountainous region, a succession of deep valleys and high ranges. Collecting was carried on in a wide range of altitude, from 1,000 feet above sea level in the deep defiles of the Red River to 10,000 feet, the height of many peaks, both to the north and south of that river. Collecting near Szemao touched upon the watersheds of the Mekong and of the Black iver. The flora of the lower levels in these regions is quite tropical in cane higher up, it is like that of the temperate parts of China, and many Ichang plants were here again met with. Purely alpine types scarcely occur in Yunnan even at 10,000 feet altitude. The Yunnan plants are now being rane identified and described as regards new species at Kew : but of the natural orders are as yet not worked up. Still it is Ga ie to glance at some interesting features of the collection. The immense num- ber of ferns, about 250 species, is astonishing ; and they include, besides many new species, two new genera, one of whic archangiopterts, is a striking new type in the small group of Marattiaceae. Cheivopteris has been described as a new genus by Christ of Bale; but Baker regards this as merely a novel species of Polypodium. Whatever may be determined ultimately concerning the proper seat of this fern, it is very remarkable and distinct in several characters. Scolopendrium Delavay is a pretty 50 Yunnan fern, only comparable in habit to a curious Mexican species. A hasty glance through the flowering plants impresses us with the great preponderance of woody species, the great variety of trees, shrubs and lianas. Even amongst Compositae we find two or three trees. Leucoseeptrum is a small tree belonging to Labi- atae, which is almost universally a herbaceous order. The series of oaks and Cas/anopsis is extreme, and striking in the great diversity shown in foliage and fruit. Quercus Rex Hemsley, from Szemao is perhaps the most beautiful oak known, whether we regard its delicate large leaves or its magnificent acorns, the cups of which are two inches across. There are many peculiar genera, some of which are new, as Bretschneidera, Ttoa and Hartia, The first of these may be described popularly as a horse-chestnut with pinnate leaves. Attention is directed to Rhodoleia, a large tree with crimson flowers of peculiar structure and extreme beauty. Zupzdanthus is the most curious member of the Aralia family ; each flower has about 100 stamens and an ovary of 160 ceils. Trevesia palmata, belonging to the same order, is re- markable for its enormous leaves, most variable and dzsarre in cutting and lobing. Dimorphic Jeaves, the signification of which is unknown, occur in several genera, as in the new species, Lespedesa diversifolia and Shuteria stnensts. The two most beautiful species of Zoxicera known occur in Yunna L. calea- rata, which hasa long spur to the corolla, and ZL. Hillds Deadlies, with flowers seven inches long. The herbaceous plants include many interesting types. Three of the four known genera of the primitive family Saururaceae are represented in the collection, Sauwrurus, Houttuynia and Gym- notheca ; and different stages in the development of attractive floral organs are well shown in the various types. Ill are des- titute of any perianth: one whitens the stamens ; another whit- ens at the time of flowering the uppermost leaf of the stem ; and a third develops a colored involucre of white bracts: The Cyr- tandraceae, characterized by dainty foliage and pretty flowers, are represented by about 70 species, half of which are probably new. Lysimachia insignis is the most remarkable species of this widely spread genus. 51 The collection, so far as Mr. Henry’s plants are concerned, is a duplicate of sets presented at various times to Kew; and while not so extensive, is of great value, as containing numerous type specimens of new species. In a short paper like this only a few points of interest have been touched upon. For more details concerning Mr. Henry's botanical explorations, the reader is referred to an article by him, entitled ‘‘ Midst Chinese Forests,” which appeared in the Garden of January 4th last. This article touches upon the different parts of China and Formosa botanized over, and has references to some of the plants contained in the collection now described. AAUGUSTINE HENRY. Lonpon, February 1, 1902. PRODUCTION OF CINCHONA BARK AND QUININE N THE EAST INDIES.* Among our very early historical writings we find references to diseases which can have been only malarial in their nature, and, from that time until the present, the conflict with this plebeian disease has occupied a large part of the attention of physicians and has consumed an important part of the resources of mankind, in many and extensive territories. No nation but has had the operations of its armies checked or interfered with by encounter- ing this adversary; no great industry but has been at times partly paralyzed by it; no explorer but has suffered from it; scarce a country whose development has not been modified by it in some direction, while it has actually rendered many regions almost uninhabitable. Its nature and ultimate cause remained unknown until very recently. Hippocrates attributed it to the use of marshy waters, while Galen recognized a marsh poison which contaminated the atmosphere, and it was many centuries before we advanced farther than to speculate upon some form of one or the other of these theories. * Abstract of a public lecture given at the New York Botanical Garden, Nov. 9, gor. 52 Up to the seventeenth century, our efforts in the direction of its treatment were scarcely more successful than in ascertaining its nature. It was known that substances which were tonic ren- in all diseases, and that some of these vegetable bitter tonics seemed to exert a stronger preventive action in this than in other diseases ; it was also known that arsenic, mercury and some other drugs seemed markedly to check its development and favor re- covery ; but until the year 1638, the world knew of no substance which could be justly regarded as specifically fatal to the ‘un- known cause of the malarial disease. In that year it was made known that a royal personage of Spain had been cured of malaria by the use of a bark brought to her attention by the Jesuit mis- sionaries in the tropical South American Andes, and on this account it was long known as Jesuits’ Bark. It was also, for other reasons, called Crown Bark, Peruvian Bark, Quina, etc. Ignorance, prejudice, jealousy, ultra-conservatism and mistaken and presumptuous theology met it with an unusually liberal share of that opposition which falls to the lot of most drugs, and which does not a little toward establishing their success, if worthy. This opposition helped to make it known and to secure its trial, and the result of trial proved its special activity. From having used it experimentally, physician and patients alike came to rely upon it with security, and its use became world-wide. Early in the nineteenth century efforts, many of which had formerly been unsuccessful, resulted in the discovery of a crystalline con- stituent having the medicinal action of the bark in a degree greater than the latter, in proportion to its existing percentage. This was cinchonine and its discovery was soon followed, in a differ- ent variety of bark, by that of the more energetic alkaloid qui- nine. The extension and use of these alkaloids did something of far greater importance than to contribute to the convenience of physicians, oer ie travellers and armies and of those who de- sired to fort y themselves against anticipated attacks of the dis- and other influences pertaining to the modern exact sciences 53 have at last solved the problem of malaria, and of the relation of quinine to it. Any one who is a trained observer and who wi take ordinary care can now perform the following experiment : He can allow a mosquito to feed upon a person’ who exhibits the malarial disease and in whose red blood corpuscle the malarial animal has been found by microscopical examination. He can then permit this insect to feed upon another person who has presented no such symptoms and whose blood has been found uncontaminated. Asa result of this, and of no other proc- ess, the second individual can be brought into the same condi- tion as the first. The cinchona products can then be adminis- tered to either, resulting in the removal of the disease and its cause, while both persist in the other individual. The blood of the latter can now be drawn and tested with the cinchona prod- ucts, while under microscopical observation, and the fatal ef- fects of the latter upon the malarial animal seen to result, thus completing the chain of evidence to prove that this drug ts a true specific for this disease. There is, of course, much still to be learned about the conditions and methods for producing the best results, but the malarial dragon is practically slain. The little fear that the explorer or the soldier now feels for it results from his lack of power to control the circumstances, rather than from any consciousness of a want of means at command. Let us now supplement this glance at the history of the science of our subject by a brief review of the practical development of our present ready means for utilizing such knowledge. In 1638 the first undoubted cures by cinchona bark were made known to scientific medicine, such as it then was. One hundred years later the plant producing it became known to botanists, and unsuccessful attempts were made to bring it alive to Europe. During the next century the use of the bark increased to a phe- nomenal extent. The original districts were exhausted and new ones levied upon, new and superior species being discovered in the meantime, and their stores, in turn, alarmingly depleted. All of the 30 or 40 species of the genus were sought out and experi- mented with, but most of wae were found either wholly or largely wanting in active ituents. Every related plant which * 54 appeared likely to possess the desired property was investigated, but in spite of this employment of all resources, the supply stead- ily decreased and the necessity for artificial propagation became more and more apparent to thoughtful men. Such efforts in the producing countries were seen to be hopeless and strenuous efforts were made to transplant the industry to the old world tropics. In 1847 the first plants were er alive to Paris, but were not put to any practical use. 854, Hasskarl, in the face of great natural and artificial nee ae persecution and imprisonment by the natives, succeeded in actually securing the propagation of the plants in Java. Much money was ex- pended in the multiplication of this stock, both here and in India, but the investment was lost because the wily natives had supplied Hasskarl with the seeds of a worthless species. In and about 1859, Markham and his associates, aided in a miserly way by the British Government, secured the propagation in India of various species, possessing different degrees of value. Later, Ledger, one of Markham’s former assistants, through the knowledge and self-sacrificing efforts of an old native servant, who was afterward beaten to death for it by the natives, introduced the best of all known species, later named after Ledger. His stock of seeds was purchased by the Dutch for cultivation in Java and was afterward distributed also in India. The subsequent extension of this industry has been enormous, but during its incipiency a period of very great scarcity was en- countered. Our Civil War dealt the last severe blow in the process of depleting the world’s stock of cinchona trees; or perhaps we might better say that the Franco-Prussian war did this. In the latter part of 1870 to ’80 decade the price of good cinchona bark advanced to $4 or more per pound, and that of quinine to two or three times as much per ounce, thus stimu- lating to the utmost the cultivation operations then in progress. British India, which has always been one of the severest suffer- ers from malarial disease, required a cheap supply of the specific for its soldiers, as well as for its native population. India there- fore not only cultivated it extensively but entered upon the plan- tation-manufacture of a cheap alkaloidal mixture. Private enter- 55 prise there embarked in the business to some extent, but this interest did not reach any really great proportions, and has since declined, so that in India proper the industry is more particularly known as a governmental and a domestic one. In Ceylon, private capital was invested upon a very extensive scale. In fact, cinchona cultivation there became a craze, and was over- ‘done. The Ceylon bark was not particularly rich and this fact, coupled with its enormous amount, forced a disastrously low price, so that a sudden and violent reaction followed, the crop being largely uprooted to make way for tea-plants. Later, a root disease attacked and almost completely exterminated the remain- ing cinchona plants and the Ceylon product has since be scarcely a factor. Considerable plantations were established in admit of competition with the East and they too have ceased to be influential. Experimental plantations were established in various other countries but, with the exception of Java, either became extinct or never reached any importance. In Java, the operations, while under government direction, have always presented a more distinctly commercial aspect than elsewhere. They have been continuous and steady, conservative but progressive. Not only has their extent increased, but the quality of the bark has steadily improved, until now twelve per cent, of alkaloid, or occasionally even fifteen per cent., has replaced the three or four per cent. which was formerly considered an excellent yield. 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