JourNnaL
OF

Tue New York BotanicaL GARDEN

VoLuME I, 1900

JOURNAL

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

VoLuUME I

WITH 5 PLATES AND 25 FIGURES IN THE TEXT

1900

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

AT # Norte Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa.
y THe New Era Parntinc Company

PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY,
LANCASTER, PA

OFFICERS, 1900.
PRESIDENT—D. ©. MILLs,
VICE

RESIDENT:

CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. Cox,

SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF MANAGERS.

1, ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, ILL

Cuartes F, Cox, J. Przrpont Morcan,
W,. Bayarp CuTrTING, JAmEs A. oe BR,
WiiiiamM E. Donce, SAMUEL SLO.

oHN I, Kang,

LO,
W. GILMAN | ee
SAMUEL THORNE.
2, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC Parks,

Hon. Gro. C. CLAUSEN,

THE MAYOR OF THE City OF NEW York,

Hon. R, A. Van Wyc
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS,

Hon. SETH Low, Chairman
Hox. AppIson Brown, Hon. ane ain
ROF. C. F. CHANDLER, Pror. H.
Pror. J. F. Kemp Pror. L. 7 ee

GARDEN STAFF.
Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in- Chief.
Dr. D. T. MacDouaat, First Assistant.
Dr, Joun K. SMALL, Curator of the Museums.
Dr. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator,
SAMUEL HENSHAW, Head Gardener.
GrorcE V, Nasu, Curator of the Plantations.
Murray VAIL, Librarian,
Dr. H. H. sas Curator of the Economic Collections.
CoL, F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.
ALTER S. GROESBECK, Cleré and Accountant.

CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. Timotuy F. ALLEN,
Pror. N. L. Britron,
Hon. AppIson Brown,
Wm. L. Brown,
ANDREW CARNEGIE,
Pror. Cuas. F. CHANDLER,
Wm. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EpwarpD Cooper,
CuHas. F. Cox,

Joun J. Crooxe,

W. Bayarp CUTTING,
Wa. E. Dopce,

Dr. Wm. H, Draper,

RIcHARD W. GILDER,

Hon. THomas F. GILRoy,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morais K. Jesup,
JOHN I. Kang, .
EuGene KELLy, Jr.,
Pro, Jamrgs F. Kemp,

Joun S. KENNEDy,

Hon. SETH Low,
Davip Lyptc,

Epcar L. Marston,
D. O. MILts,

J. PirrPponT MORGAN,

TuEo. W. Myers,

Pror, Henry F. Oszorn,
OswaLp OTTENDORFER,

James R. PITCHER,

Rr. Rev. Henry C. PotrTer,
Percy R. PYNE,

Joun D. RocKEFELLER,

Wma. ROCKEFELLER,

Pror, H. H. Russy,

Ww. C. SCHERMERHORN,
James A. SCRYMSER,

HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wm. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. Gruman THOMPSON,
SAMUEL THORNE,

PROF.

Wm. H. S. Woop.

L, M. UnpERWoop,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

No. 1. JANUARY.

PAGE
Museum Building (zw7s/ ee) Ni Rotiess Aces, Srpueee ote aaah eeoeae ot A I
odperative Forestry ... 1... Beaty aos Se essay Ads sen eee ade 5
Etiolated Plants as Food Se aka Saye eae SE.” ou ete sev eenee oe 4 se --6
ycorhizas of Orchids Chee ical 9 Wel ae! as es SO oe 7:
ase se fae at ees tos PE phage og 3G beeen tes or tse ae) “Scee teats To
] mt Accessions . BE SA, iat ee cece Sage cer ee wy Qe eee * 12
te . plates Daly | BE ee, a EE, ee HB cece Stes 13
and Comment... 2. ee ee ee ee ee ee see 14
No, 2, FEBRUARY.
The Library (wth three figures) 2 6 ec ce ee ee 7
The Botanical Books of Dr. Hosack, . 1... eae Bh ey ey el Mane ae 22
Mosses in February a fe. eee 2. ee ee : 26
Accessions, Jan oe acetate gs Edo a hay Ge Sonia Nc tak Mae ak Sas ee tar eat 29
Notes, News and Come Ea Ae eRe Re ae ee eee ae 7 . 32
No. 3. Marcu.
The Herbarium (wth Plate 11. and two figures) ..... tone +s 33
The in Collection of Fungi. . 2... ee ee 38
Mosses in March (with two figures) 6 6 ee ee ee ee 40
Forest Conditions in the Klondike. . . .. ie Bn eacg tas Wy lta Ae ener ek 44
VACCESSIONS 303. 2.05: ecb rer toy vgn Bow dest Bo ae cae eu Gee, eed? a . 46
tes, News and Comment ee a eee 66 Hes ad Ss ae ea 8 48
No. 4. APRIL,
The Plantations (with Plate T/0.). 6 wwe ee es Bik ee itat Septet fae a huaks das a 49
The Button-Bush a Tree (i cure} Be 3h cceciy “eeu ease Se hee dee 54
Formations (with fe 77) ee ne Haak Jay tap agit wigs eS eee sess gi oa 55
Mosses i oul (with figure) se ge a a ws 56
ub a Bases ie fenre) oe iat oot Be as Me Naay eeae oy oe cave ce 58
Notes, News and Comment. 2 2 ee 1 ee ee ee ee ee 61
Accessio beclh ise) (OSes Ak Welt So dl gas eisai vatsiane te Sooke wees 62
Tectares at theGarden 2270 I I SoS oe. “plas lero se 64
No. 5. May,
The Laboratories (with PlateLV.) oc eee ee ew wee ee 65
A Collection of Old Microscopes www wt et te tt .. . 68
How to Reach the New York Botanical Garden Saas SEUTE) on oa jo
An Ice Storm (with figure) 6 6 6 we te tw ee ee ee a5 72
Some a ee pa GiAocGh ge Chet orate, ~uscatone: Sarees es wel At ae ae 74
eae News and Comment. ..... aye pe oes fee sh et i ves et cele eon ees ce 76
Accessions!.6: 9; sess lez oh 65 8-6 Ceicias lar ioe fai wD 9, te aa ote BE ed ose 77

viii CONTENTS

No. 6. JUNE.

PAGE
The Horticultural Houses (zith Plate V. ) oe ee ae ae oe os . o
May Flowers 6 2 1 ew ee ee es . . -
tag Notes (iilustrated). . ee es a see
T ather and Phenology for May ih, serden ete che Sl (OR ce) Sar vee es we go
Notes, News andComment, .....-050 +e eee eee ft ee ee 64
Accessions, 2 6 ee et ee ee Red ia” chtcidee wat tem a een 96

No. 7. Jury.
The Seeds and pealuee of the Hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis . .....-.. 97
Roots of the Hemlo SX Gy ae
Dwarfs oe » 102

Buxbaumia in ‘the Gaited ne See Phe” ble eee gee eee Se hatr at Ye . 104
Notes, News and Comment. . 2... - 6 2 ee ee eee es wee ee TOR
Accessions . . be ap Celis Gy teow furs fs Maseiay ta Giense a 107
No. 8 AUGUST.
Needs of the te e ick : ase Weer ae esas So 113
The Economic Museum .. 8 ....4. ao ee ew ae - 115
Native Summer Flowers in Cultivation oe cal dey Abe als eae eas ee ew ee URE
Notes, News and Comment... .....- . ra 128
No. 9. SEPTEMBER.
Some Valuable Plants for i » the Gift of Miss Helen Gould . . 129
Exhibits in the Economic Mace: we aaee ree rs 133
A New Exhibiti oe Pre ae ee eee pe ee ee 13D
penile and Com Seren Oh, Ansty che Us, Sean cbawe cies age ogee eae EGE
Acce rary fe Ae ea ae rr . 141
No. 10. OCTOBER.
A Valuable Gift for the Conservatories from Mrs mes... «5 + 145
North pone beara age by Mr. Morris % ‘oop eee tt 2 RQ
Notes, News and Comment. . 2... ee eee ee te wt ee es 151
Accession: erred tis fa, Sazeas ee ee + «153
Reception’ Days and Lectures. 1s. 1 et tet
No. 11. NovEMBER.
The Fairy-lore of Flowers... 1 2-7 eee eee oa 8 7 161
The Microscopical Exhibit os SA ee ee rer , 168
The A d their Relati in Cultivation ....... 171
Weather cae ee eee Se caterer TUES Tu. ta Say aa Esa 174
Accessions St coaacit 4a faeries rues Speen cayubeg. eevee her Ge gar ae ak can

No, 12. DECEMBER.

Report of naan in-Chief to the Scientific Directors on Results of his al to
Europe, 1

OME Gs Gotaes tei Mek ces ah ae te ee Abe eee of
Re ise Con rvatory (Fund) 170 Et es elas <8 is

on Hugleratiog and Calicicn During 1900 fe iar Sab cai, Gos Coo e wee ee 2 184
Weather Report for November, 1900, . 2... 1 1 2 ee eee . . 186
Accessions, 2. 2. ee ee ee eh cere Rese! veh Se Brae . 186
Index F 5 .

Dll x97

Vol. | JANUARY, 1900 No. 1

PORN AL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL
Director of the Laboratories

‘ CONTENTS
The Museum Building (with illustration)... ...... 5+ eee eee Page 1
Coéperative Forestry... 2-6 ete et ee ee ee ee ew ee 5
Etiolated Plants as Food (with figure)... 1... 2+ + se eee eee 6
Mycorhizas of Orchids (with figure) . . - - - ee ee eee ee eee 7
TREAT eR SU nth hoc bau Sh! c/a liars italia, otay mi ania eri aliratote” «6! be 10
RECPNEVACCESSIONS <0). e606 eee see eee 8 © © eis ee we 12
Bequest of Judge Daly... --- +--+ eres ess tte trees 13
Notes, News, and Comment... +--+ e+ ste ees rte ees 14

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Tue New Era Printinc CoMPAny,
41 North Queen Street,
Lancaster, Pa.

OFFICERS, 1900.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SEcRETARY—N. L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF MANAGERS.
1, ELECTED MANAGERS.
ANDREW CARNEGIE, DEO:
CHARLES F. if PIERPONT MORGAN,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,

WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,
JOHN I. KANE, . GILMAN THOMPSON,

SAMUEL THORNE.

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN.
THE MAyoR OF THE CiTy OF NEW YORK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.

3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.
HON. SETH LOW, CuarrRMan.
HON. ADDISON BROWN, PROF. J. F. KEMP,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, HON eA). Lino be
PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chief.
DR. D. T. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant.
UuSeu:

DR. om K. SMALL, Geiean ek the Mi
YD. G, Assistant Curator.

DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.
WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.

‘I FLvIg ‘NUCYVD TWOINVLOG NYOA MAN FHL JO IwNunof

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

VoL. I. January, 1900. No. 1.

THE MUSEUM BUILDING.
With Prate I.

The Museum Building, which stands on a slight elevation,
seven hundred feet east of the Bedford Park railway station o
the Harlem Division, New York Central and Hudson River Rail-
road, is the largest, most elegant, most satisfactorily illuminated,
and for its purposes the best adapted of any similar edifice in the
world. The technical requirements are met in a thorough unhin-
dered method. The architectural treatment is frank and digni-

ed. The sty!e is Italian Renaissance, with details of schol-

arly character ; its imposing front has a length of 308 feet, and

its height to the top of the dome is 110 feet. The construction

is fireproof throughout ; the steel framework has been most care-

fully designed to withstand all strains that will properly be put

upon it; the central portico is of Indiana limestone with columns
: ae ;

and a “‘terrazo-granito "’ surface, and the walls and columns are
finished in hard patent plaster, all ironwork alc double rede
fireproofing on two layers of steel lath. The basement floo

of concrete and asphalt, to secure water-proof we air- ery sur-
faces. The roof is of hollow brick, asphalt and tiles. The win-
dows are ample, being, on the main museum floors, of greater
width and about the same area as the intervening piers, this hav-
ing been made a special feature of the design from its inception.

1

2
The building is heated by steam through mains lying in a sub-
way extending from the power-house, which stands near the
railroad just west of the Southern Boulevard entrance to the
The altitude of the base-

3
ia)
s
a
i=)
°
g
»
ing
fe}
<
om
wn
oO
2
a
o
<
o
us
B
ct

sement contains a large lecture theatre, under the west

he
so as to se oo persons. The broad

wing, arranged bou

path connecting the Museum Building with the plaza in front of
the railway station, leads directly to this room, affording easy
e trains and trolley-cars in any kind of weather.
e so that lectures a
be amply ie: . ae tern slides; a course of public lec-
tures on Botany and allied sciences will be commenced in nie
t of the lecture thea-
S 3 for

manent museum

The eastern end of the basement nes several smaller

room.
s room, and a constant
d

rooms for janitors and offices, a mechan:
temperature room constructed with iouble walls and doors.
- s f the building is devoted to the Museum of
onomic Botany, and in it are now being installed specimens
ituseating the useful products of plants, and specimens, draw-
ings and photographs of the plants yielding them. This collec-
tion will be arranged by products, the east hall being given over

to drugs, the west hall to timbers and woods, and _ the two inter-
vening halls to fibers, foods, resins, oils, sugars, starches, poisons,
substances.

utensils, gums, waxes an
The second floor contains General Museum, designed to
exhibit types of all the families and tribes of plants from the most
ta to the most complex. The series will thus commen
the slime-moulds niaaeee) and end with the ei
ae (Composite), Illustration of the types is accomplished
by prepared specimens of the plants themselves, by drawings,
photographs, models, fruits, seeds and other parts; the preserva-

3

tive formalin solution being freely used in glass jars. Fossil
plants are shown in this collection along with the living ones to

ich they are most nearly related. A system of swinging
frames will exhibit a specially mounted herbarium of plants grow-
ing naturally within one hundred miles of New York. Special
exhibits of physiological and morphological features of plants are
to be subsequently installed upon this floor. About aaa
of the case equipment required to fill the halls of the first
second floors has been put in position; additional cases ma cn
added as the need for them arises. The method of labelling in
all the collections is designed to answer “al ordinary questions
about the specimens and their felaonships after the several
series have been letely installed than is possible during
the formative stage it is neuened to publish hand guides in which
the description of the objects will be elaborated. The mounting
and labelling of many thousand specimens will be required in
order to make the series measurably complete, and this will re-
quire time, but it is believed that the collections will be of much
interest from the beginning.

The third floor has the library as its central feature consisting
of a large reading room immediately under the dome and a stack
room just behind, shelved so as to carry about 10,000 volumes.
The stacks are of metal, arranged to carry books of quarto and oc-
tavo size, or smaller, above, and of folio size below ; these are sup-

tion, thus affording the possibility of doubling the book-carrying
capacity of the room. The reading room walls also be
shelved in the future, if itis so desired. The number an volumes
now in the collection is about 7,500, of which about two-thirds
are the botanical library of Columbia University, deposited with
the Garden under an agreement between the Board of eee
and the Trustees of the University, while one-third are the

erty of the Garden. West of the library rooms are meee

4

for plant embryology, plant morphology, plant physiology,
plant chemistry and photography, together with a physolenicl
da: oom and a photographic dark room. East of the
Library are the laboratories for taxonom The equipment of
all these laboratories with tables, cases aad chairs is in place,
and the instrumental equipment is being received. The herbar-
ium occupies the east wing of this floor, together with two smaller

; um
ranged along the west side of this hall, and that of the garden
along the east side, the total number of mounted specimens con-
tained in the two collections being over 600,000; over 50,000
additional specimens, not yet mounted, are in storage, but work
in arranging and mounting them is going forward rapidly ; it is
hoped that all will be available for study during the present year.

main Museum halls are open to visitors from nine o’clock
in the morning to five in the afternoon on every day of the week ;
access to the third floor may be obtained by permission ; students
properly prepared to prosecute investigations are afforded room
and guidance i in the laboratories, library and herbarium, but it it is

than through the system of public lectures already referred to
In.locating the Museum Building attenticn has been paid to its
possible future enlargement by wings cabs back from the
part now constructed, permitting a doubling of its present size
without waren 2 with roads, paths or es A photo-
graph from the architect's design, showing this conception, was
printed in Bulletin No. 3. e photograph from which the
print accompanying this account was engraved was taken Novem-
ber 22, 1899, from a point about half-way between the building
and the ede station. It will be seen from this that much
n

to the front central portico the yeaa of the fountain designed
to occupy the space within the outer curved retaining: wall of the
front approach, and of a parapet il wall around the terrace
which surrounds the building, which is now being brought to a

5

grassed slope awaiting the opportunity for providing the final
finish.

e Museum is oe lighted by gas, but the walls and
floors are tubed and the gas-fixtures provided with electric attach-
ments, so tha t- wires may be provided in the future. The ele-

ining it. There
is a fine water-pressure throughout the Buide notwithstanding
its height, provided by the proximity of the Williamsbridge
reservoir and a thirty-six-inch main therefrom which runs
ough the valley in front of the edifice.

= total cost of the building, together with its furniture equip-
ment, been about $300,000, which, considering its size, and
the high character of the work of construction is believed to be
very reasonable. It was at by Mr. R. W. Gibson, Archi-

ct of sacha The construction has been under the im-

t M
of his Chief Engineer, Mr. Daniel Ulrich, and the thanks of all
in any way interested in the ee are due to these gentlemen for
their care and solicitude that it should be carried out in the best
manner possible.
N. L. Britton.

COOPERATIVE FORESTRY.

The division of Forestry of the Department of Agriculture is
prepared so far as its very limited peo ee will permit to

render practical assistance to farmers and others by cooperating
with them to establish forest plantations, woodlots, shelterbelts
and windbreaks. A section of the division has been recently or-

ganized and placed in ee of an expert tree planter, assisted
a number of collaborators and assistants residing in the differ-
ent states, who are thoroughly familiar with the local conditions.

6

This section will devote itself proel to investigations in tree
planting, and to the assistance of those who may avail themselves
of the codperative plan outlined in circular No. 22. pplica-
tions for such assistance will be considered in the order of their
receipt, but the Division reserves the right to give preference to
those likely to furnish the most useful object lessons fter a:
application has been made and accepted, the Superintendent of
ree Planting, or one of his collaborators or assistants, will visit
the land of the applicant, and, after adequate study of the ground
will make a working plan suited to its particular conditions. The
purpose of this plan is to give help in the selection of trees, in-
formation in regard to planting and insteuctien in handling forest
trees after they are planted
This plan is Gndoubeedly one of the most useful and valuable
ever undertaken by the Division of Forestry. The pee: of

session of some knowledge of their habits, and thal suitability
to the place where they are to . eros The grower must
know what to plant, how to plant it, and how to care for it after-
ward, and the Division undertakes to supply this information.
Persons wishing to avail themselves of the cooperation of the
Division Should apply early in November of each year, and this

Division is codperating in the management of 400,000 acres of
private woodlands.

ETIOLATED PLANTS AS FOOD.
The possibilties of another “‘ etiolated’ plant forced in darkness
is indicated by Professor Card in a bulletin from the R.
periment Station (Bulletin 55, June, sed cate ee
all hardy herbaceous plants, may ced in a dar d green-
house or cellar in midwinter ‘if Ree fom the soil in ee one

ght
plant are to be used as food it is cercinly reasonable that some

7

method of culture should be adopted which would retard the de-
velopment of the mechanical tissue, and this is secured by growth
in darkness. An increased proportion of that forced in winter will
probably be cultivated in this manner.

Fic. 1. Showing large leaf blades of rhubarb formed im light, and small ones in
darkness. from block loaned by R. I. Experiment Station.

The botanical interest in Professor Card’s experiments centers
au

ton on the relations of temperature and red colors. (See p. 11.)

MYCORHIZAS OF ORCHIDS.
The roots and underground organs of more than seven hun-
dred species of orchids have been examined, and all of this num-
ber are found to have formed unions with fungi in such a manner

&

as to form mycorhizas. A mycorhiza consists of the structure

tissues just underneath the epidermis. Branches of the tubes or|
hyphae are sent out through the root-hairs into the soil, and the
two plants work in partnership to accomplish nutrition. The
fungus takes up the products of decaying leaves and or: rganic
matter in the soil, carries them into the root, yielding the greater!
portion to the higher plant, which may actually get all of its food
from its minute associate. Some of this food, however, is built up
into starch and sugar, which is given back to the fungus. The
higher plant thus take the crude material given it by the fungus
and makes it into substances which the fungus is unable to con-
struct, but which form a very valuable food for it. In addition
to this advantage to the fungus the root offers it a habitat in
which it is free from many dangers it would encounter in the soil.

The nicety of attention necessary to the successful culture of
most orchids is doubtless due to the fact that not only must the
proper conditions of water and temperature be offered the higher
plant, but its unseen associate must be provided with exactly the
proper soil and food.

he fungi which inhabit the hanging roots of the epiphytic
orchids bear the same relation to them, though many inexperi-
ence writers ne described them as parasites,
€ cooperation of the fungus the orchid is relieved from

the heres struggle to win its food from the soil necessary n-
aided species, and the great variations and marked characteristics
of the leaves and flowers of this group may be due in part to its
method of nutrition. Althou Bie not Saba known, the varia-

tions of the underground organs are almost as great as those of
the aérial parts. Thus the eee Ces have lost
their roots pane and the underground coralloid formations
which gives them their name, are really short branches serving

the purpose - roots and inhabited by a fungus. Some of the

Fic. 2. a, old corm of Aplectrum from which have sprung three young plants by
coralloid offsets. 4, normal specimen. Reproduced by permission from The Annals
of Botany, March, 1

10
near relatives of the coralroots show a tendency to construct sim-

Ly pso.
S up a specimens of Aplectyrum he will find an old
corm of last year’s ae eee ee an offset an inch long
with a young corm which sends up a leaf in the autumn. The

this offset and down into the new roots formed at its tip when it
begins to enlarge to m . the young corm. Now, if the growth

)
along its sides into coralloid a with hairs through which
the Fungus sends tubes out into the soil and brings in a supply
of material.

The leaves which spring from offsets developed in this manner
uch narrower than the ordinary forms. The clumps of
oa which grow alongside a decaying log, or which have
found ae in the remains of one are very apt to make these

experimenter, if old corms are aia from the plant and made
to germinate the latent bud.

bout two hundred specimens of this plant are now growing
in a single plantation in the New York Botanical Garden, and a
number have the narrow leaves indicative of the curious ante
ground stems or branches of the offsets. The appearance of the
normal plant, and a clump with the coralloid formations is shown
in figure 2

COLORS.
The subject of colors is a most prolific one and is unfortunate
in the character of some of the literary production which it incites.
A paper recently distributed by F. T. Mott, F. ., of
Leicester, England, “On the Origin of Organic olan’? qhieh
e :

ntage
paper may be gained from the following quotations : “ An animal

11

which spends its life in proximity to the brown bark of trees will
be under the influence of the molecular rhythm of such bar!

possibilities in this idea, in the min the author, that he sup-
poses “that the ae of the summe we know it now,

though it has never been par alee in nthe pas will be as noth-
ing in the blaze of brilliance which s ark the summers of
the future.” Speculations of this ae are harmless and also
useless.

Mr. E, Williams Hervey has recently issued a pamphlet of
over a hundred pages in which he records a large number of
original observations on color. As the author in this case says
in his preface, ‘‘ These (colors) offer a eee novel subject for

ism,
find a repetition of well worn observations. Some interesting
facts in the occurrence of color markings a are peeerece: however.

nt
though the logic by which this conclusion is reached rests upon
facts not conceded by botanists.

The recent researches of Overton on the red cell-sap of plants
shows that its occurrence is oe tioned upon the presence of

tration of the sugar. Low night temperatures induce the de-
velopment of such colors, which the author believes accounts for
the reddish eae of alpine species, and to the same cause’
are due the wish-red tints of evergreen lea
winter. If mee of the ordinary ndeetaore ao
are grown in separate dishes of water containing different propor-
tions of ee the relation of this substance to color production
can be ve

A paper by Miss Grace Smith was read before the Society of
Plant Morphology and Physiology at New Haven, December 27,

12

1899, in which she records her observations on red color in
New England plants. 250 of 750 species exhibited red color in

mens in dry sunny places is quite at variance with the conclu-
sions of Overton, and leaves much to be yet explained.

RECENT ACCESSIONS.

r. William E. Dodge of the Board of Managers has pre-

sented the institution with twenty-five exhibition microscopes to

e used as part of the permanent display inthe museum. These

instruments are being constructed after a model recently designed
members of the sta:

New York Academy of Medicine is the donor of the

greater part of the botanical books of the library of the late Dr.

which are eer ai of the last century or earlier, and are rare
and difficu obtain. The addition . ne books . the library

of the an. is an interesting reminder of the efforts of Dr.
Hosack to establish a botanical garden in New fe City early
in the ee

hn J. Crooke of Staten Island has given a very valuable

eral collection. They include a set of Elihu a. Plantae
mo

having presented that institution with the invaluable herbarium
of Professor Frederic Meisner of Basel, Switzerland, and the col-

13

lection made by Dr. Chapman in the southern Atlantic States,
upon which his “ cua of the Southern States” is based. The

deposit of the Columbia herbarium at the Garden thus brings.
all of the botanical pa in which Mr. Crooke has been in-
terested together in one building, and emphasizes the fact that he

has been one of the most liberal scientific benefactors of botany
in New York. His gifts of geological, conchological, and other
zoological specimens to the Museum of Natural History have also
greatly enriched the collections of that institution.

Mr. B. G. Amend has recently presented a collection of more
than two hundred original drawings and unpublished quarto lith—
ograph plates made by the late Professor August Koehler, which
were designed to illustrate a work on the flora of North Am
ica. Professor Koehler published a “ Practical Botany ’’ in Be
which was widely used in botanical instruction at that period.

r. Harlan P. Kelsey has presented a valuable and eee
collection of hardy ee shrubs and trees, mainly from the
Southern Alleghanies, including some seventy species not ae
represented in the plantations. These have been distributed in
the herbaceous grounds, fruticetum and nurseries.

Mr. Nathaniel Thayer, of South Lancaster, Mass., has pre-

plants
der plants contributed by several other friends have been stored
in the basement of the museum building awaiting the completion
of the western end of the range of greenhouses, which will not be

delayed much longer.

BEQUEST OF JUDGE DALY.
The following is extracted from the of Ex-Chief Justice
Charles P. Daly, probated October 23, 1899.

Article 8, Section: 3. I give, devise and bequeath to my exec-
utor, Henry R. Hoyt, the sum of twenty thousand dollars, in
trust, nevertheless, to invest and reinvest the same, and to pay
over the net annual interest, dividends or income thereof to my

14

wife’s sister, se Staples, semi-annually for and during the
term of her natural life, and upon her death to as over the said
principal sum to the New York Botanical Gard
Section 5. All the balance of the said rest, ae and re-
mainder of my estate which shall remain after the payment of the
foregoing devises, legacies and bequests in this cae article of
my will specified, I give, devise and bequeath as fo
bene ne thereof to the New York ens ae as ae
orial of my wife’s late grandfather, David Lydig, the

agers thereof may deem for the best interests of the Botanical
rden

NEWS, NOTES AND COMMENTS.

The Torrey Botanical Club has appointed a a committee to pre-

Association for the Advancement of Science at its meeting in
ew York, in the last week of June, 1900.
The agencies vis most sae ae a the proper devel-
opment of trees in | ity, gas and steam. The
death of many specimens can be referred es inairadee gas. If

a leak occurs into a pipe, the gas hae very readily into ae
soil especially if it is porous, and when it comes into contact with
the roots they are asphyxiated, the result bate gnickly manifest
in the appearance of the tree. The symptoms of gas poisoning
are most generally a sudden falling of the leaves, a deadened

pearance of the bark due to the collapse of the cambium or liv-
ing layer. In mild instances of poisoning the effect shows only

death. Many trees on the grounds of city residences are killed
by gas to the snes of the owner, since this may occur ve
specimens fifty or even a hundred feet away from the nearest g
main.—Adapre d from the eleventh annual report of the Botantst ae
the Hatch Experiment Station.

15

Mr. J. B. S. Norton has published a list of the works treating
of the effects of wind upon plants in the Transactions of the
Kansas Academy of Science, for 1898, which includes about 60
titles

He classes the effects of winds upon plants under the follow-
ing heads :

A. Indirect, such as
. Carrying moisture in the form of clouds which supply
plants with w
2. — ‘rnin by change of moist for dry air. The
of hot winds might be placed here.
B. Direct effects.
. Injuries, such as breaking and uprooting.
2 Adspain for using the win
. In effecting pollination
b In the eas o fruits and seeds.
Adaptations protec
LA ative see against the wind.
a. In wood structure.
b. In leaf structure.
c. In habit.
d. In location.

This work was done in connection with some studies of the
effects of the tornado of ee on the trees of the Missouri
Botanical Garden and St. Lou

The Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, Java, has recently estab-
lished an additional publication in the form of a bulletin, making

‘ Annals e€

the sixth series issued from that institution. The “ Annals,” th
* Bulletin” and the “ Icones Bogorienses’ are devoted chiefly to

.T
garden is organized in ten divisions: herbariuen and mus sete:
laboratories for botany, experimental garden and laboratory for

garden, administration library and eae department,

16

forestry, laboratory for the study of tobacco, laboratory for the
study of coffee, and laboratory for agricultural zodlogy.
The garden proper has an area of 401 acres, and the mountain

with 10,800 volumes is also accessible to workers in the garden,
The herbarium amounts to more than a hundred thousand speci-
mens, and the museum contains a large amount of material of
scientific and economic interest.

Special laboratories are provided for the use of visiting botanists’
and so far 75 investigators have used - facilities provided, of
which but one was from the United Sta

It is of interest to note that a pain “of meteorology is con-
templated as a necessary adjunct to the work in plant physiology.

Mr. R. S. Williams, who spent the seasons of 1898 and 1899 in

the Yukon Se esa is now serving as a special museum aid at
the Garden e made extensive collections of cea plants
of the region, which are now being studied by and members

of the sta This plant collection is believed to ce the first one
made in ine ondike region and it contains many species of
es scientific interest; an account of it together with an:
enumeratio the ea is being prepared by the Director-in-
chief. afer: a complete set of the material has been filed in the!
herbarium, the duplicates sf be distributed to correspondents of;
h n

Mr. A. A. Heller has returned to Puerto Rico to extend his
collections made in He will keep the field during: Janu-
ary and Fe eneey cn heddquaiten at Mayaguez in the western
part of the islan

our botanical organizations will convene in New York during

the Botanical Section of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science, the Botanical Club of the same Associa-
tion, and the Society for Plant Physiology and oe
The last named will meet for business purposes

Members of the Corporation,

Dr. TimotHy F. ALLEN,
Pror. N. L. BRITTON,
FREDERIC BRONSON,

Hon. ADDISON BROwN,
Wm. lL. Brown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,
Pror. CHas. F. CHANDLER,
Wo. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cas. F. Cox,

JoHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,
Wm. E. DopceE,

Dr. WM. H. DRAPER,
Pror. SAmM’L W. FAIRCHILD,
‘GEN. Louis FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomas F. GILROY,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HucH J. GRANT,
HENRY P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESUP,

JouN I. KANE,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
Pror. JAMES F. KEmp,

Joun S. KENNEDY,

J. J. Litryey,

Hon. SETH Low,

Davip LynDiIc,

EpGarR LL. MARSTON,

D. O. Mints,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. ‘W. MYERs,

Gro. M. OLcort,

PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
OswALD OTTENDORFER,
JAMES R. PITCHER, ;
Rt. REv. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERCY R. PYNE,

JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
WM. ROCKEFELLER,
ProF. H. H. RusBy,

Won. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Won. D. SLOANE,’

NELSON SMITH,

Dk. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
SAMUEL THORNE,

Pror. Ll. M. UNDERWOOD,

Wo. H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con

taining ay news and non-technical articles of general interest. Free to al mem

bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered i
ge. ]

exchan:
F

Bulletin of the N York Botanical Garden, gosienenae the reports o
the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodyin,
the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. os, I-, 94 pp., 3 maps

—4;
and 8 plates, 1896-99. Free to all members of the Garden. To others, 25 (Bane
20

irs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. 1. An Annotated cal
alogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg
sistant curator of the museums. An arrangement and critical discussion of th
Pteridophytes and Phanerogams of the region with notes from the author’s field bool
and including descriptions of over a hundred new species. Price to members of th
Garden, $1.00. To others, $2.00. [Not offered in exchange. ]
ontributions from ‘w York Botanical Garden. A series of tech
cal “aan written by students or patek ois of the staff, and reprinted from journal
cae t the above. }
No, 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. Price, 2!
cents
. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel meh”
Pane 2s cents.
No. The dichotomous Panicums: some new Species, by Geo. V. Nas
Price, ae ants) i
No. 4. Delphini lini d related Species, by Dr. Per Axel Ryd)

All subscrif tions and remittances should be sent to
THE ACCOUNTANT
NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BRONX PARK, NEW YORK C!

—a

Vol. | FEBRUARY, 1900

No. 2

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

ematiranye (with free figures) jes) fi vral pas erp eo) pip tic eh devise ay a iphine
muerbotanical Books of Dr. 'Hosack . 2. 03.0 see ee ye a
ieee Hepriary (with figure) 0. ods) ee csi nlp Wiebe Wey tine ph ea
Accessions, January, 1900... ..-- «++ +++s-+ see

DIESE WAlANG COMmMeNnt) si) 2 i ie hails. Wie ealseriel al laa! Walia ieulels

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Tue New Era Printinc Company,
4x North Queen Street,
Lancaster, Pa.

OFFICERS, 1900.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
ViIcE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF MANAGERS.

1, ELEOTED MANAGERS,

ANDREW CARNEGIE, D. O. MILLS,

CHARLES F. COX, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,

SAMUEL THORNE.

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS,
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN

THE MAyoR OF THE CITY OF NEw YORK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK,

3. SCLENTIFIC DIRECTORS.
HON. SETH LOW, CHAIRMAN.
HON. ADDISON BROWN, PROF. J. F. KEMP,
PROF, GC. F. CHANDLER, HON: J: Lin pee;
PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD

GARDEN STAFF.

DR. N. L. BRITTON, Divector-in- Chief.
DR, D. T. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant.
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Curator of the Museums.
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator.
SAMUEL HENSHAW, ead Gardener.
GEORGE V. NASH, Curator of the Plantations.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Librarian.
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.
WALTER S, GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.

JOURNAL

The New York Botanical Garden

Vor. I, FeBRuARY, 1900, No. 2.

THE LIBRARY.

_ The library, which is in the central portion of the third floor
of the museum building, consists of a large reading room or
rotunda under the dome, of a stack or book room to the rear in
the square — wing arid two small store rooms for pamphlets
and duplica

The a room is admirably lighted by three west, four north
and three east windows, and by a long central skylight. The
reading room is lighted both from the windows in the dome and
from the stack room, and is furnished with chairs and large oak
tables.

The book stacks are forty in number, arranged along both sides
of the book room. They are constructed of steel plate of one-
tenth inch in thickness, are double-fronted, made in sections,
four feet long, two feet deep and six and a half feet high, with

about three inches from the floor. They are painted a dark olive--
green, in japanned finish. Each stack is provided with five
movable shelves with adjustable space or holes on the inside of
the cases, about one inch apart, through which small bolts are
thrust to catch the shelves. For the folios there are four large
metallic double-fronted cases, three feet high with a table top

three and a half feet, in the center of the stack room.

shelves and the other arranged with a system of three roller
shelves for the easier handling of the heavier folios. These cases,
17

18

except for the polished oak tops, match the stacks in color and
fini Two small oak cabinets with solid doors are provided for
the large collection of Torrey letters and other correspondence
and MSS. too valuable to leave on the open shelves. These, with

In accordance with an agreement between Columbia ey
and. the Garden, all of the botanical books of the former institu-
tion, except a few duplicates used in undergraduate instruction,

19

are deposited at the Garden. The work of sorting and placing
these books on the shelves has been recently completed.

e agreement with Columbia University in regard to this
matter is as follows :—

Fic. 4. Looking outward through main entrance of reading room.

This agreement, made at the City of New York, this eighth
day of January, one thousand eight hundred and ninety-six, be-
tween The New York Botanical Garden, party of the first part,
and the Trustees of Columbia College in the City of New York,
party of the second part,

20

Witnesseth, That The Trustees of Columbia College have

t
graduate instruction at the College) with the New York Botanical
Garden, at the request and for the use of said Garden, upon the
considerations and for the purposes and subject to the conditions

e G

the library and sonal ae of the College shall be es satis-
factorily pee by the Gar

5. Th e Columbia ie and herbarium and all acces-
sions ee made by the College or in its behalf, while on de-
posit at the Garden shall be kept distinguishable from the library
and herbarium of the Garden, by such means as shall be approved
by the College, so as to be easily separable in case of removal.

6. That Co i

r
recall at any time so much of its herbarium and _ botanical
library as it may deem necessary for use in undergraduate in-
struction.
. That either ae oe terminate this arrangement on one
year’s notice to t
The library of ae oe also comprises about 2,000 volumes
which have been purchased during the four years of active exist-
ence of the institution. A special book fund of five thousand
dollars was created in ees 1899, which still shows a large
unexpended balance. Important accessions are also constantly
received by exchange with ie poe publications and by dona-
tion. The recent gift of the botanical books of the late Dr.
Hosack, by the New York Academy of Medicine is perhaps the
most oe of such donations
ll of the books are arranged and classified in one series of
the ae Decimal Indexing System, the book plates serving as
means of identification of ownership
The Garden is indebted to Mr. ee W. Gibson, the architect

21

f the museum and other buildings, for the design of the book
plate for the Garden library, an impression of which is shown in
The general character of the library may be known when

Fic. 5. Book plate of the New York Botanical Garden.

it is stated that it contains 127 volumes of general dictionaries and
non-botanical reference works, 100 volumes on ahaa science,
00 umes on geology and palaeontology, 1,733 volumes of
see and proceedings, 52 volumes of collective and ee
s, 495 volumes on morphology and physiology, 50 volumes
on geographic distribution, 2,105 volumes of floras and taxono-
mic monographs on the BhanGrces o>) go2 ene on eee
gams, 640 volumes 325
volumes on forestry, and 200 volumes on sy ae
total number of volumes on the shelves is 7,117, with about 300

22

volumes in the bindery and store-rooms not yet classified. No
attempt has yet been made to estimate the number of unbound
volumes and separates.

ng other special features it may be said that the library is
nearly complete in literature bearing on the fungi, mosses, and
ferns

e main series of bound volumes and separates will be kept
intact in the library, ane collections of duplicate copies of certain
special works are provided in the herbarium and ee
The following ee govern the use of the

1. Books of the regular library are not to be aa from
the museum buildin
2. cers and stud nts are requested to remove books from
the library as little as possible. Every volume is to be replaced
n the shelves immediately after consultation.
may be taken from the library only after a card bear-
ing the fll title and perl classification, number of every
volume, and the e of the borrower, shall be put in their
ae on the s ive
. All books eee from the library shall be returned the
same day.
§. The above rules apply to pamphlets and parts, as well as
to bound volumes.
of the departmental collections are not subject to
these ne The efficiency of such collections demands

Departmental collections are further subject to such rules as may
be found necessary for their conservation.
Anna Murray VAIL.

BOTANICAL BOOKS OF DR. HOSACK.

Copies of the following books, mainly from the library of the
late Dr. David Hosack, have recently been presented to the
Garden by the New York Academy of Medicine. Many of the
works are now rare and difficult to obtain, and the gift is a most
timely and valuable one.

28

ABBOT, CHARLES, Flora Bedfordiensis. Bedford, 1798. 1 vol.
ADANSON, MICHEL, Familles des Plants, Paris, 1763. 2 ss
NE, CARLOS, Alora Pedemontana. Turin, 1785. 3 ¥

eee CH. . Trocinium Botanicum Edin bur ngense. tel 1753. Iv

ANDERSON, J Essays Kelating to DOTS and Rural Affairs. Earn
3 vols,

sro aes The Botanists Repoiiyy for New and Rare Plants. London,
I vol.

Bava Ce Historia Plantarum Universalis. Yverdun, 1650. + vol.

ASPARD, Theatri Botanict. Basle, 1671. 1 vol.
BEeRKF fe} ts Anglica Linguae B tani London, 1764. Iv
BOLTon, Jamas, An "History of Fungusses ee, as " Halifex, ate
2 vols,

BouTcuer, WILLIAM, 4 Treatise on Forest Trees. Edinburgh, 1775. 1 vol.
BULLIARD, Herbier de fa aT aNees ou Collection complette des P antes Tideeine de ce
e. Paris, 1780. 13 vols.
iene Ouse - " Plantes Véinéneuses et Suspectes de la France. Paris, 1784.
vol.

CaTEssy, MARK, Hortus Americanus, London, 1767.
Courset, Dumont, Le Botaniste Cultivateur. Paris, ne x on 4 vols,
— Sy Bae 1AM, Alora Londinensis. London, 1777. vols,

aes on Botany. London, 1805. pie
Darwin, ee Ph haa Dublin, 1800. 1 vol.
Davy, Humpurey, Z£/-ments of Agricultural Chemistry. New York, 1815. 1 vol.
DEANE, SAMUEL, The ein aa land Farmer or ooaee Dictionary. Ed. 2.

Mass., 1797. vol.
DE CANDOLL héorie Lee de la Botanique, Paris, 1814, 1 vol.
Hence Ret, Flora Atlantica. Paris, 1800. 4 vols.

Dickson, Jacos, Brittannia nm, 1785, Ivol.
DILLENIUS, JOHANN JACOB, Catalogus Plantarum, foe am Main, 1 1g I

Dunamen. DU Moxcerau, A Practical Treatise of Husbandry. Translated by John
Mills. London, 1 I vol,
DUHAMEL DU Laney La Ph elas des Arbres. Paris, 1758. vols.
DUNDONALD, THE EAR 1A Lise sei! the cae ee that Ex-
ists — pen ure hee Che istry. London, I
FRANGgO! es de » Botanique.. Dijon, 1781. 1 vol.
EVELYN, tae Silva or a pe on Forest-Trees. Ed. 5. York, 1786. 2
vols.
Forpyce, Grorcr, Elements of Botany. Title-page and date sat I vol.
Hone ee We LIAM, 4 Rotanical Nomenclator. London, 1794. vol.
Pa reatise on the Culture and eae of Fruit- Trees.
London, 1802,
Forsytu, WILLIAM, Pi Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit- Trees.
lon, 1803,
GAERTNER, JosEPH, De Fractibus et Seminibus Plantarum, Titbingen, 1791. 3

Gzsner, JOHANN MATYH., Scripiores Rei Rusticae Veteres Latini. Zweibrucken,

24
alae ee MaTTH., Lexicon Rusticon, Zweibrucken, 1788. 4th vol.

MELIN, ie ‘OHANN GEORGE, Flora aes St. Petersburg, 1747. oe 4
Gronovius, JOHANN FRED , Flora inica. London, 1762.
GYLLENBORG, GUSTAVUS ee The Natural and Chemical ae of Agri-
: culture. London, 1770. 1 vol.

oME, Henry, 7he Gentleman Farmer. Ed. 3. Edinburgh, 1788. 1 vol.
Hu a on , Flora Anglica. Lo ndon, 1798. 1 vol.
Jacquin, nee Sea Selectarum Stirpium Americanum. Vienna, 1763. 1

vol.

Jounson, S. W., Rural Economy. New Bruns wick, N. 1806. 1 vol.
Jonzs, WiiiiaM, Zhe Religious Use of Botanical Philosophy. Ed. 2. London,
84. 1 vol.

KAEMPFER, nie Tcones Selectae Plantarum, Ed. Joseph Banks. London,
1791. 1 vol,

LARREATEGUI, Josept-Denis, Description Botanique de Cheirodendron, Arbre du

Mexique. Paris. 5. vol.
Lezrs, J. D., Flor oe nensis. Col 1798. 1 vol.
LESTIBOUDOIS, FLLS, FRANGOIS, ene Belgique. ° Lille, 1781. 1 vol.
L’HERITIER DE BRUTELLE, CHARLES Louis, es Novae. Paris, 1784. 1 vol.
LIcHTFooT, JoHN, Flora Scotica. . 2. London, 1789. 2 vols
LINNAEUS, CAROLUS. Classes seas m. ‘eden, 1738. 1 vol,

landica, St eae 1747.

I vol.
fe . Species Pan larum 2. Stockholm, 1762. 1 vol.
- is . 3. Vienna, 1764. 4 vols.
“ + Genera Plantarum. Ed. novissima. Vienna, 1767. 1 vol.
‘ Amoenitates Acaedemicae. Erlan;
se ff Species Plantarum. Ed. Wi fidehew Berlin ee 9

vols.

Linnagus, CaroLus, Practectiones in Ordines Plantarum. Ed. Paul Dietrich
Giseke. Hamburg, 1797.

MARSHAL, HuMPHREY, Ardbustrum ae Philadelphia, 1785. 1 vol.

MARTYN, Taomas, Flora Rustica, London, 1792. 4 vols.

The Language of Botany. London, 1796. vol.
en Tuomas and a ee The Universal ee and Farmer.
Ed. London, 1797.

MicHaux, Fr eae ANDRE, Histoire des Arbres Forestiers de? Am-rique Septene-
trionale. Pari 4 vols,

MILLER, JOHANN, Pe Systematis Sexuatis Linnaeani. Frankfurt am Main,
1789. 2 vols.

MILLER, PHILIP, The Gardener and Botanist’s Dictionary. Ed. 9. London, 1797-

2 vols,
Mite, Coin, Justitutes of Botany, London, 1771. 1 vol.
MItne, CoLin, DON, ALEXANDER, ae Botany and Habibations of

2 Plants, London, 1793. 1
eee BERNARD, The American Gardener's Calendar, Philadelphia, 1806.
vol.

25

age ae A Treatise on the Culture of the Cucumber, London, 1794.

NECKE! oe JoserH, Elementa Botanica, Neuweidam/ R., 1790. 3 vols.
NIicou, wae The Practical Planter, Edinburgh, 1799. ol.

‘OEDER, GEORGE pantee Flora Danica. hea ne Vols. 1-7.
Persoon, C. H., Synopsis Plantarum, Paris, 1805.

PLEE, pean et PLie, F. RANCOIS, Herborisations ie aux Environs de
aris, Paris, 1811. 1 vol.

ete Junius, Anthologia. Padua, 1720, 1 vol.

PLUMIER, CAROLUS, Vova Plantarum Americana Genera. Paris, 1703. 1 vol.

ae RENE, ee Paris, 1780. 1 vol.

Y, Jou te Angliae et Insularum Adjacentium. Ed. 2, Lon-

on pa vol.

RoussgEau, J. J., pe on the Elements of Botany Addressed toa Lady, Translated
into English by Thomas Martyn. Ed. 2.

Rose, Hucu, The Elements. of Botany, Containing the Histor ry of the Science! Lon-

on, 7 i
ROTTBOELL, CHRISTIAN, Frits. Descriptiones et Icones. Satie 1786. 1 vol.
vol.

RupBEcK, OLOF, Retinuae Ridhectasnce London, 1789.

SAUSSURE, THEODORE DE, Recherches Chimigques sur la V. oe Paris, 1804.
I vol,

SCHREBER, JOHANN CHRISTIAN, ee eaagae der Graser nebst ihren Abbildungen

nach der .Vatur. Leipzig, 17' I vol.

Suaw, GEorRGE, and SMITH, JAMES ees Zoology and Botany of New Holland
and Isles Adjacent. London. I vol.

Suecut, Joun, Flora Carolinaeensis. Charleston, 1806, Iv

SMITH, JAMES Epwarn, Spicilegium Botanicum. London, so -92, Iv

SmitH, JAMES EpwarD, Jeones Pictae Plantarum Rariorum. London, ee

vol. Z
SoweErBy, JAMES, Colored Figures of English Fungi or Mushrooms, London, 1797.
vols.
SPEECHLEY, WILLIAM, 4 Treatise on the Culture of the Vine. Dublin, 1791.
I vol

STAcKHOUSE, JOHN, Nereis Britannica. Bath, 1790. 1 vol.
T. PreRRE, JAMES HENRY BERNARDIN DE. Botanical Harmony Delineated.
Translated by Henry Hunter, D.D, First American Edition. Worcester,

I Iv a
SWARTZ, oan Flora Indiae Occidentalis, Erlangen, 1798. 3 vols.
THompson, WILLIAM, The Gardener’ s Calender, or Every iplete Gardener,
ndon, no date. 1 vol.

Tuuitier, M., Flore des Environs de Paris, Paris, 1790. 1 vol.
HUNBERG, CARL, Prodromus Plantarum Capensium. Upsal, 1794. 1 vol.
nd.

unbound.
THUNBERG, Cari, Prodromus Plantarum Capensium. Upsal, 1794. 1 vol.
DE LA Tosentrel vt L’ ABBE oe nee EBs panei de Botanique.

Troiséme Edition, corrigée ¢ par M. Gilibert.
Lyon, 1787, 3 vols.

26

TournerorT, Josep Pirron, Corollarium Institutionum. ani ee I vol.

vats MARTIN, Symbolae Botanicae. Copenhagen, 1790- 3Y
ygae Americanae. Copenhagen, 179 Iv
Leones Illustrationi Plantarum Winericanum: Cate: 1796.

“ «

vol.
VAHL, MarTIN, Enumeratio Plantarum. Copenhagen, 1804, 1st vol. only.
VAILLANT, SEBA » Serm Structura Florum. Leyden, 1718. 1 vol.
ELLEY, T., — Maritimarum. ath, Iv
sa . P., Tableau du es Végétal, selon la Mithode de Jussieu. Paris,
199) 4 vol
WADE, nee » Plantae ae Dublin, 1804. vol,
WANGENHEIM, ee VON, Beytrag zur teuts holagerechien Forstwissen-

schafi, die Anpflanzung Nordamericanischer Holzarten, mit Anwendung auf
teutsche Forste. Gatin ingen 1687. 1 vol.
ESTON, RICHARD, Zhe iB A d London, 3 vols.
ANONYMOUS, Ench iridion oo. complectens sis peneticos. Specificos*
tannicas sponte nascentium.: a Linnaio altique

Plantarum per = re
Des s. Lon agers 1 vol.
Asean. oe anings ne the most Celebrated Books on acta Gardenin,
and Rural Affairs. From the second London edition of 1803. Interspersed
with Remarks and Observations by a Gentleman of ee Philadel-
phia, 1603. vol.
Anonymous, The Briish Garden. A descriptive Catalogue of Hardy Plants. Bath,
1799. 2 vols.
ANonyMous, The Botanic Garden. A Poem in Two Parts, London, 1791. 1 vol.
ANONYMUUS, Tracts on Agriculture. 1 vol.
Total number of volumes, 205.
AnxxaA Morray Val.

MOSSES IN FEBRUARY.

The mosses are very green now, so green that the rocks i in the

rains began. That this growth is very recent is shown by the
fact that the dark brown mats of oe sessile are dotted
with clusters of bright green leaves but show no signs of fruiting.
This same species has already formed its conspicuous clusters of
bristle-pointed leaves and is maturing its fruit in the specimens

27

growing on old roots in the Hemlock Grove near the falls of the
Bronx, where the air is very moist the year round including the
hot dry summer, Some species are even more forward, notably

[ 00f5)
ATE

Rao

es ueaeSiane

Svar) Ss
4

7 3

1G. 6, Leiabiyete glaucum.,

bh four capsules. 2. Portion of stem enlarged. 3. L

in outline, 4. Portion of leaf enlarged to show the cells. Six marginal cells with
porose walls, 5. Cells from the middle of the leaf, 6, Cross-section of leaf, show-
ing the spongy nat f the cells with large air-cavities. 7. Perichetial leaf, longer*
than the normal leaf. 8, Capsule with the lid and hood, or cap, still on, 9. Cap
and lid as they fall off together. 10. Capsule, showing.the goitre on its neck.

Part of th 5 d 7

the bright green cushions of [Veista viridula, whose crowded
spore boxes already show through their translucent lids, the
bright orange-red teeth which fringe the mouth.

The leaves of this last species are very hygroscopic and roll

28

inward and upon themselves until they are so ihe curled that
but little moisture can evaporate ; they unroll rapi when moist-

ned, and are thus iaeees ee nied to avail ae of
and gain time,

ee favorable change of itions,
this way, on their less sdapiable companions.
Most mosses absorb aqueous vapor from the air very rapidly
have leaves especially adapted for this purpose ; those
which bear gills on their upper surfaces, arranged as if they were in-
m into channels lead-
into hollows at the base of the 1
ceed for some time after the remainder of the leaf is d
devices occur in the leaves of the hair-cap mosses (Polytrichums),
the Catharineas, and h rded mosses (Barbula),
One species of pane ws ae growing in the Hemlock
Grove has been made th n experiment in which

specimens taken from a e rock

of its ee in water.
The various peat mosses are furnished with leaves containing
large air ie or cavities with small openings, 4 such plants
re able to take up many times their own weight or bulk o!
The absorbent power of these mosses ins led to their
use as oe in pues = ame ae are crushed and the air-
aviti ost. This was demon-
strated when a s cashich of white moss ne glaucum) was
subjected to hydraulic pressure. Although afterward immersed

ion

uring the winter months many of the mosses keep on their
hoods to protect the green and growing aN box, and most of
them retain this covering until spring. Thi nin ive
species recently observed in the Garden : a tharinea angusta
Tortula muralis, the little green Weisia, Dicranella het sas
with its numerous cylindrical spore cases, and Zvi pee
The hood or calyptra of the last named species usually falls off
very early however.

29

The severe frost of October 1st, which did such serious damage
in the ornamental borders in the Garden also injured one of the
rarest mosses. This plant, Baxbaunua aphylla, grows along the
moist banks of the Bronx where old logs and stumps have been
allowed to decay. Here it has been under observation for three
years. The first year it was found buried in the snow and the
colony showed fifteen capsules, which were gathered on the first
day of March. The second year it was less abundant, while
during the present year thirty capsules were counted in September

he dry autumn probably retarded their development, and they
failed to reach maturity before the frosts came. Nearly all were
frozen and the spore cases broke off from the thick stalks im-
mediately after the first frosts in October. A few remaining sur-
vived for varying periods until only two were seen in the early
part of December. One had turned a dark red color as if ripe.
Both vanished later.

hus be seen that the development of the mosses is
greatly dependent upon the humidity of the atmosphere.
Evizasetu G, Britron.

ACCESSIONS—JANUARY, 1Ig00.

LABORATORIES.
2 sterilizer:

I photomicrographic camera eee by Mr. C, F. Cox).
SEEDS.
131 packets (by exchange with Botanic Garden of Smith College).
1 packet Gingko (given by Mr. John Oakley Spencer).
4 packets from Lake Mentasta, Alaska, collected by Mr. Jos. A. Bourke (given by
Mr. E. F. Bourke
101 packets fron Missouri and Texas, collected by Mr. B. F. Bush.

30

SEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
goo museum and herbarium specimens from central Europe, from Mr. J. ace:
by exchange.
herb fi Nebraska (given by Mr. J. M. B

P
£
i

2 give er] ne it
230 herbarium s specimens from Georgia and Massachusetts (given by Mr. R. M.

Ha
I Ajug a ee from Danville, Penn. a ciay by Hon. A. Brown).
405 herbari (given by U. S, Dept. of Agric., through Prof.

F. Lamson- Serbner)
igi of Ellis collection.
I “herbarium specimen of Euphorbia Marylandica (given by Pro
museum specimens, hepatics, from northeastern America fe

LE L sees
y Dr. J. X.
Sm:
= herbarium specimens from the Cascade Mountains, Washington, collected by
Mr. O. D. Allen,
6000 herbarium specimens from North America, from collection of Mr. G. V. Nash.
22 eas re ferns, from North America and Europe (given by Mrs.
W. C, Lobenste'

LIBRARY.

ALBERTINI, I. B., and pe vaiy L.D. Conspectus Fungorum. Leipzig, 1805.

ARTHUR, J. C., and Mac. tving Plants and their Properties.
New York, 1898. ‘Given by Boece MacDongel )

BA -WesB, P., and BERTHELOT, SAB istoive Naturelle des Iles Ce i i
Paris, 1840. '

BaTscHE, A. J.G.C. Elenchus Fungorum. Halle,

BaTTarra, A. Fungorum Agris Ariminensis Historia. Faenza, 1755.

BERLESE, Leones. 2 vols

BERLESE, A. N. Jeones Fungorum. Berlin, 18

OLTON, J. Geschichte der Merkwurdig esten Pilze. Berlin, ae 2 vols.
BonorvDen, H. F. Handbuch der Aligemeinen Mykologie. 2 vol
BresaDoia, G. Fungi Mangerecci e Velenose del Europa Pe Milan, 1899.
Corpa, A.C. 1. Leones Frei im. Prag, 1837
U! »j.M. ‘ant Relations. 9.

Coutinuo, A. X. P. lementos de Botanica. Lisbon, 1892.
Lectures on Botany, London, 1803. z vols. (Given by Mr.

DELPINO, F. Teoria Generale della Fillotassi. Genoa, 1883. (Given by Pro-
wood.

Doporns, R. A New Herball or Histoire aes Plants. London,
NG, A. J. A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of ae Gardening.
al )

Second Edition. 18. iven by Miss Vai
Evans, ERNEST. Botany jor Beginners. Hie
Seni, Ww. Boston, 1880.

-A pples. -
Fixirung, Farbung ‘und Bei des Protoplasmas, 1899. (Given
1.

Fis , A.
by i eg s
Fres Ss, G. Beitrage sur Myhkologie. Frankfurt aM. 1850-63.

51
daa H. The Protection of Woodlands. Edinburgh, 1893. Translated by
Nisbe

pee J. R. The Soluble Ferments and Fermentation,
ru

1899.
ations Sur les Plantes. Paris, 1747. 2vols. (Given by

Heatu, F.G. Sylvan Win London, 1886.
Jussigu, A. DE. Cours peers @ Histoire Naturelle, Botanique. Paris,
1860. (Given by Mr. Charles F, Cox.
London, 1751. Reprint.

. Observations made by Mr. John Bartram,
(Given by Miss Vail.
.H. Lrrigation ae Drainage. 18
1 S, CAROLUS. A System of Vegetables,
. 2vols. (Given by Mr, Charles F
Rojee Plant Physiology. New York, 1895.

Translated from the thirteenth
(Given
The Nature and Work of Plants. New York, 1900.

et Principaux Dérivés. Paris, 1900
MicuHaux, F. A. Tease to me Westward of the Alleghany Mountains. 1805.
-L. Color in Nature.
Newman, G. Bacteria. New York, 1899.
NICHOLSON, G. The Jllustrated Dictionary of Gardening. (Given by Mr. Samuel
Henshaw. }
Berlin,

Grundziige der Agrikulturchemie, 1899.
z e. London, he 3 vols, (Given

Price, UVEDALE. Lssays on the Picturesque.

. A. A Monograph of the North American Potentilleae. 1898.
ScHILLER, A. Formen-Schatz aus der Pflanzenwelt, dargestellt in Naturab-

. 1880.
Theatrum Fungorum, Antwerp,
wal Sem Carolus von Lin-
(Given by Mr. C. Allen. )

TON, R. J. Select Plants. The Temple : Flora. Imp. fol. London,
1799. {Given by Mr. C. L Allen.

Tuorp, F, H. Outlines of Industrial anes 18
THUEMEN, F. von. ie Blasenrost- Pita or Coif Vienn:
A Flora of the State of as York. 1843. 2 oe The rare

rR
edition with colored plate

E ae der Pflanzen. Vienna, 1833. .
WATERSON, C G. B. Emersen, his Life and "Times. (Given by Prof. Un-
derwood
ZIMMERM. tanical Microtechnigque.

N, A.
A Standard pas ary Seine

1893.
English Language. New York, 1898
Atti del Congresso Botanico Internazionale di Genova. 1892

(Given by Prof.

Underwoo
Natural History of Ulinois, Vol, 1. 1853-64, (Given by Prof. Underwood.)
Neues Magazin fur die Botantk. Zurich, 1794. 1 vol

32

Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. ¥7 vols.

iver itton.
panned a@ a Papers on cag Printed for the Ray Society. London, 1841,

‘iven

Science. 9 vO (Give ine Dr. Brit

The American Entomologist and Pee,
ene

n. )
Vol. II., 1890. (Given by: Professoy
of the Linnaean Society of New York, Vol. 1, 2, 1882-84. (Given

Transactions
oe Prot Britton.
ird Annual sue ‘ the Commissioners of Fi:heries, Game and Forests of the

a of New York,

NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT.

. Stewart, of the Geneva Experimental Station, has

de an extensive study of the “leaf scorch,” affecting sugar
beets, cherries and maples, which results in killing a portion of
all of a leaf. He concludes that this injury is due to the rapid
effect of hot dry days. A period of this eee occurred early
in August in New York, and a second in the first week of Sep4
tember. It happens whenever the quantity of water er rani

by the leaves i is greater than that which the roots are able to s
t about in sev-

are: area of leaf surface exposed, quantity of water in the soil,
activity of the roots, and location of the tree as regards exposure
to wind. Having in mind these several factors it is easy to un-
tree standing close beside it may not
the periods mentioned many for als

Several specimens of honey- ieee ‘(Clediclia tricanthos) and
hickory (A/icorta ovata) in the Garden were affected. The dam-
age is not serious, or permanent usually

Members

Dr. TimotuHy F. ALLEN,
Pror. N. L. BRITTON,
FREDERIC BRONSON,
Hon. ADDISON BRowN,
Wm. L. Brown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,

Pror. CHas. F. CHANDLER, .-

Wm. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
CuHas. F. Cox,

JOHN J. CROOKE,

W, BAyARD CUTTING,
Wm. E. Donce,

Dr. WM. H. DRAPER,
PROF. SAmM’L, W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. Louis FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomas F. GILRoy,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HucH J. GRANT,
HENRY P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESuP,

Joun I. Kane,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
ProF. JAMES F. KEMP,

of the Corporation.

JOHN S. KENNEDY,

J. J. LITTLE,

Hon. SETH Low,

Davip Lypic,

Epcar L, Marston,

D. O. MILLS,

J. PIERPONT MoRGAN,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Gxko. M. O1cort,

PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
OswaALD OTTENDORFER,
JAMES R, PITCHER,

RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERCY R. PYNE,

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wm. ROCKEFELLER,
PRoF. H. H. Russy,

Wn. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wo. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

DK. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
SAMUEL THORNE,

Pror. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

Wm. H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

OF

The New York Botanical Gardet

Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, usilltrated, con-
taining notes, news and non-technical articles of LTE interest. Free to all mem-
bers of the Garden. To others, Io cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in

change. |

Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the pi: of
the aaa «Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embody
the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Nos. 1-4, 294 pp., 3 maps,
d 8 plates, 1896-99. Free to all members of the Garden. To Rie: 25 cen
PY:

New York Botanical Garden, Vol. 1. An Annotated Cat-

Memoirs of the
alogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,
assistant Seah! os the n arrangement and critical suo of the |
f f the neta with notes from the author’s field book
and nla desis of over a hundred species. Price to members of the ©
Garden, $1. s, $2.00. [No baat in exchange. ] FS

contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-

cal papers written by students or members of = staff, and reprinted from journals

ae than the above.

No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. Price, 25

cents. a
No, 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Ryde

Price, 25 cents.

No. The dichotomous Panicums.; some new Species, by Geo. V. N:
Price, ee cents,
No. 4. Delphini: lini d related Species by Dr, Per Axel Rydbet

Price, 25 cents.
All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to
THE ACCOUNTANT
NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BRONX Park, NEw YORK CIT)

Vol. | MARCH, 1900

No, 3

JOURNAL

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS

The Herbarium (with Plate II. and two figures). .......-.:+--
yone toulis Collection of Fungi. . 2-2 2628 8 ee ee ee il
Mosses in March (with two figures)... . 1. + ee ee ees

Forest Conditions in the Klondike. ......-. +--+ +++++5-

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Ar 4x Nortu Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa.
sy Tue New Era Printinc Company

OFFICERS, 1900.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VICE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON.

BoaARD oF MANAGERS.

1. ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, TOE AOM SF

CHARLES F. COX, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN

JOHN I. KANE, - GILMAN THOMPSON,

SAMUEL THORNE.

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN
THE Mayor OF THE CiTy OF NEw YORK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.

3. SCLENTIFIC DIRECTORS.

HON. SETH LOW, CHAIRMAN.

HON. ADDISON BROWN, PROF. J. F. KEMP,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, HON Ge ja eer
PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.

DR. N. L. BRITTON, Divector-in- Chief.
. T. MACDOUGAL, first Assistant.
DR. aoe K. SMALL, Curator of the Museums.
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator.
SAMUEL HENSHAW, Head Garden.

ANNA MURRA L, Librarian
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Coliections.
L. A. SCHILLING, Ce

WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.

‘una py IYfquei7g ayy jo uorssiunad fq paonpoaday “66gt ‘taquiss0N UI
ape ydeidojoyd v azaypy “suaunoads pue sjwas umasnur yim ‘saseo pure saiqu) jo juawasueie Suymoys ‘umiuequey Ul Mat”

(NAUTAVS) TVOINVLOG NMOA A

AHL 0 ryNanof

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vor. I. Marcu, 1900. No. 3.

THE HERBARIUM.
Witit Pirate IT.

As soon as the museum building was mae advanced
towards completion, in October, 1899, t k herbarium cases
were put together and placed in the fe ae positions.
Thereupon the accumulation of mounted material forming the
Garden ae es was removed from the wae a office in
Bedford Park Village and installed in these c

In 1896 it was decided by an agreement ae een the Mar
gers of the Garden and the Trustees of Columbia ate ie to
deposit the Columbia herbarium in the museum building at the
Garden, and shortly after the installation of the Garden herba-

m, the removal of that large and historic collection, from Morn-
ae Heights to Bronx Park was begun and accomplished
without incident.

The frontispiece will give an adequate idea of the main herba-
rium room. (The photograph from which Plate II. was repro-
duced was made before the herbarium was completed and ee
museum seats and material temporarily stored here.) This room
is in the east wing of the museum building on the top floor ; it is

hty-fin t long, forty-seven feet wide and fully fifteen feet high.
Tilueainasion’ is effected by numerous windows in all four walls and
four large sky-lights along the middle of the roof. The light thus

forty-two cases made up into ten sets, containing the flowering

3k

plants of the Columbia herbarium, while between the east wall
and the other row of pillars range the forty-five cases containing
the Garden herbarium, with which is incorporated, though readily
separable, the Columbia cryptogams and gymnosperms, thus
making possible a complete arrangement of the orders and fami-
lies from the lowest to the most highly organized forms of plant

7 admirable relation between the room itself and the cases
may easily be realized b

ately against the wall or pillar
— 0 EFT] at any
I

point.
n addition to the herba-
e is le

E-E4 [| F_F-J | table accommodation, a mat-
ter of the first importance in

os ome SS connection with herbarium
t of

; the tables is also shown on

ee EF] the diagram. At the north-
L | ern end of the room, facing

the three large windows stand

—— [| — a | three oa tables, each four
feet wide and eight feet long
R th h the middle

Fic. 7.—Floor plan of main herbarium angmng roug eee
can: oom beneath the sky

ights and between the two

rows of pillars, stand a series of ee ables, some four, some six
ee others eight feet in length, and all within reasonable distance
both series of herbarium cases. The walls of the room are
oe apted to elastic arrangement of stationary or book cases,
and small ncbien for ae prosecution of special work. At conve-
nient points there are such duplicate books as are constantly

35

needed by those using the herbarium, thus effecting a saving of
considerable time and energy that would be unnecessarily wasted,
if the main library had to be constantly consulted.

An important feature in contemplation is a series of cabinets
with drawers and closets, to alternate with the tables through the
middle of the room. In these are to be placed specimens too
bulky to be mounted on herbarium sheets, such as fruits, certain
kinds of fungi and specimens preserved in alcohol and formal-

ehyd. These cabinets will also aid materially in the general
operations of the herbarium; being higher than the tables,
they will furnish a place to work in a standing position, while
they will facilitate to a great degree, the sorting and distribution
of the constantly accumulating herbarium sheets. The less bulky
specimens of fruits belonging to desi mounted on her
rium sheets, and certain fungi, such as the myxomycetes, that
will not stand pressure are mounted in nee boxes of mu
tiple sizes and placed in drawers.

The Garden herbarium is especially rich in the fungi. In ft is
incorporated the collection of Mr. J. B. Ellis, in itself the largest
accumulation of fungi in ee and one of the largest in ex-
istence. This series is represented by about 100,000 specimens.

he remainder of the Garden herbarium is for the most part
composed of flowering plants, the number of cryptograms, exclu-
sive of the fungi, being relatively small. e flowering plants
have been derived from available collections made during the
past few years in all parts of the world, and many rare sets and
miscellaneous specimens acquired through the accession of the
ene ee ja:

n J. Crooke herbarium, including various collections
of aa oe an est Indian plants and a set from the
herbarium of the United States Exploring Expedition.

The F. M. Hexamer herbarium, consisting mainly of European
and North American plants

The H. E. Hasse ieee including plants from all parts of
North America, including Greenland and Mexico; especially rich
in specimens from the central United States and California.

The Per A. Rydberg herbarium, oe of specimens from
the Rocky Mountain region and

36

The Lewis R. Gibbes herbarium, representing the flowering
plants of the southeastern United States and many of the sea-
weeds of the Atlantic coast

The Peter V ee herbarium, consisting of North American
and Européan plan

he Harry ee herbarium, mainly Californian.

The Anna M. Vail herbarium, made up chiefly of plants from
the eastern United States.

e Francis E. Lloyd herbarium, consisting of specimens from
the Pacific slope, and some plants from eastern North America.

In addition to the foregoing, many thousand specimens have

Ss

been secured by exchanges of duplicate material with institutions
and individ uals. he total number of herbarium specimens
secured by the Garden since its inception, exclusive of the Ellis

fungi, amounts to fully 98,

The Columbia University herbarium, one of the oldest, and in
itself one of the largest in America, contains over 600,000 speci-
mens. This herbarium was begun early inthe century by

ohn Torrey, and contains the material upon which his classic oe
tanical writings, extending over halfa century, were based. Upon
his death, in 1873, this collectio on came into the sem ie of
Columbia College. On this as a foundation the present Col
ia herbarium was built. Mr. John J. Crooke presented two
valuable collections to Columbia; the one that of Professor C.
isner, of Basle, Switzerland, one of ae oe leading
botanists, the other a of the late Dr. A. W. Chapman, of
palachicola, Florida, in which are Beer ae specimens upon
— Dr. Ch hapman founded his “ Flora of the Southern United
States.” A few years later the mosses, and many of the eae
ie lichens accumulated by Mr. C. F. Austin, came into the pos
session of Columbia, while the latest acquisition of great size and

versity, was famous collection of mosses brought together
from all parts of the world by the late Dr. J. eger, of Switz-
erland ple nucleus, Dr. Torrey’s successor,

. To this
L. Britton, while professor at Columbia, and his associates,
added continually by securing collections from all parts of the

37
globe, and by special collecting trips to various parts of North
America.

The most complete sets of specimens secured on two note-
worthy South American pee of oa are here pre-
served; the one trip was that ma y Dr. Rusby through the
«Andes of Bolivia, the other that - 7 Morong in Paragua
and Chili.

It is to be seen that the Columbia and Garden herbaria supple-
ment each other admir ye and together form the largest collec-
tion in America.

oO
fait

TAXON OMIC

LABORATORY

<<a HERBARIUM

bd
Fic. 8.—Floor plan of herbarium suite.

The herbarium room has about 3,995 square feet of floor
space. In direct connection with the herbarium there are store
rooms, offices and laboratories on the top floor, while there is a
large store room in the basement, and one of the basement ex-
hibition halls is temporarily in use as a preparation sroom he
floor space of these additional rooms amounts to more than
7,636 square feet.

Next to the herbarium room and accessible by two different
doors are two store rooms. The larger room is designed to ac-
commodate special collections while being studied, and at pres-

38

nt also contains the rapidly increasing herbarium of plants cul-
tivated in the Garden. The smaller room now contains the
ulky specimens of fungi belonging to the main herbarium.
joining the smaller store room is the curator’s office. Directly
west of the curator’s office and the larger store room is the large
taxonomic laboratory with a floor space of 1,415 square feet.
is room is illuminated ed windows facing ne north and also
receives borrowed light from the hallway on the south; it con-
nects with the herbarium . means of a small hall and the main
hall.

These rooms are provided with both laboratory and _ toilet
sinks, and are artificially lighted with gas; the gas-fixtures are
provided with fittings for electric lighting which may be supplied
in the future. The furniture consists of small oak laboratory
ables, chairs, stands of open shelves and oak cases with doors

justable shelves

The preparation room in the basement is directly east of the
center of the building; its floor covers an area of 3,818 square
feet. Here all the mounting and ies of specimens for
the herbarium and museum is Here too, is the printing
equipment, where labels for ie een and museums are
struck off.

J. K. SMart.

THE ELLIS COLLECTION OF FUNGI.

The Garden has just obtained the residual collection of fungi
made by Mr. J. B. Ellis, of Newfield, New Jersey, supplementing
the original collection purchased in 1896. The entire collection
numbers about 80,000 specimens and represents the material col-
lected by Mr. Ellis during the past forty years together with an
immense amount of material sent him from every part of the
country, and containing the original types of all the species de-
scribed either by him alone or by others with whom his name is
associated. Mr. Ellis is a graduate of Union College and was
originally from Potsdam, N. Y., but removed early to Newfield,
N. J., thirty miles southeast of Philadelphia, where in the quiet

39
of the suburbs of a little Conny town he has been able to carry

chair or amid the bustle of laboratory work. He has described

more species of fungi than all ue ee botanists together.
This richness in type or original specimens makes the collection
unique g all the collections of the country, and the array

merica, renders the collection ares valuable ‘for
ee connected with nae distributi

ollectors represented by specimens are Mr. H. W.

Ravenel, of South Carolina, who contributed many of the

terial from Texas and Florida; Rev. anglois, from
ees ; Dr. George Martin and Mr. W. W. Calkins, from
Florida ; eee S. M. Tracy, from Mississippi; Mr. L. W.
Nuttall, jom West Virginia; Rev. C. H. Demetrio and Mr. B.
T. Galloway, from Missouri; Professor W. A. Kellerman and
Mr. Elam Bartholomew, fon Kansas; Mr. H. J. Webber, from
Nebraska ; mn ssor T. A. Williams, from South Dakota
Professor T. . Cockerell and Mr. E. Bethel, from Colo-
rado; Rev. Bi D. ee ee F. W. Anderson and Mr. H. M.
i a; Mr. W. C. Carpenter, from Oregon; Mr.
N. Suksdorf and ae C. V. Piper, from Washington ;
Mr. S, J. Harkness and Professor Marcus E. Jones, from Utah ;
r. H. W. Harkness and Professor A. J. McClatchie, from Cali-
fornia, and Mr. C. L. Smith and others from Mexico and Nica-
ragua.
The better known portions of the country are represented by
specimens from Iowa by Mr. E. W. Holway; from southern
io by Professor A. P Morgan; from Professor C. H. Peck, state
botanist of New York; from Pennsylvania by Mr. B. M. Ever-
hart and others ; from Delaware by Mr. Albert Commons ; from
Professor W. G. Farlow, Harvard University ; many hundreds of
aa from the region of the Great Lakes to British Colum-
in Canada collected by Mr. John Macoun, and a nearly com-
let collection from the Province of Ontario by Mr. John Dear-
ess. Besides this there is material from Newfoundland by Rev.

40

A. C. Waghorne; from Cuba by Mr, Charles W: from
Venezuela by Fendler and Gillard ; bon Brazil by Balansa ; from
Argentina by Spegazzini; the whole representing an array of
American material unparalielled) in any collection in the world.
The Old World is represented by an enormous amount of ma-
terial obtained by cxchange during the last thirty years, and the
specimens included in the fungi exsiecati, or collections issued for
sale in sets, amount to about 35,000. Among these are the sets
of Ravenel, Ellis, pene and Holway, Seymour and Earle, and
r from America, and the European series of Rehm, Raben-
horst, Romell, Rou ere, Kunze, Krieger, Karsten, Serie

Berkeley’s copy of Desmazieres’ es Cr Te de France
illustrated with copious drawings by Berkeley himself. Many of
these exsiccati are e of special value and are accessible in but few
American collect

Following the ee of the larger herbaria the species of the
ee are Saeed on the herbarium sheets in their proper
sequence. The original lists or indices of the exsiccati are care-
fully preserved so that species referred to by number can be
readily found in the collection, and a judicious system of cross
references will make it possible to find such species as were ori-
ginally issued under names other than the one now recognized.

research and reference
Lucien M. UNDERWooD.

MOSSES IN MARCH.
“ For thou, to eae lands, again
The glad an ri i
And thou hast joined
And wear'st the ae name - Spring.”

Bronx River has been at its flood, and in one night of
wind and rain has leaped its bounds, covering the north meadows

41

so that they looked like a lake from the plain of the fruticetum.
It has found its old channels and regained its old banks, tearing
away the low places in the road near the Blue pe and es
are the stony foundations of man’s upbuilding. Even the
minions of the law dared not defy its aaa forces and a at
the boulevard, not caring to drive over its swift curr ent at the more

pediment greater than bridges or ce for stretching from
bank to bank and held by an island in le, was an ice-
dam, and piled in wild confusion lay the ites ice and branches.
Each cake as it reached the barrier, suddenly was thrown up on
edge, only to sink down again and be forced under the ic

they came out again at the Falls. ere they rushe
dam like a | miniature Niagara, t the yellow. waters white with foam,

an instant only in the leaping waters, then hurrying down to the
Zoological Park. ,

Dame Nature has been out with her pruning shears, breaking
and casting away weak and useless branches, before gee
her new growth for the year. She is far quicker than th
ployes of the Park department with their iachers, ropes and saws,
and usually spares the lower branches.

n the hemlock grove the wind has been holding high seas
tossing dead limbs about, pattering down the needles of the
ocks, and scattering their seeds, which flocks of gee are
busily picking from the ground. The shady ledges of the rocks
are still covered here and there with sheets of ice, but the water is
tinkling beneath, and bubbles of air show where they are dis-
lodging from their precarious hold. Who can tell what seeds
and spores are carried away from heir winter resting place b
rai

t
individuals are stranded by the waters at their highest, to fertilize
and multiply in new places? The paths are either stiff with frost

42

or slippery with mud in the : sun, but on the grassy banks it is
dry, and they exhale a delicious fragrance like that of’ the sweet

blades of green have started, and the catkins above them are
syeinen St. Patrick’s Day. Down in Virginia they celebrated
entine’s Day by flinging out their pollen e blue

livery of green. A scraping from their bark will reveal wonders.
of cell-growth under the. microscope, and illustrate clearly the
mysteries of symbiosis and the algo-lichen hypothesis. he tree-

are still ae though the

n
sunshine penetrates into every
shady nook of summer; the
rosettes of the saxifrage and the

green and tender leaves where
they nestle in soft beds of Ayp-

num and Anomodon on thé

ee warm, sunny rocks of the grove.

Fic. 9. haat hydrometica, It is well known why they are

so forehanded ; they began their

bridal preparations nine months ago, and folded up and laid
away their trousseau in May and June ; they are ae getting
ready to unpack it now. But many of. the mosses, notably
the annual species like the cord-moss, Funaria Aygrometrica,

Top-moss, ee ei turbinatum, do not wait

until the early spring for their weddings fc)

h

os

flowering plants do. ey are married in summer or early

fall, and prefer a thunder storm or a rainy day instead of sun-
i h

ous grounds they were found last September and October,

43

their rosettes of bright green leaves surrounding the antheridial
and archegonial clusters. On the fresh, broken soil of the
oe trenches and on the newly graded banks behind the
museum they n company with young Jlerchaniza plants,
fern Smale ona snc of the waxy spheres of the grape
ga (Botrydium granulatum), Each time they were examined
Saal age some of the archegonia were found fertilized.
t of autumn rain brought some motile antherozoids to
some ripe archegonium ; every day of warm sunshine saw some
new egg-cells dividing and their encircling walls expanding into
the structure which ultimately breaks away from the base and is
carried up on the summit of the lengthening pedicel, to become
the protecting cap or calyptra for the young spore-case while
it is maturing its spores, in
spring-time.

By the fifteenth of May,
these same beds in the herba-
ceous grounds will be filled
with colonies of the ‘Top

Moss,” and wherever ashes
have been thrown or wood
burned, there the or

old . >
houses and on old stone oe Fic. 10.—Ceratodon purpureus.

cling all winter, and twist ee stalks about each mae like
strands of rope, whence its name. n the perennial rock spe-
cies like the ‘‘ Purple-horn-toothed moss,” Ceratodon ee
begins as early as February to lengthen upward its wine-red pedi-

ae cay sules, Then when the lids fall off, These capsules become

still more resemble those of the chamois of t ps. These
devices are for the protection and ejection of ne spores.
E. G. Britton.

FOREST CONDITIONS IN THE KLONDIKE.

The divide between the headwaters of the Yukon River and
those flowing into Lynn Canal, known as the Chilcoot Pass, has
an altitude of 3,500 feet. Lake Lindeman, one of the sources

f the Yukon, situated 814 miles from the Pass, is stated to
have an altitude of 2,170 feet. At about one-third way down
between the two, at about 3,000 feet, a forest vegetation first begins
with a low, scrubby evergreen, growing in clumps here and
there along the trail. Some small fir trees appear at the heads of
the cafions and before Lindeman is reached trees up to 18 inches
in diameter are found, although not abundantly. Rarely a spruce
or two grows mixed in with the fir, and at Lindeman, pines,
mostly in small groves without intermixture of other trees, are next
in abundance to the fir. ne or two small birches and alders,

nd i

and many willows are common in the swamps and wet ground
about the lake. As one goes down stream the fir mostly dis-

size of more than 12 inches in diameter and a height of perhaps
50 feet. Below Five-finger rapids, a distance of some 300 miles
from Lindeman, no more pine was noticed. From there on

siderable ee of paper birch. ome cottonwood grows
in the bottom land along streams. Scattering trees are found
along the lower Klondike up to 15 or 18 inches in diameter and
50 or 60 feet high

The finest spruce timber occurs on the islands of the Yukon
where saw logs up to 20 inches in diameter and 30 or 40 feet
long can be obtained. The 8 or 10 sawmills, however, pa
along the river and at Dawson are rapidly diminis = the sup-

ly. During dry periods, also, which are apt to occur at any
time between May and September, forest fires ee destroyed
many thousand acres of fine timber. Of paper birch, one of

the finest growths observed is in the Klondike river bottom just
at the mouth of Bonanza creek, also extending up the latter

45

some distance. The trees attain a height of some 30 or 40 feet
and a diameter of 10 or 12 inches and furnish the best fuel to
be found in the country.

Dawson, built on a low flat, sometimes partly overflowed by
the river, has an elevation of some 1,500 feet, I believe, and the
mountains in the immediate ne rise 1,500 or 2,000 fee

igher. Spruce grows nearly to the summit of these low ranges
but usually becomes quite well fee near their tops. On the
moister slopes are occasional thickets of alder and in dryer places,
the trembling aspen, often in a stunted form, while on the dry
exposed knolls, a small juniper is common, Looking eastward
from one of these mountain tops near Dawson, the whole country
to the main range of the Rocky mountains, sixty or seventy-five
miles away, seems quite well covered with timber, much of it

owever, is undoubtedly very small, only an inch or two in dia-
meter, and nowhere, apparently, is the timber or brush so thick
as to prevent traveling through it quite readily with pack horses.

Of shrubby plants, outside of willows and small evergreen
species of ee heath family, there does not seem a variety to
be noted. Buffalo-berry is common almost everywhere but I did
not observe it in either flower or fruit. A [7durniim is common

inches high, was found in flower about the middle o

Miles cafion and about two months later specimens were collected
at Dawson bearing hard greenish berries that probably seldom or
never ripen in that latitude. A dogwood four or five feet high is
found occasionally along the river banks and the dwarf cornel is
abundant. Rose bushes also are common and widely distributed,

the stout stems attain a height of six or eigh imes.
Of berries that grow in considerable abundance and are col-
lected for food are a numb raspberries, a small huckleberry

: e
about Dawson is a dwarf species, each plant bearing but a single
large berry, mostly bright red before.ripening, then turning to a
pale yellowish and rapidly decaying. It is called soapberry from
the fact that the ripe fruit can be beaten into a foam which is
frequently done by the Indians for a drink. The berries have

‘ 46

such a mawkish flavor, however, as to prevent their use to any
extent by the white population. Strawberries were not observed

finger rapids the vines were not uncommon, I believe they

never bear any great quantity of fruit.
R. S. WILLiaMs.

ACCESSIONS—FEBRUARY.

3 thermographs.
I set D. Zei yi hic lenses, made by Bausch and Lomb.

ig) P F
f gl 1 metal ware.

SEEDS.
21 pkts. from Washington, collected by Mrs. Susan Tucker.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
3 herbarium specimens, from Nebr: (Given by Mr. . Bates. )
1 herbarium specimen, of aie, eee es by Dr. J. N.
Rose.
I photograph of type specimen of Crataegus Sauratonae. (Given by Mr. C.
D. Beadle. )
15 specimens of Rudus from Vermont. (Given by Professor Ezra ‘Brainerd. )
260 specimens of Plantae Mexicanae, collected by Mr. C. G. Pringle.
0 specimens of Hicoria from eastern North America, from the Philadelphia Com-
nD.

barium specimens. (By exchange with the Montana College of Agra:
x specimens from ot Dakota. (Given by Mr. ale Griffiths.
Kansas (Given by Mr. K, McKenzie.)
2 secti from trunk of a recorded specimens of 7. Ce: (Given

herbarium specimens from Kansa as, from Mr. Mark White. 1 exchange.)
2 specimens of plants from the Philippine Islands, from the U. S. National

Museum. (By exchange.

3 specimens of Apciba dig a Garden of King’s House, Kingston, Ja-
maica, (Given by Hon. . Fawcett. )

LIBRARY.

AppotT, H. G. Afadern Photography in Theory and Practi.e. Chicago, 1898.

Bainier, G. Etude sur les Mucorinées. Paris, 1882. (Given by teiecer Un-
oS )

ER, J. G. Handbook of the Irideae. WLondon.
Bon MANN ZU GERA, Kari. Aula sn ee Ist part and atlas.

99.
BorEt, Prerre. De vero Telescopii inventore. The Hague, 1655. (Given by
OQ:

BOREL, PIerRe. Observationum Alicrospicarum Centuria, The Hague, 1656.
(Given by Mr. Pee Cox

47

Bauncken, Ernest. Morth American Forests and see ry. heir Relations to
the National Life of the American People. New York, 1
ARWIN, F, ae oe s, (Given by Poker MacD ougal. )
Darwin, CHAR Movements and Habits of Climbing Pua New
York, 1876. ich: ie we . N. L, Britton.
Detmer-Moor. Practical Physiology of Plants. (Given by Professor MacDou-
} AYGALLIERS, P. L’ Olivier et ? Luile d’ Olive. Pari

1900.
aARLOW, W.G. Marine Algae of th thd New England ae Adjacent Coast. Wash-
ington, 1881. (Gi by Dr.

Es, ELIAs. Monegraphia Fmenonyetan Sueciae, Upsal, 1857.
Ic vopae terrarum ipa nasa sive ie ratio
Piesitarin per Eur pai atque totan Regimen Lusulis Atlan
sponte crescentium, novo i phic 1884. 28 ae ex-

change.
GANDOGER, MicHeL. Flore Lyonnaise et des Départments du Sud-Est. Paris,
a)

GooDALE, GEORGE LINCOLN. Physiological Botany. Sixth Edition, New York,
1885. 2vols, (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.
Gray, Asa. Jaty Ska to Structural and Systematic Botany and Vegetable
Pl Fifth Edition, New York, 1860. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
SA. ee lof the a of the Northern United States. Fifth Edition,
New a 1878. (Give Bri
ARTIG, ROBERT. Lehrbuch te Aysiologie der PAanzen, Berlin,

§

Harris, T. W. A Treatise on some of the Insects Injusious to Vegetation. New
York, 1862. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)

ARVBY, A. as Sea Mossi Bos: 1881. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
Vagetabilia aes Fase. I.-II. ean 1787-90.
(Given by pao Underwood.

Hornapay. Popular sae Guide to the New York Zoological Park as far as
compleied. New ae 1899. en by Dr. Britton.)
LL, GERTRUDE. Wood a Garden. London, 18
OHNSON, cae W. Essays on Feat, Muck and Commer cial Manures. “art-
ford, Conn, 1859. . (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.
Lewin, L. Lehrbuch der Toxicologie. Leipzig, 1897.
Lintner, J. A. Zieventh ae Report of the ae Insects of the State of
ae Gee the year 1895. Albany, 1896. (Given by Professor Underwood. )
STATE EXPERIMENT STATION OF. Thirty eighth Annual Report of

op ae a of the State Board of Agriculture. Lansing, Mich., 1899.
ISSOURL BOTANICAL GARDEN. ‘Eleventh Mana Report. St. Louis, 1900.
( By exchange.

Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Colum-
bus Meeting, 1899. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.

Rerum, JOHANN ADAM. Pflanzen-Physiologie. Dresden, 1835.

RYDBERG ,P. A. Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Na-
tional Park. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Garden, 0

SCHLACHT, HERMANN. Seilrdge zur Anatomie und Phystologie der Gewdchse.
Berlin, 1854.

48

een a Die Phanzenzelle.
T, NN. Der Baum. Berlin
2 LF. Adlas der Diat Aschersleben, 1875. (Given}
Dr. N. L, Britton :

Berlin, 1852.
1860.

NCOUR, CHARLES SIGISBERT. Trazté des aie ee particu.
iorement de L? ey + ‘ a te. Pas

: ie (Gi ven ay} _ iy
GER. Manu M
RASBURGER, SCHENK, SCI ER, and Nout. Text- Book of Botany. Pog
Edition. (Given by Professor Me 1.
Sweet, Ropert. The Britt: sn den. London, wee - 7 vols.
Tuomas, Mason, B., and DupLey, WILL tory Manual
Plant Histology. Cadel ae 1894. (Give n by fee Underwood.)
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGR — Farmer's Bulletin, 4 vols. (Given by
Professor F. Lamson-Scribner.
AN RENSSELAER, M. G. (Mrs. Schuyler). Art out of Doors. New vee
1897. aes = Miss Vail.

)

fe) at Student's Text Book of Botany.
ee by Mrs. es L. Britton. )
B., and Bacue, F.

2 vols. London, 18094.
D, G. al Dispensary of the United States of America,
Papi 1899.
‘ota mber of: Volum
Total ae of r ee ttre in January, 1
Total number of reprints received in February, ae

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENTS.

Garden offers the following lectures at the Museum of
Natural History: Report of progress on the development of the
Garden, by Dr. N. L. Britton, Thursday gt April Hee and
the relation of light and colon to plants, by Dr. D. T. Mac gal,:
Thursday evening, April 1 The aa will be ee
with lantern views, and vi a at 8:30

we ti

anical convention of the emacs workers in

hibition of dwarf i trees, by Mr. Henshaw; Plants and:
poisons by Dr ; Spore dissemination in the Sordarid

aceae, by Mr. D David Griffiths The Flora of Montana and the

regions named ; and The origin
of the leafy sporophyte, by Dr. C. C. Curtis

Members of the Corporation.

Dr, TimoTHy F. ALLEN, Joun S. KENNEDY,

ProF. N. L. BRITTON, J. J. Litt.e,

FREDERIC BRONSON, Hon. SETH Low,

Hon. ADDISON BROwN, Davip Lypic,

Wn. L. Brown, Epcar L. Marston,
ANDREW CARNEGIE, D. O. Mints,

Pror. CHas. F. CHANDLER, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
Wo. G. CHOATE, THEO. W. MYERS,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER, Gro. M. Oxcort,

CuHas. F. Cox, PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
JoHN J. CROOKE, OSWALD OTTENDORFER,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES R. PITCHER,

Won. E. DopcE, Rr. REv. HENRY C. POTTER,
Dr. WM. H. DRAPER, PERCY R. PYNE,

Pror. Sam’1, W. FAIRCHILD, Joun D. ROCKEFELLER,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD, Wm. ROCKEFELLER,
RICHARD W. GILDER, ProFr. H. H. RussBy,
Hon. THomas F. GILRovy, Won. C. SCHERMERHORN,
PARKE GODWIN, JameEs A. SCRYMSER,
Hon. HucuH J. GRANT, HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
HENRY P. Hovt, SAMUEL SLOAN,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., Wo. D. SLOANE,

Morris K. JESuP, | NELSON SMITH,

Joun I. KANngz, DK. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
EUGENE KELLY, JR., SAMUEL THORNE,

ProF. JAMES F. KEMP, Pror. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

Wm. H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

of the New York Botanical Garden, pats illustrated, con-—
taining notes, news and non- apy articles we general inter: Free to all mem-
bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in
exchange. | Sian and Aerctectean should be sent to 41 North Queen si x
Lancaster, Pa., ronx Park, New York City. if

alli f th otanical Garden, containing the reports of
the Director-in-Chief and other aise documents, and technical articles embodying
the results of Fee San carried out in the Garden. Nos. 1-4, 294 pp., 3 “a

and 8 plates, 1896-99. __‘ Free to all aie of the Garden. To others, 25 cents
N

copy. No. x, now in press.

of the York Botanical Garden, Vol. 1. An Annotated Cat-

alogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,
pana: penratsr ie the museums. An arrangement and critical discussion of the
f the region with notes from the author’s field book

gion
and ecleding: Sa es a 163 new species. ix + 492 pp.,
tailed map. Price to members of the Garden, $1.00. To others, $2.00.
offered in eee |
Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech:
nical ee written HE students or members of the staff, and reprinted from jouraet
other e abov
No. 1. abies and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. Price, 25 ¢
cents.
No. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
cas 25 cents. y
The dichotomous Panicums: some new Species, by Geo. V. Nash

pie 25
No Delphini Carolin d related Species by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

Price, a cents.

All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to

NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

. APRIL, 1900 No. 4

JOURNAL

the New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS

Iepblantations (with Plate IIT.) 2 2. 2. 23 ee ee es . Page 49
te Button-Bush a Tree (with figure)... ..-- 2. +--+ s+ ++ ees 54
issock Formations (with figure)... ..- +--+ e 2 e et e 55
1a8es in April (with figure) ©... 1+ se eee eee eae 56
tbe Mounts for Exhibition (with figure). .....-+--+--+-++-+2s 58
tes, News and Comment. ....-- +--+ sees teres 61
bo OTL SS a ee ane Nr ra Ca PH a 62
Sctures at the Garden. ....--- ++ esses ss 64

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

AT va Norru Qugen STREzT, ME ee ie Pa.
y Tua New Era Printinc Compa

OFFICERS, 1900.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VICE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,

ASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON,

BoARD OF MANAGERS.

1. ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, IDE @) b

CHARLES F. COX, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,

JOHN I. KANE, ~ W. GILMAN THOMPSON,

SAMUEL THORNE

* 2, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
- GEO. C. CLAUSEN
THE Mayor OF THE City OF NEW YORK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.

3. SCLENTIFIC DIRECTORS.
HON. SETH LOW, CuarrRMan.
HON. ADDISON BROWN, PROF. J. F. KEMP,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, HON: (J.-J; LEPELE,
PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD
GARDEN STAFF.

DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chief.

DR RYDBERG, Assistant Curator.
SAMUEL HENSHAW, ead Gardener.
GEORGE ASH, Curator of the Plantations.

varia
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Cay Cillectione
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superinten
WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.

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JOURNAL

The New York Botanical Garden

Vou. I. APRIL, 1900. No. 4.

THE PLANTATIONS.

The principal areas which have already been more or less
developed for the cultivation of plants have been designated as
e

that is plants which are grown from seed each year, or such as
die down to the ground every fall ; (2) the fruticetum, devoted to

are contained the trees, ther than willows, poplars and conifers ;
(5) the ga devoted to the Bacto of the conifers,
such as the pine, spruce and y ) the viticetum, in whic
will be collected all hardy vines, ae and creepers ; (7) the
deta border, which serves the purpose of a supplementary
nursery, a screen, and a horticultural display of shrubs, trees and
herbs ; and (8) the nurseries, in which duplicates and plants too
ung to be at once set out in the other plantations are culti-
vated, and experimental work is prosecuted.

n all of these omens excepting the boundary border and
nurseries, the plants are systematically arranged, that is the
species are gro nen in families, and these fo a the sequence
adopted in Engler & Prantl’s “ Natirlichen Pflanzenfamilien,” th

oO

nati
These features give the plantations much economic and eutiew
tional value, and will be of great benefit to the students of bot-
any, especially in and around New York City, as the living plants
49

50

y here be studied side by side, and their sage more

c
rangement has ene been crue Several vexing and per-
plexing problems h ttwo years and many
others are being cleared up. Dikereneesar are often discernible in the

found to be alike. Then, ne the various stages of the plants
can be compared, period for period, and great differences are
found to exist in their develope which int ced could n
be detected in dried herbari speci

By consulting the map (Plate Ill, paler a ti aa location of
the various Sie and their relationship to each other will
be readily understoo

The herbaceous grounds, the first plantation established and
the one most fully developed, is situated in a glade at the south-
ern side of the grounds just east of the Er tae ,a
ridge separating it from that thoroughfare. This tract, eae
ing about eight acres, is bounded on both sides by more or less
rocky and shaded elevations and is longitudinally traversed by a
brook, thus all conditions from a dry rocky soil to marsh and
water are furnished, so that suitable conditions are afforded for
the growth of a great variety of plants within a comparatively
small area. One or more beds are allotted to each family and
these are arranged in a free and artistic manner, formality being
avoided and the natural beauties of the glade preserved. Each
bed has a sign giving the common and botanical name of the
family. The brook divides the tract into two unequal parts, -
smaller one to the east being devoted to the ferns, and to
endogens or piants with parallel-veined leaves, the former ieee
in the extreme southern end ina rocky shaded place well adapted
to their successful cultivation ; the endogens follow these to the

quence terminates with the lilies and orchids at the northern end
of the area. On the west side are grown the exogens, or plants

51

with net-veined leaves, the lower forms being placed at the north

end, and the sequence ending with the most highly developed,

the Compositae, which oc Aes several beds at the southern end
: :

tervals, forming hole in wiih are grown in their sequence the
aquatic representatives of the families on the pene sides of
the stream. uring the past year there were grown in this plan-
tation about 2100 species, representing 105 families

a somewhat elevated eee its sandy and gravelly subsoil
aa draining it and well adapting it for the cultivation of
shrubs. As in the herbaceous grounds, the beds are syste-
matically arranged and ead labeled, a large label indicating

h plant.

the family represented, with a smaller one for eac.
low r forms, represented by t fe waxberries and upland willows,
are te n the southeastern corner, the sequence thence pro-

ceeding eee to the extreme limit of the area, then return-
ing southward to the southern boundary, then again north, an
nally terminating in the extreme southwestern corner with the
Caprifoli aceae, or honeysuckle ae and the few shrubby Com-
ositae. The Ericaceae, or hea — pais the huckle-
berries, azaleas and ere ek are located on a steep bank
the south side of the upper lake. “There are now in the
eee about 330 species, representing 47 families
The salicetum, which is located in the low around just north

fntaeeting: family of plants. Here, as in the herbaceous grounds,
many puzzling problems await solution, and the growing of the
various species side by side will undoubtedly bring out facts
throwing much light upon the subject. This plantation was laid
out in the autumn of pecdak and at present contains only 4 species
of poplars and 14 of wil

The larger part of the region east of the Bronx comprising about

acres is devoted to the deciduous arboretum, the sequence be-
ginning just north of the southeastern entrance to the grounds, and

52

continuing thence to the northern’border. This in time will be one
f the most interesting and instructive collections, but its growth

eer of most of which fine specimens are in place; notable
ong these are the group of tulip-trees just east of the Blue
Bridge, the best preserved and largest specimens in this neigh-
borhood, and the hemlock forest along both banks of the Bronx
river. To these native species representatives of about 120 others
have already been added. Other species new to this collection are
being added as fast as they can be obtaine
The site for the pinetum, about thirty acres in extent and lo-
cated in the southwestern part of the grounds, is bounded on the
east by the ridge separating it from the herbaceous ae and
the r

on the north running eastward fro ailw:

station. In this ae sla south of the Southern Sena is
the large range of cultural houses whic. now nearly
finish ecies 0; conifers are native to the Garden,

yews, and cedars

n u e east,
4 a little to the north of that plantation, will be found the viti-
ce Arbors are provided for the climbers, and the creepers
a ile will be located in the immediate neighborhood. The
sequence begins at the southern end with the catbriers, and at the
northern end will be found the oneuces or Bice i -glory
se and the Caprifoliaceae There are

in this plantation about a . species, representing 17 families.
The boundary border consists of a strip 30 or 40 feet wide,
which will eventually surround the grounds, excepting in the
forest areds. At present it begins on the south side at a point
about midway between the Southern Boulevard and the railroad,
and extends westward, thence north along the Harlem railroad,
serving to screen the driveways from the railroad, to the northern
end of the fruticetum. It is discontinued here for the present;
but is resumed on the north side and extends the whole: length:

53

of the northern line, and southward on the eastern border, with
occasional interruptions, for the greater part of its length. Trees

flower or showy fruit at nearly all times of the growing season.
In front of the shrubs along the southern part of the western
border is a pean collection of herbaceous perennials.
These have been so selec and arranged as to their times of
blooming that there is a succession of flowers from spring to fall,
so that at all times it is a place of interest to the lic.

The nurseries are east of the Bronx, a short distance north of
the southeastern entrance. As stated above, they are for the
preservation of duplicate material and the growing of plants too
young to be eae n the other plantations, and for exper-
imental purposes. All seeds of hardy plants are germinated here,
and when the ae are sufficiently grown they are transferred
to their proper position in the other plantations.
one visiting the grounds and desiring to inspect the prin-
cipal plantations, the following suggestions may be of value.
Starting from the railway station, proceed toward the museum

_
fe}

western end of the upper lake to the fruticetum. From here a
visit may be made to the salicetum in the low land on the north-
east border of this plantation ; thence across the bridge just east
of the grove of white pines at the northeastern corner of the

boretum site which eet north and south along this ridge.
It is but a short walk to the south along the east bank of the
Bronx to the group of tulip-trees above referred to. Continue

d
Blue Bridge, at the further end of which is the entrance to the

collection of these trees along the seaboard. Proceed southward
through this grove, bearing to the left at the fork, until the ol

Lorillard dam is reached, thence westerly along a wood road, turn-
ing to the left at a fork on the top of the hill, at the foot of which

54

will be found the herbaceous grounds. Just over the elevation to
the west of this plantation is the Southern Boulevar
ean passes through the pinetum site, and on a plateau
the west is the large range of horticultural houses. From
- point it is but a few minutes walk to t! n
V. Nasu.

THE BUTTON-BUSH A TREE.
In clearing one of the marshes, east of the museum building of
the Garden, preparatory to flooding it for a lake, a gigantic
bu tton-bush (Cephatanthus oc-

The
bark is — in iene ieeel
thin plate

his
dense kt oo ora 2 (Al
rugos. dr

n og
Fic. 11.—Tree of Cephalanthus February 28, 1900, and shows
occidentalis. 7 é
the tree sale in two feet
of water on which a heavy coat of ice had form
Cephalanthus is the only “woody” plant ‘of the Madder -

a wat
and tropical regions however, many of the family are trees,
notably the cinchonas of the Andean region in South America
as well as some of their numerous relatives. N. L. Britron.

55

TUSSOCK FORMATIONS.

The rich soil of marshes, bogs and swamps usually furnishes

these plants propagate has a marked effect upon the fate of the
swamp.
Such plants gain their first foothold in the shallower waters

rd le tio I

pro-

Fic. 12.—T ks i h north of museum, now the bed of a lake.
cowded stems, and as a consequence, the lodgment of dirt, and

make solid ground of it. Meanwhile the nearby waters, made
shallower by this same process, are in turn invaded, and the en-
tire swamp occupied and filled up in course of time. Such ac-
tion is shown by reeds and cattails.

56

If the plants are capable of a restricted underground growth
only, they will not occupy the entire muddy floor of the marsh,
A single individual will be formed from a seed or from a runner
out in the clear water a few inches or a few feet from the parent,
This plant will send up its leaves and flower stalks the first year,
then the second year, leaves and flower stalks will arise fro om

which is pierced by the numerous living branches which in turn
die and add to its height and diameter. The coarse leaves droop
down over the sides of the clump to give the characteristic ap-
pearance. The increase and multiplication of the tussocks is so
slow that the swamp is not entirely converted into solid ground,
and one may often traverse such a marsh by stepping from one
tussock to another when the Tae spaces are occupied by
mud and water to some dept

mong the more common species which form tussocks, are to
be ee the sheathed ee (Eriophorum vaginatum),
the tufted clubrush ( Scirpus cacspitosus) and the tussock sedge

small portion, still free, shows the formation. The photograph
from which figure 12 was made was taken after a snowfall which
had melted from the tussocks but still lay upon the ice among
them

MOSSES IN APRIL.

e keen winds of March and the fires which have burned and
blackened the grasses in many parts of the Garden, have shriv-
eled and scorched many of the mosses that grow in the open.
The bright rosettes of the Catharineas are curled up and brown,
its “bristling spears’? have lost their caps and lids, the ae
walls are dull and shrunken, and oy leaves are twisted and
Its first cousin, the “ Beard Moss” (Pogonatum tenue), ae

ows in such abundance on the banks of the road skirting the
pond near the Blue Bridge also begins to show that its days are

57

numbered, On the 22d of February, when its picture was taken,
: found

together, have turned black ; the bank fell bit by bit as the frost

came out of the ground, and the wheels of the carts are grind-

ing it and the mosses back into dust, as the roads dry up.

the spores have fallen on the new ii they will germinate in

the April rains, and, by July or August these same banks wi
ain be covered by a bright green ee cloth of delicate

oe te chains of threads, with here and there little rosettes

Fic, 13.

of antheridia and archegonia; by September the young hairy
caps will be pushing up in their midst. This moss is one of the
best that can be chosen to illustrate the life-history of a species,
as the protonema is so conspicuous and persistent. The spore-
cases too are interesting, as the walls are thick and hard, cov-
ered with warts, and sealed by a tightly-fitted lid. Beneath the
lid is a flat drum-head membrane into which the tips of the 32
teeth are dove-tailed in such a manner as to leave narrow slits
for the spores to escape. Over all is the cap, covered by a fe
of hairs, which give to it the name of oe Its stems are
very short with a few leaves around the base of the stalk, on
which the spore-case is borne, as Ria in Fig. 13.
EvizaBetH G. Britton.

58

TUBE MOUNTS FOR EXHIBITION.

It is often necessary to preserve material of various kinds in a
manner that will admit of its close examination without removal
from the fluid in which it is placed. Furthermore, the usefulness
of such preparations increases with their portability. For several
years the writer has used lecture demonstrations consisting of
sections of glass tubing containing specimens in alcohol or for-
malin, ane sealed with cork stoppers. These were found to be

through the cork, or the pressure of the vapor forced out the
stopper.

In 1898 I saw some animal preparations in Professor Nach-
trieb’s laboratory, which had been preserved by being sealed her-
metically in glass tubes, and having learned from him the method
of making such mounts, have found them capable of wide use in
museum exhibits and desienstration® Professor Nachtrieb has
found that cylindrical tubes of good clear glass are most useful in
coca work (a description of his method may be seen in
e, Vol. 10, p. 772, 1899), but a tube of ep cross-section is
a preferable for most botaniell specimens. Oval tubing
is listed regularly by one or two manufacturers in Germany, but
it can be made to order by almost any American firm, at a cost
of about 50 per cent. in excess of that of cylindrical tubing. The
four sizes most useful in my own work show the following di-
ameters : 6X 12, 10X18, 15x 23,and 20x 35 mm., and these may
be obtained in meter lengths only.

The specimen to be mounted must first be fixed and hardened
by the proper method, with all of the parts in the positions in
which it is desired to display them. Next a section of the tubing
in which it will fit snugly is selected. One end of the tube is
sealed and annealed by means of a blast lamp operated by means
of a foot-bellows. It will be found desirable to seal the ends of
the tubes in stock, and then cut off the length necessary to en-
close the specimen. The specimen is taken from the hardening

Q.
a

attention to the placing of the organs. The tube is then held

59

open end upward, and fused near the end by a blast lamp until
it is almost cut through. This process should be carried a little
farther than the stage shown in Fig.14, A, then set aside to cool for

i The upper end of the tube is now funnel-form
and connected with the main tube containing the specimen by a

A
—A, a tube ready for receiving preservative. 3, tube sealed and re-
G, tube, ted hibiti: ts d

Fic. 14.
versed showing level of fluid.
capillary opening, through which liquid will not readily pass. It
may be forced in, however, if the funnel partially is filled and
suction is applied with the mouth. The air in the tube will be
drawn out and the liquid in the funnel will rush in to fill its place
when the suction is released. This should be repeated until the:

60

liquid is within a distance of a centimeter of the capillary portion
in the smallest sizes of tubes, but the fusion cannot be finished if
it is within three or four centimeters of the end in larger tubes,
After the filling is accomplished the tube is held in a vertical po-
sition and the capillary tube is cut by a quick application of the
blast flame, which alsc so seals the tube. The smoky flame may be

e

shown in Fig. 14, 8, which encloses an etiolated seedling of Ayi-

saema Rha heres ;

ethod of preparation may be used with formalin or with

Rt pee to the character of the material. A small pro-

portion of glycerine should be added to alcohol when it is used,
he alcohol vapor formed in the upper end of the tube during the

sealing often explodes with some noise during the fusion, but no
arm is done.

Specimens prepared in this manner may be kept indefinitely
and are most convenient for demonstration erate ses. During the
last year the author has carried num these tubes in hand-
bag, shipped them by freight and express hen only a small per-

centage of breakage.

e smaller preparations permit the examination of the speci-
mens with hand lenses or dissection microscopes, or even the
compound microscopes using powers up to 50 or 75

Tubes made for museum purposes may be variously displayed.
The method used in the museum of the New York Botanical
Garden consists in holding the tube upright by means of clamps
attached to a vertical support (Fig. 14, C). A standard mounting
block of the proper size receives an upright nickel-plated iron

is thus held firmly in the position in which it admits of close
examination.

abe ona printed card is placed on the beaded and beveled
side of the block. Mounts of this character may be displayed

moved for demonstrations and returned without damage.
: MacDoveat.

61

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENTS.

Among the increased opportunities for the study of botany
during the summer season, those offered by Columbia University,
the Woods Holl Marine Biological conan and the Marine
Laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor are to

Columbia has instituted a summer pene beginning July 2d

ending August 1oth, in which the department of botany,
ain Engl pias istory, manual training, mathe-
matics, philosophy, physical training, physics and psychology
will offer work, The pace of botany will be in charge of
Professor Lloyd, who will offer course in ecology, general
botany, and research work in select subjec Students in these
courses will have access to the museum 4 collections of the
Garden

The w oods Holl Laboratories will be open from ae 5th to

ee 16th,.and the botanical staff includes Dr. B. M. Davis,
T. Moore, Dr. R. H. True, Miss Rhoda A. Esten and
Miss Lillian G. MacRae.

Courses in oo botany, plant physiology and plant
cytology will red.

The a Laboratory at Cold Spring Harbor will be
open from July 2d until August 25th. The botanical staff in-
cludes Dr. D. S. Johnson, Dr. H. C. Cowles and Mr. W. C.
Coker. eae are offered in cryptogamic botany and ecolo
Professor N. F. Davis will also give a course in ae
and Dr. H. A. Kelly will have charge of work in nature study

An Annotated catalogue of the Flora . Montana and the
Yellowstone National Park, by Dr. P. A. Rydberg, has been
issued as Vol. I. of the Memoirs of the Garden. It makes a

ook of about 500 pages, royal octavo, is eee with a de-
tailed map of the area in question, and is issued under date of
February 15, 1900. Dr. Rydberg has oe Gee seasons in the
field in western Montana and the Park, and has examined almost
every collection made in that section of the country. Throug
the generosity of Mr. Wm. E. Dod of the Board of Managers,
a special expedition for the Cae was made by the author and

62

Mr. Ernst A. Bessey, in 1897. The type set of this expedition
and also that of Mr. J. H. Flodman are deposited in the herba-
rium of the Garden. The first eietan in this region was made
by Lewis and Clarke, in 1803-1806, and although further explo.
rations have been in progress for nearly a century, the author

slopes of the Rocky mountains, 268 on the eastern side of the

range only, 520 on the western side only, 42 arctic species

above 3,000 meters, and 659 are endemic. This book is

special interest as the first critical presentation of the Rocky
ountain flora.

The Macmillan Company announces the publication of an in-
troduction to the study of botany by Dr. D. T. MacDougal, un-
der the title of “« Nature and Work of Plants.”

Bulletin No. 5, of the Garden, was issued March 3oth, ¢
pleting Vol. 1. of i sae The current number contains i
following papers in Sos to the official see of the organi-
zation : The Roots and J hi f Some of the Mone ns

Dr. D. T. MacDougal and Professor ay E. Lloyd
New Grasses from the Southern States, by Mr. George V. ‘Nee
A new Trisetum from Michigan, by Me. ee V. Nash; The
Genus Bumelia in North America by Dr. J. K. Small; and De-
scriptions of new North American Thorns by Dr. N. L. Britton.

ACCESSIONS.

LABORATORIES.
6 dissecting microscopes.
12 old microscopes illustrating cores of development of this instrument, collec-
tion of Mr. C. F. Cox. (Given by Mr, Cox.)
: Leitz miscrosopes, HIc, ae
‘omplete.

1 Leitz traveling miscroscope.
3 Richards themograp!
1 flash lamp, professional.
1 Edinger projection apparatus.

63

71 pkts from California, (Given by Professor E. I.. Greene.)
change.

uw
a
a]
a
g
3
B
<<]
7
s
2
ie]
2S
Q
£
a
£
5
ise)
rw)
g
5
>
a
Ej
oQ
o

u
342 pkts from Botanical Garden, Zurich. (By exchange, )
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
di d 9 speci f diat th. (Given by Mr.

24 photog
C. F. Cox.
6 herbarium specimens from Florida. (Given by Mr. A. H. a )
ed ii F,

20 packets of Chinese tea. (Given by Mr. Percy Wilson.)
6 specimens of crustaceous Lichens. (Given by Dr, N. se aa ,)
I specimen cal Castleya's wtrina. (Given by Lager & H
19 ida (Given by the Koerber | oe Meat arene )
2 museum specimens of Italian Stone Pine and Souari nuts. (Given by Dr. H. H.-
Rusby,

17 sp f d candied fruits. (Given by Mr. J. Huyler.)

195 specimens of fodder grasses, by exchange with the Division : Agrostology, U.
S. Department of Agric aes ae Professor F. Lamson-Scribner,
by

©
3
oO
g.
8
oO
5
a
2
g
3
=
rot
5
oO
o
i=
&
i
5
7
é

2 herbari peciraens of Physalis from Louisiana. (Given = Mr. C. R. Ball.)
ggles

17 type cecie from the Roc cky mountain herbarium, Wyoming (Given by
Professor A. Re

m

317 specimens from Vermont collected

ins. (Given by Seabury & Johns
9m iv specimens to can the process of malting. tee by the Ameri-
can Mating Co ompany. )

= from Ci ticut. (Give Mr. C. H. Bisse! ee
t photograph of the abnormal trunk of a ene tree. (Given by Mr. C, E.
Brinton through Mr. . Wisner, Secretary, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

m specimens from the Sen Valley, New York. (Given by

Dr. T. F. nah

2 specimens from Minnesota. Saba by eae M. Hol oo a

I specimen of Betula from Wiscons (Given by Mr. S. C. W: id.)

600 herbarium specimens from the vicinity of Pike s Peak, aris (Given by
by Mr, Emst Bes: sey. )

3 mus f rubb (Given by Seabury & Johnson.)

6 herbari i from Mexico. (Given by Professor E. O. Wooten.)
f lich (Given by Dr. J. K. Small.

ecimens 5 of corn, rye, oats, wheat and barley. (Given by the New York Pro-

20 sp
duce Exchange.

P

64

LECTURES AT THE GARDEN.

Arrangements have been completed for the spring course of
lectures, which will be given in the Lecture Hall of the Museum
on Saturday afternoons at 4:30 o'clock, as follows:

April r4th. “A Glimpse at the Kingdom of Plants,” by Dr.
N. L. Brittos.

April 21st. ‘Spring Flowers,” by Mr. Cornettus Van Brunt.

April 28th.‘ Ferns,”” by Professor L. M. UNpERwoop.

May 5th. ‘Climbing Plants,” by Dr. D. T. MacDoveat,

May 12th. “Seeds and Seedlings,” by Professor Francis E,
Lioyp.

May roth. ‘Summer Flowers,’ by Mr. CoRNELIus Van
Brunt.

May 26th. ‘Some aia Relatives of the Potato,” by Pro-
y H. Russy.

fessor HEN

June 2d. «The Fy Lo of Flowers,” by Professor E. S.
BurGE:

June oth. “ Plants Puasa en in the Formation of Coal,” by
D R HoLzic

June 16th. “ Seaweeds,” = Dr. Cartton C, Curtis.

June 23d. “The Flora of Alaska,’ by Mr. FREDERICK V.
COovILLE

e lectures will be illustrated by charts, living material and
es slides, and will be non-technical. he museum building
may be reached by a walk of three minutes from the Bedford
Park Station of the Harlem division of the New York Central
Railroad, and by a walk of five minutes from the Fordham trol-
ley line, connecting directly with the Second and Third Avenue
Elevated roads, The lectures will close in time for auditors to
take the 5:38 train from the railway station, arriving at the Grand
Central station at 6:04.

Members

Dr. TIMOTHY F. ALLEN,
ProF. N. L. BRITTON,
FREDERIC BRONSON,
Hon. ADDISON BROWN,
Wn. LL. Brown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,
ProF. Cuas. F. CHANDLER,
Wm. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cuas. F. Cox,

JOHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,
Wo. E. DopceE,

Dr. WM. H. DRAPER,
PROF. SAM’L W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. Tuomas F. GILRoy,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HuGH J. GRANT,
HENRY P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESUP,

JouN I. KANE,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,

PROF. JAMES F. KEMP,

of the Corporation.

JOHN S. KENNEDY,

Vai Als LEpmiaeey oe

Hon. SETH Low,

Davip Lypic,

Epcar L. MARSTON,

D. O. MILLs,

J. PIERPONT MorGAnN,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Gro. M. OLcortT,

PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
OSWALD OTTENDORFER,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rt. REV. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERCY R. PYNE,

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
WM. ROCKEFELLER,
ProF. H. H. RusBy,

Wm. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wo. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
SAMUEL THORNE,

Pror. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

Wm. H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

OF

The New York Botanical Garden : |

Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, aril Brune con-
taining notes, news and non-technical articles of general inter all mem-_
bers of th e Galent To ry Io cents a copy; $1.00 a eae an ak ‘oto in

exchange, mi should be sent to 41 North Queen street, —
Lancaster, Pa., or Bayo Park, New York maine

Bulletin w York Botanical Garden, containing the reports of
the Director-in- car a other official documents, and technical articles embodying ac
the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Nos. 1-5, 449 pp , 3 maps, ;
and 12 plates, 1896-1900, Free to all members of the Garden. To others, 25 cents

copy

Mem: of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. t. An Annotated Cat- —
alogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg, —

and including descriptions of 163 new species. ix + 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with de-
tailed map. rice to members of the Garden, $1.00. To others, $2.00. [Not —
offered in exchange. ]
Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical ana written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted PEL journals
other than the above.

No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. Price, 25

No, 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
Price, 25 cents

No. 3. The dichotomous Panicums: some new Species, by Geo. V. Nash
Price, 25 cen ;

0d aeraaee eee aeaeee d related Species by Dr. Per Axel Rydbereim
Price, 25 cents. i ,
All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to ¢
NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN :

BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY

Vol. | MAY, 1900 No. 5

JOURNAL

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS

The Laboratories (with PlateIV.) ......- +--+ +s eee . Page 65

ACollection of Old Microscopes. . . 2. . 6 ee te eee eee es 68

How to reach the New York Botanical Garden (with figure). ....... 7°

Amice Storm (with figure) . 6 2. be he hs ee ee 72
Some Early Spring Flowers... ..- +. eee ee eet ee ees 74

Notes, News and Gomme stat ellie) ae heee neta Died Perret hay} ited iia Mov 2h'( 5 a 76
RPARIDTIR REIN Vl dy cgcia, lai Ya eign Rx belie lel ah bey aly af wy: e eects 77
(

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Ar 4x Nortu Qusen Srrent, Lancaster, Pa.
spy Tux New Era Printinc Company

OFFICERS, 1900.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF MANAGERS.

1, ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, D. O. MILLS,
CHARLES F. COX, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN, iy
JOHN I. KANE, . GILMAN THOMPSON, i
SAMUEL THORNE.
‘
.

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN.
THE Mayor OF THE City OF NEW YORK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.

3. SCLENTIFIC DIRECTORS

HON. SETH LOW, CuHarRMAN.

HON. ADDISON BROWN, ELON eos anes
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H.
PROF: J. F. KEMP, PROF. \L.. M: UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.

DR. N. L. BRITTON, Diérector-in- Chief.

RYDBERG, Assistant Curator.
SAMUEL HENSHAW, Head Gardener.
GEORGE V. NASH, Curator of the Plantations.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Librarian.
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.
COL, F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.
WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.

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JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vor. I. May, 1900. No. 5.

THE LABORATORIES.
WitH PrLaTE IV.

A botanical garden serves two general educational purposes.
One important function consists in the dissemination of, informa-
tion concerning the form, mode of life, habit and general biolog-
ical relations of the Spcpal types of vegetation. The special
relation of plants to man is also made prominent by attention to
the horticultural and economic phases of the subject. To carry
out this purpose most efficiently, the museums, collections and
plantations are arranged to present the Principal facts in such

as to b

cies of the same sas of oS life is made by means

may

be burdened with the task of bringing out the technical ns
of investigations without impairing their usefulness

he material accumulated for the exploitation a the popular
knowledge of plants also affords an excellent basis for the induc-
tion of students into the more technical aspects of botany, and
when supplemented by laboratories furnished with apparatus,
microscopes and other instruments of precision, the activities of
these students may be carried beyond the frontiers of the subject,

interpretation, or in the discovery of new facts which may make
a readjustment of current generalizations necessary. This ex-
65

66

tension of the boundaries of knowledge — the plant
world may be carried on properly only w a library is at
hand, which contains all of the more ee ae bearing
upon the subject. Furthermore, the results of such researches
should be brought out in periodicals, devoted exclusively to this
purpose ; a practice followed by all of the more important botan-
ical srieeeut ons of the

The principal ies . our Garden have already been de-
scribed i in previous numbers of this Journat. The laboratories

s
the museum building. The rooms on the third floor face to the
north and west, and open into a hallway on the south, from
which they receive borrowed light, with the exception of the

t two named also face the south and east. en-
tion as already been made of the taxonomic laboratory, and of
the laboratory of the Director-in-chief in an article dealing with
the herbarium See : this JourNAL), and no further description
of them will be n

The peeing ibeaens is twenty-five by thirty-six feet,
opening into the library, hallway and morphological laboratory.
It has three large windows, while all doors are panelled with
glass, an arrangement prevailing throughout, and which, with
the ae light from the hallway, makes it possible to do all
kinds of work in any part of the room.

The morphological laboratory is thirty-four feet wide and forty-

two feet long with six large windows receiving direct light and the

ane illumination as above. The windows extend to within a
oot of the ceilings, which are eighteen feet from the floor. Heating

: accomplished by steam radiators and the ventilation leaves little
to be desired. Both of the above named laboratories are equipped
ae a necessary eppaatS and the requisite number of first

with a selection of high power lenses.

The physiological dark room opens from the morphological
laboratory, and is fourteen feet square with double doors and
independent ventilation, connecting directly with the outside air.
It is heated indirectly by the walls of the contiguous rooms, and

67

its position in the middle of the wing of the building together
with its content of over thirty-five hundred cubic feet of air secure
for it a very equable temperature. This room has been in con-
stant use for six months including the period of tests of the heat-
ing system of the building and the total range of as has
not exceeded four degrees centigrade, and at no time has av
tion of two degrees been noted in a single week. The nae
varies from sixty to eighty per cent. in the work now in progress,
and it has been found to offer much more suitable conditions for
experimental work than any room used . a similar purpose
which has come under the notice of the

A corridor leads from the se ae iapeiateny to the
class-room between the dark room and the office of the director

of the laboratories sear s room, Fig. 15). The class-room
is thirty- y twenty feet, and one end is furnished with such
eee as to a it suitable for the weekly convention of
workers from the laboratories. The other end serves for the

private laboratory of the ee of the laboratories and contains
the departmental library
The physiological ene is a skylighted room, thirty-five
by thirty-two feet, occupying the corner of the building. It hasa
tone floor set in water-tight cement, a tank for aquatics and
tables for cultures. An ample heating surface is provided, and a
special system Ofs steam pipes around under the skylights secures
ventilation, and acts as a preventive of dripping moisture. Ven-

vided, while a set of shades may be used to cut off the direct
rays of the sun. By such means a range of temperature similar
to that of an intermediate greenhouse is secured. To this
are brought specimens from the plantations and een He
experimental and observational purposes, and these are removed
as soon as the work with them has been

mall chemical laboratory opens from the ee lab-
oratory, and leads into the large chemical laboratory occupying
the corner of the wing. This room has not yet been provided
with the special furniture and fittings necessary for chemical
work. It has a large ventilating hood leading into a duct into
which all of the ventilating flues of the room empty. <A venti-

68

lating fan driven by a a motor is capable of renewing the
entire body of air in the room in a few minutes and thus prevent-
ing the escape of noxious gases into the contiguous laboratories.
e second corner of the wing is occupied by the photo-
graphic laboratory and balance room, which is equipped with an
outfit comprising a set of screens, cameras, and a selection of
anastigmatic and planar lenses which provide for almost every
contingency of indoor and outdoor work, including photomico-
raj The adjoining dark room opens directly into the hallway
and contains the apparatus necessary for developing and printing.

The basement floor of the museum contains two rooms d
voted to laboratory purposes. One is planned for he storage of
chemicals and other supplies, for glassblowing and general prep-
aration work. The second is a constant temperature room, 34
by 20 feet furnished with double walls, doors and windows ;
this is designed to be separated into several ie chambers in

which different temperatures may be maintained. A series of
thermographic tests of the temperature resulting from outside
and inside causes are now in progress, from which the final fit-
tings necessary for absolute control of the different temperatures
may be determined

e least important part of the organization of
the laboratories consists in the opportunities for culture and ex-
perimental work offered by the plantations and_ horticultural
houses of the Garden. The space at the disposal of an intend-
ing investigator will be found most ample for all contingencies

ich can be foreseen at the present time.
. T, MacDoueat.
A COLLECTION OF OLD MICROSCOPES.

A collection of old pean: brought together by Mr.
Charles F, Cox, of the Board of Managers, has been given by
him to the Garden and ere rm a special laboratory exhibit.
The principal historical and structural details of the instruments
are given below

o. 1, Part ar rude wooden microscope on circular porcelain
base, with one objective. Origin and date unknown.

No. 2. Microscope with wood and eee tube supported

69

by two brass columns on square mahogany base. One objective.
Date and origin unknown, but probably German

No. 3. Culpeper Microscope, with rack and pinion adjustment.

objectives and numerous accessories. In pyramidal case.

per Microscope made by T. Blunt, rey with
rack and pinion adjustment. The remains of one os ve
accessories and no case. Date, aa 1745 to

0. §. Culpeper Microscope with sli ding vee only. The
brass mounting of one ie objective No accessories and no case.
Date probably same 4.

No. 6. John Cuff’s oe with rack and pinion adjust-
ment. Five objectives and accessories, in pyramidal case. Date,
between 1744 and 1750.

No. Wilson’s Hand Microscope, made by George Adams.
“Screw Barrel” pattern with ivory handle. With six objectives
and accessories, in plush-lined ne covered, flat case. Date
— ropa 17

out s he Ellis’ s) sranate Micrescope): * with the ad-
dee . the “ screw-barrel’”’ of ‘‘ Wilson’s Hand Microscope.”
With two objectives and accessories, in atte lined, skin-covered,
flat case, similar to that of No. 7. Probably of the same date or
a little later.

No. 9. Jones’s Improved Compound or “ Double’ Microscope,
with rack and pinion adjustment. Capable of use as either a single
ora ole wees instrument. With Martin’s revolving disc of six

d accessories, in a pyramidal case. Date, about 1785.

No; 10. Jones’s model, made by Chevallier of Paris. Probably
the finest example of the optician’s art prior to the advent of the
modern achromatic microscope. Stand with folding tripod base,

ack and pinion movement to hae five eae and numerous

df

accessories, all contained in ah lin at mahog-
any case. Date probably between 1825 and isis.

mall “ double” microscope by Cary, London. Sup-
ported by a post which screws into cover of case. Rack and
pinion movement to stage. Three objectives and numerous ac-
cessories. All in a plush-lined, square mahogany case. Date,
bout 1817

No. 12. Double col micr e, perhaps by Charles Chev-
alier. Set up by fastening upon cover of case. ack and pinion
movement to stage. With two objectives and accessories in a

dcenots Hed mahogany case. Date, probably between 1825
nd 1840

HOW TO REACH THE BOTANICAL GARDEN.
(SEE Map. }
. By THE Hartem RalLroa
si een way to reach the Botanical Can is by the
trains e the Harlem Division of the N. ¥.C.& H.R. RR.
from the Grand Central Station, or from the 125th St. Station.
Round trip day tickets to Bedford Park Station (Bronx Park)
cost twenty-five cents.
2. By THE ELEVATED RAILROAD AND TROLLEY Cars.
Sixth or Ninth Avenue.

Take 6th or gth Ave. Elevated to 135th Street buying an
eight-cent transfer ticket. At 135th St. take cross-town trolley
changing at 3d Avenue to Fordham or Mt. Vernon car (see be-
low under 3). The round trip will cost 16 cents.

B. Second or Third Avenue.

Take 2d or 3d Ave. Elevated to the end of the line buying an
eight-cent ticket. Transfer at end of line to Fordham trolley
(see below under 3 A). The round trip will cost sixteen cents,

3. By THE DROULES ee ALON
On the Third A Fo ve m car to the pres-
ent a of the line at the Southern Boulevard. This lands you
within five minutes’ walk of the museum or the conservatories and
eight or ten minutes from the herbaceous grounds and hemlock
forest.

B. On the Third Avenue system take the Mount Vernon car
stopping opposite the Lorillard Mansion House. This lands you
within five minutes’ walk of the hemlock forest and ten minutes’
walk from the museum, conservatory, or the herbaceous grounds.

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72

AN ICE STORM.
The month of i is aang: eas and this

year it has been a tion, having been according to
the weather records the coldest for thirty years, the average
temperature for the month being only 35°. n the 1oth, the

anniversary of the blizzard of 1888, the cea in the
herbaceous grounds recorded only two 0 degrees above zero, and

day, and the minimum temperature even the s d i
April was 21.5 there hav en warm, quiet days and
abundant signs of g he hylas were peeping and the

pri S
snow-drops were blooming in the nurseries on the roth, and
Th

i
3
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o
Roa
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sap of the sugar-maples flowing from broken twigs, had made
icicles several inches long during the night, and a few venoure-
d

15
con inches of snow on the level, and changing to sleet during
the night. The next morning dawned clear and cold, the sky

was blue and cloudless and every common thing stood trans-
formed to faeces tinkling with icicles and hung in prismatic
rainbow: rive in the gardens was a glimpse into fairyland.

On every side were wondrous pictures, and each familiar spot

d the roses in the crimson of their twigs. Each tree and shrub
had been decked in the same manner and yet how different they
were. Not even inthe beauty oftheir autumn foliage are they so

the blue sky, while the drooping clusters of catkins of the birches

73

and the alders look brown and glossy in their casings. Theb

Fic. 16.—View in Garden after ice storm.

ground and their dark masses seemed blacker in contrast to the
surrounding whiteness. Bryant’s ‘“‘ Winter piece’”’ was written
for a scene like this! Along the river from the blue bridge the
gradations of color were most varied, the dark background of the
water and hemlocks being relieved by the golden yellows of the

Here and there mere still be seen the blue berries of the eebear,

74

with the bright green stems climbing up among the withered
leaves of the young oaks.

e museum seemed yellow amid the all-prevailing whiteness
and every wand of golden-rod and head of wild carrot stood up in
the fields around it, a thing of beauty. The greenhouses lost their
lovely blue and were cased in ice, which descended in avalanches
when the thaw began. Only two days it lasted, and then a short

Alders and hazel, catkins, skun cabbages and sco lteat
pussy willow, and the whitlow grass us! Jin th f April,
and the elms an aples ventured out into full bloom by the
14th. In the eee garden on Easter Sunday the staminate
catkins were surrounded by winged creatures, and the first artist
of the season had placed his stool and unfurled his umbrella to
attempt the Corot pictures that have been so lavishly scattered
along the northern reaches of the Bronx.

ExizaBetH G. Britton.

SOME EARLY SPRING FLOWERS.

Of the early blooming flowers the lily a furnishes a con-
siderable portion, and prominent among these are the Scil/as and
Chionodoxas. Of the ae the Siberian seul Scilla Stbirica,
is one of the prettiest. From a single bulb, which is remarkably

inches long, each bearing from one to three large blue flowers

Chionodoxa Luciliae, which is about the same size as the Si-
berian squill, also has blue flowers, but they are more numerous,
six to twelve on ee stem, and on much longer pedicels. It
usually has but two leaves which pes with the flowers. This
pretty little plant is a native of Asia M

One of the earliest and most widely known of the spring
fewer: is the round-lobed liverleaf Hepatica Hepatica, Itisa

75

member of the Crowfoot family, or Ranunculaceae, and is to be
found in almost any woods in this vicinity, its pretty flowers,
ying from almost white to deep purple, ia in some
wae sheltered spot as early asthe latter part of February or early
in March. To the north and west of us this species is replaced
by the sharp-lobed liverleaf, H. acuta. Specimens of this were
added to the collection in the herbaceous grounds last fall, and
we were much gratified to see it put forth its flowers early in
April. These are almost identical with those of the common
liverleaf. In both species the leaves appear after the flowers,
and it is in these that the differences appear, the leaves of our
plant having lobes that are rounded at the tip, while in A. acuta
the lobes are pointed.
The coltsfoot, a Farfara, begins to bloom in March or
April, and bel to the sunflower family, the Compositae. Its
flowers are a yellow and attractive, and it is one of ithe few

r
fully watched to prevent a too great indulgence of its one great
fault, a desire to roam. The flowers are a half to three- a
of an inch broad, and are succeeded by large showy lea It
is a native of Europe, but has become introduced and ne
in some sections of North America.

Among the more interesting of the early flowering wood
plants that we have under cultivation is a witch-hazel from Japan,
Hamamelis arborea, which promises to be a valuable addition to
our early flowering shrubs. It was imported direct from its
native country last spring, and flowered with us for the first time
the first week in April. As yet it is but a small shrub, 2-3 feet
tall, but is said to attain a height of 15~20 feet in Japan and the
dignity ofa tree. Our native poss of this genus, 7. Virginiana,
th

t 1s ob-
tained, puts forth its bright yellow flowers in the fall, while this
flowers early in the spring. The flowers of the Japanese shrub are
over an inch across. The petals are curiously rolled up in the
bud like a piece of tape, and when expanded are crimped.
are a primrose yellow, striped and tinged with red purple. The

76

calyx-lobes are a deep rich red-brown on the inside, and are
quite conspicuous for some time after the petals have fallen
GEORGE V. Nasu.

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.

The Botanical Section of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, The Linnean Fern Chapter and The
Sullivant Moss Chapter will be the guests of the New York
Botanical Garden on Wednesday, June 27th.

By invitation the Torrey Botanical Club will present a memorial
program in honor of Dr. John Torrey in the lecture the
Museum, beginning at 10 A. M. The following ae of this
program have already been determined: Historical Sketch of
Botany in New York City, by Dr. T. F. Allen; Personal Reminis-
cences of Dr. Torrey, by Professor T. C. ones ork of Dr.
Torey as a Botanist wath Bibliography, y ae N. L. Britton ;

and
co]
is

orrey’s Work, b Mrs. Elizabeth G. Britton and Miss ‘Anna

teresting see material has already been sent in response to
the inquiry of the Secretary of the Section.

Three pai ee stations have been established in the
Garden. Station 1 is located in the herbaceous grounds, and it
is furnished with a rain gauge, thermograph and set of maximum
and minimum thermometers. The soil is heavy and peaty and
the valley in which the instruments are placed runs north and

sparse forest. Station 2 is on a low ridge in the center of the
hemlock forest. Stati is in the central portion of the ele-
vated plain of the fructicetum. e fructicetum is underlaid by
gravel deposits to a depth of thirty feet, and is bordered on the
east by anaes forest, and on the south by artificial lakes and
the hemlock for

Stations 2 ay 3 are furnished with thermographs only, and all

77

ele apparatus is contained in instrument shelters of U.
r Bureau patte

ao ae at eee I ve April is as follows : aes

2.39 inches. Maximum temperature 77 at 2 M. on the

Minimum temperature 21.5 at 6.30 A. M. on the roth.

ACCESSIONS—MAY.

LABORATORIES.
I Zeiss microscope IIa. with selection of a oculars and apochromatic
objectives,
mace microscopes 1Va. complete.
I r

I Cover-glass pause:
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.

f Apocynum. (Exchange with the U. S. National Mu-

é i
seum. )
80 specimens of California acne Rae ca Mr. H. M. Hall.)
I speci of Z ached oduc (Ex fe with Harvard eee )
1 box of refined camphor and 2 fe of crude camphor. (Given by H. J. Baker

TO. )
68 museum specimens of cork and cork products. (Given by the Armstrong Cork
Compan

8 museum ill ing the production of cotton seed oil, (Given by the

American Cotton Oil Company. )
26 museum paiaane and 5 photographs illustrating the chocolate industry.
(Given by the J. S. Huyler Company. }
15 photographs and 12 museum specimens illustrating the manufacture of wine.
(Given by the H. T. Dewey & Sons Compan:

pany.
§ specimens of Lysimachia producta. (ees by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.)
7 museum specimens of Porter, Ale and Lager Beer. (Given by Beadleston &
Woerz, }

16 museum specimens of licorice root and commercial licorice. (Given by Young
& Smylie.

130 specimens of objects made from whitebirch. (Given by E. B. Estes & Sons. )

2 herbarium specimens of /elianthus longifolius. (Given by Mr. C. D. Beadle.)

m specimens of castor oil seeds and castor oil, (Given by H. J. Baker

& Bro, 0.
5t specimens of Hepatics for the Columbia Herbarium. (Given by Dr. M. A.
Howe. )

9 museum specimens of Lichens. (Given by Mr. R. S. Williams. }

78

LIBRARY.
A Catalogue of the Plants in the Botanic Garden at Liverpool. Liverpool, 1808.
i vol. (Given by the New York Academy of Medicin

ApaM, JAMES. Practical Essays on Agriculture. Lond n, 1789.
= a actical Treatise on the Culture and = veatment of the Grape-

x

w York,

American pase - Horticulture and Floris?s Companion, Boston, 1868-70.
6 vols. (Vols. 3-
BAILE ican Grape Training. Gas York, 1893.

y Ttalsi A.

BARRELIER, Jacos. Plantae per Gatliam, Hisy tae. Paris,

a vy, P. The Fruit Garden. 1858.

BREUIL, A. Du. Cours se tine aimee et Pratique d’ Arboriculture. Ed. 2.
Paris, 1850. 2 vols.

A. pu. Vineyard Cuiture. Translated by E. and C. Parker, with Notes

by A. Walker. Cincinnati, 1867.
BucHanan, R. The Culture of | the ¢ Grape and Wine Making. Cincinnati, 1850.
Bucuanan, R. The Culture of the Grape and Wine Making. Cincinnati, 1861.
R. Th i i

f ia, 18
Dictionnaire Eliméntaire de Botanique. Paris, 1781, 1 vol,

BULL , AL
(Given i. ae New York Academy of Medicine.
CaLDWELL, G. C. Agricultural Qualitative and ores Analogies. New

A. PLDE, Botanicon Galli s Plantarum in qe Gal-

lict incor Ed. E. ls
: 6, . E. Duby. ove secunda » Plantae Cellulares continens. "Paris, 1830.
‘CoL LE, ay . The American Fruit Book. New York, 1860.
COLLIER, PETER. Sorghum, its eke and Manufacture, Cincinnati, 1884.
ARWIN, The Variation of Domestication.
New York,

The Compleat Gard’ ner; or Direction for Cultivating and
se Gas a Fr wit Gardens an ttchen-Gardens, with Divers Reflections on
val parts of Husbandry. Made into English by John Evelyn, Esq. London,

ELWANGER, H.B. Zhe Rose. New York, 1882.
USON, J. Zhe Ceylon Hand-Book and Directory. Edition of 1898-99.
Sine 1898.
Fiep, T. M. A Manual for the Propagation, Planting, Culture and Manage-
ment ees the Pear Tree. New York, 185
Fos Fosrer

Plant: , ad
1776. ne (Given by the New York

‘ULLER, A. S, Practical Forestry. New York, 1884.
FULier, ALS. Die Kultur der Fruchtstréiucher.

Tr, 1868,
FuLier, A. S. Zhe Grape Culturist. New Y¥
A ist.

U : w York, 1880.
GASPARINI, G. G. Richerche sulla Nature det Succiatori e la Escresione delle

79
adici e Observiationit Morphologiche sopre taluni Organi della Lemna Minor.

Gore, Mas. The Rose Fancier's Manual. London, 1838.

Greco, T nabook of Fruit Culture. New York, 1857
Grkcc, T. dA Handbook of Fruit Culture ew York, 187
HipperD, S. The Rose Boo. ondon, 1

ol 4.
Hoorer, E. 8. Hooper's Western Fruit Book. Cincinnati, 1857.
C.M. Cordon Training of Fruit Trees, Boston, 1864.

Hovey,
Hovey’s Magazine. ‘ols. I-34.

UGH, F.B. Zhe Elements of Forestry, Cincinnati, 1882.
Husmann, G. American Grape Growing and Wine making. New York, 1880.
Husmann, G. The Cultivation of the Native Grape w York, 1866.
Hyatt, ait’s Handbook of Grape Culture. San Francisco, 1867.

Hyatt, H. Ayatt’s Handbook of Grape Culture, San Francisco, 1876,
Ives, J. M. The Mew England Book of Fruits. Salem, 18
ie 8, G. A Practical Treatise on the Management of Fruit nh res: eee
Mass., 1849.
rials B. Joy, Animal and Vegetable Parasites. Boston, 1872.
Jounson, J. T. W. Lectures on the Application of Chemistry aud Geology to Agri-

1859.
Knopp, JEAN HERMAN. Pomologie ou Descriptions des meilleures sortes de Pom-
mes et de Poires. Amsterdam, 1771.
LaMBOoTTE, E lore Mycologi que Belge. Verviers, 1880. 3 v
TTE, E, La Flore Mycologique de la Belgique. aes Supplément,

oy
a
od
2:
oS
Ke)

> R
AMSON-SCRIBNE Fungus a hg the Grape and Other Plants and
their Treatment. dah Silver, N. Y.,
Larsen H. Manual for the pee ae Culture of all kinds of Fruit Trees.
sha ees 1860
BIG, Justus. Chemistry in its application to Agriculture and Philosophy.

Linnazus. Flora Lapponica. London, 1792. 1 vol. (Given by the New

di

LINNAEUS. Systema ‘Naturae ... cura J. F. Gmelin. Leipzig, 1788. 8
vols. (Given by the New York Academy of Medicine).

Linnagus, A General System of Nature through the three Grand Kingdoms of
Animals, Vegetables and Minerals. Translated from Gmelin, Fabricius and Will-
denow. By William Turton, London, 1806. 8 vols. (Given by the New York
Academy of Medicine. )

Linnagus. Pkilosophia Botanica. Ed. 2, curante J. G, Gleditsch. Berlin, 1780.
Ivol. (Given : the New York Academy of Medicine. )

Li JS ini Botanict. Hamburg, 1787. 1 vol. (Given by the New
York ances of Medicine.

N, J.C, The Villa Gardener, Ed. 2. Edited by Mrs. Loudon. London,

Loupon, J.C. 4 Catalogue of all the Plants indigenous, cultivated or introduced
to Britain. Second edition. Londo:
N, J.C. An Encyclopedia pn Edited by J.C. Loudon, London,

80

Loupon, J.C. Az Encyclopedia of Gardening. London, 1822.
Loupon, J.C. Az in of Agriculture. London, 1825,
Loupon, J.C. The Hort. 860.

MANNING, R, Boo, near Ss Salem, 1

»
LIST OF BOOKS PRESENTED BY MR. SAMUEL HENSHAW.

ALLEN, J. Fiske. A Practical Treatise on the Cultuveand Treatment of the Vine,
Boston, 1848.

oo

Baitey, L. H. The Forcing Book. New York, 1897.
BROWNE, e cals of America, Native and Foreign, Pictorially and
Botanically Delineated w York, 1

aa Annual Report of the Department of Parks of the City
of. Brooklyn, is

UIST, ROBERT. The Family Kitchen Gardener. New York, 1847.
Buist, Ropert. Zhe American Flower Garden Directory. Pasar ans 1841,
CHORLTON, WILLIAM. 77 merican Grape Grower's Gui New York, 1852.
Down1ne, J. Cottage Residences, Part I.; Second eek New York, 1844,

OWNING, A. The Architecture of Country Houses New bas » 1850.
Downine, A. J. The Fruits and Fruit Trees of Am New York, oe
FaLconer, W. Mushrooms. How to Grow Them. Pind, 1891
HENDERSON, PETER. Gardening for Profit, New York, 1867.

HENDERSON, PETER. Hand Book of Plants and Cae Hforticulture, New
L , SHIRLEY. Bramblesand Bay Leaves: Essays on Things Homely and
N, Mrs. The Laie Flow r Garden of Ornamental Annuals. London,
Loupon, Mrs. The Ladies Flower Garden of Ornamental Bulbous Plants.
London, 1840,
MW’

AHON, ¢ American Gardener's Calender adapted to the Ch-
ees fo = Be ee Een Iphia, 1
.S. ORCHIDS. 4

Dea of the Species and Varieties grown at

&

ON, W. im Culture, its ts Extension and oo New York.
Rosinson, W. The ‘English Flower Garde Lo: 7
eae W. Zhe Wild ras #, London, 18

Y, SrennGane E. L. History of the Mas-
ae oe a eee sity Pee 8 Bost 80.
7 Magazin otany, Hor reir e, " becieand and Natural Sci-
ence. — 1850-51, oe

eee of the New York State Agricultural Society for the Year 1871.
Alban
EORGE. ints to young Architects calculated to cae sae their
practicad operations, with Additional hints to persons about building in the country,
by A. J. Downing. New York, 1847.
Wiliams, B.S. Zhe Orchid-Grower’s Manual, London, 1877.

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. TimotHy F. ALLEN,
ProF. N. lL. BRITTON,
FREDERIC BRONSON,

Hon. ADDISON BROowN,
Wm. LL. Brown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,
Pror. CuHas. F. CHANDLER,
Wm. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cuas. F. Cox,

JoHN J. CROOK,

W. BavarD CUTTING,
Wm. E. DopcE,

Dr. Wo. H. DRAPER,
PROF. SAM’L W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LouIs FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomas F. GILRoy,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HucuH J. GRANT,
HENRY P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESUP,

Joun I. KANE,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
Pror. JAMES F. KEMP,

Joun S. KENNEDY,

J. J. LITTLE,

Hon. SETH Low,

Davip Lynpic,

Epcar L. MARSTON,

D. O. MILIs,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Gro. M. Oxcort,

PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
OswALD OTTENDORFER,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rt. REV. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERCY R. PYNE,

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wm. ROCKEFELLER,
Pror. H. H. RusBy,

Won. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JamEs A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wo. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GinMan THOMPSON,
SAMUEL THORNE,

Pror. lL. M. UNDERWOOD,

Wo. H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, ill ss oad con-

ane res news and nor- crue articles of general interest. Free to all mem-

of the Gard To others, I0 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [No pec
cena exit Sabrptons EM remittances should be sent to 41 North Queen street,
Lancaster, Pa., or Bro: atk, New York City.

Bulletin of ork Botanical Garden, containing the reports of
the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles eta
the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. I-5, 449 pp., 3 maps,
and 12 plates, 1896-1900, Free to all members of the CGaeaeel To others, ee cents
a copy. \
irs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. t. An Annotated Cat-
alogue of the Flora ne Montana and the paula Park, by Dr. Per Axel Ryd
assistant curator of t An ment and critical discussion of the
clita and neha Ra Ti the region an notes from the author’s field book
and including descriptions of 163 new species. ix + 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with de-
tailed map. Price to members of the Garden, $1.00. To others, $2.00. [Not
oftered in exchange. ]

Con ‘ork Botanical m. A series of tech-
nical papers ae rs students or faites of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the abov

No. 1. aaa and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. Price, 25
cents.

No, 2. a Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
Price, 25 cen

No. The dichotomous Panicums.: some new Species, by Geo, V. Nash
Price, a, cents.

nr.

No. 4. iphinium Carolini d related Species by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
Price, 25 cents.
No. 5. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg. Price,
25 cents.
All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
RONX PARK, NEw YORK CITY

Vol, | JUNE, 1900

No. 6

JOUR NAT:

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS
The Horticultural Houses (with Plate V.).....-.....+.+.4--.
rer MEDONV CTSNet Avs filets oh lei telt ellis tie\tes Hate) Naren veh tera tts sols 6 Get derl es ie
PRTCCPINOLES) (LINUSITATCE )/sihee a seikia pie ee tel hh lellbe (elle Meal io sete vey isl Leifer te
The Weather and Phenology for May. .......-.+++++s+e28s
Notes, News and Comment... .-- 2. 22+ s see ett ee nee
PACCOMBIONS EG Oi lalt a), ovate (al) eh veh ar aly 78) te ihg calied oh) a GAOL a? fa

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

AT 42 Beil Queen Srreet, Lancaster, Pa.
=u New Era Printinc CoMPANY

- Page 81

OFFICERS, 1900.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VICE- PResibENr ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF MANAGERS.

1. ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, DO; MILLS

CHARLES F. COX, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,

SAMUEL THORNE.

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN,
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.

3. SCLENTIFIC DIRECTORS.

HON. SETH LOW, CuarrRMAN.

HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES O’BRIEN,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY,
PROF, J. F. KEMP, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chief.
T. MACDOUGAL, first Asststant.
Ss

DR. H. H. ead Curator of the Economic Collections.
. SCHILLING, enn
WALT ee s. GROESBECK, Céer; ad Accountant.
CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, oe ain Photographer.

‘0061 ‘Avy apea ydesSojoyd sayy -jsamquou aly] Wosy MATA: SASNOY [VIMYMOTAO]] urepy

"A DAVID WAV) TWINV LOG MIOA MAN FAL dO Tynnof

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vor. I. June, 1900. No. 6.

THE RANGE OF HORTICULTURAL HOUSES.
WitH Puiate V.

Ground was broken by the Commissioner of Parks, Borough
of the Bronx, for the great conservatories in January, 1899;
their construction was begun soon afterward, an as since
progressed steadily, so that they are now essentially ready to
receive the collections of warm-temperate and tropical plants
which have been accumulated during the past three years. ese

of their kind in the world, and when the range is fully completed,
they will be among the largest. The central house of the group

a
feet in interior height without a pillar or any other impediment
to the free growth of palms, bamboos, tree ferns and other trop-
ical trees which will ultimately occupy it ; a number of years will,
of course, be necessary to produce a satisfactory and effective ex-
hibit of the arboreous tropical flora in a glass structure of these
dimensions. In the accompanying plan this house is numbered 1.

To the east = west of this palm house are much lower
houses numbered 2, 3, t2 and 13. These are provided through-
out their feng with slate benches on iron supports, built with a
view to affording great strength and permanency ; there is a tier
of these benches along each side of the houses, and another
higher and wider one through the middle. These houses will
take the orchids, the smaller ferns, the cactuses, bromeliads,

81

82
fuchsias, cannas and in general all the tender plants which reach

ight.

wo nearly square houses, about sixty feet in width and about
forty-five feet high, numbered 4 and 11 on the plan, form the
ends of the range; these are not provided with benches, the
plants to be preserved in them being set in tubs and boxes ; each
has twelve vertical columns helping to support the roof, and pro-

These houses may contain the smaller palms and tree ferns, the
sago-palms gee the acacias, Cape of Good Hope and New
Holland

The west wing, numbered 5, will be the most serviceable grow-

: aoe
ange 17.—Plan of Main Horticultural Houses. Portions not constructed
indicated by dotted lines.

ing house of the range so far constructed, and here most of the
propagating must be done until the five houses needed to com-
plete the design (Nos. 6, 7, 8, g and 10) are built or the regular
propagating houses to be located near the nurseries on the east
side of the Park are supplied. This house No. 5 has a length
of 76 feet, is 28 feet wide and 18 feet high. It is the only part
of the range so far erected that is provided with a cellar; this is
however commodious, oe storage room for pots, soil,
packing and other requisite

The heating of the entire range is accomplished by steam pipes
placed in a subway six feet high connecting the conservatories
with the power house located near the railroad and about six

83

hundred feet distant; this arrangement does away with a chim-
ney near the glass houses, always an unsightly feature if built
ree to such edifices, and avoids the carting of coal to them and
the removal of ashes. On reaching the conservatories the dis-
tributing steam pipes are carried under the floors in similar sub-
ways, readily accessible through numerous man-holes. Venti-
lation is accomplished by cade and easily manipulated mechan-
ical devices.

t will be seen from a glance at the accompanying oe that
only about two-thirds of the range has thus far been built; the
five houses remaining to be built may be constructed as funds
become available. When wholly completed the thirteen houses
will supply about forty-five thousand square feet of floor space,
or about an acre; this is not more than about one-third of the
area under glass at the Royal Gardens at Kew, England, and it
may be expected that another great glass house or more than
one, will be needed in our Garden in the future.

In the court made by the present design it is planned t
vide two large tanks for tender aquatics and other omamenta

court, while foot paths will lead to all the doors; the houses will
stand on a terrace, after the necessary grading around them has
been done; the east elevation of the range is a little over five
hundred feet in length

A considerable number of plants have already been secured
for the conservatories by gift, exchange and propagation. Many
of these are located in the old greenhouses at Columbia Univer-
sity, including an excellent collection of orchids presented to the
Garden by Mrs. George Such, of South Amboy, and a valuable
series of cacti given by Mr. F. S. Curtis, and some large ferns
and palms donated by Mr. John Crosby Brown and Mr.
Harriot ; the necessarily limited space in this house, of which
the Garden has had the use for four years through the courtesy

of the University Trustees, has made it necessary for us to re-

gretfully decline many proffered gifts of plants, but we are now,
happily, ready and indeed very anxious for any help that we can
get in bringing together the specimens needed for the primary

84
equipment of these large houses. Many kind friends of the
ard

houses valuable plants which mie now be brought to their new
and palatial home, and a large number of members of the Garden
have generously subscribed a eda sum of money, for the
pues of desirable specimens and for sending a collecting

xpedition to the West Indies. It is, therefore, hoped that an
cae aa instructive display may be installed within a few

nonths.

The illustration, taken from a recent photograph, accompany-

ing this article (Plate V.), shows the general features of the con-

rvat
the architects, the Lord and Burnham Company; Mr. John
Sheehan is the general contractor; the superstructure above the
limestone ee has been built by Hitchings and Company ; the
0: n of a high grade of excellence, and has had the
constant attention of the Commissioner of Parks, his engineers
ors,

and inspector:
SamuEL HensHaw.

MAY FLOWERS.
many and varied are the flowers which blossom in the month
of vey that it is difficult to select such as are of more seeming
worth without slighting those which to others may appear more
worthy. Many of the plant families make their appeal through
their oddity, while others attract by their beauty of form or color,
or delightful ec And in the class of oddities, perhaps
the trilliums or wake-robins take a first plac
usually hades a part of the lily-of- ae valley family, but
<manly bear little resemblance to that sweet- scented flower from

e
herbaceous grounds, and of these one, the nodding wake-robin,
T. cernuum, is also sparingly found in a wild state in the garden

85

woods, usually along the margins of pools or streams. Its flow-
ers are smaller than in most of the other species, are recurved and
lie under the leaves, and so are frequently overlooked. The four
other species under cultivation are: the prairie ve robin, Z:
recurvatum, with its dark spotted leaves and deep red-brown
flowers which are sessile and erect; the ill-scented wake-robin,
T. erectum, the flowers borne on long stalks, and either similar to
the preceding or varying to a pure white and emitting an unpleas-
ant odor; the large-flowered wake-robin, Z. grandiflorum, with
its large white or pink flowers borne on long stalks; t
painted wake-robin, 7. wzdulatunt, having the petals white, ee
or striped with purple.

Another plant noticeable for its oddity is the wild ginger, Asa-
rum reflexum, also a native of the grounds, and quite common.

is a member of the birthwort family, and begins to break
through the ground about the middle or last of April, and in

unless carefully searched for by spreading these apart will be
overlooked.

mong the first to make its appearance in that family which
furnishes so hea of the early flowers, the Ranunculaceae, is the
spring Adonis, Adonis vernalis, a native of continental Europe.
Its clear oa bright yellow flowers are from 13% to 2 inches

h
trast with the much cut and crowded leaves. It is well adapted
for rock-planting, and thrives best when left undisturbed for a

number of years. ith us it flowers the latter part of April or
in M

this family, flower a little ater, and belong to the genus

i
sepals incurved and a bright orange, while the smaller See

86

petals are of the same color but much deeper. It is very showy
and conspicuous and worthy of more general as neane its
flowering period extending over a month. The two other species
referred to, 7. ails Gala with its yellow flowers of aay shape,

all globular, are also attractive, and would be seni effective if it
were not for the presence of their more showy relative.
he common bleeding-heart of the pei ‘whieh hails from
the flowery kingdom of Japan, is always a favorite, and de-
servedly so; its relative, the wild bleeding-heart of the Alle-
ghan Mountains though s ee in every way, is pretty and
c e he m

color, is the moss pink, Fhlox yaaa It is so common

and well known that it hardly needs a v of comment, but its
bright flowers borne in such Baie cannot ae but call forth
an expression of admiration. Belonging to the same family, the

Polemoniaceae, is the Greek valerian, ee mee It is
one of our pretty wild species, not in this neighborhood but a
little further west, spreads rapidly, and soon forms large masses
which bloom freely, the flowers being of a deep blue. It thrives
best in moist situations

oming now to that family which is so gorgeous with its great
profusion of flowers i in the late summer and autumn, the Com-

among them is the butter-bur, or butterfly dock, Petasetes Peta-
sites, It spreads very rapidly by underground stems, and its
rambles must be as cl. ae pest and restricted as in the case
of the coltsfoot, referred to in a previous article. The flowers, as
in that species, precede the leaves, forming large showy racemes,
sometimes containing 75 heads or more. These in turn are fol-

87

lowed by the large broad leaves, which resemble ey of the
coltsfoot, making it especially effective for mass-pla

ants previously referred to have been i but
— now to the shrubs or ae trees, the number, though still
large, is more restricted. Thes o have their odd and showy
nal eet and among = oe er may be fea the

ub yellow-root, Yanthorrhisa ha with its o)
pound leaves borne at the ends of the stems and aL colored
flowers borne in slender drooping racemes. Among the members
of the rose family pian Thunbergit is prominent, it being a
mass of white bloom at its ea Two other equally showy
members of this family, b with ie flowers, are Exochorda
¥

flowers which s' oe suggest those of the mock-orange. Be-
longing to the goose- berry family is Azbes aurenim, the golden

a
in a two-fold way. Passing now to the ae ee or tea
family, we find the daphnes, one of the most interesting of which,
the Daphne Genkwa, of Japan, flowered with us the early part of
the month. It was imported direct from its native country dur-
ing the spring of 1899, and this is its first appearance in flower.

It is a small shrub some 2 or 3 feet tall, but putting forth before
the leaves an abundance of ee sine: flowers. The color is
an odd one, but this only enhances its value as a decorative shrub,

This the ie ring dogwood Cornus florida. It is
eer in ie grounds, preferring rocky situations, although

88

not by any means confined to such locations, Along the ridge
east of the museum it is in its perfection, its dazzling white
bloom strongly contrasting with the dark green of the cedars, so

just east of the northern end of the herbaceous grounds and south
of the road leading from that plantation to the hemlock grove. It
is symmetrical in form, and this season is literally covered with
bloom from top to bottom. But even more beautiful, if that be
possible, is the pink form, of which we are fortunate in possessing
two or three fine specimens. The best of these is to be found in
the immediate vicinity of the viticetum, but a few minutes’ walk
north of the tree enn referred to. It was a mass of bloom
during the middle he month, its bright pink flowers being
conspicuous fora lone pear The Forsythias, too, add to the
beauty of the May shrubs, putting forth their profusion of bright
yellow flowers ed in the month. © species are in cultivation
in the Garden : one, the & vir ea a native of the country of the
Mikado, with ie vivid bright green leaves, pointed at both ends
and toothed only above the middle ; and the ee the F. For-
tuner, from China, resembling it in flower, but at once distin-
guished in foliage, its leaves being dull green, egg-shaped, de-
cidedly paler on the lower surface, and often three- a ted.
Grorce V. Nasu.

TREE NOTES.

mong the first evidences that the warmer irae of
early spring is having its effect upon the vegetation_of the Gar
is the rapid swelling of the buds of the trees. This change is
most striking in the cases of those trees which bear their blos-
soms before the leaves appear.
his bud development is especially noticeable in the American
elm, red maple and willow, although the careful observer will see
similar changes going on in nearly all the trees and shrubs.
is year the second week in April has witnessed the flower-
ing of the alder (Aduus rugosa), hazel (Corylus Americana) and

89

the yellow-flowered Cornus (Cornus mas) in addition to those
mentioned above, and among all of them the earliest have
been the alder and hazel which flowered in the first week. These
latter shrubs have minute, inconspicuous flowers of two kinds,
the pistillate or seed-producing and the staminate or pollen-pro-
ducing in separate clusters at or near the ends of the branches.

Fic. 18.—Alder (Alnus rugosa) in bloom,

These clusters of staminate flowers are during the winter months
stiff cylindrical bodies an inch long, exposed to the elements and
with cured the remotest resemblance to a flower cluster.

the advent of a change in season, these cylindrical bodies
ae and their scales and stamens develop so that in a few
days they attain a length of two to three inches. At this time

90

they have lost all their rigidity and so they come to be suspended
from the twigs and every breath of air shakes them and frees the
ripe pollen from the stamens and blows it away in yellow clouds,
By this means the pollen is carried to the pistillate flowers of the
same or of different plants. These flowers are arranged in much
non dark red oblong spikes from between the scales from
one can see the small crimson stigmas extending. In the
hazel the pistillate flowers are difficult to discover since the spike
is very short and is completely enclosed by the bud scales.
They are, however, betrayed by He red stigmas which pro-
trude in a bunch from the apex of th
Two species of alder may at the oe writing be found in
ssom, thi mon bushy green alder and the European alder
(Abus glutinosa), a tree of extremely rapid growth. The pistil-
late aments of the latter are shorter and nod while those of the
ormer are upright. Our illustration is of a very fine though
small plant of the bush alder in full flower. The ei cat-
kins which are seen are the pollen-producing ones, while among
these here and there may be seen the still paris aaiibe
aments of last year as groups of rounded bodies. The young
ones of this year are too small to appear in the photograp
The wind has been referred to above as the agent for carrying
the pollen from the stamen to the stigmas. It is, however, a
fact not generally known, that the pollen of the willows is trans-
ferred by means of insects, and at the present writing during the
warmer part of the day a great many small bees may be seen
gathering nectar from the nectaries with one of which each flower
is provided. The tree profits by these visits by using the insects
for the transfer of pollen to the stigmas of the aie flowers,
which in the case of the willows occur on different tre
FRANCIS E. ote

WEATHER AND PHENOLOGY FOR MAY.
The climatology of the Garden for May embraces several
features of unusual interest. The minimum temperatures of 32,
26, 29 and 38-on the 6th, roth, 11th and 12th, were followed

91

we the maxima of 74.5, 87.5, 91 and 93.5 on the 8th, 14th, 15th

16th, forming a most critical period for tender plants, and
ae in the destruction of the shoots of many species as de-
scribed below. The total amount of rads was 4.97 inches,
and the greatest amount in 24 hours was 1.92. e report of
the U. S. Weather Bureau a New York City, for May, 1899,
gives the maximum tem ure as 84 and the minimum as 46
on the 4th. The latest ae frost of that year was a tempera-
ture of 31 on the 3 April. The rainfall at the Garden was
3-83 inches more than that of the Bureau during May of last
year, and 1.96 inches more than the normal at that station.

<7

stood at 56 at 7 A. M., immediately before the eclipse began, and
started to drop with the formation of the clouds that hid the sun
shortly after, reaching a minimum of 52 at 9 A. M., and rising
steadily until it stood at 57 at 10 A. M.

The herbaceous grounds were most affected by the freezing
temperature, being enclosed on three sides by wooded areas
and on the west by a ridge, so that they really lie in a sort of
pocket, the cold air settling on them and being confined. The
temperature recorded here was 26 degrees, the lowest indi-
cated by our instruments, and this at about 5 A. M. of the
oth, continuing for about an hour. The damage occasioned

was consi ideeble some fifteen or twenty species being
more or less affected. Among these was the jack-in-the pulpit,
Arisaema triphyllin, his stiff and dignified spirit being quite

ok pulpi 1 A near i

the green arrow-arum, Peltandra ney, suffered the same fate,
although both | va in wooded areas. The lily family
e

ed.
the nettle family only one of the three species under cultivation
suffered, and this, the wood-nettle, Urticastrum divaricatum, a
native of the Garden inhabiting wet or damp woods, was
ardly accustomed to the open surroundings afforded it under
cultivation. Two aoe of the buckwheat family were badly
frosted and received as severe treatment as anything on the

92

grounds. They belong to the genus Polygonum ; one, P. Zucca-

rvini, the Japanese knotweed, and the other, P. Sachalinense, a

native of the pee of Sachalin, are both very showy and deco-

rative. The Astilbe — often known as Sferaea, a member
Iso

c
appearance. ‘The sae is attached near ce center of the leaf
and from this the plant has received the name of umbrella- ee
by which it is sometimes known. The seedlings of the touch
me-nots, the ae. with their soft succulent pak and stems,
were in no way prepared to resist so low a temperature and
readily succumbed, the smaller ones remaining uninjured, being
more fortunate than their larger eae fellows. The most
interesting and remarkable instance was that of the horse-balm,
Colnsaud Canadensis, a native of this region _ in some places
It usually prefers rich, rocky woods, but in this
plantation i is grown in the open. The stems varied in height

rity, 0:
several instances where two shoots of equal maturity were stand-
ing side by side, one was entirely 8 while the other re-
mained uninjured. Among the Compositae two species showed
evidences of the frost, one of these, pee iil Speciosuim, a
native of the orient, has proved entirely hardy with us for sev-
eral years, but its leaves were nipped and blackened the tip ;
e in the other, a variety of the spotted Joe-Pye weed, Eupa-
torium maculatum amocnum, indigenous to this ae in wood-
lands, the stem and leaves were badly affected.

93

In the fruticetum the topographical conditions are reversed, it
being about as much elevated above the surrounding country as
the herbaceous grounds are depressed, the temperature therefore
being ea registering about 29 % degrees at the same time of
day. This, together with the less advanced condition of the
nee ee here on de the damage much less severe than on the
herbaceous pe Rhus Osbeckit had its leaves somewhat
damaged, while the Tartarian mulberry, Morus Tatarica
more seriously affected, its leaves, wich s were but little de-
veloped, in great part withering and turning black. Dimorphan-
thus Mandshuricus, a member of the aralia family, with its home
in eastern Asia, was in a vigorous growing state and suffered ac-
cordingly in consequence. Cornus brachypoda, a native of Japan,
was slightly touched, some of the leaf-tips indicating this.

In the nursery, which is situated on rather high ground, it is
interesting to note that one of the species affected, and to a like

e, was Cornus brachy pode, referred to above
at the te

: PI
of the expanded leaves of Magnolia Fraseri showed evident indi-
cations of frost, and a erarled and Mokhrodendron
coryntbosum were similarly ai is of interest t
e plants which showed eee of the frost in this plan-
tation were located in its lower part which adjoins a partly
filled-in swamp.

In the north meadow, and other open low-lying areas, the
sensitive fern, Oxoclva sensibilis, was almost totally destroyed as
to its leaves, they turning black and in many cases being pros-
rated. This fern frequently grows among or near the skunk

least affected, its healthy vigorous leaves offering a strong con-
trast to the blackened ones of the fern, and beautifully exempli-
fying the difference in resistive power to cold of the two plants

The green water-arum here, as in the herbaceous grounds, was
severely nema almost as badly as was the fern
Eve e€ poi ivy, Rhus as with its too attractive

leaves at a time ae its poisonous qualities are most active, was

2 94

unable in Pe places to stand the cold, and gave clear indi-
cations of fros
During ee i ae the Hemlock Forest was the warmest
part of the Park, the temperature there at the same time being 31,
Grorce V. Nasu

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.

The following eis have been pee before the weekly
convention at the museum: Mycorhizas of J/onotropa, by Dr.
D. T. MacDougal ; Vegeta Reproduction of the Hepaticae, es
Dr. M. A. Howe; Genus Lycopodium, by Professor F. E. Lloy
Plant Diseases of Nae rk, by Mr. F. H., Blodgett; Effect a
Low Temperatures u the Grow! th of Stertgmatocystis nigra,
by Miss Ada Watterson ; Physiological Role of Mineral Nutrients,
b cDougal ; Spore Development in Fungi,

C. C. Curtis; Confervae, by Mr. Tracy Haze Vhat a Botanist

rs of Certain Grasses, r.
Viburnum, by Miss Nellie Hewins ; Substances Isolated from
oanuts, by Mr. R. E. Kirkwood

Dr. W. Johannsen, of Copenhagen, has developed the practical
application of his discoveries of the influence of sulphuric ether

resting period and placed in tight chambers in which an amount
of ether equal to 25 to 60 © parts to uae ees) parts of en-

plants are removed to the forcing house. Successful results have
been attained with Syringa, Cytisus, Asalea, Viburnum, Amyg-
dalaceae, Spiraca, Pyrus, Staphylea, He, Convallaria, and
tulips.

95

The American Association for the Advancement of Science
will meet in New York City June aa The principal fea-
tures of botanical interest are as follow

Lecture on flora of Alaska, by ae F, V. Coville, Museum,
New York Botanical Garden, June 23d, 4:30

Address by Professor William Trelease, Vice-President of Sec-
tion G, in room 502 ee Hail, Columbia University,
Monday, June 25th, at 3 P

Reading of papers before a Gin same place, Tuesday,
June 26th, 10 A. M.to4 P.M

Meeting of the ee Glue of the Association, same place,
Tuesday, June 26th,

Meeting of Section c in ae Lecture Hall of the Museum,
New York Botanical Garden, Wednesday, June 27th, 10 A. M.,
at which the Torrey Memorial es will be given by represen-

T Cc Th

of the Sullivant Moss Chapter, Linnean Fern Chapter, Council of
the Botanical Society of America and of the Society for Plant

ysiology and Morphology. The informal dinner of the
botanists will be given in the evenin

Meeting of the Botanical Club of the Association . cs
horn Hall, Columbia University, Ser se June 2 ;

Joint session of Section G a ei ee of
America at which the program of ie nae will be presented in
a oareae Hall, Thursday, June ae 10 A. M. to 4 P.M

Meeting of the Botanical Club of the Association, Frida
June pe in room 502 Schermerhorn Hall, Columbia Univer-
sity, 9 A. M.

Discussion of the Plant Geography of North America before
Section G, in room 502 Schermerhorn ae ae bia ae

Dr. vil

ellerman, Dr. Roscoe Pound, Dr. H. C. Cowles, D
P. A Ryabae, Dr. J. N. Rose, Professor C. V. Piper, Piolessor

Bray, Mr. G. V. Nash, Mr. T. H. Kearney, Dr. N. L.
pation: and one or two foreign botanists.

n

96

ACCESSIONS.
SEEDS
17 packets, Division of Botany, Section of Seed end Plant canines
1 packet, Pinus Taeda from Berkeley, Va. n by N. ritton.)
23 packets, shrub s (Given by Mrs Ayia

512 packets. (By exchange with Botanical Garden at St. Petersburg, Russia. )
7 :

3 packets from Oregon. (Given by J. E. Ki irkwood. )

6x packets from Colorado. (Purchased from D. M. Andrews. )

ne es
D ing 9 sp (By exchange with the Missouri Botanical

75 of willows.

, h Buffalo Botanic Garden.)
I of Zamarix. @y exchange a Buffalo Botanic Garden. )
306 of willow: (Give W. W. Rowlee, Ithaca, N. Y.)

rtius, K. H. P. von, Flora Brasiliensts seu Enumeratio Plantarum in

— tgart, 1829-3
Mawe, THomas, Lveryone his own Gare Ed. London, 1788.
Mcintosu, CHas. Zhe Practical oe. fad es “Horticulturist London,

McWILLIAM, Rospert. Ax Lssay on the Origin and Operation of the Dry Rot.
London, 1818.
'n Elementary Treatise on American Grape Culture and Wine

MERRICK, J. M. The Sirsserry and its Culture. Boston, 1870.
Micuaux, ANDRE. Afistoire des Chénes de pe érigue. Paris, 1801. 1 vol.
(Given by the New York Aca aes of Medicine.
ER, James. Jifustratio Systematis Sexualis Linnaei denuo edita, revisa ac
translatione aaa locupletata per Mauritium Balthasarum Borkhaus

MILLER, oa The Gardener's Calendar. Ed. 12, London, 1760.
MILLER, PHiuiv. Zhe Gardener's Dictionary. Lond a. vols.
MILNE, CoLin. A Botanical Dictionary or Elements o Systematic and Philo-
Baia shee Ed. 3. London, 180
y, H, M. Vi ridarium or eolored Plates of Greenhouse Plants, London,

Morais, oO. — Manual, London, 1844.

Moun, F. The Grape Vine. Translated from the German by Horticola. New
York, 18
My Vineyard at Lakewood, By a Western Grape Grower. New York, 1866.

Natural History of the State of ork, Albany, N. Y., 1842-67. 22 vols.
(Given by the New York Academy of Medicine. )
EWTON, JAMES A. 4 Complete 3h Sd A London, 1805,
Nonne, J. P. and PLANer J. J. 9 gro Erfurtenst sponte

provenientes. Gotha, 1788.

Members of the Corporation.

Dr, TimoTHy F. ALLEN,
Pror. N. L. BRITTON,
FREDERIC BRONSON,

Hon, ADDISON BROWN,
‘Wm. L. Brown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,
ProF. CHas. F. CHANDLER,
Wn. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
CuHas. F. Cox,

JOHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,
Wm. E. DoncE,

Dr. WM. H. DRAPER,
PRoF. Sam’L W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomas F. GiLRoy,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HucH J. GRANT,
Henry P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESUP,

Joun I. Kane,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
Pror. JAMES F. KEMP,

Joun S. KENNEDY,

Ae Aco Meptaasiasy)

Hon. SETH Low,

Davip Lypic,

Epcar L. MARSTON,

D. O. MILLS,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Gro. M. OLcorTt,

PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
OswaLD OTTENDORFER,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rt. REV. HENRY C. POTTER
Percy R. PYNE,

JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wm. ROCKEFELLER,
Pror. H. H. Russy,

Wn. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JamEs A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL, SLOAN,

Wo. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
SAMUEL THORNE,

Pror. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

Wm. H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

e New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con-
taining notes, news mah non- ae articles of pega interest. Free to all mem-
bers of the Garden. To others, 10 ) cents a y; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in

Subscripti d d be sent to a North Queen street,

exchange,
eee Pa., or Bipae Park, New York ae
anical Garden, containing the reports of

the Director-in-Chief and other official “tonmen and technical articles ee
the results of a eEs carried out in the Garden. Nos, 1-5, 44! 3 maps,
and 12 plates, 1896-1900, Free to all bag leat of the Garden. To ee 25 cents
& CO}
irs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. t. An Annotated Cat-
alog e Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Dr, Per Axel Rydberg,
assistant curator of the An ngement and critical discussion of the
pierces and Phanerogams of the region with notes from the author’s field book
and including descriptions of 163 new species. ix + 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with de-
eS ce to members of the Garden, $1.00. To others, $2.00. [Not

e ri
eieead in er chaees
Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the above. Price, 25 cents each.
No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T, MacDougal.
No. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

The dichotomous Pamicums: some new Species, by Geo, V. Nash.

No. 3.

No. 4. Delphini lint d 1 Species by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

No. 5. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora I, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

No. 6. Notes and Descriptions of North American Plants I and II, by Dr. J. K.
Small.

All subscriptions and i hould be sent to

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
RONX PARK, NEw YORK CITY

Vol. | JULY, 1900 No, 7

Pe NA Ee

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS
The Seeds and Seedlings of the Hemlock, Tsuga Canadensis ...... Page 97
Rape eetUGLECHMOCK yas aon bis 0 6 wim se © ste ee we 8 ae 100
PER Asis Ne ata seth etc Vy? 'e) oye 0} 2 ¥ je =e -bpie ese ae 9) elie 6 eas 102
Buxbaumia in the United States ... 1... 0 - 222 eee tees 104
Notes, News and Comment. .......- 2222 ee e+e eens 104
(HG 1 2 eS a oir ee eae ie ae oer ee a 107

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Ar 4x Norra Queen Srreet, LANCASTER, Pa.
zy Tue New Era Printinc CoMPANY

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. Trmotuy F. ALLEN,
PrRoF. N. L. BRITTON,
FREDERIC BRONSON,
Hon. ADDISON BROWN,
Wm. L. Brown,
ANDREW CARNEGIE,
Pror. CHAS. F. CHANDLER,
Won. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cas. F. Cox,

JoHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,

Won. E. DODGE,

Dr. WM. H. DRAPER,
ProF. SAM’L W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THOMAS F. GILROY,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HuGH J. GRANT,
HENRY P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESuP,

Joun I. KANE,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
ProF. JAMES F. KEMP,

JouHN S. KENNEDY,

Hon. SETH Low,

Davip Lynpic,

Epcar L. Marsron,

D. O. MILLs,

J. PIERPONT Morcan,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Hon. MILes O’BRIEN,
Gro. M. OLcort,

PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
OSWALD OTTENDORFER,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rr. Rev. HENRY C. POTTER
PERCY R. PYNE,

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wm. ROCKEFELLER,
Pror. H. H. Russy,

Won. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Won. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GitMAn THOMPSON,
SAMUEL THORNE,

Pror. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

Wo. H. S. Woop.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vor. I. aly, 1900. No. 7.

THE SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS OF THE HEML OC,
TSUGA CANADENSIS.

The seeds of the hemlock are borne upon a rounded thick-
ened scale which arises in the axil of a modified leaf. The latter
ceases its development very early so that in the growing cone
one must dissect apart the scales in order to find it at all.
ripe each seed, two of which are produced on each scale, is pro-
vided with a wing by which means a oe of them is made
more effectual by the agency of the

The first sign of germination, wich ie place in the hem-
lock grove of the Garden about the middle of May, is seen in the
protrusion of the rootlet of the embryo from the pointed end of

eed. The internal end of the embryo, consisting principally
of three or four seed leaves, remains embe
cee tissue, known as the eae from which food is

sorbed panes growth. (Fig. 19

he root which idea in ne et stage of germination is
provided with a very large root-cap, an organ which serves to
dees the ieee tissue of the end of the root as it makes its

y down through the soil. As the root-cap is worn away by

Hee newer layers se tissue are produced, so that the wear is

compensated for in this very effective way. The lengthening of

the axis of the embryo lying below the cotyledons goes forward

quite rapidly, the free end or root pushing its way downward in

response to the stimulus of gravitation, an action spoken of as

geotropism. When the root has gained a hold on the soil, the
97

98

curve which is seen near the seed coat (Fig. 19 : 1) commences to
straighten and soon the rapidly emptying seed is held aloft. The

cotyledons may now be seen extending out of the seed coat
though their free a are still within: By a bowing of these

a uorable position to receive
hi e

pl d, it manufactures
with the help of the oe
by m of the n color-

ing matter, fie he
is found in its stem and c
ledons.

The minute bud or plumule
is to be found at the apex of

S the stem above the point from
Fra. 19. Seedlings of hemlock. which the sae joc extend.

(Fig. : oe When the lat-
ter spread themselves the p 0 grow, a number

of delicate green ie ee The stem which bears
these may lengthen an inch—usually less—the first season.
A similar amount of growth for two or three subsequent
seasons brings the seedling at that time to a height of about four
inches. The young leaf-bearing stem is at first nearly vertical in

ree wth, dep
light which the plant hseaile receives, the newly formed stem
takes a more horizontal position while the leaves come to lie nearly

99

in the same plane. The terminal twig ever after takes a hori-
zontal anes so that one never finds a hemlock with a ver-
tical terminal t
While the eee of foliage is increasing above ground, the
root system is being extended beneath surface (F. 19:5). Soon
may be seen the curious club- ickenings which will be
treated more fully in the following paper. It is sufficient to state
now that they are due to the aaa of the hemlock with a
fungus, forming a mycorhiza. The stem thickens, while as a result
the epidermis of its young parts is ft off (F. 19: 5). The loss
of this as a protecting layer is made good by the formation of a
secondary protecting layer of bark.
sing our conclusions upon observations made in the hem-
lock grove early in June, 1900, we may say that last season (1899)
was a favorable year for seed production. The number of seed-
lings which may be seen at the present ig enormous. Over large
spaces they average about fifteen per square foot, and as many as

No seedlings from seeds produced in 1898 were found and

year were found; these, therefore, are from seed of 1
appears then from these data that there has been no extensive

the conditions year by It is also to bé noted that the
hemlock seedlings fail ‘i apes re or die soon after, unless
they are in the proper conditions as to shade and moisture. Th
thrive best in soil rich in humus, while to other soil factors
they are comparatively nee Too much sun, however,
or too much moisture kills them very readily. They are to be
found therefore on the forest oe and less Seay oe the
shaded edges of the forest. They do not appear to be a
compete with grass or other tightly growing herbaceous se
but prefer a clean floor. They grow very readily on rotting
woods. This is en noticeable in the forests of the Pacific

®
<

100

northwest, where very frequently one sees hemlocks in rows as
straight as if planted by hand. They are from seedlings which
have started on decaying tree trunks.

F. E. Lroyp.

ROOTS OF THE HEMLOCK.

The hemlock grove in the Garden has occupied its place on

since its formation, and it is therefore known as a primitive for-
est. It is indeed remarkable that the city of New York should
have a small portion of the primeval woodland which once en-
veloped so large a portion of the continent still intact within its
‘ boundaries
If one should make a study of the hemlock tree he would find
that it does not grow well in ordinary clay, gravelly soil, or even
loam, but that it thrives best when it is established in a piece of
ground which is covered to some depth with decaying leaves and
twigs. This decaying matter or humus is a wonderful substance,
and makes up a world of life of itsown. It teems with bacteria,
is pierced in a thousand directi tions by the glistening white
threads of the moulds, and is inhabited in the upper layers by
the threads and colonies of green algae, and by the green pro-
tonemal threads of mosses and liverworts, all of which are busily
engaged in breaking up the dead leaves and using their sub-
stances for food. Into this mass the hemlock sends its finer
roots for the same purpose.
The voots of the tree are not able to take up the substance of
the decaying humus by reason of some unknown character in

not derive euch fo d from the surface layer of soil in the forest.
Since the tree can not secure this ee = a a own elude
it has entered into a partnership with t
which will enable it to do so. By a association the threads of
the moulds and mushrooms unite with the roots to form what is
known as a mycorhiza.

101

If the tips of the roots of the hemlock are examined it will
be seen that many of them are short, blunt, and club-shaped and
that the branches are curiously clustered, but beyond this, noth-
ing can be found to indicate a partnership between these organs
and moulds. If a thin slice be cut from the tip, however, and
magnified fifty times under the microscope, it will be found that
the root is completely enclosed in a felt of hyphae or threads of
a mould or fungus, and that some of the cells of the root are
penetrated by them. Great numbers
of the threads run outward from this
felt and ramify through the soil thickly
in ali directions. The decay products
of the d leaves are conducted
through them into the felt and into
the root where they are at the service
of the tree, and are next led upward
through its body, serving to build up

mode ot whe

Fic. 21. Section of mycorhizal
rovtof hemlock. The dark

e
of the cells in the interior. Fic. 20. Mycorhizal roots of hemlock.

its new tissues, This service of the fungus is repaid by the
tree in affording it a place to live, and also by giving back to
it some of the products derived from the soil which have been
worked up into a form very suitable for the nourishment of the

do not reach normal size when deprived of it. The destruction
of the humus or dead leaves in a forest, therefore, cuts off the
most important food supply of the trees, and if continued, will
lead to starvation and the disappearance of the forest.

Saran H. Harrow.

102

DWARFS.
The term dwarf may be applied to any individual which at-
tains a stature at maturity below the average of the majority of

bers of the species. Mutilated dwarfs, induced ee and
constitutional dwarfs may be distinguished.

mutilation include such forms as the dwarf cherries,

apples, plums, and the interesting Japanese trees, small individuals

produced by disease, attacks of para-

nel or more m e body,
while in true dwarfs the eed is
ite = the whole plan
mall size of acer all horti-
a dwarfs is secured by eae
e case

‘ The principal features of the practice
Fic, 22. Normal and dwarf f th
leaves of Gentigna guingue. of the Japanese operators consists in
bending, twisting, and coiling the
hi

branches to reduce their apparent

length, repeated pinching of the terminal buds, destruction of the
tap root, Baas of the secondary roots, coupled with methods
of culture which involve the most caret err of the food
and water supply, and repotting only once in two or three years.
ced dwarfs are those resulting from starvation for food and

water, jate planting, and cold seasons, and may be seen in greatest

in desert areas and at great elevations.

Cac dwarfs are those produced by internal causes,
as for example when given a certain number of seeds from the
same ae or even the same pod, and to all appearances and
measurements equal, some will produce individuals but a fraction
of the average size and bulk although grown under the most
yeebe conditio:

n eainseon of the induced and constitutional dwarfs shows
that they differ from the normal specimens not only in size, but

103
also in the form of the organs. The leaves lose some of the
dentations and incisions of the margins, and show a tendency to
revert to ancestral, or to primordial forms ; the cotyledons persist
longer, and the branching of the inflorescence is simplified. The
least reduction occurs in the flowers and seeds, and the greatest
in the roots. mong the more common examples of dwarfs
may be mentioned: Leptilon Canadensis, Hypericum, Gentiana
quinguefolia, Helianthus and Plantago aristata. The woody tis-

SE

=<

SS

A)

— Ss +

Zr

i
Bt
Fic. 23. Normal and dwarf leaves of Pluchea camphorata.
sues of the stem are not so well developed, while the pith is
heavier than in the normal specimens.
In conclusion it is important to note that minute specimens,

no matter whether they are mutilated dwarfs or true dwarfs, do

ot transmit their qualities by seeds. The daughter plants may
be slightly below the average in some instances, but this dis-
appears in the next generation, and hence there are no dwarf

races or varieties perpetuated by seeds.

104

BUXBAUMIA IN THE UNITED STATES.

There are without doubt, three good species of Buxbaumia

in this country. , B. indusiata Brid., with two-celled super-
ficial stomata, and two, B. aphylla L. an Piperi Best, with
one-celled, immersed stomata. -The t mer 0

is probably confined to the East and cy to the V est

side of the Rocky mountains in Montana, This last ne is

in aphylla. It is distinguished (aA this latter at on y the
color of the capsule, by its being less depressed, ae more
pointed above and less obliquely set on the seta. The spores
also. are larger. I find them up to .o12 mm. or more. In
aphylla they ane run from .005 mm. to .oo8 mm. I fail to
find that any of these species have more than one well-developed
row of teeth to the outer etal with Peeters a more or
less poorly developed secondar me European ma-
terial, called B. zxduszata, Knaly aie at my disposal by Mrs,
Britton, the peristome is the same as in our American specimens.

e pseudo-annulus consists of several thicknesses of cells,
loosely cohering, ae gradually ie in num above,
that may extend only a short distance above the mou a of the
capsule or nearly aon up the height of the peristome.

. aphylla grows on decayed wood in the Hemlock Grove,
and is one of the most interesting mosses found in the Garden.

S. WIxiiaMs.

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.

American Association for the Advancement of Science.—The
Section of Botany of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science met in the Museum Lecture Hall on the morn-

105

ing of Wednesday, June 27th, the Association being in session
during the week of. June 25th to 29th at Columbia University.
The programme consisted of a memorial of Dr, John Torrey,

en, Dr. N. L. Britton, Professor E. S. Burgess, Judge
Addison Brown and Professor C. H. Peck, and supplemental re-
marks were made by Professor George MacCloskie and Professor
W. J. Beal. The printed writings of Dr. Torrey, and a series of
letters selected from his correspondence, together with ae
graphs of his correspondents were‘exhibited in the Library by
Miss Anna M. Vail. Lunch was served in the pee
Laboratory at one o’clock, and the afternoon was devoted to meet-
ings of societies affiliated with Association: the Botanical
Society of America meeting i e Conference Room, the
naean Fern Chapter in the oe [abortions and he
Sullivant Moss Chapter in the Taxonomic Laboratory. A field
excursion through the g ao ie occupied the afternoon

ur o'clock until seven, and t ay was ended bya dinner
at Bronx River Park. More than one hundred botanists were
present from all parts of the country.

The Conservatories. —The main Range of Horticultural Houses,

over to the Garden. The preliminary installation of plants was

commenced during the following week, by a consignment of

specimens sent in exchange from the new conservatories in Cen-
Park. The i

tral ving of the collection accumulated for the
Garden in the greenhouses at Columbia University was th
taken up, and is now essentially completed. ° considerable

Ps

number of Heaeey has also been secured by exchange with the
nurseries of the Park Department, Borough of the Bronx. The
bringing in of a? numerous collections reserved for the Garden
in private greenhouses will next be taken up. All eee the
collection will be very extensive, and of considerable variety ; its
satisfactory arrangement for display and study and the ees
of the specimens will require several months’ time ; it may be ex-
amined any day from nine until five o'clock.

106

Exploration —By means of an appropriation voted by
Board of Managers, considerable exploration and een is
being accomplished this summer. Dr. Marshall A. Howe is in
Bermuda, studying the marine algae, and on his return will spend
some time at points on the Atlantic seaboard on the same group
of plants. His collections will add much of value to the museum

; D

e
Vreeland as a volunteer assistant; a consignment of hereasiun
specimens and several parcels of roots and seeds, including some
especially interesting hardy cacti, have already been received
im; Dr. D. T. MacDougal is examining for a few weeks
the flora of northern Idaho, and Dr. C. C. Curtis is in western
Wyoming ; the collections of Messrs. Rydberg, MacDougal and
Curtis are being made with the especial object of aiding Dr. Ryd-
berg’s studies on the botany of the Rocky Mountains, his first
paper concerning this investigation Hale recently been pub-
lished as Garden Contribution No. 5; the work is in continua-
tion of his studies on the flora of Montana ae the Yellowstone
National Park, published this spring as Garden Memoirs, Vol. 1;
Professor F. E. Lloyd will join Professor S. M. Tracy in August
at Biloxi, Miss., for a botanical exploration of the delta of the
Mississippi River, a region from which scarcely any specimens
exist in museums or herbaria. Supplementary to the operations
under this appropriation, Mr. R. M. Harper and Mr. Percy Wil-
son are collecting in northern Georgia, and Dr. Britton, with
r h

in swinging frames in the systematic museum, second floor of the
Museum Building.

Weather Notes for es —-The temperature records at the three

stations in the Garden show a wide range for the month of June.
In the herbaceous ane (Sta. 1), the temperatures rang
from 44.5° on June sth, to 94.5° on the 2 lock

forest (Sta. 2), the corresponding range was from 49.5° on the

107

5th to 89° on the 27th. The limits of the range were reached
later in the forest than in the open ground of the herbaceous

changes of temperature are about half an hour later in the forest
than in the open, and are less violent. The ean range for
oe hours was 34.5° between 2 P. M. on the 25th and

e 26th; the least variation was a from 8 A. M.
on the ae to 10:30 ’p. M. on a same day; the extreme tem-
peratures were 91.5° to 57°; d 73.5° to 61° respectively ;
both records are from Station 3. The total rainfall for the mont
was 2.19 in.; the heaviest shower 0.90 in., on the 1st

ACCESSIONS.

MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.

7 museum specimens of almonds. (Given by Lehn and Fink. }
32 museum specimens of crude and refined sugars. (Given by the American
ae Rein Company.
im specimens of various cinnamons. (Given by Leggett Bros. )
Hh oe specimens from northwestern North America, collected by T. A.
Williams.
444 herbarium specimens from Alberta, British America, collected by W. C.
McCalla.
11 museum specimens of peanuts. (Given ey Chieves, )
pees specimens of violets from Long Island. (Given by Rev, Geo. D.
Hulst. )
86 herbarium specimens from Johannesburg, Transvaal. (Given by Mrs. E. D.
ee
use a of tar, tar oil, pitch and soap. (Given by the Packer Man-
wang Compan
museum and Teletads specimens from Pikes’ Peak, Colorado. (Given by
Miss May A. Compto
II museum specimens of fruits and vegetable products. (Given by Mrs. E. H.
Cotheal. )
12 museum specimens of plants from New Jersey. (Given by'Mr. F. K. Vree-
land.
§ herbarium specimens from Roan Mountain, Tennessee. (Given by Prof. A. G,
Wetherby. }

108

1 specimens. (By exchange with the Field Columbian

34°
Museum. )
1 herhari peci f Kallstroemia from New Mexico. (Given by Prof. T. D,
A. Cockerell. ) ~
10 museum and herbarium specimens of lichens from the Southern States. (Given
by Prof. H. A. Greene.
I museum specimen of seis reiece (Given by a an Bing.)
8 museum specimens of m (Given by Mrs. N. L. Brit
oh a rto Rico, collected by Mr. ra A Heller.
18 museum specimens ising the manufacture of incandescent lamps from
bamboo and other materials. ek by ine General pails aan! Company. )
16 museum specimens of tt anufacture of soaps.
Sie by Colgate & 8 Company )

M Cuba. (Given Ke Mrs. Anna Myers. )
I 1 ding (Given by Dr. J. C. Arthur. )
PLANTATIONS.

12 Erythronium mesachoreum, (Given by E. B. Kneer.)

11 herbaceous perennials. (Given by D, F. Day.

55 trees, shrubs and vines. (Purchased from Hoopes Bros. & Thomas. )
Sar. i jolari. ae Ellis.) .

225 herbaceous perennials. Vea ee Thos. Me a & Sons.)

450 shrubs, trees and vines. (Purchased from Thos. Meehan & Sons.)

67 trees, shrubs and herbs. (By exchange with Buffalo aay Garden.)
id. iss

7 herbaceous ive s, (Given by J. lodgett.

ee ales and herbaceous Seren (Purchased from W. H. aed )
148 nd | (Purchased from D. M. Andrew:

158 a mite aii lans. re by James L. field.

3 herbaceous perennials. (Given by George

2 herbaceous aa ( n by H. H. Rusby.

1 Aguilegia Canadensis, white flowered. (Given hs gua Van Brunt.)
50 herbaceous perennials, (Given by F. H. Blod

. Rydberg.)
12 Trilliums, (Given by J. M. Dickson, Hamilton, Ontario. }
2 Viola Brittoniana, (Give cei Cra:
65 herbaceous perennials. nb Mr. Hn ee Miss Marble. )
. Britton.)

I oman cal natan. (4 iven by L. M. Vadernod
5 tifol (Given by H. H )
ae azaleas and thodedendron nears: fiom me & Co.)
I eA cosa) fanosa, (Give H. Rusb: Ha

te

p : (Collected by P. A, Rydberg.)
10 herb ials from L itchfield, Ct. eee by N “L. pace )

F

109

40 shrubs. (Given oe Miss Mulford. )
3 herbaceous perennial als, (Given by Geo. A. Skene.)
12 hacen perennials. (Collected by David George. )

erbaceous perennials. (Purchased from W. N. Brotherton. )

t ials from Bedford, N.Y. (Collected by N. L. Britton. )

e
2 Viola ovata. (Given by T. F. Allen.
12 herbaceous perennials from Tom’s River. (Collected by N. L. Britton.)
10 Ophioglossum vulgatum, (Given by A. A. Eaton.)

2 orange trees. (Given by E. Wendler.)

LIBRARY.

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mentatex. ae 1828.
Atkinson, G. F. Lessons in Botany, New York, 1900. (Given by N. L.
I. J. Gleanings of British Algae, being an Appendix to the Supple-
ment to Brg Botany. London, 1833.
, DIETRICH. The Fora Flora of Northwest and Central India. Lon-
don, 1 S74
BRISSEAU-MIRBEL, C. F. Traité d’ Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale. Paris,
02.
CARUEL, T. La Morphologia Vegetale. Pisa, 1878.
CaRPENTrER, W. B. Vegeta oe "Physiology and Systematic Botany. London,
1848.
Pa nies ia Cc. . ET Harms, H. Genera Siphonogamarum ad Systema

Leipzig,
gtd M.I. No nelle ce ‘des Mousses et ides Hépatiques. Paris, 1
ELuis, DANIEL. Farther Inquiries into the Changes petuced on pene Air.

Edinburgh, 1811, :
FEBURIER. Essai sur les Phénoménes de la Végétation, Paris, 1
FORCKENS, JAC. WILH. Ueber die Luftwurzeln der Gewiichse. Gét ty 1857.
GASPARINI, ae aids sulla Nalere det Suite ‘ort et la one tes a Radice
ed Osservazioni D b dell a ninor, Naples, 1850.
GauDICcHAUD, CHA‘ , Recherche Gonrale er ae aphic, la Physiol-
ogie et 1’ Organogénie des
GorseL, K. Outlines - ene ey pet Special Morphology of Plants, Ox-
ford, 1887.
Gris, ARTHUR. Alémoire sur a Moelle des Plantes bE Ines: ~— 1870.
UETTARD. Afémoire sur la antes.

1748.

Handlist of ews ere sree cultivated in the Royal Gardens, Kew, 1899.
London, Igoo. hange. )

Harrie, R. Se den Baumkrankheiten. Berlin, 1889.

Harti, T. Luft, Boden und Pflansenkunde in ihrer Anwendung auf Forstwis-
senschaft und Gartenbau, Stuttgart, 1877.

Harvey, W.H. Index Generum Algarum. London cn008:
HoFMEISTER, WILH. Alhgenceine Wee der Gewésche. Leipzig, 1868.
HorMerster, WILH. Die Lehre der Phangenzelle. Leipeig, 1867.

110

Indiahka Horticultural Society, Transactions of the. Xndianapolis, 1900, (Given
by D. T. MacDougal. )
IRMISCH, THILO. Beitrdge 2ur Biologie und Morphologie der Orchideen, Leip-

KEITH, P. A System of Physiological Botany. ‘London, 1816, 2 vols.
Kurtz, F. Essai d'une Bibliographic pee de P Argentine. Buenos Ayres,
oo. (Given by L. M. Underwood.

'y
IEBIG, Justus. Chimie Appliquée a la Physiologie Vigétale et a oo
‘lraduction faite sur les Manuscrits de Yauteur, par M. Charles Gerhardt. Ed,
Paris, 1844.
I H. T. Grundlehren der Anatomie und Physiologie der Pflanzen.

Gottingen, 1807.
ite ica. Ed. 2. Vienna, 1783.
LINNAEUS. Ons ae nica, Fd, altera. Vienna, 1763.
RSHALL, WILLIAM. Planting and Rural Ornament. Ed. 2. London, 1766,

2 v0 i

Masiaciaesetss Board of Health, Te wenty fourth Annual Report, Boston, 1893,
Eltments de Tératologie Végétale. Paris, 1841.
Mutter, N. J.C. Handbuch der Allgemeinen Botanik. Vol. 2. Heidelberg,

P)
Pt
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U .C. Handbuch der Botanik. Vol. 2. Heidelberg, 1880.
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BACH, EucEN. Die Guttapercha. Dresden, 18
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1852.
Papwortu, J. B. Hints on Ornamental Gardening: London, 1823.
PARKMAN, Francis, The Book of Roses. Boston, 1
Paxton Harrison. Zhe Horticultural Register and General Magazine.
Sheffield, 1831, 1832 Is.

Penzic, O. Pflanzen-Tératologie. Genoa, 1890. 2 vi
PreIFFER, W. Zhe Physiology of Plants. A Treatise oe the ‘Metabolism and
Sources of Energy inPlants, Ed. 2. Oxford, goo. :
Lips, Henry. History of Cultivated Vegetatles, WLondon, 1822. 2 vols.
Lo 2 vols.

HILLIPS, HENRY. Sylva Florife ndon, 182
Puitiies, HENRY. Flora Historica. London, 1824. 2 vols.
Puitiips, Henry. Zhe Pomarium Rrittanicum. London, 1820.
HIN, J. Open Air Grape Culiure. New York, 1 . ;
PouL, JoserH. Lvemente der Landwirthschaftlich ephysiologie. Wien,
1892,

Pratt, ANNE. The Flowering Plants of Great Britain. London.
.Prince, W.R. Prince's Manual of Roses. New York, 1846.
Ray, JOHN. paige Methodica Stirpium. Ed. London,
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A, Jou. flere seu, as Florum Cultura, or a Complete Flovilege ceri
with all a Florist. "The Second Impression Corrected. . Lon-

1676.
Ny a
hae C. The Vine-Dresser’ Manual. New York, 1859,

111

REINKE, J. AMorphologische eae Leipzig, 1873.

Kivers, THomas. The Miniature Fruit Garden. New York, 1860.

Rivers, T. The Rose Am ies Guide. ndon, 1846.

Rosy, €. Histoire Naturelle des Végttaux Parasites qui crotssent sur U Ifomme

et sur les Animaux Vivants. Paris, 1853. 2 vols.
Rocers, J. Zhe Fruit Cultiva tor. London, 1834.
RUBENS Das Winzerbuch. Leipzig,

NS, g 1858,
RUTTER, Jou. The Culture and Diseases of the Peach, Warrisburg, Pa.,
1880,
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SALMON, WILLIAM. The English Herbal: or a Historie nan London,

SARGENT, C. S, Sixteen Maps accompanying Report on Forest Trees of North
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rk.
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Berlin, 1 the 2 vols,
ScH T, JULIV ber die Erforschung der Konstitution und die Versuche zur
Sythe Hae iger ‘foment , Stuttgart, 1899.
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aan FRANK J. The Art of beautifying Suburban Home Gr te of Smal Ex-
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SIBTHORPE, J. Flora Oxoniensis. Oxford, 1794. (Given by the New York
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Strone, W.C. Cultivation of the G.

The American Journal of Horticulture anid Florists! Companion, Boston, 1276.
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The Floral World. London, 1858. 11 vols.

THIEBAUT DE BER! The Vine-Dressers Theoretical and Practical Manual.
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THORNTON, Ropert. 4 Mew Family Herbal. The Plants done HG Nature
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THornron, Roperr. Elements of Botany. London, 1812, 2 vol a
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Transactions of the Massachusetts Horticultural ‘Soc wety. 65 numbers.
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a

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Pant eee & ih aati Berlin,

112

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Pe ee aad ol. 1. eae ig

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Wiesner, Jus Die pe fe des pee Fasc. 1. Leipz i. 1900,
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.L. 7
Translated. Edin iaburgh, 1811
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Globulariées. Leipzig, 1850.

OFFICERS, 1900.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VICcE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N,. L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF MANAGERS.

1. ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, DO; Ls;

CHARLES F. COX, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,

SAMUEL THORNE

2, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
Nea GHO RC. CIA
THE MAYoR OF THE City OF NEw YoRK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.

3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.

HON. SETH LOW, CuHarRMAN.
HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES O’BRIEN,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROP YH ssn. RUSBY,
PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.
DR. N, L. BRITTON, Diéirector-in- Chief.
. T. MACDOUGAL, first Assistant.
DR. sons K. SMALL, Coen of the Museums.
PA. DBERG, Assistant Curator.
W. de

WALTER S.
CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

PUBLICATIONS

The New York Botanical Garden

Joumal of the New York Botanical Garden, see age con-
es notes, news and non-technical articles of general inter Fre mem-
bers he Garden To one ers, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 aoe [N de pes in

should be sent to 41 North Queen street,

rege

oo nge.
ie Pa., or ByaRe Park, New York City.

Bulle’ arden, containing the reports of
the Director-in-Chief and other erect aes and technical articles ee
a results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Nos. 1-5, 449 pp., 3 maps,

d 12 plates, 1896-1900, Free to all eats of the Garden. To others, Bs cents

copy.

Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. t. An Annotated Cat-
alogue of the Flora of Montana and the vais gee by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,
assistant curator of the museu An arrangement and critical discussion of the
Pteridophytes and Phanerogams au the region with notes from the author’s field book
and including tie of 163 new species. ix + 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with de-
tailed map. Price to members of the Garden, $1.00, To others, $2.00. [Not
offered in exchange. 1

Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and sence from journals

other than the above. Price, 25 cents each.
No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.
No. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 3. The dichotomous Panicums: some new Species, by Geo, V. Nash.
No. 4. Delphinium Carolini. d d Speci Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 5. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora I, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 6. Notes and Descriptions of North American Plants I and II, by Dr. J. K.
Small.

One 7 Eee Reproduction and Multiplication in Erythronium, by Fred-
ts H. Blodge
All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to
NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BRONX PARK, NEw YORK City

Vol. | AUGUST, 1900 No. 8

JOURNAL

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Ar 41 Nortu Quzen Street, Lancaster, Pa.
spy Toe New Era Printinc Company

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. TrmotHy F. ALLEN,
PROF. N. L. BRITTON,
FREDERIC BRONSON,

Hon. ADDISON BROWN,
Wm. L. Brown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,

Pror. CHas. F. CHANDLER,
Wn. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cuas. F. Cox,

JoHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,

Wo. EH. DoncE,

Dr. WM. H. DRAPER,
PROF. Sam’L W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LovuIs FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,

Hon. THomas F. GiLRoy,
PAREKE GODWIN,

Hon. HucuH J. GRANT,
HENRY P. Hoyt,
ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESUP,
Joun I. KAnz#,
EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
PrRoF. JAMES F. KEMP,

Joun S. KENNEDY,

Hon. SETH Low,

Davip Lypic,

EpcGar L. Marston,

D. O. MILLs,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. W. MYERs,

Hon. MILEs O’BRIEN,
Gro. M. OLcort,

PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
OswaLD OTTENDORFER,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rt. REv. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERCY R. PyNE,

JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wm. ROCKEFELLER,
Pror. H. H. RusBy,

Won. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wo. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
SAMUEL THORNE,

Pror. lL. M. UNDERWOOD,

Wm. H. S. Woop.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

VoL. 1. August, 1900. No. 8.

NEEDS OF THE GARDEN.

Numerous inquiries having been made regarding what further
provisions should be supplied for expanding and perfecting the
educational and investigational functions of the Garden, the

of Managers have approved the following statement and
ion h

herein indicated, or for ne ne purposes pertaining to the
work of the Garden as donors may desire to endow.

1. THE GENERAL ENDOWMENT Funp.

This fund now amounts to $280,650.50, composed of the
original subscription of $250,000 required by the Act of Incor-
poration together with patrons’ fees, fellowship fees and life
membership fees since added. The interest on this fund, to-

d

present income from these sources is not sufficient to extend this
tt of the work much beyond its present scope, and it is greatly
desired that the ane endowment should be largely increased.
he care and maintenance of the collections may be accom-
plished etc i General Endowment Fund and the sums
annually provided by the city for ae

2. SPECIAL ENDOWMENTS.

unds, the income of which shall maintain distinct departments
or researches, are specially desired as follows. They may bear,

114

in general, such personal designations as donors may desire or
indicate.
1. Libvary Fund,—For the purchase of books, to yield $2,000
a year.
2. Conservatory Fund—For the purchase and collection of
plants for the conservatories, to yield at least $2,000 a year.
3. Aluscum Fund.—For the purchase and a of speci~
mens for the museums, to yield $3,000 a
. Herbarium Fund.—For the aie and ae of
ssc for the — to yield $1,500 to $3,00 ear.
5. Lecture Fund.—For the payment of lecturers in as pub-
lic is courses, and fa expenses, to yield $1,000 a
ear.

6. Laboratory Fund.—For the purchase of apparatus, and inci-
dental eaten to yield $1,500 to $3,000 a
ration Funds.—For the payment of salaries and ex-
‘penses a epee collectors in little-known parts of the world, to
ield $2,000 to $4,000 a year each. Several such funds might be
administered to - oe of sweetie and the enriching of
the — collec
pied as ome For the support of deserving and
vere pace s while investigating ata relating to plants,
to yield a to $1,200 a year each. The hae is prepared
to direct the work of at least twelve ee den
9. Lublication Funds.—For the meee - the results of
researches conducted at the Garden by members of the staff or
us students, to yield $1,000 to $3,000 a year eac
. Llustration of the North Amevican Flora, —F or the _illus-
tration in color of the plants of North America, accompanied by
oo and explanatory letterpress, to yield $1,200 to $1,500

a yea
II. “eee Flora of North America.—For the aes
and publication of descriptions of North American plants, t

ar.

12. Forestry Fund—For the investigation of forest problems

in North America, the publication of results, and instruction in
forestry, to yield at least $5,000 a year.

115

. Horticultural Research Fund.—For the oe of
bora problems, to yield $1,000 to $3,000 a
ad for Bacteriological Research.—For the eee
of ne and other minute vegetable organisms, to yield $3,000
to $5,000 a year.
15. Prizes for Horticultural Novelties.—-To yield $50 to $200
a year each. t least twenty such prizes might be established
to advantage.
16. phew Ae Botanical Discoveries or Special Investigations.
—To yield $25 to $200 a year eac
17. Soanione Research Fund. = the Pec of
the life-processes of plants, to yield $1,000 to $2,00
18. General Research Funds—For the ee ne un-
aoa botanical problems to yield $500 to $1,000 a year
ach,

19. Climatological Fund—For the investigation of the influ-
ence of climate upon plants, to yield $1,000 to $2,000 a year.

r the investigation of the relation of

sepednen to health and sanitation, to yield $1,500 to $2,000 a

year.

nN
AH
g
8
x
S)
.
=
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21. Chemical Research Fund,—For the investigation of prob-
lems in plant chemistry, to yield $2,000 to $4,000 a

THE ECONOMIC MUSEUM.

The object of the Economic Museum, briefly stated, is to illus-
trate the botanical origin of useful vegetable products, with the
products themselves, and in special cases, and to a limited extent,
the processes by which the crude ieee are converted into
their usable forms. This statement should be construed as in-
cluding plants and plant-products oe to man, although
this relation is usually not at once appar

The illustration of the products ease is simple enough,
the only care requisite being to avoid unnecessary duplication,
such as is proper, and even necessary in a commercial museum
where it is the object to connect the products, not with their

116

botanical origin, but with the political and financial interests con-

cerned in their production, making the latter, and the relative ad-

vantages which they offer to the consumer, the central point

about which other considerations cluster. e do not care, for

instance, to compare a cacao of Panama with an identical one
om H

perty ; but s
samples of this seed as represent distinct ics resulting
fnom climate, culture or breeding processes require our careful

attention. er words, this department of the museu
templates the silnseeeon . all varieties and forms, the anaeenve
characters which are natural, including thus all cultivated

forms of fra ts and vegetables, as well as wild products and many

hand, or in process of preparation, the more sapstad of which
will be aes later. Such articles as are wholly of foreign
consumption, as well as production, are less readily obtainable,
and reliance must be placed upon the slow, uncertain and frag-
mentary services of travelers and foreign correspondents, or upon
the speedier and far more satisfactory, though more expensive
method of sending our representatives abroad. It is very greatly
to our interest that a special endowment should be available for
the employment of the latter method.
Iilustration of botanical origin is by no means so simple.

becomes, indeed, very complicated in those cases where there

as been an ieelliggn mar and direction of natural laws

in securing the evolution of new forms with pre-determined char-
acters. The simpler ata consist of herbarium specimens
and pictures. It is intended to illustrate by the pictures the

habits of growth and eet surroundings, as well as the specific
plant-characters. These collections require special visits of a

tanical collectors have been notoriously negligent in collecting
representatives of useful plants. Very few of the plants yielding

117

our great staple products are represented in American herbaria
if at all, by anything better than the merest fragments.
The illustration of varieties which have been antifcially ae
duced, _while presenting the greatest difficulties, is by far the
eresting and instructive. We have to note ei
distinc classes of these products. We have first those which,
ke the carrot, parsnip or potato, present no difference of kind
ne their wild ancestors. They have merely been improved b

s
starchiness of the potato, having been exaggerated, while certain
others, like the bitterness and poisonous nature of the c
rot and parsnip, have been eliminated. These nee states are
illustrated einen ancestor and progeny side by side, p
haps with intermediate forms, and with specimens, coe
adjusted, of the useful or objectionable constituents extracted
rom them. any such plants, like our Indian corn, pe
and apples, present a specific history of long processes of sitiécial
selection of distinct varieties. A most striking case is that o

p>
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murabiy
culture except for the unalterable element of rainfall, it became a
desideratum i find a pres of wheat which could flourish in
f th Department turned its atten-
tion to similar regions in foreign countries and sent their agent

to the arid lands of Russia, where many promising varieties were
found which had evidently resulted, through selection and heredity,
during a long exposure to such arid pond none: ane iene
of these varieties would not be com
of the tissue-changes which had ie cnn the ma sae
habit.

Most interesting among such plants is that class which are
more directly the result of artificial processes. These processes
consist of the intelligent selection, from wild or cultivated stocks,
of ancestors for new forms, to possess specific desired characters.

e stocks so selected must not only present the characters de-
sired in the progeny; they must show that they are likely to

118

yield to treatment. Their respective paternity or maternity must
o be decided upon as the experience of the operator shows
effe

grapes, to form a series, maturing at different periods during the
season and meeting the different market conditions. All wild
t

ent. lifetime was then devoted to breeding, with the result
of producing more than 75,000 distinct varieties, a score or so
of to the requirements. The

u
will be appreciated, yet it is possible by a suitable arrangement

chona, yet it has revolutionized both the medicinal qualities and
the commerce of the pro:

As already stated, the aes of utilization-processes is in-
tended to be but partial. The particular object is to indicate the

oap. Th d change is the breaking up of the chem-
ical combination existing between the fat-acid and the glycerin,
and i is effected by introducing an alkali (lye) to replace the gly-
is leads to the establishment, in one of our cases, of

pure glycer
extraction ei ores, sugars, active constituents of plants in the

119

different forms of medicinal preparations, fermented and dis-
tilled liquors, paper-making and similar operations. Special
cases and mountings are usually required and the realization of
the plan will be necessarily expensive and slow, and must depend
chiefly upon the good offices of liberal-minded manufacturers.
In this line is the exhibition of tools and implements of aboriginal
origin, as well as illustrations of the life-histories of plants from
seed to finished pro
The education of ae public in relation to plants injurious
to mankind, isi the broadest view of that subject, is of the
ates Eide At the beginning of this article it was re-
arked that the cm between plants useful and plants
aureus to man were not always clear. It is, of course,
obvious that an arrow used in warfare is both atthe same time,
s is the poison upon its tip. But it is equally true that this
poison, ee if applied in one way, becomes a most powerful
curative agent if applied in another. It may be stated that
early all our well- known poisonous substances can be utilized

as medicines, and that a very arge number of medicines are
poisonous under suitable circumstances, Of a a facts
owle of the eral character. Not so the fact,

knowledge t gen

equally well established, Fe nearly all disease is the oe
tion of poisoning by plants. Reference has been made in the
preceding remarks to the fact that the properties of plants do
ot depend upon their entire substance, but only upon certain
constituents. In the case of poisons, these constituents can be

amounts, Of strychnine seeds, for ce, many grains are
required to produce a fatal result, yet one-tenth of a grain of the
extracted strychnine is a: c it is safe to administer at a

mu

e strychnine plant can flourish without injuring

either itself or its neighbors by its poisons. It transfers them as
waste products to its leaves and seeds, which, falling, permit the
poisons to be decamnposee and destroyed in the soil. If we
ing in vast numbers

could imagine th plants as gro
in the tissues of some gigantic animal, it is plain that the latter

would in time become poisoned by the accumulation in its sys-

120

tem of the poison cast off by the plant. If, instead of imagining
an animal large enough for that purpose, we think of plants
small enough to grow in the tissues of the human body, we have

body or other su aoe soils. As t produce poisons of the
nature of those of strychnos, aconite, ae toadstools and
other plants, it is clear that these must be taken up in the circu-
lation of the host-body, and that poisoning, commonly resulting
in fever, as well as in the special pains of the different diseases,

m he innumerable reproductive bodies of these

ants, acting like the seeds of other plants, with special
facilities for getting from one person into another through th
ai ntact, must propagate disease It do s not appear

demonstrated in the clear and simple manner ‘that it is possible
this museu ploy, can fall victims to the numerous
modern medical frauds and delusions which are so perilous, not

reside, or that they can continue to be indifferent or opposed to
proper sanitary precautions. I oped, therefore, that we can
shortly devote special attention to ae class of exhibits, in addi-
tion to those more conspicuous plants which are generally recog-
nized as poisonous.

Finally, reference may be made to our intention of gradually
publishing a series of monographs upon the more important
economic plan and their uses, and of making these available to
the haus public

oped to publish, in an early number of the JouRNAL, an
account, somewhat descriptive, of our present exhibits, with illus-
trations of the methods of preservation and exhibiti
H. Russy.

121

NATIVE SUMMER FLOWERS IN CULTIVATION.

The decorative possibilities among our nalwe iris are unfor-
tunately but too little ciated. Our native flora, even con-
fining one’s s al to the hardy perennial ee species, is an
extensive one, embracing a flowering period extending from the
earliest days of spring to late in the fall, and including a wonder-
ful variety in the combinations of color and form. ny one re-
gion will furnish a wealth of flowers a which to select, and
these, with an appreciation of flower colors and a knowledge of
the time of blooming, can be so grouped in planting as to fur-
nish most charming effects, care being taken that only set of
the same flowering ae and which harmonize in color shall be
placed near each other. Much depends on this, as otherwise
many flowers at are beautiful in themselves produce un-
saa contrasts

the vast number of our native plants those which

t
these the following have been chosen, not desiring thereby to in-
dicate that they are the only ones of note, but rather to serve as
a guide in selecting. It is to be borne in mind that only herba-
ceous perennials are here considered.
June with its bright days and clear skies brings a host of
flowers worthy of our care and cultivation. Among the endog-

enous plants are the Irises, /ris versicolor, t n blu

of our swamps and wet plac dl. jhe the slender flag,
of similar situations. Both are of low growth, rarely exceeding two
feet in height, and are equally at een in wet or dry soil

Among the lilies of our eastern rai ernie ee named in
honor of Asa Gray, and a native of the of the south-
ern United States, is the pioneer in biconine ng. ee ew bulbs were
planted last fall and they did exceedingly well, throwing up
stout, vigorous stems, which flowered freely and attained a height
of about three feet. The flowers are a deep red-brown and are
readily distinguished from those of its nearest relative, the com-

on meadow lily, Z. Canadense, which flowers in the following

122

month. The buttercup ra furnishes two charming represen.
tatives among the columbines, both from the Rocky Mountain
region. One of these is Ghee eae with clear yellow
flowers, as its name indicates, borne in great abundance; the
ther i

and is by far the handsomest species of the genus. They both
bout two feet tall. Belonging to the same family are the
wo

I ie are loweerowin , rarely eidecedine a foot in cca,

and showiest of the smaller forms is the three-toothed cinquefoil,
Reg tridentata, a native of mountainous regions and

rowing in rocky situations, but for the past three years it has
thrived vith us under ordinary cultivation, its bright white flowers
forming a striking contrast to the dark green glossy leaves which
are three-toothed at the apex, giving the plant its specific name.
The long-plumed purple avens, Sieversia ciliata, also a member
of this family, is attractive, but in this case it is the fruit with its
long feathery tails which is the desirable feature. This is also a
native of mountainous regions, but apparently at home with us,
as it flowers freely. Still another member of this family is the
goatsbeard, Aruncus Aruncus, of wide distribution in the cooler
parts of the north temperate zone of America, Europe and Asia.
It sometimes attains a height of six or seven feet, and with its
large panicles of white flowers is very showy.

A e members of the pea ay: one of the most striking
and noteworthy is the wild blue indigo of the Southern States,
Baptisia australis. The flowers are a deep blue and borne in
great profusion in large racemes. It is a vigorous grower w
us, attaining a height of three or four feet, and its peculiar de
blue flowers are quite unique. It is cage worthy of mu
wider cultivation than it at present enjo Belonging to te
same family is the Carolina thermopsis, aos hee

of the Southern States. Its flowers are yellow, and thou

123

smaller than in the Baptista they are borne in such profusion in
the long compact racemes that the effect is equally striking.
flowers in the latter part of the month, extending into the early
part of July, and grows about four feet tall. One of the best of
the showy white flowers is Szdalcea candida, a member of the
mallow family and a native of our southwestern country. Its
flowers are borne in profusion, on stems two to three feet high.

In the evening primrose family one of the best is the Missouri
Primrose, Megapteriunt Missouriense, of our western plains. Like
many of the other members of this family, it is at its best early
in the morning, its large yellow flowers, sometimes six inches

o the sun. eedi

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eer-shaped fruit with its four broad wings.
plant has a oe habit, forming clumps.

The cow parsnip, Heracleum lanatum, of wide distribution in
this country, well represents the carrot family, its large leave
umbels making it very decorative in both flower and fru tt
sometimes attains a height of six feet or rnore

ile some of the genera of June are represented in July,
many make their first appearance during this latter mon The
buttercup family, which is so much in evidence ce the spring
and ear! se summer, is now on its decline, and few are left to mark
its pre Our common meadow rue of the swamps, Zhalic-
trum polygamaun, is one of the best of these. It is not particular

all its own. It grows in masses, the stems reaching a height
usually of four to six feet. Another of the rear guard of the
buttercup family, and in striking contrast in inflorescence to that
exhibited by the meadow rue, is the black snakeroot, or black
cohosh, Cimicifuga racemosa, Its leaves are also decompound,
but quite different in appearance, and the white crowded flowers
are arranged ina long wand-like raceme terminating a long stem
Its height is about that of the meadow rue, but the leaves are
mainly confined to the base of the plant, giving it quite a differ-
ent appearance, The genus Baptisia, which was so beautifully

124

represented in June by the wild blue indigo, again makes it its ap-

exs

stature, ae exceeding two to four feet. Differing much from
this in habit is the purple poppy-mallow, Callirrhoé involucrata,
f our western area, a member of the mallow family, with its
long trailing stems and carrot-like roots. The flowers are a rich
rple and very attractive. Another worthy representative of
this family is the Virginia mallow, Sida hermaphrodita, a native
of the Virginias and southern Pennsylvania; the flowers are
white and small for the size of the plant, its ae value lying in
its imposing foliage of five- para leaves and tall growth, some-

times attaining a height of
e carrot family, the fee is represented by an odd
individual which has proved of very easy culture with us. It is
the Aryngium aquaticum, sometimes called rattlesnake master,
probably from some reputed value. It increases rapidly, soon
forming large masses which send up their large odd leaves
with toothed margins, and tall stems, three to four feet high,
bearing many flowers-in dense heads. The whole plant is of a

he attention.
uring this month of July the milkweed family takes a promi-
nent place, and two of the more noteworthy of the milkweeds
proper are the butterfly weed, Asclepias tubcrosa, and the whorled
The

milkweed, A. verticillata, former is a hairy plant with rather
broad leaves, stout die two to three feet tall, and crowded
umbels of showy bright orange flowers, while the other forms

a strong contrast to this, ae slight, smooth stems, rarely ex-
ceeding a foot and a-half, whorled linear leaves, and cream-
colored flowers borne in delicate bels. Anotier representa-

erent 1
large-flowered climbing milkweed, Vincetoxicum obliquum, at
home in our Southern States, but extending northward into Ohio

125

and Pennsylvania. As its common name indicates, it is a vine,
and among northern asclepiads odd on this account, though in
the tropics many of them are found. The leav

shaped, and the purple flowers are borne in umbels in their axils.
The pod is covered with pointed — and much re-
sembles that of the common milkweed, Asclepias Syriaca, of our
roadsides and fencerows. Iti valuable more for its a than

essential for culinary purposes, and also the true mint, which at
times is so highly valued in certain much desired concoctions,
has many claims to our attention. Physostegia Virginiana, the
obedient plant, deriving its name from the behavior of the flowe

which remain in the position, at least temporarily, in which ae

P
teristic referred to above. It grows from three to four feet tall
and often carries its flowering period well into August. And
the Bergamots, one of the constituents of many old-fashioned

enforced, for the too close approach of the red and purple is
anything but harmonious.

In the figwort ay one of the showiest plants is Pentstemon
barbatus of the West, with its long wand-like stems, usually four

Leptandva Virginica, the culver’s root, so common in some sec-
tions, with its tall stems clothed with whorled leaves, and narrow
ense spike-like racemes of white flowers, forms a striking contrast.
It is during the month of July that the Compositae first take a
prominent place, foretelling the great wealth of asters and gol
rods which are to flower later and clothe our hillsides and beautify
our woods and fields, Conspicuous among the earlier ones are :
Rudbechia laciniata, the tall cone-flower, reaching a height of five

Q
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126

to eight feet; Coreopsis verticillata, one to two feet tall, with its
finely cut ieee Helio ops. 28 helianthoides, the false sunflower,

P.

Lacinaria spicata, ai forth late in the month its long wand-
like spikes, terminating stems which are two to three feet tall.
Another member of this ay valuable a pian for the beauti-
ful blue of its flowers but also for thei shape, is Stokesia
laevis, of the Gulf region. Aster pare the upland white
aster, is about the first of these showy plants to make its ap-
pearance. It is rather slender, one to two feet high, and bears
terminal clusters of bright white flowers.

Passing now to the month of August, we find the Compositae

in the ascendency, both as to species and the number of
individuals; so’many are they that it is > ppeaile to mention
a very few of the f the golden rods, one of the first to
redeem the promise of beauty to come is tt small-flowered form
of Solidago ial blooming e the month, usually

about the first week. A little oe ie eet golden
rod, Solidago juncea, appears upon the scene with its large clus-
ters of ies yellow flowers and stems some three or four feet

e large-leaved aster, 5a macrophyllus, with its broad

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of lavender or violet flowers. The tall tic oo ae trip-
teris, sometimes attaining a height of eight fect, with its numer-
ous baghey: ellow flowers and three-parted leaves, should not be
neglected. The prairie button-snakeroot, Lacinaria pycnostachya,
is a worthy successor to its near relative alluded to above,
L. spicata, and resembles it in color, but has the upper part of
the stem very hairy. The purple coneflower, or black Sampson,
Brauneria purpurea, is eee orthy the attention of the
lover of flowers. The ray-flowers are a peculiar and unusual

127

shade of purple, and aa with the deep brown center make a
very pleasing combin

means entirely given over to the Com-
positae, other families demanding and justly receiving our atten-
tion. e figwort feas with its two striking Seana
Chelone glabra and C. Lyoni, the former with white, the lat
with purple, flowers, both showy and imposing, takes a promi-
nent place. The mint family furnishes Sa/via Pitcheri, Pitcher’s
sage, of our Penns country, one of the showiest of plants
and one of the most desirable of the genus, its light blue flowers
borne in great profusion re for a considerable time. It grows
to a height of two to five

Of all the plants that ia during the summer few, if an

brackish ones, in cultivation it thrives equally well in much

drier situations, sending up numerous stems four to six feet tall,

which bear in succession numerous large pink flowers from four

to seven inches across. Those who were fortunate enough to

see our west ate last August can bear evidence to its gre:

beauty and value as a garden plant. It is readily raised ee
i ird r

seed, and will flower the second or thir ibiscus nzili-
zaris, also belonging to the mallow family, is attracti Its
owers are smaller, while. the leaves are hastate-lobed at the
b It grows to about the same and, though also a
swamp plant, thrives well in much drier

to) ther plants deserving attention may be mentioned

the American senna, Cassia Marylandica, ee mainly to the
area east of the Mississippi River. This bears a profusion of
showy yellow flowers borne in aa racemes, sea are suc-
ceeded by the large brown pods. It does best in

but will do well in drier places. It attains a height of three 6
eight feet, is eee raised from seed, and is distinctly ornamental.

A t d lose one of its finest plants were the turk’s-

cap lily, LZ. ees omitted. It is the largest and most im-

but few flowers, but the older bulbs sending up stems several feet
high which bear a nes of elegant blooms.

128

s stated in the first part of this paper, the array of native

personal preferences of the writer naturally intruding. It is at
best meant only as a suggestion as to what can be done with our
native flowers, and the individual taste of all may be suited by
judicious selections from the hundreds of a ready and free
for all almost at one’s very door.

GEORGE V. Nasu.

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.

Weather for July. Station r. Maximum temperature, 98.5°,
2:30 P.M.,on the 17th. Minimum temperature, 50.5°,2 A.M
on the 2d. Greatest range (24 hours) hie from 97°, 2 P.M.
on the 18th, to 57° at 5:30 A. M. on the roth. Least range,
28°, from 72” degrees midnight of the a to 64° midnight of
the 26th; the alee in temperature oe at 5 o'clock.
Station 2, The temperature records for the same days are as
ollows: Maximum, 91”, 2:30 P. M. onthe oe minimum, 56°
6 A.M. on the 2d. Greatest range, 29°, on the 18th-rgth,
at 3 P. M. onthe 18th to 61” at n

>

about six aa then recovered. Least range, 5°, midnight to
midnight of the 25th—26th, 69.5° to 64.5°. Station 3. Nearly

the ee of Station 1, but shows the vaneons more esharly ;
the exposed instruments being th
of short duration. Rainfall for the month, 4.67 fens

&

OFFIOERS, 1900.
PRESIDENT—D. O. LES;
eae ag heme CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF MANAGERS.

1, ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, D. O. MILLS,

CHARLES F. COX, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,

SAMUEL THORNE.

2, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
ON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN
THE MAyor OF THE CiTy OF NEw YorRK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.

3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.

HON. SETH LOW, Cuairm.

HON, ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES O’BRIEN,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROE HH RUSBY
PROF, J. F. KEMP, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chief.
U'

. T. MACDO , first Assistant.
DR, ple K, SMALL, Curator of the Museums.

Head Garden
GEORGE V. NASH, Curator of the Plantations.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Librarian.
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.
Cc A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.
TER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.
CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

PUBLICATIONS

Journal of the New “York Botanical Garden, ae illustrated,
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xchan: Subscripti d itt should be sent to 4x North Queen s
Rane Pa., or Eee Park, New York Gas
ie New York Botanical Garden, containing the reports
the Director-in-Chief and other eee Lsganrse: and technical articles embod:
the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Nos. 1-5, 449 Pp:, 3 maps,
and 12 plates, 1896-1900. Free to all soe of the Garden. To others, 25 cen!
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moirs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. t. An Annotated {
es a the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,
assi e museums. An arrangement and criti discussion of the
Pteridophytes and Phanerogams of the region with notés from the author’s field boo!
and including ere of 163 new species. ix + 492 pp. Roy. 8vo,
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offered in accliage J
tions e New York peters in
other than ie above. Price, 25 cents
No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.
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No. 4. Delphinium Carolini related Species by Dr. Per Axel Rydber
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All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to
NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN -

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SEPTEMBER, 1900 No, 9

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS

Some Valuable Plants for the Conservatories, the Gift of Miss Helen Gould. 129

Exhibits in the Economic Museum .......-+-++++- +++ 133
A New Exhibition Microscrope .....--- +--+ 22 ee eee bth ee)
NotesysNews and Comment), . 4... 3.0.0. 5 ww te et ee tl 141
SINE SS eR Se ae eae ce Ee Sarees + 14

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

AT A Nortu Queen STREET, Miteeciey Pa.
y Tua New Era Printinc Com

OFFICERS, 1900.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VICE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SEcRETARY—N. L. BRITTON. %

BoARD OF MANAGERS.

1, ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, D. O.

GHARLES -F:;. COX; Je PIERPONT MORGAN,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E, DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,

SAMUEL THORNE

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
ON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN
THE MAyorR OF THE CIty OF NEw YorRK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.

3. SCLENTIFIC DIRECTORS.

HON. SETH LOW, CuairRM

HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. Mae O'BRIEN,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY,
PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chief.
- DR, D. T. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant.
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Curator of the Museums.
. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator.

cor ks sc ae pee A
Pe ae Clerk and Accountant.
(teers VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vo. I. September, 1900. No. 9.

SOME VALUABLE PLANTS FOR THE CONSERVA-
TORIES, THE GIFT OF MISS HELEN GOULD

At the country home of Miss Helen Gould, situated between
Irvington and Tarrytown and overlooking the Hudson from its
eastern bank, is to be found one of the finest private collections
of plants in this country. Under the able management o
Mangold, the gardener, who has had it in charge for many years,

ants. From this wealth of material Miss Gou as gener-
ously presented to the Garden during the past month a large
collection, embracing about 230 aia These are widely rep-

resentative, furnishing examples of many extreme forms and from
many lands. This will be better sprite when it is known
that 36 families, 64 genera and about 102 species are included.

In abotanical garden probably the most difficult plants to obtain
and ead represent are the palms, for while many other plants
y be grown in a comparatively short time, the palms require
i to ee an eHective showing. We have been greatly aided
by Mi g some of these most interesting members

of a al vegetation, some of the specimens presented being
very large and symmetrical. Four of them are from 25 to 30 feet
high, and make an imposing appearance, even in our large central

A tree of Dictyosperma album about 18 feet high and a pair of

1380

smaller ones of D. rubrum well represent this genus. All of
these are frequently placed in the genus Aveca, but these more

which Xenia is a synonym, is present in two species, AH. Forste-
riana and Ey ane two small but promising specimens of
each. Archantophoenix Alexandre, at one time included in Pty-
chosperma, takes a prominent place in the collection in a pair of
noble trees about 25 feet high, and a number of smaller specimens,

plants r
ae included being senuis, rupicola, reclinata, pumila, Siamen-
zs, and Canartensis, Other palms in the collection are: Thri-
nax ee Cocos \Veddelliana and C. Romansoffiana ; the wax
palm, Diplothemium caudescens, frequently known as Ceroxylon
niveum ; Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, generally known as an Areca ;
veodoxa regia, the royal palm; Martinesia Lindeni; and two
from the Pacific coast, Erythea edulis and Ni hingtonia filifera,
A near relative of the palms and much resembling them in
general appearance is Carludovica palmata, of the family Cyclan-
thaceae, and a native of tropical America. It is from this plant
that the famous Panama hats are manufactured. A plant about

8 feet high represents the species.
While the palms from their size deservedly take a prominent

era. In point of numbers, Asthwrium leads with six species,
cd ae he the best and most valuable of these is a fine speci-
o feet high ; several fine speci-
mens of a. crvstallinum were ee their large leaves with the

lighter shade of the same color, making them very effective from
a decorative standpoint ; another one, A. ¢iobum, is peculiar in
its three-lobed leaves; still another type of the genus is repre-
sented in a single specimen of A. pedato-radiatum, with its leaves
cut into long lobes, the lateral segments forwardly falcate ; and

181

the uncommon a4. pale aia also represented by a single
specimen. Two or three species of Spathiphyllum give that
enus of aroids a place in the collection, while Schismatogtottis i is
Scarce by a single form, S. Rodelind, with rather ic-
us flowers, but very showy bright red fruit. Dreffenbachia, an-
ne of the aroids, contributes four species to the representation
of this pnd among them D. pelea

The acanthus family makes a fine showing in a number of
genera a species, among them sever a forms of variegated
Eranthemums, two Ruellias, and three Justicias. In Arata pat-
mata and wilfoylei the Araliaceae are well represented, the
former ith its hanging delicately cut leaves being a most grace-
ful decorative plant. vrata Chabieri, of which a single speci-

as received, is not a true Aradia, but belongs to quite a dif-
er family, the Celastraceae, and should bear the name E/aeo-
dendron orientale,

The Gesneriaceae have as representatives two genera and five
species. Tapetonetes bicolor with its large leaves and odd unsym-
metrical flowers is a valuable addition, and four species of th
genus Aeschynanthus were received: Lobbiana, pe scorina,
and grandiflora.

wi e showy plants of Hymenocallis ovatum and one of Z.
amoenum are worthy representatives of the amaryllis family ; and
one plant of Crinum Moorei, often called C, Makoyana, and sev-
eral fine specimens of es recurvata increase the number of
representatives of this . The closely related lily family has

D
S
og
st
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?
nd
oO
wn
oO
oa
oe
p
et,
<
fa
:
=}
5
Ss
Q
a
3
Q
ae
5
xs
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wn
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=
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th
3
oO

nce i acaena
spotted with mated white. Aspidistra elatior and its varigated
form, together with a fine plant of Agapanthus umbellatus further
represent a family.

The Melastomaceae, largely represented in the tropics and of
which our beautiful little plant, commonly called meadow beauty,

and without doubt the noblest pe doliaee plant known to

132

horticulture, is Tamonea magnifica, or Cyanophyllum magnificum,
s commonly called. A finely grown plant of this some 8
org Pe high, is one of the prizes of this collection. Bertolonia

e s
three species, Pandanus ornatus, P. Veitchi, and of andelabrum,
or Javanicus, as it is sometimes called. P. Veitcht is a fine
plant about 8 feet tall; the others are eee smalle er.
Another family that ae a number of for is the Rubi-
aceae, Of economic importance is Coffea Liberica ie Liberian
coffee, a fine plant about 8 feet tall. A fine variegated foliage
plant of this family is Hoffmannia or Higginsia Ghiesbreghti,
of which a plant about 4 or § feet tall was received, also
two large specimens of the showy Jroras, [. cuncifolia and I,
acuminata, The Sapotaceae appear in a single specimen, the
sapodilla plum, Achras Sapora, a fine plant 10 feet high.
ose peculiar plants, the bromeliads, a large portion of which

are ep re represent genus 7ilandsia in three
ecies, sebrina, ilies and splendens. M aceae
has b le specimen representing Theophrasta imperialis, of

which a plant roan 10 feet tall came in the collection. Its

owy pla:
fine one, of Soonaha iapaniea gives the orchids a place in the
stein Of the Rutaceae, of which the orange and lemon are
the widest and best known examples, two representatives were
received, ae punctata, frequently also called Cookia, and
Pilocar; ek pinnatifidus.
he ziberaceae, to which the common ginger belongs, has
a place mn three genera and as many species, among them
Alpinia vittata, a variegated leaves. One genus, with two
species, aa the Pedaliaceae, Rogeria cordata and R. gra-
vissima. e Solanaceae, to which belong the potato and
tomato Pe which is so largely spread throughout tropical re-
gions, ears in two species of Franciscca and one of Streptoso-
len, S. Jane onil.
Among the ferns a number of genera and species find a place,

133

Adiantum with nine species taking the lead in number. Other
orms are: Lomaria Neo-Caledonia, oe bicorne and P,
Willincki, Davallia clegans dissecta . LTyermanni, Gymno-
LVAMINC cic Lastraea be ne L, Thomas Hogg, an
Nephrotepis gracili
Other families ere are: Anonaceae, Commelinaceae,
eusae tae, pees thidaceae, Bignoniaceae, Saxi fragaceae, Mal-

aceae, Renee Lauraceae and Iridaceae. It is not possible
here to go further into the details of this collection, and it must
suffice to state that many of the plants unenumerated are worthy
of mention did space permit.

The moving of the large palms involved many difficulties, but
the task was successfully accomplished, and not a little of this
success is due to the suggestions of Mr. Mangold, whose courtesy
and freely offered assistance, both of his own time and that of his
men, did much to facilitate the safe removal of these plants
which now beautify our greenhouses and add greatly to the

value of our collections Grorce V. Nasu

EXHIBITS IN THE ECONOMIC MUSEUM.

A general list is here presented, showing the principal sets
of material which constitute the co llections in the cases. Be-
i e have °

to) mi
specimens of local collection, constituting a fairly complete ex-
hibit of our local economic

Foops AND FopDERSs.

The principal set of specimens in this department is contributed
by Messrs. Francis H. Leggett & Co. It has not yet been found
possible to mount more than a very small portion of this exhibit,
which when completed will probably constitute at least half of our
entire food collection.

134

More than fifty specimens of garden vegetables have been
donated from the trial grounds of Messrs. Peter Henderson & Co,
These were placed, as soon as collected, in a preservative solution,
They aoe the most important varieties in this department.

Mr. James A. Staples, of Marlborough, New York, has do-
nated an ree large collection of domestic fruits, which have
been pene preserved

Also erved € same manner are some fifty specimens of
tropical te collected by the writer in May, 1896, in south-
eastern Venezuela and in the island of Trinidad, as well as a sim-
ilar collection from the city of Mexico, collected largely by Mrs.
Britton, in November of the same year

collection of eighteen specimens of nuts has been donated by
the Koerber Nut-meat Company. Two collections of almonds,
one from Messrs. Lehn & Fink, the other from Messrs. Huyler
& Co., comprise almost every variety of these seeds.

Messrs. James Chieves & Co., have contributed a collection of
eleven varieties of peanuts.

The New York Board of Trade, through Messrs. McIntyre &
Wardwell, has contributed a series of seventeen h oecauid of
sey eae the classification employed by

From the American Sugar Refineries Co., we eae eee a
as of thirty-seven samples of sugars, representing all the
principal crude products which come to this market, and the
commercial grading of refined sugars.

t. of Agriculture has contributed seventy-three
specimens of fodder grasses.

STARCHES.
About thirty specimens, representing most of the important
varieties, has been contributed in exchange by the Field Colum-
ian Museum of Chicago.
Five specimens of tapioca have been furnished by Messrs. F. H.
Leggett & Co.
BEVERAGES.
Our most important exhibit in the line of beverages is a series
of twelve wines, contributed by The H. T. Dewey & Sons Co

135

This series should be supplemented by specimens of the different
grapes yielding these wines, and by material illustrative of the

manufacturing processes. A handsome set of larg oe
illustrating these processes is already upon the shelves

T merican Malting Co. supplied nine specimens of malt
and malt products, which illustrate the processes of manufacture.

Messrs. Beadleston & Woerz, have contributed twelve samples
of malt beverages

Several specimens of mate or Paraguay tea, with their original
packages and the implements used in preparing the beverage,
from the collections of the late Dr. Thomas Moron

Pertaining chiefly to this department is a very handsome col-
lection illustrative of the chocolate industry, which has been su
plie s. Huyler & Co. This consists of the econ
fruits, the Srna commercial varieties of the seeds, unroasted
and roasted, nibs of different degrees of fineness, germs, cocoa-
liquor, cocoa-butter, cocoa-cake and the same ground into break-
chocolate, as
put up for sale. This exhibit is supplemented by a series of large
photographs iiveneane the production of cacao seeds.

FLAVORING SUBSTANCES AND CONDIMENTS.

A set of nearly one hundred specimens of spices, prepared by
- E. C. Prior, of the spice department of Messrs. . Leg-
& Co., is one of the most extensive and representative ex-

ee in our museum. Several fruit syrups have been supplied
by Messrs. Lehn & Fink.

A series of specimens of vanilla and tonka beans is greatly
desire:

Many volatile oils used for flavoring are contained in the de-
partment of volatile oils, referred to elsewhere

MASTICATORIES AND PLANTS FOR SMOKING.

In this department, the museum is not yet well supplied. We

have, from the American Tobacco Co., a set of seventeen sam-

ples of leaf-tobacco.
A set of specimens representing chewing-gum and its source

136

has been presented by the American Chicle - A few samples
of cola nuts and coca leaves complete the

All the preparations of opium used for are ese polos, of
Betel nuts and leaves and similar substances are still to be
secured,

Drves.

This department is the most extensively equipped of any in
the Economic Museum.

The largest collection is one of nearly 300 specimens of crude
ie ial donated by Messrs. Parke, Davis & Co.

Messrs. Peek and Velsor have donated thirty-two specimens
of fee same character.

From the aie York College of Pharmacy we have received
in exchange a large series of similar specimens

The writer -— contributed an extensive eollectan, chiefly of
rare drugs, collected upon his travels.

F ard Kemp, isa! through the New York
College of ees we have a very interesting series of speci-
mens and eae iisatedve of the source of opium.

ess . Baker & Co donated two original large
tubs of ann pee and samples of the refined article, as well
as of castor oil seeds and castor oil.

Messrs. Young & Smylie have donated sixteen samples of the
commercial varieties of licorice-root and of the extract and other
products made from them.

Although in the nature of a fiber, absorbent cotton may with
propriety be mentioned here. Messrs. Seabury & Johnson have
donated nine large specimens, illustrating not only absorbent
cotton, but the different stages in its manufacture.

Resins, INCLUDING RUBBER AND RESIN PRODUCTS.

Our most extensive exhibit in this department is one of some
fifty specimens, hase ing all the more i Sa varieties of
India rubber, donated by the Crude Rubber Co.

Messrs. Seabury & Johnson have supplied twenty-two large
and handsome specimens of the resin and rubber employed in the
manufacture of medicated plaste

Dr. Charles Mohr, State er of Alabama, has sent us a

137

large pine trunk, containing a turpentine box, and a series of
twenty specimens of turpentine and resin, illustrative of the trade-
classification of these products

The Packer Tar Soap Co. donates five specimens of tar soap
and the materials from which it was made.

A full series of resin soaps is very much desired.

VOLATILE OILS.
essrs. Fritzsche Bros. & Co., have supplied almost a com-
eas collection of 150 volatile oils. An attempt has been made
ure specimens of the substances from which these oils are
distilled, and Messrs. J. L. Hopkins & Co. have donated ninety
uch samples.
Fixep OILs.

The American Cotton Oil Co. has furnished a handsome series
of specimens illustrating crude and refined cotton seed oil, cotton
seeds, the various stages of manufacture and the bye-products.

Asimilar series has been supplied by the American Linseed
Co,, illustrative of the linseed oil industry.

ne of the very instructive exhibits of the Museum is in this
department, illustrative of the manufacture of soaps and glycerin
and of the products employed therein, and is donated by Messrs.
Colgate & Co.
Poisons,

Time and opportunity have not as yet been favorable to the
proper organization of this department, but a large local collec-
tion of poisonous plants, supplemented by many ee has been
made and placed in a prominent position in the Mus

Woops.
rt most important collection in this department is a series of
five hundred and nineteen specimens donated by Mr. Morris K
Jesup, being duplicates from the Jesup collection of North Amer-
ican forestry at the American Museum of Natural History and
forming almost a complete representation of North American
woods

A large collection of foreign woods has come from the Field
a asa Mus
ave a rare s lease of fifty-two specimens from the

138

lower Orinoco region, being duplicates of a collection made by
the writer for the Orinoco Mining and Colonization Co.

Messrs. C. Heidt and Son have supplied 13 samples of coop-
erage materials manufactured from different varieties of North
American woods

rs. Estes & Co. have donated re samples of small
ae articles, aieiy made from the wood of the white birch.

The Animal Trap Co., of Abingdon, “a has donated several
traps, of which American woods form the bases.

One of the handsomest collections in the Museum is illustra-
tive of the cork industry, and is furnished by the Armstrong
Cork Co. It consists of the entire cork jacket from a cork oak,
together with seventy-three specimens of the bark in different
stages of manufacture, of the different varieties of corks and
cork-products, as well as of the bye-products. any of these
specimens are in reality sets. If the individual articles were con-
sidered, the collection would number hundreds of specimens.

Carson.

A handsome collection of twenty-five charcoals from different
varieties of wood has been supplied by the Field Columbian
heat: o Chisago The ae cae te) ue donated a

pecime present-
ing the different stages " tee and of the ae and
finished lamps made from them.

'APER,
Twenty-nine specimens of woods used in the manufacture of
paper-pulp, in different stages of manufacture, of the pulp itself
the papers made from it, have been donated by the Inter-
national Paper Co. Similar series, illustrating cotton, linen and
straw papers, are desired
FIBErs.

Our collections in this department are already very extensive.
The Field Columbian Museum has supplied a series of 114 speci-
mens of fiber plants, their fibers and stiles made from them.

A similar large collection has been received from the Phila-

seums. An important historical mes of fibers has

delphia
been Fae by Columbia University.
H. H. Russy.

139

A NEW EXHIBITION MICROSCOPE.

In accordance with the original suggestion, and by the gen-
erosity of Mr. Wm. E. Dodge, of the Board of Managers, the
Garden has been able to place in position, in the systematic mu-
seum, a permanent microscopical exhibit including twenty-five
microscopes ie special design.

The Leitz stand V is used in the construction of these instru-
ments. The foot is removed and the upright support fastened
to a base of sa eae 6x6x1 in., blackened and with beveled
edges. The mirror swings in two axes, and the square stage is
furnished with a wheel diaphragm. The whole stand is sur-

canner a Supporting rod —.

Fic. 24. Section of Exhibition Microscope and Glass Case.
rounded by a case made of sheets of plate glass cemented at the
joints. The outside measurements of the case are 434 x 434 x 6in.
The top of the case is not cemented but is held in place by four

140

upright rods which pass down through the base and are fastened
by nuts, both on the lower side of the base and on the upper side
of the top (Fig. 24).

The instrument is furnished with fine adjustment only, and the
milled head is removed, allowing the top of the case to rest on
the head of the support. The square head of the micrometer
screw projects through a small aperture in the plate and is man-
ipulated by a detachable key kept by an attendant. The upper

felt in such manner as to be dust-proof. The instruments are
fitted with ocular II. and objective 3, giving a magnification of 70,
but this combination may be changed from time to time.

Fic. 25. Exhibition Microscopes mounted on table.

The instruments are fastened in pairs to tables of special design
(Fig. 25), and placed in the west hall of the systematic museum.
The objects placed under observation aid in the illustration of
exhibits in the cases. Suitable explanations are given by labels

141

placed on the tables at the side of the instrument. The tables are
furnished with heavy iron sills to secure stability, and hold the
instruments at a height above the floor convenient for the use of

the majority of observers 5).
entire demonstration vil forms a most attractive and useful
exhibit, and it gives the casual visitor the opportunity of seeing
something of the intimate structure of plants.
D. T. MacDoueat.

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Weather report—The total amount of rainfall in the Garden
for August was 4.42 inches, and the greatest precipitation in 24
hours was .99 in. on the 13th. Minimum temperatures of 48 on

the 25th, 96.5 on the 25th, and 96 on the 27th were recorded at
station I.

ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM

m specimens of Chicle-gum and chewing-gum. (Presented by the Amer-

80 museum specimenset drugs. a by J. L. Hopkins & Company. )
I sien of Sphagnum. aig aa d by B. L. Robinson. )

copy of Timber Pines of the Southern States, with pl

(Peete by ig ie Sudw

ce of the long-leaved pine. (Presented by F.

Ss. ls rle e.)
Io specimens ot spices. ( Presented by. Leggett Bros. )
g the derivation of linseed oil and linseed cake. ( Presented
by the American Linseed Oi] Company. )
1 cork picture. (Presented by ae Arnistrong Cork Company. )
23 herbarium : specimens from Georgia and New England. (Presented by R. M.
arper. )
1 Geaster from Westhampton, Long Islan (Presented by Mrs. E. D. Merrill. )
211 specimens of grasses and sedges, sine ioe the grass herbarium of Her
mann Wagner. (Present ted L by i sses C. and E, Rousseau.
17 herbari Ibuquerque, New Mexico. (Presented by Winnie

Harward. )
I specimen of Zavawxia from Oklahoma. ( Presented by E. E. Bogue. )

142

1 specimen of Axeifia from Maine. (Presented by H. K. Murrell.)
12 herbarium specimens from the eastern United States. (pemed by E. P.
Bicknell. )
Payee

p fi Washington, D.C. (By exchange with E. L,
Greene. )

2 specimens of Sewecio from Pennsylvania, (Presented by J. Crawford.)

2 Lear of Bumelia lanuginosa and Roestelia Crataegi from Florida. (Pre-
sented by R. L. Robb.)

AGARDH, J. G. <Analecta Algologica. Lund, 1894-1897.

AGARDH, J.G. 7ill alisias Spuema atik, Lund, 1890.

ALLEN, GRANT. Flowers a ir Pedigrees. New York, eon (Given by
Miss Vail

‘American institute a the es of New York, Transactions, for the year 1853.
Albany, 1854. (Given by Dr. F. M. Hexamer. )

Anales de Historia etre Madrid, cma 2 vols,

Anales de Ciencias Naturales, Madi 804. vols,

a ‘otanical Dale eS, aes Hlortensia. and her four children,

ANONYMO' Bi vr
Charles, Harriet, Juliette and Henry. Designed for the use of schools. By a lady.
levy.
RDISSONE, F. Phycologia Mediterranea. Var 6. vols,
Mt
. by
Baltey, L. H. Cyclopedia of American Horticulture. New York, 1goo. Vol. I
ARNES, C, R. utlines of Plant Life. (Given by Dr. MacDou gal. )
Barnes, C. R. Plant Life. (Given by Dr. MacDougal.
NG, Er. Anatomie et Physiolagie Végétales. Paris, 1900, (Given by
Berichte der Baye erischen Botanischen Geselischaft zur Erforschung der Hei-
1899. 6

LINGTON, WILLIAM. On Planting Oak, etc. London, 1825.
B

ORDIGA, BENEDETTO. Storia delle Piante Forestiere. Milan, 1791. 2 vols.
BorneT and THURET. Motes | Agolagiques. Paris, 1876. 2 vols, (Given by
Dr. : ra n

0. Studi A. Igologict Messina, 1 1895. 2 vols.
ts Sess pe of the Board of PS - the Department of Parks.

, WILLIAM. Adam in Eden: or, Natures Paradise, London, 1657-
(Given E Mr, C. L, Allen.
EVIN, CH. Des Plantes Vintneubes et des Waeieenes qu elles diter.
ment. Paris, 1896.
geen J. La Nature Tropicale. Paris, 1899. (Given by Dr. MacDougal. )
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lant ature. orl

ew
Crouan, Pu. et Crovan, H. M. HMorule du Finistére. Paris, 1867.

Crozizr, A. A, A Dictionary of Botanical Terms. New York, 1892.
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w
4

148

ODEL, ARNOLD. Olothrix zonala, Zurich, 1876.

N new Genera and Species of the Class Compos=
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itae helonging to the Fl
‘ON Botanical Exercises.
Re,

Albany, n by Dr. Hollick.

Pilea re
1891.

Fosiiz, M. Contribution to Knowledge of the Marine Algae of Norway

Y, 1820, ( Give’
Fairmoun the Commissioners,
FE York, Annual Report

Annual Report o

Pe
forest Conlieiision of the State of New
1892.

1890-
gt.
FritscH, K ARL. Schulflora fur die isterveichischen Stideten- und Alpenlinder
Wien, 1900. (Given by Professor L. M. Und

Monographiu ee ap et Ortentis.

Paris,
nge.
e Rhodologicae, Paris, 1881. (By Exchange. )
Gay, FRANGOIS. pas sur a Dévelopment et (a Classification de quelques
es

WM. HAMILTON,

Our Edible eae and Mushrooms and how to
disting wish them. New York, 1895. (Given by Mr. G. V. Nash.
OOD, PETER R. The Family Flora and ee ta Medica Botanica, Elizabeth-
town, N. J.

I
,

¥, ASA, ae Plants Behave. New
GREENE, ae The U;

York, ee (Given by Miss Vail.)
iversal Herbal. i
GRENIER D. A. Flor

Liverpool, 1820.
ede France. Paris, 1848-56. 3 vols,
Guyot, L' Ecole Forestisre de Nancy. Nancy, 1898.
raecae. Fasc i.

2 vols.

Leipzig, T900.

oe Studien. Prag, 1887.

es tes pie es Indigénes. Paris, 1900.
Hariot, Paut. Adlas des Algues fa I
Houssaye, J. G. Monographie di ls 6 P, 1843.
Hunn, , and BalLey, L. ee s Practical Garden-book. New
York, 1900. (Given by the authors. —
Jackson, B. Daypox. 4 Glossary of Botanic Terms with their Derivations and
Accent. London, 1900.
Jacrer, H. Deutsche Béume und Walder. Leipzig, 1877
Jas . Die sania IN Hannover, 187
Jexyi1, ae RT

e and Gard:
ones, Harry C, is sie a of ee Dissociation and sone of tts Ap-
— tons. New

0.
late Arcata College, Twetfth Annual Report. Manhattan, Kan-

sas, 0 are exchange.

KEELER, Harriet L. “Our Native Trees and how to Identify Them. New York,
1900,

KIRCHNER, Oscar. Die Mikroscopische Pflanzenwelt des Siisswassers.
burg, 1891.

Kocu, Lupwic. Die hag aks aca der Orobanchen. Heidelberg, 7

Krai Ernst H. L. Syn
Part I. pee 1889,

Ham-

opsis Ruborum Germaniae et Virg:

144
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Paris, 1844.
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N, J.C. An Encyclopaedia of Gardening. Fourth Edition, London, 1826.
ee rs Samuel Thorne.
Lounsperry, ALICE. 4 Guide fo the Trees. New York, 1900, (Given by
Dr. N. L. Britton. )
Léwis, A. vox. Ueber die Ehemalige Verbreitung der Eichen, etc. Dorpat,
1841.
MacDoueat, D.T. Nature and Work of Plants. ( Given hs Dr. MacDougal.)
Mawson, THomMas, The Art and Kraft of Garden Maki
Peck, W. D. A Catalogue of American and Foreign Plus cultivated in ‘the
idge, Mass.

Petit-LaFitTE, AuG. La Vigne deni 'e Bordelais. Paris, 1868.
PFEFFER, W. pages ae Lin Handbuch der Lehre vom rachel
und Kraftwechsel in Phan: Vol, Leipzig, 1897. (Given by Dr,

g'
Ppl The, Edited by Alexander Irvine, London, 1855-1863. 6 vols.
PincHoT, GirrorD. A Primer of Forestry. Part1. The Forest. Washing-

99.
PLancHon, L. Les Aristoloches. Paris, 1891.
‘ONTEY, en The Forest Pruner or Timber Owner's Assistant. Hud-

5.
ORTER & COULTER. Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado. Washington, 1874.
ae a Professor L. M. Underwood. )
2K. Lehrbuch der Botanik. He sgegeb Ferdinand Pax, Edi-
i 2. Lipa 1900
sHEIM, N. G esanemelte oo von NN. Pringsheim. Heraus-
gegen vor seinen Kindern. Jena, vols.

Pro gs of the Society for es yee of Agricultural Science. 1X parts.
ieee i

RENAULD, Ferpinanp. Prodreme dela Flore Br seas i de ee des
Mascareignes et des Comores, Monaco, 1897. iven b N. L. Britt

BINSON, W. pena Flowers ss English Gardens. see 1870,

. Jo yoda Ed. 2. Frankfurt, a. M. 1631.
Roux. Traité de - Bae os Arbres. Paris, 1750.
Ruiz-Lorsz, Hirotito. Della ponies et # delle altre sue Specie, etc. Rome, 1792.
SARGENT, CHARLES SPRAGUE. Report of the Forests of North America. Wash-

- ps.
RGENT, F. Leroy. Corn Plants, their Uses and Ways of Life. Boston, 1899.
Scumitz, Fr. Die Chro. atophore der Algen. Bonn, 1882.
ScHuMaxn, C. Symbolae Physicae seu leones adhuc ineditae corporum Ne
alum Novorum _ minus paisa quae ek itiniribus per Libiam pene

Scripner, F. Lamson. “Avoican Grasses, Part //7. Washington, 1900.
SIEVEKING, ALBERT FORBES. ‘ardens, Ancient and Modern. London, 1899.
Srropot, $. Les Batrachospermes. Paris, 1884.

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. TrmoTHy F. ALLEN,
Pror. N. L. BRITTON,
FREDERIC BRONSON,

Hon. ADDISON BROwN,
Wn. L. Brown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,

Pror. Cuas. F. CHANDLER,
Wo. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cuas. F. Cox,

Joun J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,

Wm. E. DopGE,

Dr. WM. H. DRAPER,
Pror. SAm’1, W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,

Hon. THomas F. GILRoy, .
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HucuH J. GRANT,
HENRY P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JEsup,

Joun I. KANE,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,

PROF. JAMES F. KEMP,

Joun S. KENNEDY,

Hon. SETH Low,

Davin LyYDIG,

Epcar L. MARSTON,

D. O. MILLS,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Hon. MILES O’BRIEN,
Gro. M. OLcorTtT,

PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
OswaLD OTTENDORFER,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rt. REv. HENRY C. POTTER.
Percy R. PYNE,

JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Won. ROCKEFELLER,
Pror. H. H. RusBy,

Wm. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wn. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
SAMUEL THORNE,

Pror, Ll. M. UNDERWOOD,

Wm. H. S. Woop.

Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, ee on.
taining notes, news and non-technical articles of general interest. Fre nex
bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not i
exchange.] Subscriptions and ponileaes should be sent to 41 North Queen st
Lancaster, Pa., or Bronx Park, New York City.

the results of investigations carried out in the en. Non es a pee 3 maps,
and 12 plates, 1896-1900. Free to all eS. = the Garde 25 cents
a copy.

Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. tated Cat
alogue of the Flora of seen and ee ra ie. BY, Dr. i ‘ane Rydb
arran,

tailed map. Price to members of the Garden, $1.00. To nike
offered in exchange. ]

Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. (
nical papers writen ae students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the above, Price, 25 cents each.

No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal. ‘

No. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

No. 3. The dichotomous Paricums:> some new Species, by Geo, V. Nash ¥

No. 4. Delphinium Carolini d d ies b Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

No. 5. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora I, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

No. 6. Notes and Descriptions of North American Plants I and II, by Dr. p
Small.

No. 7. ets Reproduction and Multiplication in Eryéhronium, by Fred:
erick H. Blodge

should be sent to

All sub: ripti ns and

Vol. | OCTOBER, 1900 No. 10

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS
PAGE
A Valuable Gift for the Conservatories from Mrs. F. L. Ames ....... 145
North American Woods Presented by Mr. Morris K. Jesup........- - 149
POPS ANE WO ANG COMMONE ci 0 eke els ete ee ew ol wf ol ia Se 151
OOP LITE, 0p RU Se eee aaa oat 153
Reception Days and Lectures. .....- ese eee eee ese eee 160

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Ar 41 Nortu Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa.
sy Tus New ErA Printinc Company

OFFICERS, 1900.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS

SECRETARY—N,. L. BRITTON.

BoarRD oF MANAGERS. :

1, ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, D. O. MILLS,

CHARLES F. COX, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,

SAMUEL THORNE.

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
GEO. C. CLAUSEN
THE Mayor OF THE City OF NEw YORK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.

3. SCLENTIFIC DIRECTORS.

HON. SETH LOW, CHairm

HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES O’BRIEN,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY,
PROF. J. F. KEMP, _PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.

DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chief.

WALTE:
CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vou. I. October, 1900. No. 10.

A VALUABLE GIFT FOR THE CONSERVATORIES
M MRS. F. L. AMES

The Garden has been the recipient of a number of gifts of plant
collections, and perhaps none surpasses in beauty and interest the
recent accessions from the conservatories of Mrs. F. L. Ames, of

th Easton, Mass. The collection embraces about 225 speci-
mens, and it is, therefore, possible to describe here only those of
more marked iritere

_ Of these the as ‘died the first place in fulness of representa-

delicate and finely cut fronds a foot to a foot and a half long.

m
odd plant, and its broad hairy fronds make very sopliccile its

146

common name, for they much resemble the ear of that popular
animal. Brazil furnishes one representative in Blechnum Brasih-
: how :

macrophyllum, a native of tropical America. Quite different in
appearance from all of these is Platycerium grande, one of the
stag-horn ferns, an inhabitant of the northern part of Australia,

represented by well-grown plants, some of them 2 or 3 feet tall.
he Cycadaceae, in addition to a finely grown specimen of the
sago palm, Cycas revoluta, are represented by a single plant of

an unusual form, differing much in habit from both C. revoluta
and C. circinalis, but much resembling the latter in the shape of
the leaf-segment t has a prostrate stem w! ked near

the end and bears two large crowns of leaves. At present we
are unable to name it.

Among the palms, the most valuable in this collection is a
fine large specimen, some 18 feet high, of a palm which, in gen-
eral appearance, much resembles a “Poncho and it was

s a member of this genus that it came to us, but it is entirely
een of thorns, and lacks other ace belonging to that

enus. Its leaves are large, some 6 feet long, and merely toothed

Ocean some 600 miles east of Madagascar, is reels orbe Verschaf-
felt, a fine plant about Io feet high. In Rhapis flabelly ans of
eastern si another type is represented, a leaves being fan-
shaped, and coming nearer the ordinary conception of a palm leaf.
Three or ee specimens of this are included.
uite in contrast to the palms, though belonging to the same
i

in
perhaps the most valuable plant of the whole collection, is a mag-

147

plant stands about 8 feet high and makes a most striking ae
ance with its wavy leaves, some of them 4 feet long. It is the
largest specimen in this country, and it is me to be larger pe
the one at Kew Gardens, in England. It may be found on the

native of Colombia, is represented bys a collection of 22 plants,
forming an effective group against the wall, just across the walk
from the Anthurium above referred to. These are finely grown
and include many forms of this species, the spathes in ees
a varying from a pure white through pink to a most vivid
In A. cristallinum we have a representative of another type,
ae large deep-green leaves, the veins marked by a lighter shade
of the same color. This is a native of Peru, and is represented
by asingle plant. While in A. Scherzerianum, an inhabitant of
oe still another aa is shown, with the leaves long and
narrow.
Schismatoglottis ae another of the aroids, came in two
€ aise and Caladiums, other
members of the pe a both confined to tropical America,
are amply represented, the former _ two or three species, the
latter by a fine assortment of fancy-leaved sorts, including some
20 plants.
Among the par gas the pineapple family, there are two
padaaieneu one of Ananas sativa ain the pineapple, a
wy plant from t: ee ee the other a fine specimen of
Vriesin Senestralis, of Brazil. Its numerous ‘fed strongly re-
curved leaves are marked with small squares by the prominent
sib and cross vei
ly family is well represented in several genera and species,
and pie in point of numbers is Dracaena with four species :
pair of plants of D. ee “Gon the western part of tropical
Africa, with the green leaves marked with well-defined blotches
of white; D. Sanderiana, a native of the Congo, with its beauti-
fully jaueeaied leaves, a fine plant 5 or 6 feet tall; and D. fra-
grans, an inhabitant of tropical Africa, in two varieties, Lindent
and Massan, , well grown plants of each. The closely re-
lated Cordyline oa takes a place with three plants. Other

148

representatives of this family, but differing much in general ap.
pearance, are Aloe arborescens, of southern Africa, and the closely
related Haworthia attenuata, with its long-pointed leaves covered

with small pearly w.
e nearly aie family, the Amaryllidaceae, furnishes the
Sean Agave, in four species: three from Mexico, A. Victoriae-
é, with its thick stiff unarmed leaves, 4. fiifera, much

long thread-like appendages, and A. elles with grayish green
leaves, stoutly armed with large and strong aggressive teeth;

eru adds one species, A. geminiflora, oH long slender ieee
drawn out into an attenuated point.

The Marantaceae are represented by a large and finely a
plant of Calathea zebrina, the zebra plant, a native of Bra:
and the Moraceae by two specimens of Ficus Parcelli, cin
wild in the islands of the Pacific, its green leaves variegated with
masses o re inte maine it an effective Cees plant.

The E

Codiaeum,

so rich in hybrids, A collection of some twenty pas is in-
cluded in the gift, and it is truly a aaron show. f
lot is particularly worthy of mention, a fine large tree some 15
feet tall and well-branched. This is at ane in the large central
house on the east side. The genus Codiaewm is a native mainly
of the islands in the Indian and South Pacific Oceans.

mong the odd and more valuable plants of the collection are
the Mepenthes, or pitcher-plants, closely related to our Sarracemias

oll

ese curious plants are mainly natives of the Malay
Mie The collection may be found in the east end of
house No. 2, just west of the large central house, and is well
worth a visit.

f the more showy plants that are grown for decoration, the
Troras take a prominent place, and this genus is well represented
by a well-grown plant of / coccinea, a native of tropical Asia.
Its bright red flowers, borne in great profusion, are always an
object of admiration. :

149

This fine collection, so varied in its complexion, was success-
fully moved and installed in the conservatories during July. A

short distance from the conservatories, The car left North Easton
at six-o’clock one evening and arrived at its destination early the
next morning, its contents being safely installed before three
o'clock the same afterno

Some idea of the size o the collection may be gained when

Mr. Craig, gardener for Mrs. Ames, who has charge of
both the grounds and the greenhouses, was most courteous, and
by his kindness and thoughtfulness the task of moving the plants
was greatly simpli ed. It is hardly necessary to state that this
fine collection is much appreciated by the visiting public, and that
it adds much of beauty and interest to our conservatories.

GrorcE V. Nasu.

NORTH AMERICAN WOODS PRESENTED BY
R. MORRIS K. JESUP.

During the past summer Mr. Morris K. Jesup ar a valuable
and instructive addition to the museum of the Gar It con-
sists of a block representing the wood of each ee different

North American trees. The specimens are duplicates from the
great collection of North American Forestry preserved in the
American Museum of Natural History.

This gift of Mr. Jesup is, in itself, very complete and enables
us to A the wood of the fully five hundred different kinds
of trees growing in North Aes, all of which are of greater
ot less economic importance as well as of much scientific in-
terest. .

The collection has been temporarily installed in the east hall
of the economic museum, in the space previously set aside for
woods and timbers, and their products. Each specimen is pro-

150

vided with a label aaa first, the common or local name of
h of

the tree, second, the the species, and third, the geo-
epee distributio the distribution of our trees is interest-
ing from several eer and this collection as it is now la-

belled eee the following facts which seem worthy of
notice :

ecimens represent about 66 natural families, and 500
fall i

their geographical r Leaving out of consideration suc
species as are a rere we find that the area east of the
tooth meridian produces fully twice as many different kinds of
trees as the area to the west of it. There may be many more
trees in the northern regions than in the southern from the stand-
point of quantity, but the south surpasses the north in the variety
of species; the southwest possesses over twice as many different
kinds of ieee peculiar to itself as the northwest, while there are
but seven ened peculiar to the northeast as — t the one
hundred and eighty-one peculiar to the southe:

Seven or nae different trees are peculiar to a higher slopes
of the Appalachian mountain system and about an equal number
are restricted to the Rocky Mountains proper.

seven of the States have one or moré kind of tree pecu-

liar to themselves and only two of these have a relatively large

number. Pennsylvania has one, Alabama has one, Georgia has
ur,

tw ven a
those peculiar to the other States. Of course, i boundary

Nort!
ariety of trees oa to anne is exttapedinasy: California,
= far less than one-half as many, is ab larger than
Florida and has all the natural conditions possible. It “extends

151

over ten degrees of latitude, and from its long line of coast the
land gradually or abruptly rises to the highest mountain tops,

n the other hand, Florida with its sixty-four different trees,
stretches over only about five degrees of latitude and rises only

brought seeds and fruits from the tropics for centuries past.
J. K. Sma.

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
The grounds of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in
Washington, which were in charge of Mr. Wm. Saunders until
is death, have been placed under the direction of ole
f

Physiology. The new arrangement will give a wider capacity
for usefulness, entailing changes in organization, also adding t
the be aac facilities of one of the most efficient divisions
of the ment.

A nee of the Erysiphaceae, by Mr. E. S. Salmon, of
Kew, England, is being published as Vol. IX. of the Memoirs of
the Torrey cee 1 Club, This is probably the first important
contribution to botanical rises written in England which
has sought z= found a publisher ca.

The station of Schizaea pusilla Ge aan at Forked River,
N. J., was visited on the 2d of July by four ladies participating

to the greenhouses of the Garden, and their development watched
throughout the summer. Drawings of all the stages, including
the first germination of the spores, have been secured. Slides
were shown to Dr. Campbell, who pronounced them more closely

152

related to the early stages of Zrichomanes. The protonemal
threads are thickened at their junction with the sporophyte, and
m 2-15 archegonia; the antheridia are nearer the ex-

ich

the ia es these cells suggestive of mycorhiza. The dis-

ery pro 0 be of great interest, and a full description with
ie a be published later in the Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club

During the summer Professor McCloskie, of Princeton Uni-
versity, spent some time in t erbarium and library working
out the plants secured by a recent expedition from his institution
to Pata: Sane Professor W. L. Bray, of the University of Texas,

and Professor C. V. Piper, of the State Agricultural College at
Pallenae, Washington were also in residence for some time for
the purpose of consulting references and mounted plants from
their respective regions. er workers outside of registered
students who have visited the Garden for similar purposes are
Mrs. A. M. Small, Dr. J. N. Rose and Mr. C. L. Pollard, of the
United States National Museum, Mr. E. D. Merrill, of Washing-
ton, and Professor B. L. Robinson, of Harvard.

An interesting account of the progress of plant breeding in the
United States is given b . Webber and E. A. Bessey in the
yearbook of the United ne Department of Agriculture for
1899, and reprinted in separate form. From this paper it
appears that nearly all varieties of plants cultivated in America
at the beginning of the present century were of European origin.
Since that time great activity has been shown in this department
of horticulture and immense nuns of forms have been derived

replaced those of foreign origin. The development and improve-
ment of American grown varieties was chiefly accomplished by
means of the eas selection of seeds, especially in the earlier
part of the period mentioned. Probably the first hybrid pro-
duced in this ee was a cross between a St. Germain pear
and a White Doyenne made by Mr. William Prince in 1806.

153

he paper gives an interesting account of the history of the im-
provement of grapes, pears, apples, plums, raspberries, black-
berries, strawberries, goose see _reeetable s, cereals, flowers
-and ornamental plants, nuts and c

The total rainfall in the Garden during September was 2.28
inches, of which 1.61 inches fell in 24 hours on the 15th and 16th,
Maxim

n
and 15th, 39.5 on the rgth and 49 on the 2sth were observed.
The greatest daily range of 39 degrees was shown on the 12th

Dr. David Griffiths, who carried out some extensive investiga-
tions on the Sordariaceae in the Laboratories, during the year
1899-1900, now occupies the chair of botany in the University of
Arizona, and is also botanist tothe Experiment Station, During
the past season he has accomplished some important exploration
work on the native forage plants in conjunction with one of the
divisions of the U. S. Department of Agriculture

The N. Y. Cent. and H. R. R. R. has under construction a
new passenger station at the Bedford Park entrance to the en.
The new station will be of stone, with the offices on the he
side of the tracks. A tunnel leading under the tracks connects
with the aaa shelter and waiting rooms on the eastern side
opening directly on the main plaza of the new driveways.
new buildings will cost about $40,000, and will add much to a
appearance of the grounds, and offer greater convenience to vis-
itors from the ae part of the city.

A series of working greenhouses has been planned, to be placed
in the eastern part of the Garden, in a locality little frequented by
visitors. The main structure for the heating plant, shops, ae
rooms, propagating sheds and two of the ranges are now in the

ourse of erection and will be ready for use in time to ae
the spring planting operations. The main ranges are 20 by 60
feet each, and the whole is heated by the open hot water system.

154

Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-chief, has been given leave of
absence by the Board of Ma anagers, and sent to represent the
is

An examination will be made of several ee

ale in Great Britain. The Board of Managers have designated
r. MacDougal as Acting Director. in-Chief during his absence,

Professor L. M. Underwood spent the summer in investigations
upon American ferns in the Britism Museum, Kew Gardens, and
the Cosson Herbarium in Paris. The Cosson Herbarium con-
tains the Feé collection, formerly owned by Emperor Dom Pedro
of Brazil. The Feé collection has the largest and best set of
West Indian ferns in existence

155

ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
1 herbarium specimen of Adium. (Given by Dr. C. D, Fretz.)
F

200 specimens of Russian fungi. (From Friedlander & Son. )

2 museu! ecimens of castor oi ae b aker & Bro.)

1 specimen of a wild plum from Flor! (Given by Dr. R. L. Robb.)

3 specimens . atin and Saxifr aga f fom Texas. (Given by Prof, H. Ness.)

I specimen o} iven by Dr. T, E. Wilcox. )

3 museum specimens of fruit juices. (Given by Lehn & Fink.

1 commercial tub of crude camphor. (Given by H. J. Baker & Bro.)

85 museum specimens of spices, (Given by Leggett Bros.

1 specimen of Sedum from North Carolina. (Given by Prof. A. G, Wetherby.)

461 herbarium specimens from western North America ie by Prof. Thos,
Williams.
121 specimens from the Cryptogamic herbaria of Hermann Wagner. (Given
the Misses C. and E. Rosseau.
I specimen of Quercus rae from Florida, (Given ae Prof. W. Trelease. )
444 bidectan specimens ma Alberta, collected by Mr. W. C. McCalla.

the museum (Give n by Mrs. N. ia Britton,
6 luding the whole b d larger branches
the cor! k oak, wood and acorns. (Given by the Armstrong Cork Company.
440 specimens _ Cooper’s South African plants. (By exchange with the Royal
t. Gard., Kew, England.
I cae of Massanoia Remyana from Petagonia. (Given by Prof. George

444 mosses, chiefly from Brazil. (By exchange with the Royal Bot. Gard., Kew,
and. )

~ PLANTS.
95 plants for th ies from North Carolina. (Given by Mr. C, S, Wil-
mson,
225 plants for the conservatories. (Given by Mrs. F. L. Ames, North Easton,
uss. )
233 plants for the conservatories. (Given by Miss Helen Gould, Irvington, N. Y. }
254 plants for the conservatories. (Given by the Jessamine Gardens, Jessamine,

14 Plants couccted at scales Lake, N. Y. (By Dr. N. L. Britton.)

2 plants for ae ollected Fates F. E. Lloy
1 plant for the herbaceous grounds, (Given by P. Kauffman, New York City.)
1 Osmunda, for the herbaceous ‘rounds (Given b y Dr. A. J. Gro
4 plants for tk d (Given by Mr. 1 TE Maghee,
ene Heights.

hts, N. Y.)
8 ae s from a Champlain, 7 Y. (Collected by Dr, and Mrs. Brit on. )
g (Given by Mr. Jos. Crawford, Pid.)
3 plants for th tori (By exchange with the Buffalo Botanic Gar
es mn Senes, N.Y.)

156

108 ciate for _ conservatories, (By exchange with Cornell University. )
ants for i (By exchange with Department of Parks, Bor-
ough 9 of -_ —— }
t tori (Given by Siebrecht & Sons, New Rochelle,

ants fo:

24 plants for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. J. S, Holbrook.)
3 plants for the conservatories. (Given by Mrs. Post.)
lants for th : (Giver

I n by a Arthur Herrington, Madison, N. J. )
14 plants for th i (Given — H all, i arytown, ne ¥.
pl for tl i (Given 2 Mes.
N, J.
95 plants for tk ies. (Given by Mr. Gustav Rix, Bedford Park, N. Y,
City.

7 plants for _ conservatories. pe by Mrs. J. R. Klots, Bronxville, N. Y. )
Given by Mrs, Clark, Bedford Park, New York

16 plants for

‘ plants for beg conservatories. ‘Ge by Mr. John Bestelmeyer. )
Given by Mr. Heckert, 940 Tremont Avenue,

5 plants for

ieee New York City.
rine conservatories, (Given by Mr. S. C. Nash, Clifton, N. J.)

plants Pa . (Given by Mrs. Kiese, Bedford Park, N. Y. City.)

h i (Given by Mr. Brown, Bedford Park, New York

]
plants for

ity.
6 plants for pone herbaceous grounds from Copake Iron Works, (Collected by

Mrs, Ms: L. sais
, New York seh ;

68 ae for the herbaceous prongs and vidicetim, (Purchased from ‘W. A.
Brother

the | (Given by Mr. W. E. Britton, Surry, N. H.)
2 plants for the herbaceous ia (Given by Mr, H. W. Clark, Winona Lake,

Ind.

16 oo from Idaho, Nebraska, Montana and Washington. (Collected by Dr, D.
T, MacDougal. )

LIBRARY.
DANSONIA. Recueil d’ Observations Botanigues, redigé par le Dr. H. Baillon.
1879.

ADANSO
Paris. Vols. 4-12. 1863-1
‘ . em. tee (Given by Mr. and

7 ees and How to Grow
Mrs. Hoyt, from the Library of the late Hon. s. P. D
1 Yop
With ee
ARY, A. DE AND Woronin, M. Aeitrage eur Morphologiz der Pilze. Frank-
ee -
ECK, LEwv Botany of the Northern and Middle States. Albany, 1833.

(Given by Mr. te Hendley Barnhart.
BIELEFELD, RUDOLF. Flora der Ostfriesischen Halbinsel und ihrer Gestade-

Inseln, Norden,

157

BLA Pa Fr, Manuer. Flora de Filipinas, Adicionada con el Manuscrito
inedito et. P. Fr, pees Mercado las obras del P. Fr. Antoino Ilanos y de un apen-
ca con todas las Nuevas investigaciones Botanicas referentes al Archipiélago Fili-

seeping 6 vols.,

mee Rave ND. me _ ee ie nsectes me be Figue. Paris,

CoLLapon, oe 3 Montpellier 1816,

CorrENs, CaRL. Unite: rca iiber die Vermehrung der Laubmoose durch
Brutorgane und Baa Jena, 1

. Hinfluss der ” Watder. ao art, 1900

FELTGEN, JOHN. Vorstudien su einer Pilz-Flora des Grossherzogthums Luxent-
burg. I Theil. Ascomycetes. Luxemburg, Pie

ForBEs, JAMES, Salictum Woburnense, or « lip of Willows. Privately
printed. London, 1829,

GALLowAY, B. T. Commercial Violet Culture. New York, 1899, (Given by

or.
GERARDIN, SEBASTL 7 de oe Végétale, Paris, 1810. 2 vols.
OEBEL, K. Onna of nts, Part 4. Oxford, 1900.
rR Obst und T eke an Mauern, "Hanserwanden und tm

GRANDVOINNET, J. Les Cépages Américains. Paris, 1900.
AY, Asa, School and Field Book of Botany, New York, 1878.
How to Grow Chrysanthemums. New York, a (Given by Professor Mac-

Dougal.
IHERING, H. von. Revista do Museu Paulista, Vol. 1. St. Paulo, 1895.
KassowiTz, Max. ane Biologie, Wien, 1 2
Kenrick, WILLIAM. Zhe American Orchardist. Boston, 1845 (Given by
H of th

REICHENBACH, H. G, fil ‘enta Orchi Leipai ot - vol
Ler, ARTHUR BOLLEs. e otomist’s Vaae-Mecum. Lon 1900.
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ndscape
York, 1899. ae ae aa MacDougal.
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R. How to Plan the Home Grounds. New York, 1899.
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CIVAL, JoHN, Agricul ural Botany. London, 1900.

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PRINcE, W. R. & are W. The oe Manual, New York, 2 vols,
1 1830,

Prince, W. R. & PRINCE W. A. pikes ue eae

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Ryn, J. J. L. van. Die Glycoside. Berlin, 1900.

Rocers, W. MoyvLe. Handbook of British Rubi. London, 1900.

ScHinz, H. and KELLER, R. ora der Schweiz. Zurich, 1900

ScHOMBURGK, RICHARD. Botanical Reminiscences in British Guiana, Ade-
laide, 1876.

ScHUMANN, Kari. Bluhen den Kakteen (Iconographia Catacearum, Part 1.)
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ANSBURY, HowarpD. xploration and Survey of the Valley of Great Salt

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TOCKHOLM, "Taiaus de Institut de Botanique de [' Université. 1898-1899.
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WINKLER, W. Siidetenflora. Dresden, 1900.

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NOVEMBER, 1900 ‘No. 11

: JOURNAL
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JOURNAL

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Vot. I. November, 1900. No. 11.

THE FAIRYLORE OF FLOWERS.*

To most minds there is an irresistible charm investing those
plants which by the folklore of the past have been connected with
the fairies. Whatever has been believed in the past becomes in-

men have thought true. This search for beliefs in relations of
flowers to the supernatural leads us chiefly among familiar old-
world flowers. We are not to expect flowers chosen simply for

much more capricious than that ; no law of form or color or re-
lationship limited their favors ea they would b bestow immor-

Few of these fancied associations have survived a voyage across
the Atlantic ; indeed there are now few places in the Old World
where they yet really live.

Few authors are more quaint and interesting than old John
Selden, contemporary of Shakespeare and of Milton; and his
judgment of life was given in ane wo one

“«Tt was never a merry fairies left off dancing,”

and we who feel with Lowell that
“ Bae should be
itch and pes valve all
Sven elie,"

* Abstract of lecture given at the Museum, June 2, 1900.
161

162

We will perhaps like to stay an hour with those flowers over
which the fairies eee cast their spell. Some may even follow
the fairies lon may gather the story of their presence
from all ie on Bes of all lands : especially ay Mrs.
eee s, on Devonshire; and from Friend’s and King’s volumes

“ Flowerlore,” Thiselton Dyer on “ The Folklore of oa uy
Ellacombe's . Panter of Shakespeare,’ Grindon’s “Shakes-
peare Flora,” etc. r we may go back to older English author-
ities famous for details of medical or magical powers of plants, *
the old herbalists Turner, Gerarde, Coles, Parkinson and Cu
peper, not omitting Aubrey, who at his death in 1697, ie
the line of these prophets of magic.

What use the fairies were believed to make of plants we learn
in detail from William Browne, the quaint Devonshire poet, w
the year of the death of Shakespeare, published, in his Britannie’s
Pastorals, 1616, his account of the Fairies’ Table

“A little paetaines that was now growing thinner
By being one time shaven for the dinner
y

He described its cloth,

«Of pure white rose-leaves,””
its bread ;

«* The milk-white kernels of the hazelnut’ ;
its ee

© Were all of ic d |

One supper, a betwixt two cowslips cast.’?
The fairies’ se for this court ora stood
Cladd in a suit of ru
A monkeshood serving em a hatt’?
his bottles
‘ Every one a cherry-stone”’ ;
the fairies’ drink—
And most of them were filled with early dew ;
Some choicer ones, a as for the king most meet,
Held meldew, and ‘kl ue

Oberon, King of the Fairies stood, in his royal robes,
ef oe in a sute of speckled gilliflowre,’’
“ce His

in the trade

Was s like a helmet of a lilly made.

163

“His ruff, a daizyie,
was so neatly trimme,
As if of purpose it had grown for him.
bh) His clone was he ae e vel Tet flowers, and a
kind.’

Still another poet writes in name of the elves

pread—
Pearly drops of dew we drink
In acorn cups filled to the brink.’
We might delay Bes with the beauties culled from other well-
known celebrations of the fairies. We can read Shakespeare’s
interweaving of fics flowers and ne in his sae

Fairies’ Realm a whole summer day if we betake ourselves to
Drayton's Baa or to Drake’s Culprit Fay, or Tom Moore’s
Paradise and the Per:
will not feel surprise that the association with the fairies

ian pass imperceptibly into association with magic. Such, for
example, is that of the old beliefs about fernseed, beliefs blended
in the thought of the Midsummer Eve, the night of the fairies’
special pow

Shakespeare popularized this medizval belief in the magic
power - ferns eed when he put in the mouth of Gadshill (1.
Henry IV., ii., I.) the

«« We have the receipt-of fernseed, we walk invisible’;

and he ent the popular belief for all time by the Cham-
sesia
“Now by my faith I think: you are more beholden to the night than to fernseed for
your aa. invisible.

But the belief in fernseed had a great vogue in the Dark Ages.
Doubtless some one with more botanical insight than most had
noticed that ferns do not produce seeds; and that, therefore, no
one would find fernseed without magic power.

any the preliminaries pesaiel to the aspirant who
would ees fernseed. In Styria it was believed to be on Jan-

164

uary 6th, Bertha’s ae that fernseed could be secured, when it
would come “wrapped in a chalice cloth, and would confer on
one the strength of ae or forty men. It would enable one to
discover hid treasure and unlock anything he wishes.”

Isewhere it was believed to be on St. John’s Eve, midsummer
rie June 24th, that the fern arrived at its great mystery, and put

rth at dusk a small blue flower, which soon disappeared; and
= wonderful seed, quickly ripening, fell from the plant at mid-

nig
and catch the falling seed in a white napkin; elves will whisk
about your ears, as Aubrey tells us they did around one who
undertook it in his time.

Fernseed was thus sought for in England, France, Germany,
the Tyrol, Bohemia and Russia ; — in Russia still, In England
the name wishseed grew up for

The vitality of the belief has eee it across the Atlantic, and
I have found it surviving, half doubted but still half credited,
among people on the New England coas

Many believed that it was the King of the Fairies himself who
held sway over fernseed ; in the seventeenth century in England
one Dean Jackson found that a certain peasant had confided to a

the falling of fernseed at midnigh ean questioned the
peasant and pretended that the est must have been under
the devil’s power, to which the peasant protested, and said:

peas:
“Why do you think that the devil hath aught to do with that

— he I now will do me no harm, although I should watch it
again.” asant added that it was long ago foretold by an

angel that = lake the Baptist’s birth should occur at the moment
that the fernseed fell.

It is quite natural, therefore, that we should read in an ancient
Romish calendar for June 23~24 that about this time “fern is in
great estimation with the vulgar, on account of its seed.”

Ben Jonson alludes to this belief in the New Inn, one saying:

‘«T had no medicine, Sir, to ug invisible,
No Fermseed in my pocket.

165

An old manuscript of the time of Elizabeth adjures us to
“ Gather Fearne-seed on Midsomer Eve and weare it about con-
tinually.”’

Culpeper in his Herbal, 1653, tells us it is the seed of the
saanrs fern seen sa ie Filix-femina of modern botany).

n the Zatler says he could not walk the street with-
out seeing “ ae sign of the doctor who had discovered the female
fernseed.”’

Sayings like this about fernseed often simply indicate impos-
sibility of occurrence ; so, if we pass halfway round the world to

Malacca, we find the Malays saying that you can discover
hidden treasure beneath it if you can find a bloss n th
lemon-grass. nother equivalent Malay saying is of the nest of
a certain bird; if you had it, it will make you invisible. But

that particular bird does not build a nest.
urning now to i oie plants having associations with the
fairies, we may first form a group of those associated with special

bushes among which they rise. It is a wild rambling a which

the dark leaves of the hawthorn and brier, with its delicate
small white flowers.

In Devonshire it is supposed to be under the special protec-
tion of those little ai fairies which are elsewhere called
pixies, but there, piskies ; so in Devonshire the name the plant
itself bears is piskies, and the wanderer along the green lanes
may see in its wee white blossoms the small faces of pixies peer-
ing out to spy him from the hedge, as if to coax him into their
retreats. If the beauty of the starry blossom really enters into
his soul and he puts out his hand and picks it, so say the Devon-
shire people, then he has come within the pixies’ power, for the
gatherer of the plant will surely be pixy-led, as they say, led on
by irresistible influence to dance with the pixies in some secluded
dell

166

e Oak, Quercus robur, the tree of the Dryads.—Thete is an

a a tree at Wrexham, England, known as the Fairy-Oak.
Many oaks were in ancient Greece in high estate as homes of
Hamada, beings of fairy beauty who lived and died with the

= the oak was widely believed to hold a mysterious relation
with the Divine ; the famous Greek oracle of Apollo at Dodona,

was under a giant oa
rmans of Tacitus’ description gathered under oak trees

=
oa

T €
to worship the invisil

Turned fro a Druid: associations to Christianity, England is
now dotted with old oaks known as Gospel Oaks, because of
tradition that under those sacred trees Christianity was first
preached.

The oak however still retains much of its pagan lore; the
German proverb is ‘“‘A Dryad lives in every tree’’; holes found
in ons are said by Grimm to be esteemed the “ Fairies’ path-
ways” and in India to be ‘the doors by-which the special dryad
of the tree age in and out.”

In shor eka writer says, “the Oaks gathers all
Pacenie at its ro

Corn Spirits. Field spirits are widely present in the Russian
beliefs at the present day, and in Germany, where they are espe-
cially inhabitants of the grain fields. In Iceland they live in the
grass surrounding the grain field, and the farmer spares that
grass lest the elves abiding in it invade his crops.

In the Odenwald in Germany, near Rudenstein, the ruined
castle of the Wild Huntsman, is a weird rock called Wildes
Weibchenstein, “believed to be the haunt of a ie woman who
comes forth when some one is late in harvesting and cuts the
corn and binds it into sheaves behind the reapers it astonishing
speed.”

Corn spirits once existed in the belief of the English peasantry,
00.

Other and daintier fairies, by their dancing in circles on the
grass, caused the growth of those taller, greener rings of grass,
known as fairy rings, fairy circles, fairy dances or pixy rings.

167

Such belief was found yet in Devonshire not many years ago.
Shakespeare, Browne, Pope and others refer to these circles ; and
so Drayton, who says of the fairies :
a pala in their circles, make that round
meadows and in marshes found,
of them socalled the Fairy Ground.”’

Wheat, Triticum sativum.—tin the ears of the English wheat
was sana to reside the Kirnbaby, so-called, a corn spirit.

, Secale cereale.—The fairy of the rye fields of German
ries is known as the rye-wolf, roggen-wolf, corn-wolf or grass-
wolf. German peasants still say, when the wind blows the long
grasses of waving corn, ‘the rye-wolf is abroad.” The last
sheaf of rye is left as a shelter for the rye-wolf during the winter's
cold. In sea autumn festivities a rye-wolf is represented per-
sonated by a

The Lupines, various species of Lupinus, are Na known as
the wolf’s bean, from Sweden to Holland ; , the graswolf’s
ed ?

ampane, Inula Helenium, a plant of the elves, owes its first
aie some say to the Danish elle, a fairy
once called by the English, a and elfdock.

Broom, Cytisus scoparius——A bundle of this constituted the
tutelary spirit of the Tshuvashes, towar 4 the Casp: They
call it their Erich ; they tie it in the middle using ae equal
branches about four feet long ; each hole has one as its Penates
hung upina corner; none may touch it; when it dries a new
one is tied together, ane the old placed in running water with
great reverence.

Trollius sh fase called Globe flower from shape, was also

called “ Trol er” because flower of the Northern Trolls or
evil genii ; ae so “ Witches’ Gowan”’ in Scotland ; perhaps the
association is simply due to its acrid poison.

Other classes of plants associated with the fairies can be but al-
luded to at present, on account of lack of space. They included
the flowers associated with zzdividual fairies (as Herb Robert,
Good King Henry, Herb Paris or Puck’s-berry, the Elder, etc.) ;
plants associated on account of some conspicuous external feature

168

(as the foxglove, harebell, tulip, anemone, etc.); and plants of
more indefinite association, either believed to open up that which
is hidden (as the cowslip, flax, sainfoin, forget-me-not, and moon.

these excels the cowslip in its charm of association, touched by
Shakespeare’s magic, and so crowned with immortality, No
lover of Shakespeare will ever see a cowslip without hearing
again the tricksome fairy singing :
*¢ In the cowslip’s bell I lie.””
Earlier, it was sacred to the Virgin Mary, and before, to the
German earth-goddess Bertha, whose ‘“ key-flower it was, opening
by its touch to hidden treasures of gold and jewels.” Similar
belief i in England found fairy gifts in the five spots of the cow-
°

s
to know that in parts of England there still survives for it the name
of Fairy’s Cup, and pleased to hear the Lincolnshire folkspeech
murmuring, ‘The tiny people love to nestle in those an
bells ; have you not heard soft music pealing from them

EDWARD SANDFORD aa

THE MICROSCOPICAL EXHIBIT.

The exhibition microscopes soa ete in the Journar for Sep-
tember are now in bea and under them have been arranged ex-
hibition obj d chiefly ae - lower groups of the plant

world. The instruments occupy small stands in the west wing of
the second floor of the Museum Building. In front of the win-

simplest and | t f plant life. Under the first microscope
is a preparation showing the vegetative condition of one of the
slime-moulds, organisms in which the ee of plant and
animal are so blended or rather are so little differentiated that it
is nearly impossible to affirm with confidence that they belong

169

either to the one kingdom or to the other. In the vegetative
stage—the stage here exhibited—the organism is strikingly sim-
ilar in its essential attributes to some of the lower animals.
Later, in the reproductive stage, there is at least a superficial
resemblance to the fungi, which are undoubted plants. Unde
the lenses of a second microscope are a esis of the dia-
toms—one-celled organisms, some of which’ the power of
animal-like locomotion. The living substance of each cell is
enclosed and protected by a hard transparent siliceous wall con-
sisting of two halves, one of which fits into the other like a band-
box and its cover. Following this are shown two minute plants
which inhabit fresh water and Belong to eae often referred to

in popular speech as “ pond-scums”’ or “0 In the natural
unmagnified condition, plants of this sort ae seem quite the
reverse of attractive, but when placed under a sufficiently eee

ful microscope many of them reveal a rare beauty. There a
also exhibited two of their near oo bane inhabit the sea
and ommonly known as “sea mosses’ or “ seaweeds.”
Most plants of this nature he lose much of their natural
beauty of coloration on prolonged exposure to the light but the
prevailing elegance and symmetry of form and structure persist.
Following the plants of the seaweed type are several represen-
tatives of the smaller fungi. The specimens thus far have been
selected chiefly from among those which grow upon decaying
organic matter. It is to be presumed that later the parasitic

decaying refuse matter Ascobolus is one of the more interesting
among those selected for exhibition. In this, the spores or prop-
agating cells are borne in groups of eight within transparent
ellipsoidal sacs and at maturity these sacs, each enclosing eight
spores, are ejected with considerable force. Under two micro-

170

scopes are shown sections of lichens, illustrating their mode of
reproduction and the fact that a lichen consists essentially of two
organisms, a fungus and an alga, intimately associated and con-
stituting what for many purposes may be looked upon asa single
organism.

Then follow specimens of the liverworts or scale-mosses, plants
in which the differentiation of the vegetative body into stem and
leaves becomes first clearly evident. ne of these, a Frudlania,
has a part of each leaf peculiarly modified so as to form a sac or
reservoir for water. By aid of this device, the Frullanias and
their ae are able to thrive in drier situations than are in favor
with most of the order to which they belong. Preparations are
pete Pome also the vegetative structure and met
reproduction of the true mosses. Especially interesting is the
“ peristome ” of one of the mosses, which is a fringe of seer

about as a result of changing donditions of moisture and these
mechanical movements assist in scattering the spores

he app
are attached to the spores. Following the slide illustrating this
feature of Aguisetum is one anes the spores and spore-cases

ejected, catapult-fashion. The remaining preparations show the
structure of the leaf-stalk and root of common types of ferns.
The aa aia exhibit is capa attracting much attention

d with the ral additi and improvements of the future
bids fair to re one of a most popular features of the
Museum

MarsHaLt A, Howe.

171

THE ASTERS AND GOLDEN-RODS AND THEIR
RELATIVES IN CULTIVATION.

During the months just passed the countryside has been more
than usually beautiful in its adornment of fall flowers. The
woodlands and meadows, swamps and fencerows everywhere

ve na mass of color and whiteness, furnishing a constant
source of delight to the lover of flowers and nature it
this wealth of material at our very teen it is a matter of wonder
that advantage is not more often taken of this abundance of un-
excelled material to add beauty and interest to our gardens at a
time when the showy flowers - summer are past and gone. No
country in temperate climes has such wealth from which to
choose at this time of the year, for America is the home of the
Compositae, the sunflower family, and it is the members of this

hich give us our great display. Here in the East, and ai,
in our immediate eee it is the asters, golden-rods, and the
radiant sunflowers and their relatives which make our autumns
such a marve fie. forel gners. These plants are easy of culture,

only the most favorable of conditions ever produces in a wild
state, making them especially adapted to border-planting.

The asters are represented in the United States by numerous
species, many of them common or peculiar to the East, and of

high, capped with a mass of royal purple, the golden center of each
flower-head making a fine contrast to the rays. The heads are
from an inch to an inch and a-half across, and when fully expanded

t th
and spreading habit. The heath-like leaves and the pure white

172

heads on long pedicels adorning the graceful spreading branches
give it an airy Beane quite in contrast to its taller ta
referred to above. Still another of the white ones is A. wimin
the small white aster, - of small stature. This is a ee
little plant with innumerable small white starry flowers crowded
on and closely attached to one side of the spreading wand-like
branches.

Among the colored asters one of the best is the common blue
wood- aster, Aster cordifolius. eads are rather small, but

oe color that the plant is a most effective one for decorative
purposes. It attains a height sometimes of four feet or more,
and its large broad leaves with the heart-shaped base, from which
it derives its name, add a desirable feature. Lowrie’s Aster, Aster
Lowrieanus, much resembles the above, but has larger flowers
and often narrower leaves. hile the purple-stemmed aster, A.

to casecplinting The New York a A: Novi. Belg, with

and the latter confined to our western area, have been in cultiva-
tion with us i several ha and are most satisfactory.
come ae hat nm August, and continue their abundance of
flowers well into ane ber. B asteroides has pure white, and B.
pues beautiful lavender rays. They both attain a yee
of from three to five feet.

The beauty of the colored asters is much enhanced by planting
with them golden-rods and sunflowers, or others of the yellow-
flowered forms, the contrast resulting in a gain to both. While

Gi
<<

173

the number of species in our eastern country is not so great as in
the case of the asters, there are sufficient to present a goo
variety. The common eater arti choke, Helianthus tuberosus,
is one of the best of these, both in size of flowers and height of
stem, growing from six to eight ee tall or more in cultivation,
Its large rich yellow flowers are most attractive. A large speci-
of this was in full bloom during September in the herbaceous
grounds, and it was the observed of all observers. Others of our
eastern forms which are available are: the tall swamp a ee
A. anteus ; the narrow-leaved swamp ee Ai, angustt-
folius, wa its long narrow leaves; and H. strumosus and H. de-
capetalus, both with ovate leaves. The sunflowers cannot be left,
however, without mentioning two fine forms of our western coun-
try, Maximilian’s and the linear- leaved sunflowers, H. Maximil-

tam and Hi. orgyalis, ‘This is a handsome pair, differing widely
from each other, but well pen one another in appear-
ance and time of bloomi T. er is a large robust grower

charm to the plant, and make it ape attractive ihe before
its flowering period which is in September
en-rods too furnish pi queue to the autumn decora-
tion, and among others may be mentioned Solidago caesia, with
its bluish stems, the flowers borne jin clusters in the axils of the
upper leaves. This responds most readily to cultivation and is
very showy. The large- wane form of the Canadian golden-
rod, Solidago Canadensis, growing four to six feet tall, is a fine
addition, its paniculate inflorescence being quite in contrast to the
wand-like one of its relative referred to above
While the asters, golden-rods and sunflowers hold sway dur-

rays contrasting strongly with the deep seal-brown of the center
make it by far one of the best and most attractive of our fall

174

flowers. Itis a free grower and the heads are borne in great
profusion. It also has the advantage of flowering all through
the fall, continuing from the late summer, and persisting in send-
ing forth its flowers-until killed by the frost.

For a large mass of grayish-white few plants can excel Expa-
torium serotinum, latest of all its genus to bloom. The stems are
six to eight feet tall, and send forth a profusion of small heads,

named. A rough the country in almost any woodland
or meadow will reveal them in all their abundance and beauty.
& V. Nasu.

WEATHER REPORT FOR OCTOBER, 1900.

Total amount of precipitation 2.9 inches

Maxima of 79.5 on the 5th, 74 on the 12th, 75.5 on the 15th,
77-5 on the 16th, 77 on the 23d and 81 on the 24th, and minima
of 58 on the 1st, 39 on the roth, 41 on the 11th, 43 on the 15th,
33 on the 16th, 32 on the 17th, 39.5 on the 18th, 27 on the roth,
and 30.5 on the 18th were observed.

ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.

1 specimen of Helianthus mollis from Hay Island. (Given by Miss Mulford. )
40 specimens of whole and granulated Jamaica ginger, whole and granulated Afri-
can ginger, and ginger ale. (Given by the Gosman Ginger Ale Company, Baltimore,

6 anti plates. (Given by Mr. Morris Coster.)

29 pecimens $ Tepresenting | a a pies maple muddler, a lignu
d cobola bottle stopper, bungs, Brewers
(Given as = Redlich Manufacturing Company,

vite tody-stick, a
Beech shavings and sugar plugs.
Chicago. )

ice, German millet, German maw, French aay Sicily
si hemp- -seed, rape-seed, mixed bird-seed, Prussian sunflower-seed and Amer-

e
ican ‘sunflower-seed. (Given by the Philadelphia Bird Food Compan

175

grape dust, slug shot, scrophularia, oe
wash and tobacco extract. es ous the Henmond Slug Shot Company, Fishkill.
N.Y.)

Io museum specimens of hat frames and fabrics. (Given by Edward S ick
New York.
13 museum specimens . the erg meer leaves, pods, dust, fuel and sand,
of senna, (Given by A. H, Andrews and Com.
pany, New

York. )
1 herbarium specimen of Casuarina eguisetifolia from Cuba, (Given by Miss
Mary A. Knight.
1 herbarium specimen of Kochia scoparia from Pennsylvania, (Given by Mrs.
L. HD wey.
1 monograph of the Myxogasters. (Plates and text.)
1 photograph oe Tillandsia usneoides in Florida. (Given by Mrs. Harriet 5S.
Britton.
3 museum specimens of Cephalotaxus (branches and fruit). (Given by Prof.
Thos. C, Porter
museum ie spectaens of North American woods. (Given by Mr. Morris K,

Jesup. )
herbari peci f Cakile fr Bermuda. (Given by Mr, E. P. ee
12 herbarium specimens of Potentilliae. (Given by Messrs. H. M. Hall and H.
P. Chandle

4 Pas specimens of Helianthus and Asplenium. (Given by Prof. Philip
Dorell. )
1 herbarium specimen of Sisyrinchium. (Given by Miss Anna M. Vail.)
x herbarium specimen of Philostrophe. (Given i Prof. a D. A. ak )
1 herbarium specimen of Crepis. (Given by Mr. J. N.
2 herbarium specimens ot Washington ae Pie : ‘Prof, C. V. Piper. }
t waiian Islands. (Given by Prof.

Ww. 1. Brigham )
60 photographs of American fungi. (Given by Mr. C. G. Lloyd.)

125 packets of seeds and fern spores from Peru. (Given by Mr, Albert L. de
ala re Bedford Park, N. Y. City.
of New Mexican seed. "(Given by Mr. T. D, A. Cockerell, East Las
Vegas, N. i :
of seeds of Ormosia laxa. (Given by Mr. D. Prain, Superintendent
Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta, India. )
PLANTS.
2 herbaceous perennials. (Given by Mr. and Mrs. H. S. Gibso: mn.)
15 ete for the Conservatories. bese by Mis. a Decatur Ave., Bedford
Park, N. it
lants . the Conservatories. (By exchange with the Department of Parks,
Barong of a ron
33 plants for o ‘Conservatories. (Given by Mr. S. W. Harriot, Whitestone,

176

4 plants for the Conservatories, (Given by Mr. Hornthal.)
24 plants for the Conservatories. (By exchange with the New York Zoilogical
Society
. plants for the Conservatories. (Given by Mrs. J. L. Spofford, Hunt's Point,
4 City. )
(By exchange with the Department of Parks,

nts for

pla
Baris. of Manhattan
ts

-)
2 plants for -_ omer atone (Given by Mr. F. K. Vreeland, La Veta, Colo. 0. }
9 plants f (Given by Mrs. C. P. Huntington, Throg's Neck,
N. Y. City
5 plants for the C ies. _(Given by Mr. J. M. Wilson, ae y
¥.)

plants for the herb (Given by Miss Mulford, Flushing,
38 perennials and shrubs. (Given by Dr. W. Gilman Thompson, Se
Mass.
2 ei for the Conservatories. (Given by Mrs, Lane, Orange, N. J.)

lant for the herbaceous grounds. (By exchange with Drof. W. J. Beal,
peer ae Coles ich.
155 plants for the Conservatories. (Given by Mr. J. L. Childs, Floral Park,.
Long Island.
9 plants for tk ies. (Given by Miss Lucy S. Schwab, Morris Heights,
N. Y. Cit

‘ Y-
6 plants for the Conservatories. (Given by Mr. Wm. E. Dodge, 262 Madisom
Ave., N.Y.

3 plants for - Conservatories. (Given e Columbia University. }
2 plants for the Conservatories. (Given by Mr. Adrian Teelin, New Rochelle,
Y.)

d 1 for the hert

lants, 1 for th i
g

2p ; (Given by Mr.
A. Schubert. )

List oF Books oN pehiaaa: FROM THE LIBRARY OF THE LATE es F, B. Hoven,
D TO THE NEW ape BOTANICAL GARDEN
CoL. THOMPSO

. ROBERT M.
Administration des Fortts. Instruction sur les Levés Ti Gaines et le Dessin
des
ANON S. ” English forests and Forest Trees. London,

3-
BauDRILLART. Traité Général des Eaux et Forts, ae et Péches. Paris,.

Confe ” ’ Ordonance de Louis XIV sur les Eaux et Fortts . . . contenan
les Lotx pees de France. Paris, 1752, 2 vols.
HAMEL DU MoncEAU. De 7’ Ex, ‘xploitation des Bots. Paris, 1764.
Gayrrier, E, pe. Reboisement et Gazonnement des Montagnes. Paris, 1
Arboriculture: : practical Treatise on Raising and Managing Forest
Trees. Edinburgh, 1

2 vols,

Journal of d Est. gement. London, 1877-80.

LASLETT. Timber — Timber “Tre labia ie shes . Lond, ie

RATZEBURG. 8 in, 1874.
OUSsSAT. Dictionnaire Général des Foréts. Part I. Nice, an

Dr. TimoTHy F. ALLEN,
ProF. N. L. BRITron,
FREDERIC BRONSON,

Hon. ADDISON BROWN,
Wn. L. Brown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,
Pror. CHAS. F. CHANDLER,
Wm. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
CHas. F. Cox,

JOHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,
Wm. E. DopcE,

Dr. Wm. H. DRAPER,
ProF. SAM’L W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomas F. Gilroy,
PaARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HucH J. GRANT,
HENRY P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESupP,

Joun I. Kane,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
ProF. JAMES F. KEMP,

Members of the Corporation.

JouN S. KENNEDY,

Hon. SETH Low,

Davip Lypic,

Epcar L. Marston,

D. O. MILLs,

J. PIERPONT MorGan,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Hon. MILES O’BRIEN,
Gro. M. Oxcort,

PROF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
OSWALD OTTENDORFER,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rt. REV. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERcY R. PYNE,

JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wm. ROCKEFELLER,
Pror. H. H. RussBy,

Won. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

‘Won. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
SAMUEL THORNE,

Pror. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

Wn. H. S. Woop.

Me:
alogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Da ‘k, by Dr. Per

PUBLICATIONS

Jo may of the fal York Botanical Garden, apne usted,
aining ni news non-technical articles of general interest. Free to all m
ber of es Garden. "Te others, Io cent al a COPY; $1.00 a von Not pe

xchange. remittan uld be sent to 41 North Queen
Tans Pa., or Bronx Park, New Y! ace “City.

Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the reports
the caenieared Chief ai atic official documents, and technical articles embod:
a raul et javeneeaene carried out in the Garden. Nos. 1 fae 449 oe Pipe! map

2 plates, 189) 6-19 00, Free to all members of the Garden. To others, 25 cen'
a copy.

oirs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. t. An Annotated

gu Axel Rydberg,
assistant curator of the museums. n arrangement t and critical discussion "of the ;
i y’ ith

Pte nd Ph:
and inc nein descriptions of 163 new species. ix + 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, ai d
Price to members of the Garden, $1.00. To others, $2.00. [Not

s
es
3

ed m
offered in 7 eaehe ange.
tributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of ‘i
cal zee pers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted soins = aa :
athe? than the above. Price, 25 cents each. '
No, 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.
No. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 3. The dichotomous Panicums.: some new Species, by Geo, V. Nash.
hinium Carolini d ies by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,

?,

I,
4

Bis Mi Reproduction and Multiplication in Zrythronium, by Fret :
a Blodgett

No. 8. ‘Two New Species,of Grimmia from Montana, by R. S. Williams.
No 9. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
RONX PARK, NEW YORK Cr

DECEMBER, 1900 No, 12

JOURNAL

OF

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

PAGE

Beet of the Director-in-chief to the Scientific Directors on Results of His

MRE INARIE ec cise iirc al ip st 6 ati) \ai we! ay S0)il),(m)) Wa a ya, teh VEN 9) al tw 177
Report on Exploration and Collection during 1900 .. ........+4... 183
SeUnOnE GONBSEIVALOLY BDNG) i)! jis)... ele eine 0 leit ss ee Vas 184
Weather Report for November, 1900. .... 1. - +e eee eee eee 186
reneuvtaitsy uN ARGO ae een a Reena 186
ME MMECMRMITIETIO RM yey tea LU) niente, pts edie id's) sol,'l Jove Lalt wien atce. sievine 197

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Ar a North Que ‘REET, ee Pa.
y Tux New a Printinc Compa:

OFFICERS, 1900.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
ViICE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N,. L. BRITTON.

" BoARD OF MANAGERS.

1, ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, D. O.

CHARLES F. COX, if PIERPONT MORGAN,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,

JOHN I. KANE, . GILMAN THOMPSON,

SAMUEL THORNE.

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN
THE MAYOR OF THE City oF NEw York,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.

3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.

HON. SETH LOW, CHaIRMAN
HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES O’BRIEN,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H. H. RUSB
PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROF. L. M. eek)

GARDEN STAFF.

DR. N. L. BRITTON, Dar

‘arian.
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.
is8

COL. F.
WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.
CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vo. I. December, 1900. No. 12.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF ON RE-
SULTS OF HIS TRIP TO EUROPE, 1900.
(Present.d and ordered printed Nov. 21, 1900.)

To THE ScientTiFIC Directors,

Gentlemen :—Pursuant to a resalution of the Board of Man-
agers adopted September 20, 1900, I was absent from the Gar-
den for the seven weeks between September 22d and November
roth, in attendance at the Paris Exposition and the International
Congress of Botanists held in conjunction therewith, and also

ook advantage of the opportunity to visit some e larger
botanical gardens and museums i rance, Switzerland, Ger-
many and England, with the object of studying t new methods of

installation or procedure adopted since my previous similar ex-
amination of 1891, a n:

official delegate of the United States Government. This body
was composed of botanists from France, Italy, Austria, Bel-
gium, Switzerland, Germany, Russia, Holland, Denmark, ack
land, Scotland, British India, Australia, Canada, Argentina,
Brazil and the United States, with the French delegates sae
outnumbering those of the other nations collectively. The Con-

178

gress occupied itself: (1) with the presentation and discussion of

technical scientific communications, embodying the results of re-

cent investigations, to which I contributed an account of the
a0

and M. A. Tarleton; (2) with ae of general procedure, in-
cluding the eset ture of plant geography, the recording o

ternational Congress of Zoology to consider this subject, and a
requests the committee of organization of the next Botanic:
ongress to sees as with Zoologists and ae
looking toward the same end ; (3) visits to the Jardin des Plantes
nd the ee Museum, Library and Herbarium, under the
guidance of MM. Bureau and Cornu ; to the immense private
herbaria of: M. ae and M. Drake del Castillo ; to the great
garden and arbor of M. Maurice de Vilmorin and to the
immense ra ieay establishment of Vilmorin Andrieux & Co.
under the guidance of Mr. Phillippe de Vilmorin. The hos-
pitality of the French to eae visitors was most endauing and
the social functions arranged by M. Drake a Castillo, M. Rouy
M. Maurice and Phillippe de Vilmorin, M. de Seynes and by
the Botanical and Mycological Societies a France provided most
valuable and enjoyable opportunities for forming the personal
acquaintance of the many distinguished men in attendance.
Resolutions introduced by me and unanimously adopted ac-
cepted the invitation of Freiherr Richard von Wettstein and the
Austrian Government to hold the next international Congress of
Botany in Vienna and fixed the date 1905, and it was further re-
seven that said Congress should be composed of duly accredited
delegates from gardens, museums, universities, societies and
academies. I saw all the more important botanical and horti-
cultural exhibits at the Exposition and many of them were

179

highly instructive. Mr. John S. Holbrook, an American stu-
dent of landscape architecture i in Paris, who has been studying

for
Exposition, kindly gave me ae and assistance of great
value and saved me much time; I have expressed to him m
appreciation of his c pee ‘y was also very fortunate in
securing the cooperation of Mr. James M. Macoun, of t
aes —_ Natural History ee of Canada, who ie
in Paris since the oe of the Exposition in charge of
a "Canadian ee Exhi Finding that he had leave of
absence from his official pe for the purpose of a critical
study of the same objects that we were specially interested in, I
gave ote a commission as a special Museum Aid for one month
oO s such museum a erbarium ba mens as seemed
Sea and aesicble for our collection This has operated
to obtain, for a small sum, a ee amount of interesting
and valuable material. It is gratifying to record that through
the farsighted activity of Dr. W. P. Wilson, Director of the
hiladelphia Museums, and by the aid of a liberal aa raga
by that city, a very important series of economic vegelap ble

c
lection of North American woods recently presented to us by
Mr. Morris K. Jesup.

I purchased from C. Simon, of St. Quen, a large collection of
cacti and corer succulent E aiaee nee our Sirus being a
partially d t Horticultural aed

and I also obtained by eae a collection - over

specimens of mosses for our herbarium ; through Dr. Arthur :
Jacjewski of the ieee ‘Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg, I
arranged for securing by exchange a large collection of Siberian
shrubs and hardy perennials; arrangements for the exchange of
living plants and seeds were also made with M. de Vilmorin, and
with Professor Cornu of the Jardin des Plantes, and of herbarium
and museum specimens with M. Drake del Castillo, M. Rouy,

180

MM. Poisson and Chevalier of the Jardin des Plantes, Pro-
fessor Flahault of the University of Montpellier, Dr. Huber
i ilde

land and arranged with Dr. Hans Schinz, the director, Ge an ex-
change of hardy perennials a herbarium specimens from the’
United States also met Dr. John one director of the
botanical wardens of Geneva, arranged with him for an ex-
change of herbarium specimens and seeds. celeres to Wies-

e any, I purchased from Herr A. Vigener an impor-
tant Giese of herbarium specimens obtained by Dr

S ;
number of duplicates ‘ie are on able uture exchanges,
I also arranged with er Vigener for oe nae next year,

s
representing, in a very satisfactory way, the flora of Central
Europe; this when incorporated with our other collections will
be of great Service tor comparison with our own flora.

I spent nearly a week in Berlin and was much impressed by

he very effective organization and capacity for work of the
Sa at the botanical garden and museum. Berlin is now
clearly the most active botanical center in the world. The

o-
dious site in the suburbs. n immense amount of grading and
planting has been done here during the past three years, and the
construction of very extensive plant houses is now going forward ;
plans for the new botanical museum are being elaborated. The
collections of living plants, museum and herbarium specimens,
and books are unsurpassed. I concluded some exchange ar-

ful to him for his kind attention and hospitality. Dr. Karl
Schumann, Dr. Graebner, Dr. Warburg, and Dr. Gurke also gave

181

me much of their time, as did Mr. J. M. Greenman, an American
udent ; I was thus enabled to oo the institution under ex-
ceptionally eee circumstance
evoted to a London institutions. The
Royal Botanic ae at Kew still maintains He very high stand-
ard of organization and effectiveness. Sir William Thistleton-
Dyer, Director, was most kind and very obligingly accompa-
nied me all over the institution, giving me detailed information
of great value. He repeatedly expressed his desire to aid us in
increasing our collections, and personally selected a large num-
ber ot herbarium cain for us from their duplicates, in con-
K

our Mr, Nash to him next spring for the purpose of selecting
ae living plants for our grounds and greenhouses, and
offere give him every. facility. We shall b

arranged with Sir George King for an exchange of specimens
with the Calcutta Herbarium. The Kew plantations have been

affords much greater possibility than formerly for ys display of
plants ender gis he Bamboo Garden, also a recent develop-
ment, is o ore. most interesting and beautiful special out-door

features of te institution. The great need of Kew Gardens is a

um, and y
need is being seriously considered by the British Government ;
men of science all over the world will rejoice when it is met.

The customary activity prevails at the Botanical Department
of the British Museum of Natural History at South Kensington,
and the invaluable collections are being constantly increased and
improved. I availed myself of the opportunity to examine some
of the American type-specimens of Linnaeus, the identity of

182

which had been doubtful to me. Such a large number of the

the critical study of our flora goes on, relative to the identity an
consequent correct names of many species. I am of the opinion
that no greater aid could be given to our future descriptive
natural science than to have critical comparisons made of selected,
specimens in our herbarium with these old types, by students,
properly trained for the purpose, and then returned with accom-

ing on this investigation. I conferred with Dr. George Murray
relative to future exchanges of specimens, and we shall receive a
considerable pene from him for our herbarium, we sending the
museum a selection from our duplicates. I also consulted si
him relative to Se the Merryfield herbarium of Algae
is very desirable that our collections of Algae should be ae
increased, this class of plants being beheace ees, eile
represented in our herbarium. I am also indebted to
James Britten and E. G. Baker for ee kind attentio While
in London I called on Dr. R. Braithwaite, the ae
bryologist, who gave me specimens of some rare British mosses,
At the suggestion of Mr. W. E. Dodge, I visited the Gardens
in North W;

and took careful notes on the planting and laying out of this
very beautiful estat

ave a mass a notes and memoranda on the details of
European ene museum and park installation and mainte-
nance, many of which will be of value in our work. As to the
general features of the foreign institution as compared with our

their herbaria, libraries and museum collections, and in the de-

t o 5.
topography and buildings, none of them compare with Bronx
Park at all favorably. I was also unable to learn of any general

183

features of organization which appear to be superior to our own,
t.

necessary for us to concentrate our efforts upon our deficiencies,
and this with the confident expectation that we can now accom-
plish results of far-reaching importance in a short period of time.
Respectfull bmi
pect eny submitted: N. L. Britton,

Director-in- Chief.

REPORT ON EXPLORATION AND COLLECTION
D te}

(Presented and ordered printed, Nov. 21, 1900.)
To THE ScrentiFIc DireEcTors,

Gentlemen: Under the authority granted me relative to the
use of the appropriation for exploration and collecting, amount-
ing to $1,000, voted by the Board of Managers at the annual
meeting of 1900, the following work has been accomplished.

Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator of the Herbarium, spent about
two ee? in southeastern Colorado, in company with Mr. H.
A. Vreeland, ere assistant; they obtained between 5,000
and 6,000 herbarium specimens, ineludiie a considerable number
new to science, some specimens available for museum exhibition,
and a considerable number of seeds and roots for the plantations.

Dr. D. T. MacDougal, First Assistant, spent about a month in
sm the pened River Forest Reserve in northern Idaho, and

ecured about 1,000 herbarium specimens, together with many
fe nts and wae he also continued there his studies on the
influence of temperature on geographic distribution.

Dr. Marshall A. Howe, of Columbia University, spent over a

nth in Bermuda and four weeks on the New England coast in
ce prosecution of his studies on the Algae ; he secured between

and in fluid, many of which are noteworthy additions to our col-

184

lections ; while in Bermuda he also collected several hundred
specimens of other plants, and discovered a number of species
hitherto unknown from that island.

Dr. Carlton C. Curtis, of Columbia University, explored a
portion of western Wyoming, and made a large collection, which
has not yet been studied. He was especially interested in a study
of the flora of the arid parts of the region.

Prof. F. E. Lloyd, of Columbia University, explored, in com-
pany with Prof. S. M. Tracy, of Biloxi, Miss., the islands off the
coast of Mississippi and Louisiana and the a lta of the Missis-
sippi River. The collections secured number over 1,000 speci-
mens and are being studied by Professor Lloyd and Dr. Small.
Professor Lloyd also made a study of the Plankton of the mouth
of the Mississippi River.

The value of the material secured under the Operahon. of this

of specimens, and the importance of this method of securing
material is enhanced by the large amount of scientific information
thus brought to hand by the field observations of the trained
observers who have utilized the fun

Re eaeedally Baaaen

N.L. ITTON,
i in-Chief.

REPORT ON THE CONSERVATORY FUND.
(Accepted and Recommendations approved Nov. 21, 1900.)

To THE SCIENTIFIC re

Gentlemen :—At your meeting of December 19, 1899, @
memorandum was iene relative to the stocking of the great
conservatories and it was recommended to the Board of Mana-
gers that an appropriation of $10,000 be ae for this purpose
for the year 1900.

At a meeting af the Board of Managers held January 8, 1900,

185

this recommendation was presented, and I was authorized to

a
of money or plants, in order that the permanent funds of the
Garden should not be drawn upon for this purpose.
A circular letter was sent to all members of the Garden which
resulted in the subscription of $2,115.. A very great number of
plants have also been contributed, both by members of the

Pp
cult to estimate the money value of this coneabunon of plants,

+
°

o
m

2.8
+
ot
fad
°

>

b ce it at a minimum of $10,000.
The collection contains in a the specimens housed for
several years at the old Green House of Columbia University,
together with several thousand specimens secured by exchange,
or raised from seed during the past six months.

Less than $300 of the a Fund subscribed has
been expended and almost all of this amount has gone to the
payment of express and ae charges on a donated

f

x
the actual purchase or specimens. There therefore remains,
about $1,700 of the Fund for the expenses of an expedition to
the West Indies for securing specimens and for the purchase or
other methods of securing additional desirable specimens.
Referring to my report on my European trip of this year, I
ask that authority be given me to send Mr. Nash, Curator of the
Plantations, to Kew next spring, and to pay his expenses from
this fund. I propose to baa out the West Indian trip, above
alluded to, at about the same time, either by going personally or
by sending another ne of the Garden.
Respectfully submitted,
N. L. Britron,
Director-in- Chief.

186

WEATHER REPORT FOR NOVEMBER, 1900,
Maximum temperatures of 73 on the 2d, 69 on the sth, 60
on the 18th, 72 on the 2oth, 73 on the 21st, 61 on 23d, 62.5
on the 26th, and minimum of 33.5 on the 5th, 27 on the 6th
and 11th, 1g on the 17th, 35 on the 21st, and 26 on the 27th
were recorded

Total amount of precipitation 5.31 inches of which 2.60
inches fell in a period of 20 hours, ending Nov. 26th, 9 a. m

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PORTRAITS OF BOTANISTS.

me. (Given by Dr. J. W. Beal.)
frame. (Given by Mrs. N. L.

Dr. John Torrey. Gi
Dr. John Torrey. One aaa in an eae ‘ame.
Britton. )
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
ListeD DECEMBER I, 1900

26 unfinished and finished c: (Given by Mr. William Demuth. )
of Marsilea apie from Massachusetts. (Given by Hon. Addi-

T specim
son Brown.)

I specimen of Quercus from Pennsylvania, See by ae Thomas Meehan.)

II mosses a West Virginia. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)

29 specimens of fungi. (Given by Mr. E. D. “Hole
from Maine, collected by Mr. E. D. Merrill (Given by Mrs. N. L.

2 Alabama mosses, (Gises by ae X. L, Britton. )
1 specimen of B ao by Dr. J. J. Davis.)
5 ane s of gra: (Given by Mr. 7 D. Beadle.
25 American cha Pleuricarpi.”’ (Given by Dr. A. J. Grout, for the
Sa iaalaakions )

t (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
I fruit of Fandan (Given by Miss Helen M. Gould,
30 specimens, ‘ ae ptogamae Exsiccatae.”’ a exchange. )
32 Mississippi mosses, collected by Herbert S. Tracy. (Given by Mrs. N. L,
Britton. )

5 plates illustrating the packing of senna. (Given by Messrs, A. U. Andrus &
35 specimens of Hepatics from the Yukon ceae collected by Mr, R. S, Williams.
Vermont end New Hampshire mosses, (Given by Dr. A. J. Grout, for the Co-

)
a Missouri, collected by Mr. B. F. Bush. (Given by Mrs. N. L.
ree)
1 fruit of Ficus repens. (Given by Mr. H. A. Siebrecht. )
47 specimens of parasitic fungi. (Given by Professor L. M. meta )
18 mosses from Massachusetts. (Given by Mrs. Annie M. Smith. )

193

4 aes and specimens from New Mexico. (Given by Professor T. D, A.
Cockerell.)

5 specimens from New England, (Given by Mr. Geo. B. Grant.)

29 California mosses, (Given by Mrs. N. L. :

75 specimens from Mount Tacoma, Washington. (Given by President Low, for

bari
15 plates ae the Myxomycetes of the Miami Valley, Ohio. (Given by
uaa A. P. Morgan.)

I mosses from Idaho, bia ee and Oregon. (Given by Mrs. N. L. ae :
at ‘Mousses de Tahiti (By exchange with the Royal Bot. Gard., Kew
England. }
I specimen of Achyrachaena mollis, from California. (Given by Mr. Geo. B.

Grant. :

8 mosses from Florida, collected by Dr. Geo. D. Hulst. (Given by Mrs. N. L.
Britton. )

1 specimen of Quercus, from Long Island. (Given by Mr. C. L. Allen.)

18 plates peers the Myxomycetes of Iowa. (Given by ae Thomas A.
McBride.

18 specimens oe mosses a Missouri. (Collected by Mr. F. E. McDonald. )

56 speci 3° *? distributed by Renauld &

m.)

293 mosses from various countries. (Purchased. )

5 mosses from Magnolia, Massachussetts, Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
Gi ven by M

70 mosses from New York. ‘ H. Greenalch.

13 mosses from the Palisades, New ie (Given id Mr. Charles W. Gilman. )

Io specimens, ‘‘ North American Violaceae.’’ (By exchange with the National
Museu

useum.

1 fern from Peru. (Given by Mr. Albert L. de Lautreppe. )

48 unfinished and finished pipes, made from corncobs, apple wood and French
briar wood, and a block of French briar wood. (Given by Mr. William Demuth.)

5 Alaskan mosses. (Given by Mrs. N. L, Britton.)

specimen of monstrous leaves of Zscu/us. (Given by Miss Sadie F. Price.)

3 specimens of Ruéus from Missouri. (Given by Mr. K. K. MacKenzie.

3 specimens from Florida and Pennsylvania. (Given by Dr. H. B. Meredith.)

2 specimens of Talinum. (Given by Professor J. M. Holzinger. )

I specimen of Sudéu/aria aguatica from the Yellowstone Park. (Given by Prof.
C.E. Bessey.

I specimen of Péidimnium from Pennsylvania. (Given by Prof. Thos C. Porter.)

64 miscellaneous museum specimens. (By exchange with the Field Columbian
Museum,

SI ase of fibe (By exchange with the ee Museums. )
1 block of peat, Hee Teland: So ven by Miss Anna B.
19 specimens of rattan from Chi a. (Given by Mr. ieapnid “Thomas. )

ens. (Given by Dr. N. L, Britton.)
es herbarium specimens, Pelee by Mr. F. H. Blodgett.
of Golden Label Tapesal Beer, Imperial German Beer,
Export ae Beer, Pale Ale and Porter. (Given by Messrs. Beadleston and Woerz. }
50 herbarium specimens of plants from Lake George, New York. (Given by Mr.
Stewart H. Burnham. )

194

2k m G (Given by Mr. R. M. Harper. }
2100 aes specimens from New Jersey and New York. (Given by Dr, and
Mrs, N. L. Britton.)
1381 fi

n Lovisiana, collected by Mr. C. R. Ball.
fr h f New York, (Given by Mrs. ee L. Britton, )
pa specimens of Hepatics and near ae a Dr. J. K. Small.)
6 microscopic slides. (Given by Dr.

5 microscopic slides. (Given by Dr. [ i. te )

DS.
STED DECEMBER I, I9co.
1 packet of seeds from Cuba. (Given by Dr. V. Havard, Havana, Cuba.)
r packet of seeds of Corchoropsis crenata. (Given by Mr. H. C. Wells, Short
Hills, N. J.
1 packet of acorns, collected at Cutchogue, L. I., by Mr. J. Wickham. (Given
by Mr. C, L. Allen
I packet of seeds of a species of Crepis. (Given by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell,

(Given by Mr. L. Cock-

ayne, Tarata, New Saito, Canterbury, New
ack eds. (Given by . L. Robinson, Cambridge, Mass. )
14 packets Crataegus seeds. ie by C. D, Beadle, Biltmore Herbarium, Bilt-
more, N. C.)}

P Europe. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.)
50 packets New Zealand seeds, (Given by Mr, L. Cockayne.)

MISCELLANEOUS.
1 twelve-foot wall tent. (Given by Professor L. M. Underwood. )
1 dredge.
6 Plankton filters.
PLANTS.
45 plants for the conservatories
gee of the Bronx.
I plants for the berbaces grounds.
ae Borough of the
1 Har!

(By exchange with the, Department of Parks,
(By exchange with the Department of

’s-tongue Fer “(Gi ven by Mr. J. H. T. E. Burr, eee N. ¥.)
1 plant for the conservatories from Jamaica. (Given Mr. F. Nicholas, 23
Beaver street, City.
Ip for

os conservatories. oS by Mrs, Ey ve Kendall. )
N.

5 ae for ¢ Y. Zodlogical Society. )

6 palms for th tories. (Purchased f he Park Nursery Co., Pasaden

al.)

44 plants for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. Gustav Rix, Bedford Park, N. Y.
Ci

15 plants for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. Samuel Thorne.)
31 plants of Lionaca muscipula, collected by Mr. Niesler. (Given by Dr. H. H.
Rusby. )

195

89 pl for th i (Given Aes Miss Helen M. Gould, Irvington, N.Y. }

2 plants for the conservatories. (Give: r. F. reeland, Gardner, Colo.)

710 plants for the various eee ieee from the Biltmore Nursery,
Biltmore, N. C.

8 grasses. (By exchange with the Division of Agrostology, bene D.C.)

10 sane of cn Beads Miss :D. W, Ma tble, Bedford, N. Y.

4 spec of G b (By exchange with the

Division of. Plant tec? cance Rene D.C. )

INDEX.

AAA Cee Section of 14, 16,
76, 9§, 104, 157

Acacias 82

Academ

n
Adiantum
mncophtn 146
Adonis, s 85
Adonis Bese, 35
Ae ei iflora 130
Lobbia o
wera at

pu
zebrina 131
Atica. sentient 148
tropical 147
Agapanthus umbellatus 131
agave 1

4)
Victoriae-Reginae 148
Agriculture, U. S. Depariea of 134,

157, 153
Agriculture, oleae of the U. S. De-
ae
aba:
Alaska, flora

in blecta: 89 (Fig. 18)
Algee 183

Merryfield Herbarium of 182
Algo- lichen hypothesis, The 42
Alleghanies 13
Allen, Dr. oT. F. 76, 105
Allescher oe Schnabl 40

134

‘nos
2 54, 88, 89 (Fig. 18)
Aloe lap beveioons 148

America, et Society of 16
Amygdalaceae 94

Scherzerianum
ned

14

queanunm oo

plea 5 10 ( 2)
achia

haan Sy re 102, 133
Aquilesia chrysantha 122
ulea

17

us 49, 51
4 oeNEH IOpAGEALE Alexandrae 130
Archegonia 152
Architects, landscape 179
Areca 130

ae, LL ASCAFIENSIS 129
anes iripiyl um 60, Ot

pine station of, botanist 153
y of 153

Aruncus A:

Asarum reflexum 85
Asclepias Syriaca 125
tuberosa 12.

verticillata 124
Ascobolus 169

45
Anite elatior 131
Asplenium Filix-femina 165
ter 125, 171
Asters and goldenrods in cultivation
171-174
sane Ret ed 172

heath eeu

172
lve abi 126
Low: a7?

Low:

macrpiyt 126
w England 171

New York 172

placa ania 171

woo 172

ens s 168
long-plumed purple 122
Azaleas 51, 94

Baptisia australis 122
tinctoria 124

Piha ae =

2

w, Elam
Bale ine : 246
Beal, Professor W. J, 105
Bedford Park 33, 149, 153
et sugar 32

Berlin, Botany in 180
da 106, 183, 184

132
essey, Ernst A. 62, 152
Betel leaves 136
nuts 136

198

everages 134
Bignoniaceae 133
Birches 72
Birch, canoe 44
paper 44
white 138
lackberries 72, 153
ladderwort IX
lechnum Brasiliense 146
leeding he: tog
lodgett, F. H
lue Bridge 52, 33, 55, 73
odnant Hall, Gardens of 182

nvention, Weekly |
Bociely of America 15 es
Botan
178
Botany in New York City, historical
sketch of 76

a ‘vaunertia baling

is] ‘Associatio 0 ae
olumbia a 39
Britten, James 182
Britton, Bizabeth G. 57. 74, 76
Mrs 133, 2
. 38 48, sh 62, 64, 76,
9% ‘5, 106, 154, 160, 178, 183,
185
Bromeli: jade 83, : fe

—
oy (Judge) “ada 105

_ River 40, 51, 52, 53

ulletin, Garden 35, 62
ullrushes §5

Bumelia in North America, the genus

Buphthalmum Cdl 92
Bureau, Monsieur 178
Burgess, Professor E. S. 64, 76, 105,

avai 86

Buttercup 86

Buttercup family ae: 123
Butterfly weed 1

Button ball trees 7

Button-bush 54 (Fig. 11)

nasi spit 29, 104

a 39, 177
ol, and nat. hist. survey of 179
as 82
of Good Hope, plants of 82
aeoiaee I
Carbons (incandescent ee 138
ard, Professo
arex stricta
‘arludovica pimate 130
arolina, Si 39
arpenter,

rE. W. 6,

spian 167
Cassia "Marylandica 127
Castor oil 136

mh
131
phalenthus occidentalis 54 (Fig. 11)
¢ sion dai 43 (Fig. 10)

130
hapman, Dr, A. W. 13, 36
Bevaliee Monae 180
helone glabra

199

Chelone Lyont 127
patataes aoe 102

docarpus lutescens 130
botium Schiedet 14
meee racemtosa 123
nchona 54, 118
Dae ee toothed 122
ar’
ausenia in unctta 132

y'
Climbers 52
Clubrush, ae
Coal, p

Cola nuts 1 35
Cold Spring Harbor, Marine Laboratory

Coles 162
Collections, 1900 183
Co etal Ma ona 92

mbia 147
Col oe oan of organic 1
Colorado, plants of 39s is, 183
Coltsfoot 74, 7
Colum ae College 36
Colw a & Univeriy 12, 18, 61, 83, 95,
138, 184

se reiment with, 18, 19, 20, 33
ea hae

ye aie 12

Genreinacene: 133

‘ommissioner of hg 81
panes Albert

Compositae 51, ae 86, 92, 125, I

133, ae

Condim 135
Cone fbeer 125

Cone flower, long-headed 126
purp: le 121
Papas room 105
Confervae 94
Congo 47
nee International 154
Conifers 49, 52
Conservatories, a valuable gift for the,
from Mrs. F. L. Ames 145-149
Conservatories, sen a for, from
iss Helen Goul
‘conservatories, the ioe “to, 179, 184
Conservatory fund report 1

onvallaria 94

onvolvulaceae 52

‘onway, in North Wales 182
sand 40

132
orl, = 10
ralroots 8,

a
» dwarf 45
Cori eee - 178, 179
Cornes nae da
Rorida

87
yellow flowered 89
Corylus Buena 88
Cotton 15

absorbent 136
mae 138

eeds 137

Soca sheathed 56

shen 44

‘otyledons 103

‘OV ville, Frederick V., 64, 95
, 61, 95

ulpeper’s Herbal 165
ulprit Fay, Drake’s 163

ulver’s root 125
sereiliee Sear 131
urly grass 151

urrant, olden
urrants, red, black 45
wae 83

2 Cy C. 48, 64, 94, 106, 184

200

i dems ne CUM 132
Ca sg nif 3
Cycads 2
Cycas circinalis 146

revoluta b Ls
Cyclanthace:
Cytisus 94
Scoparius 167
Cytology, plant 61

Dai: 163
Dakots, South 39
Daly, Bequest of 13
Daphae of
Genkwa 87
Dark room 6:
physiological 66
seas dissecta 14
elegans dissects 133
D soli ve 133
Davis, B. M.
Ms F. ae
Dawson 44, 45, 46
Dearnes, a 39
law:

Diatoms 169
Dicranella heteromalla 28
iain ibe cee 129

7
us Mandshuricus 93
26

side
CITUME coudeseen
ge, Mr. William a - 61, 139,

Dogwood By 72, 87
osier

sate re oF 1, ok 194
2, 159
American Chicle Campy 141
mn Oil Company 77
aes Oil Company 141
Malting Company 63
Sugar Refining ‘Company 107
Ames, Mrs. F. L.,
Andrews, Messrs. _ H. and Com-

pany 175
Andrus, Messrs, A. U., and Com-
pany 192

Donors of material

Armstrong Cork Company, 77, 141,
155

Arthur, Dr. J. C. 108

Baker, H. j. & Bro 77, 155

Ball, Mr.

Barnhart, Mr. Toke Hendley 156,
158

194
Beadleston & Woerz, Messrs. 77,

Bestelmeyer, Mr. Jon 156
sre ell, Mr. E. P. 77, 142, 175,
8

Bing, Miss Harriet oa
J. N.

» 63
E, G. and Marble,

Ss 10.

r. N. L. 32, 47, 48, 63, 96,
tog, 144, 155, 486, 188,
Tor, cae

rs. E. G, 108, 5 ne

4

Burr, Mr.

Cocka ayne, M 194
Cockerell, Prof. a D. A. 108, 175,

Colgate & Company 108

. Hl. 107
F. 29, 30, 31, 32, 46,

3
Crawford, Jee pa 142, 155
Curtiss, Bi. aa

Mr.

201

as - material

tong Hon. Chauncey M. 19
Dew ee T, & So

175
Dickson, J. M., Hamilton, Ontario
108

lodge, Mr. ee - 176
onlevy, M 42, 189
orell, Prof, ile 175
arle, F. =
ate: on, A i
gan, Mies Anna B.,193
Nis, G. P. 108
stes, E, B. & Sons oy
awcett, Hon. ee
retz, Dr. < t
alloway, ie
cs pen Supply Company

Gibson, Mr. and cee ~ 5.175

Gilman: Mr. ‘Char ay 193

Gosman Ginger ae Company 174

Gould, Miss Helen M. 155, 192,
I

ee his Bs and H. P.

arper, Mr. 41, 194
arriot. Mr. SW
arward, Winnie a
avard, Dr. V. 19
ckert, Mr.
enshaw, Mr, Samuel 31, 80
errington, Mr. Arthur, 156
examer, Dr, F. 1 2
olbrook, Mr. J. S. 156
ollick, Dr. 143
olway, Mr. E. D. wee
olzinger, Prof. J. M. 63, 193
opkins, J. L. & Company 14
ornthal, ies 176
owe, Dr. M. A. 77, 19.
oyt, Mr. and Mrs, 156, 157, 158
ulst, Rev. Geo. D_ 107, 108
nn, C. E., and Bailey, L. H. 143
ee rs. C. F., 156, 176
uyler S. Co. 63, 77
nernationa Paper Company 46
n, Mr, Adrian 176

202

Donors of aay

Jesup, Mr. Morris K. 175
AL aed Gardens, 155
auffman, Miss 156
155
Cendall, Mrs. E. D. 107, 194
<iese, Mrs. 156
Sirk

<night, Miss Mary A. 175
<oerber, at ee Company, 63
Lager & Herrall 63

Lamson - “Seribner, Prof. F. 30, 48
aes Mrs. 176

autreppe, Mr. Albert L. de 175,
193

Leggett Bros, 107, 141, 155
Lehn and Fink 107, 155

Lloyd, Mr. C. G. 1

eben stein, Mrs. W. C. 30

Low, President t 193

CY,

Macloskie, Prof. George 155
MacDougal, D. T. 30, 31, 47, 48,
, 142, 144, 157, 159, 187,

Maghee, Mr. J. H., Keene

Mulford, Miss 109, 7 176
Murrell, H. K.
Myers, Mrs. haa 08
Nash, = S.C. 156
143
R Nelson, Prof. A A. 63
Ness, Prof H. 155
New York ers of Medicine
22, 78 79, 96,
New’ York Produce eeshange 63
icholas, Mr. F. 194
Ostet Mr. G. E. 30
os Manufacturing Company
107
rats Bird Food Company
ha

Piper, Prof. C. V. 175
Poser Prof. Thos. C. 175, 193
- 175

s Sadie F. 193
edlich Mannfactutias Company
“
Rix, Mr. Gustav, 156, 194

Donors of material
Robb, Dr. R. L. ae 155

Seabury & Johnson 63
Siebrecht, Mr.-H. 1
& Sons,"156
kkene, Geo. A. Io
Small, Dr. J. K. 30, 63, 194
h, Annie M. 1
Sommerich, re 5

x. We
Thorne, Mr. 194
Samuel 108, 14:
elease, Prof. Aes

4
Trelease : 155
Underwood, Prof. L. M. 30, 31, 32,

46, 47, 4) 48, cy "110, 143, 144,

oe 175, 1 189, 191, 192,
United Fruit Co. 9
Vail, Miss 30, 31, an 142, 143
Van Brunt, Cornelius, 108
Vreeland, Mr. F.K 107, 176, 195

. C. 63
4,

i Dr. T.

Wi
Young re Smylie | a
Dracaena 147
Sragrans 147
viz agra | ae 131
131

Dryads, tree of 166
Dutchman’s breeches 42

warfs 12, 48, Io:
De. Sit William “Thiselton 162

clipse of the sun 91

te 08 61

I mic Museum, The 115, 133
dards: Harry 6

Elaeodendron orientale 161

Elder 42, ae

lecampan:

Elephant ear a 145

Elfdock 167

Endogens §0, 146
England 164, 166, 177
Engler and Prant] 49
Engler, Prof. 18

kh
ay
5
s
23
oe
a
3}

ryngium oe 124
rysiphaceae,

tia edult, is 7 3
en, Rho

I

E

I

Erikson 40

Eriophorum vaginatum 56
I raph of the 151
d

Es

I

thet “and ole oe

92
ile
Bagtosace, 148
Europe, foe of ceipiel 180
Eve en , B. M. 39
Ex anges

Agrostology, Division of 195
Barnhart, Mr. John Hendley 158
Beal, Prof. W. J. 176
Botanic Gard en, Lund 63

arden of Smith College 29
pe one Bonn

Garden at St. Petersburg, Rus-
ae

“es
Ga ns Zurich 63

Briquet, Mr. J. 30

Bui aoa Botanic Garden 96, 108,

Cornell University 156

Department of ae Borough of
the eg I a

Departme P Parkes, Borough of

Gando,

Geological and Natur History Sur-
vey of es 15

Greene, E. L.

Exchanges
Harvard University 77
Institute Botanique de I’ Universite
de Stockholm 15
eo State Agricultural College
143
new Royal Botanic Garden 109,
I
Maite, fais sD. W. 108
Missouri een Ga rden 47, 96
beets = alee e of Agriculture 46
Mus ‘olumbian 193

7
e Museum 157
New York Zo oblogical "Society 176
Parks, Depetucat of, Borough of
the Bronx 194.
Philadelphia Commercial Museums

4
Plant Introduction Experiment, Di-
of I

s Department of Agri-
culture, Div. Agrostology 63
United States Geological Survey

159
United States National Museum 46,

ate , Mr. Mark 46

Zod! logical Society, N. Y¥. 194
Exchanges, fas ok I

ma mm 177 179, 180
177

Lat ee 179

seed 177, 179
Exhibit, the microsopical 16:
Exhibition, tube mounts fon 58 (Fig.

14)

Exhibits 2, 3
Exhibits, ‘olan 178

ee mae

E-xochorda fagrent “flora 87
Exogens 50
Ex Beaton to the Pacific Ocean, Wilkes

Expedition, U. S. Exploring 35

Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. 32
Station, Hatc ht if

Explorations 106, 18

Exposition, Paris rs 177, 178, 179

Fairy circles 166

cup 168
favors 168

Fairy ground 167
oak 166

rings, 1
Farlow, W. G. 39
Fats, vegetabl 138
Feé (eoliecaan of ce) 154
Fendler and Gillar

Cc aot

Fern Chapter, es 76, 95, 105
femal 5
stag-horn
Ese 4

$ 50, 1, 83, 132, 145, 154
Fernseed 16, 18 165

148
Field Col canes Mas Chicago 134,

137 ’
ras family 125, 127

ne mip M. a
fie Fin nger Rapids, plants from 44, 46
Flahault, Professor 180

Flavoring substances 135
Flax 168

Flodman, J. H. 62
Flora, local economic ¥
orth American 13
Rocky conan 62

native summer, in cultivation 121
spr ne Ot

r 64
Foo ‘s and ders 133

Forest Pee Bea River 183
Forestry, codperativ
North American 149
Forget-me-not I
Forked River, N. J., plants from 151
sythia 8

Forsythia 88
net
viridissina 88
Foxglove 168
a Botanical Society of 178

cological Society of 178
df rancivcen 13 2
Fraxinus aucilacfolia 93
Friend 162
Frost, killing 91, 94
Fruit syrups 135
Fruit
i
F
F

rullans nia
ruticetum ve 51, 52, 76, 93, 160
hsias 82
‘unaria eosiere ca 42 (Fig. 9)
nds. 114, 115

04

Fungi 169
Exsiccati 4
spore devel — nt in 94
The Ellis Collection of 38
Funkia coerulea gl
grandifiora 9

Galloway, B. T. 151
Garden, Bamboo, Kew
otanical, Buiter, Java 15
Botanic: al, Gene
Botanical, Sydney, i S. W. 180
how to reach the N. Y. botanical
70, 71 (Fig. 15)
Imperial Botanical St. Petersburg
179
anical, Missouri 15

Bounteal (foreign) 177
Kew 83, 154
Gas, effec ct of on trees 14
a feothers 126
Geneva, Switzerland, Botanical Garden

Gentiana quinguefolia 102 (Fig. 22),
Geocepliy of North America, plant 95
Georgia 150

Gerarde 162

Germany sig 166, 177

Gib is R. 36
Gibson, 5, 20
Gilliflower 162
Ginger I

wi
Gleditschia triacanthos 32
Globe flower 85, 167
Glycerin 118, 137
Goatsbeard 122
es 74 Hey 126, 171, 17
C

from the Southern States, some
new 62

rass-wolf 167
raswolf's plant 167
ray, Asa 121
Great Britain, museums, gardens 154
reenhouse, Columbia University 185
reenhouses, working 153
reenman, 181
sasha David 48, 153
166

im

133
Gymnegramne es oe 135
mes =

Hair- oni moss 28

17
173
Helps. helonthoides 126
Heller, A. 16

H a ea 27, 41, §2, 73, 76, 94,
104, 160

Hemlock ]

f ror (Fig.

20), 2
Hemlock, roots of the I
Hemlock, seeds and ceding of 97,

99 (Fig. 9), a
Henshaw, S. 48,8 4, 185
pa
Hepatica 7

ta ie

acu
Hepaticae, vegetative reproduction of

94
Hepatics 36

Herb Paris 167
Robert 167
Herbs 49
Heracleum lanatum 123
Herbaceous collection 160

rounds 49, 72, 76, 91, 173
Herbaria, Paris private 178
Herbarium 152,

floor plan of the 34 (Fig. 7)
Garden 33, 34, 62
Paris 178
suite, plan of (Fig. 8)
Hewins, Miss Nellie P. 94
Hexamer, - 35
Hibiscus mititars 127
Moscheutos 127

132
Holbrook, John S. 179
ae ae oe 64
. D. 39

Horsetails 170

81 (PL. V.), 105
Hosack, Dr. David 12, 20
a 22- rai

Howe, D - 94, 106, 170, 178,
=

Fowea 130
Betrioreana 130
ee 130

Hoy: (Hem R 13

Hu bee

Huckldbecien i. 8I

Humus 1

Hybridization 118

Hylas 72

ss spice amoena 131
ovata

fi crinitum 145
Hyophorbe Verschaffelti 146

molluscum 28

Icones Bogoriensis 15
ie vias in 106, 183

117
Ts lands of the 148
Indigo, “wild blue 122, 124
ellow 124
Inula alata 167
Iridaceae 133

Iris prismatica 124
versicolor 121

coccinea 14)
cunetfolia 132

Jacjewski, Dr. Arthur de 179
srs in- fa ‘Pulpit a

Jacks:

roa Ir. ane a

J cee ee 86, 87, 93

dwarf 48

a
ria, white 87
Kew, Baglend. -

any

“147, 151, 181

Laboratories, the 4, 65, 160 (Pi. IV.)
Lacinaria pycnostachya 155
spicata 126

pi
Langlois, Re B. 3
Lastrea patens 133
Thom loge 133
raceae I
Leaf score

ch 32
Lecture Hall, Museum 104
cpa ures at the Garden 64, 160
Lem oo

165
Leptandn a Virginica 125
Leptiton eel ig 103
Le Dik a r V. 36

3
Leu in plain 27 (Fig. 6)
ere and Clark 62

Lecythidaceae 133
Library, the botanical 3, 17, 24, 152
Fi bp eS)

Lilium Canadense 121
Grayi 121

superbum 127
Lily family 91, 131, 147
meadow 121

Turks cap 127

Linhart 40

ar American type specimens of
I

Liquors 119

Liver_leaf, round lobed 74
sharp lobed 475.

Liverworts 100, 17

Lloyd, Francis E 36 61, 62, 64, go,

94, 100, 106, 18.

Lomayia Neo- Caledonia 133
rd and Burnham Company 84

rH ae 161
Lupinus 167

Lyeopon, ey genus 94

ty ig B vid 1
Lynn Canal rs

McClatchkie, A. J. 3

Mecboea, ‘Prof. Cae 105, 152

Mac T. 48, 60, 62, 64, 68
160, 183

ne fi ae 127
mp rose 127

. 68, 106, 113,
i

ate 135
Meadow beauty 13

Meadow rue 123

Meadows 171

Measurements, unit of microscopic 178
Medicated plasters 136

Me Sched preparations 119

Medi on York Academy of 12,

Medi Rae (region) 86
Megapterium Missouriense 123
Meisner, Fre 12, 36

61, 106

Merrill, E. 152
Meteorological stations, garden 76
Mexico, 35, 39) 145
city of 134
Mictostepes a new exhibition 139
o ig, 24), noe (Fig. 25)

orge — aker ) 69
ices, os
Miles Cafion 45
Milk serait re 124

125

Gaily 4

whorled 124,
Mimosaceae 1
Mint ily 125, 1

ace:

fam
Mississippi 106, 184

delta, Spon. in
Mnium tipi ‘atum 28
Moebus, August .
Mohr, Charles 136
Mohrodendron ae 93
cas es fo we 125

125

Aonveropas mycorhizas of 94
Monotropaceae, roots and mycorhizas of

some 62
Montana 39

western
boat University of 180
168

Moss, beard 28, 56
Chapter, Suilivant 76, 95, 105
rd 42

peat 28

pink 86

pul horn-toothed 43
top 4)

white
Mosses oe
cliection “of type 179
in April 56

207

Mosses in nels 26, 29
in March
rare Bris 182
true
Mott, F. ne 10
Moulds
Mulber: a Teanee 93
Murray, Sir Georg re
Museum, ae Gail Gaigs 60, 95
Bot: os Fiais Brazil 180
British
Buildin: ae tle: 15, 106, 160, 168
exhibits for 134
Field Columbian 138
of ay History, American 48,
ae matic I
United States Natioual 152
useums 160
Philadelphia (enna) 38, 179
elationships among botanical 178
Mushrooms 1co, 16 2
Mycorhizas 7, 8, 9, 100, 152
fg

eae
Myrtaceae I
Nachtrieb, H. F. 4 49, o
Nash, Geo. V. 54, 62, 75, 88, 94) 955
128, 133, 149, tne bee - 85
Nature mare of p
Natur
Naturlichen ” Panzenamitien 49
Neowashingtonia filifera 130
Nepenthes 148
Nettle family gt
‘ood OI
New Holland, plants of 82
New York, plant . iseases of 94

Nicholson, Mr. 1

Nomenclature, oe omic
North American forestry, jae collec-
tion of 1 z

North American plants 35, 36

Norton, J. B.S. 15

Notes, news, and comments 14, 32, 48,

1, 76, 94, 104, 128, 141, 151
Wursehies e 53,93
pai physiological role of mineral

ee 38
Nauk . 39

Oaks 74, 106
ospel 166
Oils, volatile 135, 137
Onoclea sensibilts 93
Opium 136
Orange 132
pu as . ee ie 83, 169
Oreodixa r

Overton 7, II, 12

ce coast 130
ands of the 148
i ope 3
Palms 81, - 83, 129, 130, 146
hats 1
Pandanaceae 132
Pa sete oe 132
Sava 33?

Parasite 16:
Park, Bronx River 105
Central 105
Dearncr 41
Department, Borough of the Bronx
lo
‘ker, John H., Co. 5
Parkinson 162
Parsni, pa
123
Patecloey. and Physiology, Division of
151
Pea family 122

in 152

pa
iva a gt
staphytion ‘fan 2

Perennials, hardy Swiss 180
hardy Siberian 1

os
acy, New York College of 136
enology. for May, weather and go
ja 38

plant 61
@ Vi ee 125
Pilocarpus pinnatifolius 133

Pine, white 53
aes 147
147

Pin
Pinet cae 49, 2

Pink family 165 a

Piper, Pr of C C. V. 39, 95, 152

Pitcher plants 148

Plankton 18

Plant- sada American 152
bre Zz 152

sete oi (nomenclature) 178
Morphology ee Physiology, So-
ciety of I1, 95
abs Texanae 12
Plantago aristata 103

Plantations, et - the 49 (Pl. - )
Plantes Cry, fogam s de France

Jardin 178

lants, a gl f
» ae g' 4.
limbi: 4,
collecti f 154
etiolated, as food 6, 7
oluti f sex in 160
freezing of 160

hodi.

Contes ca ainst them 160
pu mes names of 1 178
relation o}
succuleni 179

value - eouibated 185
sade ons 48
Piscean. bicorne 133

de 146

inc
Pluchea
dwarf leaves or a (Fig. ae
Flats 153

egonatun tone 56, 57 (Fig. 13)
‘oisonous plants 137
137

cisco, Monsieur 180
olemoniaceae 86

152
elygonin ie g2

Pol we ody _

Piljercnn 28

Pond-ooze 169
-scum 16

0 117, 132
some tropical relations of the 64

sdam
Pound, Roscoe 95
Practical botany 13

Primrose, Missouri 123
ee William 152
Prior, E. C. 135

ogramme, , Porrey Memorial 76, 105
Propagating sheds 153

Psychology 61

Phchoserma Macarthurii 130
Pucks-be:

Puerto Rico, i ies in, 16
Pulman, Wash. 152

Pussy willow 74

Pyxie rings 166

Pyrus 94

Quercus robur 166

Rabenhor:

Leia ava 103

Railroad, N, ¥. C. & H. R. New Sta-
ae :

Ranun

53

culaceae 75
Raspberries 45, 72, 153
Ratibida columnaris 126

master I a
+ 39,4

Reception days and Take 160

ds 55
Reb o

was
‘oir 170
Bean 136, 13
ae ait formis -

Paha ae
Rhodotyper | kerrioides 87
Rhubarb 6, 7

Rhus radicans 93

Ribes aureum 87

Robins 72

in:

Robinson, Prof. B. L. 95, 152

Rock cress 85

Rocky a plants of 35, 104,

Tol
Borers adits 132
gratissima 132
ell go

Ro

Rose, J. N. 95, 152

Rose bushes 45
family 87, 122
leaves 162

Roses 72

Rooms, storage 153

Root souctre ne

Roots 103

Roume

equért A
Rouy, M. 178, 179
Rowan, the eae 168

136

Rubiaceae 54, ©

Rudbeckia ee 125
triloba 173

Rudenstein 166

rae 131

sby, H. H. 37, 64, 119, 138, 160

Rack 65. 37; 64, 119, 13

Russia, ag of 117, 164, 177

Aa ae

Rydberg, e A. 35, 48, 61, 95, 106,
78, 183

Rye 167
-wolf 167

Saccardo 40

Shee: Pitcher’s 127

Sago palms 82, 146
8

Salvia Pitcheri tay
oe Black 1
San

Pot tos, Mexico, specimens

Saxifragaceae 133
Saxifrage 42
family 92
pase is fae 131
Robe ite 24 ae 147

Schum: Pee 1 180
ce:

ae nsas Academ:
ee hy ee ot Neca Java 16
Scilla S2 a7.
Scirpus oe 56
Screen n 49
Screw-pine family 132
eeds 36, 64, 169
169

Selden, J 161
Senna, American 127
pines ake 93

Earle 40
Se pre "Monsieur de 178
Shear
Sheav: 6
Sheehan, John R. 83
Shops 1

Shrubs 49, 52

Shrubs, Siberian 179
ibbaldiopsts ee 122
hr cal 124

106
Steversia ciliata 122
Simon, C. 179
Skunk cabbage 74, 93
a rea et
mall, ‘Mis

152
eS 8, "62, 95, 1§1, 184
Smith, CL
Miss Gra
Smoking, plant ne a ee
ampere black 123
ie button oe
Saeed ops 72
Soap 118, 137
tar 137
Soapberry 45
Sobralia macrantha 132
Solanaceae 132
Solidago caesia 173
Canadensis 126, 173
6

153.
= ai issemination i
Southern Baul evard 50, hes 54
States, flora of 13, 36
South Kensington Moen Botanical
High ain nt of the 181
Spath Alum 134
spain Soetida 93
ibe 179, 180
179

Spegazzini 4 as
Spring fevers some early 74

7 ee
origin rat the leafy 48
Squill, oo mn 74
Stapf, M. i
eee hye 9
ee Janes . Fis
Rosalie E
Starches 118,
Stellaria olatea 165
tewart, F.C. 3

a laevis 126
an ag He (Fig. 16)
53
ie ge 132
hy

trychnin:
Str chno:

Styria 163
Such, Mrs. ee 83
Suksdorf, , W.N. 39
Sugar 118, 134
Summer, flowers of 171
Sunflowers 42, 171
false 126
family 75
linear-leaved 173
Maximilian’s 173
narrow-. boaaiie swamp 173

tall swamp 173
Susan, the toga eyed 173
Swamps a 7
Sweden

Plants of 35
Switteriang,, Botanical Gardens of 177

Symbiosis 4
Sydney, Ansa Botanical Garden of
80

Sydow 40

Syringa 94

‘able fairies 162

acitus 166

‘amonea magnifica 132
apetonetes bicolor 131
‘apioca

‘arleton, M. A. 178

Paraguay 1
Temperatures on e growth of Sterig-
matocystis nt a influence of low 94
123

2
Thrinax elegans 130
Thymeleaceae Ae
Tickseed, tall
Tillendsia. cnglont 132

splen nen

ne
Pan 120
Tobacco, leaf 135
Tomato 3 ea
Tonka beans 135
Torrey, Botanical vas 14, 76, 95, 106
Bulletin of 1
Ix 151
photograph d f 105

x. John 14, 16, 36, 76
ie rs 18
memorial programme 95, 105

211

Torrey work, letters, pictures and ma- Vilmorin, Maurice de 178
terials Se 76 hillippe e de 8
writings and letters of 105 Vincetoxicum obliquum 124
Torula muralis 28 va = oe 4
Touch-me- not 92 Vitic 9, 52
Tracy, 5. M. 39, 106, 184 ize ome
Trade, New Vork Board of 134 Vreeland, F. K, 106
Trailers 49, 52 H. A. 183
Trelease, Prof. Wm. 95 Vriesia fenestralis 147
Tree notes 88 Waghorne, Rev., A.
ferns 81, 82 Wake robin 8
es 49 : ill scented 85
evergreen 160 large flowered 85
Japanese dwarf 1 P d
photogra phs of Caused 179 prairie 85
Treub, ae 215 Warburg, Dr. 180
Trichomanes 152 Washington (D. C.) 181
Trilian cernuun 84 Watterson, Miss Ada 94
ectum 8 Waxberries, 51
ender 85 Weather record 77, 90, 106, 128, 141,
recurvatum 85 153, 1 186
undulatum 85 Wel J 3M 152
Trinidad 134 Wasia viridu 27
Trisetum from Michigan, a new 62 West ee plants 35
Triticum ae 167 Wettstein, Freiherr Richard von 178
Troll flower 167 Wi enow, r. 180
Trolley cars 70 Wildes Weibchenstein 166
Trollies ‘siaricus 85 Williams, R. S. 16, 46, 104, 178
Exp opacus 86, 167 T. A.
laxus 86 palate 45, 49, 51, 73, 88
Tme, R. H. 48, 61 pland 51
Tulip 94, 168 Wits, Percy 10
-tree 52, 53 .PLI
Turner 162 Wind effec t of, on plants 15
Turpentine 137 Wine, sae ere os 135
x 137 Wines 1
Tussilago Farfara Witch ae ope 75
Lae peace i (Fig. 12) native
Typho Wheat 117, O64
Tyrol, tl me Whitlow grass 74
Wolf's bean 167
Ulrich, Daniel 5 Wood, turned 138
Umbelliferae 124 Woodlands 171
Umbrella plant Fi Woods 137
Weraudare L. M. 40, 64, 94, 154, 160 foreign 137
Uni college 38 North American 137, 179
Universities 178 ete American, presented by Mr.
catum 9 orris K, Jesup 149
Utricularia 11 Onn ee
Wright, "Cha
Vail, Anna M. 22, 26, 36, 76, 105 Xeno pine 87
gs 86 Yellow root 87
Van Brunt, Cornelius 64, 160 Yellowstone National Park, flora of 61
Va iis teens 135 Yew 49, $2
saan Yukon, flora of the 16, 44, 45
tation, tropical 129 Zebra plant 1
Vilar 4 98 Zoplogical Past at
f
eabiyoWey of 38 Zodlogy, Ticracucaal Congress of 187

8
Vienna Herr A. 180 Zurich, botanical garden 180

CORRECTIONS.

Read ‘‘January 9, 1900,’ for ‘‘ Nov. 22, 1899,’’ on page 4.

Read ‘are indicated ”” ae seis indicated, ” line 7 ie hig of page 6.
pip ’ line 13 from bottom of page 14

Read ** 1805’ for ‘*1605,’’ line 17 from top of page

Read ‘‘ triacanthos’’ for * tricanthos,’’ line 3 from bottom of page 32.
Read “ departments ”’ for ‘‘ department,”’ line 6, page 61.
ead ‘¢ Winser ’’ for ‘* Wisner,” line 12 from bottom of page 63,

e page 72.
Read “J. E. Kirkwood’’ for “«R. E. Kirkwood,’ line 14 from bottom of p. 94.
Read “ Archontophoenix’? for “ pee ue line 8 from top of page 130.
Read ‘ Arabis Chabrieri” for ‘A. Chab > line 13 from top of page 131.
Read “appear ’' for “ appears,’’ line 3 red ‘poktoai of page 132.
instead of ‘* Dunlevy,’’ line 11 under “ Library,’’ page 142.

m.,
Read ‘‘ Moebus”’ for ‘* Moebius,” line 10 from bottom of page 157.
Read ‘‘Cactacearum’’ for ‘‘ Catacearum,”’ line 12, page 158.

Read ‘ Rousseau”? for “ Rosseau,’’ line 14, under Accessions, page 155.

213

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

. No. 13. JANUARY
Facilities for aeliae: aes by the New York Botanical Garden... . 1
A Valuable Exchange of Plants with Fairmount Park, nae ee eee 6
Present Arrangement o: of the Cone Collectio: Sige Me cate 9
eeping American Aspens , . dg ite fatten WAG GC tae Be 12
Notes, Ni nd Comment. . . ra ee ener ee ee nigel + wie fe, ota ld
Accessions, . . ae ee cee eee ee UG
meus "* No. 14. FERRUARY
Poisonous Plants which grow within our Bodies and how to Contend against Them
The lo Botanic Garden Getdecasteree. |< cue tures Son he eh eas Gea oe
A Bo ae f the Mississippi S d Islands and Delta . . . a
Rots News and Comment . oa oe Mee Oooh she aie Ee ae pe ee 29
Accessions, . . . . mtn ae gre ht Goo Nee OBEN odo date oT
No. 15. ° MARCH
Reception Days and Na oak Gh aet vere rk
The Morong Herbs as Coe er ci Shee eee eee 35
The ap Gee ack. eel le! ace, Bote tes 37
ais Exerted by Swelling Seeds mkioades Wace ait 2 aa see 39
and Comment . is a ACU EE A ie ke Las
re ies cee Baa Se a Oe a o » 45
No, 16, APRIL
Pais earl i os oni gh aa ok a eres er tiue Bten : 49
Collection of Ch
ea: Het can ae) . se ae ae ~ 52
Maaaec WH ces ads” “a5 ate Node Be Re oS Bree 54
Rots, New nd Comme eicieitiel wei si BR ere a . 56
Analysis of Cocon' é 55
Annual as pe eal Society of New York at t the Carden, May Sth. 56
Access! Y las eerste GP Ue ie ST
Oo. 17. May
ae of Head Gardener on Visit to Kew. Se SR a vee 65
ertect «econ aoe. eilgndar der‘ gice’ “Widest Give. . Ae ee ay 69
Vari : eS JZ
} g of Pai Soy of: New York , eee 73
ogramme for napie me foe 13th , 76
Bee a oeeaeths | oes 7 78
: ae 4s 76

id Comment .

Pr
ee New
Accessi

viii t CONTENTS

The siti Pl (c

No. 18, JUNE
)

(Cryptogams) of the Synoptic Collection (with plates V7
Jadge Daly's Sunfower |. 222 De eae
Fl (with figure). . ea! (aiertar 2g ace) 9
Not s, News and Comment, . se es ooo ta dees «+ 93
pencnin to the Library . 5 :

No. 19, JULY

. oe oo ee FT

The David Lydig Fu ea é oe ee FOG

ront App s to t m ding ( ith pl VIL)... 06
Proceedings of the June Meeting of the Itural

al
ing {New York . . . 108
Notes, News and Comment . a . 108

No. 20, Aucusr
The Rediscovery of Eitotia.. 0 ee ee ee we ANG
The Nature and Use of the Peanut. ©. 2. 6 2 ee ee ee ee ENG
Notes, News and Comment .... se nh cher Woven de fa cay patide ein (0) eh ae eee aes
Accessions , ee ae ee - oe ee 126
No, 21. SEPTEMBER
ee eee ee ee
Sec sond Flowering o! of the Tulip-Tree . . . wish a Velo gO
International Conference a Plant Breeding and Hien go) we eee 138.
Noteworthy A wee ee ee GO
Notes, News an: ene A a ai ee
A Fund for the Pana ‘of Native Wild Flowers . Dea be eee eee de
No, 22. OcToRER
Reception Days and Lectures . bi Geb 6h ode Btdrh, ee ch 8 won ee 145
‘The Propagating Houses a Nurseries re eagaoekd®
oo nd Com Oeste ae cse sac even the? ae eee ew 2 150
Acce:! GDS (ap ako te wiascan epueg awe sen ance Mal oe

ite ees
(0. 23. NOVEMBER ‘

Report of the Director-in-Chief on his recent Trip to the West Indies . .
Report of Professor L, M

2 161
por . Underwood on eis to Porto Rico. . . 1... . 166
Weather Re Bete a Seg Ge a a ry
Accessior . Soret ~ Gone eet Ge ces ig! Wivenhoe ATE

No. 24. DecEMBER

Report by Dr. M. A. Howe on a Trip to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland 177
Report of Mr. Percy ieee on a Trip to the East Indies . . oe es 80
An Old Physics ead al Amsterdam, ... 0... 7 oe 6 183
Notes, News and Comi fae ea 186
Accession: , e oe 187
Ind eee weah aes cy oars a

Vol, II JANUARY, 1901 No, 13

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS
. PAGE
Facilities for Investigation afforded by the New York Botanical Garden... 1
A valuable Exchange of Plants with Fairmount Park, Philadelphia Eiichi hy ae!
Present Arrangement of the Conservatory Collection... .......... 9
Wotes, News and Comment. (0.9.0 0.) eee) es Welle eee fs fe Be ee 14
PUGROSSIONS Hs coat 5) sh) dru) (ets Ieee aa MEAT RRMA rat) ec leat nett ar josie Se BI)

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Ar 4x Nortu Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa.
sy THe New Era Printinc Com

OFFICERS, 1900.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX, .
SECRETARY—N, L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF MANAGERS.

1, ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
CHARLES F. COX, GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE.

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON, GEO. C. CLAUSEN
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.
3. SCLENTIFIC DIRECTORS

HON. SETH LOW, CHAIRMAN.

HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES O'BRIEN,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H. H. BY
PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Divector-in- Chief.

DR, D. T. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant.
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Curator ne the Museums.
D

CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vox. II. January, 1901. No. 13.

FACILITIES FOR INVESTIGATION AFFORDED BY
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

advancement of botanical science and knowledge and

TO

cilities for the study of hybridization, development of races, and

varieties, and all phases of horticultural practice, plant diseases,

and plant culture. The rapidly increasing collection of fopieal
co)

available for study to nearly 6000. The plants native to the two
hundred and fifty acres of diversified land in the Garden, supple-
ment the collections to an important de

These collections also furnish a wealth a minteaal for the study
of any question, concerning the structure, development and rela-

2

tionship of different forms in which the examination of the mi-
nute structure by means of microscopic methods must be made.

he ing specimens may be readily used in all kinds of ex-
perimental work dealing with the relation of plants to the soil,

climate, water, chemicals, light and electricity, growth, reproduc-
tion, irritability and other functions carried on by the plant.
h

to great advantage, and in the work of defining the relationships
and limits of species, genera and families.

Before beginning an investigation of any botanical subject it is
of the greatest importance that the worker should familiarize
himself with its botanical history to learn what other botanists
may have written concerning it. To this end he must search
the volumes in the library. Periodicals, books, pamphlets and
manuscripts must be examined and the extent of known facts
gotten well in mind. The library of the Garden now contains
nearly nine thousand and is increasing at the rate of over

of the subject in which his problem lies, fro om he receives
only so much he dvice as ma) necessary to enable
him to carry his to a successful prosecution. S as-
signed him in the laboratories, microscopes, glassware, reagents,
etc., placed at his disposal, a: ready earch
for facts that may come to light in a few we few years
If the results achieved are of sufficient importance, a suitable de-
scription of method and more ee ils is prepared

m
@
in’
Q
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same time the student may offer his thesis to a university as
ee,

In the development of botany the facilities of the laboratory

3

play a very important part. The upper floor of the museum
building with an area of 19,000 square feet, and some special
i work,

e library is housed under t k
extension to the rear. The physiological an phological
laboratories occupy the western en taxonomic labora-
tories herbarium the eastern end. ratories include
a suite of fourteen rooms, giving separate facilities for in
the main divisions of the subject e ent includes a
supply of the apparatus necessary for resear he
special features provid re be mentioned the dark rooms,

chambers and sky-lighted apartment for living plants: the latter

being furnished with a suitable aquarium.
The presence of a number of investigators in different phases
of the subject has a most stimulating effect upon the individual
co)

counteract the tendency to over-specialization. The er of
registered students using the laboratories, library or herbarium
durin: st year wa nty-eight an os them were

tw
graduates of colleges and universities. Investigators from other
institutions, using our facilities for periods from a day to over a
month, numbered more than a score.
An especially profitable feature consists in the weekly conven-
tions at which the student gives an account of his own results, a

an address upon some subject of general interest. Subjects have
a recently presented as follows :
Summer’s Work at the mae Herbarium at Kew, Eng-
nder

“ Life-history and Devel ne hyte of Schizaea
pusilla,’ by Mrs. Elizabeth a Britton and Miss A . Tay
“Double Fertilization and Reproduction in the Fungi” by

Professor F.
as Researches on ee ticels,’” by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.
“ The Cyclopedia of American Horticulture,” by Professor L.
d

M. Underwoo:

4

“ Marine Flora of Bermuda,” by Dr. M. A.
“Some Features of the Flora of the Great ne by Pro-
. Be

sey.
| Annulus of Mosses,” by R. S. Williams.
he following outline shows the special subjects in which i

e aboratories with the expectation of finding the ma-
terial facilities for his urthermore the laboratories never
close for a vacation ve the worker may here the advantages
not available in universities during the summer si

Physiology of ell, oblems t
physical properties, movements and irritability of unicellular and
other generalized organisms oratory. ctor MacDougal
cology.—Plants studied in relation to their environment and

the problems of evolution involved. Field and laboratory ; con-

ssor yd,
Morphology of Algae —Study of the structure and develop-

ment of the Algae. Field and laboratory. Doctor Howe; Dr.
ichar

pane ee of Fungi —Study of the structure, polymorphism
f th ding cul d

and development of the Fungi, including ture methods.
Field and laboratory. Professor ae lerwood.
Morphology of Bryophyta.—Stud the struct d develop-

ment of nae and Seta Field aid laboratory. Professor
Underwood ; . Britton.
Morph ¥ ‘Pie —Study of the structure and de-

velopment is and ee Field, garden, conserva-
tories and ae Professor Underwood.

Morphology . Spot —Study of the structure and de-
velopment of g Plants. Field, garden, conserva-

tories and a atory. "Doe or Rydberg
Experimental Morphology. oS study of variation of form and
structure, and determination of the causes. Professor Lloyd.
Taxonomy of Algae.——Study of the diagnostic characters and

0.
relationships of the principal families and genera. Field, her-
t How

octor
Taxonomy of Fungi.—Study of the aaeiesce characters and
relationships of the principal families and ie a. Field,

e e

Taxonomy of Bryophyta.—Study of the Siagosc characters
and relationships of the principal families and g Fiel
herbarium and laboratory. Professor Uneaveod: OMe Britton.

Taxonomy of Pteridophyta.—Study of the diagnostic charac-
ters and relationships of the principal families and genera.
Field, herbarium, garden, conservatories and laboratory. Pro-
fessor Underwood.

Taxonomy of Spermatophyta.—Study of the pancipal families

’

and pane Field, herbarium, garden, d labora-
Doctor Britton, Doctor Small, Doctor Rydberg
ae of Grantineae.—Study of the diagnostic Pee
i

and relationships of the principal genera of grasses. Field,
barium and laborator Mr. Nash.
Embryology of Sieuauape hyta.—Comparative embryology of
special groups. Special embryological problems. Technique.
orator e Lloyd.

special Tatoioney: —Critical study of a tee! or genus of
plants of not less than fifty species. The group may be chosen
from the entire nee of the vegetable ei Field, herbarium
laboratory, garden irected, according tot
group chosen, by Professor Unde wood, Doctor Howe, Doctor
Britton, nae Small, Doctor Rydberg, Mr. Nash, Professor
urgess, M

ecti
study of the sae of some eee area Fea herbarium
Of

Enleeed! Pai —Problems in adapti ti
structure and movements to external Sei and environmental
factors. Field and laboratory. Doctor MacDougal; Doctor
Cur

6

Physiological Anatomy.—Problems in the relationships of
Cc

tissues and functions. Laboratory. Doctor Curtis

General Physiology —Problems in absorption, excretio , nutri-
tion and transformations of energy, growth, the general “evtable
organization of the plant and mechanism of movement Labora

octor MacDougal; Doctor Curtis.
Students desiring to avail themselves of the research facilities
of the Garden may address the Director-in-chief, submitting a
statement of their previous training

A VALUABLE EXCHANGE OF PLANTS WITH FAIR-
UNT PARK, PHILADELPHIA

ose who visited the Centennial will probably recall the large

many ee have accumulated, and it is through the kind-

ad when it is known that something over 400 plants

7

were included, these representing 46 families, 118 genera, and
about 300 species and varieties. In addition to these a large
number of cuttings of some 30 species, not otherwise represented,
were secured, and it is expected that s of these will de-
velop into plants and add still further to our accessions from
this source.

he size of the collection prevents a detailed account, so we

onfi ur. s to a reference to its more marked features
n richness of illustration the ferns and their allies easily take
first plac the true ferns, the Polypodiaceae, 21 genera

podium cuspidatum, a native of C ‘pial pene -
alayan region, 4. iene and the popu ostol
rm, WV. exaltata Bostoniensis; an ng t co :
pallida and D. Fisiensis major. Adding still greater value, in
t e not represented 1 ur conservatory collections
efore, are the following families, relations of the true ferns, eac
represented ingle genus: Gleicheniaceae, Marattiaceae an
smundaceae, the latter by Zodea barb fern allies
of which int ng material was received are la-

ay
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5
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3
o
wn
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ar
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s
=
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3
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ms
eas

(ikoun a me any species, the m
valuable of these being a fine plant of Excephalartos Caffer, the
Kafir-bread, of Africa, with fronds 5 or 6 feet lon ng 5 anda smaller
but promising plant of Dion edule, a native of Mex

he Araucariaceae, representing in the southern hemisphere

n t
the collection in two plants of Araucaria pena. the Norfolk

8

Island Pine of popular appreciation. Two young trees, six to
eight feet tall, grace the collection.
Taking second place only to the ferns in richness of represen-
2

tation in this recent acquisition are the aroids. 12 genera and
35 species this family adds many interesting a odd features
Alocasia zebrina, a native of the Philippines, is ed ina
pair of plants, the species deriving its nam e petioles of

r.
bachias may d iM 's, a native of Peru, and
D. Barraquiniana, generally di ed in tropical America, with

s ivory-white petioles. eae regale, a fine large-leave
decorative ith one or two others, represents that genus
ambusa arundinacea, of the East Indies, is the sole represent-
ative o: y in the collecti When well grown, as
is at Fairmount Park, it is most imposin T rge plant at

en nice wn p
about § feet tall, while the latter is a recently described plant
from our own State of Florida. ae istona rotundifolia, a native
of Java, which is aa much attention now as a house plant,
comes in two large and well-grown specimens. Another palm, of
rather difficult ee on hence correspondingly valuable, takes
a prominent place in Licuala grandis, from the Bismarck Archi-
pelago.

The lily family is present in six genera and about 16 species

, fro
pecies. e orchids furnish 8 genera and 10 species, among
them a specimen of the dove or holy-ghost flower, Peristeria elata,

9
of Panama, and one of the hyacinth orchid, Bletia hyacinthina, of

nera a Streliteta and Mina give the banana family: a place

bright red flowers. The Marantaceae, with two genera and II
species complete the list of the more noteworthy endogenous
ts.

xogenous plants are also well shown. The Crassulaceae

swell the collection in our succulent house by the additi

nine species of Echeveria ; while rose family is represented
by a single plant, Eriobotrya Japonica, of China and Japan, the
loquat or Japanese quince. T. family, Papilionaceae, is

represented by three genera and as many species; one of these,
Erythrina marmorata, of the South Sea Islands, with its large
green leaves variegated with masses of white, makes a showy ap-
pearance.
The fine collection of pitcher-plants received from Mrs. Ames
during the past summer is well supplemented by 16 more speci-
bri

ulata, a native of China. Many other families are pepreseated by

one or more specimens Grorce V. Nasu

PRESENT ARRANGEMENT OF THE CONSERVA-
TORY COLLECTION

A description now of the present disposition of the plants in

the conservatories may aid our members and their friends who

desire to visit and inspect the collections. Any arrangement at

10

this early stage in the development of the institution must, from
bj

offer some hel he pl. in ible have been
grouped according to their family relationships, following in great
part the met. ployed in t lantatio I e
palm house, which is designated as No. 1 located in the cen-

cycads; our collection of these plants is becoming quite repre-

Noscuc/

sentative. In house No. 2, the first house west of the palm-house,

will be found many of the orchids, in great part hanging over the

walks, the ferns (other than the tree-ferns which will be found in

use No. 4), and the pitcher-plants which are hanging over the

walk at the east end. In this house as well as in No. 3 imme-

diately to the west of it it would be well to continue along the
h

relatives to the right as one enters fi 0. ontinuing to
e right, the aralias and crotons follow; on the eastern side
will be fe the collection of aroi among

;
is, and c cu

these is the large ‘plant o Ativan Veitehit. ay the

largest specimen in cultivation. Just in front of the entrance to

o. 5, on the south side is the collection of Paxdanus, represented

11

y a number of species. Just across the walk from these is the
pene of bananas. Other families scattered through this
ouse, mostly in its middle portion, are: Moraceae, Melasto-
maceae, Liliaceae, Rutaceae, Polygonaceae, Celastraceae, Myrta-
ceae, Rubiaceae, and the tree-ferns.
House No. 5, which is entered from the south side of No. 4
is devoted to the succulent plants, those requiring desert or aid

z return ng
eastern walk, on the side bench will be found the cacti in man:

8 §
entering the palm house and continue to the opposite side and

12

enter No. 13, proceeding along the south walk. In this house
on the south bench will be found some of the orchids. Amo

=
g-
8
i)
8
6
<
©
a
&
3
o
s
3
p
et
4
B
x)

naceae, Eupho benac ac
aan al ee ee iy eee Gramineae an
Cyperaceae.
All of the houses referred to above, with the exception of No.

In the latter on the north bench are many of the orchids, among
them an interesting collection of the tropical lady-slipper, Paphio-
pedilum.

e two eastern houses of the range (Nos. 11 and 12) are op-
erated a present as temperate houses, and the grouping of speci-

e
now ready for operation, however, and the main conservatories
will soon be devoted to exhibition purposes only.

Grorce V. Nasu.

WEEPING AMERICAN ASPENS.

In October, 1896, we obtained from the Harrison Nurseries at
Lebanon Springs, N. Y., a number of young trees of the Amer-
ican Aspen, Populus tremuloides, which were set ina nursery r

moved from this nursery row in the fall of 1899. Shoots came up

13

abundantly in the row each year from the roots left in the soil in

Fic. 2.—Weeping American Aspens,
ry

eral of them are represented by the accompanying reproduced
photograph.
T have not found any reference in literature to a weeping form

droop ; the specimens will be permitted to remain where they are
for at least another season, in order that we may see whether
this acquired habit will be maintained in further growt.

N. L. Bleek

14

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
. Walter H. Lewis has kindly presented the Garden with
a collection of pressed ferns and other plants collected by her late
son, Walter H. Lewis, Jr. The specimens are of value to our
herbarium and have been given a special label before being in-
corporated into the general collection. Mrs. Lewis very thought-
fully offered to pay forthe work in arranging, labeling and mount-

tion by students at once, by employing outside assistance for the
purpose,

e weather record of the Garden for December, 1900, shows
a total rainfall of 2.5 inches. Maximum temperatures of 53 on

15th, rr on the 17th, 7 on the 18th, 18.5 on the 21st and 22d,
and 18 on the 28th and 30th

ACCESSIONS.
E AND HERBARIUM.
10 baleateu | specimens from Pennsylvania. (Given by Prof. Thos. C. Port ter.)
b iven by the New York Cotton Exchange. }
I specimens from “British Columbia. "(Given by Prof. J. F. Kemp, for the Co-
ee Herbarium.

15 museum specimens, ‘scales’? for knife handles of ebony, beech, cocobola and
other woods, pieces of cocobola wood, one showing how knife handles are made.
(Given by Mr. W. P. Everts. )

II specimens from New feland: ae ea )
p (Given by Messrs. Parke, Davis

& Co.

29 museum specimens of flax, thread, yarn and floss. (Given by the Barbour
ee Co.)

1 specimens of fungi from aegis (Given by Prof. H. J. Banker.)

3 specimens of Cyperaceae from New En hate be ae8 Prof. E, ae )

T jar of cranberries from Long Island. (Give . Britton.

I museum specimen of fruit of 4//amanda aN i exchange with
the U. S. Denna of eager ure.)

II mosses from Ore (Given by Mr, J. B. Lieberg. )

15

LIBRARY.
ADDITIONS TO THE LIBRARY FROM Nov. 26 To Dec. 31, 1900.
Ann: Conservatoire et du Jardin Botanique de Genéve. (By exchange
with te anal rae cone. Switzerland. )
Bur The Amateur Orchid Cultivators Guide Book. American
a ew ae oe
Bessey, CHARLES E, The Essentials of Botany. Seventh Edition. New York,
BEAUVERIE, JosnrH. Etudes sur le Polymorphi: des Champis influence

Ps

ARY, A, DE. Vorlesungen iiber Boakterien, Dritte Auflage, durchgesehen und
teilweise neu bearbeitet von W. Migula. Leipzig, 1900.
ae Cuar.es R, Outine of Plant Life. New York, 1900, (Given by

pees L. 1. Field Notes on stig Culture. New York, 1899.
Battey, L. H. Cross-Breeding and Hybridiat ith a brief Bibliograph the
» 1892,

F,
dents. oe York, 1888.
CANDOLLE, ALPHONSE DE, Monographie d. les, Paris, 1830, (Given

Wy

HAPMAN, A. W. Catalogue ee way atial Biss and South Carolina,
Georgia, Florida and Alabama. . list. (Gi f. L. M. Underwood. )
CouLteEr, J. M. Ana ee - to some of ‘the 2 Wila and Cultivated
Species Me cei Plants. New York, 1900.
R, JOHN M. Plant Studies. New 00,
Court, es HIN Plants. A Text. book v Bato New York, Igoo.
Duss. E, Flore Ph 9 Macon. , 1897.

Fonsi BUSH, aa . & FEeRNALp, Cuas, H. The Gypsy Moth. A Report of the

PS
work of destroying i Insect in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Boston, 1896.
RNIER, EUGENE. Recherches Anatomiques et Taxonomigques sur la Famille
= rise et sur le Genre Steymbrium en particulier. Paris, 1865, (Given by

H. Lawrence, Esq.
a 'RESENIUS, C. R. neta of Qual itative Chemical Analysis. New York, 1880.
in

2
~

Fri , Ler pit levi Femisionensis Index, observationibus illustrata.
Lund, ns, 26, (Given a oe L. M. Underwood.
logical Survey of New Jersey, Annual Report of the State Cale Sor the
Dr. N. L. on. )

OFF, E. re. Plant Wis., 1899.
Grirron, Ep. ZL’ Assimilation Gace a ie Structure “aes Plantes,

ALTON, W.S. Secrets of Rose Culture, Huntington, New York, 1891.
HocHsTELLER and Pokorny. Allgemeine Erdkunde, Ed 5. Part 3

NFFI DE Csi: MADEEALY, wa, GY. Etudes e # Commentaries are Code de
i’ dt Notices Biographiqu. s. Buday lapest, 1g00.

JarcHow, H.N. Forest Planting. New Yo rk,

16
Kew, Catalogue of the Library of oa Botanic Gardens. London, 1899.
(By exchange with sea tm maa Kew.
KILLEBRE’ Tobac co Leaf: its Culture and Cure,
I

Marketing and

Kine, F. H. Zhe Soil. New York, 1899.

LIncoLn, ALMIRA - Familiar Lectures on Botany, New York, 1849. (Given
by Mrs. Mary K. Preston. }

Logs, JAcquzs. Cae Physiology of the Brain and Comparative Psychol-

ew York, 1g00.
sae CarRL. Genera Mh ‘uscorum Frondosorum. Leipzig, 190%.
¥,J. A System of Materia Medica and Pharmacy. Edinburgh, 1810

New York, Annual Report of the Department of Parks for 1899. New York;
tgoo, (Given by Mr. G. K, Ackerman.)
Grundri:

PAPPENHEIM, A. ‘rundriss de Farbenchemie. Berlin, 1901. ;

Parsons, cman oe eis sons on the Rose. New Ed. New York, 1900. i

Picter, lkaloide Lihve chemische ue German;
Edition by Richar d Wlfnsin, Berlin, 1

R n Introduction to the a of the Compounds of Carbon ; or,

Or, — Ghenisry ees ton, 1893.

N, Ina. Jnorganic Chen sage New York, 1892.
Sena P. A. Catalogue of the Flora of ie na and of the Yellowstone Na
tional Park. Memoir of the New sn Botanical Garden. Vol. I.
KarL, LAUTERBA Kari. Die Flora der deutschen Schuts-

NN, L, a
—— in der Sitdsee. Leipzig, 1901.
sonian Institution, Special Bulletin. American Hydroids, by ee Co.

ee. Washington, 1900. (By exchange with the Smithsonian Institu ion.) .

Soraver, PAvL. on huts der Oosetaume, gegen Hranthetter Stuttg art, Ig00,

SPEGAZZINI, CAR Fungi no: 99.

STRASBURGER, rE " Hond. Book oi Practical Botany. Translated and edited by
W. Hillhou: Ed. 5. London, 1

TaFT, L R Greenhouse Pate New York, ae

%

T: ER, IAM. he Water Garden. New York, 1897.

United States Department of State. Special Consular pea Vols. 19, 20 and
21. Washin; oo, (Given by the Department of State.

Onited States Graal Survey, Twentieth Annual Hepathe : Parts 2, 3, 4, 5 and
7, Washington, 1900. vols, (Given by tl f the I
terior. }

or,
VerTcH, D. Manual of the Coniferae. New edition by A. H. Kent.’ London,
1900. The Medi ies ne Conducted by Samuel L. Mitchell, New York,

1804-1812. 15 v
VRIES, Hoan vE. Die Pies Theorie. Part 1, Leipzig, 1901.
WEED, CLARENCE M. Jnsects and cea Ed, 2, New York, 1899.
‘WEIDENMANN, J. Ee Country Homes. A Hand- Book of Landscape!
Gardening. New York, 1870?.

WILDEMAN, Em. DE. cones Selectae Horti Thenensis, Bruxelles, 1899. (By
exchange, )

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. Timoruy F. ALLEN,
ProrF. N. L. BRITTON,
Hon. ADDISON BROWN,
Wo. L. Brown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,

Pror. CHaAs. F. CHANDLER,
Wo. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cuas. F. Cox,

JOHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST,
Wm. E. Donce,

Dr. WM. H. DRAPER,
PROF. SAM’L W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomas F. GILRoy,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HuGH J. GRANT,
Henry P. Hoyt’,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESup,

JOHN I. Kang,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
PROF. JAMES F. KEMP,

Joun S. KENNEDY,

Hon. SETH Low,

DAavipD LyDIG,

EpGaAR L. MARSTON,

D. O. MILLS,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Hon. MILEs O'BRIEN,
Gro. M. OLcort,

Pror. HENRY F. OSBORN,
GEORGE W. PERKINS,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rr. Rev. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERCY R. PYNE,

JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wm. ROCKEFELLER,
ProF. H. H. Russy,

Wo. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wm. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
Louis C. TIFFANY,
SAMUEL THORNE,

ProF. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

WILLIAM H. S. Woon.

PUBLICATIONS

The New York Botanical Garden

Joum: ew York Botanical Garden, monthly, BE y con-
taining notes, news and non- eedatel articles of ane interest. Free to all mem-
bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not o} feted in
exchange.] Vol. I, ; 1900, viii + 213 pp., 5 plates, and 25 figures in text.

Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the reports of
the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying
the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Nos. I-5, 449 pp., 3 maps,
and 12 plates, ele 1900, Free to all members of the Garden, To others, 25 cents
BCOpY.

Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, An Annotated Cat-
alogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone mea a Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,
assistant curator of the museums. nm arrangement and critical discussion of the

i e 1d

tailed map. Price to members of the Gai rden, $1.00. To others, $2.00. [Not
offered in exchange. ]

ontributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series a tech-
cay capes written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the above. Price, 25 cents each.

No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.

No, 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 3. The dichotomous Panicums: some new Species, by Geo. V. Nash.
Delp hs, Koni, 4

}

d, i Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

4

No. 5. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—I, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 6. Notes and Descriptions of North American Plants I and II, by Dr. J. K.
Small,

No, 7. Vegetative Reproduction and Multiplication in Erythronium, by Fred-
erick H. Blodgett.
No, 8. Two New Species of Grimmia from Montana, by R. S. Williams.
No 9. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—IT, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 30. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—III, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

All evbscriptions and remittances should be sent to

NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BRONX PARK, NEW York City
,

Se

—— =

Vol. II FEBRUARY, 1901 No, 14

JOURNAL

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS

PAGE
Poisonous Plants which grow within our Bodies and how to Contend against Them 17

The Buffalo Botanic Garden. .. .. . 2... -.. GSES? ge BSS caper eee
A Botanical Reconnaisance of the Mississippi Sound Islands and Delta... ..
Notes, News and Comment ........ Wet ey cae ie ace eee fon tyne

IEE eM il dora te A a iy nc a fv eye or a ds

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Ar 4x NortH Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa.
py THe New Era Printinc Company

OFFICERS, 1901.

PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTO

BoARD OF MANAGERS.

1. ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
CHARLES F. COX, GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE

2, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON, GEO. C.: CLAUSEN
THE MAYOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,

HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.

3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS

HON. SETH LOW, CHAIRMAN.
HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILE3 O'BRIEN,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H. H. BY,
PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.

DR. N. L. BRITTON, Dévector-in- Chief.
. T. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant.

DR. ee K, SMALL, Curator of the Museums.
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator.
GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener.

ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Librarian.

DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.
COL, F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.

WALT
CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

JOURNAL

The New York Botanical Garden
Vou. Il. YY Beha so: No. 14.

POISONOUS PLANTS WHICH GROW WITHIN OUR
BODIES, AND HOW TO CONTEND
AGAINST THEM.*

It has now become a matter of common knowledge that many
s,

the power of locomotion, and tra of cili
They show the same variation in healthfulness and luxuriance,
according to the special suitability of their growin or

g medium
environment, that other plants do in regard to their soil, climate
and exposure

_ Abstract of a public lecture delivered at the New York Botanical Garden, No-
vember 10, 1900.

17

18
Though certain forms are grown for utility, those which cause
consumption, diphtheria, typhoid and kindred diseases, are studied
chiefly to discov er what conditions will destroy them, or at least
heir development or physiological ae or

counteract the injurious effects of the latter.
r dependence upon special conditions, or upon certain soils,
lent in the ability of certain

tion with other species. Thus, the species which produces tet-
anus, or lock-jaw, cannot live where there is a free access of
fresh air or oxygen; but if it can associate with itself another
species, which does consume oxygen, the two can thrive together.

Upon the other hand, there are cases in which such associa-
tion is adverse to the welfare of the g This fact has been
utilized by introducing the plants of es to the systems of
those suffering from sarcoma, a disease presenting many simi-
larities to cancer. The latter i been entirely cured in some
cases, eee benefited in many o

It should be noted also that toa ecre extent than any other
class es plants, perhaps, bacteria possess the power of adapting

hich ma:
sa Gb ng them to a favorite soil. Thus the lockjaw bacillus,
ch as it dislikes oxygen, come to live in the lungs them-
selves, though none of its aes poison can be produced

e peculiar properties of bacteria have, of course, to be
re reckoned with in the selection of all methods for com-
ating them and their effects. They often increase greatly the
difficulties under which such action is pursued, though modern

s Ss oO
completely dammed and circulation in that part entirely sus-
pended.

species reproduce also by spores. Not only are such

‘0

The production of poisons by these plants is most peal dem-
onstrated. It has already been rae that if the germs taken
directly from the body of one suffering from a given disease be
introduced to the body of another, the disease may be communi-
cated to him; also that the germs can be propagated in some ex-
traneous medium, as bouillon, for an indefinite period, and then
be similarly used to inoculate aun Pa their disease. In
both these cases, the party to is ted
can become the source for another inoculation, and so on, show-

of the disease is lost, as is clearly proven by inoculating an ani-

20

mal with the substance and failing to secure any further trans-
mission of the disease from the substance of his body. No living

this poison solution sometimes become, where diphtheria germs
are cultivated, that a single drop of it will kill a large and healthy
horse.

The extent to which the poison is produced under different
conditions, or the “ virulence” of the germs, is extremely variable.
This variation is ae in different epidemics and in different
cases of the same e

Two quite distinct aetna exist for the production of the

p ne is the same as that followed by ordinary poiso'
ous plants, like the toad-stool, or the aconite, belladonna or
strychnine pla’ n h of these, the poison results as a

€ poisons can be
discarded from the plant-bodies only by excretion directly into
r

The other method of poison-production is that by which the
bacteria tear apart the organic substances of the tissues or fluids

21

which surround them, eens the very small portion which
they can use, and leavin e form

tie]
i"
o
%
Be
a
s
au
°
ta
U
oS
ba
2°
Ma
=
ot
ima
7

It is of prime importance to know the methods by which the
different germs are ordinarily introduced into the system. Some,
as those of typhoid and cholera, are practically incapable of in-

is manifestly the avoidance of infection and contagio rfec
accomplishment of this result is well-nigh impossible, but since
e me of an attack depends largely e nu ro

a
germs making it, careful protection is at all times to be recom-
mende

ieee protection involves special methods in the case of
each germ, as their habits and offensive and defensive powers
Sitter among themselves. Some require oxygen, others are de-

22

stroyed by it, while others are similarly sensitive to sunlight, and
again certain temperatures are fatal to certain species.

bea or wih this subject, and constituting one of the

ts of Hs iene, is that of methods of dis-

o degr
temporarily check their activity, while a degree of heat, cae
secured by ordinary methods, and definitely fixed for each species,
is fatal

By far the most important precaution in our power is the pres-
ervation of good general health and a high state of vitality. The
foreign germs are never left by our body-cells to make an uncon-
tested invasion. The battles between our cells and the foreigners
have been actually photographed, showing defeat now upon one

de, then upon the other. Manifestly, increased vitality means
ort

stricken by disease or re: ecome so if exposed, _ all
do to avoid infection, or if infected, to pr eac
cess in answering this question has been only aay ae

yet this measure of success ean perhaps, the most remark
able of all achievements in applied science.
e present, we are pisceally without mineral or vege-

oa
S
&
3
z
oO
8
o
$
6
Qo.
B
a
5
a
=
i
>
a
a
a
oO
3
4a
°
=
o
B
&
ra)
r-3}
a

s
botanist, is solved by natural forces working within us. @ ex-
istence of such a power is proven by the fact that we recover
from these diseases, even after bette weakened by them, and al-
though we were unable to resist them at first, when we were

23

stronger. It is further proved by our immunity against another

c
disease. Or, if the indi ee has not yet contracted the disease,
he can be prevented from doing so upon inoculation of the pois-

of as ee fluid from the bodies of convalescent human

which they have grown, but in which they have been destroyed,
or from which they have been filtered out. Only a very small
ee can be safely introduced at first, but as the system of the

ntil sufficient to have killed many untreated horses can be safely

24

injected at one time. At length, the animal becomes proof
against any ordinary amount of the poison. His blood is now
drawn and its watery portion nea 2 — acd as sommes
antitoxi It is, in fact,

and its strengtli can be readily fixed fe testing its power io
counteract solutions of toxin of known stren

Although diphtheria is the e to whi h attention has
been chiefly directed, its average mortality in e -
duced more than fifty per cent. by this treatment, moderate suc-
cess has also been attained in lockjaw and so: ther diseases,

Jaw
Prevention against smai eas ee quite a one prin-
ciple i in defence, namely Th

upon the known facts that certain types of a disease are milder
than others, ae se ne mildness can be ey produced by

th pli
der

f these methods
ainild fon of the disease is created, and this disease is then im

a those whom it is desired to immuni is
stimulus, their systems manufacture the required antitoxin, which
to comes effective in protecting them against a new infec-

c
tion. By this method, smallpox, once the most dreaded of
diseases, may now be almost called unusual, considering its
rarity among our vast populations

Henry H. Russy, M.D.

THE BUFFALO BOTANIC GARDEN.*

uffalo Botanic Garden is an ieonen created by the Park
N

mmission of the City of lo, ler power granted
in the charter. The Garden is therefore a part of the Park Sys
t e City, and is supported, as are the other parts of the
system, by annual appropriations made by the mon Council.

It has no other resources and for many things it has at present to
rely on the generosity of its friends.

The ground devoted to the use of the Garden comprises the
whole of ‘South Park’’; a tract of aft

* ~P, a ft the edi

25

The work of preparing the ground for its present purposes
began in 1895, and in that year a small section was planted.
he work has been continued from year to year and about four-
fifths of the work is now completed.
ildings so far erected consist of two groups of horticul-
and museum, a dwelling for the
e:

S arranged to a quad-
rangle and cove t one acre of ground. In appearance the
the front pene resembles that of the group at the new York
Botanical Garden, the principal difference being i ; the
Bu

ffalo structure aia ng a frontage of about 350 feet a S of
New ee ver 500 fee!

The second group consists of seven houses containing about
11,000 feet of glass. These houses are of various forms and
sizes and used for propagation and experimentation. Attached
to this group is a very complete “frame yard,’’ with hot beds,

The herbarium is housed in a building erected in 1895 for
office purposes, and at the present rate of increase it will soon
outgrow its accommodations. Here also is located the library,
seed room and various collections.

The collection of living species now maintained here is prob-
ee the oa in this countr

2

xistence of this Botafic Garden is due to the energy and
F

hen the act incorporating

collections, and to the time of his death he was an ardent su

‘o him is due not only the inception of the work, but also in
a great degree the rapid advance that has been made in its devel-
opment

Just previous to Mr. Day’s death he was preparing to transfer

26

to the Garden his library, herbarium and collections of living
plants. His library contains many rare works, for he was a
b

plants were of great interest and contained many rare forms and
see several unnamed species.
es, in regard to his botanical material, are now being
Pre out by his children, and hereafter the Berbaruc at the
Garden will be known as the “ Day HERBARIU!
The organization of the Garden force is aie the executive
nown as the igs has full charge of the details of
YY:

lections are open to all comers, and its officers give oe the assist-
ance in their power to the student, wherever he may li

n F. Cows t,
Director on Botanic beak
BuFFaLo BoTanic GARDEN, .
January 8, 1901.
A BOTANICAL RECONNAISANCE OF THE MISSIS-

SIPPI SOUND ISLANDS AND DELTA

Nala under the auspices of the New York
t f t

ers College, Columbia University, and of Pr M. Tracy, of
Mississippi, accompanied by Mr. m D. ‘Rose rs and Mr.
, both of New York cit

completed on August roth and the city of Biloxi was left astern
on the evening of that day.

27

The plan of the expedition was to examine the vegetation of
a

flora of the contiguous waters, but imperfections in the apparatus
made this impossible,
at Island was first visited. Here much was found of interest.
The flora of the sand dunes, which constitute a feature familiar to
those who have visited the ee was st studied Specialy at ae
time. The er par
ae eae dae: Tacda and ees with a few live oaks
cattered localities. The herbaceous vegetation is that typical
of pine barrens. The dunes are confined to the eastern part of
the island.

Isle a Pitre, to the west of Cat Island, was the next stopping
place and was the first of the “shell islands’’ studied. Here
was seen the first of the very flat, muddy marshes characteristic
of the region later to be visited. The seaward side of these

ri Ss .

The most prevalent fleshy plant of these salt marsh islands, of

which this is an example, is Batis maritima, oe 2d by various
species of Sa/icornia, the samphire or glassw

rom Isle a Pitre the course was laid to et ee Island, then

outside of Door Point to Brush Island, where the night of August

in’s and Sam Holmes Islands occupied

tr

of which have the peculiarity of growing upward out of the mud
into the air, and are, in fact, breathing organs ; these plants grow
always on muddy seashores.

ag

Sam Holmes Island the party went to Mitchell Key,
through Keelboat Pass, thence to Point Comfort and Point Chico.

white pee while the latter has purple flowers. Both have
thick fleshy leaves.

ee Battledore, the Hog Islands and Breton Island were
visited. The latter was found to be of great interest botanically
because of the varied topography. Two days were spent here
in studying the land and water plants, after which the Bi
e

homeward trip the mud lumps at the he mouths, the
Bird Islands, Cat Island and Ship ‘ies The “ mud lumps”
just mentioned are curious, rough, cet islands which may be
either destitute e plants and inhabited only by pelicans, or they
may bear a more or less abundant salt-marsh vegetation.

This is the first expedition of the kind which has been carried
into this region, and the results cannot fail to be of interest.
everal thousand nae were collected, a ao of which are

probably new to scien

29

At the close of the trip, the members of the party were made

rte
express his appreciation of Professor Tracy’s efforts to which are
largely due the success of the expedition.
F. E. Lroyp.

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.

The Hon. August Moebus, Commissioner of Parks of the Bor-
ough of the Bronx, awarded a contract on January 3, 1901, to

in the vicini th ain conservatories ; the contract includes
the necessary grading of the grounds and when completed will
enable us oceed at once with the planting of that portion of

the Garden ; it is expected that the work will be nearly or quite
completed during the present year

Mr. Samuel Henshaw, who has been serving as Head Gar-

m cti
7 resigned on account of advancing years. At a
f

Eas, The resignation of Mr. Sam i Henchaw: Head
Gardener, has been tendered by him aa accepted by the
Director-in-Chief, the reason for Mr. Henshaw’s resignation bane
that his advancing years prevent his peereee attention to the
eset ae arduous duties of the position, an
, The services of Mr. Henshaw to the Garden, ex-

adie over a period of five years, during which he has had

ied and difficult ye to do, have been of great value in
the oe of the Gar
solved, That the come ee the Board of Managers be and
they are reby tendered to Mr. Henshaw for the important aid
he has rendered in the formation of the Garden, and,

esolve t the Director-in-Chief be and he ereby
authorized to consult with Mr. Henshaw relative to portions of
he work of the n, on which, i opinion of the Director-

be hereafter determined by the Executive Commi

30

r. Henshaw sailed on January 29th for Barbadoes and other
Pe in the West Indies, where he will be engaged for some
time in obtaining plants for the conservatories.

Through the generosity of Mr. William E. Dodge, the botan-
ied

r
Mountain species in the world, if not the most complete

range of propagating houses built near the nurseries on
the east side of the Garden, under a contract awarded to Hitch-

these structures will enable us to carry on nursery work very
much mote effectually than we have yet been able to

Torreya is the title of a new monthly journal of poe notes
B

under the edit i D rshall A. is periodical
is named in honor of the founder of the Torrey Botanical Club,
r, orrey, and a half-tone reproduction of the bust of that

famous botanist in possession 6f Columbia University adorns the

31
front cover. Briefer notes and non-technical papers will find a
means of publication in Zorreya, and the Bulletin of the Club will
be devoted to longer and more highly technical articles.
The total amount of precipitation in the Garden for January,
1901, was 2.76 inches. Maximum temperatures of 49 on the

. hi
The last observation showed the lowest temperature of the win-
ter and lower than any observation of the previous season
Mr. J. E. Kirkwood has been appointed Instructor in Botany
in Syracuse University in place of Mr. J. G. Coulter, resigned.

Mr. Kirkwood received the degree of A.B. fi ific Uni-
versity in 1898 and spent the following year in graduate study at
P s aie the first to register for a table in the
laboratories of the Gar ief interest and work hav

mbryology | ner physiolo: r, Kirkwood
has apprentice, and as assistant in ne eon in the
ean assistant in the summer school of Columbia University,
and assistant in biology in Teachers’ oie Columbia. Uni-
ver:
ACCESSIONS.
ADDITIONS TO THE BOTANICAL LIBRARY OF COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ON DEPOSIT

AT THE LIBRARY OF THE N. Y. BOTANICAL erent Durinc

Battey, L. H. Botany, an Elementary Text for Schools. New Yor!

Cow ers, H.C. Eeological Relations of the Vegetation of the Sand ee of
Lake eee Chicago, 1899.

Dyer, H. G. On certain Bacteria from the Air of New York City. New York,
1895.
FALKENBERU, PauL. Der Garten und seine Entwickelung. Rostock, 1899.
FECHNER, G. Munna: oder itber dat Seelenleben der Pflanzen. 2d edition.

cH, R. Plantarum omnium quarum hodie apud pharmcopolas usus, etc.
41.
GREEN, Address on the Botany of the United States, delivered before the

Jac
Society for the pare of the 7 ful Arts, with Catalogue of Plants indigenous to
the State of New York, Albany, 1814,

32

Hammere, S.A Sur Physiolosischen Anatomie von Polygonum euspidatun
Gdttingen, 1898.

Knocu, E. Untersuchungen iiber ie Morphologie, Biologie und Physiologie des
Blite von Victoria Regia. Marburg,

MEISCHKE, R. A. a die ee der Pflanzen bei der Geotropischen

. ig,

RE, CHAS. ene “of th 1 Flora of New South ia aaa 1893.
MuELier, F. von, Select Extra-Tropical Plants. Melbow 1885.
PincHot, Girrorp. A Primer of Forestry. Fd. 2. Visshiigion, 1g00
ey E. Flore ace Paris, 18

1G. Usbe lige Algen. Basel, 1899.
Bee F. ie ee wth Wales, Australian Grasse: es. Part I. Sydney, 1895.

leber die Bacterienflora der Sauerngdéhrung einiger Nahrungs-und-
Genussmittel, Karlsruhe, 1899.
WILMs, J. ae _ pas SS a We Bodens auf
ie Leb ng der penesratt " Merseburg, ae

PLANTS.
29 plants for the Conservatories. (Given by Mr. Chas. T. Harbeck, Islip, Long
Island, N. Y.)

4 plants for th ies, (Given by Mr. E. P, Bi .)
1 plant for the Conservatories. (Given by ae Palm caus Oneca, Fla,)

95 plants for the herbaceous grounds, (By exchange with the Zurich Botanical
Garden. )

gee iamtegt
5

P ich biaauiees sotcs? )
plant for Zuri
I f plans for the Conservatories. (Given by Mey H. Dill, 2t West 7oth St., N,
Y. City.)
403 plants for the Conservatories, (By exchange with Fairmount Park, Philadel-'
phia, Penn.
1 packet bulblets of Allium sp. (Given by Mr. Geo. E. Osterhout, New
Windsor, Colo. )
19 plants for the Conservatories. (By exchange with the Department of Parks,!
Borough of the Bronx. :
6 ee for the Conservatories. (Given by Mr. J. L, Childs, Floral Park, N. Y
4 plants for the Conservatories. (Given by Mr. Geo. T. King, 145 Arlington St +
Hyde Pat, Mass.
1 plant for the Conservatories, (Given by Miss Kaufman, 173 East 124th Sty
N, ¥. City.
1 plant, Phyllocactus, for the Conservatories. (Given by Mrs. Basel, Bedford
Park, N. Y. City. '
34,000 bulbs, representing ab i d varieties, mostly hardy. ats |
y Mr, J. L. Childs, Floral Park, N. a

\

198 packets of seed for the Conservatories, (By exchange with Royal Botanical
Garden, Calcutta, India.)
pack f seed for the C (Given by Dr. H. H. Rusby.)
1 packet of Colorado seed. (Given by yr K. Vreeland, Gardner, Colo.
I packet of seed from New Zealand. (By exchange with L, Cockayne. )

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. TrmoruHy F. ALLEN,
ProF. N. L. BRiTron,
Hon. ADDISON Brown,
Wo. L. Brown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,

ProF. CHAS. F. CHANDLER,
Wo. G. CHoaTe,

Hon. EDwarD CoopEr,
Cuas. F. Cox,

JouN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,
ROBERT W. DE Forest,
Wm. E. DopcE,

Dr. WM. H. DRAPER,
PROF. SAM’L, W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomMAs F. GILROY,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. Hucu J. GRANT,
HEnry P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESUP,

JoHN I. KANE,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
PrRoF. JAMES F. KEMP,

Joun S. KENNEDY,

Hon. SETH Low,

Davip Lypic,

EDGAR LL. MARSTON,

D. O. MiLts,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Hon. MiILEs O'BRIEN,
GEo. M. Oxcort,

ProF. HENRY F. OsBorn,
GEORGE W. PERKINS,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rt. REv. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERCY R. PYNE,

JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wn. ROCKEFELLER,
Pro. H. H. Russy,

Wm. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wo. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
Louis C. TIFFANY,
SAMUEL THORNE,

ProF. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

WILLIAM H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

The New York Botanical Garden

Joumal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, ile ate con-

taining notes, news and non- ielieps ae articles of pee pee Free to all mem-
bers of the Garden. To others, 1 cents a copy; $I. ot on in
exchange.] Vol. I, 1900, viii ++ Bi Pp-; 5 mates: aude ie aeurest in text. ‘

Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, earn the reports of
the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, oe technical articles embodying
the pedi < peng ae carried out in the Gar Nee I-5, 449 pp., 3 maps,

and 12 plates, 1896-1900, Free to all members of the Garden, To others, 25 cents

moirs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. t. An Annotated Cat-
it

d
and including de: pee of 163 new species p- vo, with de-
tailed map. rice members of the Gaiden, re Koo} ier io} thee $2.00. [
offered in exchange ci

Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the above, Price, 25 cents

No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.

No. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

No. 3.. The dichotomous Panicums: some new Species, by Geo, V. Nash.

No. 4. Delphinium Carolini d related Species, by Dr, Per Axel Rydberg.

No. 5. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—I, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 6. Notes and Descriptions of North American Plants I and II, by Dr. J. K.
ls

ays omy Reproduction and Multiplication in Zrythronium, by Fred-
dy H. Blodget
No, 8. Two new Species of Grimmia from Montana, by R. S. Williams.
No 9. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—II, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. to. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—III, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
All sxbseriptions and remittances should be sent to

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BRONX PARK, NEw YORK CITY

“Vol, UI MARCH, 1901 No. 15

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

; Pee TON DAV) ANOSMeCEULOB! ss) <u c.calce ‘yeP ek sh wie ecey coe 8 wee ee «we 33
1 POMNIOLON CH ERDATIUM yet leva c) 6. ah eale eapliia ewok ae RE © woe ewe 35
| The Erythroniums. . . 2. 1 1 1 ee ee ee ee ee 37
: Morce exerted by Swelling Seeds 22 ou 2 eo ew a et ww ee te wl 39
eens and Comment.) cir ses sre. so eles ey oe ee ees eet eee 42
| BRSCCEBEIONS js see ene) oo ewe he ees the, pee eee CM ae

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Ar 41 Nortu Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa.
sy Tuz New Era Printinc Company

OFFICERS, 1901.
PRESIDENT—D. MILLS,
VICE- Puuchiae ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF _ MANAGERS.
1, ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
CHARLES F. COX, GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E, DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,

JOHN I E; W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE.

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN
THE MAYOR OF THE CiTy OF NEW YorK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.

HON. SETH LOW, CHAIRMAN.

HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES O'BRIEN,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY,
PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chief.
DR, D..T. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant.
DR. ee K. SMALL, Gao of the Museums.
A. RYDBERG, Assistant Cur
GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Librarian.
DR. H. H, RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.

Ssctiin VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

JOURNAL

The New York Botanical Garden

Vou. II. March, 1901. No. 15.

RECEPTION DAYS AND LECTURES.

The Director-in-Chief and other members of the staff will re-
ceive members and their friends at the grounds in Bronx Park
on every Saturday in April, May, and June. Train leaves Grand
Central Station, Harlem Division at 2:15 p.m., for Bronx Park.
Returning train leaves Bronx Park at 5: ae p.M. Excursion
fare 25 cents. Opportunity will be given for the inspection of
ee and herbarium, the large con-
servatories, the herbaceous plantation, the hemlock forest, and

The spring course of eceaes will be delivered in the Lecture
Hall, of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on
Saturday afternoons, at 4:30 o'clock, as follow

April 6t “Movements of Sap,” by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.

April 1 ith —<“ Some of our Trees, Their Flowers and Fruit,”

an Bru

April 20th.— Progress a the Development of the Garden,”

Dr. N. L. Britton.

April 27th.—" The Dawn of Modern Types ; a Study of Fos-
sil Plants,” by Dr. Arthur Hollick.

th.—* The Peanut, its Nature and Uses,” by Dr, H. H.

Rusby.

May 11th—‘ The Flowers gis of the Higher Cat-
skills,” . M. Cornelius Van Bru

34

May 18th.— Ferns in Cultivation,” by Prof. L. M. Under-
wood.

May 25th.— The Flora of Alaska,” by Mr. F. V. Coville

une Ist,— The Study and Collecting of Seaweeds,” by

Marshall is How

June 8th. The Influence of Flowers upon Literature,” by
Prof. E. = Burgess.

June 15th.—* Fungi in Partnership with Trees,” by Dr. D. T.
MacDougal.

June 22d.— Fungi Destructive to Trees,” by Prof. L. M.
Underwood.

June 29th.—“ The Marsh rad and Flowers about New
York,” by Mr. Cornelius Van Brun

The ae will be illustrated . iaateen es and otherwise.
They will close in time for auditors to take the 5:38 train from
the Bronx Park railway station, arriving at ae Central Sta-
tion at 6:04.

Museum Building is reached by Harlem Division, New
York Central and Hudson River Railroad to Bronx Park Station,
or by trolley cars to Bedford Park.

35

THE MORONG HERBARIUM.

The extensive botanical collections of the late Rev. Thomas

of Managers of the Garden in 1806, relative to the Columbia
Herbarium and Botanical Library, which have been in the cus-
tody of the Garden for about a year. For the purposes of this
deposit, the Barnard College Herbarium is made a part of the
Columbia Herbarium, each specimen being, however, made plainly
sl era by a suitable stam

This important accession to the Garden collections is estimated
to ae not less than 18,000 specimens. It consists mainly of
plants of North America collected by Mr. Morong in various

parts of the country, an tai by purchase, and in
exchange with other botanists and collectors, during the period
from 1860-1 It will supplement the C ia Herbarium

to a considerable extent by supplying specimens of other collec-
tors than those there represented, and a few of species not found
at all in the Columbia collections.

Morong’s original investigations were € mainly i in the tax-,

NAL. r. Morong was also greatly need in our
native orchids and in the lily family.
The collection thus contains a considerable number of type

36

specimens—those er which the original description of a species
was made—and it will add to the reference importance of the
collections at the Ga: oe
The work of mounting and labeling the specimens and of in-
corporating them into the Columbia Herbarium has been com-
A

S
Such portions of the ee as duplicate specimens aljeady
in the Columbia Herbarium will be used in exchange.

Mr. Mor spent the years 1888-1890 in exploring Paraguay
neni is expenses being paid by the sale of his collection
T

on the Desert of A , Chili, containing types of a number of
species new to science, incorporated in the Columbia Her-
riu hole material record of his work in botany is thus

On his return from South America in 1890, he was appointed
Curator of the Columbia College Herbarium, and faithfully ful-
hi

and in connection with his students, and those of Dr.
Cenc. the collection was secure
he transferral of the graduate and special research work in
botany from Columbia and Barnard to the Garden, has now made
the Morong Herbarium, or most of it, of greater use at Bronx

37

Park than on Morningside Heights, and it is for that reason that
the Barnard and Columbia Trustees have arranged its removal as

above described.
N. L. Britron.

THE ERYTHRONIUMS.

Erythronium Americanum Ker. is one of our earliest spring
flowers. The European species (&. Dens-cants) is known as the
dog’s tooth violet, and this name has been somewhat inaptly
applied to the genus for two hundred years. The genus is in-
cluded in the lily family and it has been proposed that the name
spring lily would be especially pees especially for the
species most common in eastern America.

About a dozen species of the genus are native to the Rocky

with os a pale green mixed with the other two ace
wo leaves are regularly present in the mature plants, but in
immature ones only a single leaf is f leaves are

inches deep. The flower is borne at the end of a slender pedicel

s long.
In central New Jersey Z. Americanum grows in beds of sev-

ipen in Jun
of the prostrate capsule, They are not scattered, but lie upon

38

the ground in clusters until rains or other agencies cover them
with soil and also distribute t

In digging for the blooming ‘pai one finds a number of brit-
tle white runners in the soil. One end of these is attached to, or

a bulb, the runner and the old bulb shrivel and dry up, and the
new bulb begins its independent existence

There are usually three such bulbs produced by each imma-
ture bulb, while the mature bulbs are blooming and Tipening

about three fold each year. But as the new bulbs are usually
formed a little lower than their parents, they finally reach the
depth which is characteristic of mature plants. When this depth

inner bulb- Sale close to the base conch!

The seeds 0

of the following year. The ee oe no i is formed, ay ie

wn
a,
a
i=]
a,
ic]
ta
a
°
=
=
a
a.
(7)
=
oo
o
o
ie}
<
S
oO
Qa
°
i=]
p
a
a
wn
DD
i
p

age conditions of nature this is likely to be lengthened to six or
seven years before any flower appears from the bulb produced
through several generations of runners from a given seed.
The activity of Erythronium is aan confined to the
eight or ten weeks between its first appearance and the ripening
of its seeds ; but actually it continues through nearly the whole
twelve months. The new bulb for next year is full grown very

39

soon after the blossom falls. By the time the seeds have escaped

n ul ummer advances this sh grows until in
September it is nearly as long as the bulb, and contains the
parts of the re flower as distinct organs. In early November

the end of the year the general ones is that of a complete
flower, from half to two-thirds full s

From January until April the a ay pushes toward the
surface of the soil developing the leaf and flower. The bursting
mechanism of the anthers is developed in this period. In trans-
planted bulbs this occurred in one week, between January 7th
and 15th, no indications being seen on the 7th and the struc-
ture being completed by the 15th.

As the shoot pushes above the soil, the new bulb begins as a
small bud at its base ; and the cycle of subterranean development

the visitinginsects. The fertilized ovules develop into seeds, the
plant withers, and the cycle is completed.
FREDERICK H. BLopDGeETt.

FORCE EXERTED BY SWELLING SEEDS.

e solid portions of the bodies of plants, such as the walls
of cells, grains of starch, protein and other substances, are sup-

tension. It is comparatively easy to drive off much water from

—

wet or green wood because the intermicellar layers of water a

very thick a

of the thickness of the layer, however, the thinner stratum of the
liqui

<

nd the surface tension is we

aker; with the fe

dis held most tenaciously, and continued
exposure to high temperature is necessary to
expell all the water, if indeed this is at all
possi
When a body from which much of the in-

body wh: make up. practical
equen is action are matters

daily illustration in woode: rniture, and
ho s. other instance is afforded
b well-known practice quarrymen of
driving wooden wedges into holes drilled in
the rock, then wetting the s which swell
with such force as 10 Spit oe masses of rock.

Another d by the welling

of wetted acca: These bodies are analy
very dry, and must absorb much water before

traction of ee acids, ie other substances
inside of the cells, and as might be expected

Fig. 2. Apparatus for measuring expansive force of
swelling seeds. B, bulb filled with water and connected

and mer

is imbedded i dis in» jar: ipp
the free arm of tk has | d it

a pressure of about 1.5 atmospheres. (F rom MacDou-
are Practical Plant Physiology, by permission of Long-
mans, Green & Co.)

41

the results are most marked. It is difficult to design an appa-
ratus which would measure the full amount of energy exerted by
such seeds when dees but the following method will yield a
fair conception of the

A manometer is me an a glass tube bent into the form of
aU. Anair tight stopcock is fitted to one arm of the tube, and
the other i is bent again until its free end is pointed in the opposite

other lower end of be is now thrust through a hole in the
screw cap of a glass or metal jar, and this portion is filled with
wi by minute metal tube. Next a st rubber

place in the center of the jar and peas are poured in eae it
until the jar is completely filled. The cap is screwed on the
jar set in a larg sel of water. The liquid enters through a
second hole in the cap and is absorbed by the e fi

walls of the jar prevent much expansion outwardly, and the
swelling peas can only crush the bulb driving the water which it
contains up into the glass tube, which is already fille he
pressure of the column of water in the b ube forces the
mercury up into the other arm compressing the air which it con-
tains, a state of affairs to been ni ig. 2 e actual
amount of pressure at any time computed by Mariotte’s
law. e volume of a gas varies inversely with the pressure

shows the pressure directly. Thus if a column of a inche:
long is compressed to § inches, the pressure is 10/5, or 2 atmos-
pheres.

An iron cylinder was filled with peas and fitted as in figure,
No. 2 on February 23d, and the following observations made :
Time. Length of column of air.
9:30 AM
10 ‘s 5.90

42

2. Length of column of air.

10:06 A.M 5.50

10:10 * 5.20

10:35 “ 4.60

10:42 “ 4.30

To:51 “ 4.10

Ti:nr ‘ 3.80

11:40 “ 3.40

T1:50 ‘ 3-20

12:50 P.M. 1.60

2225.5" 2.00

3330 “ 1.70

7:20 AM 1.20

oo * 80

4:00 P.M 78
The total duration of the experiment was 30 hours and the
final pressure attained was sufficient to compress a column of air
from a length of 6.30 78 and the amount is indicated as

‘o the square inc
D. T. MacDoueat.

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.

Discussions as follows have been given in the weekly botanical
conventions at the Garden: A summer's work at Kew, by Pro-
S M. U

Cyclopedia of American per aek by Prolessor L. M. Under-
wood; Marine flora of muda, by Dr. M. A. Howe; Some
features of the vegetation ne the Great ee by Professor C. E.
Bessey ; A new alga from Bermuda, by H. M. Richards; Results

43

of a alata of the composition of the cocoanut, by Mr.
R. E. Kirky : e new Botanical Garden at Berlin, 2 Dr.
N. i Britton ; Recent results in hybridization, by Mr.

Contributions 5, 9, 10 and 12 of the Garden series consists of
studies of the Rocky mountain flora by Dr. P. :
collections accumulated by the Herbarium front the region in
question during the last few — are found to include a large
number of new species, and to afford material for the critical
determination of numerous rare a little known forms.
Contribution No. 11, The life history of Schesaca pusilla, by
Mrs. E. G. Britton, an Miss Alexandrina Taylor is an exhaus-

been mentioned (JouRNAL, 1: 151. October, 1900).
Professor E. A. Burt of Middlebury, Vermont, spent two weeks
during the holidays in the study of fungi at the Garden.
Professor F. E. Lloyd is absent from Teachers College
leave and will oe a half year in the Botanical ine at
Bonn, Ger
ougal has completed a book entitled “A Prac-
tical Manad of Plant Physiology” which he has had in preparation
for several years, and its appearance is announced for May Ist.
The book comprises discussions of the principles of the subject
and directions for laboratory practice suitable for original work,
making a volume of about 350 pages with 150 illustrations. It
is being published by Longmans, Green and Co
Mr. O. F. Cook, Special Agent for ies Plants, Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., spent the first week in
March in consultation of the library and seenie of the Garden.
eo. as ead Gardener, has been detached from
work: at the Carden foe about six weeks, and has gone to the
Royal Gardens at Kew, England, on invitation of Sir William
Dyer, Director of the Royal Gardens, for the purpose of select-

44

ing duplicate living plants from the Kew collections, and ship-
ping them to us this spring. He sailed on February 16th, and

ing offered it to Dr. Britton while at Kew last autumn is highly
appreciated. Mr. Nash will also
and carry out some studies on grasses in the Kew herria:

Work on the contract awarded by the Commissioner of Parks
Devlin, iy building the driveways and paths in

the winter, and except for final sodding, sowing and planting is
now essentially finished.
Work is now going forward on the laying of over half a mile
of waterpipe to supply the propagating houses, stable and nurse-
ries located on the eastern side of the Garden, the line extending

T a
will i fadilitate fe operation of these departments.

Mr. Samuel Henshaw, late Head Gardener, has been commis-
sioned to visit the West Indies, by means of money pars

scribed last year by members of th ‘den, purpose of
curing specimens of desirable plants not yet represented in the
collections. He sailed late in January Barbadoes, planning

or

to visit a number of the West Indian Islands, including Jamaica
and Trinidad. It is expected that he will return by the middle
of April.

By means of a special appropriation made by the Executive
Committee of the Board of Managers, Mr. Percy Wilson, Mu-

45

seum Aid, has been detached from duty at the Museum for a
period of about six months, and sent with the Total Eclipse Ex-
pedition under the direction of Professor David P. Todd of Am-
herst College, to the Dutch East Indies, for the purpose of securing
museum specimens, living plants and seeds. He sailed March
2nd on the cargo ship Glengarry, by way of Algiers and Port
Said for Singapore; he is also commissioned to arrange with
Mr, H.N. Ri i

yth and 8th, 10 on the 13th, 14 on the 21st, 13 on the 22nd, 12
on the 23rd, and 13 on the 24t
The first observation of indigenous plants in flower was made.
on the 27th when a specimen of Spathpema fatida (skunk cab-
bage), with an open spathe was collected from the marsh at th
ead of the upper lake

ACCESSIONS.
ACCESSIONS FROM JANUARY IST TO FEBRUARY 14TH, 1901,
ATKINSON, GEORGE F, Studies in American Fungi. Mushrooms Edible, Pois-
onous, etc. Ithaca ba
Bateson, WILLIAM. Afaterials for the Study of Variation treated with especial
regard to Discontinuity in the Origin of Species. Lo :
B IR and AGER. Les Plantes de Serre. Paris, 1g00

A
ERKELEY & Curtis, Fungi Cubenses, 1869. (Given by Professor L. M.

BRUHL, ee and Asc ie Pflanzen Alkaloide. Braunschweig, 1900,

Buffalo Society of Natur a ae Bulletin, Nols. 1-4, 1873-1877. 2 Vols.
(Given by Profes or L. M Underwood. }

California state Ae sees Bulletin. Vols. 1-2, 1884-1887. 2 Vols.
(Given by Pro r Le erwoo

Comstock, . nes phe oe Cotton Insects. Washington, 1879. (Given
by Professor L. M. Underwood. )

46
EMOY, Huser. Gommes, Résines d'origine exotique et Vigédtaux qui les

CouLTER and Rose, Monograph 9 the North American Umbellifere. Wash-
— can (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton. )
CC. Ueber die Verticillirten ne besonders Neomeris und Borne-
jae pee

TSgo.
Cramer, C. Pi die Verticillirten Siphoneen besonders Neomeris und Cymo-

polia, Zurich, 1887.
D. mans, The Power “a Movement in Plants. London, 18
Davenp f Ne nces, Proceedings. Vol. 2, 1876-78. oy ex-
as mith the Davenport Academy. 7)
,G. de Botanique Dese:

viptive. Paris, 1899.
cet i“ eraanas SE et er a Monographie. Gand,

Elisha Mitchell — Society, Journal, 1885-1886, 1888. (Given by Pro-
fessor L. M. Under :

Exyis & EverHart. The North’ American Phyllostictas. Vineland, N. J.,
1900. (Given by Profesor L- M. Underwood. )

CKEL, EDUARD. The True Grasses. Translated from Die Maturlichen Pflan-
co by F, Lamson-Scribner and Effie A. Southworth. New York, 1890.
(Given by Miss Vail.)

eae THADDEUS W. A Report on the Insects a Massachusetts injurious to
Vegetation, Cambridge, Mass., 1841. (Given by Professor L. M. Underwood. )
"Har . Einige neue Hyphomycetem Berlins see Wiens nebt Bettrégen sur
Sptematit derselben, 1871. (Given by Professor L. M. Underwood.)
P.G. Révision du Genre Hibiscus. Geneve, 1900, (Given
by Dr. ay - Erle.
Hovey's Magazine of Horticulture, vols, 1-20. Boston, 1835. 20 vols. (Given
by Snel ‘Thome, Esq.
wnal of Agriculture and the Transactions of the Highland aaa So-
cy of Saad 184 43-. 1854. 11 a (Give ges pea ea Es
Je lof z . 1-17; 19. London,
1840-1858, 18 vols. pee en by Samuel Thom Esq.
JUMELLE, Henri. Les Cultures Colontales. 7. netes oe Paris, 1901.
MAN, F. R. Handbook i Skandinaviens Hafsaifora, 1: Fucoideae.

ABURDE, EUGENE, £tude b ig himique des Mt ie Koenig
INDMAN, C. A. M. Vegetationen i Rio Grande do Sul. (Sydbrasilien.)
Stockholm, 1900. (By exchange.)
Loupon, J.C. Zhe Gardener's Magazine. London 3Y
Die Grundlangen und die an a aie es
Untersuchungen von Pflanzen ulvern, Jena, I
NiEMEc, B, Die Reizleitung und die Rescleitonden Strukturen bei den Phlanzen,
Jena, ee
REDERICK G. Directions for Laboratory Work in Bacteriology, Ann
Arbor, See 1884 (Given by Professor L. M, Underwood. )

47

Park and Cemetery. Vols. §-10. Chicago, 1895-1900. 3 vols.
Pax FERDINAND. Aonographische Ubersicht aber die Avten der Gattung Prim-
ula. Leipzig, 1888.
ROT, E. Le Tissu Criblé. Paris, 1900.
Pratt, » CHARLES co ttalian eaten New York,

Priae nue land. Bibs Series.
wees 18, Edinburgh, 1839- 1843. 8 vols. (Given by Soma The q: )
Proceedings. Vols. 5-7. ee : a It,
Vol. 1-2, 1888-1889. 2 vols. aa . Proton L. M. ot lerwood. )
arterly pa of Agricuiture. I-13, Edinburgh, 1829. 13 vols,
Sat Samuel Thome, Ese,
a TAV. Grundziige der Pf breitung in den Kaukasuslinde

ee
Report v the Secretary of Agriculture, 1889-1892. 4 vols. (Given by Professor

« Un :

ILEY, CH V. Fourth Report of the U
the final Report on the Cotton Worm jie Th a chapter on the Boll worm.

* Washington, 1885. (Given by Professor L. M. Underwood.
OEMER, FREDERICH A, Die Algen Deutschiands. Hannover, 1845.
Rostrup, E. Fungi Groenlandie, Copenhagen, 1888. (Given by Professor L.

M. Underwood.

OU . GL. Traité historique, a cae et expérimental des Rapports des
Plantes avec ke Sol et de la Chlorose Vegétale, Paris, 1900.

ACCARDO, P. A. Afiscellanea Mycologica. Venice, 1884-85. (Given by Pro-

SALts! SBURY, Rrcwae> ANEHONY: The Paradisus Londinensis: Containing
ph he Metropolis. The figures by William Hooker.
Londons 1806-7.

Sarcent, C.S. A Catalogue of the Forest Trees of North America. (toth.
Census ; the U. S. Forestry), Washington, 1880. (Given by Professor L. M.

COTT, BUKINFIELD H. Studies in Fossil Botany. London, 1900.
Simpson, Joun. Zhe New Forestry, Sheffield, 190
Society of American fi: ists, ones 1887: 1889-1895 ; 1897-1900. 12

9

Florists,

vols. (Given by th
SomMIER, as L’ Lola del Gigtio ¢ la sua Flor:
Soraver, Paut, A Popular Treatise on the ce es ing ex jae use —
haa or fr ‘Students of! Horticulture and Agriculture. Translated by
London, 1895.

Experi: Twelfth Annual Report, 1899. Middle-
aul ty the Storrs School.
Vols, 15-26, 1881-1882. 14 vols. (Given by

town, Conn., haa (By
The American Naturalist.

-5, 7-9; 12-14; 16-28. Albany, 1854-1866.
's Magazine, Ser. 3 vols. 11-22 complete; vols 23-26 incomplete.
Sq.

ee tase 1864. 12 vols.
The Gardener's Chronicle, London, 1841-1843.

2
a
g
gy
7
w
ae
®
“a

48

Transactions of the New York State Agricultural Society. Vols. 3-215 23-243
26-29; 31-32; 34 and report for 1891. Albany, 1843— 1891, 30 vols, (Given by
carla Thome, Sq.

ment of Agriculture, Division of Entomology. Insect Life. Vol. 6,

re (Gres oe Professor L. M. Underwoo:

VaucuEr, J. P. Aistoire Physiologigue des Plantes ee Paris, 1841.
vols.
Verhandlungen des Naturforschenden Vereins in Brinn. Vol. 4, 1865. "Beton,

Warp, H MARSHALL. Timber and some of its Diseases, London, 1897.
Weser and Mour, Waturhistorische Retse durch einen Theil Schwedens. Gét-

1804.

WILDEMAN, E. pe. Hore des Algues de Belgique. Bruxelles, 1886.
WILDEMAN AND Duranb, Plante Thonneriane Cor wealbset, Brux 1900.
WILLKOMM, Moritz. Grundziige der Phanszenverbreitung auf der praen

Halbinsel. Leipzig, 1896.

MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM,
32 museum specimens of cottons and yarns, (Given by the Clark Thread Com-

al Newark, N.

specimen of Hypericum boreale. (Given by _ LeRoy iH. pics

powder. (Given by the Hazard Powder Company. )

1 basket made from date-palm leaves, from Egypt. (Given by Mrs. Olyphant-
Vail. )

3 specimens of carbons. (Given by the Longville Black and Carbon Company,
New York.
2 specimens of maple sugar and maple honey. (Given by Mr. B A. Bowker,
Coos, N. H.

355 herb

ww

hifi . Hall.
speci from Mississippi, collected - ae S. M. Tra
i f fiber and mats. (Given by James Sloane’s a

7
New York.)
302 herbarium specimens from the Rocky Mountains, collected by Mr. C. L.
57 museum a of twines and ropes, and crude fibers. (Given by Travers
ork.
1 lithographie bie (Given by Mr, Morris Coste

ter. )
33 Herbarium specimens of "Helianthus and Antennaria. (Given by Mr. E. P.
eae }

tA ia rupicola. (By exchange with the Herb
of Petia University. )
p if br is ft Ce i (Given by Mr. J.

K. Coote: )

f woods, modern utensils, barks, fibers, seeds, etc. Pur-
chased at the Paris Exposition
2 specimens of Fontinalis from Wyoming. (Given by Professor Aven Nelson.)
is Yukon region, collected by Mr. R. S. Williams.

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. TimoTHy F. ALLEN,
Pror. N. L. BRITTON,
Hon. ADDISON BROWN,
Wo. L. BRown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,

Pror. CHAS. F. CHANDLER,
Wo. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cuas. F. Cox,

JoHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST,
Wm. E. Dopcez,

Dr. WM. H. DRAPER,
PROF. SAM’L, W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomas F. GILRov,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HuGuH J. GRANT,
HeEnRy P. Hovt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESup,

JOHN I, KANE,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
Pror. JAMES F. KEMP,

JouN S. KENNEDY,

Hon. SETH Low,

Davip LyDIG,

EDGAR L. MARSTON,

D. O. MILLs,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Hon. MILzs O’BRIEN,
Gro. M. OLcort,

ProF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
GEORGE W. PERKINS,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rt. Rev. HENRY C. POTTER
PERCY R. PYNE,

JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wm. ROCKEFELLER,
Pror. H. H. Russy,

Wm. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wo. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
Louis C. TIFFANY,
SAMUEL THORNE,

ProF. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

WILLIAM H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

The New York Botanical Garden

Joumal of the New York Bot al Garden, monthly, illustrated, oe
heres notes, news Bee non-technical ae of eras interest. Free to ae
bers of the Garde © others, IO cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offere a ‘a

exchange. ] Vol. I | 1900, viii + 213 pp., 5 mane and 25 figures in text.

ulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the reports of
Sites tor-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles embodying
i results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Nos. I-5, 449 pp., 3 mi are
and 12 plates, 1896-1900, Free to all members of the Garden. To others, 25 cen
a copy.

moirs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. t. An Annotated Cat-
ce arte Flora of epee ana Pe the Rauatl es Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,

assistant curator of the mu An arrangement and critical discussion of the
Pteridophytes and Phan sehen sor the region vith notes from the author’s field book
and including descriptidas Sor 163 new species. ix + 492 oy. 8vo, with de-

x 0.
tailed map. Price to members of the Garden, $1.00. To others, $2.00.
offered in exchange. |

ontributions fro: e New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical capers writen As Students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the abov Price, 25 ¢ ach.

No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.

No, 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

No, 3. The dichotomous Panicums: some new Species, by Geo. V. Nash.

No. 4. Delph d related Species, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 5. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—I, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 6. Notes and Descriptions of North American Plants I and II, by Dr. J. K.

Hee hE Reproduction and Multiplication in Zrythronium, by Fred-
ae oy Blodgett

No. 8. Two new Species of Grimmia from Montana, by R. S. Williams.
No. 9, Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—II, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 10. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—III, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
Yo. I Life-history of Schizea pusilla, by Elizabeth G. Britton and Alex-
andrina Taylor,
No. 12. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—IV, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BRONX Park, NEw YORK CITY

Vol. I APRIL, 1901 No. 16

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR

DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

‘ orcerenewsrand: Gommment: sis 4's vin 6b wee eek ee ee elie Mee 56
BeAMAlysigio£ COCOnUt . Fk 444 8 ee ee Hee ee ew 55
Annual Meeting of Horticultural Society of New York at the Garden, May 8th. . 56
(IL ISK UR oe SSE tea ane ee a a a tering |’

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Ax 4x NortH Queen Street, LANCASTER, sg @
ny Tux New Era Paintina ComPanr

OFFIOERS, 1901.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N, L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF MANAGERS.
1, ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
CHARLES F. COX, GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE.

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS,
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN
THE Mayor OF THE City OF NEW YORK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.

HON. SETH LOW, CHarRMA

HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. ieee O'BRIEN,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF, H, H. RUSB
PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROF, L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chief.
DR, D. T. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant.
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Conate of the Museums,

YD. Assistant Curator.

GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener.

ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Librarian,

DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.

COL, F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.

R k and Accountan
CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral pre

JOURNAL

OF

‘The New York Botanical Garden

Vou. IT. April, [901. No. 16.

DAFFODILS AND PEONIES.

During the summer of 1898 we were favored mas a visit from

qually varied assortment of about forty-nine s. These
e in the east nursery since their arrival, and have become
well established; they may n e removed to a permanent
position in the groun When it is know Barr has
spent y perfecting his collections of these two
flowers, the value of his gift will be fully appreciated. M

any
species and garden hybrids are represented, a number of the
latter, excepting through this source, being difficult of ac-
quisition

The daffodils begin to flower the last part of April, and con-
tinue for about three weeks. Their variety of color and
diversity of form well repay many a visit. Truly it is no wonder

he s but half a
ae for itself though fully able to hold its own against all com-
etitors.

49

50

So large a collection offers ample opportunity for a com-
parative study, and d the diversity of form and color is surprising.
Although c and

upon, and even then the selection must appear but an arbitrary
one, so many are the desirable sorts.

For purity and brightness, Vercissus poeticus and its relatives
ake a prominent place, the rich yellow crown with its narrow

perianth are broad be of a sulphur yellow
crat’’ the color is a little deeper, especially toward the narrowed
base and on the margins of the segments. In all these the crown

is of deep yellow.
s = representing the extreme length of crown, Narcissus ae
S numerous varieties may be taken as typica f the:

varieties Horsfieldii and grandis may be taken as eee

both having white perianths and the crown a rich yellow, the

latter variety being distinguished its larger crown, or trumpet,
metimes called is t

Turning now to the equally a ae collection of peonies, we

again find an array of beautiful flowers, but their beauty is of a

51

different order. While in the daffodils it was the charm of grace
and purity which called forth our admiration, here our interest and

r

variety of P. arictina, we have one of the earliest bloomers

flowers are red and the leaf-segments much paler beneath
Among the single-flowered peonies, or those in which the flow-

place, second to that of ‘‘ Otto Froebel,” its flowers being a deep
red-purple.

While some forms attract attention by their flowers, others are

giving it a gray-green appearance ; the unusual egg-shaped a

52

segments, with their rounded or truncate bases, add an inter-
esting feature. In P. arietina Anderson the leaves are also
covered with a bloom, but the ao are pointed at both ends
and pubescent on the low urface. In “ Peter Barr,’”’ which
bears the name of that fae lover of plants, the leaf-seg-
ments are linear, unusual among these species ; this is a form of
P. anomala insignis.

These two collections, which form an interesting and valuable

first part of May, while the sturdy peonies burst into bloom as
the daffodils wane, continuing their go eee show of leaf and
blossom well toward the month of rose

GrorcE V. Nasu.

THE ALLEN COLLECTION OF CHARACEAE

One of the most notable recent accessions to the herbarium of
the Garden is the collection of Characeae (brittleworts or stone-

containing the original materials tom ich Dr. Allen has de-
scri i

nee library. Though a physician with a large practice, Dean of

53

the New York Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital, Presi-
ee ot the cameilace Institute of Homoeopathy, author of a

mo
American collectors in recent years have been Dr. . Blank-
inship in California and Montana and Professor DeAlton Saun-
ders in South Dakota. In order to stimulate the exploration of
regions the Characeae of which were little known, Dr, Allen has
on several occasions assumed the attendant expenses

eight
“ mainland,” the . land of Nippon, are represented.

The Allen collection contains the principal European exsic-
catae, such as ‘‘ Die Crprateen Europ as’’ of Braun, Rabenhorst,
ne erger, “Cl Exsiccatae "’ of Nord-
stedt and Wahlstedt, ‘‘ Characeae Exsiccatae”’ of Migula, Sydow,
and Wahlstedt, and ‘‘ Characeae Britannicae Exsiccatae’’ of H. &

J? Groves.
he collection is Fei by about 2,000 Baraat
preparations mounted on glass sides and arranged in

slide boxes of the a hnaey type. That part of Dr, Allen's ea
pha to the Characeae has been deposited with the Garden
; table in one of the laboratories has been set aside for his

54

much to be regretted that the congas of Dr. Allen’s

which he has already advanced so far in the direction of com-
pleteness.

Marsuacyi A. Howe,

MEASUREMENT OF GROWTH.

The growth of a stem or leaf, as indicated by its elongation,

perature and other factors upon the process ma
only by some apparatus, which will keep a pootons recon of
the amount of growth for several days at a

The best method of nines of - rate a growth of a
stem consists in the attachment of the short arm of a thin lever
to the tip of the stem to be tested, by means of a thread, and
allow the other end of the lever carrying a pen to trace a line on

e two arms of the

instrument consists of a compoun
pinwheel bearings. The long arm of a

e short arm of another lever, the free end of which may be

55

attached to the tip of a leaf by means of a small cord and a

times as great, of the pen. During the time in which rapid

Precision auxanometer for measuring and recording growth of pla

Fic. 3.
attached to a leaf of Myacinthus Belgicus. (From MacDougal’s Practical ae
Physiology. By permission of Longmans, Green & Co.)

growth is taking Place the pen moves slowly upward on n the ta
aki 1

various parts of the day and under various conditions may be
ma

D. T. MacDoucat.

56

ANALYSIS OF COCONUT.

“The New York Botanical. Garden is doing a great deal of
useful research work in the well-equipped laboratories. Messrs.
E.K i

inorganic; 43.4 per cent. is fat and 21.9 per cent. ‘crude fiber.

fresh endosperm contains 0.75 per cent. of nitrogen, which
is equivalent to about 4.7 per cent. of ‘albuminoid.’ It is prob-
able, however, that much of the nitrogen found exists in the
form of ‘extractives.’ General analysis of the milk gave the
following average data: Water, 95.3 per cent. ; solids, 4.7 per
cent.. Of the latter 88.5 per cent. is organic; I1 er cent. in-
organic. Three dozen determinations of gross delationshins gave
the following average weights and percentages :

— of Aaa nut, 610 gram:

Integu 170 grams, 27.9 per cent.
aes. 333 grams, 54.5 per cent.
Milk, 107 grams, 17.6 per cent.

The volume of the milk averaged 105 cc.”—Bulletin of the
oe Paes of Jamaica for March, rgot.

PROGRAMME FOR THE ANNUAL MEETING OF
THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF
NEW YORK

New York BoranicaL GarDEN, WEDNESDAY, May 8, 1901.
Members and their friends leaving Grand Central Station,
Harlem Division, by the 1.35 P. M.train for Bronx Park Stat
will be met at Bronx Park Station by Dr. N. L. Britton, Birccior r-
in-chief of the Garden and escorted to the conservatories.

57

Members and their friends leaving Grand Central Station by
the 2.15 P. M. train will be met at Bronx Park Station by Dr.
D. T. MacDougal, First Assistant, New York Botanical Garden,
and escorted to the conservatories

Brunt, Honorary Floral Photographer of the Garden on “Som
cultivated plants and their Flowers,” illustrated by colored lan-
tern slides. Members and their friends leaving Grand Central
Station by the 3.10 P. M. train will arrive at Bronx Park Station
in time for the formal meeting.

The Council of the Society will meet in the Director’s Office,
Museum Building, at 3 o’cloc

The Museums, Library, Heard and Laboratories in the
Museum Building will be open for inspection until 6.30 o'clock.

Trains leave Boe Park Station for Grand Central Station at
5.08, 5.38, 6.08 and 6.28. he excursion fare is 25 cents.

An Exhibition will held in connection with the meeting, in
the hall of the Museum Building apna es adjoining the Lec-
ture Hall; this Exhibition will be n from one o'clock until
half past six on Wednesday, May 3th ne from 10 0 "clock until
five on Thursday, May gth.

The hes prizes for exhibits, open to all ae are
offered by t ew York Botanical Garden, to be awarded by
Council of he Horticultural Society.

mo

SCHEDULE OF Prizes. May 8TH AND 9TH.

Cut SPECIMENS. Prize.

Ist. 2d.
I 1 Collection of flowering shrubs and trees............... $15 $10
2 Display of Daffodils and Narcissi to 5
3 Collection of bulbous ee 15 To
4 Collection of wild flowe °

25
5 Collection of Alpine aud ee species (plants or
flowers Or DOth) .........ccesese eee eeeeeseseeeeeee ceeee 10

58

ANT!
6 Named collection of species a varieties of any one
of F $

genu: er $10
7 Group of Crotons (Codia 25° 15
8 Group of Palms ee other pee plants..........5506+ 5O 25
9 Group of foliage and flowering plants................-+ 50 25
to Six CinerariaS..........cecseeeeenee serene concen eeeeeeeeeeee Io §
11 Six Orchids, distinct +30 «15
12 Six Cattleyas 15 Io
13 Six Cypripediums Io 5
14 Six Hydrangeas Io 5§
15 For the Best Horticultural Novelt ty in plant, fruit,
flower or vegetable. (That isanything distinct and
not previously in general re m in America.) 50

The following prizes, open to all competitors, are offered by
the Horticultural Society of New York:

Prize.
16 Collection of conifers in pots, tubs, or bales......... ..... 50
17 Collection of Rhododendrons and Azaleas in pots, tubs,

r bales.

18 ei - paar plants 40
19 Collection 15
20 Collection a Bromeliads 15
21 Collection of

epenthes . 15

22 Collection of strawberries, not less than six varieties, ee
less than two quarts of each
23 Collection of fresh vegetables...............0.:c05 ceeeeeeenees 25

All members of the New York ios Garden and their
friends are hereby cordially invited to attend this meeting.

ciety, the Horticultural Section of the American Institute, the
American Rose Society and the Torrey Botanical Club.

Plants and flowers for exhibition should be sent by express,
prepaid, addressed Horticultural ee ae Building, New
York Botanical Garden, Bronx , N.Y. City.

For particulars address, L, Barron, eee 136 Liberty St., N. Y. City.

59

NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT.

Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, Curator in Botany of the Field Colum-
bian Museum, Chicago, consulted the library and herbarium
during the second week in March for the purpose of working
out some difficult problems in his recent West Indian collec-
tions.

The first meeting each month, of the Torrey Botanical Club,
is now held in the Museum of the Garden

Wellesley College is in receipt of a gift of $25,000 from H.
H. Hunnewell the income from which is to be devoted to the
uses of the department of botan

The Woods Holl Marine Biological Laboratory begins its

mmer sessions July 3d and continues until August ae
Courses in Cryptogamic aid rs. Davis and Moo
Phanerogamic Botany by Dr. Chas. R. Shaw, Plant Pisisioey
y Dr. R. H. True, and Cytology by Dr. Davis and Mr. Laws
are announ

he Biological Laboratory of the Brooklyn ag at Cold
Spring Harbor will be open July and August. Courses in
Cryptogamic botany, Ecology, rene Navuve Study
are offere

The art lecture of the spring course, on ‘‘ Movements of Sap

eS
on, April zoth: ‘* The Dawn of

Garden,” r. N. L. Britt
Modern Types,” by De Arthur Hollick, i 27th; ‘“‘ The
nut and its Uses,” by Dr. , May 4th, and ae
Flowers and Scenery of the Higher a by Mr. Cornelius
Van Brunt, May rit

The Department of Drugs of the Economic Museum has

handsome series of specimens illustrating the tea plant,

60

several of them very expensive, has been received through the
courtesy of Messrs. Smith, Baker & Company, of New York,
who instructed their special agent to secure them upon a recent
visit to the East Indies.

The Clark Thread Company, of Newark, New Jersey, has taken
great pains in preparing a comprehensive series of exhibits rep-
resenting the making of spool thread. he collection illustrates

upon a mos
liberal scale and will enable us to show to a a extent the
processes as well as the products.

Messrs. Travers Brothers & Company, of New York, have
contributed a complete series of ropes and twines, with the ma-
terials from which they are made, so shown as to illustrate the
several stages of manufacture. The products range from the
most slender pack-thread to a 7-inch drilling cabl

nt
pril st, ae which the oe instruments have
been installed amounts to 42.98 inches

Maximum temperatures conte March, Igo1, of 51 on the 2d,

e ; .

the 27th were recorded. Minima of 11.5 on the Ist, g on the

6th, 10.5 on the 7th, 20 on the 1oth, 22.5 on the 23d, 24 on
e€ 31st

Draba verna was in flower on the 1Sth, and Acer saccharinum
on the 26th

ACCESSIONS.

ACCESSIONS TO THE LIBRARY FROM FEBRUARY I4TH TU MARCH
age Uxisse. Dendrologiae naturalis scilicet Arborum historiae libri

RICAN grocers FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. Procecdings,
4871-2, 1875-79. 7 vols. (By exchange with Columbia University,
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. ae -
the Forty-ninth Meeting held at New York, June, rgoo. (Given by Dr.
Britton. )

61
Mous. Histoire des Plantes de ! Europe et des ait i usitées gui viennent
yon, I
s Tulipes. Paris, no ee
BalLey, L. H. Principles of Vegetable Gardening. New York, ae

en L — ystirel complet e nisl du Jardinier. Paris, 1827. Ss.
onséquences en Biologie Génér re oo

no fh te,
RTHOLD, G. Untersuchungen iber die Verzweigung einiger Siisswasseralgen.
sa 1878.
ELOW, Jacos, Florula Bostontensis. A collection of the Plants of Boston
a its Environs. Boston, 1814. (By exchange with Columbia University.
BiorocicaL SocieTY OF WASHINGTON. Proceedings. Washington, 1883-92.

2 vols.

BONNIER, GASTON, AND LECLERC DU SABLON. Cours de Botanique. Vol. 1,
fasc. 1. Paris, 1g01.

Bucuoz, PIERRE aa Collection Curteuse des Champigons faisant sutte an
Jardin du Roi. Paris, 1

Rage ks pa on -_ eee minus cognitarum centuriae complectens caer

By et. riente observatis (3 parts). Petropolis, 1828-2 (By
exchange w ae “Columbia ee
TT nLe der Eiweisskérper. Braunschweig, 1900

CounANGe A. Histoire du Chéne dans I Antiquité et dans la Nature. Paris

1873.

Courance, A. ZL’ Olivier. Histoire, Botanique, Régions, Culture, etr. Paris,
1878.

Crantz, H. J. N. Classis Umbelliferaerum. Leipzig, 1767.

Cusa, SALVATORE. La Palma nella Poesia, nella ae e nella Storia Stciliana
Palermo, 1873.

Duvitters, F. Les Parcs et Jardins crées et executés par F. Duvillers. Paris.
1871,
pepe Joun. An eeey nee a Wataral History the Corallines and other
Coasts of Great Britain

favine
and Ireland. London 1755.

EVELYN, JOHN. Silva : or, a Discourse of Forest-Trees, York, 1776. (Given
K, CARL VO! Lehrbuch der Forstwissenschaft fir Forstmdnner und
Waldbesiteer, d. 4. Berlin, 1

Fiscuer, HuGo. Beitrdge zur r wergchenton Morphologie der Pollenkirner,
Breslau, 1890. (Given by Dr. Tim
F v. ee sur le Robinier connu sous le Nom

impropre de Faux eee: Paris, 1803.

A @d Reok-
tionen thieritcher und pflanslicher Zellen, any 1884. is exchange with Colum-
bia Uni Ss
pies Wale DODGE. ore
Madison, 1911. (Given by Professor D, T. MacDougal.

YFFIER, EUGENE DE. L’ Herbier Forestier de la France.

A Laboratory Guide in Elementary Bacteriology.
Paris, 1868-73. 2

vols.

62

Goapsy, Henry. A Zextbook of Vegetable and Animal Physiology. New
York, 1858. (By exchange with Columbia University.
. ee C. Die . des Weissen Meeves. St. Petersburg, 1878.
Anato. i
tory i. Paes aad several other Lectures read before the Royal Society. Lond
1682.
GriseBacH, A. H. Grundriss der Rae Botanik fir Akademische
ae prices 1854. (By exchange with Columbia University. )
GrisesacH, A. II, R. yp ase, pee Centuriam. Halle,
I
EY, WILLIAM Henry. JAfanual of the British Algae, London, 1841
ved and its Adulterations, London, 1855. (By exchange
with Gia Univers ity. )
G, JOHANN. Theoria Generations et Fructificationis Plantarum Crypto-
8

gamicarum ea) Leipzi ig,
Heun, Vicror. hiere in ih Ubergang aus Asien
Greechenland das iibrige Europa. Ed, 2. Berlin, 1874.

(By cera ee cman oe )
Technical Mycology Translated by Charles T. C. Salter.
Vol. 1. a lon, ae
IRE, C, Plantes Bulbeuses ou nee a Fleurs. Paris, 1842.
L’ILtusTRaTION Hortico.e. Gan ae 27 vols,
enera Plantarum, Vienna, 1791. 2 vols. (By ex-
change with Columbia University.
Luprock,: Sir J. Ox British Wild Flowers considered in relation to Insects.
London, 1890. (By exchange sie Columbia Universi ity. )
SIGLI, ee FERNANDO.

14 et Johannis
fariae dis tione de Plinianae vitl deri: tg
ostiensts litoris incremento, Rome, 1714.
ARTENS, GEORGE VON. ezse nach Venedig. Ulm, 1824.

vols.
E, P. L£volution du Carvone et de 0 Azote dene 2 ae Vivant. Paris,
og
INER, HaRteT 8. Orchids or the sae Family eel Boston, 1885.

Mission Scientifique au Cap Horn. Botanique. ee aris,

Mosius, M. Australische Glee fe

Mo.iscu, Hans, Studien iiber den Milchsaft oa eer 2 eam
Jena, 1901.

ue ORREN, 1h EDOUARD, ireaes eer te sce Vertes et Coloriées. Gand, 18 58,
Untersuchungen, Zurich, 1855-57.

RK STATE Museum ee -second Annual Report. Albany, 1900. 2
vols. 1% eee with N. y. ie Musi
PauL, WILLIAM. pu a . Horton Literature, London, 1892.
oe M. c Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the
ina Seas and Japan under the Command of Commodore M. C. Perry. Compiled
y Francis L, Hawkes. Washington, 1856. 3 vols. (By exchange with Columbia
ity,

PONTOPPIDAN, ERI The Natural History of Norway, Translated. London,
1755. (By exchange oa Columbia University. )

63

R,T.R. The ; with an ap-
pendix on ‘the Geoley, foteny an ane. alee we the District. London, 1842.
(By exchange

PRITZEL, G. ci , Anemonarai Revisio

Leipzig, 1842.
Ray, JouN.

the Low countries ;
tate “ earalegne i? flat not Native see coe “found peat growing
th Lond

f mn,

REDOUTE, de Fieurs ieee as din des Plantes. Paris, no date.
REINKE, a ee . Westlichen Ostsee, Deutschen “chit erlin

R , HUMPHR

, 1889.
ndscape yeni is Landscape < Architecture.
of the late Humphrey Raton being his entire work o1 pris ited by
J. C. Loudon. London, 1840. change sd ae University.

RICH, OLIVER 0. ge sis of the Genera ra of American Plants. Georgetown,
a B 23 ith Columbi.

By exchange Ui )

2 and Vegetable ne gy considered with
nfo fo aut ee Philadelphia, 1836. 2 vi (By exchange with
bia Univerity. )
UES, pee Plantes Uvuelles, Indigénes et Exotiques. Paris, 1807-8.
2 vols.
Ruprecut, F. J. Zange wer Oehoisaiiclen Meera: St. aad
, JOHANN. » Jun pare rOvUm,
spin lisgue affinium Historia accesserunt Alberti V. Haller, Dich, 1775.
HOTT, H. Genera Aroidearui Vienna, 1858.
Srna L. Abycographie Sunsse. Genave, 1833. 3 ¥
Sxcu: .F. Bibliotheca botanica, The Hague,
Columbia | University. )
Sizpo.p, Pu. ZVON Flora Japonica. Leyden, 1834-70. 1:
iT: NSTITUTION. Reports, 1855, 1858, 1861, 1862.
ee Columbia ae sity.

ac exchange with

2 vols.
(By exchange

N. *hanerogamia of Pacific North America. Philadelphia, 1874.
i see on Columbia University.
MIN,

iM Bolant being the botanical part of a course of
Principle of Vitality, Boston
1811, (By exchange with Co lumbia Universit:

y)
ZANA! ARDINI, hans ANNI, yng opis Algarum in Mari Adriatico hucusque collect.
ronograf | generale

ZANONI, ae Rartorum ee Historia. oes 1742,
USEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
17 specimens of Uredineae co-types. (By exchange with Dr. I’. Sydow, Berlin,
Germany. )
from Ecuador. (Given by Re he Columbia Herbarium. )
d Circaca a na ce by Mr. F. H, Burgle-

Tf Cys,

hau

229 specimens from various countries. (By exchange with the Royal Gardens,
Kew, England. }

64

200 specimens of plants from New South Wales. (By exchang' ith the Botan-
cal Garden, Sidney.
28 specimens of cereals for the economic museum. (Given by Mr, Francis H.
Leggett & Co.)
I specimen of Theobroma Simarum from the U. S. of Colombia. (Given by Mr.
Charles Patin.
50 photographs of Canadian trees. (By exchange with the Geological and
Natural History Museum, Otlawa, Canada.
118 specimens from St, Catalina Island, California, collected by Mrs. Blanche
asi
196 specimens from North Dakota, collected under the direction of the N. D.
Agricultural College.
96 plant its from Jamaica, aay 1 by 1 Mr. We N. Clut
P (By ae with Miss Alice East-

d for tk lumbia Herbariu:

m
lori lone Prof. f A. S. Hitcooek.
too oh «Plantae Mexicanae”’ collected by Mr. C. G. Prin
33 miscellaneous specimens. (Given by Prof. L. M. nn for the ee
lumbia Herbarium. )
II specimens of crude drugs, (Given by Dr. H, H. Rusby.)
3 specimens from the Canadian Rocky as "(Given by Mr. and Mrs.
Cornelius Van Brunt. )
specimens from Wyoming. (By exchange with Mr, Frank ie
: sake imens of Senecio from Washington. (Given by Prof..C. er.)
2 specimens of Plagtothectum and Brachythecium. (By sas with Mr.
re oe Dixon.
‘4 specimens of mosses from Arkansas, Washington and New Jersey. (By ex-
a with Dr, ae
20 New Bru ne (By exchange with Mr, J. Moser. }
24 Gis mosses, aoe by Professors sae Earle and Baker.
16 mosses from the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming. (By exchange with Mr. J.
Jack.)

G.
27 lichens and mosses from Arkansas and Texas, peateises a Mr. E. N, Plank.
25 North American ‘‘ Musci Pleuricarpi.’’ (Given . A. J. Grout, for the

Columbia panini

23 mosses from the Yosemite Valley. (Given by Dr. M. A. Howe.)
9 museum specimens of tea, tea flowers and fruits. (Given by Smith, Baker &

Company, New ¥ ork. )

f 1

Rocky Mountains of Colorado. (Given by Mr.
Geo, E. Osterhout. )
27 herbarium pena from Wyoming. (Given by Professor phe Nelson. )
12 ree Montana plants. (By exchange with the National Herbariw
ew Mexican a (Given by Professor F. S. Earle. )

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. TrMoTHy F. ALLEN,
ProF. N. L. BRITTON,
Hon. ADDISON BRown,

Wm. L. BRown,

- ANDREW CARNEGIE,

Pror, CHas. F. CHANDLER,
wn. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cuas. F. Cox,

JOHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST,
Wm. E. DopcE,

Dr. Wm. H. DRAPER,
PROF. SAM’L W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LouIs FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomas F. GILROY,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HucuH J. GRANT,
HEnry P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESuP,

JOHN I. KANE,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
PROF. JAMES F, KEMP,

JoHN S. KENNEDY,

Hon. SETH Low,

DavipD LyDIc,

EpcGaR L. MARSTON,

D. O. MILLs,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. W. MYERs,

Hon. MILEs O’BRIEN,
Gro. M. OLcort,

PRoF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
GEORGE W. PERKINS,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rr. Rev. HENRY C. POTTER
PERCY R. PYNE,

JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wo. ROCKEFELLER,
ProF. H. H. Russy,

Wm. C, SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A, SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wo, D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
Louis C. TIFFANY,
SAMUEL THORNE,

ProF. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

WiLLiaM H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

The New York Botanical Garden

Joumal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con
taining notes, news and non-technical articles of general interest. Free to all mem-
ies of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in

change.] Vol. I, 1900, viii +- 213 pp., 5 plates, and 25 see in text.

Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the re eports of
the inetaes -in-Chief and other official ener oe technical dele ae
the results of investigations carried out in the I-5, 449 pp., 3 ma

and 12 plates, 1896-1900, Free to all members of the Ganeh: To others, 25 cents
@ Copy.

moirs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. An Annotated Cat-
Daas of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, Py Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,
assistant curator of the museums. An arrangement and ¢ ical discussion of the

g
Pteridophytes and Phanerogams of the region with notes from ‘the author’s field book
and including descriptions of 163 new species. ix + 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with de-
tailed map. Price to members of the Garden, $1.00. To others, $2.00. [Not
offered in exchange. ]
ontributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nial Maree iiea’® aes students or arn of the staff, and reprinted from journals
r than the rice, 25 cents each.
No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.
No. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

The dichotomous Panicums.: some new Species, by Geo, V. Nash.

» 3.
No. 4. Delphini lini d related Species, by Dr, Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 5. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—I, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 6. Notes and Descriptions of North American Plants I and II, by Dr. J. K.
Small, =

No. 7. Vegetative Reproduction and Multiplication in Erythronium, by Fred-
erick H. Blodgett.
No, 8. Two new Species of Grimmia from Montana, by R. S. Williams.
No. 9. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—II, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 10. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—III, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
1. Life-history of Schizea pusilla, by Elizabeth G. Britton and Alex-
andrina Taylor.
No. 12. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—IV, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 13. Further Studies on the Potentilleae, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
All exbscriptions and remittances should be sent to
NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BRONX PARK, NEw YORK City

‘Vol. HI MAY, 1901 No. 17

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS

PAGE

Report of Head Gardener on visitto Kew. ............. Se ee
Rr ePE UM GOCOMN ESE itech cths nic) cate 16 lis seins Geo bide) fap way we ee SF Wp et «Te
Physcomitrium turbinatum and its Variations .........-+.-.+..-. 72
_ Proceedings of Annual Meeting of Seiad Society of New York. ..... 73
‘ogramme for Meeting June r2thand 13th. ............4... 76
DIMERS AG OMSTIONE 3 ouch ya vats afhavve 20a, wy ve Se te Wels wee ela 78
Ee Pre a a OO ere oe el a ee 79

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

AT ki mage es neues Lancaster, Pa.
y Tx w Era Printinc CoMPany

OFFICERS, 1901.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIF,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON.

— oF MA Spee
. ELECTED MANAG

ANDREW CARNEGIE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
CHARLES F. COX, GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN Bee ee
D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THOR

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS. z
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
IN. GEO. C. CLAUSEN
THE MAyoR OF THE City OF NEw YORK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.
3. SCLENTIFIC DIRECTORS.

‘HON. SETH LOW, CuarrMan.

HON. DISON BROWN, HON. MILES M. O'BRIEN,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF... H. H., RUSBY,
PROF, J. F. KEMP, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

GARDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Divector-in- Chief.
DR. D. T. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant.

‘ant.
CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

VoL. II. May, 1901. No. 17.

REPORT OF THE HEAD GARDENER ON HIS VISIT
TO THE ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.
{ Presented to the Scientific Directors, April 10, 1901, and ordered printed.)
Dr. N. L. Britton, Divector-in- Chief,

—I submit herewith a report upon my recent visit to Kew,

by you. I would also state that I kept within the $350.00 for
my necessary expenses, as per your instructions
pon my arrival at the Royal Gardens, on ines 2sth of Feb-

outside of a botanical garden, and in many cases not obtainable

66

elsewhere than at Kew. The task of going over the large col-
lections there brought together. fe growth and result of years of
work, was a considerable one, for, to accomplish properly the
task, it was necessary to examine the collections species by spe-

n ma.

e suggestion of the Dicer, the herbaceous plants and
shrubs and trees were first examined, as they had already started
into growth and needed immediate attention. The herbaceous
department was first inspected and three days spent there gave as

tions, many of them being alpine, and these will be of great ser-
vice to us in starting our alpinum, a feature of our institution
which I] trust may soon be developed. In addition to the plants

nearly 1,000 packets of seeds were also secured in this depart-
ment, so that the total which will eventually be derived from this
source will probably amount to over 1,500 species.

visit was next paid to the arboretum, and I would remark

s permission, I n weaned my attention
to the greenhouses, and there found many eee which were
willingly put aside for us. The succulent collection, a most rich
one and to my mind the most interesting there, was the first
visited. The South African forms are richly represented. The
result of my work here will be several hundred species, about
180 of which have already been received and installed in our col-
lections of these plants in house No.

The houses allotted to tropical and temperate ferns furnished
about 225 species of plants, and in addition spores of about

67

species more. The portion of these collections which most

pleas e and appeared particularly instructive is the filmy-
fern collection. The fairy ferns are a delight to the eye
and we ay the extra care attention required in their cul-

n
ture. The need a specially constructed house, but one which
is not expensive, ond ee trust that SIeRe may be taken to provide
such a hou use in t e

a
®
[on
oy
7
c
a
5
o

houses are too extensive for detailed reference here. everal
hundred species may be obtained and among them 45 kinds of
palms.

The aroid house, and the houses devoted to economic plants

to maintain it, contain a number more species. which we may
eventnally cure.
ee seen from above that this visit to Kew has materially

dea to our collections in all departments, and that the r-
tunity so generously afforded has been fully appreciated and taken
advantage of to the best of my ability. i n the

future, and possibly in the near future, an opportunity may pre-
sent itself which will enable us to substantially show our appre-
ciation of this interest in our work by a sister garden. I must
state here that it is hardly possible to indicate what will be the

these. Before my departure for home on the 23d of March, six
large cases were shipped by the American Express Co., on the

68

steamer St. Louis. These contained over 1,000 species, divided
about as follows: 350 shrubs, trees and vines, 150 succ culents,

lowi angement has been made: specimens will be

cumulation of sufficient to make a shipment, they will notify
Messrs. Veitch & Sons, large nurserymen who have expert
packers, and ship much material to this country; this firm will

I would state that Messrs. Veitch & Sons have offered to do ‘iis
work for the exact cost to them.
ords me great pleasure to say that the most courteous and
d

elucidated many of the details 2 management o

my departure, as per your instructions, I indicated to
d

interesting material in this genus in their exceedingly rich collec-
tions.

Toward the end of my visit I found I could spare i days for
a trip to Paris, and accordingly devoted ime toan
inspection of ie Jardin des Plantes, and to an examination of
th i r

ichau
types. The collections in the conservatories are very rich, and
much material could be secured there as I noticed many dupli-

69

cates. I trust that steps may in some way be taken to arrange
an exchange with that institution. There is a very large collec-

tion in regard to Aaericari: grass types which will greatly add to
the usefulness of our own herbarium, as I had with me a com-
plete set of Panicums and Paspalums and compared a number of
them with the specimens there.
Respectfully submitted,
Grorce V. Nasu
flead Gardener.

IMPERFECT COCONUTS.

The fruit produced by a great number of trees on coconut
plantations in Jamaica during the last year, were found to be de-
fective, and, while approximately normal in external appearance,
yet had failed to develop the ‘nut’ or the portion enclosed
within the shell, the endosperm, which is the most valuable por-
tion of these fruits. Specimens of the imperfect fruits were sent
to the New York Botanical Garden by Hon. Wm. Fawcett, Di-
rector of the Public Gardens and Plantations of Jamaica, and a
careful examination was made of their structtire.

these coconut fruits of average size, was Seat to weigh
f

575 For comparison, a coconut

sions was taken, which had been lying for a year in a dark room
and which, but for a certain loss in weight drying up of
the milk and the “meat,” mig onsidered normal

fruit weighed 880 grams, making a differenc in
favor of the normal specimen. If t tter had aoe i the

The husks of both were then sawed open tac iy and

70

the contents of the fruit compared. Nowhere, in the abnormal

was discovered in one-half o the fruit. It was 15 ¢

ances, oil drops.
rtain differentiation ie the husk substance, ne in
i one. he

. T
up, as was remarked in of woody fibers. Each fiber is

was to be found in the sterile nut. A microscopical
examination disclosed no important differences in the bast cells
ich make up any of the strands of either the perfect or the ab-
normal husk. The difference in the relative thickness and stiff-
ness seems entirely due to the number of cells in a strand

It was found to weigh exactly half of the original amount, or 440

71

grams. The other fruit, which was approximately the same size,

was here devoted to increasing the bulk of husk.

Since no trace of fungus, insect, or bacterial activity could be
found, no direct evidence as to the cause of the condition of the
defective fruits could be produced. The probability is, however,

that the responsibility for this state of the fruiting organs is to be

See
Se LF)

SEN

uy
Ve
gt

A, normal ; &, sterile fruit. ¢, endosperm.

a, husk fibers. 4, finer fibers around micropyle.
4, shell, e, embryo.

laid to none of these agents, but is the result of the failure on the
part of the flower to effect pollination. Such failure seems to be

probably afford an explanation of the absence of seed in the
specimens under consideration.
A diagram showing the relative extent of the tissues in the two
di

g
fruits is appended.
Exsiz M. Kuprer.

PHYSCOMITRIUM TURBINATUM AND ITS
VARIATIONS.

This moss had been very abundant in the greenhouses of the

enches i ti

Physcomitrium turbinatum came up in many pots and mature
its capsules by the beginning of the year, but the plants were
small with pedicels only about one centimeter long. In January

in spring would alter and control thes
derable variation, even in the same patch.
ELIZABETH G. BRITTON.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK.

In its first annual meeting and exhibition, held at the Botanical

to visit and inspect the greenhouses, museum and grounds of the
garden in Bronx Park, and a display of meritorious quality was
staged in response to ae liberal prize list. The annual report of

over $100 to the credit of the next year’s work. 1 this can-
not but be i ia as most satisfactory and encouraging. With
e cent facilities afforded by the Botanical Garden, the
Horticultural Society, acting in codperation, has a future of great
possibilities for beneficial work and can undoubtedly exert a
decided influence on the horticulture of New York.
he il ae ae of Mr. Cornelius Van Brunt upon

0
for a second meeting of the same character to be held in the
same place next month, June 12 and 13, when liberal prizes will
be given for roses, paeonies, strawberries and vegetables

The display just closed was peculiar in ae cempedes:
Never before has there been a representative collection of Daffo-

di

preciated. Mr. J. de Wolf, Brooklyn, won the prize here with a
specially fine representative collection, ie Tae nical Garden also
staging a goodly number; from the latter source also came a
collection of flowering trees and shrubs and a display of suc-

74

culent plants occupying about 150 sq. ft. of bench space. But
it was to Mr. P. Weinberg, Woodside, N. Y., that the chief
honors for succulents were awarded. He had a similarly large

the Botanical Garden. Miss A. Close, Greenwich, Conn., was
a good second with a smaller number of spec

blooms made up the exhibit which attracted universal attention.
Against this was Pandanus Sanderi, from H. A. Dreer Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa., and tree ivies from J. H. Troy, New Rochelle,

interest in this class was likely to row each year as
it is proposed to make an annual offer of a big prize for the best
novelty. Gente cae is fully described and illustrated else-

erha)
tion of ae there being three competitors for one prize and
i S. ht

popu
brighter oad larger in all its par The a is hardy and de-
serves notice from planters
Mr. P. Ouwerkerk, Jersey City, N. J., had a group of twenty-
five rare specimen conifers in perfection of health and scored very
highly for the even quality of all. The plants ranged up to six
feet and were representative of the best evergreens.

75

Messrs. Siebrecht were very successful exhibitors in several of
the plant classes, winning for groups of palms and other foliage
plants, foliage and flowering plants, Crotons, Aroids and Nepen-
thes, Ferns (showing Adiantums), and received second for six
Orchids, the premier award here going to Julius Roehrs, Ruth-
erford, N. J.

Among miscellaneous exhibits were: A display of cut blooms
of Cypripediums from C. G. Roebling, Trenton, N. J, (Gardener
H. T. Clinkaberry); herbaceous Calceolarias from F. J. Taylor
(Gardener A. McKenzie), Cedarhurst, L. L., large plants, well
flo d

kab forced rhubarb from E. J. Morse, Detroit, Mich., an
a number of decorative plants from J. de Wolf, Brookiya, ‘aelude
ing a ie variegated Kentia.

At the annual meeting held on Wednesday the entire panel of
the old officers and council was reélected as follow

PRESIDENT
AMES Woop.
VICE-PRESIDENTS
J. Crossy Brown G. T, PoweLi

F. M. HEXAMER Spencer TRASK
SAMUEL THORNE,

N. L. Britron, Chatrman.

C. L. Allen S. Henshav Roel

ay erckmans D. T. oa G.S

Addison Brown J. May A. Siebrecht
‘hof E. S. Miller

G, Cook W. Neilson W, Turner

J. De Wolf P. ara Cc. W, Ward

P. Duff W. H. Parsons A. L. Willis

C. Henderson W. S. Rennie J. W. Withers.

SECRETARY

LEONARD BARRON.

TREASURER

FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD.

76
he success of this first meeting of the Horticultural Society

at the Garden was so great, that it was decided to hold the regular
June meeting here also; the following programme has been ar-

PROGRAMME FOR MEETING OF THE HORTI-
CULTURAL SOCIETY, JUNE 12, 13,
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Members and their friends vue cand Central Station,
Park S

Harlem Division, by the 1.3 in for Bronx a-
tion, will be met at Bronx Barle on i. Dr. N. L. Britton,
Director-in-Chief of the Garden, and escorted ona tour of t.
Fruticetum, Herl ous Grounds, and Hemlock

d their friends leaving Grand Central Station by
the 2.15 P. M. train, will be met at Bronx Park S M

Geo. V. Nash, Head Gardener, and escorted on a tour of the
Herbaceous Grounds.

The formal eee will commence in the Lecture Hall of the
Museum Building at 4 o’clock and will be followed by a lecture
in the same nae y Dr. Van Vliet on ‘“ Experiences in the
crossing of ro:

Persons ee Grand Central Station by the 3.10 P. M. train
will en at Bronx Park Station in time for the formal meeting.

e Council of the meee will meet in the Director's Office,

ing ’clo
The Museums, Library wae arium and Laboratories in the
Museum Building will ey open for a until 6.30 o'clock.

Trains leave Bronx Park Station for Grand Central Station at
5.08, 5.38, nd 6.2 The excursion fare is 25 cents
xhibition will be held in connection with the meeting,

An h
in the hall of the Museum Building immediately adjoining the
Lecture Hall; this Exhibition will be open from one o’cloc
until half-past six on Wednesday, June 12th, and from 10

o’clock until ursday, June 13t.
The following prizes for exhibits open to all competitors are
offered by the New York Botanical umes to be awarded by

the Council of the Horticultural Society

pr

77

Roses—Cut Brooms.

1 Hybri rid Perpetuals —C
2 Hybrid eae ny one variety

3 Hybrid Perpetuals—Best 20 10

4 ‘eas—Collection 20. «10
5 Hybrid Te ny one variety, 15

6 Hybrid Tele Best ue new variety... ve» IO 5

7 Teas—Collection: 15 Io

8 Teas—Any one variety........ccccss cccetessessecetrevensesserecetees Io.

9 Teas—Best new variety. 10 5

Preonlzs—Cut Brooms.

10 Chi group—Collecti 15 5

11 Chi . Broup A iet: 5 3

10 5

3 nana ane one variety 5 3

P 10 5

Ps Best Iz Peonies. to eae
16 Best 6 Peonies. 5

ates SHRUBS AND WILD FLOWERS.
17 Ce @ SHIUDS.....cececssesseescceeeeeneees coneweneeee 1s 10
18 Collection of wild fl : 25 10

The Horticultural ee of New York offers the following

izes (open
STRAWBERRIES,

- Collection, ten varieties. $10 $5

0 Collection, five varieties. 5 3
21 Collection, three varieties 3 2
22 Single plate, Marshall 2 1

Single plate, Sharpless 21
24 Single plate, Nick Ohmer. 2 1
25 Single plate, sae hehe Weartodien taste tiauaesiassissoveasenevaatenert I
26 Single plate, any ot! 2 I

e.
ther
is Strawberries will be exhibited on io

VEGETABLES.

27
28 Collection of

2 ‘den Peas, hres vais, three plates
30 Garden Peas, single plate, I
members of the New York Botanical Garden and their

e New York Florists’ Club, the New York Gardeners’ So-

78

ciety, the Horticultural Section - the American Institute, the
American Rose Society and the Torrey Botanical Club.

ae ts and flowers for exhibition should be sent by express,
prepaid, addressed Horticultural Society, Museum Building, New
York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, N. Y. Cit

For particulars, address L, ion eieeae. 136 Liberty N. Y. City.

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.

The oe pints f the University of Montana, at the
lat:

» pum
microscopes, etc. ieee of the laboratory are open to
both students and nei ators without fees. Work is offered in
General Botany, Zodlogy, Ornithology, Nature Study and Mi-
croscopical Technique.

The New York Botanical Garden will codperate in the botan-
ical work of the station. Dr. D. T. MacDougal will join a party
which will leave Missoula early in June and proceed northward,
with a camp outfit, on an exploring expedition around Flathead
Lake, arriving at the station in time to be present at the opening
of the laboratory sessions. General collections of the flora will
be made, and some investigations made upon the relation of
plants to climate.

Cockayne, of Tarata, New Zealand, has recently pre

last year.
Total precipitation in the Garden for April, 1901, 8.96 inches,
or more than three and a half times that of April, 1900, which

79

was only 2.36 inches, Maximum temperatures of 54 on the 2d
and 5th, 62 on the 12th, 64 on the 13th and 17th, 61 on the
26th, 64 on the 27th, 71 on the 28th, 79 on the 29th and 30th
were obse
Minima es 34 on the 6th, 28 on the 13th, and 37 on the hess
h

during the entire month, and this exposure occurred on
morning of the
Work o hes contract awarded by the Commissioner of Parks

rivewa e sou

menced May tst. This contract also includes the sauce os =
lower basin of the large statuary fountain, planned to occupy the
space immediately in front of the central portico, the construction

of an ornamental garden fountain at the southern end of the ap-
proach, and of a drinking fountain pppoe tas ae oun or
the driveway ; also the building of a set of
the garden fountain and the drinking fountain ; also the setting of
some ornamental terra cotta on the tops of the side pavilions of
the Museum Building, all from designs by Mr. R. W. Gibson,
the architect, as approved by the Board of Managers and by the
Commissioner of Parks

ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
7 mosses from Mexico. CSeet by Professor L. M. Underwood. )

51 lichens from northern New York. v
$4 mosses from the White ners N. H. (Give n by Professor LM.

3
oO
8
g
g
k=
i
=
pa

26 Museum and herbarium specimens from Bermuda. (Given by Mrs. N. L.
Britton.

museum specimens of Culcitium from Peru. (Given by Mr, Albert L. de
ae eppe.)

19 specimens of “vanilla beans’’ and vanilla plants. (Given by Messrs. Dodge
and Olcott. }

12 museum specimens of Jamaica fruits, collected by Mr. Henshaw,

80

150 specimens from Wyoming, collected by Mr. E. Nelsor

1 spec ecimen of Satureia Patago mica. {Given by Professor "Geo. Macloskie. )

51 jouthern States. ae m by Miss A, M. Small.)

o — from Florida. (ie by Hon.
i toe of medici (Give

a by 7 “ LR by.)
frui i i Given nee ce E.N. Plank)
52 specimens or Uredinese, collected by Dr. G, Lagerheim.
collected by Mr. C. R. B
14 herbari Pp fi ae key. (Given by Miss 8. H. Harlow.)
200 specimens ‘‘ Algae Danmomensis,’’ prepared by May Wyatt.
11 mosses from Lower California. fee by Professor Underwood. )
Yr

lorado. (Given by Dr. Fred. Clements. }
en by Mr. eet Bessey. )

2 specimens of “vegetable caterpillars’? fea New Zealand, by exchange with
the Royal Gardens, Kew, England.

I xchange with Mr. — eae
650 herbarium specimens, collected in cis Idaho by Dr. D. T. ‘Dougal.
403 specimens, collected in Colorado by Mr, F. K. Vr aes
4 specimens of Aconite from Asia, (Given by Dr. H. by.)

97 mosses from Missouri, Arkansas and North an pk by Mr. Colton
. Hy

osses from Oregon, by exchange with the U. S. National Museum.
e specimens of mosses from Alaska, by exchange with Mr. Wm. M. Canby.

25 bulbs and plants for the Conservatories. (Given by the Jessamine Gardens,
Jessamine, Fla,
0 £: iis agree (Given by Professor O, C. Charlton, Waco, Texas. )
I Vittaria line a bees ed sie Reasoner Bros., Oneco, Fla.)
1 Vittaria lin (Gi A. M. Small, St. diode ¢, Fla.)
I Pinta, oa, ve by Miss A. M. Small, St. Airis ae )

SEEDS.
74 packets of Sikkim Himalayan seed. (By exchange with the Royal Botanic
Garden, Calcutta, India.
6 : (Purchased from B. F. Bush.)
37 packets. (Purchased from Pinehurst Nurseries, Pinehurst, N. C.

x
a

LABORATORIES.
1 Planimeter.
2 Upright image, dissecting microscopes.
12 Investigators tables.

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. TimoTHy F. ALLEN,
Pror. N. L. BRITTON,
Hon. ADDISON BROWN,
Wm. L. Brown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE, -
Pror. CHAS. F. CHANDLER,
Wo. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
CuHas. F. Cox,

JoHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST,
Wm. E. DODGE,

Dr. Wm. H. DRAPER,
ProF. SAM’L, W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. Louis FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomas F. GILRoy,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HucH J. GRANT,
Henry P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESUP,

Joun I. KANE,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
PROF. JAMES F. KEMP,
Joun S. KENNEDY,

Hon, SETH Low,

Davip LyDIGc,

EpGAR L. MARSTON,

D. O. MILLs,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Hon. MriLEs M. O’BRIEN,
Gro. M. OLcort,

PrRoF. HENRY F, OSBORN,
GEORGE W. PERKINS,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rr. REv. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERCY R. PYNE,

JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wm. ROCKEFELLER,
Pror. H. H. Russy,

Wn. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wm. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
Louis C. TIFFANY,
SAMUEL THORNE,

Pror. Ll. M. UNDERWOOD,
WiLLIAM H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

The New York Botanical Garden

Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con-
taining notes, news and non-technical articles of Benen ral interest. Free to all mem-
bers of the Garden. To others, Io es a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not offered in
exchange.] Vol. I, 1900, viii + 213 pp., 5 plates, and 25 figures in text.

e New Yo! ork Botanical Garden, containing the annual | reports
of the Director-in- Chie f and oth
the results of in restgetions amen out in the Garden. Vol. I, x+-464 pp., 3 maps,
and 12 plates, 1896-190) 3.00. Current numbers free to all members of the
Garden ; to others, 50 =e a copy.

Memoirs of the New York Botanical Gar Vol. An Annotated Cat-
alogue o of the Flora of Montane and the Yellowstone Paik, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,
assistant curator o eee museums. n arrangem and critical discussion of the
she a and Phanerogams of the region ith: ae from the author’s field book

and including descriptions. of 163 new species. ix-+ 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with de-
tailed en map. Price mbers of the Garden, $1, oo. To others, $2.00, [Not
offered in exchange a

from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical papers written ee students or Pmebes of the staff, and reprinted from journals
other than the above. Price, 25 c ach.

No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.

No. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

The dichotomous Panicums : some new Species, by Geo. V. Nash.

TEIN ea iy

=
4. by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 5. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—I, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
s me 6. Notes and Descriptions of North American Plants I and II, by Dr. J. K.
Small.
No. 7. cece Reproduction and Multiplication in Zrythronium, by Fred-
erick H. Blodge
No. 8. Two new Species of Grimia from Montana, by R. S. Williams.
No. 9. Studies on the a Mountain Flora—II, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. Io. e “ «« — III, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to
NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BRONX PARK, NEW YORK City

Vol. Il JUNE, 1901 No. 18

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR

DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS

PAGE

The Flowerless Plants (Cryptogams) of the Synoptic Collection (with
Places) VileranG, VIE.) sects simi jeijm is co) ecienm ef se we ete ere Sin oe 81
odper Daly's ‘Sunflower © 2°. (. . ee 5 we ee he ee tt we 87
Carpotropic Movements of Flowers (with figure)... - +++ +--+ 9°
Notes, News and Comment .....- +--+ ++ ++ sess ee errr 93
Accessions to the Library... .--- 22+ eee e+e eee eee Mies oe

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

AT be ange ees Srreet, Lancaster, Pa.
y Tu w Era Printinc CoMPANy

OFFICERS, 1901.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
ViIcE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CH =
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON.

ees. oF MA eRe
. ELECTED MANA

ANDREW CARNEGIE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,

CHARLES F. COX, GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE.

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
ON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN
THE MAYOR OF THE City OF NEw York,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.

HON. SETH LOW, CHAIRMAN.
HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES M. O'BRIEN,

PROF. C.F. CHANDLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY
PROP. 4b. sa vib: PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

RDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Dérector-in- Chief.
DR. D. T. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant.

DR. He ak ae Curator of the Economic Collections.
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.
JOHN R. wee Landscape Engineer,
WALTER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.
CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vou. I, June, 1901. No. 18.

THE are PLANTS aa OF THE
NOPTIC COLLECTION
(Piares VI, VIL.)

Considerable attention has lately been devoted to a readjust-

re s th
partially ee ae ae that now form the Systematic
Museum, anc) is designed ales the plant world, from the
to those most highly organized.
der to display this collection 1 in an instructive manner, a

have been installed a sis for illustrating a natural family o
a tribe of a family. ch of these specimens is accompanied as
far as possible by a plate, a drawin h. These

helves are arranged additional objects such as flowers, fruits,
woods, specimens of fossil representatives an of various
organs of t. ts, all inten to further illustrate the struc-
tural characteristics e different groups. lection is

ed according to the most natural and thus far most ora
a satisfactory interpretation of the interrelation of the plan
families.

The flowerless plants fall into four subkingdoms: The Myxo-

mycetes, represented mainly by the slime-moulds: the Thal-
8

82

oo _ by the bacteria and other micro-organisms,
s, t

in detail, while the shelves of the case are occupied by the actual
specimens still attached to the substances on which they grew.
Most of the specimens are small and very delicate, in fact some
are so fragile that a mere breath of air will ruin them, but a few
are quite coarse. We now have an excellent example of one of
the large forms, obtained from a great mass which several years

I E g
at the back of the cases, and additional specimens preserved in jars
on the shelves. The plants of this series are much more variable
in form than those of the preceding series and are also much more
numerous. Some forms are unicellular and microscopic, others

ful that their remains now form almost inexhaustible deposits of
diatomaceous Our exhibition photographs came from
United States War Department, whil r specimens came fi
the various deposits in Nort merica, Near is Sphaerella

and its relatives, minute plants growing on the bark of trees or

83

the surfaces of rocks, and green or red in color. Closely related
to these is the red snow of the Arctic regions.
The higher forms of the Algae are much larger than the lower

brown, green and blue-green. Many of
the species among those exhibited are popularly known as sea-

One he more curious seaweeds is Mereocystis, the bladder
kelp or sea-otter’s cabbage, a native of the Pacific Coast, ranging
from California northward. It grows attached to rocks, com-

e root-like attach-

ich grow eis fronds which become many
t-lik tt and the struc-

ture just below it develops into a cask- like body about six feet
long and six inches in diameter. It is said that on the coast of
Alaska the ae has a habit of resting on this structilte; toss-

draining their boats of water and sometimes as fish-lines.

ge speci of the rockweeds, Fucus and eee are
exhibited. These are the plants which in our latitude far
ther north, constitute the more conspicuous e en

the tide.
known as oa : , fro in One species
of this genus, Laminaria saccharina, yields a quantity of a sort
of sugar (mannite), whic gions is used in
syrup k ockwe ere at one time the principa
source of the soda and iodine of commerce. In Scotland, espe-
uk the oa industry about a hundred years ago was

ortant one,

e Irish moss, Chondyus crispus, one of the red kinds, is

about the only seaweed of our coasts which has a eguimetcial

84

value. Upon the Massachusetts coast it is collected in large
quantities and is used in the manufacture of a kind of edible gela-
i rk

ing
>]
ay
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nd
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et
ion
o
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capitatus simulates quite faithfully some of the kinds of brushes
used in painting. Acetabulum crenulatum looks like a delicate

scenoue green matter which oa other plans to build up com-
plex food for their nourishment they are wholl
different in their mode of life. Some are parasitic, deriving their

ne
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2
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4
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f dea m
pee in relationship with est ee (green) plants and
ut nourishing o: nother, as in the case of lichens, and
mycorhizas, Many i peeks specimens of the several groups
of fungi have ass gees aed for this Coreen

sane of its estan in ess cedar ees and the rest ‘of its
time in devastating apple orchards. ear by is the group to

which Poe WetUL sae ngs. This form attacks pine trees and
au. t the trunk or branches,

agian the ahole tree toa wreate ror less extent.
One specimen among our collection of fleshy or woody fungi

shelf and horizontal. When it had attained considerable size the
tree fell, but the plant was not yet through growing; being

85

firmly attached it could not change position but itmust grow. In

fungus, at the same time preserving the external appearance of

in which it grew was relatively wide and the planks rough. An-
other specimen which grew in a very thin space and between
smooth-planed boards resembles a fine quality of kid in both ap-
pearance and to the touch.

The fungi thus far considered are either parasitic or ee
in mode of life ; we now come to a series which form le
dent group, namely the lichens. These plants are symbiotic ;

each lich ists of a fung i an alga living together, each one
nourishing the other. Many people know a lichen by its exter-
nal appearance ; but relatively few know its very int ng st!

ture and mod i The structure of lichens is well illustrated

drawn, while many of the species which grow on stones and rocks,
ipy the shelves of the exhibi-

as well as ot
tion cases.
The exceedingly curious class of plants known by the formid-

We have a series of well-executed plates which illustrate ‘ie

86

characteristics of this class, the plants themselves being so small
they would be practically invisible to the naked eye in the exhibi-
tion cases.

tep forward brings us to the Bryophyta. This group i
best known through the mosses which form its largest division.

group
is now shown by means of ccna eee and ane of the
dissections of various organs, and Be-

fore we come to the mosses proper we chive the ee or
Sphagnum ; the peat-mosses are well known to many people;

t re very characteris cur mai s. The
specimens and plates of dissections which illustrate this group are
accompanied by a piece of peat or turf fro rope, where the

peat deposits are of great economic importance and are made up
largely of the remains of these plants

mosses proper as a class are not very particular in regard
H

more particular as to their habitat. ne will ae thrive on

preserve in th ses of closely set pl. calcar ufa,
Other species prefer ground that has been burnt r, as species
of Funaria and Leptobryum. Others grow only on the bones of
dead animals or places animal re’

e
visible in the tuft of plants. Many mosses will grow only under
water where they thrive luxuriantly as shown by the specimens
of ie

st highly developed group of the flowerless plants,
ead an Pteridophyta, or the ferns and fern-allies, attract the
attention of a greater number of people than any other group of

87
the lower plants. We have been fortunate in securing an excel-
lent series of colored plates to accompany the specimens in this
group.

The stems of our native ferns grow beneath the surface of the
ground or horizontally on the surface. :
for the museums our collectors made it a p
stems of all the species. Many of these are now in a installed
with the other specimens to which they are ted, it is

structive to note the structure of these, eee litle. observed

arts of the fern plant. Their size and mode of bran
attachment o

ves and the great number or paucity of roots
are all characteristic features. h

In the same way are shown the
underground part of species of Eguisetum or the horse-tails. One
of these specimens shows the way in which the plant stores up
nourishment for itself in the form of globular tubers at intervals
along the stem.

Many fossil fons are exhibited in the fern cases. Some fe

those living at present. Ou ties of fossil stems and variou
impressions forms quite a contrast with the specimen gathered
- losely related for t b nches

JUDGE DALY’S SUNFLOWER.
While visiting the late Judge Charles P. Daly at Sag Harbor,
ng
flower growing at one spot very near the shore of one of the bays

near that place, which seemed to differ very much from any known
species of Helianthus. The plant was in full flower at the time

88

and as the slender stems grew rather closely together, it was
brilliantly conspicuous, attracting both my attention and that of

earc
The plant is seemingly very local; we could find, after a pro-
re i

covered only a square yard or so of e flower-heads
were, as a rule, solitary on each individual plant, though in a few
instances two on lant were observed, which is a e

were rather more than three inches in diameter; the stem of
each plant was only about two feet high, and nearly all in the
patch (there may have been 40 or 50) were of approximately

n pin
shaped tuber nearly horizontal in position, nearly two inches long,
bearing several fiber-like roots.
It is somewhat ree that this very tis te
eco

tain it, and I have failed to find any record of the plant in botan-
ical literature. T nly plausible explanation of this would
ee! be the species is very local in its distribution, though

one can hardly believe that it is actually restricted to the patch
found near Sag Harbor. The soil in which it grew was appa-

89

rently _ different from that of a large area of contiguous terri-

g
land and New Jersey coast, and the exposure was to the full light
of the sun ; the surface of the ground was eee! level. Soi
is to be expected that other patches will be found somewhere
along the Atlantic Coast, though I doubt if the plant is anywhere
abundant.

I take great pleasure in oe with ay 5 aay the name
of Judge Daly, who was a mo patro
of geography aid botany. ae een ae have already com-
memorated him in the name of a mountain, so his name will be

pe Sie in September, ie and from an saditoral sup-
ae :

the Herbarium of the Royal Gardens at Kew, and to the Her-
barium of the Botanical Garden at Berlin.
should also say that one reason why I infer that the distri-
bution of the plant is local, is that I dug some of the plants out
the patch and moved them to a situation quite similar to that
in which they naturally grew, near Judge Daly’s house at Sag
Harbor, but they refused to grow there ; I also tried to get the
plant to grow in the coo nae it hailed; so it seems that like
many other rare species it: g by factors that
are not known.
Helianthus Dalyi new species. Perennial by a fusiform tuber
3-4 cm. ae Stem slender, simple, ae appressed-pubes-

cent, abou dm. hee leaves firm, conduplicate, drooping,
finely rou a pubesc n both ce Fame lanceolate, acu-
minate at both ne ‘stanly poles with low teeth, ve baled
bout 1 dm. long and cm. wide, all opposite or upper-

po
most alternate ; ee oy pees long- Mane rarely 2,
bout 8 cm. broad ; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, with

90

long subulate tips; rays acute; pappus 2 subulate awns; chaff
of the receptacle pubescent at the acute apex. Sag Harbor,
.Y.

N. L. Britron.

CARPOTROPIC MOVEMENTS OF FLOWERS.

e movements of flowers by which these structures adapt
themselves to changes in temperature and illumination, are fairly
well known. Familiar illustrations are to be seen in the wild

cool nights; the pansy performs similar nocturnal movements,
both plants returning the flowers to an u t position durin
the dayti In another type of the daily movements the €
opens or closes at certain periods of t Thus the tulip
closes on cool nights and reopens during the warmer part o:

a ssilago, Claytonia (spring uty), purslane and many
others exhibit si eactions ich the flower is

n addition to such induced movements which depend upon
external forces for their inception, a second series is shown, which
are set up by internal forces, and which depend entirely upon the
developments) staee of the flower. Such reactions may b
clas: nder an have for their purpose

oO

wp
3
a
a
w
o
eI
5
o
w
o
oO
el
a
o
a
mt
p
aS
Rn
2
my
,
oO
<
?

€ o
ments may be best understood by discussion of the following

The inflorescence of Bulbine longiscapa is a raceme the basal
in which mature and open earliest: it is possible
ich w

is placed, in a single inflorescence. The uno pened buds in the
upper portion are appressed to the main flower stalk, and as the

91

flower opens a curvature ensues at the base of the pedicels by

and the inflorescence is finally held erect. Meanwhile the pedicels
exhibit a second series of independent movements. These struc-
tures acquire < sensitiveness to gravity by which they tend to
curve upward independently. fter the scape has assumed a
final erect position the pedicels which as has just been described,
tended to assume an upright position, now take on separate and
individual positions by which each is separated from its neighbors
equidistantly, in which uae aed remain until fee has
been accomplished, when a fe wider

separation : a movement ae pe to the ak cush-
ions of tissue at the bases of the pedicels.

Strepto leas Rhexti bears a number of striking flowers each on
its eae uncle which is curved in such manner that the un-

stamens and pistils mature the opened corollas held in a horizon-
tal position until fertilization is accomplished, when the apical
portion of the peduncle again takes up a motion by which its cur-
vature is straightened until the capsule is held in an approximately
erect position, The signal or stimulus for each of these motions

deposited on the pistil, and presumably the growing tubes from
the germination of the pollen have reached the egg cell. The

92

fusion of the nucleus from the pollen tube and that of the embryo
sac sets up another signal or alarm which again sets the peduncle
in motion and the pod is slowly erected into the position shown
in the figu

ery i cnesneatin series of movements is exhibited by C/ay-
tonia Virginica (Fig. 8 A). The unopened flower buds are held in
a drooping position by a general curvature of the short pedicel.

pod is held in a pendant position most suitable for the dissemina-
tion of the seeds

Fic. 8. 4. Shoot of Claytonia Tirginica, B. Streptocarpus Rhexit, showing

Carpotropic movements are thus seen to be of the most diverse
character. The undeveloped flower buds may be erect and the
ripened fruit pendant, or the reverse: the unopened bud may be

93.
pendant, the open flower erect and the fruit pendant, and various
combinations of growth and movement of the separate parts m
be made in order to accomplish the purposes of pollination ane

seed dissemination.
D. T. MacDoveat.

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.

e A. Skene, who has been serving as a Foreman

Second Gard as charge of the general cultural work on
all the plant collections, both out-of-doors and conservatory,
though mos his will necessarily be devoted t
conservatories r. Skene has had a long and varied experience
in the growing of plants, and is critically acquainted with a ver
large number of species, th ue names and relationships e
was employe u of years at the estate of t n

Robert P. Parrott at Cold Spring, N. Y., and was general fore-
man for a time of the greenhouses of Governor Hamilton Fish.
n the contract for the completion of the main conserva-

compl tis hoped that the additional hous 1 be -
leted so as to be available for operation by ber; these will
stand immediately against the southwestern side o! uses
already built, the whole range forming a quadrangle open to the
sout er is approached by park dri

under construction b: Devlin se additional

i Co. ese a
houses will give much greater cultural possibilities, as they wil
supply seven more compartments, including a large tank for

e recent cotepickon of the water pipe extending from the
six-inch main near the museum building about half a mile across
the Garden to the stable and propagating houses, brings the latter
at last into practical operation; many plants received by us in
poor condition and which for want of other place have had to be

94
kept in the main conservatory may now be grown in the propa-

subsequently brought back to the main range. The laying of
this pipe was considerably delayed, owing to the utilization of the
same trench for a telephone cable, connecting the museum build-
ing with the stable and propagating houses.
Subjects have been se ieee in the weekly conventions in the
low: b

museum as fol : “Movements of fluids in plants,’ by Dr.
: Curtis; “ ey of recent mycological literature,” by
Professor L. M. Underwood; ‘Review of recent literature on
algae,” by Dr. H. M. Richards; “A study of the thermal re-
lations of vegetation,” by Dr. D. T. MacDougal; ‘“ Morphology
and physiology - ie of Arisaema,” by Miss R. J. Ren-

nert; “The genus Pte/ea in eastern America,’’ by Dr. J. K.
eae and “Comparison of Urnula and Geopyais,” by Miss Elsie
M. Kupfer.

Mr. F. H. Blodgett, who has been a student at the Garden for
some months and who has also served as a museum aid, has been
appointed preparator in the botanical department - the Field
Columbian Museum, of Chicago.

Dr. P. ALR bee: Assistant Curator, has been given a short
leave of absence for a trip in Europe. He will visit the herbaria

on the 14th, and 46.5 on the 25th, were observed. No frosts oc-
curred, yet the general average temperature was low, and the
number of hours of sunshine very small

95

ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM MARCH IoTH To MAY 16TH.

AcLoque, A. Flore de France. Paris, 1894. (Given by Dr. Timothy F.

Allen.)

Actes du Congrés International de sina Paris, 1900. (Given by Dr. N. L.
Britton

Alagemtines 4 Teutsches Gar'en-. Magas in. Weimar, 1804-1811. 8 vols.

American estry Association Proceedings, 1889, 1891, ou 897 2 vols,

BAILEY, “ Cyclopaedia of American Horticulture. 3- New York,
1901.

BAUMGARTEN, JOHANN. Mora Lipsiensis sistens Plantas in agris Circuli a
m sponte nascentes quam frequentius cultus. Leipzig, 1790. (Given by Willia
" C, Schermerhorn, E:

ra
8
a
B
2
ts
omg
Z
fo}
4
3

Flora Orientalis. Basle, 1867-1884. 5 vols. (Given by

FO. Studies i in the Morphology of Spore-producing Members. IV. The
ae coe Ferns. London, 1899. Given by Mrs. N. L, Britton
N, JAMES. Zhe Forester. Edition 6. By John Nisbet. Edinburgh, 1894.
z
OTTE, CAMILLE. Recherches embryagéniques et anatomiiques sur quelques
especes des genres Impatiens et Tropeolum. Paris, 1900.
UBANI, P. Flora Pyrenaea per ordines Naturales gradatim digesta. Milan,
1897-1901. 3 vols. (Given by William C. Schermerhorn, Es
MPBELL, D. H. ‘ructure and Development of the " Mosses and Ferns.
New York, 1895. (Given by Willia _7 Eiahangantaite

CA! 7 talogus Ss gui crotssent nature hig aux En-
virons de Marseille. Aix, 1845. aides a William C. Schermerhorn, Esq. )}

s, IsAAc DE. Hortus Pensrochianus, le Jardin de Vuilt London, 1640.
Fac senile reprint. (Given by Willi

cinnati Society of Natural History, 1879- 1895. 17 vols. (By exchange with
the Soe ety.

Cou, Em MMs J. deed Rapids oe A catalogue of the flowering Plants and
Ferns growing Vicinity of Grand Rapids, Michigan. Grand
Rapids, mae ee by William C. Scherm sna q-

ND SARNTHEIN, LUDWIG VON. rv Geftirsteten
ae aa des Landes Vorarlberg und i Lee tie ener ein,
(Giv. Cc

sq.
DILLEN, JOHN Jacos. Historia muscorum. Oxford, I.

i . First and Second Report on the Noxious, Bn! aa other In-
sects of the State of New York. Albany, 1856. (Given by Dr. D. S. Martin.
Floricultural Cabinet and Florist's Magazine. eran. ern

(Given by Willi uae Schermerhorn, Esq.
Forest ery. ne the Chi ire den

9 vols.

f Fire Warden of Minnesot
Lehrbuch der Botanik nach dem gegenwartigen py der Wis-
senschaft. Leipsig, 1892. 2vols. (Given by William C. Schermerhorn, Esq. )

96

FRal A. B. Lehrbuch der ini Hanae mit besondertr Beriticksich-
tgung a Kulturpflanzen. Berlin, 1890. (Given by William C. Schermerhorn,
Sq. :
Gardens Old and New, The country house and its environment. London, 19or.°
Garten- - Zeitung. Edite d by L. Wittmack. Berlin, 1882-1886. 5 vols.
Geo State Horticultural Society. Proceedin: age: Augusta, Ga., 1877-1900.
oi

A. Report on the Reconnaissance of Northwestern Wyoming,
including Yellowstone National Park, made in, the summer of 1873. Washington,
1875. (Given by

Journal de la So or Weltoease 2 Horticulture de France. Ser. VIE. Vol. 21,
1899. (By exchange with American Gardening.)
Krtenitz-GerLorF, F. Sotanik fur Landwirte, Berlin, 1886. (Given by

KIRCHNER AND BOLTSHAUSER. <Krantheiten und Beschddigungen der Getreide-

KyJELLMAN, F. R. Om Floridé-sligtet Galaxaura dess Orgenograft och System-
atik. Stockholm, 1900. (By exchange with the Academy of Science of Sweden.) ~
Kongliga See Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, Bihang. Stockholm,

1872-1897. vols.

KRONFELD, one Studien iiber die Verbreitungsmittel der Pflanzen. Part I.
Leipzig, 1900.
NE, W. Untersuchungen iiber das Proteplasma und die Contractilitat.
Leipzig, eee at en . William C. Sc! hermerhorn, Esq.
Laurent, arate I.
a Ge Revue Mensuelle de Bete Le Mans, 1891-1900.

ade
vols, (Giver
DL) Horticulture Belge, Journal des Jardiniers et Amitav: Bruxelles, 1833-38.
5 vols. (Given by W. C, Sc apapeape Es

Linpau, Gustav. Hilfbuch fur s Sammein Parasitischer Pilse. Berlin,
Igor. (Given by William C. Leis Esq.
’OBEL, MATHIAS DE. lantarum seu Stirpium Icones. Antwerp, 1581.
(Given by William C, Schermerhorn, Esq.
Lorey, Tuisxo. Handbuch der Forstwissenschaft. Tiibingen, 1883.
Lorinser, F. W. ie Vichtigsten Essbaren und Verdachtigen und Giftigen
Schwineme. Wien, 1876. Is. (Given by William C, Scher )

rane Don ‘and David Wooster. London, 1866. (Given by Dr. Timothy F.
Allen,
PIGHI. MARCELLO. Anatome plantarum. London, 1675-79.

MARSHALL, Nina L, The Mushroom Book, New York, 1900. (Given by Mrs.

. L. Britton.)

Minnesota Bergen tres; ae ee _ Minneapolis, 1900. (By riage )

Morison, RoBERT. ford, 1680—
1699. 2 vols.

Was, London, 1869-1899. 60 vols. (Given by William C. Schermerhorn,
ne

N ESENBECK, C.G. Bryologia Germanica, Vol.1. Nurnberg, 1823. .
eu ee with Columbia University. )

AVOTV UNV SCTINOW-AWIIS JO Sasvo WoAasnW

gx: a

TA FLV1d ‘NEGUVD ‘IVIINVLOg “A ‘N ‘Nunof

Jourx. N.Y. Boranicat. GARDEN. PLaTe VII.

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. TimotHy F. ALLEN,
Pror. N. Ll. BRITTON,
Hon. ADDISON BROWN,
Wm. L. BRown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,

ProF. CHAS. F. CHANDLER,
Wm. G. CHOAT:,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cas. F. Cox,

JoHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST,
Wm. E. DopcE,

Dr. WM. H. DRapEr,
Pror. SAM’L W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. Louis FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,

Hon. THomas F. Gi,Roy

PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. Hucu J. GRantT,
HENRY P. Hoyt,
ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JEsup,
Joun I. Kane,
EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
PRoF. JAMES F. KEMP,
Joun S. KENNEDY,

Hon. SETH Low,

Davip LyDIG,

Epcar L. MARSTON,

D. O. MILLS,

J. PIERPONT MorGAN,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Hon. MILEs M. O'BRIEN,
Gro. M. Oxcort,

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RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER,
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JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wm. ROCKEFELLER,
Pror. Hi. H. Russy,

Wm. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

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NELSON SMITH,

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Louis C. TIFFANY,
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W:LLIAM H. S. Woop.

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|

Vol. II JULY, 1901 No. 19

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS
PAGE
"The Influence of Flowers upon Literature ......-. 2.254 2s sees 97
OTN SINGS On Cl Ea ee i Seria a eee aan ae ae ea 105
Front Approaches to the Museum Building (with plate VIII) ........ 106
Proceedings of the June Meeting of the Horticultural Society of New York 108
SSH NO WA ANG COMMOENts 7 foes ehe, wye fol ee 8 le we ek 108

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

At if aaa eae STREET, rpuceiee PA:
y TH w Era Printinc Compa:

OFFICERS, 1901.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF ree is ioe
1, ELECTED MANAG

ANDREW CARNEGIE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
CHARLES F GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN,

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE.

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
ON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN
THE MAyor OF THE CiTy OF NEW YORK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK.
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.
HON. SETH LOW, CHAIRMAN.
HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES M. es
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF... “Hy -RUSB
PROFS)... bh Eore: PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

ARDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Déirector-in- Chief.
DR. D. T. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant.

DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Curator of the Museums.
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator.
GEORGE V. ist ardener.

ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Liérarian.

DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.

at

CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

“‘SLVGS ANOLS CNV NIVLINOOd ONINNIAC

. OGL HAs My
say Uosath MaL

THA FLV 17 (NAGUYS) TYOINVLOG MAGA AVIN IyNunol

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vor. II. July, 1901,

No. 19,

THE INFLUENCE OF FLOWERS UPON LITER-
ATURE.*

Ican in this brief space merely touch upon a few of the ex-
amples of the use of flowers in literature. I have openeda great

might prove to be, and one would be surprised to find in how
many cases this first-found sentence is one that speaks of some
flower. Many of the references I shall give will be instances of

not my purpose to undertake any psychological an-
h

it is not as the haughty nation of the Eagle, the Lion or the
Bear, but they term it the Flowery Kingdom.

" * Abstract of lecture delivered at the Garden June 8, 1901.
97

98

t Ineed not delay to recount examples of the power of
flowers to affect the mind—that is universal, though varying in

meditation, where John Burroughs plies his fishline and Dr. Van
Dyke brings home both fish and story, where Bradford Torrey
listens to the song of birds, where Olive Thorne Miller and Edith
M. TI the warrant of their sex to be conservators
of beauty for the race. But these WHE ve nature their

4
fo}
9
<
o
3
p
Q
Oo
fa
a

Hane it is my p se
direc’ ee to aaa ea to turn to that greater body of

the m ry nds repeat to us their long-pent story of the
power of flowers to impress the Egyptian mind 4000 years
a n times that number are embalmed in the pages of the
t the lover of nature who listens in vain e
favorite passage rem er their number, for flowers are written
like stars in the sky. has become in fact so

Yy com ng to hear the praises of flowers from the poets

that I shall turn instead to prose, and inquire if that prove too
heavy ts substantial to fest alae the light graces o a pane
flower.

flowery or florid prose ; the cause of that i is the author’s scapes

exuberance; nor are flowers any more apt to be associated with

such prose than any other ; but they supply to good prose of any

kind valued illustrations, nad the best writers have not failed to
A

m wif we hear it said that a prose writer
can write a book of permanent value without reference to flowers
let us turn to the essayists and observe their practice Sag

eat
and living master of prose style I take up the work of eae
I open his ‘‘ Shakespeare,’ and the first random sentence I read
uses flowers as an illustration, where he bas of Shakespeare's
four greatest comedies as a “ flowery square.’

99

to a more rugged nature for contrast and I take

end of the page, when e would ‘proy esy coming les
wo:

eau

ful See aw as she complains, “expand in their loveliness
only to

From am we naturally turn to Macaulay and inquire if his

essays betray a like influence; at once we find him discoursing of

flowers from heart of oak

Ruskin, like Macaulay, and like Matthew Arnold and Whipple,
among later essayists, often shows no trace of thought of flowers
for many consecutive pages ; when suddenly the reader will com

the
name which he gave to his “Sesame and Lilies” had no little
part in winning it its way t
rength of Ruskin’s ee ee flowers is shown when criti-
h

which ells on the brightness and our summer
fruit and flowers? Hunt has of late discovered that primrose
banks are lovely, but there are other things grow wild besides
primro eamt-of loveliness migh ring
ack to us, i ould paint the heath grow: hi

‘Oo er as it gro
foxglove and the harebell as they nestle in the clefts of the
rocks ; bring back a piece of Jura pasture in spring with t

100
jie in their earliest blue and a soldanelle beside the fading
snow!”

So ie calls for his wild flowers ; and he bids the painter return
again to nature ‘“‘and paint a gray wall of Alpine crag with
budding roses crowning it like a wreath of rubies. at is what
he was meant to do in this world, not to paint bouquets in china
vases |”

a
i)
o
4
ia
fae)
fo)
=
o
a
we
Fe
ny
pf
ont

agery im when he says to the im-
aginative architect: ‘ NG dying petal nor drooping tendril is so
feeble as to have no help for you; no robed pride of blossom so
kingly but it will iy aside its purple to recover at your hands

e pale immortality

We have tarried ie with Ruskin. We must turn and hear
DeQuincey acknowledge his debt to the flowers; when he cries
“‘O flowers and blossoms, to which as to his symbols God has
given the glorious privilege of rehearsing forever on earth his

Voices from English prose oF ‘the previous century we do not
hear so often, The dissociation of the love of flowers from its lit-
erary Sereson was indeed: Seen of that Seb cen-
tury. b

Natur it mayb e, ut in

terms of conventional formality, and Vature will not be patronized.
Yet there were the seeds of a nature-world of blossom lying be-
neath the eighteenth century surface ; the gar ee peluctant but
habitual concession “ Goldsmith shall pull his flowers"’ give.
Goldsmith’s biography in a sentence, and we ee iis eaaee
ness of heart.
i e century’s end came Burns and Wordsworth and

a
&

the flowers bloomed ut , and mankind took a new
draught from the Castalian spring n n came Landor,
in whose prose the flowers bloom in immortal beauty. Would

a
he represent the conversation of Sir Philip Sidney, it is to make

101

him remind his friend how they had picked the daffodils in earlier
fu

the season than usual, a little rosebud; none but trifling poetry
could be made out of this, yet other than tiding pleasure it was.’’
Does Landor chatter on to us through guileless Boccaccio ?
harming volubility leads him to—one of the most

out, “I must inform you, Father Fontesecco has the heart of a
flower ; it feels nothing, it wants nothing; it is pure and simple
and full of its own little light.”
So if we cross the sea and listen to Oliver Wendell Holmes,
d

hearted verse opens quietly as a Nal lily, to ae on the surface
without breaking it into a ripple.

o with Emerson, to whose praises flowers lend the highest
finish, “for the ancients,” he says, “ called es the flowering
of virtue; ‘tis the nameless eae ” he tells “which roses
and violets hint and foreshoy

Would we known what ase: from flowers is felt by the
novelist, I open the pages 7 Hawthorne in his Twice Told

gold,’ coming with her ‘‘bunch of buttercups and dandelions.”
And at Tanglewood Porch where Hawthorne’s children listen to
him in breathless circle, <now his feeling for flowers in their
names, for there are little ‘ Periwinkle, and Cowslip, Primrose
and Dandelion,’ and h ims indeed their titles would “suit a

p of fai "Th a whole story he tells us of little

rou ries. ere 1S
Daffydown Dilly, who ‘‘in. his nature resembled a flower and
loved to do only that which was beautiful and agreeable.’

t you are saying Hawthorne was exceptional ; with his

102

delicate sensitiveness it would not be nies that he should
overlook the flowers. Very well, will ask if the flowers
prove of service to Cooper, novelist ¢ he hunter and the Indian
trail, who might be expected to ignore them like the disregarding
red man of whom he treats. But I open his Last of the

hicans and the first page shows his Indian scout saying, ‘‘ The
outer branch near the prints of one of the horses was bent up-
oy as a lady breaks a flower oe its stem; but all the rest

om
o
Q
5
a
a
%
a
3
vq

o the graces ai the art of ee. flowers find their way
even into the Leatherstocking
Another voice is calling, and Lonclidy will tell us what flow-
ers are to him, in the pages of his Hyperion. ‘TI have this morn-
ing,” says he, ‘‘a singular longing for flowers: a wish to stroll
among ae roses and carnations and inhale their breath as if it
would revive me. I wish I knew the man who called flowers
the fugitive poetry of Nature.”
H us of youth’s irrecoverable amaze, how ‘the great

heaven wan their meek blue eyes from their home in Angel’s
meadow.’
Would we turn to Dickens and to Thackeray and seek for How:

: u
ner of suggestions. Often, when she would flash a whole story
before us in an instant, she calls up the image of a flower, and
has told her story

103

When she would tell us of Hetty’s elation after meeting with

ma rcible comparisons ; she aks of ‘eyelids aeicie as
etals,”’ “long lashes curled like the stamen of "3 so
composite som suggest George Eli children

blo. gested to Geor; e
clustered about their little mother, and she says “the little pink
round things will hang about her like florets round the centra}
flower.” For the migrant nature of Hetty Sorrel ne sees
houseleek serves to George Eliot as prototype. ‘The
some plants that have hardly any roots ; you may tear en oe

ing pots full of blooming balsams or geraniums, and little ane

104

in front all double daisies or dark wallflowers. The charm of
flowers is so 2 Breet that she ae ee ae ae to be among
hem ; “ Tt was worth the journey
only to see the licdsetaws, the liberal tee of unmarketable

fal
p>
wn

“gr a
white trumpets, of the many-tubed honeysuckle, which in its
most delicate fragrance hid a charge more subtle and penetrating
than beauty.”

So again after the Poyser family has gotten well on their way

aths a
Little reminiscences from George Eliot's own earlier days in
Warwickshire keep recurring with strange power to affect the
memory ; and she hears again what she calls ne “twittering of
a bird outside her window, the window overlooking the garden,

ro.
h all George Eliot’s senses toward Hetty Sorrel, there
ds Hetty

is one ine for which she finds it hard to forgive her:
did not love the companions and guardians of her youth, it is

aii in the garden better than other flowers—perhaps not
well.”

But if Hetty neglects the garden, George Eliot will herself
; she delights in the story of its abundance,
“y

favorites, scarlet beans receive repeated mention, sweet peas are
spreading their wings there, groundsel grows in vigor along the
border, “all large and disorderly for want of trimming.” the

min: In
Mill on the Floss, she makes her explanation of this strength of

105

affection, ones out in delight over the elderberry bush that
stirs an early ; a more gladdening sight,” says she,

a cee cistus or fuchsia, because once the long com-
panion os my existence, that wove itself into my joys whens joys
were vivid,”

We have lingered with George Eliot because she is a type of
the novelist’s indebtedness to flowers. Her flower-references are
more definite, more beautiful, and more varied than those of
many other novelists. Where George Eliot, for instance, vould

take on their relative proportion, but we see dimly ; with George
Eliot they are out of all proportion, but we see so distinctly that
the picture becomes vivid as life in memory.

DWARD SANDFORD BuRGESS.

THE DAVID LYDIG FUND.

Am the provisions of the will of the late Judge Charles P.
Daly, cere October 23, 1899, occurs the following (Art. 8,
ec. 5):
All the balance of the said rest, residue and remainder
ep

estate en shall remain after ayment of the fo cone de-
vises, legac n sts in this eighth article of my wil
specified, rae devise and bequeath as follows: One-twelfth
part ther the New York Botan Garden fora

eof to
memorial of my wife’s late grandfather, David Lydig, the amount

106

- said bequest to be used and expended by said corporation in
uch manner and for such purposes as the Board of ee.
eer may deem for the best interests of the Botanical Garden
A portion of the amount coming to the Garden under the fore-

th y tl xecutors of Judge Da n e sub-
ject of the use of this fund has been carefully considered by the
Scientific Directors and es the Board of Managers. ter re-

ceiving a recommendation from the former body the Board of
anagers at a meeting held April 13th adopted the following
resolution :

Resolved, That the bequest of the late Judge Charles P. Daly
ae he residuary estate, as provided by Section 5 of Article 8
of his will, be and is hereby set apart a a e i
Lai Fund bequeathed by Charles P. Daly,” and that the in-

of this fund be devoted ha publication as the Board may
oe it from time to tim

FRONT APPROACHES TO MUSEUM BUILDING.
(WitH PLatE VIII.)

Beside considerable additions to the driveways, the work now
in progress at the Garden includes the beginning of the main
avenues in front of the Museum Building. he treatment of
these calls for some special arrangements to suit the peculiar
circumstances,

There are cer tain utilitarian needs such as direct walks to the

spection of its beauties. There are to be four rows of trees ar-

107

ranged in a central and two side avenues, the first very wide and
including the garden. The side avenues are road and foot ways
leading to the ramp or approach of the principal entrance and
i eler. All of the

relieve the garden avenue of hurried trav 1 e
avenues debouch upon the main driveway w hich: Pp in front
of the Muse etween it and the Conservatory Building.
The latter although partially in view was locat rmer

with especial reference to the saving of trees, and the
spot chosen for it is separate e Museum by a ridge and
by peculiarly difficult landscape features. owever, as there

by heavy foliage massed upo rid d by avoiding direct
views betwe For this reason, the Garden Avenue is
closed in at its lower end by a group of stone seats s b

trees and enlivened by great vases of summer exotics and by a

thian order about 16 feet high with a bronze cluster of water
mbols, ie whole Backed Dy a line of shade trees and shrub-
= and | trees on the ridge. (Plate 8.)
From this point looking toward the Museum the main avenue
will give a delightful vista toward its principal entrance with the
terrace and ramps leading up to the grand portico. In front of

U
times before it finally escapes. This water element in the Garden
Avenue would give it a distinctive character both as a landscape
feature and as a botanical exhibit.
R. W. Grsson.

108

PROCEEDINGS OF THE JUNE MEETING OF THE
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW
he June meeting of the Horticultural Society of New York
was eee in the Museum Building on the 12th inst., Mr. G.
Powell, vice-president, presiding, assisted by Dr. N. L. Batten,
T

Chairman of the Council. irty n aes ae were elected, a
committee on Forestry formed, ees ng of Messrs. G.
Powell, P.-J. Berckmans and Wm. H. S. Wood, and an import-

ant proposition for organizing a Hybrid Conference of wide scope
was referred to the Council with power.

Mr. Powell delivered a carefully prepared and instructive ad-
discussed by Dr. F. M. Hexamer and Mr. P. O'Mara.

The exhibition held on the day of the meeting and the day fol-
lowing brought out a large assortment of cut flowers and plants,
filling the space assigned, and was of a high degree of educational

i i ff ool o

dress upon “Some Essentials in Strawberry Culture”? which was
F.

group; a fine named collection aces by Mr. J. C. Williams
attracted much attention. Roses and strawberries were but
poorly represented, owing to the exceptional lateness of the
season in this vicinity. There were a large number of miscella-
neous exhibits

* NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.

Dr. Tracy E. Hazen, Fellow in Botany at Columbia University
1898-1900, who has been pursuing original investigations at the
iti irecto

Fairbanks Museum of Natural Science at Saint Johnsbury, Ver-

109

Dr. Marshall Avery Howe, who has recently been appointed

to the sea-weed flora. William Lang, one of the Museum aids,

these provinces are very meagre and a is a eee that much
material of scientific aie will be obtai
Williams, one of our senior Museum aids, has ac-
depiea the poser of botanist to a syndicate engaged in the
ploration of a large tract of country in ie ivia. He will om
: : h

for La Paz during July and will f the
plants of the region and their products, a set of which will enrich
our museum collections ; on his return he will ly the speci-
ens secured and submit a report to syndicate with special re-
ference to the economic features of the plants collected and ob-
served, It is expected that he will a oe to send Soe seeds for
ae in the Propane ng plants.

Trinidad and Demarara.

Professor Underwood, of the Board of Scientific Directors has
gone to Porto Rico for the purpose of exploring parts of the
island not visited by Mr. Heller during his work there under the

110

operation of the fund contributed for the purpose by Mr. Cor-
F

nelius Vanderbilt in 1899. He accompanies Mr. O. F. Cook, of
the United States Departm of Ag , who is occupied
with a stu the agricultural possibilities of the island, and
who has recently publi ulletin e vexed question
of shade i e cultu u barium collections of the
plants of Porto Rico will thus become quite representative, and

9
Underwood will add somewhat to these; his trip is paid for by
funds contributed by Mr. W. E. Dodge of the Board of Managers.
A botanical eagerat of Slide Mountain in the Catskills and
the vicinity carried out ona field excursion of the Torrey Bo-
tanical Club, May 29th to June 2d, was participated in by several
of our staff, and a large number of plants for the Herbaceous

berry. One of the most interesting scientific finds was a speci-

men
Ulster County ; this is not very perfect, but is important on ac-
count of the rarity of fossils in the rocks of the Catskill Mountains.

Professor Rusby of the Board of Scientific Directors and Dr.
Britton are now engaged in the study of over three thousand fine
eee specimens: collected for i Garden by Mr. Herbert

ever come out of tropical America; Mr. Smith has eee a

ion
&
=i
®
re)
o
&
a
=)
a)
o
fo}
ie}
8

opened by these that it will
to the herbaria at Kew and Berlin for satisfactory pare es

111

r own named specimens from that region not being sufficient
os wholly satisfactory ee in all cases. This study will
have the result of mal Ae our herbarium very rich in specimens
from northern South Am

t de Lautreppe, a mining engineer to an American
u has be

make use of his services by means of money contributed by Mr.
Samuel Sloan of the Board of Managers

y desirable addition has lately been made to the econ-
Messr.

co,
Guadaloupe, nen Australia, and Tahiti, as well as dpecmiens
of the fruit from wild

rbarium nies . st been enriched by two collections of

LA
small set collected there by Mr. W. N. Clute last year.

Sir William Dyer, Director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, Eng-
land, has sent a second installment, since the beginning of the
year, of duplicates from the Kew Herbarium. This collection
contains plants from the East Indies, Samoa, Lagos, Barotonga
and miscellaneous specimens

The food department of the economic museum has, within

starches, pickles, capers, preserves and jellies

112

Mrs. N. L. Britton has augmented both the general and local
febana 2 the garden by presenting the Institution with her

a very complete representation of the flora of that province.

abe first installment of the Vigener Herbarium, the purchase
D hi

has la been received portion igener’s her-
arium contai he Schaffner Mexican collec numbering
about 4,500 specimens, many of them duplicated, and thus valu-

able for future exchanges, and that part of a general collection

consisting of cryptogams, and the flowering plants the

Ranunculaceae to the Leguminosae, according to the DeCandol-

lean System, numbering 10,877 specimens. This important

accession was made by means of funds provided by Mr. Andrew
negie

weather for the month of June has presented a strong

wee:

and 80°. On the 12th the ee recorded temperature was

89.5%, and from this Be until the 22d the maximum temperature

did not exceed 80°, but on that ane the beginning of the long

hot spell, the temperature ran up to 85°, and the daily maxima

rom the 23~30 inclusive were: 91, 87, 8 3, 95, 91, and 97,
a

65, 6
59.5, 64, 70, 71, and 72. During these eight days but .15 inch
of rain fell, and this occurred on the afternoon of the 23d.

Members of the Corporation,

Dr. TimotHy F. ALLEN,
Pror. N. L. BRITTON,
Hon. ADDISON BROWN,
Wm. L. Brown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,
Pror. CHas. F. CHANDLER,
Wm. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cuas. F. Cox,

JOHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST,
Wm. E. DopcE,

Dr. WM. H. DRAPER,
PRoF..SAM’L W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomas F. GILRoy,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HuGH J. GRANT,
HENRY P. Hovyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESUP,

JouHN I. KANE,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
PROF. JAMES F. KEmpP,

Joun S. KENNEDY,

Hon. SETH Low,

Davip LyDIc,

Epcar L. MARSTON,

D. O. MILLS,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Hon. MILEs M. O'BRIEN,
Gro. M. OLcorTtT,

ProF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
GEORGE W. PERKINS,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rt. Rev. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERCY R. PYNE,

JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wm. ROCKEFELLER,
Pror. H. H. Russy,
Wm. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,

HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
Louis C. TIFFANY,

SAMUEL THORNE,

PrRoF. L. M. UNDERWOOD,
WILLIAM H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con-
taining Hehe news and non-technical articles of aa interest. Free to all mem-
bers of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a cop: 1.00 a year. [Not offered in
exchange. ] Vol iy 1900, viii +- 213 pp., 5 plates and 25 figures in text.

of the New York Botanical Sareea; panne: the annual _Teports
of th Mirechars in-Chief and other ndt

the results of investigations carried out in the Garied, va t Nos. 1-5, 449 PP-,

3 maps, and 12 plates, 1896-1900. $3.00. No. 6, 232 pp., 20 plates. Free to all

members of the Garden; to others, 50 cents.

Memoirs of the New trae Botanical Gar Vo ne 1. An Annotated Cat-
alogue of the Flora of Montana and the veleg tare Park , by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,

tailed m rice to members of the Garden, $1.00. To others, |, $2.00.
offered in Cee unae: J

3 from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical papers recite by students or Patek of the staff, and peeeey from journals
other than the above. Price, 25 cents each

No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.

No. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 3. The dichotomous Panicums : some new Species, by Geo. V. Nash.

No. 4. Delphinium Carolinianum and related Species, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 5. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—I, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

No. 6. Notes and Descriptions of North American Plants I and II, by Dr. J. K.
Small.

No. 7. Mid Reproduction and Multiplication in Erythronium, by Fred-
erick H. Blodge’

No. 8. Two new Species of Grimmia from Montana, by R. S. Williams.
No. 9. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—II, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. to. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—III, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

No. 11. Life-history of Schizea pusilla, by Elizabeth G. Britton and Alexandrina
Taylor.

No. 12. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—IV, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 13. Further Studies on the Potentilleae, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 14. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—V, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to
NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PaRK, NEW YORK CITy

Vol, II AUGUST, 1901 No. 20

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR

DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS
PAGE
ULE CURCOVOLV EOD SPI7/6O120r cr seh tats a iieL a Nala al’'p up: t at cea, oteices elds e 113
Puen Warireand Useavofthe) Peanut .. ols) < hace c rea elt lee el caw er oe 114
eee ENE ALR COMMON Es cali an ha. va Gall shied cn( Ghyll ektanie)is. ances 9 Su ts bore 123
LARHIIOY TS CORES RRO Ne LON pe ric es A i a RRR OR ee Re aL 126

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Ar 41 Nortu Queen Street, LAncAsteER, Pa.
spy Tue New Era Printinc Company

OFFICERS, 1901.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX, igs
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON. by

BoARD OF MANAGERS.
1, ELECTED MANAGE

ANDREW CARNEGIE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,

CHARLES F A GEORGE W. PERKINS,

W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER, :
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOA
JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,

D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE

. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN
THE Mayor OF THE City OF NEw York,

HON. R. A. VAN WYCK

CIENTIFIC DIRECTO:
ae are, LOW, eC:
HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES M. O'BRIEN,

PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY
PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROBL SEM. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chief.

DR.
DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Assistant Curator.
GEORGE V. NASH, Hier rden:
ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Peieapi
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.

WA
eae VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vo. I. August, 1901. No. 20.

THE REDISCOVERY OF ELLIOTTIA.

A recent gift of flowering specimens of ElHottia racemosa from

r. P. J. Berckmans recalls the interesting history of that plant

ce not known in the wild state and quite justly thought to be

extinct, except for three plants in cultivation in the grounds of

Berckmans at Augusta, Georgia, and probably another plant
which is said to be in cultivation at Kew, England.

The genus £//ottia is represented by a single species. It is

the h Family, and is a branching shru to ten feet tall,
with particularly deep green leaves and showy white flowers. It
was ered about Waynesboro, Burke , Georgia, early
in the last centur: ephen Elliott, of Charleston, Sou

Carolina, was then publishing his “ Sketch of the Botany of South
Carolina orgia,”” and sent specimens t hlenberg,
of Lancaster, Pa., for examination. Hiott, after giving the
characters and ecpuaiiaa o the plant in the second volume
of his work, says in a note: have inserted it as requested b

as ed by
t. Muhlenberg under this name” [Elliottia]. Dr. Elliott also
states Hat “Mr. Jackson has lately sent it to me from the Oconee
River].
Some time after this Mr. Wray found the plant near Augusta,

eral miles north of the same city, while in 1853 Mr. Olney col-
lected it near Hamburg on the South Carolina side of the Savan-

114

nah River. Mr. H. W. Ravenel has distributed specimens which
b

wasted a lot of aoe dpoking for E/fottia but without success. It
appears to be

Shortly after ie the specimens from Mr. Berckmans, I
received a letter from Mr. R. M. Harper, a student of the Gar-
den

The plants grow in very oe pine lands, almost dry See for
sand hills and this station is forty miles south of the original lo-

ised us one of the three hate from his grounds at Augusta.
JK ALL,

THE NATURE AND USES OF THE PEANUT (Arachis
hypogaea L.).*

This curious plant is of unusual interest in two directions:

a kn
its fruit, saoteciated | in a very low degree by the general Public

* Lecture delivered at the New York Botanical Garden, May 4, 1901.

115

The former subject has been so comprehensively treated by
the late Mrs, Anna S. Pettit in an illustrated paper (Mem. Torr.
Club, 4: 275), that pony an abstract of it will be here presented.

one
escaped therefrom. The others share in its avis ene but
ilize

For the reason above stated, the native place of the peanut or
ground-nut is in some doubt. Only a few writers have taken
the view that it originated outside of tropical America, and their
view appears disproven by the earliest recorded occurrence of the
article in the ancient tombs at Ancon, Peru, where it must have

cultivation, namely, sandy plains in the vicinity of water courses.
It shows but little tendency toward variation.
e plant is a member of ‘the Pea Family (Papilionaceae) and
foliage

position in the amily is ent “appare nt.

Upon germinating it cree a tap-root downward anda aneee
Upon th

to ect. fe)
however, never develops any absorbing root-hairs, and it quickly
undergoes induration and other changes by which its absorbing
powers are apparently lost.
The aérial shoot continues to grow erect throughout the life of
the plant, and never produces any flowers, but from near its base
prostrate branches are thrown out which flower rather near to

116

their point of origin, so that the fruits are borne at no great dis-
tance from the root and main stem. The leaves, somewhat suc-

It is after pollination that the remarkable habits of the plant’
become apparent. The torus elongates into a gynophore, carry-

Grounp-nout,

Fic. 9.

ing the ovary, which itself shows no external signs of develop-
ment as yet, down to the surface of the soil. ane he structure of

rin SS
the soil, the other imparting fexibility nn allowing of specific

117

voluntary rotatory moveinents, yy which the gynophore, bearing
ned an

gynophores elongate, sometimes, as in Helicteres, to an equal ex-
tent, in the atmosphere.
ne other peculiarity of this gynophore is apparently unique.
Its underground portion develops hairs, possessing the same
structure and functions as root-hairs, and it is apparently upon
these that the plant chiefly, if not wholly, relies for terrestrial ab-
ion during the most of its life. If the root be destroyed

after the establishment of this gynophore-absorption, the plant
continues to thri nd produces its fruit a, great num-
ber of small ants are said ate ulverize some soils

ion.
Much deciien: has taken place as to the objects of the

prote ect it against being awent away by the strong pressure to

118

which its heavy growth exposes it. The protection of its ec
hi

or about ten aon Dushels: China Pregucee more than India,
while Africa 5 Il the rest of the world
put together, It will thus be seen that the peanut ranks as one
of the great as productions of the world. In the different
countries where it is grown it is known under y different

in our southern states, ‘‘ Amandao” in Portugal and
“ Peanut,” “ Earth Nut” or “ Ground Nut, ” by which it is uni-
versally known, in English-speaking countries.

It is worth while to point out that it is not a nut, by which

sometimes resorted to. The ground is flooded and the earth,

119

thus softened, is puddled with the feet, aided by sticks, until the
lod

ruits are uncovered and dislodged. These then float to the sur-
fac are swept into some convenient corner, where they are
gathered several times more rapidly than by the ordinary methods
of digging or g Perhaps one of t ost peculiar
habits of this seed is its tendency to germinate upon being wetted
after a season of re’ he rains continue in an ordinary way
up to and beyond the period of maturity the seeds will not ger-

minate ae eens but should a prolonged drought occur,
so as to hasten their maturity, ee will then immediately germi-
nate upon a occurrence of the first rain.

Among the minor uses of i plant are those of the herbage
for forage and of the dry shells for fuel. A curious property of
the latter, the nature of which has not been investigated, is their
tendency to repeal the attacks of white ants. For this purpose,

quently lined with these shells. The ground shells also find
some use in this country, one New York dealer having a stand-
ing order for a car-load of them, weekly.
he chief uses of the peanut are of the seeds for food and of
the oil extracted from them. dhe African tribes are said to have
used them largely as food during our slave-owning period, and
they formed the chief article of food supplied to the slaves dur-
ing their voyage.
Their food-val pproxi ly shown in the following table :

hb

ch, 12. %

i

5%

This composition, with its large percentages of fat and albu-
s

that one must use it in moderation, but this is almost equally true

120

of the pea and the bean. a the same time, this abjceton is not
nearly so great as assumed by our people, who recognize it as a

cellent, nourishing, easily digested and laxative food, capable, ‘tf
carefully used, of improving an impaired digestion

“si
+ Porta Carel ina’

1. Virginia (*Jasbo"?

-
4. Tennassse. . é

i

Fic. 10,

m informed,-on reliable aon that arrangements are
ese for distribu a these Spanish peanuts, on a large
scale, in this city, by means of slot-machines. Peanuts are also
easily digested when bo ile nd

hose persons who live where food is scarce or in small variety

n soups, grated or chopped in hash, mixed in bread or corn
cakes, and in other ways. Of course, one’s natural sense would

121

teach him that it is desirable to mix so highly concentrated an
article with coarser and especially with farinaceous substances.

extend the use of the peanut as a = in this country and the
prospects of success appear exceller
In tropical America, a oe pen or Beer is made from

African oil, besides being produced in the largest ang, is of
the first quality, bringing from 56 cents to $1.00 a gallon, the
American next at 59 cents, the Indian poorest at from 40 to 50
cents

It may be stated that the manufacture of oil in this country
has not proven successful, and it is doubtful if any considerable
quantity is now produced here. 7

There are various methods for extracting the oil. The ‘cold
drawn,” produced by a light pressure, with little or no artificial
heat, is of a very pale yellow or faintly greenish color and has a

of two of the ee eke acids of eg sat aturated series, namely
meets acid ( 2,H,,O,), along with

oleic acid of ns aie series.’
An important fact in regard to this oil is that if it be freed from
a small amount of free fatty acid present in it, it shows much less

122
of a tendency to become rancid than do other fixed oils, so that
it becomes highly available for use as a permanent cooking-fat
or butter- oe especially in tropical countries.
Concerning the use of this oil, we have to proceed from two

s
mous scale as an adulterant of or substitute for more expensive
bl

of castile ee the genuine being made from olive oil.
Asi

getting, and for whi is paying, the u f peanut oil for
these purposes is unobjectionable j rica, are some-
times the victims of prejudice at the v: i are mos
congratulating ourselves upon our intelligence and refinement

tion, when it is equally or even more nutritious and digestible,
and when it can be obtained at a fraction of the cost, is it not
rather uncomplimentary to our good sense that we should reject
it? Certainly, the finer grades of cold-drawn peanut oil make an

excellent article for table use, if we it accounts of
the many persons who use it habitually, while for ing pur-
poses, and especially for carrying upon expeditions into tropical

and other countries where petroleum is scarce, are largely used
for illumination, while comeecile is also burned for heating

123

purposes. That which is unfit for ees uses can be well em-

ty.
Both the oil and the finely-grated seeds are consideraly used
as adulterants of chocolat
ne of the curious uses 6f the oil in India is for the fixation of
the red dye obtained from Aforinda citrifolia. It is also said to

The cake which remains after the rag of the oil is an
exceedingly valuable cattle food, although, by reason of its
ighly albuminous nature, it his to be used with caution, and

ergency c

inally, we might mention ne an intelligent and eminent
African traveler, commenting upon the great development of the
industry of cultivating the peanut among some of the lowest and
most savage African tribes, has accorded to it a high rank as
an agent of civilization in that country.

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.

Advantage of the opportunity of securing a large quantity of
broken rock is being taken this summer while the grading in
front of the Museum Building is in progress, for the Telford

g
the Herbaceous eae one 7 om the Musee Building to ie
West Lake, th partially t
way station to the Te teete ae ia Hemlock Forest, a
delivery road from the main driveway to the rear of the Museum
Building and the road from the main driveway past the Her-

124

baceous Garden to the Hemlock Forest, the southern continua-
am

oO
with John B, Devlin will nearly complete the road and path
system west of the Bronx River and south of the Fruti-

. G, Lloyd, of Cincinnati, Ohio, a student of the larger
Fungi, spent nearly a month at the Garden this summer in ex-

secution of his proposed monograph of North American speci
of these interesting p. r. Lloyd has succeeded admirably
in photo Fungi, and he has kindly contributed a larg

number of photographs and artotypes for our Museum col-
lections.
ae July the herbarium of Mr, L. Y. Chamberlain, which

consists of nearly one thousand specimens mainly from
Angeles County, Chan and New England.

Considerable attention was devoted to the installing of speci-
mens of the local flora in the swinging frames in the Systematic

md g the ea
the present time the frames contain nearly all of the lichens,

common or local name of the plant, the botanical name, the

125
habitat and the general geographic distribution. A copy of one
of these labels is appended:
WHITE WILLOW
SALIX ALBA L.
In moist soil
New Brunswick and Ontario to Pennsylvania
Native of Europe

Several years ago Mrs. Esther Herrman presented the her-
barium of the late Mr. Har Edwards to the Garden. This

America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and the Islands of the
Pacific Ocea he erican plants are chiefly from California
and New En

HW

stom
together comprise the Garden ethan in: each sheet of the Ed-
wards herbarium bears a small label with this recor
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
HERBARIUM OF MR HARRY EDWARDS
PRESENTED BY Mas. ESTHER HERRMAN, 1897

The herbarium and museum specimens lately presented to the
Garden by bas ibelean aera a Natural FUStOVy are now be-
ing he
material comprising this addition to the Garden herbarium con-
sists of a miscellaneous and general collection of ae the

<, and sets of the Seler ai the
Lumholtz and Hartman Mexican plants.

ism
a.
wn
°
5
z
a]
=
fo
S
o
ee

126

In strong contrast with the excessive dryness of June has been
°

wa
ee of July, the greatest piscisiaton occurring on the afternoon
he sth, when 2.5 inches fell in about one-half an hour ; this’
was during the severe thunder-storm which visited this region
on that date and damaged many trees. On four additional dates
the daily rainfall exceeded 1 inch, on the 4th, 7th, oth, and 12th;
in fact, the first part of the month was much wetter than the last,

month, on hen 101.5° was recorded in the herbaceous
grounds at about 2:30 in the afternoon, the minimum o

of the same date occurring about 11 he previous day
was slightly if any cooler, but on the 3d the temperature had
ropped maximum of 95°, and did not again climb above
the go° mark until the 18th, when g1.5° recorde e
Ioth, 21st, 22d, 24th, 29th and 30th also recorded tempera-
tures equalling or exceeding go°, attaining respectively: go°,
93.5°, 92°, 91°, 92° and 92.5°. e following minima oc-

curred : 8th, 62.5°; 10, 62.3"; 2oth, 60° ; and the 27th, 51.5°,
the lowest recorded during the monte The month was charac-
terized by excessive humidity, in spite of the great rainfall.

ACCESSIONS,
LIBRARY.
(Continued from June issue. )
few York rg Entomologist, Report, 1883-1897. 6 vols. (Given by Prof. L.
M Ger

ICHOLSON, Beas The ** 1900”? Suppl t to the Dicti Gardening.
. London, 1900-1901. 2 vols,

127

t Magazin for Naturvidenskaberne. Christiania, 1876-1900. 17 vols. (By
ae with the Botanical Gardens, Christiania. )
PATOW: ILHELI ‘ommentatio historico-naturalis de Familia Fungorum
Boletoideorum. Berlin, 1836. {Given by William chermerhorn, Esq.
Report of the Sta’e Botanist 0 on erase Fungi of New York,
emoir of the New York State Museum. 1. 3, no, 4. Albany, 1900.
(Given by the Author. }
Pozzi-Escot, E. Les Diastases et leurs Applications. Paris, 1900.
eport of the Commissioner of Agriculture on sa Diseases of Cattle it the United
i . (Given by Prof. L, M. Underwood. )
eu " Horticulture Belge et Etrangére. Gand, 1898-rgoo. 3 vols. (By
exchange with American Gardening.)
Revue Horticole. Paris, 1898-1900. 3 vols. (By exchange with American Gar-
dening.
Royal Horticultural Society. Journal, 1900. Parts 1-3, 1901. London.

Sacra, RAMON DE Historia fisica politica y pare de la Isla de Cuba.
Botanica. 3 vols. (Ge by Prof. Manuel Gomez de la

ScHENK, A. Aan. ‘hk der Botanik. Breslau 1879- fn i vols. (Given by
William C pe pate

ScHLECHTER, R. Westafrikanische Kautschuk- Expedition. 1899-1900. Berlin,
1900.

ScHiicu, WiLLiaM. Manual of Forestry, Ed. 2. London, 1896. 5 v

ScHLICHT, ALBERT. Bettrage sur peau oo i Sahl und der ae
der Mykorhizen, WD

Berlin, 1889.
(Given by William C. Schermerhorn, Esq. )

ULZ, AUGUST. ‘ntwicklungsgeschichte der > egomwartige Phaner-
ogamenflora und Se oe Skandinavischen Halbin. der benachbarten
Schwedischen und Norwegischen Inseln. Stuttgart, 1900. “(Give nm by Willias

orn, Esq.
NN, BERTHOLD. evision i the Natural Order Hederaceae. London,
1868, ee by Mr. C. L, Alle:
ERNA ER. andinaviska Vegetationens Spridningsbiologi.
Upsala, for ae = ae a Botanical Club,
, H. B. ty of Bermuda. Hamilton, Bermuda, 1900. (Given by

Smithsonian Institution, An

zal Report of the Board of 7 Sor the year end-
ing June 30th, 1897. Weshington , Igo1. (Given by Dr. N. L. Britton.
exas Academy of Science, Transactions, Austin, 1897-1900. 2 vols. (By
The American Naturalist. Salem, Mass. 10 vols, (Given by Dr. Timothy F.
a
ET, GUSTAVE. Etudes Phycologiques. Paris, 1878, (Given by William
Cc Cem sq.)
LDO, eS Modern Meteorology. London, 1899. (Given by William C.

ORN, JOHANNES. cones plantarum ‘medicinalium. Niwnberg, 1779-1790.
6 vols. (Given by William C, Schermerhorn, Esq. )

128

: z SEEDS. :
293 packets of trees and shrubs. (By exchange with Royal Gardens, Kew,
England.)

997 haga of herbaceous’ plants. (By exchange with Royal Gardens, Kew,
a id.) ‘

1029 packets of miscellaneous plants.

Lyons, France.

99 pac! ag of miscellaneous plants. (By exchange with Messrs. Vilmorin-And-
rieux & ., Paris, France.)

55 packets ee i pl Purchased from R. M Andrews, Boulder, *
Colo.)

By exchange with the Botanic Garden,

39 packets 5 New aa plants. (By exchange with Mr. Cockayne, New
Sone: poe terbury, New
ackets - alsa plants. (By exchange with the Botanic Garden,
Lausanne, Switzerland.
371 packets of miscellaneous plants. (By exchange with the Botanic Gatden,
Christiania, Norway. )
packets of aie plants. (By exchange with the Botanic Garden,
Karlsruhe, me
117 packets of eer plants. (By exchange with the Botanic Garden,
ae Holland.
223 packets of miscellaneous plants. (By exchange with the Botanic Garden,
Zurich. ‘
17 packets of miscellaneous plants from Cuba. (Given by Mr. John Bestel-
meyer. ) ;
I packet

alace of Empress Dowager of China, Pek-
in, (Given i "Brigadier: -General ice ot Wilson. )

PLANTS.

645 representing 323 species. (By exchange with the Royal
Gardens, Kew, a ind
o herbaceous plants, representing as many species, (By exchange with the
Royal Gardens, pat England. )
2 tender su nt plants, representing, 151 species. (By exchange with the
Royal ee Kew, ngland.

w

156 of willows, one 52 species and varieties. (By exchange
“ we vt Gardens, Kew, Englai a.)
of. poplars, rep
Sea a. Kew, England. )
234 woody plants and succulents for the conservatories. (By exchange with the,
Royal Gardens, Kew, England.
96 culent plants; mainly for the conservatories. (Purchased from Mr. Chas.
Simon, Pai France,
plants from Jamaica, W. 1. (Obtained by Mr. Henshaw. )
lants. (By exchange with the Buffalo Botanic Garden, West Seneca, N. Y.)
8 plants from Florida. (Given by Miss A. M. Small.
7 plants for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. John Bestelmeyer. )

a

q

varieties. (By exchange with

a tw

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. TimotHy F. ALLEN, Hon. SETH Low,

Pror. N. lL. BRITTON, DavipD LyDIG,

Hon. ADDISON BROWN, Epcar L. MARSTON,
Wm. L. BRowN, D. O. MILLS,

ANDREW CARNEGIE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
ProF. CHAS. F. CHANDLER, THEO. W. MYERS,

Wm. G. CHOATE, Hon. MiLEs M. O’BRIEN,
Hon. EDWARD COOPER, Gro. M. OLcort,

Cuas. F. Cox, ProF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
JOHN J. CROOKE, GEORGE W. PERKINS,

W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES R. PITCHER,

ROBERT W. DE FOREST, Rr. REv. HENRY C. POTTER,

Wm. E. DopcE, PERcY R. PYNE,
ProF. SAM’L W. FAIRCHILD, JouN D. ROCKEFELLER,
GEN. LouIS FITZGERALD, Wm. ROCKEFELLER,
RICHARD W. GILDER, Pror. H. H. Russy,
Hon. THomas F. GILRoy, Wn. C. SCHERMERHORN,
PARKE GODWIN, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
Hon. HucH J. GRANT,

HENRY P. Hoyt,

HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR., Wo. D. SLOANE,
Morris K. JEsup,

Joun I. Kane,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
EUGENE KELLY, JR., Louis C. TIFFANY,
PROF, JAMES F. KEMP, SAMUEL THORNE,

Joun S. KENNEDY, ProF. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

WiLLiaAM H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

f the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con-

taining notes, news and non-technical articles of Sapa ral interest. Free to all m
bers of the Garden. To others, 10 ee a copy; $1.00 a year. [Not . oferea oe in
exchange.] Vol. I, 1900, viii + 213 35 plates, and 25 figures in text.

New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports
of the Director-in-Chief and other d bodyi

ef >

the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Vol. I, Nos. 1-5, 449 pp.,

3 maps, and 12 plates, ences 3-00. No. 6, 232 pp., 20 plates. Free to all
members of the Garden; to others, 50 cents.

Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, Vol. An Annotated Cat-

alogue of the Flora se eyo a the Yellowstone Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,

assistant curator o} An arrangement and critical Bereta of th

e
Pteridophytes and Phnneraeenee of the region with notes from the author’s field book
and including eter ae of 163 new species. ix -+ 492 pp. Ray: 8vo, with de-
tailed map. Price to members of the Garden, $1.00. To others, $2.00. [Not
offered in exchan ee al

ontributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
cal Wanee! written by students or ea a of the staff, and reprinted from journals
ater than the above. Price, 25 cents

No. 1. Symbiosis and Saprophytism, by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.

No. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

No. 3. The dichotomous Panicums > some new Species, by Geo. V. Nash.
No. 4. Delphini li d Species, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 5. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—I, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
‘ a 6. Notes and Descriptions of North American Plants I and II, by Dr. J. K.
Small.

AN (obs Pea cece Reproduction and Multiplication in Erythronium, by Fred-
erick H. Blodge

No. 8. Two new Species of Grimmia from Montana, by R. S. Williams.

No. 9. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—I1, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

No. 10. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—III, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No, 11. Life-history of Schizea pusilla, by Elizabeth G. Britton and Alexandrina
No. 12. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—IV, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 13. Further Studies on the Potentilleae, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 14. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—V, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to

NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YoRK CITY

Vol. Il SEPTEMBER, 1901 No. 21

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR

DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS

PAGE
Report on Scandinavian Botanical Gardens. ..........-..-+.-.4-. 129
second Flowering of the Tulip-Tree. .......-20+.-+.55-+2-- 136
International Conference on Plant Breeding and Hybridization. ....... 138
Noteworthy Accession for the Conservatories, ......-.--+++-+s 140
EE NIE CcOITINIP NIG 2 oc yey. poy! ip ly Gel" spo pe Rh a eS ee es 142
A Fund for the Preservation of Native Wild Flowers ........... 144

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

Ar 4x Nortu Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa.
sy Tue New Era Printinc Company

OFFICERS, 1901.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VicE-PRESIDENT—ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF MANAGERS.
1, ELECTED MANAGERS.
ANDREW CARNEGIE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,

CHARLES F 5 GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON. GEO. C. CLAU:
THE MAyor OF THE City oF NEw York,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK

CIENTIFIC DIRECTOR:
ao geen LOW, ae ee

HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES M. O'BRIEN,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY,
PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chief.

‘DR. MARSHALL A, HOWE, Assistant Curator.
GEORGE V. NASH, Head Gardener.
ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Lidrarian.
IDR: SHegel, aaa Curator of the Economic Collections.
. F.

L’
CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vo. II. September, 1901. No. 2r.

REPORT OF DR. P. A. RYDBERG, ASSISTANT
CURATOR, ON THE SCANDINA IAN
TANICAL GARDENS.
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-in- Chief.
Dear Siy: According to your request, J visited during my
stay in Scandinavia this summer the botanical gardens at Gothen-

herbarium specimens, materials for the museums and seeds for
the plantations.

season of the year was inopportunate for exchanges,
partly because most plants were then just in bloom, and partly

at fro i
pent ts or southern eee cole by Dr. Nordstedt, and

+}

from
mountains. The former will probably all prove hardy in our
herbaceous garden and the latter will be a valuable acquisition
for our future Alpinum
129

130

to the museum material, the directors of the gardens have

we rised
one there and i ellaiene that have been brought together.

The Botanical Garden at Copenhagen is situated on the site of
a part of the old fortifications of the city. The remnants of the

and residence for the director, a spacious conservatory and a
seum which is, however, aliogtier too several for the collections
brought tooether there. It c i m and a

Warming’s Brazilian plants and t est Arctic collection in the
world tter surpasses even considerably that at Kew. I
spent t ay: a half in looking over their Greenland plants

and is valuable information concerning our arctic-alpine
flor:

Nee the laboratory and director's residence is the ex
d

f beds with herbs or shrubs in the lawn, one for each family or
still more often one for each genus. The trees were also scat-

131

tered, but more numerous along the sides of the garden. The
greatest drawback to the garden was ain circumstance that the
garden is situated too near th part of the city and

more level und, like Copenhagen, is situate t country
s far as I know, nd never ha fortifications, and the
rockeries are, as at Kew, wholly artificial. a. at Lund

is asad free from. smoke and au plantations a vey well.

ee distichunt; this tree, native of North America, reaches
°

the

15,000 inhabitants) and the facilities of the second university of

I nation are considered, the collection is surprisingly rich.
It has been built up by such men as Areschoug, Agardh and the
present professor, Berggren. A fine accession to the collection
has lately been received, as Professor Agardh has bequeathed
his whole herbarium and botanical library to the university. The
collection of algological books is probably the largest in the
world.

The botanical garden at Gothenburg is scarcely a botanical
garden in a strict sense. It is a private undertaking, based o

restaurant in the garden and the gate-money (2.7 cents in our

132

money per person). The place is therefore more a pleasure re-
sort and ornamental lola: although some part is set aside for

fered me several big palms and tree-ferns, if we were willing to
pay for the transportation.

The “ Hortus Bergianus” at Stockholm was established

is perhaps ess wooded than esirable ; but in in a few years this

cial
teresting was the “ Alpinum” on top of the hill behind the di-

sphere, reaching the height of 250 feet ; Professor Sargent in his
Silva gives its height up to 200 feet. In the garden are many
hedges of Norway Spruce ; but these were planted not so much for
ornament as for making substantial windbreaks.

Professor Wittrock is an enthusiastic ‘ botanical gardener.”

133

though a scientific man of high standing, he lays aside, if not
disdains, other scientific work, in order to make his garden a real
botanical garden and as he said himself ‘to study the living
things.” ‘He spends all the time he can among his plants. It is
a pity, however that his in is rather poor and he is often con-
fined to his house. One e finest sights was his collertign of
columbines, which he now is > dying in the same way as he
studied the ania some yea:

The director t his laboratory and library.

The former and the halls were ornamented with the portraits of
hundreds of botanists from all parts of the world. Many familiar
faces from America met me there. The fine, although small, con-
servatory contained among other things specimens of Victoria.

he herbarium is located in the city, a Pils “s “ Riksmuseum.”
It is a fine collection, rich especially in S d Brazilian
plants. Dr. Rignell, a physician who resided for years in Brazil,
gave a large fund, the interest of which may be used for the in-
ora

son, who publis a large monograph, te the genus Salix
for DeCandolle’s Prodromus and helped in preparing the manu-
script for Hooker’s Flora Boreali-Americai I took many valu-

able notes regarding species occurring in this country.

The old botanical garden at Upsala was situated on the lowlands
d suffe fi

botanical garden at Upsala. Lately Hammarby has been bought
y an association, somewhat in the same way as Mount Vernon,
Washington’ s home, and has been partly restored to its old con-
itions.
The new garden is situated on a plateau above the University

134

and not far from the Old Castle. The location is not the very

me. The p

tate weeding, and where the plants had grown up, the rings had
developed into nice, bouquet-like bunches. Under the new direc-
torship of Saw Kjellman, a veseanecaicnt of the systematic
order has been begun; the work was in progress when I was
there. te sequence is to be that of Engler & Prantl’s “ Natiir-
lichen Pflanzen-Familien,” the same as adopted b

The garden also contains a conservatory, ihe residence
of the head-gardener and a museum-laboratory. This is a curious
old-fashioned [J shaped bailing with the hottom of the

v The northwes

a ryptogamic
lections, a result principally of the work of the two Fries, father
and son. Itis hoped that the large collections of the present
director, Professor Kjellman, will be secured by the institution in
the near future. Unfortunately, eee possesses very little

the collections of Linnaeus, which were mostly bought by .
Linnaean Society of Londor

he botanical garden ae collections at Christiania, ; are per-

ai
7)

avia. is
the fault of the men in charge; for Professor Wille is indeed an
energetic man, and his predecessor, Professor Blytt, was very

135

well known among botanists; but it depends on vety natural

e .
museum contains a rich collection of seeds, rugs and pronoun

g th ell on account of lack of water. The City of
Christiania has not done what it could do garden; only
the greenhouse and the nearest plantations are supplied with

n
water. The director has not succeeded in getting an extension ot
the pipes from the waterworks to the rest of the garden.

The plan of the garden is novel and suggestive. The largest

tions se the same purpose on rt ro e
buildings is and will be an ornamental garden; the rest of the
ground is laid out in lawns with sanded walks e and there

along the walks are the systematic plantations, The plantation
of each family (or in the larger families, each tribe or genus)
consists of a series of beds in concentric half circles. The cen-
ba is at the edge of the walk and bears a wooden label of the

in the same ae the former having glass only on the south
side. Altho not spacious, sae contain many rare plants.
Victoria was on ane when I was th

136

I also visited the Royal Botanical Garden at Kew. I spent
four days in the herbarium, looking up the types on which
ican:

n
Although many of Pursh’s and Nuttall’s plants were there, I
could not find, however, what I most wanted.

PB

wks BERG,
New York Botanical GARDEN, Assistant Curator,
ugust 20, IgOI.

SECOND FLOWERING OF THE TULIP-TREE.

An interesting illustration of variation in the time of flowerin
of plants was recently seen in a tulip tree, Liriodendron Tulip-
era, growing in the New York Botanical Garden, near the
western end of the Museum Building. This tree flowered abun-
dantly during the latter part of May a and on July 6 a few

ey
usually originate in the axils the first or second leaf of the
shoot bearing the spring fone following the same sequence
noticeable when several blossoms are developed from a branch
in May.

It is ies to suggest the cause of a variation of this kind,
which I believe has not been reported before in the case of
rere The tree is a perfectly thrifty plant about 20 m.

1.2 m.in circumference. It has grown in the open and

a e 0 r
trunk that characterize the other representatives of this elegant
and stately tree which is abundantly represented in the Garden.

187

Variation in the flowering period of the apple and pear is of

common occurrence and usually in such cases an injury or decay

of a portion of the stem furnishes a ready explanation of this

interrupted periodicity. A noteworthy illustration of this was
e em

ni last year at Tremont. A roadway en cut
rough near a chestnut, necessitating the removal of several
large roots his did not interfere with the flowering of the tree
or the maturation of the fruit. out the toth of September

the greener sward of the turf. It appears reasonable to suppose
that a more extended root system ue by reason ne this con-
dition and the additional food su tl

in the unusual flowering. ene factor that may have played

flowering copi i earlier conditio: re not suffi-
ciently unfavorable to interfere noticeably with the growth of the
tree but the drought and heat later may h as an effectual

check and with the renewal of favorable conditions the spring

138

conditions may have been ee! repeated. Certainly the
most noticeable feature of the tree is the unusual number of vig-
orous new shoots. Several pe trees in the Gardens show this

0
of the wood will be made in the fall for the purpose of observing
if there is any indication of a second renewal of growth in the
annual zone of this year’s wood. C. C. Curtis.

THE an are CONFERENCE ON PLANT
EEDING AND HYBRIDIZATION.

As already noted in this JouRNAL, - Horticultural Society of
ew York, at its June yous held at the Garden, took pre-

liminary steps to arrange for aa et conference on Plant
reeding and Hybridisation, to be held here in

02. The Council of the Society has so far advanced the plans
fe this important conference as to be able to present the follow-
ue partial programme:

. Results of ne cabanas and Plant Breeding in Canada
atte by specimens). Wm. Saunders, Director of the

ee Farm, Ottawa, Canada.

. Notes on Plan eding in California. E. J. Wickson,
Hoviculunse eee a Experiment Setion, University of
California.

3. Plant SF in New Jersey (illustrated by specimens).

. D. Halsted, Professor of Botany in Rutgers College, New
Prue: WN.

4. tid Phaniss . A, Waugh, Horticulturist, Vermont
Agricultural oe Station.

5. Variations in Hybrids not Appearing in the First Generation,
but Later. E. S. Goff, Horticulturist, Agricultural Experiment
Station, University of Wisconsin

6. Results in the Breeding o Species of Ricinus. E. Mead
Wilcox, Botanist, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

as
>
®
c
&
e
=)
5
°
2

139

7. On Orchid Hybrids (illustrated by specimens of the par
and progeny). Oakes Ames, Ames Botanical Laboratory,
ee n, Mass.

. The Wild Hybrids of the North American Flora (illustrated
os specimens of the parents and progeny). David George,
Museum Aid, New York Botanical Garden.

. Hybrid Beans, R. A. Emers died Agricul-
ara Experiment Station, University ‘of Nebras

10. Cytological Aspects of Hybrids. W. A. en Columbia
ee New York Cit
. Correlation Between the Fruit and Other Portions of the
ee in Form, Color and Other Characteristics (illustrated by
specimens). S.A. Beach, Horticulturist, New York State Experi-
ment Station, Genev
Papers, the titles w which have not yet been communicated,

by fol g

Delegates representing the Boi al Horticultural Society of
England; K. C. Pale West Virginia Agricultural Experiment
rice, a Agricultural Experiment Station ;
J. Craig, Cornel! a Ithaca, N. Y.; J. C. Whitten, Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, Columbia, Mo. ; S. B. Green, Agri-
cultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota: Luther

Burbank, Santa Rosa, Cal.; C. W. Ward, Queens, N. Y.;
van Fleet, M.D., Little Silver, N. J.; H. J. Webber, and bihers

n
=
we
o.
cs)
i=]
q

The Se of the following institutions has already been
promise:

The Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture,
Department of Agriculture Dominion of Canada, Royal Horti-

New York Spe nae Scho o of Eicicl
It d Horticulture, rican PI iety,
Tor orrey Botanical Club, the ce baa Expenmient cations of
the United States.
Inquiries relative to the conference should be addressed to
LEonarD Barron, Secretary,
136 Liberty St., New York.

140

A NOTEWORTHY ACCESSION FOR THE
ERVATORIES

rough an exchange arranged during the past summer wi
the National Botanic Garden, and the Division of Plant ae
bot ashi i

others which we already had, was secured. They were shipped
in a special express car and came through without change in fine
condition.

From the National Botanic Garden many large specimens were
pae through the courtesy and kindness of Mr. W. R.
ith, who has had charge of the valuable ere at that in-
stitution for many years, and has seen many of the plants grow

tree, but quite different in appearance, was another welcome
ition,
Many smaller specimens of other species were acquired, and
among them a queer-looking little Ficus, F. guercifolia, its oak-

141

like leaves _making very evident the derivation of its specific
m

A, pubescens. This specimen has branching but mot forked
fronds, so it can hardly belong to that sp to the pres-
ent time we h en to satisfactorily place it. Nativ
st Indies are Phyllanthus angustifolia and Pimenta
officinalis, bot i include the collection, the
latter being the sou Ispice. Another interesting specime
is Dacrydium cupressinum, one o coniferous tre
Zeal Small, b y in its foliage, is a Xantheranthemum

,
which was in the collection ; it is related to XY. igneum. Severa
desirable Drow lies were also obtaine

were also secured, largely of an economic nature. everal
varieties of the pine: are are included am ae theses also 12
varieties ° Iti A good spec

S,
this source which is used in the manufacture of bay-rum. Ch/or-
anthus officinalis, of the Malay region, and Glycosmis penta-

laboratories, is the true seasiive.clane Mimosa sensitiva, This

responds much more slowly to external stimuli than h
humble plant, AZ pudica, h has been in the collections for
some time sensitive is this latter species that it assumes a
wilted appearance upon slightest touch or jar. Both o:
these b in hou °. on the north side of the
ce ben nd. Another plant of economic in-

ter ch, the east e

terest is Custos elastica, one of ei ules alee a wae of
XxICO. ing a touch o

and of showiness in its red flowers, is Jatropha multi a a native

of tropical regions. Two plants of this were received, It is

142

related to our ii stimulosa of Florida, or the white nettle
as it is called t

Both Mr. Smith or Mr. Galloway furnished every facility for
the proper moving of the plants, and did all in their power to
expedite the process, and we feel grateful to them for their help
GeorcE V. Nasu.

and courtesy.

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.

Professor N. L.Britton, director-in-chief, left for St. Kitts and
other of the Windward Islands, on August 30th, accompanied by
t ffi i

r. Jo . Cowe
The object of their expedition is to obtain living tropical plants
and seeds for the conservatory collections, specimens for the

public museums, and as complete a collection of herbarium speci-
mens of these islands as can be obtained during a month or six

Unde
work in Porto Rico made possible by funds contributed by Mr.
W. E. Dodge

Professor L. M. Underwood, of the scientific directors, whose

ex
ploration begun by Dr. P. A. Rydberg, whose studies on the
botany of that region are published in five numbers of Garden
Contributions and in volume 1 of our Memoirs, preliminary to
the publication of his exhaustive Flora of the Northern Rocky

143
Mountains now in preparation. A recent gift from‘Mr. Adrian
Iselin has made the extension of the important work possible.

Professor D. T. Mac Dougal, tis assistant, who has spent a

s absence in the West Indies. Dr. MacDougal was accom-
panied by Mr. Wilson Harris, as a voluntary assistant, and secured

a large number of living plants for th door plantations,
many kinds of seed for growing additional species, and over go
numbers of herbari nd museum specimens, collectively in-
ludin ore than 3, eci s n additi ese a con-
siderable number of duplicates from the collections of the n-
tana University were obtained. e expenses of the expedition
have been paid from funds contributed b
of the board of managers. Professor MacDougal attended the
eeting of the American Association for the Advancement o

Science held at Denver, August 24th to 29th, acting in the im-
portant position of secretary of the council of the Association.

rcy Wilson, museum aid, who was sent to the East

Singapore, and at Buitenzorg, J w. was most kindly
received, and arranged with these institutions for important ex-
changes of plants, books and specimens. Ou ks are due to

r. Fox, ingapore garden to Professor Treub, of

. of the Sing:
the Buitenzorg institution, for their interest in facilitating Mr.
Wilson’s work, which will be reported on in detail by him in a
subsequent issue of the JOURNAL.

T h has shown extremes in neither temperature
nor rain eas although its rainfall of 8.56 inches has

144

been ae sufficient though unevenly distributed. The
r

aths were much washed in some places. The next greatest

rainfall was on the 7th, when 1.17 inches fell, On 16 days out

31 there was more or less precipitation, but on no single

day, with the exception of the two instances mentioned above,

did the rainfall amount to one inch, and frequently it was but a
few hundredths of an inch.

t no time during the month did the temperature ascend be-
yond go degrees, and the lowest record was 52.5, the fluctua-
tion usually being between 60 and go, the last three oe, how-
ever, recording a night temperature of less than

A FUND FOR THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVA-
TION OF NATIVE WILD FLOWERS.

Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes and Miss Caroline Phelps Stokes
d

two h is amount, two hundred is e
added to the Special Book Fund, and the remaining three thou-
is to constitute a new fund, the income of which is to be

na
administration will doubtless accomplish much in the promotion
of a healthy public sentiment in the matter.

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. TIMOTHY F. ALLEN,
Pror. N. lL. BRITTON,
Hon. ADDISON BRown,
Won. L. BRown,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,
Pror. CHas. F. CHANDLER,
Wm. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cas. F. Cox,

JOHN J. CROOKE,

W. BayvARD CUTTING,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST,
Won. E. DopGE,

PROF. SAM’L W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomas F, GiLRoy,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HucH J. GRANT,
HENRY P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JEsup,

JouN I. Kang,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
PROF. JAMES F. KEMP,

Joun S. KENNEDY,

Hon. SETH Low,

DavipD LyYDIG,

Epcar LL. MArRsTon,

D. O. MILLS,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Hon. MILES M. O'BRIEN,
Gro. M. OLcort,

PrRoF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
GEORGE W. PERKINS,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rt. REV. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERCY R. PYNE,

JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wm. ROCKEFELLER,

Pror. H. H. Russy,

Wn. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMEs A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wm. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
Louis C. TIFFANY,

SAMUEL THORNE, :

Pror. lL. M. UNDERWOOD,

WitiiaM H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Let the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con-

aini a notes, news and non-technical articles of ere interest. Free to all mem-

bers of the Garden To others, 10 cents a cop I.00 a year. [Not offered in
ange.] Vol. I, 1900, viii + 213 pp., 5 nine and 25 figures in text.

Bulletin of the mew. rok Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports
r-in-Chief a

of the Dir
the results of i nyestiga tiara ad out in the Garden. Vol. I, Nos. 1-5, 449 Pps
3 maps, and 12 plates, 1896-1900. $3.00. No. 6, 232 pp., Bs plates. Free to all
members of the Garden; to others, 50 cents.

Memoirs of the New York Botanical Gar Vol. 1. An Annotated Cat-
alogue o' of the Flora of Montana and the yalbne ‘Park, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,
assistant curator of the museums. n arrangement and critical discussion of the

al

and including descriptions of 163 new species. ix -+ 492 pp. Roy. 8vo, with de-
tailed map. rice to members of the Garden, $1.00. To others, $2.00. [Not
offered in exchange. ]

outributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of tec
sinatl ee written Ach Air or aren of the staff, and reprinted from jaaeeal
other than the abov. Price, 25 cents
No. 1. Symbiosis and eee by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.

No. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

No. 3. The dichotomous Panicums : some new nee by Geo. V. Nash.
No. 4. Delphini lei pecies, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 5. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—I, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
. ne 6. Notes and Descriptions of North American Plants I and II, by Dr. J. K.
mail,

No. 7. pli case Reproduction and Multiplication in Zrythronium, by Fred-
erick H: Blo odgett.

No. 8. Two new Species of Grimmia from Montana, by R. S. Williams.

No. 9. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—II, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 10. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—III, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
o. 11. Life-history of Schizea pusilla, by Elizabeth G. Britton and Alexandrina
No. 12. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—-IV, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 13. Further Studies on the Potentilleae, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.

No. 14. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—V, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
All subscriptions and remittances should be sent to

NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BRONX PaRK, NEW YORK CITY

of OCTOBER, 1901 No, 22

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR

DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

| CONTENTS

PAGE
| NIUE VA BNG Lectures 0. sk lee ee ge ata eet
‘The Houses a Mursesicn RUA Ra Mea cece ate ics Akt N) va Oats 146
| PORERME MANIC SGOIMMINENT 2.0 5. aisle ca © me ose: wrin ) e ae 8 8 es 150
‘ee STEERS ESTEE SIA a sce NE Og one re ata al er 153

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

AT i viene oo gat Street, LANCASTER, Pa.
vy TH -w Era Printinc Company

OFFICERS, 1901.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VICE- Passions ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N, L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF MANAGERS.
1. ELECTED MANAG

ANDREW CARNEGIE, Ae FiEREONE MORGAN,

CHARLES F. COX, GEORGE W. PERKINS,

W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,

WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON. G CLAUSEN

THE MAyor OF THE CiTy OF NEw YorRK,
ON A. VAN WYCK

. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
ON. SETH LOW, CuarRMan.

H
HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES M. O'BRIEN,
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H. H. SBY,
PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Déirector-in- Chief.
T. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant.
DR. Metis K. SMALL, Curator of the Museums.
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Cu ator.
DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Assistant Curator.
DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Assistant Curator.
. EARLE, Assistant Curator.

Econ
COL. F. A. S LLIN Ns Gio

CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vou. II. October, 1901. No. 22.

RECEPTION DAYS AND LECTURES.

The Director-in-Chief and other members of the staff will re-

at 5:38 P. M. eee fare 25 cents. Opportunity will be

plantation,

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the hemlock forest, and parts of the arboretum site

The autumn course of lectures will be delivered in the Lecture

Hall “of the Museum Building of the Garden, Bronx Park, on
Saturday afternoons, at 4:30 o'clock as follows

ee 12th, Sunlight and vegetation, by Dy D. T. MacDou-

ere toth, Botany of the West Indies, by Dr. N. L. Brit-
ton.
October 26th, Habits and Characteristics of some of the larger
Marine Plants, by Dr. M. A. Howe.
ovember 2nd, Ancestral History of Some Living Trees, by
Dr. C. A. Hollick.
ovember 9th, Production of Cinchona bark and Quinine in
the East Indies by . H. Rusby.
November ee Botanical Features of the Mountains of Colo-
rado, S Dr L. M. Underwood.
145

146

The lectures will be illustrated by lantern ae and otherwise.

They will close in time for auditors to take the 5:3 train from
the Bronx Park railway station, arriving at ae Central Sta-
tion at pe 0.

4.

The Museum Building is reached by Harlem Division, New
York Central and Hudson River aia to Bronx Park Station.
or by trolleys cars to Bedford Par

THE PROPAGATING HOUSES AND NURSERIES.

ange of propagating, or working, houses and the nur-
ast of t

finis. nd turned over to us last January, a ave ni
constant service since. The range, when completed, will con-
is in shed, flanked on the north side by a glass house of

tered from it. Of these latter houses but two have been com-
pleted, the third one eawaiung copstruction,
The hed

main she runs east and west, is built of
brick, and is about 73 feet long ang 20 ne wide. On the entire

s. It is we
lighted by windows on all sides, and can be kept well ventilated.
It makes an ideal working-room for the purpose for which it was

ne

Beneath the shed is the system of cellars, the eastern oe
being occupied by a coal room, and the western by rage
room for bulbs, etc. In the ae portion are sae: the

147

boilers for supplying heat to the whole range. The system of
heating is that of hot water under pressure, and it proved entirely
adequate for all the demands made upon it the past winter.

4 'P

Fic. 11. Looking north, showi ion of full houses.

The glass houses opening off this main shed, and which were
referred to above, are strongly and lightly constructed. The
. :

also of iron construction, with tile bottoms, so that they are
practically indestructible. he walks, as well as the floor of
ai ed, are of cement. Both ridge and side ventilators

ime

growth of such plants as require much shade. Many palms and
orchids come under this class

148

The houses which open from the main shed to the south are
100 feet long, 20 feet wide, and 11 feet high, and are full-span

temperature in each compartment, if so desired, so that a great
range of heat-conditions is possible

This range of glass, together vith the adjoining nurseries, are
used for the Eee propagation and the growing to a suit-

Fic. 12. Looking south, showi lation of potting shed and half-span house.

8 F Ss

and the cold-frames just south of t , over 5,000 packets of
seeds, including those of shrubs and trees, both hi and
tender, and of herbaceous plants, both for the conservatories and

ae outside planta' ations. A large proportion of these have germi-
and from this source many hundred speties new to the
oe will be obtained. Several hundred plants have

149

already been transplanted to the herbaceous grounds, and m:
more to the trial grounds in the nursery. In addition to rae

will a
purpose of exchange with other institutions, so that much de-
sirable material will be thus indirectly secured.

In addition to the important use performed by these houses
briefly outlined above, enone equally important function is also

Fic. 13. Looking south, over nursery site.

feature cannot be too much dwelt upon. One compartment of
one of the houses is devoted entirely to this purpose and is under

uc
interesting work is here carried on, and most valuable results at-
tained. A portion of the adjoining nurseries is also given up to

150

this experimental work. During the past summer a number of
species of the gourd family have been grown here to furnish ma-
terial for some experimental work being conducted by one of the
students.

he nurseries are divided into three sections, one devoted to
herbaceous perennials, another to deciduous-leaved trees and
shrubs, such as the oak, ash, etc., and the third and most
southerly portion to the cone-bearing trees. It is here that

d h

stantly adding to our supply of these and as continuously
transplanting them to the various plantations as they attain a
proper size. An interesting collection of conifers is being made,

work eae wi e development of the Garden is carried on

co)
forms from the seed to the mature individual and to note the
many and various methods of attaining perfection

GrorcE V. Nash.

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.

Expedition to St. Kitts, West Indies, by

assembled in temporary nurseries at St. Kitts, preparatory to
future shipments. Among these are some of the largest known

151

specimens representing six species of the tree cone inhabiting the
island, beside some — orchids and aroids. In addition
large quantities of fine museum material have been secured.

the Boar anage f the rden the Trustees of
Columbia University the collection of fossil plants belonging to
the University has been deposited in the se u The

terms of this agreement are substantially the same as those under
which the Columbia University herbarium is deposited at the
len

During the summer as the teams and employees of the Garden
were available, the fossil specimens were transferred from Scher-
merhorn Hall at Columbia to the Garden and the transfer was
accomplished without special incident.

This collection of fossil plants begun while Professor Newberr ry

the Garden and has direct charge of the collection in its new
quarters

“Vanishing Wild Flowers”’ by Mrs. E. G. Britton, published in
Torreya for August, 1901, has been reprinted as contribution No.
Garde icle j F :

a
miscellaneous collection of rare native plants, and it has already
e much to awaken public sentimen

Professor Alex. P, Anderson has resigned the Chair of Biology
in Clemson College to accept the position of Curator of the Her-
barium of Columbia University, to fill the position made vacant by
the appointment of Dr. Howe to the Garden staff. Dr. Ander-

152

n was given the apes of M.S. by the University of Minnesota

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the University of Minnesota. e will carry forward at the Gar-
den certain lines of physiological research arising from his earlier

Miss V. S. White has completed an extended study o
Tylostomaceae of North America and has published the ee

in a monograj ith ten fine plates illustrating all the species
mostly natural size with added detai. other inter-
nal characters. Eleven new species fe anew genus together
with a second new to this countr the stu 2 he
Tylostomaceae are pecular puff-ball-like re which mature un-
d und a hen develop a lon shorter stem which
forces the spore-bearing body above the surface of th und.

n
Miss White has nearly completed a second study on the Nidu-
lariaceae or bird’s nest fungi. Her present monograph forms
of the Contributions of the Garden

Professor Frank S, Earle has recently been ae Assistant
Curator and will have charge of the collection of fun Profes-
sor Earle was educated at the cee of Ilkinoie where he

siderable number of papers on various groups of fungi and con.
tributed the Se oe to the fungi to the recently ae
Flora of Alabam

153

Professor L. M. Underwood has returned from a trip to Colo-
rado where he made a considerable collection of the later moun-
tain flora of the southwestern portion of the State. Collections

made ai ne summit, en ista, Leadville, Gl
Springs and Grand Junction. The collection include 601
n ments were also ma h th gri-

the latter oe to the Garden for the purpose of making

an annotated list of the Colorado flor.

Two interesting additions to the see literature of botanic
gardens have been inaugurate Fischer von Idheim an-
nounces the first number of the Bulletin du Jardin Impérial
Botanique de St. Petersbourg, hic is Director. The
articles it contains are printed in Russian with a short French
résumé.

rom Ceylon comes the first part of the Annals of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Peradenyia, edited by the Director, J. C. Willis,
M.A., F.L.S., in which he writes interestingly of ae Garden and
its history and the facilities there for research and s

The total amount of precipitation in the Garden nen Sep-
in

a
cucurbits growing in the open air in the nurseries were killed b
e cool air on the morning of the 26th,

ACCESSIONS.
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
speci f foods fi Bone (Given by Miss Catharine H. Barbour. }
f France. (Given by Professor L. M. Underwood. )
I T specimen of Tulipa syloestras —_ Pennsylvania: (Given b a C. D. Fretz.)
d by Dr. V. Havard.
Res pipes and Giga holders. (Given by H. Tibbe & Son Tae Com-

81 herbarium specimens from Europe and North America. (Given by Dr. G.
ee er, )

154

PLANTS.
2 plants for a conservatories. (By exchange with the Department of Parks,
Borough of the
1 plant for fee conservataries, (By exchange with the N. Y. Zoological Park.)
1 plant for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. Da 5
2 ee for the conservatories. (Given by Mrs, A. Richard. }
's for the conservatories. (Given by F. K. Vreeland.)
I tn t for the conservatories. (Purchased from Reasoner Bro:
Caladium bulbs, for the conservatories. (By exchange with Jessamine Gar-
pe rer Fla.
84 bulbs _ plants. (Purchased non Mr A. J. Johnson. )
5 plants for n by a Mol, ra N.Y.)
6 plants from Colorado. (Collected = Prof.
57 plants from Porto Rico, for the conservatories. ie by Prof. L. M.
+)

Underwood

fi i (Given by Mr. Bestelmeyer. )
4 «Creed aA (Given . F, K. Vreeland.
7 plants for the ey ee exchange with the New York Zoological

26 plants for the conservatories. (By exchange with the Department of Parks,
ata . the Bronx. }
31 plants from Singkep, Pulo Lawlang and Straits Settlement. (Collected by
129 plants foe the conservatories. (By exchange with the Department of Agricul-
ture, Bureau of Plant I Ty.
299 plants for inate conservatories. (By exchange with the National Botanical
Garden, Washington, D,

Le

g (Given by David George. )
1 plant for the hert (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.

y

I plant for the hert {Given by F. K. McLean, Red Ba oe
1 bulb of Zephyranthes one (Given by Mr. J. L. Childs, soe Park, N. Y.}
15 p aac of Castillo elastica, (Given by The Manhattan Rubber Mfg. Co., 18
Vesey St., N. Y. City.
I plant fe the conservatories. (Given by Mrs. John A. Hamilton, 535 West
14tst St, N. Y. City.)

1 plant a fice sp. (Given by ne: — Bedford Park, N. Y. City.)

4 plants of xi (Collected by : s. Earle. )

4 plants for the conservatories. eae ry a L. Stevens, 1 Newark St., Ho-
aay N. - 2

Opuntia sp. for the conservatories. (Given by John B. Lazzari, Lowmede
Pics, “ila, N.Y. City.)
ti for the coriservatories, (Given by F. S. Curtis.)
aoe nts of Muse sp. n by Mrs. L. H. Mace, Westchester Ave., Williams-
bridge, N. Y. City.
t large few of Agave Americana. {Given by F. T. Holder, Locust Hill Ave.,
Yonkers, N. ¥.
2 plants for the conservatories, (Given by Jos. W. Alsop, Middletown, Ct.)
2 plants for the conservatories. (Given by Mrs, David Johnson, 69 West 331st
St, N. Y. City.)

oe

155

plants for tk d iven by Jos. L. Crawford.)

4 (G
2 plants for the herbaceous grounds, (Give by P. Kaufman, Central Valley,
N.Y.

a)

I ate of Asclepias lanceolata. (Given by C. H. Baker, Sera Fla.
2 plants for the herbaceous grounds. (Given by E. E. Magee, Highlands,

1 plant for hert by A. E. Fretz, Sellersville, Penn.)
52 plants Ha outdoor plantations. nee by Dr. N. L. Britton and party at

Slide Mt. ana nity.)
rf

1 plant fo:

=,

d (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton at Stroudsburg,

Penn.
20 plants from Nebraska and Montana. (Collected by Dr. D. T, MacDougal. )

SEEDS.

4 packets of New Mexican seed. (Given by T. D. A. Cockerell, East Las Vegas,

Mex.

35 packets New Zealand seed, (Given by L. Cockayne, Tarata, New Brighton,
near Christchurch, New Zealand. )

43 packets East Indian seed. (Secured at the B
ments by Percy oe )

73 packets ts Porto Rican seed. (Collected 2 Prof. L. M. Underwood. }

389 pe packets, Saat South American seed. (By exchange with the Botanical
Garden at Buenos Aires. )

1 packet seed. (Given by C. H. Baker, nace a.)

1 packet seed of Lephyranthes sp. ine by J. L. cits, Flora] Park, N. Y.)
” (Given by Wm. H. Blanchard, West-

1 Gard. t Straits Settl.

minster, Vt.)
3 packets East Indian seed of the genus Aconttum. (Given by the Reporter on
Economic Products, India. )
ciao ets Swedish seed. (Collected by Dr. P. A. Sas rg.)
I packet seed of Prunus Cuthhe- — (Given by Dr, J. K. Small.)
1 packet Rumer seed. (Given by E. S. Mies, ee oe N.Y.)
I packet seed of /mpatiens sp. pies en by S. H.

41 packets Nebraska seed. (Pure: nchased tom ree eee Har er.)
351 packets hard: t E (Given by Peter ieee & Co.,
35 and a nee St, N. Y. City.)
1 packet seed of Sindora Siamensis. (By exchange with Royal Botanic Garden,

Sipur, near tien a

rey (Collected by R. S. Williams. }

2 packets se ed. (Given by Dr, PA dberg. }
4packets Montana and " Nebraska. ey (Collected by Dr. D. T. Mac-
Dougal. )

75 pi seed from St. Kitts, W. I. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Britton and

Prof. J. F. tee
(Given by Peter

I pa acket seed o
Henderson & Co., ie and a Cortlandt oe “4 a Y. Gi. )
2 packets of seed. (B: R w, England. )

I specimen a of Ae Alleghenicnsis from Ontario. bees by Mr.
Fisher. )

156

2 oe specimens of Batrachium hederaceum from a eee (Given by

Mr. E. L. rris.) 2
I fi collected by Mr. R. M. He arper:
fi the West t Tadies, collected by Mr. Samuel Henshaw.
6 specimens of Sisyrinchium from British America. (By exchange with Mr. J,
M. Macoun.
specimen of Tradescantia reflexa, (Given by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.)
> poteciies of foods. (Given by Messrs. seas H. Leggett & Co.)
of Lygodium palmatum from New Jersey. (Given by Mr. Forman
T. vais
I i f Rude = (Given by Mr. C. D. Beadle.)
7 specimens from Hloniaas (civen by Hon. A. Brown.
7 (By exchange with Professor G. von Lagenheim. )

29 he rbarium eae ¢ from Wyoming. (Given by Professor A. Nelson.)
— herbarium specimens from Colorado and ‘Wyoming, cals by Dr. C. C.
Curti
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM MAY 16TH TO AUGUST
, CL. Cabbage Cauliflower and Altied Mee: New York, rgo1.
Ge o the author. }
AMUERST, ALICIA. A History of anagee! in England. Ed. 2. London,
1896. ‘Given by William C. Schermerhorn, Esq. } .
Archive der Pharmacie. Hannover ei Berlin, 1853-1897. 72 vols. (Given

ATKINSON, GEORGE FRANCIS. First Studies of Plant Life. (Given by Mrs. N.
L. Britton. :

AusTIN, Cou F. Hepaticae Boreali-Americanae. Closter, N. J., 1873. (Given
by Mrs. N. L. Britton.

BANKS AND SOLANDER. J/lustrations of the as aes ge Cook's Voyage
Round the World in H. M. S. Endeavour in 1768- h determinations by
James Britten. Axstratian Plants. Part IT. ee roe (Given by William

Mantova, 1828, (Given by William C. Sch rmethor n, Esq.
Barngs, C. SR. Artificial Keys to the Genera and Species of Mosses a
nized in Lesquereux and James Manual of the Mosses of North America. Madiso

ven by » NY
RAM, WILLIAM. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia,
East a West Florida. Dublin, 1893.
BERNARD, GEORGE. Champignons observés a la Rochelle et dans les Environs.

2 vols.
BESCHERELLE, EMILE. Prodromus Bryologiae Mexicana, Enumération des
Mousses du Mexique. Cherbourg, 1871. — are N. L. Britton.)

BRESADOLA, J. Fungi Kamerunenses. e-Saunier, 1890, (Given by
William _ paeHiianen a

Brib ES AMURL: Eu Metho ti melius

its ie de Gotha, 1819. (By exchange with

Columbia University. )
Brotuerus, V. F. Contributions to the aie Slog sits af the Northwesterie |
Himalaya, Helsingfors, 1898. (Given by Mrs. N. L. in.)

157

CarvorT, JuLes. Contribution @ la Flore Bryologique de Java. Leyde, 1897.
(Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton. )

ARDOT, JULES. Recherch: ig les Leucobryacées. Cherbourg, 1900.
mete by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)

OT, JULES. épertoire Sphagnologigue. Autum, 1897. (Given by Mrs. N.

itton.
Cassini, HENRI. Opuscules Phytologigues. Paris, 1826-34. 3 vols. (Given by
sq. )

William C. Sehermerhorn, E

Cua Expé fe, Ed. 2. Namur, igor. (Given
by William nc rite Esq. )

CorRENS, CAR Untersuchungen iiber die Vermehrung der Laubmoose.
1899. (Gae b Mrs . N. L. Britton.

WILLIAM. Afemorials of John Bartram and Humphry Marshall,

Philadelphia, 1849. (Given by William C. Schermerhorn, Esq.)

DARWIN, FRANCIS, AND ACTON, E. HAMILTON. oe Physiology of Plants.
Cambridge, 1894. (Given by Prof. D. T. Mac

DENNERT, Plant

Jena,

, E. Life and Structure. aie igor. (Given by the Torrey
Club. )
Dermer, W. Practical Plant Physiology. G
edition by S. A. Moor. London, 1898. (Given by Prof. D. T. MacDougal. )
Donati, VITALIANO ie

toria Naturale Marina dell’ Adriatico. Venice,
a a n by William C. Schermerhorn, Esq.
E, Oscar. Deutschlands Ahanenerapis, Part 1. Stuttgart, 1896.
ce a William C. Saas
Druns, Oscar. Handbuch
by Wiliam fon eeeraia E
Duranp, TH

D'Pittier, H, Primitiae Florae Costaricensis. Vol. 2.

Pea avecaae Stuttgart, 1890. (Given

Brux-
elles, ie 1900.

9
EicHwa.p, Epovarp p’. Lethaea Rossica ou Paltontologie de la Russie. Stutt-
. 3 vols.
ENGELMANN, GEORGE, AND GRAY, ASA.

Plantae Lindheimerianae. Boston,
1845-50. (Given by Dr. pres F. Alle
ENGLER

, ADOLF. Syllabus der Pilanicn/absiliok Berlin, 1898. (Given by
Prof. M. Underwood. )
NS, ALEXANDER W. The Hawaiian Hepati he tribe Jubuloideae, 1900.

. N. L. Britton.)
E, ANTONIE LAURENT. Afimosa Pudica: Mémoire pasecieks et Organo-
graphique. asia 1849. (Given by William C, Schermerhorn, E
Floral Magazine and Botanical Repository. Philadelphia, 1832. (Given by
William C. eae Esq.
Gri , J. W., AND HENFREY, ARTHUR. The Microscopic Dictionary, Ed.
London, 1875. 7 vols. (Given by Dr. Timothy F. Allen.
Grout, ABEL J. Mosses with a Hand Lens. New York, Igoo. (Given by
TS. E

GUILLEMIN, ANTOIN. fi le ariorum,
Paris, 1827. (By ae with Colombia University. )
AMPE, Ernest. Enumeratio Muscorum hacten:

fenus in provinctis Brasiliensibus
Rio de Jenin et Séo Paulo ae. einen 1879. (Given by Mrs. N.
L. Britton.)

158

HeEnverson, J. V. The Commonwealth of Georgia. Part I. The Country.
Atlanta, 1885. (Given by William C. Schermerhorn, Esq. )

Llustration Horticole. Ghent and Brussels, 1881-1896. 16 vols. (Given by

illiam Scherm

n, 448q.
Janus, THomas P. Handbook of the State of Georgia. Atlanta, 1876. (Given
by William C. Schermerhorn, Esq.
ERCHOVE DE DENTERGHEM, OSWALD DE, Les Palmiers. Paris, 1878. (Given
by William C, Schermerhorn, Esq.
Kinp! European and N. American Bryineae. Linképing, 1896.
2 vols. (Gin by Mrs N. L. Britton.
R D Bo.TsHausER, H. Krankhetten und Beschddi,ungen der
Gemiise cr, pe eee Stuttgart, Igor
Kopren, W. Xileimatlehre. Leipzig, 1899.
Kraus, Grecor, Ueber die Wasservertheilung in der Phlanze. Halle, 1879-84.
(Given by William C. Schermerhorn, Esq.
AuSs, J.C. Afbeeldin, ae der pines meest uith he Bi Heesters.
Amsterdam, 1802. (Given by William C. Schermerhorn, Esq. )
LE JoLis, AUGUSTE. pee s sur la Nomenclature Beene Paris, 1895.
(Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton. )
Livier, Emite. La Pseudo-Priorité et les noms a Béquilles. Géneve, 1896
(Given by Mrs, N. 1. Britton.)

LINDBERG, S. O. ae och Nord Amerikas Huitmossor {Sphagna). Hel-
ingfors, 1882. ag a Mrs. N. L. Britton.
Linppere, S. O. wisk Granskning af Mossorna uti Dillenit Historia Mus-
corum, eae Hetingt He (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
IND 28.0. Musci Sandinavici, Upsala, 1879. (Given by Mrs. N. L.
oo

Linpperc, S. O. Uthast till gy erp ig af Europas b'ads med
toppsittande trukt (Bryneae acrocarpae). Helsingfors, 1878. | (Given by Mrs. N.

Britton.

Literaturberichte sur Flora oder Allg ung. ioe en
von der Kul. botanischen Geells schaft in phi ae 1831-4.
vols. (Given by Willia mC ecbornerhor ro, Esq.

tte Bot Kol.
oe Cnt in ‘teen Niirnberg, 1828-30. pa coe
m C. Scherme: )
ees ALICE. we Gude to the Wild Flowers. New York, 1899. (Given
by Mrs. N. L. See
Lowe, E. J. Ferns: British and Exotic, London, 1856-57. (Given by Dr. D.
tin

Luspock, JOHN. 4 Contribution to our Knowledze of Seedlings, New York,
1892. 2 vols. (Given by William C. Schermerhorn, Es
MACGILLIVRAY, 1AM. Manual of Botany. Londen; 1840. (Given by
N, JOHN. aloe of Canadian Plants, Part VI., Musci. Montreal,
1892. (Given by Dr. D. S. Martin, )
+ JOSEP! RL. Enumeratio Plantarum Phanerogamicarum ek Aus-
triact Universi. Vienna, 1848. (Given by William C, Schermerhorn, Esq.

159
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meron eee Nachtrag 2u Maly’s Enumeratio Plantarum Phaneroga-
micarum Imperti elas Univers’. Vienna, 1861. (Given by William C, Scher-
merhorn,

Nicu OLSON, ages ~ Century Supplement to the Dictionary of Gardening.
aati 1900-1901. (Given by William C. Schermerhorn, Esq.

OLLET, I. N, ort eae to litustrate a Map of the Hydr graphical Ba-
sin a i: Upper a River. Washington, 1843. (Given by William C. Scher-
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is Aes oo ra? (By ex: ee es Columbia University.

re) De Flora van ‘land. Amsterdam, 1872-74. 3
vols. cher 5 ry ie c scape: es

ParLaTORE, Fivippo. Flora /taliana. Florence, 1848-1896. 10vols. (Given
by William C. Schermerhorn, Esq. :

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by Mrs. N. L. Britton.

Prrsoon, CHRISTIAN HEN Traité sur les Champignous Comestibles. Paris,

1819. (Given by William C. Saiemictonn sq.
PeyritscH, J. Zur Teratologie der Ovula. Vienna, 1876. (Given by William
c evant Esq.)

Pr Die Periodischen aera der Blattorgane. Leipzig, 1875.
(Given by Wis C, Schermerhot
PicKERING, CHARLES. The ee SE eae of evar ant Plants.

Boston, 1854. Part IT. “Salen; 1876. 2vols. (Given by Dr. D, S. Martin.)
Piper, C.V. The Flora of the Palouse Region. Pullman, 1901. pce by Dr.

Rapin, RENE. Rapin of Gardens: A Latin Poem. In Four Books. English’d
by Mr. Gardiner. pe 1706. (Given by William C. Schermerhorn, Esq.
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1893. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
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RocHLepgER, FRIEDRICH. Phytochemie. Leipzig, 1854. (Given by William C.
erent! Esq. }
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by pon (on pgp Esq.
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Mi erate Histo ac Translated by A. B. Hervey. Boston, 1887. (Given by
Prof. D.

=e al. )
eaenae S & A Text-book 2. Botany Translated
by H. C. Porter. os 1898. (Given by Prof. D. T. MacDougal. )
Sylloge Pk issimis b

adhuc viventibus collecta eta Societate Regia Botanica Ralisbonensis edita. Regens-
burg, 1824-28. vols. (Given by William C. Schermerhorn, Esq. )

The American ee iurist, Vols. 1-2,4-7and9. New ¥: ork, 1842~50. 7 vols,
{Given by Miss Emily M. Wetmore. )

Tuériot, I., AND ee E. Musicinées du Départment de la Sa: the.
Le Mans, 1899. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)

160

‘Tripp, F. a British Mosses, their Homes, Aspects, Structure, and Uses. Lon?

don, 1868. (UG ee Mrs. N. L. Britton
Cece os NM, ro Catateg of the North American Hepaticae
North of ea ‘Scie, 1883. ( y Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
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by William C. nie Col Sq.
UI 5 W. Ltlust: vations and Dissections a the Genera of British Mosses.
Lewes, Susser, 1878, (Given by Mrs, N. L. Britton.)
- 8. USE OF Reverie. Report f the Bares - Patenis.
Part 2, Agriculture. Washington, 1850-1853, 1856, 1860, 6 vols,
(Give by Miss Emily M « Wetmore)
‘x Poa Si aipean ae he Sp

tsh and English Languages. Part I. New York, Igor.
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Bane m, Esq.
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N. L. ston )
ViviIaNi, Domenico, / Fungi d’ Italia ¢ principalmente le lo o Specie Man-
gereccie, Velenose, o Sospette. Coon 1834. (Given by William C. Schermerhorn,
isq.)
VOCHTING, HERMANN. Zur Physiologie der Knollengewéchse. Leipzig, 1899.
(Given 5 Professor D. T. MacDougal. )
Warp, H. MarsHa.t, Disease in Plants, London, 190%
WE oa Panos R, von. Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik, Vol. 1.
gi
WH oe Statistics of the State of Georgia. (Given by William C.
Sehnert, sq.) ,
WIMMER, FRIEDERICH. Salix Europaea. Breslau, 1866. (Given by. William
Lon ancien, Esq. )- :
ET’ pb, J. E. iste imarnie Scandinaviae. Upsal, 1861. (Given
by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)

Continued from June issue. )

New York State Entomologist, Report, 1883-1897. 6 vols. (Given by Prof. L.
M. Underwoo:

t Ma, agasin for Naser sears aler ne, Christiania, 1876-1900. 17 vols, (By
ex , Christiania. :

Oratowskt, WILHELM. Commentatio historico-naturalis de Familia Fungorum.
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, CHAR . Report of the State Botanist on Edibl. gt of New York,

1895-99. Memoir of the Nee York State Museum. Vol. es no. 4. Albany,
I en

goo. (Given by the Author. }
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Report of the Bean + of Agricu wt the Diseases me cuak in the United
States. iilepras ton, 1871. (Given by neh L. M. Under:

8
=

(
2’ Horticulture Belge et Etrangére. Gand, pai 3 vols. (By
Saar oe American Gardening.)

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. TIMOTHY F. ALLEN,
ProF. N. L. BRITTON,
Hon. ADDISON BROWN,
Wo. L. BRown,

ANDREW CARNEGIR,
Pror. CHas. F. CHANDLER,
Wm. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cuas. F. Cox,

JOHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST,
Wo. E. DODGE,

PROF. SAM’L, W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomas F. GILRoy,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HucGH J. GRANT,
HENRY P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JESupP,

JouN I. KANE,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
PROF. JAMES F. KEMP,

Joun S. KENNEDY,

Hon. SETH Low,

Davipd LYDIG,

EpGAR L. MARSTON,

D. O. MILLS,

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. W. MvYERs,

Hon. MILES M. O’BRIEN,
Gro. M. OLcort,

ProF. HENRY F. Osborn,
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JAMES R. PITCHER,

RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER,
PERCY R. PYNE,

JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
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JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wo. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
Louis C. TIFFANY,
SAMUEL THORNE,

Pror. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

WitLiaM H. S. Woop.

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Vol, I NOVEMBER, 1901 No. 23

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR

DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

{ CONTENTS

4 PAGE
Report by the Director-in-Chief on his recent Trip to the West Indies. . . . 168

Report of Professor L. M. Underwood on a Trip to Porto Rico ...... 166
RTE RAVI IND edhe eg Sn i AD IL Ghd ah My eben va a, ele 173
Aceessions _. . 2 ANT : : fi Ret atc rE eee 174

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

AT ii Nortu gees STREET, so ear Pas
y Tue Wew Era Printinc Com

OFFICERS, 1901.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MIL
VICE- Presipent—-ANDREW CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CHARLES F. COX,
SECRETARY—N, L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF MANAGERS.
1, ELECTED MANA

ANDREW CARNEGIE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
CHARLES F. COX, GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLO.

AN,
W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
D. O. MILLS, SAMUEL THORNE
2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE SLT BS OF dito: PARKS,
HON. GEO. C.
THe Mayor OF THE City oF NEw YORK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES M. O'BRIEN
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H. H. RUSBY,
PROF. J. F. KEMP, PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.
GARDEN STAFF.
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chief.

DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Assistant Curator.
DR. MARSHALL A. HOWE, Assistant Curator.
F. EARLE, Assistant Curator.

SH

ANNA MURRAY VAIL, Liérarian.
COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.
andscape Engineer.
S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.
CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vor. I. November, 1901. No. 23.

REPORT BY THE DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF ON HIS
RECENT TRIP TO THE WEST INDIES.

(Presented to the Scientific Directors, Octobsr 22, 1901, and ordered printed.)

To THE ScientiFIc D1REcTOoRs,

zc
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5
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es
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to his valuable aid, specimens of everything collected desired by
him for his institution, this having the important pedagogic re-
sult of enriching the collections of both gardens.

The objective point for systematic oe was made the
island of St. Kitt’s:(St. Christopher's) of the Leeward Group,
where we were landed from the Quebec S. 5. Co.’s steamer
“Roraima”’ on the evening of September 6th. This island was

162

chosen because it has not previously been much explored botan-

larly to the limestone, are to be found in the beds of streams.
Sub-aérial erosion has carried the decayed lava from the slopes

tion of the island may thus be greater ao during the period of
volcanic activity.

eep ravines worn by streams radiate im all directions from
the mountain masses, cutting through the stratified lower slopes *
to

163

Topographically the island is of very uneven surface through-
out, except for narrow littoral strips along the eastern and south-
‘ Th ; : ae

crags is the main volcanic crater, now occupied by a small lake ;
there are numerous summits and ridges rising from 600 to 750

ject are now being considered by the planters, and the govern-
ment officials.

The southern portion of the island, perhaps one-fifth of its total
area, is occupied by rocky hills, thinly provided with soil; most
of these are separated from the main mountain mass to the north,
by a low, broad and fertile valley.

explorations included two visits to the littoral belt ; exam-

the plantations relative to the crops and their weeds, and of the
ornamental plants in cultivation in private and public gardens.

164

Botanically the island may be subdivided (1), into the halo-

the sands of the seashore an rocks; b eae
especially the sea-grape Greaiante ver clothing the sand
unes, but also extending inland alon sides of ravines toa

conside! rable | eae ae the three ieee (Rhizophora Man-
gle,

dunes, and the gras: a and several species of sedges
which make up i turf of salt meadows.

2) The xerophytic ante of the low rocky hills, characterized
by Cacti (species of Cereus and Opuntia); the shrubs Plumicra
alba, Acacia Farnesiana, and species of Rauwolfia and Euphorbia ;
and the fleshy, herbaceous monkey-fiddle (Pedilanthus tithyma!o-
ides

(3) The weeds of cultivation, numerous species, mostly of ex-

by several species of tree ferns growing in great luxuriance and

abundance in the ravines ; many species of low ferns ; the slender

mountain cabbage palin: the very spiny palm Basis: two

species of Carludovica, the Spanish ash (/uga laurina) ; the tall

gum elemi tree (Dacryodes) ; the bur-wood (S/oanea); the wild
ust

of Miconia, and several of Eugenia and Psychotria, epiphytic
orchids, aroids and bromeliads, and several species of Piper and
Peperomia.
(5) The low, dense vegetation of the mountain summits and
higher slopes characterized by the equitant and flat-leaved sedge
rer :

f ad g
bedstraw Relnaniien - saghom (UL pespodtein’ and ferns of the
genera Acrostichum and Gleiche:
e net results of our eee consist of about two tons of
living plants, including some go different species; 102 kinds of

165

seeds for germination; fruits, seeds and other products for mu-
m specimens of 35 different species; about = oo herbarium
i bi

te.
sent, in all, about 750 different species, ee one- half of the
ora of the islan
Agriculturally, sugar cane is the only crop to which serious

for either fruit or vegetables, and much is brought in from the
neighboring island of Nevis.
e impossibility of deaviae a satisfactory income from sugar,
and the probability that the increasing quantity of that staple
i duc

caused serious consideration of the substitution of other crops.

Our work on the island was made easy and pleasant through

the cordial coéperation, hospitality and assistance of many of the

residents, who most generously supplied us with guides, laborers
d

n. B.
; Hon. Edward G. Todd, of pees Hon: Captain

166

Roger and his son, of Romneys and Wingfield ; Mr. Chas. F.
Shelf

° re
The “ ‘Madiana ” called at St. Croix and also at St. Thomas on

long enough to permit our landin

present domain. I hope to present, in the near future, a plan for
this proposed system of exploration.
Respectfully submitted,
N. L. Britton,
Director-in- Chief.

REPORT OF PROFESSOR L. M. UNDERWOOD ON
A TRIP TO PORTO RICO
(Presented to the Scientific Directors, Oct. 22, 1901, and ordered printed.)
Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chigf :
I desire to submit to you a report on the expedition taken to
Porto Rico in company with Professor O. F. Cook and others

167

from the Department of Agriculture during the months of June
and July, 1901. The accompanying map sketch will show the

the months of June and July, is directly under a vertical sun at
noonday, but in spite of that circumstance the heat is less bur-
densome than during the same months in New York city, owing
to several ameliorating conditions among which are sea breezes,
shorter days, and longer and cooler nights. In the higher alti-

there is no reason why this new possession should not prove a
most aie stat ee resort the year roun

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pa TINE RAR ECBO | yo bEGA Basa | Fe} +9
anes Eat —- es --Wive Papnag “ty,
WATS WARDS
Se ¢ paren . Bt bs

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= Drive mary (904
i Parsee Forest

Fic. 14. Map-sketch of Porto Rico, The dotted line shows the itinerary of
expedition.

After a call on Dr. Stahl, the only resident botanist on the
island at Bayamon, we took our first trip into the interior, going
by rail to Arecibo, and on horseback to Utuado, Lares, and Sa
Sebastian successively. On this north side of the island is a long
stretch of low land mostly used far epee cattle and horses,

and for plantations of sugar cane which forms the second most
prominent agricultural product of the island.

‘

168

en Vega Baja and Manati the railroad passes through a
aie. pee plain which supports a peculiar vegetation quite un-

S
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Ilume ao hae: at tits distance appess to Re oe! in the
h

air slender trunks a more
in height are so one as to be invisible. At this season of the
year the warm Caribbean winds laden with moisture come over
from the south and nearly every day give copious showers, often
accompanied with brilliant electric displays. On our first horse-
back ride to Utuado we were treated to a splendid exhibition of
this sort, wets a caeeule that we were vastly more wet than com-
b

fortable, t ificent scenery spread out in the beauti-
ful Rio Gende de Arecibo whose tortuous valley we followed
a repaid us for our trouble and the minor annoyance o
wet clothing iles out of Arecibo we reach the moun-
tain c ter first a limestone formation with nearly
perpendicular sides, and later a metamorphic region with corre-
spondi hanges in th ra. The le valley is one pano-

a of y; perpendicular cliffs 800 to 1,000 high are
comm le country is richly c d either with
native trees along the streams, the ravines that everywhere

descend from the higher levels, or on the mountain tops, or else

bulging trunks, c only the Porto Rico species of the
royal palm (Roystonea Boringuena) or the introduced cocoanut in
the bottom lands, e cliffs, often perched in the most in-

r
tropical fruit-trees in cultivation about the shacks of the natives ;

169

das we reach middle elevations we see the most beautiful of
all tropical plants—the tree ferns—of which a single conspicuous
species is common in the island with a trunk 25 to 30 feet in
height

The road between Arecibo and Utuado at the time of our first
passage was still incomplete but at a later visit was in condition
for carriages the entire length. Less could be said of the road
to Lares which we traversed two days later. A mere mountain
path often obscured or grown up with undergrowth, always more
or less muddy, was at this time especially so from recent heavy
rains, it was a problem of gymnastics both for the sure-footed
little stallions universally use for riding in the island, and for
their less experienced riders. The road bed most of the wa

the water it received and having an adhesive power that wa:
tremendo ften seemed a question when the horses put
their little hoofs into it whether they would be able to pull the

tian passed over a day later was of much the same character

both as to its Peaaion of passability and its botanical features.
Every hill and ravine appears to be somewhat different from
every other, and one of the most sane. sae of the flora
impressed on us during our visit was the fact that the distribution
of many plants appears extremely local. This was conspicuously
true of the ferns to whose collection more particular attention was

170

given, but is equally so for the palms and will be probably found
to be the same for other plants. From a point a few miles west of

Incidentally it may be said that no more desirable sesion
ica 2

scenery so much has been written e old mili roa
from San Juan to Ponce possesses s gnificient tropical
scenery it is far less so than thi tchless valley io
Grande de Areci long whose valley from the watershed

turesque meanderings of - ote fupuleaous cu

After a return to th f su ie a second trip
was taken over the miley road to Ponce with a side trip to the
coast at Guyama and excursions thence to Aguirre in the direc-
tion of Salinas, and a stay of three aus - oan Springs with ex-
cursions in that neighborhood. TI!
entirely different facies from the central or northern eortons of

°

W1

the island. Immediately after we left Coamo the vegetation pre-
sented the appearance of having suffered from a protracted
drougth ; the fields usually green, looked brown and dingy ex-

being caught at the market in the midst of a perfect torrent of
rain, we were obliged to go to our hotel, three blocks away, in
carriages as the only alternative to pee ankle deep in water a
the street crossings, the result of a half hour's rain.

nce, excursions were ey to Yauco and vicinity. and

Springs, where their development is more extensive, to the region
about Guyanilla where their development appears to reach a max-
imum. Here the various species of cactus form genuine thickets
often covering many square rods of ground and so closely set
together as to produce barriers impassable to man or beast. In-

represent both t at-stemmed forms (Opuntia) and the co-
lumnar forms (Cereus). All species seen were sent to the
Garden in the form of cuttings and are now in cultivation in our
conservatories. At ce occurred the unpleasant feature

trip, some of o arty being temporarily disabled doubt-
less owing to some impurities in the drinking water, add in-

t t with the cuisine of the Spanish hotels

This delay entailed a loss of five days of active work and ulti-
mately prevented our making the visit to what is probably the
most interesting part of an island botanically, namely, the Lu-
quillo mountains, and particularly the peak of El Y wngue

s
serves a more carefu ae han we were able to give it in
our necessarily hurried visit. In an even greater tl
may be said of the ae between Adjuntas and Utuado. Here
the distance on the map in a bee line is about six miles, but it

spurs that separate the feeding streamlets of the tortuous river ;
the new highway under construction by the government will

shorten this distance quite considerably.
Later collections were made in the vicinity of Rio Piedras, Baya-
mon, and the country back a these places where many interesting
ve

all to between Vega Baj ati. Two of the party
also made a trip to the region between the valley of the Arecibo
and Ciales, to the coffee plantation of Mr. J. W. van Leenhof,

where the only really scientific methods of coffee cultivation aia
curing are carried on in the entire island, and where they were

fact far the expedition on the part of the government officials
was made primarily for studying the economic products of the

173

island made it more difficult to secure extensive collections.

Over a thousand numbers, however, were taken for herbarium
material, illustrating fully two-thirds that number of species, be-
ides cacti sent home in a living condition and seeds for
cultivation. For r expeditions I should rec th
the principal effort be directed: (1) To the Luquillo mountains
and o the quadrangle located between the four towns o
bo, Lares, Adjuntas, and C With the government

e uillo trip will involve greater
hardships and difficulties that experience alone will full Ive,
b case successful collection mu le with a base of
supplies suitable for drying plants apart from the actual party in
t \ munication betw the two of
peones, for El Yun uring most of our stay at San Juan

showed his head only occasionally, and the rains during the sum-
mer season are not only daily but sometimes almost continuous
for several days ata time. Taken at its best, tropical collecting
is nosummer holiday but its unpleasant features are more than

once so beautiful and so interesting botanically. It was a rare
prize to secure its possession, and we owe its people the possi-

eeking
with an interest more than commensurate with their oe

of what it reall.
what it really means to them Lucien M. UNpERWwoon.

WEATHER REPORT FOR OCTOBER, rgor.

The total amount of eee in the Garden during Octo-
ber, 1901, was 3.21 inches. Maximum temperatures of 75.5 on

the 18th, 30 on the 25th, 28 on the 26th, and 30 on the 29th
were observed

The temperature curve shows no marked deflections, and the
total exposure to frost was very small. This month afforded a

174

demonstration of the fact that a number of mornings in succes-

ceous plants. The cucurbits and allied forms seem most sensi-
tive to such exposure.

ACCESSIONS.
LIBRARY ACCESSIONS FROM AUGUST 1sr’'TO OCTOBER 7TH.

Assort,C.C. Upland and Meadow, New York, 1886, (Given by Mrs..N.
L. Britton .
Agr feultural Bulletin of the a Peninsula, Singapore, 1891-1900. - (By ex-
changes ¢ thro ugh akan Pei bercy ‘Walso -
” Proceedings of the 17th Session. New York, 1880.

ae y a ti Morgan, Esq.
ANDERSON, NILs AN, Monographia Andropogonearum. I; Anthistirieae,
Stockholm, 1856. aes by D. O. Mills, Esq. ) _—
INYMOUS. Flower Garden Display’ d. London, 1734. (Given by J.
Pierpont Morgan, i sq.

RILLET, J. & LeseMAnn, F. 3 Pensées, Histoire, Culture, Multiplication,
Emploi. Paris, 1869. (Give ay Bee Morgan, Esq.)
As AN-FRANCOIS. Annéedu Jardinage. Paris, 1803. 2 vols. (Given

by J. Fierpont Morgan, Esq.
2 H. Cariton. The Modes of Origin of Lowest Organisms. London,
Pha eee by Prof. oe Hollick.
Bateman, James. 4 Monograph of Odontoglossum. London, 1874. (Given
by D. 0. Mills, Bsa.) : :
BEALE, LIONEL S. aaa Germs; Their Supposed. Nature. London,.1870.

.C. ntarin z q in Horto Bo-
tanico Bogoriensi coluntur Herbaceis one Fasc: 1-2, Batavia, 1899-1901.
(By exchange, through Mr. Percy Wilson, )
sae F.O. Studies in the PANE ais iguanas Members. 3 parts,
> R. Dictionarium Botanicum. 1728. (Given by “J. Pier-

N, HIEINRICH. Beitrdge sur Kenntniss einiger Arten und Formen der Ca:
tung Rosa. Vienna, 1885. (Given by J. i tay Morgan,
RAUNGART, RicHaRp. Der Hopfen aller Hopfenbauenden rae der Erde als
Braumaterial. Munich, tgor. (Give sag D. O. Mills, Esq,
Bruck, andelingen door den Botanischen Tuin te Buitenzorg. Batavia,
1892. (By exchange, through | Mr. ere ICY: ms soi
Bulletin de? fh yg. Nos. 1-8, 1898-1901. (By ex-
change, through Mr. Percy Wilson. ) :
GE, FLW. The te) ae London, 1888. (Given by J, Pierpont
Morgan, Esy. )

175

Burnat, EmMILe. Catalogue des Festuca des Alpes Maritimes.
te by D. O. Mills, a
CLeGHorN, Hucu, ¢ Forests and Gardens of South India. London, 1861.
(Given by J. Pierpont ha E
N. ‘oyal Parks and Gardens of London. London, 1877.
(Given by J. Pierpont Morgan, Esq. ) Z
Cosson, E., AND
Phanérogamie. Groupe des Glumactes.

Lausanne, 1882.

la Fit d2’ A, lg Se
Paris, fe fe by D. O. Mills,
ABRAHAM. History of Plants. A Poem in six Books with Rapin’s
Dipti “sf rai London, 1795. (Given by J. Pierpont Morgan, Esq.)
Mie ‘ultural oe the Rose. London, 1870. (Given by
J. Pen Es sq.
oe ns ee KGéniglich-Baievischen eer oe in Regensburg.
Regen, 1815 - 1890. 7 vols, (Given by 2: O. Mi -)
é fe ae 1848-85. 37 vols.

(Given by D. oO. Mills, Esq. )
DE£zALLI ee . J. La Théovie et la Pratique du Jardinage. Ed.
4. Paris, ae (Give a Benn Morgan, Esq.
LLE, A. J. ( Ale nandre le ae _The Theory and
Practice of Gardening. D. th s by John James.
lon, 1728. ie by J. Pierpont Morgan, Esq
L, Analyse der Hartze, Balsame und Gummihartee Berlin,
1900. Celia ey D. O. Mills, Esq. ;
DopwéLL, The Carnation and Picotee. Edition 2. London, 1886.
(Given by J. Pierpont t Mor rgan.
Doucuas, James. Hardy "Hori s Flowers. London, 1880. (Given by D. O.
Mills, Esq.
Ecuusz, C

LU’. Rariorum Plantarum Historia. Antwerp, 1601,
(Given by Miss ae ei White.

, M. PAKENHAM. Pollen. London, 1877. (Given by Mrs. N. L,
Britton. }

ae ERRARI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA. Hesperides sive de Malorum Aureorum cultura

sa. Rome, 1646. (Given by J. Pierpont Morgan, E:

es . J. Plantkundig Woordenboeck voor Nederlandsch Indie,
1888. (By exchange, through Mr. Percy Wilso:

FirzGERaLD, R. D. Australian Orchids.” ae 1882-93.
by D. O. Mills, Esq.

Flora Danica. Vols. 8-17, and Supplements. 9 vols. (Given by D, O. Mills,

Amsterdam,

2vols. (Given

TER, Mrs, J. FRANCIS. On the Art of Gardening, London, 188:. (Given
a pees soe Esq.
NONG, WIL: F. A Laboratory Course in os oe aes asa
asis for eathe New York, ce (Given by D: mae Mac
4 GERARDIN, RENE L. ’VICONTE D’ pe cn say o =e ndscape,
translated by Daniel Malthus. aca 1783. (Give D by J- "Pispnt apes Esq. )
LIBERT, JZaAN EMMANUEL. Flora L seu En 0 Plant-
arum quas circa Grodnam collegit, Grodno, 1785, (Given by J. Eat Morgan,
Esq.)

176

IFFITH, WILLIAM PeTTIT, Architectural Botany. London, 1852, (Given
by Pipe a Esq.
De. Lf Medico Botanico Criolfo. Paris, 1864. 4 vols.
e Moderne Teppichgérinerei, Ed, 4, 1891. Bee by J.
Pierpont Morgan, Ea
Hays, Practical che yeatise on Plantin and Management of Woods and Cop-

n, : :

Hosc, THomas. Concise and Practical Treatise on the Carnation and other

Flowers. Ed. 5. London, 1832. (Given by J. Pierpont Morgan, Es
Humeureys, H. Nozr. Occan and River Gardens, London, 1857, (Given

ollic!
US) 1 Gr - inées: Descriptions, Figures et Usages des Graminédes Spon-
tanées . cut s de Frane Cahan, 1896-1899. (Given by D. O. Mills, Esa z
Las. Sen Zeitung, Vols, 4-23, 1860-1879, 20 vols. (Given by
Mills, =. )
'AMAIN, BELLATR ET Moreau. La Vigne ef le Vin. Paris, 1901. 2 vols,
(Given by D. O. Mills,
Journal of the Royal ana Society. London, 1889-1900. Vols. 11-24.
14 vols, ae Bas ae Morgan, Esq.

Kemp, Des of the Gardens at Biddulph Grange. London, 1862.
(Given by J. ee Mere, Es

Kanu OSE a the Cultivation eee the Plants belonging to the Natural
Order of Pritetae, me don, 1809. (Gi by J. Pierpont Morgan, Esq.

Kopren, W. Versuch einer Aina der Klimate voraugsweise nach neue
Besiehungen sur Phanzenwelt, Lei » QOL.

Iz
Kuntu, Karu SIGISMUND. Pate Synopica sive Enumeratio Graminea-
rum. Stuttgart, 1833. 2 vols. (Given by D. O. Mills, Esq.
KuntH, Kart Sicismunp. rea Snape sive Enumeratio Cyper-
acearum, Stuttgart, 1837. (Given . Mill:
EY, Batty. Mew Principles i Boonie London, 1726. (Given by

Lizsic, Justus von. Principles of A, h special reference
to late researches made in England. New York, 1855. (Given by Prof. A. Hol-
oe

NCOLN, ALMIRAH. Familiar Lectures on Botany, New York, 1856. (Given
by fe A. Hollick. )

Linven, J. Peseatoria, Iconographie des Orchidées. Bruxelles, 1860. (Given

Linpman, C. A.M. Be hte eur Gramineenflora Sudameritas, Stockholm,
1900, ate by Dr. N. L. Bri

MacDouvaat, D. T. ees “Text. Book of Plant Physiology, New York,
T90!. (Given the Author, m)

Ma.MeE, Gust. 0. A. N. je he de des Reguell’schen Herbars. Stock-
holm, 1900. (Given by Dr. P. A oa re.)

MANN, G. and WENDEAND, H. On the Palms of Western Africa, London :
1863. (Given by J, Pierpont Morgan, E: :
Maroena, Nicoio. Commentatio ne Traten iti di Dioscoride and di Plinio dell’-

Amomo, Venice, 1617. (Given by J. Pierfont Morgan, Esq.)

Members of the Corporation.

Dr. TimotTHy F. ALLEN,
Pror. N. L. BRITTON,
Hon. ADDISON BROWN,
Wm. L. BRownN,

ANDREW CARNEGIE,
Pror. CHas. F. CHANDLER,
Wo. G. CHOATE,

Hon. EDWARD COOPER,
Cuas. F. Cox,

JOHN J. CROOKE,

W. BAYARD CUTTING,
ROBERT W. DE FOREST,
Wm. E. DopcE,

PROF. SAM’L W. FAIRCHILD,
GEN. LOUIS FITZGERALD,
RICHARD W. GILDER,
Hon. THomas F. GILRoy,
PARKE GODWIN,

Hon. HucH J. GRAnr,
Henry P. Hoyt,

ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.,
Morris K. JEsup,

Joun I. Kane,

EUGENE KELLY, JR.,
PROF. JAMES F. KEMP,

Joun S. KENNEDY,

Hon. SETH Low,

Davip LyDIc,

EpcarR L. MARSTON,

Diy OS MILs;

J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
THEO. W. MYERS,

Hon. MILES M. O’BRIEN,
Gro. M. Oxcort,

ProF. HENRY F. OSBORN,
GEORGE W. PERKINS,
JAMES R. PITCHER,

Rt. REv. HENRY C, POTTER,
PERCY R. PYNE,

JoHN D. ROCKEFELLER,
Wn. ROCKEFELLER,
Pror. H. H. Russy,

Wn. C. SCHERMERHORN,
JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
HENRY A. SIEBRECHT,
SAMUEL SLOAN,

Wm. D. SLOANE,

NELSON SMITH,

Dr. W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
Louis C. TIFFANY,
SAMUEL THORNE,

ProF. L. M. UNDERWOOD,

WiLL1AM H. S. Woop.

PUBLICATIONS

The New York Botanical Gat

Journal of the New Yorls Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, con-
taining notes, news and non-technical articles of general interest. Free to all m
bers of the Garden. To others, 10 at a copy; $1.00 a year. Be iene in
sxchange.] Vol. I, 1900, viii + 213 pp., 5 plates, and 25 figures in

Bulletin of the New York Bo ae al Garden, containing the anpual nae
of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and

the results of aves carried out in A eee Garden. Vol. I, Nos. 1-5, 449 PP, 5
maps, and 1 eae es, 1896-1900. $3. . 6, 232 pp., 20 plates. Free to all
members of the erent to oe Ae pee
Memoirs of the w Yor tanical Gar Vole team are Cat-
MpeNe of the noe et edie eat the Yellowstone Park k, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg,
ant curator e museums n arrangem: ss and critical oe of the
Pieidophy tes ands Piste of the region Sith a s from the author’s field book
and including sey ptions of 163 new pana ix ce 492 pp. Roy! 8vo, with de-
maleate Tee Price to members of the arden, $1.00. To others, $2.00. [Not
offered in exchange. Se

on tions from the ‘w York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
1 papers writen Ged “dents or sg hias ea of the staff, and reprinted from journals
sate than the Pri cents each
No. 1. PenA Se) and ee by Dr. D. T. MacDougal.
No. 2. New Species from western United States, by Dr. Per Axel bee
No. 3. The dichotomous Panicums: some new Species, by Geo, V. Nash.
related Species, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 5. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—I, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg

No. 6, Notes and Descriptions of North American Plants I and II, by Dr. J. K.
Snail,

Te team Reproduction and Multiplication in Zrythronium, by Fred-
ae at Blodgett.
No

Two new Species of Grimmia from Montana, by R. S. Williams.

No 9. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—II, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 10, Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—III, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 11. Life-history of Schizea pusilla, by Elizabeth G. Britton and Alexandrina

No. 12. Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—IV, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No. 13. Further Studies on the Potentilleae, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—V, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
Studies on the Rocky Mountain Flora—VI, by Dr. Per Axel Rydberg.
No, 16. Vanishing Wild Flowers, by Elizabeth G. Britton.
No. 17. The Tylostomaceae of North America, by V. S. White.
Shrubs and Trees of the Southern States, by Dr. J. K. Small.
bscriptions and remittances should be sent to
NEW YORK eee ean GARDEN
x PARK, NEw YORK City

DECEMBER, 1901

JOURNAL

OF

No, 24

The New York Botanical Garden

EDITOR
DANIEL TREMBLY MACDOUGAL

Director of the Laboratories

CONTENTS

Report by Dr. M. A. Howe on a Trip to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. . .

Report of Mr. Percy Wilson on a Trip to the East Indies ... .. .
An Old Physics Garden in New Amsterdam .. ..... ...
ier mvewearata Gomment ..-). 0). 6 eis ee ee
a EE Vie MM EGS A sg We ee yoo y ks

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

At 41 NortH Queen Street, Lancaster, Pa
sy Tue New Era Printinc Company

FFIOERS, 1901.
PRESIDENT—D. O. MILLS,
VICE- Se CARNEGIE,
TREASURER—CH ES F. CO
SECRETARY—N. L. BRITTON.

BoARD OF MANAGERS.
1, ELECTED MANAGERS.

ANDREW CARNEGIE, J. PIERPONT MORGAN,
CHARLES (ee, ¢ GEORGE W. PERKINS,
W. BAYARD CUTTING, JAMES A. SCRYMSER,
WILLIAM E. DODGE, SAMUEL SLOAN

JOHN I. KANE, W. GILMAN THOMPSON,
Di 20. “MILES; SAMUEL THORNE.

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS.

THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS,
HON. GEO. C. CLAUSEN

THE MAYOR OF THE City OF NEW YORK,
HON. R. A. VAN WYCK

3. SCLENTIFIC DIRECTORS.

HON. ADDISON BROWN, HON. MILES M. oes
PROF, C. F. CHANDLER, PROF. H. H. RUSB
PROF; J. (°F. KEMP, ' PROF. L. M. UNDERWOOD.

GARDEN STAFF.

DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in- Chief.
DR. D. fT. MACDOUGAL, First Assistant.
DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Curator of the Museums.
DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Assistant Curator

D THUR HOLLICK, Assistant Curator.
DR. MARSHA Ow tant Curator.
S. EARLE, Assistant Curator

rarian.
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Curator of the Economic Collections.
OL. F. A. SCHILLING, Superintendent.
JOHN R. BRINLEY, Landscape Engineer.
ER S. GROESBECK, Clerk and Accountant.
CORNELIUS VAN BRUNT, Honorary Floral Photographer.

JOURNAL

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vou. II. - _December, 190) 190 No. 24,
Lae OF DR. M. A. HOWE, ean ee
ee - Oe TO NOVA SCOT
WFOUNDLAND

(Presented to the Scientific Directors October 22, 190F. aq
Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief :

would respectfully report that in accordance with your in-
structions of June 13, 1901, detaching me from duty at the Gar-

. Lang, m
fellow in oeeay in the Unveniy of Chicago, ns of whom
rendered very efficient assistance.

ne of the main objects of the expedition was the collection

the land pla ae wile : pave os of mine to the collection of
the seaweeds, I stops of about a week each
and two or three of only one or two days’ duration. Our first
stand was at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia. We then went northward
by rail along the Bay of Fundy, stopping at Digby, and, for a
short time, at Kingsport and Grand Pré in the Minas Basin. A
day was spent inland at Windsor Junction and then we went on to

178

Pictou, which is on the northern shore of the Nowe Scotian

From Pictou we went to North Sydney, near the northern end of

Cape Breton Island, where we stayed about a week, and then

proceeded by steamer to Port-aux-Basques, which is eave
and. Thi

though somewhat larger single specimens were obtained from the
Bay of Fundy.
e impression that one obtains of the physical and floral

z
tata, and Sanguisorba Canadensis, e Ericaceae and se
also prominent. Among the former are not only several of our
familiar heaths near the northern limit of their distribution, but
there are also subarctic types near their southern limits, at least
so far as the sea-level is concerned.

The Newfoundland Railway, completed four years ago, runs
near the western or ‘‘ French”
shore, for 144 miles to the Bay of Talandt, and then turns east-
ward, crossing the almost unsettled interior of the island a little

179

to the south of the extremely irregular northern coast.
a

le fe)
marack, yellow birch, and white birch. We saw no oaks,

the landscape. As one proceeds by rail across i practically
unsettled interior, trees and forests an still found, especially
about the numerous lakes, but the trees are mostly rather smal
and often scattered. Large tracts : Gn thin coniferous forest

for a week at the village of Topsail, on Conception Bay, and
another week at the village of Torbay, about seven miles north
of St. n’s.

The se from the United States is impressed by the fact
that the berries of’ several plants scarcely known in that connec-

mountain cranberry, there commonly known as the partridge-
berry, which is gathered in large quantities. A third is Viburuum

180

aa called in Newfoundland the squashberry. The fruit
of this is quite palatable when cooke: Still another plant in
this Berd is Chiogenes, the creeping ous y. We did not
have the pleasure of tasting this in the cooked condition, but it
is said to be regarded a special delicacy as a preserve.

specimens at a moderate estimate, a third of these bane marine

er t
weeds were collected in quantity. A considerable une of
ee oe in formalin was also obtained ; in fact, most of
ted both by stepal eee

in Auids and also in nine dry conde
Res; ene submitted,
MarsHatt A, Howe.

REPORT BY PERCY WILSON, MUSEUM AID, ON A
A TRIP TO THE EAST INDIES.
(Presented to the Scientific Directors Oct. 22, 1901, and ordered printed. )
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CHIEF,
Dear Sir: I submit herewith a report upon my visit to the
orning of March 2, 1go1, I sailed for the Ea

n the st
indies, an the Solar Eclipse Expedition, panier by Professor
David P. Todd, of Amherst College. During our voyage several

181

points were touched by the vessel, but as only a short stay was
é

With one or two exceptions this is the only piece of original
island. The law i

jungle the islan ns, whi marked ou
alphabetically, contain man and other interesting plants
is in: contains several houses for growing orchids,
ferns, and begonias, an herbaceous ground, economic garden, di-
rector’s house, nursery, office and herbari e garden owes
it’s origin to an association that was organized number of
the residents of Singap ho formed themselves into a society
that was called t! gri-Horticultural Society. In 1 ro-
s: s made t ernme he Gardens be turned

over to them, in order that they be placed on proper scientific
footing. This proposal was eee by the Government and a
Mr. Murton was appointed superintendent. Mr. Murton con-

is
April 2zoth for the island of Singkep, about 100 miles south.
Singkep is a small island about 25 miles long and 16 miles

182

wide. Two-thirds of the island .is covered with jungle, the

remaining portion being mostly devoted to tin minin ti
n and was wholly given to Professor Todd at his Eclipse
camp, but I managed to sec een 100 an specimens

of fibers, seeds and living plants. One of the most interesting
economic fibers is obtained from a fern stem called by the
n Resam.” Th

pl C
coarse thread. With this the Malay women weave hats which

r. lume p

the first director of the new institution. . After several years
Blume was obliged to return to Europe on account of his health,
and the garden was left in charge of a curator. The institution
was without a director from this time until 1865, when Dr
H. C. C. Scheffer was appointed the second director of the
Buitenzorg Gardens. Scheffer died in 1880, and his successor,

M still continues the work. The institution contains

ories.
gricultural and experimental garden.
aa aa laboratory.

Botanical g:

Office and nay

Forest flora collections.

Laboratory for the study of Deli Tobacco.
Experimental station for coffee.

The arden is laid out in sections, each of which has a label

Leases

183

bearing the family and genera represented. The plants are ar-

a
continued my work. On July 5, I sailed on the steamer “ Hill
len,” arriving in New York, ae ust 18, IQO1.
Respectfully Sear
Percy WILs
. ice hid

AN OLD PHYSIC GARDEN IN NEW AMSTERDAM.
So much has been written of Dr. Hosack’s Botanic Garden on
Murray Hill at the beginning of the 19th century, that it may

‘ Physick ae was a forerunner of our more ambitious insti-
tutions.
Adriaen Van der Donck, “ Doctor of both Laws,” came to

another of the Dutch nes bounded the estate on the east.
bout the year 1653 this enterprising | Dutchman wrote a*

*A Description of the New Netherlands is (as t lhe same at the pre present —
written Bas Adriaen Van der Donck. The Second Editi a a Ma
Cou Anno Domini, Reprinted from the de by the Hi fate
miah ae in the Collections of the New Vork Historical Society, a ee
Vol. 1, pages 125-242, 1841

184

“ Description of the New Netherlands” in which he gavea graphic
picture of Manhattan and its surroundings at that time

oO

land, of the Grape Vines and Vineyards, of the Flowers, and of
what is of special interest to us

“Or THE Heacinc HErgs, AND THE INDIGO.”

“No reasonable person will doubt that there are not

sides t among which there eee are good

ots,
langerous wounds and old sores, of which we have seen many
instances, which, as the sake of brevity, we pass by.
“The fudigo naturally, without the attention of
and there is no 6 asi bt but that with Proper care and

the New Netherlands) sent seed, which was sown late on Bear

. 185

Island, which has not above a foot of soil above the rock, and
where no grass would grow well. The seed came up fine, but
the dry summer turned the crop yellow, and dried the plants.

pla
certain citizen named Augustin Heerman, who is a curious man,
A

spent on such experiments, but to the raising of the necessaries .
of life; for which, God be praised, there is plenty and to spare,

r year, and in ti
with our ; Netherlands and ee commerce.

e
as we see figured on the Hortus Floridus of Crispin de Pass, and
others of his time; or ate Se like that older garden of
Erasmus, described in Col “Convivium Religiosum’
“ Here’s an indifferent fair a cut into two: the one’s for the
Kitchin, ena that’s my wife’s; the other is a “a Physick Garden.
a ee nana yon have an open hae Meadow. ens with
se
vivis pees Shere do I take the ‘Air souiccnies, and divert
myself with good Company. Upon the right hand, there’s a
pets (Orchard) of nae Plants, which I have brought by

186

degrees to endure this Climate. At the end of the upper Walk
there’s an Aviary: at the further end of the Orchard, I have my
Bees, which is a sient: worth your ae he Of the woods and
forests our author t length and is evidently
impressed with the fact that the country is eavered with so much
wood, “and in our manner of speaking, ae is all too much of
it, and in our way. Still it comes to hand to build vessels and
el

are all noted and a vivid description is given of the manner of
burning the woods as it was periodically done by the native
“(Wilden, for so we name those who are not born of Christian
parents).”

He also at that early day, in speaking of the wood-burning

Aan that there oo is such an abundance of wood in the

in a very few years the Public Parks of New York City will be
the sole remnants of that sylvan Eldorado so marvelled at by
the first settlers of Manhattan.

A. M. Var.

NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT.
Dr. Britton’s Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and
Canada, ee by Henry Holt & Co., was issued in October.
hi

a
5
og
a
ey
a
Q
fo}
3
=
3
3
fo)
3
T 4
Be
N
o
Qa.
<
=
Ss
3
®
°
=
tn
oO
°

cri ritt

and Brown's Illustrated Flora, the illustrations, bibliographical
references, and most a the synonymy of the latter work being
mitted. The manual includes also descriptions of species that
have become known since the publication of the Illustrated Flora,

187

increasing the number of described species from 4162 to about
4500. Professor L. M. oe Dr. eas K. Small, Dr. P.
db

y
tributed the text fon anecial-g
Dr. Arthur te lick, en curator, in charge of paleo-
d.

botany, along the shore of Chesapeake
ee in codperation with the ee Geological Survey, dur-
November. Dr. Hollick will make a critical study of the

ing
Pleistocene flora of the region mentioned, making a report to the
Survey. A large number of duplicate specimens were procured
for the collections in the museum
Mr. Nashand Dr. Small rerdened the latter part of last month
from a collecting trip in southern peninsular Florida. ead-
lis iami, and fr

c
to the keys, on which landings were made at Elliott’s Key, Ol
Rhodes Key and Totten’s Key; a short trip was also made into

cured, 50 packets of seed, 1200 herbarium specimens, and some
museum material.

The total precipitation in the Garden for November, 1901,
amounted to 1.72 inches. Maximum temperatures of 56 on the

ACCESSIONS.
PLANTS.
2 plants for the herbaceous hie (Given by James Fletcher, Dominion Ex-

al
tae al Farm, tee oe
(Given by Mr. S. C. Meadows, 188th St. and

Caio Ave., Fordham, City

12 species of Selaginella. i exchange with the Royal Botanic Garden, Ber-
lin, Germany.

6 plants for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. Michael Scheringer, 1599 Bath-
gate Ave, N. Y. City.)

188

s for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. F. Lighte, 242 Bergen Ave.,
Jersey Gigs 8 J )

pl (From Mrs. N. A, Baldwin, New Haven, Conn. )
1 plant for the conservatories. (By exchange with the Department of Parks,
Borough of the Bronx.
2 plants for the conservatories. (Given by Mr, F. T. Holder, Locust Hill Ave.,
Yonkers, N. ¥.)
1 plant for the conservatories. (Given by Mr. F. C. Berte, 546 Mt. Hope Place,
Tremont, N. Y. City.)
SEEDS.
1 packet of Digitalis ambigua. (Given by Mr. H. K. Morrill, gardiner, Maine.)
2 packets of seed. Sak en by Dr. 3 K. Small. }
32 packets of Colorado seed. (Given by Mr. F, K. Vre:
1 packet of seed of Ca. a Harper, ce Tybee Island, coats Ga. (Given
by Mr. R. M. Harper.)
6 packets of seed for conservatories and outside plantations, (Secured at Paris
Exposition of 1900 by Dr. N. L. Britton.
ts of cactus seed from Bolivia and Peru. (Collected by Mr. R. S, Wil-
liams.
2 packets of palm seed. (Given by Miss Helen Gould, Irvington, N. Y.)
20 packets of Nebraska seed. (Purchased from Miss Emma Harter. )
54 packets of seed from St. Kitts, West Indies. (Collected by Dr. N. L,
Britton.
154 eck of Florida seed, representing about 68 species. (Given by Rev. L.
H. Lighth
I ae of seed of Dicerandra odoratissima from Georgia. (Given by Mr. R.
M. Harper.)
MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM.
23 specimens of fungi from California and Colorado. (By exchange with Mr. C.
F. Baker.)
17 herbarium specimens from Washington, D. C. (By exchange with Mr. E. E.
Steele.)
217 museum and herbarium specimens from Stockbridge, Mass, (Collected and
given by Dr. N. L. Britton.
12 specimens of woods from Bd Zealand. (By exchange with Prof. L. Cock-
ayne.
41 specimens of fungi. (Given by Prof. L. M. Lata )
I plate of Thea viridis. (Given by Dr. J. K
108 herbarium specimens from New sn es exchange with Prof. L.
Cockayne. =)

7 d Apocynum. (Given by Mr. Charles wie )
3 ran of Cardamine. {By ia with Prof. Wm, Trelea
24 specimens of beers. (Given by Messrs. A. Hiipfel’s Sons.

24 specimens of spices, coffees, starches, etc, (Given by Messrs. Boustead &
Co,, Singapore: a

F copra, cocoanut oil, shipment oil, refined oil and
cocoanut oil cakes. (Given by the Singapore Oil Co.)

167 m eee herbari peci from Lake George, N. Y. (Collected and
given by Prof J. F. .)

413 museum and — specimens from the Catskill Mountains. (Collected
by Dr. N. L. Britton.)

3 museum specimens of Vanilla beans. viele by Messrs. Dodge & Olcott. )

17 museum specimens of mosses. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
2 plants from West Virginia. (By eee with Prot W. A. Kellerman. }
I photograph of a fungus. (Given by Mr. C. C. Lloyd.

25 specimens, ‘‘ Musci Pleurocarpi.’’ (Given by oe A. J. Grout for the Colum-
bia Herbarium. )
13,257 herbarium specimens from Mexico and Europe (Vigener Herbarium).
Purchased a the gare arden
P gon, collected by Mr. Hammond. Purchased

for the garden.
I specimen of Razoumofskya pusilla from Minnesota. (Given by Mr. F. K.
Butters,
5 specimens of Californian plants. (By exchange with Mr. L. R. Abrams, )
I specime en of Prosopis ieee ‘ima from Arizona. (Given by Dr. D. ce ffiths. )
Montana, Colorado and New Mexico. (Collected

by Mr. F. K. Vreeland. )

3011 k fi Montana. (Collected by Dr. D. T. aie ae )

213 herbarium specimens from Vermont. (Collected by Mr. Ww.
leston.

362 herbarium specimens from the eastern hemisphere. (By exchange with the
Royal Claes Kew, En:

o Rico. (By exchange with the U. S. National Museum. )
fait of P, North Carolina, (Gi

iven

by oe A.M. eo

fi i Elouda (Given by Mr. Otto Frank. -)

~ BB

16 n
2 isan specimens from Tex: ae by Prof. S. W. Stanfield.
m specimen of Copholis Americana, (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton. .
Io museum sari of illipe nuts, illipe tallow and tallow cakes. (Giv

cy)
€
B
a
&

it
2 specimens of : mosses from Franz Joseph Land. (Given by Mr. Ralph L.
Shainwald, Jr.)

cP 74 (Collected by Mr. E. P. Sheldon.)

1 model of Akebia guinata. ae n by the Rev. Mr. Ha: au McKim.

2 herbarium Lage s from South Carolina, (Given by Dr. D. S. Ma rtin. }

mosses from Santa Marta. Gis and given by ie ‘cal F, Baker. }

4 mosses from Georgia. (Given by Mr. R. M. ak 5

1 specimen of Zri/iium ‘lanceolatum. (Given by . Curtiss. )

237 mosses from the Catskil Mountains. (Collected ae given oe Mrs. N. L.
Britton.

41 specimens of Pennsylvania plants. (Given by Mr. Benj. H. Smith. }

t as of Veronica officinalis from Tennessee. (By exchange with Mr. S. O.
Barn

211 a ‘bari exico. (Given by the Duke de Loubat, through
the American Museum of Natural ae )

190

2 specimen s of Aztennaria, (By ex aera with President Ezra Brainerd.)
2 speci imens of eee from Canada. (Given by Mr, E. P, Bicknell.
6r ancouver See (By exchange with the

American Museum of Natural History. )
i specimen of Potentilla pumila from Ohio. (By exchange with Mr. Roscoe J.

b.)
2 specimens of J/ex from th (Given by Mr. G. 5. Miller.)
19 specimens of Mexican plats (By exchange 1 with Prof. E. O. Wooton.)
4 specimens of P; Pennsylvania. (Given by Dr. C. D. Fretz.}

1057 specimens of fungi. (Given by Dr. J. S. Billin

18 specimens of ofentil/a from Greenland. (By exchange with Dr. Morten
Pedersen. )

239 mosses es Mexico, Brazil, ‘Trinidad, Chile and the Argentine Republic.

has B )

“38 specimen of Wyoming mosses. (Collected by Prof. Aven Nelson.)

12 specimens of Colorado mosses. (Collected by Profs. Un He and Selby. )

3 herbarium specimens of Ohio plants. (Given by Prof. A. D. Selby.

31 museum specimens of mosses from Chilson Lake, N. Y. (Given by Mrs. I.
Harris.

20 specimens of Utah plants. (By raat with Miss Susan Stokes. )

975 specimens of Wyoming plants. (By exchange with Prof. Aven Nelson.)

5 Arizona ian by oe D. T. MacDougal. )

127 mosses frou the Adirondack Mountains. (Given by Mrs. N. L. Britton.)
oF Montang) Past (By ee nge with Mrs. Nees Ware Scheuber. }
en by Prof. T. D. A. eae

a mosses oe Stockbridge, Massachusetts. (Collected and given by Mr.

L. Britton,

33 sbecunens of fungi. (Given by Mrs. W. C. Lobenstine. )
at Ne (Given by Mr. E. ea
I stem of Lan wicera ge from Wales. (Given by Mr. E. P. Bicknell.)
2 specimens of Lactuca. (By exchange with the U. S. Department of Agricul-

-

ture,

Tannersville, Pennsylvania, (Collected and given
by Dr. N. L. Britton. )

55 specimens a East Indian grasses. (By exchange with the Royal Gardens,
Kew, England.)

seum specimens of Anthurus borealis, {Given by Miss V. S. White. )
nges. (Given by Messrs. Lehn & Fink. }
12 museum specimens of grains and flax. (Given by the Commissioner from
si

g
=
G
6
=
8
&
oJ
°
a.
®
3
2
1%
ow
7
2

I trunk of Rkamnus Purshiana, ‘trom the ie 'an-American Exposition.

4 specimens of Colorado fungi (By exchange with Prof. W. Pollock. }
I specimen of Plasmopara ribicola from enone (Given by Dr. a Davis. )
19 specimens of fleshy fungi from One: {By exchange with Prof. A. D. Selby.}
Kitts, St. are ind St. Tne West Indies.
Cow:

(om by _ N. ad Britton and Mr. I. F.

(Bye tee e with Miss Alice etenn )
useum specimens from St. Kitts, West Indies. (Collected by Dr. N. L. Brit-
ae well, )

1 specimen of Quercus Boyntonit, (By exchange with the Bil Herbarium. )
herh speci fom | 1 (By exchange with Mi Price.)
LIBRARY.

PATERSON, NATHANIEL. The Manse Garden. London, no date. (Given by J.
shel Morgan, Esq.)
MANN, Winitenn Lupwic. De Hore Gramineo. Leipzig, 1838. (Given

Puitipp, Kar. ‘Dictionary of German and English Forest-Terms. Neudamm,
iven by

Pizssz, G.W. S. The a Perfumery and the Method ZL Obtaining the
Odours of Plants. sagan 5. (Given mt Professor A. Hollic!
Piccort, F. T. sean of Japan, Ed. 2. London, oe (Given by J.
ae Morgan, ee
» GIOVANNI. "Monte Baldo Descritto, Venice, 1617. (Given by J. Pier-
pont an sq. )
Puypt, E. DE. Les Orchidées- Histoire Iconographique. Paris, 1880, (Given
by J. aie Morgan, Esq.
me de ? Horticul ture Belge et Etrangére. Bruxelles, 1879-1885. 10 vols.
(Given by J. oa laa Esq.
IDLEY, H falay Plant Names. Singapore, 1897. (Given by the au-
iIson.)

RIVIERE, AUGUSTE and CHARLES. Les Bamébous. Paris, 1878. (Given by J.

]
Satmon, J. D. ‘a of Surrey. Compiled by James Alexander Brewer. Lon-
don, | {Given a D. . Millis, Esq. }
R, F. Reichenbachia: Orchids dlustrated and Described. London, 1886-
94. oe (Given by Mrs. Alfred Corning Clark.
SCHIFFNER, VICTOR. Conspectus ae Archipelagi Indict. Batavia, 1898.
Wi

Scuy: GrorcE. The Book of Choice Ferns. London, 1892. 7 vols.
(Given by J. Pierpont Morgan, Esq.)

Simkins, JAMES. Zhe Pansy. London, 1889. (Given by J. Pierpont Morgan,
Esq.

SINCLAIR, J. AND FREEMAN, J.

Hist, d Descript f the different Varie-
tof the Pansey or Heartsease. London, 1835. (Given by J. Pierpont Morgan,

WITZER, STEPHEN. Jconographia Rustica, London, 1718-1742. 3 vols.
(Given by J. Pierpont Morgan » Esq.
The British Florist; or Lady’ s aaa of Horticulture. London, 1846. 6 vols.
(Given by J. Pierpont Morgan, Esq.)
The Orchid Review, London, 1893-1900. 8 vols. (Given by J. Pierpont Mor-
E:

. )
us, KARL BERNHARD, <Andropogoneorum genera speciesque oo de-
Wea novis. St. Petersburg, oe (Give en by dD. 0: Mills, Esq.

Trinius, KARL BERNHARD Spec if
travit. Petropoli, 1823-36. 3 vols. "(Given 2 D. -_ Mills, Esq.)
MBURGH, 2 ee te Tjikeu meuk

gehweekte Gewassen. Batavia, 1892. { By Sadee

192
“esta, 5 See trent den staat van'S Lands Plantentuin. Batavia, 1894-I9c0. 7

‘ols. ( ange, through Mr. Percy Wilso:
Pieter Ricerche Caslschap in Zitrich. Ziirich, 1856-
ange.

84. i
wa LACE, Nees eo Palm Trees of the Amazon. London, 1853.
(Given by D. O. Mills Esq.)
ARBURG, O. huk pie d thre Kult Berlin, 1900. (Given
by D. O. Mills, Esq.)
'ARNER, ROBERT. Select Orchidaceous Plants. London, 1874. 2 vols. (Given
by D. O. Mills,

WARNER, ae & Moore. Zhe Orchid Alum. London, 1882-5. 5 vols.
(Given by D. 0. a a
A « their Culture and Management with descriptions of all
the kinds in general oe Ed. 2. London, 1890. (Given by Mrs. N. L.
Britt

ae ‘ELY, THOMA! Observations on Modern Gardening. London, 1770.
{Given by Pierpont none Esq.)

Wi E. rodvome de la Flore ill des Indes Neerlandaises.
1897-99. 2 vols. (By pile through Mr, Percy Wilson.

WITHERS, W. Tree, Robinia Pseudo-Acacia. London, 1842.
(Given by J. an fei ‘Ts sq.)

: INDEX.

Abies subalpina 132

Acacia Farnesiana 164

Acanthaceae 10

Accessions 14, 31, 45, 60, 79, 95, 126,
7

3
5
=

Aeriealtural College, State of Colorado

Anica, | a department of 110
Agrinto:
ale ° 82

len, Dr. T.
Allium Negeuicoe ae
Alocasia supra 8
as a 8

‘Althea “184
Amaryllida
Amaryllis fea 8,
American Asoiaton for the Advance-
ay of Sci
Ames, Mrs. F. cn ae
‘Anatomy, physiological 6
Anderson, Prof. Alex. P. 151
itidis 7

The 4
Anthurium Vet hit 1
Approaches, 1 Front, e museum building
API. Meee yt
r 79
Arachis ee 114
Aralias 10
‘Araucati aceae 7
Araucaria excelsa 7
Architect, consulting landscape 6
Ardisia 9

Areschoug 131

Aroids Io
epiphytic 164
Asclepiadaceae 11
eee 83
179

an 164

Aspens, W eeping American (Fig. 2) 12
Atriplex hortensis 184

marina 184
Auxanometer, piecliion 54
Aviary 186
Avicennia nitida 27
Avocado pears 165
Azalea amoena 74

acteria 17, 82

actris 164

alch, Mr. Alfred 111
amboo §

sa arundinacea 8

Width width
g

jatis maritina 2!

af

ell-apples 165
erckmans, Mr. P. J. 108, 113, 114
ergeren, Prof.
Berlin, herbarium of 110

ermuda, Marine Flora of 4
icknell, "Mr. E. P. 187
irches 138

ird’s nest fungi 152
iological station of the university of

8

Bladderwo. 5

Blankinship, Dr. J. 53

Bletia hyacinthina 9

Blodgett, Mr. Frederick H.

on the aythigniums, a

Blytt, Prof. 134

Bolivia, exploration of 109

Bo . fund, the speci 144

eali- Ame Hooker's Flora
133

194

Botanical gardens, Buffalo
Buitencorg, 45, 4, 182
c

Up
Botany, regional 5
Briarcliff School of practical horticulture
Brimstone Hill 162
Brittleworts 3
Britto:

»
: im and its variations 72
L. 108, I10, I12, 142, 150
.on "Jad ige Daly’s sunifower 7
Manual of the flora of the northern
oe

on the Morong Herbarium 35

Report by the ditector- in-chief on
his recent tripto the West Indies
161

Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora
186

Broo! ooklyn Institute, Biological laboratory
of 9

: 5
Bryophyta 82
mop gy of 4°
of 5
Bullele B ic Gardens, The 24

ota
Buitenzorg, Ponce gardens at 143
Bulbine longise

fluence of flowers upon literature o7
Bur-reeds 35
Burr-woo o 64
Burrill, Prof. 152
ke ptr 14
Burt f. E. A. 43
Cabbage, sea-otter’s 83
palm 164

iperherer 184
Caltech haceae 35
Calteus aoa 184
Camperfoliae

Camphora oo 140
Camphor tree

ale ee 164 .
Carnegie, Andrew, funds provided by
112
8)

potrop

go

‘arrion-flower II

assava 165

es ee elastica 141

ie Mountains, excursion to 110
S35

sae physiology’ of th
ntral America, botanical exploration of

a
Cereus 164, 171

ristiania, botgaia garden at 129, 134
‘innamon, bla eae

ee a

Cla;

.N.
Cocco. oe wifera
Cocoanut, Analysis
eens imperfect Ore. 4) 69
a:

5
stombia, Uaned States of 110
rado For 153
tate
Gianna in ee pects gar-
os I

33
‘ommissioner of Parks 29, 1
Conference, ‘the hybrid 108
‘onservatories, A noteworthy accession
-_ the t 140

contract for partis in Ae vicinity

Conservatory collection, Present arrange-
ment of the (Fig. 1) 9

Consolidae 184
Constable, a ‘a 108
mptio

ib ons - the Garden, Nos. 5, 9,
No. 6 7 Py
No, 17 152

Conventions at the Garden, weekly, 42

Convolvulus, goat's is foot 28
43,1

Cook, O. F. 4: 166
‘openhagen, |
herbarium o Sal prog a
130
Coriander 184
Corn, Indian 1

165
Cowell, Jone F. 142, 1§0, 161
puliale Botanic Garden 24
Crassulacese 9
Crassulas
Crinum amabile 8
Crot. alae

y'
Cycadaceae 7
yclopedia of American Horticulture,
the 3
Cyperaceae 12

Dacrydium cupressinum 141
Dacryodes 164
Daffodils and peonies 4
Daly, Judge Charles P. Pon, 105
Daphne 184
Daucus Carota 90
Dava aie Joens major 7
pallida 7

s
-
&

e Ss. bs
wid F.
e Lautreppe, aM. Albert 11
e Pass, Crispin 185
elisle, Mr. Emile S. 162
evil’s apron 83
evlin, John B. & Co. 93, I
Dieffenbachia Bavepnone 4
ertalis

Dodge, Mr. W. Ae 110, 142, 143
funds contributed by 142, 143
Donors

Ackerman, Mr. G. K. 16

Allen, Mr. C. L. 127, 156

no1
‘Allen, ae ee 61, 95, 96,

Alsop, Jos W. 154
Bar Bont, | Miss Catnarine H. 153
Baker, Mr. Car 189

C. if 5.

Mr. E, 190
Baldwin, Mrs. N. A.
Banker, Prof. H. J. 4
Basel, Mrs, 32
Beadle, Mr. ©. D. 156
enedict, Mr. William 32, 48, 156,

190
Billings, Dr. J. 5 i? fe)
Blanchard, Wm. 155
Bousted & Co. Sapo 188
Bowker, Mr.
Brainerd, eee
Britton, ee E. 4, 79; 95, 96,
8, 159, roe 174; 175, 189,
Dr. N. L. 15, 46, 60, 95, 127,
159, 176, 190
, Hor . 80, 156
Burglehaus, Mr. F. H. 6
Burnham, 8. H. 155
ters, Mr. ae I

Butt F,
Childs, Mr. J. L., 32, 154, 155
Clark, Mrs, Alfred Corning 191
Mrs. 54
d Co. 48

Ch eae oe Fred. 80
Cockayne, L. 155
Cockerell, T. D. 155, 190
Commissioner ae “Manitoba, Pan-

n pxponto nm 190
. Morris 48

4,
r. J. J. 190

fe Lautreppe, Mr. Albert L. 79
e Loubat, Duke 189
Department of State 16
ill, Miss J. H. 32
I odge and Olcott 79, 189
eat Prof. F. S. 64

a

155
»D. 153, 19
George David Ss. 154
Sen la Maza, Prof, Manuel

127,
Goodrich, Mr, J. K. 48
Gould, Miss Helen 188

Donors

Griffiths, Dr. D. 189

.T. 188
Hel, Prof, a ins 176, Ior
How s
Hager, A. M., ‘ir. 183

Hiipfel’s Sons, "Messrs. A. 188

jeune gardens 80
johns oe Mrs. David 154

n, Miss 32

154
Lehn and Fk, “Messrs. Igo
. Fran oa H. 64, 156
.&B.

ens stein,
ongville Hack and Carbon Co. 48
MacDougal, Dr. T. 65, 355,
575 159, 160, ce 176, 190
Mace, Mrs. L. H. 15.
Macloskie, Prof. Geo. 80
Magee, E. E. 15
ei ee Mig 154
Martin, Dr, 95, 96, oe 159,
180.
McLean, F. K. 154
Mr. Forman T. 156
Meadows, Mr. S. C. 18'
Miller, E. 155

. S, 190
mle, ae a Esq. 174, 175, 176,
gl,
Morgen, e Pierpont. Esq. 174, 175,
92

at
48, 64, 156
cotton Exetiange 14
Osterhout, Mr. Geo. E, 32, 64
Parke, Davis & Co.
Patin, Mr. Charles,

Peck, Charles H. ae 160
Peter ri & Co. 155
Piper, Prof. C. V. 64

Donor:

Plan r. E, N. 80
Pore, an Thos. C. 14
Mary K. 16

8
erg, Dr. P. A. 155, 170
pelea Mr. Michael 187
Sc oe William C., Esq. 95,
156 p en eae 159, 160

Small, Miss A. M. 80, 128
Dr. J. K. 155, 188
Smith, Baker & Co, 64
Mr. Benj. H. 189
Society o OE Ameican Florists 47
Sodiro, Rev. L. 63
tanfield, Prof. S. W. 189
Stevens, R. L. 154
Swainwald, Samuel, Esq. 46, 47,
4
Tibbe, H., & Son, Mfg. Co.
Tor orrey Botanical Club 127, ie
Travers Bros. Co. 48
rwood, Prof. - 15, 45, 46,
» 48, 68, 79, 80, 126, 127, 153,

1S 155, 157, 160, 188
U. S. Department of the Interior 16
Vail, Miss A. M. 4!
Vail, Mrs. Olyphant 48
Van Brunt, Cornelius, Mr. and Mrs.

64
Vreeland, F. K. 32, 1§4, 188
Wetmore, Miss Violetta S. 175
White, Miss V. S. 190
Wilson, Jomes H., Brigadier Gen-
eral 128

Earle, Prof. Frank S. 152

Ebenaceae 12

Eclipse, total, of the sun, expedition 143,
8

4
Edwards, Mr. Harry, herbarium of 125
Elatine 184
eee racemosa 113, I

redi

El Yunque 171, 173

197

impetrum nigrum 1
ncephalarios Cape :

Gatien 8

riobotrya Japonica 9
ricaceae I
rysipelas Hs

irythrina marmorata g
irythronium Americanum 37
lens-cants 37
Erythroniums, The 37

hon ronyieceae 12

ees Bee Prt Bd hey Be Be Pd Bs

S

Zephor a 164
Eaphooicea 12

Euphorbia:

Exchan:

ges
Abrams, Mr. L. R., 189

4

American ‘Gardening, 96, 127, 160

tN 1 i.

Cy)
Mr.

ania, Norway 127, 128,
160
pent: Switzerland 15

ich 128
i s. Ezra
Buffalo Botanic Garden 128
Canby, Mr. Wm.

Exchan,

Kellerman, W, A. 189
Mac , Mr. J. He 156
Moser, "Mr, J.

edersen, De Morten 1
lant Industry, Bureau i 140, 141
‘ollock, Pro 190
rice, Miss S:

ll, Dr. J. 64
oyal Botanical Gardens, Berlin 187

oa ile utta, India 2, 80
16,6 63, 80, a 128, 155,

Pe, 190
Sipur, India 156
;cheuber, Mrs. pone Ware 190
elby, Prof. A. 190
ingapore Bot ey Garden 174
carta Institut
eel, . E. 138
cel Miss Susan 190

torrs School 47
ydow, Dr. 3
release, P

188
sea Mr. 64, 80
ine artment of Agriculture 14,
Tg

National Museum 80, ae!
Vilmorin- wAndrie eux & Co., Paris,
Ki 128

cal N.Y. 153
tanical Garden 32

OBI C:
rich Bo!
Cincinnati Society of Nataral His- Expedition, total eclipse of the sun 143

tory 95
Cocka yey L., New Zealand 32,

cett, Mr. William rog

128, Fen, Boston 7
Columbia University 60, 61, 62, 63, larney 7
96, 156, 137s, 159 rns 7, 10, eo
Davenport Academy fossil 87, 1
Department of Bo alee: Bureau pressed, a collection of 14
of Plant Industry 154 tree- Io, 11, 169
Parks, B. B. 32, 153, 188 Ficus nymphaeacfolia 140
Dixon, Mr. H. N. 64 guercifolia 140
Eastwood, Miss Alice 64, 190 Sycomorus U
Fairmont Park, Philadelphia 6, 32 igs, Spanish 184
Geological and Natural History Mu- weed 179
seu, Ottawa, Canada 7. 78

nig elles ecting trip in 187

he:
m of Harvard University 48 Flowerless eae ({cryptogams ) Pe the
syno|

ee Mt r. J. G. 64

ptic collection, The (plates 6, 7) 81
gdom 97

Fontina

Jessamine Gardens, Jassamine, Flor- Jieery ae
a 154

198

Force exerted by swelling seeds (Fig. 2)

ae

Forestry, committ 108

Fos plants, the collection of 155
x, Mr. 143, 185

84
er! ar -
bird’s-
collection of 152

nite e 3
morphology of 4
photogent of 124
taxonomy of §

Gaste:
Geological eased, Maryland 187
184

, +79
n’ front approaches to the museum
MM ailding 106
Glasswort 27
Gheichenia ne
Gleichenia:
Corcosmts pentopitl 141
Goe
Cae ae " potanical garden at 129,
cae
Gramineae 12
taxononiy'o of 5
Great Plains, some features of the flora
of the 4
Growth, Measurement of (Fig. 3) 54
Guavas 46
Gum elemi tre
Gymnos; pennies 84

Halifax 180

pvoteeidacca € 35

Hammarby, Linnaeus’ country place 133
Harper, Mr. R. ie 114

Harris, Mr. Wilson 143
Har a, Lunholtz and, Mexican Plants

nda tip 30, 44
Herbaceous ade) plants for 110

Herbarium, Vigener 11
Herrman, Agustin 185
Mrs. Esther 125

Hitchings & oe o

Hobble- bus!

Hollick, Dr. Aus 151, 187
Hoy anes flow

& te 186
Horticultural society of N. Y. proceed-
ie of annual meeting

june meine of 108
programme for annual meeting
of 5
June meeting of 76
Hortus Bergianus 132
8.

Floridus 184
Hosack, 183
Howe, Mr. Clifton D. 177
Marshal Avery 30, 109, £51
eport on a trip to Nova Scotia
ind Newfoundland 177
on the

Hunnewell, HE H. 59
Hypbri idization, plant a sand the

Hymenophyllaceae 7
alinetratce Flora 186

ndiga s iets 184
in fluence of flowers upon literature, The

9

duga laurina 164

Investigation, facilities for, afforded by
the Garden I

International conference on plant breed-
ing and bybudizetion, The 138

pene kes Caprae 164

freas 18, af
See Adrian, recent gift of 143
Jackso! Mr. ea

Jamaica, island of 109

ferns from 111 :
Jardin Imperial Botanique de St. Peters-
urg, ae of 153
tifida 14r

June- bee oblong-fruited 110

Kafir-bread 7

Rebaches «

Kalmia ouput 179

Kelp, bladde

Kenzo Saito

Kew oe ging; A summer’s work at the
yal Rage ua iy t 3

Herbarium, collections for 1f0 111
Day 26

V. Nash, visit to t6y

Kew herbarium of 110, 11
Dr. P. A. vee visit to 136
Kirkwood, Mr. J. E.
Kjeliman, prot 134.
r, Elsie Pp
a

Laboulbeniomycetes 85
Labrador tea 113
Tady-slippet, tropical 12
Laguncularia racemosa 164
yp

saccharina 83
Lang, William 109, 177
La Paz 109
Lectures, reception days and 33, 145
cele m 113, 179
Leeks 184

sa 184.
eggett & Co., Francis H. 111
Ueebusracee 35
Lenti. an researches on 3
Le spe m 86
s, Walter H. ie 14

Malma, Dr.

pp Sp
os a

srattiace
ares-tai il:

2
Ao

and Geological Survey 187
herbariu

ei ee eh i le
p

rh ig. 3) 54
4:

3
embryanthemums 11
exican plants, the Lumbholtz
man 12
the Seler 125

Mes:
Me: and Hart-

. D. O. 161
Millspaugb, Dr, c F. 59
Mimosa pda 141

sensttiva 141
Minuit ty Mr 185

sound, islands and pa A oléniéal
« reconnaissance of the 26
August 2

ifolia 123
Morning-glory, trailing 164
Morong herbarium, The 35
Rev. = thot S 3.
America 36

in Sout in
Morphology, experimental 4
Moss, Iri: 83

ree 65
Lind
Lin Mane 1 Society of London 134
Linnaeus 133
Lirios endion 136
in Lund botanical garden 131
Tulipifera 136
ae rotund iaiehee a8
» Mr. C. G. 124
pace f, Francis ‘E. 26
f the
Mi d isl 4
delta 26 2
personal note on 43
Local oe 124
Lockjaw 18,
Loqua t9
Lumholtz and Hartman Mexican plants {
Land t 130, 131, |
Lunt, Mr. A. 1a
Luquil len mountains 171, 172, 173

Eeapodiun 164
ig, David, fund, The 105

MatVongsls Dr. D.T. 143, 152
n carpotropic movements of flowers

go

a
ree
aaa a ans 54
Machacri ina 164

, 86
Movement, carpotropic, of flowers ( Fig.
8

Mt. Miser: iy 163
Muhlenberg , Dr.

Munich, University " 152
Murton, Mr. 181

Museum “puilding, Front approaches to
(Pl ate VIII.) 106
econ gifts for the 111
of Natural History, Annericais speci-
mens presented by 125

200

Myrsinaceae 9
Myrtaceae I1
Myxomycetes 82

Naiadaceae 35
Mareen eels lor 50

On visit to Kew 65
eres Bore Americana 180
Nereocystis 83
Nettle. mite 142
New ao msterdam, An old physic garden

183
Nevis, island of 16.
Newberry, Prof. 151
New Brunswick, exploration of 109
Newfoundland, exploration of 109, 177
ilway 178

ct
Hoes 14, 29, 42,
8, 93, i oe fe ae 186
Nova Scotia, exploration mn 01.20 109, 177
a) ed in 112

Hi the
The prop: Paging houses and (Figs.
II, 12, 13) 146
Nursery 185
Ni triton, physiology of § .
Oaks 138, 186
live 27 -
Oarweed 83
Oersted 130
Olney, Mr. 113
O'Mara, Mr. P. 108
Onagraceae 12
Opuntia 164, 171

Ou tebe idge, “s Co., Messrs. A. Emilius

Oncictic 179
Paconia anemonifiora 51
rosea S1
rubra 51
anomala insignis 52
@rietina 51

Andersoni 52
coviacea 51

Paconia officinalis §1
rosea §1

andanus 10
Paphiopedilum
Papilionaceae 9, 115
Park system, ote 24
Pea family 9, 115
Peanit
food-value of the 119
he heb ure and uses of the (Figs.

9, 10) 114
Pedilanthus tithymeloides 164
ae

Shei
7 te :
Péoned I eal
Peperomia 164
eradenyia, Ceylon, Annals of the royal
otal anic ae een at 153

nthus an, sustifol Ha 1.
Papeete furbinatam and its varia-
tions 72
Physic g: arden 1 185
An old, in New Amsterdam 183
Pago. “ecological 5
al 6

genera
Phytolaccaceae 12
Picea Engelmanni 132
Pimenta ac:

a Kuhhi 8
ioe ‘Norfolk ‘lend 8
white 179

Pines 27
Pinus oan 27

ng and hybridiz: zation, The
international pa ies 138

Plant Lye siology, a practical manual of 43
Platanus 138

201

Plumiera alba 164
Podocarpus 164
Pois

richoca:

es
142
Prof L. M. Underwood
a . ae 14) 166
Botaoes, sweet
r. G. T.

Powel.
Pawsle, Me C. G. 53
Prodromus, De Candolle’s 133
Propagating nee 30
eries (Figs. 11, 12, 13}

oe
water pipe to supply 44, 93
wild

lowers, A fand for the 144
donee wate 132
64

atria
Pteridophyta 82, 86
morp! gy of 4.
AXON0O! 5

ti
Puff-balls 124.
Purslane 90

Que . S. Co. 161, 162
Ouickae rie oe
Quince, Japane:

anunculus 184
attle-pod 1 -

133
Grande de Arecibo 168,
oads and paths, building of 123
ains, Flora of the northern

d
F

Rauwolfia :

Ravenel, . Ww.

F peception: days and eo 33) 145
Reinwardt 182

Relbunium 1

I ensselerwyck 184

Rhipsalis 11

A iisophare Mangle 164

Rhodora 179

E idley, 1 181

Rignell, De: 133

Riksmusew

Rio

R

Ro

oe Mount:
Reger, Hon. tat A. 165
m D. 26
6

re family 9
Rosemary tree 164

Roystonea Boringuena 168

Rubber plant 141

Rubber-tree, South American 140

Rubiaceae 1

Rubus Chamaemorus 179

rof. ie H. re

n poison us plants which Brow
within our bodies mae how to
ne against the em 17

the peanut

"4.
Rutaceae 1
Rydberg, Dr. P. A. 94, 142, 187
Report of, assistant curator, on the

Scandinavian botanical gardens

Sadtler, Prof. 123
Salicornia 27
I

Salix
Saur
San Tuan 170
Sanguisorba eis 178
San, aoe oe 184
San! to
nape 134,
aernne Prof. De mn 53
dinavian ee gardens, Report
ach A. Rydberg, assistant cura-

the 14
sche er, . H.C. C. 182
Schieaca pul the life-history of, 43
ife sister ory and development of ce
etophyte of 3

Sea-grape 164
wi

r, E. I.
is Paslaiopets ae 178

ehrecht, Messrs. and son 108
A eee ee 184
fate
pore I

a

eat fal gardens at 143, 181
Singkep 18t,t
A. 93

Skene, Mr. Cae

202

Skunk cabbage 45
Slide mountain 110
Slime-moulds 82
Mr. Samuel 111
Sloanea 164
Small, Dr. J. K. 187
on The rediscovery of Elliottia

a 3
Small-pox
Smith, Mr. ‘Herbert H. 110
Mr. W. ie
Solanaceae I
South Ameren IIL
orthern, Pans from, collected
Oy Mr. Herbert H. Smith 111
epargeniaceae 7
Spanish figs
isyaihyeee fee ap la. 4)
Spermal tephy ta, see of §
morpho cay 0 of 4, 5

Squirrel-co:
St. Christopher 8 3 16r
es

Jon 179

ke $ 142, 161

expedition to 150
166

im, botan al garden at 129, 132
Stokes, Miss Caroline a
iss Olivia Phelps
Strelitzia 9
ete nee 9

tes ro ? Rexié 91

’s 87
the flowerless plants
Cee of the (Plates 6, 7) 81

Tanya 165

Taxodium tceen in Lund botanical
garden I

Taxonomy, special 5

Tea pl ill

Tem pert houses 12

2 82
Thread, ees exhibit of 60

Thrinax argentea 140

Tilia 138

Todd, oe = 180, 182
166

Mr. oe F. 165
Todea barbata ‘a7

Torrey

Slid

mountain 1
neetings so.
Dr. John

q 30
| ee Prof. S. M. 26,
Tree ferns 10, 11, 164, To
eub, Dr. 143
reichiiiganés vadicans 7
Trinidad
‘ulip-tree, Second flowering [ thie? 136
bees te

ry

lago
i ipaloenacc e152
of North America, The 152
Typhaceae 35

Underwood, Prof. L. M. 109, 110, 142,
152, 18
tp fe to oe 153
0 Porto Rico (Fig. 14)
i 165
University of Illinoi
of Minnesota ie
of Montana, summer school of 143
Munich 152
botanical garden at 129, 133
, Dr. 172

152

of

Upsala,
‘ban,

Vaccinium 183
Vail, A. M., on

An old ot

New ‘Amsterdam
Van der Donk, rene 179
Leenhof, Mr. J. 172
Rensellaer, Kilian, 184

Vanderbilt, Mr. Cornelius Ilo, 142
Vanilla 111
Vanishing wild flowers 151
Veitch & Sons 68
Verbascum alin
Verbenaceae I
Viburnum siiaciftorine 179
Victoria 133
Vigener herbarium 112
“rota 184,

Von Waldheim, Dr. Fischer 153
Tubeuf, Prof. 152

Wake-robin, Paints? 110

Warmin ing, Prof. 1

Water-starworts a

203

Watson, Mr. 68
Bea ae 14, 45, 60, 78, 94,
153. 173, Ve
Westy tollese, epecial note
t Ind.

n 59
ies, botan’

cal e: epplorsuan of the
142
Report by the director-in-chief
on his recent trip to the 161
White, Miss V. S. 152
Wild flowers, native, A fund for the pro-

vanishing 1 5

Wille, Prof. 134

Williams, Mr. J. C. 108
Mr. R. S. 109

Willis, J. C. 153
Wilson, Mr. Percy, East Indian trip 44,
L

rt on trip to the East
S

Xantheranthemum igneum 14t

Yams 165

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