BULLETIN OF
Tue New York Botanica, GarpEN
VOLUME X, 1919-1921
BULLETIN
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
WITH 28 PLATES
IQIQ-1921
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT qr Nortu Queen Street, Lancaster. Pa. uy Tue New Era Printinc ComMPANy
PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY LANCASTER, PA.
OFFICERS, 1921 ot Preswent—W. GILMAN THOMPSON peer VICE-PRESIDENTS 4 Ep Wes >.D: 2AM
s
"HENRY W. DeEFOREST
HN L, MERRIL
pees Bg cae pad DE LA MONTAGNE ECRETARY—-N. L. BRITTON
TREASURER—JO
s. ELECTED MANAGERS rm expires January, 1922 HENRY de ree are Pee Se PAUL D. CRA OLPH LEWISO WILLIAM BOYCE THOMP SON Term expires January, 1923 EDWARD D. ROBERT W. d
JOHN L. MERRILL FOREST Le N DANIEL CUGCENHETAL
F. K. STURGIS Term expires January, 1924 N. L. BRITTON LEWIS RUTHERFURD eo HENRY W. de FOREST FREDERIC R. NEWBOL W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON 2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THE pee OF THE City or New York ed - HYLAN THE ae OF TH MENT OF PuBLic Parks HON. FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN 3. ae ao RS a ROF, R. A. HARPER, Chairm EUGENE P. BI ELL ro. FREDERIC . era DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY eee "ANNING S. ALL PROF. WILLIAM J. GIE PROF. HERBERT it “Richarps PROF. JAMES F. KEMP PROF. HENRY H. RUSB
GARDEN STAFF DR. N. L. BRITTON, Divector-in-Chief (D Bhar iae Administration) . H. A. GLEASO ssistant Direct Anat tration DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator oe Plants) DR. W. RR Supervisor of Public a structio DR. P. A. RYDBERG, Curator (Flowering Plants) DR. MARSHALL A. HO or (Flowerless Plants) DR. FRED J. SEAVER, Curator (Flow pce S. Ree S, Adminis ve he aon Associate Cur : L, A ie Gin Head eae ator o of Plantations STO Director of the Laboratorie DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARN RT, Bibliogropher RAH H. LOW.
, Honorary Curator of the = one oe A TTON, Ho _ ARTHUR HO DR. WI
eer erk and Accoun RTHUR o CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Groun KENNETH R. BOYNTON, Supervisor of GHG Tasiniaion
TABLE OF CONTENTS
No. 37. MAY 12, 1919
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DrrecToR-IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR IgI8 : Report of the Assistant Dircewe . Report of the Head Gardener Report of the Head Curator of the hineeaae end Herbarium. : : ‘ : ; : Report of the Librarian ; Report of the Bibliographer . Report of the Director of the Pras Report of the Superintendent of Buldines sala Grounds Report of the noe Curate: of the Hesnothic Collections. Report of the Honorary Cisaior . Fossil Plane Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses. Subscriptions to the Emergency Fund, 1918. SCHEDULE OF ExpENDITURES DuRING THE YEAR IQI8 . ReEporT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SciEnTIFIC D1RECTORS R THE YEAR 1918 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON Pane Fens, AND MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR IQI REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1918. Report oF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR .
No. 38. JUNE 24, 1920
DescripTivE GUIDE To THE Grounds, BUILDINGS, AND COLLECTIONS .
No. 39. JUNE 30, 1920
Report OF THE SECRETARY AND DrrecTor-IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR I919 Report of the First Reasaae: Report of the Head Curator of ie NMaxeaine aad Herbarium.
Report of the cupervisee of Public Tae eaction.
Report of the Supervisor of Gardening Instruction.
Report of the Head Gardener
Report of the Director of the abo tes.
Report of the Superintendent of Bieaee re
Grounds F : . ; :
Report of the Bibliocrapher ;
Report of the Librarian
~ Report of the uae Carte: of ce Meonoune Collection
Report of the oe Cumicl of WMostee.
Report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants.: ScHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE YEAR IQI REpoRT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC ere
FOR THE YEAR IQI REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON Patkons, MrmBens, AND LOWS FOR THE YEAR I9IQ ReEpoRT OF THE ao FOR THE YEAR 1919. Report OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR .
viii
No. 40. SEPTEMBER, 1921
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DirecTor-IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR 1920 Report of the Assistant Decker. Report of the Head Curator of the Museums | Herbarium. F
Report of the Gamer ede of Public Tastnuction:
Report of the Supervisor of Gardening Instruction.
Report of the Head Gardener and Curator of Planta-
tions
Report of the Dice of che, Tanoeones.
Report of the Superintendent of Buildings and
Grounds : : F ; :
Report of the Bi ene ‘
Report of the Librarian
Report of the Honorary err of the Hesromic
Collections. ..
Report of the Honorary Carsior of Moses,
Report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants. SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE YEAR 1920. REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ScIENTIFIC DirEcTorRS
FOR THE YEAR 1920 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON Bismons, Peerowe: AND EMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1920. REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1920. REPORTS OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR ; : ‘ 367, GENERAL INDEX : Generic InpEx .
BULLETIN The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. 10 No. 37
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR- IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR 1918
(Accepted and ordered printed, January 13, 1919)
To THE Boarp oF Manacers or THE New Yorx Bo- TANICAL GARDEN.
Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit my report as Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the year ending January 13, I9I9.
Notwithstanding conditions brought about by the participation of our country in the necessary task of check- ing the Teutonic attempt to dominate civilization, the work of this institution has proceeded without serious limitations. Our collections of plants, of specimens, and of books have all been increased; educational work has been continued as during previous years, with a smaller number of special and advanced students than usual but with quite as much attention to the needs of the general public. All the plantations formerly established were maintained, variously modified by additions or substitu- tions; a comprehensive dahlia collection, brought together and installed by Curator Marshall A. Howe, formed a new plantation of exceptional interest and beauty. Through continued cooperation with the Horticultural Society of New York, the collection of roses was increased by many kinds, and the rose garden was full of flowers from early spring until late autumn. The collections in the herbaceous garden, placed in charge of Dr. E. B. Southwick, have been
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largely increased by him; valuable gifts of palms were received from Mrs. C. P. Huntington, from Mrs. Finley J. Shepard and from Mr. Percy Chubb, and many other tropical plants from other donors; the great cactus collec- tion has been increased by rare species from Ecuador, collected by Dr. J. N. Rose. New horticultural plan- tations were installed south of the herbaceous garden, on the land used last year for the convention garden of the Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticul- turists, including extensive series of gladioli, cannas, rose mallows, and hardy chrysanthemums, and the path system here has been extended by several hundred lineal feet. Some additions have been made to the collections of trees forming the arboretum, and about 600 lineal feet of additional paths have been partially constructed there, through the plantation of magnolias.
The total number of kinds of living plants now repre- sented in out-of-door plantations and under glass is approxi- mately 14,524, as against about 14,195 in cultivation during 1917. We now have more kinds in cultivation than in any previous year.
Additions to the library aggregate 703 bound volumes, this large collection of books now numbering 29,237 bound volumes. Museums and herbaria have been increased by about 24,127 specimens; through continued effort by Dr. Rusby, the collections forming the economic museum have been increased, largely rearranged, and mostly catalogued; the publication of this catalogue will be a noteworthy contribution to economics.
Work has been in progress during the whole year on the construction of the new greenhouses at conservatory range 2, through the munificent gifts of $50,000 each for this purpose in 1917 by Messrs. Daniel Guggenheim and Murry Guggenheim; the contractors have been much delayed by conditions beyond their control; it is now ex- pected that these structures will be completed in the spring. Through the same gifts and the accumulated interest
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upon them, an additional coal bunker was built at power house 2, and an additional steam boiler required for heating the new greenhouses has been there installed.
The beautiful school garden shelter house, given by Mrs. Frederick Ferris Thompson by her contribution of $4,000 for this purpose in 1917, was completed during the summer, after much delay in obtaining roofing tiles; path approaches to this building, aggregating over 1,000 lineal feet, were built by an unexpended balance of this gift and much necessary grading was accomplished in the immediate vicinity.
Cooperation with the International Children’s School Farm League, providing instruction in gardening, was continued in the spring, until Mr. Henry G. Parsons, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction, was called to the United States Government Service in May. The school garden has been maintained during the remainder of the year and is available for use next spring. Acting upon authority granted by the Board of Managers, President Thompson has offered the Federal Board of Vocational Training cooperation in the vocational training of con- valescent soldiers and sailors in practical gardening, and this offer is under consideration.
Botanical exploration was carried on in Florida by Dr. John K. Small, under the highly appreciated patronage of Mr. Charles Deering; in Colombia by Dr. Francis W. Pennell, in cooperation with Dr. Rusby’s expedition for the investigation of medicinal plants; and in Ecuador by by Dr. J. N. Rose, of the Smithsonian Institution, who was aided by a grant from our Science and Education Fund. A very important cooperative arrangement for the investigation of the flora and plant products of northern South America was entered into with the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University and the United States National Museum; collections from that region will greatly enrich our greenhouses, museums, and herbaria.
Public lectures were delivered by members of the staff
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and by others on every Saturday afternoon from April 6 to November z. Docents, selected from members of the staff, for the instruction of parties from schools and of other visitors, have been available every week-day after- noon throughout the year, and their work has been highly appreciated. The laboratories have been available for advanced students, but war conditions have prevented any considerable number applying for instruction. The library has been much consulted by students and visiting investigators. As in previous years, a great amount of information has been given out by mail and to visitors, all members of the staff participating in this informational duty.
Publications during 1918 include No. 36 of the Bulletin, completing Volume 9; Journal Volume 19; Mycologia Volume I0; 3 parts of North American Flora; 6 numbers of Contributions; and the third volume of Addisonia.
Additions to permanent funds have been small, but bequests, not yet paid, have been announced of $5,000 from the estate of Louisa Combe, of an appraised valuation of $3,897 from the estate of Emil Wolff, and of a munificent gift by the late Mrs. Russell Sage, being one fifty-second part of her residuary estate.
Plants and Planting
Planting in many parts of the grounds was accomplished, both in the spring and in the autumn, continued, owing to the mild weather of December, until quite the end of the year; a detailed account of the work done will be found in the report of the Head Gardener herewith submitted.
1. Herbaceous Gardens
Much attention was given to collecting native plants in the vicinity of New York, and adding them to the repre- sentation of many families of plants. A much larger number of annuals were grown from seeds obtained from various sources than in former years. The general group-
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ing of the plots was unchanged, but some of them were enlarged. The defective water supply in the northern end of the valley, referred to in my last annual report, has not yet been repaired and needs attention.
2. Fruticetum
Additions were made to the shrub collection by specimen plants hitherto grown in the nurseries. The extremely cold weather of January damaged some of the plants which had withstood winter conditions for ten years or more, notably the Japanese holly (Ilex crenata) and nearly all the varieties of box; during the season, however, these have largely fecovercd.
3. Salicetum
The willow collection in the north meadows has not been modified. The path leading through it on the west side of the river was resurfaced with fine ashes from the power house, as well as the paths through the north meadows on the eastern side of the river, a total length of path of about 4,000 feet being thus resurfaced. e find this surface construction of paths with ashes economical, both as to material, which costs nothing, and as regards maintenance, because weeds are much less abundant than in paths surfaced with blue-stone screenings.
4. Deciduous Arboretum
The list of hardy woody plants in the collections, com- piled by Mr. George V. Nash, Head Gardener, and pub- lished in successive numbers of our Journal during the past year, is of great interest; it proved to be more extensive than was at first contemplated and it is not yet completely printed, but should be finished by the spring. The severe winter weather left its traces on a number of trees, almost the entire series of Japanese cherries having had their flowers blighted so that their blooming was insignificant. The collection of catalpas, purchased by means of a gilt
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by Mrs. Florence Lydig Sturgis, is developing satisfactorily at the northeastern corner of the reservation. Some addi- tional species were added to the collection by trees brought from the nurseries. Some work was accomplished on the extension of the path system, which is as yet incomplete.
5. Pinetum
The collection of coniferous trees has not been much modified and but few additions have been made to it. Many of the trees planted in previous years have now developed into perfect and elegant specimens. The series of yews is especially noteworthy, and it is planned to extend this plantation somewhat in the spring. The severe weather of January killed three fine trees of the Deodar cedar (Cedrus Deodara), which had withstood winters for fifteen years and had attained a height of about 18 feet; the Japanese cedars (Cryptomeria) were damaged by the frost, but have essentially recovered.
6. Viticetum The vines and climbers on the arbor east of the economic garden were pruned in the spring, but the collection other- wise unchanged. It was found necessary to cut out a few contiguous trees which were shading some of the vines.
7. Water Gardens
No additional kinds of aquatics were added during the year. The hardy water lilies continued as a feature of beauty and interest throughout their flowering season. The large masses of cat-tails (Typha) which have developed here from very small beginnings, may now require some restriction of their progressive occupation of the borders of the pond.
Both the hardy and the tender water lilies and their relatives, grown in the two concrete tanks in the court of conservatory range I, continued flowering freely. The leak in the tank containing the tender kinds, mentioned
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in my last report as having given trouble, was corrected, by coating the entire bottom of the tank with a thick coat of tar. 8. Iris Garden
The collection of irises at the southwestern corner of the reservation was completely replanted in the spring, the plants having grown so vigorously as to make this neces- sary; the number of kinds was not increased nor the area of plantation extended, although space is available for much additional planting. A path leading from the iris garden along the west side of the driveway eastwardly to the mallow garden, called for in the general plan, is now much needed.
9. White Pine Plantation
The young white pine forest, established in the spring of 1916 on the rocky hill north of the iris garden, in coopera- tion with the State Conservation Commission through the interest of Dr. Walter B. James and the Honorable George D. Pratt, has continued to develop satisfactorily, and is of great interest as a demonstration of forest establish- ment. It has been carefully protected from fire by keeping the grass cut short in the autumn, and each young pine has been mulched with a small amount of leaf mould.
10. Red Pine Plantation
Through the further interest of the State Conservation Commission and of Dr. James, a new plantation of the red pine (Pinus resinosa) was made in the spring on the rocky ridge opposite Fordham Hospital, nearly 2,000 four-year- old transplants being furnished us by the Commission at a nominal cost. It so happened that planting conditions in the spring were so good that nearly every little pine grew, and this plantation has also been of exceptional in- terest. When these trees grow up, their healing bal- samic fragrance will doubtless reach patients in the hospital.
(8) 11. Horticultural Gardens
The land prepared last year for the convention garden of the Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horti- culturists, south of the herbaceous garden, was occupied in the spring by special horticultural plantations as sug- gested in my last annual report, consisting of extensive series of gladioli, cannas, phloxes, hardy chrysanthemums, and rose mallows, which were highly enjoyed during their flowering periods. They were completely labeled and an important educational element was thus added. A com- mencement was made in establishing evergreen back- grounds for these plantations, but much of this desirable planting remains to be done, and a path is much needed from the southern end of the herbaceous garden to the collection of mallows.
12. Lilac and Peony Garden
The collection of lilacs brought together near Pelham Parkway, south of the rose garden, has not been increased during the year, but the plants have been cultivated. It is proposed in the spring to move into this collection about one half of the series of Lemoine hybrid lilacs at present in the plantation near the museum building, given some years ago by Mr. T. A. Havemeyer. The planting of the peony collection here must await the necessary path con- struction and grading of the area concerned. Meanwhile, we are bringing together collections of peonies in other plantations, which will be available for this garden at the proper time.
13. Rose Garden
The grading of the bank at the eastern side of the stone stairway given by Mrs. Robert E. Westcott was completed early in the spring and the new bank sodded. Sufficient stone was obtained here to build the northern boundary path at the same time. The high-level path overlooking the rose garden from the west has not yet been completed;
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when finished, it will afford a very beautiful view of the plantation and its woodland background. Large addi- tional collections of roses were added, both in the spring and in the fall, through continued cooperation with the Horticultural Society of New York, and space has been reserved within the garden for kinds not yet obtained.
No further progress has been made in the architectural features planned for the rose garden. These have been referred to the Endowment Committee for consideration. The plantation was guarded as during the previous season, by having one gardener come on at daylight and another gardener stay until evening; under this observation, no serious depredations have been suffered.
14. School Garden
Through continued cooperation with the International Children’s School Farm League during the spring, the school garden was used by students until May, at which time Mr. Henry G. Parsons, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction, was called to Government Service in the Department of Conservation; a typical vegetable home garden was maintained there during the remainder of the season. The completion of the school garden shelter house, with its tool cellar, during the summer, has pro- vided a most attractive and useful feature, contributed by Mrs. Frederick Ferris Thompson, whose gift of $4,000 for this purpose enabled us not only to construct the building but to build all the path approaches to it and to do con- siderable necessary grading.
15. Mansion Garden
It will be recalled that plans for a formal garden to be located just south of the mansion were approved in 1916. The completion of other work in progress and the need of available funds for other purposes have thus far prevented us from building this garden.
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The extensive plantations of garden flowers around conservatory range I and extending to the elevated railway station, have been variously modified by additions and substitutions, and have been kept labeled. The difficulty in obtaining fresh supplies of bulbs and the high expense of such as could be obtained have operated to reduce the number of bulbous plants cultivated in these gardens during the previous season; this restriction will probably be con- tinued during the coming year.
17. Dahlia Garden
As outlined in my last annual report, the mixed flower garden which has been maintained for a number of years in front of the border screen between the railroad station and the Mosholu Parkway entrance was replaced this year by a large and comprehensive collection of dahlias, brought together by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, one of our curators, who has long given attention to the botany and cultivation of these plants. Over 300 kinds were brought into the collection through contributions of roots by many friends, and the plants flowered profusely, and owing to the mild autumn the period of blooming was extended well into November.
It is proposed to modify the front of the border screen south of the railroad station extending to the Bedford Park Boulevard entrance, by installing there during the coming season a comprehensive series of hardy chrysan- themums, and preparations have been made to carry this suggestion into effect.
18. Nurseries and Experimental Grounds
Collections in the nurseries were considerably reduced during the year by the transferral of plants to other situa- tions, and the area under cultivation here is thus somewhat smaller than in the previous year. The Director of the
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Laboratories has continued experimental work in plant breeding, which is described in his report hereto appended.
19. Conservatory Range I
The collections in this great greenhouse have been con- served and considerable additions have been made to them, the fine series of palms presented by Mrs. Collis P. Hunt- ington and Mrs. Finley J. Shepard being the most note- worthy. The houses are densely crowded at the present time, owing to the transferral, made necessary by the coal situation, of the collections from conservatory range 2 in the early part of 1918, and this crowding of plants is not conducive to the best cultivation or the most effective exhibition. A considerable rearrangement of the collec- tions has also been found necessary, so that the account of the contents of the different houses as published in our last guide-book is now out of date in a number of details. Very extensive repairs to the roofs of these greenhouses were found necessary during the year, requiring a large expenditure of money for re-glazing and re-framing, and the heating system required a large amount of new steam pipe; all these repairs were accomplished by our own mechanics and steam engineers.
20. Conservatory Range 2
This range of greenhouses has been empty during the entire year, as a consequence of the coal situation. Oppor- tunity has been taken to completely repaint both the interior and exterior and to make light necessary repairs to the frame. Construction of the two additional green- houses of this range, made possible by the gifts of $50,000 each by Messrs. Daniel Guggenheim and Murry Guggen- heim, elsewhere described in this report, will presumably be completed in the spring, and it is proposed, during the summer, to put this range in operation again and to replace within it the collections moved to conservatory range 1; many additional plants for this collection may be brought
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from various points in tropical America at such time as this becomes practicable.
21. Propagating and Experimental Greenhouses
In order to conserve fuel, two of the four greenhouses of this range were emptied in the autumn, partly by the elimination of duplicates and partly by transferrals to conservatory range I. One of the two houses in operation contains parts of our extensive collection of cactuses, most of which, when conservatory range 2 is in operation, it is planned to move to conservatory range 1. Only ordinary repairs have been required for these buildings.
22. Natural Features
The natural beauty of the reservation remains unim- paired. Some dead and decrepit trees have been cut out of the woodlands and used for fuel and fencing, and this work is in progress at the present time. As a whole, how- ever, the trees are in excellent condition and the amount of dead wood within the reservation is very small. Our patrol against fire and vandalism has been effective, but it is only that which has preserved the woodlands from serious damage, inasmuch as a considerable number of fires have been started, either accidentally or maliciously. It is still desirable to extend the railings along trails in various parts of the woodlands, in order to restrict travel to well-defined lines, but the cost of iron during the past year has made this extension impossible to secure, and wooden railings have been found altogether unsatisfactory, being subject to rapid decay and requiring high expenditure for repairs.
The income of the fund for the preservation of native plants, given some years ago by the Misses Caroline and Olivia E. Phelps-Stokes, has been allowed to accumulate. It is proposed to use this accumulation, added to the income of the fund for 1919, for the reproduction of additional colored illustrations of wild plants requiring special pro- tection.
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23. Border Screens The screen of trees planted some years ago along the northeastern boundary of the reservation, adjoining land which was brought into the Bronx River Parkway, was much thinned during the early part of the year by the cut- ting out of many trees, as recommended in my last annual report, and the landscape of the valley in this region has been much improved by this elimination. There remain a few more trees which may better be removed. ‘The border screen on the western margin of the reservation, along the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, may also
be thinned to advantage in a few places.
Museums
The general arrangement of the museum collections has not been changed, the series of specimens illustrating economic botany remaining on the first floor of the museum building, the collection of fossil plants on the basement floor, the systematic collections on the second floor, and the herbarium and special collections on the third floor; all have been materially increased by additional specimens and somewhat modified by substitutions.
1. Economic Museum
Acting on previous authorization, Dr. H. H. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections, com- menced a revision and cataloguing of this great series of vegetable raw products in the spring, and has since con- tinued this work during all the time at his command, with the help of Mr. R. S. Williams, Administrative Assistant, and Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator. Several hun- dred valuable specimens hitherto held in storage have been incorporated into the series as the work, which is now more than half completed, has proceeded; the catalogue, which includes notes and descriptive matter, has been typewritten in great part and thus prepared for publication in our Bulletin; it is anticipated that this catalogue may be made
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ready for printing in the spring. Details of this work will be found in Dr. Rusby’s report hereto appended. The newly incorporated specimens require mounting and label- ing.
2. Systematic Museum
Some additions have been made to these collections on the second floor of the museum building. It is hoped that through further exploration of regions botanically little known, many specimens of fruits, seeds and other plant products may be obtained for further illustration of the families of plants.
It has now become desirable to transfer some of the collections on the third floor of the museum to the second floor, in order to relieve the crowding of specimens, and it is proposed to put the plan in operation which was approved by the Scientific Directors several years ago, by bringing the entire collections of fungi from the third floor to the second, where they would be installed in the western wing. About 30 additional museum and herbarium cases will be required to effect this transferral satisfactorily.
3. Paleobotanical Museum
The report of the Honorary Curator of the Collection of Fossil Plants hereto appended refers to work accom- plished on this collection, and notes progress made in the study of the fossil plants obtained from Porto Rico and from Cuba, these yielding the first knowledge which has been obtained concerning the ancestors of living plants of the West Indies; discoveries made in Cuba during the past year by Brother Leon, of the College of La Salle in Havana, have opened up a field which will certainly yield material of great scientific value as types of undescribed species, and it is highly desirable that the localities found to yield fossil plants by him and by his associates should be thoroughly explored.
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4. Herbarium
The report of the Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium gives details of work upon these immensely valuable collections, which have been largely increased and extensively rearranged and classified during the past year. Twelve new herbarium cases were obtained and put in position, and these have made it possible to incor- porate many thousand specimens which have been held in storage for several years, including about 4,800 brought from Colombia by Drs. Rusby and Pennell. Much ma- terial is still held in storage which should be brought into the collections in order to make it available for the use of students, and it is hoped that additional cases may be obtained.
5. Lantern Slides, Photographic Negatives, and Prints
Much progress has been made in the rearrangement and cataloguing of lantern slides and negatives since the ap- pointment in 1917 of Miss Elsie M. Kittredge as an Assis- tant Curator, referred to this duty, and some additions have been made to these collections, for which an additional case is now required.
The large collection of prints and other illustrations of plants stored in cases in the library is being rearranged and made more satisfactory for consultation through the work of Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, a member of the Garden, who kindly offered to serve as a voluntary assistant in the autumn and has since continued as such; her services are highly appreciated.
Library
During the year, considerable additional shelving space, long required for books, was attained by boxing a large part of the private library of Dr. John H. Barnhart, Bib- liographer, which has been deposited with the Garden for several years. The portions boxed were duplicates of volumes in the Garden’s library. Dr. Barnhart’s collec- tion contains a large number of desirable books which are
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not represented in the library otherwise, and he has con- sented to sell these to the Garden as funds may become available from time to time. A commencement of such purchases was made this year by the expenditure of $400 from the income of the William R. Sands Fund, appro- priated for books. The rearrangement above described necessitated moving from case to case the entire Garden library of nearly 30,000 volumes, which was accomplished by the janitors.
The library has become one of the most important col- lections of the literature of plants in existence, but a large number of rare works published prior to 1850 are still unrepresented in the collection. It appears probable that the close of the world war in Europe will throw many lib- raries upon the market, and probably no such opportunity to obtain rare books will ever again occur. It wou therefore be highly desirable to have considerable freedom of expenditure for the purchase of books during the coming year, and several thousand dollars could be used to advan- tage. This brings up again the desirability of obtaining a fund specified for library purposes, to yield an annual income of $2,000 or more.
Reference is made to the reports of the Bibliographer and the Librarian hereto appended.
Public Instruction and Information
Continued attention has been given to requests for information by visitors, and the system of docentry estab- lished some years ago has been most useful. Most members of the staff have acted as docents on occasion, but the regular assignment to this duty for afternoons at three o’clock has been divided between Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator, Mr. R. S. Williams, Administrative Assistant, and Mr. H. W. Becker, Foreman Gardener. Subsequent to public Saturday afternoon lectures, the lecturer has frequently escorted as many of the audience as desired to go, to points in the grounds and buildings
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where collections further illustrated the topic discussed, and these trips have been highly appreciated by visitors. The labeling of all collections has been continued and expanded, and all inquiries for information received by mail have been answered as promptly and as completely as possible.
In order to still further develop the usefulness of the collections in public instruction, it is proposed to concen- trate the supervision of the direct educational work of the institution in a member of the staff, under the designation of Supervisor of Public Instruction.
Exploration
The very important botanical exploration of the Re- public of Colombia by Drs. Rusby and Pennell, referred to in my last annual report, was satisfactorily completed in the spring, at which time Dr. Pennell returned with very large collections of specimens and many living plants. Many seeds obtained from this trip have been germinated in the propagating houses, and interesting species have thus been added to the collection of tropical plants. The herbarium and museum specimens obtained have been classified in a preliminary way and their study will add greatly to knowledge of the flora of northern South America; duplicates will soon be distributed to other institutions in continuation of exchanges.
e proposed cooperative arrangement with the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University and with the Smith- sonian Institution, referred to in my last report, was con- summated early in the year, and the first expedition under this arrangement was conducted during the summer and autumn in Ecuador by Dr. J. N. Rose, of the United States National Museum; the expenses of this trip were met by funds provided by the United States Department of Agriculture, aided by a contribution from the income of our Science and Education Fund and by a contribution from the Gray Herbarium. Dr. Rose returned late in
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the year with a large and important collection, including living plants of the cacti of Ecuador which were previously very imperfectly known; these collections are now being arranged for study at Washington, and a duplicate set of them will come to us in due time.
The study of the plants of southern Florida undertaken by Dr. John K. Small, Head Curator, some years ago and continued as opportunity has permitted, has been very important in determining the existence in the United States of many plants otherwise known only from the West Indies or tropical continental America, and has also demonstrated the occurrence there of a number of endemic species. Inasmuch as the region is fast being developed for residential and agricultural purposes and its natural features thus modified or destroyed, the investigation was most timely. ‘The work has been greatly aided through the valued cooperation of Mr. Charles Deering, who has established gardens on his estate at Miami for the further preservation of the rarer plants.
In continuance of our investigations of the West Indian flora, collections have been received from Brother Leon of Havana and Brother Hioram of Guantanamo, Cuba, from Mr. William Harris in Jamaica, and from Mr. L. J. K. Brace in New Providence, Bahamas.
Roads and Paths
The maintenance of the driveways by the Park Depart- ment, as provided by the Garden’s Charter, has been excellent and the system is in good condition; the valued cooperation in this work, as also in other matters, by the Hon. Joseph P. Hennessy, Commissioner of Parks of the Borough of The Bronx, and of members of his staff, is highly appreciated.
Little progress was made in completing the large em- bankment needed on the line of the unfinished driveway at the north end of the long lake, where some earth has been needed to finish the slopes; the practical cessation of build-
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ing operations in the vicinity of the Garden, due to war conditions, prevented us from obtaining the filling needed from contractors having surplus earth to dispose of, but it is hoped that this material will be forthcoming during the next season. In reply to an inquiry by the Commis- sioner of Parks in May, relative to requirements for cor- porate stock during the next four years, the request was made for an issue of $5,000 for the completion of this driveway, which would finish the construction of the drive- way system of the reservation as planned.
Some work has been done toward completing the drive- way approach to the central display greenhouse at con- servatory range 2 from the Bronx Boulevard and is in progress there at the present time, looking to the com- pletion of this road in the early spring.
All the constructed paths, and the trails through the woodlands, have been kept in order by our own employees, requiring only the hoeing out of weeds and the resurfacing of paths of the system by ashes from the power house. Additional paths, 10 feet in width, aggregating a total length of 1,685 feet, have been constructed in various parts of the grounds, and several hundred feet of others have been partially built, as recorded in the report of the Super- intendent of Buildings and Grounds hereto appended.
All the bridges have been carefully inspected and are in good order.
Grading and Drainage
Contingent upon the building of additional paths, con- siderable grading and filling was required; earth used in filling was obtained from the excavation made for an addi- tional coal bunker at power house 2, as also considerable stone used in path building. At conservatory range 2, a large knoll of rock along the Bronx Boulevard was drilled and blasted and the rock used for building walls of the new greenhouses and of the new coal bunker, and also in roads and paths, sufficient being reserved to construct the walls of a new coal bunker at power house 1. The removal of
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this knoll was necessary for landscape considerations in preparing the ground for the proposed new flower garden at conservatory range 2. It proved to contain building stone of a very high quality.
Some stone for path foundations was also excavated in the rocky hill just north of the museum building, where the surface remains unfinished.
Additional drainage was accomplished along the drive- way at the mallow garden by laying over 200 feet of 4-inch and 3-inch pipes, and a swampy area was thus reclaimed. Additional data may be found in the report of the Superin- tendent of Buildings and Grounds hereto appended.
Water Supply
The water pipes have not been extended during the season, but an extension is now necessary, owing to the decrease in pressure during the past several years in the supply of the mansion. A new connection seeking to improve this pressure was made a few years ago, and fora time appeared satisfactory, although the pressure did not reach much above the second floor. What is apparently needed is to purchase and lay about 600 feet of 4~inch water- main from near the school garden to the rose garden, along the south side of the uncompleted driveway, and connect this with pipes already laid reaching to the mansion. I have elsewhere referred to the defective water supply of the northern end of the herbaceous garden, which should be made good, and a water pipe is needed through the school garden.
Buildings
Extensive repairs were found necessary on the museum building, on the roof of conservatory range 1, and on the boilers in power house 1, requiring high expenditure for materials. A considerable portion of this work was made necessary by the arctic temperatures of the early part of the year, which caused a maximum amount of contraction in structures and the subsequent loosening; also the neces-
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sity of forcing boilers to their full capacity for long periods of time deteriorated boiler tubes and furnaces to a marked degree. The repairs were all made, and the buildings are now in good condition. Details are recorded in the report of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.
The two additional greenhouses at conservatory range 2 under construction, through the generosity of Messrs. Daniel Guggenheim and Murry Guggenheim, will pre- sumably be completed and made ready for operation in the spring, and they will provide long needed space for the exhibition of tropical and subtropical plants. The larger of these two structures, designated the Central Display Greenhouse, has been designed, at the suggestion of Presi- dent Thompson, to include an open space which may be utilized as a lecture hall, and the facilities thus provided will doubtless prove a very important pedagogic addition to our equipment. This large greenhouse may also serve for more or less permanent horticultural exhibition, the need for which has always been realized in the city.
The construction of the additional coal bunker at power house 2 provides important additional storage for coal. It is hoped that we shall succeed in enlarging the coal storage capacity at power house 1 during the coming season, as already planned and authorized. Increased coal storage capacity will operate economically in reducing the expense of handling coal, and also operate to obtain coal at some- what lower prices. In order to ensure a coal supply for the present winter, an amount estimated as suffcient to last until April was purchased, after consultation with the Commissioner of Parks, and delivered at power house 1 during the summer and autumn. It was purchased from Olin J. Stephens, payment to be made for the amount consumed in 1918 from appropriations for that year, and the remainder from appropriation for 1919.
Liberty Bonds
As authorized by the Board of Managers, employees of the Garden were given the privilege of subscribing to both
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the third and fourth issues of Liberty Bonds, payable by instalments. The Treasurer purchased $3,800 of the third loan and $8,800 of the fourth loan for this purpose. A list of employees subscribing to either the third or the fourth issue, or to both, is as follows:
G. K. Ackerman, Jr., Clerk
C. J. Auld, Gardener
J. H. Barnhart, Bibliographer
H. W. Becker, Foreman Gardener
Mary T. Becker
J. Blaess, Laborer
J. Brennan, Steam Engineer
N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief
B. Cassell, Gardener
T. Chadwick, Gardener
Walter Charles, Janitor
A. J. Corbett, Superintendent of Buildings and
Grounds
J. A. Curry, Laborer
W. Curry, Driver
G. De Genova, Gardener
James Dwyer, Stableman
William Eagen, Gardener
J. Fagan, Carpenter
Anna Farley
J. Farley, Laborer
F. Finen, Fireman
James Finley, Gardener
John Finley, Foreman Gardener
G. Frick, Laborer
George Friedhof, Gardener
Henry Friedman, Clerk
A. Glass, Gardener
A, Gleasel, Gardener
W. S. Groesbeck, Bookkeeper
J. Hagenauer, Night Watchman
Morris Hannon, Night Watchman
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Sarah H. Harlow, Librarian
John Hartling, Head Gardener’s Assistant J. J. Hoffstadt, Mason
M. A. Howe, Curator
P. Howe, Mason
W. Hutchinson, Fireman
Owen Keefe, Gardener
Elsie M. Kittredge, Assistant Curator R. McAvis, Driver
W. J. McGreevy, Head Steam Engineer R. McLaughlin, Gardener
J. Malley, Driver
J. Masterson, Night Watchman
E. J. Meyer, Laborer
J. W. Millard, Janitor
J. Moore, Gardener
G. Morse, Night Watchman
W. A. Murrill, Assistant Director
G. V. Nash, Head Gardener
John Purcell, Gardener
Jacob Radlein, Gardener
M. A. Rice, Night Watchman
P. A. Rydberg, Curator
T. Scanlon, Keeper
Grace M. Schilling
F. A. Schilling, Museum Custodian F. Schmidt, Janitor
F. J. Seaver, Curator
Harry Shafer, Fireman
J. K. Small, Head Curator
C. Smith, Gardener
Harvey Smith, Janitor
J. W. Smith, Gardener
John Sommer, Gardener
E. B. Southwick, Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds D. E. Stilwell, Janitor
T. Stokes, Keeper
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A. B. Stout, Director of the Laboratories D. B. Strickland, Steam Engineer
F. A. Thumann, Carpenter
P. Vogel, Laborer
T. Webb, Laborer
F. White, Laborer
Florence M. Willey, Stenographer
R. A. Willey, Driver
R. S. Williams, Administrative Assistant R. E. Wills, Steam Engineer
Percy Wilson, Associate Curator
Wild Flower Preservation Society
Reports Appended
Following this report will be found those of the Assistant Director, the Head Gardener, the Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium, the Librarian, the Bibliographer, the Director of the Laboratories, the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds, the Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections, the Honorary Curator of the Col- lection of Fossil Plants, and the Honorary Curator of Mosses; also a list of subscriptions to the Emergency Fund subscribed by members during 1918, and a schedule of expenditures by the Bookkeeper.
Respectfully submitted, N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief.
REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT DIRECTOR Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-in-CuIErF.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1918.
The growing season of 1918 was quite moist until late summer and especially favorable for herbaceous plants and evergreens. Many of the latter, however, were severely injured by the unusually cold winter, as described
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by Mr. Nash in the Journal for March and July. The autumn was very fine, and the dahlias were not killed until November sixth.
Supervision of the work on the control of destructive insects has been continued by Dr. Seaver. It was thought that the unusually severe winter might affect the viability of the tussock moth, but experiments showed this hope to have been unfounded. Large numbers of the egg-masses were gathered in the spring and destroyed. The destruc- tive work of the tussock moth was not excessive on our grounds, due in part at least to artificial control.
The Japanese cherries have suffered considerable damage from the West Indian peach scale (Aulacaspis pentagona). Special attention is being given to this insect with the hope of clearing out the pest. Aphids were exceedingly numerous during the season but their natural enemy, the lady-bird, was also very abundant and helped to reduce the destructive work of these insects. The rose beetle and other standard pests continued their work and have been combatted as formerly. Work on the control of rose mildew and other destructive fungi has also been continued as usual.
Lectures
Pusziic Lectures
Illustrated public lectures on botanical and horticultural subjects have been given in the museum building on Satur- day afternoons from April to November, as outlined below. The total attendance for the year has been 2,454, averaging 79 for each of the 31 lectures; the maximum attendance being 136 on September 21.
April 6. “How to Prepare the Soil for Gardening,” by Mr. J. G. Curtis.
April 13. “Vacant Lot Gardens,” by Mr. Carl Bann- wart.
April 20. “Tree-planting for Forests,” by Professor S. W. Allen.
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April 27. “Home Gardens,” by Mr. Henry G. Parsons.
May 4. “Drug Plants and Their Cultivation,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby.
May 11. “How to Grow Fruits in Limited Areas,” by Professor M. A. Blake.
(Exhibition of Flowers, May 11 and 12)
May 18. “Fiber Plants and Their Cultivation,” by Mr. Lyster H. Dewey.
May 25. ‘Women as Gardeners,” by Miss Delia W. Marble.
June. ‘Diseases of Garden Crops and Their Control,” by Dr. Mel. T. Cook.
June 8. “Insect Pests and Their Control,” by Dr. F. J. Seaver.
June 15. “Rose Gardens,” with visit to new Rose Garden, by Mr. G. V. Nash.
(Exhibition of Roses and Peonies, June 15 and 16)
June 22. “Economic Uses and Possibilities of the Seaweeds,” by Dr. M. A. Howe.
June 29. “Wild Flowers of Summer,” by Dr. N. L. Britton.
July 6. ‘Scenic and Botanic Features of the Dells of the Wisconsin River,” by Dr. A. B. Stout.
July 13. “How the Introduction of Foreign Plant Diseases is Prevented,” by Mr. H. B. Shaw.
July 20. “The Economic Uses of the Fungi,” by Dr. F. J. Seaver.
July 27. “Edible Wild Plants of the Vicinity of New York,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby.
August 3. ‘Rock and Alpine Gardens,” by Dr. E. B. Southwick.
August 10. ‘“‘The Sphagnum Moss and its Use in Surgical Dressings,” by Dr. G. E. Nichols.
August17. “Through the Eastern Andes of Colombia,” by Dr. F. W. Pennell.
August 24. ‘“‘Ancient and Modern Ideas in Regard to Fossil Plants,” by Dr. Arthur Hollick.
(Exhibition of Gladioli, August 24 and 25)
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August 31. “Autumn Flowers,” by Dr. N. L. Britton. September 7. “Gladioli,” by Professor A. C. Beal. September 14. “Evergreens,” by Mr. G. V. Nash. September 21. “Dahlias,” by Dr. M. A. Howe. (Exhibition of Dahlias, September 21 and 22) September 28. “Flora of the Vicinity of New York,” by Mr. Norman Taylor. October 5. ‘‘Autumn Coloration,” by Dr. A. B. Stout. October 12. ‘Cut Flowers and How to Use Them,” by Mr. E. I. Farrington. October 19. “The Value of Birds in a Garden,” by Dr. G. Clyde Fisher. October 26. “Some Plant Diseases of New York and Virginia,” by Dr. E. W. Olive. November 2. “Plants as Insect Traps,” by Dr. J. H. Barnhart. Publications JOURNAL
The Journal has been published for each month during the year, making a volume of 340 pages, with 16 plates.
MycoLocia This periodical has appeared on alternate months during the year, making a volume of 307 pages, with 14 plates.
Norto American Fiora Volume 21, part 3, containing descriptions of Allionia- ceae, by P. C. Standley, appeared January 22, 1918. Volume 32, part I, containing descriptions of Rubiaceae, by P. C. Standley, appeared December 28, 1918. Volume 22, part 6, containing descriptions of Rosaceae, by P. A. Rydberg, appeared December 30, 1918.
BULLETIN Bulletin No. 36, with 115 pages, was issued April 30, 1918. It contains the annual reports of the Director-in- Chief and other officers for the year 1917.
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ADDISONIA
The third volume of this publication, containing 84 pages of popular descriptions and 40 colored plates, ap- peared in four parts, issued in March, June, September, and December.
CONTRIBUTIONS
No. 203. The Flora of the American Virgin Islands, by N. L. Britton.
No. 204. Further Notes on the Structural Dimorphism of Sexual and Tetrasporic Plants in the genus Galaxaura, by M. A. Howe.
No. 206. Revision of the North American Species of Encalypta, by Dorothy Coker.
o. 207. Notes on Plants of the Northern United States—IV, by Francis W. Pennell.
DocENTRY Over 2,360 visitors, including classes from public and private schools, have availed themselves during the year of the privilege of viewing the buildings and grounds under the guidance of Mr. P. Wilson, Mr. R. S. Williams, and Mr. H. W. Becker.
Nature STuDY
On January 22, about 240 biology pupils from Evander Childs High School, accompanied by Mr. Paul B. Mann and several other biology teachers, came to the Garden to study the conservatory collections and attend an illus- trated lecture on Forestry by Mr. George E. Hewitt.
On February 27, 500 biology pupils from the Evander Childs High School, accompanied by Mr. Mann, Mr. Hewitt, and several other teachers, attended a lecture in the museum by Mr. Henry G. Parsons on ‘‘How to Make and Care for a Home Garden.”
On April 17, 176 students from the Evander Childs High School attended a lecture by Mrs. Britton on the preservation of our native plants under the auspices of the
Caroline and Olivia Phelps-Stokes Fund.
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The tenth anniversary meeting of the School Garden Association of New York, was held at the New York Bo- tanical Garden on the afternoon of June 8, with a large number of members in attendance. Addresses were de- livered in the Mansion lecture room by Dr. N. L. Britton, Mr. Van Evrie Kilpatrick, and Mrs. Henry Parsons.
On June 18, 452 students from the Morris High School visited the large conservatory range and portions of the grounds, and then attended a lecture in the museum building.
On June 19, 247 students from the Evander Childs High School visited the large conservatory range and portions of the grounds, and then attended a lecture in the museum building.
Scientific Meetings
The monthly conferences of members of the staff and students have been continued, and a report of each meeting has been published in the current number of the Journal.
The Torrey Botanical Club has met each month as usual in the morphological laboratory in the museum building. On October 30, the public hall was used in connection with the regular meeting of the Torrey Club for an illustrated lecture by Dr. E. O. Hovey on certain botanical explora- tions of the “Macmillan Expedition.”
The Police of the Fifty-third Precinct, under Captain John levers, pursuant to the request of the Police Commis- sioner, used the museum lecture hall one evening a week during July and August, for the organization and instruc- tion of the Women’s Police Reserve and the Emergency Relief Organization of the Police Department. The average attendance at the seven lectures was 66.
The New York Microscopical Society held a field meeting at the Garden on the afternoon of June 8, for the study and collection of pond life; most of the time was spent at lakes 2 and 3, where many minute treasures were found, both animal and vegetable.
The Horticultural Society of New York, in cooperation
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with the New York Botanical Garden, held exhibitions of plants and flowers in the museum building on May 11 and 12, June 15 and 16, August 24 and 25, and September 21 and 22.
A lecture on the use of plants and flowers in design was given at the Mansion on October 17 by Miss Donlevy.
Personal Investigations
Administrative, curatorial, and editorial duties have left little time for consecutive scientific work this year. The demand for information has increased, especially in con- nection with fungi causing forest diseases and fungi used for food.
The gill-fungi of tropical North America were com- pleted and the two final instalments published in ALycologia for January and March. Several parts of North American Flora are in preparation, with the assistance of other specialists.
he popular illustrated articles on fungi in Mycologia have been continued with the aid of colored plates drawn by Miss Eaton, six species of polypores and ten species of gill-fungi having been treated in this series during the year. Respectfully submitted, W. A. AMurritt, Assistant Director.
REPORT OF THE HEAD GARDENER Dr. N. L. Brirrox, Drrecror-1xn-CHIEF.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as Head Gardener for the year 1918.
Systematic Plantations Herpaceous Grounps. There have been grown in these collections during the past year about 3,266 species and varieties; there are here 130 beds, 26 east of the brook and 104 west. 289 show labels have been made for this
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collection. Mr. E. B. Southwick has had charge of the work here, as well as in the Economic Garden and Mor- phologic Garden adjoining.
Fruticetum. The representation now here includes 52 families, 141 genera, and 1,035 species and varieties; the number of specimens is 2,960.
SALICETUM. There are 159 specimens here, representing 2 genera, 39 species and varieties.
Decipvous ArBoretumM. Including those native to the tract and still at the nurseries, there are in this collec- tion 411 species and varieties, 59 genera and 31 families. There are 1,120 trees.
Prnetum. Here there are about 1,669 specimens, repre- senting 3 families, 20 genera, and 267 species and varieties. 130 show labels have been placed here.
Viticetum. Here there are about 50 species and varieties.
Conservatories. The collections here comprise about 9,356 species and varieties, representing 207 families. Owing to the shortage of coal it was necessary about the middle of last January to combine the contents of range 2 with those of range 1. This made necessary dispensing with many duplicates and cutting down the representation to as few individuals as possible, so that the collections in both ranges could be placed in one. Even after this had been done, range 1 was still greatly crowded, a condition not the best for the growing of plants. There are now in range I, 13,447 specimens, distributed as follows: house 1, 361; house 2, 793; house 3, 879; house 4, 762; house 5, 1,616; house 6, 360; house 7, 850; house 8, 678; house 9, 143; house 10, 1,005; house 11, 466; house 12, 1,050; house 13, 668; house 14, 1,066; house 15, 2,735; cellar, 15. 1,240 show labels have been placed here.
PropacaTinc Houses anp Nurseries. For the pur- pose of economizing in coal it was decided to close two of the houses for this winter. This necessitated sending many plants to range 1 and dispensing with all duplicates possible. There are now here, excluding those used for
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the special studies of the Director of the Laboratories, 6,506 plants. 1,040 packets of seeds have been received, as follows: gift, 137; purchase, 365; exchange, 210; col- lected, 328. There have been collected in the grounds, in addition to the above, 120 packets.
LaBetinc, Recorpinc AND Hersarium. This work has been under the direction of a gardener for the first four months of the year, and later of the head gardener’s assistant. One apprentice has been employed for ten months of the year in the preparation of labels, of which the following have been made: pinetum, 130; fruticetum, 593; conservatories, 1,240; conservatory beds, 285; her- baceous grounds, 289; economic garden, 52; morphologic garden, 23; rose garden, 136; iris garden, 18; school garden, 4; horticultural collections, 333; dahlia collection, 516; total, 3,619.
Accession numbers 45,908 to 47,073 have been recorded, making a total of 1,166 accessions.
The following plants have been received: by gift, 20,543 (including the large collections of gladioli and dahlias), valued at about $7,800; by exchange 184; by purchase, 1,394; by collections made by members of the staff and others, 639; derived from seeds from various sources, 358; total, 23,118.
To the herbarium of cultivated plants about 200 speci- mens have been added.
The collections contain approximately, including those native to the tract, 239 families, 2,108 genera, and about 14,524 species and varieties.
Miscellaneous Collections Included here are the following: morphologic garden; economic garden; collections of desert plants placed during the summer in the court of conservatory range 1; conser- vatory lily pools; aquatic garden; rhododendron collections in the vicinity of the lakes, at conservatory range 1, and in front of the museum; rose bed east of conservatory range
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1; flower gardens in the immediate vicinity of conservatory range I, at the Elevated approach, and the west border; American wood garden; iris garden; magnolia garden; American thorn garden; white pine plantation; lilac and peony garden.
Rose GarpveN. This continues to be one of the most attractive collections of horticultural plants. Many in- terested people visit it. ‘There are now 104 beds, in which have been grown during the past year about 5,200 rose bushes and 500 kinds.
HORTICULTURAL GaRDEN. The area in which the con- vention garden was located in 1917 has now been devoted to a series of horticultural collections. This installation was begun with a collection of gladioli, planted in May, of 19,700 corms, all donated by some of the largest growers. This collection contained, in 17 beds, 247 kinds, one of the largest collections ever brought together in the vicinity of New York.
The two long beds at the entrance contained cannas, about a dozen kinds being represented. There were also two beds of chrysanthemums and one of phlox. In the large central bed was a collection of cacti, and between the entrance and the cannas was arranged a group of agaves on each side.
Danuta Cottection. This collection was installed at the west border north of the depot plaza. It was assembled by Dr. M. A. Howe, of the staff, through donations amount- ing to 516 plants, representing 313 kinds. It was one of the most attractive features of the Garden during the fall, being visited by many people.
Rep Pine PiantaTion. Opposite the white pine plan- tation, already established, was installed a plantation of the Norway or red pine. To the north of this was placed a group of the Japanese red pine, Pinus Thunbergii.
General Horticultural Operations The following force has been available for this work;
monthly, 2 foreman gardeners, 18 to 22 gardeners, and § drivers; laborers, 18 to 22.
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Foreman gardener John Finley has been in charge of the outside work, with about eight gardeners, the drivers, and laborers.
The work of the conservatories and propagating houses has been in charge of foreman gardener H. W. Becker, to whom was assigned the remainder of the force.
The following new work has been accomplished during the year:
In THE SPRING
The development of the horticultural garden on the site of the former convention garden. 17 beds were planted with nearly 20,000 corms of gladioli, 2 with chrysanthe- mums, I with phloxes, and 2 with cannas. A collection of marsh mallows was begun in the low land on the east side. The mallows exhibited the previous year by Meehan & Sons and by Bobbink & Atkins were donated to the garden by those firms, and form a part of this collection, together with a large number of plants, of hybrid origin mainly, produced by Dr. A. B. Stout, of the staff, in his experiments with the genus Hibiscus. The opening of 10 additional beds in the rose garden. The planting of coni- fers around the school garden shelter house. The prepar- ation of a strip about 12 feet wide at the west border from the depot plaza north, for the reception of the collection of dahlias, and the planting of the same. Additions to the magnolia garden. The transplanting of specimens from the nurseries to the deciduous arboretum and the frutice- tum. The replacement with others of the conifers killed during the previous winter. The rearrangement of the path corners near the fountain enclosure, a group of Picea Omorika being placed on one side and one of Picea polita on the other. The planting of a large number of seedlings in the conservatory beds.
In tHe Fait
The removal of the Japanese holly about the fountain at the foot of the Museum approach, greatly damaged
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during the previous winter, and its replacement with conifers. The rearrangement of the shrub and tree border back of the dahlia collection, and the addition to it of more shrubs. The planting of replacements in the rose garden, and the rearrangement of some of the beds there. The planting of three white ash trees near the depot plaza to replace others removed. The planting of a red oak and a red maple along the main drive south of the Museum. The planting of a red maple along the drive west of the upper lake. The planting of about 8,000 tulip bulbs in some of the beds in the court of conservatory range I.
Investigations and Lectures
I have continued my studies in horticultural botany, especially upon the hardy woody collections of the Garden, and also upon the orchids.
T have acted with Dr. Barnhart as one of the editors of Addisonia, and have continued my supervision of the preparation of drawings for that periodical. I have given three lectures in the regular public courses of the Garden.
Mr. K. R. Boynton, Head Gardener’s Assistant, had charge of the conservatory beds and their collections, and gave valuable aid in the installation of the gladiolus col- lection. He performed his duties up to the time of his induction in the service of his country in May. Mr. John Hartling has been acting in that capacity since that time.
Respectfully submitted, EORGE V. Nass, Head Gardener.
REPORT OF THE HEAD CURATOR OF THE MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM Dr. N. L. Brrrron, Director-1n-CHIEF. Sir: I submit herewith my report as Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium for the year 1918. Miscellaneous specimens were brought together from nearly all parts of the globe. However, the more impor-
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tant ones came from the western hemisphere and from the islands of southeastern Asia.
The accessions were recorded during the year in detail in the several numbers of the Journal. They may be sum- marized here as follows:
By gift and purchase... 1.6... eee eee 3,462 By €xchange os cicero tiianuigtoms ie ade ae ete eee 10,499 By exploration... 0 200... eees 10,166
Thus a total of 24,127 specimens for public museums and the herbarium, and for exchange purposes were received during the year. About 2000 specimens were sent to other institutions and to individuals as exchanges.
he several collections falling under my supervision were developed and conserved mainly as in previous years.
The permanent equipment was increased by the acqui- sition of twelve standard herbarium cases.
The value of gifts is estimated at $197.71.
Museums
The public exhibits were given especial attention during the year in the way of developing and completing various collections or exhibits.
The Fossil Plant Museum was enlarged by specimens from Greenland and the West Indies. The exhibits were kept in order and several of the cases renovated and re- labeled. For further details see the report of the Honorary Curator of fossil plants.
The Economic Museum was the center of active develop- ment during the year. A systematic renovation and enlargement of the exhibits was begun and is in process of execution. The exhibits are being made more complete by the addition and replacement of specimens and all arranged in a more logical order and sequence.
Aside from the miscellaneous specimens received for the various exhibits, the most important additions were special specimens of fibers, foods, and drugs secured by Dr. Rusby. For details see the report of the Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections.
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The Systematic Museum, comprising four distinct elements, (a) The Synoptic Collection, (6) The Local Flora, (c) The Microscope Exhibit, and (d) The Plant Picture Exhibit, was either added to in parts or partly renovated.
Herbaria
The more important additions to these collections were specimens representing the floras of continental and insular North America and northern South America. In addition to miscellaneous specimens and odd collections, special sets of fungi were received from the West Indies and several parts of the United States, lichens from Yukon, Montana, and the West Indies, hepatics comprising part of the former herbarium of M. A. Howe, mosses from the Philippine Islands, the West Indies, and various parts of the United States, and especially noteworthy very valuable collections of flowering plants from Colombia and the Philippines and neighboring islands.
Collections of less importance were received from other regions such as Argentina and Africa.
A considerable number of specimens, particularly of the rarer and more interesting species of the region of Greater New York were brought together and added to the local flora herbarium. In this connection the material aid in collecting, aside from members of the Garden Staff, may be mentioned Mr. W. E. Ferguson. The geographical origin of all the accessions is given in detail in the several numbers of the Journal.
Individual specimens and small collections received for the Columbia University herbarium were mounted and incorporated in that series.
In all, about 13,793 herbarium sheets containing fully 29,000 specimens of flowering and flowerless plants were added to the permanent collection. In addition to these several hundred specimens too bulky to be mounted on herbarium sheets were placed in cardboard boxes and incorporated in the several series where they belonged.
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The twelve new herbarium cases referred to above have been used to take up the expansion necessary to relieve the congested condition of the herbarium and the space thus gained will accommodate a part of the miscellaneous accumulation of mounted herbarium specimens formerly held in storage. Certain space freed through the rearrange- ment of part of the general herbarium has given oppor- tunity to expand and rearrange the local herbarium and the herbarium of cultivated plants.
The great number of unmounted herbarium specimens, accumulated as a result of lack of herbarium cases and assistants to mount them are being sorted into the natural plant families and genera so that any specimen there represented will be available for study in connection with the various lines of research being carried on by members of the Garden Staff. A great deal of very valuable and useful material would otherwise be inaccessible.
Investigations and Assistance
The curatorial work of the museum and herbarium has been cared for by the several curators and associate cura- tors, some of whom have also participated in or cared for various side issues and all of whom have followed, inci- dentally, some line or lines of investigation.
Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator, continued in charge of the herbarium of flowering plants. In addition to the usual assorting and distribution of herbarium sheets, the task of assorting a large accumulation of herbarium material, transferring part of the general herbarium into the new cases, and readjusting the whole herbarium to the increased space as well as arranging the unmounted herbarium speci- mens fell to Dr. Rydberg’s lot. He also continued his taxonomic investigations and interpretations of the families Rosaceae, Fabaceae and Carduaceae for North American Flora. A monograph of Rosa is now in press. The tribe Psoraleae of the Fabaceae is ready for the press, and the manuscript of the tribe Senecioneae of the Carduaceae is
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nearly finished. Dr. Rydberg has also reprinted the analytical keys of his “‘Flora of the Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Plains” to make an easily portable book for field work.
Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator, continued in charge of the collections of algae and hepaticae in the herbarium and museums. He has prepared a manuscript on the Ricciaceae for the North American Flora and has published papers on “The Marine Algae and Marine Spermatophytes of the Tomas Barrera Expedition to Cuba,” ‘Further Notes on the Structural Dimorphism of Sexual and Tet- rasporic Plants in the genus Galaxaura,” and “Calcareous Algae from Murray Island (Australia) and Cocos-Keeling Islands.”” He has also edited vol. XVII of the Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club, comprising the “‘ Proceedings of the Semi-centennial Anniversary of the Torrey Botanical Club.” Asa side issue, Dr. Howe had charge of the new dahlia border, described in the issues of the Journal for August and November.
Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator, continued in charge of the fungous collections. Research on the cup-fungi of North America for North American Flora was continued. Prog- ress also has been made with the genus Phyllosticta (leaf spot diseases) of which about three hundred species have been described from North America. Some time has also been devoted to a study of the Bahama fungi. Two stu- dents have carried on investigation at the Garden under his supervision. A number of minor papers have been published during the year and two lectures have been delivered. Work on destructive insects has been con- tinued (see report of Assistant Director).
Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator, continued his determinations and studies of tropical American plants, and incorporated most of the recently acquired West Indian and South American specimens in the herbarium. During the summer months he devoted considerable time to the classification and rearrangement of exhibits in the
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Economic Museum. His duties as docent were carried out as in former years, and incidentally he took charge of many of the Saturday afternoon public lectures.
Dr. Francis W. Pennell, Associate Curator, returned in April from a botanical expedition to Colombia, and on May 1 resumed his active connection with the Garden. The collections made in Colombia, comprising nearly 4,800 numbers, have been sorted and one set mounted for study, while the remainder are being prepared for distri- bution to other institutions. Beside work upon these he continued studies in the figwort family as represented in the southeastern and in the central Rocky Mountain states and also in the local flora. In June Dr. Pennell resumed editorial supervision of the Journal. He gave one lecture in the regular Garden lecture course.
Dr. H. H. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections, developed the Museum of Economic botany. (See his report.)
N. L. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses, developed the moss herbarium. (See her report.)
Dr. Arthur Hollick, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants, developed the fossil plant museum. (See his report.)
The writer, in addition to numerous major and minor curatorial details, continued work on North American Flora and carried further toward completion our knowledge of the plants and phytogeography of Florida during several weeks exploration in April and May, and also during a short trip in December. A report on the field work of these excursions is in preparation, as are also a number of papers or monographs on various groups of plants on lines suggested by observations during recent and current field work and augmented by study collections. In connection- too, with our spring excursion, Miss Mary E. Eaton, Artist, detailed by you to go to Florida, made twenty-odd paint- ings of rare or otherwise interesting flowering plants of south- ern Florida for forthcoming issues of Addisonia. I have published two small illustrated handbooks on the ferns of
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several regions in extreme southern Florida and made an investigation of the fern flora of the whole state of Florida, which I hope to publish with illustrations and descriptions. Respectfully submitted, Joun K. Smatt, Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium.
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrecror-1n-Cuier.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1918.
Owing to the crowded condition of certain sections of the library, it seemed imperative that additional shelving space should be provided. This was secured by the va- cating of two stacks in the room at the west of the main reading room, formerly filled with books belonging to the bibliographer. Since the moving of the entire library was involved in this change, work was commenced on September 1 and continued until early in October, when the end of the east stacks was reached.
At that time the greatly needed work of repairing the walls of the stack room was begun and completed within a month. This has greatly improved the appearance of the library, and it is hoped will prevent the leakage of water in the future. The necessary cleaning of books has inter- fered with the further work of moving, but this has now been resumed and will be pushed to completion.
This additional shelving space will probably suffice for normal growth during a period of two years.
The librarian’s office has been temporarily transferred from the library to the room at the west of the main reading room, thus ensuring greater comfort during the winter months.
The census taken at the end of the year shows a total of 29,237 bound volumes, a net gain of 703 over the census of a year ago.
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During the year only 216 books have been bound, in- cluding 13 which are the property of Columbia University. A large number of the older books of the collection are in need of rebinding, and it is hoped that funds for this purpose may be available during the coming year.
The accessions have been listed as usual in the Journal. The principal purchases were 32 bound volumes and 178 pamphlets from the library of the late Dr. C. B. Robinson; and 227 bound volumes and 102 pamphlets from that of Dr. J. H. Barnhart, the former consisting chiefly of works relating to the flora of Canada and the Philippine Islands, and the latter of sets of periodicals and publications of scientific societies and institutions. There was also pur- chased from the Hempstead Plains Library the Sertum palmarum brasiliensium by J. Barbosa Rodrigues, as noted in the November Journal.
Last year a large number of excerpts from popular magazines which the Garden would be unlikely ever to have on file were purchased, and this year 265 similar papers were added to the collection. These relate chiefly to economic botany and forestry.
The books received as gifts during the past year number 74, while those acquired by exchange and deposit were 26.
There have been added to the catalogue 1,361 written and typewritten cards, in addition to the printed cards issued by the Torrey Botanical Club. Work upon the revision of the catalogue has been continued as opportunity has presented itself.
As noted in the November Journal, several shipments of German periodicals have been received. This has been accomplished through the agency of the American Library Association which holds a permit for such importations. The subscriptions for 1919 have been placed in the same manner.
The following additions and corrections should be made to the periodical list as appended to the report of the Lib- rarian for 1916 (Bulletin 9: 342-363) and supplemented in the report for 1917 (Bulletin 9: 449, 450):
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Omit § before the following: * Biologisches Centralblatt. * Botanisches Centralblatt. t Botanisches Centralblatt, Beihef * Centralblatt fir Bakteriologie: Abth. I, II. * Flora.
* Jahrbiicher fir wissenschaftliche Botanik. * Zeitschrift fiir Botanik.
* Zeitschrift fiir induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre. * Zeitschrift fir wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie.
Change f to * Botanisches Centralblatt, Beihefte. Insert * before the following: American Florist Arnold Arboretum, Bulletin of Popular Information. Garden Magaz Gardening Hardwood Record. India Rubber World. Add the following: * American Society for Horticultural Science, College Park, Md. Proceedings. * Botanical Abstracts, Baltimore, Md. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. Memoirs. * Journal of General Physiology, Baltimore, Md. Tucuman. Universidad de, Tucuman, Arg. Revista, ne Virginia Truck Experiment Station, Norfolk, Va. Bullet
Omit the following: Lorquinia. Rural New Yorker.
Respectfully submitted, SaraH H. Hartow, Librarian.
REPORT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHER Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CHIEF.
Sir; I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1918.
Although much of my time has been used in giving personal assistance both to my associates and to visitors
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consulting the Library, more time than usual has been devoted to bibliographic research.
Only three parts of North American Flora have been issued during the year: Volume 21, Part 3, in January, and Volume 32, Part 1, and Volume 22, Part 6, during the closing days of December. The apparent break in pub- lication was not accompanied by any cessation of work upon the Flora. It was due in part to temporary effects of the war—especially at the time of the second draft—upon the printers’ trade, and in part to the number of authors contributing to Volume 22, Part 6, and the unusual amount of careful editorial work required by this part. This volume was commenced in 1905, thirteen years ago, and the part lately issued consists largely of additions required to bring it up to date. Much manuscript for the Flora is now in hand, and much more is nearly ready, so that the prospects for its rapid appearance are better than ever.
Addisonia has appeared as usual, and the third volume is now complete. This young periodical has already illustrated, in color, on 120 plates, 122 different flowering plants, belonging to 93 different genera, and representing 51 natural families. The genus most largely represented, so far, is Echeveria, with five species; Opuntia and Aster are tied for second place, with four species each. Of the families, Crassulaceae and Carduaceae are represented by fourteen species each, Orchidaceae by eleven, and Cac- taceae by ten. A complete list is given on the third and fourth cover-pages of the last number, but the list is growing so long that the practice of repeating it in its entirety with each number must soon be abandoned.
There have been no extraordinary additions to the Library during the year. The most noteworthy ones are mentioned specifically in the report of the Librarian.
Respectfully submitted, Joun Henputey Barnuart, Bibliographer.
(45 ) REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE LABORATORIES
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Direcror-1n-Cuter.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1918.
General Matters
The strictest economy has been exercised during the past year in all matters under my charge. The positions of the assistant in laboratory work and of the assistant in propagating work have become vacant and have not been filled. Only the most necessary of supplies have been purchased and no new equipment has been installed.
Records of meteorology have been taken and the pro- grams arranged for monthly conferences of the scientific staff and students of the Garden, of which reports have been published in the Journal.
Personal Investigations
During the past few years most of my research as well as that of various students has been largely directed to studies of fertility and sterility. The experiments have aimed to determine the occurrence, the nature, and the heredity of various types of sterility and the rather prac- tical question of the effects of selection and inbreeding. For these purposes species of Cichorium, Plantago, Verbas- cum, Nicotiana, Ammocallis, Lythrum, Linum, an sch- scholizia have been grown during the year. Studies of fertility and sterility in plants propagated vegetatively have also been continued especially in Narcissus: and Hemerocallis. In conducting further work it seems de- sirable (1) to make a further general survey to determine the various types of sterility and (2) to center intensive study on species which exhibit the various types of sterility, are favorable for cultivation, and which may also be of some economic importance. I should be pleased to expand the work to include cases of the latter. Numerous prob- lems connected with these studies are especially well adapted for student research and cooperation.
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Further plantings of Hibiscus and Phlox were not made during the year. The greater number of Hibiscus plants, comprising pedigreed lines of pure species, of varieties and of inter-varietal and inter-specific hybrids, have been turned over to you for special display plantings. One series of plants grown from seed collected near Washington, D. C., and reported to be Hibiscus incanus, bloomed during the summer and exhibited striking resemblance to H. oculiroseus in respect to flower and pod characters. Further field studies of Hibiscus are desirable especially in the regions of southern and western range.
Under your general supervision I conducted during the summer and autumn an experiment to determine the effect of potash on the growth of beans. The results have been submitted to you and were printed in the December number of the Journal.
Special plantings of tulips for continued study of rots, blindness, and abnormal growth suffered severe injury through depredations of pine mice. General observations were made, as in previous years, of the performance of tulips in the display plantings. Several problems in tulips of considerable practical interest await further study.
In general my studies during the year have been more intensive than extensive. This has reduced the number of plants grown, the space utilized in greenhouse and expe- rimental plots, and the amount of labor involved.
During the year four papers embodying results of re- searches have appeared in various scientific publications and two descriptions of Hibiscus species have been written for Addisonia. The final and complete report of the statistical studies of flower number in Cichorum Intybus, which have been in progress from 1912 to 1916 inclusive, was one of these papers, and in the preparation of this Miss Helene Boas was a joint author. The record of students and investigators at our garden (1897-1918) was also revised to date and was published in the Journal for October.
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Special Investigators, Students and Scholars There has been a decided decrease in student activities during the past year. Of the special investigators mention should be made of Professor John W. Ritchie and Mr. C. H. E. Redding who have continued experimental studies begun in previous years as reported.
List oF STUDENTS
The following were formally registered for research in connection with studies for degrees. All satisfied tuition charges either at Columbia University or at the Garden. Adams, James Fowler. claus
Mosse.
Stevenson, Mrs. F. (Benak ies Julia). Variegation in Tussilago.
Twiss, Wilfred Charles. Taxon
List oF ScHOLARS Gleason, Henry Allan. The genus Vernonia. Respectfully submitted, A. B. Srout, Director of the Laboratories.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS
Dr. N. L. Brirron, DrrEcTor-IN-CHIEF. Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1918. Regulating and Grading We removed about 800 yards of earth from the coal bunker for power house no. 2, of which 300 yards were used at the Newell Avenue entrance to grade the lowland, 300 yards for grading at the magnolia collection and 200 yards to grade around the new buildings at conservatory range 2. The northern bank of the Rose Garden was graded with 250 yards of topsoil which had been removed from the paths at the southern end of the Magnolia Collec-
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tion. Both sides of the stairway and the northern and western bank of the Rose Garden were graded and sodded for a distance of 200 feet on the western bank and Ioo0 feet on the northern. Considerable grading was accomplished on the eastern side of the grounds near the School Garden section.
About 3,000 yards of fill were hauled into the Garden by outside contractors and placed on the new road north of Rose Garden. This fill was carted in at the expense of the contractors who were looking for a convenient place to dispose of it.
About 2,500 yards of stone were blasted and removed from the two quarries in the Garden. The stone removed from the quarry near conservatory range 2, amounting to nearly 2,000 yards, was used to extend the size of the coal bunker at power house 2 and for the paths on the eastern side of the grounds. The remainder of the stone was taken from the quarry near the museum building and was used in the construction of paths on the lower side of the Horticultural Gardens.
Drainage
In order to drain the Rose Garden two catch-basins were built, for which we used 188 feet of 4-inch tile pipe and 50 feet of 3-inch porous pipe. To drain the Horticultural Gardens at the lower end near the road, one catch-basin and three culverts were built with 156 feet of 4-inch tile pipe. A ditch 200 feet long was built and lined with boulders near the road at the northeastern corner of the Horticultural Gardens. We also built a culvert on the eastern side of the grounds under the path running south from the School Garden. We put in one catch-basin in order to drain the northern end of the Magnolia Collection. In changing the position of the drinking fountain at the Iris Garden, 72 feet of 3-inch tile pipe were used. It was necessary to change this fountain so that the waste water outlet might be connected with the sewer.
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Paths
A path 10 feet wide and 85 feet long was constructed on the northern bank of the Rose Garden to connected the upper part with the stairway. At the bottom of the steps in the Rose Garden a path 45 feet long and Io feet wide was completed. A 10-foot path 185 feet long was completed at the southern end of the Rose Garden leading through the canyon and also an 8-foot path 200 feet long. A path 500 feet long and 10 feet wide on the eastern side of the School Garden running to the southeastern entrance of the grounds and another 270 feet long and Io feet wide running north at the School Garden were completed.
A 25-foot road, 75 feet long, was lined with stone and made ready for paving at the eastern entrance of conser- vatory range 2. In the Magnolia Collection a 10-foot path 385 feet long was paved and made ready for screening. All the paths on both sides of the Bronx River in the Salice- tum were repaired, ashed and rolled down. ‘To connect the Iris Garden with the Horticultural Gardens a 10-foot path 400 feet long was paved and ashed. At the southern end of the Magnolia Collection 350 feet of a 10-foot path have been lined and made ready for paving. ,
All the paths in the Horticultural and Rose Gardens were reashed and rolled. The path through the Hemlock Grove to the bridge at the falls was resurfaced.
Buildings
The front steps of the museum building were repointed and the interior of the library rear wall was remodeled and plastered. The wall and ceiling of the typists’ room was repaired. This work was done by the masons. Other minor plaster repair work was accomplished throughout the building. Several of the doors, windows and cases of the museum building were repaired by the carpenters. Twelve new herbarium cases were built by a contractor for museum specimens. The steam engineers made all necessary repairs to steam leaks in the museum building and the water system was repaired by the plumber.
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The framework, sash and doors of conservatory range 1 have received considerable repairs by the carpenters. The painter has replaced at least 500 lights of glass and painted the exterior of houses 1, 13, 14, 15, and 9. The steam engineers repaired all leaks and put in new pipes in houses 2, 3, 14, and 15 and have replaced the decayed pipes throughout the range. The plumber made numerous repairs to the leaders and the water system.
The brickwork of the boilers in power house I was rebuilt. The taps in all boilers were repaired. A conveyor for ashes and soot was constructed by our own men.
Owing to the shortage of coal, all the plants at conserva- tory range 2 were removed to conservatory range I during the first week of January, the water and steam being turned off in the former range. The carpenters made necessary repairs to the sash and doors and-the painter replaced all broken glass and painted the exterior of four houses. The coal bunker at power house 2 was extended to 47 feet by 15 feet by 29 feet to enable us to increase the storage capacity with an additional 300 tons. This was constructed by our own men.
Considerable repairs have been made to the stable and propagating houses by the carpenters. They have also repaired the roof of the mansion and the interior in various parts. Two rooms to be used for School Garden work have been painted on the third floor. The comfort stations have been put in working order and all necessary repairs made by the plumber.
Twenty-eight tubs for plants were built for conservatory range 2.
Grounds
The carpenters completed a shelter house at the School Garden. Necessary repairs were made to the other shelter houses. The carpenters built eight rustic benches and repaired those that were broken. Twenty-four signs were repaired, painted and relettered by our employees.
Sufficient wood was cut to supply the propagating houses
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for four months and the mansion for two months by running the gasoline engine for two weeks. We have continued to uproot the poison ivy throughout the grounds.
On Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays from June to September, we had two city officers in civilian clothes and with our two regular keepers and twelve additional guards, selected from the gardeners and laborers, the grounds have been well protected. At all other times during the year one city officer was detailed to the Garden. The number of visitors on Saturdays and Sundays during the summer months averaged about 40,000. This number was greatly increased during July and August. Owing to the watchfulness of our employees little damage has been done to the plantations throughout the Garden during the year.
A wire fence, three feet high, has been erected to protect the 2,500 red pines which have planted near the Iris Garden.
Respectfully submitted, Artuur J. Corsetr, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.
REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE ECONOMIC COLLECTIONS Dr. N. L. Britton, Direcror-1n-CHier.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1918.
Our work has been of exceptional extent and importance. The Scientific Directors authorized the preparation of a guide book to the economic museum. This work was begun at the earliest practicable date thereafter and has occupied all of my available time since, with such needed assistance as you have assigned me. All the articles in the western half of the museum room, numbering more than 4,000, have been catalogued, and this manuscript, with the exception of some minor details now being com- pleted, is ready for the printer. Work in the eastern half of the room will proceed without delay and will be much
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simpler, and occupy less time than that already com- pleted. The work of cataloguing has necessitated much rearrangement, both as to sequence and correlation, and improvement of appearance.
e plan has called for the consecutive numbering of all articles, the numbers being affixed to the specimens or their containers and to their labels, and being entered in the catalogue. This method will effectually prevent future misplacements and errors of identity. Additional specimens hereafter acquired will be given the appropriate integral number, followed by a decimal. Many specimens, acquired since the work was begun, have already been numbered in this way.
The classification of the collections heretofore prevailing has been maintained, the primary division being economic, into fibers, resins, rubbers, condiments, foods, drugs, etc. The articles in each of these classes, wherever appropriate, have been subdivided according to the parts of the plant represented, such as roots, leaves, fruits, and seeds. In each of these subdivisions, the articles have been arranged in the botanical sequence of their families and, in the case of large families, of their genera. This arrangement, while affording an economic basis that appeals naturally to the ideas and convenience of visitors and students interested in this feature of the exhibits, at the same time preserves scientific relations and affords convenient reference for the taxonomist.
In preparing the reading matter of the guide book accompanying the respective numbers, I have given the principal common or popular names, followed by the definitions, comprising the botanical name, including its author or authors, and a statement of the part of the plant represented. In many cases also the definition contains a brief statement of the state or conditions of the plant part, as when the latter has undergone artificial treatment in preparation. Then follows the family names, scientific and popular, unless there is a family heading for a group
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of articles. The nativity of the species is then stated, followed by a record of the source of the specimen, as to production, collection and donor. Special attention is given to the last mentioned portion of the record, in order to fix as perfectly as possible the authenticity of the article. In many cases, reference is made to the existence of the living plant in our conservatories or grounds, and to her- barium specimens representing the same collection as that of the museum specimen.
The systematic work, carried on as above described, has disclosed the existence of hundreds of omissions of important articles, many of them capable of being secured with relatively little trouble or expense. A list of such articles has been prepared and their accumulation has been commenced, nearly a hundred having been secured since work on the guide was started. Many others will call for greater efforts, and some expenditure, during the coming season. ‘Their addition to the museum at this particular time, with their resulting inclusion in the guide, is a matter of great importance, and I trust that no failure to make the necessary provision for this work may be permitted. To do so would cause a serious imperfection in a work that will have a very extensive use for years to come. I am prepared to devote the coming season chiefly to this work, if the necessary means are provided. We can probably arrange with botanists living in various localities to collect for us about half of the articles, at very little expense. For the collection of others, I should have to do some travel- ing and collecting in person. I earnestly request that a special appropriation of five hundred dollars be made for this work.
The portion of the work already completed has consumed almost the entire supply of jars provided for the year. About five hundred more, of various sizes, mostly medium, will be required for its completion, in addition to a lot of three hundred, of small size, to contain a special collection of rice samples, donated by Mr. E. B. Southwick.
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Fully a thousand labels will be required for the additional articles. By the temporary use of typewritten labels this expense could readily be postponed until more money is available.
In conclusion, I again urge the careful consideration of the above requirements. I believe that no other want has been more often expressed by visitors than that of the guide that we are preparing. This work having now been undertaken, it should be as well done as our circumstances permit. Respectfully submitted,
H. H. Russy,
Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections.
REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE COLLECTIONS OF FOSSIL PLANTS
Dr. N. L. Brrrron, Director-1n-CuHIierF.
Sir: I have the honor to report as follows upon activities in connection with the paleobotanical collections of the Garden during the year 1918.
Study was continued and drawings: made of specimens of fossil plants contained in the collection made in Porto Rico by the joint natural history survey of the New York Academy of Sciences and the American Museum of Natural History.
During the latter part of the year I have been engaged in overhauling the paleobotanical material in the latter institution and arranging a series of specimens on a taxon- omic basis for display in connection with the general paleontological taxonomic exhibit of the Museum.
Incidental to this work it has been my privilege to examine, assort, and identify as far as possible the collec- tions of fossil plant material brought from Greenland by the Arctic Expedition of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, under command of Robert E. Peary, C.E. (now Rear Admiral), U. S. Navy, in 1891-92. This material is mostly in the form of large fragments of matrix,
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collected at Atanékerdluc on the south shore of Nugsuaks Peninsula on the shore of the Vaigat, which separates the peninsula from Disco Island. By arrangement with the Garden a selected lot of this material will be exchanged for duplicate material from the Garden collections. Fossil plants from Greenland have heretofore been entirely lack- ing in the Garden collections and an interesting and valuable accession has thus been assured. Respectfully submitted, Artuur Hotticx Honorary Curator of the Collections of Fossil Plants.
REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF MOSSES Dr. N. L. Britrron, Drrecror-1n-CHIeEr.
Sir: No mosses have been purchased during the year; 690 specimens have been received and 2566 duplicates have been sent out in exchange; to the Bureau of Science in Manila, Philippine Islands, we have sent 678 and received in exchange 205 specimens; to H. N. Dixon, of Northamp- ton, England, 414 duplicates from the Mitten collection, and 8 other packages are awaiting shipment; to the National Museum, 397 specimens; to Mt. Holyoke Colege, 150 Eastern North American mosses; to Dr. A. LeRoy Andrews, 285 miscellaneous duplicates; to Prof. J. M. Holzinger, 234 specimens; and to Mr. A. T. Beals, 67 specimens of Ephemerum for photographing. We have received for determination from the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 35 mosses and hepatics collected in the Canadian Rockies, and from the Colegio de la Salle, Cuba, 150 mosses and hepatics. From Dr. E. O. Hovey, of the American Museum of Natural History, 50 plants have been received including some flowering (10) and the rest flowerless, collected by him at North Star Bay, Greenland, on the relief to the MacMillan Expedition. We have continued our exchanges with the members of the Sullivant Moss Society, of which I have been President during the
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year, and the Curator of Mosses, Mr. Kaiser, has assisted in the determinations of the mosses sent in for study.
During the late winter and spring, Miss Dorothy Coker has made a critical study of the North American species of Encalypta, under my direction, and we have reduced the number of recognizable species from 18 to 8. The descriptions of the mosses for the “‘Flora of the Bahamas” have been completed.
Acting as Secretary for the Stokes’ Fund and the Wild Flower Preservation Society, I have answered all letters pertaining to this subject and have delivered a number of lectures on Arbor Day and Conservation topics to Public Schools in The Bronx.
Owing to War Activities, the Garden Clubs have devoted themselves mostly to farm and garden work, but the Litchfield, Connecticut, Garden Club invited me to address them in June and gave me the opportunity to visit the large area of native forest which is owned and protected from vandalism by two of its members.
My interest in the lantern-slide collection has been continued; a set of fern slides from Mr. Ransier and 64 colored slides of Colorado plants from the American Museum of Natural History have been given to the collec- tion.
Respectfully submitted, EuizaBetu G. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses.
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CONTRIBUTIONS TO EMERGENCY FUND OF 1918 UP TO JULY 23
Transferred from Cherry Garden Shelter Fund
subscription... ....... 0.0.0 cc eee cece eee $1,000 Mr. Fritz Achelis.......00000.0.00 000000 cee 100 Mr. Edward D. Adams....................... 300 Mrs. Robert Bacon...............0.....2.0.. 100 Mr. George F. Baker... ....0....00.0......0.. 100 Mr. Andrew Carnegie..................00000. 500 Mrs. Charles D. Dickey...................... 100 Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge.................0... 250 Mr. Daniel Guggenheim...................... 250 Mr. Murry Guggenheim...................... 250 Dr. Walter B. James................0000 0000 100 Mrs. John Innes Kane.................00005. 100 Mr. Adolph Lewisohn.................000005. 100 Mrs. V. Everit Macy... 0.20.00. 000... cece eee 100 Mr. William J. Matheson..................... 100 Mr. J. P. Morgan... 0.0.20... 00.0.2 cee eee 500 Mr. Geo. W. Perkins.............. 00000 eee 250 Mr. Charles F. Rand... . 0.0.0.0... 0c c eee aes 100 Mr. Edwin A. Richard.......... 00.00.0000 eee 100 Mr. William Rockefeller...................-.. 100 Mr. Jacob H. Schiff......... 0.0... 0020.0 e eee 100 Mrs. Henry O. Taylor .................-000-. 100 Mr. Myles Tierney............ 00.0.0. 02 0005. 100 Mr. Louis C. Tiffany. ............ 00.022 200 Mr. W. K. Vanderbilt...................-.00. 300
(58)
SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE
AR 1918 1. CITY MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT AMO Wane sts eva oi 5%. ce hisadnatien eat He eee eee ae $119,835.00 Expended Salaries 03 2 id dacreels ca Sa atale ote $83,473.00 abor.. meree ,280.9 DG tiall srestexiscaronn shee ta emer apace ema a, ee $89,753.95 Motapesss.oncssGcte ta eng hice eee 1,521 Pu€listcictutticet edie ee inact iieta des 19,152.46 Supplies jes eiis ke ieee tea 1,881.83 Equipment..c:.iicsece gee vas oo aes 1,180.32 Materials... 0.2... cee ee ees 4471.18 Rep aire ci heise ene wae oe heats 1,219.52 Telephone service. ......... 2.00002 eee 222.43 Contingencies.......... 0.0. ce eee eee 431.38 POta lamas nctiietantenin aneaan oe one ee acta tee $30,081.05 Total Expended.« 4c.c05ec eo dae wad Bee ee eee $119,835.00
z. SPECIAL GARDEN ACCOUNTS
ExpLoration Funp
Balance from 1917 $ 24.05 Museum anp Herparrum Funp Balance: from: 1007p os enecue eee eee ae eh apa $ 71.90 Less Vouchers transferred from Income, ce and Education Fund..... $ = =45.82 Balance vrcinsioore he eke 2h es $ 26.08
Piant Funp
nee Ns IQI7.. ee $ 338.40 Salessof haya co) otis ne iliadaass mats $ 563.75 Totals eis ahs 2 eis staebhtecgt haute ant $ 902.15 Expended Sear inion Wiis Sees 3 399.80 Balance ..6.n50 ego sa Pe aes $ 502.35 SpeciaL Boox Funp pea aes GOT bares ete Seated, Sensis $ 101.26 Cont HOD wn k ings at hawumady a bees 40.00 Sale 5 books Be eels tg acne atean wate cy 7.09 i Ec) 9 (eee ene ae en een ee re $ 148.35 Expendéd tau qiie05,34.8, Maat taieen salle 69.49
BLANC octet isos aS Jace ote at as $78.86
(59) Rose Garpen anp GARDEN Extension Funp Balance from 1OU7.. cece cece cence ees Less-Recharged to adjust error on Voucher No. 7
GARDEN oe Funp. Contrisution Ac- Balance from I9I7..
Sale of tools and implements............. Sale of books... .............0 002 e ceca
GARDEN pane Funp. Appropriation Ac-
NT eos. d
Guccenuerm Greennouse Funp Balance from 1917... 0.00 cece cece eee
Contracts of siga whe anda tees win eens
Balaneé saison Sot eeab eee Lea eee cHOOL GARDEN SUMMERHOUSE Funp Balance from 1 Refund to adjust over payment on Voucher
No. 31
| eee
Salaries vcatan vows tite tod ae eed es We aDOR i ests hed nigel e aoa ea meena Contracts sania eens Se hahah eet ees Miscellaneous... 0.2.0.0. cece ee eee eee
$ 13.85
473-18 $ 4,015.00 163.75 3.00 3.16
B 4,184.91
$ 4,658.09
$ 4,500.00 $% 1,306.65 52.07
8 1,358.72
$ 3,141.28
$ 90,027.99
$B 542.50 2,371.16 32,716.50 1,180.68
$ 36,810.84
¥ 53,217.15
$ 1,381.44 30.00
B 1,411.44 B 360.00 268.00 525.00 163.94
$ 1,316.94
$ 94.50
Emercency Funp
Balance from 1917.0... ccc eevee ee ce eee $ 100.53 Contributions........0. 0.0.0. e eee e eae 5,300.00 Totalics.osice bec: paadtedad plea $ 5,400.00 Expended Salari€s viens y edes wath atess % 1,621.25 Labotcies nin eaeee hte ee ee Me as 1,819.45 Miscellaneous.............0 00000 - eee eee 3,942.34 Total 3126 Gene ieee te eae $ 5,383.04 Balance ..os.5 eevee vege hiee ts e288 $ 17.09 Summary or Spectra, GarpEen Accounts Balances from L917... 6. cece eee ee $92,510.38 Contributions and Fees................. 9,518.75 Dales onsen si pee caee wea eaten 577-00 Vota) cteoce4 Mexeaie dea eee eek $102,612.13 Bxpendeds asco cee sas ived heeds kore 45,338.83 DB GLONCEs cies fe teat ieee ae eet tees $ 57,273.30
3. SPECIAL INCOME ACCOUNTS Appropriated Expended Balances Income of Science and Education Fund
Publications. ............2.--00005- $ 884.84 Herbarium. sic.ae ete ate eeee ee 517.22 Lectures. . . 798.11 Photography................-20-55 46.29 boratories... 0... .. 0.0.0.2. eee ee 35 Explorations onic acakeisgh ete tees 3.59 otal... . ..$ 4,000.00 $ - a5. 37 $ 174.63 Income of Darius O. Mills Fund. oats footieasit inet eee aes $ 811.12 Books and Binding. ................ 578.85 Investigations at other Institutions 107.93 tal teas gare rase stato ate $ 2,000.00 $ 1,497.90 $ 502.20 Accemalated Income of Henry Iden Fund. Se ete eect oa oes $ 500.00 $ 475.00 $ 25.00
oe of “Villian R. ees Fund.
Horticultural Prizes................ B 350.00 8 316.00 $ 34.00 Accumulated Income of Olivia E. and Caroline
Phelps Stokes he Preservation of Native Plants$ 150.00 $ 14.50 $ 135.50
Accumulated Income of Students Research
Und.
Aid for Students Research........... $ 500.00 $ 100.00 $ 400.00 Income of David Lydig Fund.
Publications. ...................00. $ 4,000.00 $ 2,886.36 $ 1,773.64
(61) Accumulated Income of Addison Brown
For Preparation, ae and sa aiaaiar a of Addis
ary of Artist................ 8 330.00 saad ete © achithe Sues enes. hes 3,622.78 Miscellaneous.................. 352.58
Totalsnis gevaeeheeeede dees B 4,325.00 $ 4,305.36
$ 19.64 pee anontir Expended Balances
Income of John Innes Kane Fun
Plants for Grounds and Greenhouses Seeetes $ §00.00 $ 483.31 # 16.69 Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund. For Increase of the Collections........... Books 25.2 20isnaeu he oteseaegie d do bk kets $ 470.04 SPECIMENS 4024 see ne bow Aw dated wean dates 423.31
TL Ob al cee ets adn pence eas $ 1,000.00 8 893.35 $ 106.65 Accumulated Income of Charles Budd Robin-
son Fun
For aiding Hepler CON ee Seas $ 80.00% 50.00 $ 30.00 Income - eee re Fund.
Salaries .s0)ceon0e ie teenes eekedtied $ 375.00
La Bete ieee ee eer aaah ek 1,274.00
Miscellaneous..........-.2.-0-20-05 3,002.77
Total. . eee enenee ces DB 5,000.00 $ 4,651.77 $ , 348.23
aGeaisSpeclt Income Accounts........ $22,405.00 $19,498.92 $ 2,906.08
4. GENERAL INCOME ACCOUNT
Appropriated Expended Balances
Insurance
Boilers and Elevators............... $ 126.72 Museum a ernaae and Books....... 366.60 Horses and Wagons................ 11.00 tal staan na nee $04.32 $ 504.32 — Grain Circulars for ee eRe er ee eae $ 223.79 ae Man vagaie ete Re Dee ee ; 972.15 ae Anita diimteees hase es $ 1,200.00 $ 1,195.94 $ Contingent se i ee 695.68 $ 694.36 $ Entertainment Refreshments..........0. 00000 cere $ 116.00 Hire of touring cars..........-..--- 74.50 Printing and postage.........-..... 174.50 Total. 0... cee ccc eB
4.06
I.j2
365.00 § 35.00 Appropriated Expended Balances
Assistance for Treasurer.
Services rendered..............+.055 $ 540.00 $ 480.00 $ 60.00 Salaries. Individual accounts..........-55005 $14,246.70 Miscellaneous..........2. 2000s sees 1,009.33 Total ciiiaesccseveeiceekeets $15,260.00 $15,256.03 $ 3.97 Labor. Weekly Pay Rolls.............00005 $ 991.30 Guard Duty. .......... 0.000 e ee eee 872.30 Miscellaneous overtime............. 474.50 Hake noaaat ehaeiae ae ucuen te $ 2,100.00 $ 2,038.10 $ 61.90 Plans, Survey and Construction. Fe Me ten teeta Manes $ 620.00 dicasaaua aehaacons amaecseetnne 297.20 Construction... 0.0... 00 0c eee eee 2,703.28 Miscellaneous. pw RE aes does alae s 369.79 Lotalieis bee eda eee ees $ 4,000.00 $ 3,990.27 $ 9-73 Totals—General Income Account........$24,700.00 $24,524.02 $ 175.08 5. EXPENDED FROM FUNDS OF THE GARDEN Special Garden Accounts..............-. $45,338.83 Special Income Accounts...............- 19,498.92 General Income Account................ 24,524.02 Totals. i4 iets dei naabaseew eae las $89,361.77 6. BOARD ROOM FUND January 1, 1918. Balance—Cash. z 45-09 Gross Receipts—January to December. 8 156.84 Less—Credited to Income of Lydig Fund. . 3.89 Total Net Receipts................. BS 1§2.95 $8 152.95 Total. $ 198.94 Disbursements. DUPPNESi.c che deeeiendeeeeeaand Baad as $ 108.17 Contingencies............ 0.00: eee eee 36.45 Ot ale wrk ears cat caer cane ate aces B 144.62 December 32, 1918. Balance—Cash....... $ = $4.32 Respectfully submitted, WatterR S. GROESBECK, Bookkeeper.
E, and 0. E New York, January 13, 1919.
(63 )
REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIEN- TIFIC DIRECTORS (Received and ordered printed January 13, 1919) To THE Boarp or Manacers or THE New York Bo- TANICAL GARDEN.
Sirs: The scientific directors of the Garden have held their regular meetings through the year and have advised with the Director-in-Chief in all matters of general policy which have come up. In the work of the year we note especially the opportunities for more effectively promoting interest in rare and beautiful blooming plants, tropical fruits, etc., which will come with the completion of the large combined display conservatory and lecture pavilion provided by the gifts of Messrs. Daniel and Murray Guggenheim.
Of great importance also is the possibility now opening up of undertaking work in cooperation with the Federal Board of Vocational Training in teaching the elements of gardening and horticulture to partially disabled and con- valescent soldiers. The work thus started may lead finally to the successful establishment on a permanent and financially adequate basis of a school for Gardeners such as has been long needed in this country.
The constructional, scientific and educational work of the year is fully reported by the Director-in-Chief and need not be further summarized here.
Respectfully submitted, R. A. Harper, Chairman of the Scientific Directors.
(64 )
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PATRONS, FELLOWS AND MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1918
To THE Boarp oF Manacers oF THE New York Bo- TANICAL GARDEN.
Gentlemen: The number of new members who have qualified is 41. The number of annual members is now 881; life members 141; sustaining members 14; fellowship members 2.
Of these 23 are now in arears for dues for 1918, 15 for dues for 1917 and 1918, 7 for dues for 1916, 1917 and 1918.
Dues have been collected to the amount of $9210. One person has qualified as a life member by the payment of $250. These sums have been transmitted to the treas- urer.
A complete list of all classes of members to date is herewith submitted.
BENEFACTORS *Hon. Addison Brown, Murry Guggenheim, Andrew Carnegie, *D. O. Mills, Columbia University, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr. *Hon. Chas. P. Daly, John D. Rockefeller, Daniel Guggenheim, *Cornelius Vanderbilt. PaTRONS Oakes Ames, George J. Gould, *Miss Catherine A. Bliss, Edward S. Harkness, Dr. N. L. Britton, *Mrs. Esther Herrman, *Hon. Addison oe Archer M. Huntington, Andrew Carnegi *Henry Iden, *Mrs. George Whitfield Collord, Mrs. John Innes Kane, *James M. Constable, *John Stewart Kennedy, *William E. Dodge, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr., James B. Ford, *Oswald Ottendorfer,
* Deceased.
*Lowell M. Palmer, William Rockefeller, *William R. Sands, *William C. Schermerhorn, *James A. Scrymser,
(65)
Mrs. Finley J. Shepard,
*Samuel Sloan,
Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson, W. K. Vanderbilt, Mrs. Antoinette Eno Wood.
FELLows FOR LIFE
Edward D. Adams, George F. Baker,
Miss Elizabeth Billings, Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting, Dr. Robert W. de Forest, Cleveland H. Dodge, James B. Ford,
Daniel Guggenheim, Murry Guggenheim,
S. R. Guggenheim,
Mrs. John Stewart Kennedy, Edward V. Z. Lane,
Mrs. Frederic S. Lee, James McLean,
Ogden Mills,
George W. Perkins, Mrs. John A. Roebling, Mortimer L. Schiff, Francis Lynde Stetson, Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes, Charles G. Thompson, Louis C. Tiffany, Tiffany & Company.
Lire MEMBERS
Edward D. Adams,
Dr. Felix Adler,
Mrs. James Herman Aldrich, Constant A. Andrews,
J. Sherlock Andrews,
Dr. S. T. Armstrong, Edward W. C. Arnold, Mrs. H. D. Auchincloss, Samuel P. Avery,
Samuel D. Babcock
Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, George D. Barron,
Aurel Batonyi,
Gustav Baumann,
Samuel R. Betts,
William G. Bibb,
Miss Elizabeth Billings,
J. O. Bloss
George Blumenthal,
G. T. Bonner,
Mrs. Addison Brown, J. Hull Browning, Joseph Bushnell,
T. Morris Carnegie, Frank R. Chambers, Hugh J. Chisholm, Hugh J. Chisholm, Jr., Geo. C. Clark,
Banyer Clatkeon;
Dr. James B. Clemens, Wm. F. Cochran, William Colgate,
Miss Georgette T. A. Collier, W. E. Connor,
Mrs. F. A. Constable, Theodore Cooper, Zenas Crane,
R. N. Cranford,
Melville C. Day,
Charles Deering,
Mrs. John Ross Delafield, Miss Julia L. Delafield, Maturin L. Delafield, Jr., W. B. Dickerman,
James Douglas,
Miss Josephine W. Drexel, Miss Ethel DuBois,
Miss Katharine DuBois, Wn. A. DuBois,
Geo. E. Dunscombe, Thomas Dwyer,
Newbold Edgar,
George Ehret,
Ambrose K. Ely,
Edward J. Farrell,
Mrs. H. J. Fisher, Andrew Fletcher,
Chas. R. Flint,
Mrs. John French,
Henry C. Frick,
Mrs. Theodore Kane Gibbs, James J. Goodwin, Daniel Guggenheim, Bernard G. Gunther, Franklin L. Gunther, Frederic R. Halsey,
Chas. J. Harrah,
Dr. Louis Haupt,
R. Somers Hayes,
George B. Hopkins, Samuel N. Hoyt,
Archer M. Huntington, Frank D. Hurtt,
James H. Hyde,
Mrs. Columbus O’D. Iselin, Theo. F. Jackson,
Dr. Walter B. James, Miss Annie B. Jennings,
(66 )
Nathaniel T. Kidder, William M. Kingsland, H. R. Kunhardt,
W. B. Kunhardt, Charles Lanier,
W. V. Lawrence, Meyer H. Lehman, Mrs. Geo. Lewis, Joseph Loth,
Wm. H. Macy, Jr., Mrs. Wm. H. Macy, Jr., Louis Marshall,
Edgar L. Marston, William J. Matheson, C. W. McAlpin,
Guy R. McLane, Emerson McMillin, Dr. Geo. N. Miller,
A. G. Mills,
Dr. Lewis R. Morris, Hon. Levi P. Morton, Sigmund Neustadt,
A. Lanfear Norrie, Gordon pia
Geo. M. Olcot
Mrs. Chas. Tyler Olmstead, Wm. Church Osborn, Geo. W. Perkins, W.H. Perkins,
M. Taylor Pyne,
Geo. W. Quintard, John J. Riker,
J. C. Rodgers,
Thomas F, Ryan, Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee, Dr. Reginald H. Sayre, Edward C. Schaefer, F. Aug. Schermerhorn, Jacob H. Schiff, Mortimer L. Schiff,
Mrs. I. Blair Scribner, Geo. Sherman,
James Speyer,
Miss Ellen J. Stone, Albert Tag,
Paul G. Thebaud, Charles G. Thompson,
Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson,
Robert M. Thompson, William Thorne,
Wm. Stewart Todd, Miss Anna Murray Vail,
(67)
F. T. Van Beuren,
Mrs. C. Vanderbilt,
Dr. Henry Freeman Walker, F. N. Warburg,
John I. Waterbury,
Miss Emily A. Watson,
5. D. Webb,
Dr. W. Seward Webb,
Hon. Geo. Peabody Wetmore, John D. Wing,
Mrs. Anna Woerishoffer.
Fettowsuip MEMBERS
J. P. Morgan,
E. A. Richard.
Sustaininc MeEemBERs
Miss Elizabeth Billings, Miss Mary T. Bryce, James Douglas,
Wn. H. Fischer,
John Greenough,
Mrs. McDougall Hawkes, O. H. Kahn,
Edgar L. Marston, George Grant Mason, Arthur M. Mitchell, Wm. Church Osborn, William H. Porter, William R. Stewart.
AwnnuaL MEMBERS
Dr. Robert Abbe,
David T. Abercrombie, Benjamin Abert,
Fritz Achelis,
John Achelis,
F. B. Adams,
Henry S. Adams,
Mrs. Cornelius R. Agnew, Douglas Alexander, Ernest J. H. Amy,
A. J. C. Anderson,
J. M. Andreini,
Miss Charlotte L. Andrews, W. H. Andrews,
D. A. Ansbacher,
Mrs. John F. Archbold, Mrs. George A. Archer, Francis Arend, Jr., Reuben Arkush,
Mrs. H. O. Armour,
E. Asiel,
Dr. John Aspell,
Miss E. E. Auchincloss, Mrs. E. S. Auchincloss, John W. Auchincloss, Dr. Pearce Bailey, Charles Baird,
Miss Charlotte S. Baker,
Geo. F, Baker, Stephen Baker, Albert H. Baldwin, Frederick H. Baldwin,
George V. N. Baldwin, Jr.,
William D. Baldwin,
Mrs. Robert F. Ballantine,
Bernard Bandler, Mrs. Herbert Barber, Percival M. Barker, Wm. M. Barnum, Clarence W. Barron, Mrs. A. Battin,
Mrs. L. P. Bayne, Alfred N. Beadleston, Jeremiah Beall,
John D. Beals,
Mrs. Margaret B. Becker, Gerard Beekman, Frank Begrisch, Jr., Robert Behr,
Mrs. A. Frederick Behre, Dr. Otto F. Behrend, Louis V. Bell, August Belmont,
E. C. Benedict, James Gordon Bennett, Miss Mary Benson, E. R. T. Berggren, Isaac J. Bernheim, Chas. L. Bernheimer, Philip Berolzheimer, S. Reading Bertron, Edward J. Berwind, George N. Best, Eugene P. Bicknell, Mrs. George Biddle, Mrs. Sylvan Bier, Abraham Bijur, Samuel H. Bijur,
(68 )
C. K. G. Billings,
C. Edw. Billquist,
Mrs. William H. Birchall, Samuel Bird, a
James C. Bis
Frederick S. oak
J. Insley Blair,
T. Whitney Blake,
C.N. Bliss, Jr.,
Miss S. D. Bliss,
Mrs. Walter P. Bliss, Hugo Blumenthal,
Miss R. C. Boardman, Mrs. Edward C. Bodman, Henry W. Boettger, Robert Boettger, Theodore Boettger, William H. Bolton,
Mrs. Sydney C. Borg, Frederick G. Bourne, Louis Bou
Miss Edith G. Bowdoin, Frank Brainerd,
Mrs, E. N. Breitung, Mrs. Benjamin Brewster, John R. Brinley,
Jno. I. D. Bristol,
Miss H. Louise Britton, Richard H. Britton,
Dr. Edward B. Bronson, Bronx Hay & Grain Co., Mrs. Kate M. Brookfield, Mrs. H. D. Brookman, Miss Aneita D. Brown, Dickson Q. Brown, Edwin H. Brown,
M. Bayard Brown, Vernon C. Brown,
Mrs. J. Hull Browning, F. W. Bruggerhoff,
H. B. Brundrett, Thomas B. Bryson, Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley, Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley, James A. Burden, Jr., Dr. Edward S. Burgess, Louis Burk,
E. R. Burnett, Algernon T. Burr, Chas. W. Burroughs, Mrs. Wendell L. Bush, Charles S. Butler, Rev. Edwin E. Butler, Miss Emily O. Butler,
W. R. Callender,
Henry L. Calman,
H. H. Cammann,
Henry L. Cammann, Edward B. Camp,
Mrs. John Campbell,
H. W. Cannon,
Mrs. Charles F. Cantine, Mrs. George L. Carnegie, Wm. T. Carrington,
R. A. Carter,
George B. Case,
Miss Jennie R. Cathcart, Miss Elizabeth Chamberlain, Miss Maria Bowen Chapin, Dr. Walter F. Chappell, Jose Edwards Chaves, John H. Child,
B. Ogden Chisolm,
Geo. E. Chisolm,
Mrs. Joseph H. Choate, Miss oe cca
Wm. G.C e,
Mrs. ae L Chubb,
(69 )
Percy Chubb,
Chas. T. Church,
John Claflin,
D. Crawford Clark, Miss Emily Vernon Clark, F. Ambrose Clark,
Hon. W. A. Clark, William N. Clark,
E. A. S. Clarke,
Lewis L. Clarke,
Albert Clayburgh, Edward B. Close,
Wm. P. Clyde,
G. D. Cochran,
Miss Mary T. Cockcroft, C. A. Coffin,
Edmund Coffin,
E. W. Coggeshall, William N. Cohen, William W. Cohen, Mrs. Rufus Cole, Charles B. Colebrook, Mrs. R. McM. Colfelt, Mrs. James B. Colgate, William Colgate,
Robert J. Collier, Samuel P. Colt,
Miss Mary Compton,
T. G. Condon,
Hermann Conheim, Roland R. Conklin,
J. N. Conynghan, Arthur N. Cooley, Marin LeBrun Cooper, Mrs. Marin LeBrun Cooper, C. R. Corning,
Mrs. Charles Henry Coster,
Mrs. Jonathan H. Crane,
(70 )
Mrs.Agnes Huntington Cravath, Charles —
Robert L. Crawford, William Crawford, Mrs. Thomas Crimmins,
James W. Cromwell,
Mrs. Joseph F. Culiman, G. Warrington Curtis,
R. Fulton Cutting,
Mrs. Barton Cuyler, Miss Eleanor De Graff Cuyler, Jean De Saint Cyr,
Mrs. Ira Davenport,
J. Clarence Davies, Julien T. Davies,
Alvah Davison,
Clarence S. Day,
Henry Dazien,
O. de Comeau,
Dr. Robert W. de Forest, Mrs. Robert W. de Forest, John F. Degener, Jr.,
B. F. DeKlyn,
J. R. Delamar,
Eugene Delano,
Moreau Delano,
John B. Dennis,
Rev. H. M. Denslow, Walter D. Despard, Countess de Laugier-Villars William G. De Witt,
J. Henry Dick
Geo. H. Diehl,
Chas. F. Dieterich,
Miss Josephine H. Dill, Miss Mary A. Dill,
Miss Gertrude Dodd, Cleveland H. Dodge, Francis P. Dodge,
Otto L. Dommerich,
Henry Dos
Mrs. Assi William Douglas, Mrs. James Douglas, Alfred Douglass,
Tracy Dows,
J. R. Drexel,
Isaac W. Drummond,
Dr. Matthew B. Dubois, Mrs. Matthew B. Dubois, Mrs. John P. Duncan, Ralph Wurts Dundas, Dr, Edward K. Dunham, Mrs. T. Coleman du Pont, E. G. Duvail,
John E. Dwight,
Mrs. Frederick H. Eaton, Thomas C. Edmonds, Mrs. J. S. Ehrich,
Mrs. Ernest Ehrmann, Karl Eilers,
Henry G. Eilshemius, August Eimer,
Monroe Einstein,
William Einstein,
Miss Kate Eisig,
Wn. D. Ellis,
Mrs. James W. Ellsworth, Miss Lydia F. Emmett, Robert Temple Emmett, Mrs. Arthur B. Emmons, R. Erbsloh,
Henry Esberg
Arthur F. Estabrook, Louis Ettlinger,
S. M. Evans,
A. W. Evarts,
Mrs. Ernesto Fabbri, Eberhard Faber,
Harris Fahnestock,
Chas. S. Fairchild, Samuel W. Fairchild, Percival Farquhar, Mrs. Max Farrand, James C. Farrell, William L. Feeney, Louis Ferguson. Walton Ferguson, William C. Ferguson, Pliny Fisk,
Harry Harkness Flagler,
Mrs. Joseph A. Flannery, Nathan Fleischer, Fred T. Fleitmann, Isaac D. Fletcher, Edward H. Floyd-Jones, Franz Fohr,
L. G. Forbes,
Scott Foster,
Mrs. M. J. Fox,
Mrs. William Fox, David J. Frankel,
R. A. Franks,
Miss Jane K. Fraser, Miss S. Grace Fraser, A. S. Frissell,
John W. Frothingham, John H. Fry,
W. W. Fuller,
E. A. Funke,
Albert Gallatin,
Geo. F. Gantz,
Francis P. Garvin, Mrs. Walter Geer, John J. Gibbons,
R. W. Gibson,
Prof. William J. Gies, Mrs. William J. Gies,
(72)
J. Waldron Gillespie, Robert McM. Gillespie, Mrs. S. D. Godfrey,
Mrs. Mary R. Goelet, Julius Goldman,
Chas. Gotthelf,
Abraham L. Goldstone, Philip J. Goodhart,
Miss Clara J. Gordon, Chas. A. Gould,
Edwin Gould,
Mrs. W. R. Grace,
Rev. David H. Greer, William G. Grieb,
Miss Margarette E. Griffith, Miss Susan D. Griffith,
E. Morgan sa George Bird Grinn
Mrs. an! enn Sr., A.
Mrs. Gurnee,
Mrs. C. S. Guthrie, William D. Guthrie,
Miss Edith Haas,
John A. Hadden, Jr., Daniel S. Hage,
Hon. Ernest Hall,
Wn. Halls, Jr.,
Mrs. Charles W. Halsey, Wm. Hamann,
L. Gordon Hamersley, Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton, Mrs. William P. Hamilton, Ferdinand Hansen,
J. Montgomery Hare,
E. S. Harkness,
Mrs. Stephen V. Harkness, Mrs. Frank D. Harmon, Miss Josephine T. Harriot,
William Hamilton Harris. Jacob Hasslacher,
T. A. Havemeyer,
J. Woodward Haven, Miss Caroline C. Haynes, Mre. W. R. Hearst,
Wm. W. Heaton,
Hancke Hencken,
Chas. Henderson,
Mrs.E. C. Henderson, Harmon W. Hendricks, Philip W. Henry,
Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn, B. F. Hermann,
George B. Herzig, Samuel A. Herzog,
H. H. Hewitt,
Mrs. James J. Higginson, Hugh Hill,
Mrs. Robert Hill, Walter Hinchman,
Mrs. Samuel N. Hinckley, B. Hochschild,
Mrs. H. P. Hodson, Richard M. Hoe,
Mrs. Richard March Hoe, Mrs, Robert Hoe, Bernhard Hoffmann, Mrs. Edward Holbrook, John Swift Holbrook, Edwin T. Holmes,
Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker,
Chas. H. Hoole, Ernest Hopkinson, Frederick B. House,
Mrs. Henry E. Howland, John Sherman Hoyt, Miss Rosina S. Hoyt,
(72)
Theodore R. Hoyt, Walter C. Hubbard, Conrad Hubert,
Mrs. E. W. Humphreys, Mrs. H. E. Huntington, Mrs. R. P. Huntington, Dr. Lee M. Hurd,
H. D. Hutchins,
Frank DeK. Huyler, Mrs. Clarence M. Hyde, Henry St. John Hyde, Edwin W. Inslee, Adrian Iselin, Jr.,
C. Oliver Iselin,
Miss Georgine Iselin, Lewis Iselin,
William E. Iselin,
Mrs. William E. Iselin, Miss Flora E. Isham, Dr. Abram Jacobi, Samuel K. Jacobs,
John S. Jacobus,
A. C. James,
Mrs. Arthur Curtis James, Dr. Robert C. James,
E. C. Jameson,
Mrs. Alfred Jaretzki, Alfred W. Jenkins,
O. G. Jennings,
Walter B. Jennings, George S. Jephson, Gilbert H. Johnson, Mrs. Townsend Jones, Karl Jungbluth,
Henry M. Kahle,
Felix E. Kahn,
Louis Kahn,
Mrs. Delancey Kane, Miss Louise Landgon Kane, Mrs. H. F. Kean,
(73)
Frank Browne Keech, Adolph Lewisohn,
Henry F. Keil, Miss Alice Lewisohn, William W. Kelchner, Paul Lichtenstein,
Prof. J. F. Kemp, E. K. Lincoln, Mrs.H.Van SS eae. Frederick J. Lisman, Mrs. John S. Kenn Lucius N. Littauer, David Keppel, Mrs. John R. Livermore, Rudolph Keppler, Miss Anna P. Livingston, John B. Kerr, Mrs. Francis G. Lloyd, Geo. A. Kessler, Mrs. I. Ferris Lockwood, Patrick Kiernan, Frank J. Logan,
S. E. Kilner, Russell H. Loines, Alfred R. Kimball, Lord & Burnham Co., Mrs. Wm. M. Kingsland, P. Lorillard, Jr.,
Darwin P. Kingsley, Ethelbert I. Low,
Morris Kinney, Miss Carlotta R. Lowell, W. Ruloff Kip, August Lueder,
E. C. Klipstein, Walther Luttgen,
Roland F. Knoedler, Mrs. N. H. Luttrell, Chas. Kohlman, William M. Lybrand,
A. H. Kursheedt, J. M. Richardson Lyeth, Adolf Kuttroff, S. Ma,
Francis G. Landon, Mrs. C. B. Macdonald, Edward V. Z. Lane, Clarence H. Mackay, Woodbury Langdon, Kenneth K. Mackenzie, Mrs. Jacob Langeloth, Mrs. Charles F. MacLean, Mrs. John J. Lapham, Malcolm MacMartin, Lewis H. Lapham, V. Everit Macy,
John Burling Lawrence, F. Robert Mager,
Henry Goddard Leach, J. H. Maghee,
Prof. Frederic S. Lee, Pierre Mali,
Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories, Chas. Mallory,
Marshall C. Lefferts, Thomas L. Manson, Wm. H. Lefferts, Miss Delia W. Marble, George Legg, John Markle,
James M. Lehmaier, Mrs. John Markle,
Wm. H. Leupp, Dr. J. W. Markoe, Edmund J. Levine, Otto Maron,
G. Levor, Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Louis 8. Levy, Edwin S. Marston,
Dr. Walton Martin, William J. Matheson, Robert Maxwell, Harry Mayer,
Mrs. R. de L. Mayer, Dr. D. H. McAlpin, Geo. L. McAlpin, George McAneny, Henry P. McKenney, John A. McKim, James McLean, Edward F. McManus, William McNair,
B. Frank Mebane, Morton H. Meinhard, Dr. Walter Mendleson, Herman W. Merkel, John L. Merrill, Manton B. Metcalfe, Herman A. Metz, Eugene Meyer, Jr., George A. Meyer, Harry J. Meyer,
John G. Milburn,
Dr. Adelaide Mills, Mrs. John Murray Mitchell, Barrington Moore, Clement Moore,
J. C. Moore,
Miss Katherine T.4Moore, H. de La Montagne, Miss Anne Morgan, Miss C. L. Morgan,
E. D. Morgan,
Mrs. J. P. Morgan, Jr. Wm. Fellows Morgan, Mrs. Pierpont Morgan, Mrs. Cora Morris, Mrs. Dave Hennen Morris, Dwight W. Morrow,
(74)
Henry C. Mott,
Mrs. John B. Mott,
Frank J. Muhlfeld,
Car! Muller,
Rev. Joseph A, Mulry, S. J., John P. Munn,
Frank A. Munsey,
William S. Myers,
A. G. Nesbitt,
Mrs. Russell H. Nevins, Miss Catherine A. Newbold, Miss Edith Newbold, Frederic R. Newbold,
Mrs. William G. Nichols, William H. Nichols,
Wm. Nilsson,
George Notman,
Howard Notman,
Adolph S. Ochs,
John Offerman,
P. M. Ohmeis,
E. E. Olcott,
Elam Ward Olney,
Robert Olyphant,
Mrs. Emerson Opdycke, Mrs. Wm. Openhym, William C. Orr,
Prof. Henry F. Osborn, Mrs. William Church Osborn, Joseph Osler,
Miss Elizabeth H. Packard, Fred’k Page Co.,
Augustus G. Paine,
Henry Parish, Jr.,
Junius Parker,
Winthrop Parker,
James C. Parrish,
Chas. W. Parsons,
Miss Gertrude Parsons, Mrs. Henry Parsons,
W. A. Paton,
Mrs. Frederick Pearson, Charles E. Peck,
Dr. Charles H. Peck, Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, Edward S. Pegram, Mrs. Sarah G. T. Pell, Edmund Penfold,
Mrs. William A. Perry, Samuel T. Peters,
Mrs. Theodore Peters, W. R. Peters,
Carl Schurz Petrasch,
Lloyd Phoenix, Phillips Phoenix, Carl Pickhardt, Gottfried Piel, Henry Clay Pierce, Winslow S. Pierce,
Mrs. R. Stuyvesant Pierrepont,
J. Fred Pierson,
Mrs. Frank H. Platt, Edward Plaut,
Gilbert M. Plympton, Bernard Pollak,
Chas. Lane Poor,
Mrs. James Harper Poor, James E. Pope, Alexander J. Porter, Abram S. Post,
Miss Blanche Potter, Frederick Potter,
Mrs. George D. Pratt, Mrs. Herbert Lee Pratt, John T. Pratt,
Mrs. L. oe
R. B. P
Miss Cornelia Prime,
(75)
Thomas R. Proctor, Mrs. Kate Davis Pulitzer, H. St. Clair Putnam, Miss Eva C. Putney, Percy R. Pyne,
Charles F. Quincy, Charles Raht,
Edmund D. Randolph, Stanley Ranger,
G. B. Raymond,
Mrs. William A. Read, Miss Emily Redmond, ieee Redmond, John R
Geo. N. Reinhardt, Chas. Remsen,
Howard Price Renshaw, Miss Elvine Richard, Oscar L. Richard,
Wan J. Riker,
r. Wm. C. Rives, 7 Emeline Roach, G. Theo. Roberts, Miss Mary M. Roberts, Miss Jennette Robertson, Louis J. Robertson, Andrew J. Robinson, William G. Rockefeller, Edward L. Rogers, Miss Harriette Rogers, Hubert E. Rogers, A. J. Rolle, W. Emlen Roosevelt, Mrs. W. Emlen Roosevelt, Hon. Elihu Root, Henry C. Ross, Jacob Rossbach, C. H. Ruddock,
Louis Ruhl,
Jacob Ruppert,
Miss M. L. Russell, John Barry Ryan, Arthur Ryle,
Harry Sachs,
Samuel Sachs,
Clarence Sackett, Daniel C. Sands,
Miss G. W. Sargent, Herbert L. Satterlee, Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee, Hermann Schaaf, Fred’k Miller Schall, George E. Schanck, John Scheepers,
Anton Schefer,
Mrs. H. M. Schieffelin, Dr. Wm. J. Schieffelin, Charles A. Schieren, Gustave H. Schiff, Rudolph E. Schirmer, C. P. Schlicke,
Miss Jane E. Schmelzel, Fedor Schmidt,
D. Schnakenberg, Henrich Schniewind, Jr., Louis B. Schram, Henry Schreiter,
B. Schutz,
C, M. Schwab,
Gustav Schwab, Jr., Walter Scott,
Miss Grace Scoville, Robert Scoville,
The Scoville School, Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner, Edward M. Scudder, Alonzo B. See,
Charles E. Seitz,
(76)
Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman, Jefferson Seligman,
E. W. Sells,
Mrs. Charles H. Senff, Alfred Seton,
Mrs. William F. Sheehan, George R. Sheldon,
Finley J. Shepard,
James Shewan,
Wm. Shillaber,
Alfred L. Simon,
John W. Simpson,
Francis Louis Slade, Ralph E. Slaven,
Benson B. Sloan,
Samuel Sloan,
Thomas Smidt,
Daniel Smiley,
Miss Fanny A. Smith, Frank Morse Smith, Pierre J. Smith,
R. A. C. Smith,
William Graves Smith,
E. G. Snow,
Mrs. Charlotte Sorchan, Mrs. Edward W. Sparrow, Mrs. Gino C, Speranza,
J. R. Stanton,
Mrs. Mary P. Eno Steffanson, Chas. H. Steinway,
Fred. T. Steinway,
Wm. R. Steinway,
Olin J. Stephens, Benjamin Stern,
Sereno Stetson,
Mrs. Byam K. Stevens, Frederic W. Stevens,
Dr. Geo. T. Stevens, Lispenard Stewart,
Wm. R. Stewart,
Chauncey Stillman, Miss Clara F. Stillman, Dr. D. M. Stimson, Mrs. Willard Straight, H. Grant Straus,
Roger W. Straus, Albert Strauss,
Chas. Strauss, Frederick Strauss, Martin Strauss,
Samuel Strauss, Edward W. Strobhar, Mrs. Gustaf Stromberg, Benj. Strong, Jr.,
John R. Strong,
Mrs. Theron G. Strong, Joseph Stroock,
F. K. Sturgis,
Mrs. F. K. Sturgis, Mrs. James Sullivan, Miss Mary Taber, Henry W. Taft,
E. H. T. Talmage,
C. A. Tatum,
Henry R. Taylor,
W. A. Taylor,
C. H. Tenney,
H. L. Terrell,
Mrs. John T. Terry, Thomas Thacher,
Miss M. J. Thayer, Mrs. Hector W. Thomas, Mrs. Howard L. Thomas, Percival Thomas,
Seth E. Thomas, Jr., L. S. Thompson,
Lewis M. Thompson, Loren Ogden Thompson, William B. Thompson,
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,
Jonathan Thorne,
(77)
Samuel Thorne, Jr.,
W. V. S. Thorne,
Myles Tierney,
Louis C. Tiffany,
Henry N. Tifft,
James Timpson,
Mrs. Margaret T. Tjader, J. Kennedy Tod,
P. S. Trainor,
A. F. Troescher, Frederick K. Trowbridge, Carll Tucker,
Dr. Alfred Tuckerman, Paul Tuckerman,
‘Geo. E. Turnure,
Benjamin Tuska,
Mrs. Mary A. Tuttle,
E. S. Twining,
Lucien H. Tyng,
Oswald W. Uhl,
Theodore N. yeu
James J. Van A
Mrs. Frederick T. “Van Beuren,
Mrs. Warner M. Van Norden, Edgar B. Van Winkle,
Hon. Robert A. Van Wyck, Mrs. Wilbur Linwood Varian, Mrs. James M. Varnum, Richard C. Veit,
Thos. F. Vietor,
Alfonso P. Villa,
Mrs. Gustavus A. Walker, James N. Wallace,
Leo Wallerstein,
Dr. Max Wallerstein,
Wm. I. Walter,
Artemus Ward,
Mrs. John I. Waterbury,
C. W. Watson,
Thomas L. Watt,
Mrs. E. H. Weatherbee, H. a on J.G. W
Mrs. W. ae Webb, Miss Alice D. Weekes, Chas. Wehrhane, Charles H. Weigle, Bernard Weinig,
Mrs. C. Gouveneur Weir, Mrs. Samuel W. Weiss, Mrs. John Wells,
Oliver J. Wells,
Arthur L. Wessell,
Dr. William West,
William Young Westervelt,
Miss Edith Wetmore, Mrs. Alice T. Wheelock, Dr. Wm. E. Wheelock, Miss Caroline White,
Mrs. Stanford White, Clarence Whitman,
Miss Margaret S. Whitney, Edward A. Wickes, Elmore A. Willets,
MEMBERS OF THE
Mrs. Robert Bacon, Mrs. Thomas H. Barber, Miss Elizabeth Billings, Miss Eleanor Blodgett, Mrs. Charles D. Dickey, Mrs. Walter Jennings, Mrs. Delancey Kane, Mrs. Hamilton F. Kean, Mrs. A. A. Low
Mrs. Charles Mac Veagh,
Honorary MEMBERS OF
Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, Mrs. John I. Kane, Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes,
(78)
Mrs. Percy H. Williams, Richard H. Williams, William H. Williams,
W. P. Willis,
James R. Williston, Frank D. Wilsey,
Prof. Edmund B. Wilson, Miss Margaret B. Wilson, M. Orme Wilson, Bronson Winthrop, Grenville L. Winthrop, Mrs. Robt. Winthrop, Mrs. Frank S. Witherbee, Lewis S. Wolff,
William E. Wolff,
Prof. R. 8. Woodward, Miss Julia Wray,
Mrs. J. Hood Wright, Mrs. A. Murray Young, Joseph A. Zanetti,
Mrs. Anna M. von Zedlitz, Charles H. Zehnder, Charles Zoller,
O. F. Zollikoffer.
Women’s AUXILIARY
Mrs. V. Everit Macy, Mrs. Henry Marquand, Mrs. George W. Perkins, Mrs. George D. Pratt, Miss Harriette Rogers, Mrs. James Roosevelt, Mrs. Benson B. Sloan, Mrs. Theron G. Strong, Mrs. Henry O. Taylor, Mrs. George Cabot Ward. THE WoMEN’s AUXILIARY
Mrs. F. K. Sturgis, Mrs. F. F. Thompson.
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REPORT OF THE TREASURER
New York, January 13, 1919 To THE Boarp oF Mawnacers or THE New York Bo- TANICAL GARDEN.
Gentlemen: Herewith I submit a statement of my Receipts and Disbursements during the year 1918, and Balance Sheet from my Ledger as of December 31, 1918.
Respectfully submitted, Joun L. Merritt,
Treasurer. Receipts AND DisBURSEMENTS Receipts Balance from Annual Report of 1917............. $ 35,156.42 Investment Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund Sale of $45,000. New York Central Railroad Company Two Year 5% Coll. Gold Notes................ % 44,521.88 Life Membership Fees Credited to En- dowment Fund................... 250.00 Contributions from New York City towards Maintenance............. 105,759.11 Other contributions To Students Research Fund........ 121.00 To Garden School Fund........... 4,148.66 To Emergency Fund.............. 5,300.00 To School Garden Summer House Fund ee cceau aed utero 30.00 To Special Fund for Books.. 47.09 Refund, credited to Convention Garden Pundtse stuido swetee ee ates 13 Annual Dues............--00 00 eee 8,570.00 Fellowship Members Fees............ 200.00 Sustaining Members Fees............ 350.00
Subscriptions to “Addisonia” credited to Income of Addison Brown Fund . 2,435.00
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Subscriptions to “North American Flora,” Sales of Publications, cred- ited to Income of David Lydig Fund
Plant Fund.......................-.
Sundry Sales, credited to Income of Stokes Fund.....................
Sales of paper, credited to General TCOMAG acct chaes vate eae tanataae ooare Beas
Sale of plates, credited to Income of Addison Brown Fund.............
Sales credited Chas. B. Robinson Fund
Liberty Loan Subscriptions made for
account of employees Repayment by employees.......... Income from General Investments credited to General Income Ac- count 5% on $50,000. Southern Ry. ist Consolidated Mortgage Bonds........$2,500.00 444% on $50,000 Ches. & Ohio R. R. Co. General
Mortgage Bonds........ 2,250.00 4% on $50,000 Erie Rail-
toad Co. rior Lien Bonds................. 2,000.00 *
4% on $59,000 Erie Rail-
road Co. Penn. Coll.
Trust Bonds........... 2,360.00 4% on $50,000 Reading
R. R. Co. ee Jersey
Central Coll. Tr......... 2,000.00 a on eg he R. R. St. Paul,
Ee Divn............. 960.00 4% on oco Northern R. R. Bonds, Gt.
Nor, C. B. & Q. Trust .. 1,400.00 5% on $10,000 Louisville & Nash. R. R. Egpt.
2,056.19 563-75
21.55
9470.00
(81)
4% on $10,000 New York
City Stock due 1959.... 400.00 416% on $10,000 N. Y.
Cent. Lines Eqpt. Notes 450.00 4% on $11,000 Milwaukee,
Sparta & No. West. R. R.
Bonds................. 440.00 444% on $50,000 ae
vania R. R. Genl. Mtge.
Bonds................. 2,250.00 5% on $10,000 Balto. &
Ohio R. R. Bonds...... 500.00
5% on $50,000 Great Nor. R. R. Coll. Trust Gold Notes. ................ 2,500.00 20,510.00 Income from Investment of John Innes Kane Fund, 5% on $10,000 Great Northern Railway Co.. 500.00 Income from Investment ae ‘Mana DeWitt Jesup Fund, 4% on $15,000 No. Pac.
Prior Lien. ............ % 600.00 414% on $10,000 Liberty Loan Bds. Sept.1,1918.. 148.98 748.98
Income from Investment of Addison Brown Fund, 4% on $22,000 Nor. Pac. Prior Lien BSS geese cee. Basten 880.00 Income from Investment of Guggen- heim Greenhouse Fund, N. Y. Cen-
tral 2 yr. Notes................. 3,994.45 Interest on Liberty Bonds held by Gar- den, not paid for by employees... 30.00
Interest account, being interest at 3% on balances deposited with Messrs. J. P. Morgan and Company for the year 1918 (credited to General In- come Account)..............--. 634.12 $211,125.99 $211,125.99 $246,282.41
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Disbursements Investments Account Maria De Witt Jesup Fund Third Liberty Loan Bonds $10,000 $10,000.00 Allowance Director-in-Chief Increased appropriation to Director- in-Chief for working fund........ 5,000.00 $ 15,000.00 Expenses paid Through Director-in-Chief Account of New York City appro-
priations....................00. $105,759.11 General account for vouchers paid.. 26,455.36 Garden School Fund.............. 1,791.53 Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund..... 41,772.08 School, Garden Summer House Fund — 2,283.50 Emergency Fund................. 5,861.25 Special Fund for books............ 63.69 Plant Fund for purchase of plants... 487.72 Publications, debited to Income of
David Lydig Fund.............. 1,482.64 Sundries, debited to Income of D. O.
Mills Fund... 0.0.0... ee. 1,400.86 Printing, debited to Income of Stokes
Punideccy ie Sie a ada 26.55 Income of Science and Education
Bund tee eee eet et 3,938.08 Income of Students Research Fund 100.00 Income of Henry Iden Fund....... 475.00 Income of William R. Sands Fund... 461.00 Income of John Innes Kane Fund .. 476.72 Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund. . 899.49 Income of Addison Brown Fund.... 3,953.22 Income of C. B. Robinson Fund.... 50.00 $197,737.80
Sundry Accounts Subscription to Third Liberty Loan, for account of Garden employees . $ 3,300.00 Subscription to Fourth Liberty Loan, for account of Garden employees . 4,400.00 7,700.00
$220,437.80
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Balance, Cash in hands of Treasurer (on deposit with J. P. Morgan
ANG CON ioe feet tase ta heaton werk 25,844.61 $246,282.41 Lepcer Batances, DecEMBER 31, 1918 Credit Permanent Funds Endowment Fund................. 000000005. $306,260.00 Endowment Fund, for Science & Education..... 83,461.90 David Lydig Fund, ae of Charles P. Daly . 34,337.86 Legacy of Wm. R. Son Rt eta ohne eee tec 10,000.00 Darius Ogden Mills ae toni eeeaaentetaephe ce 50,000.00 Henry Iden Legacy.........0.....000....00... 10,000.00 Addison Brown Legacy....................... 21,850.00 John Innes Kane Fund....................... 10,000.00 Stokes Fund... ........0....0000 0000 eevee 3,000.00 Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund........ 673.85 Maria DeWitt Jesup Legacy.................. 25,000.00 Students Research Fund...................... 4,124.00 $558,707.61 Temporary Funds
Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund................ B 54,175.02
Rose Garden and Garden Extension Fund...... 13.8 Garden School Fund. .................0..00.. 3332-07 Emergency Fund.................0.-00 00005: 1,044.84 School Garden Summerhouse Fund............. 124.50 Income Students Research Fund............... 415.45 Income John Innes Kane Fund................ 60.13 Income Addison Brown Fund................. 1,423.60 Income Charles Budd Robinson Fund.......... 28.53 Special Fund for Books...................0.... 135.24 Income David Lydig Fund.................... 475.61 Income Stokes Fund. .............-....--.00.. 4.74
Interest on Liberty Loan Bonds (not taken up by
employees).............00 00000 e eee eee ee 30.00 Plant Fund .. 3 3.8% sfeiabebrd sep tee 542.35
Exploration Fund............ 0.0.0.0... 0 005s 24.05
Museum and Herbarium Fund................ 26.08
% 61,856.06
Grand total... 0000..... 000 eee eee $620,563.67 Debit
General Investments
$50,000 Ches. & Ohio Genl. Mtg. Bonds ] 50,000 So. Ry. Co. 1st Cons. Mtg. Bds. 50,000 Erie R. R. Co. Prior Lien Bds. 59,000 Erie R. R. Co. Penn. Coll. Tr. Bds. 50,000 Reading R. R. Co. J. C. Coll. Tr. Bds. 24,000 Nor. Pac. R. R.-St. P. & D. Div. Bds. 30,000 Nor. Pac. Gt. Nor.-C. B. & Q. Coll. 10,000 N. Y. City 4% Stock 1959 5
Investment, D. O. Mills Fund $50,000 Penn. R. R. Genl. Mtg. Bonds, 414%... $ 50,418.33 Investment, Science 3 Education Fund $10,000 N. Y. Cent. Lines Eqpt. ] 10,000 Louisville & Nashville Eqpt. 10,000 Balto. & Ohio Refunding Genl. Mtg. Bds. due Dec. 1995, 5% | 3 84,532.36 5,000 Chic. Burlington & Quincy R. R. Jt. 4s. July 1, 1921 50,000 Gt. Nor. Rwy. 5% Gold Notes due Sept. 1, 1920 Investment, Henry Iden Fund $11,000 Milwaukee, Sparta & No. W.R.R. Bonds. 10,120.00 Investment, Addison Brown Legacy $22,000 Nor. Pac. Prior Lien Bds. 4%.......... 21,380.69 Investment, John Innes Kane Fund $10,000 Gt. Northern Rwy. Co. 5% Gold Notes due DEPiwly 102024. 445 are ae ee ee 10,015.62 Investment, Maria De Witt Jesup Fund $15,000 No. Pac. Prior Lien Bonds, 4% $10,000 Liberty Bonds, Third Loan. iia Investment, Guggenheim Greenhouse $30,000 N. Y. Central Lines, 1919............. 28,228.12
r $312,424.18
J
23,378.75
(85 )
Income from Investment Maria De Witt Jesup Fund. 134.96 Director-in-Chief Working Fund.................. 30,000.00 General Income Account
Balance borrowed from Permanent Funds...... 21,931.05 Liberty Loan Account
Due by employees..........00...0 0.0000 0005. 2,155.00
Cash in Hands of Treasurer Jan. 1, 1919 (on deposit with f. P. Morgan & Co.) 25,844.61
$620,563.67
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REPORT OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR TREASURER’S ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1918
Room 3111, Granp CENTRAL TERMINAL New York, March 19, 1919 Mr. Epwarp D. Apams, Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden, 71 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Dear Sir:
This is to certify that I have, by direction of the Board of Managers, examined the books and accounts of the Treasurer of the New York Botanical Garden, for the year nineteen hundred and eighteen (1918), together with their proper vouchers, and that I find the balance sheet and the Treasurer’s statement of receipts and disbursements attached hereto to be correct.
I have also examined the various investment securities and find the same to be as reported in the said balance sheet.
Respectfully submitted, A. W. Stone, Special Auditor.
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Director-1n-Cu1er’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1918
Room 3111, Granp CEenTRAL TERMINAL New York, March 19, 1919 Mr. Epwarp D. Apams, Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden, 71 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Dear Sir:
This is to certify that I have examined and audited the financial books and accounts of the Director-in-Chief of the New York Botanical Garden for the year nineteen hundred and eighteen (1918), and that I find the same to be correct, and the cash balance to be as stated in the current cash book.
In accordance with recent practice, I have not included in this auditing the examination of the vouchers for City main- tenance or construction work paid for by the City, as such vouchers have been found proper and in order by the City authorities, and it was decided in 1904 by the Chairman of the Finance Committee that a further examination of them was unnecessary. By like authority I have omitted also a detailed examination of the annual membership dues account. These dues are received by the Director-in-Chief and forwarded by him to the Treasurer, the former keeping a detailed record of the same.
Respectfully submitted, A. W. Stone, Special Auditor.
NOLLVLS AVA'TIVE GHLVATIA OL HOVOUddV
661 “Ig “X “10A
‘dav “LOg "A ‘'N ‘T1Ing
BULLETIN The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. 10 No. 38
DESCRIPTIVE GUIDE TO THE GROUNDS, BUILDINGS, AND COLLECTIONS
Fourth Edition*
Location The New York Botanical Garden is situated in the north- ern part of Bronx Park, north of Pelham Avenue, the reservation including nearly 400 acres of land of a very diversified character, furnishing natural landscapes of great beauty and variety.
Means of Access
The Garden is conveniently reached in the following ways:
1. By the Harlem Division of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad to The Botanical Garden Station.
2. By the Third Avenue Elevated Railway system to the terminal station of that road at Bronx Park. .
3. By the Subway, Lenox Avenue and West Farms branch, with transfer at 149th Street and Third Avenue to Elevated Railway, thence to Bronx Park Station, or by the White Plains Avenue Extension of the Subway from East 180th Street to stations at Pelham Parkway and Allerton Avenue.
4. By trolley car on Webster Avenue to 2ooth Street or the Woodlawn Road. This line connects with lines from
* For first edition see Bulletin no. 16; for second edition see Bulletin no. 23; for third edition see Bulletin no. 34.
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(90)
the western part of The Bronx on Fordham Road, and on Tremont Avenue, and also with the line to Yonkers.
5. By trolley car on the White Plains Road east of Bronx Park from West Farms, Williamsbridge, and Mt. Vernon, connecting with lines from the eastern part of The Bronx at West Farms and at Mt. Vernon.
6. By trolley car, on the Southern Boulevard to Pelham Avenue. This line connects with lines from the southern and southeastern parts of The Bronx.
7. By driveways in Mosholu Parkway from Van Cort- landt Park; from Pelham Bay Park through Pelham Park- way; through the Crotona Parkway and Southern Boule- vard from Crotona Park; there are also driveway entrances at 200th Street, convenient for motor-cars coming from Jerome Avenue; at Bronx River Parkway, at the northern end of the Garden, for motor-cars coming from the north; at Allerton Avenue on the eastern side of the Garden for motor-cars coming from the east; and at the Woodlawn Road, convenient for motor-cars coming from Yonkers, and from other points west and northwest of the Garden; there are three driveway entrances from Pelham Avenue.
Purposes
The New York Botanical Garden was established by an Act of the Legislature of the State of New York passed in 1891 and amended in 1894 “‘for the purpose of establishing and maintaining a Botanical Garden and Museum and Arboretum therein, for the collection and culture of plants, flowers, shrubs and trees, the advancement of botanical science and knowledge, and the prosecution of original researches therein and in kindred subjects, for affording instruction in the same, for the prosecution and exhibition of ornamental and decorative horticulture and gardening, and for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the people.”
NOILV.LS GQVOUWTIVYA IVULNAD WAOA MAN
00% “Id *X “TOA ‘dav “LOG ‘A 'N ‘T1ng
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General Plan A. Burtpines
The principal buildings open to the public are:
1. The largest botanical museum building in the world, located near the Botanical Garden Station of the New York Central Railroad and the Mosholu Parkway entrance. This building includes, in addition to the museum exhibits on the main floors, a lave lecture hall for public lectures in the basement; and the library, laboratories for in- struction and io. and the herbarium, on the upper
oor.
2. Conservatory range I, a large and handsome glass- house located near the Elevated Railway Station and containing plants from tropical regions
3. Conservatory range 2, a similar building more than half finished, situated on the eastern side of the Garden near the Allerton Avenue entrance.
4. e mansion, a stone house built by the Lorillard family in 1856, stands on the east side of the Bronx River, above the waterfall. It contains meeting rooms, board rooms, horticultural laboratories, a lecture room, the oellections of the Bronx Society of Arts and Scenes. the office of the Secretary of the Horticultural Society of New York, and the shops of the Garden, which are in its base- ment.
B. SysTEMATIC PLANTATIONS
Containing plants arranged in botanical sequence for comparative study.
s. The pinetum, or collection of cone-bearing trees, mostly evergreens, brought together on the hills and slopes on all sides of conservatory range I, and in the space between that structure and the museum building.
The young white pine, red pine, and white fir plantations are located south of the herbaceous garden, near the Victory Grove of Douglas spruce trees.
6. The deciduous arboretum, or collection of trees which
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lose their leaves in the autumn, located along nearly the entire eastern side of the grounds from Pelham Avenue to Williamsbridge.
he salicetum, or collection of willows, occupies several acres on both sides of the river at the north end of the grounds.
7. The fruticetum, or collection of hardy shrubs, located on the plain northeast of the museum building at the Wood- lawn Road entrance and extending northward into the north meadows; this collection is also arranged by botanical relationship.
The viticetum, or collection of shrubby vines, is in the edge of the forest east of the economic garden, not far from the museum building.
8. The herbaceous garden, situated in the valley east of conservatory range I, near the Southern Boulevard entrance, containing collections of hardy herbaceous plants arranged by botanical relationship.
g. The morphological garden, just north of the herba- ceous garden, designed to illustrate forms of plants and plant structures studied in elementary botany.
10. The economic garden, adjoining the morphological garden on the north, containing groups of hardy plants whose products are directly useful to man.
C. Horticutturat PLANTATIONS
Containing plants that may be used for decorative pur- poses. The systematic plantations also contain a number of such plants.
11. Decorative woody plants in groups along the roads and paths and in various parts of the grounds, consisting of conifers, rhododendrons, flowering shrubs, magnolias, etc 12. The Japanese cherry collection, in the valley between the river and conservatory range 2, containing over a hundred trees that flower every spring.
13. The rose garden, an area of over an acre located in
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the valley west of Long Lake and not far from the Pelham Parkway Station of the Subway. Several hundred varie- ties of the finest roses are in bloom there from early summer to autumn.
14. The lilac garden, situated south of the rose garden on Pelham Parkway and containing a good representation of single- and double-flowered varieties.
15. Flower gardens containing a great variety of plants in bloom from early spring to late autumn. These are chiefly located in the vicinity of conservatory range 1 and the Elevated Railway Station.
16. Horticultural collections, situated south of the herbaceous garden and containing collections of cannas, phloxes, gladioli, rose mallows, and plants having varie- gated or colored foliage.
17. The dahlia collection, in the west border north of the Harlem Railway Station, containing several hundred of the best varieties to be obtained.
18. The iris collection, or iris garden, situated in the extreme southwestern corner of the grounds where Pelham Parkway and the Southern Boulevard meet.
19. The water garden, northeast of the museum building, containing water-lilies and other aquatic plants.
D. Naturat FEeaTuRES
In addition to these artificial features, the following natu- ral features are noteworthy:
20. The hemlock forest, a grove of the Canadian hemlock spruce, clothing the hills between the museum building and the Bronx River and covering about forty acres, consider- able portions of it being primeval.
21. The gorge of the Bronx River, extending south from the waterfall at the Mansion, along the edge of the hemlock grove. The river plunges through its gorge in a series of rapids passing into quiet waters before it leaves the Garden under the Linnaean Bridge.
22. The north meadows and river woods along the Bronx
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River from the northern end of the hemlock grove to the northern end of the Garden.
23. Deciduous woodlands on rocky ridges in the southern and central parts of the reservation.
E. Parx FEATURES 24. Entrances. 25. Roads and paths. 26. Bridges. 27. Water supply and drainage. 28. Shade trees and border screens. 29. Shelters and pergolas.
1. The Botanical Museum
The Museum Building has a frontage of 312 feet, and in so far as now constructed, a depth of about 90 feet; the plan of this building contemplates its future extension toward the rear, so as to form a quadrangle enclosing acourt. The architectural style of the building is Italian Renaissance. The walls are of light-colored brick and the trimmings of terra-cotta. It has a steel frame and concrete floors. Three floors are devoted to public exhibits, while the upper floor contains study rooms, the library, labora- tories and herbarium, which may be used and consulted by permission.
The building is approached by two straight driveways and accompanying sidewalks leading from the main park driveway near the New York Central Railroad station; this front approach to the building is ornamented by a bronze fountain executed by the sculptor Carl E. Tefft, and by terra-cotta fountains and marble seats designed by R. W. Gibson, the architect of the building. The lofty steel flag-poles were donated by Mr. Edward D. Adams. The vista lines are formed by four parallel rows of tulip- trees.
The public collections in this building are:
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THE MUSEUM OF ECONOMIC BOTANY*
This occupies the entire main floor, and comprises both crude and refined products of plants used in the arts, the sciences, and the industries, as well as illustrative photo- graphs and drawings. The specimens, at present totaling nearly 10,000, are classified primarily as products, in- cluding (eods drugs, fibers, gums, resins, sugars, rubbers, spices and flavoring-agents, dye-stuffs, tanning-materials, plant-constituents, fixed- and volatile-oils, cork, starches, and others as indicated by the accompanying floor plan. The articles pertaining to each of these primary classes are then arranged in their botanical sequence, proceeding from the lower to the higher plants.
The arrangement of the larger groups is as follows: Foods and fibers occupy the west hall, the former in cases on the north side, the latter on the south. The west wing is mainly given over to exhibits other than foods, fibers, drugs, and woods. The east hall contains the drugs, while to the east wing are assigned woods and wood-pro- ducts, and a collection illustrating North American den- drology. Not all of the cases are as yet in place, additions being installed from time to time, as the growth of the Museum requires. In the following numbering, allowance is made for such additions.
Fibers. Cases 1 to 30.—In the first case of the series devoted to fibers may be found cotton, now the most im- portant of the vegetable hairs and fibers. It is derived from the fruit of the cotton plant (Gossypium), being the hairs that cover the surface of the seeds. The fruits from several different kinds of cotton-plants may be seen with the cotton bursting from the capsule, while some of the many different products are also shown.
The fiber of other plants, derived from leaves, stem, bark, roots, and other organs, is of great economic importance and is used, either in practically its natural condition, as
* For more detailed information, see our Guide to the Economic Museum.
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may be seen by the specimens of fans, hats, boxes, bags, baskets, mats, matting, crude ropes, brooms, ornaments, and toys; or it is manufactured into articles of commerce after processes which remove it considerably from its natural aspect or condition; for example, linen, which is made from the flax plant; cloth, twine, and rope, made from jute, hemp and abutilon-fiber; and paper made from wood and other fibers.
Cork and its Products. Case 34.—This exhibit comprises the crude cork bark and specimens illustrating its prepara- tion for the cutting of corks; also a large number of articles illustrating its uses. Cork forms the outer portion of the bark of most woody stems. That of one species of oak, Quercus Suber, of the Mediterranean region, possesses peculiar properties of toughness, elasticity, and impervious- ness to liquids and vapors, which make it useful for bottle stoppers. Many attempts have been made to find sub- stitutes, but none have been found to possess an equal value. It has many other important uses. After re- moval from the tree, and the shaving off of its gray outer layer, it is alternately beaten with mallets and heated, to close up the natural fissures. Its removal does not injure the tree, since it will split off periodically if not removed.
The cutting of cork requires extremely sharp instru- ments, operated by machinery running at a high rate of speed. The substance, as we are accustomed to see it, is prepared by means of boiling the cork bark and scraping off the rough outer portion. A large jacket of crude cork is exhibited near by, just as it was stripped from the tree.
Paper Pulp and Paper. Cases 35 and 36.—Wood sec- tions used for paper pulp, and the various stages in the manufacture of the latter are illustrated, as well as a number of varieties of paper made from such pulp.
Wood fiber, especially that obtained from the trunks of the spruce and poplar, enters largely into the manufacture of paper. In cases 35 and 36, the fiber is shown in its crude condition and in the various stages of refinement,
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as well as the various qualities of paper into the structure of which it enters. Here also are specimens of straw and other specimens illustrating the several stages and sub- stances connected with the production of straw paper.
Rubber and Allied Products. Cases 37-39.—The first case in the west wing contains rubber and allied pro- ducts. Here are the implements and utensils used in collecting the rubber “milk” from the trees which grow in tropical forests. Rubber is derived mostly from trees belonging to the mulberry family, spurge family, and dog- bane family. Rubber, India-rubber, or elastic consists chiefly of the peculiar substance caoutchouc, which, in the form of an emulsion, constitutes the milky juices of many plants, existing in special milk-tubes of the bark and wood. The bark is cut or punctured, when the milk exudes and is caught in some receptacle. The milk is coagulated by various methods, mostly by subjecting it to the action of smoke, and the coagulated mass, after losing water by slow evaporation, takes on the dark color, toughness, and elasticity characteristic of rubber. Rubber is more valu- able in proportion as its percentage of caoutchouc is greater, and that of its resin less. The most important source of rubber is the tree Hevea brasiliensis, the Para Rubber tree, native of Brazil, now very extensively planted in the East Indies.
Several varieties of rubber may be seen in the different stages of refinement, together with some articles as manu- factured for the market. Here, too, are two allied products, gutta-percha and balata, which are derived from the trunks and foliage of certain trees belonging to the sapo- dilla family. These trees grow in many portions of the tropics.
Varnish Resins. Cases 40-42.—The varnish resins
roper are mostly dug from the earth, where they have laid imbedded for ages in a sort of fossil state. Their value for varnish purposes is due to the fact that they dissolve with great difficulty, thus possessing the quality
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of permanence and durability; also that they are very hard, for which reason they take and retain a high polish. Many resins of recent production and of less value, are added to the cheaper varieties of varnish. Our collection contains representatives of practically all varnish resins that are in use.
Miscellaneous Resins. Cases 43 and 44.—Resins are waste substances produced by the life processes of the plant. They are transported through the plant body in a liquid state, being dissolved, mostly in volatile oils. When the ducts or cavities containing them are broken or cut, they exude upon the surface and may then harden by the evaporation of the oil. They are collected for use by va- rious methods, some of which are illustrated by the speci- mens and pictures exhibited in the cases.
Dye Stuffs. Case 45.—Many of the substances pro- duced by the living plant and stored in its body possess colors which can be imparted to fabrics or other articles immersed in their solutions. There are others which although themselves not colored originally, yield useful dyes when some chemical agent is added to them. All such plant substances, as well as the vegetable tissues containing them, are known as “‘dye stuffs.’ 00 illustrations are logwood, brazil-wood, madder, alkanet, and indigo, besides which, many of ce importance are to be seen in our collection.
Although the use of anilin or coal-tar colors has very largely replaced that of vegetable dyes, there is still a vast use of the latter. But for the introduction of the former, it is dificult to see how the demand for colors could have been supplied under modern conditions.
Tanning Materials. Cases 46 and 47.—The tanning materials are also very important from an economic stand- point. They depend for their value chiefly upon the tannic acid that they contain, but that other constituents contribute is clear from the fact that a substance containing less tannin may be more valuable than one containing a
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larger percentage. The tannin cures and toughens the skin, but other effects are required to produce the best quality of leather, especially that of “filling” the minute cavities. For this purpose, white-oak bark seems to be preeminent and this continues to be the most valued tanamg substance. It has become scarce and costly, and “oak leather” now brings the highest prices. The tannins are represented by saw-palmetto, mangrove, pine, hemlock, sumac and by other products. The crude materials of the mangrove and the saw-palmetto are accompanied by their fluid extracts, which contain the tannic acid, and also by the spent material or refuse which remains after the extract has been made. This latter material may be used for other purposes.
Flavoring Agents, Spices, and Condiments. Cases 48-51. —The term ‘“‘flavoring agent” is applied to any substance used to impart an added agreeable flavor to anything in- tended to be taken into the stomach through the mouth, or to remove or cover a disagreeable flavor in such a sub- stance, as for instance a disagreeable medicine. The term “spice” is applied to a flavoring agent which possesses an aromatic and more or less pungent quality, such as anise, caraway, or cinnamon. By the term “condiment” is usually understood one of the more powerful agents of the preceding group, such as pepper, capsicum, mustard, or horseradish. Condiments do something more than to impart a flavor to the food. They act strongly on the nerve of taste, stimulating it to a keener sense of the natural flavor of the food. They also tend to affect the appetite and, when properly used, often to increase the digestive activity. All of these groups are liberally repre- sented in these cases.
Waxes. Case 52.—Waxes are plant exudations, related chemically to the oils. Although they are produced by many plants, this product is usually so small that their collection is not practicable. In this way, they exist upon the surface of such fruits as grapes, plums, and some
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varieties of pumpkin, appearing as a thin whitish coating, commonly called the “‘bloom.” In the same way they occur upon the surface of many leaves. The term glaucous is applied in descriptive botany to such surfaces. In a few cases, wax exudes in such quantity as to be collectable in commercial quantity. This is usually done by placing the wax covered tissue in hot water, when the wax is melted and may be skimmed off of the surface of the water. A good illustration of this wax is that found upon the surface of the bayberries, illustrated in our collection.
Fixed Otls or Fats. Case 53.—Fat is a very abundant plant product, occurring more abundantly in ripe seeds than in other parts. Fats also often occur abundantly in the pericarps of fruits, especially those of the palm family. The best method of extracting oils is by a simple process of pressure, in the cold state. Such an oil, if the pressure be moderate, is likely to be quite pure. Pressure with heat is often employed, the yield of oil thus being increased. In many cases, oils are obtained by boiling the product in water, from the surface of which the extracted fat may be skimmed. In many cases, this method is liable to cause deterioration of the fat by its partial de- composition. Many oils, as those of coconut, cotton-seed, and olives, yield important food products. Many others, as linseed oil, are largely employed in paints, others in soap-making or for lubricating purposes. In other cases, as castor and croton oils, they are highly medicinal. There are vast numbers of oil-yielding products in tropical countries which are not collected, the annual wastage of such products running into enormous values.
Soap and Soap Substitutes. Case 54.—One of the most important uses of the fixed oils is for soap-making, and of the volatile oils, that of perfuming such soap. The manu- facture of soap consists essentially in boiling the oil or fat with an alkali by which process the acid of the fat is caused to combine with the alkali, this product constituting soap. ‘The glycerin of the fat is set free as a by-product.
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Resins, being much like fats in their chemical nature, may ic substituted for a fats, resulting in what are known as “resin soaps.” In this case may be seen a series of products which illustrate the various steps in the soap-making process.
Many plants, such as soap-root and soap-bark, contain a peculiar substance called “‘saponin,”’ which possesses the property of forming a lather with water, like soap. Al- though this is too irritating for general use upon the skin, it has great cleansing power and is largely employed as a soap substitute in the cleansing of fabrics, the removal of grease and for similar purposes. Many vegetable sub- stances containing saponin are displayed in this case.
Volatile or Essential Oils. Cases 55-60.—These pro- ducts are exceedingly numerous in the vegetable kingdom, being responsible for the fragrance of flowers and other parts of the plant, as well as for some odors which are ex- ceedingly disagreeable to man. The volatile oils are stored in special cells or cavities and are extracted for human use in various ways, the most usual being that of distillation. This method consists in tightly packing the plant or plant part containing the oil, in a still, flooding with water and applying heat. A small quantity of the oil thus driven out of the plant-tissue is absorbed by the water. After the water has become saturated with the oil, the remainder of the latter passes off in the form of vapor, which is caught and condensed by cooling. In a few cases, as those of lemon and orange-peel oils, the oil is extracted by pressure. Volatile oils are usually rather expensive products, some of them, like attar of roses, posses- sing a very high money value. The following are some of the best known volatile oils. From roots are obtained the oils of lovage, elecampane, and muskroot; rootstocks or underground stems furnish the oils of calamus, ginger, orris-root, and wild ginger; herbage is the source of the oils of pennyroyal, tansy, spearmint, and peppermint; wood furnishes the material to make the oils of red-cedar
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wood and sandalwood; bark is the source of the oils of birch, cinnamon, and sassafras; leaves yield the oils of hemlock, spruce, pine, cedar, eucalyptus, and wintergreen; flowers yield the oils of cloves, lilac-flower, and orange flowers; fruits yield the oils of pepper, lemon, caraway, and fennel; seeds furnish the oils of mustard, wormseed, nut- meg, and almonds; while resins give us the oils of elemi, mastic, myrrh, and frankincense.
Perfumery. The volatile oils described above are the principal substances used in the manufacture of perfumery. Very often the perfumes are made by merely dissolving one or more such oils in water, alcohol, or other substance capa- ble of absorbing them. The oil-saturated water, produced in the distillation process described above, is itself used as a perfume. In other cases, layers of fresh fragrant flowers, as roses or violets, are pressed tightly between layers of lard or other fatty material, which absorbs the oil directly from the flowers and constitutes pomades. In some cases, oils having very offensive odors may have such odors completely changed into agreeable ones by combination with some other substance.
Fumitories and Masticatories. Cases 61-64.—The term “fumitory”’ is applied to any substance used for producing a smoke that is to serve some useful or desirable purpose. That now almost exclusively employed for smoking by human beings is tobacco, although various other substances are often added to the latter. A “masticatory” is a substance used for chewing. Tobacco is very largely employed as a masticatory also, but has in recent years been largely replaced by chewing gums of varying com- position. In the chewing of these articles the chief or only object sought is that of exercising the jaws, but there are masticatories in use by the people of other countries which produce far more important effects. This is notably true of the coca-leaf, chewed by the natives of the South American Andes and producing very powerful and im- portant physiological effects. Most of the important masticatories in use are shown in our collections.
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Beverages, including Chocolate. Cases 65-69.—These are represented by both the alcoholic and non-alcoholic classes. Of the latter, one of the most important is pure or nearly pure drinking water obtainable from the hollow leaf-stems of the traveler’s palm, from the stems of some tropical vines, from young cocoanuts, and some other plant parts. Other non-alcoholic beverages represented are tea, coffee, maté or Paraguay tea, and various fruit juices. Of the alcoholic group, malt liquors: such as beer and ale, many wines and distilled liquors are shown. In our Guide to the Economic Museum may be found suitable references to the origin and manufacture of these beverages and to their special effects on the human system.
Proximate Principles or Plant Constituents. Cases 70- 75.—These cases contain the most valuable, as well as the most instructive set of collections in our Museum. A “proximate principle” of a plant, or animal, is any sub- stance having a definite and fixed chemical composition as it exists naturally in the living body. As illustrations of such substances, we may mention starch, sugar, cellulose, saponin, castor-oil, and quinine. It will be noted that they represent nutrient as well as medicinal substances. In fact, it is the proximate principles of plants which give to them any useful properties that they possess when absorbed into the human system. When any vegetable food is eaten, it is only its nutrient proximate principles which are extracted and absorbed by the digestive organs, the remainder being excreted as waste. When vegetable substances are used as medicines, a similar process takes
lace. The medicinal constituent or constituents are extracted by the system and produce their medicinal effects, either on the entire body or on the particular tissue or organ for which they have their selective affinity, the rest of the plant being non-assimilant. It is often pre- ferable, instead of giving the entire vegetable substance, either as a food or medicine, to extract the useful proximate principles and use them in their purified form. This very
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large collection, generously donated by E. Merck & Com- pany, of New York, and valued at several thousand dollars, contains all of the more important proximate principles of plants, some of them being worth as much as five or ten dollars per grain.
Starches. Case 76.—Starch is largely formed by most plants, as a reserve food supply, from the water taken in through the roots and the carbonic acid gas inhaled from the atmosphere; the chemical combination is effected by the sun’s energy, directed by the green coloring matter (chlorophyl). Starch is mostly found in the form of granules, sometimes in small rods, and is easily converted by the plant, or artificially, into glucose, in which form the plant consumes it. In darkness the plant consumes starch previously formed in daylight. Starch is insoluble in water and can therefore be easily washed out from ground plant tissue. The forms of the starch grains are so con- stant and characteristic in each plant that they afford an excellent method of identifying the latter, even in powder. Starch, as in the case of many other substances, exists in and is consequently derived from the several organs of various plants, for example, the roots of the cassava plant furnish the cassava flour and tapioca, while those of coontie yield coontie flour or Florida arrowroot, which is quite similar to sago, and those of the sweet-potato plant furnish sweet-potato flour. The rootstocks of the common potato plant abound in potato flour, while those of the arrowroot plant yield arrowroot flour. The stems of some of the sago palms and those of some of the true palms are the sources of sago flour. The fruits, both dry and fleshy, of a great variety of plants, contain starch; for example, those of the several grains, wheat, rye, and corn; while those of the banana yield the less common banana flour. The seeds of some plants are used as a source of starch.
Sugars. Cases 77 and 78.—Sugars are formed by plants at a stage in the manufacture of carbohydrate foods, and again when the carbohydrate is used by the plant as food,
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as explained on our label, in the starch case. Although many varieties of sugar are recognized, they all fall into two great classes, cane-sugar and glucose. Cane-sugar occurs mostly in stems and roots, glucose in fruits. Glucose is cheaper than cane-sugar and if pure, is more healthful for human use, but the commercial article is very apt to be impure. Glucose is mostly manufactured from corn. Cane-sugar is mostly manufactured from sugar-cane, sugar-beets and sorghum cane. Sugar is a very important plant-product and it is of vast economic value. Sugar- cane (Saccharum) is the basis of the world’s sugar supply. The juice from the stems of the plant is boiled down and by other processes is made into the principal crude pro- ducts shown in the cases and later into the commercial grades of sugar, also shown.
The juices of other plants are also used in making sugar, for example, in temperate regions, the sugar-beet yields an enormous amount, the sap of the maple tree is made into maple-sugar, while in tropical regions the sap of various palms, such as the coconut-palm and the sugar-palm, is made into palm-sugar.
Fodder Plants. Cases 79-81.—These are mostly shown as sheaves. Fodders are derived chiefly from plants of the grass and bean families. Illustrations of the former are the vari- eties of hay known as timothy, red-top, blue-grass, and orchard-grass. Such hays are made by cutting the plants when in bloom or early fruit, and drying entire. Another form of the same class consists of the plants of the grains, wheat, rye, oats, and corn, cut while young and dried. n dried after the removal of their grain, they constitute straw. The corn-plant, cut young, is often chopped up and stored fresh in pits and bins. Such fodder is called ensilage. The grains themselves, separated from the straw, are largely used for fodder. Illustrations of the second class are the plants of clover, vetch, lupine, meibomia, and peas, cut in a similar stage of growth and dried into hay. Fod- ders of this class are much more nutritious than the grass-
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hays, but are not so wholesome and must be fed sparingly, especially to horses. uman Foods. Cases 85-114.—The utter dependence of man for sustenance upon vegetable products lends ex- ceptional interest to the consideration of plants as foods. hile it is true that man subsists largely upon animal food, these animals are themselves dependent upon vege- tation, so that human dependence thereon is but one step removed. It is our intention, so far as possible, to have represented in our food collection every natural vegetable substance known to be used as food by human beings, and also many of the more important manufactured food pro- ducts made from such substances. In the case of culti- vated products, it is not practicable to represent all of the cultivated varieties, but in all cases, a sufficient number of them are ert to illustrate ne nature and range of variation. The number of articles in this group is so great that it has been found necessary to adopt some special method of classification and arrangement. They have therefore been grouped in the following divisions: A. Underground Portions. B. Aerial Stems, Buds, Leaves or Leaf-stems and Flowers. C. Fleshy Fruits and Seeds D. Nuts and Seeds eaten in the dry state, such as Marrow Beans and Peanuts. £. The Cereal Grains and a few products of similar nature. The articles in each of these classes are arranged in their natural botanical sequence, from the lowest to the highest plant.
Group dA—cases 85 and 86—includes roots, rootstocks, tubers and tubercles, and bulbs. Although some fruits, such as the peanut, are produced subterraneously, it has been thought better to place them under fruits rather than in this group. In these cases will be found, not only such staple root-crops as potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams, taro, turnips, radishes, beets, and carrots, but also a large num- ber of aboriginal foods, from many countries. Many of
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these, while quite unknown to the general public, could probably be developed, through selection and breeding, into products of equal value with some of those now generally cultivated.
roup B—cases 87 and 88—includes such plant-stems as asparagus, pokeroot, and milkweed, such leaf-stems as pie-plant, celery and cardon, such buds as cabbage and brussels sprouts, leaves like spinach, Swiss chard, beet tops, and lamb’s-quarters, and varieties of cauliflower.
Group C—cases 89 to 105—shows collections of fleshy fruits, including not only those commonly understood by this term, such as apples, grapes, and the berries, but those which, like string beans, are eaten as vegetables, but in their fresh state. It also includes seeds eaten in the fresh green state, like green peas and lima beans. It therefore comprises not only those sweet products which are com- monly called fruits by the public, but also those which, like tomatoes, pepper, and okra, are eaten as table vege- tables. is collection, in its entirety, is very large. Here will be found not only all the cultivated fruits of temperate regions, in many varieties, as well as those of tropical production, but also such wild edible fruits and berries as our collectors have accumulated from our own and many foreign countries. Aside from its economic interest, this group affords first-class material for the special studies of the morphologist and taxonomist.
Group D—cases 106 to 110—like its predecessor, con- tains a large number of articles in use in other countries, which are quite unknown to most persons in the United States. Prominent among such articles are some of the nuts and many varieties of beans grown in tropical coun- tries, especially in Chile and the Philippine Islands. Of great interest also is quinoa, the seed of a species of lamb’s- quarters of the Andes, constituting the principal food of the poorer classes in Chile, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador.
Group E—cases 111-114—comprising the cereal grains, is also very large, representing those of all countries, and
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in a large number of varieties. Several hundred varieties of rice, chiefly from the Philippines, will be found of special interest. Of Indian corn, we show not only the highest product of modern plant breeding, but many primitive forms, not far removed from the original wild product. Dhoura or Kaffir corn is another highly im- portant grain, little known among us except as a chicken food, but constituting the staple article of diet of millions of oriental people. Of the more common grains, such as wheat, oats, and barley, the products of different countries have been gathered, as well as sets representing the com- mercial grading by the New York Produce Exchange.
Drugs. Cases 115-174. Our materia medica collec- tion is the largest in the Museum, with the possible ex- ception of that of foods. It includes only the crude, ground, and powdered vegetable drugs, with a few con- stituents extracted from them. It has not been deemed advisable to include manufactured medicinal prepara- tions, partly because of their great number, and partly because of their liability to deterioration when kept for long periods. It is not to be understood that the presence of a drug in this Museum is an endorsement, or even an indication of its value. It is recognized that a large minority, if not an actual majority of vegetable drugs that are or have been used, are either worthless or of so little value as not to be entitled to use. It sometimes happens, however, that new discoveries are made regarding the value of a drug previously regarded as worthless that reveals it as the possessor of important properties. It appears desirable also that such a collection should possess historical value, which is subserved by including in it all plants that have been considerably employed in medicine, without regard to the justification for such use.
The classification of these collections is of similar charac- ter to that of the foods. They are first grouped as under- ground portions, barks, woods, leaves, flowers, herbs, and twigs, fruits, seeds, and miscellaneous parts and products.
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The articles of each of these groups are again arranged in the order of their natural botanical sequence, from the lowest to the highest plant.
Poisonous Plants of the Vicinity of New York. Cases 122 and 123.—While a vast majority of plants are innocuous, a number are decidedly poisonous, either to the touch or when taken into the system. Although many of them are not likely to be eaten, there are a few which, for special reasons, are very liable to be so, and which are the cause of many fatal accidents. Prominent among these are pokeroot, sometimes mistaken for horseradish, aconite root, often mistaken for the same condiment, pokeroot shoots, eaten like asparagus without proper precautionary preparation, veratrum leaves and stramonium leaves, eaten as greens, Cicuta roots, eaten for Jerusalem arti- chokes, and its stems, eaten for angelica, and belladonna fruits and stramonium seeds, sometimes eaten by children. Besides these, there are others which are liable to be eaten with evil results by live stock. Owing to imperfect knowl- edge of these poisonous species, accidents are liable to occur, on the one hand, while on the other, unjustified fear may prevent the use or handling of quite innocent plants. It has therefore been deemed desirable to have a very com- plete and carefully prepared exhibit of all poisonous plants, both wild and cultivated, growing in the vicinity of New York, which may be consulted or studied, especially by children. At the time of the printing of this Guide, this collection is very incomplete, so that it cannot be relied upon as a complete guide on the subject. Plans are per- fected, and will be promptly executed, for the perfection of this exhibit.
Insecticides. Case 124.--Many of the poisonous plants, and some which are not so, have a wide use for the destruc- tion of insect pests, in the house, infesting cultivated plants, or even found upon the animal body. A number of these are here exhibited and to them additions are being made as opportunity affords.
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great number of useful woods and their more important products precludes anything like a complete representation of those of the entire world, with our present means and equipment, although it is not improbable that such an exhibit may be undertaken inthe future. Inthe meantime, the collection will be found to contain much of interest and value, and will be extended as our facilities permit.
Charcoal. Case 196.—Charcoal is the residue remaining after driving off the volatile constituents of wood, both those which exist naturally in it and those which are formed during the application of heat, oxygen being excluded to avoid the burning of the carbon. Although charcoal is chiefly employed as a fuel, it has many other important uses, different sorts being specially applicable for certain of them. One such use isin the manufacture of gunpowder, for which purpose the carbon must be free from silica, or other crystals capable of causing sparks by friction. Another use requiring very special properties is that for the carbons of incandescent electric lamps. Certain kinds of charcoal are specially useful in medicinal preparations. Our collection of these products is at present very small, but is nevertheless of considerable interest.
Miscellaneous Specimens. Case 197.—In this case will be found a number of interesting articles not properly referable to any of the special classes above enumerated, ornaments and toys being specially prominent. Many seeds and other plant parts are employed in the making of beads and decorative articles. The ivory nut, the very hard seeds of a species of palm, is largely used in the making of buttons, chessmen and various carved articles, substituting ivory for such purposes. This collection is capable of indefinite extension as a result of visits to countries inhabited by savages and other primitive peoples.
North American Dendrology. Cases 199-264.—The col- lection of North American Dendrology is based on speci- mens of the wood of all North American trees. To the
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wood specimens are added specimens of twigs, of flowers, of fruits, and of other objects of interest from the various trees.
2. THE MUSEUM OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY
This occupies the second floor of the building, except the west wing, and is designed to illustrate by specimens, draw- ings, and photographs, types of all the natural families of plants, beginning with those of the simplest structure and ending with the most complex. It consists of four series of objects:
(a) The general synoptic collection
(b) A series of microscopes showing selected specimens
(c) Illustrations of the local flora
(d) Plant photograph exhibit
(a) Synoptic Collection. This is designed to illustrate the plant world. A series of characteristic objects is installed as a basis for illustrating each plant-family. These specimens are accompanied as far as possible by plates, drawings or photographs, while on the shelves are arranged additional objects, such as flowers, fruits, woods, specimens of fossil plants, and models of various organs of plants, all intended further to illustrate the structural characteristics of the different groups. This collection is arranged according to the most natural and thus far most generally satisfactory interpretation of the interrelation of the plant-families; it may be considered as falling into two main series, namely, the flowerless or spore-bearing plants and the flowering or seed-bearing plants.
The flowerless plants fall into three phyla or subking- doms: (1) the Thallophyta, in which the plant-body is not differentiated into stems and leaves, as represented by the slime-moulds, the bacteria and other micro-organisms, the seaweeds, the fungi, and the lichens (2) the Bryophyta, represented by the mosses and their immediate relatives; and (3) the Pteridophyta, including the ferns and the fern-allies.
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The Thallophyta (cases 1 to 40), may be defined as plants without true roots, stems, or leaves; but notwith- standing their simple structure they exhibit an infinite variety of form and color.
The Myxomycetes or slime-moulds (case 1), standing at the bottom of the plant-scale, occupy the first exhibition case placed at the right hand side of the stairway from the main floor. They are thallophytes, having neither chlorophyl nor (in their vegetative condition) a cell-wall. These very simply constituted plants usually grow upon and derive their nourishment from decaying organic sub- stances. They vary greatly i in size, some being exceedingly minute, others assuming the form of relatively large ir- regularly shaped masses spreading in all directions as they grow. Most of the plants are small, and the structure is very delicate, in fact some are so fragile that a mere breath of air will ruin them.
Following the slime-moulds stand the cases devoted to the algae or seaweeds (cases 2 to 16), which may be briefly defined as thallophytes with chlorophyl, the green coloring matter of plants. The plants of this series are much more variable in form than those of the preceding, and are also much more numerous. Some forms are microscopic, others attain considerable size. The first case of the series is occupied by representatives of the blue-green algae (case 2) and the diatoms. The plants of these two groups are minute, so much so that in most cases the individuals can be well seen only with the aid of a microscope. As one finds them in nature they commonly form slimy or oozy masses which are not particularly attractive to the naked eye, but under a compound microscope they are of very great interest. Following the series just mentioned are the green seaweeds (cases 3 and 4), the group which includes the plants that are sometimes called the pond-scums, green slimes, green felts, and stoneworts. Some of jee are microscopic; however, some of the green seaweeds attain a considerable size and begin to look a little more like what
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are popularly termed “plants.” After the green seaweeds come the brown ones (cases 5 to 8), and here the largest kinds are included. In their tissues is found a brownish pigment which obscures their green coloring matter. To this group belong the widely distributed “‘gulf-weed” or ““sargasso-weed” (Sargassum) and the gigantic “great kelp” of the Pacific Ocean, which sometimes attains a length of more than a hundred feet. The seaweeds culminate in the red algae, a group in which the plants show some shade of red, pink, or purple; these (cases 8 to 15) exhibit a marvelous range of form and color. The last group of cases containing this series is given to the group of red algae which are known as the corallines, on account of their outward resemblance to the corals. These plants are thoroughly permeated with lime and are often as hard and stone-like as any coral, and build up reefs in the tropi- cal oceans much as the corals do.
The next great type of plant life is the fungi (cases 16 to 40). These, like the plants of the preceding group, vary greatly in size and complexity of structure; but, unlike them, they are devoid of chlorophyl, the character- istic green matter which enables other plants to build up complex food for their nourishment, and consequently they are wholly different in their mode of life. Some are parasitic, deriving their nourishment from living plants and causing enormous damage to crops; others are sap- rophytic, deriving it from the remains of dead organisms; while others are symbiotic, living in such relationship with chlorophyl-bearing (green) plants that they mutually nourish one another, as in the case of mycorhizas. There are five generally recognized series here: First in order are the alga-like fungi (case 16, in part); these vary in form from simple masses of protoplasm to simple or branching threads. Here belong many of the moulds and similar forms which grow both on other plants and on animals. In case 16, also, have been installed specimens and illustrations of crown-gall, an abnormal growth which is caused by minute
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plants known as bacteria. This peculiar growth is com- monly known as vegetable cancer on account of its close resemblance to the cancer of the human body. e disease is very destructive to trees and shrubs of various kinds. Second we have the stalked-spored fungi (cases 16 to 29). This series falls into two groups, the one typified by the “rusts” and “‘smuts” which are commonly para- sitic on the leaves and fruits of other plants; the other the great saprophytic group, well known through the mush- rooms, bracket-fungi, stink-horns, and puff-balls. Third in this series are the spore-sac fungi (cases 30 to 35). In these plants the spores are borne in delicate membranous sacs, called asci, which in the more complex forms are collected into bodies of various shapes. The plants vary greatly in size and structure and may be either parasitic or saprophytic. To this group belong the yeasts and mildews; and also the chestnut-blight fungus. This disease, which has been im- ported into this country, has caused the death of all of the American chestnut trees in the immediate vicinity of New York City and threatens the entire destruction of this valu- able tree. Some plants grow above the surface of the ground, as in the case of the morel; while others are subterranean, as in the case of truffles. Fourth in the series is the group known as the imperfect fungi (case 36). In this group the spores are borne directly on the threads or “hyphae” which constitute the vegetative portion of the organism. They are often parasitic on the leaves and on the bark of both wild and cultivated plants. The fifth and in many respects the most interesting of all the groups is that con- sisting of the lichens (cases 37 to 40). The lichens have commonly been considered to form an independent sym- biotic group, each lichen being supposed to consist of a fungus and an alga living together, the one nourishing the other, but, according to some of the more recent students of the group, the lichens are simply fungi that live parasiti- cally upon algae. The lichens are quite familiar to most people as plants of more or less leathery texture growing on rocks, on poor soil, or on the trunks of trees
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A step forward brings us to the Bryophyta. These are seedless green plants, most of which possess roots, stems, and leaves, but have no vascular tissue (cases 41~50). This group is best known through the mosses, which form its largest division. Of somewhat simpler structure are the hepatics or scale-mosses (cases 41 to 43). The stems and leaves of the hepatic plant are sometimes combined into a flat thallus-like body which creeps closely on the ground or other objects and resembles in aspect some of the lichens. The leaves, when present, are usually more delicate in texture than in the true mosses and they do not have a midvein. These differences alone enable one to distin- guish a hepatic from its relatives by the unaided eye or at most by the use of a lens. In addition to these characters, the capsule or the receptacle which bears the spores, or reproductive bodies, usually splits into four valves when full-grown and the spores themselves are accompanied by spiral threads called elaters. The favorite habitat of hepatics is wet places, and mountains continually steeped in clouds yield a surprising variety of forms. Closely re- lated to the hepatics, and commonly included with them, is the group Anthocerotes; these plants may, however, be distinguished by the presence of a central axis or column (columella) in the capsule, and there are several other im- portant structural differences in their tissues.
The mosses (cases 44 to 50) follow the hepatics in order of development and complexity; they differ from them, however, in many respects. The stem and leaves have more differentiated tissues, and the leaves usually have a midvein. The moss capsule generally opens by a lid under which there are commonly appendages to aid in scattering the spores, which in this case are not accompanied by spiral threads as they are in the hepatics. The mosses fall into three primary groups: First the ‘‘peat-mosses”’ (Sphagnum), which differ from the rest of the mosses in the development of the tissue-structure of the capsule and in the spores; they grow in swamps and other wet places,
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and their accumulation forms peat. The “black mosses’ (Andreaea) differ from both of the other groups in the valvular capsule; they grow on dry rocks. The true mosses vary exceedingly in size and aspect. An examination of the specimens in the exhibition cases will convey to the mind a better idea of this group than may be gained from a description. They grow under all kinds of conditions from dry rocks to deep water. Many of the kinds grow on almost any kind of rock, earth, or bark of trees, while certain ones are more particular as to their habitat. Some will thrive only on limestone, which they often gradually disintegrate and partially preserve in the masses of closely set plants as a calcareous tufa; other species prefer ground that has recently been burnt over, as species of Funaria and Leptobryum, while others grow only on the bones of dead animals or in places where animal refuse has accumulated.
Next higher in the plant kingdom is the subkingdom Pteridophyta, or ferns and fern-allies, the seedless plants with roots, stems, leaves, and woody tissue (cases 51 to 55). The ferns as a group perhaps attract the attention of a greater number of people than any other series of plants. Associated with what are usually known as ferns are the fern-allies, for example the “‘horse-tails” (Equi- setum), “‘lycopods” (Lycopodium), and ‘“quillworts” (Iso- etes), but these are usually less conspicuous than the “ferns.”” Fern-plants differ from all the plants of simpler organization in having vascular (woody) tissue, that is, a system of vessels for conducting sap through the different parts of the plant-body. They exhibit an almost infinite variety of form; their stems may be underground, hori- zontal on the ground, or erect; the leaves are either simple or compound, and sometimes perform both the work of foliage leaves and that of bearing the spore-cases (ferns), while in other cases some of the leaves have become changed into mere spore-bearing organs (cinnamon-fern).
The “flowering” plants (cases 56 to 128) comprise a single subkingdom, the Spermatophyta, or seed-bearing
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plants. This extensive group seems to have followed two independent lines of development and consequently the plants fall into two well-marked groups, the first being the gymnosperms, cone-bearing plants, or plants in which the seeds are borne exposed in variously shaped cones (cases 56 to 58). This is a comparatively small group, but exhibits great diversity, including plants ranging from straggling shrubs or vines to the largest trees. The leaves, too, vary from structures resembling needles or scales to expanded fern-like structures of considerable variety’ In a former geological age these plants were the dominant seed-bearing plants, but now the second group of the sper- matophytes largely predominates; namely, the angio- sperms, covered-seeded plants in which the seed is borne in a seed-case. These plants also existed in the later geological ages, and now form the most important and conspicuous part of the vegetation of the earth. The covered-seeded plants (cases 59 to 128) fall into two divi- sions, the one in which the embryo has a single leaf, the monocotyledons (cases 59 to 71); the other in which the embryo has two leaves, the dicotyledons (cases 72 to 128).
(b) Microscope Exhibit. The exhibition microscopes occupy small stands on the mezzanine landing between the first floor and the second floor. In front of the windows on the right, if one enters by the right stairway, are shown a few of the simplest and smallest forms of plant life. Under the lenses of the first microscope are representa- tives of the diatoms—one-celled organisms, some o which have the power of animal-like locomotion; the living substance of each cell is enclosed and protected by a hard transparent glassy wall consisting of two halves, one of which fits into the other like a band-box into its cover. The second microscope shows attractive and varied forms of fossil diatoms from California. Following this are shown “‘sea mosses,” or “‘seaweeds,” as they are commonly known, and closely related minute plants which inhabit fresh water and belong to groups often referred to
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in popular speech as ‘“‘pond-scums” or “ooze.” In the natural unmagnified condition, many plants of this sort seem quite the reverse of attractive, but when placed under a sufficiently power EOS Ope nny of them reveal a rare beauty. The “‘sea mosses,” or “‘seaweeds,” gradually lose much of their natural beauty of coloration on pro- longed exposure to the light, but the prevailing elegance and symmetry of form and structure persist.
Following the plants of the seaweed type are several representatives of the smaller fungi. The first of these specimens illustrates the resting spores of the parasitic fungus that causes the well-known rust of rose leaves. The second shows a vertical section through the cluster-cup stage of a fungus that draws its nourishment from the living tissues of the leaves of violets. Of the fungi which live upon decaying refuse matter, Ascobolus is one of the more interesting among those selected for exhibition. In this, the spores, or propagating cells, are borne in groups of eight within transparent ellipsoidal sacs, and at maturity these sacs, each enclosing eight spores, are ejected with considerable force. Under the next microscope are shown sections through the gills of a common mushroom, illustrat- ing the manner in which its very minute and numerous spores are borne.
Then follow specimens of the liverworts or scale-mosses, plants in which the differentiation of the vegetative body into stem and leaves becomes first clearly evident. One of these, a Frullania, has a part of each leaf peculiarly modi- fied so as to oir a reservoir for water. By aid of this device, the frullanias and their allies are able to thrive in drier situations than are in favor with most of the order to which they belong. Preparations are exhibited showing also the vegetative structure and methods of reproduction of the true mosses. Especially interesting is the “peri- stome”’ of one of the mosses, which is a fringe of peculiar appendages surrounding the mouth of the little urn in which the minute dust-like spores are borne. These ap-
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pendages move about as a result of changing conditions of moisture and these mechanical movements assist in scat- tering the spores. A somewhat analogous device is found in connection with the spores of the equisetums or horse- tails, though the appendages in this case are attached to the spores. Near the slide illustrating this feature of the horse-tails is one showing the spores and spore-cases of the common polypody; the spore-case here is provided with a sort of spring, by the action of which the spores are violently ejected, catapult-fashion. Another preparation shows the structure of the stem of the moonwort (Botry- chium) as it appears in a cross section. And yet another shows a cross section of the submerged stem of an aquatic plant with its large air spaces and poorly developed strengthening tissues. On the last table, at the left as one enters the landing, is a preparation showing “ pollen- grains” from the flowers of a shrub of the mallow family, the grains being in this case globular and covered with small sharp points. Grains of this sort are carried by bees from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of another, thus resulting in cross-fertilization. The last slide illus- trates the structure of the wood of a young pine stem in cross section and brings out clearly the anatomical basis of the annual growth rings.
(c) Local Flora. In this collection it is designed to illustrate every plant-species growing naturally or without cultivation within one hundred miles of New York City. For the most part specimens of the plants themselves are used, but in cases where the structure of the plants renders this method undesirable, or impossible, a photograph or a drawing is substituted for the plant-specimen. This collection is displayed in swinging frames which are placed so as to correspond in a general way to the sequence of the cases of the synoptic collection already described; thus, the first stand is near the first museum case as one enters the west hall from the top of the staircase. All of the plant groups are here represented by those members that
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occur locally, and the characteristics of the several groups as mentioned under the synoptic collection also apply here.
(d) The Plant Photograph Exhibit. A series of over 200 enlarged photographs, illustrating plant societies, habit- characters, flower-characters, and fruit-characters of the higher plants, as well as habit and structural characters of some of the larger algae and fungi, is displayed in frames fastened to the walls of the systematic museum. As far as practicable, they have been placed near the cases con- taining representatives of the species illustrated. The photographs are II x 14 inches in size and are mounted in glazed frames, some frames containing 4 and others 6 photographs.
3. THE MUSEUM OF FOSSIL BOTANY
This collection, installed in the basement, is designed to show the successive stages of evolution through which the ancestors of our living flora have passed since the time of the first appearance of plant life on the earth, as far as the remains of extinct plants have been preserved. The general arrangement adopted is therefore based upon the sequence of the geological time divisions: Eozoic, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Neozoic, and their subdivisions into periods; Laurentian, Cambrian, Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, Quaternary, and Modern. ‘This arrangement is therefore geological, but incidentally it is also biological, and follows the same system as that on which the synoptic collection of the museum of systematic botany is arranged, inasmuch as the plants of the earlier periods are low in the scale of life, consisting of thallophytes and pteridophytes and plants of uncertain botanical determination, while those which appear in the successively later periods are of successively higher and more complex types, represented
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Each specimen on display, with the exception of the very large ones, is placed upon a separate wooden block, and each one is labeled, giving the generic and specific name; the family, order, or class of plants to which it is referred; the geologic period and subdivision in which it belongs, and the locality or region where it was collected. All essential information of a botanical and geological nature in relation to each specimen is, therefore, included in the label. Whenever a figure of any specimen can be obtained this is placed on the same block with the specimen, and pictures of ideal landscapes, showing the extinct vege- tation of certain geologic periods, as well as restoration of certain extinct plants, are displayed in their proper cases. The series of exhibits begins in the first cases to the left as one enters the east hall of the basement. The sequence of the specimens in the wall cases corresponds to that of the floor cases.
In floor- and wall-cases Nos. 1 to 4 may be seen repre- sentatives of Eozoic and Paleozoic Time: Laurentian, Cambrian, Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous Periods. In floor- and wall-case No. 1 are specimens of graphite of Eozoic age and of anthracite and bituminous coal of Carboniferous age, showing the trans- formation of vegetable matter into the ultimate condition of pure carbon in the form of graphite or ‘“‘black lead” in the oldest rocks. Other specimens in this case, classed as algae, are of uncertain botanical relationship, as the structure of the primitive plants was not well adapted for preservation as fossils. For example, some organisms ap- pear as mere filamentous strips of graphite in white lime- stone, without any trace of the original structure remain- ing, while others may be seen as casts and impressions which closely simulate in general appearance different parts of the seaweeds now existing. In this series of problematic fossils are also included a number of forms at one time definitely classed as plants but now by some assumed to be of animal or inorganic origin; namely, Scolithus, which
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may be caused by worm burrows; Phytopsis, which may be a coral; Plumulina, which may be a hydroid; Dendro- phycus, which may be current-markings; and Dictyolites, which are most likely sun-cracks. All of these, however, have at one time or another been definitely regarded as the remains of marine plants and were originally so de- scribed and classified.
In these cases and in wall-case No. 2 are also the remains of the earliest fern-plants and their allies (Pteridophyta) of Devonian and Carboniferous age, represented by Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and Calamites, and the early seed-bearing plants, the cone-bearers (Gymnosperms), represented by Cordaites, with the fossils under Trigono- carpon, Rhabdocarpon, and other genera.
Floor-cases Nos. 2 and 3 and wall-case No. 3 contain specimens of Carboniferous age, for the most part ferns or fern-like plants, which were originally described as ferns, but which are now placed in a different group, the Cycado- filicales, that is, plants that had characteristics of both the ferns and the sago-palms, but more closely related to the latter than to the ferns.
Floor- and wall-cases No. 4 are devoted to specimens of Carboniferous plants in the genera Lepidodendron, Sigil- laria, and Stigmaria, in order to show the variation in the arrangement and shape of the leaf scars and the difference between specimens with the bark preserved and those which have been decorticated.
Floor-case No. 5 contains types of early Mesozoic time: Triassic and Jurassic Periods. The plant remains in this case are mostly sago-palms or cycads, with a few cone- bearers and fern-plants, besides specimens of the so-called “Glossopteris flora,” a flora of uncertain botanical relation- ship, which flourished in the transition period between Paleozoic and Mesozoic time, particularly in the southern hemisphere, and may yet be represented by the living South African genus Stangeria, a cycad having leaves with pinnately arranged forking veins, similar to ferns.
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Floor-case No. 6 encloses plant remains from the rocks of later Mesozoic time: Lower and Middle Cretaceous Period. These specimens represent the first appearance of the higher-seed-bearing plants (Angiosperms), the type which is dominant in the existing flora. The genera are in most instances apparently identical with those now in existence, but the species are extinct. The plants of the Lower Cretaceous consist largely of ferns and cone-bearers, while those of the middle Cretaceous show a preponderance of angiosperms.
Floor-case No. 7 is arranged to show specimens of the Middle Cretaceous flora found within the limits of the City of New York, on Staten Island, or in the immediate vicinity in New Jersey and on Long Island.
Floor-case No. 8 contains specimens from the Middle Cretaceous of the western States. ‘Those from the Dakota Group are exceptionally fine, many of them being perfectly preserved and showing both case and impression of the same leaf as counterparts.
Floor-case No. g is devoted to plants of the Upper Cretaceous (Laramie Group), and completes the vegetation of Mesozoic time.
Floor-cases Nos. 10 to 12 and wall-case No. § contain plant remains of Neozoic time. Those of the early Ter- tiary Period (Eocene) are displayed in floor-case No. Io. Those of the later Tertiary (Miocene) and Quaternary Periods in floor-cases Nos. 11 and 12. The specimens in the latter case complete the sequence of plant life on the earth and bring it up to modern times. A number of specimens at one end of the case show the methods of preservation by petrifaction, incrustation, and carboniza- tion, and on the upper shelf is a series of specimens from Quaternary and more recent swamp deposits which show how the conversion of living plants into fossils, a process now going on, has its beginning.
The specimens in wall-case No. § further illustrate the characteristics of the plants of the late geological periods
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and the methods by which the various plant structures have been preserved. A number of specimens of silicified woods show the method of preservation by what is known as petrifaction, or conversion into stone, in which the woody structure is replaced by mineral matter. Other specimens show preservation by incrustation, in which mosses and the stems of reeds are coated or incrusted by mineral matter deposited from springs; while on the upper shelf on the top of the case are logs and stumps from old swamps and interglacial deposits, in which the wood has been partially carbonized, or converted into lignite, by the slow process of natural distillation. This process represents the beginning of the conversion of vegetable tissue into coal.
LECTURES
Other features of the museum building include the large public lecture hall, with a seating capacity of over seven hundred, which occupies the western end of the basement. It is equipped with an electric projection-lantern, and free public popular lectures covering a wide field of botanical and horticultural subjects are delivered here on Saturday afternoons from spring to autumn; these are fully illustrated by means of a very extensive collection of lantern slides owned by the Garden which is constantly being increased. A noteworthy part of this collection is the series of delicately and accurately colored slides of flowers, fruits, trees and shrubs, by Mrs. Adelaide S. Van Brunt, from photographs made during many years by her late husband, Cornelius Van Brunt.
The Horticultural Society of New York holds several of its monthly meetings at the Garden, using the large lecture hall, and also uses the basement museum hall adjacent for the purpose of exhibitions.
The Torrey Botanical Club holds monthly meetings from October to May, on the afternoon of the last Wednesday of each month, in the museum building, and several of its field
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meetings on Saturday afternoons throughout the season are held at the Garden.
THE LIBRARY
The library of the Garden is located in the center of the upper floor of the museum building, and is available for consultation, by permission. It has been formed by the Board of Managers in order to provide for the use of students, all the literature of botany, horticulture and re- lated sciences, and is rapidly becoming one of the most complete collections of books and pamphlets in the world dealing with these subjects. It consists of a reading-room, circular in shape, and two stack rooms opening off from it. The collection contains over 30,000 bound volumes.
In addition to its own books, the library has on deposit many of the botanical works belonging to Columbia Uni- versity and the New York Academy of Sciences.
The Cox collection of Darwiniana, named in honor of the late Charles Finney Cox, by whom the collection was made, consists of a complete set of the works of Darwin. These books occupy a specially constructed cabinet which stands near the center of the reading room.
Manuscript letters of botanists, as well as many portraits of botanists, are also on file.
THE HERBARIUM
The herbarium consists of dried specimens of plants sys- tematically arranged in cases; it occupies the greater portion of several rooms on the upper floor of the museum building, and is available for consultation by permission. It contains prepared specimens of all kinds of plants from all quarters of the globe, and is the most extensive and complete col- lection of its kind in America. It comprises the Garden herbarium and the Columbia University herbarium. ‘The latter is one of the oldest collections of its kind in the United States, having been begun by Dr. John Torrey
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soon after the commencement of the last century. After half a century of natural growth several large herbaria were incorporated in it and large sets of special collections were added to it. The Garden herbarium was begun with the inception of the Garden. It has grown rapidly and now far excels the Columbia herbarium in the number of speci- mens. The rapid growth of the Garden herbarium and its importance is due to the fact that it is built up of approxi- mately thirty different herbaria which represent plants of all groups from all parts of the globe. To this as a basis have been added miscellaneous collections and the first sets of the plants secured by members of the Garden staff while exploring in different parts of the New World and the Old.
The great majority of specimens are mounted on her- barium sheets, but many thousand specimens, such as bulky fungi, fruits, seeds, and other parts of plants not suitable for placing flat on herbarium sheets are contained in cardboard boxes of multiple sizes.
The herbarium now comprises more than one and one-half million specimens. All groups of the flowerless plants and flowering plants are copiously represented.
THE LABORATORIES
Laboratories and working rooms for research are pro- vided on the upper floor of the museum building, and prop- erly qualified students of botany are permitted to make use of this equipment, under the direction of some member of the staff of the Garden. The equipment is designed to meet the needs of a very broad field of investigation, including plant chemistry, pathology, physiology and morphology. An experimental garden and greenhouse at the nurseries are used in connection with the laboratories. A valuable series of old microscopes, illustrating the history and de- velopment of that instrument, was presented by the late
Mr. Charles F. Cox.
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2. Public Conservatory Range 1
This great glasshouse, located but a short distance from the zooth Street Station of the Third Avenue Elevated Railway, is 512 feet in length, with a central dome about go feet in height, and wings extending from the main range in such a way as to form a court open to the southwest. The area under glass is about one acre. The building stands on a terrace 5 feet in height, approached by six flights of cut granite steps connecting with the path and driveway approaches. The house contains fifteen com- partments, separated by glass partitions and doors.
House No. r contains palms of numerous species from all parts of tropical and warm regions, both of the Old World and the New. Of West Indian palms, the collection con- tains the royal palm of the West Indies, Florida, and Panama; an elegant plant of the corozo palm (Acrocomia aculeata) of Jamaica, Porto Rico and the Windward Islands; and the cocoanut palm, planted in all tropical countries for its fruit and for the numerous uses to which its fiber, wood, and leaves are applied—it is not definitely known that the cocoanut palm is a native of the West Indies, and where in the tropical regions it actually originated is uncertain. Other tropical American palms are illustrated by the silvertop palm (Coccothrinax argentea), of Florida and the
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West Indies and by the curious Mexican Acanthorhiza aculeata with spine-like roots on its trunk. Old World species are shown in a very large tree of the Chinese fan- palm, and by numerous other large species from the Pacific islands. Another Old World palm is Calamus asperrimus, of Java, curious in its climbing habit; the specimen here is over one hundred and seventy feet long; the long tail-like appendages to the leaves, which have back- wardly turned spines, enable the palm to climb on sur- rounding vegetation. Related to the palms and shown by numerous specimens in this house, we find a number of species of the Panama hat-plant family, the most conspicu- ous being the Panama hat plant (Carludovica palmata), from the young leaves of which the costly Panama hats are made. Opposite the entrance to the court is a plant which be- longs to the grass family, the Chinese bamboo (Bambos vulgaris), whose stems reach into the upper part of the dome; this plant grows with great rapidity each year by new shoots which come up from under ground, our measure- ments showing that they reached 65 feet in height in 95 days, a rate of about 8 inches a day. The plant has been introduced into the West Indies, and in places where it grows its stems are put to a great variety of uses in con- struction, for water pipes, and for various utensils.
Houses No. 2 and No. 3 contain a collection of exogenous tropical plants. These are arranged in botanical sequence, the families appearing to the right or left of the walk, or both, as cultural conditions require, the sequence beginning at the east end on the north side, proceeding to the west end of house 3 and returning on the south side of the two houses, and terminating at the east end of house 2. On the right, as one enters from the north door from house 1, is a collection of the pepper family, Piperaceae. These are largely of the genus Peperomia; many of these plants have been collected by Garden expeditions to the West Indies. Plants of the genus Piper are usually large, and the larger ones will be found in the center nearby.
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The nettle family follows, represented by such plants as the odd Procris; Pilea, in several species, including P. microphylla, the artillery plant; the Gyrupia poison-tree, a native of Australia, one of the most vicious of the sting- ing nettles—at fruiting time the dull purple of its fruit makes it quite attractive; and the two-lobed Boehmeria, from Japan. The flat-stemmed Muhlenbeckia, native of the Solomon Islands, belongs to the knotweed family. As one proceeds, many species of figs will be found, in- cluding the common rubber plant of our homes. Further on is the laurel family, one of the interesting plants be- longing here being the alligator pear, the fruit of which is edible and much used as a salad, and otherwise, in the tropics. Near this is the custard-apple family, including the cherimoyer, an edible fruit, native of tropical America. Nearby are the senna and mimosa families, represented by numerous individuals. To the senna family belongs the poinciana, commonly grown in Florida and tropical coun- tries on account of its decorative red flowers. To the mimosa family belong the sensitive plants, of which there are two here which show this characteristic noticeably, Mimosa pudica and Mimosa Spegazzinit.
Near the west end of house 3 is a collection of the spurge family. Here will be found the genus Codiaeum in many colored forms, usually known as garden crotons. Other genera represented are Croton, Phyllanthus, Xylophylla, Antidesmia, and Acalypha. Here, also, are two plants of the curious West Indian ivy, belonging to the genus Marcgravia. On the south bench of this house is a large collection of begonias. Entering house 2, the north side of which we have already visited, we find more begonia plants on the south bench, and nearby the meadow- beauty family, largely represented in tropical regions, to which belongs our native meadow-beauty, Rhexia vir- ginica. Other families following are the vervain, acan- thus, potato, madder and thistle, the last two near the east door.
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House No. 4. Here are brought together many kinds of large tropical plants belonging to families also represented in the smaller houses, but too tall to be grown on the benches.
In this house may be found large specimens of the aroid family, the most noteworthy one of these being a magnifi- cent plant of Veitch’s tail-flower (Anthurium Veitchit), from Colombia, which is believed to be the most elegant plant of its kind in cultivation; climbing on trunks of trees set as supports, will be found a number of vines of the genera Philodendron and Monstera, one of these, Monstera deliciosa, a Mexican plant, producing an edible fruit, with the odor of pineapple. Another is Jfonstera late- vaginata; the early leaves differ widely from the mature ones. The main aroid collection will be found in house Io, and other plants at range 2, houses 16, 18, and 20.
A large tree of the common rubber plant, much grown in parlors, may be found in the center of this house, reaching to the roof; this is a native of tropical Asia and yields some rubber, but not in as great quantity nor of as good quality as the other rubber trees of South and Central America; it is a species of fig (Ficus elastica); other species of Ficus are shown in this house, notably a fine tree of Roxburgh’s fig, which bears its inedible fruit in bunches near the base of the tree, and a specimen of the Banyan tree (Ficus beng- halensts). Chocolate trees (Theobroma Cacao), native of tropical America, may be found here; the small white flowers are produced on the trunk and on branches, and a few of them develop into the large woody pods containing the seeds or chocolate beans, which are dried and ground up into chocolate and cocoa; specimens illustrating the choco- late industry will be found in the economic museum. The papaya, or papaw, also of tropical America, is here also; its fruit, esteemed as an aid to digestion, is borne just under the crown of leaves. A specimen of the bread-fruit tree (Artocarpus incisa) may also be seen here; originally from the islands of the Pacific, it was introduced into the West Indies in the latter part of the eighteenth century.
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Several interesting tall vines climb on the pillars of this house, and on supports along the sides, among them the night-blooming jessamine (Cestrum Parqui) of tropical America, which opens its flowers after dark and exhales a delicious perfume, the flowers remaining open during part of the morning; Henderson’s Allamanda, of Brazil, with its showy large yellow flowers, climbs to the roof.
House No. 5. The plants in this house are from desert regions. Especial attention is called to their fleshy stems or leaves which serve as storage organs for a water supply to carry them over periods of drought. On the right hand bench, as one enters from No. 4, are mainly plants from southern Africa: the carrion flowers (Stapelia), relatives of our common milkweed of the roadsides; Gasteria, Hawor- thia, and other South African representatives of the lily family; and the fig-marigolds, Mesembryanthemum, be- longing to the carpet-weed family.
On the end of the center bench, opposite to the entrance from house 4, is the collection of the fleshy members of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, mostly natives of the Old World. These closely resemble forms of the genus Cereus and related genera of the cactus family, to be found in houses 6 and 7. In fact, the adaptation to an arid environment, by the thickening of stems or leaves, is strikingly illustrated in the plants of several families con- tained in the collections in houses 5 to 8. On the center bench are the aloes, mainly South African members of the lily family. A part of the center bench and the side bench on the east side are devoted to members of the orpine family, many of these interesting and beautiful forms. ‘The eche- verias from Mexico and Central America, and the sempervi- vums or house-leeks, from the Old World, are conspicuous among these. Among other genera represented are Sedum, Kalanchoé, Pachyphytum, and Crassula (in house 6 are large specimens of Crassula portulacea). Many of the stone- crops are hardy plants, and a collection of these may be found at the herbaceous grounds. A large number of
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specimens belonging in this house and in the three following ones may be found during the summer in the beds in the conservatory court.
House No. 6. This is also a desert house. On the corner benches is a collection of century plants (Agave), a large genus known only from the New World; other and larger plants of this same genus may be found in the central portion of the house. Conspicuous among these are: the thread-bearing agave, Queen Victoria’s agave, the sisal plant (Agave sisalana), and the common century plant (Agave americana). The first two are decorative and curious; from Agave sitsalana is manufactured the sisal hemp of commerce; the last, Agave americana, is well known, and it is from the sap of related species that the Mexican drink ‘‘pulque”’ is obtained by fermentation. It is popularly believed that the century plants flower but once in a hundred years, and then die; it is true that the plant dies when done blooming, but it blooms at a much earlier age than a century, sometimes when but eight or ten years old. The collection of West Indian agaves is espe- cially rich in species.
A group of the dracaena family may be found in the central portion of this house. This comprises members of the genera Yucca and Dasylirion. A group of cacti may also be seen here, the most imposing figure of which is the giant cereus, Carnegiea gigantea, known as ‘‘sahuaro”’ by the Mexicans and Indians of its native country, Ari- zona and Sonora. The plants here shown were obtained by an expedition sent to those regions by the Garden in 1902, and are the largest specimens in cultivation in the east. Several large specimens of the hedgehog cactus, secured at the same time, form part of this group; the Indians in the desert plten secure a supply of drinking water from these plants by cutting off the top and macer- ating the interior substance.
Houses Nos. 7 and 8 are wholly occupied by the cactus family. The collections here have been greatly enriched
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and enlarged i in the past few years by extensive explora- tions made in South America, in cooperation with the Carnegie Institution, and from other sources. These col- lections, the richest in species in the world, have been assembled to facilitate the production of a monograph on this family now in course of preparation by the Garden in cooperation with the Carnegie Institution. In addition to the plants in these houses, many hundreds of others are located at the propagating houses. Nearly all these plants are devoid of leaves, these organs, when present, being mostly small and inconspicuous; in the genus Opuntia they are usually present on the young growths as awl- shaped bodies, while in some few species they are much larger and remain for some time; in the genus Pereskia, specimens of which will be found in house No. 8, the leaves are large and well developed. The stems of the cacti are fleshy and assume a great number of forms: in Opuntia the stem is composed of joints, either cylindric or broad and flattened; in Cereus and related genera the stems are angled; in Carnegiea they are thick, massive columns with many longitudinal ribs; in Echinocactus the plant-bodies are but little elongated, or almost globular; while in other genera the plant-body is covered with rows of spirally ar- ranged projections. The flowers of many cacti are ex- quisite in form and color; they are borne on various parts of the plant-body, in the Turk’s-head cactus on a curiously modified portion of the top.
In house 7 on the center bench is the genus Cereus and its many related genera, Pachycereus, Cephalocereus, Lepto- cereus, Acanthocereus, Nyctocereus, Hylocereus, Selenicereus, Harrisia, and others. Among these is the old-man cactus, Cephalocereus senilis. On the west and north side benches is a collection of the genus Epiphyllum, often known as Phyllocactus. The broad flattened parts of these plants are stems and not leaves, the flowers being borne in the notches along their edges. The flowers are very showy, many of them beautiful in the extreme. On the south
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and west side of the center bench are plants of the hedgehog cactus, Echinocactus, and also of Echinocereus and Echinop- sis. On the south bench is a collection of cactuses, largely of the genus formerly known as Afamillaria. Here also will be found specimens of Echinocereus, Echinocactus, and of the curious Turk’s-head cactus which bears its flowers on the red cap to the plant, hence its popular name.
House 8 is mainly devoted to the collections of the genus Opuntia. On the center and north benches are the platy- opuntias, those with broad flat joints, while on the south bench will be found the cylindropuntias, or those with rounded stems. Among the platyopuntias are a number of plants of Burbank’s so-called spineless cactus; these were obtained direct from Mr. Burbank in rg12, and it is curious to note that many of them are now developing spines. It is claimed that these plants are valuable for fodder in arid regions. As already remarked above, the leaves of the opuntias are usually small and awl-shaped and occur on the young growths. In this house will also be found the genus Pereskia, in which the leaves are normally developed. One of the commonest of these is the Barbados gooseberry, Pereskia Pereskia, of tropical America. Peresk- iopsis is a related genus of which a number of species will be found here; its leaves are also well developed.
An interesting economic plant in this house is Nopalea coccinellifera, upon which the cochineal insect breeds; it is from these insects that the dye cochineal was obtained. Nopalea much resembles the flat-stemmed Opuntia in its plant body, but is distinguished readily by its different flowers.
Few of the cacti are of economic importance. A number of different kinds are used for hedges in tropical America. Certain species of Opuntia produce edible fruits known as Indian figs. These are offered for sale in the fruit stores in New York at the proper season. In the island of Grand Turk certain species of Opuntia which grow there are used in making a soup, known as pear soup, the young joints of the plant being used for the purpose.
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House No. 9. This is the aquatic house, and plants which find their homes in the water or require much moist- ure are brought together here. From the bridge spanning the pool the various features may be readily observed. Fringing the pool on the right, as one enters from house
o. 10, are members of the sedge and grass families, while on the left hand side the fringe is made up entirely of grasses, largely of the graceful bamboos. Of special in- terest among the sedges is the Egyptian paper-plant (Cyperus Papyrus), from which many of the ancients ob- tained their writing paper. Among the grasses by far the most important is the sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum); from the lower portions of its stalks the juice is extracted by pressure, and from this juice molasses and sugar are manufactured. Among the plants in the pool are many with attractive flowers; conspicuous among these being water-lilies (Castalia), of which there are several different kinds; the water hyacinth; the parrot’s-feather, with its deli- ate feathery masses of green; the water poppy; the water snowflake; the water lettuce and golden-club, members of the arum family; the floating fern; and some odd little plants related to the ferns, members of the genus Salvinza.
House No. ro contains specimens of the aroids, repre- sented by a large number of different species, located on and underthe benches. The plants of this family (Araceae) are mostly of tropical distribution, but they are represented in our northern flora by the skunk cabbage, the jack-in-the- pulpit, and the sweet flag; the most familiar one in cultiva- tion is the calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), not botanic- ally a lily. The plants all have spikes of very small flowers closely massed together, and usually subtended by a broad leaf-like structure which is known as the spathe; this is usually highly colored, pure white, yellow, red or scarlet, and is commonly thought of as the flower, though not botanically so; species of Anthurium, known as tail-flowers, are abundant in the West Indies and tropical America, as is the genus Philodendron, signifying tree-loving, on account of
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many species being vines climbing high on the trees in tropi- cal forests; numerous species have underground stems and branches which contain much starch and are cultivated in the tropics for food, under the name of yautias and taros. Plants of the same family, too large for exhibition in this house, may be found in house No. 4. Others will be found at range 2, houses 16, 18, and 20.
House No. 11. Here are brought together many kinds of tropical plants belonging to the banana, ginger and canna families. The collection of bananas and their relatives occupies the greater part of the space and one or more of the specimens is usually in fruit; the collection contains both the edible, commercial bananas and the plantains, and also several species whose fruit is not edible, but in which the interest lies in their decorative leaves and flowers- The stems and leaves of all these plants contain some fiber, which is produced in enormous quantities in the Philippine Islands from Musa textilis, and is the well-known Manila hemp. The supply of fruit for the United States comes mostly from Central America and the West Indies, and some from northern South America. Bananas will grow in southern Florida, but the rocky soil of that region is not well adapted to their cultivation. The traveler’s tree, from Madagascar, is shown in several fine specimens, and gets its English name from the fact that the axis of each long leaf-stalk contains a great deal of water which can be tapped and drunk. The bird-of-paradise plants, which take their name from their gaudy flowers, will be found in this group; they are natives of southern Africa and belong to the genus Sérelitzia. Another genus of the banana family, Bihai, is also represented by several species, called wild plantains, natives mainly of tropical America.
Here also may be found several species of the genus Costus and of other genera of the ginger family, including the ginger plant (Zingiber Zingiber).
House No. 12 contains specimens illustrating several fami- lies of monocotyledonous plants of tropical regions. The
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amaryllis family is represented by a number of species of the spider lily (Hymenocallis), bearing large white flowers, the commonest being Hymenocallis expansa from the sandy coasts of the West Indies; large plants of the genus Crinum, some of which have white flowers and some red or purple, may be seen here, and the maguey (Furcraea) of the West Indies (a spiny-leaved relative of the century plant, native of the West Indies, and used there for hedges); this name maguey is also applied in parts of the West Indies to species of Agave, which will be found in house 6.
Numerous representatives of the dracaena family, many of which are used for ornamental planting in the tropics, are in this house. Larger plants of this family will be found in house 13 adjoining. The collection of the genus Sansevieria is also located here; many species yield a tough and valuable fiber from the leaves; they are com- monly referred to as bowstring-hemp.
The interesting screw-pines, natives of the Old World tropics, are illustrated by several species, the leaves of which are used in the manufacture of mats, hats and baskets. These plants are not at all related to pine trees, the latter part of the name referring to the slight resem- blance the leaves bear to those of pineapple plants, which are commonly called pines in the tropics, while the remain- der of the name was suggested by the spiral arrangement of the leaves. Larger specimens will be found in house 13 adjoining.
The tacca family, Taccaceae, is here represented in two genera, Tacca cristata and Schizocapsa plantaginea. This family is closely related to the amaryllis family.
The arrow-root family is illustrated by the arrow-root (Maranta arundinacea), native of South America, but widely cultivated in the West Indies, its roots furnishing the commercial product; Calathea comprises a large number of tropical American plants noteworthy for their fine foliage; and there are other genera represented.
House No. 13. This house contains largely temperate
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palms, or other palms which will thrive under temperate conditions. Here is the dwarf fan palm (Chamaerops humilis), of the Mediterranean region; the genus Howea, native of Lord Howe’s Island, and commonly known among florists as Kentia; the date palm (Phoenix dac- tylifera), of northern Africa, and other related species; the palmetto (Sabal Palmetto), of our southern states; and perhaps the most striking of all is the fan palm of the California desert (Neowashingtonia robusta), in four fine specimens. Large specimens of the screwpines (Pandanus), and of the genera Dracaena and Cordyline find a place here; smaller plants will be found in house 12 adjoining.
One of the most imposing plants here is Araucaria Bidwillti, a native of Australia, where it is known as bunga bunga; the members of the genus Araucaria replace in the southern hemisphere the pines of the northern. Other speci- mens of Araucaria will be found in the Central Display House at Range 2.
The gum-trees of Australia and Tasmania (Eucalyptus) are represented in two plants; these trees occur in large forests, and sometimes attain a height of 200 to 400 feet. There is also a specimen of the camphor tree (Cinnamomum Camphora), from which the camphor of commerce is de- rived. There is a tea-plant (Thea sinensis), the commercial plant from which is obtained our beverage tea; black and green tea are obtained from the same plant, the difference in color being due to the method of preparation; the tea-plant is extensively cultivated in many warm and tropical countries, having been used as a beverage by the Chinese from time immemorial; its first introduction into Europe is said to have been by the Dutch in 1610.
On the columns or against the walls will be found a number of vines. Among these is the yellow jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens), of the south; it sends out its bright yellow flowers in February, and they persist for several weeks. Among others there are the following: Cherokee rose (Rosa laevigata); Bougainvillaea in two
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species, the bracts surrounding the small flowers being bright magenta colored or red, making of the plant when in bloom a gorgeous show; the flaming bignonia (Pyros- tegia venusta); the blue bignonia (Clytostoma callistegioides); and the large-flowered Solandra (Solandra grandiflora), a native of tropical America.
Houses Nos. 14 and 15. In these two houses are the smaller specimens of the palm family and Panama-hat- plant family, the larger plants being in house 1. On the north bench in house 14 is a collection of plants of the Panama-hat-plant family.
CoNnsERVATORY CouRT
There are three attractive features here during the open season, viz., the display of tulips in the spring, followed by the collection of desert plants, and the water- lily collection. The water-lilies may be found in two pools, one in each end of the court. In the easterly one are placed the hardy sorts, such as are able to with- stand the severe cold of our winters, which remain per- manently where they are, winter and summer. In the westerly pool are the tender kinds, or such as require pro- tection during the winter; many of these are stored in a warm place during winter and placed on view again in the spring. The most conspicuous of the tender sorts is the royal water-lily from Paraguay; this is not hardy in this climate, and, as it is too large to protect from the cold, is grown anew from seed each year; the seeds are sown in the propagating houses late in winter, and the young plants placed on view late in the spring or in early summer.
In summer the collection of desert plants is in the beds in front of the entrance to house No. 1, usually occupied by tulips during the spring. The central bed contains American desert plants only, made up largely of members of the cactus, amaryllis, and dracaena families. The bed paralleling this to the west contains a collection of
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cacti, members of the genera Nopalea and Opuntia, the ‘latter prickly pears, with flat stems or joints, all natives of the American desert. In a bed paralleling this on the opposite side of the central bed is a collection of desert plants from southern Africa. Placed transversely to this is a small bed with desert plants of one family, con- taining representatives from both the Old World and the New. A corresponding bed on the other side of the court is devoted to desert plants from the Old World. Near to this is a small bed containing plants of the genus Opuntia, those with round stems or joints and the tree-like forms. In the corresponding bed on the other side of the court is a collection of desert plants belonging to the spurge family. 3. Public Conservatory Range 2
This range is located on the easterly side of the grounds, a short distance from the Allerton Avenue Station of the Subway, and in the midst of the deciduous arboretum. Only the central transverse part and the houses north of it have been completed, consisting of the central display house, placed transversely to the long axis of the com- pleted range; four lower houses, at a right angle to this, about 140 feet long, of which two are divided into two compartments each; and another section, about 156 feet long and 28 feet wide, parallel with the central display house and connected with it by the four lower houses above mentioned, and divided into three compartments. Connecting the long north and south houses are smaller houses, nos. 4, 8, and 12, used for potting and other pre- paratory purposes. The main entrance to this range is at the east end of the central display house.
In this range will be found the greater part of the collec- tions of temperate plants, those which are not hardy in our climate but require cool cultural conditions; the collec- tions of the orchid, pineapple, and fern families; the collection of cycads; the collection of pitcher plants; and some representatives of the arum family.
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Central Display House.—This house, the gift of Messrs. Daniel and Murry Guggenheim, has a length of about 170 feet, a breadth of 47 feet, and a height of 35 feet. The central portion is designed for the purpose of giving
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Fig. 2. Ground plan of Conservatory Range 2, so far as completed.
lectures on botanical and horticultural subjects, the large collections of living plants furnishing illustrative material. This portion is provided with a cement floor about 58 feet long and 47 feet wide. Flower shows may also be held here, the excellent light and the*cool conditions maintained being well adapted to this purpose.
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Here is being brought together a collection of temperate plants, natives of the warm temperate regions or of the higher mountainous portions of the tropics. Passing in through the main entrance, immediately in front will be found a group of acacias, mostly natives of Australia, although some few are of hybrid production. When in full bloom, which occurs usually from mid-winter to early spring, they are beautiful in their profusion of yellow blos- soms. Back of this group is a miscellaneous collection, including a large specimen of Podocarpus Purdieanus, a native of Jamaica, and a large plant of Araucaria Bid- willii, the bunga bunga of Australia, its native country. At the other end of the house are groups comprising in part members of the pine family, such as Araucaria, Juniperus, and Pinus; there are also plants of the yew family, represented by Podocarpus, and a number of species of the myrtle family in the genera Callistemon, the bottle brush, Myrtus, the myrtle, Eugenia, and others. In this house is also a plant of the olive tree (Olea europaea), which is a native of the Mediterranean region and the Orient, but has now been largely introduced into cultiva- tion in other warm countries; in the middle of the 18th century it was first introduced into California, at San Diego, it is said, and is now largely cultivated in southern California. Other interesting plants here are: the ole- ander, in the flowers, leaves, and especially the bark of which occurs a poisonous principle; the crepe myrtel (Lagerstroemia indica); the edible fig (Ficus Carica); and the pomegranate.
House No. 2. This house and compartment B of house 6 contain the orchid collections. The orchid family is widely distributed, occurring in all tropical regions, but finding its greatest development in the Old World in India and the Malayan region, while in the New World its greatest numbers occur in Brazil and other parts of northern South America. In temperate regions relatively few species are found, while in very cold countries they
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are entirely absent. Most of the tropical forms are epiphytes, that is, they grow upon trees and usually have bulb-like or thickened stems and fleshy leaves for the conservation of their water supply, as, from their habitat, this supply must be precarious. In temperate regions nearly all of the species are terrestrial, and have thin leaves, the soil about their roots serving to protect them from the cold and also giving them a more constant water supply; they do not, therefore, need pseudobulbs or thickened stems. Coming from all parts of the world as they do, their blooming time varies greatly, so that at almost any time of the year, be it winter or summer, some of these interesting plants may be found in bloom.
This house is the gift of Messrs. Daniel and Murry Guggenheim. Jt has a length of 140 feet and a breadth of 29 feet. It is divided into two compartments, 4 and B.
In compartment J are the orchids requiring cool condi- tions. Here will be found: Coelogyne cristata and Paphioped- tlum insigne, of the Himalayan region, the latter species with many color variations, and one of the exceptions in a genus usually requiring the conditions of a stove house; some species of the genus Epidendrum; Lycaste, an Ameri- can genus; Odontoglossum, also of America; Oncidium, a large genus of tropical America, with a maximum de- velopment in South America; Masdevallia. 3 in large part, a genus of great altitudes in the American tropics; Pleurothal- lis, with much the same distribution as the preceding genus, many of the species being very small, some only a half inch tall; and Pletone, of the Old World.
n compartment B are those requiring intermediate conditions as to temperature. Here, among others, will be found the genera: Cattleya, in most part, native of America only; Epidendrum, in part, also a large American group; Laelia, of American distribution; and Oncidium, in part, likewise American.
House No. 6. This house is the same length as house 2, but is only about 21 feet wide, and is a little lower. It is also divided into two compartments, 4 and B.
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In compartment 4 is the collection of the pineapple family. These are mostly plants which live on the trunks and branches of trees in tropical forests, and are there- fore called epiphytes, signifying plants growing upon other plants; many of them are exceedingly beautiful in foliage and in flower; the so-called Florida moss, or Spanish moss, clothes the trees of the live-oaks in the southern Atlantic States, and is not a moss at all, but a plant bearing small flowers which show its relationship to others of this family. The pineapple itself, doubtless the most familiar member of this group, has been culti- vated in tropical regions for an indefinite period for fruit, and is not certainly known in the wild state; the pineapple fruit is the ripened bunch of flowers which forms at the top of the stem; the plant is propagated by cutting off the tuft of leaves, which is found on the top of the fruit, and by suckers which sprout from the side of the plant near the ground; it is an exception to the tree-loving habit of most of the family, in growing on the ground, and is cultivated in the Bahamas and on the Florida Keys, often in very rocky soil. One of the very spiny-leaved species, Bromelia Pinguin, is widely utilized as a hedge plant in the West Indies. Other genera to be found here are: Tillandsia and Vriesia, in many species; Guzmania; Aechmea; Puit- cairnia; Hohenbergia; Cryptanthus; and Buillbergia.
n compartment B are those which require very humid and hot conditions for their successful cultivation; such a house is called an East Indian or stove house. Here the larger and more interesting of the genera represented are: Catasetum, of American distribution; Dendrobium, a large group of the Old World; Coelogyne, of large representation, also in the Old World; Paphiopedilum, the Venus-slipper, an Old World representative of the group containing our lady-slippers, Cypripedium; Peristeria elata, of Panama, the Holy Ghost or dove orchid; Vanda, widely distributed in the East Indies and Malay Archipelago, many of them with large and showy, often sweet-scented, flowers; An-
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graecum, of tropical Africa and the Mascarene Islands; and Phalaenopsis, native in the East Indies and the Malay Archipelago. Other plants requiring the conditions here are the tropical or East Indian pitcher-plants, Nepen- thes, a collection of which will be found here. They are mostly vines, growing naturally on trees, their leaves curiously ie at the ends into hollow structures, provided with lids, and technically known as pitchers: which are often wrongly regarded as the flowers; these pitchers contain water and secrete from their sides a liquid which digests insects that fall or crawl into the pitchers; this form of nutriment is apparently not necessary at all, however, to the growth of the plants; the flowers are small but borne in large clusters arising from the stems and may often be seen in this collection.
House No. ro. In this house is a large part of the collection of tropical ferns and their allies, and a part of the collection of cycads. The larger specimens of ferns and the tree-ferns will be found in houses 18 and 20, and the larger cycad plants in house 16. This house is the same size as No. 6.
In so far as cultural conditions will permit, the ferns and their allies are arranged in families and genera, thus expressing relationships. The arrangement begins on the east side, as one enters from the central display house, and continues on and around the house, terminating on the west side opposite the point of starting. Among the larger fern genera here represented are: the maiden- hair ferns, Adiantum; the polypodies, Polypodium, and a few related genera; the brakes, Pteris; the shield-ferns, Polystichum and Dryopteris; the spleenworts, Asplenium; and the Boston fern and its relatives, derived from Nephro- lepis exaltata, a tropical species—an interesting group, showing the great diversity in forms which may result from a single species by selection and propagation. A large group, related to the ferns, is the selaginella family, repre- sented by many species; this family is largely tropical, a
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comparatively small number of species being found in temperate regions, a few of which are in North America. Psilotum nudum is another plant related to the ferns, and of rather rare occurrence in cultivation.
At the south end of the center bench is-a part of the cycad collection. Muicrocycas calocoma, a rare Cuban plant, is among these. There are a number of specimens of the American genus Zamia, including representatives from Florida and the West Indies.
House No. 14. ‘The plants in this house, which is the same size as No. 2, are natives of warm temperate regions, or of the greater altitudes in the tropics; they are not hardy in our climate. The larger specimens of the tem- perate collections will be found in the Central Display House.
The plants here are arranged in sequence of families as far as cultural conditions will permit, thus furnishing a collection for the comparative study of plant families and genera. The sequence begins on the right hand, as one enters from the Central Display House, and continues on and around this house, terminating on the west bench opposite the point of starting. First come the temperate ferns and their allies, and the members of the pine and yew families. Then follow the endogenous plants, those which are typified by the common lily, the grass, and the palm. Following these, and forming the greater part of the collec- tion, are the exogenous plants, those with net-veined leaves. Two curious plants among the endogens are members of the lily-of-the-valley family; they are the butcher’s broom (Ruscus aculeatus), and the double-tongue (Ruscus Hypo- glossum). The iris family, to which belong the flags, is represented by an example from Bermuda, known as the Bermuda iris (Sisyrinchium Bermudiana); to this genus belong the blue-eyed grasses of the United States. The amaryllis family has as a representative a yellow star grass (Hypoxis villosa) from southern Africa, much re- sembling the species found wild in the eastern United States. A few specimens of Paphiopedilum insigne are
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placed here, in order to show the relationship of the orchid family to the other endogenous ones. Curious among the exogenous plants is the horsetail knotweed (Polygonum equisetiforme), of southern Europe. Others of curious interest are the pitcher-plants (Sarracenia), of the south- eastern United States. The pitchers contain a liquid in which the insects are drowned, the fluid resulting through their decay being absorbed by the pitchers; these struc- tures form a part of the leaves and are a modification of the petiole. The sundews (Drosera) are also insectivorous plants; they secrete a sticky substance from the glandular hairs on their leaves, which can digest insects and other animal matter. A plant useful as a ground cover in a temperate house is Helxine Soletrolit, a member of the nettle family. It grows rapidly and soon forms a beautiful carpet of green.
House No. 16. This house is about 28 feet wide and 43 feet long. Here is a collection of sago palms or cycads; others will be found on the south end of the center bench in house 10. This family of plants is represented by large specimens of Cycas revoluta, from Japan; Cycas circinalis, from the Molucca Islands; a single plant of the rare Stangeria eriopus, from southern Africa, where it is known as the kaffir’s-head; the American genus, Ceratozamzia, named on account of the horns on the scales of the cone— Ceratozamia mexicana and Ceratozamia Miqueliana, both from Mexico, are in the collection; a number of specimens of the genus Zamia, including the small Florida coonties; the kaffir-bread (Encephalartos), from Africa; Macrozamia Moorei, from Australia; and the Mexican genus Dioén. The stems and trunks of plants of this family contain much starch, which is extracted, in the countries in which they grow, by crushing and washing, and passes into commerce under the name of sago starch. On the walls are specimens of aroid vines.
House No. 18. This house is about 68 feet long; it contains a part of the collection of tree-ferns, specimens of
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other ferns too large for house 10, and the main collection of staghorn ferns, which are hanging from the roof. Speci- mens of aroid vines will also be found on the walls.
The graceful tree-ferns inhabit mostly the mountains of the tropics, commonly at an elevation of 1500 feet or more. Some of the plants have been secured by Garden expedi- tions to different parts of the American tropics. Sus- pended from the roof, in addition to the staghorn ferns, are other desirable ferns.
House No. 20. This is the same size as house 16. It contains tree-ferns, and large specimens of other ferns, including some of Blechnum brasiliense. Here is a fern from China and Tartary, known as the Scythian Lamb (Cibotium Barometz), which is of interest as forming the basis of a marvellous tale, current in early times, to the effect that on a vast plain to the eastward of the Volga occurred a wonderful plant, looking like a lamb. This animal, so the story ran, was supported upon a stalk and as soon as it had exhausted the vegetation at hand died from starvation. There are also climbing ferns in this house. Aroid vines will be found on the walls.
PoweER Houses
Steam for heating conservatory range I is supplied from the power house, located near the New York Central Railroad just south of the zooth Street entrance and connected with the range by a subway about six hundred feet long containing the steam mains; five boilers are in- stalled and supply steam not only to the range, but also to the museum building through another subway about twelve hundred feet in length.
Steam for heating conservatory range 2 is supplied from a boiler house near this structure, a little to the north.
4, The Mansion This large stone house, situated on the high eastern bank of the Bronx River above the waterfall, came to the use
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of the Garden with the tract of about 140 acres added by the city to the reservation in 1915. At that time it was much out of repair, but considerable work has since been done upon it. The basement is used for shops for storage; the Bronx Society of Arts and Sciences has occupied a part of the building for several years, having museum collections on both the first and second floors as well as the use of a room for its Secretary; the Horticultural Society of New York has been given office room on the second floor; some of the laboratories of the Garden are located here; and part of the first floor has been fitted up for board rooms and a lecture room. 5. The Pinetum [COLLECTION OF CONE-BEARING TREES|
The collection of cone-bearing trees, technically known as the Pinetum, because the pines are the most abundant of these trees, is planted over a space of about 30 acres in the southwestern part of the grounds, extending from the approach to the elevated railway station southeast to the herbaceous garden, and northeast to the museum building and the borders of the hemlock forest. The species of trees are grouped in genera, which are mostly separated by paths. The planting out of these trees was commenced in 1901; the collection will continually become more complete year by year as additional species are secured; many of these have to be raised from seed, and the process of cea a collection of conifers thus requires much tim
Commencing at the approach to the ee railway station we find the Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga mucronata) planted in the space between the traffic road and the park driveway to the left of the path leading to the conserva- tories; this tree is a native of western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast and is sometimes known as red fir; in the far northwest it sometimes be- comes 180 to 210 feet high, its trunk occasionally as much as 14 feet in diameter, but in the Rocky Mountains it is
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seldom one-half this size, and trees taken from the far northwest do not thrive well on the Atlantic coast, owing to the much greater rainfall which they naturally receive there; the cones of the Douglas spruce are from 2 to 4 inches long, pendant on the branches, their scales rounded and shorter than the bracts which project beyond them.
The hemlock spruces (Tsuga) are planted south of power house 1, and are represented by the Canadian hemlock spruce (Tsuga canadensis), the same species which forms the interesting forest on the hills bordering the Bronx River, and indicated on the general plan of the Garden as the hem- lock grove. This tree occasionally becomes 100 feet high, with a trunk up to 4 feet in diameter, and is distributed throughout northeastern North America, extending south- ward along the mountains to Alabama, northward to Nova Scotia and westward to Minnesota. Its bark is the most important tanning substance in the United States and a great many trees are annually felled to obtain it; its wood furnishes a cheap lumber of little strength and durability. The weeping hemlock (Tsuga canadensis pendula) is one of the most beautiful dwarf evergreens. The Carolina hem- lock (Tsuga caroliniana), from the mountains of southern Virginia to Georgia, may also be seen here, as well as Siebold’s hemlock spruce (Tsuga Tsuga), to which the name Tsuga was first applied. The hairy-twigged Japanese hem- lock, Tsuga diversifolia, is also here.
In the area to the westward of the conservatories, extending to the west border, and bounded by paths on the north and south, are the firs (Abies). These can at once be distinguished from the spruces (Picea) by the erect, instead of pendulous, cones, and by the smooth branchlets. The wood of the firs is usually soft and not durable, so it makes poor lumber. Specimens of the balsam fir will be found here; this is widely distributed over northern North America, and from it is obtained canada balsam or balm of fir, used in the arts and in medicine. The Japanese silver fir is an attractive plant, with its dark green stiff foliage.
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Veitch’s silver fir, from Japan, and said also to occur on the neighboring coast of Manchuria, is useful for orna- mental purposes; it was discovered in 1860 on the famous Japanese mountain, Fuji-yama, by Mr. Veitch, for whom it is named. The red fir, from Washington and Oregon, with its blue leaves, borne almost erect and apparently on but one side of the branchlets, makes a conspicuous object; in its native country it sometimes attains a height of 250 feet but here is of very slow growth, as evidenced by the plants in the pinetum which are about 20 years old; its wood is sometimes used in the interior finishing of buildings. Among other firs here are: the white fir, from western North America, sometimes growing to a height of 200 to 250 feet; the Siberian fir, from northern Europe and Asia, yielding a soft lumber in general use and a bark used in tanning leather; the silver fir, from Europe; Nord- mann’s silver fir, from the Caucasus; the Cilician fir, from Asia Minor; and the Nikko silver fir, from Japan.
The spruces (Picea) are located in the area to the north- east of the firs. Some of the spruces are most valuable timber trees. The oriental spruce, from western Asia and the Caucasus, is present in several specimens. One of the hardiest spruces for our climate, and a general favorite, is the Colorado spruce, which sometimes becomes 100 feet tall in its native country; this will be found here in the green form; also in the varieties glauca and Kosteri, the blue color of the young leaves more marked in the latter, and a pendulous form of variety glauca. The Norway spruce and a number of horticultural forms are brought to- gether to the west of the group of golden bells or Forsythia near the Garden station plaza; it is a commonly cultivated tree and furnishes a useful timber, which is known as “‘ white deal” in England, and is largely used in the manufacture of musical instruments; the resinous exudation of this tree is known as Burgundy pitch, which, in combination with other ingredients, is used in Europe to line beer casks. Other spruces of interest here are the Yesso spruce, the
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wood of which is much used in Japan; Engelmann’s spruce, from western North America, the wood of which is largely manufactured into lumber and the bark sometimes used in tanning; the Servian spruce, one of the largest and most valuable timber trees of southeastern Europe; and the tiger-tail spruce, from Japan, introduced about forty years ago, one of the hardiest Asiatic species in cul- tivation.
The space allotted to the pines (Pinus) embraces the region to the eastward of the spruces and public conserva- tory, range I, extending across the road to the herbaceous grounds. Most of the pines are of great economic impor- tance, furnishing large quantities of lumber, turpentine and resin. Many of the white pines will be found on the westerly ridge of the herbaceous grounds and across the road from this to the eastward of range 1. Among these is our common white pine, which is perhaps the most valuable of the timber trees of northeastern North America, large quantities of lumber being derived from it. Near this is the Himalayan white pine, resembling it, but with longer drooping leaves and the cones borne on long stalks; this sometimes attains a height of 150 feet in its native country, where its lumber is much used for building and other purposes. In this region will also be found the white Swiss stone pine, of Europe and Asia; and the Macedonian white pine, of southeastern Europe.
In the area to the eastward of range 1 will be found, among others, the Austrian pine, with a hard, strong wood which is much used; the variegated Scotch pine, with the young leaves variegated; and a number of plants of the white pine, Himalayan white pine and the Rocky Mountain, western, and Korean white pines.
In the region to the north of the white pine tract, and on the westerly side of the herbaceous grounds ridge, will be found the Japanese red pine, and several horticultural forms of it. Following these to the north are a number of plants of the Jack or gray pine, native of northern North
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America; its wood is sometimes used for fuel, and was valued by the Indians for the frames of canoes.
In the area to the eastward of the spruces are a number of other pines. The Korean white pine, a native of eastern Asia, is located next to the spruces. Near this is the Table- mountain pine. On the high ground to the eastward of the above is the Scotch pine, the principal timber pine of Europe and Asiatic Russia. On the easterly slope of this higher land and on the lower ground nearby may be found, among others, the red or Norway pine, from northeastern North America, the wood of which is largely used for building purposes and for masts, piles and spars; the small-flowered white pine, from Japan, where it is frequently used by the Japanese in producing their minia- ture trees; the Japanese black pine, useful for its wood; the Austrian pine, found native from Austria to the Balkan peninsula; and the yellow, or bull, pine, from western North America.
In the triangle located midway between the south gate and range 1, are the American cypresses (Taxodium), in two species: the bald cypress, and the pond cypress. These, like the larches (Larix), and a few other coniferous trees, shed their leaves for a portion of the year. They form vast areas in parts of the southern states, called cypress swamps. Their timber is of economic importance and their bark isrichintannin. None of the true cypresses (Cupressus) are hardy with us.
At the northern end of the swale in which the herbaceous grounds are located, and to the westward of the morphologic garden, is the collection of larches (Larix) and also the members of the yew family (Taxaceae). ‘The larches are deciduous trees, the wood of which is of great economic importance. Specimens of the European larch are here, and also of the Japanese larch. The genus Pseudolarix, distinguished from the larches in having the scales of the cones decidous, is represented by its single species, the golden or Chinese larch; this, like the true larches, is a deciduous tree.
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The yew family (Taxaceae) is represented by three genera. Of the true yews (Taxus) there are: the American yew, or ground hemlock; the English yew and several of its horticultural varieties, the wood of which was highly prized in ancient times for the manufacture of bows; and the Japanese yew. The last is by far the best for this climate, standing well the dry summers and cold winters; there is a dwarf form of this known as variety nana, which is an especially desirable evergreen for decorative planting. The cluster-flowered yew (Cephalotaxus) is represented by two from China and Japan. e Japanese Torreya (Tumion nuciferum) represents this genus. Another spe- cies, Tumion taxtfolium, of Florida, is not hardy in our climate: it will be found in house 14, conservatory Tange 2. Still other representatives of the yew family are in the central display house and house 14 of conservatory range 2.
o the north of the economic garden will be found speci- mens of the umbrella pine, not a true pine, however, but belonging to the genus Sciadopitys, a native of Japan. Another tree here is the Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica, with several horticultural varieties; this will stand our winter climate only in sheltered situations such as this; the variety Lobbit is more hardy and therefore better Ried to this climate.
On the westerly corner of the conservatory terrace and in the immediate vicinity are located the retinisporas, which are so commonly cultivated as decorative plants. There are many horticultural forms here represented, but they are all variations of two Japanese trees: the Sawara cypress (Chamaecyparis pisifera); and the Hinoki cypress (Cham- aecyparis obtusa). The latter species is frequently used by the Japanese in their dwarfing process. The names borne by the various horticultural forms have been suggested by some peculiarity in coloring or in manner of growth. North American species of the genus Chamaecyparis will be found in the low ground along the south walk, not far from the south gate.
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On the easterly corner of the conservatory terrace, oppo- site the retinisporas, is a part of the juniper, or red cedar (Juniperus), collection. ‘The remaining and larger portion of this collection will be found on the easterly end of the area lying between the driveway and the traffic-road south of range 1. In these two areas will be found many species and varieties of these plants. The common juniper, of north temperate regions, is one of these; also the Irish juniper, a form of this, of compact and strict habit. The red cedar, so common in a wild state in the grounds of the Garden, finds representatives in many horticultural forms. The savin juniper, of Europe and northern Asia, and its American representative, the Waukegan juniper, of northern North America, are both neat low-growing sorts. The Chinese juniper, and its striking form, of columnar habit, known as variety pyramidalis, are each present in a number of specimens. There are still other varities of the Chinese juniper represented here, including Phiizertana, one of the best dwarf conifers.
t the westerly end of this area is the arbor vitae group (Thuja). The species of this genus produce a durable wood which is of especial value where there is contact with the soil. The Japanese arbor vitae is represented by several specimens. ‘The common arbor vitae, from northeastern North America, is fully represented, not only by the typical form, but by many horticultural varieties, some of them very decorative; the wood of this tree is valued for fence posts, railway ties, etc., and from its young branches fluid extracts and tinctures are made which are used in medicine. The Chinese arbor vitae, from China and Japan, has a number of specimens representing it and some of its horticultural forms; this as a decorative plant in this vicinity is not satisfactory, as it is not quite hardy, the branches often killing back in the winter and the foliage burning badly.
The maiden-hair tree family (Ginkgoaceae) is represented by a single species, the maiden-hair tree, several specimens
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of which may be found on the southern portion of the westerly ridge of the herbaceous grounds. This interesting tree, with its fan-shaped leaves, isa remarkable relic of a type of vegetation which was commonand widely distributed in tertiary geologic time, but is now restricted to eastern tem- perate Asia in this one species, Ginkgo biloba.
PLANTATIONS OF YOUNG CONIFERS
The young white pine forest, established in the spring of 1916 on the rocky hill north of the iris garden, in coopera- tion with the State Conservation Commission through the interest of Dr. Walter B. James and the Honorable George D. Pratt, has continued to develop satisfactorily, and is of great interest as a demonstration of forest establishment. It has been carefully protected from fire by keeping the grass cut short in the autumn, and each young pine has been mulched with a small amount of leaf mold.
Through the further interest of the State Conservation Commission and of Dr. James, a new plantation of the red pine (Pinus resinosa) was made in the spring of 1918 on the rocky ridge opposite Fordham Hospital, nearly 2,000 four-year-old transplants being furnished by the Commis- sion at a nominal cost. It happened that planting con- ditions were so good that nearly every pine grew, and this plantation has also been of exceptional interest.
A small plantation of the white fir (.fbies concolor), a native of the west, has also been installed nearby, adjoining the beds of cannas in the horticultural collections.
The Victory Grove of 150 Douglas spruces (Pseudotsuga mucronata), also natives of western America, is locate near the beds of gladioli in the same area. The trees were already about five feet high when planted in the spring of 1919 as war memorials.
6. The Deciduous Arboretum
This plantation extends over much of the garden area east of the Bronx River. The sequence of plant families
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begins at the southeast corner of the grounds and continues northward to the northern boundary, occupying the easterly ridge and the low grounds adjacent thereto. Here hardy trees are brought together, trees being regarded as woody plants which have a single main stem arising from the ground and not branching until some distance above it. The groups will be referred to in the order of their sequence.
The first is the willow family which occupies the land south of the nursery, where a collection of willows and poplars may be found. Of these Simon’s balsam poplar, native from the Amur valley to China, is of rapid growth and upright habit, and more graceful than the cottonwood or Carolina poplar; the American aspen, a native of north- ern North America, the wood of which is largely manufac- tured into pulp for the making of paper; in northern British America it is the principal fuel of the Indians, as it burns freely when green and without sparks; the inner bark, which is sweet, is often used by them as a food in early spring. This tree has been of great service in re-foresting large tracts which have been denuded by fire; the long hairy ap- pendages to the seeds enable the wind to carry them far and wide, and as they germinate quickly and the young seedlings grow rapidly in exposed situations, it is admirably adapted to the above purpose, quickly furnishing a covering for the land until more desirable trees may get a foothold. The white or silver-leaf poplar, of Europe and Asia, and Bolle’s poplar, a variety of this with lobed leaves and quite ornamental, are here. There also is the Lombardy, or Italian poplar, from Europe, with its tall spire-like growth. Among the willows are the white willow, from Europe and Asia, and the weeping willow, native of southeastern Europe and Asia, a tree commonly planted for ornamental purposes, and sometimes known as Napoleon’s willow. An additional area to the south, east of the long lake, is now being developed for the willow family and the walnut family.
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The walnuts and their relatives may be found in the region to the north of the willow family. The narrow- winged wing-nut, from China, is here. Of the walnuts (Juglans), the English Walnut, native from southeastern Europe to China, produces a most desirable nut, often called Madeira nut; the Romans introduced it into Italy, and from that place as a center its cultivation has spread in all directions, both in the Old World and the New; the nuts form a common article of food in southern Europe; in Europe and northern India an oil, called walnut-oil, used as a substitute for olive-oil, is obtained by sub- jecting the seed-leaves to pressure. The black walnut and the butternut are both wild elsewhere in the Garden, and are also represented here by small trees. The pecan- nut (Hicoria Pecan), wild in the southeastern United States, is another nut of popular favor, as is also the big shell-bark or king-nut, of the eastern United States. The water hickory, of the southeastern United States, and the bitter-nut or swamp hickory, of the eastern United States, are both represented, while the common shag- bark hickory and the pig-nut grow elsewhere in the grounds.
The birch family is located along the driveway, west and south of the stable, where birches, alders and horn- beams are planted; the European hornbeam is represented. The American hornbeam is common in Bronx Park, and the hop-hornbeam is occasional. Those desiring to study the birches (Betula) will find several species available; one of these is the yellow birch which grows wild in eastern North America, and is one of our most valuable timber trees; the wood, on account of its closeness of grain, strength and hanes is suitable for many purposes. Another is the paper, or canoe, birch, of frequent occurrence in nor- thern North America; the wood of this is preferred to that of any other tree for the manufacture of spools, and is also used in the manufacture of shoe-lasts and pegs; the Indians also make use of its wood in the manufacture of sledges, and from its tough bark they make canoes and baskets.
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The river, or red, birch may be seen here; it is frequent along streams and lakes in the eastern parts of the United States; its wood is used in the manufacture of furniture. The black, or cherry, birch is in the collection, and this and the poplar-leaved birch are wild elsewhere in the Garden. There is also the European white birch and some of its varieties, the southern yellow birch, and others. The alders are present in several species: the dye alder, of Japan, which becomes a large tree; the Japanese alder, also of Japan; the speckled or hoary alder, of north temperate regions; and the European alder.
The area devoted to the beech family lies to the west- ward of that assigned to the birch family; the oaks, the chestnuts and the beeches belong here. The oaks (Quercus) are represented by many species. One of these is the rock chestnut oak, of the northeastern United States; its wood is strong and durable, especially when in contact with the soil, and is therefore of great value for railroad ties and fence posts, and its bark is largely used for tanning. The mossy-cup or bur oak, of eastern North America, may be found here; this was discovered by the botanist Michaux in 1795, and is a valuable timber tree, its wood largely used for boat-building, for the manufacture of carriages and agricultural implements, for the interior finish of houses, and, on account of its durability in contact with the soil, for railroad ties. The red oak and the swamp white oak are natives of eastern North America; the latter is also a good timber tree, its wood being used for cabinet work and in various kinds of construction. The saw-toothed oak forms a part of this collection; its leaves are much like those of the chestnut, and might easily be mistaken for them; it is often planted in Japan in the silk districts, as its leaves are available as food for the silk- worms; the Japanese make charcoal from its wood, and from the bark they extract a blackdye. The post, oriron, oak is a native of the eastern United States. Here may be seen also the English oak, a native of Europe and western
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Asia. The large-toothed oak, of Japan, a valued timber tree there, is represented Beret as is also the gland- bearing oak, another Japanese species. The shingle, or laurel oak, of the eastern United States, is not of much commercial value, as its wood checks badly in drying; it is sometimes used in making clapboards and shingles. Schneck’s oak comes from the south central parts of the United States. The Turkey oak, of southeastern Europe and western Asia, is valued in that region on account of its bark which is used in tanning leather. Several hybrid oaks form interesting parts of the collection. The pin oak, the scarlet oak, the black oak and the white oak are to be seen in large wild specimens elsewhere in the grounds.
The chestnuts (Castanea) are represented by the Japanese chestnut, of China and Japan. The American chestnut was in former years common about the grounds, some of the trees being large and of great age. The chestnut blight has destroyed or necessitated the destruction of all of these trees. The beeches (Fagus) are located in the north part of the swale at the west side of the oak family reservation. The European beech and its purple-leaved variety may both be found here in small, recently planted trees; there are large specimens of the purple-leaved and weeping varieties of this south of the mansion. Small trees of the American beech are also here, but large wild specimens may be found along the driveways and paths in the vicinity; the wood of the beech takes a high polish and is largely used for furniture, while the nuts are edible. The uses of the European beech are about the same as those of the American.
The elm family, to which belong the elms, the hack- berries or sugarberries, and the water-elms, is located on the ridge to the north of the stable. Among the elms (Ulmus) to be found here is the Scotch or Wych elm, native from Europe to Japan; the red elm, growing wild from Tennessee to Alabama; the cork or rock elm, of northeastern North America; the Chinese elm, of China and Japan; and the
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winged elm or wahoo, of the southeastern United States. The American elm and the slippery elm are wild in the grounds. The hackberries (Celtis) represented are the Georgia hackberry, the dog hackberry, and Small’s hack- berry, of the southeastern United States; and the nettle- tree, or sugarberry, of eastern North America. The water-elms are illustrated by the sharp-pointed water- elm, or Zelkova, a native of Japan. The mulberry family (Moraceae) is represented by the osage orange (Toxylon), a native of the south central parts of the United States, trees of which may be found to the south of the drive- way from the long bridge; and by the Russian red and white mulberries. The kadsura tree family has for its representatives the kadsura tree, of Japan, and the elm- leaved eucommia, of China, located just to the south of the row of large tulip trees east of the Bronx River.
The magnolia collection is planted on the west and south sides of the swale between the two ridges. The long- leaved umbrella tree is one of those to be seen here; it is a native of the mountain woods from Virginia to Florida and Mississippi. ‘The cucumber tree, the white-leaved Japa- nese magnolia, the umbrella tree, and a number of hybrid forms are other magnolias to be looked for here. Large specimens of the umbrella tree and of the large-leaved um- brella tree will be found at the north end of the herbaceous grounds, on the west side; and still other species at the fruticetum. The tulip-tree is shown by a row of fine wild specimens just to the south of the long bridge over the Bronx River, the largest trees within the grounds of the Garden. ‘This tree is native of the eastern United States and yields a valuable lumber known as yellow poplar or white-wood; the Indians formerly made their canoes from this wood. Four parallel rows of this tree form part of the approach to the museum building. Related to the magnolias is the custard-apple family, represented by two specimens of the North American papaw, which will be found at the herbaceous grounds on the west side, near
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the north end; this is a native of the eastern part of the country, from Ontario and New York to Michigan, Ne- braska, Florida and Texas. Other tropical representatives of this family will be found in house 2, conservatory range I. The laurel family is represented by the sassafras, many trees of which may be found wild in various parts of the Garden. The sweet gum (Liguidambar), also wild in the grounds, represents the witch-hazel family.
The plane-trees are to be found just to the west of the elms. Here are specimens of the American plane-tree; it is a native of the eastern United States. On a knoll nearby is a large specimen, native to the grounds, of this tree, which is also known as the button-wood and button- ball, and there are many other wild trees along the Bronx River. Specimens of the London plane will also be found here. This is largely planted as a shade tree in Europe, and is often used in this country for the same purpose. It is commonly known and sold as the oriental plane, but it is not that tree, but a hybrid of horticultural origin. The wood of the American plane, or button-wood, is largely used in the manufacture of boxes for tobacco, for furniture, and for the interior finishing of houses.
The apple family and the peach family are located to the north of the driveway leading to the long bridge. In the apple family may be found some of the tree hawthorns and thorns, including the Washington thorn, a native of the southeastern United States. Following to the west are some of the true apples (Malus), among them the Siberian crab-apple, a native of eastern Asia; the cherry-leaved crab- apple, presumably a natural hybrid, originally from Siberia; the American crab-apple, from the eastern United States; and Soulard’s crab-apple, from the central United States. In the peach family, among others, may be found the rose- bud cherry, a Japanese plant, and a highly decorative species; and the ordinary sweet cherry, originally from Europe, a delicious fruit, of which there are many horti- cultural forms.
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Along the path in the little swale running to the west is a collection of the Japanese flowering cherries which are so highly admired by the Japanese, and this admiration is shared by all who see these specimens at the height of their loveliness which comes about the last week in April or the first in May. There are about one hundred trees in the collection, the blossoms from single to double, and the colors ranging from white to the deepest rose, and one with the blossoms a yellowish green, quite in contrast with the remainder. There is also in this collection a group, oc- cupying the point dividing the paths, of the Japanese weep- ing cherry; this blossoms two or three weeks earlier than the others; its long drooping branches, clothed with delicate pink blossoms, make of it a graceful and charming object.
Near the eastern end of the long bridge are trees illustrat- ing the senna family, located south of the bridge approach, and the pea family, the rue family and the mahogany family on the north side. One of those in the senna family is the honey-locust or three-horned acacia (Gleditsia), a native of eastern North America; its durability when in contact with the ground makes its wood of especial value for fence posts, for which purpose it is largely used. Another of this family is the Kentucky coffee-tree, in several large and small specimens. One of the representa- tives of the pea family, from Japan, is the Japanese yellow- wood (Maackia). Another is the locust-tree (Robinia), a native of the south central United States, but extensively naturalized elsewhere; its wood is hard and close-grained, and is very durable when in contact with ground or with water, so the high value in which it is held for fence posts and for ship-building may be readily understood. The rue family has for representatives the Japanese cork-tree (Phellodendron), from central Japan, and the Asiatic or Sachalin cork-tree, from northeastern Asia. The ma- hogany-tree family has a single species represented, the Chinese bastard-cedar, a native of northern China; the mahogany tree itself, and other representatives of the family, will be found at conservatory range I.
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On the ridge to the northeast of the apple family, and to the west of conservatory range 2, are trees of the ailan- thus family, represented by the Ailanthus, or tree-of- heaven, a native of China, but extensively naturalized in the eastern parts of the United States, where in some places it has become a nuisance, both on account of its ill-smelling staminate flowers and its habit of freely suckering from the roots.
On the ridge to the west of conservatory range 2 are representatives of the maple family. The maples (Acer) are represented by a number of species. Perhaps the most im- portant of these is the sugar, or rock maple, a native of eastern North America, and the principal tree yielding maple sugar and syrup. The sap is usually collected from late in February to early in April; trees from twenty to thirty years old are considered the most productive, and a tree will usually yield in a season from four to six pounds of sugar, some giving less and others much more. This tree is often planted for shade along streets and in parks, its beautiful coloring in the fall enhancing its value for this purpose. Its wood is largely used for making furniture, in ship-building, for tool-handles and for shoe-lasts and pegs. From the southeastern United States comes the white-barked sugar maple, also in the collection. Another tree here is the red maple, ranging throughout eastern North America; its wood is now used in large quantities for the manufacture of furniture of various kinds, for gun-stocks, etc. The striped, or goose-foot, maple, sometimes known also as moosewood, of eastern North America, is a pretty, decorative species, especially attractive on account of the beautiful marking of its bark. The box-elder, or ash-leaved maple, native of eastern North America, repre- sents another type with compound leaves. Three Old World representatives are the common European maple, of Europe and western Asia; the sycamore maple, from Europe and the Caucasus; and the Norway maple, with a number of varieties, also from Europe and the Caucasus.
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The sycamore maple is a valuable timber tree in Europe; its wood is used in the manufacture of musical instruments, spoons and other household utensils. Other maples are at the fruticetum. Farther north on this ridge may be seen young trees of Koelreuteria, the varnish tree, native of China, Korea, and Japan.
In the buckeye family, planted north of conservatory range 2, is the common horse-chestnut (Aesculus); for a long time the native country of this tree was unknown, and its home was ascribed by different authors to various lands; it has been pretty well established now that it is iadiccnou: to the mountains of northern Greece and Bulgaria. Another tree here is the fetid or Ohio buckeye, of the south central United States; its wood, as well as that of some of the other kinds of buckeye, is manufactured into artificial limbs, for which purpose it is highly esteemed; it is also used for wooden-ware and paper pulp. To the north of the buckeye family is the linden family. The American linden or basswood, found over the eastern parts of North America, is here; it produces a large amount of lumber under the name of whitewood, which is used in the manufacture of wooden-ware, furniture, and carriage bodies; it is also largely used in the manufacture of paper pulp. Other species are the white or silver linden, of eastern Europe and Asia Minor, and the common European lindens.
Next in the sequence comes the oleaster family, repre- sented by the oleaster, a native of southeastern Europe and western Asia. ‘Then follows the ginseng family, repre- sented by several species of aralia, while others will be found at the fruticetum; many other species of this family may be found at the conservatories. West of these is the ebony family, represented by the persimmon or date-plum (Diospyros), a native of the southeastern United States; its wood is preferred for the manufacture of shuttles; its fruit contains tannin, which gives it its astringent properties; this fruit, when fully ripe, is eaten in large
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quantities in the southern states, and is also offered for sale in the markets of the north. Larger trees will be found along the driveway east of the museum.
Farther down the hill, west of the persimmon group, is a collection of the flowering dogwood, Cynoxylon floridum, both the form with white flower bracts and that with red; the former being common in the woodlands. Another representative of the dogwood family is the sour gum (Nyssa), of eastern North America; it occurs wild in the Garden in many fine specimens.
Beyond the ginseng family, on the western slope of the hill, is the olive family, represented by many species of the ash (Fraxinus), some of which are useful for timber. The common European ash is to be seen, and among the North American representatives are the green ash; the Texas ash, restricted to that state; the Biltmore ash, from Penn- sylvania to Georgia; the white ash, and the red ash are common. Following to the north is the figwort family, represented by Paulownia, a native of Central China. Ter- minating the sequence is the trumpet-creeper family, represented by species of Catalpa; among these is the Indian bean, a native of woods in the Gulf States, and Kaempfer’s catalpa, from China.
SALICETUM
The area occupied by the willow plantation is between the main driveway and the Bronx River, north of the fruticetum, and comprises several acres. Here are brought together moisture-loving willows (Salix) and _ poplars (Populus) as a collection apart, many species grown here not being represented in the arboretum and fruticetum. In the corner of the salicetum, next to the driveway, is a group of willows, consisting, in part, of the red-stemmed willow, of horticultural origin, and the slender purple willow. ‘To the east of this may be found the golden or yellow willow, of common occurrence in eastern North America, but a native of Europe and Asia, and the Bashford
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willow, a native of France. Along the west bank of the Bronx River may be found the Eugene poplar, of horticul- tural origin; and a row of the weeping willow, a native of southeastern Europe and Asia. At the northern end of the area devoted to this plantation are to be found, among others, the purple willow, a native of Europe, Northern Africa, and Asia; and the black willow, of eastern North America. Many other species are represented in this collection. 7. The Fruticetum [COLLECTION OF SHRUBS]
This plantation, occupying about 16 acres, is located to the northward of the lakes in the rear of the museum building, and is confined to the area lying between the lakes, the railroad, the woodland on the east, and the north meadows. In this collection are brought together speci- mens of hardy woody plants which are shrubs, that is, plants with woody stems which branch from the ground and have no single main stem. The arrangement here parallels that in the herbaceous grounds and in the other syste- matic collections. ‘The sequence begins on the southerly side near the long stone bridge which crosses the Bronx River, and proceeds on both sides of the path running to the north along the edge of the woods, returning south- ward on both sides of the path paralleling the main north and south driveway, to the peach family, on the bank over- looking the water garden. It then crosses to the senna family directly opposite and overlooking the westerly lake, proceeding northward from there across the transverse driveway, and following the line of the path paralleling to the westward the main north and south driveway. The sequence then continues to the westward along the north path, again extending southward at the Woodlawn Road entrance, continuing on both sides of the westerly path and terminating with the thistle family at the westerly end of the lake near the railroad border. The families will be
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referred to below in this sequence. Woody vines are grown at the viticetum.
The pine family, represented among others by low- growing junipers and pines, begins the sequence to the southward of the approach to the long bridge. ‘The next is the willow family, beginning across the road from the pine family; this group is located on both sides of the path and comprises many forms from various parts of the world; the family is largely an inhabitant of temperate regions, so many species can be grown here. The bayberry family occurs across the driveway from the willows, occupying a position on the bank overlooking the water garden. Here may be found the sweet-fern, a native of eastern North America; the sweet gale, at home in north temperate re- gions; and the waxberry or bayberry, common in north- eastern North America; the berries of the latter have a covering of wax, which is separated by throwing the berries into hot water, when the wax melts and rises to the surface, where it is skimmed off; it is still used to some extent in making candles. The monotypic corkwood family is represented by the corkwood (Lettneria) of the southern United States, which has proven to be hardy here at the foot of the terrace, its catkins flowering early in the spring. The birch family follows the willows on the east side of the path; here are the hazel-nuts, the alders and the shrubby birches; the common hazel-nut, of eastern North America, and the beaked hazel-nut, from northern North America, also the common hazel-nut or filbert of Europe, and others; the smooth alder, common along streams and in swamps, in the eastern United States, is also here. Following the birch family on the same side of the path comes the beech family; here may be found the shrubby oaks, and the chinquapin of the southeastern United States. On the same side of the path, a little farther along, is the elm family, represented by the dwarf elms; most of the members of this family are trees and may therefore be found in the aboretum. Immediately following this is the
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VIEW IN THE FRUTICETUM, OR SHRUB COLLECTION
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mulberry family, represented here by specimens of the Russian mulberry.
The crowfoot family occupies a space just to the north of the willows west of the path, and is represented by the moutan or tree peony, from China, and the shrub yellow- root (Xanthorrhiza), from the southeastern United States; its roots are yellow, and at one time were employed as a dye; there are many herbaceous members of this family at the herbaceous grounds. The barberry family is a little farther north on the same side of the path; many species of bar- berries and mahonias occur here. Among the barberries may be mentioned: the common barberry, native from Europe to eastern Asia, the ripe fruit of which is sometimes made into preserves, and the unripe ones pickled as a substitute for capers—its bark is used as a dye and for tanning leather; Thunberg’s barberry, from Japan, a desirable plant for small hedges and for the borders of walks; the neat barberry, from the Himalayan region, which colors a beautiful red in the fall; and the spine- toothed barberry, from the Himalayan region; the mahonias are represented by the Oregon grape, from northwestern North America; and the Japanese mahonia, distributed from the Himalayan region to China and Japan. The magnolia family occurs a little back from the path, be- tween the crowfoot and barberry families; there are here several species of shrubby magnolias, and others will be found at the deciduous arboretum. The strawberry- shrub family is located on the point dividing the paths, opposite the mulberries already referred to; here may be found several species of the strawberry-shrub, and the oriental sweet-shrub, from China and Japan. A short distance to the north of the strawberry-shrub family is the laurel family, represented by the spice-bush (Benzoin), a native of northeastern North America; as the different kinds of flowers, staminate and pistillate, are borne on different plants, only those having pistillate flowers bear the bright red berries in the summer and autumn. In
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the lower land below, to the east of the path, is the Virginia willow family, with shrubs of the Virginia willow, a native of the southeastern United States. Across the path from this is the hydrangea family; here may be found the syringas (Philadelphus), the deutzias and the hydrangeas, several species of each; the mock orange (Philadelphus coronarius), a native of the Caucasus, Armenia, and Europe, indicates its presence by the rich fragrance of its flowers; the slender deutzia, from Japan, bears its long slender clusters of white flowers in great profusion; the lawn hy- drangea bears a profusion of large bunches of white flowers, which in the late summer and autumn change to a beautiful rose color; the oak-leaved hydrangea is perhaps the oddest member of this genus and is a native from Georgia and Florida to Mississippi. Following the hydrangea family comes the gooseberry family, and to this belong the currants and gooseberries; one of the showiest is the golden currant, native from South Dakota to Texas, its rich yellow flowers giving forth a delicious spicy fragrance. The witch- hazel family is located to the north of the north path and on the point opposite; here is the witch-hazel, of eastern North America, from which the extract of witch-hazel, or Pond’s extract, is made, the Japanese witch-hazel, and also a Chinese representative of this genus; the common cory- lopsis, a Japanese shrub, belongs here, as do the fother- gillas of the southeastern United States.
The rose family occupies a large area, beginning just north of the gooseberries and currants and extending west- ward to the main north and south driveway, and south- ward along that as far as the first transverse path; here belong the spiraeas, of which there are many forms, the blackberries, the raspberries, the roses and others. Among the spiraeas, the steeple-bush or hard-hack and the hairy meadow-sweet are common as wild plants in this latitude. Other interesting forms are Thunberg’s spiraea, from Japan, one of the earliest to flower, and other Japanese spiraeas. Among other plants of interest in the group
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which contains the spiraeas are the Chinese pearl-bush, a native of China, with its profusion of white flowers in early summer; the Japanese rose (Kerria), from Japan, not a true rose, however, with bright yellow flowers; another shrub from Japan, the white Japanese rose (Rhodo- typos), bears large white flowers resembling in appearance those of the mock orange; two other Japanese shrubs, the common and the large-leaved stephanandra, are ex- ceptionally graceful and attractive plants; Neviusia, an ex- tremely local plant, known in a wild state only in Alabama; and the nine-barks (Opulaster). To the southward of the spiraea group comes the collection of blackberries and rasp- berries (Rubus) represented by many kinds; two of the showiest are the wineberry and the thimble berry (Rubacer), the latter common in rocky woods in this part of the country. Farther to the south is the group of the true roses; many kinds may be found here, including the sweet- brier, the dog-rose or wild-brier, and the red-leaved rose, all natives of Europe; the pasture rose of the eastern United States; and the odd-looking Watson’s rose, a native of Japan. Numerous herbaceous species of the rose family are grown at the herbaceous grounds. Following this is the apple family; to this belong the apples and pears, many of which, being trees, may be found in the arboretum. Ofa shrubby habit, and therefore mem- bers of this collection, are many of the hawthorns or thorn- apples, the quinces, the cotoneasters, the choke-berries, the service-berry and the shad-bush. Southward across the driveway from these, and overlooking the easterly lake, is the collection illustrating the peach family, to which belong the plums, cherries, apricots and peaches. As many of the species of this family are trees they may be found at the arboretum. Among those represented here are the western sand-cherry, of the central United States; the double-flowered plum and the dwarf cherry, from Europe. Crossing the driveway to the west, the sequence is again taken up on the ground overlooking the west lake, with the
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senna family, represented by the Asiatic red-bud, of China and Japan, and the American Judas-tree of the eastern United States; in spring, before the appearance of the leaves, these are profusely covered with pink or pur- plish flowers. Across the transverse driveway to the north, and directly on the opposite side, may be found the pea family. Here are various species of the pea-tree: the pigmy pea-tree, ranging from the Caucasus to Siberia and Thibet; the Chamlagu pea-tree, from northern China; the Chinese pea-tree; and the small-leaved pea-tree. The Scotch broom and the dense-flowered broom, of Europe, have representatives here; of these, the former, in Spain and France attains the size of a small tree, and its wood is highly prized for veneering and cabinet work; its branches are extensively employed for making brooms, whence its commen name. Other plants of interest are the false indigo, the rose acacia, and Kelsey’s rose acacia, all from the Southeastern United States; the tall bladder- senna, from southern Europe and northern Africa; and the scorpion senna, from southern Europe. Immed- iately beyond is the rue family, illustrated by the hop tree (Ptelea trifoliata) of the eastern United States; the prickly ash, from the northeastern United States, Bunge’s prickly ash, from China, and the Japanese prickly ash from Japan and Korea; the trifoliolate orange, from northern China, which has been used as one of the parents in the recent hybridization experiments by the U. S. Department of Agriculture in its effort to produce a more hardy orange; the lemon and forms of the orange may be found in conservatory range 2, together with other woody members of this family. Following this is the box family, represented by a number of forms of the box-tree, from Europe, Asia and Japan; the wood of the box-tree is highly prized for wood-engraving, on account of its hard- ness and close fine grain, and it takes a fine polish. A few steps farther on is the sumac family, to which be- longs the common poison ivy, so frequent in and around
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New York City; here are the fragrant sumac, the mountain sumac, and the smooth, or scarlet, sumac, all from the eastern United States; Osbeck’s sumac is a stately shrub from China. The European and the American smoke-trees (Cotinus) are relatives of the sumacs; the former is some- times called the wig-tree, on account of the flower-clusters, which become white and feathery in fruit; a dye is obtained from it which is called young fustic.
Crossing the transverse path to the triangle, the holly family is on the nearest point, shown by Siebold’s holly and the Japanese holly, both from Japan, and the American holly; the European holly is grown in conservatory range 2. The Virginia winter-berry, of the eastern United States, bears its bright red berries far into the winter. On the opposite corner of the triangle is the staff-tree family, illustrated by many forms of Euonymus; the European spindle tree, the burning-bush of eastern North America, the winged spindle-tree of China and Japan, and Bunge’s spindle-tree of the Amur region are shown. Crossing the path to the north of the triangle we come to the maple family; most of the maples are trees, so they must be looked for in the arboretum, but here are specimens of the Ginnala maple, from Manchuria, northern China, and Japan. Immediately beyond this is the bladder-nut family, represented by species of the bladder-nut (Staphylea), both from the New and the Old World. Following the path to the west, we come to the buckeye family, represented here by the small-flowered buckeye, from the southeastern United States; many of the buckeyes and horse-chestnuts are trees, and are grown in the arboretum. Following this is the soapberry family, with the genus Xanthoceras, a native of northern China, as a representative. At some distance from the path to the left is the buckthorn family; the most familiar plant here is the New Jersey tea or red root, of eastern North America; its leaves were formerly used as a substitute for tea; the jujube, an in- habitant of the Mediterranean region and temperate Asia,
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is of this family, its edible fruit oval in shape and about the size of a plum, with an acid taste when fresh; the Dahurian buckthorn, growing wild from central Asia to the Amur region, and the purging buckthorn of Europe and western and northern Asia, the berries of which are medicinal, are here; from the juice of the ripe fresh berries of the purging buckthorn, mixed with alum, is made the pigment, known as sap-green or bladder green, used by water-color artists. Close to this is the linden family, represented by the genus Grewia. The mallow family, further along the path, is represented by speci- mens of the rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus), from Asia, and often found escaped from cultivation in the eastern United States; many herbaceous representatives of this family may be found at the herbaceous grounds. Near the mallow family is the tea family, represented by the mountain Stewartia, from the southeastern United States; other members of the tea family, including the tea plant and the common camellia, may be found in conservatory range 2. Also near the mallows may be found the St. John’s-wort shrubs (Hypericum), with their showy yellow flowers. Farther on, where the path bends to the left, is the tamarix family, represented by several species of tamarix, Old World plants. Next comes the mezereon family, having as a representative the leather-wood or moose-wood (Dirca), of the eastern parts of North America; the name leather-wood refers to the very tough inner bark; the bark is a violent emetic; the daphnes are of this family, and here will be found the garland-flower, the spurge flax, and the Chinese daphne.
Some distance from the path and opposite the Woodlawn Road entrance, is the oleaster family, including several species of oleaster, the buffalo berry, and the sea-buckthorn, a native of Europe and Asia, the berries of which are acrid and poisonous; the berries of several of the species of oleaster are edible; the buffalo berry, of central North America, is largely eaten by the Indians of that region; the berries
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of the oriental oleaster, known as Trebizond dates, are made into cakes by the Arabs, after having been dried. Plants of the ginseng family form a group opposite the same entrance, some of these being quite tropical in aspect; the Chinese angelica-tree, from China and Japan, is one of these, and another is Maximowicz’s acanthopanax, from Japan; the variegated Chinese angelica-tree is quite ornamental. Beyond this group, and on both sides of the transverse path, is the dogwood family, shown by many species of dogwood or cornel (Cornus), from both the Old World and the New; the red-osier dogwood, the kinni- kinnik and the panicled dogwood are American representa- tives; the officinal dogwood comes from Japan and China and is known in Japan as sandzaki; the dogberry, gater- tree, or hound’s-tree, is from Europe and the Orient; its wood is hard and is sometimes made into butchers’ skewers and tooth-picks; in France, an oil used for burning and in soap-making is extracted from the black berries. Benthamia japonica, the Japanese flowering dogwood, from China and Japan, is shown in a number of specimens; this is related to our native flowering dogwood, Cynoxylon floridum, which will be found in the deciduous arboretum.
Across the path from the dogwoods, at the foot of the steps, may be found the white-alder family. Here are the Asiatic sweet-pepper bush and the North American sweet-pepper bushes or white-alders, their fragrant white flowers appearing in August. The heath family is next, represented by many forms of azaleas and rhododendrons; the Japanese Pieris is a pretty plant, and another, from the southeastern United States, is called mountain fetter- bush; the stagger-bush, of the southeastern United States, is also here. Following the path to the south, we come next to the huckleberries and to the shrubs of the storax family. On the other side of the path is the olive family, which covers a large area, extending along the path for a considerable distance; the olive-tree is the type of this family, and specimens may be found at conservatory range
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2; in the fruticetum are several forms of the golden-bell (Forsythia), mainly from China; a number of the privets, including the California privet, so much used for hedges; a variety of lilacs (Syringa), including the Rouen lilac, hairy Chinese lilac, the Pekin lilac, from northern China, the Himalayan lilac and the common lilac, a native from southeastern Europe to the Caucasus, so frequently culti- vated in gardens, and the genus Forestiera. To the right of the path and following the storax family is the logania family, with species of Buddleia, including the summer lilac, from China. Following this is the vervain family, and some of these shrubs are especially attractive in fruit, among them being the Chinese callicarpa, and the Japa- nese callicarpa; most attractive is the late-flowering clero- dendron, known as kusagi in Japan, where it is native; its flowers have a delicious spicy fargrance, much like that of the sweet-pepper bush; the sepals are a beautiful rose color, while the corolla is creamy white; it blooms late in the summer or early fall, when flowers of shrubs are few. We next come to the potato family, shown here by the matrimony vine, a native from China to southeastern Europe, but often found growing wild, its purple flowers followed by bright red berries; most of the hardy represen- tatives of this family are herbs, so must be sought for in the herbaceous grounds, while many of the woody species, and some of the herbs, are tender, and may be found in house 2 at conservatory range I. The figwort family is shown in a single representative from the northwestern United States, Pentstemon Scoulert; many other repre- sentatives of this family are in the herbaceous grounds and in house 2 at conservatory range 1. The succeeding group is the honeysuckle family, to which is allotted a large area, there being many hardy kinds; the viburnums are repre- sented by many species, both from the Old World and the New, such as the European cranberry-tree, from Europe, Northern Africa, and Western Asia, ornamental by its masses of bright red fruit; the dwarf cranberry-tree, an
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exceedingly compact form, very dense in its growth; Thunberg’s viburnum, from China and Japan; Siebold’s viburnum, from Japan; the Japanese snowball, from China and Japan; the wayfaring tree, from Europe and western Asia; and the woolly viburnum, from China and Japan; among American forms may be men- tioned the veiny arrow-wood, the black haw or sloe, the withe-rod, and the larger withe-rod with its large bunches of showy fruit. The group of the honeysuckles occu- pies a position across the path from the viburnums, and here may be found, among others, the fragrant honey- suckle, from China, one of the first to send forth its blos- soms richly laden with perfume; Morrow’s honeysuckle, from Japan, covered with coral-red fruit in late summer and fall; Standish’s honeysuckle, from China; Albert’s honeysuckle, from Turkestan; the Turkestan fly-honey- suckle; and the golden-veined honeysuckle, from China and Japan, with the veins richly marked with yellow, or sometimes the whole leaf yellow. Across the transverse path to the south, and overlooking the lake, may be found the weigelas, symphoricarpos and the diervillas; the weigelas are illustrated by many showy forms, flowering in early summer; the showiest Symphoricarpos is the smooth snowberry, native of northern North America, laden in autumn with its ivory-white fruit, making it most at- tractive; the diervillas are represented by two or three species, including the bush honeysuckle, a native of northeastern North America. The elder-berries (Sambucus) are also represented by two or three species. The hybrid abelia will also be found here; its fragrant flowers are borne in great profusion during late summer and early fall; the sepals are deep red-brown and the corolla is white, flushed with rose, making a pleasing combination.
Following the viburnums comes the thistle family. Few of the woody species of this family are hardy in this lati- tude, but large numbers of the herbaceous species may be found at the herbaceous grounds. As representatives in
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the fruticetum, we have the groundsel-bush or pencil-tree (Baccharis), a native of the southeastern United States, bearing in the fall a profusion of white fruit, making it a most attractive object.
VITICETUM
The area devoted to the plantation of hardy vines is above the easterly side of the economic garden, where a rough arbor has been constructed for them to climb upon. The arrangement begins at the southerly end of the arbor, on the left hand side, with the smilax family, to which belong the green-briers or cat-briers, and the yam family is placed immediately opposite to the right. The birthwort family, with the dutchman’s-pipe as a representa- tive, follows the smilax family on the left. On the left hand side, and beyond the birthwort family, is the akebia family, where one may find the five-leaved akebia, a native of Japan. Following this on the same side is the moonseed family, to which belongs the Canada moonseed. On the opposite side of the arbor is the hydrangea family. Fol- lowing this, also on both sides of the arbor, is the pea family, including species of the peas and wistarias. Further on, occupying both sides, is the staff-tree family, where may be found the climbing bitter-sweet and other vines of this family. Succeeding this comes the grape family, to which belong the grapes, the Virginia creeper and the Japanese ivy. Beyond the grape family, is the actinidia family, represented by the sharp-toothed actinidia. Then comes the trumpet-creeper family, of which the trumpet-creeper, a native of the southeastern United States, is a mem- ber. This family in turn is followed by the honeysuckle family, ees here by several species of honeysuckle and woo
8. The Herbaceous Garden
The systematic collection of hardy herbaceous plants is situated in a valley southeast of conservatory range 1, and between the main driveway and the western border of
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the woods fringing the hemlock grove. This valley is about 1,500 feet long and averages about 300 feet wide. A small stream runs through it from north to south and is here and there broadened out into pools. The plants are arranged in beds according to their natural botanical families. At the southern end are the seedless plants, represented by the ferns and their allies; east of the brook are the families of seed-bearing plants belonging to the large endogenous division, or those with parallel-veined leaves and with one seed-leaf (monocotyledons). To the west of the brook are the families belonging to the exogenous division of plants, or those in which the leaves are usually net-veined and which have two seed-leaves (dicotyledons); this latter group embraces the larger part of the plants in the collection. Along the brook, or in it, may be found many aquatic plants, representing in some cases families which are exclusively water-lovers, while in other cases they are aquatic representatives of families occurring in the immediate vicinity in the beds. In this plantation, the family groups are arranged sub- stantially in a sequence beginning with those of simpler organization and proceeding to the most complex.
The series commences in the southern corner of the valley at the foot-path entrance, where the hardy ferns and their allies may be found, including species from many parts of the north temperate zone. Among these may be mentioned the ostrich fern, the cinnamon fern, Clayton’s fern, the royal fern, the brake or bracken, and a number of species of the shield-ferns and of the spleenworts. Some of the aquatic representatives of the ferns and their allies may be found in the pond nearby.
In this pond may also be found the following aquatic endogenous families: the cat-tail family, the bur-reed family, the pond-weed family, and the tape-grass family. At the junction of the brook with this pond is the water- plantain family, including, besides the water-plantain, several species of arrow-head (Sagittaria). A little be-
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yond, in the brook, may be found the water-poppy family, represented by the water-poppy, a showy plant common in tropical regions; this is not hardy and must be removed to a warm place for the winter; it will also be found at all times at conservatory range 1, house 9.
Following to the north comes the large group of the grasses and grass-like plants, those whose flowers, mostly very small, are subtended by chaffy scales or glumes. This is represented by the grasses and the sedges, several beds being devoted to each of these families. Some of the more familiar grasses are: timothy; Kentucky blue-grass; reed canary-grass; orchard grass; red-top; and tall fescue- grass; all used in making hay. Other grasses of interest are: sweet vernal-grass, exhaling a pleasant odor when bruised; the Japanese plume-grass, in several forms, very ornamental; the ribbon-grass, a variegated form of the reed canary-grass, and also ornamental; and species of many other genera.
The sedges are represented mainly by the large genus Carex, of which there are many species, native in the United States, growing in swamps, meadows, and woodlands. Fraser’s sedge (Cymophyllus Fraseri) is a striking plant from the southeastern United States, at one time one of the rarest of plants, but rediscovered in recent years in large quantities in the mountains of North Carolina. The tussock sedge, common in our swamps in early spring, the cat-tail sedge, Gray’s sedge and the fox sedge, are others belonging to the genus Carex. There are also representa- tives of bullrushes and other sedges.
Following the sedges is the arum family, having as repre- sentative plants, familiar to many, the skunk cabbage, the green arrow-arum, the green dragon, the jack-in-the-pulpit, and the sweet flag. In the brook opposite to this family may be found the somewhat related duckweed family; the duckweeds (Lemna) are very common, the tiny plants sometimes occurring in such numbers as to cover the surface of ponds and slowly moving streams. Coming now to the
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spiderwort family, we have represented mainly the spider- worts and day-flowers. In a small pool and along its eastern edge is placed the pickerel-weed family. Here may be found a large clump of the pickerel-weed (Ponte- deria) which is common in swamps and along streams in the vicinity of New York; here may also be found the water-hyacinth, which has become such a pest in some of the rivers of Florida and the West Indies, and the closely related blue water-hyacinth, of more straggling habit, also of tropical origin, planted out in summer; neither of these is hardy; they may be found at all times at conservatory range I, house 9.
The rush family occurs next in the sequence, represented, among others, by such familiar plants as the common bog- rush, the slender rush, and the common wood-rush. Fol- lowing this come the members of the bunch-flower family, with several species of bellworts, the turkey-beard, the Japanese toad-lily, the fly poison, and others. Closely related to this is the lily family; one of the beds given over to this family is devoted to the true lilies (Lilium) in several forms; another is set aside for the onions and their relatives, of which there are many interesting forms, some of them of decorative value; while another bed is given to a miscellaneous collection of plants belonging to this family, among which may be mentioned the day, or plantain, lilies, the yellow day lilies and the lemon lilies, the true asphodel or king’s sword, the grape-hyacinth and Adam’s needle. Other close relatives of the lilies belong to the lily-of-the- valley family; here may be found many familiar plants, among them being the lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria), the wild spikenard, the common asparagus, of such wide use as a vegetable in the early part of the summer, and several species of the Solomon’s-seal.
The amaryllis family is shown by a number of species of daffodils and narcissus. In the iris family, which comes next, many species are represented. Most familiar among these are: the common blue flag of our swamps, the yellow
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flag of Europe, the fleur-de-lis, the Siberian iris, the Japa- nese iris and the blackberry lily. For the canna family reference is made to the plantations at the Garden foun- tain at the approach to the museum building, to the large collection of different kinds at the Horticultural Garden, and to house 11 of conservatory range I; cannas are not hardy and must be removed to a warm place for the winter. For orchids, the most highly developed of the endogenous plants, reference is made to conservatory range 2, houses 2 and 6B.
Crossing the brook now by the path paralleling the drive- way, we come to the beginning of the sequence of the large series of plants with net-veined leaves and with two seed- leaves (dicotyledons). This series begins with the lizard’s- tail family, represented here in the brook by the lizard’s-tail (Saururus), a common plant of our brooks and river borders in the eastern United States. To the nettle family one bed is at present given, located near a group of magnolia trees, where may be found, among other kinds: the slender nettle, of North America; the stinging nettle, native in Europe and Asia, but introduced into this country; and the wood nettle, also a North American plant; all of these secrete an oil through the hairs covering the stem and leaves, this oil being irritating to the skin, especially in the stinging nettle. In the immediate neighborhood and to the right is the birth- wort family, represented by several species of wild ginger (Asarum), among them the common one of this region, the short-lobed wild ginger, the root of which is of medicinal value. To the buckwheat family there are at present devoted three beds, forming a group to the left of the nettle family. The docks (Rumex) are shown in many forms, as are the knotweeds (Polygonum) and related genera; the most showy of these are the Japanese and Sakhalin knotweeds; the latter, a plant of considerable economic importance, being used as a fodder plant, is a native of the Sakhalin Island; to this family also belong thubarb, or pie-plant, and buckwheat. Next to this
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and near the brook is the goose-foot family, with several species, one of which, the lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium), is native of Europe and Asia, but is found as a common weed in waste places and along roadsides in this country; its young shoots are sometimes used as a vegetable. Closely related to this, and just south of it, is the amaranth family, represented by several species of the pigweed, many of them among the commonest weeds of our roadsides and waste places. Forming a series to the right of this are: the whitlow-wort, four-o’clock, pokeweed, carpetweed and purslane families. In the whitlow-wort family are gnawel, a common weed of fields and waste places, and the forked chickweed. In the four-o’clock family may be found the common four-o’clock of our gardens, a native of tropical America, its flowers opening only on cloudy days or late in the Secon on clear days, whence its name; and the umbrella-worts, from North America. In this vicinity is the Madeira-vine family, to which belongs the genus Basella, here represented. The pokeweed family is present in the common poke or garget (Phytolacca), native of the eastern part of North America, a plant of medicinal value and poisonous, but its young shoots when ee appearing above the ground are sometimes used ‘greens.” In the carpetweed family are the carpet- er from which the family derives its name, a native of the United States and Mexico, but a common weed in this vicinity; and representatives of the south African fig-marigolds (Mesembryanthemum), many of them very showy; they are not hardy in this latitude and must be planted out every spring. In the purslane family, among others, may be found the sunplant or common portulaca of the gardens, a native of South America; the small- flowered talinum, from the central United States; and the common purslane or pusly, a pernicious weed in many sections of the country, and often used for “‘greens” or as a salad. Then comes the chickweed family, with sandworts, chick-
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weeds and related plants. The pink family follows, where many kinds of pinks, catchflies, and gypsophils may be found. In the first pool, formed by the widening of the brook, is the water-lily family; the large yellow pond lily or spatterdock, a native of eastern North America, may be seen here, as may also its relative, the red-disked pond lily, from northeastern North America; the sweet- scented water-lily, and its variety, the pink, or Cape Cod, water-lily, also find a place here. The tanks in the court of conservatory range I contain a great many additional kinds. The water-shield family, is represented in the pool by the water-shield, a native of North America. The horn-wort family likewise occupies a position in this pool. The aquatic members of the crowfoot family are grown here, the terrestrial forms being placed in four beds to the westward; one of these beds is given up entirely to the peonies (Paconia), of which there are a number of interesting and handsome forms, and others may be seen at the flower beds at conservatory range 1; and in the other beds may be found lark-spurs, columbines, buttercups, meadow-rues, anemones, liver-leaf, and many other rela- tives; aconite, or monk’s-hood, of great medicinal value, also belongs to this family.
The barberry family, which is represented by a single bed on the ridge to the right of the crowfoot family, con- tains, among others, the blue-cohosh and the may-apple or mandrake (Podophyllum), natives of North America; the twin-leaf, a native of the northeastern United States; and of Japanese plants, the red epimedium. In the poppy family may be found the oriental poppy, a native of Asia Minor and Persia, and here may be seen also the cordate Macleaya, from Japan, and the Mexican poppy, a native of Mexico and found as a weed in many tropical and warm temperate regions. In the fumitory family are the bleed- ing-hearts (Bicuculla), represented by the wild bleeding- heart from the eastern United States. The mustard family, which comes next in the sequence, occupies two beds. To
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this family belong the candy-tufts, represented here by the evergreen candy-tuft, from southern Europe and Asia Minor, and the alpine rock-cress, from Europe and North America, one of the showiest flowers in early spring, its mantle of pure white flowers making it a conspicious object; there are many other species represented in this group. The caper family has as representatives the showy pedicellaria, a native of the Old World, and the clammy weed (Polanisia), from northern North America. The white and yellow cut-leaved mignonettes (Reseda) repre- sent the mignonette family. Across the path to the right, on the ridge and partly surrounding a rocky knoll, is the bed devoted to the orpine or stonecrop family, where there may be found many of the stonecrops (Sedum), among the more showy and attractive being: the great purple stone- crop, the great stonecrop, the white stonecrop, and the mossy stonecrop, all natives of Europe and northern Asia; the wild stonecrop from our own country; the Siberian stonecrop and the poplar-leaved stonecrop, both from Siberia; and a Japanese species, Siebold’s stonecrop; also belonging to this family are the houseleeks (Sempervivum), of which there are many representatives, all from the Old World, however, as these plants are not indigenous to the New World. Many other species of this family, not hardy in this latitude, may be found at conservatory range 1, houses 5 and 6. Across the path from the orpine family may be found the three beds devoted to the saxifrage family. The heart-leaved saxifrage, with its large, thick leaves, from Siberia, is one of the showiest plants here, sending up its large masses of pink flowers early in the spring, so early sometimes that they are nipped by the frost. Among other plants here may be mentioned: the alum-root, from the eastern United States; the two- leaved bishop’s-cap, from the northern United States; the Japanese plant, Rodgersia; and the shield-leaf saxifrage, from the western United States. Menzies’ saxifrage, from western North America, is interesting from the fact that
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in late summer and fall it produces small plants at the base of the leaf-blades.
To the herbaceous members of the rose family are al- lotted five beds, located to the left of the saxifrage family. Many species of cinquefoils and agrimonies may be found here; of the strawberry (Fragaria) there are several species represented; the lady’s-mantle, from north temperate regions, the various species of avens, the goat’s-beard, the burnets and many others, are of decorative value or of in- terest for other reasons. ‘The roses, blackberries and rasp- berries, also members of this family, are shrubs, and may be found at the fruticetum. The mimosa family has relatively few representatives in temperate regions, most of its numerous members being confined to warm temperate regions and to the tropics; many of these may be found in house 2 at conservatory range I, and others, including the attractive acacias from ren at the Central Display House, range 2. To the senna family belong the sennas or cassias, a showy representative being the American senna, a native of North America; this family being also ice of warm temperate and tropical dis- tribution, many other species may be found at conserva- tory range I, near the mimosa family. To the right of the mimosa family may be found the bed devoted to the pea family; to this some of our most valued economic plants belong, such as the pea, the bean and the clover, which may be found at the economic garden; to the pea family belong also the baptisias, the bush-clovers, the vetches, the tick-trefoils and many other familiar plants.
Next in the order of sequence is the geranium family, to which belong the geraniums or crane’s-bills; the plants so often cultivated in the house under the name of geraniums, but which are not hardy out of doors in our climate, are really not what they are called, but are truly pelargoniums, a closely-related group of pian Belonging. to the same family; our common wild geranium or crane’s bill may be found, among other plants here. A little farther on, near
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the brook, may be found the bed devoted to the wood-sorrel family, often called sour-grass by children; several species are shown. Just to the left of the geranium family is the flax family, to which belongs the flax plant (Linum), from the fiber contained in the stem of which linen is made. Beyond this is the bed for the rue family; to this belong the common rue, of southern Europe, and the fraxinella; this family also includes the oranges and lemons, specimens of which may be found at conservatory range 2, and a very great number of tropical trees and shrubs, located at conservatory range 1, houses 3 and 4. The spurge family is in a bed just to the left of the flax family; the flowering spurge, from the eastern United States, and the cypress spurge, from Europe, but sometimes found wild in this country as an escaped plant, are both here. Along the edge of the brook, and opposite the spurge family, may be seen the water-starwort family, to which belong a number of small aquatic plants. About opposite this, and at the base of the rocky ridge to the right, is a representative of the box family, a Japanese relative, the terminal pachysandra; the true box (Buxus) is a shrub or small tree, native of Europe, and several races of it may be found at the fruticetum. A little to the right of the wood- sorrel family is the jewel-weed family, to which belong the common balsam of the gardens, and the plant so common along our brooks and other wet places, and known as jewel-weed, or touch-me-not. A little beyond this are three beds of the mallow family; the hollyhocks belong here, as do the mallows; the crimson-eye mallow and the swamp-rose mallow, both from North America, are showy representatives of this family; and the marsh mallow, a native of Europe and the Orient, is also shown; its root is used in the manufacture of a mucilage and for medicinal purposes.
To the right of the mallows is the bed given over to the St. John’s-wort family. The rock-rose family comes next, a little farther on; here belong the rock-roses of Europe and
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our own frost-weeds. To the right of this is the violet family; a collection of our native species, together with some from foreign lands, is here brought together and many of these may be recognized as old friends. Near the violet bed is one devoted to the loasa family. Upon the ridge to the right, across the walk, may be found the cactus family; relatively few of these are hardy in this climate, so the larger part of the cactus collection must be sought at conservatory range I, houses 6, 7, and 8. Here may be found, however, several representatives of the prickly pears (Opuntia), including the eastern prickly pear, com- mon in this part of the country, which is frequently found on the rocky ridges in the vicinity of New York and occurs wild on some ledges within the Garden reservation. Down near the brook, and not far from the mallow family, is the loosestrife family, represented by the purple loosestrife, a native of Europe, but introduced in many places in this country; among others belonging to this family is the swamp loosestrife, or willow-herb (Decodon), a clump of which may be found along the brook opposite to the loosestrife bed. But a short distance from the violet family is the evening-primrose family; here may be found a number of the evening primroses (Oenothera), with their showy yellow flowers, noteworthy as the plants mainly experimented with by Professors DeVries and MacDougal in their studies on the origin of species. Along the brook, not far from the loosestrife family, is the water-milfoil family, represented by the Chilean water-milfoil or parrot’s- feather, forming a beautiful mass of feathery green on the surface of the water. Returning now to the ridge, a little beyond the violet family, we find the bed allotted to the ginseng family; here are the Indian-root, from eastern North America, and the heart-leaved aralia from Japan. To this family also belongs the ginseng plant, the root of which is so much prized by the Chinese as a medicine. Down the slope from this group may be found two beds given over to the carrot family, which includes many
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economic plants, such as the carrot, parsnip, celery and caraway, all of which may be found at the economic garden; lovage, a common European plant, is shown, and the rattle- snake-master, from the eastern United States; the wild carrot and the golden meadow parsnip also belong here.
To the primrose family, located at the base of the ridge a little beyond the carrot family, belong the primroses (Prim- ula), many of which are natives of Europe; here we find the common European primrose, the cowslip and others; the moneywort, a native of Europe, but introduced into many places in this country, sends its long creeping stem all over the bed—this is sometimes known as creeping Charlie; the fringed loosestrife, from North America, is also here, as is the clethra-like loosestrife, from Japan, with its racemes of white flowers. Between the two beds devoted to the carrot family, and a little beyond, is the plumbago family, to which belongs the common thrift of Europe; there are several other thrifts here also, as well as the statices or sea-lavenders, in several species. The bed allotted to the gentian family may be found a little beyond the plumbago family; among them is the blind gentian, a native of the United States. In the brook, just beyond the little stone bridge, may be found the buck-bean family; here are shown the water-snowflake, common in tropical regions, and the water-lily floating heart, native in Europe and northern Asia.
Just beyond the left-hand bed devoted to the carrot family is the dogbane family; the willow-leaved amsonia, from the central and southeastern United States, and the broad-leaved amsonia, from the central and eastern United States, are conspicuous objects here. Beyond this are two beds of the milkweed family and among its representa- tives are the common milkweed of our roadsides, the hairy milkweed and the swamp milkweed; the swallowworts also belong here and are illustrated by several species. In the morning-glory family, located to the right of the above, are the small bind-weed, of northern Europe and Asia,
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sometimes a troublesome weed in this country, and the morning-glory. Following the milkweeds is the phlox family; interesting plants here are the Jacob’s-ladder (Polemonium), of Europe, with its masses of blue flowers; the hairy phlox, of North America; Britton’s phlox, a relative of the common ground phlox, from the southeastern United States; the ground phlox and its white-flowered form, both natives of the eastern United States; and forms of the garden phlox, from the southeastern United States. In the shade, the natural habitat of many of these plants, is the water-leaf family, at the base of a large rock on the ridge; there are the purple, the broad-leaved, and the Virginia water-leaf (Hydrophyllum).
Farther along and at the base of the ridge is the borage family; the tuberous comfrey, the rough comfrey and the common comfrey, all natives of Europe, are represented. In the vervain family, in a small bed to the left, may be found the vervains. We now come in the sequence to the mint family, to which are devoted six beds; among the true mints may be found here the creeping whorled mint, the curled mint and the spearmint, all from the Old World. Many familiar plants may be seen in these beds, and among them are: the false dragon-head, of the United States; motherwort, common in Europe and widely distributed as a weed in this country along roadsides and in waste places; the horse-balm, of North America, common in the east in woods; Oswego tea, and other bergamots, natives of North America; the betony and hyssop, of Europe; the hedge-nettles, from both the Old World and the New; the common sage of the Mediterranean region, highly ee by the housewife, and other sages; catnip, a native of Europe, but widely distributed as a weed in this country; Gill-over-the-ground, or ground ivy, also a European plant, but extensively spread as a weed in this country; and the dittany, of North America.
The potato family may be found a little to the left and just beyond the phlox family. Here may be seen the
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common jimson, or Jamestown, weed, the seeds of which are poisonous, a native of tropical regions, but a common weed along our roadsides; the nightshade, a European plant, but commonly distributed as an introduction in many parts of this country, also with poisonous fruit; tobacco plants and solanums; it is to this family that the potato, tomato and egg-plant belong, plants of which will be found at the economic garden. A little beyond and to the left of the mints are the two beds allotted to the figwort family; of interest here are: the beard-tongues, of which there are several species; the speedwells (Veronica), among them the long-leaved speedwell and the gentian speedwell; the fox-gloves (Digitalis), from one of which, the purple fox-glove, the valuable medicine digitalin is derived; Lyon’s snake-head from the southern states; culver’s-root, from the southeastern United States; and several figworts. Just beyond this may be found the unicorn-plant family, represented by the unicorn-plant. A little beyond is the globularia family, with a single species of globularia. To the right is the acanthus family; not many of these plants are hardy in this latitude, but in house 2 at conservatory range I many representatives may be found, as the family is largely confined to tropical and warm temperate areas; in this bed may be seen the hairy ruellia, from the southeastern United States. In this neighborhood may also be seen the lopseed family, repre- sented by the lopseed, a native of eastern North America. To the right of the acanthus family is the single bed de- voted to the plantain family; several species, such as Ru- gel’s plantain and rib-grass, are pernicious weeds in this neighborhood, often disfiguring an otherwise even lawn. Just beyond the mints may be found the two beds of the madder family; to this belongs the dainty little bluets or innocence, which sometimes give a blue sheen to sterile, sandy plac¢s, so abundant is it in some localities; it is quite common in eastern North America; several species of bedstraw (Galium) may also be found here, while many
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other plants belonging to this family are grown at the conservatories, among them the coffee tree. A little be- yond is the single bed of the honeysuckle family, repre- sented by the feverworts; this family being largely composed of woody plants, many other species, including the true honeysuckles, may be found in the fruticetum and in the viticetum. To the left is the valerian family with a single bed; here may be found the valerian, a common European plant.
Just beyond the plantain family is the teasel family. It is to this that the teasel plant belongs, used in olden times for raising the nap on woolen cloth. Several species of cephalaria may be found here. Next in sequence is the gourd family, to which belong such common fruits as the cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon and pumpkin, speci- mens of which will be found at the economic garden. The bell-flower family is a little farther on and to the left of the teasel family; the Carpathian and Host’s bell-flowers, both natives of Europe, are pretty representatives here; the creeping bell-flower, or Canterbury bells, also a native of Europe, may be found here in several forms; the Japanese bell-flower and its white variety are also here, their large showy flowers making them quite conspicuous. A little further on and to the left is the lobelia family; the cardinal flower and the great lobelia, both natives of North America, make showy objects; the former is particularly striking in its rich masses of cardinal-red flowers.
To the right of the teasel family is the chicory family. The common lettuce (Lactuca), so much used in salads, be- longs here and specimens of this will be found at the economic garden; many of the plants are extremely weedy by nature, and this is particularly true of the hawkweeds, a genus richly represented in the Old World, several species of which are shown here; the oyster plant is also a member of this family.
To the left of this may be found the ragweed family. All the species here are of a weedy nature. The ragweed,
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the giant ragweed and the common clot-blur find represen- tation here. Terminating the sequence comes the very large thistle family, represented by many species from all parts of the world; there are nine beds at present given over to these plants; the sunflowers, coneflowers, thistles, asters, fleabanes, yarrows, golden-rods, tansies, sneezeweeds, bur- docks, artemisias and wormwoods, cat’s-foot, tick-seeds, elecampane, boneset, chrysanthemums, colt’s-foot and many others are shown; the Jerusalem artichoke, one of the sun-flowers, a native of eastern North America, bears edible tubers. 9. Morphological Garden This is located to the north of the herbaceous garden, the two collections being separated by the driveway which crosses the valley. It is designed to illustrate here with typical examples the organs and other features of plants, including leaf-forms and the various modifications of their margins, their venation and insertion on the stem; also the various kinds of stems, methods of propagation, flower-clusters and fruits, leaf-movements, parasites, desert plants and seed-dispersal. Looking north on this collec- tion, the first bed to the right of the brook contains plants illustrating simple leaf-forms. Immediately following this on the same side of the brook are the plants representing the various forms of compound leaves, or those in which there is a distinct jointing of the leaflets to the leaf-axis. Farther along the brook, in the pool, may be found various forms of aquatic roots, stems and leaves; and a little beyond this to the right is the bed containing plants illustrating forms of propagation. he remaining plats of this collection are located on the left hand or westerly side of the brook. The first of these to the right is devoted to leaf-venation, and the one to the left to leaf-margins, the former illustrating the character of the veins and nerves, and the latter the toothing or lobing of the margins. Beyond this to the right is the group of plants showing the manner of insertion of the
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leaves on the stem; and to the left of this are specimens illustrating the various ways in which plants may form a mosaic covering on the ground. A little beyond are the examples of stem-forms; one bed shows the smaller kinds, while for the larger examples, illustrating tree-twining, root-climbing and tendril-climbing stems, specimens have been placed to the left of this.
A little beyond the pool may be found the bed illustrating flower-clusters, and still farther on that devoted to para- sitic plants, or those deriving their nourishment from the living tissues of other plants. To the left of this and farther up the hill is the group of plants showing leaf-positions. Beyond and a little to the right are plants which are at home in desert regions, and the various means of accom- modating themselves to their natural surroundings are shown. Farther on to the right is the bed devoted to fruit-forms; and to the left of this, one showing various forms of seed-dispersal, those with the surface of the fruits covered with some sticky substance or curved appendages or hooked hairs or spines requiring the intervention of some animal for their distribution, while those with wings or with hairs attached to the seed are spread through the agency of the wind. To the right of the above are plants representing a species and a variety, and to the left of this is a bed containing plants showing species and hybrids.
10. Economic Garden
The collections illustrating food plants and those produc- ing substances directly useful to man in the arts, sciences and industries are planted at the northern end of the long glade containing the herbaceous collections just described. The collection is arranged in two series divided by a central grass walk. The beds on each side are numbered consecu- tively, the number being indicated on a wooden stake in the center. A general sign is placed in each of the beds, denoting what its contents are intended to represent, and in front of each plant is a smaller label giving individual information.
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On the east side of a broad central grass path and the brook are located plants used for medicine, those employed as condiments or relishes, and a number of plants from which the fiber is used in the manufacture of various fabrics. The medicinal plants which grow in wet or moist situations may be found on the easterly side of the brook. Along the woodland border is also a collection of medicinal shrubs and trees.
On the west side of the grass path and brook are the food plants. Here may be found many of the common fruits and vegetables. Along the gravel path is a collection of shrubs and trees, containing some of the more common plants producing edible nuts and fruits.
In the eastern series, bed no. 1, located at the northern end, contains plants used as condiments and relishes; here, among others, are peppermint, spearmint, mustard, lovage, lavender, savory, caraway, dill, coriander, basil, marjoram, anise, balm, sage, tarragon, and horse-radish. Beds 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7 contain drug plants. In beds 2, 4, and 6 it is the roots and rootstocks which are employed; such drugs as valerian, Indian physic, convallaria, sanguinaria, podo- phyllum or mandrake, inula, belladonna, pleurisy-root, rhubarb, cimicifuga, arum, tussilago or coltsfoot, and caulo- phyllum are here. In bed 3 among the commonly known drugs are catnip, tansy, horehound, and stramonium, the leaves of which furnish the active principles. In bed 7 are plants from the herbage, seeds or flowers of which drugs are manufactured; hops, tussilago or coltsfoot, rue, tobacco, castor-oil, digitalis and dulcamara are some of these. Bed 5 contains plants from which fibers are obtained, such as cotton, flax, used in the manufacture of linen, hemp, and broom-corn, from the inflorescences of which brooms are made. In the adjoining woodland border of shrubs and trees are the prickly ash, barberry, witch hazel, cramp- bark, rhamnus, frangula, euonymus, red-root, shrub yellow- root, and hydrangea. Along the east side of the brook will be found calamus and magnolia.
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In the western series, devoted to food plants, in bed no. 1, located at the north end of the first line of beds, are plants the bulbs of which are useful for food; among these are onions, garlic, chives, and leeks. In the adjoining bed Io, the first of the second line, are those furnishing tubers for food, such as the sweet-potato, Irish potato, and Jerusalem artichoke. In bed 18, the first in the third line, are plants with fleshy roots, such as celeriac, oyster-plant, radishes, turnips, carrots, and beets. In beds 2 and 3 it is the leaves which are edible; familiar examples are cabbage, kale, lettuce, Brussel’s-sprouts, collards, chicory, Chinese mus- tard, fetticus, endives, and spinach. In bed 4 are plants, the herbage of which is used; examples here are French spinach or orach, and rocket salad or roquette. It is the stems and leaf-stalks of the plants in bed 11 which are edible; here are asparagus, rhubarb, sea kale, kohlrabi, cardoon, and celery. In bed 5 are cauliflower and broccoli, the flowers being the edible portions.
Many plants furnish food in the shape of fruits. A fruit is developed from the flower, thus differing from a vegetable, which is the edible portion of some part of a plant other than the fruit. Beds 6 to 8, 12 to 16, and 19 to 27 contain plants which furnish edible fruits. These divide them- selves generally into two kinds, those in which the fruit is more or less fleshy, such as berries, pumpkins and beans, and those in which the seeds only furnish the food value, such as wheat, barley and other grains. In bed 6 are the egg-plant and okra. In bed 8 will be found peas, beans, and fennugreek; in bed 12 the various kinds of tomatoes; in bed 13 the different sorts of peppers; in bed 14 straw- berries; beds 19 to 26 contain each a single kind, as follows: crookneck squash, pumpkin, muskmelon, citron, water- melon, Hubbard squash, English marrow, and cucumber.
In the group containing the grains are the four common cereals, wheat, rye, oats and barley, all in bed 7. In bed 15 are the different kinds of sweet corn. In bed 16 are the field corns, both flint and dent, and popcorn. In bed 27 are buckwheat, sorghum, and rape, among others.
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Beds 9 and 17 contain fodder plants. Bed 9 has fodder plants other than grasses, such as alfalfa, red, white and crimson clovers, winter vetch, summer vetch, yellow lupine, blue lupine, and Florida beggarweed. In bed 17 are fodder plants of the grass family, such as teosinte, Johnson grass, field corn, timothy, Kentucky blue-grass, red-top, and pearl millet. In bed 28 is the sugar-cane plant, from the juice of which sugar, one of the most important articles of food, is made; this is a native of the tropics, and it is therefore not hardy in our climate—plants of it may be seen at all seasons at conservatory range I, house 9.
In the border of woody plants along the gravel walk are such familiar fruits as the hazel-nut, black, red and white currents, gooseberry, blackberry, black-cap, elderberry, chinquapin, barberry, huckleberry, and highbush blue- berry. Along the west side of the brook will be found rice, not hardy here, which furnishes the principle article of food for millions of people, especially in the tropics of the Old World; the cranberry plant; taro, also not hardy, an important article of food in the tropics, largely taking the place there of the potato in temperate climates; and water-cress.
11. Decorative Woody Plants
Many collections of this nature will be found in various parts of the grounds. They consist of trees and shrubs, both deciduous and evergreen.
Along the driveways and paths will be found many kinds of deciduous trees, and in the arboretum many other kinds may be studied.
Groups of deciduous shrubs will also be found in many places along the roads and paths, and in the fruticetum, where these are arranged in families, the decorative groups are in close proximity to the families to which they belong. In the fruticetum will also be found a number of evergreen shrubs. Other places where the decorative value of shrubs may be studied are: along the west border, from the Woodlawn Bridge south to the approach to the elevated
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railroad, and at the foot of and paralleling this approach; along the south border; and in the beds in the vicinity of conservatory range I. Evergreen shrubs, or small trees which may be used in the same manner as shrubs, are divided into two groups, those with broad leaves, such as the rhododendron, known as broad-leaved evergreens, and those with narrow leaves, sometimes like needles, such as pines, hemlocks, spruces, firs, and yews, known under the general term of coniferous evergreens. The rhododendron is one of the most popular of the broad- leaved evergreens. Collections of rhododendrons may be seen on the east and south banks of the upper lake, just behind the museum building; at the west end of the Boulder Bridge; in front of the fountain at the museum building; and on the north side of conservatory range I. One of the best broad-leaved evergreens for this latitude, and hardy except during a winter of extreme severity, is the Japanese holly, [lex crenata, fine examples of which may be found in some of the beds in the vicinity of con- servatory range I and at the Mansion.
Coniferous evergreens, as individual specimens, may best be studied in the pinetum. Groups of these plants, used in a decorative way, may be found at the foot of the Woodlawn Bridge approach; at the fountain in front of the museum building; at the foot of the museum approach; at the west end of the Long Bridge; in the beds at the foot of the terrace at conservatory range 1; and in the other beds to the north of the same range. As examples of the mixed planting of deciduous shrubs and of various ever- greens, beds nos. I to 7 at conservatory range I may be cited as an example.
12. The Japanese Cherry Collection This collection, a part of the deciduous arboretum, is located to the westward of conservatory range 2, in a little sheltered valley which opens out on the main road and the Bronx River. There are about 100 trees in the
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group. Itis to the great patience and care of the Japanese that we are indebted for the great variety in color and form of this truly charming flower. The first to bloom are the rosebud cherry (Prunus subhirtella) and the weeping cherry (the variety pendula), their rosy blossoms appearing at about the same time, near the middle of April. Follow- ing these some two or three weeks come the varieties of Prunus serrulata, the earlier ones blossoming usually about the first week in May, the flowering period being con- tinued through the later varieties for two or three weeks. The flowers are single in the variety known to the Japanese as Yoshina, in others they are somewhat double, and quite double in the variety classica, to the Japanese known as Fugenzo, and elsewhere often as Jas. H. Veitch, under which name it is usually offered in nursery catalogues. The flowers of this variety are of a deep rose and the foliage a bronzy hue, while in others the flowers are paler, and in some varieties even white; the foliage varies from bronze to bright green. This cherry bears little if any fruit, the great effort of the plant being turned toward the crea- tion of blossoms, of which there is a great abundance. Individual trees, at the height of their season, are literally covered with a mantle of charming flowers. It is no wonder that the Japanese hold this flower in such great esteem. 13. The Rose Garden
This is situated in a little valley east of the Bronx River, and a short distance south of the Mansion. It is of ir- regular shape, containing about an acre and a quarter, and is about 350 feet long and 200 feet wide at its broadest part. The beds outside of the intramarginal path are planted mainly to such roses as have a short flowering period, commonly known as June roses. Here will be found the hybrid perpetual, the hybrid sweetbrier, the Ramanas, the Bourbon, the moss, the China, and the cabbage roses. Inside of the path above mentioned, are many beds containing hybrid tea, Pernetiana, and dwarf
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polyantha roses; these types bloom practically the season through, beginning late in May or early in June and in some varieties blossoming until killing frosts arrive.
None of the plants in the beds outside of the intra- marginal path require protection in winter; to prevent whipping in the wind and consequent loosening of the plants in the soil, the long stems are cut back to about three feet late in the fall. The roses in the other beds, however, are protected by hilling up the earth for a distance of six or eight inches around each plant, much as is done with potatoes. This protects the wood from too violent freez- ing and drying, insuring enough good live wood the follow- ing spring to provide the bloom for the coming summer. Each plant is furnished with a label giving the type of rose, the name of the variety, and the name of the donor.
The flight of stone steps which forms the western ap- proach to the garden was the gift of the late Mrs. Robert E. Westcott.
14. Lilac Garden
This collection, located a little to the south of the rose garden and paralleling Pelham Parkway, is being de- veloped. The lilacs are planted in groups around the margin, it being tentatively planned to establish a collection of peonies in the central portion of this area.
15. Flower Gardens
Collections of herbaceous plants useful for horticulture will be found in the border at the Elevated Railway ap- proach; along the path leading from this approach to conservatory range 1 and in the beds in the vicinity of this range; and elsewhere. Something of decorative value is always to be found in these collections, from the appear- ance of the early bulb-plants, and other harbingers of spring to the arrival of the chrysanthemums in the fall. The plants are plainly labeled, so that the collections may be intelligently studied. If one is interested in establishing a home garden, notes may be made here of such plants as
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appeal to the individual, and any color scheme for any period may be thus arranged for. It is not the purpose in these collections to develop any special color scheme, but to bring to the attention of the public as many different kinds as possible of herbaceous plants which may be used in the developing of individual ideas. Many other kinds of herbaceous plants which may be used for decorative purposes may be seen at the herbaceous garden.
The flower beds at conservatory range I are on the north side in two series numbered from west to east. One series contains seven beds, and the other, at the base of the terrace on which the conservatory stands, paralleling it on three sides, contains four beds. In these beds and in those on both sides of the path from the Elevated Railway approach to the conservatories are grown many kinds of bulbs, such as snowdrops, glory- of-the-snow, squills, spring crocuses, early tulips, cottage tulips, Darwin tulips, daffodils, poet’s narcissus, snowflakes, lilies and fall crocuses. All bulbs have a resting period, their foliage disappearing at this time, leaving bare spots in the flower garden. To avoid this, annuals, or green- house plants raised from cuttings, are provided. These are sown or planted in time to follow the bulbs, thus giving a succession of flowers for the summer and fall. In addi- tion to the bulbs there are many other kinds of herbaceous perennials here.
Bed no. 11, located at the foot of the east terrace, 1s devoted to roses. This collection was established in the spring of 1913. The bed is about 250 feet long and 8 feet wide. There are over 400 bushes, representing about 140 kinds, including hybrid perpetuals, hybrid teas, teas, baby ramblers, moss-roses and others. The two rear rows con- tain hybrid perpetuals, and a few other kinds, the two front rows comprising hybrid teas and teas.
16. Horticultural Collections The horticultural collections are situated in the southern part of the grounds, and face the Southern Boulevard.
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This area comprises about 5 acres, and is well diversified as to character of soil and conditions, offering level, hilly, rocky, dry, wet, sunny, and shaded areas, making it possible to grow a great variety of plants. It is designed to assemble here collections of plants suitable or desirable for horticultural purposes. A feature is made of the label- ing, as in all other collections of the Garden, each plant being supplied with an information label; and, when neces- sary, a larger label for the bed or collection = is employed, indicating its contents.
A large collection of different varieties of cannas occupies the beds paralleling the entrance walk from the Southern Boulevard and the large oval bed at the termination of this walk. The horticultural varieties of cannas are the result of hybridization and selection, and many varieties have been thus produced, new ones being introduced constantly. The species used in this work of hybridization are natives of tropical or warm temperate countries, and are of course not hardy here. The hybrids in consequence are not hardy, and it is necessary to remove the plants for the winter to a cellar or other storehouse where the temperature does not go to freezing, neither should it be too warm, for then the plants will start growth. Pre- liminary to removal, the stems should be cut a few inches above the ground, the plants being allowed to remain in their summer position until pretty well blackened by the frost. In the early spring the clumps can be broken up and the severed parts planted in flats or in pots, where they are allowed to remain until all danger of frost is past, when they may be planted in their permanent position for the summer.
Back of the north bed of cannas is a group of the white fir (Abies concolor), a native of our western country. Be- tween this plantation of firs and the walk is a bed devoted to a collection of plants with variegated or colored foliage, making an interesting and instructive exhibit. Across the walk is a collection of chrysanthemums. To the
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east and across the walk from this is a collection of the garden phlox, of which there are many kinds offered for sale and new ones constantly appearing. These are en- tirely hardy, and may remain out-of-doors continuously.
Along the south walk, on both sides, are beds containing a large collection of gladioli, representing numerous ex- amples of the various types of this popular flower and many horticultural varieties. To the south of this is the Victory Grove, planted with Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga mucronata).
In the low land on the east side is a large collection of mallows made up largely of hybrids produced here at the Garden during a series of experiments. Many of these are desirable for the garden, as the mallows, while naturally natives of moist or wet situations, will thrive under or- dinary garden conditions.
Many other collections are planned for this area, includ- ing an iris garden, and will be developed from time to time as opportunity offers.
17. Dahlia Collection
This is located in that part of the west border extending from the Harlem Station plaza north to the Mosholu Parkway bridge, a distance of over 400 feet. One of the finest collections is exhibited here each summer, the blooms beginning to appear about the end of July and continuing in an unbroken succession until the time of killing frosts. The various types of the cultivated dahlias are exhibited in many examples, each plant being plainly labeled with the name of the type, the name of the variety, and the name of the donor. This is one of the most popular collections in the Garden.
The dahlia is a native of the highlands of Mexico, very few kinds being known in the wild state. The great diver- sity of form and color exhibited by the cultivated dahlia has been produced artificially by hybridization and selec- tion. Not a hardy plant, it is necessary to remove the
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tubers each fall, after growth has been stopped by the frosts, to a cellar or other storehouse where the tempera- ture does not reach the freezing point, neither should it go much above 45 or 50 degrees.
18. Iris Collection The iris collection at the southwest corner of the grounds was established in the spring of 1916. In front of a back- ground of conifers and deciduous shrubs is a border Io feet wide, in which the irises are planted. The iris may be had in flower, by proper selection of kinds, from early spring to the early part of July. The first to bloom are some of the dwarf forms, such as Iris pumila and I. ertstata. Then come those of the rhizomatous type, with creeping rootstocks, such as Iris germanica, I. pallida, I. sambucina, and many others. These are followed by the Siberian irises, and these in turn by the Japanese irises, of which
there are many beautiful color forms.
19. Water Garden The water garden is situated northeast of the museum building between the lake bridge and the Bronx River. An attractive display of hardy water-lilies, many of them Marliac hybrids, may be seen here from June until autumn; while the borders of the lake are planted with a variety of water-loving herbaceous plants and shrubs.
20. The Hemlock Forest
The forest of Canadian hemlock spruce along the Bronx River, within the portion of Bronx Park set apart for the New York Botanical Garden, is one of the most noteworthy natural features of the Borough of The Bronx, and has been characterized by a distinguished citizen as “the most pre- cious natural possession of the city of New York.”
This forest exists in the northern part of Bronx Park on the banks of the river and their contiguous hills; its greater area is on the western side of the stream, but it occupies a
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considerable space on the eastern side above the mansion and below the boulder bridge. The area west of the river extends from just above this bridge down stream to a point nearly opposite the old Lorillard snuff-mill, and is the part commonly designated “Hemlock Grove.’ Its total length along the river is approximately 3,000 feet; its greatest width, goo feet, is at a point on the river heat 700 feet above the ae at the mansion. The total area occupied by the trees on both sides of the river is be- tween thirty-five and forty acres.
While this area is mostly covered by the hemlock spruce, and although they form its predominant vegetation, other trees are by no means lacking; beech, ash, sweet birch, red maple, hickories, oaks, dogwood, tulip-tree and other trees occur, and their fcliaee protects the hemlocks from the sun in summer to a very considerable extent; there are no coniferous trees other than the hemlock, ioweven within the forest proper. The shade is too dense for the existence of much low vegetation, and this is also unable to grow at all vigorously in the soil formed largely of the decaying resi- nous hemlock leaves; it is only in open places left by the occasional uprooting of a tree or trees by gales that we see any considerable number of shrubs or herbaceous plants, their seeds brought into the forest by wind or by birds. In fact, the floor of the forest is characteristically devoid of vegetation, a feature shown by other forests of hemlock situated further north. The contrast in passing from the hemlock woods to the contiguous hardwood area which borders them to the west and north, toward the museum building and the herbaceous grounds, is at once apparent, for here we see a luxuriant growth of shrubs and of herbs, including many of our most interesting wild flowers.
21. The Gorge of the Bronx River
The gorge of the Bronx River extends from the boulder bridge at the north end of the hemlock forest southward for about a mile, nearly to Pelham Avenue, and is a most
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beautiful and picturesque natural feature, besides being of great geological significance. Its depth from the summits of the hills on both sides averages nearly 75 feet, and its sides below the foot-bridge at the mansion are nearly ver- tical rock faces. The hills on both sides are heavily wooded with hemlock spruce and other trees. In the upper part of the gorge the river flows slowly, being held back by the dam forming the waterfall at the mansion, and the ele- vation of its surface is only a few inches higher at the boulder bridge than it is at the fall; after plunging over the dam, however, the river runs in its unobstructed natural channel with all the appearance of a mountain stream, which at high water is exceedingly beautiful.
22. North Meadows and River; Woods
The Bronx River enters the northern end of the Garden from Williamsbridge and flows as a slow stream southward to the waterfall at the mansion, its surface being nearly level throughout this distance. It is spanned just inside the northern boundary of the Garden by a concrete-steel arched bridge with granite copings, which carries the main park driveway across it near the Bronx River Parkway entrance. The entire northern end of the Garden is formed of the flood plain of the Bronx River, consisting largely of grassy meadows and marshes which at average flow of the stream are several feet above its surface, but which at flood time are occasionally submerged for short periods, the whole valley being a very interesting illustration of the behavior of a small stream with a large watershed at and about its sources. Considerable areas of the marshy land have al- ready been reclaimed by filling, and by the lowering of the dam forming the waterfall at the mansion; the general plan contemplates a much further reduction in the amount of marshy ground, and a further lowering and deepening of the river by dredging, in order to take off freshets with greater rapidity. <A part of this flood-plain is occupied by the plantations of willows and poplars already described,
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and these will be considerably extended, but large areas of meadow will be left in their natural condition.
South of these open meadows, the valley of the river is much narrower and is occupied by several acres of charac- teristic river woods, containing a considerable variety of native trees and shrubs, extending south as far as the long driveway bridge near the northern end of the hemlock orest.
23. Deciduous Woodlands
The natural deciduous woodlands of the reservation are, collectively, over 40 acres in area, mostly in the central and southern portions of the tract, ee they occupy rocky ridges and some of the valleys between these ridges. Along the Bronx River, from the boulder bridge north to the north meadows, are several acres of river woods, subject to over- flow at freshet periods. The woodlands contain many species of native trees and a much greater number of kinds of native shrubs and herbaceous plants; the undergrowth is, locally, very dense. They are typical illustrations of forests of our part of the country, and are treated and protected as such. Dead and decrepit trees are removed and dead branches pruned off from time to time; where necessary, young trees are planted to replace those cut out; the woods are patrolled to guard against forest fires. All available firewood obtained is burned in the heating plants of the smaller buildings, and the use of coal is thus reduced. In order to keep these woodland tracts as typical illustra- tions of eastern United States forests, no extraneous plants have been brought into them, except in one small area on a bank just east of the fruticetum, where many herbaceous woodland species not native of the region have been planted.
Park FEATURES The whole plan of the development of the Garden has been designed in such a manner as to include all the features of a public park, and it has been carried out in close coopera- tion with successive park commissioners and engineers of
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the Borough of the Bronx. The grounds are open to the public every day in the year without any charge whatever.
24. Entrances
The Garden has entrances at ten points, as follows:
1. Mosholu Parkway. 2. Bedford Park Avenue. 3. Southern Boulevard. 4.Iris Garden. 5. Linnaean Bridge. 6. Mansion Approach. 7. Arboretum entrance (not yet completed). 8. Allerton Avenue. 9. Bronx River Park- way. 10. Woodlawn Road.
25. Roads and Paths
An elaborate series of driveways provides several miles of Telford-Macadam roads, most of which are now con- structed.
Paths located so as to lead to all the principal features are included in the plan, with an aggregate length of over fifteen miles and approximately three-fourths of this system has already been built, and there are several miles of forest trails.
All the roads and paths have been located so as to do no damage to the natural features of the grounds, particular care having been taken to save all possible standing trees and to avoid disturbing natural slopes except in the im-~ mediate neighborhood of the large buildings, where con- siderable grading has been necessary, but even here the study has been to adjust the new surfaces so that they shall merge imperceptibly into the original ones. Ornamental masonry retaining walls, made necessary by the grades of the roadways, have been built at the Mosholu Parkway entrance, at the Woodlawn Road entrance, and at the ap- proach to the Elevated Railway Station, and vines have been planted at the bases of these walls which partly clothe them with foliage. The Bronx Boulevard, bounding the Garden to the east, is supported along part of its length by a high rubble-stone retaining wall.
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26. Bridges
The plan of the driveway and path systems called for the construction of six bridges; three of these, first, the lake bridge, crossing the valley of the lakes near the museum building; second, the long bridge, which carries the drive- way across the valley of the Bronx River north of the hem- lock forest; and, third, the upper bridge which crosses the Bronx River at the northern end of the Garden, have been carried out in masonry arches from designs by Mr. John R. Brinley, landscape engineer of the Garden. A unique boul- der foot-bridge of five arches, just at the northern end of the hemlock forest was built from designs by the same engineer. The concrete-steel bridge spanning the gorge of the Bronx below the waterfall was built by the Park Department; and the sixth bridge in the plan is a foot-bridge, temporarily built of wood, ultimately designed in concrete, crossing the Bronx River in the north meadows.
The bridge dedicated to Linnaeus, which carries the Pel- ham Parkway across the river, is appropriately located between the Botanical Garden and the Zoological Park.
27. Water Supply and Drainage
The water supply has also been constructed in accordance with the general plan and the system has been extended from year to year as the development of the grounds proceeded. Drinking fountains and public comfort stations have been erected at various points.
The drainage of the grounds has been carried out in ac- cordance with a well-studied original plan, which provides outlets for the surface drainage for the most part either into the lakes or into the river, very little of it being taken into the sewers. Only a small portion of the drainage system still remains to be built.
28. Shade Trees and Border Screens
The park treatment further calls for the planting of shade trees where these are needed along the driveways,
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and much of this has been done, a great many kinds of trees having been used, and many shrub plantations have been set out, especially at roadway and path intersections, utilizing considerable numbers of the same kinds of shrubs at different points.
The general planting plan includes provision for par- tially surrounding the grounds, except at entrances, with border screens. This planting has already been accom- plished along the western and northern boundaries, and partly along the southern and eastern boundaries. These screens are composed of a very great variety of trees and shrubs, variously grouped, and average about fifty feet in width.
29. Shelters and Pergolas
Only a few of these ornamental, as well as useful, struc- tures have been erected, but the plan of development includes a number of them, and also several decorative fountains.
LAKESIDE SHELTER
A concrete shelter-house stands by the path on the south- western side of the upper lake, which lies just west of the water garden. The southern and eastern banks of this lake are decorated with masses of rhododendrons, mountain laurel, and other shrubs and trees.
HERBACEOUS GARDEN PERGOLA A small, hexagonal, concrete pergola stands in a triangle formed by three paths in the forest edge on the eastern side of the herbaceous garden.
SCHOOL GARDEN SHELTER This was completed in 1918 with funds contributed by Mrs. Frederick Ferris Thompson. It is very attractively located on a high rocky cliff overlooking Long Lake and the valley containing the Rose Garden.
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Docentry
In order to provide a method for viewing the collections under guidance, a member of the Garden staff leaves the front door of the Museum Building every week-day after- noon at 3 o’clock, to escort all who may wish to accompany him. The routes are as follows:
Monday: Hemlock Forest, Mansion, and Herbaceous Garden. Tuesday: Pinetum. Wednesday: Fruticetum and North Meadows. Thursday: Deciduous Arboretum, Nurseries and Propagating Houses, and Public Conserva- tories, Range 2. Friday: Public Conservatory Range 1. Saturday: Museums.
Rules
1. The picking of flowers, leaves, fruits, nuts, or the breaking of branches of any plants, either wild or culti- vated, the uprooting of plants of any kind, the defacing of trees, and the carrying of flowers, fruits or plants into or from the grounds of the Garden, are prohibited, except by written permission of the Director-in-Chief of the Garden.
2. Leaving or depositing paper, boxes, glass or rubbish of any kind within the grounds of the Garden is forbidden.
3. Dogs are not allowed within the limits of the Garden except in leash.
4. It is forbidden to take fish from within the Garden, or to molest in any way squirrels, birds, snakes, frogs, toads, turtles or any other wild animals.
5. Throwing stones or other missiles, playing ball, foot- ball, tennis, or other game is prohibited.
6. It is forbidden to offer for sale food, candy, news- papers, books, tobacco, beverages, flowers or any other objects, without written permission from the Director-in- Chief and the Commissioner of Parks for the Borough of The Bronx.
7. Boating or rafting on the ponds, lakes, and streams is forbidden.
8. Trucking, or the driving of business wagons of any kind, is forbidden on the roads of the Garden, except on those designated for such purposes.
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g. It is forbidden to accept or solicit passengers for any cab, carriage, or other conveyance, at any point within the grounds of the Garden without written permission from the Director-in-Chief of the Garden and the Commissioner of Parks for the Borough of The Bronx.
10. Visitors are not allowed within the Garden after eleven o’clock at night nor before six o’clock in the morning except upon driveways and paths designated for their use
between those hours.
The Garden is also protected by all city ordinances refer-
ring to the Park System.
EXPLANATION OF MAP
1. Public Conservatory Range 1 Water-lily Tanks
Elevated Railway Station Power House No. 1 Bedford Park Entrance Botanical Garden Station Mosholu saree Entrance Museum Buildin
Pinetum
. Flower Gardens
. Southern Boulevard Entrance . Herbaceous Garden
Pergola
. Morphological —
. Economic Garde
. Viticetum
. Deciduous Woodlands
. Hemlock Forest
. Gorge of the Bronx River
. Gorge Bridge
. Waterfall
. Boulder Bridge
i saties Pr OS SIAR EY YP
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boy Bb wR oo 5
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ies} to. re oO
25. Water Garden 26. Lake Bridge
27. Upper Lake
28. Lakeside Shelter 2g. Fruticetum
30.
31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37- 38. 39. 40.
Woodlawn Road Entrance
Bronx River Parkway Entrance Deciduous Arboretum
Power House No. 2
Public Conservatory Range 2 Allerton Avenue Entrance
41. Stable
. Propagating Hou . Nursery : ae Ent . Long Lak
and Experimental Gardens nce
Rose Gs
. Park Department Barn
op . Park Department Greenhouses . Picnic Grounds . Mansion Entrance . Linnaean Bridge . Linnaean Bridge Entrance . Iris Garden Entrance . Iris Garden . White Pine Plantation
GENERAL PLAN OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BULLETIN The New York BotanicalGarden
Vol. 10 No. 39
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR-— IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR 1919
(Accepted and ordered printed January 12, 1920)
To THE Boarp oF MANAGERS OF THE New York BorTani-
CAL GARDEN.
Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit my report as Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the year ending January 12, 1920.
Noteworthy events in the development of the Garden during 1919 include, primarily, the completion, installation and opening of the central display greenhouse and the orchid greenhouse, built through gifts of $50,000 each by Messrs. Daniel Guggenheim and Murry Guggenheim made for the purpose in 1917, and the commencement of public lectures, demonstrations and exhibitions in the central display greenhouse; and the organization and development of instruction of convalescent soldiers and of civilians in practical gardening. A city appropriation of $5,000 obtained by Park Commissioner Joseph P. Hennessy, should provide for the completion of the driveways as planned. A largely increased maintenance appropriation for 1920 by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment off- sets a severe reduction in the appropriation for 1919.
All the collections of plants, specimens and books have been maintained andincreased. The path system has been further developed, together with necessary grading and drainage. Direct education of the public by lectures,
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demonstrations and docentry has been continued and expanded. No deterioration in the beautiful natural features of woodlands, river banks, valleys, glades, hills and meadows has oan experienced, ond planted trees and shrubs have been maintained in health and elegance.
Botanical exploration has been accomplished in British Guiana, Cuba, Jamaica, the Bahamas, and Florida, with resultant valuable additions to the collections and in contributions to knowledge. Scientific investigation over a wide range of subjects has been prosecuted by students, by visitors, and by members of the staff.
The collections of living plants in the open and under glass include about 14,600 kinds, a net increase during the year of about 100 kinds, mostly in horticultural races and varieties. The library was increased by about 450 volumes through gifts, purchases and exchanges, the total number of bound volumes now reaching about 29,700. Museum and herbarium specimens added during the year by gift, purchase, exchange and exploration, aggregate about 9,000.
Publications of 1918-19 include No. 37 of the Bulletin, commencing Volume 10; Volume 20 of the Journal; Volume 11 of Mycologia; 1 part of North American Flora; 7 numbers of Contributions; and the fourth volume of Addisonia.
The completion of additional coal bunkers at both power houses provides largely increased coal storage. The construction of the cherry garden shelter was commenced in the autumn and may be completed during the winter. Bequests of $5,000 by Mrs. Mary J. Kingsland and of $30,000 by Mrs. Samuel W. Bridgham were announced during the year. The bequest of Mrs. Russell Sage announced last year has been appraised at $776,586.
Plants and Planting All the existing plantations described in some detail in my last annual report have been maintained, variously modified. New plantations of great interest were installed in the central display greenhouse.
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The collections in the herbaceous garden valley were increased by native American species collected by Dr. E. B. Southwick and by Dr. F. W. Pennell. A few kinds of shrubs were added to the fruticetum and some trees to the arboretum; the list of hardy woody plants prepared by Mr. George V. Nash and published in successive issues of the Journal is approaching completion, after necessary interruption and delay. Water gardens and the iris garden remain essentially unmodified; we have prepared plans for a new iris garden much more extensive than the existing one, which may be constructed and installed in cooperation with the American Iris Society when funds for the purpose become available; the cordial cooperation of the American Iris Society has been secured by Dr. Gleason. The young forests of white pine and red pine planted in 1916 and 1918 respectively, in cooperation with the Conservation Com- mission of the State of New York, continue to grow satis- factorily and are of much interest to the public as demon- strating forest planting. Large collections of gladioli, cannas, rose mallows and phloxes were grown in the horti- cultural gardens, and a special group of plants with varie- gated foliage was added. Collections of peonies and lilacs for planting in the new lilac and peony garden along the Pelham Parkway have been brought together, but their installation there awaits necessary ground improvements.
The rose garden developed in cooperation with the Horti- cultural Society of New York has received additional named kinds of bush roses; construction of path ap- proaches with necessary grading accomplished during the past season now permits planting the collection of rambling roses; provision for the climbing roses is yet to be made. The school garden developed in cooperation with the International Children’s School Farm League has been enlarged and used in the instruction of convalescent soldiers; an additional plot just south of the nurseries was also used for this purpose; the increasing number of students in gardening now requires the preparation of addi-
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tional land. Both plots required woven wire fencing and also guarding to prevent fruits and vegetables being taken by interested citizens. Plans for the formal garden just south of the mansion remain unused, awaiting funds for construction. The extensive flower gardens around con- servatory range I, extending along paths and border screens to the railroad have been maintained with slight modification. The large and elegant dahlia collection brought together by Curator Marshall A. Howe, along the border screen north of the railroad station, was notably increased and flowered profusely from August until killed by frost on November 10. Hardy chrysanthemums were brought together along the border screen south of the railroad station; the border screen was found to throw rather too aes shade for their best development, and it is planned to move this collection to the horticultural gardens, or to establish another collection of chrysan- themums there. The nurseries and propagating grounds south of the propagating houses were maintained with some reduction of area under cultivation.
Following the reopening of conservatory range 2, closed for over a year owing to coal shortage, and the opening of the new greenhouses added to that range by the gifts of Daniel and Murry Guggenheim, extensive rearrangements were made of the plants under glass. Large collections were moved from range I to range 2; the palm collection, long crowded mostly in two greenhouse compartments, was further distributed; all the tropical ferns, orchids, and most of the cycads were taken from range I to range 2, and many specimens stored in the propagating houses were made available for examination by the public in the two large ranges. The educational value of the greenhouse col- lections has thus been greatly increased. One of the propa- gating houses has been used in the teaching of convalescent soldiers, another by the Director of the Laboratories for experimental work with students, and the third contains a large portion of the collection of cacti.
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Details of plants and planting will be found in the report of the Head Gardener hereto appended.
Museums
The revision and cataloguing of the specimens forming the economic museum commenced last year by Dr. H. H. Rusby, Honorary Curator, was continued by him at intervals during the year, but it was not found possible to complete the catalogue for printing, this task proving too great for the time at his command. His report hereto appended al that this very important work may soon be finis
A eet modification was made in the systematic museum on the second floor of the museum building by moving the cases and their contents from the western wing to the adjoining hall, and thus making the western hall available for the herbarium specimens of fungi moved from the upper floor of the building to relieve congestion there; laboratories and offices for the Supervisor of Public Instruction, Dr. Murrill, and for Curators Seaver and Howe were provided, and the herbarium collections of algae still on the upper floor will be moved to the second floor as soon as possible. The microscopic exhibits set up for the use of the public in the west wing were moved to the mezzanine floor in the middle of the building, readjusted and renewed.
he museum of fossil plants on the basement floor of the
museum building has been somewhat increased as recorded in the report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants, Dr. Hollick, hereto appended; his investigations of foul plants of the West Indies were continued. No essential change was made in the display series of specimens. Addi- tional cases here would permit the exhibition of many interesting specimens now in storage.
Some 24,000 herbarium specimens previously mounted and held in storage were incorporated into the permanent collections, this requiring almost all the case room avail-
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able. Additional herbarium cases are now greatly needed to properly conserve specimens more recently obtained or stored. Full details of the museum and herbarium work will be found in the report of the Head Curator hereto appended.
The catalogue of the extensive series of lantern slides and photographic negatives has been made complete by Mrs. Grace M. Schilling, appointed to succeed Miss Elsie M. Kittredge, Assistant Curator, resigned. Mrs. Britton has given continued attention to increasing the collection of lantern slides, especially of plants not hitherto repre- sented. Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox continued voluntary work on the collection of prints and other illustrations of plants and has put this valuable series in excellent condition for reference. Contributions to the Emergency Fund were credited to the purchase of specimens as follows:
Mr. Edwin A. Richard... 00... 0. eee cece eee $250
Mr. Henry W. de Forest... 0.0... ccc cece eee 100
ugene P. Bicknell... 2.0... 00... ee cee eee 25
Professor William J. Gies....... 0... cece eee eee eee 25 Library
As shown by the report of the Librarian hereto appended, the library was increased during the year by 450 volumes, this collection of books now comprising about 29,700 volumes. Other requirements precluded the expenditure of as much money for the purchase and binding of books as we had hoped for at the beginning of the year. Con- tributions to the Emergency Fund were credited to the purchase of books as follows:
Mr. Andrew Carnegie... 2.00.0... ccc cece cence eee nen $500 Mr. Mortimer L. Schiff... 0.0.0.0... 0.0.0.0 c cece eee eee I
Mr. Felix M. Warburg... 0.2... .0 0c ccc ccc cece cece ences 100 Mrs. F. F. Thompson... ....... 00.0.0 c cece cece eee ee 100 Mrnky Ev Oleott cas avtsica cp teuates aacenasel nent aateces 10
Liberal expenditure for book purchases remains as an important item to be accomplished, and has received special consideration by the Scientific Directors. We still need a
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library fund with an income of $2,000 or more annually, specified for books and binding, and there is also need at the present time for additional book shelving.
For details of library work reference is made to the re- ports of the Librarian, Miss Harlow, and of the Biblio- grapher, Dr. Barnhart.
Public Instruction and Information
Instruction by public lectures and demonstrations and by docentry has been continued, all members of the staff participating. Following the suggestion in my last annual report, the position of Supervisor of Public Instruction was established in January, 1919, and Dr. William A. Murrill, formerly my First Assistant, was appointed to fill it. Under his direction, educational work, especially in docentry, has been expanded, and he has delivered lectures on various topics at the Garden and elsewhere. He was placed in charge of a very successful exhibition of plants used in decorative design held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in March and April, in cooperation with that institution. The completion of the central display greenhouse, given by Messrs. Daniel and Murry Guggen- heim, including space for public lectures and exhibitions, provided important additional facilities for lectures de- livered there on Saturday afternoons in November, to be continued. At the November meeting of the Board of Managers, a series of Sunday afternoon lectures, in addition to the Saturday courses, was authorized, and these will be commenced in the spring. Dr. Murrill’s report hereto appended gives details of the public educational work.
Replies to all requests for botanical information have been continued and all questions, oral or written, have been replied to; these questions have been numerous and the correspondence of the institution continues very large.
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Instruction of Convalescent Soldiers in Practical Gardening
Pursuant to correspondence and consultation by Presi- dent Thompson with officials of the Federal Board for Vocational Education, arrangements were made early in the year for training in practical gardening wounded, crippled or otherwise disabled men who had served in the war with Germany for the preservation of democracy. The first student under these arrangements was admitted on January 16, and others were received from time to time. The number under instruction at the date of this report is 45; the total number enrolled to date is 57; 4 were transferred to other institutions; 3 were sent to hospitals; 4 left for unknown reasons; and one was lost by death.
Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton, formerly Head Gardener’s Assistant, and who was in service during the war as a corporal, was appointed Marshal of the Garden School in February and put in charge of the details of the instruc- tion and discipline; in October, subsequent to the resig- nation of Captain Henry G. Parsons, who had been absent on leave for government service during the war, Mr. Boynton succeeded him as Supervisor of Gardening In- struction. In July, Mr. Walter B. Balch, a recent graduate of Cornell University, was appointed to succeed Mr. Boyn- ton, and we have just appointed Mr. E. E. Watson, from the University of Michigan, as another assistant. Gard- eners have been detailed for work in instruction as needed from time to time.
Officials of the Vocational Board have continually in- spected the work of instruction and have made important suggestions; they propose to increase the number of soldiers sent for this training, and in this event additional instructors will be required.
This vocational work was primarily established through the following contributions to the Emergency Fund of 1919: Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton. 0.0.0.0... cece eee ee eee $1,000 Mr. W. J. Matheson... 00... 0 2 cece cece eee e eee 250 Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox... 0.0... ccc ccc eee eee ences 200
Mrs, Delancey Kane... ........... ccc eeeeeece encase 100 Mrs. George W, Perkins.........000 0.0 cece eee cece 100 Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel... 0.0... ccc ccc e cence ence eee 100 Mr. and Mrs. Bernhard Hoffmann...............00005 100 Mr. Samuel W. Fairchild. 2.0... 00.0.0 cee eee cee eee eee xe)
At the request of the International Children’s School Farm League, an unexpended balance of $3,263.62 of the fund provided by that organization in 1917 to support the training of teachers of school gardens for two years, was transferred to the training of convalescent soldiers. These contributions and this transfer, together with $15 per month paid for each soldier student by the govern- ment, have sufficed to organize, equip and maintain the instruction.
All members of the Garden staff have cooperated by lectures, laboratory work, field instruction and otherwise. The training of the convalescent soldiers thus took on a broad and diversified character. Mr. Boynton’s report hereto appended gives a complete record of this interesting work, together with a list of students and their disabilities.
We have had numerous requests from various sources for these students, one employer stating that he could use the whole school, but their training has not yet been sufficient to warrant placing any of them in positions.
Instruction of Civilians in Practical Gardening
Subsequent to the organization of the instruction for convalescent soldiers in practical gardening, this instruc- tion was extended to civilians, both men and women, and this educational tender was widely advertised. During 1919, 2 women and I man were enrolled, and 1 woman and 3 men have been admitted in January. A special course for women desiring training for work in their own gardens has just been commenced, with an attendance of Io. The development of a permanent school of gardening has been given much consideration by the Scientific Directors and a plan outlined by Dr. Gleason has been approved by them, subject to confirmation by the Board of Managers.
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Exploration and Collecting The necessity of applying all available funds to mainte- nance has restricted exploration work to near limits. The following contributions to the Emergency fund were cred- ited to exploration:
Mr. Edward V. Z. Lane... 2. cece eee cece eee eee $100 Me: Charles. Fi Randi ié2 0 seine eee eee ontrack ate 100 Mr ar Lj. Matstone)... sansa bee foe e ede os ee ekiees 100 Mr. Adolph Lewisohn. ..... 0.0... e eee e ere e eee eens 50
Through the cooperative arrangement entered into in 1917 with the Smithsonian Institution and the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, for exploration and investigation of the flora of northern South America, Pro- fessor A. S. Hitchcock, Agrostologist of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry, was commissioned during the summer to explore portions of British Guiana for a period of about six months. He reports extensive collections al- ready made, which will doubtless add much to our know- ledge of tropical American vegetation and its products. The study and organization of collections made in Colom- bia, Venezuela and Ecuador under this arrangement has progressed to such extent as the available time of members of the staff of the three cooperating institutions has per- mitted; in order to proceed more rapidly, additional investigators and collectors are needed.
Through the continued valued patronage of Mr. Charles Deering, botanical exploration of southern Florida was continued during the year by Dr. John K. Small, Head Curator, who visited that region during parts of April and May, and again in December, and made large collections of specimens and of living plants. Mrs. Britton and I accompanied Dr. Small in December and took part in the work, which enabled us to restudy the vegetation of Florida in relation to that of the Bahamas, Cuba and Porto Rico. For additional facilities in this investigation, we are grateful to Mr. William J. Matheson, of the Garden Board of Managers, and to his son, Mr. Hugh M. Matheson. We
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gave especial attention to collecting the lichens of the region for comparison with those of the West Indies and to the study of plants collected in gardens, parks and nurseries, some of which we secured for our greenhouse.
Some collecting for the local herbarium was done by members of the staff in northern New York, Connecticut and New Jersey.
Our West Indian collections have been further increased by specimens collected by Mr. William Harris in Jamaica, by Brother Léon and Brother Hioram in Cuba, and by Mr. L. J. K. Brace in New Providence, Bahamas.
Roads and Paths
Pursuant to our request for a special appropriation of $5,000 for completing the unfinished driveway through the eastern part of the reservation, referred to in my report for the year 1918, this amount was granted during the summer by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment, after application by Hon. Joseph P. Hennessy, Commis- sioner of Parks of the Borough of The Bronx, and was made available for expenditure late in November. Work in grading, rock excavation and paving northeast of the rose garden was immediately begun by a force of workmen of the Park Department, and continued until December 31. All grading was completed during this period and all but about 200 feet of road area was paved; enough stone to complete this paving is readily available and work may be resumed within a short time. Provision is made in the city appropriation for supplying and rolling in the broken stone and screening required to complete the work, also for oiling the surface; we may therefore anticipate the completion of this much needed driveway in the spring. It will be recalled that our plan contemplates the closing of the narrow dangerous road leading north from the Mansion after the new broad driveway is opened for traffic.
At conservatory range 2, the plaza at the west end of the central display greenhouse was materially enlarged in
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order to get better turning and parking space for motor cars. High-grade maintenance of the driveways has been con- tinued by Park Commissioner Hennessy and his able staff, under the provisions of the Garden’s Charter.
Construction of additional portions of the path system in various parts of the grounds with collateral grading and drainage and subsequent planting was accomplished by means of contributions to our Emergency Fund credited to grounds improvement, as follows:
Mr. Edward S. Harkness. ......... 0.0 ese e eee e eee eeee $500 Pi Jenks MORGAN obi rece rh eo aaiee a aeas aieyiie ianes 500 Mr. Henry Ce Pricks3 vie wie ve ora poe eean eeeeeees 500 Mr. Daniel Guggenheim... ....... 0.0... c cece eee eee 250 Mr. Murry Guggenheim............0... 00.0 eee eee eee ee 250 Mr. George W. Perkins.... 0.0.0.0... 0. cc cece eee eee 250 Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge... 0.0... elec cece eee 250 Mrs. James A. Scrymser.... 0... eee eee ees 250 Mr. Edward D. Adams... 0.00.00. 200 Mr. Emerson McMillin... 2... cco cece eee 100 Mrs. Henry O. Taylor... 0... eee 100 Mrs. Robert Bacon... ... 0... c cece cece cee eee teens 100 Mr. Robert W. de Forest... 0.20... ccc ccc cee ene ee 100 Dr. Lewis Rutherfurd Morris........... 0000 ccc ee neces 100 Mr. Louis C. Tiffany... 2... eee eens 100 Mr. Myles Tierney. .....2... 0.00000: e eee c eee eee eens 100 Mrs. George D. Pratt... 2.0... cece cece eee 100 Mr. Fritz Achelis 049 2, fev beueies dacndetae eine give ten 100 Mr. George F. Baker... occ cee eens 100 He Marriman ss ene ena, adie eee 100
Mr. Ww tlliam Sloane..2¢.50ecin wets dead Mei ea4 dows 100 Mrs. Charles D. Dickey. . 0.0.0.0... 0000. c cece eee ee 100 Mr. W. K. Vanderbilt... 0... ccc 100 Mr Cr Ay Comins ics wanseveydeg dette ove i advun dee. ixe) TD Ay Ha vemeyer ve feet tea ares Jan pe eet ees 50
Mr. George Blumenthal... 2.2.0.2... ccc cee eens 50 Mr. Henry R. Hoyt... 0... n ce nee eens 50 Mrs. Theron G. Strong.........0. 00000 cece eee eee eee 50 Mr. A. F. Estabrook. 20.0... 00.0 cece cece cece eee eene 50 Mrs. George A. Armour... 2... 2.0 cece cece cence ences 50 Mrs, Hamilton Fish Kean... 0.0.0.0 cece cee ee cence seas 50 Mr. A. R. Shattuck. 0... occ ccc ence ees 25 Mr Thomas MEE del cee eee a eee ee 25
r. J. sara eth Hares ct ites sta aataanoeae ies $25 Mi Harold I. Pratt....... 00000. cc cece eee n eee e cues 25 Col. Samuel P. cin pheea ant ane nen fxiaiae Oe oad cee ani 25
Mr. John W. ee Miss Elizabeth Billings...............ccccuseeseeseeees 10
Unfinished paths in the arboretum, through the collec- tions of magnolias, oaks and birches, aggregating about 500 feet in length, 10 feet wide, were surfaced by ashes from the power houses and opened to the public. A path 510 feet long, 10 feet in width, extending south from the rose garden stairway along the ridge overlooking the rose garden from the west, was completely graded and partly paved. Work is progressing here during the winter and this much needed path may be completed and put into use early in the spring. Paths on both sides of the drive- way leading from the iris garden entrance to the mallow garden were completely graded and partly paved; these, 10 feet in width and over 1,200 feet in length, also provide much needed connections; work here is also progressing and both paths may be opened in the spring. A path 200 feet long and 10 feet wide, along the southern side of the war memorial grove of Douglas spruce, was completed and opened at the time that plantation was established in the spring. Path approaches to conservatory range 2 from the north and to the cherry garden shelter from the east and south, 10 feet wide and aggregating about 800 feet in length, were partly graded; the top-soil obtained was used in forming the planting spaces in the central display greenhouse nearby. Work upon these paths may be con- tinued next season when funds become available.
The next most important paths to develop are the con- nection of the Linnaean Bridge entrance northward along the west side of the Bronx River to the gorge bridge in the hemlock grove and the companion path on the east side of the river north to the Lorillard snuff-mill, denominated the Bronx River paths; some grading and paving was accomplished upon these in former years; their completion
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will be a great boon to the visiting public, affording restful and beautiful views of the quiet reaches of the river.
Water Supply
Work was commenced in the autumn and is being con- tinued during the winter in providing the high pressure water supply needed at the mansion, referred to in my last annual report, designed to provide running water on the third floor of that building; the increased use of the mansion for instruction of convalescent soldiers and of civilians in gardening makes a better water supply neces- sary. We purchased the 4-inch water pipe necessary and have done most of the earth excavation for the trench; rock excavation for a distance of about 100 feet is in progress and we hope to complete the principal connection within a few weeks; a short connection requiring 3-inch water pipe at the mansion still needs a few days’ work.
Buildings
Reference has already been made in this report to the central display greenhouse and the orchid greenhouse added to conservatory range 2 through the gifts of Messrs. Daniel Guggenheim and Murry Guggenheim, and to the reoccupation of the other greenhouses of this range, which were closed for over a year by reason of coal shortage; necessary repairs were made to the roofs of the older houses of this range. Much repair work was found necessary at conservatory range I, including painting, replacement of glass, reconstruction of benches, and replace- ment of sash bars. Available funds did not suffice for com- pleting all repairs desirable and this work must be continued during the coming year. At the propagating houses, some absolutely necessary repair work was done, but all the plant benches in these houses need replacement in con- crete, which we are proceeding to accomplish as soon as
possible; some painting is also required here. he museum building required repairs to the roof and
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the replastering of the interior walls; considerable re- plastering still remains to be done. One of the piers in front of this building has settled and cracked, and this requires rebuilding. The collective amount of repair work necessary demands large expenditure during the coming year.
We built a new coal bunker at power house I, using stone for its walls obtained from the necessary excavations at conservatory range 2, and utilized the earth excavated for filling up an unsightly swale along the Southern Boule- vard at the horticultural gardens. All the masonry and concrete work of the new cherry garden shelter was com- pleted, the woodwork for the roof of this structure has been ordered, and we hope to complete it by the time the cherry garden comes into flower in the spring. Only minor repairs have been necessary on the smaller buildings and these, as well as the bridges, are in good condition. Details of the work on roads and paths, grading, drainage, water supply and buildings will be found in the report of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds hereto appended.
Victory Bonds Employees of the Garden were enabled to subscribe to
the Victory Loan in the same manner as to the issues of liberty bonds, payable in installments. The Treasurer purchased $8,000 of the Victory Loan to cover subscriptions by the following employees:
G. K. Ackerman, Jr., Clerk
C. J. Auld, Gardener
John H. Barnhart, Bibliographer
Henry W. Becker, Foreman Gardener
Kenneth R. Boynton, Supervisor of Gardening In-
struction
N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief
John Caffrey, Keeper
B. Cassell, Laborer
T. Chadwick, Gardener
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A. J. Corbett, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
James Curry, Laborer
John Farley, Fireman
Thomas Feltham, Soldier Student
Frank Finen, Fireman
James Finley, Gardener
John Finley, Foreman Gardener
George Friedhof, Gardener
Henry Friedman, Clerk
August Gleasel, Gardener
H. A. Gleason, First Assistant
W. S. Groesbeck, Bookkeeper
Dorothy Hale, Museum Aide
Sarah Harlow, Librarian
Marshall A. Howe, Curator
Owen Keefe, Gardener
Robert McAvis, Driver
W. J. McGreevy, Head Steam Engineer
James Malley, Driver
Edward W. Meyer, Laborer
John J. Millard, Janitor
J. Moore, Gardener
George Morse, Night Watchman
D. Murphy, Laborer
George V. Nash, Head Gardener
Hugh F. O’Neill, Soldier Student
George Purdy, Painter
Jacob Radlein, Gardener
J. G. Rechsteiner, Plumber
P. A. Rydberg, Curator
F. A. Schilling, Museum Custodian
Fred J. Seaver, Curator
Harry Shafer, Gardener
Theodore Shaffer, Steam Engineer
John K. Small, Head Curator
Charles Smith, Gardener
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John Sommer, Gardener
E. B. Southwick, Custodian, Herbaceous Grounds A. B. Stout, Director of the Laboratories Florence M. Willey, Stenographer
Ralph A. Willey, Driver
R. S. Williams, Administrative Assistant
Roland E. Wills, Steam Engineer
Natural Features
Continued care has been taken of the natural woodlands, thickets, meadows and other features and they have suffered no serious deterioration of their original beauty; their only destructive enemies have been individuals of the human species, and these have been controlled for the most part by our keepers. Some vandalism has been experienced, but not sufficient to mar natural attractions to any serious extent. Parts of the woodlands still require additional guard rails along paths and trails.
Reports Appended
I append reports made to me by Dr. Gleason, First Assistant; by Dr. Small, Head Curator; by Dr. Murrill, Supervisor of Public Instruction; by Mr. Nash, Head Gardener; by Dr. Stout, Director of the Laboratories; by Mr. Boynton, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction; by Mr. Corbett, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds; by Dr. Barnhart, Bibliographer; by Miss Harlow, Librar- ian; by Dr. Hollick, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants; by Mrs. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses; by Dr. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections; and a schedule of expenditures by Mr. Groesbeck, Book- keeper.
Respectfully submitted, N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief
( 230 ) REPORT OF THE FIRST ASSISTANT Dr. N. L. Britron, Director-1n-Cuier.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my first annual report as First Assistant.
On reporting for duty at the New York Botanical Garden February 10, I learned that no ex officio duties were at- tached to my position, and I was charged by you with various administrative and executive duties. Some of these have been merely routine matters, such as attending to correspondence, and overseeing the work of certain em- ployees, and require no special mention in this place.
The editorship of the Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, which had been assigned to Dr. Francis W. Pennell, associate curator, was transferred to me with the Febaiany 4 issue. The twelve numbers for the year include 258 pages, 17 full-page half-tone plates, and 1 text figure in zinc. Although copy has been sent to the printers regularly on the 25th of the month preceding, only two numbers have appeared within the month of issue. Much good can accrue to the Garden by the prompt publication of a well-written and well-illustrated magazine. I woul respectfully recommend the enlargement of the Journal, when funds are properly available, to an average size of 48 pages and 4 to 8 plates per issue, with the extension of its scope to include any botanical and horticultural articles of interest to the members of the Garden, and believe that the increase in membership of the Garden due to the Journal would in a short time be sufficient to carry the extra expense.
As a result of negotiations begun in 1918, a report of which has been published in the Journal (20: 51-61), a course of instruction in gardening was established in January. Its development, under the immediate super- vision of Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton, Supervisor of Garden Instruction, has proceeded steadily throughout the year. In this development I have aided with advice on the arrangement of the curriculum, on the scope and content
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of the various courses, and on many details of administra- tion. I have also acted as the intermediary with the Federal Board for Vocational Education, handling most of the correspondence and business.
In an attempt to attract to the courses in garden instruc- tion a number of civilian students, a small advertising campaign has been conducted. Notices briefly describing the courses and the opportunity were inserted in The Garden Magazine, The Gardeners’ Chronicle, The Florists’ Exchange, and Horticulture. These have brought some hundreds of replies, but only seven actual registrations. Others are expected for the early part of 1920, but in general the advertising campaign has been a failure.
he numerous replies have demonstrated beyond a doubt that there is a widespread interest in garden in- struction, and have led me to the conclusion that the lack of registration is due to some defect in our plan. Acting on this conclusion, I have formulated a new plan for the administration of the instruction in gardening, which has already been approved in principle by the Scientific Directors, and which will be presented to the Board of Managers for final action.
For three months during the summer, a small advertise- ment of Addisonia was inserted in The Garden Magazine. Again many replies were received, and four new sub- scriptions followed, which were enough to make the adver- tising distinctly profitable, although leading me to believe that some changes in our present method of publishing Addisonia might result in a much larger subscription list.
Inspired by the success of the exhibition of plant forms used in design, held at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, a competition in the use of plants in decorative design was held at the Mansion in April, and was participated in by 26 art students of the city. A detailed account of this has been published in the Journal (20: 124-126).
The annual spring inspection of the Garden was held
May I.
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The new Central Display Greenhouse, the gift of Messrs. Daniel Guggenheim and Murry Guggenheim, was formally opened to the public November 8. Its unique facilities were immediately taken advantage of by a short series of greenhouse lectures on the three following Saturdays.
The proper heating of the Museum Building still con- tinues an unsolved problem. The increased demands of Conservatory Range I at night makes it necessary to shut off steam from the Museum after working hours, and on cold days it is impossible to bring the temperature of some rooms in the Museum to a comfortable temperature. This condition has been aggravated by the shortage of coal at some periods of the year, and can never be fully remedied except by radical changes in the heating system.
Monthly conferences of the staff and students of the Garden have been held as usual on the first Wednesday of each month, except during the summer. The Torrey Botanical Club has continued to hold one meeting each month in the Museum Building. One special meeting of the Club in connection with the Wild Flower Preservation Society was held at the Mansion. The New York Micro- scopical Society held a field meeting at the Garden in June. Exhibitions of flowers and plants by the Garden and the Horticultural Society of New York, jointly, have been held as usual. Of these the last was held in the Central Display Greenhouse, which is remarkably well adapted to such exhibitions.
Our three periodicals, the Journal, Mycologia, and Addisonia, have appeared regularly, as reported to you by other members of the staff. One number of the Bulletin has appeared (volume 10, number 37), comprising pages I to 87, and containing the annual reports for 1918. Seven articles have been reprinted as Contributions, as follows:
No. 208. Notes on Plants of the Southern United States—V., by Francis W. Pennell.
No. 209. Intersexes in Plantago lanceolata, by A. B. Stout.
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No. 210. The Genus Desmatodon in North America, by R. S. Williams.
No. 211. Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky Mountain Region—VIII. Distribution of the Montane Plants, by P. A. Rydberg.
No. 213. Taxonomic Studies in Vernonia and Related Genera, by H. A. Gleason.
No. 214. A brief Conspectus of the Species of Kneiffia, with the Characterization of a New Allied Genus, by F. W. Pennell.
No. 215. Tulip Droppers, by A. B. Stout.
These include 106 pages and 3 plates. Contribution number 212 is begun and awaits completion during 1920.
With the approval of the Scientific Directors, I have begun supplying brief botanical notes and articles of gen- eral interest to the Scientific American, with the coopera- tion of other members of the staff. Actual publication of this matter is expected at an early date.
For many years there has been in America a growing interest in the cultivation of the various species of Iris, culminating in the suggestion, frequently expressed, of an Iris Society with trial grounds and exhibition garden. I have entered into this movement in cooperation with several leading Iris growers, and a society will soon be organized. In all probability, the society will wish to establish its first gardens on our grounds, and the Scientific Directors have already expressed their approval of this plan. Under this arrangement the Garden may soon have the largest and most complete collection of Iris in America, without any cost other than the preparation of the ground and the maintenance of the collection.
In my personal research, I have finished and published several small articles for which data had been secured prior to my connection with the Garden, and have pre- pared the manuscript for that part of North American Flora dealing with the tribe Vernonieae of the family Carduaceae. I have also begun the examination of our
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herbarium material of the lobeliaceous genera Centropogon and Siphocampylus, and this work will be continued in 1920 as time permits.
In connection with the public lectures of the Garden, I have delivered three lectures in the lecture hall of the Museum Building and one in the Central Display House of Conservatory Range 2.
Respectfully submitted, H. A. GLeason, First Assistant.
REPORT OF THE HEAD CURATOR OF THE MUSEUMS D HERBARIUM Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CHIEF.
Sir: I submit herewith my report as Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium for the year 1919.
The collections, comprising the public exhibits and the research material, have been cared for and developed as in previous years. Specimens were received from various sources and were accessioned in detail, from month to month, in the Journal. The accessions for the year may be summarized as follows:
By gift and purchase. ........ 0... ccc cece eee 2,399 By exchanged «taster tsi seen ee ie gehts ber eae ses 3,133 By exploration. 4 vcsy ateniiws bie staan Panacea 3,826
Thus all together 9,358 specimens were brought together for the public exhibits and the research collections. The value of the specimens received as gifts is estimated at $346.70. About 5,050 duplicate herbarium specimens were sent to other institutions as exchanges.
Museums The collections of the public museums were both en- larged and rearranged. No new equipment was added. Tue Economic Museum. Numerous specimens were added nearly throughout the public exhibits of this museum. The interpolation of specimens necessitated the rearrange- ment of the contents of nearly every exhibition case. For
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details see report of the Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections.
Tue Systematic Museum. Specimens were added to all divisions of this museum and selected ones were inter- polated in the public exhibits. The setting aside of the west wing for herbarium and office purposes necessitated the removal of the exhibits from that hall into the west hall, as well as a complete rearrangement of the specimens.
THE Synoptic Cotiection. The exhibition cases con- taining the myxomycetes, algae, fungi, lichens, hepatics, mosses, and ferns, and the earlier families of the flowering plants, were all rearranged and the specimens readjusted as a consequence of the change referred to above. Now the west hall has its full complement of exhibition cases.
THe Microscope Exuisit. The several stands of microscopes were removed from the west wing to the mezzanine landing between the first and second floors of the museum building. Fortunately the exhibit lent itself very well to the arrangement. The exhibits were read- justed or renewed as was necessary.
Tue Locat Frora. Specimens and figures representing several groups of the lower fungi were incorporated in their proper sequence in this exhibit. The cases formerly in the west wing were moved into the west hall.
Tue Pranr Picture Exuisir. It was necessary to readjust this exhibit in order to make room for the frames moved from the west wing into the west hall.
Tue Fosstr Prant Museum. About eighty specimens were received for this department. They came mainly from the Arctic regions and from the West Indies. The specimens are available for both the public exhibits and the research collections. For particulars see the report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants.
Herbaria The additions to the herbarium came primarily from Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, the
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West Indies, and northern South America. About 10,600 herbarium sheets, containing fully 24,000 specimens were incorporated with the permanent collections. Consider- able readjustment of the specimens in the cases was necessary because of the unequal accumulation of speci- mens. Algae from continental and insular North America and from the Antarctic regions were incorporated. Hun- dreds of microscope slides, particularly of the Bahama algae were prepared and placed with the specimens. Fungi from North America, the West Indies and from Africa were added to permanent collections. The more im- portant species were those from North America and South America. Lichens came almost wholly from southern Florida and the Bahamas. Hepatics added were mainly from eastern North America. Bryophytes representing a wide geographic range were added. The additions to the fern herbarium, like that of the flowering plants, were mainly from America. The most important were derived from Canada, the United States, Mexico, the West Indies, and northern South America. A few specimens were received for the Columbia University Herbarium. They were mounted and added to that collection.
The local herbarium was increased by special and selected specimens collected mostly by members of the Garden staff while on field excursions of the Torrey Botani- cal Club and on vacations. Some specimens were also secured through exchanges.
Investigations and Assistance
Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator, had charge of the herbarium of flowering plants. In addition to the usual curatorial work connected with the collections of mounted specimens, he sorted all the unmounted herbarium specimens of North America into systematic order, so as to make the specimens of any group easily available for study. He also continued taxonomic work on the families Fabaceae, Ambrosiaceae, and Carduaceae for North American Flora.
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The manuscript of Ambrosiaceae was finished and was delivered to the editor. The manuscript of the tribe Senecioneae (except the genus Senecio) is essentially finished and is sufficient for another part of North American Flora. Work on the tribe Indigofereae of Fabaceae and on the following tribe Galegeae is advancing. Only a little work was accomplished on the flora of the Rocky Mountains; a “Key to the Rocky Mountain Flora” was published during the spring and one article in the series ‘‘ Phyto- geographical Notes on the Rocky Mountain Region” was printed during the summer.
Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator, remained in charge of the collections of algae and hepaticae in the herbarium and museums. Determination and entry into the herbarium of somewhat more than 2,000 field numbers of marine algae collected some years ago by Dr. Howe in the Bahama Islands has constituted the chief work of the year, and the results of this study have been summarized in a systematic treatment of the algae of the Bahamas contributed to Britton & Millspaugh’s “Bahama Flora,” now in press. Papers published during the year include “‘On Some Fossil and Recent Lithothamnieae of the Panama Canal Zone,” “Tertiary Calcareous Algae from the Islands of St. Bar- tholomew, Antigua, and Anguilla,” and ‘‘Dahlias and their Culture.” Dr. Howe continued in charge of the Garden’s dahlia border, has given three lectures in the Saturday afternoon courses, and has continued to act as an associate editor of the publications of the Torrey Botanical Club and as delegate from the Torrey Botanical Club to the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator, continued in charge of the fungi, which have been installed in their new quarters on the second floor of the museum building. Research has been continued on the cup-fungi of North America and also on certain of the lower fungi causing leaf-spot diseases, both preparatory to monographs for North American Flora. A chapter on Bahama fungi has been written for
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the “Bahama Flora,”’ and work is under way on the Porto Rican fungi for a similar flora. A number of museum specimens have been installed; also several illustrations for the swinging frames. Local collecting has been continued and one week was spent at Ithaca, New York, collecting in cooperation with Cornell University and Syracuse University. About two hundred specimens were obtained. One lecture has been given in the regular Saturday course; also one lecture and one demonstration given before the class in gardening for convalescent soldiers. Work has been continued on destructive insects. One paper and several notes were published on this subject during the year. He represented the Garden during two days of the session of the meeting of the international potato patholo- gists on Long Island.
Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator, has continued his studies of tropical American plants and the arrangement and distribution of specimens and has devoted considerable time to cooperation with the Director-in-Chief in the preparation of a flora of Cuba. His duties as docent have been greatly increased through numerous requests received both from public and private schools desiring special instruction for their pupils. He has also assisted in many of the Saturday afternoon lectures.
Dr. Francis W. Pennell, Associate Curator, gave atten- tion mainly to his monographic studies of the Scrophu- lariaceae, and to the arrangement of specimens, completing revisions of this family for the local flora and for the southeastern United States, and commencing and carrying to partial completion like treatments for Colombia, for Panama, for Cuba, and for Ecuador. Also he has made further advance in his revision of these plants for the Central Rocky Mountain States. Papers, embodying the results of these studies, are appearing, or are soon to appear, in various journals. In addition to work upon the Scrophu- lariaceae, he has continued his ‘‘Notes on Plants of the Southern United States,” and has published a synopsis of
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the small but critical genus Kneiffia of the Onagraceae. Routine work has mainly consisted in completing the task of sorting into sets and distributing his and Dr. Rusby’s Colombian collections of 1917-1918. An additional duty has been the oversight of the Field Excursions of the Torrey Botanical Club, and in connection with this, the answering of many questions, both in the herbarium and in the field, concerning the local flora.
Dr. H. H. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections, further developed the economic museum. (See his report.)
Mrs. N. L. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses, further developed the moss herbarium. (See her report.)
Dr. Arthur Hollick, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants, further developed the fossil plant museum. (See his report.
The writer in addition to curatorial routine and mis- cellaneous duties, accomplished considerable writing for the Journal and for Addisonia and several articles have already appeared in those journals. He continued his studies, incidentally, on plants of the southeastern states, particularly those of Florida and neighboring regions.
He spent several weeks in exploration in Florida both in the spring and in the fall. During the spring he travelled several thousand miles in peninsular Florida and on the Florida Reef, chiefly in search of specimens of the genus Harrisia, primarily for elucidating our knowledge of that genus as it occurs on the North American mainland for interpolation of it in the forthcoming volume (vol. 2) of the Cactaceae. In the fall, accompanied by yourself and by Mrs. Britton, special and general problems were investi- gated, both on the peninsula and on the reef. The main results of both these excursions have been embodied in papers which will appear in future issues of the Journal.
Respectfully submitted, Joun K. Smatt, Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium
(240 ) REPORT OF THE SUPERVISOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION Dr. N. L. Britrron, Direcror-1n-CHIEF.
Sir: J have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1gI19g.
Among the various facilities for public instruction at the New York Botanical Garden, the following may be men- tioned:
Collections of living and dried plants and plant products prominently exhibited and carefully labeled; natural woodlands, fields, and meadows, with all that they contain of beauty and interest; floral exhibitions at stated inter- vals; a system of docentry by means of which the collec- tions may be visited every week-day under expert guidance; lectures and demonstrations adapted especially to the children in the public schools; garden lectures for those interested in special phases of botany and horticulture; and regular public lectures covering a wide range of botani- cal and horticultural subjects.
Instruction has been given free to the public during 1919 in the manner suggested above, as well as by extensive correspondence, personal interviews, etc.
Lectures Recutar Pusuic Lectures
Illustrated public lectures on botanical and horticultural subjects have been given in the museum building on Saturday afternoons from April to November, as outlined below. The attendance for the year has averaged 87 for each of the 31 lectures; the maximum attendance being 232 on September 20.
April 5. “The Advent of Spring, with Illustrations of Spring Flowers,” by Dr. N. L. Britton.
April 12. “Scenic Features of North Amedean Moun- tains,” by Mr. Leroy Jeffers.
April1g. “The Place of Trees in Men’s Affairs,” by Mr. Carl Bannwart.
April 26. “Some, Interesting Tropical Trees,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill.
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May 3. ‘‘Evergreens,” by Mr. G. V. Nash.
May to. “Plant Hybrids: How Produced: Their Uses,” by Dr. A. B. Stout.
May 17. “The Future of American Forestry,” by Prof. J. W. Toumey.
May 24. ‘The Recognition of Medicinal and Poisonous Properties in Unknown Plants,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby.
May 31. ‘Floral and Scenic Features of the Panama Canal Zone,” by Dr. M. A. Howe.
June 7. ‘‘The Botanical Garden at Buitenzorg, Java,” by Dr. H. A. Gleason.
June 14. ‘*Destructive Insects,” by Dr. F. J. Seaver.
June 21. ‘Edible Wild Mushrooms,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill.
June 28. ‘‘Some Books on Gardening,” by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.
July 5. ‘‘Why and How to Spray Plants,” by Dr. E. B. Southwick.
July 12. “Dwarf Fruit Trees for Suburban Homes,” by Capt. F. A. Waugh.
July 19. “Rose Gardens,” by Mr. G. V. Nash.
July 26. “Attractive Flowering Plants of New York State,” by Dr. H. D. House.
August 2. “Floral and Scenic Features of the Island of Jamaica,” by Dr. M. A. Howe.
August 9. ‘‘Through the Central Andes of Colombia,” by Dr. F. W. Pennell.
August 16. “Botanical Features of Ceylon,” by Dr. H. A. Gleason.
August 23. ‘Flowering Shrubs,” by Mr. Arthur Herr- ington.
August 30. ‘“‘The Proper Care of Shade Trees and Ornamental Plants,” by Dr. Mel. T. Cook.
September 6. ‘‘Sugar and Cocoa: Their History and Production,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill.
September 13. ‘“‘A Naturalist’s Rambles in Florida,” by Dr. G. C. Fisher.
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September 20. ‘“‘Dahlias and Their Culture,” by Dr. M. A. Howe.
September 27. ‘Peeps into Gardens,” by Mr. Leonard Barron.
October 4. ‘Autumn Coloration,” by Dr. A. B. Stout.
October 11. ‘‘The Digestion of Vegetable Foods,” by Dr. W. J. Gies.
October 18. “Fall Planting and Winter Protection,” by Mr. G. V. Nash.
October 25. “‘Conserving the Forests and Wild Life of New York State,” by Mr. C. G. Abbott.
November 1. ‘The Tea Gardens of Ceylon and Japan,” by Dr. H. A. Gleason.
SPECIAL GARDEN LECTURES
The following lectures were given in the Central Display Greenhouse at Range 2 on Saturday afternoons at 3:15 o’clock, where living plants could be used to illustrate them. This method of presentation met with the instant approval of plant lovers.
November 15. ‘“‘Cycads and Sago Palms,” by Dr. N. L. Britton.
November 22. “Tropical Orchids,” by Mr. G. V. Nash.
November 29. ‘Tropical Ferns and Their Relatives,” by Dr. H. A. Gleason.
ScHooL LecTrurEs AND DEMONSTRATIONS
A great many groups of children from the public schools of New York and nearby cities have been brought to the Garden by their teachers during the year and have received instruction in various ways, as illustrated by the lectures and demonstrations mentioned below.
On January 22, 300 pupils from Evander Childs High School visited the Garden to study living tropical plants, hardy trees, and plant products. They were in charge of Mr. Mann and some of his teachers, assisted by several members of the Garden staff. Mr. Hewitt gave an inter-
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esting illustrated lecture on forestry in the large lecture hall in the museum building. The weather was mild and the work of the pupils very satisfactory.
The first lectures of the year for school children of the lower grades were given at the Garden as follows: April 23. “Plant Products,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby; April 25. ‘‘ Woody Plants,” by Dr. F. J. Seaver; April 29. “‘The Cultivation of Plants,” by Mr. G. V. Nash; and April 30. “‘Seedless Plants,” by Dr. M. A. Howe. The lectures were followed by demonstrations from the living plants.
On June 17, over 300 biology pupils from the Morris High School, with Dr. Peabody and eight teachers, spent the forenoon at the Garden observing and making notes on tropical plants, trees, economic plants, and plant products, under the guidance and instruction of their own teachers and most of the Garden staff. Mr. C. G. Abbott, of the State Conservation Commission at Albany, gave an account of the various measures being taken by the Com- mission to preserve the wild life and other natural resources of the state. His lecture was illustrated with handsome colored lantern slides and was listened to with deep interest.
The June Biological Trip of the Evander Childs High School to the New York Botanical Garden took place on Thursday, June 19, under the leadership of Mr. Paul B. Mann and three of his teachers, assisted by eight members of the Garden staff. The pupils, 300 in number, assembled at the entrance to conservatory range 1 and were guided through the fifteen houses of this range in groups of 30, Trees and various kinds of herbaceous plants were then studied in the valley east of the conservatories, and plant products on the main floor of the museum building. Mr. George E. Hewitt gave an illustrated lecture on the subject of forestry, which was a fitting climax to a very successful and enjoyable occasion.
Seventy pupils and teachers from the Jewish School at 500 East 140th Street visited the Garden July 9, to study the economic collections in the museum building and living
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plants in certain parts of the grounds, under the guidance and instruction of four members of the Garden staff.
Docentry
My personal attention was given to at least 10,000 persons during the year; while Mr. Wilson recorded about 1,500, Mr. Williams about 100, and Mr. Becker 800. The total probably reached 15,000. A few groups of visitors are mentioned below.
Members of the New Rochelle Garden Club visited the Garden on the afternoon of August 11 and were accom- panied on their tour of inspection by Dr. and Mrs. Britton, Dr. Howe, and other members of the Staff. The dahlia border was first inspected, and Dr. Howe gave a brief talk on the selection and cultivation of dahlias, which was followed by questions and discussion. Then the tender and hardy water-lilies in the tanks at conservatory range I were examined and admired; after which the party visited the display borders of cannas, gladioli, and phlox, and the new rose garden. Mrs. Richards, the president, called a meeting of the club at the Mansion at 4 P. M., at which twenty members were present, most of whom remained to see the experiments of plant-breeding being conducted near the propagating houses by Dr. Stout.
About seventy students of the Columbia Summer School visited the Garden on the afternoon of August 8, under the leadership of Mr. L. W. Crawford, Jr., and were escorted through the grounds and buildings by Drs. Murrill, Howe, Barnhart, and Pennell, of the Garden staff.
The Garden was visited August 27 by some four hundred members and guests of the American Pharmaceutical Association, then in conventionin New York. The visitors, divided into groups, were guided through the museum building by members of the Garden staff, after which they inspected the main conservatory range and drove through the grounds. The time was too brief for more than a cursory view of the collections, especially those in the
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economic section, and many regrets were expressed that the fine materia medica collections could not be examined in detail, these being naturally of paramount interest to pharmacists. Floral Exhibitions
The Horticultural Society of New York, in cooperation with the New York Botanical Garden, held exhibitions of flowers in the museum building on the dates given below. These were all well attended and aroused much interest in floriculture. The collections of irises, peonies, roses, dahlias, etc., on the grounds also attracted large crowds of people.
May 10, 11. Exhibition of Flowers.
June 7, 8. Exhibition of Roses and Peonies.
August 23, 24. Exhibition of Gladioli.
September 20, 21. Exhibition of Dahlias.
There was also an attractive floral exhibit in connection with the opening of the new central display greenhouse in Range 2 from November 8 to Io.
Plants Used in Design
An exhibition of plants from the New York Botanical Garden and art objects with plant motives selected from the galleries of the Metropolitan Museum of Art was held in Class-room B of the latter institution from March 15 to April 21, as described and illustrated in the April num- ber of the Journal. This exhibition attracted large numbers of people and was highly praised. The following public lectures on related subjects were given at that time in a room adjoining:
April 7. “Spring Flowers,” by Dr. N. L. Britton.
April 14. ‘The Use of Plant Forms in Ornament,” by
April 21. “Collection and Preservation of Seaweed,” by Dr. M. A. Howe.
Personal Investigations In addition to the work of public instruction outlined above, I have cared for the collections of higher fungi,
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edited Mycologia, attended meetings, given lectures, and conducted an extensive correspondence with scientists seeking advice and assistance.
This has left little time for mycological investigation. The exhibit at the Art Museum and the moving of the herbarium of fungi also consumed many weeks of my undivided attention. My vacation was devoted mainly to collecting in various parts of Virginia and Maryland. For a list of my publications during the year, see the Journal for February, 1920.
The popular illustrated articles on fungi in Mycologia have been continued with the aid of colored plates drawn by Miss Eaton, three species of polypores and three species of gill-fungi having been treated in this series during the year.
Attention has also been given to Cuban and Bahamian fungi; a revision of the pileate polypores; and a taxonomic study of the resupinate species of polypores. On Novem- ber 8, J lectured at Yama Farms on the subject of ‘‘ Edible and Poisonous Mushrooms” and began a study of the fungi of that region which may lead to important results.
Respectfully submitted, W. A. MuRRitt; Supervisor of Public Instruction.
REPORT OF THE SUPERVISOR OF GARDENING INSTRUCTION Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CHIeEF.
Sir: In accordance with an agreement between the Federal Board for Vocational Education, Division of Rehabilitation, and the New York Botanical Garden, pursuant to consultation between Dr. W. Gilman Thomp- son, President of the Garden and officers of the Federal Board, instruction in gardening was commenced in 1919 with the vocational training of disabled soldiers, sailors and marines pursuing lines of instruction as formulated by you, and outlined in the Journal of the New York Botanical Garden for March, 1919. Later civilian students
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were admitted, taking the same courses of instruction. The course began with one student in practical training in the greenhouse and outdoor work on January 16, and with four others who entered in February and two entering on March 3, the first class was formed on March 3. During April the class reached a registration mark of 12, in May, 3 more entered, 7 came in June, 3 in July, 2 in August, 1 in September, 9 in October, 7 in November, and 6 in December making 50 students sent by the Federal Board for Voca- tional Education. Of this number 11 have left, 4 were transferred, 3 were sent to hospitals, 1 died, 1 was taken out of training by the board, and 3 left for unknown reasons.
Three civilian students have been registered, Mrs. M L. Johnston of Kansas City, entered on April 14, Miss Tallulah Moore of McColl, S. C. on July 7, and Mr. Robert Galloway of Yonkers, N. Y., on October 1, 1919. Miss Moore studied garden methods and plant materials in order to take charge of the work on her home estate, and left on September 1, 1919. The total registration of students for the year was 53, and at the close of the year 40 were taking instruction.
Before March 3, 1919, only practical training under our gardeners was given. On this date seven men were formed into a class, and the instruction continued in the main as outlined in the Journal for March, 1919. For the rest of the winter quarter the practical work was given in the greenhouses, and included watering, mixing of soils, potting, propagation, top-dressing, pruning and care Bs plants, under supervision of Mr. H. W. Becker, Foreman Gardener; and outdoor spraying for oyster shell and other scales by Dr. E. B. Southwick and Mr. John Finley, Foreman Gardener. Two afternoons weekly were devoted to garden botany, mainly a study of conifers, under the supervision of Mr. George V. Nash, Head Gardener. A course in elementary botany was given three mornings weekly during this period by Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of the Laboratories. This included a study of seeds, seed-
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lings, buds, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits. Special lectures were given each week by Dr. Britton and members of the scientific staff of the Garden, and special demon- strations were held each week, including moving of trees, preparation of leaf mould, and building of paths and roads.
For the spring quarter, commencing on April 14, with ten students registered, the greenhouse practice, in con- tinuation of the previous work, was cut to one morning weekly. A course in vegetable gardening occupying two mornings weekly, was given by Mr. John Finley, Foreman Gardener, one area south of the Nursery being devoted to such crops as corn, potatoes, beans, cabbage, celery, kale, Brussels sprouts, pumpkins, and the like, while about 15 small individual gardens, adapted to backyard or kitchen gardens, were installed on the school garden area, devoted to radishes, onions, beets, Swiss chard, parsley, carrots, turnips, salsify, lettuce and spinach. ‘Two mornings weekly were taken up with the theory and practice of flower gardening under my supervision, carried out chiefly in the flower beds near conservatory range I, and in the special collections of iris, gladiolus, dahlias and herbaceous grounds. The seedlings and bedding plants were trans- planted, chrysanthemums planted, and gladiolus bulbs and other collections installed.
Two afternoons were devoted to garden botany, given by Mr. George V. Nash, Head Gardener, and myself, treating the early flowering trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants of our collections, studying the kinds, their adaptions and conditions favorable to growth. Dr. E. B. Southwick, Custodian of the Herbaceous Grounds, gave a course in garden zoology, taking up one afternoon a week, devoted to a study of insects and animals encountered in horti- cultural work. Mr. A. J. Corbett, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds, gave a course in garden carpentry, including the use of tools, the making of handy equipment, rustic benches, and other things for garden uses.
For the summer quarter, commencing July 7, with 18
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students registered, the vegetable gardening course was continued as before, Mr. Finley being assisted by Mr. Walter B. Balch. Late crops were sown, and transplanting and general care of gardens taken up. Practical work in flower gardening continued, and the garden botany course devoted to a study of summer-flowering subjects, parti- cularly to the herbaceous flowers and variety studies in the special collections of iris, gladiolus and dahlia. One afternoon weekly was taken up by a course in plant physi- ology, given by Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of the Labor- atories, consequent to the course in elementary botany given eadlice in the year. Dr. Southwick continued his course in garden zoology during a part of this quarter. During the autumn quarter, beginning October 6, the curriculum as arranged was altered to some extent. The students doing the practical work in sections, alternating between greenhouse practice at conservatory range I and practice in propagating bedding plants, sowing seeds and bulbs of floricultural subjects in the propagating houses, and fall work outdoors. This took up the mornings and Monday and Friday afternoons. Tuesday afternoons for this quarter were taken up by garden botany, a short course given by me with outlines and references, special attention being given to berry-bearing shrubs and trees, and the common broad-leaved evergreens. Beginning October 15, a course of ten lectures in plant chemistry was given on Wednesday afternoons by Dr. William J. Gies, Consulting Chemist to the Garden, treating of the elements of chemistry as applied to plants and their absorption, assimilation and elaboration of plant food. During this quarter the Ilustrated Flora of the Northern States and Canada, by Dr. N. L. Britton and Judge Addison Brown, and the Cyclopaedia of American Horti- culture, edited by Dr. L. H. Bailey, were installed in the reading room at the Lorillard Mansion, for use in reference work along with the periodicals relating to gardening. These reference works are now being used with increasing
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Students From Federal Board for Vocational Education: Entered Duration Left Disability Thomas T. Abbott, Paterson .| Sept. 8 I yr. Valvular heart disease. Carmelo Baiano, obbs Ferry, N. Y.| April 14 I yr. Gunshot wound in foot. Isidor B. Blumborg, ork City Feb. 17 lyr. Sept. 15 | Neurasthenia. George S. Boyd, Peekskill, N. Y.. Feb. 24 I yr. Oct. 1 | Tuberculosis arrested. Heart and s trouble Jeremiah Caples Walli cont Conn. July 7 2 yrs. Loss of one thumb Ankylosis of joints. Anthony Cerrone, Jr., Mt. Vernon, N. Y.| July 7 I yr. oe otitis rie Ear drum dam Lawrence Curatol, Tuckahoe, N. Y...] Aug. 16 2 mos. Lung trouble, extended Gassed, petits Downey, N. Y. City....... May 1 I yr. Sept. 30 | Lung trouble. Henry O. Ewing, « Ve City i oe ces April 29 I yr. Stomach trouble. Michael Fabrizio, 2 Y Citye ce iaes May 12 I yr. May 20 | Weak eyes. Thomas Feltham: ewport, Feb. 17 I yr. Oct. 1 | Injured knee. Peter Flanagan, Brooklyn, N. Y. Nov. 21 I yr. Tuberculosis. Felix alin, VY CIty. leks Nov. 10 lyr. Gunshot wound. Loss right eye. RaymondA. eau Cee = 7 April 7 I yr. June 18 | Amputated left leg. Howard New You ie Dec. 9 1 yr. Psychoneurosis. Gunshot wound left leg d finger. Ce C. Healy, N. Y. City. ...... Oct. 28 I yr. Gassed. Benny Greebler, w York City Oct. 23 I yr. Tuberculosis arrested. Edward Hohmann, Brooklyn, N. Y....| Nov. 3 Tyr. Gunshot wound mouth. Gassed. Dyspnoea Louis a Jacobs, Florida.......... Oct. 21 I yr. Tuberculosis arrested. Uy B. ace eh nia Nov. 17 6 mos Mastoiditis. Otitis media. Emil Koch, Ne Yo Cit Viet cts Dec. I Tyr. Gunshot wound leg.
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Students—Continued
Entered Duration Left Disability nry i aul ae N.J.| June 24 I yr. June 24 | Tuberculosis arrested. Warren R. Landrum, Hatti burg, Mis Mar. 3 Tyr. Oct. 10 | Tuberculosis arrested. Stephen Latarwech, nsonia, Conn.. May 21 Tyr. Tuberculosis arrested. Joccph B. as Ta, N.Y. City....... Oct. 21 Tyr. Eye and ear trouble. Thomas Tofu. Norwich, -| April 17 I yr. June 6 | Tuberculosis arrested. Nathan Meyerowitz, Pe Ga Gls araeene June 9 I yr. Acute rheumatism. Walter a), ee seareesersed June 24 lyr. Tuberculosis quiescent. Fractured ribs, Louis Nappi, Ne ¥.ityss3¢443 Mar. 3 I yr. Nervous trouble. Hugh F. O’Neill. ew Haven, Conn.| Mar. 11 lyr. Amputated left hand. Umberto Palmeri, New Yo i Nov. 10 6 mos. Tuberculosis arrested. Frank Paris, onkers, Oct. 28 Tyr. Gunshot wound. Laurence Pauline, _ Port Chester, N. Y.| Oct. 20 Tyr. Chronic bronchitis. teehee dyspnoea. Myocarditi: Ue B. Reilly, Yo Cityess ioe. Dec. 1 I yr. ss of hea eee ear cae Antonio Sacchetti, Yonkers, N. Y....| Aug. 1 I yr. Gunshot wound left rm and side. Thomas Sheehan, Brooklyn, N. Y....|. Nov. 21 I yr. ro oe a ex- and ral nerve of leg. oe E. Sindler, ree Feb. 3 lyr May 16 | Loss of hearing. Walter F. Snyder, Wurtsboro, N. Y..| Oct. 20 Lyr. Tuberculosis incipient and quiescent. oe a N. Y. City. ...... June 11 I yr. Tuberculosis arrested. William M. oe onkers, N. Y....| July 22 3 mos. Stiff fing extended Mental alee Henry C.Swentzel,Jr., N. Y. City....... June 19 I yr. July 7 eT fracture of ip. a M. oe Hilo, Hawaii...... Oct. 30 I yr. Gassed. John F. Toole. Clinton, Mass.. June 2 I yr. Conjunctivitis.
Gunshot t wound left ear Defective vision
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Students—Continued
Entered Duration Left Disability Me ee ee Dec. 1 Tyr. Tuberculosis arrested. sesatiano Vacchio, Brooklyn, N. Y...| June 2 I yr. Shrapnel wound left nee, Limited flexion. William Wager, Staten Island, N.Y.| Dec. 1 6 mos. Wound in head Fractured skull. Arthur a N. Y. City.....-. Oct. 6, 1919 | 1 yr. Operation ee ne and ethnoi ie Weisinger, Y. Cite ugest Nov. 21 Tyr. Gassed. Michael Wozniak, Detroit, Mich.....| Jan. 16 Tyr. Died. aie arrested. June 3 | Shelli shock. ren J. Brun Wendin Pa. Dec. 9 lyr. pone wound left side. Civilians:
Mrs. M. L. Johnston, Kansas City, Mo., entered April 14,
1919.
Miss Tallulah Moore, McColl, S. C., entered July 7, left September I, 1919
Robert Galloway, Voalen: N. Y., entered October I, 1919.
frequency by the students. Three textbooks have been furnished to the students: Manual of Gardening, Bailey; Greenhouse Management, Taft; and Productive Vegetable Growing, Lloyd.
I was appointed Marshal of the Garden School on February 14. Mr. Walter B. Balch, a graduate of Cornell University took up his duties as instructor and has assisted with the vegetable gardening course, the conservatory and floricultural instruction, and with social and financial matters of the disabled service men. My appointment as Supervisor of Gardening Instruction took effect October 1. In addition to general supervision of the gardening in- struction, I have spent much time in the interest of the social and financial welfare of the students, in cooperation with Messrs. Farwell, Higbee and Pyle, of the Federal Board for Vocational Education. The health of the dis-
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abled service men has improved generally. Through the efforts of Dr. W. Gilman Thompson, President of the Garden, one of our students, Mr. Hugh F. O’Neill, was furnished with an artificial arm, furnished and fitted by Dr. Thompson’s clinic at 5 Livingston Place, New York City. Respectfully submitted, Kennetu R. Boynton, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction.
REPORT OF THE HEAD GARDENER Dr. N. L. Brrrron, Direcror-1n-CuHieEr. Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as Head Gardener for the year 1919.
Systematic Plantations
Hersaceous Grounps. The herbaceous collections, including those at the nurseries, have comprised during the past year about 3,400 species and varieties; in the her- baceous grounds there are 130 beds, 26 east of the brook and 104 west. Dr. E. B. Southwick, Custodian of the Herbaceous Grounds, has been in charge of the work here, and also in the economic garden and morphologic garden.
Fruticetum. There are here 2,963 specimens. With the inclusion of those still at the nurseries, the hardy shrub collections represent 52 families, 143 genera, and 1,071 species and varieties; 196 show labels have been placed here during the year.
SaticETum. ‘The collections here are about as they were last year: 159 specimens, representing 2 genera and 39 species and varieties.
Decipvous ArsBoretuM. There are 1,120 specimens here. Including those still at the nurseries, the collection of deciduous trees contains 421 species and varieties, repre- senting 31 families and 59 genera; 429 show labels have been placed here during the year.
Pinetum. This collection has now 1,718 specimens,
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representative of 3 families, 20 genera, and 267 species and varieties. The yew collection was increased by the addition of 26 specimens taken from the beds at conserva- tory range 1. While this added no new forms, they extended considerably the size of the collection, making a large group to the north of the transverse path.
ViticETuM. Here 51 species and varieties are repre- sented.
CoNnsERVATORIES. The tender collections have repre- sentatives of 207 families and about 9,400 species and varieties, including some still at the propagating houses.
ange xr. There are here 8,562 plants. Owing to repairs being made on houses 12 and 15 these at present contain no plants. The plants are distributed as follows: house 1, 268; house 2, 275; house 3, 463; house 4, 674; house 5, 1,810; house 6, 530; house 7, 822; house 8, 688; house 9, 146; house 10, 1,008; house 11, 437; house 13, 315; house 14, 1,126; 261 show labels have been placed
ere.
Range 2. The plants belonging here, and which had been temporarily crowded with those at range I, were returned during the late summer and fall. The tree ferns and the larger specimens of the other ferns are in their old position, the westerly two houses of the transverse north range, the large cycads again occupying the easterly house. In the westerly low house are the temperate plants, in the next house the main collection of ferns, and in that next the orchids. The new orchid house given by the Messrs. Guggenheim is not yet ready for occupancy. The 5,038 plants here are distributed as follows: westerly tree fern house, 81; second tree fern house, 115; cycad house, 39; temperate plant house, 947; fern house, 1,060; north orchid house, 952; south orchid house, 1,310; central display house, 486; runway, 38; cellar, 10; 320 show labels have been placed here.
The central display house, given by Mr. Daniel Guggen- heim and Mr. Murry Guggenheim, has proved of especial
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interest and a great attraction to the public; it was formerly opened on November 8. A flower show was arranged in this house for that opening, the show con- tinuing until the following Monday. This house has proved well adapted for the holding of flower shows, at least during the fall months, the flowers keeping well; one of the bush chrysanthemum plants was not removed until the middle of December, and some of the begonia plants exhibited were still in excellent condition at the end of that month, and apparently good for some time more. The contents of this house comprise plants formerly in houses 12, 13, and 14 of range 1, with the addition of a collection of about 30 species of acacias.
Propagating Houses and Nurseries. Here the classes of soldiers and sailors have the use of house 3 and part of house 4; the Director-of-the-Laboratories has part of house 4 and the two side benches in house 2. Exclusive of the plants used by the Director-of-the-laboratories for his special studies, there are here 6,147 plants. There have been received 856 packets of seeds, as follows: by gift, 67; by purchase, 463; by exchange, 296; collected, 30.
Labeling, Recording and Herbarium
The head gardener’s assistant has had charge of this work. The services of a label boy have been available for only six weeks, with a consequent great reduction in the usual output. The head gardener’s assistant has made the labels which were most urgently needed. The following labels have been prepared: deciduous arboretum, 429; fruticetum, 196; conservatory range I, 261; con- servatory range 2, 320; conservatory beds, 49; horticultural gardens, 120; rose garden, 126; dahlia collection, 254; total, 1,755; 35 family signs have also been prepared for the herbaceous grounds.
Accession numbers 47,074 to 47,781 have been recorded, making a total of 708 accessions.
The following plants have been received: by gift, 11,364
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(including the large collection of tulips presented by John Scheepers, Inc.), valued at $2,668; by exchange, 265; by purchase, 316; by collection made by members of the staff and others, 383; derived from seeds from various sources, 345; total, 12,673. The herbarium of cultivated plants has been increased by 485 specimens.
In the collections will be found, including those native to the tract, approximately 241 families, 2,139 genera, and about 14,614 species and varieties.
Miscellaneous Collections
Among these are included the following, in which no important changes have been made: morphologic garden; economic garden; collections of desert plants placed during the summer in the court of conservatory range 1; con- servatory lily pools; aquatic garden; rhododendron col- lections in the vicinity of the lakes, at conservatory range I, and in front of the museum; rose bed east of conservatory range 1; flower gardens in the immediate vicinity of conservatory range 1, at the elevated approach, and the west border; American wood garden; iris garden; mag- nolia garden; American thorn garden; white pine planta- tion; red pine plantation; lilac and peony garden.
In the following collections changes have been made:
Rost GarpEeNn. This has been developed along the lines originally adopted of making it a collection of roses, and is being visited by an increased number of people each year. No new beds were opened during the year past, the number remaining at 104. During the past year there have been 511 kinds in the collection, represented by 5,424 plants; 126 show labels have been placed here.
HorticutturaLt GarpEn. This has proved one of the most attractive features, and has been further developed during the past year. The construction of additional paths made necessary the elimination of certain beds and the opening of others to take their places. A total of 19 beds were maintained; of these 13 were devoted to gladioli,
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of which there were 247 kinds, with a total of 21,000 plants. One bed contained garden phlox. In another was a col- lection of §5 kinds of plants with variegated and colored foliage, a collection not represented the previous year. The plantation of mallows was increased by the addition of more plants from the collection of hybrids produced by Dr. Stout, of the scientific staff.
The collection of cannas was considerably enlarged, many kinds being represented not shown before. Three beds were devoted to these plants, the two long ones bordering the main entrance on each side, and the large oval one. 41 kinds of cannas were shown, represented by 1,830 plants. This was a most attractive display, espe- cially adapted to an entrance, as the striking masses of color persisted from early summer to the time of killing frosts. In the remaining bed was a display of century plants. 120 show labels were placed here during the summer.
Dautia Coiiection. This collection was continued, with additions, the plants being assembled under the direction of Dr. M. A. Howe, of the scientific staff. This year there were 343 kinds and 616 plants. Many visited the collection during the late summer and fall, the attend- ance being even greater than last year, and it is one of the most popular exhibits of the Garden; 254 show labels were placed here during the summer.
CHRYSANTHEMUM Co.LecTion. A collection of garden chrysanthemums was placed in the west border, south of the depot plaza. There were 53 kinds and about 1,200 plants.
Co.iection oF Late Tutips. In the seven beds in the court of conservatory range 1 a large collection of late tulips was planted in the fall. These were given to the Garden by John Scheepers, Inc., of 2 Stone St., New York City. The collection contains 9,343 bulbs of 117 varieties, divided as follows: Darwin, 52; Breeder, 35; Cottage, 27; Bizarre, 3. This is a valuable collection, and
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contains some kinds not exhibited in this country before. Tulips of this class usually bloom from the middle to the end of May.
General Horticultural Operations
For the accomplishment of this work the following force has been available: monthly, 2 foreman gardeners, 22 to 27 gardeners, and 4 drivers; laborers, 12 to 14. The details of the outside work have been under the direction of Foreman Gardener John Finley, to whom were assigned about 8 gardeners, the drivers, andlaborers. H.W. Becker, Foreman Gardener, has had charge of the work in the con- servatories and propagating houses; to him was assigned the remainder of the force.
The following new work was accomplished:
In THE SprinG, the rearrangement of the conservatory beds, made necessary by the removal of large specimens to other parts of the grounds, mainly yews for the enlarge- ment of that collection. The removal of a large specimen of Taxus cuspidata densa from the yew collection to the circle in front of conservatory range 1. The planting of 23 conifers around the comfort station at the Mansion, as follows: 3 white spruce, 1 blue spruce, and 4 Douglas spruce from the collection at the Long Bridge; 3 Austrian pines from the west border; and 12 Douglas spruce from the nurseries of Hicks & Son. 3 sugar maples weie trans- ferred from the west border to the zooth St. entrance. In the horticultural gardens the planting of 21,000 gladi- olus corms, 1,830 canna plants, and the collection of plants with variegated and colored foliage; the planting of the War Memorial Grove, and of the group of Abies concolor.
In THE Fatt in the horticultural gardens, the removal, labeling and storing of the large collections of gladioli and cannas. The removal, labeling and storing of the dahlia collection. The planting in the rose garden of over 300 plants, some for replacements, others of kinds not formerly in the collection; and the protection of the whole collection by hilling up and by top-dressing. The
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planting of the large collection of late tulips in the beds of the court at conservatory range I.
Investigations and Lectures
My studies in horticultural botany have been continued, and the preparation of the list of the hardy woody plants in the Garden has been carried on and is now nearing com- pletion; my studies on the orchids have also been prose- cuted
I have acted as one of the editors of Addisonia, continuing my supervision of the preparation of drawings for that periodical. In the regular public courses of the Garden I have given three of the lectures, and one in the special course arranged for delivery at the new central display greenhouse.
Respectfully submitted, EORGE V. Nasu, Head Gardener.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE LABORATORIES
Dr. N. L. Britron, Direcror-1n-CuIEF.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1919.
General Matters
The routine duties connected with my position have been performed as in previous years. In addition I have, dur- ing the year, supervised courses in elementary plant physiology and in general botany given to students of the school in gardening for convalescent soldiers and sailors. This latter work has taken one day each week during nine months of the year. In general, the laboratories, experi- mental greenhouse, and breeding plots have been main- tained as in the previous year. Several matters pertaining to repair, additional equipment, and normal expansion are, however, awaiting attention.
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Personal Investigations
Research has been continuously prosecuted throughout the year as vigorously as time and facilities have per- mitted. The experimental work has been directed chiefly to studies of fertility and sterility in plants. Phenomena of the so-called correlative sterility have been studied in several species of Lilium and Hemerocallis. Studies of variation and heredity in respect to the morphological development of flowering parts (intersexualism) in Plantago lanceolata have been continued. Pedigreed cultures of
ythrum Salicaria, grown from seed obtained by self- fertilization, have yielded important results bearing on intersexualism and on compatibility in fertilization in this interesting tri-morphic species. In this work with Lythrum I was very materially assisted by Mr. H. E. Thomas to whom you granted a scholarship for one month during the summer.
Study of self-incompatibility and self-compatibility has been continued in the radish, in various types of pe-tsai and in Verbascum phoeniceum. Fertility and sterility are also being studied in various variegated sorts of Pelargonium and in a variegated sport of the strawberry. Observations on the flowering habits of bulb plants are being continued especially with reference to the after effects of forcing.
The studies noted above have been intensive rather than extensive. Rather few plants have been grown but these have been carefully and thoroughly studied. The differ- ence in blooming dates of the various species and the growing of certain cultures in the greenhouse have dis- tributed the work of observation and experimental manipu- lation well over the year.
The numerous bud-sport varieties previously obtained in Coleus have been maintained in culture and several new types of bud-sports have appeared. The study of seed progenies in these bud-sports, somewhat delayed by war-time conditions, has again been taken up. Numerous strains have now been rather thoroughly tested as to
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nstancy and the time now seems opportune to prosecute vigorously the behavior in seed reproduction. In various lines of experimental work now in progress and especially in the study of seed progenies in Coleus and of incompatibility in pe-tsai I am now being greatly helped by the voluntary assistance of Mrs. M. J. Fox
The studies with Cichorium Intybus have paca brought to a conclusion and the new results with this species are now soon to be published, together with various other data on self-compatibility. No further work was done during the year with Phlox subulata and with species of Hibiscus. I should be pleased to again take up experi- mental and field studies of these.
During the autumn I spent several days at the State Experimental Station at Geneva, N. Y., in making observa- tions bearing on the fertility of the grape. A report of the trip, with recommendations for cooperation with the Department of Horticulture at the Geneva Station in certain very fundamental studies of the grape, has already been submitted to you. Details of the plans for the grow- ing of grapes at our Garden for the purpose of general public interest as well as for scientific study await your further consideration.
The phenomena of sterility and fertility in the cultivated potato have long been of special interest. There are undoubtedly two or more types of sterility operating. Preliminary experiments have been begun to determine this point most conclusively. Various workers in the Bureau of Plant Industry and in several State Agricultural Experi- ment Stations have greatly assisted me by supplying tubers of various fruitless and fruitful varieties and also seeds of the latter. IJ am planning to make a comparative and intensive study of these during the coming summer on the basis of the experience already gained with other plants.
Several papers dealing with the results of my personal research have appeared during the year.
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Students and Scholars STUDENTS The students here named were formally registered for research in connection with studies for degrees. Findlay, Hugh. Genetics. Fertility and ster- ility in Abutilon. Gershoy, Alexander. Taxonomy. Stevenson, Mrs. F. Variegation in Tussilago. Tai, Tang-len. Genetics. Thomas, Harvey Earl. Pathology and genetics.
SCHOLARS Thomas, Harvey Earl. Sterility and fertility in Lythrum Salicaria. Respectfully submitted, A. B. Srovut, Director of the Laboratories.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-1n-Culer. Sir: T have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1919.
Regulating and Grading
We removed 1,200 yards of earth for the new coal bunker for power house No. 1, which was used to fill in the swale on the northern side of the horticultural garden. The southern end of the old lane nearby was graded down to the roadway. The bank between the path and road near the white pine plantation was graded and sodded for a distance of 15x 550 feet. About one acre of ground was graded for the war memorial plantation of Douglas spruce. Both sides of the central display house of conservatory range 2 were graded. A bank 125 feet long and 15 feet wide west of conservatory range 2 was graded and sodded. The western bank of the rose garden was graded for a
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distance of 15 x 140 feet. About 300 yards of earth were taken from conservatory range 2 and used to fill in the new road at the rose garden. The earth of two sections in the display house at conservatory range 2 were taken out and replaced with topsoil so that we might put the plants in the ground. This topsoil was taken from the two new paths under construction, one on the eastern side of power house 2 and the other near the cherry garden shelter.
About 600 yards of fill were hauled into the Garden by outside contractors. It was carted in at the expense of contractors who were seeking a convenient place to dispose of it. About 400 yards were placed on the new road at the rose garden and the remainder was used for the lane near the horticultural garden.
We blasted about 1,500 yards of stone in the two quarries. This stone and the balance of that which was blasted last year were used for paths at the horticultural and rose gardens and to build the coal bunker at power house I. Nearly 250 cubic yards of stone were used to build this coal bunker. The stone taken from the quarry near the museum building was used to build paths south of the horticultural garden.
Drainage
To drain the coal bin at power house 1, we used 50 feet of 4-inch drain pipe. Two catch basins and 120 feet of 3-inch drain pipe were used to drain the mallow garden.
Roads and Paths
The plaza at the western entrance of conservatory range 2 was enlarged from 40x 40 feet to 50x75 feet. We cut out soil east of power house 2 for a path to feet wide and about 800 feet long and also for a path 10 feet wide and 100 feet long near the cherry garden shelter, and used it in forming planting areas in the central display green- house. On the western side of the rose garden a 10-foot path, 510 feet long, with a branch 10 feet wide and 60 feet
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long was lined with stone and partly paved. Paths were built on both sides of the road near the white pine planta- tion. A path on the western side 10 feet wide and 560 feet long was lined and 450 feet of it was paved and is ready now for the top finish. On the eastern side a 10- foot path 735 feet long was lined and 250 feet have been paved. A r1o-foot path 210 feet long was built complete on the southern side of the war memorial grove.
Buildings
Repairs were made to the doors and windows of the museum building. The fountain basin in front of the museum building was cemented and tarred. The inside and outside of houses 5 and 15 at conservatory range I were painted and sash bars were replaced wherever neces- sary. About 700 lights of glass were used to replace that which had been broken at conservatory range I.
Two concrete benches 60 feet long and 3 feet wide were built in house 15 of conservatory range 1. At power house I the masons built a coal bin 15 feet deep, 34 feet wide and 58 feet long to hold about 700 tons of coal. The five boilers at power house 1 were relined with fire brick.
In the new orchid house at conservatory range 2, 477 line feet of concrete benches were built; in the central display house two concrete tanks and two rubblestone tanks, with brook connections, were installed, and paths were built from both entrances to the lecture platform. One boiler at power house 2 was relined with fire brick and the floor of the new coal bin was concreted. The masons have completed the masonry work on the cherry garden shelter.
The steam engineers made whatever repairs were neces- sary at both power houses, conservatories and museum building.
The painter replaced about 120 lights of glass at the propagating houses and the carpenter replaced 16 sash bars. The carpenter made forms which were used for all concrete work around the grounds.
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Grounds
For the use of the gardening school, the carpenter built a wire fence 6 feet high, enclosing an area 95 feet wide and 125 feet long at the school garden. He also put up a wire fence 6 feet high, surrounding a plot 75 feet wide, and 200 feet long south of the nursery.
By running the gasoline engine for two weeks, sufficient wood was cut to supply the propagating houses with fuel for four months and the mansion for two months. We have continued the uprooting of the poison ivy throughout the Garden. About 75 tons of hay were cut during the summer.
From June to September we had two city officers in civilian clothes on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays. With our two regular keepers and twelve additional guards selected from among the gardeners and laborers, the grounds and plantations have been protected. One city officer was detailed to the Garden every day during the year. On Saturdays and Sundays during the summer months the number of visitors averaged about 45,000. Nearly 4,000 children visited the picnic grounds every week from May to September. On Saturday, June 21, we had four parties, one of them with 3,000 children.
Respectfully submitted, RTHUR J. CoRBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.
REPORT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHER Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-1n-CHIEF.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1919.
The customary amount of my time has been devoted to the bibliographic assistance of users of the library, and the unusually small amount of publication during the year has permitted considerable research and writing of manuscripts.
At the beginning of the year the prospect of progress in the publication of North American Flora looked unusually
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bright, but conditions in the printing trade have con- tinued to delay this publication. Vol. 24, part 1, was issued in April, and a second part of the same volume was to have appeared in December, but was delayed until a few days after the close of the year. The continuation of vol. 7 has been partially in type for months, but “‘copy for it sent to the printers in April has not yet been set up. More material for North American Flora is on hand than ever before, and with improved trade conditions progress should be made rapidly.
The fourth volume of Addisonia has appeared, in four parts, during the year. Increasing cost of production has resulted in a crisis in the history of this journal, which demands serious consideration of the future policy con- cerning it. Either it must be issued at longer intervals or larger endowment will be required.
There have been few noteworthy additions to the library during the past year. The purchase of a copy of the atlas of Brackenridge’s work on the ferns of the United States Exploring Expedition resulted in the preparation of an account, for the June number of the Journal, of Bracken- ridge and his book. A copy of Piso’s work on the natural history of the Indies (1658), presented by Mrs. Henry O. Taylor, was of particular interest because of the autograph signature of the author on the engraved title-page (see Journal for April, page 93). Many current publications relating to horticulture, a field hitherto poorly represented in our library, were purchased during the summer, and are listed under “‘library accessions” in the September Journal.
Opportunities for the purchase of desirable books appear to be increasing, and the library can be developed rapidly whenever sufficient funds become available for the purpose. It seems unnecessary to emphasize the desirability of such development.
Respectfully submitted, Joun HenpLeyY Barnuart, Bibliographer.
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REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrecror-1n-CuieErF.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1919.
Owing to the low temperature in the library it was found necessary to omit the customary census of the books. From the records, however, the following statistics can be given: books purchased, 147; bound, 323; acquired by gift, 71, and received by exchange or on deposit, 32, making a total of 573. From these should be deducted 107 books which were rebound and 11 permanently recalled by Columbia, showing a net gain of 455 over the census of a year ago. The total number of bound volumes in the library should therefore approximate 29,692.
As will be noted, a beginning has been made upon rebind- ing the older books of the collection. It is hoped that this work may be continued, also that more funds may be available for keeping the current periodicals bound up to date.
The principal accessions have been listed as usual in the Journal. The largest purchase of books was that of 125 works on agriculture, horticulture and landscape archi- tecture, thus strengthening a part of the collection which was notably weak. Their shelving, however, has greatly crowded the stacks in the Bibliographer’s room and addi- tional space is again needed. In addition to the books just referred to, 312 pamphlets on similar subjects have been purchased and catalogued.
There have been added to the catalogue 1,573 type- written and written cards, in addition to the printed ones issued by the Torrey Botanical Club. Owing to the resignation of the library assistant on November 15 this important work was necessarily stopped. It is hoped that another assistant may soon be appointed in order that this as well as other branches of the library work may not be curtailed. In spite of the weeding-out process which has been carried on in the general card catalogue many of the
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drawers are still crowded, and it is highly desirable that another case be provided in the not far-distant future.
The current German periodicals subscribed to for 1918- 19 through a Dutch firm have continued to arrive from time to time. It has been decided to renew the subscriptions for 1920 through our former New York agent. A list of lacunae in the sets for 1916 and 1917 has been sent with the order. Owing to a fire in Leipzig which destroyed a ware house in which many of these periodicals were stored during the war, it will be necessary to have the missing parts reprinted. A long period may therefore elapse before the volumes are completed.
The following additions and corrections should be made to the periodical list as appended to the report of the Librarian for 1916 (Bulletin 9: 342-363; 449, 450 and
43). Omit § before the following: Annales Mycologici.
Brussels. Jardin Burnin de l’Etate, Bulletin. TDeutsche Botanische Gesellschaft, Berichte. Frankfort on Main. Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Berichte. tHedwigia *Jahresbericht der Vereinigung der Vertreter der Angewandten Botanik. *La Cellule. Omit the following: Boletin des Bosques, Pesca i Caza. La Naturaleze. Practical Druggist. Tree Talk. Change the following: rican Museum of Natural History, Journal to Natural Hist Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Bulletin to Ilinoie ‘State Natural
History Survey, Bulletin. Ottawa Naturalist to Canadian Field Naturalist. Add the following: *Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Journal. *Illinois. Academy of Sciences, Springfield, Ill. Transactions. *Journal of Indian Botany, Madras, India. *New York. Conservation Commission, Albany, N. Y. The Conservationist. $40 Paulo. Museu Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Revista.
(269 ) Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales del Instituto de la Salle, Bogota, Colombia Boletin. Respectfully submitted, Sarau H. Harrow, Librarian.
REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE CONOMIC COLLECTIONS Dr. N. L. Brrrron, Drrecror-1n-CHieEr.
Sir: I have the honor of submitting the following report on the economic collections for the year 1919.
All specimens in the economic museum are systemati- cally arranged in the cases, and a complete list of them has been written, the last pages of which are now being typed.
This work has occupied my entire spare time during the past year. It has been found much more extensive than was anticipated, owing to the fact that many omissions were discovered, the missing articles being of such im- portance that it was deemed undesirable to print a cata- logue in which they were not enumerated. To secure these specimens has required the expenditure of much time and labor. Many have been donated in response to requests and many others secured through purchase by myself. Others have been specially collected for us by friends and a much larger number by myself. Of the latter, many were grown in my garden for this purpose. The total number of such specimens amounts to several hundred.
Besides these actual additions to our collections, the cases have been enriched by the installation of several hundred specimens which had been in storage, awaiting the necessary supply of containers.
As a result of these changes, nearly all of the two large lots of jars supplied me during the year have been filled and we are already in urgent need of a farther supply, especially of the smaller sizes and of some extra large ones. Many hundreds of base-blocks will also be required to complete the mounting of the jars.
Another result of the year’s growth has been that of
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crowding our cases beyond desirable limit, some of them to their utmost capacity, so that new ones are needed at once. I recommend that these be supplied by the instal- lation of intermediate cases about the pillars on the eastern half of the main floor, to correspond with those already so placed in the western half. ‘This increased room is specially desired for the elaboration of our representation of the
poisonous plants of this region. This I think should be made a strong feature of our museum, and I have plans, the execution of which will require an entire additional unit of cases.
An equally urgent requirement is that of printed labels. Practically all of the additions of the past two years, be- sides many others, are without labels, other than the written memoranda placed in the jars for identification purposes. I estimate that more than two thousand labels now require printing, which number will rapidly increase.
It is to be hoped that arrangements can be made in the early future for some extensive collecting for this museum. We have very few of the specimens peculiar to Alaska and the adjacent region and there is a long list of desiderata of articles used by the aborigines of the Rocky Mountain region. Many edible products peculiar to the southern Alleghanies are also much needed. While many of these articles may be obtained by gift or exchange, experience has shown that the only efficient and reliable method is that of carefully arranged collecting expeditions by our own people.
The aggregate operations above recorded have greatly advanced the preparation of our Guide Book toward the stage of printing, although considerable work remains to be done upon the manuscript, in the way of verifying or correcting botanical names, and adding of items of informa- tion. The entire series requires numbering. The articles in the western half of the building were numbered last year, but the additions have been so very numerous that it seems desirable to renumber them as nearly as possible at the time that the printing is begun.
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I may say in conclusion that arrangements for the printing of the Guide Book may be made in the early future, since I am in position to complete the above details immediately.
Respectfully submitted, . H. Russy, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections.
REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF MOSSES Dr. N. L. Brirron, DirecTor-1n-CHIEF.
Sir: In continuation of our West Indian studies two small collections have been purchased during the past year: one of Bahama mosses from Mr. Brace and another of Virgin Island mosses from W. C. Fishlock. About 650 other specimens have been received in exchange and 3,685 have been distributed from the duplicates of the Mitten Herbarium. Of these 950 have gone back to England to Mr. Dixon and the rest to various correspondents and institutions here and abroad. Among the collections sent to be determined by the United States National Museum, 73 mosses from Ecuador collected by Dr. J. N. Rose have been named by Mr. R. S. Williams, who has also deter- mined a set of Peruvian and Trinidad mosses sent by H. N. Dixon.
The Geological Survey of Canada has sent us a complete set of the mosses from the Canadian Arctic Survey, in- cluding 137 numbers which have also been studied and reported upon by Mr. Williams. From Professor Brande- gee we have received a set of Mexican mosses collected by Purpus, and from Miss Eastwood two sets of Hawaiian mosses, yet to be studied. Brother Leon has continued to send us his Cuban collections and a named set ready for mounting has been returned to him. A beginning has been made on the preliminary list of the mosses of Cuba. Dr. Andrews has shared his Iceland collections with us. We have continued our exchanges with the members of the Sullivant Moss Society, of which I have served as Presi-
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dent for two years, and Mr. Kaiser, the Curator of the moss-herbarium, has assisted in answering the questions that have been referred to us for decision.
Acting as Secretary for the Stokes’ Fund and the Wild Flower Preservation Society I have answered letters, dis- tributed literature and arranged for the cooperation of various Garden Clubs and other associations, including the Boy Scouts, Torrey Botanical Club, schools, etc. The Audubon Societies also are cooperating, in order to secure native fruits for the birds. Owing to disturbed war con- ditions and the added cost of all color work, no illustrations of our native wild flowers needing protection have been printed, but four new ones are ready to be printed.
During the year a general supervision of the lantern slide collection was entrusted to me and 196 colored and 207 uncolored slides were added to the collection, including Dr. Pennell’s Colombian and Dr. Rose’s Ecuador slides, as well as Mr. Parson’s slides of the school garden work and the photographs of the soldier students at work. Colored records were also made of some of the exceptionally fine dahlias from the west border, and a small set of some of our rarest native orchids were also added. Several appli- cations for the loan of slides have been received but so far no provision has been made for this purpose.
Respectfully submitted, Exizapetu G. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses.
REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF FOSSIL PLANTS Dr. N. L. Brirron, DirectTor-1n-CHIEF.
Sir: I have the honor to report as follows upon paleo- botanical activities in connection with the Garden during the year I9I9:
The work of arranging and installing selected specimens of fossil plants in the stratigraphic and biologic display series at the American Museum of Natural History, mentioned in my previous report, was continued during
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the early part of the year, from time to time, and was completed in July. Several gaps in the biologic series were filled by exchange of specimens with the Garden, through which the Garden acquired a valuable lot of paleobotanical material from the collections made by the Peary Expedition in Greenland in 1891-1892.
Study of the fossil plant remains collected in Porto Rico by the joint natural history survey of the New York Academy of Sciences and the American Museum of Natural History was continued and drawings were made of speci- mens to be described.
Preliminary studies were begun of two interesting col- lections of fossil plants from Cuba,—the first recorded collections of the kind from that island, as far as I am aware—transmitted as a gift to the Garden by Brother Léon from Matanzas.
On November 28 I delivered a lecture before the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, as a part of their public lecture course for 1919-1920, on ‘‘ Plants Concerned in the Forma- tion of Coal.” On December 2 I left for Washington to resume work in connection with the United States Geological Survey on the fossil flora of Alaska, which was interrupted during the past two years by the exigencies of the war.
Respectfully submitted, Artuur Ho.tick, Honorary Curator of the Collections of Fossil Plants.
ACCESSIONS TO PALEOBOTANICAL COLLECTIONS, 1919
The total accessions to the paleobotanical collections during the year include 84 specimens and approximately 40 species.
28 specimens from Greenland, by exchange with the American Museum of Natural History (21 Cretaceous, including 12 species; 7 Tertiary, including 9 species).
42 specimens from Cuba, by gift from Brother Léon (all Tertiary, including about 15 species).
13 specimens from Blacksburg, Va., by gift from Dr. W. A. Murrill (all Sub-carboniferous, one species).
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I specimen from Forsyth, Me., by gift from Freeman F.
Burr (one species, probably Silurian).
SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE
YEAR 1919 1. CITY MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT Allowance 2 ic tie canara saGe Di heen bhai Se ee waa eee rae es $100,000.00 Expended Sea Se acSiy ache a he atte itu and dian eee anaes $63,462.17 ADOM si ic wbidve Greenlee aaa ele Lae RE wh coe ES 4,664.02 Total Personal Service... ..s.cseeeceeesseeserers $ 68,126.19 Pu@licicoiinacates bane cavnciiai sa tesas $21,902.40 Cecntadeieawraa tices plethe ve beatae 1,148.46 SUPPLIES «22S aces estes eee has Dae coe dlees 1,037.46 Equipment. ccsxcvieisns vee en en ete danas 621.53 Materials: s.6..c200s2Gca¢ecsceaveceed dae es 5,190.74 Reparrsinbie ica eee ee eee eee 1,552.57 Shoeing Horses. .......... 00 ceceeee eee eeee 238.75 Gas Service... . 6... cece cece cece ee eeeee 201.90 Total Sundry Expenses........ 0c cceceeeeeeeees $ 31,873.81 Total Expendéd s+ sieve dqueeiy of dewdds whedeete es eele eee Nea bees $100,000.00 2. SPECIAL GARDEN ACCOUNTS Exproration Funp Balance from 1918. cece cece eee cece eee eeeceneeees $ 24.05 Contributions... 0... ec cece eee eter eens 350.00 UhOta ls siya teen ase ae aia ete ae eh 374.05 Expendéd.:. csdigveioien uae bhiieiessios 362.13 Balance psceicecn ee hile nel esc ae ites 3 II.92 Museum anp Hersarium Funp Balance from 1018 occ e cece enna $ 26.08 Contributions... 0.0.0... cece cece eee eens 400.00 MOta lence anette teers eettat ts caste $ 426.08 Expénded!:.i4 ic .4Gi cance sie Sadi 417.46 Balances saioiiaite tas Hehe ctinen oeelee ks 3 8.62 Piant Funp Balance from 1918 0... cee eee $ = 502.35 Contributions to War Memorial Plantation... 20.00 Sale of Hay isousaccelit ett ise bea ees 540.00 Sale of Plants... 2.0... cc cece ccc cece eee 13.00 Total isda dite Gairenw ae etc tate ees B 1,075.35 Bxpendéd ss isnt edaciadewatdac ten eaaseoks 1,064.96 Balance scnniva sara Mae beens Seve went $ 10.39
SreciaL Boox Funp Balance from 1918 Contributions
Rosr Garpven anp GARDEN Extension Funp Balance from 1918 6.0... cece ec c cece eees Transferred to Grounds Improvement Fund ..
GarpeEn Scnoou Funp Balance from 1918... 0 ccc ccc cece cece anes Sale of magnifying glass.............000 005 tal ages eee cee a oe hs cece
Guccennemm GREENHOUSE FuND Balance from 1918... ccc cece cece nce ee een Appropriated, balance of interest and profits. .
Less-transferred to Income Guggenheim Green-
T
Expended, CONTLACES eis aces olduha es dune Salaries and Labor................000. Miscellaneous... ..........2.2000 ee eee
ScHOOL sa SUMMERHOUSE Funp Balance from 1918.0... ccc Transferred to ae Improvement Fund.
Emercency Funp Balance from 1918 0.0... ccc cee eens xpended
Grounps ImproveMEeNT FunpD Contributions.......0.....0 00sec eee eee eee Transferred from Rose Garden and Garden
Extension Fund.................00+5 Transferred from School Garden Summerhouse
Fund
$ 78.86 810.00 1.00
3 889.86
387.34
$ §02.52
$ = 13.85
13.85 $ sees 2
a 3,263.62
3,263.62 $ 53,217.15 3,203.44 B 56,420.59 958.29
B 55,462.30 $ 51,076.50 2,066.00 2,305.25
B 55,447.75
4.
$94.50
94.50
$ 17.09
17.09 3 4,930.00 13.85 94-50
B 5,038.35
Expended, Labor....... 0.00. cee eee cena $ 4,623.39 Miscellaneous. .......- eee eee e cece eee 219.90 Otali tau centeeo lass eae wae meee % 4,843.29 BGLQn Cl i055 secre ase nai tein hacen $ 195.06 ConvaALEscEeNT Soupiers’ GARDENING FuND Contributions yi4 d2accaudes Laerer eee ote % 1,900.00 Federal Board for Vocational Education, Fees. 1,267.50 Garden School, Fees.............-.. 0000s 157.50 $ 3,325.00 — from Garden School Fund....... B 3,263.62 tale tierce ah ns sae ar cnnicna nanan on $ 6,588.62 ieee Dalanessie ot alters sae dee ies 4 1,851.67 Miscellaneous... ......0.. 00. cece eens 2,464.74 Oba ccttoyay-ates'putrne tarts aeate acess teats & 4,316.41 Balance... ccc ccc cece eas $ 2,272.20 Cuerry Garpen SHELTER Funp Contributions. ......0. ccc cece cee eaee $ 2,000.00 Expended, Mason work. ............000eees $ 800.00 ADOR os des ahs hats aed a wea eases 261.00 Miscellaneous... 2.22.2... e cece 442.01 MO ba lonteen oreattiashc ote eats $ 1,503.01 Balance... 0... cece cece even eee eees $ 496.99 Reserve Funp Appropriated against accumulated Life Mem- bership: Fees), cvceisanais eeeeactnes % 22,000.00 eet Ani Zee accumulated Fellowship bias sateen, Bo dae ia idee banene 8,000.00 eaten ee ee on aertes 3,730.00 ita scan rae cee taees oat cog eer $ 33,730.00 Sere DALAT CS} dpe aerate etre cnape a tama $ 27,143.66 CMnceoe dls ieee Aarons Saliva Ga oats evase 1,271.84 Miscellaneous... . 2... 0. cece eee eee eee 5,306.24 Oba ace ho evn ee eee $ 33,721.74 BGAN sche sc aye oe eR Ae $ 8.26
3. SPECIAL INCOME ACCOUNTS
Appropriated Expended Balance Income : Science and Education Fund ublications
P QUOT S oe ones ceoestese secret $ 43.02 Herbarium: i: acicet tatoo ceikeee ess 393.33 Lecturesic, paicueieed taeeaba Gide 751.22 Laboratories. ........ 0... cece eee eee 311.45 Museums
ER ee ee re oer eee ease 1,084.05
saan ae at other Institutions Scientific Supplies Tot
a ueneeeg eeautkeds Gerukerdbes 500.00 Income of William R. Sands Fund INCOME! isis. ae ewes ete $ 400.00 From Horticultural Society of New York. 161.50 Horticultural Prizes.............2-000- $ 561.50 $ Accumulated Income of Olivia E. and Caroline Phelps Stokes Fund For the Preservation of Native Plants...$ 150.00 aaa e Income of Students’ Research Fund for Students’ Research............. B 500.00 $ Income . David Lydig Fund Publications. ........... 000 eee eee eee $ 4,000.00 $
— Income of Addison Brown Fund For Preparation, Publication and Distri-
ution of
Salary of Artist
Printing
Miscellaneous
Addisonia
Income of John Innes Kane Fund
% 4,000.00 $
Plants for Grounds and Greenhouses....$ 500.00 $ Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund or Increase of the Collections OOKS in cneuekdlete teat waenes lat. $
eat Income of Charles Budd Robinson Fun
For ae Exploration.............05.
Income of Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund ar’
~
B 958.29 $
78.65 320.15
2,981.87 $
1,064.71
1,699.57 $
ss
553.00 $
-
150.00 $
3,970.18 $
375.00 3,213.19
97-71 3,685.90 $
324.56 $
171.78 407.29
om 07 $
165.00 300.00 159.00
34.29
33426 958.29
1,018.13
350.00
29.82
314.10
175.44
420.903
(278)
4. GENERAL INCOME ACCOUNT
Insurance Glass in Conservatories............0005 $ 185.63 Boilers and Elevators................++ 137.46 Museum Specimens and Books.......... 403.29 Horses and Wagons........ 0... esse eee 11.00
$ 740.00 $ 737.38 $ 2.62 Supplies aie: Circulars for Members)... .$ 1,025.00 $ 1,018.72 $ 6.28
Contingen:
Mi sane Serre tei an ae aes $ 1,515.00 $ 1,513.98 $ 1.02 Entertainment of Guests
Refreshments. .........-..- cece ee eeee $ = 174.00
Hire of Touring Cars..............---- 80.75
Printing :.ess eee sat heshueese heel aas 161.75
Miscellaneous..............0000eeeeee 15.00 $ s00.00$ 431.50 $ 68.50
Assistance for Treasurer
Services Rendered..............-.2.065 $ 480.00 $ 480.00 Salaries Individual Accounts. ...........000000s $ 11,851.67 useum Aides............2..22-00200- 1,180.00 Gardeners). cis cu.aeat nest ebe essen tay 2,926.25 Carpenter ccsaas centres seve nn 18 Driversic: s.Sancqe ovis eee se Yaa 970.00 Janitors ca ditar essen aad ne cea ee 1,360.00 Miscellaneous. ............0.0. eee ee 103.34 $18,575.00 $ 18,571.26 $ 3.74 abor Weekly Payrolls..........0......00005 % 2,105.00 Guard Duty.) eects ec ance Miscellaneous Overtime................ 520.12 $ 3,570.00 $ 3,563.92 $ 6.08 Totals—General Income Account........... $26,405.00 $ 26,316.76 $ 88.24
5. EXPENDED FROM FUNDS OF THE GARDEN
Special Garden Accounts...........0....005 $102,081.18 Special Income Accounts..............00005 14,902.44 General Income Account............0000005 26,316.76
tal sia oe heheh cmneneean cobes $143,300.38
6. BOARD ROOM FUND
January 1, 1919. Balance—Cash........... $ 54-32 Gross Receipts—January to December....... $ 176.65 Less—Credited to Garden Funds... 00. ..0005. 4.85
Total Net Receipts.................0.8 $ 171.80 $ 171.80
226.12
Disbursements NGS scrctaka cxsiaveuassadra agua cera can $ 116.27 Contingencies........... 2.02. eee eee eee 5.67 $ 121.94 $ 121.94 December 31, 1919. Balance—Cash.......... $ s0gi8 $ ro0g.sI18 Respectfully submitted, WatrterR S. GROESBECK, Bookkeeper. E. and O. E.
New York, January 12, 1920.
( 280 )
REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS (Received and ordered printed January 12, 1920) To THE Boarp or ManaGeErRs oF THE New York Botani-
CAL GARDEN.
Gentlemen: The Scientific Directors have held their regular meetings through the year and have advised with the Director on many matters which are presented in detail in his report. In spite of the difficulties from high prices and the scarcity of labor, the work of public in- struction, maintenance, and new construction has gone on very satisfactorily throughout the year. The school for gardeners is making good progress. The character of the instructional work offered and the methods of handling the students are being carefully studied and modified and adapted as experience shows the need. With the provision of an apprentice system with part pay for a limited number of promising young men who desire to become practical gardeners and foremen of estates, we may hope to have the nucleus of a permanent gardeners school such as is so much needed and has been long desired in this country.
The increase in wages and salaries which it is possible to provide on the basis of the new standard scale adopted by the city, supplemented by the Garden’s own funds, coming as it does at a time when it is so much needed, marks an important advance and is strengthening in a very essential particular the position of the Garden among the other great educational and scientific institutions of the country. Wemay now confidently expect to continue, in the future as in the past, to command the services of men of the first rank in botanical science.
, Respectfully submitted, R. A. Harper, Chairman of the Scientific Directors.
(281)
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PATRONS, FELLOWS AND MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1919 To THE Boarp or Manacers or THE NEw York Bo-
TANICAL GARDEN.
Gentlemen: The number of new members who have qualified is 165. The number of annual members is now 979; life members 139; sustaining members 12; fellowship members 3.
Of these 24 are now in arrears for dues for 1919, 11 for dues for 1918 and 1919, 10 for dues for 1917, 1918 and 1919.
Dues have been collected to the amount of $10,080. Three persons have qualified as life members by the pay- ment of $250 each. These sums have been transmitted to the treasurer.
A complete list of all classes of members to date is herewith submitted.
BENEFACTORS *Hon, Addison Brown, Murry Guggenheim, *Andrew Carnegie, *D, O. Mills,
Columbia University, *J, Pierpont Morgan, Sr. *Hon. Chas. P. Daly, John D. Rockefeller,
Daniel Guggenheim, *Mrs. Russell Sage,
*Cornelius Vanderbilt. PaTRONS
Oakes Ames, *William E. Dodge, *Miss Catherine A. Bliss, James B. Ford,
Dr. N. L. Britton, George J. Gould, *Hon. Addison Brown, Edward 8. Harkness, *Andrew Carnegie, *Mrs. Esther Herrman, *Mrs. George Whitfield Collord, Archer M. Huntington, *James M. Constable, *Henry Iden,
* Deceased.
( 282 )
Mrs. John Innes Kane, *John Stewart Kennedy, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr., *Oswald Ottendorfer, *Lowell M. Palmer,
William Rockefeller, *William R. Sands,
FELLOWS
Edward D. Adams, George F. Baker,
Miss Elizabeth Billings, Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting, Dr. Robert W. de Forest, Cleveland H. Dodge, James B. Ford,
Daniel Guggenheim, Murry Guggenheim,
S. R. Guggenheim,
Mrs. John Stewart Kennedy, Edward V. Z. Lane,
*William C. Schermerhorn, *James A. Scrymser,
Mrs. Finley J. Shepard, *Samuel Sloan,
Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson, W. K. Vanderbilt,
Mrs. Antoinette Eno Wood.
FOR LIFE
Mrs. Frederic S. Lee, James McLean,
Ogden Mills,
George W. Perkins, Mrs. John A. Roebling, Mortimer L. Schiff, Francis Lynde Stetson, Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes, Charles G. Thompson, Louis C. Tiffany, Tiffany & Company.
Lire MemsBers
Edward D. Adams,
Dr. Felix Adler,
Mrs. James Herman Aldrich, Constant A. Andrews,
J. Sherlock Andrews,
Dr. 8. T. Armstrong, Edward W. C. Arnold, Mrs. H. D. Auchincloss, Samuel P, Avery,
Samuel D. Babcock,
Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, George D. Barron,
Aurel Batonyi,
Gustav Baumann,
Samuel R. Betts,
* Deceased.
William G. Bibb, Miss Elizabeth Billings, J. O. Bloss,
George Blumenthal,
G. T. Bonner, Mrs.Addison Brown, J. Hull Browning, Joseph Bushnell,
T. Morris Carnegie, Frank R. Chambers, Hugh J. Chisholm, Hugh J. Chisholm, Jr., Geo. C. Clark,
Banyer Clarkson,
Dr. James B. Clemens,
( 283 )
Wm. F. Cochran,
William Colgate,
Miss Georgette T. A. Collier, W onnor,
Mrs. F. A. Constable, Theodore Cooper,
Zenas Crane,
R. N. Cranford,
Melville C. Day,
Charles Deering,
Mrs. John Ross Delafield, Maturin L. Delafield,
W. B. Dickerman,
Miss Josephine W. Drexel, Miss Ethel DuBois,
Miss Katharine DuBois, Wm. A. DuBois,
Geo. E. Dunscombe, Thomas Dwyer,
Newbold Edgar,
George Ehret,
Ambrose K. Ely,
Edward J. Farrell,
Mrs. H. J. Fisher, Andrew Fletcher,
Chas. R. Flint,
Eugene G. Foster,
Mrs. John French,
Mrs. Theodore Kane Gibbs, James J. Goodwin,
Daniel Guggenheim, Bernard G. Gunther, Franklin L. Gunther, Chas. J. Harrah,
Dr. Louis Haupt,
R. Somers Hayes,
George B. Hopkins, Samuel N. Hoyt,
Archer M. Huntington, Frank D. Hurtt,
ae H. Hyd
Mrs. oe O’D. Iselin, Theo. F. Jackson, Dr. Walter B. James, Miss Annié B. Jennings, Nathaniel T. Kidder, William M. Kingsland, H. R. Kunhardt, W. B. Kunhardt, Charles Lanier, W. V. Lawrence, Meyer H. Lehman, Mrs. Geo. Lewis, Joseph Loth, Wm. H. Macy, Jr., Mrs. Wm. H. Macy, Jr., Louis Marshall, Edgar L. Marston, William J. Matheson, C. W. McAlpin, Guy R. McLane, Emerson McMillin, Dr. Geo. N. Miller, A. G. Mills, Mrs, William F. Milton,
Sigmund Neustadt,
A. Lanfear Norrie, Gordon Norrie,
Geo. M. Olcott,
Mrs. Chas. Tyler Olmstead, Wm. Church Osborn, Geo. W. Perkins,
W. H. Perkins,
M. Taylor Pyne,
John J. Riker,
J. C. Rodgers,
Thomas F. Ryan,
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,
( 284 )
Dr. Reginald H. Sayre, Edward C. Schaefer, F, Aug. Schermerhorn, Jacob H. Schiff, Mortimer L. Schiff, Mrs. I. Blair Scribner, Geo. Sherman,
James Shewan,
James Speyer,
Miss Ellen J. Stone, Albert Tag,
Paul G. Thebaud, Charles G. Thompson, Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson, Robert M. Thompson,
William Thorne,
Wm. Stewart Todd,
Miss Anna Murray Vail,
F. T. Van Beuren,
Mrs. C. Vanderbilt,
Dr. Henry Freeman Walker, F. M. Warburg,
John I. Waterbury,
Miss Emily A. Watson,
5. D. Webb,
Dr. W. Seward Webb,
Hon. Geo. Peabody Wetmore, John D. Wing,
Mrs. Anna Woerishoffer.
FEeLLowsHip MEMBERS
E. A. Richard.
Sustarninc MemsBers
Miss Elizabeth Billings, Miss Mary T. Bryce, Wn. H. Fischer,
John Greenough,
Mrs. McDougall Hawkes, O. H. Kahn,
Edgar L. Marston, George Grant Mason, Arthur M. Mitchell, Wm. Church Osborn, William H. Porter, William R. Stewart.
AnnuaL MEMBERS
Dr. Robert Abbe, David T. Abercrombie, Benjamin Abert,
Fritz Achelis,
John Achelis,
F, B. Adams,
Henry S. Adams,
J. E. Aldred,
Douglas Alexander,
A. J. C. Anderson,
J. M. Andreini,
Miss Charlotte L. Andrews,
Mrs. John F. Archbold, Mrs. George A. Archer,
Francis J. Arend,
Reuben Arkush,
Mrs. H. O. Armour,
E. Asiel,
Dr. John Aspell,
Miss E. E. Auchincloss, Mrs. E. §. Auchincloss, John W. Auchincloss, Ledyard Avery,
Dr. Pearce Bailey,
Charles Baird,
Miss Charlotte S. Baker, Geo. F. Baker,
Stephen Baker,
Albert H. Baldwin, Frederick H. Baldwin,
A. T. Baldwin,
George V. N. Baldwin, Jr., William D. Baldwin,
Mrs. William M. Baldwin,
Mrs. Robert F. Ballantine,
Edward L. Ballard, Chris Bambach,
Louis Bamberger, Bernard Bandler,
Mrs. Herbert Barber, Mrs. James L. Barclay, Percival M. Barker, Wm. M. Barnum, Clarence W. Barron, Mrs. A. Battin,
Mrs. Martha Battle, Felice Bava,
Mrs. L. P. Bayne, Jeremiah Beall,
John D. Beals
Mrs. Margaret B. Becker, Frank Begrisch, Jr., Robert Behr,
Mrs. A. Frederick Behre,
( 285 )
Dr. Otto F, Behrend,
August Belmont,
E. C. Benedict,
J. Philip Benkard,
E. R. T. Berggren, Isaac J. Bernheim, Chas. L. Bernheimer, Miss Rosie Bernheimer, Theodore Bernstein, Philip Berolzheimer,
S. Reading Bertron, Edward J. Berwind, George N. Best, Eugene P. Bicknell, Mrs. George Biddle, Mrs. Sylvan Bier, Abraham Bijur,
Samuel H. Bijur,
C. K. G. Billings,
C. Edw. Billquist, Mrs. William H. Birchall, Samuel Bird, Jr., James C. Bishop, Frederick S. Blackall, Mrs. Dexter Blagden, Mrs. C. Ledyard Blair, J. Insley Blair,
T. Whitney Blake, Isidore Blauner,
C. N. Bliss, Jr.,
Miss 8S. D. Bliss,
Mrs. Walter P. Bliss, Hugo Blumenthal, Miss R. C. Boardman, Mrs. Edward C. Bodman, Henry W. Boettger, Robert Boettger, Theodore Boettger,
William H. Bolton,
Mrs. Sydney C. Borg, Louis Boury,
Miss Edith G. Bowdoin, John McE. Bowman, Frank Brainerd,
Mrs. E. N. Breitung, Mrs. Benjamin Brewster, John R. Brinley,
Jno. I. D. Bristol,
Miss H. Louise Britton, Richard H. Britton,
Dr. Edward B. Bronson, Bronx Hay & Grain Co., Mrs. H. D. Brookman, Miss Aneita D. Brown, Dickson Q. Brown, Edwin H. Brown,
M. Bayard Brown, Vernon C. Brown,
Mrs. J. Hull Browning, F. W. Bruggerhoff,
H. B. Brundrett, Thomas B. Bryson, Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley, Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley, Henry W. Bull,
Dr. Edward 8. Bias Louis Burk,
E. R. Burnette;
William J. Burns, Algernon T. Burr,
Chas. W. Burroughs, Mrs. Wendell L. Bush, Charles S. Butler,
Miss Emily O. Butler, Thomas J. Byrne,
H. A. Caesar,
E. T. Caldwell,
W. R. Callender,
( 286 )
Henry L. Calman,
H. H. Cammann,
Henry L. Cammann, Edward B. Camp,
Mrs. John Campbell,
H. W. Cannon,
Mrs. Charles F. Cantine, Mrs. George L. Carnegie, Miss Alice Carpenter, Wn. T. Carrington, George B. Case,
H. A. Cassebeer, Jr., Miss Jennie R. Cathcart, Miss Elizabeth Chamberlain, Miss Maria Bowen Chapin, John Jay Chapman,
Jose Edwards Chaves, John H. Child,
B. Ogden Chisolm,
Geo. E. Chisolm,
Mrs. Joseph H. Choate, Miss Mabel as Wn. G. Choat
Mrs. Helen L. "Chabe, Percy Chubb,
Chas. T. Church, Richard N. L. Church, John Claflin,
D. Crawford Clark,
Miss Emily Vernon Clark, F. Ambrose Clark,
Hon. W. A. Clark, William Clark,
KF. A. S. Clarke,
Lewis L. Clarke,
Albert Clayburgh, Edward B. Close,
Miss Frances H. Close, Wn. P. Clyde,
G. D. Cochran,
( 287 )
Miss Mary T. Cockcroft, C. A. Coffin,
Edmund Coffin,
E. W. Coggeshall, William N. Cohen, William W. Cohen,
J. L. Coker,
Mrs. Rufus Cole, Charles B. Colebrook, Mrs. Lathrop Colgate, William Colgate, Barron G. Collier, Mrs. Richard C. Colt, Samuel P. Colt,
Miss Mary Compton, T. G. Condon, Hermann Conheim, Roland R. Conklin,
J. N. Conyngham, Arthur N. Cooley, Marin LeBrun Cooper, Mrs. Marin LeBrun Cooper, Mrs. A. J. Cordier,
Mrs, Charles Henry Coster, Geo. F. Crane, Mrs. Jonathan H. Crane,
Mrs. Barton Cuyler, Miss Eleanor De Graff Cuyler, Jean De Saint Cyr,
Mrs. Chester Dale,
Frederic A. Dallett,
Mrs. Ira Davenport,
De Witt A. Davidson,
J. Clarence Davies,
Julien T. Davies,
A. E. Davis,
Mrs. Thomas B. Davis, Alvah Davison,
Mrs. Henry P. Davison, Clarence S. Day,
Mrs. William Harrison Day, Henry Dazien,
Henry L. de Forest,
Dr. Robert W. de Forest, Mrs. Robert W. de Forest, John F. Degener, Jr.,
Mrs. Carlos de Heredia,
William Adams Delano, William C. De Lanoy, Countess de Laugier-Villars John B. Dennis,
Rev. H. M. Denslow,
Mrs.Agnes Huntington Cravath, Walter D. Despard,
Robert L. Crawford, William Crawford,
Mrs. Thomas Crimmins, George A. Crocker, Jr., Mrs. W. H. Crocker,
W. T. Crocker,
James W. Cromwell, Mrs. R. J. Cross,
Mrs. Joseph F. Cullman, G. Warrington Curtis, R. Fulton Cutting,
Lee Deutsch, William G. De Witt, J. Henry Dick
Geo. H. Diehl,
Chas. F. Dieterich, Miss Josephine H. Dill, Miss Mary A. Dill, Miss Gertrude Dodd, Cleveland H. Dodge, Francis P. Dodge, Otto L. Dommerich,
Charles Doscher, Henry Doscher,
Mrs. George William Douglas,
Mrs. James Douglas, Walter Douglas,
Alfred Douglass,
W. E. Dowd, Jr.,
Tracy Dows,
Mrs. B. F. Drakenfeld, J. R. Drexel,
Isaac W. Drummond, Mrs. Matthew B. Dubois, Mrs. John P, Duncan, Ralph Wurts Dundas, Dr. Edward K. Dunham, Mrs. T. Coleman du Pont, E. G. Duvall,
John E. Dwight,
Mrs. Winthrop Dwight, R. W. Earle,
Mrs. Frederick H. Eaton, Thomas C. Edmonds, Mrs. J. S. Ehrich,
Mrs. Ernest Ehrmann, Karl Eilers,
Henry G. Eilshemius, August Eimer,
Monroe Einstein, William Einstein,
Miss Kate Eisig, Howard Elliott,
Mrs. James W. Ellsworth, Mrs. Walter Emmerich, Miss Lydia F. Emmett, Robert Temple Emmett, Mrs. Arthur B. Emmons, R. Erbsloh,
Albert J. Erdmann, Abraham Erlanger, Henry Esberg
( 288 )
Arthur F. Estabrook, Louis Ettlinger,
S. M. Evans,
A. W. Evarts,
Mrs. Ernesto Fabbri, Eberhard Faber, Harris Fahnestock, Arthur S. Fairchild, Chas. S. Fairchild, Samuel W. Fairchild, Percival Farquhar, Mrs. Max Farrand, James C. Farrell, Louis Ferguson. William C. Ferguson, Frank H. Filley, Frederick T. Fisher, Pliny Fisk,
Harry Harkness Flagler, Mrs. John H. Flagler, Mrs. Albert Flake, Mrs. Joseph A. Flannery, Nathan Fleischer, Fred T. Fleitmann, Edward H. Floyd-Jones, Franz Fohr,
L. G. Forbes,
Scott Foster,
Mrs. M. J. Fox,
Mrs. William Fox, David J. Frankel,
Mrs. P. A. S. Franklin, R. A. Franks,
Miss Jane K. Fraser, Miss S. Grace Fraser, A. S. Frissell,
John W. Frothingham,
Eugenio Galban,
( 289 )
Albert Gallatin,
eo. F. Gantz, Francis P. Garvin, Miss Florence Gayley, Mrs. Walter Geer, R. W. Gibson, Prof. William J. Gies, Mrs. William J. Gies, J. Waldron Gillespie, Robert McM. Gillespie, Mrs. E. D. Godfrey, Mrs. Mary R. Goelet, Julius Goldman, Abraham L. Goldstone, Philip J. Goodhart, Miss Clara J. Gordon, Chas. Gotthelf, Chas. A. Gould, Edwin Gould, Mrs. W. R. Grace, W. A. Gramer, U.S. Grant, 4th, B. Greeff, Jr., William G. Grieb, Hon. Anthony J. Griffin, Charles E. Griffin, W. V. Griffin, Miss Margarette E. Griffith, Miss Susan D. Griffith, E. Morgan Grinnell, George Bird Grinnell, Mrs. Chester Griswold, Sr., George V. Gross, William C. Gruner, A. M. Guinzburg, Mrs. Gurnee, Mrs. C. S. Guthrie, William D. Guthrie, Miss Edith Haas, John A. Hadden, Jr.,
Daniel S. Hage,
Hon. Ernest Hall,
Wn. Halls, Jr.,
Mrs. Charles W. Halsey, Wm. Hamann,
L. Gordon Hamersley, Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton, Mrs. William P. Hamilton, Ferdinand Hansen,
J. Montgomery Hare,
E. S. Harkness,
Mrs. Stephen V. Harkness, Miss Josephine T. Harriot, George A. Harris,
William Hamilton Harris. J. Amory Haskell,
Jacob Hasslacher,
Dr. Louis Hauswirth,
T. A. Havemeyer,
J. Woodward Haven, Carroll Hayes,
Miss Caroline C. Haynes, Mrs. R. G. Hazard,
Mrs. W. R. Hearst,
Wn. W. Heaton,
Mrs. George A. Helme, Hancke Hencken,
Chas. Henderson,
Mrs.E. C. Henderson, Harmon W. Hendricks, Philip W. Henry,
Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn, B. F. Hermann,
W. L. Hernstadt,
Mrs. E. D. Lee Herreshoff, George B. Herzig,
Samuel A. Herzog,
H. H. Hewitt,
Henry Hicks,
Mrs. James J. Higginson,
Hugh Hill,
Mrs. Robert Hill,
Walter Hinchman,
Mrs. Samuel N. Hinckley, B. Hochschild,
Richard M. Hoe,
Mrs. Richard March Hoe, Mrs. Robert Hoe,
Miss Mary U. Hoffman, Bernhard Hoffmann,
Mrs. Bernhard Hoffmann, Mrs, Edward Holbrook, John Swift Holbrook, Edwin T. Holmes,
Elkan Holzman,
Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker,
Chas. H. Hoole,
Ernest Hopkinson, Frederick B. House,
C. J. Housman, Richard F. Howe,
M. D. Howell,
Mrs. Henry E. Howland, John Sherman Hoyt, Miss Rosina S. Hoyt, Theodore R. Hoyt, Miss V. S. Hoyt, Walter C. Hubbard, Mrs. Anna Huber, Conrad Hubert,
Mrs. E. W. Humphreys, Mrs. Thomas Hunt, Mrs. H. E. Huntington, Mrs. R. P. Huntington, Dr. Lee M. Hurd,
H. D. Hutchins,
Frank DeK. Huyler, Mrs. Clarence M. Hyde, Henry St. John Hyde, Edwin W. Inslee,
(290 )
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,
C. Oliver Iselin,
Miss Georgine Iselin, Lewis Iselin,
William E. Iselin, Mrs. William E. Iselin, Miss Flora E. Isham, A. C. Israel,
Samuel K. Jacobs, John S. Jacobus,
A. C. James,
Mrs. Arthur Curtis James,
Dr. Robert C. James, Mrs. Wortham James, E. C. Jameson,
Mrs. Alfred Jaretzki, Alfred W. Jenkins,
O. G. Jennings, Walter B. Jennings, George 8S. Jephson, Gilbert H. Johnson, Mrs. T. W. Johnston, Francis C. Jones, Mrs. Townsend Jones, Rodney Wilcox Jones, Louis M. Josepthal, Karl Jungbluth, Henry M. Kahle, Felix E. Kahn,
Louis Kahn,
Mrs. Delancey Kane, Mrs. H. F. Kean, Frank Browne Keech, Henry F. Keil, William W. Kelchner, Prof. J. F. Kemp,
Mrs. H.Van Rensselaer Kennedy,
Mrs. John S. Kennedy, David Keppel, Rudolph Keppler,
John B. Kerr,
Emil L. Kieger, Patrick eda
S. E. Kiln
Darwin P. Kingsley, Morris Kinney, Warren Kinney,
W. Ruloff Kip, William B. Kirkham, Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel, E. C. Klipstein, Roland F. Knoedler, Chas. Kohlman, Marion B. Kohlman, Alex. Konta,
Dr. George F. Kunz, A. H. Kursheedt, Anthony R. Kuser, Adolf Kuttrof,,
Mrs. Samuel W. Lambert,
Francis G. Landon, Edward V. Z. Lane, Woodbury Langdon, Mrs. Jacob Langeloth, Mrs. John J. Lapham, Lewis H. Lapham, Montgomery La Roche, Henry G. F. Lauten, Mrs. Amory A. Lawrence, John Burling Lawrence, Henry Goddard Leach, Prof. Frederic 5. Lee,
Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories,
Marshall C. Lefferts, Wn. H. Lefferts, George Legg,
S. M. Lehman, iat M. Lehmaier, John E. Leikauf, Wn. H. Leupp,
( 291 )
Edmund J. Levine,
G. Levor,
Louis 8S. Levy, Montgomery H. Lewis, Adolph Lewisohn,
Miss Alice Lewisohn, Paul Lichtenstein,
E. K. Lincoln,
Frederick J. Lisman, Lucius N. Littauer,
Mrs. John R. Livermore, Miss Anna P. Livingston, Mrs. Francis G. Lloyd, Mrs. I. Ferris Lockwood, Frank J. Logan,
Russell H. Loines, Manuel Lopez,
Lord & Burnham Co., P, Lorillard, Jr., Ethelbert I. Low,
Mrs. Seth Low,
August Lueder,
Walther Luttgen, William M. Lybrand,
J. M. Richardson Lyeth, S. Ma,
Mrs. C. B. Macdonald, C. K. MacFadden, Clarence H. Mackay, Kenneth K. Mackenzie, Mrs. Charles F. MacLean, Malcolm MacMartin,
V. Everit Macy,
F. Robert Mager,
J. H. Maghee,
Pierre Mali,
J. G. C. Mantle,
Miss Delia W. Marble, John Markle,
Mrs. John Markle,
Dr. J. W. Markoe, Alfred E. Marling, Otto Maron,
Mrs. Henry Marquand, Edwin S. Marston,
R. W. Martin,
Dr. Walton Martin, William J. Matheson, Robert Maxwell,
Dr. D. H. McAlpin, Geo. L. McAlpin, George McAneny, Alfred McEwen, Henry P. McKenney, John A. McKim, James McLean, Edward F. McManus, William McNair,
B. Frank Mebane, Morton H. Meinhard, Dr. Walter Mendleson, Herman W. Merkel, John L. Merrill, Manton B. Metcalfe, Herman A. Metz, Eugene Meyer, Jr., Harry J. Meyer,
John G. Milburn, Dr. Adelaide Mills, Alex. S. Mitchell
Mrs. John Murray Mitchell,
H. de La Montagne,
C. D. Montague, Barrington Moore, Clement Moore,
J. C. Moore,
Miss Katherine T. Moore,
( 292 )
Mrs. Paul Moore, Russell W. Moore, Victor Morawetz, Miss Anne Morgan, Miss C. L. Morgan, E. D. Morgan, . J. P. Morgan, Jr. . Pierpont Morgan,
. Fellows Morgan, Mrs. Cora Morris, Mrs. Dave Heages Morris, Dwight W. Morrow, Henry C. Mott, Mrs. John B. Mott, Eric Muelberger, Frank J. Muhlfeld, Carl Muller, John P. Munn, Frank A. Munsey, G. M. P. Murphy, William S. Myers, National Association, Boards
of Pharmacy,
A. G. Nesbitt, Mrs. Russell H. Nevins, Miss Catherine A. Newbold, Miss Edith Newbold, Frederic R. Newbold, Mrs. William G. Nichols, William H. Nichols, Wm. Nilsson, George Notman,
Howard Notman, Adolph S. Ochs, John Offerman, Mrs. Ponsonby Ogle, PM. —" E. E. Olco Miss ae oie: Elam Ward Olney,
(293 )
Robert Olyphant,
Mrs. Emerson Opdycke, Mrs. Wm. Openhym,
J. Oppenheim,
John B. O’Reilly, William C. Orr,
Prof. Henry F. Osborn, Mrs. William Church Osborn, Miss Elizabeth H. Packard, Fred’k Page Co., Augustus G. Paine, Henry Parish,
Junius Parker, Winthrop Parker, James C. Parrish,
Chas. W. Parsons,
Mrs. Edgerton Parsons, Miss Gertrude Parsons, Mrs. Henry Parsons, T. H. Hoge Patterson, Mrs. Frederick Pearson, Charles E. Peck,
Dr. Charles H. Peck, Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham, Edward S. Pegram, Mrs. Sarah G. T. Pell, Edmund Penfold,
Mrs. William A. Perry, Samuel T. Peters,
Mrs. Theodore Peters, W. R. Peters,
Carl Schurz Petrasch, Curt G. Pfeiffer, Walter Pforzheimer, Henry Phipps,
Lloyd Phoenix,
Phillips Phoenix, Gottfried Piel,
Henry Clay Pierce, Winslow S. Pierce,
Mrs. R. Stuyvesant Pierrepont, J. Fred Pierson,
Mrs. Frank H. Platt, John Platt,
Edward Plaut,
Gilbert M. Plympton, Miss R. A. Polhemus, Miss Florence L. Pond, Chas. Lane Poor,
Mrs. James Harper Poor, James E. Pope, Alexander J. Porter, Mrs. Henry Kirke Porter, Abram 5S. Post,
Miss Blanche Potter, Frederick Potter,
Fuller Potter,
Mrs. George D. Pratt, Mrs. Herbert Lee Pratt, John T. Pratt,
Samuel Pratt,
Mrs. L. B. Preston, Clinton B. Price,
Miss Cornelia Prime, Thomas R. Proctor, Mrs. Kate Davis Pulitzer, H. St. Clair Putnam, Miss Eva C. Putney, Percy R. Pyne,
Charles F. Quincy, Stanley Ranger,
G. B. Raymond,
Mrs. William A. Read, Robert C. Ream,
Miss Emily Redmond, Geraldyn Redmond,
John Reid,
Chas. Remsen,
Howard Price Renshaw, Samuel W. Reyburn,
Mrs. E. S. Reynal, Miss Elvine Richard, Oscar L. Richard, Eben Richards,
E. O. Richards,
Mrs. Robert Ridgway, Wn. J. Riker,
Dr. Wm. C. Rives, Miss Emeline Roach, G. Theo. Roberts, Miss G. Van B. Roberts, Miss Jennette Robertson, Louis J. Robertson, Andrew J. Robinson, William G. Rockefeller, Edward L. Rogers, Miss Harriette Rogers, Hubert E. Rogers,
A. J. Rolle,
Clarence M. Roof,
W. Emlen Roosevelt, Mrs. W. Emlen Roosevelt, Hon. Elihu Root, Henry C. Ross,
Jacob Rossbach,
Peter W. Rouss,
C. H. Ruddock,
Louis Ruhl,
Justus Ruperti,
Jacob Ruppert,
Miss M. L. Russell, John Barry Ryan, Arthur Ryle,
Miss Julia Ryle,
Harry Sachs,
Samuel Sachs,
Clarence Sackett,
Mrs. Walter J. Salmon, Mitchell Samuels,
Mrs. B. Aymar Sands,
(294 )
Daniel C. Sands, F. A. Sarg, Miss G. W. Sargent, Herbert L. Satterlee, Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee, Oliver H. Sawyer, Hermann Schaaf, Fred’k Miller Schall, George E. Schanck, John Scheepers, Anton Schefer, Mrs. H. M. Schieffelin, Dr. Wm. J. Schieffelin, Charles A. Schieren, Gustave H. Schiff, Rudolph E. Schirmer, C. P. Schlicke, Miss Jane E. Schmelzel, Fedor Schmidt, D. Schnakenberg, Henrich Schniewind, Jr., Louis B. Schram, Rudolph Schreiber, Henry Schreiter, Richard Schuster, hutz,
C. M. Schwab,
Gustav Schwab, Jr., Frederick Schwed, Walter Scott,
Miss Grace Scoville, Robert Scoville,
The Scoville School, Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner, Edward M. Scudder, Alonzo B. See,
Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman, Jefferson Seligman,
E. W. Sells,
Mrs. Charles H. Senff,
Alfred Seton,
Mrs. William F. Sheehan, Finley J. Shepard,
Hiram W. Sibley,
Alfred L. Simon,
John W. Simpson,
Francis Louis Slade, Ralph E. Slaven,
Benson B. Sloan,
Samuel Sloan,
Thomas Smidt,
Daniel Smiley,
Miss Fanny A. Smith, Pierre J. Smith,
R. A. C. Smith,
E. G. Snow,
Mrs. Edward W. Sparrow, Mrs. Gino C. Speranza, Dr. Edward H. Squibb, J. R. Stanton,
Mrs. Mary P. Eno Steffanson,
Chas. H. Steinway, Fred. T. Steinway, Wn. R. Steinway,
Olin J. Stephens, Roderick Stephens, Benjamin Stern, Sereno Stetson,
Mrs. Byam K. Stevens, Frederic W. Stevens, Dr. Geo. T. Stevens, Lispenard Stewart, Chauncey Stillman, Miss Clara F. Stillman, Dr. D. M. Stimson, Mrs. James Stokes, Mrs. Willard Straight, H. Grant Straus, Roger W. Straus, Albert Strauss,
(295 )
Chas. Strauss, Frederick Strauss,
Edward 8S. Strobhar,
Mrs. Gustaf Stromberg,
Benj. Strong, Jr.,
John R. Strong,
Mrs. Theron G. Strong,
Joseph Stroock,
F. K. Sturgis,
Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,
Mrs. James Sullivan,
Miss Mary Taber,
Henry W. Taft,
E. T. H. Talmage,
C. A. Tatum,
Henry R. Taylor,
W. A. Taylor,
H. L. Terrell,
Mrs. John T. Terry, homas Thacher,
Miss M. J. Thayer,
Mrs. Hector W. Thomas,
Mrs. Howard L. Thomas,
Percival Thomas,
Seth E. Thomas, Jr.,
Lewis M. Thompson,
Loren Ogden Thompson,
L. S. Thompson,
William B. Thompson,
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,
Jonathan Thorne,
Samuel Thorne, Jr.,
W. V. S. Thorne,
Myles Tierney,
Louis C. Tiffany,
Henry N. Tifft,
James Timpson,
Rev. E. P. Tivnan, 8. J.,
Mrs. Margaret T. Tjader, J. Kennedy Tod,
P. S. Trainor,
A. F, Troescher, Frederick K. Trowbridge, Carll Tucker,
Dr. Alfred Tuckerman, Paul Tuckerman,
Geo. E. Turnure, Benjamin Tuska,
Mrs. Mary A. Tuttle, Mrs. Alice B. Tweedy,
E. S. Twining,
Lucien H. Tyng,
Oswald W. Uhl]
Mrs. Walter M. Underhill, Theodore N. Vail,
Mrs. Henry C. Valentine, James J. Van Alen,
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Mrs. W. Seward Webb, Miss Alice D. Weekes, Chas. Wehrhane,
Charles H. Weigle, Bernard Weinig,
Mrs. C. Gouveneur Weir, Mrs. Samuel W. Weiss, Mrs. John Wells,
Oliver J. Wells,
Arthur L. Wessell,
Dr. William West, William Young Westervelt, Miss Edith Wetmore,
Dr. Wm. E. Wheelock, Alfred T. White,
Miss Caroline White,
Mrs. Stanford White, Clarence Whitman,
Miss Margaret S. Whitney,
Mrs. Frederick T. Van Beuren, Elmore A. Willets,
Barend Van Gerbig, E. H. Van Ingen,
Mrs. Percy H. Williams, Richard H. Williams,
Mrs. Warner M. Van Norden, William H. Williams,
Edgar B. Van Winkle,
W. P. Willis,
Mrs. Wilbur Linwood Varian, a R. Williston,
Mrs. James M. Varnum, Richard C. Veit,
Thos. F. Vietor,
Alfonso P. Villa,
Mrs. Gustavus A. Walker, James N. Wallace,
Leo Wallerstein,
Dr. Max Wallerstein, Wm. I. Walter,
Artemus Ward,
Mrs. John I. Waterbury, C. W. Watson,
Thomas L. Watt,
Mrs. E. H. Weatherbee, H. Walter Webb,
rank D. Wilsey ae Edmund B. Wilsons Dr. Margaret B. Wilson, M. Orme Wilson, Bronson Winthrop, Grenville L. Winthrop, Mrs. Robt. Winthrop, Mrs. Frank S. Witherbee, Lewis S. Wolff, William E. Wolff, Prof. R. 8. Woodward, Miss Julia Wray, Mrs. J. Hood Wright, Mrs. A. Murray Young, George A. Zabriskie,
(297 ) Joseph A. Zanetti, Charles Zoller, Mrs. Anna M. von Zedlitz, O. F. Zollikoffer. Charles H. Zehnder,
MemBers oF THE WomEN’s AUXILIARY
Mrs. George A. Armour, Mrs. Charles Mac Veagh, Mrs. Robert Bacon, Mrs, V. Everit Macy, Miss Elizabeth Billings, Mrs. Henry Marquand, Miss Eleanor Blodgett, Mrs. George W. Perkins, Mrs. N. L. Britton, Mrs. George D. Pratt, Mrs. Charles D. Dickey, Mrs. Harold I. Pratt, Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn, Miss Harriette Rogers, Mrs. Robert C. Hill, Mrs. James Roosevelt, Mrs. Wm. A. Hutcheson, Mrs. Benson B. Sloan, Mrs. Walter Jennings, Mrs. Theron G. Strong, Mrs. Delancey Kane, Mrs. Henry O. Taylor, Mrs. Hamilton F. Kean, Mrs. W. G. Thomson, Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel, Mrs. George Cabot Ward. Mrs. A. A. Low,
Honorary MEMBERS OF THE WoMEN’s AUXILIARY Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, Mrs. F, K. Sturgis, Mrs, John I. Kane, Mrs. F. F. Thompson. Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes,
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REPORT OF THE TREASURER
New York, January 12, 1920 To THE Boarp or Manacers oF THE New York Bo- TANICAL GARDEN.
Gentlemen: Herewith I submit a statement of my Receipts and Disbursements during the year 1919, and Balance Sheet from my Ledger as of December 31, 1919.
Respectfully submitted, Joun L. Merrit, Treasurer.
Receipts AND DisBURSEMENTS Receipts
Balance brought forward, December 31, 1918..... $ 25,844.61 Sale of Investments Investment ‘Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund, $30,000 New York Cen- tral Notes............ $29,818.75 Investment of Science and Education Fund,$40,000 Northern Pacific Rail- way Co........ 0. ee eee 39,390.00 $ 69,208.75 Income from General Investments credited to General Income Ac- count 5% on $50,000. Southern Ry. 1st Consolidated
Mortgage Bonds........ 500.00 ss on $50,000 Ches. . Co. nee vee Boads ee re 2,250.00
4% on $50,000 Erie Rail- road Co. Prior Lien
( 299 )
4% on $59,000 Erie Rail- roa o. Penn. Coll.
4% on $50,000 Reading R. R. Co. Bonds, Jersey Central Coll. Tr.........
a on A Northern
R. St. Paul, See Diva ptiatree eave ae
4% on $35,000 Northern Pac. R. R. Bonds, Gt. Nor. C. B. & Q. Trust ..
5% on $10,000 Louisville & Na R. Egqpt. INGtCS 5 eee
4% on $10,000 New York City Stock due 1959.
44%% on $10,000 N. Y. Cent. Lines Eqpt. Notes
4% on $11,000 Milwaukee, cate & No. West. R. R.
ie on $50,000 Pennsyl- vania R. R. Genl. Mtge.
5% on $10,000 Balto. & Ohio R. R. Bonds...... ae on ee 000 Great Nor. Coll. Trust Gold
5% on $40,000 Great Nor. R. R. Co. Coll. Trust Bonds, to date of sale...
2,360.00
2,000.00
960.00
1,400.00
500.00 400.00
450.00
440.00
2,250.00
500.00
1,250.00
1,581.95 B 20,841.95
Income from Investment of Addison Brown Fund, 4% on $22,000 Nor.
Pac. Prior Lien Bonds...
paneer 880.00 Income from Investment of John Innes
Kane Fund, 5% on $10,000 Gt.
Nor. Railway Co. Bonds.
eee ati 500.00
( 300 )
Income from Investment of Guggen- heim Greenhouse Fund, interest on
Income from Investment of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund, 4% on $15,000 Nor. Pac.
Prior Lien Bonds........ $600.00 4%% on $10,000 Liberty Loan Bonds............ 425.00
Interest on Deposits, being interest at 3% on balances with J. P. Morgan & Co. forthe yearIgig. ..... Interest on Liberty Bonds, subscribed for by employees and not re- deerme desie pce ae see eee esd oat ee Membership Fees and Dues Sustaining Members’ Fees. 300.00 Annual Dues............ 9,480.00
Subscriptions to “North American Flora,” Sales of Publications, cred- ited to Income of David Lydig
Subscriptions to ‘‘ Addisonia,”’ credited to Income of Addison Brown Fund
Sundry Sales, credited to Income of Stokes Fund. ..... 1.2.2.2...
Contribution for Horticultural Prizes by The Horticultural Society of New York, credited to Income of Wm. R. Sands Fund.... .......
Income of Chas. B. Robinson Fund...
Contributions from New York City towards Maintenance.......
Other Contributions
To Students’ Research
Fund «casuiidee¢eaks $ 100.00 To Special Fund for Books. 811.00 To Plant Fund........... 573-00
802.78
1,025.00
412.13
44.64
9,780.00
2,127.31 2,599.35
3-50
161.50 31.59
92,239-72
(301 )
To eae and Herbarium
To Convalescent Soldiers’
Garden Fund.......... 3325.50 12,739.50 Sale of Junk... 22... ee cece eee eee 187.90 Vouchers Paid, Refund.............. 9.35 Repayments by Employees for Liberty
Bond Subscriptions............. $ 12,391.13
$225,977.10
Disbursements
Expenses paid through Director-in-Chief Account of New York City Appro-
priations...............0005. . D 92,239.72 General Account for vouchers paid. 27,361.01 Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund..... 55,104.60 Cherry Garden Shelter Fund....... 1,161.00 Grounds Improvement Fund....... 4,710.19 Convalescent Soldiers’ Garden Fund 3,198.00 Emergency Fund..... ........... 1,044.84 Reserve Fund. ..........2....005. 24,730.26 Publications, debited to Income of
David Lydig Fund............. 2,230.90 Publications, debited to Income of
Addison Brown Fund........ .. 2,767.84 Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund 722.28 Income of Students’ Research Fund 150.00 Income of D. O. Mills Fund....... 1,120.96 Income of Science and Education
Bund 3s ete erence vet Seed 4,909.67 Income of Stokes Fund... ...... 2.20 Income of John Innes Kane Fund.. 20.15
Income of Wm. R. Sands Fund.... 141.00
$251,821.71
Special Fund for Books........... 85.08 Plant Fund.......... 0 2... eee eee 882.42 Exploration Fund................ 300.00 Museum and Herbarium Fund..... 351.46 $223,233.58
Sundry Accounts Interest on Liberty Bonds, sub- scribed for by Employees, paid for
by the Garden................. $ 176.79 Subscriptions to Liberty Bonds for Account of Garden Employees... 12,400.00 12,576.79
Balance December 31, 1919, on deposit with J. P. Morgan & Co......... 16,011.34
$251,821.71
Lepcer Batances, DECEMBER 31, I9I9
Credit Permanent Funds Endowment Fund.......-.... 0.0 cece eee eens $268,760.00 Endowment Fund, for Science & Education..... 83,461.90 David Lydig Fund, Bequest of Charles P. Daly . 34,337.86 Legacy of Wm. R. Sands..............000000: 10,000.00 Darius Ogden Mills Fund..................05. 50,000.00 Henry Iden Legacy..... 0.2... eee ee ee 10,000.00 Addison Brown Legacy..............0 000 e caus 21,850.00 John Innes Kane Fund. ............. ccc eeeeee 10,000.00 Stokes Fund... 2.0... ccc cee eens 3,000.00 Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund 705.44 Students Research Fund.................00005 4,124.00 Maria DeWitt Jesup Legacy..............0005 25,000.00 $521,239.20 Temporary Funds Cherry Garden Shelter Fund....... 839.00 Reserve Fund.................05. 13,019.74 Grounds Improvement Fund... . 358.16
Convalescent Soldiers’ Garden Fund 3,459.57 Investment of Guggenheim Green- house Fund, profit on Investment. 1,590.63
(303 ) Income Investment Maria Dewitt
Income David Lydig Fund........ Income Students’ Research Fund... Income Stokes Fund.............. Income John Innes Kane Fund.... Income Addison Brown Fund......
Plant Fund. .............000 ce eee Exploration Fund................ Museum and Herbarium Fund.....
Grand Total...................0..
Debit General Investments
$50,000 Ches. & Ohio Genl. Mtg. Bonds 50,000 So. Ry. Co. 1st Cons. Mtg. Bds. 50,000 Erie R. R. Co. Prior Lien Bds. 59,000 Erie R. R. Co. Penn. Coll. Tr. Bds. 50,000 Reading R. R. Co. J. C. Coll. Tr. Bds. 24,000 Nor. Pac. R. R.-St. P. & D. Div. Bds. 30,000 Nor. Pac. Gt. Nor.-C. B. & Q. Coll.
10,000 N. Y. City 4% Stock 1959 Investment, D. O. Mills Fund
167.76
1,745.53
530.41 126.04 539.98
2,126.11
74-62
iS
$50,000 Penn. R. R. Gent. Mtg. Bonds, 444%...
Investment, Science &3 Education Fund
$10,000 N. Y. Cent. Lines Eqpt. 10,000 Louisville & Nashville Eqpt. 10,000 Balto. & Ohio Refunding
Genl. Mtg. Bds. due Dec. 1995, 5% 5,000 Chic. Burlington & Quincy R. R. Jt. 4s.
July 1, 1921
9 10,000 Gt. Nor. Rwy. 5% Gold Notes due
Sept. I, 1920 Investment, Henry Iden Fund
$11,000 Milwaukee, Sparta & No. W. R. R. Bonds.
$ 25,795.18 $547,034.38
$312,424.18
B 50,418.33
| B 45,142.36
10,120.00
(304) Investment, Addison Brown Legacy $22,000 Nor. Pac. Prior Lien Bds. 4%.......... 21,380.69
Investment, John Innes Kane Fund $10,000 Gt. Northern Rwy. Co. 5% Gold Notes due Sept 119202. sssevatdetebeerer dex IeGesde 10,015.62
Investment, Maria De Witt Jesup Fund
$15,000 No. Pac. Prior Lien Bonds, 4% oe
$10,000 Liberty Bonds, Third Loan. |" " 3937-75 Director-in-Chief Working Fund..........4. 00000. 30,000.00 General Income Account
Balance borrowed from Permanent Funds...... 25,750.29 Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund... 0.0.0.0. c ce cee 126.80 Interest on Employees’ Liberty Bonds
To be borne by the Garden. ...............04. 102.15 Employees’ Liberty Bonds
Due from Employees...........6.0 000 e ee auee 2,163.87
Cash in Hands of Treasurer On deposit with J. P. Morgan & Co............ 16,011.34
3547,034.38
(305 )
TREASURER’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1919
Room 318, Granp CENTRAL TERMINAL New York, May 18th, 1920 Mr. Epwarp D. Apams, Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden, 71 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Dear Sir:
This is to certify that I have, by direction of the Board of Managers, examined the books and accounts of the Treasurer of the New York Botanical Garden, for the year nineteen hundred and nineteen (1919), together with their proper vouchers, and that I find the balance sheet and the Treasurer’s statement of receipts and disbursements attached hereto to be correct.
I have also examined the various investment securities and find the same to be as reported in the said balance sheet.
Respectfully submitted, A. W. Stone, Special Auditor.
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Direcror-in-Cuier’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1919
Room 318, Granp CENTRAL TERMINAL New York, May 18th, 1920 Mr. Epwarp D. Apams, Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden, 71 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Dear Sir:
This is to certify that I have examined and audited the financial books and accounts of the Director-in-Chief of the New York Botanical Garden for the year nineteen hundred and nineteen (1919), and that I find the same to be correct, and the cash balance to be as stated in the current cash book.
In accordance with recent practice, I have not included in this auditing the examination of the vouchers for City main- tenance or construction work paid for by the City, as such vouchers have been found proper and in order by the City authorities, and it was decided in 1904 by the then Chairman of the Finance Committee that a further examination of them was unnecessary. By like authority I have omitted also a detailed examination of the annual membership dues account. These dues are received by the Director-in-Chief and forwarded by him to the Treasurer, the former keeping a detailed record of the same.
Respectfully submitted, . W. STONE, Special Auditor.
BULLETIN The New York Botanical Garden
Vol. 10 No. 40
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR- IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR 1920 (Accepted and ordered printed January 10, 1922) To THE Boarp oF ManaceErs oF THE New York Botani- CAL GARDEN.
Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit my report for the year ending January 10, 1921.
The maintenance and development of the institution have proceeded during the year, with many noteworthy additions to the collections, and with marked improve- ments to the grounds. Extensive repairs to buildings have been made and repair work needs to be continued. Plantations, lawns, trees, and woodlands have been main- tained in health and beauty, vandalism having been kept in check, except for a few irritating incidents; high autumnal gales felled a number of forest trees. ‘The path system has been extended, especially at the new iris garden and its approaches; the cherry garden shelterhouse was com- pleted and path approaches built up to it; work upon the much needed fence along the Southern Boulevard was com- menced in the autumn and the entrance to the horticultural gardens there was nearly completed. The new iris garden within the horticultural grounds was built and planted and much progress was made in constructing and planting the new fern garden and the adjoining rock garden at the southern end of the herbaceous grounds. ‘The dahlia collection was much increased and the plantation extended;
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(308 )
a gift of some 20,000 tulip-bulbs from the General Bulb Growers Society at Haarlem should form a highly attrac- tive feature in the horticultural gardens next spring. Ex- tensive additions were made to the orchid collection in conservatory range 2, and the collections in the central display greenhouse have developed luxuriantly. In con- servatory range I, the palm collection has been much improved by rearrangement and the cactus collection has been greatly increased.
Public instruction through Saturday and Sunday after- noon lectures in the museum building and in the central display greenhouse attracted interested audiences and the docentry system has been increasingly appreciated. In- struction in gardening was continued and advanced stu- dents and visiting investigators in botany and related sub- jects have made good use of the collections and library. A very large amount of information about plants, their cultivation and their products, has been given out to visitors and in reply to letters. The labelling of all collec- tions has been continued.
Exploration and collecting were carried out in Florida, Cuba and Trinidad, yielding important accessions es living plants, museum and herbarium specimens. Much work was accomplished in rearranging museum collections and in adding specimens held in storage to the exhibition cases.
About 14,782 species and varieties of plants have been grown during the year, of these about 5,332 out of doors and about 9,450 in the greenhouses. Many of these were represented by a large number of individual plants, many by one or few. The library now contains about 29,950 volumes, an increase during the year of 270 volumes. It has proved impossible under existing conditions to get bookbinding done at all rapidly and we have a consider- able accumulation of unbound volumes. Additions to museum and herbarium collections aggregate some 16,569 specimens.
(309 )
Publications during 1920 include Nos. 38 and 39 of the Bulletin; Volume 21 of the Journal; 3 parts of North Amer- ican Flora; Volume 12 of Mycologia, 3 parts of the fifth volume of Addisonia, and 11 numbers of Contributions. An annotated eaclonde of specimens in the economic museum is in press to form a part of Volume 11 of the Bulletin.
Plants and Planting
Through valued cooperation with the American Iris Society a very extensive new collection of irises has been planted in the area of the horticultural gardens south of the herbaceous garden, under the supervision of Dr. Gleason, Assistant Director; details of this installation may be found in his report hereto appended.
Dr. Southwick, Custodian of the Herbaceous Grounds, has supervised and personally constructed a new and large fern-garden at the base of the rocky hill at the south- ern end of the herbaceous garden valley; he has collected and planted there many of the hardy ferns of our region in large quantities and has assembled many more for planting there in the spring; he has also accomplished much work in transforming this hill into a large rock garden, and it is proposed that he prosecute these works to com- pletion next season; they cannot fail to be very attractive and instructive additional features.
Dr. Howe, Curator, largely increased the collection of Dahlias planted in the border at the railroad station,* and this was of great interest and beauty throughout the autumn.
All other plant collections were in charge of Mr. Nash, Head Gardener and Curator of the Plantations, assisted by Foreman Gardeners Becker and Finley and by Mr. Hartling, his immediate assistant; Mr. Boynton, Super- visor of Gardening Instruction, aided when his other duties permitted. Not much change was made in the
* See Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 21: 138.
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plantations already established, other than additions, substitutions and replacements, and the transferral of some of the greenhouse collections from one house to another to effect better display or to obtain better cultural conditions. Details may be found in the report of Mr. Nash hereto appended.
Museums
The arduous task of rearranging and cataloguing the specimens forming the economic museum was completed by Dr. Rusby, with the assistance of Mr. Williams, and progress has been made in the publication of the annotated catalogue of this very important collection; this will be a noteworthy contribution to plant economics; about one- third of the proof has been read.
In pursuance of the plan adopted in 1919, the herbarium collections of algae were moved from the upper floor of the museum building to the west hall of the second floor, and the space occupied by them utilized for library ex- pansion. Details of work accomplished may be found in the report of the Head Curator, and in those of the honorary curators hereto appended.
Library
Much needed additional shelving for octavo and quarto books was obtained through the special development fund, as elsewhere reported and will provide for library expansion for some time, but folios need more shelving. The need for a special library fund, noted in my last annual report, has been met in part through a bequest of $30,000 by Mrs. Fanny Bridgham, received during the year, the income of this fund having been made available for the purchase and binding of books by request of the Scientific Directors, granted by the Board of Managers; this will yield about $1,500 a year; we also have the in- come of the Henry Iden Fund of $10,000, a bequest from Mr. Iden, received several years ago, yielding $500 an-
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nually, already specified for the purchase of books, and some books may be bought from the income of the Maria De Witt Jesup Fund of $25,000, bequeathed by Mrs. Jesup and specified for the increase of the collections, while others may be had from the Special Book Fund, made up of contributions for the purchase of books. The ordi- nary increase of the library is thus at least partly pro- vided for; some very expensive sets of desirable books of- fered for sale at intervals may need to be secured through other sources of income.
As recorded in the report of the Librarian, hereto ap- pended, the library now contains just about 30,000 volumes.
Exploration and Collecting
A set of the important collections made by Dr. A. S. Hitchcock, Agrostologist of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry in British Guiana during the latter part of 1919 and in January 1920, referred to in my last report, was received during the summer,* and has since been partly studied. I was occupied for about ten weeks in the early part of the year in botanical collecting on the island Trinidad with a party of assistants;t we obtained a fine series of specimens illustrating the vegetation of that island, which have mostly been studied and in- corporated into the permanent collections. Both Dr. Hitchcock’s expedition and mine were carried out under the cooperative arrangement entered into by us with the United States National Museum and the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University for the increase of knowledge of the flora and plant products of northern South America and adjacent islands.{ This investigation has proved to be very important, resulting already in large accessions of specimens and of plants not hitherto represented in our collections and in new highly valuable scientific informa-
* See Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 21: 129-137.
t See Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 21: 101-118.
tSee Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 19: 182-185. 1918; and Science N.S. 53: 29, 30. 1921.
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tion; it is desirable that field work should be prosecuted as actively as possible with any funds that may be made available and plans for 1921 contemplate several expedi- tions for which provision has already been made.
Dr. Small, Head Curator, continued field work in Florida and elsewhere in the southeastern states in the spring and in the autumn, made possible by the liberal financial aid-of Mr. Charles Deering, and obtained extensive and important series of plants and specimens which have been partly studied; some of Dr. Small’s observations on these trips and on previous ones have been published during the year.*
Large collections of specimens made in Cuba by our valued correspondents Brother Leon, Brother Hioram and Dr. Juan T. Roig have added much to knowledge of the vegetation of that island and have made more complete the catalogue of the Cuban Flora.
Public Instruction and Information
Public instruction by lecturers and by docents has been continued. Lectures have been delivered on Saturday afternoons from February 21 to December 11, either in the museum building or in the central display greenhouse, and on Sunday afternoons during the spring and autumn in the museum building; the Sunday afternoon lectures, first given this year, were received with much appreciation and it now appears desirable to have them delivered through the summer as well as in spring and autumn. A special lecture fund or funds with available income of about $2,000 a year, for the payment of lecturers other than members of the staff, and for sundry lecture expenses would provide much needed addition to endowment.
Instruction by docents has also been continued, with increasing requests for this service. Dr. Murrill, Super- visor of Public Instruction, Mr. Williams, Administrative Assistant, Mr. Wilson, Associate Curator, and Mr. Becker,
* See Journal N. Y. Bot. Gard. 21: 25-38; 45-54; 81-86; 161-178.
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Foreman Gardener, have done most of this work, one of them having been available at all times to escort parties of children or adults to parts of the grounds and buildings, explain the collections and answer questions; all other members of the staff have, however, participated in such instruction, which is very effective and highly appreciated.
The correspondence of the institution in replying to requests for information about plants of all kinds and plant products continues to be very extensive.
Details of this work may be found in the report of the Supervisor of Public Instruction hereto appended.
Instruction of convalescent soldiers in practical garden- ing, commenced early in I919, was continued, with a decreasing number of students, until November, when our arrangements with the Federal Board for Vocational Education were terminated. During the time of this work 84 convalescent soldiers were given instruction for longer or shorter periods. A few of them developed fondness for gardening, but the great majority did not, and these will probably be more useful in other occupations. Those who appear to be likely to take advantage of their opportunities have been permitted to remain as apprentices. All these students were greatly benefited in health while at the Garden, and this was, perhaps, the most important result to be obtained.
A few civilians have been enrolled as gardening students and have done good work, but it would appear that the establishment of an apprentice system with remuneration is the more likely to be satisfactory.
We are continuing the position of Supervisor of Garden- ing Instruction into 1921, however; Mr. Boynton’s de- tailed report on instruction given during 1920 is hereto appended.
Buildings and Bridges Much of the large amount of repair work on buildings outlined as necessary in my last annual report was ac-
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complished, but much remains to be done, especially on the roof of conservatory range 1 and in rebuilding the benches for plants in four of the houses there. Details of the work accomplished may be found in the report of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds hereto appended.
The wooden bridge over the Bronx River, beautifully located in the north meadows, built of chestnut a number of years ago, at the time we were obliged to remove many trees killed by the chestnut blight, is deteriorating. We have had approved plans for a permanent concrete bridge at this point for several years awaiting available funds for building it and these are now very much needed, inasmuch as the path system has meanwhile been constructed up to this important crossing on both sides of the river, and we may be obliged to close the chestnut bridge as a pre- cautionary measure; the cost of the concrete bridge would be from $8,000 to $10,000.
All the other bridges are in good condition; the unique boulder bridge at the northern end of the hemlock grove continues to excite the wonder and admiration of many visitors.
Boundary Fences and Entrances
During former years substantial fences were constructed, where required, along the boundaries of the original reserva- tion, except along the northern boundary line; these fences along the property-line of Fordham University and along a part of the Bronx Boulevard boundary were built through city appropriations; that along the right-of-way of the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad was built by that railroad company under permission from and agreement with the Garden; driveway and path entrances were built where needed.
The avenue and parkway boundaries of the land added by the city to the original reservation in 1915 have re- mained unfenced, no city appropriations for such con-
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struction having been obtainable. During the year the Board of Managers decided to prosecute this much needed construction by any funds available and as rapidly as practicable. A bequest of $5,000 by Mrs. Mary J. Kings- land was appropriated for fence construction along the Southern Boulevard and for the entrance to the horticul- tural gardens from that avenue, and the foundation, walls and piers of this fence were built for about 500 lineal feet during the latter part of the year, the purchase of the iron railing required to complete this length being deferred, anticipating lower cost; an appropriation by the Board of Managers of $7,500 from the income of the Russell Sage and Margaret Olivia Sage Memorial Fund is available for the continuation of this fence southward toward Pelham Avenue, and appropriations from this fund of the same amount have been made for the three following years. A bequest received from Mrs. Louisa Combe, $5,280, has been appropriated by the Board of Managers for fencing along the Pelham Parkway, including the Mansion Ap- proach Entrance.
The total length of fencing required, including the northern boundary along the Bronx River Parkway, is about 5,000 lineal feet, with four driveway and path entrances and four path entrances. The foregoing ap- propriations provide for about 3,500 lineal feet of fence, one driveway and path entrance, and one path entrance, leaving about 1,500 feet of fence, three driveway and path entrances and three path entrances to be provided for.
All the fence built along the Bronx Boulevard and about one-half of that along the property-line of Fordham Uni- versity was repainted during the year.
Roads, Paths and Grading The driveways have been maintained as heretofore by the City Department of Parks, in accordance with the provisions of the Garden’s charter under the efficient direction of Park Commissioner Joseph P. Hennessy, to
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whom we are also indebted for other valued cooperation and advice. Work upon the unfinished part of the drive- way leading east from the rose garden, referred to in my report of a year ago, was continued by the Park Depart- ment, but the funds available from the city appropria- tion proved insufficient to complete it. In order to ensure its completion we took advantage of opportunity, com- mencing in December, to accomplish the remaining Telford paving and the grading of banks necessary and this work is now essentially completed, having been made possible by continued mild weather. The broken trap-rock for the macadam layer has been obtained and stacked by the Park Department. It now remains to use a steam-roller, for which provision has been made, spread the broken stone and obtain sufficient trap-rock screenings for sur- facing and to oil the surface, all of which we hope, through further cooperation with the Park Department, to accom- plish next year. The opening of this road will complete the driveway system of the Garden reservation as planned. It will sooner or later become necessary, however, to widen the present narrow road leading south from the rose garden to Pelham Parkway, as we have realized for some time. The path system has been maintained by laborers under the direction of Foreman Gardener Finley; considerable resurfacing was accomplished and considerable needs to be done. New paths at the new iris garden and approach- ing it, aggregating 970 lineal feet in length and ten feet wide, were completely built, and 850 lineal feet were graded and made ready for the rock foundation which it is planned to supply during the winter from necessary grading operations near the museum building; the paths approaching the new cherry-garden shelter-house from the south and east, aggregating 280 lineal feet, ten feet wide were nearly completely built. The path leading south from the rose-garden stairway, commenced last autumn, was completed, as also the path leading southwest from the mallow garden along the western side of the driveway
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there, and some work was done on the path along the western side of that driveway, the southern portion of it being completed.
The necessary construction of the new iris garden paths prevented our doing any work on the much needed Bronx River paths leading north along the river from the Linnaean Bridge referred to in my last report, but we hope to build at least one of them next season.
Grading, regulating, sodding and draining operations, requiring much time and labor, were necessary during the work of path-building and the construction of the new iris garden.
Details of work on roads, paths, grading and collateral operations may be found in the report of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds hereto appended.
Water Supply The work of extending the 4-inch water-supply in order to obtain higher pressure at the mansion mentioned in my last annual report was satisfactorily completed during the spring.
Natural Features
The beauty of the natural woodlands, meadows, river- banks and river-cliffs within the reservation remains un- diminished. The forested areas, including the hemlock grove, are in normal health and luxuriance and their maintenance has been restricted to the removal of wind- falls, very much fewer in number than the young trees which are growing up in them. Some of the iron-railing bought through the special development fund may be used to extend the railing of trails, noted as desirable in my report for IgI9.
Special Development Fund of 1920 For the development of parts of the grounds, publication of a new guide-book, increase of collections, and additional
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library and herbarium cases, purposes for which no ordinary funds were available during the year, members of the Garden were asked to subscribe to a special development fund and the following contributions were receive
SPECIAL DEVELOPMENT FUND OF 1920
DrcRobert Abbe ia. 2arseditn iaeia tae chiara $B 25 Mr. Edward D. Adams..........0..0..0000.00.0000. 500 Mr. Je Ew Aldréd ss isouas eid chowayy eoee ee ois 10 Mrs. . Herman Aldrich....... 0.0... 0.0... 0000004 10 Mr: Oakes: Ames: /: 22442055. vistedt beets edd bh ne 25 ieee. Oe seaedae eg Saye avies 2 ene eh ae en 5,000 Dr. Si TwArmstrong se oie cates eee ends socket 25 Mrs. Bu Amold iiss c.ca td cies Bate rie nade 5 Mrs. E. S. genie ht Sia iin en ena act Be eect anther ae 5 Mr. Samuel P. Avery... 0.00.00. 0. cee eee 10 Mrs. Robert ne baron ge cen sae Se erin 25 Mr. G. V.N. Baldwin, Jr........00.00.00..0..02000- 5 Dr. Otto F. Behrend... 2.2.0... ee 10 Mr. Frank’ N. Bellis sees ang svies ealloueaeee Dawe vs 5 Mr Re Pe Bicknell: 26 ly 3 Debs d onuesdeny Chale ceases 50 raham Bijur................0.0000 000000000 25
Miss’ Elizabeth Billings...........0......00.-000.0.., 2 Mrs. William H. Birchall... 0.0.0 000..0.00.0...0.0000. 10
Mrs. C. Ledyard Blair........00.0.0.00.000000000000004. 2 Mr. George Blumenthal... ..........00 00.00.00. eee 25 Mi ee DOATAMAN, ofa pacing ee at atten ton sels 5 Mr. William H. Bolton... .....0..0..00. 0.000000. e ee 5 Mr. George D. Brewster.......0...0.00 000 cece eee 100 Mrs:-Woe Es Bush 26 oid Soret eaiorawasatenaugeeeaes 10 Mr. Charles Stewart Butler......0.0..000........0.. 5 re H.W. Cannon... 2. cece eee 10 Mr. Frank R. Chambers... ........00.0 0000000000000 10 Miss Frances H. Close........00.0.0 00000000 cence eee 10 r. PG OMMs eaters Aeawele hae detent em ores xe) Miss Mary Compton... .........000. 0000 c eevee eee 10 Mrs. Jonathan H. Crane.......0..0.0..0 000000000 cue 10 Mr. Paul D, Cravath... 0... eee 100 R. L. Crawford. 0... 10 Mr. George A. Crocker, Jr... 00. cee eee eee 10 Mr. James W. Cromwell.....00000.00000 0000 c eee eee 100 r. Frederic A. Dallett...0..0...000 00.00.0000 cece, 20 Mr. Charles Deering... 22.0000... 0.0.0.0 e cece eee 250 Mrs. John Ross Delafield... .....0.00.0...0 0000000000 ste) Mr. Moreau Delano. ......00.0.00 0000000 cece eee 50
Guggenheim... ..........00..0 00 cece eee ee Miss Elizabeth Stewart Hamilton.................00. Mr
Dr. Louis Havewith i cate beach tie, Ste her seen cea tle aes
Mr. Philip W. Henry..........0..00 00000 cece eee Mr. & Mrs. Bernhard Hoffmann.................04 Mr. Theo. RETO VG ae eae ee anes ee
Mra PeeWee ates, sche uc sae eae ete a8 Dr AoR. Ledoux.2c.0%2022 peea bee eaande ences MricGi Levotiiein ois da sieh td aaa ene sabe ood Mr. Russell H. Loines..........2..-0.200000200000 000s Mrs. Seth Low... 2... cece cece ee eens Mr. Kenneth K. Mackenzie................00-00 000
Mr. V. Everit Macy... 0.00 0 cc cece cece eens Mr. R. W. Martin... 020 Mr. Emerson McMillin. ..........0. 0000202000000 00 Mr. B. Frank Mebane................ 0002 eee Mr. ae L. Merrill irae a gene ate eee eta eae
Nie Gharlessh: Pek. gacoce et tee ot yest aero hate: Mrs. ibe Peéckhatay ccindacle dace cueoe ge. Mr. E. S. Pegram. 2... 0.0 eee
Miss CG. W. Sargent oad ecaeryn saa Meader ae) Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee
Oo
mw
Dr. Edward H. Squibb... 0.2.2.0... 0.0. 10 Mr. Frederic W. Stevens........... 0000000 e eee 5 Mr. Chauncey Stillman.........00. 0.0.0 c eee eee 25 Mrs. James Stokes. ...........00...00 00 cece eee 10 Miss Ellen J. Stone... 00.0... eee eee 25 Mr. Frederick Strauss... 0.000.000.0000 00 eee 25 Mrs, Gustaf Stromberg...............0000 0000000 50 Mrs. Theron G. Strong... 0.0.0.0... 00000 e cee 50 Mr. Joseph Strodeks \. s..5 ae ees dew ae amet 10 Miro FP eK vSturgis soe Secct cao hot ee els ae ae abi 200 Mrs. James Sullivan..........0.0..000.0.0 00.0000 000, 5 Mrs. Henry O. Taylor...........0..0... 0.0020. eee 100 Mr. Samuel Thorne, Jr... 0... eee 10 Mr: Louis’ C. Tiflany oi. ahe.9s i vege ees oe 100 Mr. Henry N. Diftes cite eed ae eee 10 Mr. Alfred Tuckerman...................--...5..0... 5 Mr. Oswald W. Uhl... ee 10 Mr. William I. Walter..........0...2..0......0.004, 25 Mr. Artemas Ward..............0.0..02000020000. 20 s. C. Gouverneur Weir. .......0...000.000..000-0, 5 Miss Edith Wetmore. .................000-0.000-005. 5 Mr WaP:, Willisi.ci44 .a24 pede eet oe he eds 25 Mr. Frank D. Wilsey... 0.00000... 000 cee Io Mr: John-Ce Wistere ad baie tn eaves e Wee bce aes 20 Mr. George A. Zabriskie... 2.0.0.0... 00.0... 00000 eee 10 Mr. Charles Zoller... 2.00020 ee 5 Total 2a .oid Sou ca et pene neayd eee eee eee: $13,485
Through this highly appreciated cooperation, the pre- liminary construction of the new iris garden and the new fern garden, together with their paths and a portion of their path-approaches, was accomplished, and the new collection of hardy lilies, obtained through Mrs. Fox’s contribution, made for this purpose, was partly installed; six new steel stacks of bookshelves and six new herbarium cases were bought and various minor improvements were effected.
Reports Appended I append reports made to me by Dr. Gleason, Assistant Director; by Dr. Small, Head Curator; by Dr. Murrill, Supervisor of Public Instruction; by Mr. Nash, Head Gardener; by Dr. Stout, Director of the Laboratories;
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by Mr. Boynton, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction; by Mr. Corbett, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds; by Dr. Barnhart, Bibliographer; by Miss Harlow, Libra- rian; by Dr. Hollick, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants; by Mrs. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses; by Dr. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections; and a schedule of expenditures by Mr. Groesbeck, Book- keeper. Respectfully submitted, N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief
REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-in-Chief.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my annual report as First Assistant and Assistant Director.
Besides carrying on the usual routine of administrative duties, as delegated to me by yourself, I have devoted my attention to various improvements planned to increase the eficiency of Garden operation. During your absence in Trinidad during the winter and in England in the late summer and early autumn, I took entire charge of the ad- ministrative work of the Garden and desire to express my appreciation of the sound advice so frequently needed and so generously given by the members of our Board of Managers and Scientific Directors, and of the loyal coopera- tion by the members of our staff.
At the beginning of the year, about fifty former soldiers were receiving training in gardening under the direction of Kenneth R. Boynton, Supervisor of Garden Instruction, and in cooperation with the Federal Board for Vocational Education. Mr. Boynton was assisted by Walter B. Balch and E. E. Watson, and occasionally by other mem- bers of the staff. The number of students enrolled had decreased in the summer, and a new contract was made with the Federal Board, effective November 1, by which the Garden was assured sufficient income from fees to
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meet the necessary expenses. The Board of Managers, at their meeting of November 18, authorized negotiations with the Federal Board with a view to terminating the contract. This was done, and the school in its old form ceased December 2.
The Scientific Directors, at their meeting of December 11, authorized the continuation of not more than six of the former students as apprentice gardeners, without wages from the Garden and without the payment of fees by the Federal Board. This plan was put into effect December 13, with four men, and its progress will be watched with much interest.
In the meantime, attempt was made in the spring and early summer to establish the apprentice gardener system with four boys, from 16 to 18 years of age. One boy, James Granville, aged 16, began work in August, and has been uniformly satisfactory.
During your absence in England, the requests for ap- propriations for 1921 were submitted, through the Park Department, to the Board of Estimate of the City of New York. Inspectors visited the Garden repeatedly through August and September and approved each of our requests without change in the amounts except a small reduction in one item. The total amount appropriated, however, falls short of our request by about $37,000, and compels us to postpone many urgent repairs or else provide our own funds for them.
The Botanical Garden has received more valuable publicity than heretofore. Several articles appearing in the Journal have been reprinted or reviewed by scientific or trade periodicals, while the unusually successful displays of tulips in the spring and of dahlias in the summer and autumn, as well as other features, were well covered by the daily press. A number of special articles, dealing with the more interesting features of the Garden, have also been published, particularly in the New York Times.
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Partly because of newspaper publicity calling attention to special displays of growing plants, partly because of the housing situation in the city, and doubtless for other reasons as well, the number of visitors in the Garden has been notably greater than ever before. On pleasant Sundays they enter our grounds at the Elevated Railway Entrance at a rate as high as one hundred per minute, while other entrances add considerable numbers. Al- though our grounds are large enough to prevent actual congestion, still the problem of caring for so many visitors, of directing them to places of interest, of providing them with benches and otherwise aiding their personal comfort, of guarding against petty depredations, of cleaning the grounds of litter, is sufficient to tax our resources to the utmost without satisfactorily meeting the situation. The chief present needs in caring for our regular Sunday crowds include the improvement of the old comfort stations and the erection of new ones, the distribution of more benches about the grounds, the provision of more receptacles for waste, the erection of path railings and warning signs, and the employment for Sunday duty of several more keepers. These matters are already receiving official attention.
Although conditions on the grounds on week days are entirely different, more labor is needed in picking up litter left on Sunday and more keepers are urgently needed as patrols through the grounds to prevent minor depredations by boys and thoughtless or careless adults. Additional police protection is also a highly important desideratum.
Various societies and clubs have used our grounds and buildings throughout the year and are reported in detail
y the Supervisor of Public Instruction. Of special in- terest among them was the American Iris Society, which was organized in the Mansion January 29. Shortly after its organization the Society entered into an agreement with the Garden, after approval by our counsel, for the establishment of a trial and demonstration garden of
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Iris on our grounds. Construction of this garden was begun in the spring, through the aid of the Special De- velopment Fund, and plantings were made in the late summer and autumn. While the garden is not yet com- pleted, it already contains 559 named varieties of Iris, and an unusual display is expected for the spring of 1922.
The annual Spring Inspection was held Thursday, May 6.
I have served as editor of the Journal throughout the year, with the assistance of Dr. Pennell at certain times. Volume 21, for 1920, contains 238 pages and 12 full page plates. Increased cost of printing has compelled me to limit its size as much as possible, with the unavoidable re- sult that many articles and notes have been omitted. Addisonia and Mycologia have appeared as usual through the year. Bulletin 38, the guidebook for the museums, greenhouses, and grounds, appeared June 30, containing 114 pages and 28 plates. Bulletin 39, the annual report for 1919, with 94 pages, was published June 30.
During the year 11 numbers of the Contributions have been published, aggregating 389 pages and g plates, as follows:
212. Scrophulariaceae of the Local Flora, by Dr. Francis W. Pennell.
216. Some Applications of the Quadrat Method, by Dr. H. A. Gleason.
217. Further Experimental Studies on Self-incompati- bility in Hermaphrodite Plants, by Dr. A. B. Stout.
218. Observations on Monosporangial Discs in the Genus Liagora, by Dr. M. A. Howe.
219. Scrophulariaceae of the Central Rocky Mountain States, by Dr. Francis W. Pennell.
220. Notes on Rosaceae—XII, by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.
221. Scrophulariaceae of the Southeastern United States, by Dr. Francis W. Pennell.
222. The Land of Ferns. The Habitats and Distribu- tion of the Fernworts of Florida, by Dr. J. K. Small.
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223. Calymperaceae of North America, by R. S. Williams.
224. Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky Mountain Region. IX. Wooded Formations of the Montane Zone of the Southern Rockies, by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.
227. Scrophulariaceae of Colombia—I, by Dr. Francis W. Pennell.
While it is in many ways desirable that the research activities of the members of the Garden staff should be given publicity through diverse channels, it is in other ways to be regretted that our own publications are not able to handle all of our scientific papers.
My personal research through the year has been directed to a continuation of studies on the South American species of Siphocampylus and Centropogon, in which notable progress has been made, in spite of insufficient material. The studies have already revealed a wealth of undescribed species in these two genera in the mountains of Colombia and Ecuador and serve to illustrate and emphasize the great need of further botanical exploration in northern South America, a work in which the Garden is already actively engaged.
Besides the Contribution mentioned above, I have published during the year, six short articles and have sub- mitted several short abstracts to the editor of Botanical Absiracts
Finally, it is a pleasure to record the general improvement in the esprit de corps of the entire Garden personnel, due to increase in salaries and the reduction in the cost of living, and the better condition of our growing plants and our material equipment, due to the efficient work of our faithful employees, the reopening of conservatory range 2, and the increased funds available for maintenance.
Respectfully submitted, H. A. GLeason, fssistant Director
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REPORT OF THE HEAD CURATOR OF THE MUSEUMS AND HERBARIUM
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CuHier.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium for the year 1920.
The several collections, both the public exhibits and the research material, were cared for and developed as in preceding years
e materials acquired during the year represent a wide geographic range, but the more important additions came from continental and insular America. The speci- mens received during the year were accessioned in detail from month to month in the Journal. The accession lists there recorded may be summarized as follows:
ppecmen feccived through sae and purchases.......... 4,972 ANSES is chaeitrate temic aa 2,489 a “ ie Biba on Rea er ee rare 9,108
Thus a total of 16,569 specimens was added to the re- sources of our permanent and duplicate collections. The value of the specimens received as gifts is estimated at
269. About 3,790 duplicate specimens were sent to other institutions as exchanges. In return we have re- ceived specimens or credit.
Museums The public exhibits were maintained as in the previous year. No new equipment was added, but miscellaneous specimens were interpolated and extensive rearrangements of specimens were effected in the economic museum.
Economic Museum Numerous specimens were added to this exhibit chiefly through the personal activity and efforts of Dr. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections. These additions were made throughout the various divisions and
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all specimens were rearranged and the exhibits put in final sequence—the results of several years work on this collection. It now contains over 8,000 specimens.
The labelling of the new specimens was begun by the use of a temporary typewritten label. These labels will ultimately be replaced by the standard printed label.
The Systematic Museum
The four divisions comprising this museum were main- tained as heretofore.
The Synoptic collection was increased by the addition of specimens in some of the lower groups of plants.
The Local Flora was also made more complete by the addition of specimens in the lower groups and by illustra- tion to represent plants not suitable for exhibition in the frames.
The Microscope Exhibit was maintained unchanged, except for the replacing or renewal of specimens.
The Plant Picture Exhibit was not enlarged, although many photographic prints are held in reserve awaiting additional frames in which to display them.
The Fossil Plant Museum
More than fifty specimens were added to this museum. They were from near the arctic circle, Alaska, on the one hand, and from near the equator, Trinidad, on the other. A beginning has been made in replacing worn labels in the public exhibits.
Herbarium
Specimens totalling 16,227 were received during the year. ‘The geographic distribution represented was almost world-wide, but the more important additions, at least as far as the present work of the Garden is concerned, came from the Continental United States, Mexico, the West Indies, northern South America, and the Philippine Islands.
Selections from the accessions of the year and from those of previous ycars, amounting to 32,000 specimens were mounted and incorporated in the permanent collections.
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This addition represents 18,940 herbarium sheets. No new equipment was added to the herbarium, but consider- able shifting of specimens was necessary owing to the un- even development of the different plant-groups. The complete rearrangement, on the Engler and Prantl se- quence, of the fern herbarium was completed and all the accumulated mounted fern specimens were distributed into their proper places. Work was concluded on the arrangement of the unmounted herbarium material so that specimens can be consulted when necessary or desir- able.
The local flora herbarium was increased by the addition of selected specimens brought together by the personal efforts of members of the garden staff and by specially arranged exchanges.
Investigations and Assistance
The curatorial work was performed by the several curators and associate curators, some of whom have also participated in or cared for various other matters and all of whom have followed, incidentally, some line or lines of investigation connected with Garden activities.
Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator, continued in charge of the herbarium of phanerogamic plants. The mechanical work this year has mainly been confined to the distributing of recently mounted specimens. His taxonomic work on the families Carduaceae and Fabaceae has been continued. Of the former, the manuscript for one part of North Ameri- can Flora has been delivered to the editor and enough for half a part in addition is practically ready. Of the Faba- ceae, one part, containing the second half of the tribe Pee alee. was published in January. The tribes Indi- gofereae and Galegeae are all but ready except the sub- tribe Astragalaneae of the latter. The manuscript pre- pared will almost be enough for two more parts. Two articles were published in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club: ‘‘Notes on Rosaceae XII,” and “ Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky Mountain region XI.”
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Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator, continued to have charge of the collections of Algae and Hepaticae. His principal publications of the year have been an account of the algae of the Bahamas, comprising sixty-six pages of Britton and Millspaugh’s Bahama Flora, which appeared in June, and a paper entitled ‘‘Observations on Monospor- angial Discs in the Genus Liagora’”’ contributed to the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. He has given con- siderable time to the study of specimens of marine algae obtained by several expeditions to Porto Rico, and also to distributing duplicates of Bahama algae. Somewhat more than 3,400 specimens were sent to twenty-one institutions in the United States and Europe, especially to those in which studies of the marine algae are being carried on and with which exchange relations have been established. Dr. Howe has given four lectures in the Saturday afternoon courses during the year, and has conducted a special course in the study of the algae. He has continued to act as an associate editor of the publications of the Torrey Botanical Club and as a member of the Council of the New York Academy of Sciences. Asa collateral line of activity he has again had charge of the dahlia border, which has developed into one of the most popular attractions of the Garden.
Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator, was in charge of the collec- tions of lower fungi, the higher fungi being looked after by Dr. W. A. Murrill. Collecting and research have been continued on the various groups of ascomycetes especially the cup-fungi. Manuscript on the genus Phyllosticta has been practically completed for North American Flora. Considerable time has been used in compiling a list of the species of Porto Rican fungi to be used by Dr. Britton in his flora of Porto Rico; also in the study of the genus Phyllachora, a group of parasitic fungi which are especially abundant in the tropics. Scveral papers were published during the ycar and one lecture was given in the regular Saturday afternoon course. A number of museum speci-
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mens were added to the collection and to the public exhibit of the local rusts. Work was continued on destructive insects and one trip made to Long Island to inspect the elm trees on the grounds of the Sage Foundation Home Company which were thought to be dying from a fungus disease, but which were found to be victims of the elm borer. A few days were spent in Pennsylvania collecting specimens in collaboration with Pennsylvania State Col- lege, Cornell University, and Syracuse University.
Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator, devoted con- siderable time to Rerereys and distributing collections of tropical American plants, especially those from the West Indies and South America. He has also received for determination from specialists of other institutions many specimens of tropical American plants on which parasitic fungi occur. His duties as docent continued three afternoons each week, and he also had charge of many of the special students and classes that availed them- selves of the opportunities thus offered by the Garden. In this way over 1,200 students came under his personal instruction.
Dr. Francis W. Pennell, Associate Curator, in addition to curatorial duties, continued his studies on the Scrophu- lariaceae. During April and May he collected this and related groups in the western Gulf States and later in the year he published papers on the hulariaceae of the southeastern States, the central Rocky Mountain States, and Colombia. Studies of this family in other parts of the New World are in preparation, and he began mono- graphing the tribe Gratioleae for North American Flora. A bibliographic index, preliminary to the study of the related families, Solanaceae, Bignoniaceae, and Gesneri- aceae, was commenced. Dr. Pennell had especial charge of the local herbarium, and also delivered lectures, in the garden course and elsewhere, on the Southeastern United States and Colombian floras.
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The writer, in addition to the general and detailed curatorial duties connected with the public and research collections, continued his studies in systematic and regional botany, especially in relation to the plants of the south- eastern United States. Articles for the Journal and Addisonia were written, and several were published. Two papers also appeared in the journals of other institutions. The recent discoveries connected with the box-huckleberry, and the problems involved, as well as range-extension of certain prickly-pears, led him to devote a few days in August to explorations in the Delaware peninsula and in eastern Pennsylvania. Besides general herbarium speci- mens and various living specimens, he secured colonies of the box-huckleberry from the three known wild plants for transplanting in the Garden. He devoted several weeks, during the early spring and the late fall, to exploration and study in Florida. The special objects of search and in- vestigation in the field were palms (Pseudophoenix, Pauro- tis), cacti (Opuntia, Harrisia), wild-pepper plants (Peper- omta), lilies (Crinum), spider-lilies (Hymenocallis), coonties (Zamia), and century-plants (dgave). Success attended all the writer’s efforts, and living specimens in quantity were brought together for study-plantations under glass at the Garden and in the open in Charles Deering’s reserva- tions at Buena Vista and at Cutler, Florida, where almost unlimited facilities for experimenting and investigation, as well as for exploration, have been put at his disposal by Mr. Deering. The cactus plantation at Buena Vista, which has already been of such signal service in connection with your studies in the Cactaceae, was enlarged through your generosity as well as through that of others. A century-plant plantation was installed at Cutler, to which specimens were contributed from the duplicate collections of the Garden. Numerous experiments in planting and in the effects of environment were incidentally inaugurated in both reservations referred to above during periods of field-work in Florida. The main results of the field work,
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as well as those of studies in the plantations, have been embodied in papers which will appear in future issues of the Garden Journal.
The reports of Dr. H. H. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the economic collections, Mrs. Elizabeth G. Britton, Hon- orary Curator of Mosses, and Dr. Arthur Hollick, Hon- orary Curator of fossil plants, appear elsewhere.
Respectfully submitted, Joun K. Smatt, Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium.
REPORT OF THE SUPERVISOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION Dr. N. L. Britron, Direcror-1n-CuHIeErF.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1920.
Instruction has been given free to the public in a variety of ways during the year and has been much appreciated. The lecture course was considerably extended and more outside lecturers were secured. Instruction by correspond- ence has also notably increased. A new edition of the guide-book was issued early in the year.
Lectures
Forty-five illustrated public lectures on botanical and horticultural subjects have been given in the museum building on Saturday and Sunday afternoons from April 17 to October 31 inclusive, the titles of which have been published in the Journal. Of these 22 were given by mem- bers of the garden staff and 23 by lecturers from the out- side. The attendance for the year has averaged about 99, the maximum being 287 on September 25. The Sunday lectures were better attended in the spring and the Saturday ones in the autumn.
During the early spring and late autumn two courses of six lectures each were given in the central display green- house of conservatory range 2, where plants could be used to illustrate them. ‘The speakers were exclusively members
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of the garden staff. Much interest has been shown in the continuation of these lectures, the attendance increasing considerably during the year and averaging 42 for the autumn series.
School Lectures and Demonstrations
Several classes in biology from various public high schools have visited the garden for the study of living plants and museum collections and for lectures in our lecture hall. These have been under the general direction of the school teachers, guided by myself and assisted by various members of the garden staff.
Docentry
It is difficult to estimate the number of persons who have received personal attention from the department of public instruction during the year, assisted by Mr. Wilson, Mr. Williams, Mr. Becker, and other members of the Garden staff. The few groups of visitors mentioned below will indicate the character and scope of this work.
The North Country Garden Club, presided over this year by Mrs. Beekman Winthrop, of Westbury, Long Island, made a field-day excursion to the New York Botani- cal Garden on the afternoon of Wednesday, May 19. The Nature Committee of the Good-Citizenship League, of Flushing, Long Island, consisting of about twenty ladies, arrived at the Garden May 17 at ten-thirty o’clock and remained all day. About 60 pupils in the summer school of Columbia University, accompanied by Mr. L. W. Crawford, Jr., visited the Garden on the afternoon of August 9 and were shown through portions of the grounds and buildings.
Meetings
Several meetings have been held at the Garden by Soci- eties interested in botany and horticulture, the members having been shown through the grounds and buildings while in attendance.
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The Wild Flower Preservation Society and the Torrey Botanical Club held a joint meeting at the Mansion June 2. The chief feature of the program was an address by Dr. Homer D. House, State Botanist, on “‘The Wild Flowers of New York.” His remarks were illustrated by colored lantern slides and by plates from his new publication on the same subject.
The annual meeting of the Woman’s National Farm and Garden Association was held in the Mansion of the New York Botanical Garden on May 25, Mrs. Francis King presiding. After the luncheon, at which Mrs. Charles D. Norton was hostess, a walk was taken through the hemlock grove and herbaceous valley to the tulip beds in the con- servatory court. The weather was fine and the flowers in superb condition. A lecture by Professor L. H. Bailey, the distinguished horticulturist and agriculturist, on “‘Co- operation in Agriculture” concluded the program for the day. This association has increased rapidly in numerical strength and is becoming an important influence in bringing the producer and consumer together.
The American Rose Society held a regular meeting at the Garden September 29. The members first assembled at the Mansion at 10:30 A.M. and at 10:45 visited the Rose Garden. After a luncheon in the tea-room of the Mansion, there was a business meeting in the adjoining lecture hall, followed by an interesting program. At 3 o’clock the visiting guests were taken on a tour of inspection through portions of the grounds and buildings, including the hem- lock grove, the new iris garden, the herbaceous grounds, conservatory range I, the flower gardens in the vicinity, and the dahlia collection.
Floral Exhibitions The Horticultural Society of New York, in cooperation
with the New York Botanical Garden, held exhibitions of flowers in the museum building on the dates given below.
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The collections of irises, peonies, roses, dahlias, etc., on the grounds also attracted large crowds of people. May 8,9. Exhibition of Flowers. June 12, 13. Exhibition of Roses, Peonies, and Irises. August 21, 22. Exhibition of Gladioli. September 25, 26. Exhibition of Dahlias.
Personal Investigations
A large share of the time I could spare from public in- struction has been devoted to work on Wycologia and two guide-books, one covering the buildings and grounds and the other the economic museum.
A little mycological field-work was done during my vaca- tion in Virginia and the southern Catskills. ‘Two articles on resupinate polypores, containing descriptions of many new species, have been prepared and published during the year.
Respectfully submitted, V. A. MURRILL, Supercisor of Public Instruction.
REPORT OF THE SUPERVISOR OF GARDENING INSTRUCTION Dr. N. L. Brirron, DrrecTor-1n-CHIEF.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1920.
With the return of the students from the Christmas vacation on January 5, the instruction in gardening was continued according to the revised curriculum. The practical work was continued at the conservatories and the propagating houses, by groups under the supervision of our instruction assistants, foreman gardeners, an myself, and by individual Hore with our gardeners in the various houses.
After the general greenhouse practice of midwinter, such as potting, tubbing, cleaning, watering, and ventilat- ing, the chief exercises of propagation were carried out. Practice in seedage proceeded on a large scale with annual and perennial flowering plants for our borders and with
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vegetable plants, many of which were grown on to trans- planting size, and used in the students’ vegetable gardens. With the coming of spring and settled weather, the outdoor work was taken up. The first to engage our attention was vegetable gardening. After the lectures on this subject given by Mr. Walter Balch were finished, the students planned their own gardens; these were laid out on the site of the school garden plots of last year, and were divided into about five gardens of four-student size, two gardens of three-student size, and seven gardens for in- dividuals. Nearly all of the common vegetables were grown, and with greater success than in the previous year. The soldier students, especially those with families, were supplied through the summer and fall with fresh vegetables, grown by themselves. ' The large gladiolus collection was again planted by the students, and occupied the same space as before. The other spring practice consisted mainly in cleaning, spading, and lining up the flower beds near range No. 1, and the transplanting of annual flowering plants into these beds. After planting time, the students were divided in groups and located at various places on our grounds for further practice under our gardeners. This was continued until November, when they were returned to the greenhouses. The class work for the year was given through the spring, autumn and winter months and omitted during the summer. Elementary botany was given half day weekly during January, February, and March, by Mr. Elba E. Watson and again in the autumn by Dr. Stout, three days weekly from November 15th. During April, May and June, Mr. Watson gave a course in plant diseases, on alternate weeks with Dr. E. B. Southwick’s course on destructive insects. My course in garden botany was continued throughout the year, one or two hours weekly being de- voted to walks and talks around the grounds and green- houses. During January, February, March, and April,
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Mr. Walter Balch gave a course of lectures on vegetable gardening on alternate Wednesdays, the rest were devoted to flower garden talks by myself.
In the autumn classes in arithmetic and English were given by Mr. Walter Law, one hour daily, and in ele- mentary garden design by Mr. George V. Nash. The reading room in the Mansion was used for study and reference, and the lecture hall there for most of the lectures and laboratory work.
Mr. Walter Balch resigned on May 31, Mr. Elba E. Watson on July ro, and Mr. Walter Law on December 7.
The number of students registered ranged from 56 in February through 34 in June and July, to 27 in September, and 18, the lowest mark, which was reached in October.
Respectfully submitted, ENNETH R. Boynton, Supervisor of Garden Instruction.
REPORT OF THE HEAD-GARDENER AND CURATOR OF PLANTATIONS Dr. N. L. Britton, Directror-1n-CHIEF,
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as Head-Gardener and Curator of Plantations for the year 1920.
Systematic Plantations
Hersaceous Grounps. Including those at the nurs- eries, the herbaceous collections have comprised during the past year about 3,450 species and varieties; the her- baceous grounds have 130 beds, 26 east of the brook and 104 west. The custodian of the herbaceous grounds, Dr. E. B. Southwick, has been in charge of the work here, as well as in the economic garden and morphologic garden. The area devoted to the ferns and their allies is in process of rebuilding and replanting under his direction.
Fruticetum. In this collection there are now 2,953 specimens. The hardy shrub collections, including those still at the nurseries, represent 52 families, 144 genera, and 1,085 species and varieties.
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SaLiceTUM. ‘The collections here remain as they were last year: 159 specimens, representing 2 genera and 39 species and varieties.
Decipuous Arporetum. Here there are I,120 speci- mens. The collection of deciduous trees contains, in- cluding those at the nurseries, 430 species and varieties, representing 31 families and 65 genera.
Pinetum. ‘There are 1,720 specimens in this collection; they represent 3 families, 20 genera, and 267 species and varieties.
ViticETtuM. There are 51 species and varieties repre- sented here.
ConsERVATORIES. The collections under glass have representatives of 207 families, about 9,450 species and varieties.
Range r. During the past year considerable changes have been made here in the arrangement of the collections. House I remains as before, the repository of the large palm specimens and a few specimens of other families. Houses 2 and 3 are now devoted to the collections of tropical exogens. House 4 contains, as before, large specimens of tropical plants. Houses 5 to 8, as formerly, have the desert collections. In house 9 there has been no change. House Io is now devoted entirely to the arum family, the pineapple family having been removed to range 2. House II remains as before, with the exception of the removal of the specimens of the pine-apple family to range 2. House 12 contains tropical endogens. In house 13 are the palms requiring somewhat cooler treatment than those in houses 1 and 15, and also other specimens requiring similar conditions. House 14 is at present vacant, but when the repairs are completed it will be devoted to specimens of the palm and panama-hat-plant families. House 15 contains specimens of palms. In houses 2, 3,14, and 15 the central benches have been removed, thus permitting placing there larger specimens than was formerly possible, and greatly adding to the appearance of the collections.
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There are here 8,034 plants, distributed as follows: house 1, 300, house 2, 708; house 3, 861; house 4, 438; house 5, 1,365; house 6, 459; house 7, 1,043; house 8, 664; house 9, 146; house 10, §16; house 11, 422; house 12, 718; house 13, 168; house 14, empty; house 15, 226.
Range 2. The collections have been re-arranged to some extent, the collection of bromeliads, formerly at range I, having been brought here. The numbering of the houses has been somewhat changed, as follows: the central house is known as the Central Display House; the houses to the north have been given even numbers, while those planned for the south will bear the odd numbers. Signs bearing these designations have been placed at the entrances to all houses.
There are here 6,309 plants, distributed as follows: central display house, 600, cool-house plants; house 2A, 945, cool-house orchids; house 2B 727, intermediate-house orchids; house 4, 70; house 6A, 668, bromeliads; house 6B, 716, stove-house orchids; house 8B, 179; house 10, 1,050, ferns and fern allies, with a few cycads; house 14, 1,080, cool-house plants; house 16, 40, cycads; house 18, 136, tree ferns and other large fern specimens; house 20, 98, tree ferns and other large fern specimens.
Propagating Houses and Nurseries. House 3 and a part of house 4 have been used by the soldiers and sailors in their class work; the Director of the Laboratories has had the use of a part of house 4 and house 2; houses 5 and 6 contain the study collection of cacti; houses 1 and 7, with small areas in the other houses, have been available for propagating purposes. There are here, exclusive of the plants used by the Director of the Laboratories, 4,634 plants.
Labeling, Recording and Herbarium
The work here has been in charge of the head gardener’s assistant with a label boy for a part of the time. The following labels have been prepared: deciduous arboretum, 25; fruticetum, 254; conservatory range I, 206; conserva-
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tory range 2, 89; conservatory beds, 177; horticultural gardens 176; rose garden, 95; dahlia collection, 430; con- servatory court, 116; for doors at range 2, 42; pinetum, 144, total, 1,754.
Accession numbers 47,782 to 49,193 have been recorded, making a total of 1,412 accessions.
The number of packets of seeds received was 1,713, as follows: by gift 58; by purchase, 172, by exchange, 1,468; collected, 15.
The following plants have been received: by gift, 24,494 (including 17,575 tulip bulbs given by the General Bulb Growers’ Society at Haarlem, and 5,481 tulip bulbs given by John Scheepers, Inc.), valued at about $6,000; by ex- change, 414; by purchase (including miscellaneous bulbs), 6,198; by collection made by members of the staff and others, 241; derived from seeds from various sources, 1,362; total, 32,709. 310 specimens have been added to the herbarium of cultivated plants.
The collections, including those native to the tract, now comprise approximately 241 families, 2,200 genera, and 14,702 species and varieties.
Miscellaneous Collections
Here are included the following, in which no important changes have been made during the year: morphologic garden; economic garden; collections of desert plants placed during the summer in the court of conservatory range I; conservatory lily pools; aquatic garden; rhododen- dron collections in the vicinity of the lakes, at conserva- tory range 1, and in front of the museum, the last collec- tion having been re-arranged, all plants but the rhododen- drons having been eliminated from that group; rose bed east of conservatory range I; flower gardens in the im- mediate vicinity of conservatory range I, and at the elevated approach; American wood garden; magnolia garden; American thorn garden; white pine plantation; red pine plantation; lilac and peony garden.
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Changes have been made in the following collections:
Rose GARDEN. Owing to the unusually severe winter of 1919-20 the mortality here was much greater than common, although the plants were protected as usual. It was the weaker kinds that succumbed, the standard varieties pre- senting no more than the customary percentage of loss. Arrangements have been made with the Horticultural Society of New York, in accordance with the agreement with that organization, for the replacement of the losses.
HorticuLtTuraL GarpENs. A total of 28 beds were maintained here during the year. 3 beds were devoted to cannas, including 49 kinds and 1,759 plants. 1 bed accommodated a collection of 64 kinds of variegated plants. The collection of hardy chrysanthemums formerly located at the west border was transferred here, and many new kinds added. There were 81 kinds and 646 plants in 2 beds. The collection of phlox remained as last year. 8 beds were occupied by the collection of gladioli, containing 229 kinds and 16,821 plants. In the development of the new iris garden 13 beds were opened, containing 559 kinds and 1,493 plants. A bed 75 feet long and 10 feet wide, located along the path just south of the herbaceous grounds, was prepared for a lily collection, given by Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox; up to the present about 500 bulbs, representing 18 kinds, have been received and planted.
Danita CoLiecTion. Owing to the increase in the number of kinds and number of plants available for this collection amounting this year to §00 kinds and 730 plants, it was necessary to provide additional accommodations. A portion of the west border south of the railway station plaza was therefore allotted as additional area for the collection, which was assembled and planted, as heretofore, under the direction of Dr. MI. A. Howe.
CHRYSANTHEMUM CoLLEcTion. This was removed from the west border to the horticultural gardens.
CoLLecTion oF Tuuips. At the horticultural gardens and in the beds at the court of conservatory range 1 have
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been planted this fall large collections of tulips, com- prising a total of 323 kinds and 32,830 bulbs, of the following varieties and quantities:
Var. Quan. ar. Quan.
Breeder........ 8 7,752 oe double........ 7 265
arwin......... 166 17,554 Bizarre............. 3 35
areas 56 3,272 ens eee ees | 10
eee double 2 2,852 Miscellaneous........ 5 120 NSA ytredi sees I 970
General Horticultural Operations
This work has been accomplished by the following force; monthly, 2 foreman gardeners and 29 gardeners; labor- ers, 14.
Foreman gardener John Finley has had charge of the details of the outside work, and there were assigned to him 9 gardeners and the laborers. Foreman gardener H. W. Becker has had supervision of the details of the work in the conservatories and propagating houses, and to him was assigned the remainder of the force.
In the spring the collection of rhododendrons in front of the museum was re-arranged, and all plants except rhodo- dendrons were transferred to other decorative plantations. The pruning of shrubbery and trees, and of the roses in the rose garden and elsewhere, the planting of the large collec- tions of gladioli, cannas, variegated plants, and dahlias, the removal of the chrysanthemum collection from the west border to the horticultural gardens, the planting of some conifers in the systematic collections, and at the fountain at the foot of the museum approach, and the removal of some of the thorns from the circle at the frutice- tum, together with the usual maintenance, occupied the season.
In the fall the specimens of arbor vitae in front of the museum were re-arranged, being graded more according to height. The large collections of dahlias, gladioli, and cannas were removed, labeled, and properly stored. About 150 rose bushes were planted in the rose garden, and about
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500 others received too late for planting in the fall, were heeled in at the nursery and will be planted as early as possible in the spring. The bushes in the rose garden were thoroughly protected by hilling up the earth around them and by a mulch also, this precaution also being taken for the hybrid perpetuals, as many of them suffered severely during the winter of 1919-20.
Investigations and Lectures
I have continued my studies of horticultural botany and of the orchids, have acted as one of the editors of Addi- Sonia, my supervision of the drawings for that periodical being continued, and have given three of the lectures in the public courses at the museum and three in the courses at the central display greenhouse.
Respectfully submitted, GeorceE V. Nasu, Head Gardener and Curator of Plantations.
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE LABORATORIES Dr. N. L. Britton, Drrecror-1n-CHIEF. Sir: I have the honor to present the following report for the year 1920.
General Matters
The laboratories have been maintained during the year in equipment and supplies as was necessary to meet the needs of members of the Staff and of the research students of the Garden.
Use of an experimental greenhouse and of the breeding plots has been resumed during the past year on something like the pre-war basis. At the present time the breeding plot is being enlarged to give increased facilities and especially to provide for the growing of grapes.
A beginning has been made in the establishment of a vineyard concerning which I have frequently consulted with you. It is planned to extend the planting of grapes to include as many as possible of the wild species and the
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most important of the cultivated varieties. Plants, and particularly seedlings, which appear to be promising or are especially interesting as to grade of intersexualism are also to be assembled for observation and use in breeding. The matter of providing greenhouse facilities for growing grapes under glass awaits consideration. As now planned, these plantings of grapes will serve at least three purposes. They will demonstrate the methods of growing the best varieties of native and vinifera grapes, the species assembled will furnish material for a critical study of species, and opportunity wiil be afforded for breeding experiments in cooperation with the State Agricultural Experimental Station at Geneva.
For several years I have made preliminary studies and experiments in the growing and breeding of species of Lilium. Iam, therefore, especially pleased to report that through the interest and generosity of Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox, we are now able to prosecute more vigorously this project. Bulbs have been obtained for as many species as are readily obtainable in the market and I have col- lected about 200 bulbs of native wild species. Other species will be obtained as soon as possible. These will be used in two ways as follows:
(1) With the cooperation of Mr. Nash, Head Gardener, display beds are being planted for the interest of the general public. In developing these, special attention will be directed to a study of the cultural needs of the various species and of their value in floricultural planting.
(2) It is the plan to make a study of variation within the species, to test the possibility of producing more varieties by hybridization, and to continue and extend the studies of the type of sterility characteristic of several of the species. The plants used in these special experiments will be grown at the experimental greenhouse and in the breeding plots where they can be kept under control.
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Much of this research with Lilium will be prosecuted by Mrs. Fox. I shall advise and cooperate as fully as may be desirable.
The routine duties incident to my position have been duly performed. Meteorological data have been taken and properly recorded. Programs for the monthly conferences of the Staff and registered students have been arranged and reports of these have been published in the Journal. I have given four public lectures at the Garden during the year.
During the spring months the Garden cooperated with Dr. D. T. MacDougal, Director of Botanical Research of the Carnegie Institution, in installing a dendrograph to a tree of the sugar maple and securing the records. At your direction, I took charge of the apparatus and sent all records to Dr. MacDougal.
On July 1st, the position of technical assistant in the laboratories, vacant for two years previous, was filled by the appointment of Miss Hester M. Rusk, who is now assist- ing me in the discharge of various routine duties and in prosecution of research.
Personal Investigations
As noted in my previous reports, the greater part of my personal research is being directed to studies of fertility and sterility concerning which I have already published several papers. I have now investigated numerous species in which the various types of sterility are operating. The study and survey of all types of sterility in plants is being extended as fully as time and facilities permit. There has been some opportunity to apply what is being learned about sterility and fertility to crops in which production of fruit and the breeding from seed are matters of practical as well as scientific interest. My cooperation with the Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., in the study of the grape, for which IJ have your permission, is perhaps a logical result of my researches on intersexualism.
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In general, my studies of fertility during the past year may be grouped according to the type of sterility and the problems chiefly involved as follows: (1) the relation of vegetative vigor to reproductive vigor, (2) intersexualism, or inherent variations in the relative development of stamens and pistils, and (3) physiological incompatibility.
It may be reported that the investigations of the past two years indicate that sterility in certain species of Lilium and Hemerocallis which are propagated exclusively by vegetative means is due to incompatibilities in fertiliza- tion rather than to direct correlation with vegetative reproduction. To fully prove this point, at least for certain species, wild plants from the native home of the species are desired for study and efforts to secure these are being made.
Cultures of Lythrum Salicaria have yielded interesting results both as to sterility from compatibility and sterility from intersexualism, a report of which is in preparation.
In all of the studies mentioned above, the question of heredity has been very fully considered. Cytological studies of phenomena of fertilization in these plants are being made chiefly by the technical assistant, Miss Rusk.
During the period of the war, only a few plants of the principal varieties of Coleus, obtained as bud sports, were kept living. Studies with these have been resumed and the hereditary value of the segregations giving bud sports is now being tested by seedling progeny.
The various lines of research noted above are planned so that the attention required is well distributed over the entire year. The Brassicas are grown as winter and early spring crops; the grapes demand especial attention in spring and late autumn; the Lythrums and the Irish potatoes are summer crops, etc. This distribution facilitates the work and promotes economy in labor and in the full use of greenhouses and breeding plots.
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Students and Scholars During the year the following persons were formally registered for research at the Garden or were utilizing facilities of the Garden in connection with studies for de- grees at Columbia University.
Findlay, Hugh, Genetics. Fertility, sterility and heredity in 4bution. Gershoy, Alexander, Taxonomy.
Hamanaka, Koshin, Genetics.
Hastings, George Tracy, Ecology.
Lebau, Harry, Mycorrhiza of Orthide
Nishimura, Makoto, Algae.
Raines, M. A., Pathology.
Smith, Edna ane, Taxonomy.
Thomas, Harry Earl, Pathology and genetics.
The degree of Ph.D. in botany was granted at Columbia
University during the year to Harvey E. Thomas, Frederick . Rand, and Makato Nishimura, whose researches were in part prosecuted at the Garden.
Of botanists who have spent some time in resident re- search at the Garden mention should be made of Professor William A. Setchell, Professor Forman T. McLean, and Professor William C. Coker. Numerous persons have utilized the facilities of laboratories, herbaria, and library as visiting investigators for short periods a time, and note of these has in many cases been made in the Garden Journal.
Respectfully submitted, B. Srout, Director of the Laboratories.
REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS Dr. N. L. Brirron, Direcror-1n-CHIEF. Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1920. Regulating and Grading
Most of this work was accomplished in the horticultural gardens, in which about an acre of ground was graded for
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the iris beds. A bank 10 feet wide on the eastern side of the white pine plantation was graded and sodded for a distance of 432 feet. The old lane in the red pine collec- tion has been filled in and is now ready for topsoil. The southern bank of the rose garden was also graded and sodded.
Outside contractors looking for a convenient place to dispose of soil from excavations carted about 1,000 cubic yards into the Garden at their own expense. This con- tained 250 yards of topsoil, which we used for the new iris and fern beds. On the eastern side of the roadway near the Linnaean Bridge 50 yards were used for grading and 700 yards were placed along the railroad fence north of the Woodlawn Road entrance.
About 500 cubic yards of stone were blasted and re- moved from the quarry near the museum building and used to construct paths in the iris garden and around the cherry garden shelter.
Drainage
It was necessary to build three catch-basins in order to drain the iris garden, for which we used 74 feet of 4-inch tile pipe, 12 feet of 3-inch tile pipe and 106 feet of 2-inch porous pipe. We rebuilt about too feet of the old culvert south of the herbaceous grounds. At the southern end of the serpentine road, 50 feet of 12-inch tile pipe were re- moved and a culvert 18 inches high, 24 inches wide and 50 feet long was installed.
Water Supply
In order to increase the water pressure in the mansion, 750 feet of a 4-inch water main, with one gate and a branch tee, were laid along the unfinished road from the school garden to the rose garden to make a connection with the 4-inch main that runs to the front of the mansion. To bring about this connection into the mansion 4o feet of 2-inch pipe with two 1}4 inch taps were employed. This connection is sufficient to raise water 70 feet from the
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ground level, or 10 feet over the roof. The water systems of conservatory range 1, the propagating houses and the comfort stations received necessary repairs.
Paths
A number of paths Io feet wide and totaling 970 feet in length were completely constructed in the horticultural gardens, and 850 feet were lined and are now ready for stone. Around the drinking fountain in the iris garden a 10-foot path 270 feet long was completed. A 10-foot path 284 feet long was built at the cherry garden shelter, 230 feet of which have been completed. The paths around conservatory ranges I and 2 and the path from Bedford Park Boulevard to Mosholu Parkway were resurfaced and rolled.
Buildings
The steps in front of the museum building were rebushed and the pier on the western side was rebuilt. The eastern section of the roof received needed repairs. Several rooms were replastered by the masons. The carpenter repaired the doors, windows and the entrance to the building, and built a partition in the chief clerk’s room. The painters replaced all broken windows and painted the new plaster work.
All the brick work of the five boilers in power house 1 was torn down and rebuilt. A Simmons hot-water heater was installed and all necessary repairs were made on the pumps and valves by our steam engineers.
At conservatory range 1, house I, six steam coils were replaced and in houses 2, 3, 6, and 15 two coils each were replaced. All necessary repairs to the heating system were made by the engineers. The plumber repaired the water pipes, leaders and drainage system. The carpenter re- paired the sash bars, sash and doors. The interior of houses 2 and 3 was painted and about 700 panes of broken glass were replaced.
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One furnace was relined with fire-brick at power house 2 and all necessary repairs were made to the steam system. The carpenter built a circular ladder for the roof of the display house and repaired sash and doors at conservatory range 2. The painter replaced 130 lights of broken glass. The heating system was repaired wherever necessary.
The water pipe and drainage of the propagating houses were repaired by the plumber and one heating boiler was replaced. Concrete benches were built by the masons in houses I, 2, 3, and 4 and two concrete tanks for propagating water lilies were constructed in house 4. The sash bars, sash, and doors were repaired by the carpenter. All needed repairs to the water pipe and the drainage were attended to by the plumber and the painter replaced 80 lights of broken glass.
Numerous repairs were made in the mansion and the stable by the carpenter and the plumber.
Grounds
The carpenter completed the cherry garden shelter and built eight rustic benches. He also repaired twenty signs and the rustic fence along the river and near the Woodlawn Road entrance. The plumber erected 750 feet of railing around the rock garden, using as material old steam pipe which had been removed from conservatory range I; this received two coats of paint and makes an excellent fence. The boundary fence along Bronx Boulevard and one half of the boundary fence along the Fordham University grounds were painted.
For the new fence along Southern Boulevard we built a foundation 515 feet long, 22 inches wide and 30 inches deep. On top of this foundation a stone wall was built 500 feet long and 1 foot high, with 450 feet of coring. We erected twenty piers 20 inches square and 8 feet high, with caps, and two entrance piers 26 inches square and to feet high. This is now ready for 450 feet of iron fencing.
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Sufficient wood was cut from fallen or dead trees to supply the propagating houses for four months and the mansion for two months by running the gasoline engine for sixteen days. We have continued the uprooting of poison ivy.
From May until September groups of children, averaging about ten parties a week, and consisting of 50 to 2,400 each, visited the Garden. These children were members of public schools and Sunday schools from the Boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn and The Bronx. The parties were escorted to the three picnic grounds where they would par- take of lunches and enjoy the beauties of the Garden. Special guards were assigned to these grounds daily.
From June until September on Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays, two city officers in civilian clothes were stationed in the Garden. The grounds have been further protected by our own keepers and twelve additional guards selected from the gardeners and laborers. At all other times during the year one city officer was detailed to the Garden. Mlore than 230 arrests were made by officers of the Police De- partment for violations of park ordinances. These of- fenders were fined from one to ten dollars each by magis- trates sitting in the Eighth District Magistrates’ Court. The average number of visitors on Saturdays and Sundays during the summer months was about 50,000, but during July and August this number was greatly increased. Be- cause of the vigilance of our employes, the plantations of the Garden received but little damage.
On account of the large number of admirers visiting the dahlia and gladioli collections daily, it was necessary to detail a guard constantly in the vicinity of these collections. The dahlia collection had to be watched night and dav.
Respectfully submitted, Artuur J. Corsetr, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.
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REPORT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHER Dr. N. L. Brirron, Direcror-1n-CuHier.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1920.
As usual, much time has been taken for personal assist- ance to those consulting the library, both visitors and members of the Garden Staff, but a limited amount has been available for bibliographic research.
The progress of North American Flora has shown some little improvement over the preceding year, but condi- tions of publication are still far from what might be de- sired. Volume 24, part 2, appeared in January; but it was not until near the close of the year that parts 4 and 5 of Volume 7 were published. ‘These, as well as part 6 of the same volume, had been in press for many months, but various obstacles prevented their completion. There is much manuscript on hand for future numbers of North American Flora.
Of Addisonia three numbers were issued during the year. The firm that prepared the colored plates for these numbers did more satisfactory work than any we have had before, but increasing costs made it necessary to change our color-printers again, and this has caused delay in the final number of the fifth volume. Increased cost of production compelled the reduction this year from ten to eight plates per number.
The most noteworthy additions to the Library during the year were the books purchased by the Director-in- Chief in England during his visit last summer; most of these did not arrive in New York until the closing days of the year. A number of them were sumptuous and rare volumes—particularly may be mentioned the seven large folios, with colored plates, of Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth’s Genera plantarum, which were presented to the Library by the Director-in-Chief.
The papers by the Bibliographer published during the year were more numerous than usual, but mostly brief and
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unimportant. Perhaps the most worthy of mention were certain biographical sketches contributed to the volume of American Medical Biographies edited by Drs. Kelly and Burrage. These related to ten American botanists: T. F. Allen, John Brickell of North Carolina, John Brickell of Georgia, A. W. Chapman, W. P. Gibbons, Thomas Hors- field, Albert Kellogg, P. D. Knieskern, H. P. Sartwell, and George Vasey. These were all written early in 1919, but the book was affected by the delays incident to such work at the present time, and did not make its appearance until September, 1920. Respectfully submitted, Joun Henxptey BarNnuart, Bibliographer.
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-tn-CHIEF.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for the year 1920
The census of the library which was omitted in 1919 was taken this year and showed a total of 29,950 bound vol- umes, an increase of 713 over the census of 1918. Ac- cording to the records 270 books have been received during the past year. Of these there were acquired by purchase gt, by gift 19, and by exchange or deposit 27. Owing to conditions in the book-binding trade we have been able to send but one shipment, and only 133 volumes have been bound.
The principal accessions, with names of donors, have been printed as usual in the Journal. There have recently arrived from England over 60 books, including several rare works. Among these is De Tussac’s Flora Antillarum in 4 folio volumes with elegant colored plates.
Three new stacks were purchased and installed in the room at the east of the main reading room. Upon these were placed the books relating to geology, palaeobotany, microscopy, pharmacology and agriculture, in part, thus
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relieving the congestion in the main stack room and in library extension I. elf labels indicating the main subject headings have been introduced and it is hoped will prove helpful.
ere have been added to the catalogue during the past year 1,920 written and typewritten cards, 3,081 cards issued by the Torrey Botanical Club, and 1,202 guide cards, making a total of 6,203. In addition to these, 59 cards have been re-written. ‘The work upon the catalogue has included the supplying of biographical data, about half of the alphabet having been systematically gone through.
The majority of the parts of German periodicals which failed to come during the war have now been supplied and it is probable that the volumes will be in time completed.
number of German societies and institutions have re- sumed exchange relations. Considerable correspondence has been carried on with French and other publishers who had either temporarily suspended publication or for some other reason had stopped sending their periodicals, and satisfactory explanations have, for the most part, been receive
The following additions and corrections should be made to the periodical list as appended to the report of the Librarian for 1916 (Bulletin 9: 342-363, 449, 450; 10: 43, 268, 269).
Omit § before the following:
Belgium. Société Royal de ee Bulletin.
tBerlin. Botanischer Garten, Notizblat {Botanisk Tidsskrift.
Brandenburg. Botanischer Verein, Verhandlungen. Bremen. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, Abhandlungen. Deutsche Dendrologische Gesellschaft, Berichte.
France. Société Dendrologique, Bulletin
Hamburgische Botanische Staatsinstitut, Rae, Repertorium Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis.
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Omit the following: Amani. Biologisch eas i Institut, Der Pflanzer. American Journal of tAmerican Naturalist. Bulletin of Pharmacy.
Add the following: Agricultural Experiment Station, Santo Domingo, Revista de Agricultura. Barcelona. Real Academia de Ciencias y Artes, Barcelona, Spain. Memorias.
, N.Y. Geographical Review, New York, N. Y. Respectfully submitted, H H. Hartow, Librarian.
REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE ECONOMIC COLLECTIONS Dr. N. L. Brrrron, Drrector-1n-CHIEF.
Sir: I have the honor of submitting the following report on the economic collections for 1920.
This year, like its predecessor, has been devoted chiefly to the completion of the manuscript and the reading of a portion of the proof of our catalogue of these collections. Nearly all the manuscript has been sent to the printer and the catalogue, in spite of the greatest brevity consistent with the accomplishment of its purpose, will be much larger than was originally expected, making a volume of more than 300 closely printed pages. Its publication during the coming spring is expected.
During the progress of theabove work, about 200 ad- ditional specimens have been installed in the cases in time for inclusion in the catalogue. They include ad- ditions to nearly all divisions of the museum, those of drugs, foods, and poisonous plants predominating. We now have exhibited in the group of cases immediately at the right of the entrance a representation of most of the poisonous plants of our region. The fleshy edible and poisonous Fungi, specimens of which cannot readily be exhibited
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in the preserved state, have been represented by colored pictures supplied by Dr. Murrill. Among the additions of the year, special mention should be made of a fine col- lection of fruit syrups given by the J. Hungerford Smith Company.
Upon the completion of the catalogue, we should at once take up the work of labeling the very large number of specimens which have accumulated since the printing of labels was discontinued several years since. This work will now be very easy, since the necessary data for the labels will be found printed in the catalogue.
Respectfully submitted, H. H. Russy,
Honorary Curator.
REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF MOSSES Dr. N. L. Britton, Drrecror-1n-CuHIEF.
Sir: During the year the moss herbarium has received by purchase, collection, or exchange many interesting series of mosses, making notable additions to our collections. These have been published from time to time in the list of accessions in the Journal. We have received plants for identification from the National Museum at Washington, Dr. A. Leroy Andrews, of Cornell University, Dr. C. F. Millspaugh, of the Field Museum, and others. Arrange- ments have been made for the purchase of a set of about 400 specimens from Mrs. W. A. Weymouth, of Hobart, Tasmania, being the duplicates from her husband’s col- lections. Dr. Andrews has determined for us unnamed material of Bryum and Sphagnum, and Dr. A. W. Evans, of Yale University, has continued the determination of hepatics from our collections. We acknowledge with thanks various comparisons received through Mr. H. N. Dixon from Kew Garden and the British Museum and value his critical notes and determinations of exotic speci- mens from the Mitten Herbarium.
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The collection of lantern slides has been increased by the purchase of 116 colored and 31 uncolored slides, by the gift of 26 colored slides, and by exchange of 6 uncolored ones. Only eight negatives have been added to the col- lection.
Acting as secretary for the Stokes’ Fund and the Wild Flower Preservation Society I have answered letters, distributed literature, and given several lectures to garden clubs in the vicinity of New York.
Respectfully submitted, EvizasetH G. Britton, Honorary Curator.
REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF FOSSIL PLANTS
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-1In-CHIEF.
Sir: I have the honor to report as follows on work in connection with paleobotany at the Garden during the year 1920:
From January 1 to July 15 I was in Washington, D. C., continuing my studies of the fossil flora of Alaska for the U. S. Geological Survey. During the remainder of the year I was in attendance at the Garden regularly one day each week and on other days when circumstances permitted.
Work on the collections of fossil plants recently obtained in Cuba and Porto Rico was prosecuted; preliminary examinations were made of all accessions and the speci- mens suitably labeled.
Systematic effort was maintained, through correspond- ence and exchange of publications, to add to the paleo- botanical library and to secure all available recent litera- ture on the subject—war conditions, past and present, having seriously interfered with the receipt of publications for several years. About thirty titles, by fifteen different authors, were thus secured and added to the library.
Two small but relatively important accessions to the paleobotanical collections may be specially mentioned,
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viz: the collection made during your recent trip to Trinidad, W. I., consisting of about fifteen specimens of fossil plant remains—the first material of its kind, so far as I am aware, ever recorded from the island; and a collection of about forty specimens from the Province of Bahia, Brazil, con- tributed by arrangement with Professor J. C. Branner, of Leland Standord Jr. University, California, in considera- tion of a report by me on their general characters. Se- lected specimens of the species represented have been photographed for critical study and description.
The only changes made in the general collections were the replacement of individual specimens here and there by others better suited for display purposes.
Respectfully submitted, RTHUR Hotiick, Honorary Curator.
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SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE YEAR 1920
1. CITY MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT
Salaries, ae Employees Pro
Wages, asians Employees
Appropriated.............0........ Expende d Bee ee ea eee
Summary—Personal Service Total Appropriated Total Expended
Office Supplies
Appropriated......00.....0....... xpended
General Plant Supplies
Appropriated..........00...0.....
evenue
Budget Bond Fund Total .. $118,154.00 $ 9,018.75 $127,127.75 ... 117,670.39 8,970.49 126,640.88 ...8 483.61 § 48.26 $ = 531.87 ..-8 10,664.00 $ 785.60 $ 11,449.69
10,664.60 642.00 11,306.09 ... 8—— $ 143.60 $ 143.69
. .B128,818.co § 9,804.35 $138 ++ 128,334.39 ...$ 483.61 $8 191.86 $ o 75.
22.35 9,612.49 137, eet 47
8 791.46 sae 791.46
.-.D 22,396.78 oo + 22,391.43 §
Balance... 2000. lee ee
General Repairs and Replacements ropriat
Speen) Se ee ree eee eee
DB 237-44
237-44
-. 3 949-75
ee 947-15
ee) 2.60
§ 1187.19
__ 1,187.19
...9 1,899.51 1,899
2B 3,165.85 nee 3,165.
Light, Heat and Power
App propriated.. 0.2.0.2... 0. ee eee eee $ 237.44 Expended .{33.20e.. eco, Pes ean Se 230.55 Balances vemaccteia, can naniemeteen awe. $ 6.89
Shoeing and Board ing Horses, including Veterinary Service Appropriated. . 0.0.00... eee eee $ 158.29 Expended
Appropriated..............0. 0000000 $ 158.29 eaibeep inte aie Re oo eS kena a 151.80 Balancésscccsiecudeles van inh aos SS) 6.49 Summary—Sundry Expenses Total appropriated...................8 & 31,182. Total expended... .. 20. 0... .-00-0- 31,159.95 ion yet maa oh tad eee $ 22.0 Summary—City Maintenance Account Total Allowance. ........0.. 000-00 eee $160,000.00 $ 9,804.35 aes 35 Total Expended.........0........0.4. 159,494.34 9,612.49 169,106.83 Balances cc csaciinee xe areas $ 505.66 % 191.86 8 ae Equipment and Supplies.............. 602.96 Supplies and Nena Mec adeecat iotanrh ane 1,279.68 $ 1,846.32 Supplies and Materia Entrance piers = coping on account. 1,000.00 Stone for fence posts............2...- 840.00 Materials... 0.2... eee eee eee 89.50
re s’ fees To as for balance due contractor on ance piers and coping........... 1,537.50 $ 2,200.00 $ 1,802.71 $8 397.29 Bailey Income, Russe is one and Mar- et Olivia Sage Memorial Fund
Gardener rs, Drivers and Mus seum Aids.. 6,8 la ke ee B 18,548.00 $ 18 or $ 9.13 made red from Materials and Con- tingencies a oaeae from Materials and Con- HAPENCICS Sofa cee Bea eee et ae 150.00 Transtered from Materials and Con- Bi aced iting ata alee ta 400.00
Mie ofr Cece 2. SPECIAL GARDEN ACCOUNTS ExpLoration Funp
Balance from 1919... 0. $ Il.92 Refund
Museum AND Herparium Funp Balance from IQIQ. 0.6... ween ee $ 8.62
Piantr Funp
Balance from IQ1Q. 0.1.0.0 $ 10.39 Contribution, War Memorial Grove........ 10.00 DALE OP aye asc ueeceecnatuteetn ecamoun therm tey ath. 355-75 Co) 0 are ea ec RS ee 376.14 Pxpendédi cc cotesictadtieit eee 4 159.25 BOL ONCE ocech aes pene eee ole Poi. eet te $ 216.89 SpecraL Boox Funp Balance ae Dds) (0 ee etre Cae ee Ree re eee ee $ 502.52 Expended’.4.....0i reves Seaheddeaneediid ees 236.92 pee Buri tien oe Ramen cuenta ues $ 265.60 GuGGENHEIM GREENHOUSE FunpD Balance from I91Q.. 06.06.00 $ 15.55 Grounps IMPROVEMENT Funp Balance from I91Q................. $ 195.26 Ex Ode git aren mao’ ; Sse eb Saiied 166.28 BUOnGl pci «tn eati ee Meee Rae ees 3 28.98 ConvVALESCENT SOLDIERS GARDENING FuNpD Balance from 1919.00... 6. eee $ 2,244.20 Federal Board for Vocational Education CCS a tee ten nase hae cplydee gine a eee $ 5,161.92 Equipment and Supplies.............. 176.03
Garden School
Contributions «e265 ve cats ese eden? g 100.00 FeGS iin vy een aS ee oe es 289.00 alesse dangers eee ae Bae ee O75 3 389.75 PE Ota bat nde cetae oe echt cettaase 2 ees $ 7,971.91 Expended DAA RCS gests au nares Se auece canta eae 3 4,311.38 ages eae eae ee ay Le 1,787.75 Equipment and Supplies. . 602.96 1 er ae eee eee A ee $ 6,702.09 ee daa et cen cetera tm csetea ae $ 1,269.82 ERRY GARDEN SHELTER FuND Balance from 1919... 00000. e cece ee $ 306.00 Contribution ie.. sy4 eycisa eaee en vedas 1,449.33 De Ota lind ak peat anata Rates econ 1,846.32 Expended DalaneS pee ate ai ceehe Kalk $B 566.64
Supplies and Materials. . Pee ee 1,279.68 $ 1,846.32
( 363 )
Reserve Funp
General Maintenance
Appropriated.. 0.0.0... 0. cece cee eee % 8,216.00 Expended, Fuel.........0..000...00 00000 1,816.66 LANCE ci cote peram oem io a ati oe $8 6,309.34 Salaries Appropriated... 0.2... 0.0000... cece eee $ 6,784.00 ag tee eye ne een eee 2,729.52 BAGH CO pea trite ORE eee 8 teehee’ 8 4,054.48 ae and Materia Appropriated ae from Income of MDG.) ten tures ae aerate seats $ 12,150.00 Expended, Rae materials, etc........ . 12,101.06 BALANCE soe: eG tee tier geod acta ee de g 48.04 Tota Appropriation Ue et teeta teas te $ 27,150.00 Total Expended.....................-. : 16,647.24 Balance... 0.0 $ 10,502.76 SpeciaL DEVELOPMENT FunpD Contributions.44.200.8 Mame ee % 13,485.00 Expended Iris Garden and paths............. * 2 5,711.54 AUN S pete den eect tte Oa ate ann ha nt . 708.28 Books and bookcases. Sone Sas 2,276.57 Museum and Hecbanua cases....... : 242.67 New Guidebook... ............0..0.. 433-24 Miscellaneous... .......0..0...02.-085 66.65 To Reserve for Herbarium Cases.................--- 1,110.00 Lily Bulbs:i caus seh ece erie Ni 400.00 $ 10,948.95 Balancbi ics sci vievureuiadaxts ees $ 2,536.05 Mary J. Kincstanp Bequest Appropriated for Fence on Southern Boule- VAT eee eee tee ates $ 5,000.00 Expended Mason work 2.4225 suchhaee neses ns $ 680.00 Of og aiaie ic ce eee i ae es 460.80 Entrance piers and coping on account. 1,000.00 Stone for fence posts.............-... 840.00 Materials scene acca wien ae wentees 89.50 Architects’ fees... 22.0... 0. eee eee 350.00 To Reserve for balance due contractor on entrance piers and coping........... 1,537.50
( 364 )
3. SPECIAL INCOME ACCOUNTS
Appropriated Expended
Income a Science and Education Fund Herb
Income of Darius O. Mills Fund Books and Binding. .................. Investigation at other Institutions ..... Scientific Supplies....................
w
Accumulated Income of Henry Iden Fund
From: Incomes sca scene ch ts es $ rom Horticultural Society of New York Horticultural Prizes...............0.. Accumulated Income of Olivia E. and Caroline Phelps Stokes Fun Preservation of Native Plants ......... $ ate po tse Income of Students’ Research Fund for Students’ Research............ Income cae a sai Fund Publications: i. )3c¢42cchG5 sone $ Income of Addison Brown Fun aren Publication, and Diserions. n of Addis Income of John Innes Kane Fund Plants for Grounds and Greenhouses .. .$
Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund
Accumulated Income of Charles Budd Robinson Fund
For Aiding Exploration...............8
4,000.00
3)
$
2,200.00 §
g00.00
200.00
5.48 205.48
3
$
250.00 $
500.00
4,000.00
5
3,993-85 $
337-31 219.48 1,245.92,
1,802.71 $
684.99 $
203.50 $
Balance
6.15
20.09
80.00
(365 )
Accumulated Income Russell Sage and Mar- garet Olivia Sage Memorial Fund Salaries
Individual Accounts.............. $ 9,005.93 Gardeners, Drivers and Museum Aids... eee eee 6,832.94 Transferred to Labor............. 2,700.00 YL eerie ee Ce ee % 18,548.00 $ 18,538.87 $ Lab priated.. 1.0... ee B 3,000.00 Transferred from Salaries......... 2,700.00 Transferred from Construction... .. 300.00 Transferred from Reimbursement OUNCE atetns ance hence 1,425.00 Mason Work.............0..0... % 3,050.00 Weekly Payrolls................. 2,953.20 Guard Duty and Overtime........ 5412.88 $ 7,425.00 $ 7,416.08 $ Construction Transferred to Labor............. $ 300.00 Transferred to General Supplies... . 5,600.00 Colored Prospectives............. 1,575.00
B 7,500.00 8 7,475.00 $
Horticultural Prizes Transferred from Materials and
Contingencies.................. 450.00 $ 430.00 $ Publication Transferred from Reimbursement tye chi aad eat bees nes $% 4,000.00 £ 3,613.96 $ Coal Transferred from Reimbursement CCOUN Thi) Ghee decile pees B 4,450.00 Transferred from Materials and ontingencies...........,..... 150.00
$ 4,600.00 $ 4,599.54 $
General Supplies
Transferred from Construction..... B 5,600.00 Transferred from Materials and
contingencies ................. 400.00 Transferred from Reimbursement
ACCOUNT. 2 4.6 hilsees une eeaes 2,700.00
$ 8,700.00 $ 8,698.25 $
9-13
” 25.00
20,00
386.04
( 366)
Materials and Contingencies Transferred to Horticultural Prizes. Transferred to General Supplie Transferred to Coal Expended
Reimbursement Account
Transferred to General Supplies... . Summ
$
% 54,378.00 $ 24.725.00 $ 29,653.00
% 12,150.00 43,819.13 $ 86,426.00 $ 55,969.13 $ 30,456.87
4. GENERAL INCOME ACCOUNT
Insurance Museum Specimens and Books Boilers and Elevator Horses and Wagons
Supplies (including Circulars for Members)
Entertainment of Guests and Meetings of
Hire of Touring Cars Travelling Expenses.
DLAI ES ie ea ception BA ah Ber, Se BO
5. EXPENDED FROM FUN Special Garden Accounts. Special Income ceo General Income Account......... PP Ota less: san teas :
$B 366.60
286.10
10.00 700.00 $ 662.70 $ 37.30 800.00 $ =. 799.79 $ 0.21
S$ 588.00
240.25
57-64
255.00 1,400.00 $ 1,140.89 $ a2s5Q.rr 1,080.00 $ 7.40.00 3-40.00 18,870.00 $ 18,289.91 $ 580.00 8 22,850.00 $ 21,633.29 § 121677
DS OF THE GARDEN
$119,533-95
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6. BOARD ROOM FUND January 1,1920. Balance—Cash.......... 104.18 Gross Receipts, January to December ...... $ $41.01 Less—Credited to Garden Funds............ Total Net Receipts.................. B 534.51 534.51 $ 638.69 Disbursements DUPPNCS hctis tae a hanna B 354.59 Contingencies..... 00. .0..0.-2 cece eee 78.72 $B 433.31 8 433-31 December 31, 1920. Balance—Cash........ $ 205.38 $ 205.38
Respectfully submitted, WaLTER ROESBECK, Bookkeeper. E. and O, E. New York, January Io, 1921.
Director-1n-CuHiEF’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1920 Room 318, Granp CenTRaL TERMINAL New York, May igth, 1921 Mr. Rosert W. veEForeEst, Chairman Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden, 30 Broad Street, New York, N. Y. Dear Sir:
This is to certify that I have examined and audited the financial books and accounts of the Director-in-Chief of the New York Botanical Garden for the year nineteen hundred and twenty (1920), and that I find the same to be correct, and the cash balance to be as stated in the current cash book.
In accordance with recent practice, I have not included in the auditing the examination of the vouchers for City maintenance or construction work paid for by the City, as such vouchers have been found proper and in order by the City authorities, and it was decided in 1904 by the then Chairman of the Finance Com- mittee that a further examination of them was unnecessary. By like authority I have omitted also a detailed examination of the annual membership dues account. These dues are re- ceived by the Director-in-Chief and forwarded by him to the Treasurer, the former keeping a detailed record of the same.
Respectfully submitted, A. W. Stone, Special Auditor.
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REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS (Received and ordered printed Jan. 10, 1921) To THE Boarp or ManaceRs oF THE New York Botan- ICAL GARDEN.
Gentlemen: The Scientific Directors have held their regular meetings throughout the year. We have seriously missed our colleague Doctor Lee, who has been absent in Europe. Among topics receiving special attention are plans for pushing work in botanical exploration and for developing experimental research on problems relating to soils and plant diseases.
There is an increasing demand through the Torrey Botanical Club for a more intensive study of the native plants of the local floral region from the standpoint of variation, geographic distribution, hybridization, etc., and it is hoped we may be able to make further provision at the garden for storing and studying the collections re- sulting from such work.
The report of the Director-in-Chief gives a full account of the educational, research and other scientific activities of the garden during the year and they need not be further summarized here.
Respectfully submitted, . A. Harper, Chairman of the Scientific Directors.
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REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PATRONS, FELLOWS AND MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1920 To THE Boarp or ManaGers oF THE NEw York Botan- ICAL GARDEN.
Gentlemen: The number of new members who have qualified is 169. The number of annual members is now 1,090; life members 133; sustaining members 13; fellow- ship members 2.
Of these 32 are now in arrears for dues for 1920, 11 for dues for 1919 and 1920, 6 for dues for 1918, 1919 and 1920.
Dues have been collected to the amount of $11,240.
One person has qualified as a life member by the pay- ment of $250. These sums have been transmitted to the treasurer.
A complete list of all classes of members to date is here- with submitted.
BENEFACTORS *Mrs. Fanny Bridgham Murry Guggenheim, *Hon. Addison Brown, *D. O. Mills, *Andrew Carnegie, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr. Columbia University, John D. Rockefeller, *Hon. Chas. P. Daly, *Mrs. Russell Sage, Daniel Guggenheim, *Cornelius Vanderbilt. PaTRONS Oakes Ames, George J. Gould,
*Miss Catherine A. Bliss, Edward S. Harkness, Dr. N. L. Britton, *Mrs. Esther Herrman, *Hon. Addison Brown, Archer M. Huntington,
*Andrew Carnegie, *Henry Iden,
*Mrs. George Whitfield Collord, Mrs. John Innes Kane, *Mrs. Louisa Combe *John Stewart Kennedy, *James M. Constable, *Mrs. Mary J. Kingsland, *William E. Dodge, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.,
James B. Ford, *Oswald Ottendorfer,
*Lowell M. Palmer, William Rockefeller, *William R. Sands, *William C. Schermerhorn, *James A. Scrymser,
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Mrs. Finley J. Shepard, *Samuel Sloan,
Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson, *W. K. Vanderbilt,
Mrs. Antoinette Eno Wood.
FELLows For LIFE
Edward D. Adams, George F. Baker
Miss Elizabeth Billines: Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting, Dr. Robert W. de Forest, Cleveland H. Dodge, James B. Ford,
Daniel Guggenheim, Murry Guggenheim,
S. R. Guggenheim,
Mrs. John Stewart Kennedy, Edward V. Z. Lane,
Mrs. Frederic S. Lee,
Ogden Mills,
Mrs. John A. Roebling, Mortimer L. Schiff,
Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes, Charles G. Thompson,
Louis C. Tiffany,
Tiffany & Company.
Lire MEMBERS
Edward D. Adams, Dr. Felix Adler,
Mrs. James Herman Aldrich,
J. Sherlock Andrews, Dr. S. T. Armstrong, Edward W. C. Arnold, Mrs. H. D. Auchincloss, Samuel P. Avery, Samuel D. Babcock,
Dr. John Hendley Barnhart,
George D. Barron, Aurel Batonyi,
Gustav Baumann, Samuel R. Betts, William G. Bibb,
Miss Elizabeth Billings, J. O. Bloss,
George Blumenthal,
G. T. Bonner,
Mrs. Addison Brown,
J. Hull Browning,
T. Morris Carnegie, Frank R. Chambers, Hugh J. Chisholm,
Hugh J. Chisholm, Jr., Geo. C. Clark,
Banyer Clarkson,
Dr. James B. Clemens, Wm F. Cochran,
William Colgate,
Miss Georgette T. A. Collier, W. E. Connor,
Mrs. F. A. Constable, Theodore Cooper,
Zenas Crane,
R. N. Cranford,
Melville C. Day,
Charles Deering,
Mrs. John Ross Delafield, Maturin L. Delafield,
W. B. Dickerman,
Miss Josephine W. Drexel, Miss Ethel DuBois, Miss Katharine DuBois, Wm. A. DuBois,
Geo. E. Dunscombe, Thomas Dwyer, Newbold Edgar,
George Ehret,
Ambrose K. Ely, Edward J. Farrell,
Mrs. H. J. Fisher, Andrew Fletcher,
Chas. R. Flint,
Eugene G. awa
Mrs. John Frenc
Mrs. Theodore ae Gibbs, James J. Goodwin, Daniel Gigeenhern: Bernard G. Gunther, Franklin L. Gunther, Chas. J. Harrah,
Dr. Louis Haupt,
R. Somers Hayes, Archer M. Huntington, Frank D. Hurtt,
James H. Hyde,
Mrs. Columbus O’D. Iselin,
Theo. F. Jackson,
Dr. Walter B. James, Miss Annie B. Jennings, Mrs. David J. Kelley, Nathaniel T. Kidder, William M. Kingsland, H. R. Kunhardt,
W. B. Kunhardt, Charles Lanier,
W. V. Lawrence, Meyer H. Lehman, Mrs. Geo. Lewis,
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Joseph Loth,
Louis Marshall,
Edgar L. Marston, William J. Matheson,
C. W. McAlpin,
Guy R. McLane, Emerson McMillin,
Dr. Geo. N. Miller,
A. G. Mills,
Mrs. William F. Milton, Dr. Lewis R. Morris, Sigmund Neustadt,
A. Lanfear Norrie, Gordon Norrie,
Geo. M. Olcott,
Mrs. Chas. Tyler Olmstead, Wm. Church Osborn,
W. H. Perkins,
M. Taylor Pyne,
John J. Riker,
J. C. Rodgers,
Thomas F. Ryan,
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee, Dr. Reginald H. Sayre, Edward C. Schaefer,
F. Aug. Schermerhorn, Jacob H. Schiff, Mortimer L. Schiff,
Mrs. I. Blair Scribner, Geo. Sherman,
James Shewan,
James Speyer,
Miss Ellen J. Stone, Albert Tag,
Paul G. Thebaud,
Charles G. Thompson, Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson, Robert M. Thompson,
William Thorne,
Wm. Stewart Todd, Miss Anna Murray Vail, F. T. Van Beuren,
Mrs. C. Vanderbilt,
F. M. Warburg,
John I. Waterbury,
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Miss Emily A. Watson, 5. D. Webb, Dr. W. Seward Webb,
Hon. Geo. Peabody Wetmore,
John D. Wing, Mrs. Anna Woerishoffer.
FeLttowsyie MEMBERS
J. P. Morgan,
E. A. Richard.
SusTaInInG MEMBERS
Miss Elizabeth Billings, Miss Mary 'T. Bryce, Wm. H. Fischer,
John Greenough,
Mrs. McDougall Hawkes, O. H. Kahn,
Edgar L. Marston,
George Grant Mason, Arthur M. Mitchell, Wm. Church Osborn, William H. Porter, William R. Stewart, Charles Strauss.
AnnuaL MEMBERS
Dr. Robert Abbe, Benjamin Abert,
George A. W. Achenbach, Fritz Achelis,
John Achelis,
F. B. Adams,
Henry S. Adams,
J. E. Aldred,
Douglas Alexander,
Mrs. George A. Archer, Reuben Arkush,
Mrs. H. O. Armour,
E. Asiel,
Dr. John Aspell,
Miss E. E. Auchincloss, Mrs, E. 8. Auchincloss, John W. Auchincloss, Chellis A. Austin,
Mrs.Frances Gordon Alexander, Ledyard Avery,
Mrs. John E. Alexandre, James F. Allen,
Philip Allen,
J. M. Andreini,
Miss Charlotte L. Andrews,
W. H. Andrews,
John F. Anglin,
D. A. Ansbacher, Francis J. Arend,
Mas. John F. Archbold,
Frank L. Babbott,
Jules S. Bache,
John V. Bacot, Jr.,
Dr. Pearce Bailey, Charles Baird,
Miss Charlotte S. Baker, Geo. F. Baker,
Stephen Baker,
Albert H. Baldwin, Frederick H. Baldwin,
A. T. Baldwin,
George V. N. Baldwin, Jr., William D, Baldwin, Mrs. William M. Baldwin, Mrs. Robert F. Ballantine, Edward L. Ballard,
Chris Bambach,
Louis Bamberger, Bernard Bandler,
Mrs. James L. Barclay, Percival M. Barker,
Wm. M. Barnum, Clarence W. Barron,
Mrs. A. Battin,
Mrs. Martha Battle, Felice Bava,
Mrs. L. P. Bayne, Jeremiah Beall,
John D. Beals,
Mrs. Margaret B. Becker, H. C. Beckman,
Frank Begrisch, Jr., Robert Behr,
Mrs. A. Frederick Behre, Dr. Otto F. Behrend, Frank N. Bell,
Louis V. Bell,
August Belmont,
J. Philip Benkard,
E.R. T. Berggren,
Isaac J. Bernheim,
Chas. L. Bernheimer, Miss Rosie Bernheimer, Theodore Berstein,
Philip Berolzheimer,
S. Reading Betron, Edward J. Berwind, George N. Best,
Eugene P. Bicknell,
Mrs. George Biddle,
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Mrs. Sylvan Bier, Abraham Bijur,
Nathan I. Bijur,
Samuel H. Bijur,
C.K. G. Billings,
Cecil Billington,
C. Edw. Billquist,
Mrs. William H. Birchall, Samuel Bird, Jr.,
James C. Bishop, Frederick 5. Blackall,
H. C. Blackiston,
Mrs. Dexter Blagden, Mrs. C. Ledyard Blair, J. Insley Blair,
Isidore Blauner,
C.N. Bliss, Jr.,
Miss S. D. Bliss,
Mrs. Walter P. Bliss, Mrs. M. J. Bluen,
Hugo Blumenthal,
Miss R. C. Boardman, Mrs. Edward C. Bodman, Henry W. Boettger, Robert Boettger, Theodore Boettger, William H. Bolton,
Mrs. Sydney C. Borg, Louis Boury,
Miss Edith G. Bowdoin, John McE. Bowman, Frank Brainerd,
Mrs. E. N. Breitung, George 8. Brewster, Mrs. Benjamin Brewster, Hans V. Briesen,
John R. Brinley,
Mrs. Willard C. Brinton, Jno. I. D. Bristol,
Miss H. Louise Britton,
Richard H. Britton, Dr. Edward B. Bronson, Bronx Hay & Grain Co., Airs. H. D. Brookman, Miss Aneita D. Brown, Dickson Q. Brown, Edwin H. Brown,
M. Bayard Brown, Vernon C. Brown,
Mrs. J. Hull Browning, H. B. Brundrett, Thomas B. Bryson, Miss Emily Buch,
Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley, Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley, Henry W. Bull,
Dr. Edward S. Burgess, Louis Burk,
Arthur Burnall,
E. R. Burnett,
William J. Burns, Algernon T. Burr, Chas. W. Burroughs, Mrs. Wendell L. Bush, Charles S. Butler,
Miss Emily O. Butler,
H.
E. T. Caldwell,
Prof. Otis W. Caldwell, W. R. Callender, Henry L. Calman,
H. H. Cammann, Henry L. Cammann, Edward B. Camp, Mrs. John Campbell, H. W. Cannon,
Mrs. Charles F. Cantine, George A. Carden,
Mrs. George L. Carnegie,
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Arthur L. Carns,
Miss Jennie R. Cathcart, Miss Elizabeth Chamberlain, O. E. Chaney,
Miss Maria Bowen Chapin, John Jay Chapman,
Jose Edwards Chaves, Dr. Charles H. Chetwood, John H. Child,
B. Ogden Chisolm,
Geo. E. Chisolm,
Mrs. Joseph H. Choate, Miss Mabel Choate,
Wm. G. Choate,
Mrs. Helen L. Chubb, Percy Chubb,
Chas. T. Church,
Richard N. L. Church, John Claflin,
Mrs. Edward H. Clark, Miss Emily Vernon Clark, F. Ambrose Clark,
Hon. W. A. Clark, William Clark,
E. A. S. Clarke,
Lewis L. Clarke,
Albert Clayburgh, Edward B. Close,
Mss Frances H. Close, Wm. P. Clyde,
G. D. Cochran,
Miss Mary T. Cockcroft, C. A. Coffin,
Edmund Coffin,
E. W. Coggeshall, William N. Cohen, William W. Cohen,
J. L. Coker,
Mrs. Rufus Cole, Charles B. Colebrook, Mrs. Lathrop Colgate, William Colgate, Barron G. Collier, Mrs. Richard C. Colt, Samuel P. Colt,
Miss Mary Compton, T. G. Condon, Hermann Conheim, Roland R. Conklin, Joseph Conners,
J. N. Conyngham, Arthur N. Cooley, Marin LeBrun Cooper, Mrs. Marin LeBrun Cooper,
Mrs. Charles Henry Coster, Geo. F. Crane, Mrs. Jonathan H. Crane,
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Mrs. Chester Dale, Frederic A. Dallett,
D. S. Dark,
Mrs. Ira Davenport,
De Witt A. Davidson,
J. Clarence Davies,
Mrs. Thomas B. Davis, Alvah Davison,
Mrs. Henry P. Davison, Clarence 8. Day,
Mrs. William Harrison Day, Henry Dazien,
Henry L. de Forest,
Dr. Robert W. de Forest, Mrs. Robert W. de Forest, John F. Degener, Jr.,
Mrs. Carlos de Heredia, Moreau Delano
William Adams Delano, William C. De Lanoy, Countess de Laugier-Villars, John B. Dennis,
Mrs.Agnes Huntington Cravath,Rev. H. M. Denslow,
Robert L. Crawford, William Crawford,
Miss Mary C. Crimimns, Mrs. Thomas Crimmins, George A. Crocker, Jr., Mrs. W. H. Crocker,
W. T. Crocker,
James W. Cromwell,
Dr. Reuben Cronson, Mrs. Joseph F. Cullman, Mrs. E. B. Currier, Miss Elizabeth Curtis, G. Warrington Curtis, R. Fulton Cutting,
Mrs. Barton Cuyler,
Miss Eleanor De Graff Cuyler
Jean De Saint Cyr,
Walter D. Despard, Julian F. Detmer, Lee Deutsch, William G. De Witt, J. Henry Dick,
Geo. H. Diehl,
Chas. F. Dieterich, Miss Josephine H. Dill, Miss Mary A. Dill, Mrs. Alfred P. Dix, Miss Gertrude Dodd, Cleveland H. Dodge, Francis P. Dodge,
L. W. Dommerich, Otto L. Dommerich, Charles Doscher, Henry Doscher,
Mrs. George William Douglas,
Mrs. James Douglas, Walter Douglas,
Alfred Douglass,
W. E. Dowd, Jr.,
Tracy Dows,
Mrs. B. F. Drakenfeld, J. R. Drexel,
Isaac W. Drummond, Mrs. Matthew B. Dubois, F. L. Du Bosque,
Mrs. John P. Duncan, Ralph Wurts Dundas, Dr. Edward K. Dunham, H. F. du Pont,
Mrs. T. Coleman du Pont, William du Pont,
E. G. Duvall,
John E. Dwight,
Mrs. Winthrop Dwight, R. W. Earle,
Mrs. Frederick H. Eaton, C. R. Ebert,
Mrs. Charles N. Edge, Thomas C. Edmonds, Mrs. J. S. Ehrich,
Mrs. Ernest Ehrmann, Karl! Eilers,
Henry G, Eilshemius, August Eimer,
Monroe Einstein, William Einstein,
Miss Kate Eisig,
Howard Elliott,
Mrs. James W. Ellsworth, Mrs. Walter Emmerich, Miss Lydia F. Emmett, Robert Temple Emmett, Mrs. Arthur B. Emmons, R. Erbsloh,
(376 )
Albert J. Erdmann, Abraham Erlanger, Miss Katherine V. Erving, Henry Esberg,
Louis Ettlinger,
5. M. Evans,
A. W. Evarts,
Mrs. Ernesto Fabbri, Eberhard Faber, Harris Fahnestock, Arthur S$. Fairchild, Chas. 8. Fairchild, Samuel W. Fairchild, Percival Farquhar, Mrs. Max Farrand, James C. Farrell, Louis Ferguson. William C. Ferguson, Frank H. Filley, Frederick T. Fisher, Pliny Fisk,
Mrs. Montague Flagg, Harry Harkness Flagler, Mrs. Albert Flake, Nathan Fleischer, Fred T. Fleitmann, Edward H. Floyd-Jones, L. G. Forbes,
Frank B. Foster,
Scott Foster,
Robert L. Fowler, Jr., Mrs. M. J. Fox,
Mrs. William Fox, David J. Frankel, Alrs. P. A. S. Franklin, R. A. Franks,
Miss Jane K. Fraser, Mss S. Grace Fraser, A. S. Frissell,
John W. Frothingham,
John H. Fry,
W. W. Fuller,
E. A. Funke,
William H. F. Gade, Eugenio Galban, Albert Gallatin,
Geo. F. Gantz,
Francis P. Garvin, Mrs. Walter Geer,
R. W. Gibson,
Prof. William J. Gies, Mrs. William J. Gies, J. Waldron Gillespie, Robert McM. Gillespie, Mrs. E. D. Godfrey, Mrs. Mary R. Goelet, Julius Goldman, Abraham L. Goldstone, Philip J. Goodhart, Miss Clara J. Gordon, Chas. Gotthelf,
Chas. A. Gould,
Edwin Gould,
Mrs. W. R. Grace, Joseph W. Grant,
U.S. Grant, 4th,
B. Greeff, Jr.,
William G. Grieb,
Hon. Anthony J. Griffin, Charles E. Griffin,
W. V. Griffin,
Miss Margarette E. Griffith, Miss Susan D. Griffith, E. Morgan Grinnell, George Bird Grinnell, Mrs. Chester Griswold, Sr., George V. Gross, William C. Gruner,
A. M. Guinzburg,
Mrs. Gurnee,
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Mrs. C. 8. Guthrie, William D. Guthrie,
Miss Edith Haas,
John A. Hadden, Jr.,
Hon. Ernest Hall, Harrison H. Hallett,
Wm. Halls, Jr.,
Mrs. Charles W. Halsey, Wm. Hamann,
L. Gordon Hamersley, Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton, Mrs. William P. Hamilton, Ferdinand Hansen,
J. Montgomery Hare,
E. S. Harkness,
Mrs. Stephen V. Harkness, Miss Josephine T. Harriot, George A. Harris,
J. Amory Haskell,
Jacob Hasslacher,
Dr. Louis Hauswirth,
T. A. Havemeyer,
J. Woodward Haven, Carroll Hayes,
Miss Caroline C. Haynes,
David Helier,
Mrs. George A. Helme, Hancke Hencken,
Chas. Henderson,
Mrs. E. C. Henderson, Harmon W. Hendricks, Philip W. Henry,
Mrs, A. Barton Hepburn, B. F. Hermann,
W. L. Hernstadt,
Mrs. E. D. Lee Herreshoff,
George B. Herzig, Samuel A. Herzog,
H. H. Hewitt,
Henry Hicks,
Mrs. James J. Higginson, Hugh Hill,
Mrs. Robert Hill,
Mrs. Samuel N. Hinckley,
B. Hochschild,
Richard M. Hoe,
Mrs. Richard March Hoe, Mrs. Robert Hoe,
Miss Mary U. Hoffman, Bernhard Hoffmann,
Mrs. Bernhard Hoffmann, Mrs. Edward Holbrook, John Swift Holbrook, Dean Hawley Holden, Edwin T. Holmes,
A. Holzman,
Elkan Holzman,
Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker,
Chas. H. Hoole,
Ernest Hopkinson, Frederick B. House,
C. J. Housman, Richard F. Howe,
M. D. Howell,
Mrs. Henry E. Howland, John Sherman Hoyt, Miss Rosina S. Hoyt, Theodore R. Hoyt, Miss V. 8. Hoyt, Walter C. Hubbard, Mrs. Anna Huber, Conrad Hubert,
Mrs. Thomas Hunt, Mrs. H. E. Huntington, Mrs. R. P. Huntington, Dr. Lee M. Hurd,
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H. D. Hutchins, Frank DeK. Huyler, Mrs. Clarence M. Hyde, Courtney Hyde, Henry St. John Hyde, Edwin W. Inslee, Adrian Iselin, Jr.,
C. Oliver Iselin,
Miss Georgine Iselin, Lewis Iselin,
William E. Iselin, Mrs. William E. Iselin, Miss Flora E. Isham, A. C. Israel,
Samuel K. Jacobs, John S. Jacobus,
A. C. James,
Mrs. Arthur Curtis James, Dr. Robert C. James, Mrs. Wortham James, E. C. Jameson,
Mrs. Robert A. Jamison, Mrs. Alfred Jaretzki, Alfred W. Jenkins,
O. G, Jennings,
Walter B. Jennings, George S. Jephson, Gilbert H. Johnson, Francis C. Jones, Rodney Wilcox Jones, Mrs. Townsend Jones, Louis M. Josepthal, Karl Jungbluth,
Henry M. Kahle,
Felix E. Kahn,
Louis Kahn,
Mrs. Delancey Kane, Mrs. H. F. Kean, Frank Browne Keech, Henry F. Keil,
William W. eae Prof. J. F. K
(379)
Henry Goddard Leach,
Lederle Antitoxin Laborsiones,
Mrs.H. VanRene -nereaneae Prof. Frederic 8S. Lee,
Mrs. John S. Kennedy, David Keppel, Rudolph Keppler,
W. M. Kern,
John B. Kerr,
Mrs. Charles W. Keyes,
Emil L. Kieger,
S. E. Kilner,
Darwin P. Kingsley, Morris Kinney, Warren Kinney,
W. Ruloff Kip, William B. Kirkham, Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel, Mrs. Charles P. Kling, E. C. Klipstein, Roland F. Knoedler, Chas. Kohlman, Marion B. Kohlman, Alex. Konta,
Dr. George F. Kunz, A. H. Kursheedt, Anthony R. Kuser, Adolf Kuttroff, Stanley V. La Dow,
Mrs. Samuel W. Lambert,
Mrs. J. H. Lancashire, Francis G. Landon, Edward V. Z. Lane, Woodbury Langdon, Mrs. Jacob Langeloth, Mrs. John J. Lapham, Lewis H. Lapham,
Montgomery La Roche,
Henry G. F. Lauten,
Mrs. Amory A. Lawrence, John Burling Lawrence,
Marshall C. Lefferts, George Legg, James M. Lehmaier,
Edmund J. Levine,
G. Levor,
Louis 8. Levy, Montgomery H. Lewis, Adolph Lewisohn,
Miss Alice Lewisohn, Paul Lichtenstein,
E. K. Lincoln,
Mrs. Frederic W. Lincoln, Frederick J. Lisman, Lucius N. Littauer, Siegfried Littauer,
Mrs. John R. Livermore, Miss Anna P. Livingston, Mrs. Francis G. Lloyd, Mrs. William C. Lobenstine, Mrs. I. Ferris Lockwood, Mrs. Frank J. Logan, Russell H. Loines,
Mrs. Matthew M. Looram, Manuel Lopez,
Lord & Burnham Co.,
P. Lorillard, Jr., Ethelbert I. Low,
Mrs. Seth Low,
August Lueder,
Walther Luttgen,
William M. Lybrand,
J. M. Richardson Lyeth,
. Ma, Dr. John T. Mac Curdy, C. K. MacFadden,
Clarence H. Mackay, Kenneth K. Mackenzie, Mrs. Charles F. MacLean, Malcolm MacMartin, V. Everit Macy,
F. Robert Mager,
J. H. Maghee,
Pierre Mali,
L. William Malone,
J. G. C. Mantle,
Miss Delia W. Marble, John Markle,
Mrs. John Markle,
Dr. J. W. Markoe, Alfred E. Marling, Otto Maron,
Mrs. Henry Marquand, Edwin S. Marston,
R. W. Martin,
Dr. Walton Martin, Wilham J. Matheson, George O. May,
Harry Mayer,
Mrs. R. de L. Mayer, Dr. D. H. McAlpin, Geo. L. McAlpin, George McAneny, Mrs. Alfred McEwen, Edward A. Mcllhenny, Henry P. McKenney, John A. Mckim,
W. A. McLaren,
Mrs. James McLean, Edward F. NicManus, Wilham McNair,
B. Frank Mebane, Morton H. Meinhard, Dr. Walter Mendleson, Henry H. Merriam, John L. Merrill,
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William F. Meschenmoser, Manton B. Metcalfe, Herman A. Metz, Eugene Meyer, Jr., Harry J. Meyer,
John G, Milburn,
Dr. Adelaide Mills,
Alex. 8. Mitchell,
Mrs. John Murray Mitchell, H. de La Montagne,
C. D. Montague,
Mrs. H. E. Montgomery, Barrington Moore, Clement Moore,
J. C. Moore,
Miss Katherine T. Moore, Mrs. Paul Moore,
Russell W. Moore,
Victor Morawetz,
Miss Anne Morgan,
Miss C. L. Morgan,
E. D. Morgan,
Mrs. J. P. Morgan, Jr., Mrs. Pierpont Morgan, Wm. Fellows Morgan, Mrs. Dave Hennen Morris, Dwight W. Morrow, Henry C. Mott,
Mrs. John B. Mott,
Eric Muelberger,
Frank J. Muhlfeid,
Edwin H. Mulford,
Carl Muller,
John P. Munn,
Frank A. Munsey,
G. M. P. Murphy,
Fred A. Muschenheim, William S. Myers,
Mrs. Joseph G. Myerson, Mme. Elie Nadelman,
(381 )
Edward J. Nally,
Chas. W. Parsons,
National Association, Boards of Mrs. Edgerton Parsons,
Mrs. Russell H. Nevins, Miss Catherine A. Newbold, Miss Edith Newbold, Frederic R. Newbold, Mrs. William G. Nichols, William H. Nichols,
Wm. Nilsson,
Mrs. E. L. Breese Norrie, George Notman,
Howard Notman,
Miss Dorothy Oak, Percy J. O’Brien,
Mrs. Adolph Obrig, Adolph 8. Ochs,
John Offerman,
Mrs. Ponsonby Ogle,
P. M. Ohmeis,
E. E. Olcott,
Miss Mary Olcott,
Elam Ward Olney, Robert Olyphant,
Mrs. Emerson Opdycke, Mrs. Wm. Openhym,
J. Oppenheim,
John B. O’Reilly, William C. Orr,
Prof. Henry F, Osborn, Mrs. William Church Osborn, Homer 5. Pace,
Miss Elizabeth H. Packard, Fred’k Page Co., Augustus G. Paine, Henry Parish,
Junius Parker,
Winthrop Parker,
James C. Parrish,
Miss Gertrude Parsons, Mrs. Henry Parsons,
T. H. Hoge Patterson, Mrs. Frederick Pearson, Charles E. Peck,
Dr. Charles H. Peck, William Halsey Peck, Mrs, Wheeler H. Peckham, Edward 8S. Pegram, Mrs. Sarah G. T. Pell, B. Henry Pelzer, Edmund Penfold,
Miss Hattie W. Perkins, Louis H. Perlman, Samuel T. Peters
Mrs. Theodore Peters, W.R. Peters,
Car] Schurz Petrasch, Curt G. Pfeiffer,
Walter Pforzheimer, Michael F. Phelan, Henry Phipps,
Lloyd Phoenix,
Phillips Phoenix, Gottfried Piel,
Henry Clay Pierce, Winslow S. Pierce,
Mrs. R. Stuyvesant Pierrepont,
J. Fred Pierson,
Mrs. Frank H. Platt, John Platt,
Edward Plaut,
Gilbert M. Plympton, Miss R. A. Polhemus, Miss Florence L. Pond, Chas. Lane Poor,
Mrs. James Harper Poor, James E. Pope,
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Alexander J. Porter, Dr. Wm. C. Rives,
Mrs. Henry Kirke Porter, Miss Emeline Roach, Abram 8. Post, Mrs. Charles H. Roberts, Miss Blanche Potter, G. Theo. Roberts,
Mrs. Frank H. Potter, Miss G. Van B. Roberts, Frederick Potter, Miss Jennette Robertson, Fuller Potter, Louis J. Robertson,
Mrs. George D. Pratt, Andrew J. Robinson, Mrs. Herbert Lee Pratt, Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. John Pratt William G. Rockefeller, John T. Pratt, Nash Rockwood,
Samuel Pratt, Albert J. Roe,
Mrs. L. B. Preston, Edward L. Rogers, Clinton B. Price, John Roger,
Miss Cornelia Prime, G. Vernor Rogers, Thomas R. Proctor, Hubert E. Rogers,
Mrs. Kate Davis Pulitzer, A. J. Rolle,
H. St. Clair Putnam, W. Emlen Roosevelt, Miss Eva C. Putney, Mrs. W. Emlen Roosevelt, Percy R. Pyne,’ Hon. Elihu Root, Charles F. Quincy, Henry C. Ross,
Stanley Ranger, Jacob Rossbach,
G. B. Raymond, Peter W. Rouss,
George W. Raynes, W. A. Rowan,
Mrs. William A. Read, C. H. Ruddock,
Robert C. Ream, Louis Ruhl,
Miss Emily Redmond, Justus Ruperti,
John Reid, Jacob Ruppert,
Chas. Remsen, Frederick K. Rupprecht, William Rennult, Miss M. L. Russell, Samuel W. Reyburn, John Barry Ryan,
Mrs. E. 8. Reynal, Arthur Ryle,
Miss Elvine Richard, Miss Julia Ryle,
Oscar L. Richard, Harry Sachs,
Eben Richards, Samuel Sachs,
E. O. Richards, Clarence Sackett,
Max Richter, Mrs. Walter J. Salmon, Mrs. Robert Ridgway, Mitchell Samuels,
Wm. J. Riker, Philip C. Samuels,
Dr. A. I. Ringer, Mrs. B. Aymar Sands,
H. Sanhagen,
F. A. Sarg,
Miss G. W. Sargent, Herbert L. Satterlee, Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,
Mrs. Thomas E. Satterthwaite,
Oliver H. Sawyer, Hermann Schaaf, Fred’k Muller Schall, Jacob Schapiro,
John Scheepers,
Anton Schefer,
Mrs. H. M. Schieffelin, Dr. Wm. J. Schieffelin, Charles A. Schieren, Gustave H. Schiff,
C. P. Schlicke,
Miss Jane E. Schmelzel, Fedor Schmidt,
D. Schnakenberg, Henrich Schniewind, Jr., Carl Schoen,
W. D. Scholle,
Louis B. Schram, Rudolph Schreiber, Richard Schuster,
B. Schutz,
C. M. Schwab,
Gustav Schwab, Jr., Frederick Schwed, Walter Scott,
Miss Grace Scoville, Robert Scoville,
The Scoville School, Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner, Edward M. Scudder, Alonzo B. See,
Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman,
Mrs. Isaac N. Seligman, Jefferson Seligman,
(383 )
E. W. Sells, Mrs. Charles H. Senff, Alfred Seton, Mrs. William F. Sheehan, Dr. William H. Sheldon, Finley J. Shepard,
avid Shiman, 5. W. Shipway, Hiram W. Sibley,
Alfred L. Simon, Franklin Simon,
Robert E. Simon: Theodore A. Simon, John W. Simpson, Francis Louis Slade, Ralph E. Slaven, Benson B. Sloan, Samuel Sloan,
Thomas Smidt,
Daniel Smiley,
Charles R. Smith,
Miss Fanny A. Smith, James B. Smith,
Pierre J. Smith,
B. E. pedis
E. G. Sno
Phineas Sondheim,
B. Souto,
William M. Spackman, Mrs. Edward W. Sparrow, Mrs. Gino C. Speranza, Mrs. B. G. Spiegelberg, Dr. Edward H. Squibb, J. R. Stanton,
Mrs. Mary P. Eno Steffanson,
Fred. T. Steinway, Wn. R. Steinway, Olin J. Stephens,
Roderick Stephens, Benjamin Stern,
J. Ernest Stern, Edward R. Stettinius, Sereno Stetson,
Mrs. Byam K. Stevens, Frederic W. Stevens, Dr. Geo. T. Stevens, Lispenard Stewart, Chauncey Stillman, Miss Clara F. Stillman, Dr. D. M. Stimson, Mrs. James Stokes, Alfred W. Stone,
Mrs. Willard Straight, Mrs. C. I. Stralem,
H. Grant Straus,
Mrs. Nathan Straus, Jr., Roger W. Straus, Albert Strauss, Frederick Strauss, Martin Strauss, Samuel Strauss,
W. H. Strawn,
Edward 8. Strobhar, Dr. George T. Strodl, Mrs. Gustaf Stromberg, Benj. Strong, Jr.,
John R. Strong, Richard A. Strong, Mrs. Theron G. Strong, Joseph Stroock,
Louis S. Stroock, Duncan Struthers,
F. K. Sturgis,
Mrs. F. K. Sturgis, Miss Victoria F. Sturmer, Mrs. James Sullivan, D. R. Szakvary,
Miss Mary Taber,
(384)
Henry W. Taft,
Henry R. Taylor,
Dr, Richard A. Taylor, W. A. Taylor,
H. L. Terrell,
Charles T. Terry, Mrs. John T. Terry, Miss M. J. Thayer,
Mrs. Hector W. Thomas, Mrs. Howard L. Thomas, Percival Thomas,
Loren Ogden Thompson, L. 8. Thompson, William B. Thompson, Dr. W. Gilman Thompson, Samuel Thorne, Jr., Myles Tierney,
Louis C. Tiffany,
Henry N. Tifft,
Dr. Walter Timme, James Timpson,
Rev. E. P. Tivnan, S. J., Mrs. Margaret T. Tjader, J. Kennedy Tod,
Mrs. John B. Trevor,
A. F. Troescher,
John Trounstine,
Carll Tucker,
Dr. Alfred Tuckerman, Paul Tuckerman, Edward Turnbull,
Geo. E. Turnure, Benjamin Tuska,
Mrs. Mary A. Tuttle, Mrs. Alice B. Tweedy, E. 8. Twining,
Lucien H. Tyng,
Oswald W. Uhl,
Mrs. Walter M. Underhill, Mrs. Henry C. Valentine, James J. Van Alen,
(385 )
Mrs. Samuel W. Weiss, Mrs. John Wells, Oliver J. Wells,
Mrs. Frederick T. Van Beuren, Arthur L. Wessell,
Augustus Van Cortlandt, Barend Van Gerbig, John B. Van Haelen,
E. H. Van Ingen,
Mrs. Warner M. Van Norden
Edgar B. Van Winkle,
Mrs. Wilbur Linwood Varian,
Mrs. James M. Varnum, Mrs. A. C. Veatch, Thos. F. Vietor,
Alfonso P. Villa,
Ludwig Vogelstein,
Mrs. Owen M. Voight, Dr. S. Wachsmann, Harry Wacker, Montgomery Waddell, Mrs. J. Howard Wainwright, Mrs. Gustavus A. Walker, Mrs. W. K. Wallbridge, Leo Wallerstein,
Dr. Max Wallerstein, Wm. I. Walter,
Artemus Ward,
C. Blaine Warner,
Mrs. John I. Waterbury, G. W. Watson,
Mrs. J. E. Watson,
Mrs. E. H. Weatherbee, Mrs. W. Seward Webb, Miss Alice D. Weekes, Dr. Eugene Wehmeyer, Charles H. Weigle, George A. Weigel, Bernard Weinig,
Mrs. C. Gouveneur Weir, George W. Weiss,
Dr. William West,
Miss Edith Wetmore, Dr. Wm. E. Wheelock, Alfred 'T. White,
Miss Caroline White, Clarence Whitman,
Miss Margaret 8. Whitney, Howard Whittemore,
F. B. Wiborg,
Miss F. E. Wickham, Henry Wigglesworth, William G. Willcox, Elmore A. Willets,
Mrs. Percy H. Williams, Richard H. Williams, William H. Williams,
W. P. Willis,
James R. Williston, Frank D. Wilsey,
Prof. Edmund B. Wilson, Dr. Margaret B. Wilson, M. Orme Wilson,
Charles A. Wimpfheimer, Harold Wingate, Bronson Winthrop, Grenville L. Winthrop, Mrs. Robt. Winthrop, Mrs. Frank S. Witherbee, Joseph Wittmann,
Lewis S. Wolf,
M. Wolff,
William E. Wolf,
Mrs. William H. Woodin, Prof. R. $8. Woodward, Miss Julia Wray,
Mrs. J. Hood Wright,
Dr. Dr. Mrs
Peter B. Wyckoff, George A. Wyeth, . A. Murray Young,
George A. Zabriskie, Joseph A. Zanetti, Henry C. Zaro,
Mrs Mrs
(386)
Mrs.
Anna M. von Zedlitz,
Charles H. Zehnder, August Zinsser, Charles Zoller, Henry Zuckerman.
MeEmBERS OF THE WoMEN’s AUXILIARY
. George A. Armour, . Robert Bacon
Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Mrs
. N. L. Britton,
. Charles D. Dickey, . A. Barton Hepburn, . Robert C. Hill,
. Wm. A. Hutcheson, . Walter Jennings,
. Delancey Kane,
. Hamilton F. Kean, . Gustav E. Kissel,
. A. A. Low,
Mrs. Mrs. . Henry Marquand,
. George W. Perkins,
. George D. Pratt,
. Harold I. Pratt,
. James Roosevelt,
. Benson B. Sloan,
. Theron G. Strong,
. Henry O. Taylor,
. W. Gilman Thompson, . George Cabot Ward.
Charles Mac Veagh, V. Everit Macy,
Honorary MemBers OF THE WoMEN’sS AUXILIARY Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes,
. E. Henry Harriman, . John IJ. Kane, . James A. Scrymser,
Mrs. Mrs.
F. K. Sturgis, F. F. Thompson.
(387)
REPORT OF THE TREASURER
New York, January 10, 1921 To THE Boarp oF ManaGers oF THE New York Botan- ICAL GARDEN.
Gentlemen: Herewith I submit a statement of my Re- ceipts and Disbursements during the year 1920, and Balance Sheet from my Ledger as of December 31, 1920.
Respectfully submitted, Joun L. MerriL1, Treasurer.
Recerrts AND DisBURSEMENTS
Receipts Balance, January 1, 1920...............-..-00-- $ 16,011.34 Legacies Margaret Olivia Sage (on account of principal and interest, to be ap- portioned on final settlement of legacy) exc cegsde ba ta ei el Cae $500,000.00 Fanny Bridgham................. 30,000.00 Mary J. Kingsland................ 5,000.00 Louisa Combe.................... 5,000.00 $540,000.00 Investment Account Science and Education Fund, redemption at maturity of $10,000 par value Bonds of Louisville and Nashville R. R. gad, te eee dee tn ee $ 10,000.00
Northern Ry. Co. .. 10,000.00 $ 20,000.00 John Innes Kane Fund,
redemption at ma-
turity of £10,000 par
value Bonds of Gt.
Northern Ry. Co. .. $ 10,000.00
(388 )
Temporary Investment, redemption at maturity of $13,000 par value U.S. Treasury Notes..
General Income Account
Income from General Investments
4% on $59,000 Erie R.
R. Penn. Coll. Trust
Bonds.. .£ 2,360.00 4% on grr, 000 Mil
waukee, Sparta & N.
W.R.R. Bonds.... 440.00 4195 on $50,000 Ches.
& Ohio R. R. Co.
Genl. Mtge. Bonds.. 2,250.00 4% on $35,000 Nor.
Pac. R. R. Bonds,
Gt. Nor. C. B. & Q.
Trust. ...... 1,400.00 ee on $50,000 Ricatiag : . Bonds, ie Centr. Coll. Tr.. 2,000.00 5oo on $10, felere) es Nee R Bonds... . 500.00
4% on $10,000 New York City Stock, due
Ao re 400.00 490 on $24,000 Non
Pac. Bonds, 6 mos... 480.00 5% on $10,000 Balto.
& Ohio 4, 4 Bonds... 500.00 444% on £50,000 Penn. R. R. Genl. pic
Bonds.. : 2,250.00 ue on ae ae & N. Co. Notes, 6
mos.... 2... 0... 250.00
5% on $50,000 South- ern Ry. 1st Consol. Mige. Bonds..... .. 2,500.00
13,000.00 $ 43,000.00
(389)
414% on $10,000 N. Y. Cent. Lines Eqpt. Bonds............. 450.00 4% on £50,000 Erie R. . Co. Prior Lien Bonds............. 2,000.00 444% on $24,000 2nd Liberty Loan Bonds,
6 mMOSs......-....... 510.00 434% on $23,000 Vic-
tory Loan Bonds, 6
MOS......-.-00000. 546.24
Income from Temporary Invest- ments, credited to General In- come Account, interest on $13,000 U. 8. Treasury Notes...
Income from Membership Dues, credited to General Income Ac-
count Fellowship Members... $ 200.00 Sustaining Members .. 300.00 Annual Members..... 10,390.00
Sales of Merchandise, credited to General Income Account...... Interest on Deposits, credited to General Income Account ...... Special Income Accounts From Investment of John Innes Kane Fund 424% on $10,000 U. S. Victory Bonds...... g 237.50 5% on $10,000 Gt. Nor. Ry. Co. Bonds. 500.00 From ae at af vere DeWitt Jesup “ on a ooo Nor.
Pac. Prior Lien
$ 18,836.25
341-25
$ 10,890.00
$
134.75
1,787.58 $ 31,989.83
737-50
(390)
414% on $10,000 U. S. grd_ Liberty Loan Bonds............. 425.00 Income of the Addison Brown Fund — on $22,000 Nor. c. Ry. Prior Lien
Bonds a eer eae 880.00 So cupeon to “Ad- disonia”’........... 2,586.52
From Investment of the Russell Sage and Margaret Olivia Sage Memorial Fun
Dividends
10cO. «shares Amer.
Tel. & Cable Co... 375.00 400 shares Amer.
Tel. & Tel. Co.... 1,600.00 250 shares VU. S.
Steel Pfd......... 1,312.50 200 shares Man-
hattan Ry........ 700.00 10 shares Importers
& Traders Bank. 240.00 52 shares Banter
Trust Co.. 780.00
100 shares Balto. & Ohio R. R. Pfd. 200.00 200 shares A. T. &
SF. R.R. Co..... 500.00 100 shares Un Pac. Pfd......... 200.00 Interest
4% on $6,000 Man-
ae Ry. Co. ee ene 87.33
a7 on as ooo U.
S. Victory Bonds, ant eee 6,175.00
1,025.00
3,466.52
(391)
44% on $19,000 N. Y. Tel. Co. Bonds, tst Mtge. .
_—— on $10,000 Ore,
h. R. R. Co.
382.37
245.56 4% on $7,000 Centr. New Engl. Ry. rst Gold Bonds...... 314% on $6,000 Bal- to. & Ohio R. R. Prior Lien Bonds. 4% on $17,000 Mis- souri Pac. R. R.
171.89
128.92
190.78
Siecigahawaui ws 48.31
1%, on $6,000 Erie . Prior Lien
Life Membership Fee, credited to En- dowment Fund............... Income of the David Lydig Fund, sub- scriptions to “North Aenean Flora” and sales of publications Income of the William R. Sands Fund, contribution.................. Income of the Stokes Fund, sales of leaflets s.ciiei3 2 eee bic os Special Funds Charles Budd Robinson Memorial
Fund, sale of book............ $ sei Research Fund, tuition
CES cht aise dane ou Dates eane age ee are Development Fund, con-
tributions.............-....-.
147-33 $ 13,484.99
250.00
2,338.45 5.48
8.20 $ 21,316.14
172.00
Plant Fund Contribution......... g 10.00 Sale of hay.......... 463.50 $ Exploration Fund, refund.......... Convalescent Soldiers’ Gardening
Cherry Garden Shelter Fund, contri- DLION As Ae ee ee
473.50 8.04
59727-70
1449-33 280.00 $ 21,596.07
Repayment by Employees of Liberty Bond Sub-
Disbursements Investment Accounts Russell Sage and Margaret Olivia Sage Memorial
Fund, 52 ee Bankers Trust Co.... .£ 19,500.00 200 ae Mankitian Sieoeteaeeeses: 9,125.00 250 Shares U. S. Steel Corp. Pfd.... 2.0... 27,359.37 10 Shares Importers & as National pew + ducking 5,600.00 400 re Amer. Tel. & Tel. Co... 2.02... 37,775.00 200 Shares A. T. & SF Ry. Co. Pfd........ 14,525.00 300 Shares Missouri Pac. R. R. Co. Com- 2) | ea 7,068.75 200 Shares St. Louis SW. Ry. Co. Pfd.... 4,450.00
100 Shares St. SW. Ry. Co. Com- 1,200.00
2,082.00
143,762.63 $819,758.01
(393)
100 Shares M. K. & T.
Ry. Pfd. (Equit-
able Trust Co. Ctfs.) 1,200.00 100 Shares Wabash Ry.
Co. Common...... 800.00
Staab ac de2 5 2,262.50 100 Shares Amer. Tel. & Cable Co........ 5,075.00 100 Shares Balto. & Ohio R. R. Co. Com- MON.............. 3,193.75 100 Shares Balto. & Ohio R. R. Co. Pfd. 4,400.00 100 Shares Un. Pac. R. R. Co. Pfd......... 6,237.50 $10,000 Ore. Washn. R. R. & Nav. ist & Ref. 4%. 0... 0004, 6,500.00 $19,000 N. Y. Tel. Co. Ist & Genl. 444%.. 14,155.00 $17,000 Missouri Pac. . R. Co. Gen. 4%. 8,755.00 $6,000 Erie R. R. Co. tst Cons. Prior Lien Yee atlas nese 3,015.00 a es Balto. & Ohio R. Co. Prior Lien
a Eee eee 4,860.00 $7,000 Centr. New
Engl. Ry. rst 4%... 3,675.00 $7,000 Washn. Term.
Co. 34%. 4,830.00 $6,000 Manhattan Re. Co. Cons. 4% “Stamped”’........ 3,120.00 $198,681.87* *Above stocks and bonds received from Executors’ Estate of Margaret Olivia Sage.
(394)
$260,000 U. S. Govt.
Victory Bonds...... 249,285.00 $447,966.87
Science & Education Fund $10,000 U. S. Govt. Victory Bonds......$ 9,626.50 Govt.
Victory Bonds...... 12,514.45 John Innes Kane Fund $10,000 U. S. Govt. Victory Bonds................ Temporary Investment $13,000 U. 8S. Govt. Treasury NOt6S inchs 4 boo Red eed beet
Special Garden Accounts, Vouchers Paid Mary J. Kingsland Bequece Special Book Fund Special Devclonment Fund Plant Fund...................... Exploration Fund................. Cherry Garden Shelter Fund....... Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund..... Grounds Improvement Fund....... Convalescent Soldiers Gardening
Museum and Herbarium Fund..... Reserve Fund..........0....0.0...
Regular Garden Accounts Income of John Innes Kane Fund, Adjustment of Interest $ 192.66 Vouchers Paid........ 567.83 Income of Russell Sage and Margaret Olivia Sage Memorial Fund,
Adjustment of Interest 1,440.83 Vouchers Paid........ 28,281.84 Income of William R. Sands Fund,
Vouchers Paid........
22,140.95
$ 9,626.50
13,000.00
7:450.99 66.00
25,040.06
£ 760.49
29,722.67
599-50
$492,734.32
$45,938.87
(395) Income of D. O. Mills
und, Vouchers Paid........ 2,432.93 Income of Addison Brown Fund, Vouchen Paid.. 5,768.44 Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund Vouchers Baid-. 1,010.98 Income of Science & ‘Bde: cation Fund, Vouchers Paid........ 4,366.74 Income of David Lydig
Fund, Vouchers Paid ....... 10,001.19 Income of General Fund, Interest to date of pur- chase on $13,000 U. S. Govt. Victory Sita dicis atante 250.39 Interest to date of pur- chase on $10,000 U. S. Govt. Victory
Bonds...... i 192.66 NGvacment of Interest 66.00 Vouchers Paid... ..$ 25,663.89 % 26,172.94 $ 80,835.88
Temporary Investment Adjustment of interest on $13,000 U. S. Govt. Treasury Notes.........0 0.0000 e eee eee
City Maintenance Account Vouchers Paid.........0.0-.00 0000202 e eee ee
Increased Appropriation to the Director-in-Chief for a ee BaLaNnce, cash in hands of Treasurer December 31, 1920 (on deposit with J. P. Morgan & Co.
and the New York Trust Company).......
46,445.17 $819,758.01
(396) LEDGER BALANCES, DecemBer 31, 1920
Permanent Funds Debit Credit Endowment Fund.............0....000...0.. $269,010.00 Science & Education Fund.................... 83,461.90 Russell Sage and Margaret Olivia one Fund. 500,000.00 David Lydig Fund.......... 0.0.0... 34,337-86 Fanny R. Bridgham Fund.................... 30,000.00 William R. Sands Fund...................... 10,000.00 Darius O. Mills Fund.............0......02.. 50,000.00 Henry Iden Fund...........0.0.0.....-....... 10,000.00 Addison Brown Fund...............2.....05. 21,850.00 John Innes Kane Fund.....................4. 10,000.00 Stokes Fund. 64 6. eee ee ie wok eae eam 3,000.00 Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund........ 705.94 Students Research Fund...................... 4,296.00 Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund.................... 25,000.00
General Investments $50,000 Ches. & Ohio Genl. Mtge. onds $50,000 Southern Ry. Co. 1st Cons. Mtge. Bonds $50,000 Erie Ry. Co. Prior Lien Bonds
$59,000 Erie Ry. Co. Penn. Coll. Tr. Bond
$24,000 U. 8. Govt. 2nd Liberty Loan Bonds $50,000 Reading Ry. Co. Jers. Cent. Coll. Tr. Bonds $30,000 Nor. Pac. Gt. Nor. C. B. & Q. Coll. Bonds $10,000 New York City 4% Stock O00 tay casei tena ore $312,424.18
Investment of Darius O. Mills Fund $50,000 Penn. Ry. Co. Genl. Mtge. Bonds. ............-. 0.000004 $ 50,500.00
(397 )
Investment of Science Education hs $10,000 N. Y. Cent. Ry. Equ $10,000 Balto. & Ohio Rid. "Guat Mtge. Bonds $5,000 C. B. & Q. Joint 4’s $23,000 U. 8. Govt. Victory Bonds . $ 46,595.18
Investment of Henry Iden Fund $11,000 Milw. Sparta & N. W. 1st Mtge. Bonds................. 10,120.00
Investment of Addison Brown Fund 22,000 Nor. Pac. Ry. Prior Lien
Bonds... ap ees eee ee orn 20,680.00
Investment of John Innes Kane Fund £10,000 U. S. Govt. Victory Bonds . 9,626.50
Investment of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund
$15,000 Nor. Pac. Ry. Prior Lien
Bonds $10,000 U. 8. Govt. 3rd Liberty Loan Bonds.................. 23,378.75
Investment of Russell Sage and Mar- garet Olivia Sage Memorial Fund, as per details under Disbursements............... 447,966.87
Profit and Loss Account.............. 1,322.77
Income Accounts Income of Jesup Fund............. Income of Stokes Fund............ Income of Students’ Research Fund. Income of John Innes Kane Fund .. Income of Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund...............
181.78 254.24 702.25 516.99
70.67
(398 )
Income of Lydig Fund.. Sates 4,543.70 Income of Addison Bean Fund. 175.81 Income of Russell Sage and Mar-
garet Olivia Sage Memorial
Pun GS ica dn cog sane 16,237.68 General Income.................. 29,644.49 Temporary Funds Grounds Improvement Fund....... $ 58.98 Louisa Combe Bequest and accrued INTETESE.A diotons aces ta ee does 5,385.60 Mary J. Kingsland Bequest........ 3,699.20 Special Book Fund................ 519.58 Special Development Fund......... 6,260.79 Plant Pund | ccucne tive suede. 492.04 Exploration Fund................. 19.96 Museum and Herbarium Fund..... 8.62 Convalescent Soldiers Gardening MN aces He Geta eestor tetas 1,736.37 Reserve Fund.................... 12,020.32 Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund..... 187.37 Income of temporary investments .. 300.11 Director-in-Chief, working fund....... 40,000.00
Cash on deposit, December
31, 1920 With - P. Morgan &
Company outta ets 7.528.31 46,445.17 1,071,868.79 1,071,868.79
(399)
TREASURER’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1920 Room 318, Granp CENTRAL TERMINAL New York, May 19, 1921 Mr. Rosert W. ve Forest, Chairman Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden, 30 Broad Street, New York, N. Y. Dear Sir:
This is to certify that I have, by direction of the Board of Managers, examined the books and accounts of the Treasurer of the New York Botanical Garden, for the year nineteen hundred and twenty (1920), together with their proper vouchers, and that I find the balance sheet and the Treasurer’s statement of receipts and disbursements attached hereto to be correct.
The various investment securities have also been verified and accounted for, and I certify that the statement of the same re- ported in the balance sheet as of December 31, 1920, is correct.
Respectfully submitted, A. W. Stone, Special Auditor.
GENERAL INDEX
Access, Means of 89
Accessions 36, 234, 327
Accountant. she of Expenditures 58, 274, 360 Addisonia 28, 44, 266, 3
Annual Members 67, — 372
Appended Reports 24, 229, 321
Arboretum, Deciduous 5, 31, 156, 253, 339 Assistance, a and 38, 236, 329
ea Direct ee $245.922
Fir Repor ee on oes 86, 87, 305, 306, 367, 399 Auxiliary, Women’s 78, 297, 386
Barnhart, J.H. Reports of Bibliographer 43, 265, 353 punctictors 64, 281, 369 Bequest, Bridgham 214, 310 ‘ombe 4, 315
Kingsland 214, 315
Sage 4, 214, 315
Wolff 4 Beverages 10 eee et Reports 43, 265, 353 Bonds, Liberty 21
Victory 227 Border Screens 13, 209 Boundary Fences and Entrances 31
Boynton, K. R. Reports of Supervisor of Gardening Instruction 246, 336
Bridges 209 Bridgham, Mrs. Fanny. Bequest 214, 3 Britton, E.G. Reports of Honorary ae of Mosses 55. 271, 357 Britton, N. L. aie of Secretary and Director-in- Chicka T4:2135. 307 Bronx River, Gorge of 2 Buildings 20, 49, 91, a bee 313, 350
and Collections, Guide to the Grounds, 89
and Grounds, Superintendent of. Reports 47, 262, 34 Bulletin 27, 232, 325
io)
Chairman of the Scientific Directors. Reports 63, 280, 368 Charcoal 110
Cherry Collection, Japanese 148
Chocolate 103
Chrysanthemum Collection 257, 342
( 400 )
( 401 )
Civilians ] ia Gardening, Instruction of 221 Collecting Collection, Canes 257, 342
Dahlia 10, 33, 257, 342
Gladiolus 336
Japanese Cher 198
) Collections, | ee mic. Reports of Honorary Curator of the 51, 269, 356 uide to the Grounds, Buildings an Miscellaneous 32, 256, 34 Combe, Louisa. Bequest 4, 315 agiaaas on Patrons, Fellows and Members. Reports 64, 281, 369 Condiments 99 a Il, ae - 140, 254, 339 Constituents, Plant Contributions 28, 23 25 to Emergency Fund 57, 218, 220, 222, 224 to Special Development Fund 318 Convalescent Soldiers in pose Gardening, Instruction of 220 Corbett, A. J. Reports of Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds 47, 262, 348 Cork and its Products 9 Curator of Fossil Plants, Honorary. Reports 54, 272, 358 of Mosses, Honorary. Reports 55, 271, 357 of the Economic Collections, Honorary. Reports 51, 269, 356 of the Museums and Herbarium, Head. Reports 35, 234, 327 of the Plantations, Report 338
Dahlia Collection 10, 33, 203, 257, 342 Deciduous Arboretum 5, 31, 156, 253, 339 Woodlands 207 Decorative Woody Plants 197 Deering, Charles. Assistance 18, oe 312, 332 Dendrology, North American Descriptive ‘Guide to the Cae Buildings and Collections 89 Design, Plants used in 245 Development Fund, Special 318 Director, Assistant. Reports 24, -in-Chief, Secretary and. Reports 1, 213, 307 of the Laboratories. Reports 45, 259, 3 Docentry 28, 211, 244, 334
Drainage 48, 209, 262 Grading a . 315, 348 Drugs 108
Dye Stuffs 98
Economic Collections, Honorary Curator of the. Reports 51, 269, 356 Garden 194
( 402 )
Museum 13, 36, 51, 95, 217, 234, 269, 310, 327, 356 Emergency Fund, Contributions to 57, 218, 220, 222, 224 Entrances 208
Boundary Fences and 314 Besenial Oils I9I
t, The Plant — 120 Exhibits Floral 2 Expenditures, Schedales a 58, 274, 360 aaa Greenhouses, Propagating and 12 ounds, Nurseries an Exploration 17, 222, 311
Fats 100
Features, Natural 12, 93, 229, 317 Fellows for Life, 65, 282, 370 Fellowship Members 67, 284, 372 Fences and Entrances, Boundary 314 Fibers 9
First Assistant Report 230
Flora, North American 27, 44, 265, 353 Floral Exhibitions 245, 333 lower Gardens 10, 200 Fodder Plants 105 oods, Human 106 Fossil Botany, Museum of. See Paleobotanical Museum Plants, Honorary Curator of. Reports 54, 272, 358 Fruticetum ae 166, 253, 338
Fumitor
cout Development 318
Garden, Economic 194 Tris e 2 Lilac Pees and ade
ee 178
Rose 8, 33, 199, 256, 342
School 9 Gardening, Instruction in 220, 221, 336 Gardening Instruction, Supervisor of. Reports 245, 336 Gardens, Flower 10, 200
Herbaceous 4, 30, 178, 253, 338
Horticultural 8, 33, 20%, 256, 342
rater, 6, 204
(403 ) General Horticultural Operations 33, 258, 343
an 9I Gladiolus Collection 336 Gleason, H. A. Report of Assistant Director 322 eport of First Assistant 230 Gorge of the Bronx River 205 Grading and pee 315, 348 Regulating and 47, 262 Groesbeck, S. ee Schedules of Expenditures 58, 274, 360 Grounds 50, 265 ered and Collections, Guide _ the 89 Superintendent of Buildings and. orts 47, 262, 348 Guide to the Grounds, Buildings and tie ions 8
Harlow, S. H. Reports of Librarian 41, 267, 354 Harper, R. A. Reports of Chairman of the Scientific Directors 63, 280, 368 Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium. Reports 35, 234, 327 Gardener. Reports 30, 253, 33 Hemlock Forest 204 Herbaceous Gardens 4, 30, 178, 253, 338 Herbarium 15, 32, 37, 125, 235, 255, 328 Curator of the Museums and. Reports 35, 234, 327 Hollick, Arthur. Reports of Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants $4, 272, 358 Honorary Curator of Fossil nts. se 54, 272, 35 one of Mosses. Reports 55, 271, Curator of the Economic nae ons. Repo 51, 269, 356 Members of Women’s Auxiliary 78, 2 6 Horticultural Gardens 8, 33, 201, 256, a Operations, General 33, 258, 343 Plantations 9 Howe, M. A. teas and Assistance 39, 237, 330 Human Foods 106
oO
Insecticides 109 Instruction and Information, Public 16, 219, 312 of Civilians in Practical Gardening 221 of Convalescent Soldiers i in Practical Gardening 220 ..
Investigations and Assistance 38, 236, 329 Tris Garden 7, 204
Japanese Cherry Collection 198 Journal 27, 232, 325
Kingsland, Mary J. Bequest 214, 315
Labeling 32, 255 aboratories 126
( 404 )
Director of the. Reports 45, 259, 344 Lantern Slides 15, 218 Lectures 25, fee 240, 333, 334 nds
Librarian. ve se oe 354 Library 15, 125, 218, 3 Life Members 6s, pe ae Lilac Garden 200 and Peony Gar List of Serer Additions and Corrections to 43, 268, 355 Local Flor Location te Mansion 148 Garden 9 oo 102 Meetings 2 Members, een 67, 284, 372 Fellowship 67, 284, 372 Life 65, 282, 370 Sustaining 67, 284, 372 Women’s oe 78, 297, 386 Merrill, J. L. Reports of oe 79, 298, 387 Microscope Exhibit 117 Miscellaneous Collections 32, 256, 341 ecimens 110 Morphological Garden 178 Mosses, Honorary Curator of. Reports 55, 271, 357 Murrill, W. A. Personal Peete ae 30, 245, 336 Report of Assistant Director 24 Reports of Supervisor of Public Instruction 240, 33 Museum, Economic 13, 36, 51, 95, 217, 234, 269, 310, 327, 356 of Fossil Botany. See Paleobotanical Paleobotanical 14, 36, 54, 120, 217, ve 272, 328, 358 Systematic 14, 37, III, 217, 23 oe Museums 13, 36, 94-124, 217, ee Museums and Herbarium, Head ce A! the. Reports 35, 234, 327 Mycologia 27, 232, 325
Nash, G. V. Reports of Head Gardener 30, 253, 338 Investigations and Lectures 35, 259, 344 Natural Features 12, 93, 229 Nature Stud Negatives, Photographic 15, 218 orth American Dendrology 110 American Flora 27, 44, 266, 353 Meadows 206
(405 )
Nurseries and Experimental Grounds 10 Propagating Houses and 31, 255, 340
Oils, Fixed 100 Volatile or Essential 101
Paleobotanical Museum 14, 36, 54, 120, 217, 235, 272, 328, 358 er 96
Paths, Roads and 18, 49, 223, 263, 315, 350 Patrons 64, 281 1,F
Pennell, F. W. Investigations and Assistance 40, 238, 331 Peony Garden, Lilac and 8 Perfumer,
y 102 Periodicals, List of. Additions and Corrections to 43, 268, 355
Pergolas 210 Suen Exhibit, The Plant 120 Photographic Negatives - 218 Pinetum 6, 31, 149, 253, 3 Plantations, Curator of ioe Report 338 orticultural 92
Systematic 30, 91, 253, 338 Plant Constituents 103
Photo h Exhibit 120 Plants ce Planting 4, 214, 309
Decorative Woody 197
105
din Design 2 Poisonous Plants of a vicinity of New York 109 ower Houses 148 Practical Gardening, Instruction in 220, 221, 336 Propagating and Experimental ras 12 ouses and Nurseries 31, 255, 3 Proximate Principles 103 Public Instruction and Information 16, 219, 312 Ins struction, Supervisor of. Reports 240, 333
North American Flora 4, 27, 44, 214, 266, 309, 353 Purposes 90 Recording 32, 255 Red Pine Plantation 7, 33
( 406 )
Regulating and Grading 47, 262 Report of First Assistant 230 Reports Appended 24, 229, 321 Assistant Director 24, 322 Bibliographer 43, 265, 353 n of the Scientific Directors 63, 280, 368 Committee on Patrons, Fellows and Member 64, 281, 369 Director of the Laboratories 45, 25 Head Curator of the Museums ae Herbarium 35, 234, 327 Head Gardener 30, 253, 338 Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections 51, 269, 356 Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants 54, 272, 358 Honorary Curator of Mosses 55, 271, 357 Librarian 41, 267, 354 Secretary and Director-in-Chief 1, Special Auditor 86, 87, 305, 306, 3 Superintendent of Buildings and es 47, 262, 348 Supervisor of Gardening Instruction 246, 336 Supervisor of Public Instruction 240, 333 Treasurer 79, 298, 387 Resins, Varnish 9 iscellaneous ea River Woods 2 Roads and ae 18, a 208, 223, 263, 315, 350 Rose Garden 8, 33, 19 ate Rubber and Allied Prine 97
Rules 211 Rusby, H. H. Reports of Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections 51, 269,
35 Rydberg, P. A. Investigations and Assistance 38, 236, 329
Sage, Mrs. Russell. Bequest 4, 214, 315 Salicetum 5, 31, 166, 253, 339 Schedules of aon 58, 274, 360 Scholars, List o Special a Students and 47, 262 School Garden 9 Scientific Directors, Chairman of the. Reports 63, 280, 368 Screens, Border 13, 209 Seaver, F. J. Investigations and Assistance 39, 237, 330 Shade Trees 209 Shelters Shrubs, Collection of 166 Slides, Lanter Small, J k. on Investigations 40, 239, 332 Reports of Ilead Curator of the Museums and Herbarium 35, 234, 327
(407)
Soap and Soap Substitutes 100 Soldiers in Practical Gardening, Instruction of Convalescent 220 Special Auditor. Reports 86, 305, 306, 367, 399 Development Fund 31 Investigators, Students and Scholars 47, 262 Specimens, Miscellaneous 110
Pices 99 Starches 104 Stone, A. W. Reports of Special Auditor 86, ee 306, 367, 399 Stout, A. B rsonal Investigations
.B. P 45, 259, 3 Reports of Director of the Laboratories 45, . 344 Students, List of 47, 250, 252, 262, 348
and Scholars, Special ee 47, 262 Sugars 104 Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds. Reports 47, 262, 348 Supervisor of Gardening Instruction. Reports 246, 336
of Public Instruction. Reports 240, 333
iol
nin: Synoptic Collection 111 Systematic Museum 14, 37, III, 217, 235, 328 Plantations 30, 91, 253, 338
Tanning Materials 98
Tulip Collection 342
Tulips, Collection of Late 257 Treasurer. Reports 79, 298, 387
Varnish Resins .
Victory Bonds 2
Viticetum 6, ae e 254, 339 Volatile Oils
Water Gardens 6, 204 Supply 20, 209, 226, 317, 349
Waxes 99
White Pine Plantation 7
Wilson, Percy. Investigations and Assistance 39, 238, 331 , Emil. Bequest 4
Women’s Auxiliary 78, 297, 386
Woodlands, Deciduous 20
Woods and Wood Products 110
Woody Plants, Decorative 197
Abies 149, 156, 202, 258
ster 44 Aulacaspis 25 Baccharis 178 Bambos 128
Bicuculla 184 Bihat 136 Billbergia 144 Blechnum 148 Boehmeria 12 Botrychium 119 Bougainvillaea 138 47
ryum 357 Buddleia 176 Buxus 187
eons ie
GENERIC INDEX
‘astanea 160 atalpa 166
cast ‘ymophyllus 180 ‘ynoxylon 166, 175 yperus I 35 ‘ypripedium 44
Dahlia 10
osera 147 Dryopteris 145
Echeveria 44
(409 )
ieee) 133, 134 Kneiffia 233, 239 Echinocereus 134 Koclewena 165 Echinopsts ovr, Encalypta 28, 56 Lactuca 192 Encephalartos 147 Lagerstroemia 142 Ephemerum 55 rix Epidendrum 143 Leitnerta 168 Epiphyllum 133 emna 180 LEquisetum 116 Lepidodendron 122 Eschscholtzia 45 Leptobryum 1 E I Leptocereus 133 Eugenia 142 Liagora 330 Euonymus 173 Lilium 181, 260, 345 Linum 45, 187 agus 1 Liquidambar 162 Ficus 130, 14 Lycaste 143 Forestiera 176 Lycopodium 116 Forsythia 176 Lyihrum 45, ce 262, 347 Fragaria 186 Fraxinus 166 Maackia 163 Frullania 118 M Funaria 116 Macrozamia 147 Furcraea 137 Malus 162 oleae 134 Galazaura 28 Mara Galium 191 M ieee s Gasteria 131 Masdevallia Gelsemium 138 Mesem ie te 131, 183 Ginkgo 156 Microcycas 146 Gleditsia 16 Maes 12 Glossopteris 122 Monstera 130 Gossypium 95 Muehlenbeckia 129 Grewia 174 usa t Guzmania 144 Myrtus 142 Harrisia ee 239 332 Narcissus 45 oad Ge News 138 Helxi Nepenthes 145 He meroclls 45, 260 Nephrolepis 145 eved 9 wIUsia I Hanus 34, 46, 174, 261 Nicotiana 45 Hicoria Nopalea 134, 140 Hohenbergia 144 Nyctocereus 133 owea I Hyd: eles 190 anne ereus Odontoglossum 143 Hymenocal ee. 332, 347 Ocnothera 188 ee 174 Olea 142 Hypox He: Oncidium 1 Opulaster 171 Llex 5, 198 Opuntia 44, 133, 134, 140, 188, 332 Tis 204 Lsoetes 116 Pachycereus 133 Pachyphytum 131 Juglan Paeonia . nee an 155 Pandanus 138 Paphiopedium 143, 144, 146 Kalanchoe 131 Paulow Kentia 138 Pauro
7332 Kerria 171 Sanaa 260
Pentstemon 176
a 129 Pinus 7, 33, 142, 152, 156 per 128
ophoen Prewdarege he I Te 203 Psilotum 146
Pteris 145 Pyrostegia 139
Quercus 96, 159
Rese Babecerpen 122
mex 182 Ruscus 146
Sabal 138 Saccharum 105, 135
(410)
agittaria 179 ‘alix 166
tb Lal an VAN
Xanthoceras 173 Aanthorrhiza 169 Xylophylla 129 Yucca 132
Zamia 146, 147, 332 Zantedeschia 135
Zelkova ee Zingiber 136
ou. MAY £8 19,No- 87
BULLETIN
OF
‘THE NEW YORK
BOTANICAL GARDEN
[ISSUED MAy 12, 1919]
CONTENTS REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND D1REcTOR-IN-CHIEF FOR THE LEAR 1918 Report of the Assistant Director Report of the Head Gardener Report of the Head Curator of the Museums and Her- barium Report of the Librarian Report of the Bibliographer . Report of the Director of the Laboratories Report of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds Report of the Honorary Curator of the Economic Col- lections . Report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses . ; : Subscriptions to the Emergency Fund, 1918 SCHEDULE OF Expenpirures Durinc THE Year 1918
ReEporT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ScientTIFIC DIREcTORS FOR THE YEAR 1918
REPORT OF THE ComMITTEE ON Patrons, FELLows, AND NIEMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1918
Report oF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1918
REpoRT OF THE SpeciaL AUDITOR
PUBLICATIONS
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, ee ean
ing notes, news, and non-technical articles of Camis interest. Free all members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents ee $1.00 a year. ‘TNot offered in exchange.] Now in its twentieth volum
cologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, including lichens; area technical articles and new: and otes of general interest, and an ex to current American myco ological literature. $3.00 4 year; single ere not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its
eleventh v ea
Addi a, quarter! ly, devoted oo to colored plates anaes by popular eeteee of flowering plants plates in each number, forty in each volume. Subscription price, $1 0.00 ner ar. [Not offered in fel Now in its fourth volum
Bulletin of the New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports
of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles
embodying the results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members of the Garden; to other: 8, $3.00 per volume. Now in its tenth nae
No ai
olu y. . £E ch volu: £ fa
Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of pears span will ie sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchan nge. 1, 1910. Nectriaceae—Fimetariaceae. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907; ane . 1912.
saat e(gs) (Part 1 no longer sold rege Ea complete), parts 1 an 907; t 3, 1910; part 4, 1915; 1916, Pelppo ee eee (pars). (Parts 1 and 2
)
part 6, 7 no oe sold separately. Vol. 10, part 1, 1914; parts 2 and 3, 1917. Agaricaceae (pars). Vol. 15, parts 1 and 2, 1913. Sphagnaceae—Leucobryaceae. 6
rs). Vol. 17, part 1, 19093 part 2, 1912; part 3, 1915. Ty iiaeacasPeaeels
Vol. 21, part 1, 1916; part 2, 1917; part 3, 1918. Chenopodiaceae—Allio- niaceae. Vol. 22, parts 1 and 2, ee parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913; part 6, 1918. Podostemonaceae—Rosace Vol. 25, part 1, 1907; me , 1910; part3,1911. Geraniaceae—Burseraceae. Vol. 29, part 1, 1914. Clethraceae—Ericaceae. Vol. 32, part 1, 1918. Rubiaceae (pars). Vol. 34, part 1,1914; part 2,19153 A 3, 1916. oo ieneaamae eit Memoirs of the New York reed Garden. Price to members of the Garden, $1.50 per volume. To others, $3.00. [Not offered i in exchange.] ol, An Annotated Catalogs ot the Flora of Montana and os na stone Park, by ae Axel Rydberg. 492 pp., with detailed map. Vol. ae Be Light a nd Darkness upon Grow se os oe tee mes a D. gal. xvi-+ 320 pp., with oe figures. Vol. I cae ae Cee Corer ee Remains (oi Ke rei ischerville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii-+- 138 pp., with 29 plates
09. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on oe by Charles Stuart Gager. viii+ 278 pp., with 73 figures and 14 Lg
ol. V. Flora — the Vicinity of New tA ‘Contribution to Plant aaa by Norm aylor, vi 3 Pp., op plates.
. VI. Papers eed at the Celebration of the Twentieth Anniver- sary oe ae ee ee Botanical Garden. viili-+ 592 pp., with 43 plates and many text fi Contelbutions: fron the New York pelea area A series of tech-
nical papers written by students or members staff, and reprinted from area other than the above. Price, 25 ane aes $5.00 per volume. In the ninth volume.
NEW YORK a ag GARDEN, x Park, New Yorx "crty
OFFICERS 1919 y PRESIDENT—W. GILMAN THOM ANDREW CARNEGIE Vice-Presivents { FRANCIS LYNE STETSON TrexSuRER—~JOHN L.M . ASSISTANT TREASU oe ed DE LA MONTAGNE f Secretary--N. L, BRITTON
1. ELECTED MANAGERS Term expires eae
-EDWARD D, ADAMS NIEL “GUGGEN HEIM ROBERT W. ve FOREST torn L. MERRILL HENRY W. ve FOREST J. P. MORGAN
Term expires January, 1 N. L. BRITTON LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS ANDREW CARNEGIE FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON
Term expires January, 1 MURRY GUGGENHEIM GEOR ee W. NS ADOLPH LEWISOHN FRANCIS ao: Peon
MYLES TIERNEY
2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Tue Mayor oF THE City or New Yorke HON. JOHN F. HYLAN THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PusBLic Parks HON. FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN
a esp are DIRECTORS
ROF. R. RPER, Chairman PROF. CHAS. P. BERKEY oo FREDERIC S. LEE EUGENE P. BICKNELL ROF. HERBERT M. ee DR, NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF HENRY H. RUSB PROF. WILLIAM J. GIE ON. "ARTHUR Ss. ours
GARDEN STAFF DR. N. - oe Director-in-Chief (Development, Administration) GLEASON, cies Assistant (Administration DR. JOHN K SMALL Hee ee of the Museums (Flowe’ bina Plants) A. MURR ee of Public Instructio
cY f DR. FRANCIS W. PENNELL, Asso cite Curator ORGE V. N , Head Garden DR. A. B. STOUT, Director of the Lab DR. JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, Bibliogropher Ris RLOW, Librar rian R. H. 1. ee Curator of the Economic iets TTO Kai of M
ART R J. CORB T, Superintendent of B ort idinos ad Grounds HENRY ic PARSONS, cnn isor of Gardening Instruction (on igs for Government ies ce)
biviaay
Gin ef tne Presideng
VOL. 10 No. 38
BULLETIN
or
THE NEW YORK
BOTANICAL GARDEN
(ISSUED JUNE 24, 1920]
CONTENTS:
DESCRIPTIVE GUIDE TO THE GROUNDS, BUILDINGS,
AND COLLECTIONS. : ; ; . 89-212
PUBLICATIONS
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, a eaiaanes Henan: notes, pie ae non-technical articles of general interest. Fre mem ber: of the Gar To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. (Noe eee in ex- change.] caer in its twenty-first volume. yeologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, including pea containing technical articles and news and notes Ms eee interest, and an index to current American mycological literature. $4. ear: single he re sale. {Not offered in exchange.] Now in its ae volume. Addisonia, quarter] y, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompani
popular descrip ions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thi aos in each volum Aes scription price, $10.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its fifth volume.
New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em-
i al
bodying results of ee carried out in the G Free to all member of the Garden; to others, $3.00 p Now in its tenth vol North American ner eagllrtaeal of the wild plants of No rth America, including Greenland, the West 7 aa and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes. Roy. "Ea h volume to consist of f or more ubscription price, ee art; limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2 ach. [Not offered in exchange ol. 3, part 1, Nectriaceae— aceay
Vol. 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3, 1912. Ustilaginaceae—Aecidiaceae (pars). (Parts 1 and 2 no longer sold separately.) ol. 9 (now complete), parts ae pay Poly poraceae—Agaricaceae I $24
3. Vol. 17, part I, 1909; part 2, 1912; part 3, 1915. yphaceae—Poaceae (pars). Vol. 21, part 1, 1916; part 2, 1917; part 3, 1918. Chenopodiaceae—Allio-
2, parts I and z, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913; part 6, 1918. ace
t I, 1919; part 2, 1920. Fabaceae (par Vol. 25, part I, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, IQII. Ci ees
Vol. 34, part I, 1914; part 2, 1915; part 3, 1916. Carduaceae—Anthemideae. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of the Garden,
i < ge. ol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of ntana and the Yellowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., with detaile d map. 1900. Vol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903. Vol. III. Studies of rea Coniferous ae from en New York, by A. ar an rey. viii + 138 with 29 plate: Vol. IV. Effects of ae Ray. 3 oe Radi um ie Plants i. Charles ae Cake viii + a PP.» ieee 73 figures and 14 plates. ol. V. Flora of the Vicini ie of New York: ‘4 Contribution to Plant Geography by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates. hes VI. Pa apers one at the Celebration of ie Twentieth panes & of e New bs Botanical Garden. viii + 592 pp., with 43 plates and many text faite o16.
Con a tions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and "reprinted from Laat other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. ee oo per volume. In the ninth volume.
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN nx Park, New York City
OFFICERS, 1920
Presipent—W. GILMAN THOMPSON
FRANCIS Bev oC Vick-PRESIDENTS { EDW ARD D TreasurER—JOHN L. MERR ASSISTANT qe eae oon LA MONTAGNE Secretary—N,. L. BRITTON
1. ELECTED MANAGERS Term expires ae
N. L. BRITTON WIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS HENRY W. ve FOREST poe R. NEWBOLD WwW. ‘J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON
Term expires settee PAUL D. CRAVAT EOR cE W. MURRY Sporn FRANCIS LYNDE SETSON ADOLPH LEWISOHN MYLES TIERN
Term expires January, 1923 EDWARD D. ADAMS JOHN L. came
: J. P. MORGA
DANIEL GUGGENHEIM F. K. nes
a. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THe Mayor oF THE City or New YoreE HON. JOHN F. HYLAN Tue PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF Ae Parks HON. FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN
es SCIENTIFIC aie ees ROF. R. A. HARPER, Chairm EUGENE P. BICKNE LL PROF. FREDERIC Ss. io DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER HON. gees S. PRA ; PROF ERT M. RICHARDS PROF. JAMES F. KEMP PROF. HENRY H. RUSBY
GARDEN STAFF DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief (Development, Administration) . A. GLEASON, Assistant Director (Administration DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the Tia (Flowering Plants) . W. A. MURRILL, Supervisor of Public Instruction
PERCY RA GEORGE v. ee Head Gardener and Curator “of Plantation . STOUT, Director of the Labor DR ok HENDLEY BARNHART, _Biblogrephe ARAH H. HARLOW, Libr.
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the Beanie Pia
ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary —— ator of M
DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Honorary Curator of Fossil Planis DR. WILLIAM J. GIES, Eibesiendd Chemist LLI Ms todi.
ineer WALTE ‘& an untant ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grow KENNETH R. BOYNTON, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction
VOL. 10
BULLETIN
Or
THE NEW YORK
BOTANICAL GARDEN
[ISSUED JUNE 80, 1920]
CONTENTS
ReEporT OF THE SECRETARY AND DrrectTor-IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR IQIQ. eee Report of the First Rican: hearse
Report of the Head Curator of ii “Museams and.
Report of the Supervisor of Public Taste tones
Report of the Supervisor of Gardening Instruction.
Report of the Head Gardener... 2. we ee
Report of the Director of the Laborsocies: Se tietbey
Report of the pei une of ee and Grounds
Report of the Bibliographer. .
Report of the Librarian... = ......
Report of the Honorary Curator 6 the eee
Collections... ac¢. ii eivdtebarieteiiet a bieds x
Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses.
Report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants. SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE YEAR IQIQ. REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ScrentTIFIC DireEcTors
FOR THE YEAR 1919... 1 cece ee eee ee ce eee REPORT OF THE Commies ON anna FELLOWS, AND
MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR IQIQ. .. oo... eee eee eee eee REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE Vea 1919 Report oF THE SpeciaL AuDITOR.
PUBLICATIONS
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, and psig: eeeenroes notes, news, and non-technical articles of general i Fre member: of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; thee a aan ince ane in ex-
i volume.
Mycologia, See beg tae in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, including ee containing technical articles and news and notes of general interest, and a ex to ee merican mycological literature. $4.00 a year: single copies nee fee sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its twelfth volume.
Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight ere in each number, eae in each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange.] Now
i olume.
New York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports
of the Director-in-Chief and other official documents, and technical articles em-
bodying results of investigations carried out in the Garden. Free to all members the Garden; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now i lume.
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Centra] America. Planned to be a ted in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. Each volume to consist of four or more
rea ee price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts 0 each. ange
ar : 7, part 1, 1906; part 2, 1907; part 3, 1912. Ustilagi Aecidiaceae
7. Vol. 15, parts I and 2, 1913. hagnaceae—Leucobryaceae. Cy
rs 3).
Vol. 17, part I, 1909; part 2, 1912; part 3, I9I5. ‘yphaceae—Poaceae (pars).
Vol. 21, part I, 1916; part 2, 1917; part 3, 1918. Chenopodiaceae—Allio- niaceae
Vol. 22, parts 1 and 2, 1905; parts 3 and 4, 1908; part 5, 1913; part 6, 1918. Podostemonaceae——Ro osaceae,
Vol. 24, part I, I919; part 2, 1920. aiagene (pars). vel 25, part 1, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, 1911. Geraniaceae—-Burseraceae. Vol. 29, part I, 1914. Clethraceae—Ericaceae. par:
Vol. 34, part i, 1914; part 2, 1915; part 3, 1916. Carduaceae—Anthemideae.. Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to ea of the Garden, rs, $ rm | a
Vol. I. n Park, by Per Axel'Rydberg. ix + 492 pp., x etailed map. ol. II. The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth nd Development, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi -+- 320 pp., with i gures. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Seria from Krefscherville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii + 138 pp., with 29 plat 190 __Vol. Vv. mane of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles sie Gager.
Fl an of is haere: of New Yor a Coaiiios to Plant Geography by Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 ates. I9QI5. : Papers eave, at the Celebration of the Twentieth seeped Ge 2 Ree York Botanical Garden. viii + 592 pp., with 43 plates and many t pete 1g16.
Contributions from the New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical ete Aadgre by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. In the ninth ae
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York City
OFFICERS, 1920
PRESIDENT-—-W. sary THOMPSO
NCIS oe STETSON Vick-PRESIDENTS oo WARD D. ADAMS TreaSuRER—-JOHN L. MERRILL ASSISTANT TREASURER—HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE Secretary—N,. L, BRITTON
1. ELECTED MANAGERS Term expires Geren Als
N. L. BRITTON EWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS HENRY W. pve FOREST FREDER RIC R. NEWBOLD W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON Term expires peed de PAUL D. CRA GE W. PE MURRY GUGGENHEIM FRA NCIS YYNDE STETSON ADOLPH LEWISOHN MYLES TIERNEY Term expires January, 1923 EDWARD D. ADAMS JOHN L. ca ROBERT W. vz FOREST J. P. MOR DANIEL GUGGENHEIM F. K. STURGIS
2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Tue Mayor or THE City or New Yorx HO HN F. HYLAN
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC PARES HON. FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN
= ee pea a R. A. HARPER, Chair aecaee P. BICK KNE PROF. FREDERIC = rai NICHOLA LAS MURRAY BUTLER ee ANNING S. PROF. WILLIAM J. ae F. HERBERT a ARICHARDS PROF. JAMES F. KEM PROF. HENRY H. RUSBY
GARDEN STAFF DR. a = Saye Director-in-Chief (Development, Administration) . GLEASON, Ass ae Director Gongs cane
DR. JOHN K SHALL Hie faa of t MURR Supervisor of Public Ins: RYDBERG Curator (Flowering Pl
AV ROBERT Ss. “WILLIA Administra PERCY WI LEON. Associate elem FRANCIS W. PEN eee Associate C: GEORGE. v. oe Head Gardener and Curator - Pisataiiews . STOUT, Dee of the Laboratories
RAH H. HARLOW, Librarian
R. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the ais raised ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Curator of M. DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Honorary Curat oe Fossil “Plaats
a ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintenden. Gro KENNETH R. BOYNTON, a caike ie is Gardening eee
VOL. 10 No. 40
BULLETIN
OF
THE NEW YORK
BOTANICAL GARDEN
ISSUED SEPTEMBER 10, 1921
CONTENTS
REPoRT OF THE SECRETARY AND DiRECTOR-IN-CHIEF FOR
THE? YEAR 1920) ice oon sayings woe eee eal ees 307 Report of the Assistant Director................045. 322 Report of the Head Curator of the Museums and
Perbartu ms. esas checker ate Ghee ae DR 327 Report of the Supervisor of Public Instruction....... 333 Report of the Supervisor of Gardening Instruction. ... 336
Report of the Head Gardener and Curator of Plantations 338
Report of the Director of the Laboratories........... 344 Report of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds 348 Report of the Bibliographer..............-......2.. 353 Report of the Librarian... 0.0.00... 000.0... c eee 354 Report of the Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections 3:04 4) asi ae re beep Bee eae ages 356 Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses.......... 357 Report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants..... 358 SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE YEAR 1920...... 360 REpoRT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ‘ScIENTIFIC Directors FOR THE YEAR 1920.......... 00.20 c eee eee ees 368 REporT OF THE CoMMITTEE on Patrons, FELLOws, AND MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1920.......... 000.00 369 REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR............. 387
PUBLICATIONS
The New York Botanical Garden
Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, monthly, illustrated, containing notes, news, and non-technical articles of general interest. Free to all members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a es $1.00 a year. [Not offered in ex-
ge. i volum
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in lee and otherwise; devoted to fungi, including lichens; containing technical articles and news and notes of general interest, and an index to current American mycological literature. $4.00 a Ao single copies not for sale. [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its twelfth volum
Addisonia, quarterly, devoted exclusively to colored plates crear a ied ~ popular descriptions of flow wering plants; ieee plates in each number, hingeiws in each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 a year. [Not offered in exchange.] Now
i lume.
w York Botanical Garden, containing the annual reports f the Director-in- rhe and other official documents, and technical Soa em- i Gar o al T
completed in 34 volumes. Roy. 8vo. ach volume to consist of four or more parts. Subser eae ee $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange.} c imetari
rs . Vol. 17, hel - 1909; part 2, 1912; part 3, I9I5. ‘yphaceae—-Poaceae (pars). Vol. 21, part 1916; part 2, 1917; part 3, 1918. Chenopodiaceae—Alllo- e
Vol. 24, part I, ee ae 2, 1920. Fabaceae (pars). Vol. 25, part 4, 1907; part 2, 1910; part 3, IOII. Geraniaceae—Burseraceae.
2 ae.
Vol. 32, part I, 1928; part 2, 1921. Rubiaceae (pars)
Vol. 34, part I, 1914; part 2, 1915; part 3, I91 a Cardu: aceae——Anthemideae Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. Price to oe of the Garden,
Vol. I. An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora o! thas aa the Yellowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydber. ix + 492 pp., with det: map. 19 Vol. II. The Influence “at Light oe Darkness upon ‘Cae th and Development,
y D. T. MacDougal. xvi + 320 pp., with 176 figures. 190 Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Cues Remains from Kerelachervile, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. viii - 138 pp., with 2
Vol. IV. Effects of the Pee of Radium oo by Chane: one Cun viii + 278 pp., with 73 fi and 14 p een 19 Vol. V. Flora of the Visiity of N ~ oe fe Conanuties to Plant Geography by Norman Taylor. vi pp., wit! IO15. Vol. VI. Papers peseties at ae Geisration of the Twentieth seers a . e New York Botanical Garden ii + 592 pp., with 43 plates and many t ae
Co: ntabedons from the New Yorg Botanical Garden. A series ur technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. ‘Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per volume. In te ninth volume.
NEW YORK grees GARDEN nx Park, New York City
OFFICERS, 1921 Passivent—W. GILMAN THOMPSON WAR AD Vice-Preswoents { HENRY W DéeFOREST
TREASURER—J : he ASSISTANT TREASURER—HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE SEcRETARY—N. L. BRITTON
1. ELECTED MANAGERS Term expires January, 1922
HENRY de FOREST BALDWIN MURRY Sea ame PAUL D. CRAVATH ADOLPH LEWISOHN WILLIAM BOYCE THOMPSON
Term expires January, 1923
EDWARD D. ADAMS JOHN L. MERRILL ROBERT W. de FOREST I. P. MORGAN DANIEL GUGGENHEIM . K. STURGIS Term expires January, 1924 N. L. BRITTON LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS HENRY W. de FOREST FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD W. J. MATHESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON
2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS THE Mayor OF THE a oF New <oe HON. ee tea THE PRESIDENT OF T T OF Huai Parks HON. FRANCIS DAWSON GALLATIN
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS PROF. R. A. HARPER, Chairm
EUGENE P. BICKNELL PROF. FREDERIC S$. LEE
DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLERHON. ANNING §
PROF, WILLIAM RBERT M. RICHARDS PROF. JAMES F. KEMP PROF. HENRY H. RUSBY
GARDEN STAFF
DR. N. L. BRITTON, Director-in-Chief Sraeh ta ete Administration) .H. A. GLEASON, Assistant Director (Administration DR. JOHN K. SMALL, Head Curator of the tien aan ring Plants) DR. W. A. RRIL i
(0) 5) a S DR. JOHN HENDLEY NHART, a da ae LOW. oe DR. H. H. RUSB Tee ae of th iar e Collections ELIZABETH G. A TTON, Honorary Curaioy of Mosses R.A HO 7
T ra ILLIAM J. GIES, Consulting Chemist COL. F. A. SCHILLING, Museum Custodian
ARTHUR * CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds KENNETH R. BOYNTON, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction i
{ith Wet Rann
A