4

coe

Bu vetin
OF

Tue New York BorantcaL GarDEN

VoLumME IX, 1915-1918

BULLETIN

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

VoLuME IX

WITH 24 PLATES

IQI5—-1918

PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN

AT 4: NorTH Qugen Strest, Lancaster, Pa
ay THe New Era Printing ComMPANY

PRESS OF
THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.

OFFICERS 1918

PRESIDENT—-W. GILMAN THOMPSON
DREW C

TREA:
ASSISTANT TREASURER—JOHN L. MERRILL
SEcrETARY—N, L. BRITTON

1. ELECTED MANAGERS
Term expires January, 1

MURRY GUGGENHEIM FRAN crs LYNDE STETSON
ADOLPH LEWISOHN MYLES TIERN
GEORGE W. PERKINS LOUIS C. TIsFANY

Term expires pore
EDWARD D. AMS _ nM "SCRYMSER
er WwW. - YOREST RY W. ve FOREST
J. P. MORGAN year GUGGENHEIM

Term expires January, 1

N. L. BRITTON LEWIS RUTHERFURD oo
Sree oe FREDERIC R. NEWB
W.J.M ESON W. GILMAN THOMPSON

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS

THE Mayor oF THE City or New YorrE
ON. JOHN F. HYLAN

THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLic PARKS
HON, WILLIAM F. GRELL
Pe SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
ROF. R. A. HARPER, Chairm

PROF. CHAS. P. BERKEY PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE

eee P. BICK ROF. aa M. rad
NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF. RY H.

PROF, WILLIAM J. GIES HON. ARTHUR Ss. SOMERS

GARDEN STAFF
DR. me = Beer Director-in-Chief (Development, Administration)
A. MURRILL, Assistant haa (Administration
DR. jonN he Laan Head ‘Curator of the Museums (Flower ~ Plants)
. RYDBERG, Curator sete wering Plan
DR. MARSHALL . HOWE Curator (Flowerless Plants)
DR. FRED J. SEAVER, eee r (Flowerless Plants)
ROBERT S. Say, eae Assistant

S to
DR. FRANCIS W. PENNELL, Ass SS. ree
arden

os NASH,
. STOUT, Director of th ia es
ar SOHN "HENDLEY BARNHART, Bibliographer
ARAH H. HARL W, Librori rian

DR. H. H. BUSEY , Honorary Curator of the Economic ee
ELIZABETH G. BRITTON, Honorary Cicer of M
DR. ARTHUR HOLLICK, Honorary Curator ae Fossil Plants
DR. WIL .G
COL. I

WALT ; ntant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and ee
HENRY G. PARSONS, Supervisor of Gardening Instrue

TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO. 82. MARCH 81, 1915

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND Drrecror-iN-CHIEF FOR
THE YEAR I914
Report of the Assistant Director
Report of the Head Gardener
Report of the Head Curator of the Museums and
Herbarium
Report of the Honey Catseer of ‘the Eesnemic Col-
lections Ss
Report of the Hoe Cie: of Mossed :
Report of the Honorary Curator of the Collection ee
Fossil Plants : F :
Report of the Director of the Laboreones
Report of the Bibliographer 2 Od
Report of the Librarian
Report of the Superintendent ef Buildin: ane Gironde
SCHEDULE OF ExpenpirurEs Durinc THE YEAR I914
REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON Patrons, FELLows, anp Mem-
BERS FOR THE YEAR I9I4.
REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR fon
REporT OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR

NO. 3838. MARCH 20, 1916

Report oF THE SecrEeTARY AND DirecTor-1n-CHIEF FOR

THE YEAR 1915

Report of the Assistant Diecior

Report of the Head Gardener

Report of the Head Curator of the Museums sae Hee
barium .

Report of the Moncey Gi: of ne Eonon: Col-
lections . = 3 ‘ :

Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses
Report of the Honorary Curator of the Callecdon a
Fossil Plants .
Report of the Director of the iAperGr es
Report of the Bibliographer
Report of the Librarian
Report of the Superintendent a Buildines and Grounds
SCHEDULE OF ExpENDITURES DURING THE YEAR IQI5
SupscriPTIONS TO GARDEN EXTENSION AND COMMEMORA-
TION FuND bel ee . . .
Report OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ScienTIFIC DiRECTORS .
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON Patrons, FELLOWS, AND
MEMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1915
REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR I915
REpoRT OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR

NO. 34. SEPTEMBER 21, 1916

Descriptive GuipE To THE Grounps, BurLpinGs, AND CoL-
LECTIONS

NO. 35. APRIL 10, 1917

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DirectTor-In-CHIEF FOR

THE YEAR 1916

Report of the Assistant Directo

Report of the Head Garden

Report of the Head Ce of the Museums a, Her-
barium .

Report of the hoe Curator of ‘ae Eeonomic Ca
lections

Report of the Honorary Com of iNTGstes

: 33
Report of the Honorary Curator of the Chew on of

Fossil Plants
Report of the Director of ie [eee eres
Report of the Bibliographer
Report of the Librarian
Report of the Superintendent Ri aera dnd Grounds
SCHEDULE OF Expenpirures DurinG THE YEAR 1916

vill

179

SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE RosE GaRDEN AND GarpEN Exten-
sion Funp ‘ ‘ ; F : :
REporT oF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
Report OF THE CoMMITTEE on Patrons, FELLOWS, AND
EMBERS FOR THE YEAR 1916
REpoRT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1916
REporT OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR

NO. 386. APRIL 8O, 1918

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND D1REcToR-IN-CHIEF FOR
THE YEAR IQI
Report of the Assistant Director
Report of the Head Gardener
Report of the Head Curator of the Museums ona Gen
barium . :
Report of the Tibeaaa i
Report of the Bibliographer .
Report of the Director of the be ers
Report of the Supervisor of Gardening Inctaicton
Report of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
Report of the Honorary Curator of the Economic Col-
lections
Report of the How Gieer of Fossil Plants
Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses
Subscriptions to the Emergency Fund, 1917
SCHEDULE OF ExpenpiTurEs DuRING THE YEAR I9I7
REPorT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SciENTIFIC Directors
R THE YEAR I9I7
REpoRT OF THE COMMITTEE ON Parrons, Peitows, AND
EMBERS FOR THE YEAR I9I7
Report OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1917
REPORT OF. THE SPECIAL AUDITOR
GENERAL INDEX
GENERIC INDEX

VOL. 9 No. 82

BULLETIN

OF

THE NEW YORK

BOTANICAL GARDEN

(ISSUED MARCH 381, 1915]

CONTENTS:
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF FOR THE
YEAR I914
Report of the Assistant Director
Report of the Head Gardener
Report of the Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium
Report of the Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses.
Report of the Honorary Curator of the Collection of Fossil
Plants
Report of the Director of the Laboratories
Report of the Bibliographer
Report of the Librarian
Report of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE YEAR IQI4
REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PaTRons, FELLOWS AND MEMBERS
FOR THE YEAR I914 :
REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1914

REPORT OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR

82

BULLETIN

OF

The New York Botanical Garden

Vol. 9 No. 32

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR-
IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR 1914

(Accepted and ordered printed, January 11, I9I5.)

To THE Boarp oF MANAGERS OF THE NEW YorRK

BoTANICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit herewith my report
as Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the year ending
January II, 1915.

The work of the institution has been satisfactorily con-
tinued during the year, together with considerable develop-
ment. New construction has included the completion of
additional paths in the pinetum and in the north meadows
and the partial construction of other paths in the north
meadows and near conservatory range 2 on the eastern
side of the grounds; areas of wet lands along The Bronx
River and elsewhere have been reclaimed by filling, and
considerable grading and drainage have been accomplished.
Additional plantations have been established and some of
the older plantations variously rearranged and modified.
The number of kinds of plants under cultivation has been
increased, these now aggregating 13,444; the labeling of
this great plant collection has been continued, over 4,700
display labels having been prepared for plants in the
grounds and in the public conservatories.

The museum and herbarium collections have been
materially increased by over 44,000 specimens, most of
which have been incorporated, but some remain in storage.

I

(2)

Over 900 bound volumes were added to the library, this
collection now aggregating 26,299 volumes. Additional
cases are now much needed for the preservation and
display of museum and herbarium specimens and for books,
and it is hoped that these may be obtained during the
coming year. Laboratory work with advanced students
and investigators from other educational institutions has
been continued over a wide range of subjects, including
further development of work in plant genetics. A new
departure in investigational work was made by cooperating
with the agricultural department of Columbia University.
Some investigational work was done in plant pathology,
and it is desirable that this increasingly important topic
should be further developed. commencement has been
made along lines of experimental horticulture, looking
forward to increased attention to this important subject.

Direct public educational work has been continued, by
33 public lectures delivered on Saturday afternoons from
April 4 to November 14, by lectures and demonstrations
to schools, and by the system of guidance of parties to
various portions of the grounds, buildings, and collections;
a great deal of information has been given out in this way.
An increasing amount of information has been supplied by
correspondence.

Exploration work has been continued in regions botanic-
ally little known and material additions to scientific
knowledge have resulted. Exhibitions of plants and
flowers, given in cooperation with the Horticultural
Society of New York in May, June, and August, were
highly successful.

Publications of the year include Volume 15 of the Journal,
Volume 6 of Mycologia, 3 parts of North American Flora,
Bulletin No. 30, together with a portion of Bulletin No. 31,
issued in advance, and 12 numbers of Contributions;
Volume § of Memoirs, containing Mr. Norman Taylor’s
work on the local flora of the vicinity of New York, has
been completed for publication in January.

(3)

The hemlock forest and other natural features of the
grounds have been continually guarded. The increasing
number of visitors makes the care of areas maintained in
the wild condition more difficult, but up to the present
time no appreciable damage has been done to them; it is
desirable, however, that the patrolling of these areas
should be somewhat increased and that a large amount of
additional guard-rail along paths and trails should be
supplied; nearly 4,000 running feet of guard-rail were set
during the year to protect natural features and plantations.
As the number of visitors on Sundays and holidays during
the summer averaged about 30,000, these precautions were
necessary, and as a result the damage suffered was neg-
ligible; it appears, indeed, there is now little desire or in-
tention on the part of the public to damage either natural
or artificial features, which is a very great improvement
over the condition in previous years.

The permanent funds of the corporation have not been
materially increased during the year, but a bequest of
$25,000 is included in the will of the late Mrs. Maria
DeWitt Jesup, and another of $1,000 in the will of the late
Jacob Langeloth, which, when paid, will bring the per-
manent endowment to about $545,000; it is desired that
this endowment should be increased to at least $1,000,000,
in order to further expand the botanical and horticultural
work of the institution and to amplify the planting of its
grounds.

Grading and Drainage

In the northern part of the grounds, near the Woodlawn
Avenue entrance, where space has been provided for
several years for surplus material excavated by contractors
in the vicinity, over 2,000 yards of filling were deposited
by contractors, as directed, without expense to the Garden;
this area of about 2 acres has now been nearly sufficiently
filled to permit its final shaping and planting, after sufficient
top-soil has been obtained. In the north meadows east of
the Bronx River, marshy and wet grounds were further

(4)

reclaimed; there still remain a few areas in these meadows
where additional filling can be used. South of the boulder
bridge, a back-set of the river was filled, eliminating an
unsightly feature. At conservatory range 2, along the
Bronx Boulevard, a considerable area was regulated and
graded, and work on rock excavation is going forward
there during the winter. Some rock excavation was
accomplished in the rear of the museum building. All
the rock excavated is being used in the building of paths
and all the earth excavation was used in filling.

To obtain more satisfactory road drainage, the grass
gutters were lowered along several hundred feet of road
edge. The gradual wearing down of roads and the wash
of road detritus into the gutters makes the lowering of sod
borders necessary from time to time, but they are far more
attractive than stone or concrete gutters and thus worth
the trouble of caring for them. About 250 feet of drain-
pipe connecting with drains previously built were laid
during grading operations.

Roads and Paths

No new road construction was done during the year.
It has not been practicable to surface the unfinished road
in the arboretum, because the new Bronx Boulevard, into
which it opens, is not yet paved.

Considerable progress was made in the extension of the
path system, including the opening of a path through the
pinetum from the eastern end of the flower gardens
at conservatory range 1 leading toward the museum
building, and a loop of path at the south end of the north
meadows, east of the Bronx River and paralleling the river
for over 600 feet; preliminary work on paths about 430
feet long in the north meadows and on paths aggregating
about 1,100 feet in length near conservatory range 2
has been accomplished by grading, and the Telford rock
foundation for this is now being excavated.

The maintenance of roads has been accomplished by

(5)

the Park Department, as contemplated by the Garden
Charter, but the maintenance of paths has been effected
by Garden labor.

All bridges carrying roads and paths are in good order
and have required no special attention during the year.

Guard-rails were set along paths in various parts of the
grounds, as already mentioned, and guard-rails previously
set have been painted.

Water Supply

Water pipes, wherever laid throughout the reservation,
have required little attention, no leaks having become
apparent. Evidence of rusting and clogging in one of the
small pipes running south from the economic garden will
require its renewal for a length of three or four hundred
feet. There is still need for an additional water supply
system through parts of the flower gardens and on the
terrace at conservatory range I.

Buildings

With the exception of a hay barrack, located at the
nurseries, no new buildings have been constructed. Work
on the older buildings has been essentially in the nature of
ordinary repairs, but,-as the structures become older, an
increasing expenditure for repairs is evidently necessary
in order to ensure satisfactory maintenance. At the
museum building, the balustrade on the west side of the
approach was torn down and rebuilt, its foundation having
been weakened by settlement; a great deal of repair work
was necessary on the roof of this edifice, where a number
of leaks developed and some of the ceilings in rooms on
the upper floor were consequently damaged; this work
was in continuation of the repair of defects in the roof which
have giver trouble for several years. At power house 2,
the brickwork of a boiler was taken down and rebuilt and
the boiler reset. Replacement of steam pipes in the
greenhouses and in the trench from power house 1 to

(6)

the museum building has been necessary from time to
time. The walls of both public conservatory ranges have
been repointed, and all broken glass replaced, but, consider-
ing the great area of glass to be maintained, the expense
for new glass has been trivial. All necessary painting of
buildings has been accomplished; it is desirable that some
additional interior painting in the museum building be
done this year.

The report of the Superintendent of Buildings and
Grounds hereto appended gives details of maintenance and
construction.

Need of an Additional Wing to the Museum Building

The rapid and continuous increase of collections in the
museum building makes additional space for display and
storage of specimens and books very desirable, and more
library room is needed for the accommodation of students.
The Scientific Directors have considered this topic and on
October 10, 1914, adopted the following report of a com-
mittee, which was duly transmitted to the Board of
Managers:

The original plan of Mr. R. W. Gibson, Architect, for the
completed museum building contemplated the construction on
its north side of two wings, each about 100 feet long and four
stories in height, in the rear of the present structure, these to be
ultimately connected by a two-story pavilion, leaving an interior
court. Considerable grading has been accomplished from time
to time, looking forward to the construction of these wings, and
some still remains to be done near the northern corner of the
present edifice.

The collections forming the public museum, the herbarium
and the library have now reached such development as to make
one of these wings absolutely essential for their proper installa-
tion and preservation, and the constantly increasing number of
students and investigators using the laboratory equipment makes
additional laboratory space necessary. While either of the two
proposed wings would provide the additional space desired, the
western wing should be the first constructed, because that would

(7)

complete the side of the building facing the Mosholu Parkway
entrance and would be the more desirable of the two for labora-
tory development.

In a preliminary way, the uses of this wing may be outlined
as follows:

1. Basement Floor. Additional storage space and work-
rooms; a lecture room to seat about 150 auditors, to be used
for such lectures, meetings, special plant and flower exhibitions,
and other functions which are not adaptable to the great
size of the present lecture hall.

2. First Floor. Extension of the economic museum; a room
for the Board of Managers and for members of the Garden.

3. Second Floor. Extension of the systematic museum;
laboratory rooms for plant pathology and physiology.

4. Third Floor. Library, reading and stack rooms, her-
barium, laboratory and study rooms. It would be desirable
to expand the library into the laboratory room just east of
it and transfer the work accomplished in that room to the
additional wing. ‘The library and herbarium have reached
such proportions that space in the laboratories has had to be
given over to them.

The cost of this wing and its equipment with necessary cases
and furniture would be from $80,000 to $100,000.

Boundary Walls and Fences

No extension of boundary fences has been possible
during the year. The fence on the boundary line of Ford-
ham University, about 2,000 feet long, was completely
painted in the early part of the year, and the Bronx
Boulevard boundary fence on the eastern side of the
grounds, also about 2,000 feet long, has been painted this
winter. The boundary fence along the right of way of
the New York Central & Hudson River Railroad Company,
about 3,600 feet long, built some years ago by the Railroad
Company and to be maintained by them, is in good con-
dition. The northern boundary of the reservation, about
1,200 feet long, remains unfenced; the proposal of the City
to construct a high level viaduct to carry a boundary street
along this line has not yet been carried out.

(8)

Natural Features

Continuous attention has been given to the protection of
the natural woodlands against fire and vandalism by our
patrols, and this precaution, together with the guard-rails
along paths and trails, have prevented any appreciable
damage to natural features. The night patrol of the
grounds established last year has proved a valuable pre-
caution, a number of fires having been extinguished by the
night watchman before spreading, and disorder after dark
has been very much reduced. A considerable number of
dead trees have been cut down and this work is being con-
tinued during the winter, but the tree mortality of the
woodlands is not greater than in forests generally; the
damage effected by the hickory bark beetle and the
hemlock borer during the two previous years has been
very much reduced, although both insects are still in
evidence. Up to the present time there has been no
appreciable diminution of beauty of the hemlock forest
or of the valley of the Bronx River.

Plants and Planting

Additions have been made to all the collections of plants,
much out-of-door planting having been accomplished both
in the spring and in the autumn, largely by material from
the nurseries, which have thus been appreciably reduced.
In the spring, the flower gardens at conservatory range I
were increased by about 500 running feet of herbaceous
plants, backed by an equal length of low evergreens. The
total length of herbaceous plantations now under cultiva-
tion, including those about conservatory range 1 and
its path approaches and those along the west border and
in the valley of the herbaceous garden, aggregates consider-
ably over one mile. A noteworthy decorative feature was
added by the planting of low rhododendrons and other
plants of the heath family around the lower basin of the
fountain at the museum building, made possible by an
appropriation from the income of the John Innes Kane

(9)

Fund. The collections of spruces and firs north and west
of conservatory range I were considerably modified by
moving specimens of a number of species from exposed
situations in which they were not making satisfactory
growth, to protected spots near the west border screen of
trees, and these plants are doing better in their new loca-
tions. ‘The purchase of specimens for the new collections
was made possible by the following contributions to the
Plant Fund:

Daniel Guggenheim. .. 0.0.0. ete s BOO
James A. Scrymser.. 20... et teen ee nee 300
Edward 8. ANAS ie eek cis ae ee ses ede 250
Felix Ne Warburg: 3 ctu eidviniaoe telesdnet geese chee ee YOO
Mrs. E. H. Harriman... 0... eee eee eee 100

The collections under glass have not been materially modi-
fied, thoug many additions have been made to the col-
eee in both public conservatory ranges, the collection
of cacti brought together in cooperation with the Carnegie
Institution of Washington having been materially aug-
mented; a large number of kinds of plants in the propagat-
ing houses has not yet been put on public display. For
details of the composition of the collections, reference is
made to the report of the Head Gardener herewith sub-
mitted.
Museums and Herbarium

The general arrangement of the museum and herbarium
collections remains as in previous years, but important
additions have been made to them in many groups. The
need for additional museum cases mentioned in my last
annual report still exists; funds for the construction of
only two additional cases were available during the year.
The specimens received during the year were mostly dis-
tributed into existing cases, but many thousand specimens
received in previous years remain in storage.

Details of the museum and herbarium work will be found
in the report of the Head Curator of the Museums and
Herbarium and in that of the Honorary Curator of the
Economic Collections hereto appended.

(10 )

Library
The satisfactory increase of the library during the year
was made possible by the following contributions to the
Special Book Fund:

James B. Ford... 2... cee cece ee eee reenter e eens $1,000
N. L. Britton. dot tht eles steas teh att ahaa eer ceea te ue 300
John D. Agehbeld.« orators tas Calan deh shat teats ante Pies naaayoteens 250
J. Pierpont Morgan. Ecc esi a GSE. aun See nme 250
HG. Prick. eed eed cua ga Ss Boas ee ee OE 250
Mortimer L. Schiff Slt RO ue xy tie un thre Ra aere shine teas acare ana eect ase 200
Oe tore a tae ee tao 200
Cleveland H. Dodge be Peek gate a eeteee ae etree ee ance ere 100
Lewis R. Mor Soe tcest foe ay matte tats Acne ce nas Mace teat, ere 100
Francis Lynde Stetion oo et aia nohieden aes ipy enews 100
Samuel P. Colt. Mat taveeh shai, fetter tee nate seca oes 100
Samuel Thorne. he cciesorce ee te etal « dean aeeta eae ee aap taasage 100
Myles Tierney 100
George F. Baker 100
M. F. Plan Perera ren RR eo eee ee ke eet 100
Arthur F. Estabrook. eferraar ace ogee acta hee A een ete 100
Thomas H. Hubbard xs, cc9 08 bea in gee be yee ts BA EE biele)
Edgar L. Marston:.cscteaydeustendven: tect ne igh ee eG beens 100
Henry W. de Forest. i icc gant sversanraa hs been e ey oe Meee s 50
Prederick Strauss sus nuieSinn dees gee ees weet ee ees 50

M. Warburg 50
Charles P. Rand ee eR creer eee tee ree ee 50
J. Montgomery: Hares na cies ecient a Fea ge eS 50
James: Douglas. .8.2 cei vet WG ae Sedo eee eee eG tae ed 25

The most noteworthy accession was the botanical library
of the late Professor Lucien M. Underwood, who was for
many years Chairman of the Saeneac Directors, which
was bought from his estate. The report of the Biblio-
grapher and that of the Librarian hereto appended contain
details of the accession of books and the use of this
collection.

Laboratories and Experimental Gardens
Facilities for research in the laboratories and in plant
genetics were supplied during the year to 20 students,
most of them from other institutions, and the subjects of
their investigations are indicated in the report of the
Director of the Laboratories herewith submitted. Five of

(ir)

these students were aided by grants from the income of
the Henry Iden Fund for resident research scholarships.
The fields of plant breeding and plant pathology offer such
attractive possibilities for important discoveries and gener-
alizations that effort should be made to provide all necessary
facility for the advancement of such investigations. Note-
worthy study in the breeding of Indian corn was carried
on by Professor Harper, and in the breeding of chicory,
rose mallows, and Coleus by Dr. Stout.

For the purpose of obtaining additional knowledge rela-
tive to plant breeding work in Europe, Dr. Stout visited
portions of Germany, Holland, and England during the
summer, and obtained most of the information desired,
although his trip was cut short by the outbreak of the
European war.

It is interesting to record that the Tropical Laboratory
at Cinchona, Jamaica, which was leased by the Garden
from the Jamaican Government for ten years, but taken
back by the Jamaica authorities at the termination of the
lease last year, is now to be maintained by the British
Association for the Advancement of Science.

Public Instruction

The public lectures delivered on Saturday afternoons
from early spring until winter had an average attendance
of 99 auditors. The titles of these lectures are recorded
in the report of the Assistant Director, to which reference
is also made for a record of publications issued and of
scientific meetings held. The Garden publications, as in
previous years, were aided by the income of the David
Lydig Fund, bequeathed by Charles P. Daly. At the
flower exhibitions given in cooperation with the Horti-
cultural Society of New York, prizes were awarded and
paid to competitors from the income of the William R.
Sands Fund. The system of guidance of visitors and of
parties from schools has been continued with satisfactory
results.

(12)

Exploration

The most important exploration trip accomplished was
that of Dr. and Mrs. J. N. Rose to Peru, Bolivia, and
Chile for the collection of cacti, in continuation of cooper-
ation with the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the
study of these plants. They visited the desert regions of
these countries and obtained living plants and museum and
herbarium specimens of most of the many kinds of cacti
which grow there, and these collections have all been
received at the Garden, for the most part in capital con-
dition, forming the most important addition to our cactus
collections ever made on a single expedition. The Garden’s
cooperation in this work was effected through an appro-
priation from the income of the Darius Ogden Mills Fund.
By the use of the income of the same fund, Dr. J. A. Shafer
explored the Porto Rico island Vieques in the spring and
the Naguabo mountain range of Porto Rico in the summer,
bringing back important collections; this work was in
cooperation with the New York Academy of Sciences, the
American Museum of Natural History, and the Insular
Government of Porto Rico; further cooperation in this
work was effected by Dr. and Mrs. Britton, accompanied
by Mr. John F. Cowell and Dr. Frank E. Lutz, who visited
Porto Rico and the islands of the Mona Passage in Febru-
ary and March. Dr. Marshall A. Howe visited parts of
Georgia and northern Florida in January for the collection
of cryptogams. In late May and early June, Dr. Britton
continued botanical studies in Bermuda, accompanied by
Mr. Stewardson Brown and Mr. Peter Bisset. In con-
nection with the investigation of the flora of the region
within 100 miles of New York City, prosecuted for several
years by Mr. Norman Taylor, considerable collecting was
done at various points by several members of the staff.

Preservation of Native Plants

By the aid of the Caroline and Olivia E. Phelps Stokes
Fund for the preservation of native plants, copies of the

(13)

colored illustrations of wild flowers needing protection
were framed and have been distributed to schools, colleges,
and museums, as suggested in my last annual report. These
attractive frames of reproduced paintings by Miss Mary E.
Eaton have been much admired and will doubtless be an
influence in the preservation of wild plants. In February,
all public schools and high schools in The Bronx were
invited to submit pupil compositions on the preservation
of our native plants, and this brought out a considerable
number of such compositions, which were denominated
“Stokes Prize Essays.” The best of them have been pub-
lished in the Garden Journal.

Investigations

Records of special studies by members of the staff and of
students working under their direction are mentioned in the
several reports hereto appended. Administrative and
curatorial work required most of the time of the staff, but,
collectively, considerable investigation has been accom-
plished.

The Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund

Dr. Charles Budd Robinson, formerly an assistant cur-
ator of the Garden, and subsequently an employee of the
Bureau of Science of the Government of the Philippine
Islands, was murdered by fanatics on the Dutch Island of
Amboina in December, 1913, while pursuing botanical
investigations looking toward a comparison of the floras
of the Dutch East Indies with those of the Philippine Archi-
pelago, this being the first case of a student trained at the
Garden losing his life while in the performance of his duty.
Pursuant to resolutions adopted by the Scientific Directors,
the Board of Managers at the meeting of April 16, 1914,
voted to accept a fund to be contributed by friends and
associates of Dr. Robinson, its income to be available, at
intervals, for aiding botanical exploration. Subscriptions
and contributions to this fund have now been received as
follows:

(14)

Officers and employees, Bureau of Science, Philippine ee . $174.30
Staff of the New York Botanical Garden and other American

botanists. . a weeeeeees 315.00
Relatives and aeional ens ee Dr: Robinson: bes inten 60.00
Residents of the Island of Amboina.........-..++-+e-+eeeees 95.24

$644.54

It is planned to ie a ae open for further contri-
butions.
The Addison Brown Fund
The will of Judge Addison Brown, who was for many
years President of the Garden, contains the following pro-
visions:

Out of the residue of my estate (excluding the property
referred to in the Eleventh Article), after satisfying the foregoing
bequests and charges, I give and bequeath as follows:

(3) To the New York Botanical Garden, I give two hundred
shares of the preferred stock of the United States Steel Corpora-
tion, to be known as the Addison Brown Fund, the income and
accumulations from which shall be applied to the founding and
publication, as soon as practicable, and to the maintenance
(aided by subscriptions therefor), of a high-class magazine bearing
my name, devoted exclusively to the illustration by colored
plates of the plants of the United States and its territorial
possessions, and of other plants flowering in said Garden or its
conservatories; with suitable descriptions in popular language,
& any desirable notes & synonomy, and a brief statement of the
known properties & uses of the plants illustrated. The Garden
Managers may, from time to time, change the investment of said
fund, as necessary, applying the income to said uses.

This bequest was duly received by the Garden and the
stock subsequently sold, realizing $20,766.50. The Sci-
entific Directors have been examining samples of reproduc-
tions of paintings of American plants, and the Board of
Managers have authorized the publication of a sample
number of the magazine.

Administration and Organization
At the annual meeting of the Corporation held January
12, 1914, amendments to the Constitution were adopted,

(15)

providing for the election of two vice-presidents instead of
one and for an increase in the number of elective managers
from five to six in each class.

At the meeting of the Board of Managers held June 17,
1914, a revision of the By-Laws was adopted.

In the Garden Journal for July, 1914, administrative
documents were printed, including the Act of Incorpora-
tion as amended by the Laws of 1914, the Constitution,
By-Laws, Regulations for the Office of Director-in-Chief,
Provisions for Contributing Membership, and Provisions of
the Charter of the City of New York for Maintenance of
the Garden, and these were subsequently reprinted in
pamphlet form.

he By-Laws include the following provisions for the
Women’s Auxiliary:

The Women’s Auxiliary shall consist of at least twelve mem-
bers. Additional members may be elected at any meeting of
the managers after nomination by the Auxiliary. This com-
mittee shall aid the managers in conducting receptions and other
public functions, in obtaining contributing members, and in
such other objects as may be referred to it by the Board of
Managers. Honorary members of the Women’s Auxiliary,
chosen from women who have rendered noteworthy service to
the Garden, may also be appointed by the managers after
nomination by the Auxiliary.

Fifteen women have been elected as members of the
Auxiliary, and have held several meetings; the Auxiliary
took charge of the spring inspection of grounds, buildings,
and collections on Thursday, May 7, 1914, at which time
about 300 members of the Garden and their friends visited
the grounds and buildings. Arrangements for a similar
autumn inspection were made, but were canceled on
account of the disturbed conditions caused by the European
war.

The detailed administration of the Garden has largely
been referred to Dr. W. A. Murrill, Assistant Director, and
to Mr. R. S. Williams, Administrative Assistant, under my

(16)

immediate supervision. I have directly supervised all new
construction and the installation and care of collections,
with the assistance of Mr. Arthur J. Corbett, Superinten-
dent of Buildings and Grounds, Mr. George V. Nash,
Head Gardener, and Dr. John K. Small, Head Curator,
and take occasion here to express my high appreciation of
the efficiency of all these officers, as well as of all other
employees. Such time as I have had for scientific inves-
tigation has been given to the continuation of the cactus
investigation in cooperation with Drs. D. T. MacDougal
and J. N. Rose, of the Carnegie Institution of Washington,
to studies of the West Indian flora, and to assisting Mr.
Norman Taylor in his production of the forthcoming flora
of the vicinity of New York City.

Financial Considerations

As shown by the report of the Treasurer, permanent
funds of the corporation now aggregate very nearly
$523,000. Provisions of wills previously probated contain
$25,000, subject to life interests. The will of Mrs. Maria
DeWitt Jesup, admitted to probate June 24, 1914, contains
a bequest of $25,000, and the will of Jacob Langeloth, filed
for probate August 29, 1914, contains a bequest of $1,000.
These sums total $570,000. A total endowment of not less
than $1,000,000 is earnestly desired in order to enable the
Board of Managers to expand the usefulness of the in-
stitution.

The city appropriation for maintenance for I9I§ is
£107,163, the same as for 1914. The total income from
funds of the corporation, membership dues, and publi-
cations for 1915 is estimated at about $35,000, the total
amount thus available for expenditures during 1915 being
about $142,000. About $10,000 additional is greatly de-
sired for expenditure during 1913, for the extension of
horticultural experimentation and display and the purchase
of plants and books.

(17)

Reports Appended

Reports are appended by the Assistant Director, the
Head Gardener, the Head Curator of the Museums and
Herbarium, the Honorary Curator of the Economic Col-
lections, the Director of the Laboratories, the Librarian,
the Bibliographer, and the Superintendent of Buildings
and Grounds; and a schedule of expenditures by the
Accountant.

Respectfully submitted,
N. L. Brirron,
Director-in-Chief.

REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
Dr. N. L. Brrrron, Drrector-1n-CuiEr.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1914.

The details of maintenance are chiefly outlined in the
various reports to follow. I submit herewith for your
files the weekly reports of the Superintendent of Buildings
and Grounds, which show an unusual amount of work
accomplished during the year by our laborers.

The season has been remarkable in many ways. ‘The
spring was late and cool; the summer wet, but fortunately
without floods or serious windstorms; the autumn very
dry, ending with bountiful rains before freezing weather;
and the closing days of the year the coldest on record.

Fewer mosquitoes and elm beetles appeared than ever
before, probably owing to unusual weather conditions.
The hickory bark beetle and the hemlock borer have ap-
parently been kept in check by our destructive and pre-
ventive measures and by the work of woodpeckers and other
natural enemies. The brood of white grubs which des-
troyed some of our lawns two years ago matured early in
the season and escaped in the adult form. The army worm,
new to the present generation in this vicinity, appeared on
our borders but did no damage within our boundaries.

(18)

Publications
JOURNAL
The Journal has been published for each month during
the year, making a volume of 361 pages, with 14 plates.

Mycotocia

This periodical has appeared on alternate months during
the year, making a volume of 323 pages, with 35 plates and
1 figure.

Nortru AMERICAN FLora

Volume 10, part I, containing descriptions of Agaricaceae
(pars), by W. A. Murrill, appeared July 28, 1914.

Volume 29, part I, containing descriptions of the families
Clethraceae—Ericaceae, by J. K. Small, N. L. Britton,
P. A. Rydberg, and LeRoy Abrams, appeared August 31,
1914.

Volume 34, part I, containing descriptions of the family
Carduaceae, by P. A. Rydberg and H. M. Hall, appeared
December 31, 1914.

BULLETIN

Bulletin No. 30, with 78 pages, was issued April 4, 1914.
It contains the annual reports of the Director-in-Chief
and other officers for the year 1913.

A separate in advance from Bulletin No. 31, on Philippine
Mosses by R. S. Williams, appeared July 23, 1914.

CoNTRIBUTIONS

Contributions by members of the staff or students of the
Garden, reprinted during the year from other than Garden
publications, are as follows:

No. 161. West Indian Mosses—I, by Elizabeth G.
Britton.

No. 162. Phytogeographic Notes on the Rocky Moun-
tain Region—I. Alpine Region, by P. A. Rydberg.

No. 163. New Ferns from Tropical America—III, by
Margaret Slosson.

No. 164. Studies of West Indian Plants—V, by Na-
thaniel Lord Britton.

(19)

No. 165. Central American Mosses, by Elizabeth G.
Britton and R. S. Williams.

No. 166. Studies of Plant Growth in Heated Soil, by
Guy West Wilson.

No. 167. The Identity of the Anthracnose of Grasses
in the United States, by Guy West Wilson.

No. 168. Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky \oun-
tain Region—II. Origin of the Alpine Flora, by P. A.
Rydberg.

No. 169. Some Midwinter Algae of Long Island Sound,
by Marshall A. Howe.

No. 170. Notes on Rosaceae—VII, by P. A. Rydberg.

No. 171. A Revision of the Genus Vittaria J. E. Smith,
by Ralph C. Benedict.

No. 172. Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky Moun-
tain Region—III. Formations in the Alpine Zone, by
P. A. Rydberg.

No. 173. Notes on Rosaceae—VIII, by P. A. Rydberg.

Lectures
Pusuic LEcTURES

Illustrated public lectures on botanical subjects have
been given in the museum building on Saturday afternoons
from April to the middle of November, as outlined below.
The total attendance for the year has been 3,264, averaging
99 for each of the 33 lectures; the maximum attendance
being 215 on September 26.

April 4. ‘‘An Excursion through the United States with
Distinguished Foreign Botanists,” by Dr. G. E. Nichols.

April 11. ‘‘The Occurrence and Significance of Varia-
tion in Plants,” by Dr. A. B. Stout.

April 18. “‘The Seaweeds of New York City and
Vicinity,” by Dr. \I. A. Howe.

April 25. ‘“‘The Petrified Forest of Arizona,” by Dr.
Arthur Hollick.

May 2. ‘Some Interesting Trees Seen on My Travels,”
by Dr. W. A. Murrill.

(20 )

May g. “Wild Flowers of Spring,” by Dr. N. L. Britton.

May 16. ‘American Orchids,” by Mr. G. V. Nash.

May 23. ‘‘The Protection of Shade Trees against
Insect and Fungous Enemies,” by Dr. F. J. Seaver.

May 30. “Some Plants of Our Swamps,” by Dr. J. H.
Barnhart.

June 6. ‘The Soil, the Basis of Success in Gardening
and in Other Lines of Productive Work,” by Mr. George T.
Powell.

June 13. “‘Diseases of Potatoes,” by Dr. Mel. T. Cook.

June 20. “Floral and Scenic Features of Porto Rico,”
by Dr. M. A. Howe.

June 27. “Haiti, the Negro Republic,” by Mr. G. V.
Nash.

July 4. “The Secret of the Heather,” by Mr. F. V.
Coville.

July 11. “Explorations in Mexico,” by Dr. W. A.
Murrill.

July 18. ‘‘Arctic and Alpine Plants,” by Dr. P. A.
Rydberg.

July 25. “Wild and Cultivated Plants of Bermuda,” by
Dr. N. L. Britton.

Augusti. “Reef-building and Land-forming Seaweeds,”
by Dr. M. A. Howe.

August 8. “‘Medicinal Plants Found in the Vicinity of
New York City,” by Dr. Wm. Mansfield.

August 1§. “Evergreen Trees and Shrubs,” by Mr.

on Trees,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill.

August 29. “The Trees of the Rocky Mountains,” by
Dr. P. A. Rydberg.

September 5. “The Life History of a Tree,” by Dr.
C. S. Gager.

September 12. “Diseases of Cultivated Plants,” by Dr.
G. P. Clinton.

September 19. “Interrelations between Botany and
Geology,” by Dr. Arthur Hollick.

(21)

September 26. ‘Wild Flowers of Autumn,” by Dr.
N. L. Britton.

October 3. ‘‘The Economic Importance of Fungi,” by
Dr. F. J. Seaver.

October 10. ‘‘Carnivorous Plants,” by Dr. J. H. Barn-
hart.

October 17. ‘‘The Flora of New York and Vicinity,” by
Mr. Norman Taylor.

October 24. ‘The — and Utilization of Plant
Hybrids,” by Dr. A. B. Sto

October 31. “‘ Botanical nae in Europe,” by Dr.
W. A. Murrill.

November 7. “A Botanist in India and Java,” by Dr.
C. F. Millspaugh.

November 14. “The Influence of Radium on the
Production of Field Crops,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby.

Scuoot LecrureEs
A special lecture on “The Cultivation of Plants” was
given by Mr. Nash on April 22 and 27 to children of several
of the public schools of The Bronx who were going into the
school gardens on Arbor Day. This lecture was attended
by 1,400 children, accompanied by their teachers.

DocENTRY
About 1,000 visitors availed themselves during the year
of the privilege of viewing the grounds and collections
under guidance. Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator,
was specially detailed for docentry work, and he has been
assisted by Mr. R. S. Williams and Mr. H. W. Becker.

Scientific Meetings
The monthly conferences of members of the staff and
students have been continued, and a report of each meeting
has been published in the current numbers of the Journal.
The Torrey Botanical Club has met each month as usual
in the morphological laboratory in the museum building.
On December 21, a special lecture on lichens was delivered

(22)

before the club in the lecture hall of the museum building
by Professor Bruce Fink, of Miami University, Oxford,
hio.

The Horticultural Society of New York, in cooperation
with the New York Botanical Garden, held exhibitions of
plants and flowers in the museum building on May 9 and
10, June 6 and 7, and August 15 and 16. Accounts of these
exhibitions were published in the Journal for May, June and
September.

A field meeting of the department of botany of the
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences was held at the
Garden on the afternoon of May 16, when a tour of in-
spection was made of the conservatories, plantations, and
hemlock forest.

The convention of the American Association of Park
Superintendents, in session at Newburgh and New York
City August 24-27, visited the Garden in motor-cars on
August 26, giving special attention to the hemlock forest
and other park features.

Personal Investigations

A part of North American Flora containing descriptions
of 281 species of the higher fleshy fungi, 39 of which were
new, was completed and published early in the year; and
another part, containing over 60 new species mostly ob-
tained through explorations in tropical America, was com-
pleted with the help of Dr. Burlingham and Professor
Pennington by the end of the year and sent to the printer
in January.

The Underwood collection of fungi, consisting of 17,000
specimens, was incorporated in the mycological herbarium
with the aid of Dr. Seaver. A great many other specimens
sent in for determination from various parts of the country
were also incorporated, and the herbarium is rapidly out-
growing the space allotted to it.

The popular illustrated articles on fungi in Mycologia
have been continued, with the aid of colored plates and

(23)

halftones. Twenty-five species have been treated in this
series during the year.
Respectfully submitted,
W. A. Murritt,
Assistant Director.

REPORT OF THE HEAD GARDENER
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-in-CuIEF.
Sir: IT have the honor to submit herewith my report as
Head Gardener for the year 1914.

Systematic Plantations

Hersaceous Grounps. There are 130 beds in this
plantation; two new beds having been added, one each for
the gourd and buttercup families. The beds devoted to
the water-leaf, nasturtium, stonecrop, and morning-glory
families have been enlarged. ‘There are in the herbaceous
collections about 2,860 species and varieties, and 612 in-
dividual display labels have been added. The details of
the curatorial work here and in the other herbaceous col-
lections have been under the direction of Mr. K. R. Boyn-
ton, Head Gardener’s Assistant.

Fruticetum. This collection now contains 2,622 speci-
mens. Including those still at the nurseries, there are
represented 883 species and varieties. Representatives are
included of 52 families and 135 genera. About 710 display
labels have been added. The plants of the strawberry-
shrub family were removed to the triangle across the path,
and the rose group south of the tranverse path was incor-
porated with the rose group north of the same path, the
vacated areas being planted with thorns.

Saticetum. In the willow collection, 125 specimens
represent 45 species and varieties.

Dectpvous Argoretum. This collection, including
those native to the tract and still in the nurseries, contains
310 species and varieties. There are 946 individual trees,
representing 31 families and 57 genera, and 472 display

( 24 )

labels have been made for this tract. The group of
young Japanese cherry trees planted in the spring of 1913,
the gift of Mrs. Florence Lydig Sturgis, is doing remarkably
well.

Pinetum. The conifer collections contain about 1,500
specimens. There are 296 species and varieties, repre-
senting 3 families and 20 genera, and 747 display labels
have been made for this tract. The collections of spruces
and firs have been rearranged, the less hardy kinds having
been removed to more sheltered situations: the firs to the
vicinity of the border at the elevated railway approach and
to the depression near power house 1, and the spruces for
the most part to the vicinity of the west border and the
shrubbery groups in that neighborhood, and a few to the
vicinity of the long bridge. The planting of Chamaecyparis
in the triangle at the west end of conservatory range I
has been enlarged, extending as a background to the her-
baceous bed along the path. The herbaceous bed opposite
has been provided with a background of a double row of
Abies Vettchit.

ViticetumM. About 50 species and varieties of climbers
are represented here.

Conservatories. Including those at the propagating
houses, the collections of tender plants represent about
9,000 species and varieties, embracing 207 families and
1,520 genera. The total number of plants in the public
conservatories is 17,327.

Range 1. There are 10,712 plants in this range, dis-
tributed as follows: house 1, 263; house 2, 394; house 3,
465; house 4, 543; house 5, 1,318; house 6, 532; house 7,
980; house 8, 644; house 9, 143; house 10, 869; house 11,
448; house 12, 1,188; house 13, 532; house 14, 686; house
15, 1,575; cellar, 132. Some 2,045 display labels have
been made for these collections.

Range 2. This range contains 6,525 plants, distributed
as follows: house 1, 80; house 2, 140; house 3, 57; house 4,
1,233; house 5, 2,056; house 6, 1,611; house 7, 1,230; run-
way, 118. There have been 137 display labels added.

(25)

PropacatTinc Houses anp Nurseries. There are here,
excluding those used for special studies by the Director of the
Laboratories, 9,069 plants. There have been 1,719 pack-
ets of seeds received, as follows: by gift, 26; by exchange,
1,039; by collection on expeditions, 14; by Tens 640.
In addition, 509 packets have been derived from collec-
tions on the grounds. The Director of the Laboratories
has used house 2 and parts of other houses for his experi-
ments and those of students. Houses 5 and 6 and a part
of house 1 contain the cactus and other succulent collec-
tions under immediate study. The enclosure in the nur-
sery, together with other areas outside, have been used by
the Director of the Laboratories and students.

LaBELING, RECORDING, AND HeErparium. Accession
numbers 39,308 to 41,481 have been recorded, making a total
of 2,174 accessions. A total of about 6,000 display labels
have been made, as follows: deciduous arboretum, 472;
fruticetum, 701; herbaceous grounds, 612; economic garden,
13; morphologic garden, 3; west border, 78; pinetum, 747;
trees along roads and paths, 261; conservatory flower beds,
622; flower beds, elevated railway approach to conserva-
tories, 1; elevated railway approach border, 5; conserva-
tory range I, 2,045; conservatory range 2, 137; rose bed,
283; conservatory court, 20. In addition to the above,
54 information signs were painted for range 1, and 4 for

nge 2.

The following plants have been acquired: by gift, 388,
valued at about $285; by exchange, 600; by purchase, in-
cluding 13,784 bulbs, 15,249; by collections made by mem-

ers of the staff and others, 1,439; derived from seeds from
various sources, 2,621; total, 20,569.

The herbarium of cultivated plants has been increased
by 945 specimens. The collections contain approximately
the following number of species and varieties: conserva-
tories, 9,000; herbaceous, 2,860; fruticetum, 883; salicetum,
45; deciduous arboretum, 310; pinetum, 296; viticetum,
50; total, 13,444.

(26)

Miscellaneous Collections

Morruotoctc Garpen. No extended additions have
been made here.

Economic GarpEN. This remains one of the most at-
tractive exhibits on the grounds.

Desert Priants. The collections of these plants are
now becoming so extensive that it is possible to place only
a part of them during the summer in the court of conserva-
tory range 1, where they form one of the prominent features
of the open season.

Conservatory Lity Poors. These have been main-
tained, with the usual show of blossoms. The Paraguay
royal water lily is grown here successfully, producing many
flowers.

Aquatic Garpen. Additional planting has been done
here, including bulbs of the Turk’s-cap and meadow lilies.

RuopopENDRON Banks. The plants here are doing
very well, especially those on the bank at the south shore
of the upper lake. Rhododendron catawbiense seems better
suited for open situations with us that R. maximum.

Rost Bep. This continues to be one of the most at-
tractive collections. It was necessary to replace only
about 40 plants out of a total of over 400.

Other plantations maintained include the flower gardens
in the immediate vicinity of conservatory range 1; those at
the elevated railway approach, the west border, along the
path from the elevated railway to the conservatories; and
groups of shrubbery in many parts of the reservation.

General Horticultural Operations

This work has been conducted with the following force:
monthly, 2 foreman gardeners, 24 gardeners, 1 garden aid,
3 drivers during the open season; laborers, 20-24, the
lesser number during the early and late part of the open
season; parts of this force having been employed for a
considerable part of the time on other than horticultural
work.

(27)

H. W. Becker, foreman gardener, has had immediate
charge of the work in the conservatories and propagating
houses, with 15 gardeners, 1 garden aid, and 1 laborer.

John Finley, foreman gardener in charge of the outside
work, has had the direction of 9 gardeners, 20 to 24 laborers,
and 3 drivers.

The following new work has been accomplished, in
addition to the regular routine gardening operations:

In THE SPRING

The woody plants of the plantations at conservatory
range I were rearranged, many being removed and placed
elsewhere on the grounds. The collections of firs and
spruces in the pinetum were rearranged, as described in
reporting upon that collection, and many new plants were
purchased. At conservatory range 1, beds 9 and 10 were
completed by the planting of the background, consisting
mainly of evergreens, with some deciduous shrubs. The
flower beds along the walk from the elevated railway to
conservatory range I were backed with coniferous ever-
greens. A group of Austrian pines was established along
the west border north of the woodlawn bridge approach.
The group of conifers to the south of the same bridge was
enlarged with material taken from the conservatory beds
and from the nurseries; the group at the foot of the steps
here was rearranged, many plants of evergreens, azaleas,
and other members of the heath family being added. The
area formerly in sod at the museum fountain was planted
with rhododendrons, azaleas, Pieris, and Leucothoe; and
these have done exceedingly well, with very few failures.
Four swamp oaks were placed along the main drive in the
north meadow. A group of weigelas was established at
power house 1. A group of members of the rose family
was placed between the road and path opposite the rose
family in the fruticetum.

(28 )

In THE FaLy

Work was concentrated on the nurseries, removing to
other parts of the grounds all plants which could be safely
transplanted at that time, and many plants were transferred
to the herbaceous grounds and borders. Most of the work
was done upon the woody plants, a large number of trees
and shrubs having accumulated which were transferred to
the fruticetum and arboretum, greatly enriching those
collections. The triangle east of the boulder bridge was
rearranged. The triangle between the lower and middle
lakes was also rearranged and other shrubs added. The
bed in the new path east of the Bronx River near the
chestnut bridge was planted with elders and 9 swamp
maples. The triangle near the sewer siphon in the same
vicinity was planted with Cornus. The large plants of the
Japanese barberry in the triangle east of the long bridge
were transferred to the retaining wall near power house 2,
other plants of the same species being substituted in this
triangle. Four swamp oaks were placed along the path
west of the Bronx River, north of the long bridge. At
the east end of the upper bridge, on the north side, a plant-
ing was made of Cornus, matrimony vines, and thorns,
closing the trail there made by the public. Just south of
the upper bridge, along the path paralleling the river, 4
Lombardy poplars were planted, and also 1 at each corner
of the bridge. Just north of the Mosholu Parkway
approach, a group of shrubs was established, the gift of
Mr. T. A. Havemeyer; these having been held in the nursery
for two years until of sufficient size for permanent planting.

Investigations and Lectures

In addition to routine duties, I have continued my study
upon the orchids for North American Flora, and have
devoted much time to horticultural botany.

I have given three lectures in the regular courses of
public lectures at the Garden, and two lectures to school
children. Respectfully submitted,

Geo. V. Nasu, Head Gardener.

(29)

REPORT OF THE HEAD CURATOR OF THE MUSEUMS AND
RBARIU.

Dr. N. L. Britron, Drrectror-1n-CHIEF.
Sir: I submit herewith the following report as Head
Curator of the Museums and Herbarium for the year 1914.
The museum and herbarium collections were enlarged

by specimens from many parts of the world. They were
conserved by methods mentioned in previous annual
reports.

Accessions. The specimens received for the public
exhibits and for the study collections were accessioned from
month to month in the Garden Journal. 'The most im-
portant additions, and those bearing more directly on the
current work of the Garden, came from North America
and South America. The manner of acquisition and the
number of specimens received may be stated as follows:

By gift and purchase....... 2... cece ee eee 27,807
By-exchange sciigcaiar ieee ceit ede ides 7,876
By exploration...........-.0 20... e eee eee eee 8,492

44,175

The value of the gifts is estimated at $1,212.60.
About 5,096 duplicate specimens were sent to other
institutions and to individuals in exchange.

Museums

Neither exhibition cases nor mechanical devices were
added to the museum equipment. The various exhibits
were increased by some of the specimens received during
the year and by others withdrawn from storage.

Fossi Plant Museum. The collections of this museum
were improved throughout. Specimens were added from
both the Old World and the New. The more important
additions were several large specimens of silicified wood
from Arizona and a collection of Pleistocene plants from
Canada. The wall-cases, containing mainly plants of the
carboniferous period, were supplied with type-printed
labels to replace the former hand-printed ones.

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Economic Museum, Several exceptionally valuable
exhibits, in addition to miscellaneous specimens, were re-
ceived for this museum: (1) A large collection of crude and
refined rubber, together with implements and utensils used
in the harvesting of the rubber-milk and its preparation
for the market, presented by Dr. Carlos Manuel Asensi,
through the American Museum of Natural History. (2) A
complete representation of the fibers of the Philippine
Islands, assembled and presented by Mr. Theodore Muller.
(3) A collection of refined sugars and syrups, presented by
by the American Sugar Refining Company. (4) A col-
lection of rare crude and refined drugs, given by Dr. H. H.
Rusby. The exhibits of foods and of fibers, as well as
several smaller exhibits, were rearranged to better ad-
vantage. For other details concerning this museum, refer-
ence is made to the report of the Honorary Curator of the
Economic Collections.

Systematic Museum. The exhibits of this museum
remained as they were last year, except for the interpolation
of new and additional specimens and the rearrangement of
the contents of some of the cases.

The Synoptic Collection was enlarged by the interpolation
of miscellaneous specimens and improved here and there
by the rearrangement of exhibits.

The Local Flora was maintained in the same condition as
it was last year, except for the addition of a few new speci-
mens and the relabeling of some of those already installed.

The Microscope Exhibit was kept up as heretofore.
Objects on view were renewed or replaced as occasion
demanded.

The Plant Photograph Exhibit remained as it was last
year. Many additional enlarged photographs are still
held in storage, ready to be put on exhibition when proper
frames for their display are constructed.

Herbaria
The equipment of the herbarium was increased by the
addition of two herbarium cases. This addition, though

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small, necessitated the rearrangement of the whole flower-
ing-plant series.

Specimens from a wide geographic range came to hand,
and the range of plant-life represented was likewise wide.
Valuable sets of algae, fungi, hepaticae, musci, pterido-
phyta, and spermatophyta were added. Particularly valu-
able sets of plants came from the Philippine Islands and
neighboring regions and from Canada, the United States,
and the West Indies. Current exsiccati containing plants
from nearly all parts of the world and representing all
different plant-groups were received.

The accession of the W. R. Gerard herbarium and the
fungous and moss portions of the Lucien M. Underwood
herbarium materially enhanced the value of the collections,

Many specimens were collected or received from other
collections for the local herbarium, that portion of the
herbarium containing the plants growing naturally within
a radius of one hundred miles of New York City. The
local herbarium of flowering plants was renovated, re-
arranged, and completely written up. Much work, also,
was accomplished on the collections of the lower groups of
plants.

Two valuable sets of published illustrations were added
to the herbarium: (1) nearly 500 printed plates and draw-
ings from the Flora of Brazil, received as an exchange from
the Berlin Botanic Garden and (2) about 175 printed plates
representing the sapodilla family, received as an exchange
from the Natural History Museum, Paris.

Selections from the specimens received during the year
and from those previously received were mounted and
made available for use. About 30,750 sheets of mounting
paper were used and thus fully 46,000 specimens were
incorporated in the permanent collections. In addition to
these, several thousand bulky specimens, such as most of
the fungi, fruits, seeds, and other parts of plants not suitable
for pressing or for mounting with pressed specimens, were
filed away in cardboard boxes.

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Specimens received for the Columbia University her-
barium were mounted and distributed in the cases.

Investigations and Assistance

A brief record is here made of some of the activities of
the members of the curatorial staff, in addition to their
regular herbarium work.

Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator, continued in charge of the
collection of flowering plants. He completed the manu-
script of monographs of the families Lennoaceae, Pyrola-
ceae, and Ambrosiaceae begun last year. The first and
second of these families have been published in North Amer-
ican Flora. Work on the large family Rosaceae, which was
in course of preparation and publication for the past several
years, was completed, and the last part is now ready to
print. Early in the year, Dr. Rydberg began a study of the
family Carduaceae, and descriptions of a part of this family
have been completed and have been published in North
American Flora. Investigations on the above groups of
plants, supplementary to those carried on at the Garden,
were prosecuted at the herbarium of Harvard University
and at the National Museum. Dr. Rydberg published two
papers dealing with the flora of the Rocky Mountains and
two on species of the family Rosaceae. He delivered one
lecture in the Garden lecture course.

Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator, continued to devote his
attention to the collections of algae and hepaticae. He
concluded a study of and published a report on an ex-
tensive collection of marine algae from Peru,* this publi-
cation being partly paid for by a grant from the Peruvian
Government. He also printed, exclusive of reviews, two
papers on North American algae. The results of an in-
vestigation of fossil calcareous algae from the Panama Canal
Zone remain unpublished. Following the annual meetings
of the American Association for the Advancement of
Science and of the Botanical Society of America, held in

* Memoir 15 of the Torrey Botanical Club.

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Atlanta, Georgia, which he attended as a delegate from
the Garden, Dr. Howe spent the first two weeks of the year
in making collections of Ricciaceae in Georgia and of marine
algae in Florida, a brief account of which operations have
been published in the Garden Journal. In connection with
his studies of the North American Ricciaceae, a collection
of living plants, embracing twenty or more species, has
been established in the propagating house. Dr. Howe
continued his studies in the hepaticae and the algae in
connection with work on North American Flora. He
continued to act as an associate editor of the publications
of the Torrey Botanical Club, and gave three lectures in
the Garden lecture course.

Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator, has had general oversight
of the fungous collections, and has published during the
year several papers which are preliminary to monographs
for North American Flora, besides delivering two lectures
in the Garden lecture course. During summer and autumn,
he devoted some time to the study and collection of the
local fungi, especially the fleshy discomycetes. The large
collection of fungi (including lichens) recently obtained
rom the Underwood Estate has been incorporated into
the herbarium under Dr. Seaver’s supervision. He
also continued his studies of local insect pests, and has
assisted with the editing of Mycologia.

Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator, devoted consider-
able time to the determination and distribution of various
collections of plants received during the year from tropical
America, especially from the West Indies. He also gave
much attention to the study and rearrangement of the local
flora collection of flowering plants. The Saturday after-
noon public lectures between April and December were
under his supervision. Mr. Wilson acted as docent threc
afternoons each week and took charge of all extra visiting
classes applying for instruction. He also arranged for all
photographic work and curated the photographic negative
and lantern-slide collections.

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Dr. Francis W. Pennell was appointed Associate Curator
in September. He has been occupied in general herbarium
work, and has continued investigations on certain groups of
the figwort family, in addition to working on the bibliog-
raphy of the whole family preliminary to a monograph of
it for North American Flora. Dr. Pennell also incidentally
studied portions of the collections of flowering plants from
the southern states which were made on several exploring
expeditions through that region.

Miss Margaret Slosson, Assistant Curator, devoted her
time to the care and development of the collection of ferns
and fern allies. She added valuable specimens to the
herbarium by means of exchanges in this country and
abroad, and presented her own fern herbarium to the
Garden, selecting many of the rarer kinds from it for perma-
nent incorporation in the Garden herbarium, and using the
remainder as duplicates for exchanging. Miss Slosson
published two papers on American ferns, and made progress
on some monographic work for North American Flora.

Dr. H. H. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic
Collections, continued to develop the collections of the
Economic Museum. For details, see his report.

Mrs. E. G. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses, con-
tinued to care for and develop the collection of mosses, with
the assistance of Mr. R. S. Williams. Her report appears
elsewhere in this publication.

Dr. Arthur Hollick, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants,
continued, with the assistance of Mr. Edwin W. Hum-
phreys, the work he initiated in former years. For par-
ticulars, see report of the Honorary Curator of the Collec-
tion of Fossil Plants.

Early in the year, I pursued supplementary studies on
the families Monotropaceae and Ericaceae at the National
Museum and at the herbarium of Harvard University.
The monographs of these families were published about the
middle of the year. Preliminary work on other families
for North American Flora was initiated. Considerable

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time was spent in the determination of specimens from the
local flora region and from the West Indies. I continued
studies on the collections made on recent expeditions to
southern Florida and on collections sent from that region by
correspondents; and endeavored to increase the value of the
collections of flowering plants through the aid of local
collectors and students and by the addition of rare, recently
naturalized, and newly described species from the south-
eastern United States.
Respectfully submitted,
Joun K. Sataut,

Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE ECONOMIC
LLECTIONS
Dr. N. L. Brrrron, Director-1n-CuHiEr.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1914.

Among the 195 specimens which have been added to our
collections during the past year, there are several sets or
groups which are worthy of special mention. The most
important of these is a complete set of the fiber products of
the Philippine Islands, donated by Mr. Theodore Muller,
a graduate student of Columbia University. The collection
represents every fiber produced in the Philippines that is in
actual use in native or foreign manufacturing. It is ac-
companied by an enormous chart upon which the names of
the fibers are not only listed, but elaborately classified as
to origin and use. Ample spaces are furnished, in con-
nection with each name, for attaching the respective sample
to the face of the chart. The entire work, which is unique
in character, is a labor of love on the part of Mr. Muller.
By an expenditure of $100, it would be possible for us to
supplement this collection with another, containing all the
native products made from these fibers, and it is recom-
mended that an appropriation be made for this purpose.

The American Sugar Refining Company, to whom we are

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indebted for the larger part of our sugar collections, has
recently made a number of additional contributions and
has also replaced with fresh material some specimens
which had deteriorated with age. There are thirty-two
specimens, in all, in this donation. We have received
from Dr. Carlos Manuel Asensi, of Calamo, Brazil, a partial
set of Brazilian rubbers, together with samples of the raw
milk and of the implements employed in rubber collecting
and curing. The last mentioned articles are of special
interest and value to our museum and we have for years
past desired that they might be obtained.

A number of timber products, otherwise difficult and
expensive to obtain, were donated by various exhibitors at
the Forestry Exhibition held in Grand Central Palace in
this City last summer.

Through the expedition of Dr. J. N. Rose, of the National
Herbarium, to the west coast of South America, we have
obtained a number of very rare food products. In addition
to the samples of foods themselves, Dr. Rose has supplied
living roots of the plants yielding them, which are now
growing luxuriantly in our economic plant collection.

The accumulation of miscellaneous materials has con-
tinued throughout the year, and, as was the case during
1913, these have included quite a number of rarities among
foods and drugs.

Respectfully submitted,
H. H. Russy,
Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF MOSSES
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Directror-1n-Cuier.

Sir: I was a member of the expedition to Porto Rico
during February and March and collected mosses and
hepatics, and such lichens and fungi as were readily found,
also taking care of the collections of the flowering plants
while the rest of the party were off exploring Mona and
Desecheo Islands. The collection of mosses made on the

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Sierra de Naguabo, March 7-9, and those subsequently
collected by Dr. Shafer in July and August, proved of great
interest and have been studied and incorporated in the
herbarium. A hand list of the mosses of Porto Rico has
been prepared, including 71 genera and 165 species, with
their habits and ranges throughout North America. It
would appear from a comparison with the flora of Jamaica
that either there is still more exploration necessary in the
eastern and central mountain ranges of Porto Rico or the
moss flora is less rich in species and genera, since 121 genera
and 277 species have been listed from Jamaica.

The hepatics from this year’s collection have also been
prepared and listed, and 158 packets sent to Dr. A. W.
Evans, of Yale University, for study. Mr. W. C. Fishlock,
of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Tortola, in the
Virgin Islands, has been stationed on Dominica for a few
months and has very kindly sent us a small collection of
mosses and hepatics from thatisland. Mr. William Harris,
of Hope Gardens, Jamaica, Mr. W. E. Broadway, of Tobago,
and the Christian Brothers, of La Salle College, Cuba,
particularly Brother Leon, have continued to send us
duplicates for our sets of West Indian Exsiccati, which we
hope to distribute at an early date.

During late winter and early spring, a series of essays
and compositions on the “Preservation of Our Native
Plants’? was received from the high schools of Greater
New York and the public schools of The Bronx, and
selections from these were printed in the Garden Journal
as Stokes Prize Essays, each of the schools receiving a
framed picture of eight colored illustrations of wild flowers
in special danger of extermination in this region. I have
also acted as secretary-treasurer of the Wild Flower Preser-
vation Society of America.

Mr. Williams, Administrative Assistant, has finished his
studies of the Philippine mosses and published his enumer-
ation in the Bulletin. He has also devoted considerable
time to studying collections received from the National

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Museum in Washington and from Yale University, and has
assisted me in the determination of some of the more diff-
cult species of West Indian mosses. During the year, large
collections from Bolivia, the Philippine Islands, and Porto
Rico, a total of over 4,700 specimens, have been added to
the herbarium, and exchanges have been conducted with
various institutions and collectors.
Respectfully submitted,
Exizasetu G. Britron,
Honorary Curator of Mosses.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE COLLECTION
OF FOSSIL PLANTS
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrecror-1n-CHIErF.

Sir: I have the honor to report as follows on activities in
connection with the collections of fossil plants for the year
1914.

The principal routine work has been the cataloging of
the type and figured specimens, which was begun several
years ago. About 1,800 specimens have been cataloged
to date, each one on a separate card. When finished, this
will constitute a complete list and index which will be of
great value for ready reference, and may be printed and
distributed for the information of those who may be in-
terested in knowing where these specimens are located.
The prosecution of the work is in charge of Mr. E. W. Hum-
phreys, under my advice and direction.

A large part of my time has been occupied in studying
and reporting upon collections of fossil plants sent to me
from various sources. Among these may be mentioned the
following: Tertiary plants from Japan, sent by Professor
H. Yabe, of the Geological Institute of the Imperial
University, Sendai, Japan; Tertiary plants from the Mount
McKinley region, Alaska, sent by Dr. F. H. Knowlton, of
the U. 8. Geological Survey; Pleistocene plants from the
Kootenay Valley, British Columbia, sent by Mr. R. W.
Brock, of the Canada Geological Survey; and Pleistocene

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plants from the Don River Valley, Ontario, sent by Profes-
sor J. H. White, of the University of Toronto. In each
instance duplicate specimens have been secured for the
Garden collections in return for the work performed.

About 50 specimens have been accessioned, labeled, and
arranged in their proper cases, while a number of others are
awaiting identification and future study. Mr. Humphreys
is assisting in this work.

A number of manuscript labels have been replaced by
printed ones. Copy for all of the former that yet remain
has been transmitted to the printer and as fast as the
printed ones are received they will be installed.

One student has received instruction in paleobotany
under my direction; and I had the privilege of delivering
two lectures on paleobotanical subjects in the regular
Saturday afternoon courses. Every effort was made by
means of exchange of publications to add to the paleo-
botanical library, and thirty-two volumes and pamphlets
were thus secured.

Respectfully submitted,
ArtuHur Hotticx,
Honorary Curator of the Collection of Fossil Plants.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE LABORATORIES

Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-in-CHIErF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1914.

The Laboratories

No essential change has been made in the arrangement
or the equipment of the laboratories from that of the pre-
vious year. The full quota of microscopes has been in use
almost continuously during the year. To supply fully
the needs in this line, it may be desirable to purchase one
more microscope during the coming year.

Experimental Garden and Greenhouses
The facilities of the experimental garden and greenhouses
have been utilized fully during the year. For student

(40)

investigations in genetics and pathology, a considerable
number of plants have been grown, especially of Abutilon,
Phlox, Nicotiana, Hordeum, Triticum, Mercurialis, Mat-
thiola, Hicoria Pecan, and Zea Mays. Corn was grown for
genetical study by Professor R. A. Harper. Besides these,
plants were grown for my own investigations. The
growing of plants of special interest to students of heredity
has also been continued.

Miscellaneous Duties

The records of rainfall and temperature at the Garden
have been taken and monthly summaries of the same
prepared for publication in the Garden Journal. As
secretary of the conferences of the scientific staff and
students of the Garden, I have planned programs for the
various monthly conferences. During the past year, [ have
also continued as editor of the Garden Journal.

Personal Investigations

Progress has been made in the various personal inves-
tigations mentioned in my report of last year. Plants of
the second generation of various crosses between types of
Cichorium Intybus were grown during the year and con-
siderable data obtained regarding the behavior of self
sterility and the inheritance of flower color, number of
flowers, and shape of leaves.

The studies with Verbascum Blattaria have been some-
what retarded by the unexpected winter-killing of about
2,000 plants. New plantings were made in the spring
and a considerable number of plants forced into bloom as
annuals. ‘Those remaining over the present winter have
been mulched in an attempt to prevent winter-killing.
Two cases of wide variations or mutations in J erbascum
appeared during the summer. In one case, the plant was
much branched, with abundant proliferation from the
ovaries. In the other case, the branches were long,
slender, and somewhat twining, and the flowers were small

(42)

and almost entirely cleistogamous. Seed progeny of these
will be grown to test the inheritance of these variations.

The severe winter of 1913-1914 killed about 1,500
plants of Hibiscus, thereby interfering with the breeding
experiments in this genus. New plantings were again
made to cover the various lines of experiments planned. A
considerable number of these young plants bloomed late
in the season and I was able to obtain some seed for a new
generation. Several new types have appeared in the
cultures. One which is of special interest appears to be a
dwarf mutant of the species Hibiscus oculiroseus. It was
also determined that the first generation hybrids between
white-flowered forms of H. Moscheutos and H. oculiroseus
were almost identical to the latter in flower color, but
different in pod character.

Certain phases of the study of bud-variation in Coleus
have been completed and the results are now prepared for
publication. These investigations will be continued and
somewhat extended, especially in regard to the behavior
of seed progenies.

First generations of hybrids involving several species of
Carex are now growing and should bloom during the coming
year.

During the spring, data were taken on variations that
appeared in the different types of tulips grown for display
here. A bed of tulips derived from bulbs of plants showing
variation has been planted in the experimental garden for
further special observation.

The winter months have been employed in working up
data and in pursuing cytological studies.

The appointment of Miss Helene Boas as laboratory
assistant has aided the progress of various investigations.
Miss Boas has been given charge of the statistical data
regarding the inheritance of flower number in Cichorium.
She has also made a general survey of the variegated plants
grown here with special reference to the types and to their
distribution in various families.

( 42)

I spent the time between July 11 and August 22 in a trip
to Germany, Holland, and England, an account of which
was printed in the November issue of the Journal. During
my absence, my experimental work was ably prosecuted by
Mr. Allen C. Fraser under a scholarship grant, while Miss
Boas, assisted by Miss Friedolina Jud, collected statistical
data pertaining to Cichorium.

Students and Investigators

The following is a list of the students and investigators
formally registered at the Garden during the past year.

*ALTENBERG, Epcar. A.M., Assistant in botany, Columbia
niv.
Heredity of Althaea rosea and of various cereals.
{Barzour, Wittiam Cray. B.S., Assistant teacher of biology,
High School of Commerce.
Lichenology.
*CaMERON, WALTER S. A.M., Instructor of biology, Wadleigh
High School.
Mosaic disease of tobacco.
{Finx, Bruce. Ph.D., Professor of botany, Miami University.
Morphology and taxonomy of Ascomycetes.
T*Fraser, ALLEN Cameron. B.S., Instructor in genetics,
Cornell Univ. since September, 1914.
Heredity in Phaseolus and Aquilegia.
Gorvon, Ropert Cuaries. A.B., Miami Univ.,’14. Teacher
in public schools, New York City.
Taxonomy of the Lecidiaceae of Ohio.
GrauamM, Marcarer ALEXANDER.
ogy, Teachers’ College.
Cytology of Hepaticae.
*Jup, Friepotina Catmarina. A.M.
Palaeobotany. Geology.
tKaurrmMan, Carvin Henry.
botany, Univ. of Michigan.
Mycology; the genus Cortinarius.
* Registered at Columbia University.
tT Research scholarship.

Ph.D., Instructor in biol-

Ph.D., Assistant professor of

(43 )

Ketty, James P. A.M., Columbia Univ., 14. Instructor of
botany, State College, Pennsylvania, since September, 1914.

Genetics: heredity of Phlox Drummondit.
tMcCormics, Florence Anna. Ph.D., Assistant professor of

agricultural botany, Agric. Exp. Sta., Lincoln, Nebraska.

Cytology of the Mucorales.

*MuLLER, THEODORE.

Pathology: etiology of corn smut.

*{NELSON, Epcar. A.B., Assistant pathologist, Agric. Exp.
Sta., Florida.
Pathology.
*Ranp, Freperick Vernon. M.A., Assistant pathologist,
Bureau of Plant Industry.
Pathology: rosette of the pecan.
Reip, KaTHERINE Witiess. A.M.

Varwegation in Abutilon and Ligustrum.

*STewart, Eveanor Grace. B.S., Science teacher, Miss
Chapin’s School for Girls, New York City.

Cytology of the cacti.

*STewart, Rautpo Ranpies. A.B., Assistantin botany, Colum-
bia Univ.

Taxonomy of the phanerogams of western Tibet.

*STOWELL, WILLARD ALLEN. B.S., Instructor in science, High
School, Elizabeth, New Jersey.

Cytology, genetics.

*STuRTEVANT, AtFrepD H. Ph.D., Columbia Univ., 14.

Genetics; heredity in Pisum.

*YampPoLsky, CeciL. B.S.

Cytology, genetics.

In addition to those mentioned in the above list, numer-
ous investigators have utilized to some extent various facil-
ities for research at the Garden.

Respectfully submitted,
A. B. Strout,
Director of the Laboratories.

* Registered at Columbia University.
+ Research scholarship.

(44)
REPORT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHER
Dr. N. L. Brrrron, Drrecror-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1914.

Assistance of those seeking information in the Garden
library has occupied much of the Bibliographer’s time;
increasingly so as this function of his office has come to be
appreciated by users of the library. The variety of infor-
mation sought is as wide as the field of botany and horti-
culture. Of course, some of the problems presented remain
unsolved, but these are relatively very few. At the same
time bibliographic research has been continued, and the
various manuscript records that have proved useful for
reference in the bibliographic work have been further
developed.

After an interval of a year and a half or more during
which funds for the purpose were not available, the Garden
was once more in a position to enlarge the representation of
the older botanical literature in our library, when the
breaking out of the European war rendered the usual
channels of trade unsafe; consequently few books have
been purchased from abroad. By far the most important
accession of the year was the botanical library of the late
Professor Lucien M. Underwood, purchased with his col-
lection of fungi, in July. This contained some works not
previously represented, and even the duplicates were useful
in the development of much-needed departmental libraries,
which are placed near the collections to which they more
especially relate.

Three parts of North American Flora have appeared
during the year: Volume ro, Part 1, in July, Volume 29,
Part 1, in August, and Volume 34, Part 1, in December.
In the case of the first, the very careful and efficient atten-
tion of the author to details, greatly lightening the usual
burdens of the bibliographer, is here gratefully acknowl-
edged. Of the Flora, eleven volumes are now in course of
publication, and of one of these, five parts have appeared.

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A beginning has been made on all of the larger groups of
plants except the Algae.

In addition to routine duties, two lectures have been
given in the public courses of the Garden; and one of these
was repeated before the Torrey Botanical Club.

Respectfully submitted,
Joun Henpiey Barnuart,
Bibliographer.
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN
Dr. N. L. Britton, DirecTor-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1914.

According to a census of the library taken at the end of
the year, the number of bound volumes was found to be
26,299, an increase of 923 volumes since the report for 1913.

During the year, 472 books have been bound, including
36 which are the property of Columbia Ween

Among the accessions are 361 books acquired by purchase,
47 by exchange and deposit, and 27 by gift.

The books and pamphlets forming the library of the late
Professor Lucien M. Underwood, which were purchased in
July, have been shelved and partly cataloged. A more
complete account of this collection may be found in the
November number of the Journal.

In accordance with the agreement between Columbia
University and the New York Botanical Garden, 50 books
were permanently withdrawn by the former institution
during the past year. Some of these have been replaced
by books from the Underwood collection.

Since the outbreak of the war in Europe there has been a
noticeable decrease in the number of periodicals received
from abroad, with the exception of England. In some
cases, statements have been received from the publishers
to the effect that no more numbers of their periodicals
would be issued for a time.

The number of cards written during the past year is
3,204.

(46)

In March, letters were sent out to certain librarians and
library schools making inquiry regarding the legibility,
durability, and economy of typewritten cards as compared
with handwritten ones. The verdict was unanimous in
favor of the use of the typewriter and the statement was
made, among others, that ‘‘It would be extravagant to have
a handwritten catalog in an institution of any size.” It is
earnestly hoped that the library may soon be supplied with
a typewriter, in order that the hundreds of books and
pamphlets awaiting cataloging may be made more readily
available to our readers.

The following publications should be added to the list
of those received regularly by the Garden, which appeared
in the Bulletin (7: 325-347) and was supplemented in later
reports (Bulletin 8: 45, 213, and 293).

American Journal of Botany. Brooklyn, New York.

Canada. Department of Agriculture. Ottawa, Canada. Pub-
lications of the International Agricultural Institute.

*Journal of Agricultural Science. London, England.

*Journal of Genetics. London, England.

*Journal of Heredity. Washington, D. C.

Le Naturaliste Canadien. Quebec, Canada.

Missouri Botanical Garden. St. Louis, Mo. Annals and

Bulletin (replacing Annual Report).

Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Lausanne, Switzer-
land. Bulletin.
Stockholm. Statens Skogsférsdksanstalt, Stockholm, Sweden.

Meddelanden.

Tasmania. Royal Society of Tasmania. Hobart, Tasmania

[Publications].

Tree Talk. Stamford, Conn.
Respectfully submitted,
Saran H. Hartow,
Librarian.

REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Direcror-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: | have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1914.

(47)

Regulating and Grading

This work has been accomplished in many parts of the
Garden. In front of conservatory range 2, we removed
about 2,800 yards of earth which was used to grade along
the eastern boundary fence, for a path around the western
side of this range, for filling the bayou south of the boulder
bridge and for filling at the northern side of the long bridge.
The bayou at the sewer syphon was filled in to the grade of
the north meadows, about 125 yards of earth being here
used. About 150 yards of top-soil were used to fill in and
grade the ground west of the syphon. We graded the north
meadows with about 150 yards of top-soil. Both sides of
the upper bridge were graded with 75 yards of top-soil.

The sod border was lowered along the edges of the roads
at the west end of the long bridge, the north end of the lake
bridge, the west side of the museum building, and on the
truck road from 200th street entrance to the elevated
railway approach.

The lowlands north of the woodlawn road approach
were filled in with 2,400 yards of earth by contractors
working in the vicinity of the Garden who wanted a con-
venient place to dispose of it.

About 3,000 yards of earth, goo yards of top-soil, and 350
yards of stone were removed. The stone was used to
complete the path through the pinetum and paths on the
eastern side of the river. This stone was also used for
liners of paths north of the sewer syphon and for paths
around conservatory range 2 and power house 2.

Drainage

A catch-basin was built on the western driveway to dispose
of the surface water north of the Mosholu Parkway ap-
proach. To do this, 36 feet of 4-inch drain-pipe were used.
We extended the surface drain north of the long bridge,
using 38 feet of 6-inch pipe, and the drain pipe at the syphon,
using 57 feet of 12-inch pipe. In connecting power house
2 with the surface drain, we used 110 feet of 12-inch pipe.

( 48 )

There is now in the course of construction an 8-inch
branch connected with this 12-inch drain, which is to drain
the bottom of the trench of power house 2. About 108
feet of this branch is laid and covered.

Paths

A path to feet wide and 617 feet long was completed
ready for trap-rock screenings through the pinetum to the
flower gardens at the eastern entrance of conservatory
range I. On the east side of Bronx River, near the
syphon, we have completed a 1o-foot path 655 feet long
with a spur of go feet, and this is also ready for screenings.
We have also dug and laid line-stones for a path 303 feet
long with a spur of 127 feet, on the east side of the river near
the syphon, and this is now ready for paving.

A 10-foot path 814 feet long, with two branch paths 8
feet wide and 61 feet long, has been graded on the east side
of conservatory range 2, and a 10-foot path 135 feet long
has been graded on the west side of this range. We also
have ready for paving a 10-foot path go feet long at power
house 2. All the line-stones for paths around conservatory
range 2 are laid ready for paving.

Buildings

Many repairs were made to the roof of the museum
building this year. On the west side of the walk to the
museum building, the balustrade was rebuilt for a distance
of 50 feet; and a 20-inch ventilator was built over the steam
trench on the terrace in front of the west wing of the
museum building.

In addition to the usual repair work, the carpenters
built two herbarium cases, extended shelving in publication
storage rooms, made a pair of doors for the main entrance
to the museum building, two pairs of doors and six large
sashes for the vestibule at conservatory range 1, two cold
frames near the propagating house, fourteen rustic cedar
benches, and a hay barrack that will hold twenty-five tons

(49)

of hay. The east wing of the first floor of the museum
building, the propagating house, and all the doors of both
conservatory ranges have been repainted. The Fordham
University fence, the fence at the eastern boundary of the
Garden, and all guard-rails have also been painted. All
broken glass at the two conservatory ranges and the
propagating house was replaced by the painter.

The boiler at power house 2 has been reset and all the
brickwork has been taken down and rebuilt. The steam
engineers have made all necessary repairs to our steam
system. All needed repairs to the gas and water systems
were made and the stonework at both public conserva-
tories was pointed with cement mortar by our employees.

Grounds

During the summer months, from June to September, we
have had five city officers on Saturdays, Sundays, and
holidays, and, with two regular keepers and twelve ad-
ditional guards selected from gardeners and laborers, the
grounds have been well protected. At all other times
during the year, only one city officer is detailed for the
Garden. The number of visitors on Sundays and holidays
during the warm weather averaged about 30,000, but this
number was greatly increased in July. Owing to the vigi-
lance of our employees, little damage was done to the lawns
and plantations this year.

By using the gasoline engine for fourteen days, we cut
enough wood to supply the propagating house with wood
for five months. About 40 tons of hay werecut. We have
continued the uprooting of poison ivy throughout the
grounds, making considerable progress, and this work will
be continued until the ivy is exterminated.

The expenditures for lawn mowers, the purchase of a
horse, the feeding and shoeing of horses, and repairs to
wagons amounted to $1,434.27.

(50)

Guard-rails

Along the bank on the western side of the Bronx River
near the water-fall, we have built a one-inch iron-pipe
fence 3 rails high and 350 feet long, and a one-inch iron-pipe
fence 2 rails high and 250 feet long. At conservatory
range I, a fence 113 feet long, 1 rail high, was erected.
At the elevated railway approach, 300 feet of one-inch
fencing 2 rails high were built and 80 feet of a one-inch
fence, 1 rail high, were constructed near the New York
Central Station. Near conservatory range I, 2,256 feet
of three-quarter-inch pipe, 1 rail high, were erected, and
391 feet of the same kind of guard-rail were put up along

the path paralleling the Fordham University fence.

Respectfully submitted,

ArtTHUR J. CorBETT,

Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.

(51)

SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE
YEAR 1914

1. CITY MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT

APPTOPTIOd. 0. ec eee ene e ete tenet tere tens aes B107,163.00

‘xpende
Personal Service

DAIATIOS 6 oa eeeraaa ene a uaeawns anand $80,563.50
DOr artes c ete re tee en eg 7,990.12
Total . $88,559.62
Sundry Expenses
Forage che $ 783.17
uel. . 10,213.87
Supplies 1,618.
Equipment Lvhniiaaeewniedtidiacen, ~ 32,112.98
Materials... 2... 22 eee eee EQIL.SQ
Telephone Service.................00.00005 122.26
Contingencies o.):ak4 aa cnetiedvated ease e 861.87
Totals cid oes nuda be edhe ieee ee eeeaasee deed eers $18,609.38

Total Expended.... 0... 0... cece cece cee cette cette tase cece s BIO7,163.00

2. CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT

Erection of an eae aeiahae
January 11, 1915, Balan ile enced eae tata Ne

1913 Account
see Walls, Woodlawn Avenue Bridge.

anuary 10, 1914, Balance... Se iheeeurep. 70:57
Reseinded, Dee cies an eee deh es 78.51
3. SPECIAL GARDEN ACCOUNTS
XPLORATION Funp
1901 to 1913. Subscriptions................ $37,028.45
Sales and Refunds...........0.0...-00 00005 1,669.06
Ota lesarecneenGenteagen as emetene wee . $38,697.51
1901 to 1913. Expended................ 020000 cece. 38,673.46
Balanées22 ih dete eee eke Skee eB 2H05

(52)

Museum anp Herpartum Funp

Ig01 to 1913. Subscriptions......-....++-- $11,885.00
Sales and Refunds......... 2.0000 eeeeeeees 387.89
1914. Subscriptions......-..--+-- sees eeee 10.00

Total Aco aie eae nose 2... $12,282.89
I90I to 1913. Expended.........--... ee ee ee ee eee eee 12,263.99

Prant Funp (Conservatory Funp)
1900 to 1913. Subscriptions.......... .. § 8,326.55

Sales and Refunds itis, bastion tinea a 561.96

I9I4. SGUl THOR) dae cea eaenscaeine 1,259.00

Sales and Refunds. ............ 02-0000 00> gI.20
Total e4.do4nyinas cowie a eigi ada cabs eeteenco $10,229.71

1900 to 1913. oo wedi ieee sehen es $ 8,569.69

1914. Expended.. dove videndieeeien ~ 1493384
otalvsucy iid eho ies en de Sa eds ga 10,003.53
Balance sore ch acces hatin See oes cakes Ge $ 166.18

ctaL Boox Funp

1899 to 1913. Subscriptions............... $27,722.88

Sales and Refunds... .. 0... 0... cece ee eee 4

1914. Subscriptions..........-. 2.0. cee eee 3,825.00

Total. . eed Sigua ig Sa eee es ee B3'T,009:9 6
1899 to is _ sponded. bio pate tower ae senna $27,832.36
1914. Expen Meee 134737050

Total ne bccc8 shoei oie ledge eye seaae a eee O31,;5609.72
Balance icici aethsteese saa eee eee, B 609.64

Summary oF SpecIAL GarDEN ACCOUNTS

Subscriptions
189900 1913 ii ne bse seman wid det ead $84,962.88
1014.2 C5524 Oks ose ks bance eens 5,085.00
Sales and Refunds
1899 1G: 1913s siete pe eee B 2,740.39

Votalics sntveinaueetintestee see Gals eek See 2. $02,899.47

Expended
1899 to 1913... eee ee ee. $87,339.50
ko) Fe 5,231.20
Total. pcnde ki aetgveete sn ahd er Tee $92,570.70

Balances sewiesg cease. at a phot isdwaces sat B- 308.77

(53)

4. CHARLES FINNEY COX MEMORIAL FUND

1912 and 1913. Subscriptions...............00eceeeee B 5,075.00
Bxpended : <i. 14 vet aes ice Sheena fae hepa nes 5,068.10
Balances. 21:tastasyvit see ee taste a amore ideas 8 6.90

5. SPECIAL INCOME ACCOUNTS

Appropriated Expended
ses of eee Fund
Sheets . $ 3,000.00 $ 2,975.99
rae “ ‘Vill Fund
Expl

oration 2,300.00 2,258.08
Income of Henry den Pan
esident Research Silat wentdty hides 440.00 337.50
Income of Wm. ‘ands
Horticultural Prizes 400.00 352-00
Income of Stokes Fund
Preservation of Native Plants........... 120.00 105.25
Income of Addison Brown Fund
(To accumulate)... 20... cee eee 1,400.00
Income of John Innes Kane Fund
Plants for Grounds and Greenhouses..... 300.00 288.20
Income of Students Research Fund
Aid for Students Research.............. 150.00 100.00
Income of Science and Education Fund
Plants, Specimens and Books . 3,000.00 2,403.32

if Bo) 2-1 a ee

ZII,110.00 $ 8,850.34

6. GENERAL INCOME ACCOUNT

sal hi
ncluding Expended
Tran sfer

Museums and Herbarium. $ 600.00 $ 600.00
Laboratories 460,00 416.27
Lectures sad Lanter Slides: 575.00 373-73
Photography 620.00 614.57
Publications. 2.0.00... 000. c cece eee eee eee 840.00 833.95
Investigations at other Institutions.......... 800.00 799-59
Seton for Membership.................. 350.00 324.02
Tnsur, 500.00 489.72
Supplies Gachiing biading) 1,900.00 1,884.23
Contingent Fund...... 2.0.0... cece eee eee 630.00 629.98
arden nena Saagk cite Pe aie Ai ae ace tha tn cers Ga 325.00 306.95
Assistance for Treasurer................0-. 480.00 480.00
Special Assistance. .... 2.6.0... ce eee eee ee g00.00 873.75

Balances

g 24.01
II.92
102.50
48.00
14-75
1,400.00
11.80
50.00

596.68
$ 2,259.66

Balances

Salaries... 2... ee eee eee eee eaee 12,205.00 11,190.00 5.00
DADO: gs Pee Aes recta een eu ee anes 2,900.00 2,866.27 33-73
Totals... 0.0. eee ee ee eee eee» $25,085.00 $22,883.03 $8 201.97
7. SUNDRIES
Miscellaneous. ........ 000 cee cece cece eee eeeteeee ees B 620.64
8. EXPENDED FROM FUNDS OF THE GARDEN
Special Garden Accounts for I1914...........-2-200005- $ 5,231.20
Special Income Accounts. ini eyee cuneate 8,850.34
General Income Account... es 22,883.03
DURGIICS Fc cuetecrg een eee tence ee heen oe 620.64
5d Foy 1) ee ae eee ee a en ee $37,585.21
Respectfully submitted,
LTER S. GROESBECK,
Accountant.

E. and O. E.
New York, January 11, 1915.

(55)

REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC
DIRECTORS

To THE Boarp or Manacers or THE New Yorx Bo-
TANICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit the following
report from the Scientific Directors for the year 1914.

We have held the four stated meetings of the year,
which have been well attended. At one of them, we had
the pleasure of the company of our President. At our last
meeting, Provost Carpenter, of Columbia University, was
present as the accredited representative of President Butler,
and we understand that we may look for his presence in
this capacity at our future meetings.

The only change in the personnel of the staff since our
last report, is the appointment of Dr. Francis W. Pennell,
as Associate Curator, to succeed Dr. Robinson, deceased.
The readjustment of salaries which was accomplished last
year has fully justified itself and has been a source of great
satisfaction to all concerned.

The work under our charge has proceeded steadily and
is of the usual volume and character; some of it of ex-
ceptional importance.

First in importance, probably, is the expedition to the
West Andean region, for the study and collection of
Cactaceae, undertaken in cooperation with the Carnegie
Institution of Washington and the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. This work has been executed as
proposed to you in our last report, except that Dr. J. N.
Rose, of the National Herbarium, who is associated with
Dr. Britton in this study, found it possible to make the
journey himself, instead of sending Dr. Shafer. Mrs. Rose
accompanied and assisted her husband in his difficult and
laborious undertaking. The results, from a scientific stand-
point, are of the richest description. It is believed that
most of the species of Cactaceae growing on the Pacific
side of the Andes are now represented in our collection, both

(56)

in the dried and growing condition. Most of these species
have not previously been known in cultivation. Some of
them, and probably one or more genera, are new to science.
We take great satisfaction in the receipt of this splendid
addition to our collections, especially in view of its useful-
ness in contributing to the monograph of the family, upon
which we are now engaged.

Among the explorations of the year has been one by the
Director-in-Chief, accompanied by Mrs. Britton and Dr.
Shafer, to Porto Rico. Dr. Shafer visited also the neigh-
boring island of Vieques. This work was performed in
connection with the natural history survey of Porto Rico,
in which we are associated with the New York Academy of
Sciences. Another expedition was made by Dr. Britton to
the Bermudas. A short excursion was made by Dr. Howe
to the coasts of Georgia and Florida, for the study of
marine algae.

Advantage has been taken of the presence in this country
of Dr. N. Wille, Professor of Botany in the University of
Christiania, Norway, and probably our highest authority
on fresh-water algae, to employ his services in the collection
and study of these plants in Porto Rico and in the vicinity
of New York.

Dr. Stout, Director of the Laboratories, has made a
somewhat extended visit to various European laboratories
in the interest of his studies in heredity and plant breeding.
This work, which has occupied Dr. Stout for several years,
and in which he has interested a number of his students,
deals with fundamental laws of plant growth and develop-
ment and is yielding results which appear likely to modify
existing views of the relations between sexual and vegeta-
tive inheritance in plants. It is to be deplored that the
Garden is not likely to be in a position to publish the results
of these studies, which will be quite expensive, owing to
the necessity ise colored illustrations.

In reporting the continued growth, in circulation and
influence, of the Garden publications, we would direct

(57)

your special attention to the care that has been exercised
in maintaining the scientific and literary standards under
which they were established.

In addition to our regular periodicals, we have published
three parts of North American Flora.

There has also appeared a paper by Mr. Williams on
Philippine mosses, based chiefly on the results of study of
his own collections in those islands.

Reference should here be made to the publication, in
recent numbers of the Journal, of the symposium of
lectures of 1913 on Vegetable Foods. Almost every
phase of the subject is treated in these publications, which
render the 15th volume of the Journal of exceptional
interest. In the July number of the Journal, is printed in
form for convenient reference, our Act of Incorporation,
Constitution, By-Laws, Regulations for the Office of
Director-in-Chief, Provisions for Contributing Membership,
and Provisions of the Charter of the City of New York for
Maintenance.

Although not actually published by the Garden, an
important paper by Dr. Howe on the “Marine Algae of
Peru,” which forms the 15th volume of the Memoirs of the
Torrey Botanical Club, should here be mentioned. This
work was performed by Dr. Howe in association with the
Peruvian Government.

The contemplated publication of a new edition of the
Garden “Guide Book” was found unnecessary at this time,
owing to the return to us of several hundred unused copies
which had been supplied to the Hudson-Fulton Celebration
Committee. The work on our local fora by Mr. Norman
Taylor, referred to in our last report, is nearly completed
and its publication is looked for during the early part of
the coming year. Dr. Britton’s work on the flora of Ber-
muda is also almost ready for publication.

Arrangements have been completed for the publication
of a sample number of our new periodical, with colored
illustrations, provided for by the Addison Brown bequest.

(58)

This number is to serve as a prospectus, to be used in
securing subscriptions to the publication.

The additions to our collections during the past year
have been large and varied. They are discussed in detail
in the reports of the several departments. Special refer-
ence may be made in this connection to our acquisition by
purchase of the residuum of the library and herbarium of
the late Professor Underwood. Among these collections
are 17,000 specimens of fungi, which constitute a welcome
addition to our already large mycological collections

Our student investigations, pursued under the super-
vision of the Director of the Laboratories, represent the
usual range of subjects, although studies in cytology and
heredity largely predominate. Considerable work on the
pathology of certain groups has also been performed. In
addition to this work by our regular students, many im-
portant researches have been carried on by visiting botan-
ists, the year having been unusually prolific in this direction.

Cordial and active association with other institutions
has been maintained. On October 15 and 16, we were
represented by Dr. and Mrs. Britton at the 25th anniver-
sary of the founding of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
On January 2, Dr. Murrill represented us in Albany at the
inauguration of Dr. Finley as head of the New York State
Education Department, and later in the same month at
the meeting of the New York State Forestry Association,
in the same city.

An event of special interest was the 16th annual con-
vention of the American Association of Park Superin-
tendents, which convened in Newburgh and in this city.
On the latter occasion, the Garden was one of the insti-
tutions visited. We were also represented at the Newburgh
meetings.

The usual floral exhibitions and meetings of the New
York Horticultural Society have been held in the museum
building.

Our plans for cooperating with the Columbia University

(59)

School of Agriculture have been carried out, a half acre of
Garden land having been utilized by that School for ex-
periment and teaching, during the past season.

The proposed international botanical congress in London
having been prevented by the European war, the question
of joining in a movement to hold it in this country was taken
up at one of our meetings. After full discussion of all the
conditions and circumstances, it was deemed inadvisable
to take such action.

At our December meeting, the opinion prevailed that we
should take some steps to celebrate the 20th anniversary
of the appropriation by the City of land for this Garden,
which anniversary will occur next year. It was accordingly
resolved that we should invite the botanists of the United
States and the several botanical societies to meet with us
during the late summer or early fall for this purpose.

In connection with the organization of the Women’s
Auxiliary, a spring inspection day was appointed on the
7th of May last, when the buildings and grounds were
systematically inspected by the members of the Garden
and their guests, to the number of some 300, and tea was
served in the museum building. This proved to be a most
enjoyable occasion. A spirit of the utmost cordiality was
manifested and the occasion was one of the most pleasant
in the Garden’s history. Such entertainments are expected
to become a regular feature of the Garden’s future pro-
ceedings.

Four public courses of Saturday lectures have been given,
seven in the spring, eight in the early summer, nine in the
late summer, and seven in the fall. The attendance upon
and interest in these lectures have shown so marked an
increase that the desirability of instituting a winter course
is now under consideration.

Besides these regular courses, two special lectures on
“The Cultivation of Plants” were given by Mr. Nash to
the school children of The Bronx, in connection with the
Bronx Gardens Association.

( 60 )

The subject of increased decorative planting and con-
tinuous horticultural display has occupied much of our
attention during the past year. It has long been our feeling
that such a procedure would tend toward closer relations
between ourselves and the general public and would extend
our field of usefulness, as well as strengthen our own
position. With the increased protection against robbery
and vandalism afforded by our enclosing fences, the pos-
session of the nucleus of a special fund donated by Mrs. John
Innes Kane for such decorative planting, and the assist-
ance of the Women’s Auxiliary, which is likely to prove
specially helpful to us in this direction, we feel that the time
has come for the adoption of definite plans for such work.
Its successful performance, however, will require the use
of a larger sum than is available from our current funds,
wherefore we have placed before you a request for action
in this direction which we trust you will find practicable
at some time during the coming year. A slight indication
of the public reception that is likely to be accorded such
displays as are intended, was afforded last spring by the
throngs of delighted visitors who daily inspected our mag-
nificent beds of tulips, our rose collections, and our water-
hily tanks.

At the last annual meeting of your Board, announcement
was made of the murder of our Associate Curator, Dr.
Charles Budd Robinson, by the savage natives of Amboina.
At our meeting of April 11 last, appropriate resolutions in
memory of Dr. Robinson were incorporated into our min-
utes and it was resolved to establish a small fund, to be
known as ‘‘The Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund,”
to be employed in aiding botanical exploration. In pur-
suance of this resolution, a fund amounting to over $650
has been secured by private subscription among Dr.
Robinson’s friends.

Respectfully submitted,
Henry H. Russy,
Chairman of the Scientific Directors.

(61)

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON MEMBERSHIP
FOR THE YEAR 1914

To THE Boarp oF Manacers oF THE New York Botan-
ICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: The number of new members who have quali-
fied is 67. The number of Annual Members is now 831;
Life Members 151; Sustaining Members 17; Fellowship
Members 6.

Of these, 34 are now in arrears for dues for 1914, 18 for
dues for 1913 and 1914, and g for dues for 1912, 1913, and
1914.

Dues have been collected to the amount of $9,010. One
person has qualified as a life member by the payment of
$250. These sums have been transmitted to the Treasurer,

A complete list of all classes of members to date is here-
with submitted.

BENEFACTORS
*Hon. Addison Brown, *D. O. Mills,
Andrew Carnegie, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.
Columbia University, John D. Rockefeller,
*Hon. Chas. P. Daly, *Cornelius Vanderbilt.
PaTRONS
Oakes Ames, Mrs. John Innes Kane,
Miss Catherine A. Bliss, *John Stewart Kennedy,
Dr. N. L. Britton, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.
*Hon. Addison Brown, *Oswald Ottendorfer,
Andrew Carnegie, Lowell MI. Palmer,
*Mrs. George Whitfield Collord, William Rockefeller,
*James M. Constable, *William R. Sands,
*William E. Dodge, *William C. Schermerhorn,
James B. Ford, James A. Scrymser,
George J. Gould, Mrs. Finley J. Shepard,
Edward S. Harkness, *Samuel Sloan,
*Mrs. Esther Hermann, Mrs. Frederic F. Thompson,
Archer M. Huntington, W. K. Vanderbilt,
*Henry Iden, Mrs. Antoinette Eno Wood.

* Deceased.

(62 )

FreLLows FoR LiFe

Edward D. Adams,

John D. Archbold,
George F. Baker,

Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting,
Dr. Robert W. de Forest,
Cleveland H. Dodge,

H. C. Fahnestock,

James B. Ford,

Daniel Guggenheim,
Thomas H. Hubbard, “
Mrs. D. Willis James,
Mrs. Morris K. Jesup,
Mrs. John as penne
Edward V. Z. L

Mrs. Frederic S. Lee,
Hon. Seth Low,

James McLean,

Ogden Mills,

George W. Perkins,

M. F. Plant,
Mortimer L. Schiff,
James A. Scrymser,
William D, Sloane, ~
Francis Lynde Stetson,
Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes,
Charles G. Thompson,:
Samuel Thorne, ’

Louis C. Tiffany,
Tiffany & Co.

Lire MEMBERS

Edward D. Adams,

Dr. Felix Adler,

Mrs. James Herrman Aldrich,
Constant A. Andrews,

J. Sherlock Andrews,
Dr.S.T Armstrong, .
Edward W. C. Arnold,’
Mrs. H. D. Auchincloss, /
Samuel P. Avery,’

Samuel D. Babcock,

Geo. V. N. Baldwin,

Dr. John Hendley Barnhart,
Aurel Batonyi,

Gustav Baumann,
Samuel R. Betts,

William G. Bibb, -

Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Miss Catherine A. Bliss,
J. O. Bloss,

George Blumenthal,
George C. Boldt,

G. T. Bonner,

J. Hull Browning,
Joseph Bushnell,

T. Morris Carnegie,
Frank R. Chambers,
Hugh J. Chisholm,
Hugh J. Chisholm, Jr.,
Geo. C. Clark,

Banyer Clarkson,

Dr. James B. Clemens,
Wm. F. Cochran,
William Colgate,

Miss Georgette T. A. Collier,
Mrs. William Combe,
W. E. Connor,

Mrs. F. A. Constable,
Theodore Cooper,
Zenas Crane,

R. N. Cranford,
Melville C. Day,
Charles Deering,

Mrs. John Ross Delafield,
Miss Julia L. Delafield,

Maturin L. Delafield, Jr.,
W. B. Dickerman,

James Douglas,

Miss Josephine W. Drexel,
Miss Ethel DuBois,

Miss Katharine DuBois,
Wm. A. DuBois,

Geo. E. Dunscombe,
Thomas Dwyer,

Newbold Edgar,

George Ehret,

Ambrose K. Ely,

Amos F. Eno;

Edward J. Farrell,

Mrs. H. J. Fisher,
Andrew Fletcher,

Chas. R. Flint,

Mrs. John French,
Henry C. Frick,

Mrs. Theodore Kane Gibbs,
James J. Goodwin,
Daniel Guggenheim,
Bernard G. Gunther,
Franklin L. Gunther,
Frederic R. Halsey,

Chas. J. Harrah

Dr. Louis Haupt,

R. Somers Hayes,

George B. Hopkins,
Samuel N. Hoyt.

Gen. Thos. H. Hubbard,
Archer M. Huntington,
Frank D. Hurtt,

James H. Hyde,

Mrs. Columbus O’D. Iselin,
Theo. F. Jackson,

Dr. Walter B. James,
Miss Annie B. Jennings,
Nathaniel T. Kidder,
William M. Kingsland,

(63 )

H. R. Kunhardt,

W. B. Kunhardt,
Charles Lanier,

W. V. Lawrence,
Meyer H. Lehman,
Mrs. Geo. Lewis,
Joseph Loth,

David Lydig,

Wm. H. Macy, Jr.,
Mrs. Wm. H. Macy, Jr,
Louis Marshall,

Edgar L. Maron:
William J. Matheson,
C. W. McAlpin! |

Guy R. McLane,’ ;
Emerson McMillin,’
Dr. Geo. N. Miller, ,
A. G. Mills, /

Hon. Levi P. Morton,’
Sigmund Neustadt,

A. Lanfear Norrie,
Gordon De

Geo. M. Olcot

Mrs. Chas. Tyler Olmstead,
Wm. Church Osborn,
Henry Parish,

Geo. W. Perkins,

W. H. Perkins,

James Tolman Pyle,
M. Taylor Pyne,

Geo. W. Quintard,
John J. Riker,

J. C. Rodgers,
Thomas F. Ryan,
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,
Dr. Reginald H. Sayre,
Edward C. Schaefer,
F. Aug. Schermerhorn,
Jacob H. Schiff,
Mortimer L. Schiff,

Grant B. Schley,

Mrs. I. Blair Scribner,
Isaac N. Seligman,
Geo. Sherman,
William D. Sloane,
James Speyer,

Miss Ellen J. Stone,
Albert Tag,

Paul G. Thebaud,
Charles G. Thompson,
Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson,
Robert M. Thompson,
William Thorne,

Wm. Stewart Todd,

(64)

Miss Anna Murray Vail;

F. T. Van Beuren,

Mrs. C. Vanderbilt,

Dr. Henry Freeman Walker,
F. N. Warburg,

John I. Waterbury,

Miss Emily A. Watson,

S. D. Webb,

Dr. W. Seward Webb,

Hon. Geo. Peabody Wetmore,
Mrs. Joseph M. White,
John D. Wing,

Mrs. Anna Woerishoffer.

FELLowsHip MEMBERS

Miss Grace H. Dodge,
J. P. Morgan,
Geo. W. Perkins,

E. A. Richard,
Mortimer L. Schiff,
Wm. D. Sloane.

SusTaIninG MEMBERS

Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Miss Mary T. Bryce,
Mrs. William Bryce,
James Douglas,

Wm. H. Fischer,

John Greenough,

Mrs. McDougall Hawkes,

Mrs. D. Willis James,
O. H. Kahn,

Edgar L. Marston,
George Grant Mason,
Arthur M. Mitchell,
Wm. Church Osborn.

AnNnuAL MEMBERS

Dr. Robert Abbe,

David T. Abercrombie,
Fritz Achelis,

Henry S. Adams,

Mrs. Cornelius R. Agnew,
Douglas Alexander,
Harry Alexander,

Ernest J. H. Amy,

A. J. C. Anderson,

J. M. Andreini,

W. H. Andrews,

John D. Archbold,

Mrs. John F. Archbold,
Mrs. George A. Archer,
Mrs. Georgia C. Archer,
Francis J. Arend,
Reuben Arkush,

Mrs. H. O. Armour,

Dr. John Aspell,

Mrs. William C. Atwater,
Miss E. E. Auchincloss,
Mrs. E. 5. Auchincloss,
John W. Auchincloss,
Dr. Pearce Bailey,
Charles Baird,

Miss Charlotte S. Baker,
Geo. F. Baker,

Stephen Baker,

Albert H. Baldwin,
Frederick H. Baldwin,
H. M. Baldwin,
William D. Baldwin,
Wn. M. Barnum,
Clarence W. Barron,
Geo. D. Barron,

Chas. Baskerville,
Alfred N. Beadleston,
John D. Beals,

Mrs. Chas. C. Beaman,
Mrs. Margaret B. Becker,
Gerard Beekman,
Robert Behr,

Louis V. Bell,

August Belmont,

E. C. Benedict,

James Gordon Bennett,
Miss Mary Benson,
Isaac J. Bernheim,

Mrs. Adolph Bernheimer
Chas. L. Bernheimer,
Philip Berolzheimer,

S. Reading Bertron,
Edward J. Berwind,
G.N. Best,

W. H. Bickelhaupt,
Albert S. Bickmore,
Eugene P. Bicknell,
Mrs. George Biddle,

Mrs. Sylvan Bier,
Abraham Bijur,
Moses Bijur,

C. Edw. Billgvist,
C. K. G. Billings,
W. Hz. Birchall,

E. D. Bird,

James C. Bishop,
J. Insley Blair,

T. Whitney Blake,
C. D. Blauvelt,
Ernest C. Bliss,
Miss S. D. Bliss,
Mrs. Walter P. Bliss,
Wm. H. Bliss,
Hugo Blumenthal

Mrs. Albert Barnes Boardman,

Miss R. C. Boardman,
Mrs. Edward C. Bodman,
Kurt A. Boerner,
Henry W. Boettger,
Robert Boettger,

Miss Anna Bogert,
William H. Bolton,

A. Huidekoper Bond,
5. N. Bond,

Emil Bondy,

Mrs. Sydney C. Borg,
Frederick G. Bourne,
Louis Boury,

John M. Bowers,

James B. Brady,

Hon. John J. Brady,
Frank Brainerd,

Adolph Breslauer,

Mrs. Benjamin Brewster,
John R. Brinley,

Jno. I. D. Bristol,

Miss H. Louise Britton,
Richard H. Britton,

Bronx Hay & Grain Co.,
Mrs. Kate M. Brookfield,
Mrs. H. D. Brookman,
Miss Aneita D. Brown,
Dickson Q. Brown,
Edwin H. Brown,

M. Bayard Brown,
Vernon C. Brown,

W. P. Brown,

F. W. Bruggerhoff,

H. B. Brundrett,

Mrs. Lloyd Bryce,
Edwin M. Bulkley,

Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley,
James A. Burden, Jr.
Edward G. Burgess,
Dr. Edward S. Burgess,
Edward Burns,
Algernon T. Burr,
Freeman F. Burr,
Chas. W. Burroughs,
Mrs. Wendell L. Bush,
Charles S. Butler,
Miss Emily O. Butler,
Miss Helen C. Butler,
Mrs. P. H. Butler,
Thomas J. Byrne,

H. A. Caesar,

W. R. Callender,
Albert Calman,

Henry L. Calman,

H. H. Cammann,
Henry L. Cammann,
Mrs. John Campbell,
Richard A. Canfield,

H. W. Cannon,

James G. Cannon,
William FE. Carlin,
Mrs. Miles B. Carpenter,
Wm. T. Carrington,

(66 )

R. A. Carter,

H. T. Cary,

George B. Case,

Miss Jennie R. Cathcart,
Miss Maria Bowen Chapin,
Jose Edwards Chaves,

B. Ogden Chisolm,

Geo. E. Chisolm,

Wm. G. Choate,

Mrs. Helen L. Chubb,
Percy Chubb,

Chas. T. Church,

John Claflin,

George S. Clapp,

D. Crawford Clark,

Miss Emily Vernon Clark,
F. Ambrose Clark,

Hon. W. A. Clark,
William N. Clark,

E. A. S. Clarke,

George C. Clausen,
Albert Clayburgh,

Wm. P. Clyde,

Dr. Wm. J. Coates,

Miss Mary T. Cockcroft,
Hon. W. Bourke Cockran,
C. A. Coffin,

Edmund Coffin,

E. W. Coggeshall,

Mrs. Rufus Cole,

Mrs. James B. Colgate,
William Colgate,

Robert J. Collier,

Miss Mary Collins,

Mrs. Minturn Post Collins,
Dr. Stacy Budd Collins,
Samuel P. Colt,

Miss Mary Compton,

T. G. Condon,

Hermann Conheim,

Roland R. Conklin,
J. N. Conyngham,
Frank R. Cordley,
C. R. Corning,

Mrs. Charles Henry Coster,

Geo. F. Crane,
Mrs. Jonathan H. Crane,

Mrs.Agnes Huntington Cravath,

William Crawford,

John D. Crimmins,

Mrs. Thomas Crimmins,
W. T. Crocker,

James W. Cromwell,
Mrs. C. Vanderbilt Cross,
Charles Curie,

Ellicott D. Curtis,

G. Warrington Curtis,
R. Fulton Cutting,

Mrs. Ira Davenport,

J. Clarence Davies,
Julien T. Davies,

Daniel A. Davis,

Miss Ella H. Davison,
Clarence S. Day,

Henry Dazien,

E. J. de Coppet,

H. de Coppet,

Dr. Robert W. de Forest,
Mrs. Robert W. de Forest,
B. F. DeKlyn,

J. R. Delamar,

Eugene Delano,

John B. Dennis,

Rev. H. M. Denslow,
Walter D. Despard,
Miss Elsie de Wolfe,
Chas. D. Dickey,

Geo. H. Diehl,

A. P. Dienst,

Chas. F. Dieterich,

(67 )

Miss Josephine H. Dill,
Miss Mary A. Dill,
Geo. E. Dimock,

Miss Gertrude Dodd,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
Otto L. Dommerich,
Henry Dorscher,

Mrs. George William Douglas,

Mrs. James Douglas,
Alfred Douglass,

Tracy Dows,

Mrs. Henry Draper,

J. R. Drexel,

Isaac W. Drummond,
Matthew B. Dubois,
Mrs. Matthew B. Dubois,
Mrs. John P. Duncan,
Ralph Wurts Dundas,
Dr. Carroll Dunham,
Dr. Edward K. Dunham,
Mrs. Geo. H. Dunham,
John E. Dwight,

Mrs. Frederick H. Eaton,
D. Edgar,

Thomas C. Edmonds,
Mrs. J. S. Ehrich,

Karl Eilers,

Henry G. Eilshemius,
August Eimer,

William Einstein,

Wn. D. Ellis,

Miss L. F. Emmett,
Robert Temple Emmett,
Jno. C. Eno,

R. Erbsloh,

Henry Esberg

Arthur F. Estabrook,
Louis Ettlinger,

A. W. Evarts,

Chas. 8. Fairchild,

Samuel W. Fairchild,
William L. Feeney,
Walton Ferguson,

Pliny Fisk,

Harry Harkness Flagler,
Joseph A. Flannery,
Isaac D. Fletcher,

Miss Helena Flint,

Miss Mary A. Flower,
Edward H. Floyd-Jones,
Franz Fohr,

Chas. J. Follmer,

James D. Foot,

L. G. Forbes,

Scott Foster,

Miss Jane K. Fraser,
Miss 8. Grace Fraser,
Dr. J. J. Friedrich,
A. S. Frissell,

John W. Frothingham,
E. A. Funke,

Miss Clementina Furniss,
W. F. Gade,

Albert Gallatin,

Geo. F. Gantz,

Francis P. Garvin,
Joseph E. Gay,

Mrs. Walter Geer,

John J. Gibbons,

R. W. Gibson,

J. Waldron Gillespie,
Mrs. S. D. Godfrey,

W. S. Gordon,

Paul Gottheil,

Chas. Gotthelf,

Chas. A. Gould,

Edwin Gould,

G. C. Graves,

Nelson Z. Graves,

Hon. John Clinton Gray,

(68 )

Miss Eliza R. Greenwood,

Rev. David H. Greer,

Miss Margarette E. Griffith,

Miss Susan D. Griffith,

E. Morgan Grinnell,

Henry W. Guernsey,

A. M. Guinzburg,

Miss Delia L. Gurnee,

W. S. Gurnee, Jr.,

Mrs. Gurnee,

John A. Hadden, Jr.,

John M. Haffen,

Daniel S. Hage,

William Hague,

Hon. Ernest Hall,

Wn. Halls, Jr.

Miss Laura P. Halsted,
Hamann,

Miss Catherine L. Hamersley,

L. Gordon Hamersley,

Miss Adelaide Hamilton,

Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton,

Ferdinand Hansen,

Chas. T. Harbeck,

Anson W. Hard,

J. Montgomery Hare,

E. S. Harkness,

Mrs. Frank D. Harmon,

Harry Harper,

S. W. Harriot,

William Hamilton Harris.

Jacob Hasslacher,

T. A. Havemeyer,

J. Woodward Haven,

Matthew Hawe,

Miss Caroline C. Haynes,

Mrs. W. R. Hearst,

Wm. W. Heaton,

Hancke Hencken,

Chas. Henderson,

Mrs. E. C. Henderson,
Harmon W. Hendricks,
Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn
B, F. Hermann,
Ferdinand Hermann,
Selmar Hess,

H. H. Hewitt,

Mrs. James J. Higginson,
Walter Hinchman,

J. Oakley Hobby,

B. Hochschild,

Mrs. H. P. Hodson,
Richard M. Hoe,

Mrs. Richard March Hoe,
Mrs. Robert Hoe,
Bernhard Hoffman,

Mrs. Edward Holbrook,
John Swift Holbrook,

E. R. Holden,

Henry Holt,

Hoole & Geiswein,

F. T. Hopkins,

William B. Hornblower,
Frederick B. House,

John Sherman Hoyt,
Theodore R. Hoyt,
Walter C. Hubbard,
Conrad Hubert,

Alex C. Humphreys,
Mrs. E. W. Humphreys,
Mrs. C. P. Huntington,
Adolph G. Hupfel,

Dr. Frank Hustace,
Frank DeK. Huyler,
Mrs. Clarence M. Hyde,
Henry St. John Hyde,
Dr. Edward J. Il,
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,

(69 )

C. Oliver Iselin,

Miss Georgine Iselin,
William E. Iselin,

Mrs. William E. Iselin,
Miss Flora E. Isham,
Samuel Isham,

Dr. Abram Jacobi,
Samuel K. Jacobs,

John S. Jacobus,

A. C. James,

Mrs. Arthur Curtis James,
Dr. Robert C. James,

E. C. Jameson,

Alfred W. Jenkins,

O. G. Jennings,

Walter B. Jennings,
Mrs. Maria de W. Jesup,
Mrs. Townsend Jones,
Karl Jungbluth,

Jos. L. Kahle,

Louis Kahn,

Mrs. Delancey Kane,
Miss Louise ene Kane,
Wilhelm Kaupe,

Mrs, H. F. Kean,

Frank Browne Keech,
Henry F. Keil,

Prof. J. F. Kemp,

Mrs. John S. Kennedy,
David Keppel,

Rudolph Keppler,

Mrs. Catherine L. Kernochan,
John B. Kerr,

Geo. A. Kessler,

Patrick Kiernan,

S. E. Kilner,

Alfred R. Kimball,
David H. King, Jr.,

Mrs. Wm. M. Kingsland,
Darwin P. Kingsley,

W. Ruloff Kip,

E. C. Klipstein,
Roland F. Knoedler,
Chas. KohIman,

Louis Krower,

H. C. Kudlick,

Adolf Kuttroff,

Francis G. Landon,
Edward V. Z. Lane,
Woodbury Langdon,
Dr. G. Langmann,
Mrs. John J. Lapham,
Lewis H. Lapham,

F. F. Lathrop
Countess de Laugier-Villars,
Mrs. Lauterbach,
John Burling Lawrence,
Mrs. Samuel Lawrence,
Prof. Frederic S. Lee,
Mrs. Frederic S. Lee,
Marshall C. Lefferts,
Wm. H. Lefferts,
James M. Lehmaier,
Arthur L. Lesher,

Dr. A. Monae Lesser,
Wm. H. Leupp,
Emanuel Levy,

Adolph Lewisohn,

Miss Alice Lewisohn,
Julius A. Lewisohn,
Philip Lewisohn,

Paul Lichtenstein,
Lowell Lincoln,
Frederick J. Lisman,
Wn. S. Livingston,
Wm. C. Lobenstine,
Frank J. Logan,

Mrs. Geo. de Forest Lord,
Lord & Burnham Co.,
P. Lorillard, Jr.,

(70)

Ethelbert I. Low,

Miss Carlotta R. Lowell,
August Lueder,
Walther Luttgen,
Clarence H. Mackay,
Kenneth K. Mackenzie,
Malcolm MacMartin,
George H. Macy,

V. Everit Macy,

F. Robert Mager,

J. H. Maghee,

Pierre Mali,

Chas. Mallory,

J. A. Manda,

Miss Delia W. Marble,
John Markle,

Dr. J. W. Markoe,
Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Prof. W. C. Marquette,
C. P. Marsh,

Edwin S$. Manton
George Massey,
William J. Matheson,
Francis Taylor Maxwell,
Robert Maxwell,

David Mayer,

Harry Mayer,
Effingham Maynard,
Dr. D. H. McAlpin,
Geo. L. McAlpin,

Rev. Thomas J. McCluskey,
Henry P. McKenney,
John A. McKim,
James McLean,
Edward F. McManus,
B. Frank Mebane,
Herman W. Merkel,
Manton B. Metcalfe,
Herman A. Metz,
Edwin O. Meyer,

Eugene Meyer, Jr.,
George A. Meyer,

Harry J. Meyer,

John G. Milburn,

Geo. M. Miller,

S. M. Milliken,

Mrs. John Murray Mitchell,
Alphonse Montant,
Clement Moore,

Mrs. Clement C. Moore,
J. C. Moore,

Miss Anne Morgan,

Miss C. L. Morgan,

E. D. Morgan,

Mrs. J. P. Morgan,

Wm. Fellows Morgan,

W. Forbes Morgan, Jr.,
Mrs. Cora Morris,

Mrs. Dave Hennen Morris,
Henry Lewis Morris,

Dr. Lewis R. Morris,
Richard Mortimer,
Henry C. Mott,

Frank J. Muhlfeld,

Carl Muller,

John P. Munn,

Frank A. Munsey,
William S. Myers,

A. G. Nesbit,

Mrs. Russell H. Nevins,
Miss Catherine A. Newbold,
Miss Edith Newbold,
Frederic R. Newbold,
Mrs. William G. Nichols,
Wm. Nilsson,

George Notman,

Adolph S. Ochs,

John Offerman,

P. M. Ohmeis,

E, E. Olcott,

(71)

Elam Ward Olney,
Robert Olyphant,

R. M. Olyphant,

Mrs, Emerson Opdycke,
Wm. S. Opdyke,

Mrs. Wm. Openhym,
William C, Orr,

Mrs. William Church Osborn,
Prof. Henry F. Osborne,
Jos. Osler,

Fred’k Page Co.,
Augustus G. Paine,
Henry Parish, Jr.,
Junius Parker,
Winthrop Parker,
James C. Parrish,

Chas. W. Parsons,

Mrs, Edwin Parsons,
John E. Parsons,

Mrs. Sarah J. Parsons,

Mrs. Frederick Pearson,
Edward S. Pegram,
Mrs. Sarah G. T. Pell,
Edmund Penfold,
George E. Perkins,
Samuel T. Peters,

W. R. Peters,

Chas. Pfizer, Jr.,

Mrs. von R. Phelps,
Mrs. William Walter Phelps,
Henry Phipps,

Lloyd Phoenix,

Phillips Phoenix,

Carl Pickhardt,
Gottfried Piel,

Michael Piel,

Henry Clay Pierce,

Winslow S. Pierce,

Mrs. R. Stuyvesant Pierrepont,

J. Fred Pierson,

Mrs. Frank H. Platt,
Albert Plaut,

Gilbert M. Plympton,
Chas. Lane Poor,
Alexander J. Porter,
Abram S. Post,

Miss Blanche Potter,
Frederick Potter,

John T. Pratt,

Miss Cornelia Prime,
Chas. Pryer,

Mrs. Kate Davis Pulitzer,
J. Harsen Purdy,

H. St. Clair Putnam,
Dr. L. Putzel,

Percy R. Pyne,

Charles F. Quincy,
Dr. Edward Quintard,
Charles Raht,

Edmund D. Randolph,
G. B. Raymond,

Geo. R. Read,

Wn. A. Read,

Miss Emily Redmond,
Geraldyn Redmond,
John Reid,

‘Geo. N. Reinhardt,
‘Chas. Remsen,

Miss Serena Rhinelander
Miss Elvine Richard,
‘Eben Richards,

‘Wm. J. Riker,

George L. Rives,

Dr. Wm. C. Rives,
Geo. I. Roberts,

Miss Mary M. Roberts,
Miss Jennette Robertson,

(72)

Andrew J. Robinson,
William G. Rockefeller,
Alfred Roelker,

Edward L. Rogers,

Miss Harriette Rogers,

A. J. Rolle,

W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Mrs. W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Hon. Elihu Root,

Carman R. Runyon,
Jacob Ruppert,

Mrs. A. D. Russell,

John Barry Ryan,

Arthur Ryle,

Harry Sachs,

Paul J. Sachs,

Clarence Sackett,

Miss Lillian Bell Sage,
Mrs. Russell Sage,

Daniel C. Sands,

Miss G. W. Sargent,
Herbert L. Satterlee,
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,
Carl Schefer,

Mrs. H. M. Schieffelin,
Dr. Wm. J. Schieffelin,
Rudolph E. Schirmer,
Miss Jane E. Schmelzel,
D. Schnakenberg,

Henrich Schniewind, Jr.,
C. M. Schwab,

Gustav Schwab, Jr.,
Robert J. F. Schwarzenbach,
Walter Scott,

Miss Grace Scoville,
Robert Scoville,

Edward M. Scudder,
Alonzo B. See,

Charles E. Seitz,

Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman,

Jefferson Seligman,

E. W. Sells,

Mrs. Charles H. Senff,
Alfred Seton,

George R. Sheldon,
Wm. Shillaber,

John W. Simpson,
Charles A. Singer,

Dr. Frank D. Skeel,
Francis Louis Slade,
Benson B. Sloan,
Samuel Sloan,

Thomas Smidt,

Daniel Smiley,

Chas. F. Smillie,

Dr. A. Alexander Smith,
Miss Fanny A. Smith,
Frank Morse Smith,

F. M. Smith,

Pierre J. Smith,

R. A. C. Smith,

E. G. Snow,

E. G. Soltmann,

Mrs. Charlotte Sorchan,
Mrs. Edward W. Sparrow,

(73)

Mrs. John Wood Stewart,
Lispenard Stewart,
Wm. R. Stewart,

Miss Clara F. Stillman,
Dr. D. M. Stimson,
James Stokes,

H. Grant Straus,

Albert Strauss,

Chas. Strauss,

Frederick Strauss,
Samuel Strauss,

Mrs. Gustav Stromberg,
Mrs. Adeline Torrey Strong,
Benj. Strong, Jr.,

John R. Strong,

Joseph Stroock,

F. K. Sturgis,

Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,

Mrs. James Sullivan,
Miss Mary Taber,
Henry W. Taft,

Edward N. Tailer,
James Talcott,

Leon Tanenbaum,

C. A. Tatum,

Mrs. Florence Colgate Speranza,Henry R. Taylor,
W

W. M. Sperry,

Miss Anna Riker Spring,
J. R. Stanton,

James H. Stebbins,
James R. Steers,
Chas. H. Steinway,
Fred. T. Steinway,
Wm. R. Steinway,
Olin J. Stephens,
Benjamin Stern,
Sereno Stetson,
Alexander H. Stevens,
Frederic W. Stevens,
Dr. Geo. T. Stevens,

. A. Taylor,
C. H. Tenney,
H. L. Terrell,
Thomas Thacher,
Miss M. J. Thayer,
Mrs. Emery Jordan Thomas,
Seth E. Thomas, Jr.,
L. S. Thompson,
William B. Thompson,
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,
Jonathan Thorne,
Samuel Thorne, Jr.,
W. V. 8S. Thorne,
Myles Tierney,

Louis C. Tiffany,
Henry N. Tifft,
H. M. Tilford,
James Timpson,
J. Kennedy Tod,

C. D. Tows,
is 5. Trainor,
A. F. Troescher,
Frederick K. Trowbridge,
Dr. Alfred Tuckerman,
Paul Tuckerman,
Geo. E. Turnure,
Benjamin Tuska,
Mrs. Mary A. Tuttle,
E. 8. Twining,
Mrs. Eliza L. D. Tysen,
Oswald W. Uhl,
Theodore N. Vail,

Mrs. Adelaide S. Van Brunt,

Alfred G. Vanderbilt,
D. B. Van Emburgh,
Barend Van Gerbig,
E. H. Van Ingen,
Edgar B. Van Winkle,

Hon. Robert A. Van Wyck,

Mrs. James M. Varnum,
Richard C. Veit,

Thos. F. Vietor,

Frank Vincent,

Wn. I. Walter,

Artemus Ward,

Chas. Willis Ward,

Mrs. John I. Waterbury,
Mrs. John J. Watson, Jr.
Thomas L. Watt,

Mrs. E. H. Weatherbee,
F. Egerton Webb,

J. G. Webb,

Mrs. W. Seward Webb,
Miss Alice D. Weekes,

>

(74)

Chas. Wehrhane,

Charles H. Weigle,

Mrs. C. Gouveneur Weir,
Mrs. Samuel W. Weiss,
Mrs. John Wells,

Mrs. Robert E. Westcott,
Geo. Westinghouse,

Mrs. Alice T. Wheelock,
Dr. Wm. E. Wheelock,
Miss Caroline White,
Horace White,

Clarence Whitman,

Miss Margaret S. Whitney,
Edward A. Wickes,

D. O. Wickham,

Elmore A. Willets,

Mrs. I. T. Williams,

Mrs. Percy H. Williams,
Richard H. Williams,

W. P. Willis,

Charles T. Wills,

Frank D. Wilsey,

Prof. Edmund B. Wilson,
George T. Wilson,

Mrs. H. S. Wilson,

Miss Margaret B. Wilson,
Bronson Winthrop,
Egerton Winthrop,
Grenville L. Winthrop,
Mrs. Robt. Winthrop,
Mrs. Frank S. Witherbee,
Dr. R. A. Witthaus,
Ernst G. W. Woerz,

Emil Wolff,

Lewis S. Wolff,

William E. Wolff,

Mrs. Cynthia A. Wood,
Henry R. Wood,

Prof. R. S. Woodward,

Mrs. William Woodward, Sr.

(75)

W. H. Woolverton, Andrew C. Zabriskie,

P. B. Worrall, Mrs. Anna M. von Zedlitz,
Miss Julia Wray, Mrs. John E. Zimmermann,
Mrs. J. Hood Wright, August Zinsser,

A. Wurzburger, Charles Zoller,

Mrs. A. Murray Young, O. F. Zollikoffer.

Edw. L. Young,

MEMBERS OF THE WoMEN’S AUXILIARY

Mrs. Robert Bacon, Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Mrs. Thomas H. Barber, Mrs. George W. Perkins,
Miss Elizabeth Billings, Miss Harriette Rogers,
Miss Eleanor Blodgett, Mrs. James Roosevelt,
Mrs. James L. Breese, Mrs. Archibald D. Russell,
Mrs. Delancey Kane, Mrs. Benson B. Sloan,
Mrs. A. A. Low, Mrs. Henry O. Taylor.

Mrs. V. Everit Macy,

(76)

REPORT OF THE TREASURER

New York, January 7, 1915.
To THE Boarp or MaNnacERs OF THE NEw York Boran-
ICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: Herewith I submit a statement of my receipts
and disbursements during the year 1914, and a balance
sheet from my ledger as of December 31, 1914.

espectfully yours,
James A. ScrYMSER,

Treasurer.
Receipts anp DispuRSEMENTS
Receipts
Balance as perlast Annual Report. ..... .. .. $$ 66,645.76
Contributions of the City toward De-
velopment and Maintenance....... $ 99,571.46
Subscriptions to Endowment Fund for
Science and Education...... oe eae 8,610.00
Legacy, Addison Brown, 200 shares
U.S. Steel Prid. (Jan. 26,1914)... 21,850.00
Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund
Contributions .. 2... 1... we... 534.30

Proceeds of sale of 200 shares U. S.
Steel Prfd. November 30, 1914. .. 20,771.00
Income from General Investments:
Credited General Income Account:
5% on $50,000 Southern
o. Ist Consoli-

dated Mortgage Bonds. $ 2,500.00
44% on $50,000 Ches. &

Ohio R. R. Co. General

Mortgage Bonds... .. 2,250.00
4% on $50,000 Erie R. R.
Co. Prior Lien Bonds.. —_ 2,000.00

4% on $59,000 Erie R. R.
Co. Penn.-Coll. Trust
Bonds. . ...... .. 2,360.00

(77)

4% on $50,000 Reading R.
. Co. Jersey Central
Coll. Trust Bonds... 2,000.00
4% on $24,000 Northern
Pacific R. R. St. P. &
D. Div. Bonds. ... 960.00
4% on $30,000 Northers
Pacific R. R. Gt. Nor.-
Cc. B. & Q. Coll. Trust

Bonds. ... ....... 1,200.00
4% on $10,000 New York
City 4% Stock of 1959. 400.00

444% on £53,000 Grand
runk Equipment
Notes. .........0.0.. 2,385.00
5% on $10,000 Louisville
& Nashville Equip-
ments.............-.. 500:00
oe on $10,000 N. Y.
Central Lines Equip-
MENG fois. eee PES 450.00
4% on $11,000 Milwau-
kee, Sparta & Western
R.R.Bonds.. ...... 440.00

Less interest on $50,000

Y. City Notes due
Sept. 1, 1917 (6%).... 241.67
Income from Addison Brown Fund, In-
vestment, Dividends on 200 shares
U. S. Steel Prid... 2.2.0... 2 eee.
Interest at 3% on balances with J. P.
Morgan & Co... 1. ee eee
Annual Dues. ian dege dete
Life Membership Fees. ee ee
Fellowship Members’ Fees. 2

Sustaining Members’ Fees.

Subscriptions to “North Minera
Flora,” sales of aera etc.,
credited Income of David Lydig Fund

$ 17,203.33

1,400.00

1,759.41
7,960.00
250.00
700.00
350.00

2,317.82

(78)

Contributions, etc., to Plant Fund..... 1,381.20
Contributions, etc., to Students Re-
search Fund............--+0 0-2 00s 150.00
Contributions, etc., to Special Fund for
Books ic tcdeeae Shes ae Pew in eee 3,825.00
Contributions, etc., to Museum and
Herbarium Fund...............-. 10.00
Refund, credited to Income of Stokes
Fund): 52.22.200ace32 cess eae eas 2.45
Sundry refunds, Sales of Merchandise
and Materials... 2eugcct erent 80.00
Total Receipts........... 00.0005. $188,725.97
Disbursements

Investment of Science and Education

Fund, $50,000 New York City 6%

Notes, due Sept. 1, 1917.......... % S1,281.25
Investment of John Innes Kane Fund,

$10,000 New York City 6% Notes,

due Sept. 1, 1917.........-.0004. 10,256.25
Investment Addison Brown Legacy, 200

shares United States Steel Prfd.

(taken at market rate when trans-

TOTECG) 4 ttre dcheuctey cones 2 cule 21,850.00
Income from Investment of John Innes

Kane Fund. Interest on N. Y. City

INGteS sagged eee 48.33
Income from Investment Addison

Brown Fund, March 1914 dividend

on 200 shares U. S. Steel paid to Mrs.

Addison Brown as peragreement.... 350.00
Investment Addison Brown Legacy,

Expenses of transfer in sale of 200

shares of U.S. Steel.............. 4.50
Expenses paid through Director-in-Chief:
Account of City Appropriations. .... 99,571.46

- aa Account for Vouchers
Se ceccanh toh aay eee, Sakis eet nals 22,720.80
= Book Fund for Books... .... 3,066.50

$188,725.97

(79)

Plant Fund for Purchase of Plants. . 1,948.00
Income of David Lydig Fund for

Publications. ...... 0... 00... 4,285.16
Income of D. O. Mills Fund, for

Sundries... 20.2... cece eee eee 2,652.32
Income of Stokes Fund for Printing. . 110.35
Income of Science and Education

PUN Gs eee eee od eee 2,225.05
Income of John Innes Kane Fund.... 288.20
Income ofHenryIden Fund. .. ... 287.50
Income of William R. Sands Fond: 352.00

Total Disbursements......... .. $221,297.67

Balance, Cash in hands of Treas-
urer (on deposit with J. P.
Morgan & Co.)..... 0.2.2.2... 34,074.06

£255,371-73 $255,371.73

Lepcer Batances, DECEMBER 31, I914

Credit
Permanent Funds

Endowment Fund..... ............ $304,510.00

Endowment Fund for Science and Edu-
CAllIONG } neta esate, core 75,455.00

David hie Fund, cane of Charles
ee 34,149.86
Tepacy of Wm.R. Sands. ........... 10,000.00
Darius Ogden Mills Fund........ ... §0,000.00
Henry Iden Legacy Lee ee eee eae 10,000.00
Addison Brown Legacy............ 21,850.00
John Innes KaneFund.. ....... .. 10,000.00
Stokes Fund...... 0 .......... 3,000.00
Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fond 534-30

Students’ Research Fund........ ... 3,467.00

$522,966.16

( 80 )

Temporary Funds
Income of Stokes Fund

patie Geka 70.83
Income from Addison Brown Fund. . 1,050.00
Life Membership Dues..... ........ 250.00
Exploration Fund............ 0 ..... 24.05
Charles Finney Cox Memorial Fund. 6.90
Income Students’ Research Fund... 153.21
Special Fund for Books...... ....... 817.00
Plant Fund.

Siapaaisitieeeiauneeehe tet one 407.78 $525,745.93

Debit
General Investments _
$50,000 Ches. & Ohio Gen’! Mtge.

Bonds....

ee Evie R. R. Co. Penn.-Coll.
Tr. Bonds:< ic¢iadesd haves
50,000 Reading R. R. Co. J. C, [P3%4424-18
Coll. Tr. Bonds. ... 1.2...
24,000 Nor. Pac. R. R. St. P.& D.
Div. Bonds... .. ......... 2...
30,000 Nor. Pac. Gt. Nor.-C. B. &
Q. Coll. Tr. Bonds...
10,000 N. Y. City, 4% Stock,

1969 vi. Sweedeaweta teens
Investment, D. 0. Mills Fund,
$53,000 Grand Trunk Railway Equip-

Sas, ee os 50,015.63

$10,000 N. Y. Central

Lines Equipment. .. $ 9,510.48
10,000 Louisville &
Nashville Equipment 10,000.00

50,000 N. Y. City Notes
(6%) due Sept. 1
1917

?

tases ee 54,281.25 70,791.73

(8 )

Investment, Henry Iden Fund,
$11,000 Milwaukee,
Sparta & N. W.R. R.
NAS ice atest, Seeiian ae Lee eee 10,120.00
Investment, Addison Brown
egacy,

200 shares U. S. Steel
Prfd. at market rate

Jan. 26, 1914....... $21,850.00
Stee

IQI4.... wee eee eee 20,766.50

Balance..... ... .. $ 1,083.50 $ 1,083.50
Investment, John Innes Kane Fund,

$10,000 N. Y. City Notes (6%) due
Septs Ey 1QU7 icin csceiey se teaee You 10,256.25
$454,691.29

Income from John Innes Kane Fund,

Interest paid Sept. 30, on N. Y.

City Notes...........0.....0005. 48.33
Income of David Lydig Fund, Balance

borrowed from Permanent Funds... 1,625.98
Income of D. O. Mills Fund.......... 903.72
Income of John Innes Kane Fund..... 56.54
Director-in-Chief, Working Fund.... 25,000.00
Museum and Herbarium Fund....... 26.92
General Income Account, Balance bor-

rowed from Permanent Funds..... 9,319.09
Cash in hands of Treasurer (on deposit

with J. P. Morgan & Co.)......... 34,074.06

$525,745.93 $525,745.93

(82)

REPORT OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR
TREASURER’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1914

Room 3111, Granp CENTRAL TERMINAL,
New York, February 19, 1915
Mr. Epwarp D. Apams,
Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
71 Broscway. New York, N.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have, by direction of the Board of
Managers, examined the books and accounts of the Treasurer of
the New York Botanical Garden, for the year nineteen hundred
and fourteen (1914), together with their proper vouchers, and
that I find the balance sheet and the Treasurer’s statement of
receipts and disbursements attached hereto to be correct.

Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Stone,
Special Auditor.

(83)

Drrector-1n-CHier’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR IQI4

Room 3111, GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL,
New York, February 19, 1915
Mr. Epwarp D. Apams,
Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
71 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have examined and audited the
financial books and accounts of the Director-in-Chief of the
New York Botanical Garden for the year nineteen hundred and
fourteen (1914), and that I find the same to be correct, and the
cash balance to be as stated in the current cash book.

In accordance with recent practice, I have not included in
this auditing the examination of the vouchers for City main-
tenance or construction work paid for by the City, as such
vouchers have been found proper and in order by the City
authorities, and it was decided in 1904 by the Chairman of the
Finance Committee that a further examination of them was
unnecessary. By like authority I have omitted also a detailed
examination of the annual membership dues account. These
dues are received by the Director-in-Chief and forwarded by
him to the Treasurer, the former keeping a detailed record of
the same.

Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Stone,
Special Auditor.

VOL. 9 No. 33

BULLETIN

OF

THE NEW YORK

BOTANICAL GARDEN

(ISSUED MARCH 20, 1916]

OFFICERS 1916
PresiDENT——-W. eo THOMPSO
Vice-P EW ees
EOE eerie ee FRAN fae LYNDE STETSON
TREASURER—. mera te SCRYMSER
SEcRETARY—N, L. TTON
1. ELECTED MANAGERS
Term expires January, 1917
JAMES A. ae MSER

EDWARD D. ADAMS
ROBERT W. ve FOREST HENRY W. ve FOREST
J. P. MORGAN DANIEL GUGGENHEIM
Term expires see
N. L. BRITTON VIS enon MORRIS
ae CARNEGIE a pone N THOMPSON
W. J. MATHESON FREDERIC R. NEWBOLD

Term expires January, 1919
GEORGE McANENY eras eae STETSON
GEORGE W. PERKINS LES TIER
LOUIS C. TIFFANY

2. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS

Tue Mayor oF tHe City or NEw York
HON. JOHN PURROY MITCHEL

THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC PARKS
HON. GEORGE CABOT WARD
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS
ae H. H. RUSBY, Chairman

a
EUGENE P. BICKNE PROF. aire J. GIES
DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF. . HARPER
WILLIAM G. WILLCOX PROF. ve Ge F. KEMP
PROF. FREDERIC S. LEE

GARDEN STAFRPF

DR. N. L. Sane Director-in-Chief (Development, Administration)
. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director (Administration
DR. JOHN Me SMALL, Head Curator of the Museums (Flowering Plants)
)

PERCY WILSON, Associate Curator
DR. FRANCIS W. PENNELL, Associate Curator
baa ASH, Head Gardener
B. ST OUT, Director of the Laborator
ae “jong Serie apes Bibticorepher
ARAH H. OW, Libra
DR, H. H. a Honorary ee of the Eco
ELIZABETH — BRITTON, Honorary Curator ia
L rator

conomic Collections
fosses

co A. SCH NG, Mus Custodian
RINLEY, Landscape Engine
TER S. GROESBECK, Cl d Accountan

ARTHUR I. CORBETT, Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds

BULLETIN
The New York BotanicalGarden

Vol.9g No. 33

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR-
IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR 1915

(Accepted and ordered printed, January 10, 1916)

To tHE Boarp or Manacers or THE New York

Botanica GARDEN.

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit herewith my
report as Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the year
ending January Io, 1916.

The most noteworthy event in the history of the institu-
tion during the year was the grant by the Board of Estimate
and Apportionment, on January 29, 1915, of the use of
over 140 acres of Bronx Park, additional to the original
reservation of 250 acres set aside and appropriated by
the Commissioners of Public Parks in 1895, and signalizing
the Twentieth Anniversary of the first allotment of ground
for the purposes of the Garden. This action by the city
increases the area of the New York Botanical Garden to
nearly 400 acres, making it the largest institution of its
kind in the temperate zones, and provides unequaled
opportunity for further development. With the use of
this land came the use of the large stone mansion built
by the Lorillard family in 1856, an edifice containing 45
rooms, and available for many useful purposes. The
Garden reservation now comprises all of Bronx Park north
of Pelham Avenue except three small areas reserved for
the use of the Park Department, occupied by its green-
houses, shop, stable, and music-stand.

(8

5)

(86)

‘By means of a fund aggregating $10,357, generously
subscribed by 148 members and friends, and designated
the “Garden Extension and Commemoration Fund,” con-
siderable preliminary work in the development of this
additional land and in the renovation of the mansion has
been accomplished, including the cutting out of dead
trees and of stumps, the filling and draining of marshy
areas, the partial construction of an unfinished driveway
and the partial construction of paths, the breaking of loose
stone, and the commencement of planting at several points.
A complete survey and map of the additional tract has
been prepared by the Landscape Engineer, who has also
submitted a plan for roads and paths, which was approved
at your meeting of November 18, 1915. he mansion was
found to be greatly in need of repairs, many of which have
been accomplished, including exterior and interior painting,
new leaders and gutters, the reconstruction of porches, the
furnishing and decoration of board rooms, and the installa-
tion of a steam heating plant and of shops in the basement.
The Twentieth Anniversary of the first appropriation of
land was commemorated during the week commenced
September 6 by a largely attended meeting of botanists
from all over the eastern United States.*

New construction and new planting have, for the most
part, been confined to the additional land, but, in the early
part of the year, some work was done in building paths and
in grading near conservatory range 2, and a new rhodo-
dendron group was planted at conservatory range 1 by the
aid of the income of the John Innes Kane Fund. The
development of the original reservation has not, by any
means, been completed, construction work being yet re-
quired near the museum building, about conservatory
range 2, in an area of about 3 acres at the northern corner
of the grounds, and additional paths are needed in other
areas. An additional wing to the museum building and
additional greenhouses at conservatory range 2 are much

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 16: 203-219.

(87 )

needed for satisfactory display and storage of the collec-
tions.

The number of kinds of plants now represented in out-
door plantations and under glass aggregates very nearly
14,000 species and varieties. Over 36,000 specimens were
added to the museum and herbarium collections, these
now aggregating considerably more than 1,500,000 speci-
mens. The library was increased by over 900 volumes, the
number of bound volumes being now 27,224.

Attractive opportunities for investigation are furnished
by these vast collections. During the New York meeting
of the National Academy of Sciences in November, the
Garden was visited by members of that organization, and
the point was made that great additions to knowledge
could be contributed by scientific study of the collections
now brought together after twenty years’ effort, the spa-
cious grounds and capacious buildings providing ample
facilities, financial provision only for salaries and expenses
of a staff of trained investigators, assistants, and gardeners
being required to place the institution on the basis of a
botanical and horticultural university.

Public lectures were delivered to appreciative audiences
on Saturday afternoons from April 3 to November 20.
Docentry has been continued with schools and parties of
adults, and is one of the most efficient methods we have -
diseminacue information about the institution and i
collections. There is a constant increase in the ee
about plants and plant products requested by correspon-
dents. Library and laboratory work was conducted with
16 registered advanced students from colleges and uni-
versities. Exploration was accomplished in Porto Rico,
in eastern South America, in southern Florida, and in the
Rocky Mountain region.

Publications during the year include Volume 16 of the
Journal, Volume 7 of Mycologia, 3 parts of North American
Flora, 1 number of Bulletin, 1 volume of Memoirs, and 11
numbers of Contributions. Most of these publications have

(88 )

been aided by the income of the David Lydig Fund
bequeathed by Charles P. Daly.

The natural features of the reservation have suffered no
deterioration. Guarding of the grounds was extended over
the additional land during the spring, and good results of
this extension are already apparent. The largely increased
area has brought with it, among other responsibilities, a
greatly increased number of visitors, and, for the certain
protection of many valuable natural features, it is essential
that a path system be built through it as soon as possible.
The approved plan of development contemplates the con-
struction of about 4 miles of path in the additional land,
and it is earnestly desired that at least 1 mile be completed
during 1916. Guard-rails will be needed along portions of
the new paths, and additional guard-rails are stil needed
along paths of the system already completed. The efficient
enforcement by the police of city ordinances forbidding
depredations and littering of public grounds, following a
special order of His Honor the Mayor, contributed greatly
to the care and protection of the Garden reservation.

Permanent funds of the institution have been increased
during the year by the payment of 55 per cent. of the
bequest of $25,000 by Maria DeWitt Jesup, or $13,750,
by $1,000 bequeathed by Jacob Langeloth, by $2,000 Life
Fellowship fees from Messrs. Murry and S. R. Guggenheim,
by one Life Membership fee of $250, and by additions to
the Students Research Fund amounting to $154, aggregat-
ing $17,154, the total endowment now aggregating a little
over $540,000. A detailed acount of permanent funds
and endowment, together with statements relative to
additional funds desired, was published and distributed
during the year,* suggesting an increase of the total endow-
ment to $2,000,000 or more.

Surveys and Plans
The Park Department kindly permitted us to use a
survey made several years ago of the land added to the
* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 16: 123-130.

(89)

Garden, and this avoided the necessity of instrumental
work; the map accompanying this survey was drawn, how-
ever, to the scale of 60 feet to the inch, whereas all our
other maps have been drawn to the scale of 50 feet to an
inch. Mr.Brinley enlarged this survey map, and the record,
on three folio sheets, has been added to survey maps made
in 1895 and 1896. We thus have complete records of the
original topography of the entire area.

Based upon the survey thus obtained and careful studies
in the field, Mr. Brinley prepared the general plan of
development of the additional land, which was approved
at your meeting of November 18, 1915. The preparation
of plans for a rose garden was referred to Mrs. Beatrix
Farrand in cooperation with Mr. Brinley at the meeting of
June 17. Progress has been made in this study and
preliminary plans were submitted at the meeting of
November 18, and referred to a committee for further
consideration and report.

Connection with the Bronx River Parkway

The plans of the Bronx Parkway Commission for the
development of the reservation extending from the northern
end of the Garden north to Kensico are now being elab-
orated, and conferences have been held with the engineers
and other officials of that Commission relative to the
connection of Garden driveways and paths. A harmonious
result has been arrived at, and a plan showing proposed
connections will be submitted to us by the Bronx Parkway
Commission in the near future. It is probable that a
portion of our border screen at the northern end of the
grounds had better be eliminated, for there seems no reason
for a sharply defined boundary being maintained. It will
be recalled that in 1911, at the request of the President of
the Borough of The Bronx, we tentatively approved a plan
submitted by him for the construction of a boundary street
along the northern side of the Garden on a high level
viaduct, the location of this proposed street being partly

(90 )

on the Garden reservation and now partly on land of the
Bronx Parkway Commission, inasmuch as it has never
been formally condemned for street purposes.

The creation of the Bronx River Parkway has now made
the construction of this street undesirable, and the tentative
plans of the Commission do not include it.

Grading and Drainage

The rough, steep river banks on the additional land at
the Linnaean bridge were graded and regulated early in
the spring. An old quarry on the hill near the south-
western corner of the grounds, an unsightly and dangerous
feature, has been nearly filled by a contractor without
cost to the Garden, and the original contour of the hill
thus essentially restored. Some filling has also been ob-
tained without cost from contractors for the bank against
the railroad at the extreme northern corner of the Garden.
Following a plan approved by you June 17, 1915, and
previously approved by the Commissioner of Parks of the
Borough of The Bronx, the grading necessary to establish
the new driveway south of the mansion and crossing the
north end of the long lake has been about one half
completed, and this work is still in progress. At the
extreme southwestern corner of the grounds, in establishing
the iris garden and a portion of the path system, much
grading and regulating were accomplished. At conserva-
tory range 2, unfinished banks and lawns were regulated
and graded, and minor work of this character has been
done at other points, including some preliminary grading
at the rose garden site.

At power house 2, additional work was accomplished
early in the year in the construction of the deep drain de-
signed to relieve the present trouble caused by springs
under the steam-pipe tunnel, a road culvert north of the
western end of the Linnaean bridge was connected with the
river by a 12-inch drain, a 6-inch drain-pipe was laid
through the entire length of the valley planned for the rose

(91)

garden, replacing an open stone ditch and draining other
areas which were prolific mosquito breeders.

Roads and Paths

The Telford foundation for a small portion of the drive-
way under construction south of the mansion was laid with
stone obtained during grading work, and there is enough
loose stone in the area near the eastern end of this un-
finished drive to pave a considerable part of it. The
completion of this road is much to be desired and it will
finish the driveway system of the entire reservation as at
present planned. Its completion will permit the elimina-
tion of the narrow and very dangerous road which ap-
proaches the mansion from the north, which may then
revert to a path as originally planned; there have been
several accidents on this narrow road and it should be
done away with as soon as possible. It is planned, how-
ever, to retain the driveway approach to the mansion
from the south, but this should be widened as a measure
of precaution and to accommodate the continually increas-
ing travel, as contemplated on the approved general plan.

In order, as soon as possible, to restrict pedestrians to
paths, work on path construction was commenced during
the season on the part of the additional land lying west of
the Bronx River, and a path has been partially completed
extending north from the Linnaean bridge along the west
side of the river for a distance of about goo feet, then
diverging from the river and entering the hemlock grove
about 600 feet further northwest, designed to reach the
gorge bridge about 700 feet further north. ‘The comple-
tion of this path, which it is hoped to accomplish during
1916, will provide a continuous walk the entire length of
the reservation from Pelham Avenue to the southern end
of the Bronx Parkway, near and along the river. Stone
for paving this path may be assembled during the winter.
In building the iris garden at the southwestern corner of
the additional land, paths about 500 feet long were nearly

(92)

completed; it is hoped to connect the iris garden with the
path running north to the herbaceous garden during next
season. About 4oo feet of path running northwest from
conservatory range 2 was partially constructed, and some
work was done on paths on the eastern side of this con-
servatory range. The total length of paths partially
constructed during the season is nearly half a mile. With
trap-rock screenings furnished by the Park Department,
the pinetum path, built last year, was permanently sur-
faced, and repairs to the surfaces of paths at many points
were made.

The maintenance of driveways has been accomplished
by the Park Department as required by the charter of the
Garden, and the surfaces have now been brought into good
condition, except the road east of the Bronx River extend-
ing north from the long bridge to the Bronx River Parkway,
and the road running south from the herbaceous garden to
the Linnaean bridge; the Park Department proposes to
put these roads in good order first thing in the spring,
and material for this purpose has been assembled. The
maintenance of paths, although referred to the Park
Department by the Garden’s charter, has been accom-
plished by us.

All the bridges in the road and path system are in good
order, and have not required any repairing during the year.

Electric Lighting of the Driveways

During the season, the Department of Water Supply,
Gas and Electricity submitted a series of plans for the
electric lighting of the driveways throughout the entire
reservation, to take the place of the naphtha lamps pre-
viously in use. These plans were carefully studied in
consultation with engineers of this city department and
locations for cables along the edges of the roads were
determined, especial care being taken to avoid cutting
the roots of any trees. I required, before approving the
plans, that no tree root over half an inch in diameter should

(93)

be cut but a cable passed under it. I found the engineers
of the department quite as solicitous as I was that trees
should not be endangered, and the work was accomplished
with the greatest care and no damage to trees is antici-
pated; the companies contracting for the work performed
it expeditiously and neatly, taking the sod from all trench
excavations necessary and replacing it so that within a few
days after the cables were laid it was difficult to detect
their position; they have been very accurately mapped,
however, and it is hoped that subsequent operations may
not disturb them at any point. The entire system of
driveways west of the Bronx River was thus supplied with
electric lights and the current turned on in December.
The work along the main roads east of the river is not yet
quite completed. The posts used for electric lights are
neat in design and were approved by the Art Commission.

Along the road leading north from Pelham Avenue past
the mansion, the northern part of which will revert to a
path and the southern part will require widening, the
electric installation is temporarily on poles, but the depart-
ment will place these wires under ground after the roadway
construction in progress in that part of the grounds is
completed.

Water Supply

There has been no extension of the water supply system
during the year, and only ordinary repairs to it have been
required.

The additional land has a water supply system on both
sides of the river, and this, by the aid of recollection of
employees of the Park Department, has been located on
our general plan, probably not with very great accuracy,
although the position of parts of it has been determined
by excavations. The land east of the Bronx River is
traversed by a 4-inch water pipe which extends from a
main on the Pelham Parkway north through the rose garden
site, past the Park Department’s stables and greenhouses,
to the mansion, but it does not supply the mansion with

(94)

water, the pressure of this system being too low for service
there. The mansion is supplied by a 2-inch pipe laid a
number of years ago from a point on the 36-inch water
main near the driveway northeast of conservatory range I
eastward across the herbaceous garden valley and through
the hemlock grove, passing under the Bronx River a little
north of the gorge bridge, and branches from this pipe
also supply the Park Department’s stables, a portion of
their greenhouses, and their shop. The pressure in this
pipe is sufficient to reach only the second story of the
mansion, and that only somewhat intermittent

There is a 2-inch water pipe which traverses ‘the addi-
tional land west of the Bronx River from a point near the
southwestern corner of the grounds north to near the
southern end of the herbaceous garden.

Buildings

With the exception of the mansion, which came to us
with the additional land granted by the city, all buildings
are in good order and have required only ordinary repairs.
The roof of the museum building, referred to in previous
reports as requiring attention, was carefully gone over
and most of the leaky places in it repaired, but there are
still a few points which are giving trouble. A violent storm
and high wind toward the end of December broke in about
40 panes of glass of conservatory range I, the greatest
glass breakage which has occurred in several years.

Repairs to the mansion have included the partial re-
building of its two porches, new shingles on about one third
of its roof, carpentering work on floors, doors, windows,
and trimmings, interior and exterior painting, which is
still in progress, new sinks and other plumbing work, new
gutters, and an entire replacement of leaders. Interior
repairs on this building have been restricted to the base-
ment and first and second floors, the third and fourth floors
are still in a very dingy and dilapidated condition. The
steam heating plant installed extends only to the second

(95 )

floor, but the furnace selected is capable of extension
sufficient to heat the entire structure.

Two small stone buildings, used for public comfort
stations, also came to us with the additional land, one
situated near the mansion and north of it, the other a
greater distance to the south.

No repairs have been necessary to boundary walls and
fences, and they are in good condition. The extension of
boundary fences around the additional land is much to
be desired, and until these structures are obtained no
complete protection of this area can be effected.

The plans for the development of the Bronx River
Parkway indicate that no boundary barrier will be neces-
sary at the northern end of the grounds.

In the report of the Superintendent of Buildings and
Grounds hereto appended, detailed accounts of main-
tenance and construction will be found.

Natural Features

Except for the uprooting of over 50 large trees during
violent storms at the end of the year, there has been no
loss in the beauty of the woodlands, and the trees are so
numerous that the removal of these fallen ones will not
be noticeable. The woodlands have been continually
patrolled to guard against fire and vandalism, and no
appreciable damage has been done. Over 1,200 dead trees
were cut on the additional land early in the year and several
hundred stumps were extracted. Some dead trees and
stumps still remain and part of them, at least, may be
removed this winter. The placing of additional guard-
rails along parts of the path system is still necessary.

Plants and Planting
All the plantations heretofore established have been
maintained, and additions have been made to the arbore-
tum, pinetum, fruticetum, herbaceous grounds, and the
flower gardens. In the spring, a new rhododendron planta-

(96)

tion was established on the north side of conservatory
range I, the plants purchased by an appropriation from the
income of the John Innes Kane Fund.* Early in the
spring, a considerable number of trees were planted near
and along the western bank of the Bronx River north of
the Linnaean bridge, and the banks at that bridge were
planted with several kinds of willows. In the autumn, a
commencement was made to extend the deciduous arbore-
tum southward on the additional land by planting several
kinds of poplars east of the long lake near the Bronx
Boulevard, and ground was prepared and some preliminary
planting accomplished near the iris garden at the south-
western corner of the grounds. Many plants were moved
from the nurseries, both in the spring and in the autumn,
to permanent places in various parts of the grounds.

Substantial additions have been made to the greenhouse
collections, the most noteworthy being several hundred
cactuses and other plants collected by Dr. J. N. Rose
during the year in Brazil and Argentina, in continuation
of our cooperation in the cactus investigation with the
Carnegie Institution of Washington; a fine collection of
Brazilian orchids presented to the Garden by Dr. Y. de
Oliveira Botelho, Brazilian Delegate to the Second Pan-
American Scientific Congress; and a collection of native
ferns of Porto Rico obtained during our expedition to
that island in the spring.

A detailed account of the composition of the collections
and of gardening work will be found in the report of the
Head Gardener hereto appended.

Cultivation of Drug and Dye Plants
At the meeting of the Board of Managers held April 15,
191s, Mr. Edward D. Adams discussed the desirability
of disseminating information relative to the production of
drugs and dyes, of which the supply had been reduced by
war conditions in Europe, and the topic was referred to the
* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 16: 130-132.

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Scientific Directors for report. At a meeting of the
Managers held June 17, Dr. Rusby, Chairman of the
Scientific Directors, submitted a report upon the cultiva-
tion of drug and dye plants, which was published in the
August issue of Garden Journal,* and reprinted for further
distribution. ‘There has since been a considerable demand
for this pamphlet, notices and reviews of which have ap-
peared in many newspapers, and requests for copies of it
are still received. In order to further bring the subject to
attention, several members and friends of the Garden
have established plantations of drug plants on their
estates, and there is no doubt that the subject has attracted
wide attention and consideration.

Museums and Herbarium

The museum and herbarium collections have been cared
for by the same curatorial staff as during the previous year,
Dr. F. W. Pennell taking the position of Associate Curator
made vacant by the death of Dr. Charles Budd Robinson
the year before. Considerable rearrangement of specimens
has been made and additions have been incorporated for
the better illustration of many groups. Funds have not
been available for the construction of additional cases,
which are still much needed, many specimens being held
in the storage room. The principal additions made were
obtained by our own exploration work and by exchanges
with other institutions. A noteworthy gift of specimens
of hepaticae by Miss Caroline Coventry Haynesf enriches
our collection of these plants. Income from the Maria
DeWitt Jesup Fund, available toward the end of the year,
made possible the purchase of two important collections.

The report of the Head Curator of the Museums and
Herbarium hereto appended gives details of accessions to
the collections and of work upon them, and additional
data will be found in the reports of the Honorary Curator

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 16: 155-172.
} See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 16: 226.

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of the Economic Collections, the Honorary Curator of
Mosses, and the Honorary Curator of the Collection of
Fossil Plants.
Library

Additions to the library were, for the most part, by gifts
and by exchanges of our publications for those of other
institutions and associations. Little money was available
during the year for purchases. A permanent fund which
would make the more rapid growth of the library certain
is greatly desired. ‘The collection still lacks many volumes
of the older literature of botany and horticulture, and
these books are continually becoming more difficult to
secure and more expensive. Our present available funds
are insufficient to enable us to purchase all current botanical
and horticultural literature. The most noteworthy gift
of books was made by Mrs. Addison Brown, from the
library of the late Judge Addison Brown, containing many
valuable volumes.*

Reports of the Librarian and of the Bibliographer hereto
appended contain additional information relative to this
collection.

Laboratories and Experimental Gardens

Instruction of advanced students and cooperation with
investigators from other institutions have been continued
during the year, 16 registered students having utilized the
facilities of the laboratories and experimental gardens,
and having conducted researches over a wide range of sub-
jects. The income of the Henry Iden Fund has been used
for the payment of resident research scholarships, and
grants in aid of student investigations have been made
from the income of the Students Research Fund. The
area of land used for experimental gardens at the nurseries
has proved sufficient, but an increase in greenhouse space
there is desirable, in order to supply additional facilities
for plant breeding and for studies in plant pathology.

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 16: 120-122.

(99)

The report of the Director of the Laboratories hereto
appended presents a record of the work of students and an
outline of investigations conducted.

Public Instruction

Thirty-four public lectures were delivered on Saturday
afternoons during the season, all but nine of them delivered
by members of the staff. Titles of these lectures are
recorded in the appended report of the Assistant Director,
which also contains records of publications issued during
the year, of meetings held, and of instruction given by
employees detailed as docents.

Labeling of the collections has been continued, and it is
by means of the labels accompanying plants and specimens
that the greatest amount of information is furnished to
visitors. Informational labels aggregating 5,498 have been
painted for plants in the grounds and greenhouses, the
total number of such labels now in place being over 20,000.
These labels give an English name and the botanical
name of the plant, the country where it is native, and the
family to which it belongs. If funds were available for
the purpose, this system of information might be much
elaborated by putting more on the labels than we are now
able to do; this would necessarily increase their size and
make them more conspicuous. There are some objections
to increasing their prominence in the landscape, however.

Exploration

Botanical work in Porto Rico was continued in the early
part of the year through an expedition by the Director-in-
Chief and Mrs. Britton, accompanied by Mr. John F.
Cowell, Director of the Buffalo Botanical Garden, and by
Mr. Stewardson Brown, Curator of Botany at the Phila-
delphia Academy of Sciences, and also by Professor Wille,
Director of the Botanical Garden of Christiania, Norway,
accompanied by Mrs. Wille.* Extensive and important

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 16: 103-112; 132-146.

( 100 )

collections were secured. Porto Rico was also visited in
the summer by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator, for the
purpose of obtaining additional representation of the
marine algae.* All this work was in cooperation with the
scientific survey of Porto Rico organized by the New York
Academy of Sciences in cooperation with the American
Museum of Natural History, the Insular Government of
Porto Rico, and other institutions.

In further cooperation with the Carnegie Institution of
Washington in the investigation of the cactus family prose-
cuted for several years, Dr. J. N. Rose visited eastern Brazil
and Argentina during the summer and obtained specimens
of these plants and of others, which greatly enrich our
collections; this work was made possible by an appropria-
tion from the income of the Darius Ogden Mills Fund.

Dr. J. K. Small, Head Curator, has continued investiga-
tion of the flora of extreme southern Florida, by the aid
of funds liberally contributed by Mr. Charles Deering,
and he is at present engaged in field work there.

Dr. F. W. Pennell, Associate Curator, spent two months
of the summer in exploration work in the central Rocky
Mountains, with special reference to the collection and
study of plants of the figwort family. Ir. Percy Wilson,
Associate Curator, continued studies of the local flora in
Delaware County, New York, during a period of about
one month. Both these trips were aided by grants from
the income of the Darius Ogden Mills Fund.

Preservation of Native Plants

A further distribution of 30 sets of framed copies of
colored illustrations of wild flowers needing protection has
been made to schools, and our supply of these frames has
now been exhausted. Requests are received for them from
time to time and it is proposed to obtain an additional
supply. Competition prize essays on wild flowers needing
protection were invited from schools in New York City,

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 16: 219-225.

( I0r )

and submitted on Arbor Day, the successful student being
awarded one of these frames for his or her school. Mrs.
Britton conducted the correspondence connected with this
distribution and also visited several schools and made
addresses on the subject. It is proposed to utilize the
income of the Caroline and Olivia E. Phelps Stokes Fund
for the preservation of native plants, which has made
this effort possible, for the reproduction of 3 additional
wild flowers, which will increase the set to 12 subjects,
8 having been used in frames hitherto distributed and 1
reproduced set held in reserve. Selections of the essays
submitted by the school children have been published.*
A further record of this work will be found in the report
of the Honorary Curator of Mosses hereto appended.

Investigations

Investigational work by members of the staff has been
continued during such time as administrative and cura-
torial duties have permitted, and records of this work will
be found in the accompanying reports of the several
officers. This work has included taxonomic studies in
relation to the preparation of manuscript for North Amer-
ican Flora and other publications, which closely interlocks
with curatorial work; and investigations in plant breeding,
which have been closely associated with the work of students.
Some original work has also been accomplished in plant
chemistry, plant pathology, and paleobotany.

Colored Illustrations of Plants

By means of the income of the Addison Brown Fund,
referred to in my last annual report, the preparation of the
first part to be published of the magazine established by
that fund for the publication of colored plates of plants of
the United States and of other plants flowering in the
collections of the New York Botanical Garden is now com-
plete, and it is proposed to issue this first part during the

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 16: 113-116.

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year. The work is planned as a quarterly to appear every
three months, each part to contain ten plates and accom-
panying letterpress. The bequest of Judge Brown estab-
lishing this fund contemplates the maintenance of this
magazine by its income, aided by subscriptions to the work,
and such subscriptions will therefore be invited.

Cooperation with the Horticultural Society of New York

Five exhibitions of plants and flowers were given in the
museum building during the season in cooperation with
the Horticultural Society of New York, the exhibits for
the most part supplied by members of the Society, re-
inforced to some extent from our collections, opening on
Saturday afternoons and extending through the following
Sundays. Prizes, awarded by the exhibition committee
of the Horticultural Society, were paid by the Garden
from the income of the William R. Sands Fund. We also
took part in the International Flower Show held under the
auspices of the Horticultural Society and of the New York
Florists Club at the Grand Central Palace in March.
Further cooperation was arranged during the year for the
installation of special horticultural plantations, the Horti-
cultural Society to provide the plants, maintenance to be
effected by us. Plans for a rose garden, the first of these
collections to be planted, are now receiving your considera-
tion. At your meeting of April 15, 1915, the Horticultural
Society was granted permission to occupy rooms in the
mansion for offices, and subsequently contributed money
for the renovation of these rooms and supplied them with
furnishings; Mr. George V. Nash, our Head Gardener,
has been Secretary of the Society for several years, and this
arrangement provides the Society, for the first time, with
office facilities. "The members of the Society were accorded
the privileges of the board room in the mansion and con-
tributed to the renovation and decoration of these rooms,
and a leading part in designing and carrying out the deco-
rations was taken by members of the Women’s Auxiliary

( 103 )

of the Society in consultation with members of the Women’s
Auxiliary of the Garden.

Cooperation with the Bronx Society of Arts and Sciences

At the time the mansion came under our control with
the additional land early in the spring, space in some of the
rooms was occupied by the museum collections of the Bronx
Society of Arts and Sciences, under a permit from the Park
Department. Through action taken by you at the meeting
of April 15, this occupancy was continued. This Society
was, at that time, completing arrangements with the
Metropolitan Museum of Art for a loan collection of
paintings by American artists. The Society contributed
money for the renovation and decoration of a room on the
second floor to contain these paintings, the decoration
being planned by officers of the Art Museum, and the
paintings were subsequently installed. Members of this
Society have also been given the board room privileges in
the mansion.

Cooperation with the New York Association for Improving the
Condition of the Poor

Early in the year, a proposition was received from the
Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor
offering to provide money for the payment of day laborers
to be sent by this association, the money to be disbursed
by administrative officers of the Garden, and the proposi-
tion was accepted, men out of employment being sent to
us each week for two or three days. The plan was com-
menced on March 1 and continued until November 22, a
maximum of 51 different men being sent the first week and
the number diminishing to 2 during the thirty-ninth week.
The total number of different men given work through this
arrangement was 196, who made 2,722} days’ time, an
average of 13.88 days for each man, and we disbursed, at
the rate of $2.00 a day payment, $5,445. They were
employed in many kinds of work, including cutting of trees,

( 104)

excavation of stumps, trenching, rock excavation, caring
for lawns, and painting.

The Association entered upon the agreement in the belief
that the method of distributing money offered a way of
relieving the distress in which many men found themselves
by reason of unemployment, and that the work would add
to the general attractiveness and usefulness of the Garden
reservation. The experiment was a success in so far as the
distribution of money for work accomplished was con-
cerned, a great deal of distress was relieved, and consider-
able work of advantage to the Garden was accomplished.
Administratively, it is estimated that the services rendered
by these men was not more than 60 per cent. of what the
expenditure of the same sum for trained laborers working
consecutively would have accomplished.

Cooperation with Garden Clubs

Requests have been received from many garden clubs in
the eastern part of the country for lecturers at their meet-
ings and other aid or cooperation. It has not been possible
to spare employees for these purposes, but, recognizing
the desirability of associating the institution with these
organizations, Mrs. Britton has addressed the garden clubs
of Staten Island; Bedford, Westchester County; Shedowa
on Long Island; and Larchmont, Westchester County; and
both she and I spoke at a meeting of the Lenox Garden
Club of Massachusetts. The increasing interest in garden-
ing and the formation of new garden clubs from time to
time make it desirable that further cooperation of this
kind be arranged, but the duties of our present staff scarcely
permit us to enter upon it.

Women’s Auxiliary

A meeting of the Women’s Auxiliary was held at the
residence of Mrs. James Roosevelt on the afternoon of
April 15, and at this meeting I delivered an illustrated
lecture on “Spring Gardening and Spring Flowers.” The

(105 )

spring inspection of grounds, buildings, and collections on
May 6 and the autumn inspection on October 21 were
eae by the ladies of the Auxiliary. A committee of
the Auxiliary on membership to cooperate with the Mem-
bership Committee of the Board of Managers has been
appointed.

Administrative

Details of maintenance have been largely referred to
Dr. W. A. Murrill, Assistant Director, and to Mr. R. S.
Williams, Administrative Assistant, under my immediate
supervision. I have also supervised all new construction,
which has been under the immediate direction of Mr.
Arthur J. Corbett, Superintendent of Buildings and
Grounds, and Mr. John Finley, Foreman Gardener. Mr.
George V. Nash, Head Gardener, has had immediate
direction of the collections of living plants and the forma-~
tion of new plantations, and the care and increase of the
museum and herbarium collections has been under the
immediate direction of Dr. John K. Small, Head Curator.
The care and development of the additional land and
additional buildings has not required the appointment of
additional administrative officers, but the salaries of Mr.
Corbett and Mr. Finley were slightly increased in recogni-
tion of the additional responsibilities entailed.

My own time, beyond that required administratively,
has been given to a continuation of the investigation of the
cactus family in cooperation with Dr. J. N. Rose, of the
Carnegie Institution of Washington, and to a continuation
of my studies on the flora of the West Indies.

Financial Considerations

The necessity for retrenchment in expenditures by the
city caused a reduction of the appropriation for main-
tenance from $107,163 in 1915 to $100,075 for 1916. This
will necessitate a restriction in our expenditure, and the
use of nearly all our income from endowment and from
membership dues to supplement the city allowance, leaving

( 106 )

us little for educational work or the increase of the collec-
tions. The necessity of caring for the 140 acres of addi-
tional land makes the financial condition very difficult.
At your meeting of November 18, the Scientific Directors
were authorized to invite subscriptions to funds aggregating
$15,000, for aid in the maintenance and development of
the new land and for the purchase of books, plants, and
specimens; it is hoped that these funds may be obtained.
It is also hoped that the number of Annual Members of
the institution may be increased, and it is planned to invite,
on behalf of the Membership Committees, a large number
of persons to qualify as Annual Members.

Reports Appended
Appended reports include those of the Assistant Director,
the Head Gardener, the Head Curator of the Museums
and Herbarium, the Director of the Laboratories, the
Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds, the Librarian,
the Bibliographer, the Honorary Curator of the Economic
Collections, the Honorary Curator of the Collection of
Fossil Plants, and the Honorary Curator of Mosses; also
a list of subscriptions to the Garden Extension and Com-
memoration Fund, and a schedule of expenditures by the
Accountant.
Respectfully submitted,
N. L. Brirron,
Director-in-Chief.

REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Direcror-1n-CuIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1915.

The reports to follow comprise the chief details of main-
tenance and I have submitted for your files the weekly
reports of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.

The season of 1915 must be recorded as the best general
growing season in the history of the Garden. There were

( 107 )

heavy rains and floods in January and February and before
February was over the frost was out of the ground except
in shaded places. The summer and autumn were remark-
able for plentiful and timely showers, the lawns remaining
green throughout without artificial watering.

Mosquitoes were more prevalent this season than for-
merly, owing partly to the favorable season and partly to
the fact that the frequent heavy rains removed the oil
used in combatting them. The elm leaf beetle was almost
entirely absent. The tent caterpillar was very abundant
in the early spring but was so thoroughly destroyed that
it has been difficult to locate an egg cluster about the
grounds. The damage from the hickory bark beetle was
very slight. The ash borer continues to be destructive,
although all known means have been employed to prevent
its spread. One new insect, the European pine-shoot
moth, detected by Dr. Seaver, caused some damage to the
dwarf pines. This insect is comparatively new to the
country, and by prompt action we hope to keep it in check.
The more easily combatted insects, such as scales, have
been held in check by spraying with the usual contact
poisons.

Publications
JouRNAL

The Journal has been published for each month during
the year, making a volume of 264 pages, with 23 plates
and a map showing the recent addition to the Garden.

Mycotocia
This periodical has appeared on alternate months during
the year, making a volume of 357 pages, with 23 plates
and 13 figures.

Norty American Fiora

Volume 9, part 4, containing descriptions of Agaricaceae
(pars), by Gertrude S. Burlingham, W. A. Murrill, and L.
H. Pennington, appeared April 30, 1915.

( 108 )

Volume 34, part 2, containing descriptions of the family
Carduaceae, by P. A. Rydberg and H. M. Hall, appeared
July 28, 1915.

Volume 17, part 3, containing descriptions of the family
Poaceae (pars), by G. V. Nash and A. S. Hitchcock, ap-
peared December 20, I9I5.

BULLETIN
Bulletin No. 32, with 83 pages, was issued March 31,
1915. It contains the annual reports of the Director-in-
Chief and other officers for the year 1914.

MemoIrRs

Volume V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York, by
Norman Taylor. vi + 683 pp., with 9 plates, was issued
January 30, 1915.

CoNTRIBUTIONS

No. 174. West Indian Mosses—II. Mosses of the
Danish West Indies and Virgin Islands, by Elizabeth G.
Britton.

No. 175. The Vegetation of Mona Island, by N. L.
Britton.

No. 176. Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky Moun-
tain Region—IV. Forests of the Subalpine and Montane
Zones, by P. A. Rydberg.

No. 177. Mosses of Bermuda, by Elizabeth G. Britton.

No. 178. Notes on Rosaceae—IX, by P. A. Rydberg.

No. 179. Studies of West Indian Plants—VI, by N. L.
oe

No. Mosses from the West Coast of South America,
by R. Williams,

No. 181. The Origin of Dwarf Plants as shown in a
Sport of Hibiscus oculiroseus, by A. B. Stout.

No. 182. Notes on Rosaceae—X, by P. A. Rydberg.

No. 183. Studies of West Indian Plants—VII, by N. L.
Britton.

( 109 )

No. 184. Mosses of the Philippine and Hawaiian
Islands Collected by the Late John B. Leiberg, by R. S.
Williams.

No. 185. Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky Moun-
tain Region—V. Grasslands of the Subalpine and Montane
Zones, by P. A. Rydberg.

Lectures
Pusuic Lectures

Illustrated public lectures on botanical subjects have
been given in the museum building on Saturday afternoons
from April to the middle of November, as outlined below.
The total attendance for the year has been 3,040, averaging
88 for each of the 34 lectures; the maximum attendance
being 215 on June 5 and October 16.

April3. ‘The Sources of Quinine,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby.

April 10. “Growing Seeds for the Farm and Garden,”
by Dr. A. B. Stout.

April 17. ‘‘Botanical and Scenic Features of the Hima-
layas,” by Mr. R. R. Stewart.

April 24. ‘The Development of the Vegetation of New
York State,” by Dr. W. L. Bray.

May 1. “The Vegetation of Porto Rico,” by Dr. N. L.
Britton.

May 8. ‘“‘Flowers for the Spring Garden,” by Mr. G. V.
Nash.

29

May 29. ‘Destructive Insects,” by Dr. F. J. Seaver.

June 5. “‘A Rose Garden for Every Home,” by Mr.
Robert Pyle.

June 12. “Dwarf Fruit Trees for Suburban Homes,”
by Prof. F. A. Waugh.

June 19. “Philippine Fiber Plants and Their Uses,”
by Mr. Theodore Muller.

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June 26. ‘The Upper Delaware Valley and Its Flora,”
by Mr. G. V. Nash.

July 3. “‘Some Interesting Plants of the Rocky Moun-
tains,” by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.

July 10. “The Poisonous Plants of the Eastern United
States,” by Dr. William Mansfield.

July 17. ‘Botanic and Scenic Features of the Dells of
the Wisconsin River,” by Dr. A. B. Stout.

July 24. ‘“Botanizing on the Austro-Italian Border,”
by Dr. W. A. Murrill.

July 31. “The Library of the New York Botanical
Garden,” by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.

August 7. ‘‘Flowers of Late Summer,” by Dr. N. L.
Britton.

August 14. “Fighting the Gypsy Moth,’’ by Dr. W. E.
Britton.

August 21. ‘‘Fungous Diseases in the Flower Garden,”
by Dr. Mel T. Cook.

August 28. “The Agriculture of the North American
Indians,” by Dr. A. B. Stout.

September 4. ‘‘The Possibilities of Nut Growing in
New York,” by Dr. W. C. Deming.

September 11. “The Use of Mushrooms for Food,”
by Dr. W. A. Murrill.

September 18. ‘Flowers That Should Be Planted in
the Fall,” by Mr. G. V. Nash.

September 25. “Some Economic Uses and Possibilities
of Seaweeds,” by Dr. M. A. Howe.

October 2. “Collecting Fleshy Fungi on the Upper St.
Regis,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill.

October 9. “Explorations in Haiti, the Negro Re-
public,” by Mr. G. V. Nash.

October 16. “Life Zones in the Rocky Mountains,”
by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.

October 23. ‘The Fossil Plant Collections of the New
York Botanical Garden,” by Dr. Arthur Hollick.

October 30. “Correlations between Animals and
Plants,” by Dr. F. J. Sveaer.

(111 )

November 6. ‘‘The Sources of Quinine,” by Dr. H. H.
Rusby.

November 13. “European Influences in American
Botany,” by Dr. J. H. Barnhart.

November 20. “The Diatoms,” by Dr. M. A. Howe.

DocENTRY

Under the guidance of Mr. Percy Wilson, Mr. R. S.
Williams, and Mr. H. W. Becker, who were detailed for
docentry, over 1,200 visitors availed themselves of this
special opportunity provided by the Garden each week-day
afternoon during the year for viewing the collections,
grounds, and buildings. Many classes from various schools
in the city have also applied for special botanical instruc-
tion and demonstration.

Nature Stupy
The largest group of children that came to the Garden
during the year was composed of about 10,000 members of
the Bedtime Stories Club of The Globe, which held its first
meeting here on September 20. Nearly 5,000 adults ac-
companied the children on this occasion.

Scientific Meetings

The monthly conferences of members of the staff and
students have been continued, and a report of each meeting
has been published in the current numbers of the Journal.

The Torrey Botanical Club has met each month as
usual in the morphological laboratory in the museum
building.

The Horticultural Society of New York, in cooperation
with the New York Botanical Garden, held exhibitions of
plants and flowers in the museum building on May 8
and 9, May 15 and 16, June 5 and 6, June 26 and 27, and
August 15 and 16. Accounts of these exhibitions were
published in the Journal.

A field meeting of the department of botany of the

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Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences was held at the
Garden on the afternoon of May 22, when a tour of inspec-
tion was made of the conservatories, plantations, and
museum building.

The Twentieth Anniversary of the New York Botanical
Garden was commemorated during the week of September
6-11. Three days were devoted to meetings at the
Garden and three to excursions in the vicinity of New York
City.

The annual meeting of the Women’s National Agri-
cultural and Horticultural Association, with an exhibit of
members’ work, was held at the Garden under the auspices
of the Horticultural Society of New York on May 7.

Panama Exhibit

The Garden’s exhibit at the Panama-Pacific Exposition
was completed early in January and transmitted to Mr.
Fouquet for shipment to the New York Building at San
Francisco. It contained the following:

1. A special set of bound Garden publications, to which
current numbers were added during the year.

2. A screen with over 20 enlarged photographic views of
the buildings and grounds.

3. A colored wall map and several special features shown
in large frames to be hung in the halls adjoining the main
exhibit.

4. Two swinging frames containing information about
the Garden and its activities.

Personal Investigations

A part of North American Flora containing descriptions
of 348 species of the higher fleshy fungi, 92 of which were
new, was published in April. I was assisted in this work
by Dr. Gertrude S. Burlingham, who supplied descriptions
of Russula, and by Dr. L. H. Pennington, who supplied
descriptions of temperate species of Aarasmius. Two
other parts of North American Flora are in preparation
and I hope to complete them during 1916.

(113 )

The last week in August was spent in the Adirondacks,
where I obtained over 300 species of fungi for the her-
barium, besides making both a qualitative and a quantita-
tive survey of the region about Upper St. Regis Lake.
An increasing number of fungi from all parts of North
America are being sent in for determination and, in this
way, the Garden receives many new and critical species.
A total of go new species, 5 new genera, and r new tribe
has been published by me during the year.

Work on the local fungous flora is still in progress, and
Miss Eaton has prepared under my direction 77 additional
plates of fleshy fungi for the museum. The popular
illustrated articles on fungi in Mycologia have been con-
tinued with the aid of colored plates, 26 species having
been treated in this series during the year.

Respectfully submitted,
W. A. Murritt,
Assistant Director.

REPORT OF THE HEAD GARDENER
Dr. N. L. Britton, Drrectror-1n-Cuier.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as
Head Gardener for the year 1915.

Systematic Plantations

Hersaceous Grounps. The collections here are con-
tained in 130 beds, 26 east of the brook and 104 west.
The old bed for the trillium family was canceled, a new
and larger one being prepared in another place. ‘There are
in the herbaceous collections about 3,055 species and
varieties. In addition to these, 42 species not represented
here have been cultivated in the American wood garden.
557 individual show labels have been added.

Mr. K. R. Boynton, Head Gardener’s Assistant, has
had charge of the details of the curatorial work here and
in the other herbaceous collections.

Fruticetum. There are in this collection 2,781 specimens,

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representing, including those still at the nurseries, 52
families, 135 genera, and 914 species and varieties. In
aden to these, there are in the American wood garden
6 genera and 6 species not in the fruticetum. There have
been 873 individual show labels placed here.

SaticetumM. In the willow collection, 135 specimens
represent 47 species and varieties.

Decrpvous ArsorEeTuM. This collection, including
those native to the tract and still in the nurseries, contains
340 species and varieties. There are 1,035 individual trees,
representing 31 families and 57 genera. 200 show labels
have been made for this tract. The acquisition of the
new land gives a larger area for the development of the
deciduous arboretum. It is now planned to place the
willow and walnut families south of the old south boundary,
and the first move in this change was effected in the fall by
the planting of a number of poplars. Later, the willows
and poplars will be moved from their present position to
this new land. The birch family will occupy the area
east of the main driveway from its present location to
the old south line of the Garden, the beech family occupying
the region to the west of this, with the same north an
south boundaries. This will give more room to the collec-
tions of birches and alders and to the oaks, which are
becoming crowded.

Pinetum. The collection of conifers contains about
1,525 specimens. There are 303 species and varieties,
representing 3 families and 20 genera. 165 show labels
have been placed here.

ViticeTuM. About 50 species and varieties of climbers
are represented here.

ONSERVATORIES. The collections of tender plants com-
prise about 9,240 species and varieties, representing 207
families and 217 genera. ‘The total number of plants in
the public conservatories is 17,364.

Range 1. There are 10662 plants in this range, dis-
tributed as follows: house 1, 286; house 2, 400; house 3,

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465; house 4, 587; house 5, 1,399; house 6, 510; house 7,
980; house 8, 684; house 9, 144; house 10, 808; house 11,
486; house 12, 1,153; house 13, 520; house 14, 630; house
15, 1,459; cellar, 151. For this range, 1,290 show labels
have been made.

Range 2. There are here 6,702 plants, distributed as
follows: house 1, 63; house 2, 160; house 3, 86; house 4,
1,353; house 5, 2,075; house 6, 1,587; house 7, 1,302;
runway, 76. There have been 840 show labels made for
this range.

Propacatinec Houses anp Nurseries. There are here,
excluding those used for special studies by the Director-of-
the-Laboratories, 9,959 plants. There have been 790
packets of seeds received, as follows: gift, 18; purchase,
422; exchange, 277; collected, 73. In addition to the
above, 812 packets have been collected on the grounds.
House 2 and parts of other houses have been used by the
Director-of-the-Laboratories for his experiments and those
of his students. Houses 5 and 6 and a part of house 1
contain the cactus and other succulent collections. The
enclosure in the nursery, together with increased areas
outside, have been used by the Director-of-the-Laboratories
and students.

LaBELING, RecorpiInc, and Hersarium. Accession
numbers 41,482 to 43,628 have been recorded, making a
total of 2,147 accessions. Show labels to the number of
5,498 have been made, as follows: deciduous arboretum,
200; fruticetum, 873; herbaceous grounds, 557; economic
garden, 61; morphologic garden, 18; west border, 20;
pinetum, 165; trees along roads and paths, 631, 116 of
these in the old portion of the grounds, 515 in the new;
conservatory flower beds, 777; flower beds, elevated rail-
way approach to conservatory, 27; conservatory, range 1,
1,290; conservatory, range 2, 840; conservatory court, 8;
aquatic garden, 31.

The following plants have been acquired: by gift, 8,619
(of which 8,374 are bulbs), valued at about $1,857; by

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exchange, 350; by purchase, 16,300, including 11,005 bulbs;
by collections made by members of the staff and others,
2,562; derived from seeds from various sources, 1,267;
total, 29,098.

The herbarium of cultivated plants has been increased
by about 1,250 specimens. The collections contain ap-
proximately the following number of species and varieties:
conservatories, 9,240; herbaceous grounds, 3,055; fruti-
cetum, 914; salicetum, 47; deciduous arboretum, 340;
p netum, 303; viticetum, 50; total, 13,949.

Miscellaneous Collections

Under this heading are contained: the morphologic
garden; the economic garden; the collections of desert plants
placed during the summer in the court of conservatory range
1; the conservatory lily pools; the aquatic garden; the rhodo-
dendron banks in the vicinity of the lakes; the rose bed,
east of conservatory range I; the flower gardens in the
immediate vicinity of conservatory range I, at the ele-
vated approach, the west border, and along the path from
the elevated railway to the conservatory; and groups of
shrubbery in many parts of the grounds.

During the spring, a new coilection of rhododendrons
was started at conservatory range I by aid of the John
Innes Kane Fund. This is located on the north side of
the range, the west end, and contains 176 plants, repre-
senting 16 kinds.

AMERICAN Woop GARDEN. On a wooded easterly slope
between the fruticetum and the low-lying ground bordering
the river, a col'ection of American wood-loving plants
was starte There were 1,727 specimens installed here,
serene about 123 species, mostly acquired by pur-
chase. Most of them did very well, but it will require the
test of a winter and summer to decade which will survive
in this climate.

(117)

General Horticultural Operations

The following force has been available for carrying on
this work: monthly, 2 foreman gardeners, 23 gardeners,
1 garden aid, 3 drivers for the mowing machines, and 2
drivers for the wagons; laborers, 24-28.

John Finley, foreman gardener in charge of the outside
work, was assigned 7 gardeners, 24-28 laborers, including 4
employed in cleaning the walks, and the drivers.

. W. Becker, foreman gardener, has been in immediate
charge of the work in the conservatories and propagating
houses, with 16 gardeners and 1 garden aid.

The following new work has been accomplished, in
addition to the regular routine operations:

In THE SPRING

The banks on both sides of the river at the Linnaean
bridge were planted with willows. The west bank of the
river, north of the Linnaean bridge, was planted with oaks
and maples. The stone wall along the road leading north
from the mansion was planted with trumpet-flower vines.

The most important piece of work accomplished was the
establishment, early in May, of a plantation of 176 rhodo-
dendrons, representing 16 kinds. This was accomplished
by means of the income from the John Innes Kane Fund.
These plants have done exceedingly well during the past
summer.

In THE Fai

A decorative plantation, consisting of Japanese holly,
box, and conifers, was established at the east entrance and
along the south side of the mansion. The principal work
during the fall was the planning and partial establishment
of the decorative planting at the southwest entrance. A
border of evergreens will be placed along the Southern
Boulevard and Pelham Ave, in front of which there will be
an area planted with deciduous shrubs, with a ten-foot
herbaceous border paralleling the paths. Iris will be
given a prominent place here, making of it primarily an

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iris garden. The rear half of each herbaceous border, with
occasional areas in front for the smaller species, will be
allotted to this flower. In front of the irises it is planned
to grow bulbs, followed by annuals and greenhouse plants.
Considerable of the planting of deciduous shrubs has
already been accomplished. In the border along the west
path, 1,550 tulips have been planted, given by John
Scheepers & Company, Inc., and in the border along the
path extending to the east, 1,920 tulips were installed. This
is only sufficient to plant a part of the area here intended
for bulbs.

In the various decorative plantations, 31,128 bulbs have
been planted, 8,374 of these being the gift of John Scheepers
& Company, Inc. These were distributed as follows: beds
in the conservatory court, 12,900; fountain at the foot of
the museum approach, 2,200; iris garden, 3,470; for re-
placement in groups which were becoming depleted, 5,576;
bed in conservatory plaza, range 1, 2,900; the remainder
in various groups of shrubbery.

Investigations and Lectures

In addition to routine duties, I have continued my studies
upon the orchids for North American Flora, and have given
much time to horticultural botany.

I have also given four lectures in the regular courses of
public lectures at the Garden, and have superintended
the making of colored drawings for Addisonia.

Respectfully submitted,
EORGE V. Nasu,
Head Gardener.

REPORT OF THE HEAD CURATOR OF THE MUSEUMS AND
RIUM

Dr. N. L. Britron, Direcror-tn-CuIEr.

Sir: I submit the following report as Head Curator of
the Museums and Herbarium for the year 1915.

The several collections under my supervision were en-

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larged by specimens from various parts of the world. The
methods of conservation used in past years were continued.
Accessions. Detailed accession lists of the museum
and herbarium specimens received during the year were
published from month to month in the Garden Journal.
Although many important specimens came from the Old
World, the great bulk of the material received came from
continental and insular America. The appended table
indicates the amount of material brought together:

By gift and purchase.................-..... 7,568
By exchange. .... 2.0... cece eects 13,341
By exploration.............. 00.0.0 e eee eee 15,368

Total number of specimens.............. 36,277

The value of the gifts is estimated at $39.20. Fully
4,000 duplicate specimens were sent to other institutions
and to individuals in exchange for other specimens.

Museums

The museum equipment was not augmented. Many
exhibits of the several divisions of the museums were
enlarged by the addition of new specimens.

Fossiz Prant Museum. Specimens from Canada and
the northeastern United States were added to this collec-
tion, and investigations on several lines of work previ-
ously inaugurated were continued. In order to make
the public exhibits of fossil plants more intelligible to the
visiting public, illustrations of restorations of carboniferous:
plants and landscapes were installed with the specimens.
The complete labeling of the collections was accomplished
during the year.

Economic Museum. Many parts of this collection were
augmented by the interpolation of new specimens. €
shifting of several exhibits was necessitated both by unequal
growth of exhibits and congestion. The exhibits were
arranged in as permanent positions as possible, in contem-
plation of the new edition of the Guide Book. ‘This collec-
tion was entirely renovated and all seriously deteriorated

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specimens removed. ‘The most important additions were
the specimens of drug-plants and of food-plants brought
together by Dr. H. H. Rusby.

Systematic Museum. The elements of this museum
were not essentially changed during the year.

The Synoptic Collection was renovated throughout.
Deteriorated specimens were removed and new ones added.

he Local Flora remained as in the preceding year.
Additional miscellaneous specimens and many paintings of
fungi have been prepared for installation.

The Microscope Exhibit was maintained as in the pre-
vious year, but it was renovated and fresh specimens
interpolated.

The Plant Photograph Exhibit was neither changed nor
augmented.

Herbaria

The herbarium equipment was not increased during the
year. Considerable shifting of specimens was necessitated
by the uneven increase of the families and the genera in
the various major groups of plants.

Current exsiccati representing most of the plant-groups
were received as heretofore. Miscellaneous specimens from
many parts of the world were added to the collections.
Large and important collections of both marine and fresh-
water algae came from connaent! North America and
from Porto Rico, Cuba, N dland, and South
America. The additions of fungi and lichens consisted of
the Gerard herbarium of lichens, and miscellaneous collec-
tions from continental North America, South America,
and the West Indies. The hepatics and mosses came from
a wide range of territory; the more important collections,
in addition to the miscellaneous specimens from the her-
barium of M. A. Howe, coming from various parts of conti-
nental North America, the West Indies, Colombia, Ecuador,
Peru, Brazil, and Avsentinas and on. Europe, continental
Ais, the Piso Islands, and Hawaii. The ferns
represent a miscellaneous collection from North America

(121)

and the specimens from the Alwin Berger herbarium. The
flowering plants for the general herbarium, in addition to
those from several parts of the United States, came mainly
from Canada, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, Jamaica, and the
Philippine Islands.

The herbarium comprising the local flora was materially
increased by the addition of specimens collected within
the hundred mile limit both by members of the staff and
by others.

Selections from specimens received during the year and
previously, about 43,000 specimens of flowerless and flower-
ing plants, were added to the herbarium. About 23,000
sheets of herbarium paper were used, and a number of
bulky specimens not suitable for keeping on sheets were
filed away in cardboard boxes.

The lichen herbarium was developed and many heretofore
stored portions were made accessible through the voluntary
assistance of Mr. W. C. Barbour, who personally devoted
much time and attention to the work.

Specimens received for the Columbia University her-
barium were mounted and incorporated in that collection.

Assistance and Investigations

Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator, had charge of the herbarium
collection of flowering plants, as in previous years. He
continued his monographic work on the family Carduaceae
for North American Flora, and a second part, containing
genera of this family, was issued in July. A third part is
nearly ready for publication. He also began monographic
work on the family Fabaceae. Dr. Rydberg devoted a
little attention, in continuation of former work, to the
plants of the Rocky Mountain region, and prepared and
published two papers, ‘‘Phytogeographic Notes on the
Rocky Mountain Region IV. and V.” Two studies on
Rosaceae, left over from preceding years, were also printed.
A paper on the “‘Life Zones in the Rocky Mountains” was
prepared for the Twentieth Anniversary of the Garden,

( 122 )

at which time a short abstract was presented; but the
paper was presented in full before the Torrey Botanical
Club and the Department of Botany at Columbia Univer-
sity. Dr. Rydberg also gave one lecture in the public
lecture course of the Garden.

Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator, continued to have charge
of the collections of algae and hepaticae. In both of these
groups, considerable additions were made tothe herbarium.
An acquisition of some importance was the collection of
hepaticae brought together and formerly owned by Dr.
Howe, which was presented to the Garden by Miss Caroline
C. Haynes. Dr. Howe devoted about four weeks in June
and July to making collections and field studies of marine
algae in Porto Rico in connection with a general natural
history survey of that island. A brief account of this
expedition has been published in the Garden Journal for
October. In addition to reviews, Dr. Howe published
descriptions of new species of Riccia from Porto Rico and
completed a report on fossil calcareous algae of the Leeward
Islands for publication by the Carnegie Institution of
Washington. He continued to act as a member of the
editorial board of the Torrey Botanical Club and gave
three lectures in the Garden lecture courses. He also
presented a paper at the recent New York meeting of the
National Academy of Sciences.

Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator, had general oversight of
the fungous collections, and published during the year
several papers which are preliminary to monographs for
North American Flora, a part of which prepared by him
is nearing completion. During the summer and autumn,
he devoted some time to the collection and study of local
fungi, especially the fleshy discomycetes, this work being
supplementary to the herbarium work for North American
Flora. He has also continued his studies and collection of
local insect pests, especially those affecting shade trees,
and has continued to act as associate editor of Mycologia.
Dr. Seaver gave two lectures in the Garden lecture courses.

(123 )

Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator, continued to
devote his attention to the determination and distribution
of various collections of West Indian plants. He has had
the supervision of the lantern-slide and photographic
negative collections; also of all photographic work. In
addition to his duties as docent three afternoons each week,
Mr. Wilson had the care of all extra visiting classes from
various schools. As chairman of the field committee of
the Torrey Botanical Club, he has arranged for all weekly
field meetings of the Club, was personally present at most
of the field excursions, and obtained in this way much
valuable material illustrating the local flora.

Dr. Francis W. Pennell, Associate Curator, in addition
to general herbarium work, continued several lines of
investigation commenced last year. For the study of the
Scrophulariaceae he has typified all genera of the family,
and has fully indexed, mostly with statement of type
locality, the literature to original descriptions of American
species. Nearly three months, from June 1 to August 25,
he spent in field study of this family, mainly in the central
Rocky Mountain region. Dr. Pennell has also continued
the study of collections made in 1912 and 1913 in the
southern states, and in connection with this revised the
United States species of several genera of some complexity,
Commelina, Schoenocaulon, Nemexia, Chamaecrista, and
Crotonopsis.

Miss Margaret Slosson, Assistant Curator, cared for the
fern herbarium during the year and continued exchanges
with the herbaria of Prince Roland Bonaparte, by means
of which rare ferns and Mexican flowering plants were
added to the collections. She began a series of papers as
the result of studies on the Hymenophyllaceae, the first
appearing during the year and two others being nearly
ready for publication, and she practically completed a check
list of the fern flora of Porto Rico, listing the distribution of
the species. Miss Slosson also read a paper on the “Value
of Leaf-hairs in Determining Fern Species” at one of the

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Garden conferences, and presented a paper on American
filmy ferns at the Twentieth Anniversary of the Garden.

Dr. H. H. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic
Collections, continued to develop the collections of the
economic museum. For details, see his report

Mrs. N. L. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses, con-
tinued to care for and develop the collection of mosses,
with the cooperation of Mr. R. illiams. Her report
appears elsewhere in this publication:

rthur Hollick, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants,
continued, with the cooperation of Mr. Edwin W. Hum-
phreys, the work he initiated in former years. For par-
ticulars, see his report.

The writer, in addition to regular curatorial duties, con-
tinued his studies on North American plants, particularly
those of the southeastern United States. Especial atten-
tion was given to the plants of southern Florida and two
periods of field work and study were devoted to the little-
known parts of tropical Florida, particularly on the Ever-
glade Keys and on the Florida Keys. This exploration
brought to light undescribed endemic plants, West Indian
plants new to the flora of the United States, and naturalized
exotic plants. Specimens of these have been incorporated
in our permanent collections and the duplicates are being
sent to other institutions as exchanges.

Some monographic work on the family Polygalaceae for
North American Flora was accomplished, both at the
Garden and at Harvard University, and a paper on “‘ Recent
Exploration in Southern Florida” was presented at the
exercises of the Twentieth Anniversary of the Garden in
September.

Respectfully submitted,
Joun K. Smatt,
Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium.

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REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE ECONOMIC
COLLECTIONS
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Direcror-1n-CuieEr.

Sir: I have the honor to submit below my report for
the year 1915.

Work during the past year in connection with the
economic museum has of necessity been restricted to
receiving and caring for such materials as have been
donated by friends of the Garden, and such as have been
readily obtainable by ourselves. The additions to the
collections consist almost wholly of rare food and drug
products found in our eastern markets.

There has appeared during the year in the Garden
Journal a somewhat comprehensive article on the fiber
products of the Philippine Islands which throws an impor-
tant light on our exhibit of these products.

I take this opportunity of again bringing to your atten-
tion the great importance of some more systematic method
in the building up of thismuseum. Ina botanical museum,
the fundamental consideration is the vegetable kingdom,
and our interest in useful products derived from it lies in
their relations with individual plants and in the precise
nature of such relations. While every effort has been
made to establish and indicate these relations in connection
with our exhibits, we have very often found it necessary
to rely upon commercial information as to their sources,
whereas the ideal method is that of having the relation
of exhibits to species scientifically authenticated by both
records and materials.

In the early history of the Garden, such methods were
pursued in relation to our local flora, which is therefore
very well represented in the manner indicated. The same
method has been pursued incidentally, in connection with
other work, during various expeditions in this and other
countries. It is now very desirable that a systematic
attempt should be made to secure a reasonably complete

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representation of a similar character, first of the products
of the United States territory, and later of other countries.
Respectfully submitted,

H. H. Russy,
Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF MOSSES
Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-1n-CHIeErF.

Sir: During the past year, 1,458 accessions to the her-
barium of mosses have been made. Several large collections
from the Philippines, Hawaii, and Brazil have been received
from the United States National Museum. Our own
collections in Porto Rico and those of our correspondents
in Cuba and Jamaica continue to prove valuable additions.
Miss Borkland has been mounting the remnant of the exotic
mosses from the Mitten herbarium. No attempt has yet
been made to distribute the duplicates, but 505 duplicate
West Indian specimens of hepatics and lichens have been
sent to Dr. Riddle and Dr. Evans for naming and 279
named mosses to other institutions. A descriptive list of
the mosses of Bermuda, with illustrations by Miss Eaton,
has been prepared and studies of the genus Fissidens have
been continued.

In preparation for the next two parts of Volume 15 of North
American Flora, Mr. Williams also has been studying the
Calymperaceae and Pottiaceae and Dr. A. LeRoy Andrews,
of Cornell University, has been assisting us with several
troublesome genera. Mr. Williams has devoted consider-
able time to naming the South American collections made
by Dr. and Mrs. Rose and the ed and Hawaiian
mosses collected by Mr. J. B. Leiber

uring March and April, 525 ne notices, and sched-
ules were sent to the principals of the public schools of
Greater New York, notifying them of the Stokes’ prize
arbor-day competition for the protection of our native plants.
Thirty framed pictures, each containing reproductions in
color of eight native wild flowers, were awarded and three

(127)

prize essays printed and distributed. In Public School 76,
a junior park league was organized and pledges were signed
and given to Park Commissioner Ward at the graduating
exercises held in Hunter College. Several of the schools
of The Bronx have been visited by me and short addresses
made to the pupils, calling their attention to the notice
issued by Mayor Mitchel, which was posted in all the
parks of Greater New York. The notice reads, as follows:

ORDER By THE Mayor
One of the parunien or laws of this ae oe i persons

to throw or in any manner deposit on the wa benches, lawns,
or on the earth in any ae the public parks, en peers waste
paper of an d, peanut shells or other rubbish park

and police authorities will vigorously enforce this ordinance.
(Signed) Joun Purroy Mitcuet, Mayor,
City Hall, N. Y.
May Ist, 1915.

Following these instructions, the police and park
authorities made many arrests and the result has been a
great improvement in all the parks of Greater New York.

On April 24th, I was invited to address the Nature Study
Club of the School Garden Association at their annual
luncheon at the Hotel Majestic, at which over 300 teachers
and principals were in attendance, and used the oppor-
tunity to ask their cooperation in the protection of our
native plants and city parks. I have also given illustrated
lectures before the garden clubs of Larchmont, Bedford,
Staten Island, and Garden City and showed some of the Van
Brunt slides of American wild flowers needing protection.

During the year, Miss Kittredge has colored for me and
Ihave presented to the Garden 103 slides of North American
wild flowers and other plants. I have also continued to
act as secretary-treasurerof the Wild Flower Preservation
Society of America.

Respectfully submitted,
ExizaBetu G. Britton,
Honorary Curator of Mosses.

(128 )

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE COLLECTION
OF FOSSIL PLANTS
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to report as follows upon the
activities in connection with the paleobotanical work of
the Garden during the year IgI5.

The cataloguing of the type and figured specimens in
the collections was continued by Mr. E. W. Humphreys
and is now practically completed.

In order to add to the educational value of the museum
exhibits, five photographic enlargements were installed in
the cases of Paleozoic plants, representing restorations of
some of the best known elements of the Carboniferous
flora (Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, etc.).

One collection of Pleistocene plants from the Don River
Valley, Ontario, sent by Professor A. P. Coleman, of the
University of Toronto, was examined and reported upon
and duplicate specimens retained for the Garden collection.
Specimens of Cretaceous plants collected personally and
by Mr. Humphreys at Glen Cove, New York, were sub-
jected to preliminary examination and Mr. Humphreys,
under my direction, made a study of all the unidentified
Tertiary plants from Florissant, Colorado and supplied
definite or tentative determinations for all the specimens.

About twenty specimens were received and accessioned
and sixteen volumes and pamphlets were added to the
paleobotanical library. All of my time which could be
spared for the purpose was utilized in work on the fossil
flora of Alaska for a forthcoming monograph of the United
States Geological Survey. Two papers based upon this
work were presented on September g in connection with
the program of the Twentieth Anniversary Celebration of
the Garden. It was also my privilege, on October 23,
to deliver a lecture on the fossil plant collections of the
Garden in the regular Saturday afternoon course.

Respectfully ee
RTHUR HOLLIcK,
Honorary Curator of the Collection of Fossil Plants.

(129)

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE LABORATORIES

Dr. N. L. Britron, Direcror-1n-CHier.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year I9I5.

The Laboratories

The arrangement and equipment of the laboratories
have remained as in the preceding year and have been
fully utilized for a considerable part of the year.

Experimental Garden and Greenhouses

The additional land which you added this year to the
experimental plots has allowed some very desirable expan-
sion of the experimental studies. All the facilities were
fully in use. Additional greenhouse space would greatly
facilitate investigations, especially those of students who
wish to prosecute vigorously studies in heredity and
pathology during the winter months and for which there
is an increasing demand. For the study pursued by Mr.
Cecil Yampolsky of the behavior of sex in Mercurialis, alarge
number of plants were grown, both in the plots and in the
greenhouses. About 3,000 plants of Primula are being
grown in the greenhouse and cold frames for study by Mr.
Edgar Altenberg. The efforts to grow Primula solely as a
summer crop have not been successful. Several new students
have begun investigations during the past autumn. Pro-
fessor R. A. Harper has continued his genetical studies of
corn at the Garden.

Miscellaneous Duties

The meteorological records at the Garden have been
taken throughout the year and monthly summaries pub-
lished in the Garden Journal. Ihave planned the program
of the various monthly conferences of the staff and students
of the Garden, reports of which have been printed in the
Journal. During the past year, I also have continued as
editor of the Journal.

( 130 )

Personal Investigations

The results of the studies of bud variation in Coleus,
which have been in progress since 1911, have, during the
year, been published by the Carnegie Institution of Wash-
ington (Publication No. 218). Further studies are planned
regarding seed progenies and the possibility of inducing
variations. Chemical investigations of the pigments in-
volved in the variegation are highly desirable and material
for such study has been furnished to Dr. B. Horowitz,
who is undertaking such a study under the direction of
Professor W. J. Gies.

Cultures of Verbascum Blattaria have been continued
for the study of the heredity of flower color. A large
number of fasciated plants appeared in the cultures that
were held over winter; this development evidently being
induced by conditions of growth.

A third generation of pedigreed plants of Cichorium
Intybus was grown during the year for a continuation of
the investigation of self and cross sterility for which this
plant is especially favorable. A report of the results thus
far obtained was presented at the Twentieth Anniversary
of the Garden and a complete report is now in preparation
for publication in the near future. Statistical studies of
the flower number in Cichorium were vigorously prosecuted
during the summer, Miss Helene Boas, Mr. R. C. Faulwetter,
Miss Friedolina Jud, and the writer participating in the work.
Miss Boas has continued in the work of compiling this
data, which we hope soon to report in complete form.

By means of a mulch, the cultures of Hibiscus were suc-
cessfully carried through the winter of 1914-1915. These
bloomed profusely, giving data on the behavior of various
types of F1 hybrids. The appearance of an interesting
dwarf type of Hibiscus oculiroseus has been reported during
the year (Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 42: 429-450). About
500 plants of the various cultures were removed from the
plots this past autumn, and space thus obtained especially

(131)

for the F2 generation of various varietal and specific
hybrids. I was unable, during the past summer, to leave
the Garden for field study on the natural distribution of
types of Hibiscus Moscheutos and H. ocultroseus, which is
highly desirable and for which J already have your per-
mission. I should like very much to plan for some such
observation during the coming summer.

Observations have been continued on the variations that
appear in the tulips grown for display. A preliminary
morphological and cytological study of the cell conditions
in the various stages of color development has been made,
which promises interesting results. Material has also been
supplied to Professor Gies and Dr. Horowitz for chemical
studies of the flower pigments in tulips.

Hybrids between species of Carex started two years agogrew
luxuriantly during the year, but only one plant came into
flower. The cytological study of various species of Carex
and of their hybrids has been a special subject of investiga-
tion by Mr. Faulwetter during the past year.

Students and Investigators
The following list includes the investigators who held
research scholarships at the Garden, students originally
registered at Columbia University and pursuing studies at
the Garden, and tuition students of the Garden. For this
year, all the last-named class also pursued some studies
at Columbia University.

*ALTENBERG, Epcar. A.M., Assistant in botany, Columbia

Vv.
Heredity of Primula and of various cereals.

RTHUR, JosEPpH CuarLeEs. Sc.D., Professor of vegetable
physiology and peony Purdue Univ

Taxonomy of the Uredin

Bargour, WILLIAM C B.S., Assistant teacher of biology,
High School of Commerce, New York City

Lichenolo

*BERMAN, FLORENCE eke A.B., Teacher in Public School

10, New York City
Genetics.
* Registered at Columbia University.
{ Research scholarship.

(132)

bo ae IsABELLE CaROLINE. A.B.
Gene
H{FauLwerreR, Roy CurisTopHer. A.B., Assistant in botany,
ia Univ.
Cytology of various species and hybrids of Carex
{Fromme, Frep Denton. Ph.D., Plant pathologist and bac-
tericlogis Agr. Exp. idee, Blacksburg, Virginia.
Taxonomy of the Uredine
GrarfF, PauL Weer s: B.S.
Pathology. Mycology.
Frreporina Catuarina. A.M.

U ?
Pathology
Nixon, ee Letanp. M.S.
Genetics.
*Srewart, Exveanor Grace. B.S., Science teacher, Miss

Chapin’s ae a Girls, Tee York Cit ty.
Raa of the ¢
RaLpPH Robniind: A.B., Assistant in botany,

els

“Cola bia Univ.
een of the Aig ald of western Tibet.
*STOWELL, WILLARD ALL .S., Instructor in science, High

School, Elizabeth, New oo sey.
The oak hybrids oe Cliffwood, New Jerse
TaisTRA, SOPH AL, ubstitut teacher in biology,
High School of ower New Yo ity.
Genetics. Cytology.
*

Cytology. Genetics.

Numerous investigators not mentioned in the above list
have been at the Garden for various periods of time
prosecuting special lines of research.

Respectfully submitted,
A. B. Strout,
Director of the Laboratories.

REPORT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHER
Dr. N. L. Britton, Director-1x-Cuier.
Sir; I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year I9QI5.
Assistance of persons consulting the library, bibliographic

* Registered at Columbia University.
t Research scholarship.

(133)

research, and the accumulation of bibliographic memoranda
for ready reference, have continued to occupy a consider-
able part of the Bibliographer’s time.

Comparatively few books have been purchased for the
library during the year, and if the efficiency which has
hitherto characterized the collections is to be maintained,
it will be necessary eventually to expend considerable
sums to make up for the inactivity of the last few years.

Three parts of North American Flora, aggregating 288
pages, have been issued during the year: Volume 9, Part 4,
in April, Volume 34, Part 2, in July, and Volume 17, Part 3,
in December. Two other parts are in press.

The Bibliographer has given two lectures in the public
courses of the Garden, and presented a paper in connection
with the Twentieth Anniversary Celebration in September;
he also took charge of the registration of visiting botanists
during the celebration.

Respectfully submitted,
oHN HenpLey BARNHART,
Bibliographer.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN
Dr. N. L. Britton, Drrecror-1n-Cuier.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1915.

According to a census of the library taken at the end of
the year, the number of bound volumes was found to be
27,224, an increase of 925 volumes since the report for 1914.

During the year 573 books have been bound, including
43 which are the property of Columbia University.

Among the accessions are 191 books acquired by pur-
chase, and 47 by exchange and deposit. The gifts include
the books on botany from the library of the late Judge
Addison Brown, a list of which may be found in the June
number of the Journal.

In February, a typewriter was purchased for the library.
The use of this has greatly facilitated the work of cataloguing

(134)

which is now brought nearly up to date. There have been
added to the catalogue during the past year 6,446 written
and typewritten cards, in addition to the printed cards
issued by the Torrey Botanical Club. The library has
also acquired the cards thus far issued of the Index algarum
universalis. The much-needed work of revising the cata-
logue will probably be undertaken in the near future.

A list of the publications received currently by the
Garden was appended to the report of the Librarian for
1910 (Bulletin 7: 325-347), and was supplemented in later
reports (Bulletin 8: 45, 213, 293) and (9: 46): further
required alterations in the list are as follows:

Change the following:

Asmara, Pane Agrario Sperimentale, ree Colonia Eritrea,
. Africa. L’ Agricoltura Coloni
Florence, Teac oe Coloniale ee Florence, Italy.
gricoltura Colonta
Colombia. Ministerio ie Obras Publicas y Fomento, Bogota,
Colombia. Repu to
Colombia. Ministerio de a me y Comercio, Bogota,
Colombia. Revista Agric
Mexico. Instituto Medico cet Mexico, Mexico. Anales

Mexico. Secretaria de Fomento, Colonizacion e Industria y
Comer co oe de Estudios Biologicos, Mexico, Mex-
ico. Bole

Ohio State ae Biological Club, Columbus, Ohio. Ohio
Naturalist to

Ohio hes sehen Scientific Society, Columbus, Ohio. Ohto
Journal of Set
Omit the following:

American Agriculturist
Household Journal and aoe Life.
opular Science Mont

Add the ene

Algiers. Société d’Histoire Naturelle de PAfrique du Nord,
Alger, Algeria. Bulletin.
Florida State Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Fla. Annual

Report.
Illinois. University of Illinois, Urbana, Hl. Biological Mono-
graphs.

(135 )
Palisades Interstate Park Commissioners, New York, N. Y.

rt.
Porto Rico. Commissioners of Agriculture, Insular Experiment
Station, Rio Piedras, P.R. Bulletin, Re
Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada, Montreal, “Cana
ra eat for the Protection of Plants from oe and
ous Diseases. Quebec, Canada. Annual Report.
Cube “eoctic Soe Cubana i istoris Natural “Felipe Poey,”
avana, Memoria
South Africa. eine of para Africa. Department of Agri-
culture, Pretoria, $8. Africa. Agricultural Journal.
*Arborea: Bulletin of the Niece Tree Wardens and
Foresters Association, Worcester, Mass.
Respectfully submitted,
ARAH H. Hartow,
Librarian.

REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS

Dr. N. L. Britron, Director-1n-CHIer.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year I9gIS.
Regulating and Grading
The bank on the western side of conservatory range 2
has been regulated, graded, and sown with grass seed in
three places, one patch 15 feet wide and 130 feet long,
another 75 feet wide and 150 feet long, and the third 15
feet wide and 150 feet long. Both sides of the path 15 feet
wide and 400 feet long running northwest of conservatory
range 2 along the driveway have been graded. ‘Two strips
of ground 12 feet wide, one 500 feet long, running north,
and the other 250 feet long, running east, were regulated,
graded, and subsoiled at the Pelham Avenue and Southern
Boulevard entrance to the Garden. Both sides of the
new road at the rose garden were regulated and graded,
and in doing this about 1,400 yards of fill and top-soil
were used. The bank south of the mansion, near the
permanent steps, was regraded with 60 yards of fill.
bout 4,000 cubic yards of soil were carted into the
grounds by contractors working in the neighborhood of the

(136)

Garden who were looking for a place to dispose of it. This
earth was deposited to our satisfaction at the contractors’
expense. About 1,000 yards of the earth were placed
north of the Woodlawn Road bridge, and about 3,000 yards
were placed in the old quarry near the Pelham Avenue
and Southern Boulevard entrance.

Nearly 4,800 yards of earth were removed in the con-
struction of the new driveway at the rose garden, and about
3,500 yards of this earth were used to extend the driveway
across the lake, the remaining 1,300 yards being used to
grade both sides of this new drive. About 300 yards of top-
soil also were removed from the paths at the iris corner to
grade both sides of the new road through the rose garden
and for grading near the mansion.

Drainage

For the construction of the deep drain at power house 2,
we have added 44 feet of 8-inch pipe. We used 202 feet
of 6-inch pipe to extend the catch-basin pipe to the river
at the northwestern end of the long bridge. On the
western side of the river near Pelham Avenue, 50 feet of
12-inch pipe were used to connect the culvert with the
river, and 850 feet of 6-inch pipe have been laid through
the old drain in the rose garden, to which two catch-basins
have been connected. In laying this drain-pipe through
the rose garden, we removed 700 feet of a stone wall from
both sides of the old drain, the stone being used in the
construction of the new road.

Roads and Paths

Two paths 10 feet wide and about s00 feet long have
been lined at the entrance from Pelham Avenue and the
Southern Boulevard, and 400 feet of these paths have been
paved and prepared for screening. On the western side
of the Bronx River north of the Linnaeus bridge, 1,600 feet
of path have been lined ready for paving and a path Io feet
wide and 400 feet long, running northwest along the road

(137 )

from conservatory range 2, has been lined and paved. The
path on the eastern side of conservatory range 2 with two
branches 8 feet wide and 61 feet long running south to the
Allerton Avenue entrance, has been paved, covered with
ashes, and is now ready for screening, and the unfinished
path on the western side of conservatory range 2 also has
been prepared for screening. The path running through
the pinetum from conservatory range I has been com-
pleted. The path from the elevated railway approach to
conservatory range I and the paths on the eastern and
western sides of this range were resurfaced with screening.

The driveway through the rose garden, 30 feet wide and
250 feet long, has been lined and 75 feet of this road have
been paved. Half of the semicircular road leading to the
main entrance of conservatory range 2 has been lined and
paved and is now ready for trap-rock.

Buildings

Considerable repairs were made at the mansion by the
carpenters, painters, and plumber. One third of the
roof has been reshingled, the porch on the southern side
of the building has been repaired, and new sash cords and
catches have been used in repairing the windows. The
flooring and several of the doors have been repaired in
different parts of the building. Picture moulding has been
put up in two rooms on the second floor for the exhibition
of paintings and engravings. ‘The walls and all woodwork
of four rooms on the first floor and four rooms on the
second floor of the mansion have been repaired. Putty
was renewed in the window sash and the sash and window
frames have been painted. A steam heating plant ex-
tending to the second floor of the mansion and connecting
nineteen radiators was installed by our plumber. Two
sinks were also installed.

The plumbing work in comfort house 4 was repaired
considerably and the water system was changed in comfort
house 1. All repairs to the plumbing system were made by
our own plumber.

(138)

Twenty-eight rustic benches and twelve tubs for plants
in conservatory range I were made by the carpenters, in
addition to the usual repair work. The lecture hall and
one room in the basement of the museum building have been
painted, and the exterior of conservatory range 1 from the
stonework to the gutter has also been painted. The
broken glass in all the buildings has been replaced by the
painter. All necessary repairs to the steam heating system
in power houses 1 and 2, conservatory ranges I and 2, and
in the museum building have been made by the steam
engineers.

Two large patches in the roof of the museum building
have been repaired, and at conservatory range I it was
found necessary to replace four rafters in the top section
of the dome and also to repair several leaders.

The shops for the carpenters, plumber, and painter are
now in the basement of the mansion.

Grounds

On Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays from the last
Sunday in May to the first Sunday in September, the
Garden was patrolled by five uniformed city officers and
two detectives, who very successfully enforced the park
ordinances relative to the destruction of shrubbery,
scattering of paper, and general vandalism. During this
period, about 155 arrests were made, and in each case the
offender was fined, the fines being from one to ten dollars.
Owing to the assistance of the city officers and the vigilance
of our employees, the damage done to the plantations and
lawns was very slight. On Sundays and holidays during
the summer months, the average number of visitors was
about 35,000, and in July and August, the number in-
creased to 45,000.

During the months of February, March, and April, we
removed about 1,200 dead trees from the new land and
about 50 trees from the hemlock grove. This work was
greatly facilitated by the assistance of men from the New

(139)

York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor,
who also helped considerably with other work around the
grounds during the year.

By running the gasoline engine for about two weeks, we
cut sufficient wood to furnish fuel for the propagating houses
for five months.

The uprooting of poison ivy has been continued with
satisfactory results and will be carried on each spring until
it is exterminated.

Guard-rails
About 750 feet of 1-inch guard-rail, two rails high, were
erected along the trails in the hemlock grove.
Respectfully submitted,
ArtuurR J. CorBEtT,
Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.

(140)

SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE

R 1915
1. CITY MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT
Approprigied i avi tharie ested teen kang. oe meteea eae $107,163.00
pen
Personal Service
Salaries. cise nese Oeceisuws ek ahs enews ees $81,139.83
OR cea ey Oh i ewe won gia ay ea ae 7,309.00
Oba be peices ie: gates Satay tetas peat eee eee eg tae Asatte $88,448.83
Sundry Expenses
FORA Ge) cnne's shtcone meneunatta aie tne aateuenerrs $ 881.47
Melt aired eset Renner cote ta aia aan 11,804.35
DUPPNES ies bhp eh eh ee a 1,213.96
Equipment icaccds esa ceuatnaa te had eek 1,657.53
Materials): i.cercareuaeeek eevee 1,881.98
Repairs Sarge. c cigetseiate sty eacnendas 229.69
Telephone Service................0.-.50204. 116.5%
Contingencies.... 0.20... 000.0 e cece eee 926.62
Ota ssertitn tes acectns one aati ened duties Uae ee ante een $18,712.11
Total Expendéd’s: 0.5455. heb idee ced ane be een Se ae $107,160.94
Balance to be rescinded... 0... ccc eects 2.06

z. CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT
ort Account
Erection of an additional Greenhouse.

January 11, 1915, Balance..............00 00. c cece eee $ 120.11
Rescinded, January 16, 1915......... 00.00. c cee eee eee 120.11

3. SPECIAL GARDEN ACCOUNTS

ExpioraTion Funp

1go1 to 1914. Subscriptions.................0...0000. $37,028.45
Sales and Refunds...........0.0.0... 00.0000. c cece eee 1,669.06
Petal pices tis ies Sc outdid e aa ene vans 3 % 38,697.51
Igor to1913. Expended..... 2.0.00... 0c ccc eee eterna 38,673.46
Balance ag cian totananan cuts Mee ae a oe ope eee fee $ 24.05
Museum anp Herparium Funp
190I to 1914. Subscriptions............... $11,895.00
Sales and Refunds........................ 387.89
BLOt al sheer enue cto e teal ees ata essen ae sais teal le $12,282.89
Ig0I to1913. Expended......0..0 020.0 eee eee ee 12,263.99

(141 )

Piant Funp (Conservatory Funp)

1900 to 1914. Subscriptions............... $ 9,576.55
Sales and Refunds..............00.c 0s eae 653.16
1915:: Sales avi cane icaia ss easeanes sone os 36.00
OT Otale io scx greargu ie eine atm ee nae ane ae eeee $10,265.71
1900 to 1914. Expended.................. $10,063.53
1915. Expended............. 0.0.0.0 eee
Totals ie st ce honeee ica neats tad eue wth aes $10,232.54
Balance seth ends oe cae e a eee accent bats $ 33.17
EciAL Boox Funp
1899 to 1914. Subscriptions............... $31,547.88
Sales and Refunds...................0000e 121.48
Wace aera Nec Pa ee $31,669.36
1899 to 1914. Expended................. $31,569.71
1915. Expended...............-. cece eee 68.46
PLOtal ccc Ai ane gad eaunanecer ates oe tmnieeianaie $31,638.17
Balance ay iunce ie Uh Atco alent eaten ete eters $B 31.19
Cuares Finney Cox Memoriat Funp
1912 and 1913. Subscriptions.............200ee eee eee % 5,075.00
Bxpended iis jauss sede red ov tgbach vada egies 5,068.10
ANCE ca taacpt a encanta ae awa asenes 3 6.90
aa January 10. Transferred to the principal
e Endowment Fund for Science and
Eaucsen Rage Naeeeteny sented avea ate ete oa eee meets 6.90
GaRDEN ExTension AND COMMEMORATION FunpD
Established April 15, 1915
1915. Subscriptions.............cc cece cece eee eees $10,357.00
Expended
Dalanes* rte ee eee ee $ 3,455.00
DOP et ae earn anid tae cm ecm amiten 1,715.00
Supplies and Materials.................0.- 1,360.73
Heating Plant ............0 2.0.00 e cece 589.99
Motor Cates igi eieniGi de deeds 428.95
Board Room Furnishings.................. 1,046.85
Sapaigel ak Hatta oe eel medeiola nannies woe 599.36
roa basta Celebration. ............0.000. 708.97
Ontingencies. 2... cee eee eee eee 45.58
Totalistccn ct canoer tients tee ee oe $10,356.43

(142)

Summary oF SPECIAL GARDEN AccouNTS

Subscriptions
1899 tO 1914... eee $95,122.88
1915 he eee eh ot sees oe een 10,357.00
Sales and Refunds
me TOTO A soe ete ete en $ 2,831.59
Seer, Oe eee nee error 36.00
"Total <4 cia! neta pulse ow woes pete ete $108,347.47
Expended
nee HONG T As ein tele calcite are ha hate $97,638.79
ed Fests eae tan grceno adie eatin, eietise iets e I
Otalics sate cite tne saan tease oes $108,239.59
Balance .iccct (Abst teae ate $ 107.88

4. SPECIAL INCOME ACCOUNTS

Appropriated Expended
Income of Science and Education Fund
Laboratories: dass: lecw trad aeons SARE oN aes a oe $ 440.70
Lectures and Lantern Slides................-.04.. 367.86
Photography < sc sce gies Mh pee aeons 380.48
Purchase of Plants, Specimens, and Books.......... 1,487.46
Supplies and Contingencies......................- 322.98
Totals cy. fs0p33 ees See weeds 3 3,000.00 % 2,999.48
Income of ee Ogden Mills Fund
Exploration ticos acs beh Glee ete te 2,000.00 1,879.29
esd 2 Henry Iden Fun
dent Research Scholarships......... 400.00 250.00
dessin “of William R. Sands Fund
Horticultural Prizes........0.000....... 460.00 452.00
Income of Caroline and Olivia E. Phelps Stokes Fund
Preservation of Native Plants.......... 120.00 81.82
Income of Students Research Fund
id for Students Research............. 150.00 150.00
Income of David Lydig Fund
Publications. ............ 2.00. cece eens 3,000.00 2,989.39
Accumulated Income of Addison Brown Fund
‘colored Illustrations of Plants........... 1,700.00 ——

Sataties 600.00 553.00

DS Orth ee ee ares 225.00 212.50

B

Balances

12.50

tote facets ann tg ecnntee aa $11,655.00 $ 9,567.48 $ 2,087.52

(143 )
5. GENERAL INCOME ACCOUNT

Appro ce
including
Transfers Expended Balances
Museums and Herbarium.................. $ 650.00 $ 600.00 $ 50.00
Publications ...:603 ssa isaccas ben vate aca da 650.00 629.57 20.43
Investigations at other Institutions.......... 25.00 25.00 —_—
Circulars for Membership...............006 140.00 133.07 6.93
Insurances ice ca fines phecedseedei enna 500.00 490.10 9.90
Supplies esas binding)................ 1,650.00 1,642.69 731
Contingent Fund... 2.0.2... cc cece cece ee 880.00 872.33 7.67
sere Ss NORE heey tat er eects ate 760.00 751.95 8.05
Assistance for Treasurer............0020004 480.00 480.00 —
Special Assistance... ........ 0.0. cece eee eee 600.00 599-50 50
Exploration. ..... 0... 000c cece cece eee eee 1,130.00 1,124.01 5.99
DAalanes ¢ 326 nce Sy iad oa a aye een 12,270.00 12,260.00 10.00
Vabort.adscenergsa ved eveabe vine soe 3,365.00 3,361.13 3.87
A Kola:| eee cee eee ae a eee eee $23,100.00 $22,969.35 $8 130.65
6. EXPENDED FROM FUNDS OF THE GARDEN
Special Garden jeanne for 1915... 20... cee cece eee $10,600.80
Special Income Accounts. .......0-..0. 000000 c cece cee 9,567.48
General Income renee dea cred Sa aye ager tegen dedtionn eae 22,969.35
ML Otal scat cca ote tote ha aucd uae anntcaen $43,137.63
Respectfully submitted,
ALTER S. GROESBECK,
Accountant.

E, and 0. E
New York, January 10, 1916.

SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE
GARDEN EXTENSION AND COMMEMORATION FUND

Mre Fritz Achelis::14¢) 45343 tocol hee ee $100
Mr. Edward D. Adams........0...00 0000. c cece eee 100
Mrs. James Herman Aldrich..................0 000000 20
Mr. Oakes Ames... 1... 0002 e cee eens 25
Mr. Ay J.C. Andeérsonie gv hare ees Begs eee nee eles fe)
Mr. John D. Archbold... 2... cee 250
Mrs. George A. Archer... ......... 0000 cece eee e eee eee 25

Mr. Edward W. C. Arnold. . 0.0000. ces 10

Mrs. E. S. Auchincloss.... 2.00.00... 00sec ee eee 10
Mrs. Hugh D. Auchincloss..................0.20 000005 25
Mr. Samuel P. Avery... 0.0.02... c eee eee 25
Mr. George F. Baker... 0.0.0.0... 0 eee ee 100
Mrs. Robert F. Ballantine................-0 000 eee eee 10
Mr. George D. Barron..........0 00 cece eee ee es 10
Mr. Alfred N. Beadleston........... 00.00 c cece eee ee 50
Mrs. A. Frederick Behre............0. 000-02 eee eee ees 5
Mr. Louis’ V Bellies 2c5.5 cn oan gai eed Malo ba 25
Mr. E: P. Bicknéllcecc ois oie heat whiten eee ees fe)
Miss Elizabeth Billings................ 200000 e ee eee 25
Mr. Ernest C. Bliss... 1.22.00... 0 eee eee 50
Mr. George Blumenthal... . 2.2.2.0... 0.0000 cee eee 25
Miss R. C. Boardman.......... 2.2.0.0. 10
Mrs, James L. Breese... 1.2... 02-0 00. c cet 10
Mr. Jno. I. D. Bristol... 0.0.0... eee 5
Dre Ne os Britton 4520 ie ee ee ce Re 500
Mr. Andrew Carnegie... 2.0.0.0... 0.00 cece cee 500
Mrs. Andrew Carnegie. . 0.2.0.0... 0. cee eee eee 100
Mr. W. T. Carrington. 0.0.0.0... 00. eee eens 5
Miss Jennie R. Catheart....... 20.2.0... eee eee 5
Mr. Frank R. Chambers.............. 2.000000: eevee 10
Dr. Walter F. Chappell... 0.0000. 5
Mrs. F. A. Constable... 0.2... 0. eee 25
Mr. James W. Cromwell..........00. 000.0000 cee eee 25
Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting... ....0..00.0. 0.0000. e ce eee 25
Mr. Charles Deering...........0.000 00.0 ccc eee 100
Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge... 2.2.0.0... 0.000... 00000005 100
Dr. James Douglas... 0.00.0 eens 100
Mr. A. F. Estabrook... 20... ene 100
Mr. Charles S. Fairchild...........000.00000000....0.. 25
Mr. Samuel W. Fairchild. .........0....000. 000000000 50
Mr. James B. Ford... 2.0.00. 0.0. ees 500
Mr. Henry W. de Forest... 20.0.0 ......0 00000 ee eae 25
Dr. Robert W. de Forest... 0.000.000... 0... c eee eee 50
Miss J. K. Fraser... 2.0.0... cee ee 20
The Fred’k Page Contracting Company................ 10
Mr. Henry C.-Frick. 2c 220. sigs wecie vine bees es 500
Professor Wm. J. Gies.. 2.000. eee 10

Mrs. Wm. J. Gies.. 2.2. ce eee ee 25

Mr. George J. Gould... 0.00000 eee 100
Miss Susan D. Grifith........00.00..0.........00000. 10
Mr. Daniel Guggenheim. ...........00000 0.00 c eee 500
Mrs. Wm. Pierson Hamilton.......................0.. ite)
Mr. J. Horace Harding.............. 0.0 c eee 100
Mr. J. Montgomery Hare.... 0.0.0... eee 25
Mr. Edward S. Harkness... . 2.0.0.0. .000 00000 cece eee 500
Mrs. Julia Riker Harmon...............0...00.00 00000 10
Professor R. A. Harper... 2.0.0... eee es 10
Mrs. Ey. WH, Harman rie cd Seek be eee de el ee 50
Miss Josephine T. Harriot...........0.. 0.00 cee ee eee 10
Mr. T. A. Havemeyer..... 00... ee eee 50
Miss Caroline C. Haynes... 0.0.0.0... 0c c cee eee 10
Mr. A. Heckscher. .... 2.000.000 ee 50
Mr. Hancke Hencken....................0 0000-00 eee 10
Mrs: HP. Hodson ss wcrc ey igre cd ene ade idea 4 10
Mr. Richard M. Hoe............... 0000s cee eee 10
Mrs. Richard March Hoe..................000 00 e eee 10
Mr. Bernhard Hoffmann............. 0.000. ee eee eee 10
Horticultural Society of New York. ................0... 250
Mr. Theodore R. Hoyt............ 22... 25
Mr. Adolph G. Hupfel... 000. ee 10
Mrs. D. Willis James... 0.0... ke eee ee 25
Miss Annie B. Jennings.............2.0. 000s cece eens 25
Mr. Walter Jennings. . 20.0.0... 00. 25
Mrs. Delancey Kane... . 0.0.0... eens 100
Mrs. John S. Kennedy... . 00. ... 0... cece eee eee 50
Mr. Edward V. Z. Lane... 1.00.02. 25
Mr. Lewis H. Lapham... .......0..00..200 0000 eee eeee 100
Professor Frederic 8. Lee... 2.2.0.2... 00 eee eee ee eee 25
Mr. M. C. Lefferts... 0.0.00 .0 00.0 ce ees 10
Mr. Paul Lichtenstein. ...........0.. 000. eee ee eee eee 5
MrivAc ueder tn. eae ece o te et eea tes d 5
Mrs. V. Everit Macy ici cog feu pois ce ad he ee ee es 50
Mrs. Henry Marquand.............-0. 00. c ee eens 25
Mr. Louis Marshall......2......0 00. c cece eee ee ees 25
Mr. Edgar L. Marston... 2.0... eee 25
Mr. W. J. Matheson... 2.20.2... cee cee eens 50
Mr. James McLean... 0200.2 50

Dr. Lewis Rutherford Morris........0.....0..000000008
Dr. John P. Munn.... 2.0.0. ees
Mr. Frederick R. Newbold............. 0.0... ..00..000-

Mr. George W. Perkins............ 0.0000 cee eee eee
Mrs. George W. Perkins... 0.00.00... cece
Mr. William H. Perkins... 00.00. eee
Mr. Charles F. Rand... 0.0...
Miss cae Redmond... e.4cnine) Ginaskd Se AS ate eee)

Dr. H. H. ee bel iso ee he ag Sg eA ans cao es ae ced GS

Mrs. Fine Je Shepard 25a. ia ita vis Kia wee hese
Mr. William Shillaber........000..0..0.0000.0......2..
Mrs. Alfred L. Simon
Mrs. Benson B. Sloan
Mr. William Sloane
Mr. Pierre J. Smith. 2.00.00... 00000 eee
Mr. James H. Stebbins...........000.00...0...00. 0.000005
Mr. Francis Lynde Stetson...................0.......
Mr. Alexander H. Stevens...............0...00....0..
Miss Ellen J. Stone... 2.2.0.0. 0.0 eee

Mr. Frederick Strauss... 2.000000 eee ee eee 20
Mr. F. K. Sturgis... 00000000 cee eee 50
Mrs. Henry O. Taylor.......0.000 000.0000 ccc ee eee 100
Mr. Charles G. Thompson................ 0000000000. 100
Mrs. F. F. Thompson... ..........0 0.0 cece eee 100
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson. ............0 0.00 c eee eee 25
Mr. Wm. B. Thompson.................00 00000 eee 10
Mr. Myles Tierney... 0.0.0.0... 0.0. ccc cece ees 50
Mr. Louis C. Tiffany... 0... cece eee 50
Mr. ‘Henry Ne Tittts 3 ses in ee ee eh ee ee eee a 10
Miss Anna Murray Vail... 2.0.0.0... 00. c cee ence ee 10
Mr. W. K. Vanderbilt. .........0.0 0.0.00 200
Dr. Henry F. Walker... 2.0 ee 10
Mr. Felix M. Warburg... 1.2.0.0... 000 c cece eee eee 100
Mrs. George Cabot Ward...............0 00000 e eee 25
Mr. William Young Westervelt....................04-. 10
Hon. Geo. Peabody Wetmore................2...00005 50
Dr. Wm. E. Wheelock. 2... ee 10
Mr. Egerton L. Winthrop. .... 0.0.0.0... cece eee eee -
Anonymous: 3 .2.0360).ci.5u0el oordcgiiad) tei dee fates

(148 )

REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC
DIRECTORS

(Received and ordered printed, January 10, 1916)

To THE Boarp oF MANaGERS OF THE NEw York Botan-
ICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit the following
report from the Scientific Directors for the year Igr5.

The history of the past year is distinguished by the
records of a number of events of unusual importance.
Among these may be accounted the celebration of the
Twentieth Anniversary of the appropriation of land for
the Garden by the City of New York. This celebration
occurred from the 6th to the 11th of September, inclusive.
The exercises of the occasion represented two quite distinct
series, the one designed to entertain our guests and to
make known to them the history, equipment, and work of
the Garden, the other to provide for scientific contributions
by the guests themselves. Both portions of the work
were admirably designed by Dr. Britton and Dr. Harper,
to whom the work was assigned, and were executed in
perfect accordance with their plans. One hundred and
forty-five persons registered their attendance, representing
almost every botanical organization in the country and
including many non-professional botanists. The fifty-
three scientific papers presented covered every branch of
botanical science and included a remarkable variety of
subjects. It is doubtful if any botanical meeting ever
held in America constituted a more complete exhibit of
the character of the botanical work in progress in this
country. ‘The successful execution of so large and varied a
program within the time allotted, with no appreciable
restriction upon discussion, is a feat that will be appreciated
by all who have been called upon to preside on similar
occasions, and one that reflects great credit upon the Com-
mittee in charge. A full report of the meetings was pub-

(149)

lished in the October number of the Journal, and the
publication of most of the contributions, in full, is planned.

The most important event of the year, so far as the
Garden’s interests are concerned, is the addition to its
lands of the new tract recently granted by the city. Plans
for the development of this tract will doubtless be fully
discussed in the report of the Director-in-Chief, but we
desire to refer here to our keen interest in the great and
varied possibilities which this addition affords for the ex-
tension of our experimental and educational work. We
are especially gratified by the possession of the facilities
afforded by the Lorillard mansion.

The report on the cultivation of drug and dye plants
which we prepared at your request, and which was published
in the August number of the Journal and reprinted for
special circulation, has received and is still receiving a
great amount of attention throughout the country. A
large number of the reprints have been called for and
supplied. The beneficial influence of this timely publica-
tion has extended in two quite different directions. It has
tended to counteract the misleading effects of certain widely
read articles encouraging a belief in the simplicity and
ease of securing financial returns from the cultivation of
drugs and has thus saved many from unwise investments
of time and money, and, on the other hand, has encouraged
a number of persons to undertake careful experimental
work in certain restricted and promising portions of this
field of agriculture.

The publication in the January number of the Journal,
of our lecture on the influence of radio-active earth on
plant growth and crop production has also received great
attention, thousands of reprints having been distributed.
The records presented in this publication have been
variously interpreted. On theoretical grounds, their ref-
erence to the action of radium has been denied by some
authorities, while the facts themselves have not been
otherwise toned. In the meantime, experiments on a
large scale have been induced by the publication.

(150)

The explorations of the year included further work in
Porto Rico by several persons. Dr. and Mrs. Britton,
with the late Mr. J. F. Cowell and Mr. Stewardson Brown,
spent two months, in February and March, in exploration
on that island. The work of Professor N. Wille, of the
University of Christiania, in the collection of fresh-water
algae, announced in our last report as having been com-
menced, was completed during the early part of the present
year, and yielded very rich scientific results. This work
was supplemented by several weeks’ work in June and
July in the collection of marine algae by Dr. Marshall A.
Howe, in the waters surrounding the island.

Several weeks were devoted by Dr. Small to work among
the Florida Keys, an exploration that was made possible
through the generosity of Mr. Charles Deering. The
object of this exploration was peculiar, if not unique.
Upon these small islands grow many species of plants which
are either very scarce, or do not grow at all in any other
locality. As a result of clearing of the land, which is
rapidly progressing, such species are doomed to early
extinction. Mr. Deering has for some time been engaged
in preserving these plants by introducing them to his
estate near Miami, and it was to the mutual advantage
of both Mr. Deering and the Garden that Dr. Small was
able to cooperate in this work.

The usual activity in the acquisition and care of her-
barium material has been maintained, more than 36,000
specimens and a corresponding number of herbarium sheets
having been added, not including a very large addition to
our mycological herbarium. The interest in our work
in the study of fungi has again shown a decided increase,
there having been an unprecedented call for information
on the subject and for the identification of specimens. A
large number of new species and genera, representing all
classes of plants, have been described during the year.

Our laboratory work has continued to show expansion
in activity and interest. The work of Dr. Stout in the

(151)

investigation of color variation in Coleus has culminated
in the publication by the Carnegie Institution of an inter-
esting and handsome volume on this subject. In this
work, Dr. Stout has confined himself chiefly to variations
developed in budding, but he plans to carry the investiga-
tion to the seedlings. A study of the chemical composition
of the pigments causing the coloration has been referred to
Professor Wm. J. Gies. A study of the pigments in the
flowers of tulips is also planned.

Dr. Harper’s studies of the genetics of corn have been
continued during the past year. Other laboratory in-
vestigations have referred to the behavior of sex in Mer-
curtalis, a plant in the castor-oil family, self and cross
sterility in the flowers of chicory, the effects of hybridity
in Hibiscus, especially upon the color of the flowers, and
the heredity of flower color in Verbascum Blattaria. In this
plant, the flowers are sometimes yellow and sometimes
purple, and there has been much speculation among botan-
ists as to what determines these respective colorations.
Other problems investigated refer to Carex, Tulipa, Pri-
mula, and cacti. The flora of western Tibet has also re-
ceived attention.

The enlarged experimental space in the Garden which
was last year assigned to the Director of the Laboratories
has been fully utilized, and with satisfactory results. He
now asks for a similar increase in greenhouse facilities,
which it is earnestly hoped we may be able to supply.

All the publications of the Garden have been maintained
regularly. While there has been a natural falling off in our
European support, owing to the war, there has been a
marked increase in that from our own country. There are
numerous indications of a healthy increase in scientific
work in the South American countries, and it is important
that we should maintain and extend close relations with
all organized work and with botanical scholars in those
countries.

An important event in connection with our publications

(152)

is the provision, made at our last meeting, for the early
publication of the first number of our new periodical with
colored illustrations provided for by the bequest of our
late President, Judge Addison Brown.

Thirty-four public lectures have been delivered on Satur-
day afternoons during the year. No one can scrutinize
the subjects included in the list of these lectures without
being impressed with their great importance as an educa-
tional element in this city. Subjects relating to agricul-
ture and horticulture are: ‘‘ Flowers for the Spring Garden,”
“A Rose Garden for Every Home,” ‘‘Dwarf Fruit Trees
for Suburban Homes,” ‘‘Fungous Diseases of the Flower
Garden,” ‘‘ Fighting the Gypsy Moth,” “‘Growing Seeds for
the Farm and Garden,” and “The Possibilities of Nut
Growing in New York.” Geographical lectures have
treated of Porto Rico, Haiti, the Rocky Mountains, the
Austro-Italian Frontier, and the Himalayas. Lectures
relating to economic botany have included the following
subjects: ‘“The Agriculture of the North American Indians,”
“Mushrooms for Food,” ‘The Sources of Quinine,”
“Economic Uses of Seaweeds,” and ‘“‘Correlations between
Animals and Plants.” The Garden itself has been treated
in lectures upon its library and its fossil plant collections.

Public influence of a similar character has been exerted
through the flower shows held in cooperation with the
Horticultural Society of New York. Of these there have
been three, besides one specially provided by Mr. T. A.
Havemeyer. ‘These exhibitions were very largely attended.

Our second spring inspection of buildings, grounds, and
collections, fully reported in the Journal for May, was at-
tended by more than four hundred persons. Our first
autumn inspection was held this year and was also largely
attended and greatly enjoyed.

The report of Dr. Rose’s explorations in western South
America, in the August number of the Journal, is a note-
worthy publication.

Work for the preservation of our native wild flowers has

(153)

been continued. Several essays on this subject by pupils of
the public schools were published in the Journal for June.

The details of all work performed under our direction will
be found recorded in the reports of the several members of
the staff.

For all information regarding administrative work, which
necessarily comes into close relation with our own, you are
respectfully referred to the general report of the Director-
in-Chief

Respectfully submitted,
H. H. Russy,
Chairman of the Scientific Directors.

(154)

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PATRONS,
FELLOWS, AND MEMBERS FOR THE
YEAR 1915

To THE Boarp or MaNnaGers oF THE New York Bo-
TANICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: The number of new members who have
qualified is 64. The number of Annual Members is now
837; Life Members 149; Sustaining Members 12; Fellow-
ship Members 2.

Of these, 26 are now in arrears for dues for 1915, 9 for
dues for 1914 and 1915, and 12 for dues for 1913, 1914, and
IQIS.

Dues have been collected to the amount of $8,595. Two
persons have qualified as Fellows for Life by the payment
of $1,000 each, and one as a Life Member by the payment
of $250. These sums have been transmitted to the
Treasurer.

A complete list of all classes of members to date is here-
with submitted.

BENEFACTORS
*Hon. Addison Brown, *D. O. Mills,
Andrew Carnegie, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.
Columbia University, John D. Rockefeller,
*Hon. Chas. P. Daly, *Cornelius Vanderbilt.

PaTRoNs

Oakes Ames, *NIrs. Esther Herrman,
*Miss Catherine A. Bliss, Archer M. Huntington,
Dr. N. L. Britton, *Henry Iden,
*Hon. Addison Brown, Mrs. John Innes Kane,
Andrew Carnegie, *John Stewart Kennedy,
*Mrs. George Whitfield Collord, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.
*James M. Constable, *Oswald Ottendorfer,
*William E. Dodge, *Lowell M. Palmer,
James B. Ford, William Rockefeller,
George J. Gould, *William R. Sands,
Edward 8S. Harkness, *William C. Schermerhorn,

* Deceased.

James A. Scrymser,
Mrs. Finley J. Shepard,
*Samuel Sloan,

(155)

Mrs. Frederic F. Thompson,
W. K. Vanderbilt,
Mrs. Antoinette Eno Wood.

FELLows For Lire

Edward D, Adams,

John D. Archbold,
George F. Baker,

Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting,
Dr. Robert W. de Forest,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
James B. Ford,

Daniel Guggenheim,
Murry Guggenheim,

S. R. Guggenheim,

Mrs. D. Willis James,

Mrs. John Stewart Kennedy,

Edward V. Z. Lane,

Mrs. Frederic 8. Lee,
Hon. Seth Low,

James McLean,

Ogden Mills,

George W. Perkins,

M. F. Plant,

Mortimer L. Schiff,
James A. Scrymser,
Francis Lynde Stetson,
Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes
Charles G. Thompson,
Louis C. Tiffany,
Tiffany & Company.

Lire MEMBERS

Edward D, Adams,

Dr. Felix Adler,

Mrs. James Herman Aldrich,
Constant A. Andrews,

J. Sherlock Andrews,

Dr. 8. T. Armstrong,
Edward W. C. Arnold,

Mrs. H. D. Auchincloss,
Samuel P. Avery,

Samuel D. Babcock,

Geo. V. N. Baldwin,

Dr. John Hendley Barnhart,
George D. Barron,

Aurel Batonyi,

Gustav Baumann,

Samuel R. Betts,

William G. Bibb,

Miss Elizabeth Billings,

J. O. Bloss,

*Deceased.

George Blumenthal,
George C. Boldt,

G. T. Bonner,

J. Hull Browning,
Joseph Bushnell,

T. Morris Carnegie,
Frank R. Chambers,
Hugh J. Chisholm,
Hugh J. Chisholm, Jr.,
Geo. C. Clark,

Banyer Clarkson,

Dr. James B. Clemens,
Wm. F, Cochran,
William Colgate,

Miss Georgette T. A. Collier,
Mrs. William Combe,
W. E. Connor,

Mrs. F. A. Constable,
Theodore Cooper,

Zenas Crane,

R. N. Cranford,

Melville C. Day,

Charles Deering,

Mrs. John Ross Delafield,
Miss Julia L. Delafield,
Maturin L. Delafield, Jr.,
W. B. Dickerman,

James Douglas,

Miss Josephine W. Drexel,
Miss Ethel DuBois,

Miss Katharine DuBois,
Wm. A. DuBois,

Geo. E. Dunscombe,
Thomas Dwyer,

Newbold Edgar,

George Ehret,

Ambrose K. Ely,

Amos F. Eno,

Edward J. Farrell,

Mrs. H. J. Fisher,
Andrew Fletcher,

Chas. R. Flint,

Mrs. John French,

Henry C. Frick,

Mrs. Theodore Kane Gibbs,
James J. Goodwin,

Daniel Guggenheim,
Bernard G. Gunther,
Franklin L. Gunther,
Frederic R. Halsey,

Chas. J. Harrah

Dr. Louis Haupt,

R. Somers Hayes,

George B. Hopkins,
Samuel N. Hoyt,

Archer M. Huntington,
Frank D. Hurtt,

James H. Hyd

Mrs. ae O’D. Iselin,

(156)

' Theo. F. Jackson,
Dr. Walter B. James,
Miss Annie B. Jennings,
Nathaniel T. Kidder,
William M. Kingsland,
H. R. Kunhardt,
W. B. Kunhardt,
Charles Lanier,
W. V. Lawrence,
Meyer H. Lehman,
Mrs. Geo. Lewis,
Joseph Loth,
David Lydig,
Wn. H. Macy, Jr,
Mrs. Wm. H. Macy, Jr.,
Louis Marshall,
Edgar L. Marston,
William J. Matheson,
C. W. McAlpin,
Guy R. McLane,
Emerson McMillin,
Dr. Geo. N. Miller,
A. G. Mills,
Hon. Levi P. Morton,
Sigmund Neustadt,
A. Lanfear Norrie,
Gordon Norrie,
Geo. M. Olcott,
Mrs. Chas. Tyler Olmstead.
Wm. Church Osborn,
Henry Parish,
Geo. W. Perkins,
W. H. Perkins,
James ‘Tolman Pyle,
M. Taylor Pyne,
Geo. W. Quintard,
John J. Riker,
jJ.c. ee
Thomas F. Ryan,
Mrs. Hebert L., Satterlee,

(157 )

Dr. Reginald H. Sayre,
Edward C. Schaefer,
F, Aug. Schermerhorn,
Jacob H. Schiff,
Mortimer L. Schiff,
Grant B. Schley,

Mrs. I. Blair Scribner,
Isaac N. Seligman,
Geo. Sherman,

James Speyer,

Miss Ellen J. Stone,
Albert Tag,

Paul G. Thebaud,
Charles G. Thompson,
Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson,
Robert M. Thompson,

William Thorne,

Wm. Stewart Todd,

Miss Anna Murray Vail,

F. T. Van Beuren,

Mrs. C. Vanderbilt,

Dr. Henry Freeman Walker,
F, N. Warburg,

John I. Waterbury,

Miss Emily A. Watson,

S. D. Webb,

Dr. W. Seward Webb,

Hon. Geo. Peabody Wetmore,
Mrs. Joseph M. White,
John D. Wing,

Mrs. Anna Woerishoffer.

FEeLLowsHip MEMBERS

J. P. Morgan,

E. A. Richard.

SusTaIninc MemBERS

Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Miss Mary T. Bryce,
James Douglas,

Wm. H. Fischer,

John Greenough,

Mrs. McDougall Hawkes,

Mrs. D. Willis James,
O. H. Kahn,

Edgar L. Marston,
George Grant Mason,
Arthur M. Mitchell,
Wm. Church Osborn.

AnnuaL MEMBERS

Dr. Robert Abbe,

David T. Abercrombie,
Benjamin Abert,

Fritz Achelis,

Henry S. Adams,

Mrs. Cornelius R. Agnew,
Alexander Alexander,
Douglas Alexander,
Harry Alexander,

Mrs. William Allen,

Ernest J. H. Amy,

A. J. C. Anderson,

J. M. Andreini,

W. H. Andrews,

John D. Archbold,

Mrs. John F. Archbold,
Mrs. George A. Archer,
Francis J. Arend,
Reuben Arkush,

Mrs. H. O. Armour,

Dr. John Aspell,

Miss E. E. Auchincloss,
Mrs. E. S. Auchincloss,
John W. Auchincloss,

Dr. Pearce Bailey,
Charles Baird,

Miss Charlotte S. Baker,
Geo. F. Baker,

Stephen Baker,

Albert H. Baldwin,
Frederick H. Baldwin,
George V. N. Baldwin, Jr.,
H. M. Baldwin,

William D. Baldwin,
Mrs. Robert F. Ballantine,
Miss Catherine M. Banks,
Louis H. Barker,

Wm. M. Barnum,
Clarence W. Barron,
Chas. Baskerville,

Alfred N. Beadleston,
Jeremiah Beall,

John D. Beals,

Mrs. Chas. C. Beaman,
Mrs. Margaret B. Becker,
Gerard Beekman,

Robert Behr,

Mrs. A. Frederick Behre,
Louis V. Bell,

August Belmont,

E. C. Benedict,

James Gordon Bennett,
Miss Mary Benson,

E. R. T. Berggren,

Isaac J. Bernheim,

Mrs. Adolph Bernheimer
Chas. L. Bernheimer,
Philip Berolzheimer,

S. Reading Bertron,
Edward J. Berwind,

(158)

G. N. Best,

W. H. Bickelhaupt,
Eugene P. Bicknell,
Mrs. George Biddle,
Mrs. Sylvan Bier,
Abraham Bijur,
Moses Bijur,

C. Edw. Billgvist,
C. K. G. Billings,
W. H. Birchall,

E. D. Bird,

James C. Bishop,

J. Insley Blair,

T. Whitney Blake,
C.N. Bliss, Jr.,
Ernest C. Bliss,
Miss S. D. Bliss,
Mrs. Walter P. Bliss,
Wm. H. Bliss,
Hugo Blumenthal,

Mrs. Albert Barnes Boardman,

Miss R. C. Boardman,
Mrs. Edward C. Bodman,
Kurt A. Boerner,

Henry W. Boettger,
Robert Boettger,

Miss Anna Bogert,
William H. Bolton,

A. Huidekoper Bond,
Mrs. Sydney C. Borg,
Frederick G. Bourne,
Louis Boury,

John M. Bowers,

James B. Brady,

Hon. John J. Brady,
Frank Brainerd,

Mrs. E. N. Breitung,
Adolph Breslauer,

Mrs. Benjamin Brewster,
John R. Brinley,

Jno. I. D. Bristol,

Miss H. Louise Britton,
Richard H. Britton,
Bronx Hay & Grain Co.,
Mrs. Kate M. Brookfield,
Mrs. H. D. Brookman,
Miss Aneita D. Brown,
Dickson Q. Brown,
Edwin H. Brown,

M. Bayard Brown,
Vernon C. Brown,

W. P. Brown,

Mrs. J. Hull Browning,
F. W. Bruggerhoff,

H. B. Brundrett,

Mrs. Lloyd Bryce,
Edwin M. Bulkley,

Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley,
James A. Burden, Jr.,
Edward G. Burgess,

Dr. Edward S. Burgess,
Algernon T. Burr,
Freeman F. Burr,

Chas. W. Burroughs,
Mrs. Wendell L. Bush,
Charles S. Butler,

Miss Emily O. Butler,
Miss Helen C. Butler,
Mrs. P. H. Butler,
Thomas J. Byrne,

H. A. Caesar,

W. R. Callender,

Albert Calman,

Henry L. Calman,

H. H. Cammann,

Henry L. Cammann,
Mrs. John Campbell,

H. W. Cannon,

James G. Cannon,

Mrs. George L. Carnegie,

(159)

Mrs. Miles B. Carpenter,
Wm. T. Carrington,

R. A. Carter,

H. T. Cary,

George B. Case,

Miss Jennie R. Cathcart,
Miss Maria Bowen Chapin,
Dr. Walter F. Chappell,
Jose Edwards Chaves,

B. Ogden Chisolm,

Geo. E. Chisolm,

Wm. G. Choate,

Mrs. Helen L. Chubb,
Percy Chubb,

Chas. T. Church,

John Claflin,

George 5S. Clapp,

Miss Alice L. Clark,

D. Crawford Clark,

Miss Emily Vernon Clark,
F. Ambrose Clark,

Hon. W. A. Clark,
William N. Clark,

E. A. S. Clarke,

George C. Clausen,
Albert Clayburgh,

Wm. P. Clyde,

Miss Mary T. Cockcroft,
Hon. W. Bourke Cockran,
C. A. Coffin,

Edmund Coffin,

E. W. Coggeshall,
William N. Cohen,

Mrs. Rufus Cole,

Mrs. James B. Colgate,
William Colgate,

Robert J. Collier,

Mrs. Minturn Post Collins,
Dr. Stacy Budd Collins,
Samuel P. Colt,

Miss Mary Compton,

T. G. Condon,

Hermann Conheim,
Roland R. Conklin,

J. N. Conyngham,

Arthur N. Cooley,

Marin LeBrun Cooper,
Mrs. Marin LeBrun Cooper,
Frank R. Cordley,

C. R. Corning,

Mrs. Charles Henry Coster,
Geo. F. Crane,

Mrs. Jonathan H. Crane,

Mrs.Agnes Huntington Cravath,

William Crawford,

John D. Crimmins,

Mrs. Thomas Crimmins,
W. T. Crocker,

James W. Cromwell,
Mrs. C, Vanderbilt Cross,
Charles Curie,

Ellicott D. Curtis,

G. Warrington Curtis,

R. Fulton Cutting,

Mrs. Ira Davenport,

J. Clarence Davies,
Julien T. Davies,

Daniel A. Davis,

Miss H. Anna Davis,
Miss Ella H. Davison,
Clarence S. Day,

Henry Dazien,

E. J. de Coppet,

Dr. Robert W. de Forest,
Mrs. Robert W. de Forest,
B. F. DeKlyn,

J. R. Delamar,

Eugene Delano,

John B. Dennis,

Rev. H. M. Denslow,

( 160 )

Walter D. Despard,

Miss Elsie de Wolfe,
Chas. D. Dickey,

Geo. H. Diehl,

A. P. Dienst,

Chas. F. Dieterich,

Miss Josephine H. Dill,
Miss Mary A. Dill,

Miss Gertrude Dodd,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
Francis P. Dodge,

Otto L. Dommerich,
Henry Dorscher,

Mrs. George William Douglas,
Mrs. James Douglas,
Alfred Douglass,

Tracy Dows,

Mrs. Henry Draper,

J. R. Drexel,

Isaac W. Drummond,
Matthew B. Dubois,
Mrs. Matthew B. Dubois,
Mrs. John P. Duncan,
Ralph Wurts Dundas,
Dr. Carroll Dunham,
Dr. Edward K. Dunham,
Mrs. Geo. H. Dunham,
John E. Dwight,

Mrs. Frederick H. Eaton,
D. Edgar,

Thomas C. Edmonds,
Mrs. J. S. Ehrich,

Karl Eilers,

Henry G. Eilshemius,
August Eimer,

William Einstein,

Wm. D. Ellis,

Miss L. F. Emmett,
Robert Temple Emmett,
Mrs. Arthur B. Emmons,

Jno. C. Eno,

Miss Mary Pinchot Eno,
R. Erbsloh,

Henry Esber

Arthur F. Estabrook,
Louis Ettlinger,

A. W. Evarts,

Chas. S. Fairchild,
Samuel W. Fairchild,
William L. Feeney,
Walton Ferguson,

Pliny Fisk,

Harry Harkness Flagler,
Joseph A. Flannery,
Isaac D. Fletcher,

Miss Helena Flint,
Edward H. Floyd-Jones,
Franz Fohr,

James D. Foot,

L. G. Forbes,

Scott Foster,

Mrs. M. J. Fox,

R. A. Franks,

Miss Jane K. Fraser,
Miss S. Grace Fraser,
Dr. J. J. Friedrich,
A. S. Frissell,

John W. Frothingham,
E, A. Funke,

Miss Clementina Furniss,
Albert Gallatin,

Geo. F. Gantz,

Francis P. Garvin,
Joseph E. Gay,

Mrs. Walter Geer,

John J. Gibbons,

R. W. Gibson,

J. Waldron Gillespie,
Mrs. S. D. Godfrey,

W. 5S. Gordon,

(161)

Paul Gottheil,

Chas. Gotthelf,

Chas. A. Gould,

Edwin Gould,

G. C. Graves,

Nelson Z. Graves,

Hon. John Clinton Gray,
Miss Eliza R. Greenwood,
Rev. David H. Greer,
Miss Margarette E. Griffith,
Miss Susan D. Griffith

E. Morgan Grinnell,
Henry W. Guernsey,

A. M. Guinzburg,

Miss Delia L. Gurnee,

William Hague,

Hon. Ernest Hall,

Wn. Halls, Jr.,

Wm. Hamann

L. Gordon Hamersley,
Miss Adelaide Hamilton,
Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton,
Mrs. William P. Hamilton,
William F. Hammond,
Ferdinand Hansen,

Anson W. Hard,

J. Montgomery aie

Mrs. Charles W. aciness
E. S. Harkness,

Mrs. Frank D. Harmon,
Harry Harper,

S. W. Harriot,

William Hamilton Harris.
Tare Hasslacher,

T. A. Havemeyer,

J. Woodward Haven,
Matthew Hawe,

Miss Caroline C. Haynes,
Mrs. W. R. Hearst,
Wm. W. Heaton,

Hancke Hencken,

Chas. Henderson,

Mrs.E. C. Henderson,
Harmon W. Hendricks,
Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn
B. F. Hermann,
Ferdinand Hermann,
Selmar Hess,

H. H. Hewitt,

Mrs. James J. Higginson,
Walter Hinchman,

Mrs. Samuel N. Hinckley,
J. Oakley Hobby,

B. Hochschild,

Mrs. H. P. Hodson,
Richard M. Hoe,

Mrs, Richard March Hoe,
Mrs. Robert Hoe,
Bernhard Hoffmann,
Mrs. Edward Holbrook,
John Swift Holbrook,
Henry Holt,

Hoole & Geiswein,

F. T. Hopkins,

William B. Hornblower,
Frederick B. House,

John Sherman Hoyt,
Theodore R. Hoyt,
Walter C. Hubbard,
Conrad Hubert,

Mrs. E. W. Humphreys,
Mrs. C. P. Huntington,

( 162)

Adolph G. Hupfel,
Frank DeK. Huyler,
Mrs. Clarence M. Hyde,
Henry St. John Hyde,
Dr. Edward J. Ill,
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,

C. Oliver Iselin,

Miss Georgine Iselin,
Wiliam E. Iselin,

Mrs. William E, Iselin,
Miss Flora E. Isham,
Samuel Isham,

Dr. Abram Jacobi,
Samuel K. Jacobs,
John S. Jacobus,

A. C. James,

Mrs. Arthur Curtis James,
Dr. Robert C. James,
E. C. Jameson,

Alfred W. Jenkins,

O. G. Jennings,

Walter B. Jennings,
Mrs. Townsend Jones,
Karl Jungbluth,

Henry M. Kahle,
Louis Kahn,

Mrs. Delancey Kane,
Miss Louise Landgon Kane,
Wilhelm Kaupe,

Mrs. H. F. Kean,
Frank Browne Keech,
Henry F. Keil,

Prof. J. F. Kemp,
Mrs. John 8. Kennedy,

Mrs.H.Van Rensselaer Kennedy,

David Keppel,
Rudolph Keppler,

Mrs. Catherine L. Kernochan,

John B. Kerr,
Geo. A. Kessler,

Patrick Kiernan,

S. E. Kilner,

Alfred R. Kimball,
David H. King, Jr.,
Mrs. Wm. M. Kingsland,
Darwin P. Kingsley,
Morris Kinney,

W. Ruloff Kip,

E. C. Klipstein,
Roland F. Knoedler,
Chas. Kohlman,

H. C. Kudlick,

Adolf Kuttroff,
Francis G. Landon,
Edward V. Z. Lane,
Woodbury Langdon,
Mrs. Jacob Langeloth,
Dr. G. Langmann,
Mrs. John J. Lapham,
Lewis H. Lapham,

F. F. Lathrop,

Countess de Laugier-Villars,

Mrs, Lauterbach,

John Burling Lawrence,
Prof. Frederic S. Lee,
Marshall C. Lefferts,
Wn. H. Lefferts,

James M. Lehmaier,
Wm. H. Leupp,
Edmund J. Levine,
Emanuel Levy,

Adolph Lewisohn,

Miss Alice Lewisohn,
Julius A. Lewisohn,
Philip Lewisohn,

Paul Lichtenstein,
Lowell Lincoln,
Frederick J. Lisman,
Lucius N. Littauer,
Mrs. John R. Livermore,

( 163 )

Wn. S. Livingston,
Wm. C. Lobenstine,
Frank J. Logan,

Mrs. Geo. de Forest Lord,
Lord & Burnham Co.,
P. Lorillard, Jr.,
Ethelbert I. Low,

Miss Carlotta R. Lowell,
August Lueder,

Walther Luttgen,
Clarence H. Mackay,
Kenneth K. Mackenzie,
Malcolm MacMartin,

F. Robert Mager,

J. H. Maghee,

Pierre Mali,

Chas. Mallory,

J. A. Manda,

Miss Delia W. Marble,
John Markle,

Dr. J. W. Markoe,

Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Prof. W. C. Marquette,
C. P. Marsh,

Edwin S. Marston,
George Massey,
William J. Matheson,
Robert Maxwell,

Harry Mayer,
Effingham Maynard,
Dr. D. H. McAlpin,
Geo. L. McAlpin,

Rev. Thomas J. McCluskey,

John G. McCullough,
Henry P. McKenney,
John A. McKim,
James McLean,
Edward F. McManus,

B. Frank Mebane,
Herman W. Merkel,
Manton B. Metcalfe,
Herman A. Metz,

Edwin O. Meyer,

Eugene Meyer, Jr.,
George A. Meyer,

Harry J. Meyer,

John G. Milburn,

Geo. M. Miller,

Dr. Adelaide Mills,

Mrs. John Murray Mitchell,
Alphonse Montant,
Barrington Moore,
Clement Moore,

Mrs. Clement C. Moore,
J. C. Moore,

Miss Anne Morgan,

Miss C. L. Morgan,

E. D. Morgan,

Mrs. J. P. Morgan,

Wm. Fellows Morgan,
W. Forbes Morgan, Jr.,
Mrs. Cora Morris,

Mrs. Dave Hennen Morris,
Henry Lewis Morris,

Dr. Lewis R. Morris,
Richard Mortimer,
Henry C. Mott,

Frank J. Muhlfeld,

Carl Muller,

John P. Munn,

Frank A. Munsey,
William S. Myers,

A. G. Nesbit,

Mrs. Russell H. Nevins,
Miss Catherine A. Newbold,
Miss Edith Newbold,
Frederic R. Newbold,
Mrs. William G. Nichols,

( 164 )

Wm. Nilsson,

George Notman,
Adolph S. Ochs,

John Offerman,

P. M. Ohmeis,

E. E. Olcott,

Elam Ward Olney,
Robert Olyphant,

R. M. Olyphant,

Mrs. Emerson Opdycke,
Wn. S. Opdyke,

Mrs. Wm. Openhym,
William C. Orr,

Mrs. William Church Osborn,
Prof. Henry F. Osborne,
Jos. Osler,

Fred’k Page Co.,
Augustus G. Paine,
Henry Parish, Jr.,
Junius Parker,
Winthrop Parker,
James C. Parrish,

Chas. W. Parsons,

Miss Gertrude Parsons,

O. H. Payne,

Mrs, Frederick Pearson,
Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham,
Edward S. Pegram,

Mrs. Sarah G. T. Pell,
Edmund Penfold,

Samuel T. Peters,

W. R. Peters,

Mrs. von R. Phelps,

Mrs. William Walter Phelps,
Henry Phipps,

Lloyd Phoenix,

Phillips Phoenix,

Carl Pickhardt,

Gottfried Piel,
Michael Piel,
Henry Clay Pierce,
Winslow S. Pierce,

Mrs. R. Stuyvesant Pierrepont,

J. Fred Pierson,
Mrs. Frank H. Platt,
Albert Plaut,

Gilbert M. Plympton,
Chas. Lane Poor,
Alexander J. Porter,
Abram S. Post,

Miss Blanche Potter,
Frederick Potter,

Mrs. Herbert Lee Pratt,
John T. Pratt,

Miss Cornelia Prime,
Chas. Pryer,

Mrs. Kate Davis Pulitzer,
J. Harsen Purdy,

H. St. Clair Putnam,
Miss Eva C. Putney,
Percy R. Pyne,
Charles F. Quincy,
Dr, Edward Quintard,
Charles Raht,
Edmund D. Randolph,
G. B. Raymond,

Wm. A. Read,

Miss Emily Redmond:
Geraldyn Redmond,
John Reid,

Geo. N. Reinhardt,
Chas. Remsen,

Miss Serena Rhinelander
Miss Elvine Richard,
Eben Richards,

Wm. J. Riker,

George L. Rives,

Dr. Wm. C. Rives,

(165 )

Geo. I. Roberts,

Miss Mary M. Roberts,
Miss Jennette Robertson,
Andrew J. Robinson,

J. K. Robinson,
William G. Rockefeller,
Alfred Roelker,
Edward L. Rogers,
Miss Harriette Rogers,
Hubert E. Rogers,

A. J. Rolle,

W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Mrs. W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Hon. Elihu Root,

Jacob Rossbach,

C. H. Ruddock,
Carman R. Runyon,
Jacob Ruppert,

Mrs. A. D. Russell,
John Barry Ryan,
Arthur Ryle,

Harry Sachs,

Clarence Sackett,

Mrs. Russell Sage,
Daniel C. Sands,

Miss G. W. Sargent,
Herbert L. Satterlee,
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,
John Scheepers,

Carl Schefer,

Mrs. H. M. Schieffelin,
Dr. Wm. J. Schieffelin,
Rudolph E. Schirmer,
Miss Jane E. Schmelzel,
D. Schnakenberg,
Henrich eee Jr,
C. M. Sch

Gustav ee Jr.,

Robert J. F. Scie ene

Walter Scott,

Miss Grace Scoville,
Robert Scoville,
Edward M. Scudder,
Alonzo B. See,
Charles E. Seitz,

Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman,

Jefferson Seligman,

E. W. Sells,

Mrs. Charles H. Senff,
Alfred Seton,

George R. Sheldon,
Finley J. Shepard,
Wm. Shillaber,

Alfred L. Simon,

John W. Simpson,
Charles A. Singer,

Dr. Frank D. Skeel,
Francis Louis Slade,
Benson B. Sloan,
Samuel Sloan,

Thomas Smidt,

Daniel Smiley,

Dr. A. Alexander Smith,
Miss Fanny A. Smith,
Frank Morse Smith,

F. M. Smith,

Pierre J. Smith,

R. A. C. Smith,

E. G. Snow,

Mrs. Charlotte Sorchan,
Mrs. Edward W. Sparrow,
Mrs. Gino C. Speranza,

James H. Stebbins,
James R. Steers,
Chas. H. Steinway,
Fred. T. Steinway,
Wm. R. Steinway,
Olin J. Stephens,

( 166 )

Roderick Stephens,
Benjamin Stern,
Sereno Stetson,
Alexander H. Stevens,
Frederic W. Stevens,
Dr. Geo. T. Stevens,
Mrs. John Wood Stewart,
Lispenard Stewart,
Wm. R. Stewart,
Chauncey Stillman,
Miss Clara F. Stillman,
Dr. D. M. Stimson,
James Stokes,

H. Grant Straus,
Albert Strauss,

Chas. Strauss,
Frederick Strauss,
Martin Strauss,
Samuel Strauss

Mrs. Gustav Stromberg,
Benj. Strong, Jr.,
John R. Strong,
Joseph Stroock,

F. K. Sturgis,

Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,
Mrs. James Sullivan,
Miss Mary Taber,
Henry W. Taft,
Edward N. Tailer,
James Talcott,

E. H. T. Talmage,
Leon Tanenbaum,

C. A. Tatum,

Henry R. Taylor,

W. A. Taylor,

Thomas Thacher,
Miss M. J. Thayer,
Seth E. Thomas, Jr.,

L. S. Thompson,
William B. Thompson,
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,
Jonathan Thorne,
Samuel Thorne, Jr.,
W. V. S. Thorne,
Myles Tierney,

Louis C. Tiffany,
Henry N. Tifft,

H. M. Tilford,

James Timpson,

J. Kennedy Tod,

Frederick K. Trowbridge,
Carll Tucker,

Dr. Alfred Tuckerman,
Paul Tuckerman,

Geo. E. Turnure,
Benjamin Tuska,

Mrs. Mary A. Tuttle,
E. S. Twining,

Mrs. Eliza L. D. Tysen,
Oswald W. Uhl,
Theodore N. Vail,
James J. Van Alen,
Alfred G. Vanderbilt,

D. B. Van Emburgh,
Barend Van Gerbig,

E. H. Van Ingen,

Edgar B. Van Winkle,
Hon. Robert A. Van Wyck,
Mrs. James M. Varnum,
Richard C. Veit,

Thos. F. Vietor,

Frank Vincent,

James N. Wallace,

Wm. I. Walter,

Artemus Ward,

Chas. Willis Ward,

(167 )

Mrs. John I. Waterbury,
C. W. Watson,

Thomas L. Watt,

Mrs. E. H. Weatherbee,
J. G. Webb,

Mrs. W. Seward Webb,
Miss Alice D. Weekes,
Chas. Wehrhane,

Charles H. Weigle,

Mrs. C. Gouveneur Weir,
Mrs. Samuel W. Weiss,
Mrs. John Wells,

Arthur L. Wessell,

Mrs. Robert E. Westcott,
William Young Westervelt,
Mrs. Alice T. Wheelock,
Dr. Wm. E. Wheelock,
Miss Caroline White,
Horace White,

Clarence Whitman,

Miss Margaret S. Whitney,
Edward A. Wickes,
Elmore A. Willets,

Mrs. I. T. Williams,

Mrs. Percy H. Williams,
Richard H. Williams,
William H. Williams,

W. P. Willis,

Charles T’.. Wills,

Frank D. Wilsey,

Prof. Edmund B. Wilson,
Mrs. H. S. Wilson,

Miss Margaret B. Wilson,
Bronson Winthrop,
Egerton Winthrop,
Grenville L. Winthrop,
Mrs. Robt. Winthrop,
Mrs. Frank S. Witherbee,
Dr. R. A. Witthaus,
Ernst G. W. Woerz,

(168 )

Emil Wolff, Mrs. A. Murray Young,
Lewis S. Wolff, Edw. L. Young,

William E. Wolff, Andrew C. Zabriskie,

Mrs. Cynthia A. Wood, Mrs. Anna M. von Zedlitz,
Prof. R. 8. Woodward, Charles H. Zehnder,

Mrs. William Woodward, Sr., August Zinsser,

P. B. Worrall, Charles Zoller,

Miss Julia Wray, O. F. Zollikoffer.

Mrs. J. Hood Wright,

MEMBERS OF THE Women’s AUXILIARY

Mrs. Robert Bacon, Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Mrs. Thomas H. Barber, Mrs. George W. Perkins,
Miss Elizabeth Billings, Miss Harriette Rogers,
Miss Eleanor Blodgett, Mrs. James Roosevelt,
Mrs. James L. Breese, Mrs. Archibald D. Russell,
Mrs. Delancey Kane, Mrs. Benson B. Sloan,
Mrs. A. A. Low, Mrs. Henry O. Taylor,
Mrs. V. Everit Macy, Mrs. George Cabot Ward.
Honorary MemBers oF THE WoMEN’s AUXILIARY
Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,
Mrs. John I. Kane, Mrs. F. F. Thompson.

Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes,

(169 )

REPORT OF THE TREASURER
New York, January 8, 1916

To THE Boarp oF MaAnaGERs OF THE NEw York Botan-
ICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: Herewith I submit a statement of my receipts
and disbursements during the year 1915, and balance sheet
from my ledger as of December 31, I915.

Respectfully yours,
James A. ScRYMSER,

Treasurer.
REcEIPTs AND DIsBURSEMENTS
Receipts
Balance as per last Annual Report............... $ 34,074.06
Contributions of the City toward De-
velopment and Maintenance........ $ 99,715.59
Legacy, Maria DeWitt Jesup, 55% of
Mb aro acen ara obs twee et ces Sane 13,750.00

Legacy, Jacob Langeloth, to be credited
to Endowment Fund for Science and

Education. ..........-0 0 cece eee 1,000.00
Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund,

Contributions ...................- 118.00
Garden Extension and Commemora-

tion Fund, Contributions.......... 10,357.00

Investment of Addison Brown Legacy,

Sale of $22,000 Canadian Pacific

Railway Equipment Notes........ 21,273.34
Investment of D. O. Mills Fund, Sale

of $53,000 Grand Trunk Rwy.

Equipment Notes................ 50,097.30
Life Fellowship Fees:
Murry Guggenheim..... $1,000.00
S. R. Guggenheim...... 1,000.00
to be credited to Endowment Fund
for Science and Education.......... 2,000.00

Annual Dues.........05-50 ceeeeee 8,050.00

Life Membership Fees...............
Fellowship Members’ Fees...........
Sustaining Members’ Fees...........
Subscriptions to “North American
Flora,”’ Sales of Publications, etc.,
credited to Income of David Lydig

General Income Account, amount over-

credited D. O. Mills Fund in 1914..

Income from Investment of John Innes
Kane Fund, Interest 6%, $10,000
New York City Notes............

Income from Investment of Maria De
Witt Jesup Fund, $15,000 Northern
Pacific Prior Lien Bonds...........

Income from Investment of Addison

Brown Fund:
$22,000 Canadian Pacific $704.75
$22,000 Northern Pacific 105.12

Income from General Investments:

Credited to General Income Account:

5% on $50,000 Southern
Rwy. 1st Consolidated
Mortgage Bonds........ $2,500.00
4%% on $50,000 Ches. &
Ohio R. R. Co. General

Mortgage Bonds....... 2,250.00
4% on $50,000 Erie R. R.
Co. Prior Lien Bonds.... 2,000.00

4% on $59,000 Erie R. R.
Co. Penn.-Coll. Trust

211.00

809.87

(171)

on oe ooo Reading R.
Jersey Central

Cn Trust Bonds...... 2,000.00
4% on $24,000 Northern
Pacific R. R. St. Paul &

4% on $30,000 Northern

Pacific R. R. Gt. Nor.-C.

B. & Q. Coll. Trust Bonds 1,200.00
4% on $10,000 New York

City Stock, due 1959..... 400.00
5% on $10,000 Louisville &

Nashville R. R. Equip-

ment Notes............ 500.00
44%2% on $10,000 N. Y.

Central Lines Equipment

Sparta & N. W. R

a Ra Equipment

Notes, ryr.6days...... 2,431.38
44% on ae ooo Pennsyl-

vania R. General

Mtge. eer 12 days.... 81.25
6% on $50,000 New York

City Notes............ 3,000.00

Interest at 3% on balances with J. P.
Morgan & Co., year I9IS........

Total Receipts................00-

Disbursements
Investment of Addison Brown Fund,
$22,000 Canadian Pacific Rwy. Equip-
ment Notes, 414%.......--0e ee eee

Investment of Addison Brown Fund

(in place of above which were sold),
$22,000 Northern Pacific Rwy. Prior
Lien Bonds, 4%... . 0.0.0. e cence

$ 20,572.63

636.04

% 20,890.53

20,680.00

$232,768.54

(172)

Investment of Maria DeWitt Jesup

Fund, $15,000 Northern Pacific Rwy.

Prior Lien Bonds, 4%.............. 13,378.75
Investment of D. O. Mills Fund (in

place of Grand Trunk Equipments),

$50,000 Pennsylvania R. R. Gen’!

Mtge. Bonds, 44%.........-0005 50,500.00
Income from Investment of Addison

Brown Fund, Commission on pur-

chase of $22,000 Northern Pacific

Bond Se3 2 eet ely Seek ee eS 27.50
Commission paid on purchase, $50,000

Penn. R. R. Bonds, charged to Gen-

eral Income............. ....400- 62.50
Income of D. O. Mills Fund, amount

overcredited that Fund in 1914 and

now turned back to General Income.. 150.00
Expenses paid through Director-in-Chief:

Account of City Appropriations..... 99,715-59

General Accounts for Vouchers Paid 25,028.61

Special Book Fund for Books... ... 739.43

Plant Fund for Purchase of Plants... 277.86

Garden Extension and Commemora-

tion Fund. iw. wee ee 8,666.04
Income of David vis Fund for

Publications. .. .......... 2,358.87
Income of D. O. Mills Fund for Sun-

OrieS sc fe ea es Ee eas 1,879.29
Income of Stokes Fund for Panune: 71.56
Income of Science and Education

Pund.: s2, ~) a0c¢ aeeieeey ceed 3,370.99
Income a ea ees Fund........ 300.00
Income of William R. Sands Fund... 383.00
Income of Students Research Fund. . 250.00
Income of John Innes Kane Fund.... 553.00
Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund 100.00

Total Disbursements.... ...... $249,383.52

Balance, Cash in hands of Treasurer
(on deposit with J.P. Morgan & Co.) 17,459.08
$266,842.60 $266,842.60

(173)
Lepcer Batances, DECEMBER 31, I915
Credit

Permanent Funds

Endowment Fund. ................ $304,510.00
Endowment Fund for Science and
Education... ..........0..000005 78,455.00
David Lydig Fund, Bequest of Charles
ALY ie ee ate scent ae ces 34,149.86
Legacy of William R. Sands......... 10,000.00
Darius Ogden Mills Fund.. ...... 50,000.00
Henry Iden Legacy ...... ......... 10,000.00
Addison Brown Legacy............. 21,850.00
John Innes Kane Fund.............. 10,000.00
Stokes Fund. ... 2... ......-20005- 3,000.00
Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund 652.30
Students Research Fund .......... 3,621.00
Maria DeWitt Jesup Legacy.......... 13,750.00

$539,988.16
Temporary Funds

Income of Stokes Fund.......... .. $ =: 132.91
Income from Investment of Addison
Brown Fund... ...........2+.005- 1,832.37
Life Membership Dues.............. 500.00
Exploration Fund.................. 24.05
Charles Finney Cox Memorial Fund... 6.90
Special Fund for Books............. 77.57
Plant Fund 3i.¢byiee hive diate 165.92
Garden Extension and Commemoration
UNG set ole er a hese Med 1,690.96
Income from Investment of Maria
DeWitt Jesup Fund............... TII.00
Income of Students Research Fund... 43-32

Income from Charles Budd Robinson

Memorial Fund..............5-: 19.18 $544,592.34

(174)

Debit
General Investments

$50,000 Ches. & Ohio Gen’! Mtge.)

ONS 2... ee ee et ees
aa 000 ne Ry. Co. 1st Cons. Mtge.

G ll. Tr. Bead, Bae betas eee See
24,000 Nor. Pac. R. R.-St. P. &
D. Div. Bonds. ..............

Q. Coll. Tr. Bonds............

r $312,424.18

10,000 N. Y. City, 4% Stock, 1959
Investment, D. O. Milis Fund,
$50,000 Penn. R. R. Gen’! Mtge.

anes N. Y. Central
Lines Equipment.... $ 9,510.48

10,000 ~=6 Louisville &
Nashville Equipment. 10,000.00

50,000 N. Y. City Notes,
due Sept.1,1917,6%. 51,281.25

oe Henry Iden Fund,
o Milwaukee, Saar & N. W.
Bonds oi cg ee guess a ats
sal Addison Brown Legacy,
o Nor. Pac. Prior Lien Bonds,
10, aed sat Se eat ua eat ethene SO ay
Investment John Innes Kane Fun
$10,000 - y City Notes, due on
: 19175 0p. ae eens ee
ee ae DeWitt Jesup Fund,
$15,000 Nor. Pac. Prior Lien Roads
1S

50,418.33

79,791.73

10,120.00
21,380.69
10,256.25

13,378.75
$488,769.93

(175)

Income of David Lydig Fund, balance
borrowed from Permanent Fund...
Income of D. O. Mills Fund.......
Income from Investment of John Innes
Kane Fund... ................0..
Director-in-Chief, Working Fund.....
Museum and Herbarium Fund... .
General Income Account, balance bor-
Cash in hands of Treasurer, Jan. 1, 1916
(on deposit with J P. Morgan & Co.).

216.33
420.38

57.87
25,000.00
26.92
12,641.83

17,459-08
$544,592.34 $544,592.34

(176)

REPORT OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR
TREASURER’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR I9I5

Room 3111, Granp CENTRAL TERMINAL
New York, February 17, 1916
Mr. Epwarp D. Apams,
Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
71 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have, by direction of the Board of
Managers, examined the books and accounts of the Treasurer of
the New York Botanical Garden, for the year nineteen hundred
and fifteen (1915), together with their proper vouchers, and
that I find the balance sheet and the Treasurer’s statement of
receipts and disbursements attached hereto to be correct.

I have also examined the various investment securities and
find the same to be as reported in the said balance sheet.

Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Strong,
Special Auditor.

(177)

Direcror-1n-CH1EF’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR IQI5

Room 3111, Granp CENTRAL TERMINAL
New York, February 17, 1916
Mr. Epwarp D. Apams,
Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
71 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have examined and audited the
financial books and accounts of the Director-in-Chief of the
New York Botanical Garden for the year nineteen hundred and
fifteen (1915), and that I find the same to be correct, and the
cash balance to be as stated in the current cash book.

In accordance with recent practice, I have not included in
this auditing the examination of the vouchers for City main-
tenance or construction work paid for by the City, as such
vouchers have been found proper and in order by the City
authorities, and it was decided in 1904 by the Chairman of the
Finance Committee that a further examination of them was
unnecessary. By like authority I have omitted also a detailed
examination of the annual membership dues account. These
dues are received by the Director-in-Chief and forwarded by
him to the Treasurer, the former keeping a detailed record of
the same.

Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Stone,
Special Auditor.

VOL. 9 No. 384

BULLETIN

or

THE NEW YORK

BOTANICAL GARDEN

[ISSUED SEPTEMBER 21, 1916]

CONTENTS:

DeEscrIpTIVE GUIDE TO THE GROUNDS, BUILDINGS,

AND COLLECTIONS . : : ; . ; 179-292

NOILLVLS AVWILVY CULVALTa OL HOVOUddV

S21 “Ig "XI “104 "dUVD) “Log “AN ‘Ting

BULLETIN
The New York Botanical Garden

Vol.9 No. 34

DESCRIPTIVE GUIDE TO THE GROUNDS,
‘BUILDINGS AND COLLECTIONS

Third Edition*

Location

The New York Botanical Garden is situated in the north-
ern part of Bronx Park, north of Pelham Avenue, the
reservation including nearly 400 acres of land of a very
diversified character, furnishing natural landscapes of great
beauty and variety.

Means of Access

The Garden is conveniently reached in the following ways:

1. By the Harlem Division of the New York Central and
Hudson River Railroad to The Botanical Garden Station.

2. By the Third Avenue Elevated Railway system to the
terminal station of that road at Bronx Park.

3. By the Subway, Lenox Avenue and West Farms
branch, with transfer at 149th Street and Third Avenue to
Elevated Railway, thence to Bronx Park Station.

4. By trolley car on Webster Avenue to zooth Street or
the Woodlawn Road. This line connects with lines from
the western part of The Bronx on Fordham Road, and on
Tremont Avenue, and also with the line to Yonkers.

5. By trolley car on the White Plains road east of Bronx
Park from West Farms, Williamsbridge, and Mt. Vernon,
connecting with lines from the eastern part of The Bronx at
West Farms and at Mt. Vernon.

* For first edition see Bulletin no. 16: for second edition see Bulletin no. 23.

( 180 )

6. By trolley car, on the Southern Boulevard to Pelham
Avenue. This line connects with lines from the southern
and southeastern parts of The Bronx.

7. By driveways in Mosholu Parkway from Van Cort-
landt Park; from Pelham Bay Park through Pelham Park-
way; through the Crotona Parkway and Southern Boule-
vard from Crotona Park; there are also driveway entrances
at 200th Street, convenient for carriages coming from
Jerome Avenue; at Newell Avenue, at the northern end of
the Garden, for carriages coming from the north; at
Allerton Avenue on the eastern side of the Garden for
carriages coming from the east; and at the Woodlawn Road,
convenient for carriages coming from Yonkers, and ion
other points west arid northwest of the Garden: there are
three driveway entrances from Pelham Avenue.

he White Plains Avenue Extension of the Subway,
with three stations east of the Garden is approaching
completion.
Purposes

The New York Botanical Garden was established by an
Act of the Legislature of the State of New York passed in
1891 and amended in 1894 “for the purpose of establishing
and maintaining a Botanical Garden and Museum and
Arboretum therein, for the collection and culture of plants,
flowers, shrubs and trees, the advancement of botanical
science and knowledge, and the prosecution of original
researches therein and in kindred subjects, for affording
instruction in the same, for the prosecution and exhibition
of ornamental and decorative horticulture and gardening,
and for the entertainment, recreation and instruction of the
people.”

General Plan

Features of especial interest are:

1. The largest conservatories in America, for the cultiva-
tion of plants of tropical regions, one located near the en-
trance at the elevated railway station, and a second very

NOLLV.LS GVOUTIVA IVYLNAD WUOA MAN

941 “Id “XI “104 ‘dav “Log “AN T1ng

(181 )

large range, partly constructed, near the Allerton Avenue
entrance on the eastern side of the Garden.

2. The largest botanical museum in the world, located
near the Botanical Garden station of the New York Central
Railroad and the Mosholu Parkway entrance. This build-
ing includes a large lecture hall for public lectures in the
basement; and the library, laboratories for instruction and
research, and the herbarium, on the upper floor.

3. The pinetum, or collection of cone-bearing trees, mostly
evergreens, brought together on the hills and slopes on all
sides of the conservatories, range I, and in the space between
that structure and the museum building.

e herbaceous garden, situated in a valley east of
the conservatories, range I, near the Southern Boulevard
entrance, containing collections of hardy herbaceous plants,
arranged by botanical relationship, and also a collection of
similar plants, arranged to demonstrate elementary botany;
the economic garden, a plantation designed to illustrate
hardy plants whose products are directly useful to man, is
installed in the northern part of the same valley.

5. The fruticetum, or collection of hardy shrubs, located
on the plain northeast of the museum building at the Wood-
lawn Road entrance and extending northward into the
north meadows; this collection is also arranged by botanical
relationship.

6. The deciduous arboretum, or collection of trees which
lose their leaves in the autumn, located along nearly the
entire eastern side of the grounds from Pelham Avenue to
Williamsbridge.

7. Extensive flower gardens at conservatory range I,
along the path approach to this range from the Third
Avenue Elevated Railway Station, and along the west
border north to the Mosholu Parkway. The total length
of flower beds is over one mile.

8. The mansion, a stone house, built by the Lorillard
family in 1856, stands on the east side of the Bronx River,
above the waterfall. It contains meeting rooms, board

(182)

rooms, horticultural laboratories, the collections of the
Bronx Society of Arts and Sciences, the office of the Secre-
tary of the Horticultural Society of New York, and the
shops of the Garden are in its basement.

g. Special collections of hardy plants in various parts
of the grounds, including willows in the north meadows,
Japanese cherries and a magnolia group in the arboretum,
forest herbaceous plants on the wooded bank north of the
long bridge east of the Bronx River; vines and climbers on
an arbor east of the economic garden, an iris garden at
Pelham Avenue and the Southern Boulevard; lilacs near
the museum building and at the foot of the Bronx Boule-
vard retaining wall, and conifer groups and rhododendrons
at various points and other special collections at other
places. A large rose garden is being constructed ina valley
south of the mansion.

In addition to these artificial features, the following
natural features are noteworthy:

10. The hemlock forest, a grove of the Canadian hemlock
spruce, clothing the hills between the museum building and
the Bronx River and covering about forty acres, consider-
able portions of it being primeval.

11. The gorge of the Bronx River, extending south from
the waterfall at the Mansion, along the edge of the hemlock
grove. The river plunges through its gorge in a series of
rapids passing into quiet waters before it leaves the Garden
under the Linnaean Bridge.

12. The north meadows and river woods along the Bronx
River from the northern end of the hemlock grove to the
northern end of the Garden.

13. Deciduous woodlands on rocky ridges in the southern
and central parts of the reservation.

14. General park features.

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( 183 )

I. The Public Conservatories
Range No. 1

This great glasshouse, located but a short distance from
the terminus of the Third Avenue Elevated Railway, is 512
feet in length, with a central dome about 90 feet in height,
and wings extending from the main range in such a way as
to form a court open to the southwest. The area under
glass is about one acre. The building stands on a terrace
5 feet in height, approached by six flights of cut granite
steps connecting with the path and driveway approaches.
The house contains fifteen compartments, separated by
glass partitions and doors.

House No. r contains palms of numerous species from all
parts of tropical and warm regions, both of the Old World
and the New. Of West Indian palms, the collection con-
tains the royal palm of Cuba and Florida, an elegant plant
of the corozo palm (Acrocomia media) of Porto Rico and the
Windward Islands; the cocoanut palm, planted in all
tropical countries for its fruit and for the numerous uses to
which its fiber, wood and leaves are applied; it is not
definitely known that the cocoanut palm is a native of the
West Indies, and where in the tropical regions it actually
originated is uncertain. Other tropical American palms
are illustrated by the silvertop palm (Coccothrinax argentea),
of Florida and the West Indies and by the curious Mexican
Acanthorhiza aculeata with spine-like roots on its trunk.
Old World species are shown in a very large tree of the
Chinese fan-palm, by the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)
of northern Africa, and by numerous other large species
from the Pacificislands. Another Old World palm is Cala-
mus asperrimus, of Java, curious in its climbing habit; the
specimen here is over one hundred and fifty feet long; the
long tail-like appendages to the leaves, which have back-
wardly turned spines, enable the palm to climb on sur-
rounding vegetation. Related to the palms and shown by
numerous specimens in this house, we find a number of

(184)

species of the Panama hat-plant family, the most conspicu-
ous being the Panama hat plant (Carludovica palmata), from
the young leaves of which the costly Panama hats are made.
Opposite the entrance to the court in this house, is a group
of bamboos, which belong to the grass family, the most
noteworthy of them being the Chinese bamboo (Bambusa
vulgaris), whose stems reach into the upper part of the
dome; this plant grows with great rapidity each year by
new shoots which come up from under ground, our measure-
ments showing that they reached 65 feet in height in 95
days, a rate of about 8 inches a day. The plant has been
introduced into the West Indies, and in places where it
grows its stems are put to a great variety of uses in con-
struction, for water pipes and for various utensils.

House No. 2 also contains specimens of the palm and
Panama hat-plant families, the smaller specimens of
tropical species being exhibited here. The collections of
palms now include about 175 species.

House No. 3 contains specimens illustrating several fami-
lies of monocotyledonous plants of tropical regions. The
amaryllis family is represented by a number of species of
the spider lily (Hymenocallis), bearing large white flowers,
the commonest being Hymenocallis expansa from the sandy
coasts of the West Indies; large plants of the genus Crinum,
some of which have white flowers and some red or purple,
may be seen on the middle bench, and the maguey of the
West Indies (a spiny-leaved relative of the century plant,
native of the West Indies, and used there for hedges), on the
northern bench; this name maguey is also applied in parts
of the West Indies to species of ./gave, which will be found
in house 6.

Numerous representatives of the dracaena family, many
of which are used for ornamental planting in the tropics,
are on the north bench, with a few representatives of the
same family on the west end of the south bench. Larger
plants of this family will be found in house 4 adjoining.
The collection of the genus Sansevieria is also located on

185 )

the south bench; many species yield a tough and valuable
fiber from the leaves; they are commonly referred to as
bowstring-hemp. The collection of screw-pines, Pandanus,
occupies a large part of the south bench, the larger speci-
mens being on the center bench opposite, and in the
adjoining house 4.

The tacca family, Taccaceae, is here represented in two
genera, Tacca cristata and Schizocapsa plantaginea, both
on the north side of the center bench. This family is
closely related to the amaryllis family.

The arrow-root family is illustrated by the arrow-root
(Maranta arundinacea), native of South America, but
widely cultivated in the West Indies, its roots furnishing
the commercial product; Calathea comprises a large number
of tropical American plants noteworthy for their fine
foliage; and there are other genera represented.

House No. 4. Here are brought together many kinds of
large tropical plants belonging to families also represented
in the smaller houses, but too tall to be grown on the
benches.

The interesting screw-pines, natives of the Old World
tropics, are illustrated by several species, the leaves of
which are used in the manufacture of mats, hats and
baskets. These plants are not at all related to pine trees,
the latter part of the name referring to the slight resem-
blance the leaves bear to those of pineapple plants, which
are commonly called pines in the tropics, while the remain-
der of the name was suggested by the spiral arrangement
of the leaves.

In this house may be found large specimens of the aroid
family, the most noteworthy one of these being a magnifi-
cent plant of Veitch’s tail-flower (Anthurium Veitchi1),
from Colombia, which is believed to be the most elegant
plant of its kind in cultivation; climbing on trunks of trees
set as supports, will be found a number of vines of the
genera Philodendron and Monstera, one of these, Monstera
deliciosa, is a Mexican plant producing an edible fruit

( 186 )

with the odor of pineapple. Another is Monstera late-
vaginata; the early leaves differ widely from the mature
ones. The main aroid collection will be found in house Io,
and other plants at range 2.

A large tree of the common rubber plant, much grown in
parlors, may be found in the center of this house, reaching
to the roof; this is a native of tropical Asia and yields some
rubber, but not in as great quantity nor of as good quality
as the other rubber trees of South and Central America; it
is a species of fig (Ficus elastica); other species of Ficus are
shown in this house, notably a fine tree of Roxburgh’s
fig, which bears its inedible fruit in bunches near the base of
the tree, and a specimen of the Banyan tree (Ficus beng-
halensis). Chocolate trees (Theobroma Cacao), native of
tropical America, may be found near the northern door of
this house; the small white flowers are produced on the
trunk and on branches, and a few of them develop into
the large woody pods containing the seeds or chocolate
beans, which are dried and ground up into chocolate
and cocoa; specimens illustrating the chocolate industry
will be found in the economic museum. The papaya, or
papaw, also of tropical America, is here also; its fruit,
esteemed as an aid to digestion, is borne just under the
crown of leaves. A specimen of the bread-fruit tree
(Artocarpus incisa) may also be seen here; originally from
the islands of the Pacific, it was introduced into the West
Indies in the latter part of the eighteenth century.

Several interesting tall vines climb on the pillars of this
house, and on supports along the sides, among them the
night-blooming jessamine (Cestrum Pargui) of tropical
America, which opens its flowers after dark and exhales a
delicious perfume, the flowers remaining open during part
of the morning; Henderson’s dllamanda, of Brazil, with
its showy large yellow flowers, climbs to the roof.

House No. 5. The plants in this house are from desert
regions. Especial attention is called to their fleshy stems
or leaves which serve as storage organs for a water supply

(187 )

to carry them over periods of drought. On the right hand
bench, as one enters from No. 4, are mainly plants from
southern Africa: the carrion flowers (Stapelia), relatives of
our common milkweed of the roadsides; Gasteria, Hawor-
thia, and other South African representatives of the lily
family; and the fig-marigolds, Mesembryanthemum, be-
longing to the carpet-weed family.

On the end of the center bench, opposite to the entrance
from house 4, is the collection of the fleshy members of
the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, mostly natives of the
Old World. These closely resemble forms of the genus
Cereus and related genera of the cactus family, to be found
in houses 6 and 7. In fact the adaptation to an arid
environment, by the thickening of stems or leaves, is
strikingly illustrated in the plants of several families con-
tained in the collections in houses 5 to 8. On the westerly
side of the center bench are the aloes, mainly South African
members of the lily family. A large part of the remaining
portion of the center bench and the side bench on the east
side are devoted to members of the orpine family, many
of these interesting and beautiful forms. The echeverias
from Mexico and Central America, and the sempervivums
or house-leeks, from the Old World, are conspicuous
among these. Among other genera represented are Sedum,
Kalanchoé, Pachyphytum, and Crassula (in house 6 are large
specimens of Crassula portulacea). Many of the stone-
crops are hardy plants and a collection of these may be
found at the herbaceous grounds. A large number of
specimens belonging in this house and in the three following
ones may be found during the summer in the beds in the
conservatory court.

House No. 6. This is also a desert house. On the
corner benches is a collection of century plants (Agave),
a large genus known only from the New World; other and
larger plants of this same genus may be found in the central
portion of the house. Conspicuous among these are:
the thread-bearing agave, Queen Victoria’s agave, the

(188 )

sisal plant (Agave sisalana); and the common century
plant (Agave americana). The first two are decorative
and curious; from Agave sisalana is manufactured the sisal
hemp of commerce; the last, Agave americana, is well
known, and it is from the sap of related species that the
Mexican drink “‘pulque” is obtained by fermentation.
It is popularly believed that the century plants flower but
once in a hundred years, and then die; it is true that the
plant dies when done blooming, but it blooms at a much
earlier age than a century, sometimes when but eight or ten
years old, itis said. Thecollection of West Indian Agaves is
especially rich in species. A curious desert plant among the
century plants on the side bench is called by the natives of
Mexico, its native country, “‘huariqui” (Ibervillea sonorae) ;
during the rainy season green stems arise from these large
woody plant-bodies, which at other times remain in a
resting condition.

A group of the dracaena family may be found in the
central portion of this house. This comprises members
of the genera Aloe, Yucca and Dasylirion. A group of
cacti may also be seen here, the most imposing figure of
which is the giant cereus, Carnegiea gigantea, known as
“sahuaro”? by the Mexicans and Indians of its native
country, Arizona and Sonora. The plants here shown
were obtained by an expedition sent to those regions by
the Garden in 1902, and are the largest specimens in culti-
vation in the east. Several large specimens of the hedgehog
cactus, secured at the same time, form part of this group;
the Indians in the desert often secure a supply of drinking
water from these plants by cutting off the top and macer-
ating the interior substance.

Houses Nos. 7 and 8 are wholly occupied by the cactus
family. The collections here have been greatly enriched
and enlarged in the past few years by extensive explora-
tions made in South America, in cooperation with the
Carnegie Institution, and from other sources. These col-
lections, the richest in species in the world, have been

( 189 )

assembled to facilitate the production of a monograph on
this family now in course of preparation by the Garden in
cooperation with the Carnegie Institution. In addition to
the plants in these houses, many hundreds of others are
located at the propagating houses. Nearly all these
plants are devoid of leaves, these organs, when present,
being mostly small and inconspicuous; in the genus Opuntia
they are usually present on the young growths as awl-
shaped bodies, while in some few species they are much
larger and remain for some time; in the genus Pereskia,
specimens of which will be found in house No. 8, the leaves
are large and well developed. The stems of the cacti are
fleshy and assume a great number of forms; in Opuntia
the stem is composed of joints, either cylindric or broad and
flattened. In Cereus and related genera the stems are
angled; in Carnegiea they are thick massive columns with
many longitudinal ribs; in Echinocactus the plant-bodies
are but little elongated, or almost globular, while in other
genera the plant-body is covered with rows of spirally ar-
ranged projections. The flowers of many cacti are ex-
quisite in form and color; they are borne on various parts
of the plant-body, in the turk’s-head cactus on a curiously
modified portion of the top.

In house 7 on the north bench and the north part of the
center bench is the genus Cereus and its many related
genera, Pachycereus, Cephalocereus, Leptocereus, Acan-
thocereus, Nyctocereus, Hylocereus, Selenicereus, Harrisia,
and others. Among these is the old-man cactus, Ce-
phalocereus senilis. On the west end of the center bench
and on the side bench opposite is a collection of the genus
Epiphyllum, often known as Phyllocactus. The broad
flattened parts of these plants are stems and not leaves,
the flowers being borne in the notches along their edges.
The flowers are very showy; many of them beautiful in
the extreme. On the south side of the center bench are
plants of the hedgehog cactus, Echinocactus, and also of
Echinocereus and Echinopsis. On the south bench is a

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collection of cactuses, largely of the genus formerly known
as Mamillaria. Here also will be found specimens of
Echinocereus, Echinocactus, and of the curious Turkshead
cactus which bears its flowers on the red cap to the plant,
hence its popular name.

House 8 is mainly devoted to the collections of the genus
Opuntia. On the center and north benches are the platy-
opuntias, those with broad flat joints, while on the south
bench will be found the cylindropuntias, or those with
rounded stems. Among the platyopuntias are a number
of plants of Burbank’s so-called spineless cactus; these
were obtained direct from Mr. Burbank in 1912, and it is
curious to note that many of them are now developing
spines. It is claimed that these plants are valuable for
fodder in arid regions. As already remarked above, the
leaves of the opuntias are usually small and awl-shaped and
occur on the young growths. In this house will also be
found the genus Pereskia, in which the leaves are normally
developed. One of the commonest of these is the Barbados
gooseberry, Pereskia Pereskia, of tropical America. Peresk-
topsis is a related genus of which a number of species will
be found here and its leaves are also well developed.

An interesting economic plant in this house is Nopalea
coccinellifera, upon which the cochineal insect breeds; it is
from these insects that the dye cochineal was obtained.

Few of the cacti are of economic importance. A number
of different kinds are used for hedges in tropical America.
Certain species of Opuntia produce edible fruits known
as Indian figs. These are offered for sale in the fruit
stores in New York at the proper season. In the island of
Grand Turk certain species of Opuntia which grow there
are used in making a soup, known as pear soup, the young
joints of the plant being used for the purpose.

House No. 9. This is the aquatic house, and plants
which find their homes in the water or require much moist-
ure are brought together here. From the bridge spanning
the pool the various features may be readily observed.

(191)

Fringing the pool on the right, as one enters from house
No. 10, are members of the sedge and grass families, while
on the left hand side the fringe is made up entirely of
grasses, largely of the graceful bamboos. Of special in-
terest among the sedges is the Egyptian paper-plant
(Cyperus Papyrus), from which many of the ancients ob-
tained their writing paper. Among the grasses by far the
most important is the sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) ;
from the lower portions of its stalks the juice is extracted
by pressure, and from this juice sugar is manufactured.
Among the plants in the pool are many with attractive
flowers; conspicuous among these being water-lilies (Cas-
talia), of which there are several different kinds; the water
hyacinth; the parrot’s-feather, with its delicate feathery
masses of green; the water poppy; the water snowflake;
the water lettuce and golden-club, members of the aroid
family; the floating fern; and some odd little plants re-
lated to the ferns, members of the genus Salvinia.

House No. ro contains specimens of the aroids, repre-
sented by a large number of different species, located on
the center and end benches and also under the benches.
The plants of this family (Araceae) are mostly of tropical
distribution, but they are represented in our northern
flora by the skunk cabbage, the jack-in-the-pulpit, and the
sweet flag; the most familiar one in cultivation is the calla
lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica), not botanically a lily. The
plants all have spikes of very small flowers closely massed
together, and usually subtended by a broad leaf-like
structure which is known as the spathe; this is usually
highly colored, pure white, yellow, red or scarlet, and is
commonly thought of as the flower, though not botanically
so; species of Anthurium, known as tail-flowers, are abund-
ant in the West Indies and tropical America, as is the genus
Philodendron, signifying tree-loving, on account of many
species being vines climbing high on the trees in tropical
forests; numerous species have underground stems and
branches which contain much starch and are cultivated

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in the tropics for food, under the name of yautias and taros.
Plants of the same family, too large for exhibition in this
house, may be found in house No. 4. This house is oc-
cupied also by plants of the pineapple family, these being
on the side benches. These are mostly plants which live
on the trunks and branches of trees in tropical forests, and
are therefore called epiphytes, signifying plants growing
upon other plants; many of them are exceedingly beautiful
in foliage and in flower; the so-called Florida moss, or
Spanish moss, clothes the trees of the live-oaks in the
southern Atlantic States, and is not a moss at all, but a
plant bearing small flowers which show its relationship
to others of this family. The pineapple itself, doubtless
the most familiar member of this group, has been culti-
vated in tropical regions for an indefinite period for fruit,
and is not certainly known in the wild state; the pineapple
fruit is the ripened bunch of flowers which forms at the
top of the stem; the plant is propagated by cutting off the
tuft of leaves, which is found on the top of the fruit, and
by suckers which sprout from the side of the plant near the
ground; it is an exception to the tree-loving habit of most of
the family, in growing on the ground, and is cultivated in
the Bahamas and on the Florida Keys, often in very rocky
soil. One of the very spiny-leaved species, Bromelia
Pinguin is widely utilized as a hedge plant in the West
Indies. Other members of this family will be found at
range 2.

House No. rz. Here are brought together many kinds of
tropical plants belonging to the banana, ginger and canna
families. There is also here, on a corner bench, a collection
of pineapple plants, some of them with beautiful variegated
foliage. The collection of bananas and their relatives
occupies the greater part of the space and one or more of
the specimens is usually in fruit; the collection contains
both the edible, commercial bananas and the plantains,
and also several species whose fruit is not edible, but whose
interest lies in their decorative leaves and flowers. The

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stems and leaves of all these plants contain some fiber,
which is produced in enormous quantities in the Philippine
Islands from Musa textilis, and is the well-known Manila
hemp. The supply of fruit for the United States comes
mostly from Central America and the West Indies, and
some from northern South America. Bananas will grow
in southern Florida, but the rocky soil of that region is not
well adapted to their cultivation. The traveler’s tree,
from Madagascar, is shown in several fine specimens, and
gets its English name from the fact that the axis of each
long leaf-stalk contains a great deal of water which can be
tapped and drunk. The bird-of-paradise plants, which
take their name from their gaudy flowers, will be found in
this group; they are natives of southern Africa and belong
to the genus Strelitzia. Another genus of the banana
family, Bihat, is also represented by several species, called
wild plantains, natives mainly of tropical America.

Here also may be found several species of the genus Costus
and of other genera of the ginger family, including the
ginger plant (Zingiber Zingiber).

House No. 12. ‘The plants in this house, as well as those
in house No. 14, are mostly natives of warm-temperate re-
gions, and are arranged in botanical sequence, with a view
to furnishing a collection for the comparative study of plant
families and genera; to make this as complete as possible,
as many representatives of families and genera are brought
together as space and cultural conditions permit. Cultural
requirements necessitate placing the ferns and their allies
somewhat out of their sequence position, at the south end
of the west side bench. The east side bench is devoted to
the pine family, the yew family, and to the endogenous
plants, the last named terminating with the orchids, next
the banana house. The sequence of exogenous plants
begins on the west side bench, as one enters from house
No. 13, crosses to the central bench at the ferns, and con-
tinues around that, ending in this house with the loasa
family, near the fern house. The sequence is then con-

(194)

tinued in house No. 14, beginning with the mezereon family
on the north side bench, at the entrance from house No. 13,
continuing around the central bench and ending with the
thistle family on the end of the south side bench near the
entrance to house No. 1

Among the more interesting species on the west side
bench are many Australian plants, represented by grevil-
leas, hakeas, and others; a group of insectivorous plants
may also be found here; among these are the pitcher plants
(Sarracenia)in several species; the pitchers contain a liquid
in which the insects are drowned, the fluid resulting from
their decay being absorbed by the pitchers; these structures
form a part of the leaves and are a modification of the
petiole. The sundews (Drosera) secrete a sticky substance
from the gland-hairs on their leaves, which can digest in-
sects and other animal matter. On the central bench may
be found a group of the rue family; to this belong, among
others, the oranges and lemons, of which a number of
small specimens are here, others being placed in house
No. 13. A peculiar plant of this family is Agathosma
apiculata, of southern Africa; its leaves are full of glands
which secrete an oil exhaling a disagreeable odor quite
apparent at times. On the east side bench are members of
the lily family and the amaryllis family, with many other
endogenous plants, including a collection of orchids which
grow in warm temperate regions or in the mountainous
sections of the tropics. In the yew family, perhaps the
most interesting are two small plants of the ‘‘stinking
cedar” (Tumzon taxifolium) so-called by the natives where
it grows; it is known to occur in a wild state in a small area
along the Apalachicola River in Florida.

House No. 13. This house contains such plants of warm-
temperate regions as are too large for proper exhibition in
houses 12 and 14. The endogenous plants may be found
on the side next house No. 14; the remainder of the house
is occupied by exogenous plants. Opposite the entrance
from house No. 14 is a group illustrating the pine family

(195 )

and the yew family. The most conspicuous objects among
the former are the araucarias, which take the place in the
southern hemisphere of the pines in the north; Araucaria
brasiliana and A. Bidwillit are prominent among these;
the common Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria excelsa) is
shown in several large specimens. ‘To the right of this,
across the path, will be found specimens of the New Zea-
land flax (Phormium tenax), and on one of the trellises in
the rear is a vigorous plant of the Cherokee rose. To the
left, a little beyond the pine family, is the myrtle family;
prominent in this is a group of the gum-trees of Australia
and Tasmania (Eucalyptus); these trees occur in large
forests, and sometimes attain a height of 200 to 400 feet.
A large specimen, some ten or twelve feet tall, of the bottle-
brush tree (Callistemon citrinus) will be (ound here; the
red flowers are borne in long cylindric clusters, auch re~
sembling a common bottle-brush, whence the popular
name. In the corner to the right is a specimen of the
camphor tree (Cinnamomum Camphora), from which the
camphor of commerce is derived. Opposite the camphor
tree is a group containing the common garden camelia,
and the important commercial plant, Thea sinensis, from
which is obtained our beverage tea; black and green teas
are obtained from the same plant, the difference in color
being due to the method of preparation; the tea plant is
extensively cultivated in many warm and tropical countries,
tea as a beverage having been used by the Chinese from
time immemorial; its first introduction into Europe is said
to have been by the Dutch in 1610. Further along to the
left, beyond the group of Australian acacias, of which
there are many specimens, are several plants of the fig tree
(Ficus Carica), from which the edible figs are secured;
the leaves drop off in winter, and so for a short time the
plants are placed elsewhere. Here also is a group of ole-
anders; a poisonous principle occurs in the flowers and
leaves of these plants, and especially in the bark. A plant
of great economic importance in the olive family is the olive

( 196 )

tree (Olea europaea), of which a small specimen may be
found near the oleanders; this plant was originally from the
Mediterranean region and the Orient, but has now been
largely introduced into cultivation in other warm countries;
in the middle of the eighteenth century it was first intro-
duced into California, at San Diego, it is said, and is now
largely cultivated in southern California. On one of the
columns is a fine plant of Bougainvillaea, a native of Brazil;
the bracts which surround the small flowers are bright ma-
genta colored; when in full bloom the plant makes a gor-
geous show. On one of the trellises back of the group of
the amaryllis family is a plant of the yellow jessamine
(Gelsemium sempervirens) of the south; it sends out its
pretty flowers usually in February, and they persist for
several weeks. In this house may also be found a number
of palms. Among these may be mentioned the character-
istic fan-palm of the California desert (Neowashingtonia
robusta), and the palmetto (Sabal Palmetto), of our southern
States. A few temperate tree-ferns are also placed here.

House No. 14. The general arrangement of this house
was mentioned when describing house No. 12. Entering
from house No. 15, to the left may be found plants of the
rosemary; this enjoys a reputation of long standing, for
it was held in high esteem by the ancient Greeks and
Romans, being regarded by them as the emblem of fidelity.
A little further to the left is the parachute flower (Cero-
pegia Sandersoni), from Natal. On the right are many
interesting members of the thistle family. On the other
side of the house may be found Aucuba japonica, from
Japan, and Corokia Cotoneaster, from New Zealand, both
members of the dogwood family, but not much resembling
our common flowering dogwood. Other plants of interest
may also be found here.

House No. 15. The orchid family, to which this house
is devoted, is a widely distributed one, occurring in all
tropical regions, but finding its greatest development in the
Old World in India and the Malayan region, while in the

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( 197 )

New World its greatest numbers occur in Brazil and other
parts of northern South America. In temperate regions
relatively few species are found, while in very cold countries
they are entirely absent. Most of the tropical forms are
epiphytes, that is, they grow upon trees and usually have
bulb-like or thickened stems and fleshy leaves for the
conservation of their water supply, as, from their habitat,
this supply must be precarious. In temperate regions
nearly all of the species are terrestrial, and have thin leaves,
the soil about their roots serving to protect them from the
cold and also giving them a more constant water supply:
they do not, therefore, need pseudobulbs or thickened
stems. Coming from all parts of the world as they do,
their blooming time varies greatly, so that at almost any
time of the year, be it winter or summer, some of these
interesting plants may be found in bloom.

At range 2 is another large collection of orchids.

On the central bench is an interesting palm, the double
cocoanut (Lodoicea maldivica), a native of the Seychelles
Islands, also known as the coco de mer, and coco des
Maldives, and one of the rarest palms in cultivation.
The tree in its native wilds attains a height of ninety feet,
bearing aloft a magnificent crown of green leaves which
make it an important feature of the landscape. This is
the only plant in this house not a member of the orchid
family; it is kept here for cultural reasons.

Conservatory Court. "There are three attractive features
here during the open season, viz., the display of tulips in
the spring, followed by the collection of desert plants, and
the water lily collection. The water lilies may be found
in two tanks, one in each end of the court. In the easterly
tank are placed the hardy sorts, such as are able to with-
stand the severe cold of our winters, which remain per-
manently where they are, winter and summer. In the
westerly pool are the tender kinds, or such as require pro-
tection during the winter, and many of these are stored in a
warm cellar during winter and placed on view again in the

( 198 )

spring. The most conspicuous of the tender sorts are the
royal water-lilies from South America; these are not hardy
in this climate, and, as they are too large to protect from
the cold, they are grown anew from seed each year; the
seeds are sown in the propagating houses late in winter,
and the young plants placed on view late in the spring
or in early summer.

In summer the collection of desert plants is in the beds
in front of the entrance to house No. 1. The central bed
contains American desert plants only, made up largely of
members of the cactus, amaryllis and lily families. The
bed parallelling this to the west contains a collection of
cacti, members of the genus Opuntia, prickly pears, with
flat stems or joints, all natives of the American desert.
In a bed parallelling this on the opposite side of the central
bed is a collection of desert plants from southern Africa.
Placed transversely to this is a small bed with desert plants
of one family, containing representatives from both the
Old World and the New. A corresponding bed on the
other side of the court is devoted to desert plants from
the Old World. Near to this is a small bed containing
plants of the genus Opuntia, only those with round stems
or joints. In the corresponding bed on the other side of
the court is a collection of desert plants belonging to the
spurge family. Many plants from house No. 13 are also
moved into this court during the summer.

Range No. 2.

This range is located on the easterly side of the grounds,
in the midst of the deciduous arboretum. The completed
portion consists of a transverse section, running east and
west, divided into three compartments, and three houses
at right angles to this one of which is divided into two com-
partments. The tropical ferns and their allies, most of
the cycads, and parts of the orchid and pine-apple families
are exhibited here. Other members of the orchid an
pine-apple families and a few cycads will be found at

(199)

range 1, the orchids in houses 12 and 15, the members of
the pine-apple family in house 10, and the cycads in house 1.

n house No. 1, the easterly compartment of this trans-
verse portion, the collection of sago palms or cycads has
has been installed. This family of plants is represented by
large specimens of Cycas revoluta, from Japan; by Cycas
circinalis, from the Molucca Islands; by a single plant of
the rare Stangeria eriopus, from southern Africa, where it is
known as the kaffir’s-head; by a number of specimens of
the genus Zamia, including the small Florida coonties;
and by the Kaffir-bread (Encephalartos), two species,
from Africa; the stems and trunks of plants of this family
contain much starch, which is extracted, in the countries
in which they grow, by crushing and washing, and pass
into commerce under the name of sago starch. Other
specimens are in the south end of the middle one of the
smaller houses.

In houses 2 and 3 are the tropical tree-ferns and the
larger specimens of the low ferns and fern-allies.

The graceful tree-ferns mostly inhabit the mountains of
the tropics, commonly at an elevation of 1500 feet or more.
Many of the plants here have been secured by Garden expe-
ditions to different parts of the American tropics. Another
feature of interest is the collection of staghorn-ferns, hang-
ing over the walk in the center house; the application of the
common name staghorn is quite evident in several of the
species. Suspended from the roof in baskets are many
desirable ferns. A fern irom China and Tartary, known as
the Scythian Lamb (Cibotium Barometz), may be found
here; it is of interest as forming the basis of a marvellous
tale, current in early times, to the effect that on a vast
plain to the eastward of the Volga occurred a wonderful
plant, looking like a lamb; this animal, so the story ran,
was supported upon a stalk and as soon as it had exhausted
the vegetation at hand died from starvation.

In house 4 is a collection of exogenous tropical plants.
These are arranged in botanical sequence, the families

(200 )

appearing to the right or left of the walk, or both, as cul-
tural conditions require, the sequence beginning at the
north end on the west side, terminating at the same end
on the opposite side of the house. On the right, as one
enters from the north door, is a collection of the pepper
family, Piperaceae. These are largely of the genus Peper-
omia; many of these plants have been collected by Garden
expeditions to the West Indies. Plants of the genus
Piper are usually large, and the larger ones will be found
on the center bench nearby. The nettle family follows,
represented by such plants as the odd Procris; Pilea, in
several species, including P. microphylla, the artillery
plant; the Gyrupia poison-tree, a native of Australia,
one of the most vicious of the stinging nettles—at fraitiag
time the dull purple of its fruit makes it quite attractive; and
the two-lobed Boehmeria, from Japan. The flat-stemmed
Muhlenbeckia, native of the Solomon Islands, belongs
to the knotweed family. As one proceeds, many species
of figs will be found on both sides of the walk, including
the common rubber plant of our homes. Further on is
the laurel family, one of the interesting plants belonging
here being the alligator pear, the fruit of which is edible
and much used as a salad and otherwise in the tropics.
Near this is the custard-apple family, including the cheri-
moyer, an edible fruit, native of tropical America. Along
‘the west walk, about the center of the house, are the enna
and mimosa families, represented by numerous individ

To the senna any belongs the poinciana, commonly
grown in Florida and tropical countries on account of its
decorative red flowers. To the mimosa family belong the
sensitive plants, of which there are two here which show
this characteristic noticeably, Mimosa pudica and Mimosa
Spegazzinit.

Near the south end of the house is a collection of the
spurge family. Here will be found the genus Codiaeum
in many colored forms, usually known as garden crotons.
Other genera represented are Croton, Phyllanthus, Xylo-

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( 201 )

phylla, Antidesmia, and Acalypha. At the end of the house,
on the west side, are two plants of the curious West Indian
ivy, belonging to the genus Marcgravia. On the east side
of the house, at the south end, is a large collection of
begonias, both on the benches and planted out underneath.
Further on is the meadow-beauty family, largely repre-
sented in tropical regions, to which belongs our native
meadow-beauty, Rhexia virginica. Other families fol-
lowing are the vervain, acanthus, potato, Madder and
thistle, the last two near the north door.

In house 5 is a collection of tropical ferns arranged in
botanical sequence, thus bringing closely related families
and genera into juxtaposition and enabling a comparative
study of these plants to be made. It is only possible to
represent in this sequence the position of the tree-ferns by
very small specimens. These may be studied to better
advantage in the larger houses. At the south end of this
house is a part of the collection of cycads. Mucrocycas
calocoma, a rare Cuban member of this family, is among
these. There are a number of specimens of the American
genus Zamia, including representatives from Florida and
the West Indies. Other specimens, including the larger
ones, will be found in the easterly house of the transverse
range.

The easterly of the smaller houses is divided into two
compartments. House 6 is known as an East Indian
house. Here are grown mainly such orchids as require a
close humid hot atmosphere. Among the larger and more
interesting of the genera represented are: Vanda, widely
distributed in the East Indies and the Malay Archipelago,
many of them with large and showy, often sweet-scented,
flowers; Phalaenopsis, also native in the East Indies and
Malay Archipelago; Angraecum, of tropical Africa and the
Mascarene Islands; Macroplectrum, from Madagascar and
the Mascarene Islands; Dendrobium, a number of species,
a large Old World genus of over 500 species; Paphiopedi-
lum, Venus-slipper, an Old World representative of the

( 202 )

group containing our lady-slippers, Cypripedium. Other
plants requiring this treatment are the East Indian Pitcher-
plants, Nepenthes, a collection of which will be found here.
They are mostly vines, growing naturally on trees, their
leaves curiously modified at the ends into hollow structures,
provided with lids, and technically known as pitchers,
which are often wrongly regarded as the flowers; these
pitchers contain water and secrete from their sides a liquid
which digests insects that fall or crawl into the pitchers;
this form of nutriment is apparently not necessary at all,
however, to the growth of the plants; the flowers are small
but borne in large clusters arising from the stems and may
often be seen in this collection.

In house 7 is a large collection of orchids requiring cooler
and less humid conditions. Large or interesting genera
represented here are: Stanhopea, in several species, an
American genus, with large odd-shaped flowers in pendu-
lous racemes; Epidendrum, a large American genus, ranging
from South Carolina and Alabama, through the West
Indies and South America; Gongora, also a genus of tropical
America; Oncidium, a large genus of tropical America,
with a maximum deyelopmcae: in South America; Pleuro-
thallis, American orchids, usually small, sometimes but a
half inch tall, and often forming mats on tree trunks,
commonly at considerable elevations. In this house will
also be found a large collection of bromeliads, of the pine-
apple family, in such genera as Tillandsia, Vriesia, Hohen-
bergia, Pitcairnia, Cryptanthus, and Aechmea. Other rep-
resentatives of this family will be found at conservatory
range I, houses ro and 11.

Power Houses. Steam for heating the conservatories,
range I, is supplied from the power house, located near the
New York Central Railroad just south of the 2ooth Street
entrance and connected with the conservatories by a sub-
way about six hundred feet long containing the steam mains;
five boilers are installed and supply steam not only to the
conservatories, but also to the museum building through
another subway about twelve hundred feet in length.

NIVINNOdT AZNOU GNV LNOW Wasnt

Ogi “Ig “XJ “TOA ‘duvys) “Log °A N Ting

( 203 )

Steam for heating the conservatories, range 2, is supplied
from a boiler house near this structure, a little to the north.

2. The Botanical Museum

The Museum Building has a frontage of 312 feet, and in
so far as now constructed, a depth of about go feet; the plan
of this building contemplates its future extension toward
the rear, so as to form a quadrangle enclosing a court. The
architectural style of the building is Italian Renaissance.
The walls are of light-colored brick and the trimmings of
terra-cotta. It has a steel frame and concrete floors.
Three floors are devoted to public exhibits, while the upper
floor contains study rooms, the library, laboratories and
herbarium, which may be used and consulted by permission.

The building is approached by two straight driveways
and accompanying sidewalks leading from the main park
driveway near the New York Central Railroad station;
this front approach to the building is ornamented by a
bronze fountain executed by the sculptor Carl E. Tefft,
and by terra-cotta fountains and marble seats designed by
R. W. Gibson, the architect of the building. The vista
lines are formed by four parallel rows of tulip trees.

The public collections in this building are:

1. THE MUSEUM OF ECONOMIC BOTANY

This occupies the entire main floor, and comprises both
crude and refined products of plants used in the arts, the
sciences, and the industries, as well as illustrative photo-
graphs and drawings. The specimens are arranged as
products, including foods, drugs, fibers, gums, resins,
sugars, rubbers, spices and flavoring-agents, dye-stuffs,
tanning-materials, plant-constituents, fixed- and volatile-
oils, cork, starches, and others as indicated by the accom-
panying floor plan.

The arrangement of the larger groups is as follows:
Foods and fibers occupy the west hall, the former in cases
on the north side, the latter on the south. The west wing

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is mainly given over to exhibits other than foods, fibers,
drugs, and woods. The east hall contains the drugs,
while to the east wing are assigned woods and wood-pro-
ducts, and a collection illustrating North American den-
drology.

Fibers. Cases 1 to 26.—In the first case of the series
devoted to fibers may be found cotton, now the most im-
portant of the vegetable fibers. It is derived from the
fruit of the cotton plant (Gossypium), being the hairs that
cover the surface of the seeds. The fruits from several
different kinds of cotton-plants may be seen with the cotton
bursting from the capsule, while some of the many dif-
ferent products are also shown.

The fiber of other plants, derived from leaves, stem, bark,
roots, and other organs is of great economic importance
and is used, either in practically its natural condition, as
may be seen by the specimens of fans, hats, boxes, bags,
baskets, mats, matting, crude ropes, brooms, ornaments,
and toys; or it is manufactured into articles of commerce
after processes which remove it considerably from its
natural aspect or condition; for example, linen, which is
made from the flax plant; cou twine, and rope, made
from jute, hemp and abutilon-fiber; and paper made from
wood and other fibers.

Rubber and Allied Products. Cases 27 and 29.—The
first case in the west wing contains rubber and allied
products. Here are the implements and utensils used in
collecting the rubber ‘‘milk” from the trees which grow
in tropical forests. Rubber is derived mostly from trees
belonging to the mulberry family, spurge family and dog-
bane family. Rubber, India-rubber, or elastica consists
chiefly of the peculiar substance caoutchouc, which, in the
form of an emulsion, constitutes the milky juices of many
plants, existing in special milk-tubes of the bark and wood.
The bark is cut or punctured, when the milk exudes and is
caught in some receptacle. The milk is coagulated by
various methods, mostly by subjecting it to the action of

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smoke, and the coagulated mass, after losing water by
slow evaporation, takes on the dark color, toughness, and
elasticity characteristic of rubber. Rubber is more valu-
able in proportion as its percentage of caoutchouc is greater,
and that of its resin less. The most important source of
rubber is the tree Hevea brasiliensis, Para Rubber, native
of Brazil, now very extensively planted in the East Indies.

Several varieties of rubber may be seen in the different
stages of refinement, together with some articles as manu-
factured for the market. Here, too, are two allied products
gutta-percha and balata, which are derived from the
trunks and foliage of certain trees belonging to the sapo-
dilla family. These trees grow in many portions of the
tropics.

Perfumery. Case 30.—This case contains a collection
of the essential oils and other aromatic constituents of
plants which are used in the making of perfumery, to-
gether with the plant parts from which they are extracted.
Two general methods are followed in the making of per-
fumes from such products. By the first, the aromatic
and volatile constituent is extracted by distillation, a
definite portion of which is then used in making a given
amount of perfume. By the other, some substance,
usually an odorless fat, is brought into contact with the
vegetable matter containing the odorous principle, and
the latter is thus permitted to diffuse itself through the
fat, which is used as a perfume.

Spices and Flavoring Agents. Cases 31 to 35.—These
substances form quite a large series in which is shown the
parts of the plant that yield spices and flavoring extracts;
for example, licorice. Licorice is the root of two species of
shrubs which grow in the Mediterranean region of Europe
and Asia. Spanish, French, Italian, Sicilian, or Greek
licorice is the sweeter; Russian licorice is the lighter-colored.
The underground runners are commonly included with
the roots, but are inferior. ‘The root contains gum, sugar,
and the sweet substance glycyrrhizin, which is extracted

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by boiling. The boiled liquid is strained and evaporated
to form licorice extract. Some dry substance, as starch,
is usually added to give it the hardness required to form
“stick-licorice.”” The very best licorice is not made into
*sticks,” but is run into pans or tubs to form large, rather
soft cakes. Ginger is a rootstock, the underground stem
of the ginger plant; cinnamon is a bark; bay, sage, mint,
and thyme are leaves; cloves are anocene flowers; ied
Tonka-bean and nutmeg are seeds, and mace is the outer
coat of the nutmeg; and coriander, allspice, black-pepper,
celery-seed, and caraway-seed are fruits. Vanilla, a spec-
ially cured fruit, is produced in many tropical countries,
the best and highest-priced coming from the mountains of
Mexico; fineness, rather than strength of odor, determines
the value, and this depends upon the variety, the climate,
the cultivation, and the method and care employed in
curing; the wild product is the poorest. In cultivation
the flowers are pollinated by hand. The fruits, resembling
slender green bananas, are gathered before quite ripe and
are exposed to a steam-sweating by various devices;
they are then exposed to the sun each day, and wrapped
in woolen blankets each night, for some time. By this
process the odorous substance vanillin is developed. The
vanillin may all be in the body of the vanilla (‘brown
beans”), or it may coat its surface in the form of shining
white crystals (‘‘frosted beans’). Before this curing
process, vanilla contains no vanillin and has no special
fragrance or flavor.

Dye Stuffs. Case 36.—The dye stuffs are represented
by logwood, madder, alkanet-root, indigo, and oak-galls.
The term “‘dye-stuffs” is applied to that class of vegetable
products from which coloring matters useful for dyeing
purposes are extracted. Such coloring matters may exist
in any part of the plant, but are most often obtained from
the wood, as from fustic, log-wood, and Brazil-wood. In
such cases they are found in the older central tissue of the
trunk, the so-called “‘heart-wood,” but not in the outer

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active tissue that constitutes the “‘sap-wood.” From such
trunks the sap-wood is therefore usually trimmed off before
the logs are sent to market. In most cases, dye-stuffs
show some coloration to indicate the presence of their
coloring matters, although the color thus seen may be
quite a different one from that which the material will
produce when in practical use. Sometimes no coloration
is to be seen in the dye-stuff, some chemical treatment
being necessary to develop it.

Although the use of anilin or coal-tar colors has very
largely replaced that of vegetable dyes, there is still a vast
use of the latter. But for the introduction of the former,
it is dificult to see how the demand for colors could have
been supplied under modern conditions.

Tanning Materials. Cases 37 to 38.—The tanning
materials are also very important from an economic stand-
point. They depend for their value chiefly upon the
tannic acid that they contain, but that other constituents
contribute is clear from the fact that a substance containing
less tannin may be more valuable than one containing a
larger percentage. The tannin cures and toughens the
skin, but other effects are required to produce the best
quality of leather, especially that of “‘filling” the minute
cavities. For this purpose white-oak bark seems to be
preéminent and this continues to be the most valued tanning
substance. It has become scarce and costly, and “oak
leather’’now brings the highest prices. The tannins are
represented by saw-palmetto, mangrove, pine, hemlock,
and sumac. The crude materials of the mangrove and
the saw-palmetto are accompanied by their fluid extracts,
which contain the tannic acid, and also by the spent
material or refuse which remains after the extract has been
made. This latter material may be used for other purposes.

Fodder Plants. Cases 39 and 40.—Following the spices
are fodder plants, which are shown as sheaves. Fodders
are derived chiefly from plants of the grass and bean fami-
lies. Illustrations of the former are the varieties of hay

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known as timothy, red-top, blue-grass, and orchard-grass.
Such hays are made by cutting the plants when in bloom
or early fruit, and drying entire. Another form of the same
class consists of the plants of the grains, wheat, rye, oats,
and corn, cut while young and dried. When dried after
the removal of their grain, they constitute straw. The
corn-plant, cut young, is often chopped up and stored
fresh in pits and bins. Such fodder is called ensilage.
The grains themselves, separated from the straw, are
largely used for fodder. Illustrations of the second class
are the plants of clover, vetch, lupine, meibomia, and peas,
cut in a similar stage of growth and dried intohay. Fodders
of this class are much more nutritious than the grass-hays,
but are not so wholesome and must be fed sparingly,
especially to horses.

Tobaccos and Masticatories. Cases 41 to 44.—To-
baccos are shown by a series of bundles of the cured leaves
of the tobacco plants (species of Nicotiana) from different
parts of America, and a series of articles as prepared for
the market. Closely associated with tobacco are the
masticatories or substances used for chewing. One of the
most widely known forms is chewing gum, which is made
by refining the crude chicle-gum, which is the hardened
milky juice of the sapodilla and related plants. In rural
districts the exudation of resin found on the bark of coni-
fers is used for chewing while still in the crude condition,
but this substance is now refined and sold in our larger
cities just as is the now more commonly used chicle-gum.
An adjacent series of cases is given over to:

Beverages, including Chocolate. Cases 45 to 49.—Bever-
ages are represented by both the non-alcoholic, as coffee,
tea, maté or Paraguay-tea, Jersey-tea, and fruit-juices,
and the alcoholic beverages, as wine, beer, ale, and porter.
Of the beverages just cited, maté or Paraguay-tea is per-
haps little known in the northern hemisphere. It comes
from a small tree in Paraguay and adjacent regions, and is
chiefly cultivated for the production of Paraguay-tea.

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The cured leaves are sold either in the entire condition or
powdered, and afford the chief beverage of Paraguay and
many parts of the Argentine Republic and southern Brazil.
They contain much less caffeine than ordinary tea, and
have a very different flavor, but are used for the same pur-
pose and produce the same effect. Paraguay-tea is ex-
tremely cheap as compared with ordinary tea, and brief
use makes people equally well satisfied with it. In the
block of cases devoted to beverages may be found choco-
late, which is derived from the seed of the chocolate tree
(Theobroma). The collection shows the chocolate fruits,
the principal commercial varieties of the seeds, aaieaaed
and roasted, nibs of different degrees of ees germs,
cocoa-liquor, cocoa-butter, cocoa-cake, and the same ground
into ‘‘breakfast’’-cocoa, with several varieties of confect-
tioners’ chocolate, as put up for the market.

Miscellaneous Specimens. Case 50.— In this case may
be seen the substances used in the manufacture of insect-
powders and related substances, and soap. Soaps are
made from fats or fixed oils, acted upon while hot by a
caustic alkali, or “lye,” ordinarily by boiling the two to-
gether. The fat consists of one or more acids, variously
combined with glycerin. The alkali takes away the
acids, uniting with them to form soap, the glycerin being
set free. Either animal or vegetable fats can be em-
ployed, the characters of the soaps differing more or less
with the particular fat used. The character of the alkali,
such as soda or potash, also modifies the quality of the
soap. The soap may contain free alkali, free fat, free
glycerin, or water, in variable proportions, all of which
will modify its quality. Official soap (that used in medi-
cine) should not float on water and should contain not
more than 36 per cent. of water.

Fixed Oils and Volatile Oils. Cases 51 to 56.—The
volatile oils form a large series, and in their manufacture
various parts of the plants are used; for example, roots are
used to make the oils of lovage-root, elecampane, and

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muskroot; rootstocks or underground stems furnish the
oils of calamus, ginger, orris-root, and wild ginger; herbage
is the source of the oils of pennyroyal, tansy, spearmint,
and peppermint; wood furnishes the material to make the
oils of red-cedar wood and sandalwood; bark is the source
of the oils of birch, cinnamon, and sassafras; leaves yield
the oils of hemlock, spruce, pine, cedar, eucalyptus, and
wintergreen; flowers yield the oils of cloves, lilac-flower,
and orange flowers; fruits yield the oils of pepper, lemon,
caraway, and fennel; seeds furnish the oils of mustard,
wormseed, nutmeg, and almonds; while resins give us the
oils of elemi, mastic, myrrh, and frankincense.

The fixed oils, at least from a commercial standpoint,
are less numerous than the volatile oils, and those in com-
mon use are mostly derived from the fruits and seeds of
plants; for example, olive-oil is contained in the fruit of
the olive, linseed-oil is contained in the seed of the flax
plant, castor-oil is stored up in the seed of the castor-oil
plant, and cotton-oil abounds in the cotton seed. The
castor-oil seed or ‘“‘bean’”’ consists, to the extent of about
half its weight, of a fat or fixed oil. The ripe seeds are
coarsely broken, and the shells, weighing about one third,
are separated. The kernel is then pressed, and the oil
squeezed out. By using heat a larger amount of oil is
obtained, but the heat partly decomposes it, setting free
ricinoleic acid, the result being a discoloration, a bad odor
and taste, and a griping action. For this reason, it should
be ‘“‘cold-pressed”? for medicinal purposes. In the in-
testines, partial decomposition of the oil occurs, whence
results the purgative action. Perfectly fresh, cold-drawn
castor-oil may have no disagreeable odor or taste, and has
been used on bread, as a substitute for butter. The pulp
remaining after the removal of the oil contains the very
powerfully poisonous albuminoid, ricin. It is owing to
this substance that castor-oil seeds are poisonous. About
one fifth of the weight of cotton seed consists of a fat or
fixed oil, the finer grades of which are largely used for

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human food. This oil is both nutritious and wholesome,
and furnishes a clean vegetable substitute for butter and
lard, especially for cooking purposes. The poorer grades
are used for soap-making and other mechanical purposes.
In the process of extracting the oil the hulls are removed
from the seeds and the kernels are partly cooked, after
which the oil is removed by pressure. The cake that re-
mains is ground into cotton-seed meal. This still contains
considerable fat and a large amount of other nutriment
and is an important food for cattle. Fixed oils differ from
volatile oils in not completely evaporating when exposed
to the air. In many cases the by-products resulting during
the manufacture of the various oils are of considerable
commercial importance. Some of these by-products are
shown in the cases with the oils. In this connection are
shown some vegetable waxes. These occur as exudations
upon the surfaces of plants, especially those of leaves and
fruits. Wax imparts a bluish-white color or “bloom”
to such a surface, as upon pumpkins and grapes. Such a
surface is called “glaucous” by the botanist. Another
excellent illustration is the white surface upon the fruits
of the bay-berry or wax-myrtle. Wax is related to fat.
It is insoluble in water and is obtained by melting in hot
water and skimming it from the surface. It is largely
used in candle-making and also in pharmaceutical prep-
arations.

Resins. Cases 57 and 62.—The cases devoted to resins
contain on the one hand a large trunk of the long-leaf pine,
in which has been cut a turpentine box, together with a
series of specimens of turpentine and rosin, illustrative of
the trade-classification of these products, and, on the other
hand, a series of resins derived from other species of pine
and related trees, and also those from trees representing
the mulberry family, the mimosa family, the sumac family,
and the myrrh family. An important substance derived
from the turpentine of the long-leaf pine and other species
of pine trees is pine tar or pix liquida. Pine tar may

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be regarded as turpentine, modified and rendered impure
by partial burning. It is obtained from the same trees
that yield turpentine, but the dead wood and stumps are
preferred. The wood is stacked and so enclosed by earth
as to partly exclude air, and is then fired at the top. As
the wood burns above, the heat drives out the liquid tar
just below, which runs off into vats and is stored in barrels.
The charcoal powder which enters renders it black. A
more perfect method is to distil it in suitable retorts. By
subsequent distillation of the tar, oil of tar is driven off,
naval pitch being left behind. Oil of tar contains, or yields
a large number of valuable substances, such as Guaiacol,
creosol, naphthalene, toluene, and xylene. In addition
to the resins obtained from living kinds of trees, there are
fossil resins of different degrees of hardness and color;
these enter largely into the manufacture of varnishes.
Varnish is a solution of one or more resins in some volatile
liquid which, on evaporating, deposits a uniform and con-
tinuous layer of the resin upon the surface to which the
varnish was applied. Such a coating of varnish, if of good
quality, is both hard and tough, hence not easily scratched,
insoluble in water and waterproof, capable of taking a
high polish, but melting and burning readily. Varnish
resins differ in quality and value according to the degree
an which the varnish made from them possesses the proper-
ties named above. The best is probably anime copal.
Not only is it so hard and tough as to stand floor-wear,
but it is soluble in so few substances that the spilling of
most liquids upon it will not injure it. Some of the trees
yielding varnish resins are now almost or quite extinct,
and the lumps of resin have lain buried in the soil in a
fossil state since the age when these trees were living.

Plant Constituents. Cases 63 to 68.—This exhibit con-
sists of a series of alkaloids, acids, glucosides, amaroids,
albuminoids, resinoids, and enzymes. These substances
plants store up in their tissues, or in the tissues of one or
more organs, and from them rey are extracted for use in
all branches of the arts, sciences, and industries.

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Starches. Case 69.—Starch is largely formed by most
plants, as a reserve food supply, from the water taken in
through the roots and the carbonic acid gas inhaled from
the etmOspnEre, the chemical combination is effected by
the sun’s energy, directed by the green coloring matter
(chlorophyl). Starch is mostly found in the form of
granules, sometimes in small rods, and is easily converted
by the plant, or artificially, into glucose, in which form
the plant consumes it. In darkness the plant consumes
starch previously formed in daylight. Starch is insoluble
in water and can therefore be easily washed out from ground
plant tissue. The forms of the starch grains are so con-
stant and characteristic in each plant that they afford an
excellent method of identifying the latter, even in powder.
Starch, as in the case of many other substances, exists in
and is consequently derived from the several organs of
various plants, for example, the roots of the cassava plant
furnish the cassava flour and tapioca, while those of coontie
yield coontie floor or Florida-arrowroot which is quite
similar to sago, and those of the sweet-potato plant furnish
sweet-potato flour. The rootstocks of the common potato
plant abound in potato-flour, while those of the arrowroot
plant yield arrowroot flour. The stems of some of the
sago palms and those of some of the true palms are the
sources of sago flour. The fruits, both dry and fleshy, of a
great variety of plants, contain starch; for example, those
of the several grains, wheat, rye, and corn; while those of
the banana yield the less common banana flour. The
seeds of some plants are used as a source of starch, as for
instance, those of the chocolate plant

Cork and Paper. Cases 70 and 72. Cork forms the
outer portion of the bark of most woody stems. That of
one species of oak, Quercus Suber, of the Mediterranean
region, possesses peculiar properties of toughness, elas-
ticity, and imperviousness to liquids and vapors which
makes it useful for bottle stoppers. Many attempts have
been made to find substitutes, but none have been found

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to possess an equal value. It has many other important
uses. After removal from the tree, and the shaving off of
its gray outer layer, it is alternately beaten with mallets
and heated to close up the natural fissures. Its removal
does not injure the tree, since it will split off if not removed.

The cutting of cork requires extremely sharp instru-
ments, operated by machinery running at a high rate of
speed. The substance, as we are accustomed to see it,
is prepared by means of boiling the cork bark and scraping
off the rough outer portion. The crude cork and many
manufactured articles are shown in case number 49, and a
large jacket of crude cork is exhibited near by, just as it
was stripped from the tree.

Wood fiber, especially that obtained from the trunks of
the spruce and poplar, enters largely into the manfacture
of paper. In cases 48 and 50, the fiber is shown in its
crude condition and in the various stages of refinement,
as well as the various qualities of paper into the structure
of which it enters. Here also are the several stages and
substances connected with the production of straw paper.

Sugars. Cases 73 and 74.—Sugars are formed by plants
at a stage in the manufacture of carbohydrate foods, and
again when the carbohydrate is used by the plant as food,
as explained on our label, in the starch case. Although
many varieties of sugar are recognized, they all fall into
two great classes, cane-sugar and glucose. Cane-sugar
occurs mostly in stems and roots, glucose in fruits. Glucose
is cheaper than cane-sugar and if pure, is more healthful
for human use, but the commercial article is very apt to be
impure. Glucose is mostly manufactured from corn.
Cane-sugar is mostly manufactured from sugar-cane,
sugar beets and sorghum cane. Sugar is a very important
plant-product and it is of vast economic value. Sugar-
cane (Saccharum) is the basis of the world’s sugar supply.
The juice from the stems of the plant is boiled down and
by other processes is made into the principal crude pro-
ducts shown in the cases and later into the commercial
grades of sugar.

(215 )

The juices of other plants are also used in making sugar,
for example, in temperate regions, the sugar-beet yields
an enormous amount, the sap of the maple tree is made
into maple-sugar, while in tropical regions the sap of various
palms, such as the coconut-palm and the sugar-palm,
is made into palm-sugar.

Foods. Cases 75 to 100.—The very important section
of vegetable foods occupies the cases on the north side of
the west hall, opposite those containing the fibers. Here
may be seen the various plants and parts of plants common-
ly used for food. In a few instances nearly the whole
plant is available, as in the mushroom, the morel, and the
truffle. Usually, however, certain parts only are nutri-
tious or desirable; a few examples of these are as follows:
sweet-potatoes, horseradish, carrots, and beets are roots;
onions, potatoes, and Jerusalem-artichokes are under-
ground stems or rootstocks; asparagus and poke-shoots
are young stems; lettuce, beet-tops, spinach, and parsley
are leaves; cauliflower and calamus-buds are inflorescences;
corn, rice, bananas, mulberries, gooseberries, apples, to-
matoes, and oranges are fruits; while peanuts, walnuts,
hickorynuts, beans, almonds, and chestnuts are seeds.

rugs. Cases I01 to 118 and 201 to 218.—The east
hall is given over to drugs. This, like the department of
foods, is large and important. The active principles or
medicinal agents are stored up in the tissues of the plant
or in the tissues of special organs. The great majority of
refined drugs are derived from one or more of the parts of
the plant, but in the case of the white-agaric, ergot, Irish-
moss, Iceland-moss, wintergreen, sundew, bitter-sweet,
penny-royal, boneset, and tansy the whole plant is used.

A few of the crude drugs arranged under the several
plant-organs they represent are as follows: sarsaparilla,
poke-root, rhubarb, aconite, queen’s-root, senega-root,
marshmallow, man-in-the-ground, and ipecac are roots;
calamus, ginger, colic-root, Canadian snake-root, soap-
wort, mandrake, American-ipecac, buckbean, and stone-

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wort are underground stems or rootstocks; sandalwood
and quassia-chips are woods; sassafras-medulla is pith;
birch, slippery-elm, sassafras, cinnamon, wild-cherry, horse-
chestnut, cascara, linden, and cinchona are barks; laurel,
hardhack, cherry-laurel, peach, senna, coca, and eucalyptus
are leaves; red-clover flowers, orange-flowers, linden-
flowers, heart’s-ease, borage-flowers, safflower, marigold-
flowers, Roman-chamomile, German-chamomile, and mil-
foil-flowers are flowers and flower-heads; saw-palmetto,
cardamon, cubebs, hops, star-anise, poppy, rose-hips,
tamarind, Tonka-bean, and colocynth are fruits; colchi-
cum-seed, grain-of-paradise, betel-nut, mustard, delphin-
ium-seed, almonds, calabar-bean, Barbadoes-nut, castor-oil
seed, and henbane-seed are seeds. Refined drugs are well
represented, among others, by gum-arabic, a gum collected
from shrubs and trees of the genus Acacia; the most
common source is Acacia Senegal, a large shrub or small
tree growing throughout north-central and northwestern
Africa. Its gum is somewhat inferior to the old-fashioned
gum arabic obtained from species of northeastern Africa.
The gum, which is chiefly a compound of arabic acid and
calcium, exudes through orifices in the bark, resulting from
the punctures of insects and in other ways. In some in-
stances the collectors puncture the bark for the purpose
of causing the exudation. When hard and dry it is col-
lected and sent to the packing houses. Here it is assorted
into grades, according to color and purity, which are sold
by number. No. 1 gum arabic is nearly colorless. From
gum arabic most of the better grades of mucilage are made.
It is largely adulterated, especially with dextrin; such
mucilage quickly turns dark. Another well-known re-
fined drug is camphor. This important substance is col-
lected in China and Japan, but mostly in the Island of
Formosa, the Japanese government now having control
of almost the entire industry. It is distilled from the
chipped wood of the roots and lower part of the trunk of
large trees, by natives who encamp in the forest during

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(217 )

the collecting season, protected by a specially organized
police force numbering several thousand men. The col-
lectors must sell the crude camphor to the Japanese govern-
ment, which refines it for the market. The government
sells the refined camphor through a single agent, who is
required to regulate the price in all parts of the world, to
prevent speculative enterprises in it. Crude camphor is a
loose, spongy, crystalline mass, saturated with camphor
oil. This oil is also an important commercial article.

Woods. Cases 119 and 200.—The east wing is occupied
by woods. The exhibits fall under two main divisoins,
the one consisting of a series of wood-specimens from all
parts of the world, and crude wood-products such as pipes,
canes, shoes, sandals, utensils, and carbons or charcoals;
the other being a synoptic collection illustrating North
American dendrology. The wood specimens consist either
of blocks of wood, or of sections of trunks with the upper
part cut so as to show the long grain of the wood and also
the cross grain. In the case of wood-products the crude
material and the finished product is shown when possible.
The collection of North American dendrology is based on
specimens of the wood of all North American trees. To
these wood-specimens are added specimens of the twigs,
of flowers, of fruits, and of other objects of interest from
the various trees.

2. THE MUSEUM OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY

This occupies the entire second floor of the building and
is designed to illustrate by specimens, drawings, and
photographs, types of all the natural families of plants,
beginning with those of the simplest structure and ending
with the most complex. It consists of four series of
objects:

(a) The general synoptic collection.

(b) A series of microscopes showing selected specimens.

(c) Illustrations of the local flora.

(d) Plant photograph exhibit.

(218 )

(a) Synoptic Collection. This is designed to illustrate
the plant world. A series of characteristic objects is
installed as a basis for illustrating each plant-family.
These specimens are accompanied as far as possible by
plates, drawings or photographs, while on the shelves are
arranged additional objects, such as flowers, fruits, woods;
specimens of fossil plants, and models of various organs of
plants, all intended further to illustrate the structural
characteristics of the different groups. This collection is
arranged according to the most natural and thus far most
generally satisfactory interpretation of the interrelation of
the plant-families; it may be considered as falling into
two main series, namely, the flowerless or spore-bearing
plants and the flowering or seed-bearing plants.

The flowerless plants fall into three phyla or subkingdoms:
(1) the Thallophyta, in which the plant-body is not dif-
ferentiated into stems and leaves, as represented by the
slime-moulds, the bacteria and other micro-organisms,
the seaweeds, the fungi, and the lichens (2) the Bryophyta,
represented by the mosses and their immediate relatives;
and (3) the Pteridophyta, including the ferns and the
fern-allies.

The Thallophyta (cases 1 to 36), may be defined as
plants without true roots, stems, or leaves; but notwith-
standing their simple structure they exhibit an infinite
variety of form and color.

The Myxomycetes or slime-moulds (case 1), standing
at the bottom of the plant-scale, occupy the first exhibition
case placed at the right hand side of the stairway from
the main floor, They are thallophytes, having neither
chlorophyl nor (in their vegetative condition) a cell-wall.
These very simply constituted plants usually grow upon
and derive their nourishment from decaying organic sub-
stances. They vary greatly in size, some being exceedingly
minute, others assuming the form of relatively large ir-
regularly shaped masses spreading in all directions as they
grow. Most of the plants are small, and the structure is

( 219)

very delicate, in fact some are so fragile that a mere breath
of air will ruin them.

Following the slime-moulds stand the cases devoted to
the algae or seaweeds (cases 2 to 16), which may be briefly
defined as thallophytes with chlorophyl, the green coloring
matter of plants. The plants of this series are much more
variable in form than those of the preceding, and are also
much more numerous. Some forms are microscopic,
others attain considerable size. The first case of the series
is occupied by representatives of the blue-green algae
(case 2) and the diatoms. The plants of these two groups
are minute, so much so that in most cases the individuals
can be well seen only with the aid of a microscope. As one
finds them in nature they commonly form slimy or oozy
masses which are not particularly attractive to the naked
eye, but under a compound microscope they are of very
great interest. Following the series just mentioned are
the green seaweeds (case 3), the group which includes the
plants that are sometimes called the pond-scums, green
slimes, green felts, and stoneworts. Some of these are
microscopic; however, some of the green seaweeds attain a
considerable size and begin to look a little more like what
are popularly termed “‘plants.” After the green seaweeds
come the brown ones (cases 4 to 8), and here the largest
kinds are included. In their tissues is found a brownish
pigment which obscures their green coloring matter. To
this group belong the widely distributed “‘gulf-weed” or
““sargasso-weed” (Sargassum) and the gigantic “great
kelp” of the Pacific Ocean, which sometimes attain a length
of more than a hundred feet. The seaweeds culminate in
the red algae, a group in which the plants show some shade
of red, pink, or purple; these (cases 9 to 16) exhibit a
marvelous range of form and color. The last group of
cases containing this series is given to the group of red
algae which are known as the corallines, on account of
their outward resemblance to the corals. These plants
are thoroughly permeated with lime and are often as hard

(220)

and stone-like as any coral, and build up reefs in the tropi-
cal oceans much as the corals do.

The next great type of plant life is the fungi (cases 17
to 36). These, like the plants of the preceding group,
vary greatly in size and complexity of structure; but,
unlike them, they are devoid of chlorophyl, the eleyecer
istic green matter which enables other plants to build up
complex food for their nourishment, and consequently
they are wholly different in their mode of life. Some are
parasitic, deriving their nourishment from living plants
and causing enormous damage to crops; others are sap-
rophytic, deriving it from the remains of dead organisms;
while others are symbiotic, living in such relationship with
chlorophyl-bearing (green) plants that they mutually
nourish one another, as in the case of mycorhizas. There
are five generally recognized series here: First we have the
stalked-spored fungi (cases 17 to 28). This series falls into
two groups, the one typified by the “rusts” and “smuts”’
which are commonly parasitic on the leaves and fruits of
other plants; the other the great saprophytic group, well
known through the mushrooms, bracket-fungi, stink-
horns, and puff-balls. Second in the series is the group
known as the imperfect fungi (case 29). In this group the
spores are borne directly on the threads or “hyphae”
which constitute the vegetative portion of the organism.
They are often parasitic on the leaves and on the bark
of both wild and cultivated plants. Third in this series
are the spore-sac fungi (cases 30 and 31). In these plants
the spores are borne in delicate membranous sacs, called
asci, which in the more complex forms are collected into
bodies of various shapes. The plants vary greatly in
size and structure and may be either parasitic or sapro-
phytic. To this group belong the yeasts and mildews.
To this group also belongs the chestnut-blight fungus.
This fungus disease which has been imported into this
country has caused the death of all of the American
chestnut trees in the immediate vicinity of New York

(221)

City and threatens the entire destruction of this valuable
tree. Some plants grow above the surface of the ground,
as in the case of the morel; while others are subterranean,
as in the case of truffles. In case 32 has been installed
specimens and illustrations of crown-gall, an abnormal
growth which is caused by minute plants known as bacteria.
This peculiar growth is commonly known as vegetable
cancer on account of its close resemblance to the cancer
of the human body. The disease is very destructive to
trees and shrubs of various kinds. Next in order are the
alga-like fungi; these vary in form from simple masses of
protoplasm to simple or branching threads. Here belong
many of the moulds and similar forms which grow both on
other plants and on animals. The fifth and in many re-
spects the most interesting of all the groups is that con-
sisting of the lichens (cases 33 to 36). The lichens have
commonly been considered to form an independent sym-
biotic group, each lichen being supposed to consist of a
fungus and an alga living together, the one nourishing the
other, but, according to some of the more recent students
of the group, the lichens are simply fungi that live parasiti-
cally upon algae. The lichens are quite familiar to most
people as plants of more or less leathery texture growing on
rocks, on poor soil or on the trunks of trees.

A step forward brings us to the Bryophyta. These are
seedless green plants, most of which possess roots, stems, and
leaves, but have no vascular tissue (cases 37 to 48). This
group is best known through the mosses, which form its
largest division. Of somewhat simpler structure are the
hepatics or scale-mosses (cases 37 to 40). The stems and
leaves of the hepatic plant are sometimes combined into
a flat thallus-like body which creeps closely on the ground or
other objects and resembles in aspect some of the lichens.
The leaves, when present, are usually more delicate in
texture than in the true mosses and they do not have a
midvein. These differences alone enable one to distin-
guish a hepatic from its relatives by the unaided eye or at

(222 )

most by the use of a lens. In addition to these characters,
the capsule or the receptacle which bears the spores, or
reproductive bodies, usually splits into four valves when
full-grown and the spores themselves are accompanied by
spiral threads called elaters. The favorite habitat of
hepatics is wet places, and mountains continually steeped
in clouds yield a surprising variety of forms. Closely re-
lated to the hepatics, and commonly included with them,
is the group Anthocerotes; these plants may, however, be
distinguished by the presence of a central axis or column
(columella) in the capsule, and there are several other im-
portant structural differences in their tissues.

e mosses (cases 41 to 48) follow the hepatics in order
of development and complexity; they differ from them,
however, in many respects. The stem and leaves have
more differentiated tissues, and the leaves usually have a
midvein. ‘The moss capsule generally opens by a lid under
which there are commonly appendages to aid in scattering
the spores, which in this case are not accompanied by
spiral threads as they are in the hepatics. The mosses
fall into three primary groups: First the ‘‘peat-mosses”’
(Sphagnum), which differ from the rest of the mosses in
the development of the tissue-structure of the capsule and
in the spores; they grow in swamps and other wet places,
and their accumulation forms peat. The ‘‘black mosses”
(Andreaea) differ from both of the other groups in the
valvular capsule; they grow on dry rocks. The true mosses
vary exceedingly in size and aspect. An examination of
the specimens in the exhibition cases will convey to the
mind a better idea of this group than may be gained from
a description. They grow under all kinds of conditions
from dry rocks to deep water. Many of the kinds grow on
almost any kind of rock, earth, or bark of trees, while
certain ones are more particular as to their habitat. Some
will thrive only on limestone, which they often gradually
disintegrate and partially preserve in the masses of closely
set plants as a calcareous tufa; other species prefer ground

( 223 )

that has recently been burnt over, as species of Funaria
and Leptobryum, while others grow only on the bones of
dead animals or in places where animal refuse has accumu-
lated.

Next higher in the plant kingdom is the subkingdom
Pteridophyta, or ferns and fern-allies, the seedless plants
with roots, stems, leaves, and woody tissue (cases 49 to
55). The ferns as a group perhaps attract the attention
of a greater number of people than any other series of
plants. Associated with what are usually known as ferns
are the fern-allies, for example the “horse-tails” (E£gui-
setum), “lycopods” (Lycopodium), and ‘‘quillworts”
(Isoetes), but these are usually less conspicuous than the
“ferns.” Fern-plants differ from all the plants of simpler
organization in having vascular (woody) tissue, that is,
a system of vessels for conducting sap through the different
parts of the plant-body. They exhibit an almost infinite
variety of form; their stems may be underground, hori-
zontal on the ground, or erect; the leaves are either simple
or compound, and sometimes perform both the work of
foliage leaves and that of bearing the spore-cases (ferns),
while in other cases some of the leaves have become changed
into mere spore-bearing organs (cinnamon-fern).

The ‘‘flowering” plants (cases 56 to 128) comprise a
single subkingdom, the Spermatophyta, or seed-bearing
plants. This extensive group seems to have followed two
independent lines of development and consequently the
plants fall into two well marked groups, the first being
the gymnosperms, cone-bearing plants, or plants in which
the seeds are borne exposed in variously shaped cones
(cases 56 to 58). This is a comparatively small group,
but exhibits great diversity, including plants ranging from
straggling shrubs or vines to the largest trees. The leaves,
too, vary from structures resembling needles or scales to
expanded fern-like structures of considerable variety.
In a former geological age these plants were the dominant
seed-bearing plants, but now the second group of the sper-

(224 )

matophytes largely predominates; namely, the angio-
sperms, covered-seeded plants in which the seed is borne
in a seed-case. These plants also existed in the later
geological ages, and now form the most important and
conspicuous part of the vegetation of the earth. The
covered-seeded plants (cases 59 to 128) fall into two divi-
sions, the one in which the embryo has a single leaf, the
monocotyledons (cases 59 to 71); the other in which the
embryo has two leaves, the dicotyledons (cases 72 to 128).

(b) Microscope Exhibit. The exhibition microscopes
occupy small stands in the west wing of the second floor.
In front of the windows on the right as one enters the wing
are shown a few of the simplest and smallest forms of plant
life. Under the lenses of the first microscope are repre-
sentatives of the diatoms—one-celled organisms, some o
which have the power of animal-like locomotion; the
living substance of each cell is enclosed and protected by a
hard transparent glassy wall consisting of two halves,
one of which fits into the other like a band-box into its
cover. The second microscope shows attractive and
varied forms of fossil diatoms from California. Following
this are shown ‘‘sea mosses,” or “‘seaweeds,” as they are
commonly known, and closely related minute plants which
inhabit fresh water and belong to groups often referred to
in popular speech as “‘pond-scums” or ooze.” In the
natural unmagnified condition, many plants of this sort
seem quite the reverse of attractive, but when placed under
a sufficiently powerful microscope many of them reveal a
rare beauty. The ‘“‘sea mosses,”’ or “‘seaweeds,” gradually
lose much of their natural beauty of coloration on pro-
longed exposure to the light, but the prevailing elegance
and symmetry of form and structure persist.

Following the plants of the seaweed type are several
representatives of the smaller fungi. The first of these
specimens illustrates the resting spores of the parasitic
fungus that causes the well-known rust of rose leaves.
The second shows a vertical section through the cluster-cup

(225 )

stage of a fungus that draws its nourishment from the
living tissues of the leaves of violets. Of the fungi which
live upon decaying refuse matter, Ascobolus is one of the
more interesting among those selected for exhibition. In
this, the spores, or propagating cells, are borne in groups
of eight within transparent ellipsoidal sacs, and at maturity
these sacs, each enclosing eight spores, are ejected with
considerable force. Under the next microscope are shown
sections through the gills of a common mushroom, illustrat-
ing the manner in which its very minute and numerous
spores are borne.

Then follow specimens of the liverworts or scale-mosses,
plants in which the differentiation of the vegetative body
into stem and leaves becomes first clearly evident. One of
these, a Frullania, has a part of each leaf peculiarly modi-
fied so as to form a reservoir for water. By aid of this
device, the frullanias and their allies are able to thrive in
drier situations than are in favor with most of the order to
which they belong. Preparations are exhibited showing
also the vegetative structure and methods of reproduction
of the true mosses. Especially interesting is the “‘peris-
tome” of one of the mosses, which is a fringe of peculiar
appendages surrounding the mouth of the little urn in
which the minute dust-like spores are borne. These ap-
pendages move about as a result of changing conditions of
moisture and these mechanical movements assist in scat-
tering the spores. A somewhat analogous device is found
in connection with the spores of the equisetums or horse-
tails, though the appendages in this case are attached to
the spores. Near the slide illustrating this feature of the
horse-tails is one showing the spores and spore-cases of the
common polypody; the spore-case here is provided with
a sort of spring, by the action of which the spores are
violently ejected, catapult-fashion. Another preparation
shows the structure of the stem of the moonwort (Botry-
chium) as it appears in a cross section. Another illustrates
the structure of the wood of a young pine stem in cross

(226)

section and brings out clearly the anatomical basis of the
annual growth rings. And yet another shows a cross
section of the submerged stem of an aquatic plant with
its large air spaces and poorly developed strengthening
tissues.

(c) Local Flora. In this collection it is designed to
illustrate every plant-species growing naturally or without
cultivation within one hundred miles of New York City.
For the most part specimens of the plants themselves are
used, but in cases where the structure of the plants renders
this method undesirable, or impossible, a photograph or
a drawing is substituted for the plant-specimen. This
collection is displayed in swinging frames which are placed
so as to correspond in a general way to the sequence of the
cases of the synoptic collection already described; thus,
the first stand is near the first museum case as one enters
the west hall from the top of the staircase. All of the
plant groups are here represented by those members that
occur locally, and the characteristics of the several groups
as mentioned under the Synoptic Collection also apply
here.

(d) The Plant Photograph Exhibit. A series of over 200
enlarged photographs, illustrating plant societies, habit-
characters, flower-characters, and fruit-characters of the
higher plants, as well as habit and structural characters of
some of the larger algae and fungi, are displayed in frames
fastened to the walls of the systematic museum. As far
as practicable, they have been placed near the cases con-
taining representatives of the species illustrated. The
photographs are II x 14 inches in size and are mounted in
glazed frames, some frames containing 4 and others 6
photographs.

3. THE MUSEUM OF FOSSIL BOTANY

This collection, installed in the basement, is designed to
show the successive stages of evolution through which the
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the first appearance of plant life on the earth, as far as the
remains of extinct plants have been preserved. The
general arrangement adopted is therefore based upon the
sequence of the geological time divisions: Eozoic, Paleozoic,
Mesozoic and Neozoic, and their subdivisions into periods;
Laurentian, Cambrian, Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian,
Devonian, Carboniferous, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous,
Tertiary, Quaternary and Modern. This arrangement is
therefore geological, but incidentally it is also biological,
and follows the same system as that on which the synoptic
collection of the museum of systematic botany is arranged,
inasmuch as the plants of the earlier periods are low in the
scale of life, consisting of thallophytes and pteridophytes
and plants of uncertain botanical determination, while
those which appear in the successively later periods are of
successively higher and more complex types, represented
by cycads, conifers and both monocotyledonous and dicoty-
ledonous plants closely related to our living flora.

Each specimen on display, with the exception of the
very large ones, is placed upon a separate wooden block,
and each one is labeled, giving the generic and specific
name; the family, order or class of plants to which it is
referred; the geologic period and subdivision in which it
belongs, and the locality or region where it was collected.
All essential information of a botanical and geological
nature in relation to each specimen is, therefore, included
in the label. Whenever a figure of any specimen can be
obtained this is placed on the same block with the specimen,
and pictures of ideal landscapes, showing the extinct vege-
tation of certain geologic periods, as well as restoration of
certain extinct plants, are displayed in their proper cases.
The series of exhibits begins in the first cases to the left
as one enters the east hall of the basement. The sequence
of the specimens in the wall cases corresponds to that of
the floor cases.

In floor- and wall-cases Nos. 1 to 4 may be seen repre-
sentatives of Eozoic and Paleozoic Time: Laurentian,

(228)

Cambrian, Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian, Devonian and
Carboniferous Periods. In floor- and wall-case No. 1 are
specimens of graphite of eozoic age and of anthracite and
bituminous coal or carboniferous age, showing the trans-
formation of vegetable matter into the ultimate condition
of pure carbon in the form of graphite or “‘black lead”
in the oldest rocks. Other specimens in this case, classed
as algae, are of uncertain botanical relationship, as the
structure of the primitive plants was not well adapted for
preservation as fossils. For example, some organisms ap-
pear as mere filamentous strips of graphite in white lime-
stone, without any trace of the original structure remaining,
while others may be seen as casts and impressions which
closely simulate in general appearance different parts of
the seaweeds now existing. In this series of problematic
fossils are also included a number of forms at one time
definitely classed as plants but now by some assumed to
be of animal or inorganic origin; namely, Scolithus, which
may be caused by worm burrows; Phytopsis, which may
be a coral; Plumalina, which may be a hydroid; Dendro-
phycus, which may be current-markings; and Dictyolites,
which are most likely sun-cracks. All of these, however,
have at one time or another been definitely regarded as
the remains of marine plants and were originally so de-
scribed and classified.

In these cases and in wall-case No. 2 are also the remains
of the earliest fern-plants and their allies (Pteridophyta)
of Devonian and Carboniferous age, represented by
Lepidodendron, Sigillaria and Calamites, and the early
seed-bearing plants, the cone-bearers (Gymnosperms),
represented by Cordaites, with the fossils under Trigono-
carpon, Rhabdocarpon and other genera.

Floor-cases Nos. 2 and 3 and wall-case No. 3 contain
specimens of Carboniferous age, for the most part ferns or
fern-like plants, which were originally described as ferns,
but which are now placed in a different group, the Cycado-
filicales, that is, plants that had characteristics of both

( 229)

the ferns and the sago-palms, but more closely related to
the latter than to the ferns.

Floor- and wall-cases No. 4 are devoted to specimens of
Carboniferous plants in the genera Lepidodendron, Sigil-
laria and Stigmaria, in order to show the variation in the
arrangement and shape of the leaf scars and the difference
between specimens with the bark preserved and those
which have been decorticated.

Floor-case No. § contains types of early Mesozoic time:
Triassic and Jurassic Periods. ‘The plant remains in this
case are mostly sago-palms or cycads, with a few cone-
bearers and fern-plants, besides specimens of the so-called
**Glossopteris flora,” a flora of uncertain botanical relation-
ship, which flourished in the transition period between
Paleozoic and Mesozoic time, particularly in the southern
hemisphere, and may yet be represented by the living
South African genus Stangeria, a cycad having leaves with
pinnately arranged forking veins, similar to ferns.

Floor-case No. 6 encloses plant remains from the rocks
of later Mesozoic time: Lower and Middle Cretaceous
Period. These specimens represent the first appearance
of the higher-seed-bearing plants (Angiosperms), the type
which is dominant in the existing flora. The genera are
in most instances apparently identical with those now in
existence, but the species are extinct. The plants of the
Lower Cretaceous consist largely of ferns and cone-bearers,
while those of the middle Cretaceous show a preponderance
of angiosperms.

Floor-case No. 7 is arranged to show specimens of the
Middle Cretaceous flora found within the limits of the
City of New York, on Staten Island, or in the immediate
vicinity in New Jersey and on Long Island.

Floor-case No. 8 contains specimens from the Middle
Cretaceous of the western States. Those from the Dakota
Group are exceptionally fine, many of them being perfectly
preserved and showing both case and impression of the
same leaf as counterparts.

( 230 )

Floor-case No. 9 is devoted to plants of the Upper
Cretaceous (Laramie Group), and completes the vegetation
of Mesozoic time.

Floor-cases Nos. 10 to 12 and wall-case No. 5 contain
plant remains of Neozoic time. Those of the early Ter-
tiary Period (Eocene) are displayed in floor-case No. Io.
Those of the later Tertiary (Miocene) and Quaternary
Periods in floor-cases Nos. 11 and 12. The specimens in
the latter case complete the sequence of plant life on the
earth and bring it up to modern times. A number of
specimens at one end of the case show the methods of
preservation by petrifaction, incrustation and carboniza-
tion, and on the upper shelf is a series of specimens from
Oia ena) and more recent swamp deposits which show
how the conversion of living plants into fossils, a process
now going on, has its beginning.

The specimens in wall-case No. 5 further illustrate the
characteristics of the plants of the late geological periods
and the methods by which the various plant structures
have been preserved. A number of specimens of silicified
woods show the method of preservation by what is known
as petrifaction, or conversion into stone, in which the
woody structure is replaced by mineral matter. Other
specimens show preservation by incrustation, in which
mosses and the stems of reeds are coated or incrusted by
minetal matter deposited from springs; while on the upper
shelf on the top of the case are logs and stumps from old
swamps and interglacial deposits, in which the wood has
been partially carbonized, or converted into lignite, by
the slow process of natural distillation. This process
represents the beginning of the conversion of vegetable
tissue into coal.

LECTURES

Other features of the museum building include the large
public lecture hall, with a seating capacity of over seven
hundred, which occupies the western end of the basement.
It is equipped with an electric projection-lantern, and free

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public popular lectures covering a wide field of botanical
and horticultural subjects are delivered here on Saturday
afternoons from spring to autumn; these are fully illustrated
by means of a very extensive collection of lantern slides
owned by the Garden which is constantly being increased.
A noteworthy part of this collection is the series of delicately
and accurately colored slides of flowers, fruits, trees and
shrubs, by Mrs. Adelaide S. Van Brunt, from photographs
made during many years by her late husband, Cornelius
Van Brunt.

The Horticultural Society of New York holds several of
its monthly meetings at the Garden, using the large lecture
hall, and also uses the basement museum hall adjacent for
the purpose of exhibitions.

The Torrey Botanical Club holds monthly meetings from
October to May, on the afternoon of the last Wednesday of
each month, in the museum building, and many of its field
meetings on Saturday afternoons throughout the season
are held at the Garden.

THE LIBRARY

The library of the Garden is located in the center of the
upper floor of the museum building, and is available for
consultation, by permission. It has been formed by the
Board of Managers in order to provide for the use of
students, all the literature of botany, horticulture and re-
lated sciences, and is rapidly becoming one of the most
complete collections of books and pamphlets in the world
dealing with these subjects. It consists of a reading room,
circular in shape, and two stack rooms opening off from it.
The collection contains over 28,000 bound volumes.

In addition to its own books, the library has on deposit
many of the botanical works belonging to Columbia Uni-
versity and the New York Academy of Sciences.

The Cox collection of Darwiniana, named in honor of
the late Charles Finney Cox, by whom the collection was
made, consists of a complete set of the works of Darwin.

(232)

These books occupy a specially constructed cabinet which
stands near the center of the reading room.

Manuscript letters of botanists, as well as many portraits
of botanists, are also on file.

THE HERBARIUM

The herbarium consists of dried specimens of plants sys-
tematically arranged in cases; it occupies the greater portion
of several rooms on the upper floor of the museum building,
and is available for consultation by permission. It contains
prepared specimens of all kinds of plants from all quaters
of the globe, and is the most extensive and complete col-
lection of its kind in America. It comprises the Garden
herbarium and the Columbia University herbarium. The
latter is one of the oldest collections of its kind in the
United States, having been begun by Dr. John Torrey
soon after the commencementofthelastcentury. After half
a century of natural growth several large herbaria were
incorporated in it and large sets of special collections were
added to it. The Garden herbarium was begun with the
inception of the Garden. It has grown rapidly and now
far excels the Columbia herbarium in the number of speci-
mens. ‘The rapid growth of the Garden herbarium and its
importance is due to the fact that it is built up of approxi-
mately thirty different herbaria which represent plants of
all groups from all parts of the globe. To this as a basis
have been added miscellaneous collections and the first
sets of the plants secured by members of the Garden staff
while exploring in different parts of the New World and
the Old.

The great majority of specimens are mounted on her-
barium sheets, but many thousand specimens, such as
bulky fungi, fruits, seeds, and other parts of plants not
suitable for placing flat on herbarium sheets are contained
in cardboard boxes of multiple sizes.

The herbarium now comprises approximately one and
one-half million specimens. All groups of the flowerless
plants and flowering plants are copiously represented.

( 233 )
THE LABORATORIES

Laboratories and working rooms for research are pro-
vided on the upper floor of the museum building, and prop-
erly qualified students of botany are permitted to make use
of this equipment, under the direction of some member of
the staff of the Garden. The equipment is designed to meet
the needs of a very broad field of investigation including
plant chemistry, pathology, physiology and morphology.
An experimental garden and greenhouse at the nurseries
are used in connection with the laboratories. A valuable
series of old microscopes, illustrating the history and develop-
ment of that instrument, was presented by the late Mr.
Charles F. Cox.

3. The Pinetum

[COLLECTION OF CONE-BEARING TREES]

The collection of cone-bearing trees, technically known
as the Pinetum, because the pines are the most abundant
of these trees, is planted over a space of about 30 acres in
the southwestern part of the grounds, extending from the
approach to the elevated railway station southeast to the
herbaceous garden, and northeast to the museum building
and the borders of the hemlock forest. The species of trees
are grouped in genera, which are mostly separated by paths.
The planting out of these trees was commenced in 1901;
the collection will continually become more complete year
by year as additional species are secured; many of these
have to be raised from seed, and the process of establishing
a collection of conifers thus requires much time.

Commencing at the approach to the elevated railway
station we find the Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga mucronata)
planted in the space between the traffic road and the park
driveway to the left of the path leading to the conserva-
tories; this tree is a native of western North America from
the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast and is sometimes
known as red fir; in the far northwest it sometimes be-
comes 180 to 210 feet high, its trunk occasionally as much

( 234

as 3% feet in diameter, but in the Rocky Mountains it is
seldom one-half this size, and trees taken from the far
northwest do not thrive well on the Atlantic coast, owing
to the much greater rainfall which they naturally receive
there; the cones of the Douglas spruce are from 2 to 4
inches long, pendant on the branches, their scales rounded
and shorter than the bracts which project beyond them.

The hemlock spruces (Tsuga) are planted between the
approach to the elevated railway station and the power
house, and are represented by the Canadian hemlock spruce
(Tsuga canadensis), the same species which forms the inter-
esting forest on the hills bordering the Bronx River, and
indicated on the general plan of the Garden as the hemlock
grove. This tree occasionally becomes about 90 feet high,
with a trunk up to 12 feet in diameter, and is distributed
throughout northeastern North America, extending south-
ward along the mountains to Alabama, northward to Nova
Scotia and westward to Minnesota. Its bark is the most
important tanning substance in the United States and a
great many trees are annually felled to obtain it; its wood
furnishes a cheap lumber of little strength and durability.
The weeping hemlock (Tsuga canadensis pendula) is one
of the most beautiful dwarf evergreens. The Carolina hem-
lock (Tsuga caroliniana), from the mountains of southern
Virginia to Georgia, may also be seen here, as well as the
Japanese hemlock spruce (Tsuga Tsuga), to which the name
Tsuga was first applied. The hairy-twigged Japanese hem-
lock, Tsuga diverstfolia, is also here.

In the area to the westward of the conservatories,
extending to the west border, and bounded by paths on
the north and south, are the firs (Abies). These can at
once be distinguished from the spruces (Picea) by the erect,
instead of pendulous, cones, and by the smooth branchlets.
The wood of the firs is usually soft and not durable, so it
makes poor lumber. Specimens of the balsam fir will be
found here; this is widely distributed over northern North
America, and from it is obtained canada balsam or balm of

( 235 )

fir, used in the arts and in medicine. The Japanese silver
fir is an attractive plant, with its dark green stiff foliage.
Veitch’s silver fir, from Japan, and said also to occur on
the neighboring coast of Manchuria, is one of the best for
ornamental purposes. It was discovered in 1860 on the
famous Japanese mountain, Fuji-yama, by Mr. Veitch,
for whom it is named. The red fir, from Washington and
Oregon, with its blue leaves, borne almost erect and ap-
parently on but one side of the branchlets, makes a con-
spicuous object. In its native country it sometimes at-
tains a height of 250 feet. Its wood is sometimes used in
the interior finishing of buildings. Among other firs here
are: the white fir, from western North America, sometimes
growing to a height of 200 to 250 feet; the Siberian fir,
from northern Europe and Asia, yielding a soft lumber in
general use and a bark used in tanning leather; the common
silver fir, from Europe; Nordmann’s silver fir, from the
Caucasus; the Sicilian silver fir, from Asia Minor; and the
Nikko silver fir, from Japan.

The spruces (Picea) are located in the area to the north-
east of the firs. Some of the spruces are most valuable
timber trees. The oriental spruce, from Asia Minor, is
present in several specimens. One of the hardiest spruces
for our climate, and a general favorite, is the Colorado
spruce. This will be found here in the green form; also
variety glauca, variety Kostert, the blue color of the young
leaves more marked than in glauca, and a pendulous form
of variety Kosteri. It usually grows about roo feet tall
in its native country. The Norway spruce, with a number
of horticultural forms, are brought together to the west of
the group of golden bells or Forsythia near the Garden
station plaza. It is a commonly cultivated tree and
furnishes a useful timber, which is known as ‘‘white deal”’
in England, and is largely used in the manufacture of
musical instruments. ‘The resinous exudation of this tree
is known as Burgundy pitch, which, in combination with
other ingredients, is used in Europe to line beer casks.

( 236 )

Other spruces of interest here are the Yesso spruce, the
wood of which is much used in Japan; the white, or Engel-
mann’s, spruce, from western North America, the wood of
which is largely manufactured into lumber and the bark
sometimes used in tanning; the Servian spruce, one of the
largest and most valuable timber trees of Europe; and the
tiger’s-tail spruce, from Japan, introduced about forty
years ago, and one of the hardiest Asiatic species in cul-
tivation.

The space allotted to the pines (Pinus) embraces the
region to the eastward of the spruces and public conserva-
tories, range I, extending across the road to the herbaceous
grounds. Most of the pines are of great economic impor-
tance, furnishing large quantities of lumber, turpentine
and resin. Most of the white pines will be found on the
westerly ridge of the herbaceous grounds and across the
road from this to the eastward of the conservatories.
Among these is our common white pine, which is perhaps
the most valuable of the timber trees of northeastern
North America, large quantities of lumber being derived
from it. Near this is the Himalayan pine, resembling it,
but with longer drooping leaves and the cones borne on
long stalks; this sometimes attains a height of 150 feet
in its native country, where its lumber is much used for
building and other purposes. In this region will also be
found the Cembra or Swiss stone pine, of southern Europe
and northern Asia; and the Macedonian pine, of south-
eastern Europe.

In the area to the eastward of the conservatories will be
found, among others, the Corsican pine, with a hard, strong
wood ene is much used; the variegated Scotch pine, with
the young leaves variegated; and a number of plants of both
the white pine, Himalayan pine and Corsican pine.

In the region to the north of the white pine tract, and on
the westerly side of the herbaceous grounds ridge, will be
found the Tyrolese mountain pine, from the Tyrolese and
Venetian Alps, forming a group of some dozen plants; near

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( 237)

this is the Japanese red pine, and several horticultural
forms of it, from Japan. Following these to the north are
a number of plants of the Jack pine, or Banks’ pine, native
of northern North America. Its wood is sometimes used
for fuel, and was valued by the Indians for the frames of
canoes.

In the area to the eastward of the spruces are a number of
other pines. The Corean pine, one of the white pines and
a native of eastern Asia, is located next to the spruces.
Near this is the Table-mountain pine. On the high ground
to the eastward of the above is the Scotch pine, the princi-
pal timber pine of Europe and Asiatic Russia. On the
easterly slope of this higher land and on the lower ground
nearby may be found, among others, the red or Canadian
pine, from northeastern North America, the wood of which
is largely used for building purposes and for masts, piles
and spars; the small-flowered pine, another of the white
pines and from Japan, where it is frequently used by the
Japanese in producing their miniature trees; the Japanese
black pine, also from Japan and useful for its wood; the
Austrian pine, found native in Austria, Servia and Rou-
mania, and the yellow, or bull, pine, from western North
America.

In the triangle located midway between the south gate
and the conservatories, are the American cypresses (Taxo-
dium), in two species: the cypress, or bald cypress, and the
pond cypress. These, like the larches (Larix), and a few
other coniferous trees, shed their leaves for a portion of the
year. They form vast areas, in parts of the southern
states, called cypress swamps. ‘Their timber is of economic
importance and their bark is rich in tannin. None of the
true cypresses (genus Cupressus) are hardy with us.

At the northern end of the swale in which the herbaceous
grounds are located, and to the westward of the morpholog-
ic garden, is the collection of larches (Larix) and also the
members of the yew family (Taxaceae). The larches are
deciduous trees, the wood of which is of great economic

( 238 )

importance. Specimens of the European larch are here,
and also of the Japanese larch. The genus Pseudolarix,
distinguished from the larches in having the scales of the
cones decidous, is represented by its single species, the
golden or Chinese larch; this, like the true larches, is a
deciduous tree.

The yew family (Taxaceae) is represented by three
genera. Of the true yews (Taxus) there are: the American
yew, or ground hemlock; the English yew and several of its
horticultural varieties, the wood of which was highly
prized in ancient times for the manufacture of bows; and
the Japanese yew. The last is by far the best for this
climate, standing well the dry summers and cold winters;
there is a dwarf form of this known as variety nana, which
is an especially desirable evergreen for decorative planting.
The cluster-flowered yew (Cephalotaxus) is represented by
the Japanese species and one other from Corea. The
Japanese Torreya (Tumion nuciferum) represents this genus.
Another species, Tumion taxifolium, of Florida, is not
hardy in our climate; small plants of it will be found in
house 12, conservatory range I. Still other representatives
of the yew family are in houses 12 and 13 of conservatory
range I.

To the north of the economic garden will be found speci-
mens of the umbrella pine, not a true pine, however, but
belonging to the genus Sciadopitys, a native of Japan.
Another tree here is the Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria
japonica, with several horticultural varieties. This will
stand our winter climate only in sheltered situations such
as this; the forms of the variety Lobbii are more hardy and
are thenetore better suited to this climate. There is also
here a small specimen of the big tree of California, Seguioa
Washingtoniana. This climate is most uncongenial to
this noble plant which in its native country, the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevadas, attains a height sometimes of
over 300 feet.

On the westerly corner of the conservatory terrace and in

( 239 )

the immediate vicinity are located the retinisporas, which
are so commonly cultivated as decorative plants. There
are many horticultural forms here represented, but they
are all variations of two Japanese trees: the Sawara cypress
(Chamaecyparis pisifera); and the Hinoki cypress (Cham-
aecyparis obtusa). The latter species is frequently used by
the Japanese in their dwarfing process. The names borne
by the various horticultural forms have been suggested by
some peculiarity in coloring or in manner of growth.
North American species of the genus Chamaecyparis will
be found in the low ground along the south walk, not far
from the south gate.

On the easterly corner of the conservatory terrace, oppo-
site the retinisporas, is a part of the juniper, or red cedar
(Juniperus), collection. The remaining and larger portion
of this collection will be found on the easterly end of the
area lying between the driveway and the traffic-road south
of the conservatories. In these two areas will be found
many species and varieties of these plants. The common
juniper, of north temperate regions, is one of these; also
the Irish juniper, a form of this, of compact and strict habit.
The red cedar, so common in a wild state in the grounds of
the Garden, finds representatives in many horticultural
forms. The savin juniper, of Europe and northern Asia,
and its American representative, the prostrate or Waukegan
juniper, of northern North America, are both neat low-
growing sorts. The Chinese juniper, and its striking form,
of columnar habit, known as variety pyramidalis, are each
present in a number of specimens. There are still other
varities of the Chinese juniper represented here, including
Pfitzeriana, one of the best dwarf conifers.

At the westerly end of this area is the arbor vitae group
(Thuja). The species of this genus produce a durable wood
which is of especial value where there is contact with the
soil. The Japanese arbor-vitae is represented by several
specimens. The common arbor-vitae, or white cedar,
from northeastern North America, is fully represented, not

( 240 )

only by the typical form, but by many horticultural va-
rieties, some of them very decorative. The wood of this
tree is valued for fence posts, railway ties, etc., and from
its young branches fluid extracts and tinctures are made
which are used in medicine. The Chinese arbor vitae,
from China and Japan, has a number of specimens repre-
senting it and some of its horticultural forms.

The maiden-hair tree family is represented by a single
species, the maiden-hair tree, several specimens of which
may be found on the southern portion of the westerly ridge
of the herbaceous grounds. This interesting tree, with its
fan-shaped leaves, is a remarkable relic of a type of vegeta-
tion which was common and widely distributed in tertiary
geological time, but is now restricted to eastern temperate
Asia in this one species, Ginkgo biloba.

4. The Herbaceous Garden

The collection of hardy herbaceous plants is situated in a
valley southeast of the public conservatories, and between
the main driveway and the western border of the woods
fringing the hemlock grove. This valley is about 1500
feet long and averages about 300 feet wide. A small
stream runs through the valley from north to south and is
here and there broadened out into pools. The collections
are arranged in three series: (4) The systematic plantation;
(b) the morphological garden; (c) the economic garden;
the viticetum, or collection of vines, is planted at an
arbor just east of the northern part of ae valley.

(a) SysTEMATIC PLANTATION

This is located in that portion of the valley south of the
driveway crossing it, and here the plants are grouped by
natural families in botanical relationship. At the southern
end are the seedless plants, represented by the ferns and their
allies; east of the brook are the families of seed-bearing
plants belonging to the large endogenous division, or those
with parallel-veined leaves and with one seed-leaf (monocot-

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(241)

yledons). To the west of the brook are the families belong-
ing to the exogenous division of plants, or those in which the
leaves are usually net-veined and which have two seed-
leaves (dicotyledons); this latter group embraces the
larger part of the plants in the collection. Along the brook,
or in it, may be found many aquatic plants, representing in
some cases families which are exclusively water-lovers,
while in other cases they are aquatic representatives of
families occurring in the immediate vicinity in the beds.
In this plantation, the family groups are arranged sub-
stantially in a sequence beginning with those of simpler
organization and proceeding to the most complex.

The series commences in the southern corner of the valley
at the foot-path entrance, where the hardy ferns and their
allies may be found, including species from all parts of the
north temperate zone. Among these may be mentioned the
ostrich fern, the cinnamon fern, Clayton’s fern, the royal
fern, the brake or bracken, and a number of species of the
shield-ferns and of the spleen-worts. Some of the aquatic
representatives of the ferns and their allies may be found
in the pond nearby.

In this pond may also be found the following aquatic
endogenous families: the cat-tail family, the bur-reed family,
the pond-weed family, the arrow-grass family, and the
tape-grass family. At the junction of the brook with this
pond is the water-plantain family, including, besides the
water-plantain, several species of arrow-head (Sagittaria).
A little beyond, in the brook, may be found the water-
poppy family, represented by the water-poppy, a showy
plant common in tropical regions.

Following to the north comes the large group of the
grasses and grass-like plants, those whose flowers, mostly
very small, are subtended by chaffy scales or glumes.
This is represented by the grasses and the sedges, several
beds being devoted to each of these families. Some of the
more familiar grasses are: timothy, Kentucky blue-grass,
reed canary-grass, orchard grass, red-top and tall fescue-

(242)

grass, all used in making hay. Other grasses of interest
are: sweet vernal-grass, exhaling a pleasant odor when
bruised; the Japanese plume-grass, in several forms, very
ornamental; the ribbon-grass, a variegated form of the reed
canary-grass, and also ornamental; and species of many
other genera.

The sedges are represented mainly by the large genus
Carex, of which there are many species, native in the United
States, growing in swamps, meadows and woodlands.
Fraser’s sedge (Cymophyllus Fraseri), is a striking plant
from the southeastern United States, at one time one of the
rarest of plants, but rediscovered in recent years in large
quantities in the mountains of North Carolina. The
tussock sedge, common in our swamps in early spring, the
cat-tail sedge, Gray’s sedge and the fox sedge, are others
belonging to the genus Carex. ‘There are also representa-
tives of bullrushes and other sedges.

Following the sedges is the arum family, having as repre-
sentative plants, familiar to many, the skunk cabbage, the
green arrow-arum, the green dragon, the jack-in-the-pulpit,
and the sweet flag. In the brook opposite to this family
may be found the somewhat related duckweed family; the
duckweeds (Lemna) are very common, these tiny plants
sometimes occurring in such numbers as to cover the surface
of ponds and slowly moving streams. Coming now to the
spiderwort family, we have represented mainly the spider-
worts and day-flowers. In a small pool and along its
eastern edge is placed the pickerel-weed family. Here
may be found a large clump of the pickerel-weed (Ponte-
deria) which is common in swamps and along streams in
the vicinity of New York; here may also be found the
water-hyacinth, which has become such a pest in some of
the rivers of Florida and the West Indies, and the closely
related blue water-hyacinth, of more straggling habit, also
of tropical origin, planted out in summer.

The rush family occurs next in the sequence, represented,
among others, by such familiar plants as the common bog-

( 243 )

rush, the slender rush, and the common wood-rush. Fol-
lowing this come the members of the bunch-flower family,
with several species of bellworts, the turkey-beard, the
Japanese toad-lily, the fly poison, and others. Closely
related to this is the lily family; one of the beds given
over to this family is devoted to the true lilies (Lilium) in
several forms; another is set aside for the onions and their
relatives, of which there are many interesting forms, some
of them of decorative value; while another bed is given to a
miscellaneous collection of plants belonging to this family,
among which may be mentioned the day or plantain lilies,
the yellow day lilies and the lemon lilies, the true asphodel
or king’s sword, the grape-hyacinth and Adam’s needle.
Other close relatives of the lilies belong to the lily-of-the-
valley family; here may be found many familiar plants,
among them being the lily-of-the-valley (Convallaria),
the wild spikenard, the common asparagus, of such wide
use as a vegetable in the early part of the summer, and
several species of the Solomon’s-seal, both from the Old
World and the New.

The amaryllis family is shown by a number of species of
daffodils and narcissus. In the iris family, which comes
next, many species are represented. Most familiar among
these are: the common blue flag of our swamps, the yellow
flag of Europe, the German iris, the Siberian iris, the
Japanese iris and the blackberry lily. For the canna
family reference is made to the plantations at the Garden
fountain at the approach to the museum building and to
the conservatories, and for orchids to the conservatories.

Crossing the brook now by the path paralleling the drive-
way, we come to the beginning of the sequence of the large
series of plants with net-veined leaves and with two seed-
leaves (dicotyledons). This series begins with the lizard’s-
tail family, represented here in the brook by the lizard’s-tail
(Saururus), a common plant of our brooks and river borders
in the eastern United States. To the nettle family one bed
is at present given, located near a group of magnolia trees,

(244)

where may be found, among other kinds: the slender nettle,
of North America; the stinging nettle, native in Europe and
Asia, but introduced into this country; and the wood nettle,
also a North American plant; all of these secrete an oil
through the hairs covering the stem and leaves, this oil
being irritating to the skin, especially in the stinging nettle.
In the immediate neighborhood and to the right is the birth-
wort family, represented by several species of wild ginger
(Asarum), among them the common one of this region, the
short-lobed wild ginger, the root of which is of medicinal
value; another is Shuttleworth’s wild ginger, of the south-
eastern United States. To the buckwheat family there are
at present devoted three beds, forming a group to the left
of the nettle family. The docks (Rumex) are shown in
many forms, as are the knotweeds (Polygonum); the most
showy of these are the Japanese and Sakhalin knotweeds,
the latter a plant of considerable economic importance,
being used as a fodder plant, and is a native of the Sakhalin
Island; to this family also belong rhubarb, or pie-plant, and
buckwheat. Next to this and near the brook is the goose-
foot family, with several species, one of which, the lamb’s-
quarters (Chenopodium), is native of Europe and Asia, but
found as a common weed in waste places and along road-
sides in this country; its young shoots are sometimes used
asavegetable. Closely related to this, and just south of it,
is the amaranth family, represented by several species of
the pigweed, many of them among the commonest weeds
of our roadsides and waste places. Forming a series to the
right of this are: the whitlow-wort, four-o’clock, pokeweed,
carpetweed and purslane families. In the whitlow-wort
family are gnawel or German knotweed, a common weed
of fields and waste places, and the forked chickweed. In
the four-o’clock family may be found the common four-
o’clock of our gardens, a native of tropical America, its
flowers opening only on cloudy days or late in the afternoon
on clear days, whence its name; and the umbrellaworts,
from North America. In this vicinity is the Madeira-vine

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family, to which belongs the genus Basella, here represented.
The pokeweed family is represented by the common poke
or garget (Phytolacca), native of the eastern part of North
America, a plant of medicinal value and poisonous, but
its young shoots when first appearing above the ground
are sometimes used as “greens.” In the carpetweed family
are the carpetweed, from which the family derives its
name, a native of the United States and Mexico, but a
common weed in this vicinity; and representatives of the
south African fig-marigolds (Mesembryanthemum), many
of them very showy; they are not hardy in this latitude and
must be planted out every spring. In the purslane family,
among others, may be found the sunplant or common
portulaca of the gardens, a native of South America; the
small-flowered talinum, from the central United States;
and the common purslane or pusly, a pernicious weed in
many sections of the country, and often used for ‘“‘greens”’
or as a salad.

Then comes the chickweed family, with sandworts,
chickweeds and related plants. The pink family follows,
where many kinds of pinks, catchflies, and gypsophils
may be found. In the first pool, formed by the widening
of the brook, is the water-lily family; the large yellow pond
lily or spatterdock, a native of eastern North America,
may be seen here, as may also its relative, the red-disked
pond lily, from northeastern North America; the sweet-
scented water-lily, and its variety, the pink, or Cape Cod,
water-lily, also find a place here; the water-shield or water-
target is also a member of this family and a native of North
America. The tanks in the court of the public conserva-
tories contain a great many additional kinds. The horn-
wort family likewise occupies a position in this pool. The
aquatic members of the crowfoot family are grown here,
the terrestrial forms being placed in four beds to the west-
ward; one of these beds is given up entirely to the peonies
(Paeonia), of which there are a number of interesting and
handsome forms, and in the other beds may be found lark-

(246 )

spurs, columbines, buttercups, meadow-rues, anemones,
liver-leaf, and many other relatives; aconite, or monk’s-
hood, of great medicinal value, also belongs to this family.

The barberry family, which is represented by a single
bed on the ridge to the right of the crowfoot family, con-
tains, among others, the blue-cohosh and the may-apple or
mandrake (Podophyllum), natives of North America;
the twin-leaf, a native of the northeastern United States;
and of Japanese plants, the red epimedium. In the poppy
family may be found the oriental poppy, a native of Asia
Minor and Persia, and here may be seen also the cordate
Macleaya, from Japan, and the Mexican poppy, a native of
Mexico and found as a weed in many tropical and warm
temperate regions. In the fumitory family are the bleed-
ing-hearts (Bicuculla), represented by the wild bleeding-
heart from the eastern United States. The mustard family,
which comes next in the sequence, occupies two beds. To
this family belong the candy-tufts, represented here by the
evergreen candy-tuft, from southern Europe and Asia
Minor, and the alpine rock-cress, from Europe and North
America, one of the showiest flowers in early spring, its
mantle of pure white flowers making it a conspicious
object; there are many other species represented in this
group. The caper family has as representatives the showy
pedicellaria, a native of the Old World, and the clammy
weed (Polanisia), from northern North America. The
white and yellow cut-leaved mignonettes (Reseda) repre-
sent the mignonette family. Across the path to the right,
on the ridge and partly surrounding a rocky knoll, is the
bed devoted to the orpine or stonecrop family, where there
may be found many of the stonecrops (Sedum), among the
more showy and attractive being: the great purple stone-
crop, the great stonecrop, the white stonecrop, and the
mossy stonecrop, all natives of Europe and northern Asia;
the wild stonecrop from our own country; the Siberian
stonecrop and the poplar-leaved stonecrop, both from
Siberia; and a Japanese species, Siebold’s stonecrop; also

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belonging to this family are the houseleeks (Sempervivum),
of which there are many representatives, all from the Old
World, however, as these plants are not indigenous to the
New World. Many other species of this family, not hardy
in this latitude, may be found in the conservatories.
Across the path from the orpine family may be found the
three beds devoted to the saxifrage family. The heart-
leaved saxifrage, with its large, thick leaves, from Siberia,
is one of the showiest plants here, sending up its large
masses of pink flowers early in the spring, so early some-
times that they are nipped by the frost. Among other
plants here may be mentioned: the alum-root, from the
eastern United States; the two-leaved bishop’s-cap, from
the northern United States; the Japanese plant, Rodgersia;
and the shield-leaf saxifrage, from the western United
States. Menzies’ saxifrage, from western North America,
is interesting from the fact that in late summer and fall it
produces small plants at the base of the leaf-blades.

To the herbaceous members of the rose family are al-
lotted five beds, located to the left of the saxifrage family.
Many species of cinquefoils and agrimonies may be found
here; of the strawberry (Fragaria) there are several species
represented; the lady’s-mantle, from north temperate
regions, the various species of avens, the goat’s-beard, the
burnets and many others, are of ae oe value or ae in-
terest for other reasons. The roses, blackberries and rasp-
berries, also members of this oa. are shrubs, and may

e fice at the fruticetum. The mimosa family has
relatively few representatives in temperate regions, most
of its numerous members being confined to warm temperate
regions and to the tropics; many of these may be found in
the conservatories. To the senna family belong the sennas
or cassias, a showy representative being the American senna
a native of North America; this family being also largely
of warm temperate and tropical distribution, many other
species may be found in the conservatories. To the right
of the mimosa family may be found the bed devoted to the

( 248)

pea family; to this some of our most valued economic
plants belong, such as the pea, the bean and the clover; to
the pea family belong also the baptisias, the bush-clovers,
the vetches, the tick-trefoils and many other familiar plants.

Next in the order of sequence is the geranium family, to
which belong the geraniums or crane’s-bills; the plants so
often cultivated in the house under the name of geraniums,
but which are not hardy out of doors in our climate, are
really not what they are called, but are truly pelargoniums,
a closely-related group of plants belonging to the same
family; our common wild geranium or crane’s-bill may be
found, among other plants here. A little farther on, near
the brook, may be found the bed devoted to the wood-sorrel
family, often called sour-grass by children; several species
are shown here. Just to the left of the geranium family
is the flax family, to which belongs the flax plant (Linum),
from the fiber contained in the stem of which linen is made.
Beyond this is the bed for the rue family; to this belong
the common rue, of southern Europe, and the fraxinella;
this family also includes the oranges and lemons, specimens
of which may be found in the conservatories, and a very
great number of tropical trees and shrubs. To the right
of this is a small bed devoted to the milkwort family.
The spurge family is in a bed just to the left of the flax
family; the flowering spurge, from the eastern United
States, and the cypress spurge, from Europe, but sometimes
found wild in this country as an escaped plant, are both
here. Along the edge of the brook, and opposite the
spurge family, may be seen the water-starwort family, to
which belong a number of small aquatic plants. About
opposite this, and at the base of the rocky ridge to the right,
are two representatives of the box family, in the trailing
pachysandra, from North America, and its Japanese
relative, the terminal pachysandra; the true box (Buxus)
is a shrub or small tree, native of Europe, and several
races of it may be found at the fruticetum. A little
to the right of the wood-sorrel family is the jewel-weed

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family, to which belong the common balsam of the gardens,
and the plant so common along our brooks and other wet
places, and known as jewel-weed, or touch-me-not. A
little beyond this are three beds of the mallow family;
the hollyhocks belong here, as do the mallows; the crimson-
eye mallow and the swamp-rose mallow, both from North
America, are showy representatives of this family; and the
marsh mallow, a native of Europe and the Orient, is also
shown; its root is used in the manufacture of a mucilage
and for medicinal purposes.

To the right of the mallows is the bed given over to the
St. John’s-wort family. The rock-rose family comes next,
a little further on; here belong the rock-roses of Europe and
our own frost-weeds. To the right of this is the violet
family; a collection of our native species, together with
some from foreign lands, is here brought together and
many of these may be recognized as old friends. Near the
violet bed is one devoted to the loasa family. Up on the
ridge to the right, across the walk, may be found the cactus
family; relatively few of these are hardy in this climate, so
the larger part of the cactus collection must be sought in
the conservatories. Here may be found, however, several
representatives of the prickly pears (Opuntia), including
the eastern prickly pear, common in this part of the country
which is frequently found on the rocky ridges in the
vicinity of New York and occurs wild on some ledges within
the Garden reservation. Down near the brook, and not
far from the mallow family, is the loosestrife family, repre-
sented by the purple loosestrife, a native of Europe, but
introduced in many places in this country; among others
belonging to this family is the swamp loosestrife, or willow-
herb (Decodon), a clump of which may be found along the
brook opposite to the loosestrife bed. Near this, on the
edge of the brook, is located the meadow beauty, one of
the prettiest little flowers of our meadows; it belongs to
the meadow beauty family, few species of which occur in
coal regions; it is largely represented in warm temperate

(250 )

and tropical regions, and many other species may be found
in the conservatories. Buta short distance from the violet
family is the evening-primrose family; here may be found
a number of the evening primroses (Oenothera), with their
showy yellow flowers, noteworthy as the plants mainly
experimented with by Professors DeVries and MacDougal
in their studies on the origin of species. Along the brook,
not far from the loosestrife family, is the water-milfoil
family, represented by the Chilean water-milfoil or parrot’s-
feather, forming a beautiful mass of feathery green on the
surface of the water. Returning now to the ridge, a little
beyond the violet family, we find the bed allotted to the
ginseng family; here are the Indian-root, from eastern
North America, and the heart-leaved aralia from Japan.
To this family also belongs the ginseng plant, the root of
which is so much prized by the Chinese as a medicine.
Down the slope from this group may be found two beds
given over to the carrot family, which includes many
economic plants, such as the carrot, parsnip, celery and
caraway; lovage, a common European plant, is shown, and
the rattlesnake-master, from the eastern United States;
the wild carrot and the golden meadow parsnip also belong
here.

To the primrose family, located at the base of the ridge a
little beyond the carrot family, belong the primroses (Prim-
ula), many of which are natives of Europe; here we find the
common European primrose, the cowslip and others; the
moneywort, a native of Europe, but introduced into many
places in this country, sends its long creeping stem all over
the bed—this is sometimes known as creeping Charlie; the
fringed loosestrife, from North America, is also here, as is
the clethra-like loosestrife, from Japan, with its racemes of
white flowers. Between the two beds devoted to the carrot
family, and a little beyond, is the plumbago family, to
which belongs the common thrift of Europe; there are
several other thrifts here also, as well as the statices or
sea-lavenders, in several species. The bed allotted to the

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gentian family may be found a little beyond the plumbago
family; various gentians are represented, among them the
blind gentian, a native of the United States. In the brook,
just beyond the little stone bridge, may be found the buck-
bean family; here are shown the water. flake, common
in tropical regions, and the water-lily floating heart, native
in Europe and northern Asia.

Just beyond the left-hand bed devoted to the carrot
family is the dogbane family; the willow-leaved amsonia,
from the central and southeastern United States,.and the
broad-leaved amsonia, from the central and eastern United
States, are conspicuous objects here. Beyond this are
two beds of the milkweed family and among its representa-
tives are the common milkweed of our roadsides, the hairy
milkweed and the swamp milkweed; the swallowworts also
belong here and are illustrated by several species. 'n the
morning-glory family, located to the right of the above,
are the small bind-weed, of northern Europe and Asia,
sometimes a troublesome weed in this country, and the
bush morning-glory from the western United States.
Following the milkweeds is the phlox family; interesting
plants here are the Jacob’s-ladder (Polemonium), of
Europe, with its masses of blue flowers; the hairy phlox,
of North America; Brittons’ phlox, a relative of the common
ground phlox, from the southeastern United States; the
ground phlox and its white-flowered form, both natives of
the eastern United States; and forms of the garden phlox,
also from the southeastern United States. In the shade,
the natural habitat of many of these plants, is the water-
leaf family, at the base of a large rock on the ridge; there
are the purple, the broad-leaved and the Virginia water-leaf
(Hydrophyllum).

Further along and at the base of the ridge is the borage
family; the tuberous comfrey, the rough comfrey and the
common comfrey, all natives of Europe, are represented.
In the vervain family, in a small bed to the left, may be
found: the wedge-leaved fog-fruit (Lippia), from the wes-

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tern United States and Mexico and the vervains. We
now come in the sequence to the mint family, to which are
devoted six beds; among the true mints may be found here
the creeping whorled mint, the curled mint and the spear-
mint, all from the Old World. Many familiar plants may
be seen in these beds, and among them are: the false
dragon-head, of the United States; motherwort, common
in Europe and widely distributed as a weed in this country
along roadsides and in waste places; the horse-balm, of
North America, common in the east in woods; Oswego tea,
and other bergamots, natives of North America; the betony
and hyssop, of Europe; the hedge-nettles, from both the
Old World and the New; the common sage of the Medi-
terranean region, highly prized by the housewife, and
other sages; catnip, a native of Europe, but widely dis-
tributed as a weed in this country; Gill-over-the-ground,
or ground ivy, also a European plant, but extensively
spread as a weed in this country; and the dittany, of
North America.

The potato family may be found a little to the left and
just beyond the phlox family. Here may be seen the
common jimson, or Jamestown, weed, the seeds of which
are poisonous, a native of tropical regions, but a common
weed along our roadsides; the nightshade, a European
plant, but commonly distributed as an introduction in
many parts of this country, also with poisonous fruit,
tobacco plants and solanums; it is to this family that the
potato, tomato and egg-plant belong. A little beyond
and to the left of the mints are the two beds allotted to the
figwort family; of interest here are: the beard-tongues, of
which there are several species; the speedwells (Veronica),
among them the long-leaved speedwell and the gentian
speedwell; the fox-gloves (Digitalis), from one of which,
the purple fox-glove, the valuable medicine digitalin is
derived; Lyon’s snake-head from the southern states;
culver’s-root, from the southeastern United States; and
several figworts. Just beyond this may be found the

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unicorn-plant family, represented by the unicorn-plant.
A little beyond is the globularia family, presented by a
single species of globularia. To the right is the acanthus
family; not many of these plants are hardy in this latitude,
but in the conservatories many representatives may be
found, as the family is largely confined to tropical and warm
temperate areas; in this bed may be seen the hairy ruellia,
from the southeastern United States. In this neighborhood
may also be seen the lopseed family, represented by the
lopseed, a native of eastern North America.

To the right of the acanthus family is the single bed de-
voted to the plantain family; several species, such as Ru-
gel’s plantain and rib-grass, are pernicious weeds in this
neighborhood, often disfiguring an otherwise even lawn.
Just beyond the mints may be found the two beds of the
madder family; to this belongs the dainty little bluets or
innocence, which sometimes give a blue sheen to sterile,
sandy places, so abundant is it in some localities; it is quite
common in eastern North America; several species of
bedstraw (Galitum) may also be found here, while many
other plants belonging to this family are grown at the
conservatories, among them the coffee tree. A little be-
yond is the single bed of the honeysuckle family, repre-
sented by the feverworts; this family being largely composed
of woody plants, many other species, including the true
honeysuckles, may be found in the fruticetum and in the
viticetum. To the left is the valerian family with a single
bed; here may be found the valerian, a common European
plant.

Just beyond the plantain family is the teasel family. It
is to this that the teasel plant belongs, used in olden times
for raising the nap on woolen cloth. Several species of
cephalaria may be found here. Next in sequence is the
gourd family, to which belong such common fruits as the
cucumber, muskmelon, watermelon and pumpkin. The
bell-flower family is a little further on and to the left of the
teasel family; the Carpathian and Host’s bell-flowers, both

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natives of Europe, are pretty representatives here; the
creeping bell-flower, or Canterbury bells, also a native of
Europe, may be found here in several forms; the Japanese
bell-flower and its white variety are also here, their large
showy flowers making them quite conspicuous. A little
further on and to the left is the lobelia family; the cardinal
flower and the great lobelia, both natives of North America,
make showy objects; the former is particularly striking
in its rich masses of cardinal-red flowers.

To the right of the teasel family is the chicory family.
The common lettuce (Lactuca), so much used in salads, be-
longs here; many of the plants are extremely weedy by
nature, and this is particularly true of the hawkweeds, a
genus richly represented in the Old World, several species
of which are shown here; the oyster plant is also a member
of this family.

To the left of this may be found the ragweed family.
All the species here are of a weedy nature. The ragweed,
the giant ragweed and the common clot-blur find represen-
tation here. Terminating the sequence comes the very
large thistle family, represented by many species from all
parts of the world; there are nine beds at present given over
to these plants; the sunflowers, coneflowers, thistles, asters,
fleabanes, yarrows, golden-rods, tansies, sneezeweeds, bur-
docks, artemisias and wormwoods, cat’s-foot, tick-seeds,
elecampane, boneset, chrysanthemums, colt’s-foot and
many others are shown; the Jerusalem artichoke, one of the
sun-flowers, a native of eastern North America, bears edible
tubers.

HerspacEous GarDEN PERGOLA

A small, hexagonal, concrete pergola stands in a triangle
formed by three paths in the forest edge on the eastern
side of this plantation.

(b) Morruotocica, GARDEN

This is located to the north of the systematic collection,
the two collections being separated by the driveway which

(255 )

crosses the valley. It is designed to illustrate here with
typical examples the organs and other features of plants,
including leaf-forms and the various modifications of their
margins, their venation and insertion on the stem; also
the various kinds of stems, methods of propagation,
flower-clusters and fruits, leaf-movements, parasites, desert
plants and seed-dispersal. Looking north on this collec-
tion, the first bed to the right of the brook contains plants
illustrating simple leaf-forms. Immediately following this
on the same side of the brook are the plants representing the
various forms of compound leaves, or those in which there
is a distinct jointing of the leaflets to the leaf-axis. Farther
along the brook, in the pool, may be found various forms
of aquatic roots, stems and leaves; and a little beyond this
to the right is the bed containing plants illustrating forms
of propagation.

The remaining plots of this collection are located on the
left hand or westerly side of the brook. The first of these
to the right is devoted to leaf-venation, and the one to the
left to leaf-margins, the former illustrating the character
of the veins and nerves, and the latter the toothing or
lobing of the margins. Beyond this to the right is the
group of plants showing the manner of insertion of the
leaves on the stem; and to the left of this are specimens:
illustrating the various ways in which plants may form a
mosaic covering on the ground. A little beyond are the
examples of stem-forms; one bed is devoted to show the
smaller kinds, while for the larger examples, illustrating
tree-twining, root-climbing and tendril-climbing stems,
specimens have been placed to the left of this bed.

A little beyond the pool may be found the bed illustrating
flower-clusters, and still further on that devoted to para-
sitic plants, or those deriving their nourishment from the
living tissues of other plants. To the left of this and farther
up the hill is the group of plants showing leaf-positions.
Beyond and a little to the right are plants which are at
home in desert regions, and the various means of accom-

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modating themselves to their natural surroundings are
shown. Further on to the right is the bed devoted to
fruit-forms; and to the left of this, one showing various
forms of seed-dispersal; those with the surface of the fruits
covered with some sticky substance or curved appendages
or hooked hairs or spines require the intervention of some
animal for their distribution, while those with wings or
with hairs attached to the seed are spread through the
agency of the wind. To the right of the above are plants
representing a species and a variety, and to the left of this
is a bed containing plants showing species and hybrids.
Another bed in this vicinity illustrates mutations.

(c) Economic GARDEN

The collections illustrating food plants and those produc-
ing substances directly useful to man in the arts, sciences and
industries are planted at the northern end of the long
glade containing the herbaceous collections just described.
The collection is arranged in two series divided by a central
grass walk. The beds on each side are numbered consecu-
tively, the number being indicated on a wooden stake in
the center. A general sign is placed in each of the beds,
denoting what its contents are intended to represent, and
in front of each plant is a smaller label giving individual
anformation.

On the east side of a broad central grass path and the
brook are located plants used for medicine, those employed
as condiments or relishes, and a number of plants from
which the fiber is used in the manufacture of various
fabrics. The medicinal plants which grow in wet or moist
situations may be found on the easterly side of the brook.
Along the westerly border is also a collection of medicinal
shrubs and trees.

On the west side of the grass path and brook are the food
plants. Here may be found many of the common fruits
and vegetables. Along the gravel path is a collection of
shrubs and trees, containing some of the more common
plants producing edible nuts and fruits.

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In the eastern series, bed no. 1, located at the northern
end, contains plants used as condiments and relishes; here,
among others, are peppermint, spearmint, mustard, lovage,
lavender, savory, caraway, dill, coriander, basil, marjoram,
anise, balm, sage, tarragon, and horse-radish. Beds 2, 3,
4, 6, and 7 contain drug plants. In beds 2, 4, and 6 it is
the roots and rootstocks which are employed; such drugs
as valerian, Indian physic, convallaria, sanguinaria, podo-
phyllum or mandrake, inula, belladonna, pleurisy-root,
rhubarb, cimicifuga, arum, tussilago or coltsfoot, and caulo-
phyllum are here. In bed 3 among the commonly known
drugs are catnip, tansy, horehound, and stramonium, the
leaves of which furnish the active principles. In bed 7 are
plants from the herbage, seeds or flowers of which drugs are
manufactured; hops, tussilago or coltsfoot, rue, tobacco,
castor-oil, digitalis and dulcamara are some of these. Bed
5 contains plants from which fibers are obtained, such as
cotton, flax, used in the manufacture of linen, hemp, and
broom-corn, from the inflorescences of which brooms are
made. In the adjoining woodland border of shrubs and
trees are the prickly ash, barberry, witch hazel, cramp-
bark, rhamnus, frangula, euonymus, red-root, shrub yellow-
root, and hydrangea. Along the east side of the brook will
be found calamus and magnolia.

In the western series, devoted to food plants, in bed no. 1,
located at the north end of the first line of beds, are plants
the bulbs of which are useful for ood; among these are
onions, garlic, chives, and leeks. In the adjoining bed 10,
the first of the second line, are those furnishing tubers for
food, such as the sweet-potato, Irish potato, and Jerusalem
artichoke. In bed 18, the first in the third line, are plants
with fleshy roots, such as celeriac, oyster-plant, radishes,
turnips, carrots, and beets. In beds 2 and 3 it is the leaves
which are edible; familiar examples are cabbage, kale,
lettuce, Brussel’s-sprouts, collards, chicory, Chinese mus-
tard, fetticus, endives, and spinach. In bed 4 are plants,
the herbage of which is used; examples here are French

(258 )

spinach or orach, and rocket salad or roquette. It is the
stems and leaf-stalks of the plants in bed 11 which are
edible; here are asparagus, rhubarb, sea kale, kohlrabi,
cardoon, and celery. In bed 5 are cauliflower and broccoli,
the flowers being the edible portions.

Many plants furnish food in the shape of fruits. A fruit
is developed from the flower, thus differing from a vegetable
which is the edible portion of some part of a plant other
than the fruit. Beds 6 to 8, 12 to 16, and 19 to 27 contain
plants which furnish edible fruits. These divide them-
selves generally into two kinds, those in which the fruit
is more or less fleshy, such as berries, pumpkins and beans,
and those in which the seeds only furnish the food value,
such as wheat, barley and other grains. In bed 6 are the
egg-plant and okra. In bed 8 will be found peas, beans,
and fennugreek; in bed 12 the various kinds of tomatoes;
in bed 13 the different sorts of peppers; in bed 14 straw-
berries; beds 19 to 26 contain each a single kind, as follows:
crookneck squash, pumpkin, musk melon, citron, water
melon, Hubbard squash, English marrow, and cucumber.

In the group containing the grains are the four common
cereals, wheat, rye, oats and barley, all in bed 7. In bed
15 are the different kinds of sweet corn. In bed 16 are
the field corns, both flint and dent, and popcorn. In bed
27 are buckwheat, sorghum, and rape, among others.

Beds 9 and 17 contain fodder plants. Bed 9g has fodder
plants other than grasses, such as alfalfa, red, white and
crimson clovers, winter vetch, summer vetch, yellow lupine,
blue lupine, and Florida beggarweed. In bed 17 are fodder
plants of the grass family, such as teosinte, Johnson grass,
field corn, timothy, Kentucky blue- grass, red-top, and pearl
millet. In bed 28 is the sugar-cane plant, from the juice of
which sugar, one of the most important articles of food,
is made.

In the border of woody plants along the gravel walk are
such familiar fruits as the hazel-nut, black, red and white
currents, gooseberry, blackberry, black-cap, elderberry,

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chinquapin, barberry, huckleberry, and highbush blue-
berry. Along the west side of the brook will be found rice,
which furnishes the principle article of food for millions of
people, especially in the tropics of the Old World; the cran-
berry plant; taro, also an important article of food in the
tropics, largely taking the place there of the potato in
temperate climates; and water-cress.

VITICETUM

The area devoted to the plantation of hardy vines is
above the easterly side of the economic garden, where
a rough arbor has been constructed for them to climb
upon. The arrangement begins at the southerly end of the
arbor, on the left hand side, with the smilax family, to
which belong the green-briers or cat-briers. The yam
family is placed immediately opposite to the right, followed
by the mulberry family on the same side. The birthwort
family, with the dutchman’s-pipe as a representative,
follows the smilax family on the left, and opposite to this
is placed the buckwheat family, to which belong the
climbing bindweeds and brunnichia. On the left hand
side, and beyond the birchwort family, is the akebia family,
where one may find the five-leaved akebia, a native of
Japan. Following this on the same side is the moonseed
family, to which belongs the Canada moonseed. On the
opposite side of the arbor is the hydrangea family. Fol-
lowing this, also on both sides of the arbor, is the pea family,
including species of the peas and wistarias. Further on,
occupying both sides, is the staff-tree family, where may
be found the climbing bitter-sweet and other vines of this
family. Succeeding this comes the grape family, to which
belong the grapes, the Virginia creeper and the Japanese
ivy. On the right, beyond the grape family, is the ac-
tinidia family, represented by the toothed actinidia.
Then comes the trumpet-creeper family, of which the
trumpet-creeper, a native of the southeastern United
States, is a member. This family in turn is followed by

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the honeysuckle family, represented here by several species
of honeysuckle and woodbine.

5. The Fruticetum

[COLLECTION OF SHRUBS]

This plantation, occupying about 16 acres, is located to
the northward of the lakes in the rear of the museum
building, and is confined to the area lying between the
lakes,the railroad, the woodland on the east, and the north
meadows. In this collection are brought together speci-
mens of hardy woody plants which are shrubs, that is, plants
with woody stems which branch from the ground and have
no single main stem. The arrangement here parallels
that in the herbaceous grounds and in the other syste-
matic collections. The sequence begins on the southerly
side near the long stone bridge which crosses the Bronx
River, and proceeds on both sides of the path running to
the north along the edge of the woods, returning south-
ward on both sides of the path paralleling the main north
and south driveway, to the plum family, on the bank over-
looking the water garden. It then crosses to the senna
family directly opposite and overlooking the westerly lake,
proceeding northward from there across the transverse
driveway, and following the line of the path paralleling to
the westward the main north and south driveway. The
sequence then continues to the westward along the north
path, again extending southward at the Woodlawn Road
entrance, continuing on both sides of the westerly path
and terminating with the thistle family at the westerly end
of the lake near the railroad border. The families will be
referred to below in this sequence. Woody vines are grown
at the viticetum.

The pine family, represented by some of the low-growing
junipers and pines, begins the sequence to the southward of
the approach to the long bridge. The next is the willow
family, beginning across the road from the pine family;

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this group is located on both sides of the path and com-
prises many forms from various parts of the world; the
family is largely an inhabitant of temperate regions, so
many species can be grown here. The bayberry family
occurs across the driveway from the willows, occupying a
position on the bank overlooking the water garden. Here
may be found the sweet-fern, a native of eastern North
America; the sweet gale, at home in north temperate regions;
and the waxberry or bayberry, common in eastern North
America; the berries of the latter have a covering of wax,
which was separated by throwing the berries into hot
water, when the wax melted and rose to the surface, where
it was skimmed off; it is still used to some extent in making
candles. The monotypic corkwood family is represented
by the corkwood (Leitneria) of the southern United States,
which has proven to be hardy here at the foot of the terrace,
its catkins flowering early in the spring. The birch family
follows the willows on the east side of the path; here are
the hazel-nuts, the alders and the shrubby birches; the
common hazel-nut and the beaked hazel-nut, both from
North America, also the common hazel-nut or filbert of
Europe, and others; the smooth alder, common along
streams and in swamps, is also here. Following the birch
family on the same side of the path comes the beech
family; here may be found the shrubby oaks and the chin-
quapin of the southeastern United States. On the same
side of the path, a little farther along, is the elm family,
represented by the dwarf elms; most of the members of
this family are trees and may therefore be found in the
arboretum. Immediately following this is the mulberry
family, represented here by specimens of the Tartarian
mulberry.

The crowfoot family occupies a space just to the north of
the willows west of the path, and is represented by the
moutan or tree peony, from China, and the shrub yellow-
root (Xanthorrhiza), from the eastern United States; its
roots are yellow, and at one time were employed as a dye;

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there are many herbaceous members of this family at the
herbaceous grounds. The barberry family is a little farther
north on the same side of the path; many species of bar-
berries and mahonias occur here. Among the barberries
may be mentioned: the common European barberry, the
ripe fruit of which is sometimes made into preserves, and
the unripe ones pickled as a substitute for capers—its
bark is used as a dye and for tanning leather; Thunberg’s
barberry, from Japan, a desirable plant for small hedges
and for the borders of walks; the neat barberry, from the
Himalayan region, which colors a beautiful red in the fall;
and the large-toothed barberry, from Nepal; the mahonias
are represented by the erect Oregon grape, from north-
western North America; and the Japanese mahonia. The
magnolia family occurs a little back from the path, be-
tween the crowfoot and barberry families; there are here
several species of shrubby magnolias. The strawberry-
shrub family is located on the point dividing the paths,
opposite the mulberries already referred to; here may be
found several species of the strawberry-shrub, including
the hairy one which has the fragrant flowers scented like
the strawberry, the fragrant Chimonanthus, from Japan,
is a member of this family, and is known to the natives
there as karamume. A short distance to the north of the
strawberry-shrub family is the laurel family, represented
by the spice-bush (Benzoin), a native of northeastern
North America; as the different kinds of flowers, staminate
and pistillate, are borne on different plants, only those
having pistillate flowers bear the bright red berries in the
summer and autumn. In the lower land below, to the
east of the path, is the Virginia willow family, with shrubs
of the Virginia willow, a native of the southeastern United
States. Across the path from this is the hydrangea family;
here may be found the syringas, the deutzias and the hy-
drangeas, several species of each; the mock orange (Phila-
delphus), a native of Europe, indicates its presence by the
rich frangance of its flowers; the slender deutzia, from

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Japan, bears its long slender clusters of white flowers in
great profusion; the large-flowered hydrangea, a Japanese-
plant, bears a profusion of large bunches of white flowers,
which in the late summer and autumn change to a beautiful
rose color; the oak-leaved hydrangea is perhaps the oddest
member of this genus; it is native from Georgia and Florida
to Mississippi. Following the hydrangea family comes
the gooseberry family, and to this belong the currants and
gooseberries; one of the showiest is the long-flowered
golden currant, from western North America; its rich yellow
flowers give forth a delicious spicy fragrance. The witch-
hazel family is located to the north of the north path and on
the point opposite; here is thecommon witch-hazel, of eastern
North America, from which the extract of witch-hazel, or
Pond’s extract, is made, the Japanese witch-hazel, and also
a Chinese representative of this genus; the spiked cory-
lopsis, a Japanese shrub, belongs here, as do the fother-
gillas of the southeastern United States.

The rose family occupies a large area, beginning just
north of the gooseberries and currants and extending west-
ward to the main north and south driveway, and south-
ward along that as far as the first transverse path; here
belong the spiraeas, of which there are many forms, the
blackberries, the raspberries, the roses and others. Among
the spiraeas, the steeple-bush or hard-hack and the willow-
leaved meadow-sweet, or quaker-lady, are common as wild
plants in this latitude. Other interesting forms are
Thunberg’s spiraea, from Japan, and other Japanese
spiraeas. Among other plants of interest in the group
which contains the spiraeas are the Chinese pearl-bush,
a native of northern China, with its profusion of white
flowers in early summer; the Japanese rose, from Japan,
not a true rose, however, with bright yellow flowers;
another shrub from Japan, known to the natives of that
country as siro yama buki, bears large white flowers re-
sembling in appearance those of the mock orange; two
other Japanese shrubs, members of the same genus, and

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known to the natives there as kago ma utsugi and yama
doosin, respectively, the former an exceptionally graceful
and attractive plant; Neviusia, an extremely local plant,
known in a wild state only in Alabama; and the nine-bark,
of eastern North America. To the southward of the spiraea
group comes the collection of blackberries and raspberries
(Rubus) represented by many kinds; two of the showiest
are the Japanese wineberry and the purple flowering-
raspberry, the latter common in rocky woods in this part
of the country. Farther to the south is the group of the
true roses; many kinds may be found here, including the
sweet-brier, the dog-rose, or wild brier, and the red-leaved
rose, all natives of Europe; the low or pasture rose of
eastern North America; and the odd-looking Watson’s
rose, a native of Japan. Numerous herbaceous species of
the rose family are grown at the herbaceous grounds.

Following this is the apple family; to this belong the
apples and pears, many of which, being trees, may be found
inthe arboretum. Ofa shrubby habit, and therefore mem-
bers of this collection, are many of the hawthorns or thorn-
apples, the quinces, the rose-boxes, the choke-berries, the
service-berry and the shad-bush. Southward across the
driveway from these, and overlooking the easterly lake,
is the collection illustrating the plum family, to which
belong the plums, cherries, apricots and peaches. As
many of the species of this family are trees they may be
found at the arboretum. Among those represented here
are the western sand cherry, of northwestern North Amer-
ica; the three-lobed peach, a native of China, in its double-
flowered form; the dwarf peach, from Europe; and the
Russian almond, of Russia and western Asia.

Crossing the driveway to the west, the sequence is again
taken up on the ground overlooking the west lake, with the
senna family, represented by the Asiatic Judas-tree, of
China and Japan, and the American Judas-tree of the
eastern United States; in spring, before the appearance of
the leaves, these are profusely covered with pink or pur-

(265 )

plish flowers. Across the transverse driveway to the
north, and directly on the opposite side, may be found the
pea family. Here are various species of the pea-tree:
the pigmy pea-tree, from the Himalayan region; the Cham-
lagu pea-tree, from China; the common pea-tree and the
small-leaved pea-tree, both from Siberia. The white
broom, the common broom and the dense-flowered broom
all of Europe, have representatives here; of these, the
common broom, in Spain and France attains the size of a
small tree, and its wood is highly prized for veneering and
cabinet work: its branches are extensively employed for
making brooms, whence its common name. Other plants
of interest are the false indigo and the bristly locust and
Kelsey’s locust, all from the southeastern United States;
the woody bladder-senna, from Europe and the Orient;
and the scorpion senna, from southern Europe. Immed-
iately beyond is the rue family, illustrated by the shrubby
trefoil (Pielea trifoliata) of the eastern United States; the
prickly ash, from the northeastern United States, and
Bunge’s prickly ash, from China, and the anise pepper
tree, of the same genus, from China and Japan; and the tri-
foliolate orange, from Japan, which has been used as one of
the parents in the recent hybridization experiments by the
U. S. Department of Agriculture in its effort to produce a
more hardy orange; the lemon and forms of the orange may
be found in the conservatories, together with other woody
members of this family. The tanners’-tree family comes
next with a single representative from Japan. Following
this is the box family, represented by a number of forms
of the box-tree, from Europe, Asia and Japan; the wood of
the box-tree is highly prized for wood-engraving, on account
of its hardness and close fine grain, and it takes a fine pol-
ish. A few steps further on is the sumac family, to which
belongs the common poison ivy, so frequent in and around
New York City; here are the fragrant sumac, the mountain
sumac and the smooth or scarlet sumac, all from the eastern
United States; Osbeck’s sumac is a stately shrub from

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China. The European and the American smoke-trees
(Cotinus) are relatives of the sumacs; the former is some-
times called the wig-tree, on account of the flower-clusters
which become white and feathery in fruit; a dye is obtained
from it which is called young fustic.

Crossing the transverse path to the triangle, the holly
family is on the nearest point, shown by the serrate holly
and the crenate holly, both from Japan, and the American
holly; the European holly is grown in the conservatories.
The Virginia winter-berry, of the eastern United States,
bears its bright red berries far into the winter. On the
opposite corner of the triangle is the staff-tree family,
illustrated by many forms of Euonymus; the European
staff-tree, the burning-bush of the eastern United States,
the winged spindle-tree of eastern Asia and Bunge’s
spindle-tree of the Amur region are shown. Pachistima
Myrsinites, from the northwestern United States, is also
represented. Crossing the path to the north of the triangle
we come to the maple family; most of the maples are trees,
so they must be looked for in the arboretum, but here are
specimens of the Ginnala maple, from northern China and
Japan. Immediately beyond this is the bladder-nut
family, represented by species of the bladder-nut (Sta-
phylea), both from the New and the Old World. Fol-
lowing the path to the west, we come to the buckeye family,
represented here by the small-flowered buckeye, from the
southeastern United States; many of the buckeyes and
horse-chestnuts are trees, and are grown in the arboretum.
Following this is the soapberry family, with the genus
Xanthoceras, a native of China, as a representative. At
some distance from the path to the left is the buckthorn
family; the most familiar plant here is the New Jersey tea,
or red root, of eastern North America; its leaves were
formerly used as a substitute for tea; the jujube-tree, an in-
habitant of the Mediterranean region and temperate Asia,
is of this family, its edible fruit oval in shape and about
the size of a plum, with an acid taste when fresh; the

(267 )

Dahurian buckthorn, growing wild from central Asia to
the Amur region, and the purging buckthorn of Europe,
the berries of which are medicinal, are here; from the juice
of the ripe fresh berries of the purging buckthorn, mixed
with alum, is made the pigment, known as sap-green or
bladder green, used by water-color artists. Close to this
is the linden family, represented by the genus Grewia.
The mallow family, further along the path, is represented
by specimens of the rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus),
from western Asia, and often found escaped from cultiva-
tion in the eastern United States; many herbaceous repre-
sentatives of this family may be found at the herbaceous
grounds. Near the mallow family is the tea family,
represented by the mountain Stuartia, from the south-
eastern United States; other members of the tea family,
including the tea plant and the common camellia, may be
found in the conservatories. Also near the mallows may
be found the St. John’s-wort shrubs (Hypericum), with
their showy yellow flowers. Farther on, where the path
bends to the left, is the tamarix family, represented by
several species of tamarix, Old World plants. Next comes
the mezereon family, having as a representative the
leather-wood or moose-wood (Dirca), of the eastern parts
of North America; the name leather-wood refers to the
very tough inner bark; the bark is a violent emetic; the
daphnes are of this family, and here will be found the
garland-flower, the spurge flax, and the Chinese daphne.

Some distance from the path and opposite the Woodlawn
Road entrance, is the oleaster family, including several
species of oleaster, the buffalo berry and the sea-buckthorn,
a native of Europe, the berries of which are acrid and poi-
sonous; the berries of several of the species of oleaster are
edible; the buffalo berry, of northwestern North America,
is largely eaten by the Indians of that region; the berries
of the oriental oleaster, known as Trebizond dates, are
made into cakes by the Arabs, after having been dried.
Plants of the ginseng family form a group opposite the

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same entrance, some of these being quite tropical in aspect;
the Japanese angelica-tree, from Japan, is one of these,
and another is Maximowicz’s acanthopanax, also from
Japan; the variegated Chinese angelica-tree, a native of
China, is quite ornamental. Beyond this group, and on
both sides of the transverse path, is the dogwood family,
shown by many species of dogwood or cornel (Cornus),
from both the Old World and the New; the red-osier dog-
wood, the kinnikinnik and the panicled dogwood are Ameri-
can representatives; the officinal dogwood comes from
Japan and is known there as sandzaki; the dogberry,
gater-tree, or hound’s-tree, is from Europe and western
Asia; its wood is hard and is sometimes made into butchers’
skewers and tooth-picks; in France, an oil used for burning
and in soap-making is extracted from the black berries.
Benthamia Kousa, the Japanese flowering dogwood, from
China and Japan, is shown in a number of specimens; this
is related to our native flowering dogwood, Cynoxylon
floridum.

Across the path from the dogwoods, at the foot of the
steps, may be found the white-alder family. Here are
the Japanese sweet-pepper bush and the North American
sweet-pepper bushes or white-alders, their fragrant white
flowers appearing in August. The heath family is next,
represented by many forms of azaleas and rhododendrons;
the Japanese Pieris is a pretty plant, and another of a
related genus, from the southeastern United States, is called
mountain fetter-bush; the stagger-bush, of the south-
eastern United States, is also here. Following the path to
the south, we come next to the huckleberries and to the
shrubs of the storax family. On the other side of the path
is the olive family, which covers a large area, extending
along the path for a considerable distance; the olive-tree
is the type of this family, and specimens may be found at
the conservatories; in the fruticetum are several forms of
the golden-bell (Forsythia), from China; a number of the
privets, including the California privet, so much used for

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hedges; a variety of lilacs (Syringa), including the Rouen
lilac, from China, the Pekin lilac, from southern China,
the Himalayan lilac and the common lilac, a native of
eastern Europe, so frequently cultivated in gardens, and
the Foresiteras. Tothe right of the path and following the
storax family is the logania family, with species of Buddleia,
including the showy variable buddleia, from China. Fol-
lowing this is the vervain family, and some of these shrubs
are especially attractive in fruit, among them being the
purple callicarpa, from China, and the Japanese callicarpa;
most attractive is the late-flowering clerodendron, a Chi-
nese plant, whose flowers have a delicious spicy fragrance,
much like that of the sweet-pepper bush; the sepals are a
beautiful rose color, while the corolla is creamy white; it
blooms late in the summer or early fall, when flowers of
shrubs are few.

We next come to the potato family, shown here by the
matrimony vine, a native of Europe, but often found
growing wild, its purple flowers followed by bright red
berries; most of the hardy representatives of this family
are herbs, so must be sought for in the herbaceous grounds,
while many of the woody species, and some of the herbs,,
are tender, and may be found in the conservatories. The
figwort family is shown in a single representative from the
northwestern United States, Pentstemon Scouleri; many
other representatives of this family are in the herbaceous
grounds and the conservatories. The succeeding group is
the honeysuckle family, to which is allotted a large area,
there being many hardy kinds; the viburnums are repre-
sented by many species, both from the Old World and the
New, such as the cranberry-tree, from north temperate
regions, ornamental by its masses of bright red fruit; the
dwarf cranberry-tree, an exceedingly compact form, very
dense in its growth; the Chinese viburnum, from China
and Japan; Siebold’s viburnum, from Japan; the Japanese
snowball, from China and Japan; the wayfaring tree, from
Europe and Asia; and the woolly viburnum, from China and

(270 )

Japan; among American forms may be mentioned the
arrow-wood, Canby’s arrow-wood, the black haw or sloe,
the withe-rod, and the larger withe-rod with its large
bunches of showy fruit. The group of the honeysuckles
occupies a position across the path from the viburnums,
and here may be found, among others, the fragrant honey-
suckle, from China, one of the first to send forth its blos-
soms richly laden with perfume; Morrow’s honeysuckle,
from Japan, covered with coral-red fruit in late summer
and fall; Standish’s honeysuckle, from China; the narrow-
leaved Albert honeysuckle, from Turkestan; the blue fly-
honeysuckle, from north temperate regions; and the golden-
veined honeysuckle, from China and Japan, with the veins
richly marked with yellow, or sometimes the whole leaf
yellow. Across the transverse path to the south, and
overlooking the lake, may be found the weigelas, sym-
phoricarpos and the diervillas; the weigelas are illustrated
by many showy forms, flowering in early summer; the
showiest Symphoricarpos is the snowberry, native of nor-
thern North America, laden in autumn with its ivory-
white fruit, making it most attractive; the diervillas are
represented by two or three species, including the bush
honeysuckle, a native of northern North America. The
elder-berries (Sambucus) are also represented by two or three
species. The hybrid abelia will also be found here; its frag-
rant flowers are borne in great profusion during late sum-
mer and early fall; the sepals are deep red-brown and the
corolla is white, flushed with rose, making a pleasing
combination.

Following the viburnums comes the thistle family. Few
of the woody species of this family are hardy in this lati-
tude, but large numbers of the herbaceous species may be
found at the herbaceous grounds. As representatives in
the fruticetum, we have the groundsel-bush or pencil-tree
(Baccharis), a native of the southeastern United States,
bearing in the fall a profusion of white fruit, making it a
most attractive object; and some of the shrubby wormwoods
(Artemisia) of the Old World.

PINOLAMOUMY SNONCIOUC WILL NI AAIA

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Salicetum.—The area occupied by this plantation is be-
tween the main driveway and the Bronx River, north of the
fruticetum, and comprises several acres. Here are brought
together moisture-loving willows (Salix) and poplars
(Populus) as a collection apart, many species grown here
not being represented in the arboretum and fruticetum.
In the corner of the salicetum, next to the driveway, is a
group of willows, consisting, in part, of the red-stemmed
yellow willow, of horticultural origin, and the Ural purple
willow. To the east of this may be found the golden, or
yellow willow, of common occurrence in eastern North
America, and Bashford’s willow, a native of France. Along
the west bank of the Bronx River may be found the cotton-
wood, or Carolina poplar, found wild in eastern North
America; and a row of the weeping willow, a native of Asia.
At the northern end of the area devoted to this plantation
are to be found, among others, the purple willow, a native
of Europe; and the black willow, of North America. Many
other species are represented in this collection.

6. The Deciduous Arboretum

This plantation extends over much of the garden area
east of the Bronx River. The sequence of plant families
begins at the southeast corner of the grounds and continues
northward to the northern boundary, occupying the easterly
ridge and the low grounds adjacent thereto. Here hardy
trees are brought together, trees being regarded as woody
plants which have a single main stem arising from the
ground and not branching until some distance above it.
The groups will be referred to in the order of their sequence.

The first is the willow family which occupies the land
near the south border, where a collection of willows and
poplars may be found. Of these Simon’s poplar, from
China, is of rapid growth and upright habit, and more
graceful than the cottonwood or Carolina poplar; the
American aspen, a native of northern North America,
the wood of which is largely manufactured into pulp

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for the making of paper; in northern British America it is
the principal fuel of the Indians, as it burns freely when
green and without sparks; the inner bark, which is sweet,
is often used by them as a food in early spring. This tree
has been of great service in re-foresting large tracts which
have been denuded by fire; the long hairy appendages
to the seeds enable the wind to carry them far and wide,
and as they germinate quickly and the young seedlings
grow rapidly in exposed situations, it is admirably adapted
to the above purpose, quickly furnishing a covering for
the land until more desirable trees may get a foothold.
The white or silver-leaf poplar, of Europe and Asia, and
Bolle’s poplar, a variety of this with lobed leaves and quite
ornamental, are here. Another ornamental tree and one
frequently used where quick growth is desired, is the
eastern cottonwood, or Carolina poplar, common in eastern
North America. There also is the Lombardy, or Italian
poplar, from Europe and Asia, with its tall spire-like
growth. Among the willows are the white willow, from
Europe, and the weeping willow, native of Asia, a tree
commonly planted for ornamental purposes, and sometimes
known as Napoleon’s willow. An additional area to the
south, east of the long lake, is now being developed for the
willow family and the walnut family.

The walnuts and their relatives may be found in the
region to the north of the willow family and south of the
path. The narrow-winged wing-nut, from China, is here.
Of the walnuts (Juglans), the English Walnut, native from
southeastern Europe to China, produces a most desirable
nut, often called Madeira nut; the Romans introduced it
into Italy, and from that place as a center its cultivation
has spread in all directions, both in the Old World and the
New; the nuts form a common article of food in southern
Europe; in Europe and northern India an oil, called walnut-
oil, used as a substitute for olive-oil, is obtained by sub-
jecting the seed-leaves to pressure. The black walnut
and the butternut are both wild elsewhere in the Garden,

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and the former is also represented here by small trees.
The pecan-nut (Hicoria Pecan), wild in the south central
United States, is another nut of popular favor, as is also
the big shag-bark, or king-nut, of the eastern United States.
The water hickory, of the southeastern United States, and
the bitter-nut or swamp hickory, of eastern North America,
are both represented, while the common shag-bark hickory
and the pig-nut grow elsewhere in the grounds.

The birch family is located along the driveway, west
and south of the stable, where birches, alders and horn-
beams are planted; the European hornbeam is represented.
The American hornbeam is common in Bronx Park, and
the hop-hornbeam is occasional. Those desiring to study
the birches (Betula) will find several species available;
one of these is the yellow birch which grows wild in eastern
North America, and is one of our most valuable timber
trees; the wood, on account of its closeness of grain, strength
and hardness, is suitable for many purposes. Another is
the paper, or canoe, birch, of frequent occurrence in nor-
thern North America: the wood of this is preferred to that
of any other tree for the manufacture of spools, and is also
used in the manufacture of shoe-lasts and pegs; the Indians
also make use of its wood in the manufacture of sledges,
and from its tough bark they also make canoes and baskets.
The river or red birch may be seen here; it is frequent along
streams and lakes in the eastern parts of the United States;
its wood is used in the manufacture of furniture. The
black, or sweet birch is in the collection and this and the
poplar-leaved birch are wild elsewhere in the Garden.
There is also the European white birch and some of its
varieties, and the Alleghany birch and others. The alders
are present in several species: the dye alder, of Japan, which
becomes a large tree; the Japanese alder, also of Japan; the
speckled, or hoary, alder, of north temperate regions; and
the European tree alder.

The area devoted to the beech family lies to the west-
ward of that assigned to the birch family; the oaks, the

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chestnuts and the beeches belong here. The oaks (Quercus)
are represented by many species. One of these is the
pinnatifid-leaved oak, from Japan, with its odd leaves cut
into long linear lobes; it is said to be a form of the toothed
oak of Japan. Near by is the rock chestnut oak, of eastern
North America; its wood is strong and durable, especially
when in contact with the soil, and is therefore of great
value for railroad ties and fence posts, and its bark is
largely used for tanning. The mossy-cup, or bur oak, also
of eastern North America, may be found here; this was
discovered by the botanist Michaux in 1795, and is a
valuable timber tree, its wood largely used for boat-build-
ing, for the manufacture of carriages and agricultural im-
plements, for the interior finish of houses, and, on account
of its durability in contact with the soil, for railroad ties.
The red oak and the swamp white oak are natives of
eastern North America; the latter is also a good timber
tree, its wood being used for cabinet work and in various
kinds of construction. The Japanese silkworm oak forms
a part of this collection; its leaves are much like those of
the chestnut, and might easily be mistaken for them; it is
often planted in Japan in the silk districts, as its leaves are
available as food for the silkworms, whence its name; the
Japanese make charcoal from its wood, and from the bark
they extract a black dye. The post, or iron oak is a native
of the eastern United States. Here may be seen also the
sessile-flowered English oak, a native of Europe and western
Asia. The large- toothed oak, of Japan, a valued timber
tree there, is represented near by; as is also the gland-
bearing oak, another Japanese species. The shingle, or
laurel oak, of the central parts of the United States, is not
of much commercial value, as its wood checks badly in
drying; it is sometimes used in making clapboards and
shingles. Schneck’s red oak comes from the south central
parts of the United States. The Turkey oak, of south-
eastern Europe and western Asia, is valued in that region
on account of its bark which is used in tanning leather.

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Several hybrid oaks form interesting parts of the collection.
The swamp oak, the scarlet oak, the black oak and the
white oak are to be seen in large wild specimens elsewhere
in the grounds.

The chestnuts (Castanea) are represented by the Japanese
chestnut, of China and Japan. The American chestnut
was in former years common about the grounds, some of
the trees being large and of great age. The chestnut
blight has destroyed or necessitated the destruction of all
of these trees. The beeches (Fagus) are located in the
north part of the swale at the west side of the oak family
reservation. The European beech and its purple-leaved
variety may both be found here in small, recently planted
trees; there are large specimens of the purple-leaved and
weeping varieties of this south of the mansion. Small
trees of the American beech are also here, but large wild
specimens may be found along the driveways and paths in
the vicinity; the wood of the beech takes a high polish and
is largely used for furniture, while the nuts are edible.
The uses of the European beech are about the same as
those of the American.

The elm family, to which belong the elms, the hack-
berries, or sugarberries and the water-elms, is located on the
ridge to the north of the stable. Among the elms (Ulmus)
to be found here is the Scotch, or Wych elm, a native of
Europe and Siberia; the late-flowering elm, growing wild
from Tennessee to Alabama; the cork, or rock elm, of
northeastern North America; the Chinese elm, of northern
China and Japan; and the winged elm, or wahoo, of the
southeastern United States. The American elm and the
slippery elm are wild in the grounds. The hackberries
(Celtis) represented are the Georgia hackberry, the dog
hackberry, and Small’s hackberry, of the southeastern
United States; and the American nettle-tree, or sugar-
berry, of eastern North America. The water-elms are
illustrated by the pointed water-elm, a native of Japan.
The mulberry family is represented by the osage orange

276)

(Toxylon), trees of which may be found to the south of the
driveway from the long bridge; it is a native of the central
parts of the United States; and by the Russian, red and
white mulberries. The cercis-leaf family has for a repre-
sentative the cercis-leaf, of Japan, located just to the south
of the row of large tulip trees east of the Bronx River.

The magnolia collection is planted on the west and south
sides of the swale between the tworidges. Fraser’s magnolia
is one of those to be seen here; it is a native of the mountain
woods from Virginia to Florida and Mississippi. The
cucumber tree, the white-leaved Japanese magnolia, the
umbrella tree, and a number of hybrid forms are other
magnolias to be looked for here. Large specimens of the
umbrella tree and of the large-leaved umbrella tree will
be found at the north end of the herbaceous grounds, on
the west side; and still other species at the fruticetum.
The tulip-tree is shown by a row of fine wild specimens Just
to the south of the long bridge over the Bronx River, the
largest trees within the grounds of the Garden. This tree
is native of the eastern United States and yields a valuable
lumber known as yellow poplar or white-wood; the Indians
formerly made their canoes from this wood. Four parallel
rows of this tree form part of the approach to the museum
building. Related to the magnolias is the custard apple
family, represented by two specimens of the North American
papaw, which will be found at the herbaceous grounds on
the west side, near the north end; this is a native of the
eastern part of the country, from Ontario and New York
to Michigan, Nebraska, Florida and Texas. The laurel
family is represented by the sassafras, many trees of which
may be found wild in various parts of the Garden. The
sweet gum (Liquidambar), also wild in the grounds, repre-
sents the witch-hazel family.

The plane-trees are to be found just to the west of the
elms. Here are specimens of the American plane-tree;
it is a native of the eastern United States. On a knoll
nearby is a large specimen, native to the grounds, of this

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tree, which is also known as the button-wood and button-
ball, and there are many other wild trees along the Bronx
River. Specimens of the oriental plane, a native from
southeastern Europe to India, will also be found here.
This is largely planted as a shade tree in Europe, and is often
used in this country for the same purpose. The wood of
the American plane, or button-wood, is largely used in the
manufacture of boxes for tobacco, for furniture, and for the
interior finishing of houses.

The apple family and the plum family are located to the
north of the driveway leading to the long bridge. In the
apple family may be found some of the tree hawthorns and
thorns, including the Washington thorn, a native of the
southeastern United States. Following to the west are
some of the true apples (Malus), among them the Siberian
crab-apple, a native of eastern Asia; the cherry-leaved crab-
apple, presumably a natural hybrid, originally from Siberia;
the American crab-apple, from the eastern United States,
the western crab-apple, and Soulard’s crab-apple, from
the central United States. In the plum family, among
others, may be found the rose-bud cherry, a Japanese plant,
and a highly decorative species; the ordinary sweet cherry,
originally from Europe and western Asia, a delicious fruit,
of which there are many horticultural forms.

Along the path in the little swale running to the west is a
collection of the Japanese flowering cherries which are so
highly admired by the Japanese, and this admiration is
shared by all who see these specimens at the height of
their loveliness which here is about the last week in April or
the first in May. There are about one hundred trees in
the collection, the blossoms from single to double, and the
colors ranging from white to the deepest rose, and one with
the blossoms a yellowish green, quite in contrast with the
remainder. There is also in this collection a group, oc-
cupying the point dividing the paths, of the Japanese weep-
ing cherry; this blossoms two or three weeks earlier than the
others; its long drooping branches, clothed with delicate

(278 )

pink blossoms make of it a graceful and charming object

Near the eastern end of the long bridge are trees illustrat-
ing the senna family, located south of the bridge approach,
and the pea family, the true family and the mahogany
family on the north side. One of those in the senna family
is the honey-locust or three-horned acacia (Gleditsia), a
native of the southeastern United States; its durability
when in contact with the ground makes its wood of es-
pecial value for fence posts, for which purpose it is largely
used; from China and Japan comes the Japanese locust,
also represented here. Another of this family is the
Kentucky coffee-tree, in several large and small specimens.
One of the representatives of the pea family, from the
Amur region, is the Amur yellow-wood (Maackia). An-
other is the locust-tree (Robinia), a native of the south-
eastern United States, but extensively naturalized else-
where; its wood is ie and close-grained, and is very
durable when in contact with ground or with water, so the
high value in which it is held for fence posts and for ship-
building may be readily understood. The rue family
has for representatives the Japanese cork-tree (Phelloden-
dron), from Japan, and the Asiatic or Sachalin cork-tree,
from northeastern Asia. The mahogany-tree family has
a single species represented, the Chinese bastard-cedar, a
native of China; the mahogany tree itself, and other repre-
sentatives of the family, will be found at the conservatories.

On the ridge to the northeast of the apple family, and to
the west of conservatory range No. 2, are trees of the ailan-
thus family, represented by the Ailanthus, or tree-of-
heaven, a native of China, but extensively naturalized in
the eastern parts of the United States, where in some places
it has become a nuisance, both on account of its ill-smelling
staminate flowers and its habit of freely suckering from
the roots.

On the ridge to the west of conservatory range No. 2 are
representatives of the maple family. The maples (Acer) are
represented by a number of species. Perhaps the most im-

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(279)

portant of these is the sugar, or rock maple, a native of
eastern North America, and the principal tree yielding
maple sugar and syrup. The sap is usually collected from
late in February to early in April; trees from twenty to
thirty years old are considered the most productive, and a
tree will usually yield in a season from four to six pounds of
sugar, some giving less and others much more. This tree
is often planted for shade along streets and in parks, its
beautiful coloring in the fall enhancing its value for this
purpose. Its wood is largely used for making furniture,
in ship-building, for tool-handles and for shoe-lasts and
pegs. From the southeastern United States comes the
white-barked maple, also in the collection. Another tree
here is the red maple, ranging throughout eastern North
America; its wood is now used in large quantities for the
manufacture of furniture of various kinds, for gun-stocks,
etc. The striped, or goose-foot maple, sometimes known
also as moosewood, of northeastern North America, is a
pretty decorative species, especially attractive on account
of the beautiful marking of its bark. ‘The box-elder, or
ash-leaved maple, native of eastern North America, rep-
resents andther type with compound leaves. Three Old
World representatives are the common European maple,
of Europe and western Asia, the sycamore maple, from
Europe and the Orient, and the Norway maple, with a
number of varieties, also from Europe and the Orient.
The sycamore maple is a valuable timber tree in Europe;
its wood is used in the manufacture of musical instruments,
spoons and other household utensils. Farther north on this
ridge may be seen young trees of Koelreuteria, the varnish
tree, native of China.

In the buckeye family, planted north of conservatory
range 2, is the common horse-chestnut (Aesculus); for a
long time the native country of this tree was unknown,
and its home was ascribed by different authors to various
lands; it has been pretty well established now that it is
indigenous to the mountains of Greece. Another tree here

280 )

is the fetid, or Ohio buckeye, of the central United States;
its wood, as well as that of some of the other kinds of buck-
eye, is manufactured into artificial limbs, for which pur-
pose it is highly esteemed; it is also used for wooden-ware
and paper pulp. To the north of the buckeye family is
the linden family. The American linden, or basswood,
found over the eastern parts of North America, is here;
it produces a large amount of lumber under the name of
whitewood, which is used in the manufacture of wooden-
ware, furniture and carriage bodies; it is also largely used
in the manufacture of paper pulp. Another species is
the white, or silver linden of eastern Europe, and a third,
the common European linden.

Next in the sequence comes the ginseng family, repre=
sented by several species of aralia, while others will be
found at the fruticetum; many ene species of this family
may be found at the conservatories. West of these is the
ebony family, represented by the persimmon or date-plum
(Diospyros), a native of the southeastern United States;
its wood is preferred for the manufacture of shuttles;
its fruit contains tannin, which gives it its astringent
properties; this fruit, when fully ripe, is eaten in large
quantities in the southern states, and is also offered for
sale in the markets of the north. Larger trees will be
found along the driveway east of the museum.

Further down the hill, west of the persimmon group,
is a collection of the flowering dogwood, Cynoxylon
floridum, both the form with white flower bracts and that
with red; the white-flowered kind is common in the wood-
lands.

Beyond the ginseng family, on the western slope of the
hill, is the olive family, represented by many species of the
ashes (Fraxinus), some of which are useful for timber. The
common European ash is to be seen, and among the North
American representatives are the green ash; the Texas ash,
restricted to that state; the Biltmore ash, from Pennsyl-
vania to Georgia; the white ash and the red ash are com-

LISduod MOOINIH AHL NI TIVAWALVM

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(281 )

mon. Following to the north is the figwort family, repre-
sented by Paulownia, a native of Japan. Terminating
the sequence is the trumpet-creeper family, represented
by species of Catalpa; among these is the Indian bean, a
native of woods in the Gulf States, and Kaempfer’s catalpa,
from China.

7. Flower Gardens

Collections of herbaceous plants, useful for horticulture,
will be found along the west border from near the Mosholu
bridge to the Elevated Railway approach; along the path
leading from this approach to conservatory range I and
in the beds in the vicinity of this range; at the iris garden;
and at the water garden. Something of decorative value
is always to be found in these collections, from the appear-
ance of the early flowering bulbs and other harbingers of
spring to the arrival of the chrysanthemums in the fall.
The plants are plainly labeled, so that the collections may
be intelligently studied. If one is interested in establishing
a home garden, notes may be made here of such plants as
appeal to the individual, and any color scheme for any
period may be thus arranged for. It is not the purpose in
these collections to develop any special color scheme, but
to bring to the attention of the public as many different
kinds as possible of herbaceous plants which may be used
in the developing of individual ideas. Many other kinds
of herbaceous plants which may be used for decorative
purposes may be seen at the herbaceous garden.

The flower beds at conservatory range I are on the north
side in two series numbered from west to east. One series
is of seven beds, and the other is at the base of the terrace
on which the conservatory stands, paralleling it on three
sides. In these beds and in those on both sides of the path
from the Elevated Railway approach to the conservatories
are grown many kinds of bulbs, such as snowdrops, glory-
of-the-snow, squills, spring crocuses, early tulips, cottage
tulips, Darwin tulips, daffodils, poet’s narcissus, snowflakes,
lilies and fall crocuses. All bulbs have a resting period,

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their foliage disappearing at this time, leaving bare spots
in the flower garden. To avoid this, annuals, or green-
house plants raised from cuttings, are provided. These
are sown or planted in time to follow the bulbs, thus giving
a succession of flowers for the summer and fall. In addi-
tion to the bulbs there are many other kinds of herbaceous
perennials here.

Bed no. 11, located at the foot of the east terrace, is
devoted to roses. This collection was established in the
spring of 1913. ‘The bed is about 250 feet long and 8 feet
wide. ‘There are over 400 bushes, representing about 140
kinds, including hybrid perpetuals, hybrid teas, teas, baby
ramblers, moss-roses and others. ‘The two rear rows con-
tain hybrid perpetuals, and a few other kinds, the two front
rows comprising hybrid teas and teas.

The iris garden at the southwest corner of the grounds
was established in the spring of 1916. In front of a back-
ground of conifers and deciduous shrubs is a border 10 feet
wide. The rear portion of this border, with an occasional
approach to the front in places, is given over to irises, which
may be had in flower, by proper selection of kinds, from
early spring to the early part of July. The first to bloom
are some of the dwarf forms, such as Iris pumila and I.
cristata. ‘Then come those of the rhizomatous type, with
creeping rootstocks, such as Iris germanica, I. pallida, I.
Sambucina, and many others. These are followed by the
Siberian irises, and these in turn by the Japanese irises,
of which there are many beautiful color forms. If irises
alone are used, a garden of this kind is devoid of flowers
after the middle of July, and there are but few irises which
appear early in the spring. To avoid this difficulty it is
best to plant with the irises spring flowering bulbs, which
will give an abundance of color at that time of the year,
following these, as they go out of flower, with annuals,
which will carry the flowering period through the summer
and into the fall. The persistent foliage of the irises,
often of a gray green, offers a suitable background for
many annuals.

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The water garden is situated northeast of the museum
building between the lake bridge and the Bronx River.
An attractive display of hardy water-lilies, many of them
Marliac hybrids, may be seen here from June until autumn;
while the borders of the lake are planted with a variety of
water-loving herbaceous plants and shrubs.

LAKESIDE SHELTER

A concrete shelter-house stands by the path on the south-
western side of the upper lake, which lies just west of the
water garden. The southern and eastern banks of this
lake are decorated with masses of rhododendrons, mountain
laurel, and other shrubs and trees.

8. The Mansion

This large stone house, situated on the high eastern bank
of the Bronx River above the waterfall, came to the use
of the Garden with the tract of about 140 acres added by
the city to the reservation in 1915. At that time it was
much out of repair, but considerable work has since been
done upon it. The basement is used for shops for storage;
the Bronx Society of Arts and Sciences has occupied a part
of the building for several years, having museum collections
on both the first and second floors as well as the use of a
room for its Secretary; the Horticultural Society of New
York has been given office room on the second floor; some
of the laboratories of the Garden are located here; and part
of the first floor has been fitted up for board rooms.

g. Decorative Hardy Collections

Many collections of this nature will be found in various
parts of the grounds. They consist of trees and shrubs,
both deciduous and evergreen, and of herbaceous plants.

Along the driveways and paths will be found many kinds
of deciduous trees, and in the arboretum many other kinds
may be studied.

( 284 )

Groups of deciduous shrubs will also be found in many
places along the roads and paths, and in the fruticetum,
where these are arranged in families, the decorative groups
are in close proximity to the families to which they belong.
In the fruticetum will also be found a number of evergreen
shrubs. Other places where the decorative value of shrubs
may be studied are: along the west border, from the
Woodlawn Bridge south to the approach to the elevated
railroad, and at the foot of and parallelling this approach;
along the south border; and in the beds in the vicinity of
conservatory range I. Evergreen shrubs, or small trees
which may be used in the same manner as shrubs, are
divided into two groups, those with broad leaves, such as
the rhododendron, known as broad-leaved evergreens,
and those with narrow leaves, sometimes like needles,
such as pines, hemlocks, spruces, firs, and yews, known
under the general term of coniferous evergreens. The
rhododendron is one of the most popular of the broad-
leaved evergreens. Collections of rhododendrons may be
seen on the east and south banks of the upper lake, just
behind the museum building; at the west end of the
Boulder Bridge; in front of the fountain at the museum
building; and on the north side of conservatory range I.
One of the best broad-leaved evergreens for this latitude
is the Japanese holly, [lex crenata, fine examples of which
may be found at the foot of the approach to the museum
building, and others in some of the beds in the vicinity of
conservatory range 1 and at the mansion.

Coniferous evergreens, as individual specimens, may
best be studied in the pinetum. Groups of these plants,
used in a decorative way, may be found at the foot ot the
Woodlawn Bridge approach; at the fountain in front of the
museum building; at the foot of the museum approach;
at the west end of the Long Bridge; and in the beds at the
foot of the terrace at conservatory range I, and in the other
beds to the north of the same range. As examples of the
mixed planting of deciduous shrubs and of various ever-

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greens, beds nos. § to 7 at conservatory range 1 and the
border screen of the Iris garden may be cited as examples.

10. The Hemlock Forest

The forest of Canadian hemlock spruce along the Bronx
River, within the portion of Bronx Park set apart for the
New York Botanical Garden, is one of the most noteworthy
natural features of the Borough of The Bronx, and has been
characterized by a distinguished citizen as “‘the most
precious natural possession of the city of New York.”

This forest exists in the northern part of Bronx Park on
the banks of the river and their contiguous hills; its greater
area is on the western side of the stream, but it occupies a
considerable space on the eastern side above the mansion
and below the boulder bridge. The area west of the river
extends from just above this bridge down stream to a
point nearly opposite the old Lorillard snuff mill, and is
the part commonly designated “Hemlock Grove.” Its
total length along the river is approximately 3,000 feet; its
greatest width, 900 feet, is at a point on the river about
700 feet stag the waterfall at the mansion. The total
area occupied by the trees on both sides of the river is be-
tween thirty-five and forty acres.

While this area is mostly covered by the hemlock spruces,
and although they form its predominant vegetation, other
trees are by no means lacking; beech, ash, sweet birch,
red maple, hickories, oaks, dogwood, tulip-tree and other
trees occur, and their foliage protects the hemlocks from the
sun in summer to a very considerable extent; there are no
coniferous trees other than the hemlock, however, within
the forest proper. The shade is too dense for the existence
of much low vegetation, and this is also unable to grow at all
vigorously in the soil formed largely of the decaying resi-
nous hemlock leaves; it is only in open places left by the
occasional uprooting of a tree or trees by gales that we see
any considerable number of shrubs or herbaceous plants,
their seeds brought into the forest by wind or by birds. In

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fact, the floor of the forest is characteristically devoid of
vegetation, a feature shown by other forests of hemlock
situated further north. The contrast in passing from the
hemlock woods to the contiguous hardwood area which
borders them to the west and north, toward the museum
building and the herbaceous grounds, is at once apparent,
for here we see a luxuriant growth of shrubs and of herbs,
including many of our most interesting wild flowers.

11. The Gorge of the Bronx River

The gorge of the Bronx River extends from the boulder
bridge at the north end of the hemlock forest southward
for about a mile, nearly to Pelham Avenue, and is a most
beautiful and picturesque natural feature, besides being of
great geological significance. Its depth from the summits
of the hills on both sides averages nearly 75 feet, and its
sides below the foot-bridge at the mansion are nearly ver-
tical rock faces. The hills on both sides are heavily wooded
with hemlock spruces and other trees. In the upper part
of the gorge the Bronx flows slowly, being held back by the
dam forming the water-fall at the mansion, and the ele-
vation of its surface is only a few inches higher at the
boulder bridge, than it is at the fall; after plunging over the
dam, however, the river runs in its unobstructed natural
channel with all the appearance of a mountain stream,
which at high water is exceedingly beautiful.

12. North Meadows and River Woods

The Bronx River enters the northern end of the Garden
from Williamsbridge and flows as a slow stream southward
to the water-fall at the mansion, its surface being nearly
level throughout this distance. It is spanned just inside
the northern boundary of the Garden by a concrete-steel
arched bridge with granite copings, which carries the main
park driveway across it near the Newell Avenue entrance.
The entire northern end of the Garden is formed of the
flood plain of the Bronx River, consisting largely of grassy

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meadows and marshes which at average flow of the stream
are several feet above its surface, but which at flood time
are occasionally submerged for short periods, the whole
valley being a very interesting illustration of the behavior
of a small stream with a large water-shed at and about its
sources. Considerable areas of the marshy land have al-
ready been reclaimed by filling, and by the lowering of the
dam forming the water-fall at the mansion; the general
plan contemplates a much further reduction in the amount
of marshy ground, and a further lowering and deepening
of the river by dredging, in order to take off freshets with
greater rapidity. A part of this flood plain is occupied by
the plantations of willows and poplars already described,
and these will be considerably extended, but large areas of
meadow will be left in their natural condition.

South of these open meadows, the valley of the river is
much narrower and is occupied by several acres of charac-
teristic river woods, containing a considerable variety of
native trees and shrubs, extending south as far as the long
driveway bridge near the northern end of the hemlock
forest.

13. Deciduous Woodlands

The natural deciduous woodlands of the reservation are,
collectively, over 40 acres in area, mostly in the central and
southern portions of the tract, where they occupy rocky
ridges and some of the valleys between these ridges. Along
the Bronx River, from the boulder bridge north to the north
meadows, are several acres of river woods, subject to over-
flow at freshet periods. The woodlands contain many
species of native trees and a much greater number of kinds
of native shrubs and herbaceous plants; the undergrowth
is, locally, very dense. They are typical illustrations of
forests of our part of the country, and are treated and
protected as such. Dead and decrepit trees are removed
and dead branches pruned off from time to time; where
necessary, young trees are planted to replace those cut out;
the woods are patrolled to guard against forest fires. All

( 288 )

available firewood obtained is burned in the heating plants
of the smaller buildings, and the use of coal is thus reduced.
In order to keep these woodland tracts as typical illustra-
tions of eastern United States forests, no extraneous plants
have been brought into them, except in one small area on a
bank just east of the fruticetum, where many herbaceous
woodland species not native of the region have been planted.

14. Park Features

The whole plan of the development of the Garden has
been designed in such a manner as to include all the features
of a public park, and it has been carried out in close coopera-
tion with successive park commissioners and engineers of
the Borough of the Bronx. The grounds are open to the
public every day in the year without any charge whatever.
An elaborate series of driveways provides several miles of
Telford-Macadam roads, most of which are now constructed
with suitable entrances at ten points as follows:

1. Mosholu Parkway. 2. Bedford Park Avenue. 3.
Southern Boulevard. 4. IrisGarden. 5. Linnaean Bridge.
6. Mansion Approach. 7. Arboretum entrance (not yet
completed). 8. A'’lerton Avenue. 9. Bronx River Park-
way. 10. Woodlawn Road.

Paths located so as to lead to all the principal features
are included in the plan, with an aggregate length of over
fifteen miles and approximately three-fourths of this system
has already been built, and there are several miles of forest
trails.

All the roads and paths have been located so as to do no
damage to the natural features of the grounds, particular
care having been taken to save all possible standing trees
and to avoid disturbing natural slopes except in the im-
mediate neighborhood of the large buildings, where con-
siderable grading has been necessary, but even here the
study has been to adjust the new surfaces so that they shall
merge imperceptibly into the original ones. Ornamental
masonry retaining walls, made necessary by the grades of
the roadways, have been built at the Mosholu Parkway

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£61 “Id “XJ “10A

( 289 )

entrance, at the Woodlawn road entrance, and at the ap-
proach to the Elevated Railway station, and vines have
been planted at the bases of these walls which partly clothe
them with foliage. The Bronx Boulevard, bounding the
Garden to the east, is supported along part of its length
by a high rubble stone retaining wall.

The plan of the driveway and path systems called for the
construction of six bridges; three of these, first, the lake
bridge, crossing the valley of the lakes near the museum
building; second, the long bridge, which carries the drive-
way across the valley of the Bronx River north of the hem-
lock forest; and, third, the upper bridge which crosses the
Bronx River at the northern end of the Garden, have been
carried out in masonry arches from designs by Mr. John R.
Brinley, landscape engineer of the Garden. A unique boul-
der foot-bridge of five arches, just at the northern end of the
hemlock forest was built from designs by the same engineer.
The concrete-steel bridge spanning the gorge of the Bronx
below the waterfall was built by the Park Department;
and the sixth bridge in the plan is a foot-bridge, temporarily
built of wood, ultimately designed in concrete, crossing the
Bronx River in the north meadows.

The bridge dedicated to Linnaeus, which carries the Pel-
ham Parkway across the Bronx, is appropriately located
between the Botanical Garden and the Zoological Park.

The park treatment further contemplates the planting of
shade trees where these are needed along the driveways,
and much of this has been done, a great many kinds of trees
having been used, and many shrub plantations have been
set out, especially at roadway and path intersections,
utilizing considerable numbers of the same kinds of shrubs
at different points.

The drainage of the grounds has been carried out in ac-
cordance with a well-studied original plan, which provides
outlets for the surface drainage for the most part either into
the lakes or into the river, only a small portion of it being
taken into the sewers; only a small portion of the drainage
system still remains to be built.

(290 )

The water supply has also been constructed in accordance
with the general plan and the system has been extended
from year to year as the development of the grounds
proceeded.

The general planting plan includes provision for par-
tially surrounding the grounds, except at entrances, with
border screens. This planting has already been accom-
plished along the western and northern boundaries, and
partly along the southern and eastern boundaries. These
screens are composed of a very great variety of trees and
shrubs, variously grouped, and average about fifty feet in
width.

A feature of this border screen is an old-fashioned flower
border, composed of herbaceous plants in large variety,
which extends from the 200th Street, or Bedford Park
Avenue, entrance northward to the New York Central
Railway Station and thence to the Mosholu Parkway en-
trance, and there is a similar plantation at the Elevated
Railway station; here herbaceous perennials are massed in
front of a belt of flowering shrubs which in turn are backed
by the trees of the border screen, and so selected that some
of them are in bloom throughout the season. Among the
plants used in this old-fashioned flower border are daffodils,
crocuses, irises, phloxes, paeonies, rose mallows, sun-
flowers, cone-flowers, coreopsis, columbines and many
others.

Docentry

In order to provide a method for viewing the collections
under guidance, an aid leaves the front door of the Museum
Building every week-day afternoon at 3 o’clock, to escort
all who may wish to accompany him. ‘The routes are as
follows:

Monday: Hemlock Forest, Mansion, and Herbaceous
Garden. ‘Tuesday: Pinetum. Wednesday: Fruticetum
and North Meadows. Thursday: Deciduous Arboretum,
Nurseries and Propagating Houses, and Public Conserva-
tories, Range 2. Friday: Public Conservatories, Range 1.
Saturday: Museums.

Butt. N. Y. Bor. Garp. Vou. LX. Pu. 198

DOCENTRY

(291 )
Rules

I. The picking of flowers, leaves, fruits, nuts, or the break-
ing of branches of any plants, either wild or cultivated,
the uprooting of plants of any kind, the defacing of trees,
and the carrying of flowers, fruits or plants into or from the
grounds of the Garden, are prohibited, except by written
permission of the Director-in-Chief of the Garden.

2. Leaving or depositing paper, boxes, glass or rubbish of
any kind within the grounds of the Garden is forbidden.

3. Dogs are not allowed within the limits of the Garden
except in leash.

4. It is forbidden to take fish from within the Garden, or
to molest in any way squirrels, birds, snakes, frogs, toads,
turtles or any other wild animals.

5. Throwing stones or other missiles, playing ball, foot-
ball, tennis, or other game is prohibite

6. It is forbidden to offer for sale een candy, news-
papers, books, tobacco, beverages, flowers or any other
objects, without written permission from the Director-in-
Chief and the Commissioner of Parks for the Boroug
of the Bronx.

7. Boating or rafting on the ponds, lakes and streams is
forbidden.

8. Trucking, or the driving of business wagons of any
kind, is forbidden on the roads of the Garden, except on
those designated for such purposes.

g. It is forbidden to accept or solicit passengers for any
cab, carriage, or other conveyance, at any point within the
grounds of the Garden without written permission from the
Director-in-Chief of the Garden and the Commissioner of
Parks for the Borough of the Bronx.

10. Visitors are not allowed within the Garden after
eleven o’clock at night nor before six o’clock in the morning
except upon driveways and paths designated for their use
between those hours.

The Garden is also protected by all city ordinances refer-
ring to the Park System.

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(292)

EX PLANATION

Public Conservatories, Range I
Water-lily Tan

Elevated Railway Station
Power House No. 1

Bedford Park Entrance
Botanical Garden Station
Mosholu Parkway Entrance
Museum Building

. Southern Boulevard Entrance
. Herbaceous Garden
la

Pergo
. Morphological Garden
. Economic Garden
. Viticetum
. Deciduous Woodlands
. Hemlock F
. Gorge of the Bronx River
. Gorge Bridge
. Waterfall

orest

. Lakeside Shelter-house
. Fruticetum

30.
31.
32.

OF MAP

Woodlawn Road Entrance
Salicetum
North Bridge

33. Bronx River

34-
35-
36.
37-
38.
39.
40.

River Woodlands
North Meadows
Bronx River Parkway Entrance

Public Conservatories, Range 2
Allerton Avenue Entrance

41. Stable

>

-
Ke

. Propagating Houses
43.
4.
45.
46.
47.
48.
. Park Department Band Stand
50.
Si.
52.
53-
. Linnaean Bridge

. Linnaean Bridge Entrance
. Iris Garden Entrance

Nursery and Experimental Gardens
Arboretum Entrance
k

Mansion
Park Department Bar

Park Department Sho

Park Department Greenhouses
Picnic Groun

Mansion Entrance

Iris Garden

. White Pine Plantation

NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

THE

VOL. 9 No. 35

BULLETIN

OF

THE NEW YORK

BOTANICAL GARDEN

[ISSUED APRIL 10, 1917]

CONTENTS
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF FOR THE
YEAR I9I6
Report of the Assistant Director
Report of the Head Gardener .
Report of the Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium
Report of the Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses
Report of the Honorary Curator of the Collection of Fossil
Plants
Report of the Director of the Laboratories
Report of the Bibliographer
Report of the Librarian ;
Report of the ereeaeaate of Buildings and Grounds.
SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE YEAR I916
SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE ROSE GARDEN AND GARDEN EXTENSION
Funpb : :
REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PATRONS, FELLOWS, AND MEm-
BERS FOR THE YEAR I9I6
REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR I9I6

REPORT OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR

330
331

BULLETIN
The New York Botanical Garden

Vol.9 No. 35

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR-
IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR 1916

(Accepted and ordered printed, January 8, 1917)

To THE Boarp or Manacers of the New York Botanical

Garden.

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit my report as
Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the year ending
January 8, 1917.

Progress in the development of the Garden in all its de-
partments has been made during the year and its educa-
tional work has been continued. In new construction and
new planting, attention has been for the most part con-
centrated upon portions of the tract of about 140 acres
added by the city to the Garden reservation in 1915, but
minor work has been carried out in parts of the original
area. All the older plantations have been maintained and
all land previously improved has been cared for, although
‘not as critically as was desirable, on account of limited
funds for expenditure. The greenhouse collections of
living plants have been maintained and augmented, and
important additions have been made to the museum col-
lections and to the herbarium and library.

A special fund aggregating $8,400, subscribed by 108
members of the Garden, denominated the ‘‘Rose Garden
and Garden Extension Fund,” was expended in improving
areas of the additional land, for the planting of a new rose
garden, a garden for the use of the Society of American
Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists during their con-

( 294 )

vention meeting in New York in the summer of 1917, a
large iris garden, and work was commenced in planting an
extensive lilac garden. This development included the
complete or partial construction of permanent stone paths
aggregating 5,479 feet, or a little over a mile, in length,
following the general plan approved by you on November
18, 1915; work on these paths is being continued during the
winter. Other paths aggregating about 2,000 feet in
length have been partly graded.

The kinds of living plants now represented in the col-
lections aggregate approximately 14,106, this being the
largest number of kinds as yet brought together by us; of
these, about 9,250 kinds are under glass, and the remainder,
nearly 5,000 kinds, are out-of-doors. The museums and
herbarium were increased by over 40,000 specimens, mainly
by exploration and by exchanges with other institutions.
Additions to the library aggregate 415 volumes; this col-
lection now contains 27,639 volumes.

The natural features of the reservation have been guarded
against vandalism and fire and have suffered no appreciable
damage. All portions of the woodlands through which the
trails have been fenced with guard-rails in preceding years
are more beautiful and interesting than before, the under-
growth and wild flowers in these areas being more luxurious
and abundant; extension of guard-rails into other parts of
the woodlands is most desirable, but funds for this purpose
have not been available.

Saturday public lectures were given in the museum build-
ing from April 8 to November 11, to audiences averaging
114 persons. ‘The docentry system has been continued,
docents for school children and for parties of adults having
been available every week-day afternoon for visits to the
grounds, buildings, and collections. Children from the
public schools in large parties have been given nature-study
instruction by lectures and demonstrations. Advanced
students and investigators from other institutions have
had the privileges of the laboratories, experimental grounds,

(295 )

and greenhouses. The library has been used to advantage
by many visiting students and investigators. A great
amount of information was given out by correspondence
and this function of the institution is continually expanding
and requiring more of the time of the staff. Botanical
explorations resulting in important additions to the col-
lections and to knowledge were carried out in northern Cuba
and the Isle of Pines, and in southern Florida. Public
exhibitions of plants and flowers have been continued in
cooperation with the Horticultural Society of New York.

Publications of the Garden during 1916 include Volume
17 of the Journal, Nos. 33 and 34 of the Bulletin, Volume 8
of Mycologia, 5 parts of North American Flora, Volume 6 of
the Memoirs, 7 numbers of Contributions, and the first
volume of the new journal Addisonia.

Additions to permanent funds include $5,000 bequeathed
by Emil C. Bondy, added to the principal of the Endow-
ment Fund for Science and Education; the payment of 35
per cent. of the bequest of $25,000 by Maria DeWitt Jesup,
or $8,750 (10 per cent. only of this bequest remains unpaid),
added to the principal of the Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund;
and students’ fees aggregating $261, added to the principal
of the Students Research Fund. These payments total
$14,011, increasing the whole endowment to $554,009.16.
Much larger endowment is needed to enable us to take full
advantage of the opportunity for usefulness offered by the
development of the institution.

Roads and Paths

Work on the driveway commenced last year at the rose
garden site has been continued. About 200 feet of Telford
foundation was laid and about 400 feet more has been
graded. Earth for the large embankment required, where
this road crosses the valley of the long lake, has been
dumped in place in large amounts by contractors without
cost to the Garden or to the city, and only about 2,000
cubic yards more filling is now required at this point; after

(296 )

this is obtained during the winter or in the spring, this
driveway may be completed and opened for use, with
small expenditure.

Construction of paths has been continued on both sides
of the river, especially in the tract just south of the her-
baceous garden, at the rose garden site, at the iris garden,
and in the arboretum, and substantial progress has been
made. In my last annual report, I suggested the desira-
bility of competing at least a mile of additional paths during
1916; considerably more than a mile of path has been
partially completed, and stone for path foundations has
been excavated and deposited in places during the winter.
A commencement was also made on the construction of
additional paths in the arboretum.

During the season, the Park Department repaired and
resurfaced the entire driveway system, and the road sur-
faces have never before been in as fine condition as they
are at present. The process of resurfacing has marred
the grass borders of the roads in places; it is intended to
repair these by sodding in the spring. As in previous
years, the path system has been maintained by us, although
this work is referred to the Park Department by the
Garden’s charter.

None of the bridges in the road and path system have
required any repairs during the year; they are all in good
order.

Grading and Drainage

At the new rose garden site, an area of somewhat over
I acre was graded by excavation and by filling with top-soil
averaging 2 feet in thickness, over 3,000 cubic yards of
top-soil being used here, all of which was obtained in grad-
ing paths in other parts of the grounds, following the
general plan of development adopted. Considerable rock
excavation was found necessary near the western entrance
to the rose garden; this is now in progress, and the rock
will serve to build the foundations of the path system here
and of a considerable part of the path approaches. Con-

( 297 )

siderable grading was also accomplished on the path ap-
proaches to the rose garden site. In the construction of
paths south of the herbaceous garden, connecting it with
the iris garden, a large amount of grading was done, all
top-soil needed to make the new surfaces being obtained
from the location of paths. Rock excavation at the
museum building, which is still in progress, is furnishing
stone for the Telford foundations of paths in this area.
It was found necessary to rebuild a road culvert in order to
obtain satisfactory drainage of this area.

In the area east of the long lake, much grading has been
done in order to restore the original surfaces and prepare
them for planting, requiring the filling of a deep cut which
was made by a contractor some years ago for a temporary
construction railroad. Over half an acre of land has here
been thus improved.

Water Supply

During the season, at the request of the Department of
Water Supply, Gas & Electricity, the water supply of the
Garden was transferred from the 36-inch city water main
hitherto used to the 48-inch main located alongside of it,
thus obtaining considerably better pressure throughout the
system; a valve connection to permit this had been con-
structed at the time the 48-inch main was laid several years
ago.

There has been no extension of the water-pipes within the
reservation during the year; the system has required ordi-
nary repairs, including stoppage of leaks, renewal of valves,
and replacement of hose-taps.

Buildings
An unusual amount of repair and replacement proved to
be necessary for the proper maintenance of buildings, re-
quiring more than ordinary expenditure.

Museum Building
Continued trouble was experienced at several places in
the roof of the museum building, requiring the relaying of

( 298 )

the tile surface over considerable areas. Several leaks also
developed in the cornices, which damaged portions of the
interior walls, and several leaders had to be repaired. In
the eae it was found necessary to excavate a portion
of the floor and replace leaking water-pipes and steam-
pipes, for which a new trench was constructed, thus making
the pipes more accessible. One additional museum case
was constructed. There is now need for a considerable
number of additional museum and herbarium cases, for
the display and preservation of important additions to
the collections.
Power House 1

The installation of forced draft at power house 1, and
the substitution of new grates in order to burn buckwheat
coal instead of pea coal, was accomplished during the
autumn, as recommended by engineers of the City Finance
Department. This has resulted in the consumption of a
greater bulk of coal at saving in cost; the enlargement of
coal storage capacity here is necessary, because we can now
receive not more than about 200 tons of buckwheat coal
at any one time, and during severe weather this amount
is consumed in about 15 days. The coal bins need to be
about doubled in size, in order to permit deliveries of about
400 tons at a time; this would be economical, inasmuch as
coal delivered in ince quantities can be purchased cheaper
than in smaller amounts, and the safety of the greenhouse
collections must be carefully considered. It was necessary
here to replace 117 boiler tubes, a much larger number than
had been anticipated. In order to obtain somewhat greater
coal storage place than we had, a shop which occupied space
within this power house was moved into the northern
runway of the house, by constructing a roof over a portion
of this runway.

Conservatory Range 1

About one-half of the exterior roof surface of this great
greenhouse was painted during the season, and during this
work it was found necessary to replace a considerable

(299 )

number of the wooden girders. Painting of the remainder
of the roof must be continued as early in the coming spring
as possible. Some interior painting was also done at this
house, and much more is necessary during the coming year.
It was also found necessary to rebuild or replace much of
the steam-pipe installation in this greenhouse. The plant
benches here also came to be in bad condition; they were
originally built in iron with slate bottom; the iron has been
continually painted from year to year, but has rusted in
spite of this care, and the whole system of benches will
ultimately have to be rebuilt. We reconstructed the bench
on the north side of house 5 during the summer, with re-
enforced concrete, and this construction should be per-
manent. It is recommended now that all the benches be
rebuilt in concrete from time to time as they become un-
serviceable.
The Mansion

Repairs to this stone building commenced last year have
been continued, including the reconstruction of its western
porch, interior and exterior painting and carpentering, and
work on the roof. The reconstruction of the large south
room on the first floor for a lecture room adjoining the
board room, previously authorized, is in progress and it is
expected that this new lecture room will be fully equipped
within a few weeks.

The other buildings, including conservatory range 2,
power house 2, propagating houses, and all four public
comfort stations, have required ordinary repairs, which,
collectively, took up considerable of the time of our me-
chanics.

Boundary Walls and Fences

The boundary walls and fences along the property line
of Fordham University and along the Bronx Boulevard,
constructed in previous years, have not required any at-
tention during the season, but the iron work of both lines,
over 4,000 running feet, needs painting this year. Along
the Southern Boulevard boundary, from the herbaceous

( 300 )

garden south to the iris garden, a red cedar fence is in
progress of construction, posts for this fence having been set
during the autumn over a distance of about goo feet.
Part of the posts and the railings for this fence were ob-
tained from a fence built some years ago along the southern
border of the old reservation, where it is not now necessary
nor desirable; the rest of the material needed was obtained
from cedar logs, which have been saved and stacked from
time to time, and it is thus not necessary to purchase any
material; while not a permanent structure, this fence will
serve a most useful purpose in protecting the area which it
bounds; a suitable entrance has been provided south of the
herbaceous garden.

e report of the Superintendent of Buildings and
Grounds hereto appended contains additional details re-
lative to construction and maintenance.

Plants and Planting

The older plantations, including the herbaceous garden,
the economic garden, flower gardens and borders, fruti-
cetum, arboretum, aad pinetum, have been vanonsly
modified in detail; species not before represented have been
added to the collections, and some have been lost. Special
attention has been given to the trees; large additions were
made to the magnolia collection in the spring and to the
collection of poplars in the autumn, by the expenditure of a
portion of the income of the ion Innes Kane Fund.
survey of the trees of the Garden, made during the year
by the Head Gardener, shows that 621 different species
and varieties are now represented in the collections and
woodlands, not including trees grown under glass nor in-
cluding shrubs; the tree collection is thus coming to be
noteworthy, and some of the exotic species first planted
have attained considerable size. It is proposed to increase
this collection during 1917, both in the number of individual
trees and by such of the rarer kinds not yet included which
may be obtained, and also to make the various groups more

( 301 )

accessible by additional paths. The encouragement of
tree planting by example and precept is most important;
its importance, indeed, has not yet begun to be appreci-
ated; the necessity oF increasing the supply of forest
Drodiices is coming to be essential to mankind.

The greenhouse collections have been increased from
various sources, and have been carefully maintained.
Noteworthy additions were made to the representation of
cacti, especially by a fine series brought by Dr. J. N. Rose
from northern Venezuela, in continuation of the coopera-
tion in the study of this group with the Carnegie Institution
of Washington; Dr. J. A. Shafer, an experienced collector,
formerly a member of the Garden staff, has been sent to
southeastern South America to obtain representative cacti
from the deserts of Paraguay, Uruguay, and western
Argentina; the success of this expedition will certainly
make the cactus collections of the Garden the most com-
plete and important of any in existence. Noteworthy
additions to the palm collection were contributed by Mr.
P. A. B. Widener, by Mrs. F. S. Holbrook, and by Miss
Jean S. Gordon.

All greenhouse space is now fully occupied and the col-
lections in some of the houses are overcrowded. It is de-
sirable therefore that additional houses be constructed at
conservatory range 2 on the eastern side of the Garden.
This range of houses will soon become very accessible by
the opening of the White Plains Avenue extension of the
subway, with a station at Allerton Avenue, within a few
minutes’ walk.

Tris Garden

At the corner formed by the intersection of the Southern
Boulevard and Pelham Avenue, where grading and path
building were commenced in 1915, large collections of irises
were planted in the spring of 1916. The garden was
formed by a backing of evergreen trees and deciduous-
leaved shrubs, with a band of irises nearly 400 feet long,
faced by spring-flowering bulbous plants, and followed by a

(302 )

variety of annuals. Mr. T. A. Havemeyer and Messrs.
Bobbink & Atkins kindly contributed a large portion of the
iris collection here planted. The irises established them-
selves very well, and will doubtless form a very interesting
flower feature in the coming spring. It is planned to
extend this plantation northwardly along the path leading
toward the herbaceous garden, and it may also be enlarged
by planting some irises along the northern and eastern
sides of the paths. The total number of named kinds of
irises here represented is 394. Many of the plants will be
divisible at the end of next season.

Rose Garden

The plans for the new rose garden have already been
fully described and illustrated.* Progress in construction
during the year has been such as to permit the planting of
the greater part of the garden, located in a beautiful valley
south of the mansion, east of the snuff mill. The work is
in cooperation with the Horticultural Society of New York,
this society obtaining all the rose plants necessary; it is
estimated that some 4,500 rose bushes will be planted here
in April and May. Construction of the central pergola
and of the boundary fence planned for this garden has
necessarily been deferred, owing to the very high price of
iron during the year. It is hoped that special gifts of
portions of these structures will permit their erection during
1917. ‘The collections of climbing roses cannot be planted
until the pergola and the fence are built. At the western
approach to the rose garden, a series of stone steps leading
from the driveway level down to that of the garden is
required. The path system in and around the rose garden
has been so far constructed as to permit easy access to the
collection when established; construction work is going
forward here during the winter.

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 17: 111-115.

( 303 )

Convention Garden
Plans for the garden to be planted by the Society of
American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists during
the coming spring, the annual convention of this society
being held in New York in August, 1917, have also been
outlined.* An area of about 5 acres, located just south
of the herbaceous garden, has been set aside for this pur-
pose, and permanent stone paths have been partially built
through it, connecting with the herbaceous garden to the
north and with the iris garden to the south, and work on
these is also progressing during the winter. Applications
for space in this garden have already been received from a
number of nurserymen and florists, and it is expected that
this area will be the scene of great activity early in the
spring. ‘The expenses involved in planting and mainte-
nance of this garden for the season are to be met by con-

tributions from the several exhibitors.

Lilac and Paeonia Gardens

An area of about two acres just north of Pelham Parkway
and east of the mansion approach driveway has been
selected for extensive plantations of lilacs and peonies.
The planting of lilacs was commenced here in the autumn
with 57 kinds, grown in our nurseries from cuttings obtained
in 1913 by exchange with the Park Department of Roch-
ester, New York. A considerable collection of other
kinds obtained several years ago in exchange with the Buf-
falo Botanic Garden, and now planted on the eastern border
of the arboretum with the ash collection, will be trans-
ferred to the new lilac garden in the spring, and Mr. T. A.
Havemeyer has generously continued his valued coopera-
tion by promising important additions to the collection.
The lilacs will form a more or less continuous border around
the area when fully installed; a round pool which occupies
at present a portion of the space will be filled and con-
siderable additional land for planting thus secured. The

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 17: 172, 173.

( 304 )

collection of peonies, part of which is also promised by Mr.
Havemeyer, will be planted within the lilac border thus
formed, and both collections will be readily accessible by
the path system contemplated for this area in the general
plan of development.

Mansion Garden

It is planned to establish a formal flower garden on the
present lawn space just south of the mansion, to be built
as three terraces on three levels, connected by stone steps,
with a suitable path system, the borders to be hedged,
using for this purpose a number of different kinds of hedge
plants, and thus providing a demonstration of plants avail-
able for hedges. At the meeting of the Board of Managers
held November 16, 1916, authority was given the Director-
in-Chief to invite subscriptions for the construction of this
garden and for the further development of the arboretum,
and it is hoped that the necessary funds may thus be ob-
tained during 1917.

White Pine Plantation

At the suggestion of Dr. Walter B. James, and through
his kind interest, a rocky hill north of the iris garden in
the southwestern portion of the Garden was planted with
young white pines in the spring, an area of about 134
acres being thus occupied.* Dr. James obtained the kind
cooperation of the New York State Conservation Commis-
sion, and the Hon. George D. Pratt permitted us to pur-
chase 2,000 four-year-old transplanted white pines at a
nominal price. The young trees have grown remarkably
well during the year, the loss having been inconsiderable,
and while not yet conspicuous, the plantation has attracted
much interest and favorable comment. Additional grading
of the grounds accomplished here will permit the extension
of this plantation over about an additional half acre of
land, for which purpose we have some white pines in the

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 17: 152-154.

( 305 )

nursery, and it is expected that the others required may be
obtained from the same source. This demonstration of
forest planting is educationally valuable; the ridge which
it occupies was scarcely available for anything but tree
planting.

Another ridge parallel to the white pine ridge to the west,
along the Southern Boulevard, may well be given to the
establishment of a forest of another kind of tree, and it is
proposed to study this possibility and determine the most
desirable tree to be used there.

Additional data concerning plants and planting will be
found in the report of the Head Gardener hereto appended.

Museums and Herbarium

Additions to the museum and herbarium collections have
been made by exchanges with other institutions, by ex-
ploration and collecting, by purchases made possible by
the income of the Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund, and by gifts.
Details of accessions and of curatorial work will be found
in the report of the Head Curator and of the Honorary
Curators hereto appended. ‘The curatorial staff remains
unchanged. I have formerly and elsewhere alluded to the
desirability of obtaining additional museum and herbarium
cases, the collections having outgrown their present ac-
commodation, and many valuable specimens are neces-
sarily retained in storage which should be incorporated or
displayed.

Library

It is pointed out in the report of the Bibliographer hereto
appended that it is desirable that additional funds be made
available for the purchase of books. During the past
several years of rapid development of the grounds, very
little money has been expended for this purpose, and the
reference value of the collection is thus subject to deteri-
oration. It is proposed to expend the greater part of the
income of the Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund this year for the
increase of the library, but this is not sufficient to meet the

( 306 )

needs of the case, and it is hoped that some special gifts
of money may be made to enable us to fill gaps in that
collection. The increase of 415 volumes during 1916 was
mostly obtained by exchanges with other publishing in-
stitutions and by gifts. Important progress has been
made in cataloging the library. Here, as in the museums
and herbarium, additional cases are now required.

The reports of the Librarian and of the Bibliographer
hereto appended contain detailed information relative to
this collection.

Laboratories and Experimental Grounds

Investigations by students registered at the Garden have
been supervised by the Director of the Laboratories and by
other members of the staff in a considerable variety of sub-
jects, as appears from the report of the Director of the
Laboratories hereto appended. There have been 14 for-
mally registered students during the year, and a much larger
number of persons have been given privileges for short
periods of time. Two of these students have been aided
by grants from the income of the Henry Iden Fund.
Ground at the nurseries on the eastern side of the Garden
and portions of the propagating houses have been used for
experiments connected with plant breeding and plant
physiology and pathology.

The desirability of constructing an additional wing to the
museum building, in order to provide more space for mu-
seums, herbarium and laboratories, and to permit the ex-
tension of the library within the present building is most
desirable, as has been pointed out in previous reports.

Public Instruction
Saturday afternoon public lectures were continued in the
museum building, from April to November, thirty-two such
lectures being delivered, twenty-one of them by members
of the staff, eleven by other experts. The first ten of these
lectures were on horticultural topics. This lecture course

( 307 )

was aided by contributions of money by members of the
Board of Managers, as follows:

Mr. Daniel Guggenheim. ................... 1+. $200
Dr. Lewis Rutherfurd Morris ..................-. 100
Mr. Francis Lynde Stetson. ........... 200 eee eee 100
Mr. Henry W. de Forest... ............0 cee eee 50
Mr. Louis C. Tiffany ..... 0... cece ee eee 50

The contributions were credited to the Public Lecture
Fund.

Nature-study lectures and demonstrations to large
numbers of children from public schools were continued, and
special lectures were delivered to teachers. Three junior
members of the staff have acted as docents, escorting parties
of both adults and children to parts of the grounds, build-
ings, and collections on week-day afternoons, throughout
the year, whenever application has been made for such
service. Labeling of all collections has been continued.

The report of the Assistant Director hereto appended
gives details of educational work and a complete record of
publications.

Exploration

Owing to the necessity of using all available funds for
supplementing the city allowance for maintenance, major
botanical exploration has been essentially limited to ex-
peditions made possible by special gifts. One of these was
carried out by the Director-in-Chief, accompanied by Mrs.
Britton and by Mr. Percy Wilson, in northern Cuba and
the Isle of Pines;* two others were led by Dr. John K.
Small, in southern Florida, under the continued liberal
patronage of Mr. Charles Deering. The first of Dr.
Small’s trips included a botanical examination of the Cape
Sable regiont in the spring; the other, accomplished in the
autumn, was given to a continuation of investigations on
the flora of the mainland and the Florida Keys. The large

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 17: 64-71.

t See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 17: 189-202.

( 308 )

number of specimens collected during these expeditions
have greatly enriched the Garden’s collections, which are
now the most complete of any in their representation of
Floridian and Cuban plants. Large areas of Cuba are,
however, as yet, very imperfectly known botanically.
Other collecting was accomplished by Dr. Murrill, in
mycological studies in the southwestern Catskills in
August,* and in the mountains of Virginia in October. Dr.
Pennell and Mr. Wilson continued studies and collections
of the local flora within one hundred miles of New York, in
cooperation with the Torrey Botanical Club, and thus
materially increased the local herbarium.

In the autumn, Dr. J. N. Rose, of the Carnegie Institu-
tion of Washiteron, accompanied by Mrs. Rose, visited
northern Venezuela, in continuation of the cactus investi-
gations prosecuted by that institution in cooperation with
the Garden, and returned with a large number of plants
and specimens, part of which have been added to our col-
lections.

Preservation of Native Plants
The income of the Caroline and Olivia E. Phelps Stokes

Fund was used for the reproduction of paintings of three
additional wild plants needing protection, liver-leaf, blood-
root, and fringed gentian; these were published in the April,
May, and June issues of Garden Journal, with accompany-
ing accounts of the plants written by Mrs. Britton. Sep-
arate editions of these illustrations and descriptions were
also printed, and added to the nine others previously pub-
lished. The twelve reproductions have also been framed,
and the frames given to schools and located in other public
places. The distribution of this literature and of these
illustrations has called wide attention to the desirability of
protecting native plants.

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 17: 1§4, 155.

t See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 17: 55, 56; 63, 64; 81, 82.

( 309 )

Addisonia

Publication of this new magazine, founded by a bequest
of the late Judge Addison Brown (Addison Brown Fund)
for the illustration in color and the description of plants of
the United States, and of other plants flowering in the
collections of the Garden, was begun in the spring, and the
four parts forming the first volume have been issued, each
containing ten colored plates with accompanying text.
Following the conditions of the bequest, subscriptions to
Addisonia have been invited, and 220 such subscriptions
at $10 per volume have now been received. The magazine
is edited by Dr. John H. Barnhart, Bibliographer, and
Mr. George V. Nash, Head Gardener.

Investigations

Members of the administrative and curatorial staffs have
continued botanical and horticultural investigations during
such time as has been available, mostly with direct reference
to perfecting the classification of the collections. Students
and visitors, working under the direction of the staff, have
carried out researches over a considerable range of studies.
At the meeting of the Board of Managers held April 20,
the Scientific Directors submitted a statement showing that
with the present development of grounds, buildings, and
collections, additional power of expenditure would, in a
few years, if obtained, place the Garden in the position of a
botanical and horticultural university.

Women’s Auxiliary
At a meeting of the Women’s Auxiliary held at the
mansion on April 12, the following additional members
were nominated; and at the meeting of the Board of Man-
agers on April 20, were duly elected:
Mrs. Walter Jennings,
Mrs. Hamilton Fish Kean,
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey,
Mrs. Charles MacVeagh.

(310 )

The spring inspection of grounds, buildings, and collec-
tions on May 4 was successfully carried out under the
auspices of the Auxiliary.* Members of the Auxiliary
visited the Garden on the afternoon of October 26, with
members of the Corporation, to view construction work in
progress.

Administrative

A vacancy in the Board of Managers was filled in June by
the election of Mr. Adolph Lewisohn for a term expiring
in January, 1919.

Maintenance details have been largely referred to Dr.
W. A. Murrill, Assistant Director, and to Mr. R. 8. Wil-
liams, Administrative Assistant, under my immediate
supervision. I have personally supervised all new con-
struction, including paths, drainage and grading, and the
development of new plantations, which has been under the
immediate direction of Mr. Arthur J. Corbett, Superin-
tendent of Buildings and Grounds, and of Mr. John Finley,
Foreman Gardener. The immediate care of the collections
of living plants and of new planting has been in charge of
Mr. George V. Nash, Head Gardener, and the care and
increase of the museum collections has been under the di-
rection of Dr. John K. Small, Head Curator, and others of
the curatorial staff. The laboratories and experimental
grounds have been in charge of Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of
the Laboratories, and the library has been administered by
Dr. John H. Barnhart, Bibliographer, and Miss Sarah H.
Harlow, Librarian.

I have continued, during times not required adminis-
tratively, investigation of the cactus family in cooperation
with Dr. J. N. Rose, of the Carnegie Institution of Wash-
ington, and two volumes of the Monograph of the Cactaceae
to be published by that institution are now essentially com-
pleted; I have also given some time to the continuation of
my investigations on the flora of the West Indies.

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 17: 74.

(311)

Financial Considerations

The restriction in funds available for maintenance, men-
tioned in my last annual report, necessitated, as was fore-
seen a year ago, the use of practically all our income from
endowment and from membership dues to supplement the
city maintenance appropriation, leaving us little for the
increase of the collections or for educational work. The city
maintenance appropriation for 1917 has been increased over
that for 1916 by $9,597. The annual membership of the
Garden during the year has been somewhat increased, as
also the permanent funds. On the other hand, the prices
of all material and supplies have risen, and it has been
necessary to somewhat increase the remuneration of some
employees, while the need for additional employees, owing
to the improvement of additional land, will require in-
creased expenditure in order to effect satisfactory main-
tenance.

Reports Appended

Appended reports include those of the Assistant Director,
the Head Gardener, the Head Curator of the Museums
and Herbarium, the Director of the Laboratories, the
Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds, the Librarian,
the Bibliographer, the Honorary Curator of the Economic
Collections, the Honorary Curator of the Collection of
Fossil Plants, the Honorary Curator of Mosses; also a list
of subscriptions to the Rose Garden and Garden Extension
Fund, and a schedule of expenditures by the Accountant.

Respectfully submitted,
N. L. Brirron,
Director-in-Chief.
REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT DIRECTOR

Dr. N. L. Britton, Drrector-1N-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1916.

The weekly reports of the Superintendent are submitted
herewith for your files to supplement the annual reports to

(312)

follow, which include only the more important details of
maintenance for the year.

The season of 1916 was a very favorable one for herba-
ceous plants and deciduous trees. A cool, late spring was
followed by a wet summer and an unusually dry autumn.

here were no floods, but two rather severe storms de-
stroyed several trees in the woodlands.

In spite of the summer rains, there were fewer mosquitoes
here than ever before. This was due partly to the late
spring and partly to the consistent use of kerosene year
after year. The elm-leaf beetle was conspicuous by its
absence here as in other localities, its disappearance being
apparently due to natural conditions rather than to artificial
control.

Dr. Seaver noticed considerable damage from the pine-
shoot moth and other similar moths which attack the
young shoots of various species of pines. Large numbers of
infected shoots were cut and burned in order to prevent
the spread of this insect. The pine-shoot moth is com-
paratively new, having been introduced into this country
from Europe.

The rose beetle was unusually destructive to shrubs
during the past season. No remedy seems to be effective
in the control of this insect except hand-picking, which was
resorted to in the case of the more choice shrubs, especially
roses. ‘The ash borer has become so destructive that the
planting of any variety of ash for street or ornamental
purposes seems hardly justifiable until some artificial
means of controlling this insect can be worked out.

The tussock moth made an inroad on the trees near the
Elevated Railway approach, but was largely held in check
by timely spraying. It only remains to destroy during the
winter any cgg-masses that may have been formed by
moths that survived.

Publications
JOURNAL

The Journal has been published for each month during

the year, making a volume of 246 pages, with 24 plates.

(313)

Mycotocia
This periodical has appeared on alternate months during
the year, making a volume of 337 pages, with 24 plates.

Nortu AMERICAN FLora

Volume 9, part 5, containing descriptions of Agaricaceae
(pars), by W. A. Murrill, appeared June 7, 1916.

Volume 9, part 6, containing descriptions of Agaricaceae
(pars), by W. A. Murrill, and a bibliography, by J. H.
Barnhart, appeared October I0, 1916.

Volume, 9, part 7, by W. A. Murrill, containing the
various indexes necessary to the completion of the volume,
appeared October 25, 1916.

Volume 21, part I, containing descriptions of Chenopodi-
aceae, by Paul C. Standley, appeared November 27, 1916.

Volume 34, part 3, containing descriptions of Carduaceae-
Anthemideae, by P. A. Rydberg, appeared December 29,
1916.

BULLETIN

Bulletin No. 33, with 93 pages, was issued March 20,
1916. It contains the annual reports of the Director-in-
Chief and other officers for the year 1915.

Bulletin No. 34, with 114 pages, 24 plates, and one map,
was issued September 21,1916. It is a descriptive guide to
the grounds, buildings, and collections. Separates of this
number have been bound for use on the grounds.

Memoirs
Volume VI. Papers Presented at the Celebration of
the Twentieth Anniversary of The New York Botanical
Garden. viiitsg92 pp., with 43 plates, was issued August
31, 1916.
ADDISONIA
The first volume of this publication, containing 85 pages
of popular descriptions and 40 colored illustrations of
plants, appeared in four parts, issued in March, June,
September, and December.

(314)

CoNTRIBUTIONS

No. 186. Notes on Trichomanes—I. The Identity of
Trichomanes pyxidiferum L., by Margaret Slosson.

No. 187. Notes on Plants of the Southern United
States—I, by Francis W. Pennell.

No. 188. Notes on Species of Halymenia, by F. S.
Collins and M. A. Howe.

No. 189. Peruvian Mosses, by R. S. Williams.

No. 190. Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky Moun-
tain Region.—VI. Distribution of the Subalpine Plants,
by P. A. Rydberg.

No. 191. Notes on Plants of the Southern United
States—II, by Francis W. Pennell.

No. 192. Studies of West Indian Plants—VIII, by
Nathaniel Lord Britton.

Lectures
Pusiic LECTURES

Illustrated public lectures on botanical and horticultural
subjects have been given in the museum building on Satur-
day afternoons from April to the middle of November, as
outlined below. The total attendance for the year has
been 3,327, averaging 104 for each of the 32 lectures; the
maximum attendance being 205 on May 13. The first
ten lectures of this course were devoted to horticulture,
with an average attendance of 113.

April 8. “The Outlook in Horticulture,” by Professor
L. H. Bailey.

April 15. “‘How the Landscape Gardener Uses Plants,”
by Professor F. A. Waugh.

April 22. “‘The Gladiolus,” by Hon. Arthur Cowee.

April 29. “‘ Perennials,” by Mr. Maurice Fuld.

May 6. “Rock Gardens,” by Mr. Richard Rothe.

May 13. ‘‘Irises for American Gardens,” by Mr. Arthur
Herrington.

May 20. “Valuable Plants Introduced from China,” by
Mr. Frank N. Meyer.

(315 )

May 27. ‘Plant Hunting in China,” by Professor E. H.
Wilson.

June 3. ‘“‘Flowers from Snow to Snow,” by Mr. J. Otto
Thilow.

June to. ‘The Mysteries of the Flowers,” by Mr. H. W.
at

Jun “Floral Features of the American Equatorial
Belt,” i Dr. H. H. Rus

June 24. ‘Floral Features Observed ina Journey to and
from California,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby.

July 1. “Wild Flowers of Summer,” by Dr. N. L.
Britton.

July 8. “‘Botanizing in Sweden,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill.

July 15. ‘‘The State Park at Devil’s Lake, Wisconsin,”
by Dr. A. B. Stout.

July 22. ‘“‘The Plant Life of the Sea,” by Dr. M. A.

owe.

July 29. ‘‘Popular Books on Botany,” by Dr. J. H.
Barnhart.

August 5. ‘“‘Destructive Insects,” by Dr. F. J. Seaver.

August 12. “The Summer Flower Garden,” by Mr. G.
V. Nash.

August 19. ‘‘Among the Cafions and Deserts of South-
eastern Utah,” by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.

August 26. “From the Colorado Foothills to Yellow-
stone Park,” by Dr. F. W. Pennell.

September 2. ‘“‘Plants of the Danish Islands, St. Croix,
St. Thomas, and St. John,” by Dr. N. L. Britton.

September 9. ‘“‘Across Mexico from Vera Cruz to
Colima,” by Dr. W. A. Murrill.

September 16. ‘‘Farming in the Middle West,” by Dr.
G. C. Fisher.

September 23. “‘Through the Mountains of Utah and
Colorado,” by Dr. F. W. Pennell.

September 30. ‘‘Flowers for Fall Planting,” by Mr. G.
V. Nash.

October 7. ‘Botanical Cruises in the Bahamas,” by Dr.
M. A. Howe.

(316)

October 14. ‘‘Destructive Fungi,” by Dr. F. J. Seaver.

October 21. ‘‘Autumn Coloration,” by Dr. A. B. Stout.

October 28. ‘The Potato Family,” by Dr. H. H. Rusby.

November 4. ‘‘The New York Botanical Garden,” by
Dr. N. L. Britton.

November ir. ‘Planning Next Year’s Flower Garden,”
by Mr. G. V. Nash.

DocENTRY

Over 1,800 visitors, including classes from public and
private schools, have availed themselves during the year of
the privilege of viewing the buildings and grounds under
the guidance of Mr. Percy Wilson, Mr. R. S. Williams, and
Mr. H. W. Becker.

Nature Stupy

The usual nature-study lectures, with accompanying dem-
onstrations, for pupils of the 4B and 5B grades of the
Public Schools of the Bronx, were given in the lecture hall
of the Museum Building of the Garden during May. The
course included six lectures, by Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. H. H.
Rusby, Dr. M. A. Howe, Mr. G. V. Nash, and Dr. F. J.
Seaver, assisted by six teachers as demonstrators. One
lecture was abandoned on account of inclement weather.
The total attendance at these lectures was 1,845.

On June 22, about 450 biology pupils from the Evander
Childs High School accompanied by their teachers came to
the Garden for special study of certain collections under the
guidance of members of the staff, after which they attended
an illustrated lecture on forestry given in the lecture hall
by Mr. George E. Hewitt.

On July 6, the biology teachers in attendance at the
annual convention of the National Education Association
visited the Garden and were conducted through various
portions of the grounds and buildings by members of the
Garden staff.

On July 27, over fifty students from the summer school of
Columbia University made an excursion to the Garden,
which was led by Mr. L. W. Crawford and four members of
the Garden staff.

(317)

On September 12, a Teachers Institute meeting on nature
study was held at the Garden for public school teachers of
the Bronx. The main address was by Dr. Peabody, after
which there was an excursion led by Mr. Percy Wilson.

On September 14, about 160 teachers from the public
schools of the Bronx met at the Garden to hear an illustrated
lecture by Mr. George V. Nash on “‘ How the Public Schools
can use the Collections of Living Plants at the New York Bo-
tanical Garden.” After the lecture, there was an excursion
to various parts of the grounds under the direction of Mr.
Percy Wilson.

On October 4, over 50 pupils from the senior class of Morris
High School came to the Garden to study methods of prop-
agation in plants and some of the principles of plant
breeding, under the direction of Dr. A. B. Stout.

On December 7, about 100 children of the 5B grade from
P.S. 10 of the Bronx received instruction at the Garden
in the classification of plants.

Scientific Meetings

The monthly conferences of members of the staff and
students have been continued, and a report of each meeting
has been published in the current number of the Journal.

The Torrey Botanical Club has met each month as usual
in the morphological laboratory in the museum building.

The Horticultural Society of New York, in cooperation
with the New York Botanical Garden, held exhibitions of
plants and flowers in the museum building on May 13 and
14, May 20 and 21, June 24 and 25, August 19 and 20, and
September 23 and 24.

Personal Investigations
Three parts of North American Flora, containing descrip-
tions of 476 species of the higher fleshy fungi, 150 of which
were new, were published during the year.
Articles contributed to Mycologia also contained a few
new species. The popular illustrated articles on fungi in

( 318)

Mycologia have been continued with the aid of colored
plates, 15 species having been treated in this series during
the year.

Many important collections of the larger fungi have been
sent in for determination. I obtained 400 specimens in the
Catskills in August and 75 specimens in the mountains of
Virginia late in October, together with considerable field
information.

Respectfully submitted,
W. A. Murritt,
Assistant Director.

REPORT OF THE HEAD GARDENER

Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CHIEF.
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as
Head Gardener for the year 1916.

Systematic Plantations

Hersaceous Grounps. The collections here are con-
tained in 130 beds, 26 east of the brook and 104 west.
There are in these collections about 3,150 species and
varieties. In the American wood garden there are, in
addition to these, 44 species not represented here. There
have been 497 show labels made for this tract.

The details of the curatorial work in this and in the other
herbaceous collections have been in charge of Mr. K. R.
Boynton, Head Gardener’s Assistant.

Fruticetum. Here are 2,752 specimens, representing,
including those still at the nurseries, 52 families, 137 genera,
and 932 species and varieties. In addition, there are in the
American wood garden 2 genera and 2 species not here.
335 individual show labels have been placed here.

SaticetuMm. The willow collection contains 119 speci-
mens, representing 48 species and varieties.

Decipuous ArRBoRETUM. Including those native to
the tract and those still in the nurseries, this collection
contains 366 species and varieties. There are 1,040 in-

(319)

dividual trees, representing 31 families and 58 genera. 45
show labels have been made for this collection.

Pinetum. Here there are 1,501 trees and 271 species
and varieties, representing 3 families and 20 genera. The
severe and unusual conditions of the past winter resulted
in the loss of a number of species and varieties, so that the
representation is not quite as large as heretofore. 410 show
labels have been placed here.

Viticetum. There are here about 50 species and va-
rieties of climbers.

Conservatories. The collections under glass comprise
about 9,250 species and varieties, representing 207 families
and 217 genera. The total number of plants in the public
conservatories is 17,444.

Ranger. There are here 10,696 plants, distributed as
follows: house 1, 306; house 2, 450; house 3, 550; house 4,
440; house 5, 1,553; house 6, 487; house 7, 939; house 8,
768; house 9, 142; house 10, 876; house 11, 455; house 12,
1,142; house 13, 512; house 14, 713; house 15, 1,180;
cellar, 133. 1,506 show labels have been placed here.

Range 2. The collections here contain 6,748 plants, dis-
tributed as follows: house 1, 76; house 2, 152; house 3, 60;
house 4, 1,353; house 5, 2,088; house 6, 1,672; house 7,
1,295; runway, 52. 1,049 show labels have been made for
this range.

Propacatinc Houses anp Nurseries. Excluding the
plants used for special studies by the Director-of-the
Laboratories, there are here 9,032 plants. 833 packets of
seeds have been received, as follows: gift, 34; purchase, 254;
exchange, 522; collected, 23. There have also been col-
lected on the grounds, in addition to the above, 725 packets.
The Director-of-the-Laboratories has had the use of house 2
and parts of other houses for his experiments and those of
his students. The succulents, mainly cacti, have occupied
houses 5 and 6 and partofhouser. ‘The nursery enclosure,
which has been enlarged, and increased areas outside have
been used by the Director-of-the-Laboratories and his
students.

(320)

LaBe.inc, REcorpDING, AND Hersparium. The work of
recording accessions, the manufacture of labels, and the
preparation of all herbarium specimens made from plants
in the conservatories and in the hardy woody collections
have been performed by one gardener and an apprentice.
Accession numbers 43,629 to 45,194 have been recorded,
making a total of 1,566 accessions. 5,230 show labels have
been made, as follows: deciduous arboretum, 45; fruti-
cetum, 335; herbaceous grounds, 501; economic garden, 60;
morphologic garden, 7; west border, 9; border at elevated
approach, 13; rose bed, 86; iris garden, 54; lilac group, 73;
pinetum, 410; trees along roads and paths, 73; conservatory
flower beds, 973; conservatory range I, 1,506; conservatory
range 2, 1,049; conservatory court, 36.

The accessions in plants are as follows: by gift, 4,899 (of
which 4,012 are bulbs), valued at about $785; by exchange,
553; by purchase, 10,440 (including 7,075 bulbs); by col-
lections made by members of the staff and others, 908;
derived from seeds from various sources, 1,456; total,
18,256.

The herbarium of cultivated plants has been increased by
about 800 specimens. ‘There are in the collections approxi-
mately the following number of species and varieties: con-
servatories, 9,250; herbaceous grounds, including 39 kinds
in the American wood garden not represented here, 3,189;
fruticetum, 932; salicetum, 48; deciduous arboretum, 366;
pinetum, 271; viticetum, 50; total 14,106.

Miscellaneous Collections

Under this heading are contained: the morphologic
garden; the economic garden; the collections of desert plants
placed during the summer in the court of conservatory
range1; the conservatory lily pools; the aquatic garden; the
rhododendron banks in the vicinity of the lakes; the rose
bed east of conservatory range 1; the flower gardens in the
immediate vicinity of conservatory range 1, at the elevated
approach, and the west border; the American wood garden

(321)

(of the species originally placed here about half have sur-
vived); and groups of shrubbery in many parts of the
grounds.

Iris Garpen. At the southwest corner of the Garden an
iris garden was established the past spring. A planting
of evergreens with deciduous shrubs in front parallels both
the Southern Boulevard and Pelham Parkway. In front
of this planting is a border 10 feet wide, 180 feet long on
the Southern Boulevard side and 200 feet long on the
Pelham Parkway side. This border is planted in the rear
with irises, in the front with bulbs, followed with annuals.
Most of the irises flower late in May and in June, the bulbs
making a flower display previous to this, and the annuals
continuing the display after the irises are done flowering.
In this way a maximum of display is effected throughout
the spring, summer, and fall.

To the display of irises here, Mr. T. A. Havemeyer gave
a collection of 357 kinds, one plant of each; these are in the
bed paralleling Pelham Parkway. WMlessrs. Bobbink and
Atkins also gave a collection, 68 kinds and 378 plants.
The total number of kinds is now 394 and the number of
plants 1,059.

The triangle formed by the paths of the garden was
planted with Tsuga canadensis pendula, the weeping
dwarf hemlock, and Pinus montana Mughus, the knee pine.

Macnouia GaRDEN. In the valley south of the Japanese
cherry collection it was decided to establish a garden for
magnolias. In the northern end of this valley, the mag-
nolias of the arboretum collection were situated. At the
time of the spring inspection, this collection was enlarged
by the addition of 55 more plants, making the total number
of individuals 85 and the number of kinds 21.

Litac anp Peony GarpEeNn. A garden for lilacs and
peonies was begun this fall in the open area along Pelham
Parkway to the east of the Mansion driveway. It is
planned to place the lilacs in groups around the border of
this area, and to dispose the peonies in beds irregularly

( 322)

arranged in the central portion. 144 plants, representing
57 kinds, were planted this fall in three groups along the
Pelham Parkway side. These plants were derived from
soft-wooded cuttings secured in the summer of 1913 by
exchange with the Park Commission of Rochester, N. Y.

AmERICAN THoRN GarRDEN. This was established this
fall on a ridge in the vicinity of the iris garden. 75 indi-
viduals of American thorns, the genus Crataegus, were set
out.

WuitE Pine Prantation. This was planted in the
spring with about 1,800 four year old transplanted seed-
lings, secured, through the courtesy of Dr. Walter B. James,
from the State Conservation Nursery near Saratoga, N. Y.

General Horticultural Operations

The following force has been available for carrying on
this work: monthly, 2 foreman gardeners, 24 gardners, and
5 drivers; laborers, about 21.

The outside work was in charge of foreman gardener
John Finley, to whom was assigned 7 gardeners and the
laborers, including those employed in cleaning the walks,
and the drivers.

The work in the conservatories and propagating houses
has been in charge of H. W. Becker, foreman gardener, to
whom were assigned 16 gardeners.

There has been accomplished the following new work, in
addition to the regular routine operations:

IN THE SPRING

The past winter was unusually severe upon evergreens,
many specimens in both the systematic and decorative
plantations succumbing to the uncommon conditions.
The losses were replaced in so far as possible by specimens
from other plantations which were becoming too crowded,
especially from those at the Woodlawn Road approach, the
west end of the long bridge, and the conservatory beds.
Many of the duplicate groups of herbaceous plants in the

(323)

conservatory beds at range 1 were eliminated and replaced
with other kinds not then in the beds. Some of the surplus
thus resulting was used in the establishment of the iris
garden, previously described, and in the installation of a
planting of suitable irises along the west shore of the Bronx
River north of the Linnaean bridge, the remainder going to
the Department of Parks, Borough of the Bronx, as an
exchange. The magnolia garden, already referred to and
described, was planted at the time of the spring inspection,
as was the collection of American thorns in the vicinity
of the iris garden. The triangle at the southwestern corner
of the terrace, conservatory range 1, already partially
planted with Chamaecyparis, was further developed by the
addition of other specimens of the same genus, obtained
from the conservatory beds and elsewhere. The removal
of plants from the groups at the Woodlawn Road approach
and at the west end of the long bridge required consider-
able rearrangement at these points; this was attended to.

In THE FaLu

Initial work in the establishment of the lilac and peony
garden, already referred to, was accomplished by the plant-
ing of lilacs. The transplanting of thorns to the American
thorn garden from the nurseries and also of many specimens
of various kinds to the different systematic collections was
accomplished. Flower beds 1 and 2 at conservatory range
I were entirely replanted, the plants being removed, the
soil respaded and manured. The bulbs in all the other
beds were removed and the areas spaded and manured,
the bulbs then being replaced. A large number of dupli-
cate bulbs was thus obtained by division, and these were
utilized in plantings elsewhere, especially at the iris garden.
Tulips were planted in the beds at conservatory range I,
the centre bed with the Darwin tulip Margaret, the gift
of John Scheepers and Co., Inc., 4,000 bulbs being used.
The beds of the fountain at the foot of the museum approach
were also planted with tulips. A corner near the Park

( 324 )

Department propagating houses was also planted with
shrubs. Considerable other work planned for the fall
had to be deferred until the spring, as the unusual dry
weather of the fall prevented an earlier undertaking of
transplanting work.

Investigations and Lectures

In addition to my routine duties, I have continued my
studies upon North American orchids, and have given much
time to horticultural botany and to an investigation of the
hardy woody plants of the collections and to those native
to the Garden.

I have given four lectures in the regular courses of public
lectures at the Garden. I have continued my work of
superintending the making of colored drawings for Addi-
sonia, and have acted, with Dr. Barnhart, as one of the
cditers of this publication.

Respectfully submitted,
EORGE V. Nasu,
Head Gardener.

REPORT OF THE HEAD CURATOR OF THE MUSEUMS AND HER-
BARIUM

Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-in-CHIEF.

Sir: I submit herewith my report as Head Curator of the
Museums and Herbarium for the year 1916.

The collections and exhibits in my charge were developed
and maintained as in previous years. One special ex-
hibition case was added to the museum equipment.

The collections were increased by miscellaneous speci-
mens which were accessioned in the Journal from month
tomonth. The accessions for the year may be summarized
here as follows:

By gift and purchase... .. oe .. + 3,850
By xchange. .¢4 bietd. bei sande ehekedde ds 4,116
By exploration... (ceases cra waG ded cigs de at 32,625

Thus 40,591 museum and herbarium specimens were

( 325 )

brought together. The value of the specimens received as
gifts is estimated at $152.40.

An aggregate of 7,815 duplicate specimens was sent to
other institutions and to individuals as exchanges.

Museums

The several departments making up the public museums
were developed mainly by the addition of specimens re-
ceived through gifts, exchanges, and exploration.

THe Economic Museum was increased by the addition
of miscellaneous specimens and by the installation of a
special case devoted to the crude fibers of the Philippine
Islands. This case is on the south wall of the west hall
of the museum. It contains forty-eight specially prepared
specimens which were given to the Garden by Mr. Theodor
Muller who made the collection while in residence in the
Philippine Islands several years ago

Tue Systematic Museum comprises the following col-
lections:

a. The Synoptic Collection, which was increased by the
interpolation of miscellaneous specimens. The exhibits of
some cases were rearranged.

b. The Local Flora was increased by the addition of a
few specimens and the relabeling of several of the specimens
previously installed.

c. The Microscope Exhibit remained the same as last
year, except for the renovation of the objects exhibited
under the microscopes.

d. The Plant Picture Exhibit was not changed except in
the case of several frames in which the photographs had
become damaged or had deteriorated.

Tue Fossiz Plant Museum was increased by the addi-
tion of about seventy specimens representing plants of the
Carboniferous, Tertiary, and Quaternary periods.

The catalogue of type and figured specimens contained
in the collection of fossil plants was finished together with
a bibliography. For further details see Report of the
Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants.

(326 )

Herbaria

The specimens that were received for these collections
came chiefly from North America, both insular and con-
tinental. Some material was derived from South America
and some from the Old World. From the aggregate of
specimens received during the year and previously, about
45,000 specimens were selected for incorporation in the
permanent collections. About 16,000 sheets of mounting
paper were used, and several hundred specimens, mostly
fruits and seeds, and other parts of plants, were placed in
cardboard boxes.

The great majority of the specimens mounted during the
year were from the West Indies, the United States, and
Canada. The selections being made from collections
bearing more directly on the several lines of work being
carried on by members of the Garden staff.

All exsiccatae received were prepared and distributed in
their proper places. Thus the specimens were available
for use at once.

The fungous collections were increased by valuable
specimens from several of the States, particularly Cali-
fornia, New Mexico, and Florida, and from Porto Rico, the
Isle of Pines, and Surinam. The algal collections were
augmented by specimens from North Carolina, the West
Indies, particularly Bermuda, and from Australia. The
bryophytic collections were cweeueed by miscellaneous
specimens from nearly all parts of the globe, and more
particularly by collections from Cuba and from southern
Florida. Type specimens and numerous critical specimens
of groups bearing directly on the work now being carried
on were added in several groups. The fern collection
received many miscellaneous additions. Also collections
from the West Indies and valuable specimens, particularly
Mexican, from the herbarium of Prince Roland Bonaparte.
The more noteworthy specimens incorporated in flowering
plant collections were cacti from North America and South
America and general and special series of plants from Can-

(327)

ada, various of the States, Mexico, the West Indies, par-
ticularly Cuba, Jamaica, and Porto Rico, and South
America.

Miscellaneous specimens received for the Columbia
University herbarium were mounted and incorporated in
that series.

Considerable time was devoted to repairing some of the
older specimens and to more securely mounting many
previously mounted specimens that were needed for special
study. Much attention was devoted to the remounting
and rearranging of the collection of lichens and parts of the
collection of fungi.

Investigations and Assistance

Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator, had charge of the collection
of flowering plants. His monographic work for North
American Flora was continued. The third part of the
family Carduaceae was completed and has gone through the
press. Work on the fourth part is in progress. Mono-
graphic work on the family Fabaceae, begun last year,
resulted in the completion of manuscript more than suf-
ficient for one part of the Flora. Dr. Rydberg also devoted
some attention to the flora of the Rocky Mountains. Two
papers were published during the year: viz. ‘‘Life Zones in
the Rocky Mountains,” in the Memoirs of the New York
Botanical Garden, and ‘“‘Phytogeographic Notes on the
Rocky Mountain Region—VI.,” in the Bulletin of the
Torrey Botanical Club. Two other papers were written
and will be issued early next year. In connection with
monographic work for the North American Flora, Dr.
Rydberg spent two weeks in study at the United States
National Herbarium.

Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator, remained in charge of
the collections of algae and hepaticae. Valuable additions
to the stock of microtome sections of calcareous algae,
sections that are most useful and necessary in critical studies
of these plants, were made. Dr. Howe edited volume 6 of

( 328 )

the Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden, consisting
of the papers presented at the Garden’s Twentieth Anni-
versary Celebration, September 6 to 11, 1915. The volume
comprises 592 pages and 43 plates. In codperation with
Dr. Harold L. Lyon, Dr. Howe contributed a list of the
algae of Palmyra Island to an account of the flora of this
island published in Honolulu. In collaboration with Mr.
F. S. Collins, he has published “‘Notes on Species of Haly-
menia,” and, in collaboration with Dr. W. D. Hoyt,
“Notes on some Marine Algae from the Vicinity of Beau-
fort, North Carolina.” He has also published “A Note
on the Structural Dimorphism of Sexual and Tetrasporic
Plants of Galaxuara obtusata’? and has prepared a paper
on the calcareous algae of Murray Island, Australia, for
publication by the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
He continued to act as one of the editorial board of the
Torrey Botanical Club, and gave two lectures in the Satur-
day afternoon lecture courses conducted by the Garden.

Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator, continued in charge of the
fungous collections. A number of short papers were pub-
lished, including a list of Bermuda fungi containing de-
scriptions of three new species. ‘The manuscript for one
part of North American Flora was completed and a second
part is well under way. The collecting of certain groups
of fungi in the vicinity of New York was carried on during
the summer and autumn. Some time was spent in col-
laboration with Mr. J. F. Stevenson in the preparation of
a check list of Porto Rican fungi. Two lectures were given
in the regular Saturday afternoon lecture course. Work
on local insect pests was continued and one paper and
several notes were published in the Garden Journal on this
subject.

Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator, was mainly oc-
cupied with herbarium work in determining and distribut-
ing specimens of West Indian plants. During February
and March, he accompanied Dr. and Mrs. N. L. Britton
to Cuba and to the Isle of Pines where a large and valuable

(329 )

collection of botanical specimens was secured for the
Garden. His duties as docent were performed as in former
years. He also had charge of extra visiting classes from
both public and private schools. The lantern-slide and
negative collections, together with all photographic work,
were under his supervision. On the excursions of the
Torrey Botanical Club, Mr. Wilson who has been Chairman
of the Field Committee for the past two years, obtained
many specimens for the Local Flora collection.

Dr. Francis W. Pennell, Associate Curator, has devoted
his attention mainly to the study of the species of Scro-
phulariaceae growing in the Rocky Mountain States.
This interest, the ougrowth of his trip to that region in
1915, has been materially aided by the opportunity to
examine most of the specimens from these states preserved
in American herbaria. So far the greater part of his study
has consisted in a revision of the genus Pentstemon, a genus
which, because of its tendency to split into many species,
each with small areas of distribution, has yielded data of
especial phylogenetic and phytogeographic significance.

uring the past spring a revision, more or less tentative,
was made of the Mexican genus Eysenhardtia. Dr. Pennell
has published during the year several papers embodying
earlier studies of southeastern plants. He has given two
lectures in the Garden lecture courses. Since August he
has had editorial supervision of the Garden Journal.
During the past season, mostly upon vacation days or
holidays, he has assisted in the task of building up a fuller
working collection of the Local Flora; his efforts have
added to this collection several thousand valuable speci-
mens.

Miss Margaret Slosson, ..ssistant Curator, devoted her
time to caring forthe fernhersarium. She continued studies
on different groups of the filmy ferns as in previous years
and printed one paper on the genus Trichomanes.

Dr. H. H. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic
Collections, continued to develop the collections of the
Economic Museum. See his report.

( 330)

Mrs. N. L. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses, con-
tinued, with the codperation of Mr. R. S. Williams, Ad-
ministrative Assistant, to develop the moss herbarium.
See her report.

Dr. Arthur Hollick, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants,
continued in charge of the paleontological collections. See
his report.

The writer continued his general curatorial duties in
connection with the public exhibits and the study collections
and devoted available time to monographic work on North
American Flora.

In continuation of the exploration of southern Florida,
I visited for the most part either little-known or heretofore
botanically unknown sections, both on the mainland and
on the reef. An account of one trip was published in the
Journal for November, and a report on the rest of the work
is in preparation. In connection with the exploration
referred to, two special collecting trips for cacti were made
into northern Florida and into eastern South Carolina. As
a culmination of some of our special investigations in
southern Florida, a short history of Royal Palm Hammock
was written and printed in the Journal for October. This

aper was used in connection with the public dedicatory
exercises of Royal Palm State Park in November.
Respectfully submitted,
. K. SMatt,
Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE ECONOMIC COL-
LECTIONS

Dr. N. L. Brirron, DirecTor-1n-CHier.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1916.

Seventy-eight specimens have been added to the eco-
nomic collections, consisting chiefly of rare drug and food
products obtained by myself, and of donations from outside
sources.

(331)

Our most important addition has been that of a special
case, located upon the southern wall of the western wing,
and which beautifully displays the unique collection of
Philippine fibers collected by Mr. Theodore Miller, and
described in a previous report.

Progress has been made in the identification of the
objects collected several years since by Messrs. Weiss and
Schmidt on the upper Rio Negro.

It has been found necessary to store most of our acces-
sions, owing to the almost complete exhaustion of our stock
of museum jars. The replenishment of this supply during
the coming year is urgently needed.

Respectfully submitted,
H. H. Russy,
Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF MOSSES
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: During the year no purchases of mosses have been
made; 600 specimens have been received in exchange and
been incorporated in the herbarium, with the exception
of the collections made by Dr. J. N. Rose in Brazil, some
of which are still unnamed and include 180 specimens.
Our exchanges have covered a wide territory, including
North and South America, the West Indies, and 30 speci-
mens (including 4 types) from Kerguelen Island received
from M. Theriot. Brother Leon has continued his col-
lections in Cuba, Mr. Stevenson in Porto Rico, and Mr.
Harris in Jamaica. Special efforts have been made to dis-
pose of some of the duplicates which have accumulated,
during ten years, from the Mitten, Underwood, Howe,
and Allen collections. ‘Two thousand of these have been
sent to thirty-five correspondents and the endeavor has
been to place duplicates in the institutions located in or
near the region where the specimens were collected. All
exotic specimens have been sent to H. N. Dixon, who has
very kindly consented to study all unnamed material, and

(332)

has published a paper on “‘ New or Rare African Mosses from
Mitten’s Herbarium,” etc., inthe Bulletin of the Torrey Club,*
with notes on others from New Zealand, Ceylon, and India
in the Journal of Botany. Duplicates have also been sent
during the year to Kew and the British Museum. Some
South American specimens have been sent to Dr. Hicken,
of Buenos Aires, and to Dr. Felippone, of Monte Video,
and South American mosses have been exchanged and
named by Mr. Williams for the National Museum. West
Indian duplicates from each of the following islands have
been returned to Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, and Bermuda.
Exchanges of North American species have been made
with Cornell, Harvard, and Yale Universities, and with
other correspondents located in ten different states. Con-
tributions in duplicate have been made from the Allen
and Howe collections to the sets of exsiccatae being issued
by Dr. Grout and Professor Holzinger.

Dr. A. LeRoy Andrews has continued his cooperation
for North American Flora and has received a large collection
of critical or unnamed Bryums for study. Dr. Evans has
also continued the investigation of our West Indian He-
paticae, and Miss Haynes has assisted with several small
collections. Duplicates of our lichens from Porto Rico
have been sent by Mr. Williams to Dr. Lincoln W. Riddle.
Mr. George E. Kaiser has codperated with us by naming
various miscellaneous North American collections, includ-
ing the set of Canadian arctic mosses collected by Mr. T.
Johansen between Behring Straits and Coronation Gulf.
Mr. R. S. Williams has begun on the large and troublesome
family of Pottiaceae for North American Flora and I have
continued my studies on Fissidens,

During the year, three additional essays on wild flowers
necding protection, illustrated by the aid of the Stokes
Fund, have been issued, and framed pictures including
twelve colored plates have been sent to the Women’s Farm
and Garden Society and unframed pictures and literature

* Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 43: 63-81. 1916.

( 333 )

to various schools and clubs. At the meeting of the Feder-
ation of Women’s Clubs held in New York City in May,
the Conservation Department held an exhibition, and the
Stokes literature and work was shown and explained at
that meeting. Several state organizations of Women have
become interested and information supplied. Visits have
also been made to several of the public schools and addresses
given at commencement time to the scholars. A Junior
Park League was organized and several thousand pledges,
which read as follows, were signed by the children.

Junior Park LEacuE
I promise,
To enjoy and use the parks more intelligently,
To love the flowers, the birds and all harmless wild creatures,
Not to pick flowers or break plants in any of the parks, and
Not to throw paper, glass or other rubbish about.

Name..... 0.22... ee. Teacher.............

Class. oats aaa. ... Principal.... ...

AGGe “priloecn gun idrn ie ic Public School....
Dates. Sis easddiwennens

The Garden Club of America and the International
Garden Club have also joined in the efforts to protect
our native plants, and Mr. Norman Taylor, who is now
acting as Treasurer of the Wild Flower Preservation Society
of America, has given addresses to various local garden
clubs, using colored slides of our American wild flowers
made by Miss Kittredge.

A state chapter has been organized in Pennsylvania by
Professor Albert A. Hansen and a loan collection of colored
slides prepared by Miss Kittredge had been sent to him
for use at the Farmers’ Institute, and the Pennsylvania
State Chatauqua Circuits.

Several hundred copies of the following pledge have
been supplied to various schools:

(334)

New Yorx BotanicaL GARDEN
Caroline and Olivia Phelps-Stokes Fund
or the
Preservation of Native Plants
I promise,
To protect our native plants,
Not to destroy rare wild-flowers and ferns,
Not to injure any shrub or tree, and
Not to set fire to the fields or woods.

Extra sets of dhe ee pictures for framing and the
posters have been distributed; the surplus copies of my
schedule for the Arbor Day compositions were sent to the
Boston Society for the Protection of Our Native Plants,
and an article for the second edition of Bailey’s Ency-
clopedia of Horticulture was prepared for publication.

Respectfully submitted,
EvizaBetu G. Britton,
Honorary Curator of Mosses.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE COLLECTION OF
FOSSIL PLANTS
Dr. N. L. Brirron, DrrectTor-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to report as follows upon the
activities in connection with the paleobotanical work at
the Garden during the year 1916.

The cataloguing of type and figured specimens in the
collections was completed and a list, arranged alphabetic-
ally by genera, together with a bibliography, was prepared
by Mr. E. W. Humphreys, who acted as volunteer assistant
from time to time during the year.

Work on the fossil flora of Alaska, in connection with the
U. S. Geological Survey, was prosecuted during the months
of April and May at Washington, D. C., and at the Garden
whenever time was available.

About seventy specimens were added to the collections,

(335)

representing plants of Carboniferous, Tertiary, and Qua-
ternary periods, and twenty-two volumes and pamphlets
were added to the paleobotanical library.
The examination of unnamed material was continued
and all specimens identified were properly labeled.
While in Washington, during May, on request of the
Director-in-chief, it was my privilege to represent the
Garden at the eleventh annual meeting of the American
Association of Museums
Respectfully submitted,
Artuur Hot tick,
Honorary Curator of the Collection of Fossil Plants.

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE LABORATORIES

Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CuIiEr.
Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1916.
General Matters

There have been no changes during the year in the general
arrangement of the laboratories and only rather few and
minor additions to the equipment. Throughout most of
the year the laboratory facilities were fully in use, and at
times the supply of microscopes was not equal to the needs.

The facilities of the experimental plots and propagating
greenhouses were fully utilized in connection with experi-
mental studies in genetics and pathology carried on by
members of the botanical department of Columbia Uni-
versity, by students of the Garden, and by myself.

Meteorological records have been taken as in previous
years. As secretary of the monthly conferences of the
staff and students of the Garden, I have arranged the
programs and prepared the reports of such conferences
which have been published in the Journal. I also con-
tinued as editor of the Journal until the August issue.

(336)

Personal Investigations

The most intensive as well as extensive studies of the
year have been directed to various lines of investigation
with Cichorium Intybus. The results of the previous
years’ study on the self- and cross-compatibilities and in-
compatibilities revealed in fertility and sterility were
published in August in the Memoirs of the New York
Botanical Garden, volume 6. During the past summer
these studies oo been vigorously prosecuted with a later
generation of pedigreed cultures. About 5,500 controlled
self-pollinations were made on as many heads of 549 plants
and the results of seed production determined. A consid-
erable number of cross-pollinations was also made. Much
data were also obtained from these cultures on the isola-
tion of vegetative types by pure line breeding, on the
heredity of flower-color, and on the behavior of fasciation.

The cultures of chicory were also utilized for a continu-
ation of a statistical study of flower-number, which has now
been continuously prosecuted for five years. A total of
515 plants were involved in these studies during 1916. In
obtaining these data, Miss Helene M. Boas, Mr. M. V.
Reed, and the writer codperated. The granting of a
scholarship for two months to Mr. Reed made his par-
ticipation in these studies possible and thereby greatly
facilitated their progress. Miss Boas has continued as
laboratory assistant during the year and a considerable
portion of her time has been taken in collecting and com-
piling the data. She will collaborate with me in the pub-
lication of the results, and the manuscript for such publi-
cation is now in preparation.

New cultures of Hibiscus have been grown and consider-
able data obtained bearing on the polymorphism of
Hibiscus Moscheutos, on the general heredity of H. ocu-
liroseus (especially of the dwarf form), and of the variation
resulting among the progeny of various varietal and specific
hybrids. The development of internal flowers (rudimen-
tary flowers enclosed in the pistil and pod) in H. ocultroseus

(337)

and in various hybrids with this species as a parent has
been studied with reference to the influence on fertility.
Field studies on the natural distribution of Hibiscus were
deferred until another year, but correspondence with
various botanists have revealed conditions that make such
studies desirous, if not imperative, to the further prosecu-
tion of this research. It is also highly desirable to grow
further cultures that will enlarge the area of the Hibiscus
plantation.

Cultures of Verbascum Blaitaria have been grown for
further study of the heredity of flower-color and of the
conditions inducing fasciation. ‘These cultures have also
been utilized for certain observations on phyllotaxy.

Some progress has been made in the cytological study of
the various forms of Plantago lanceolata with reference to
the various grades of sex differentiation that here appear,
and of Cichorium Intybus with respect to the behavior of
pollen-tubes in cases of self-sterility and self-fertility.

The hybrids between various species of Carex, noted in
previous reports, bloomed profusely this year and seeds
were obtained for an F, generation. Herbarium specimens
were made for record and for study by specialists on Carex.

Observations on variations appearing in tulips have been
continued. Experiments have also been started to deter-
mine the relation in tulips of the weight of bulbs to flower-
ing and to depth of planting. Definite studies are also
being made in pedigreed cultures on the behavior of tulip
plants that came “blind” last year.

Students and Investigators

Professor Gies and Dr. Horowitz have continued to make
chemical investigations of various plant pigments, especi-
ally those of certain flowers and of the leaves of Coleus,
material for which has been supplied from the Garden.

Several visiting investigators have been in residence
during a part of the year. Professor G. E. Stone spent
several months in physiological researches. Dr. R. R.

(338 )

Gates spent a few weeks in cytological research. Pro-
fessor John W. Ritchie, now in the city on a leave of
absence from the College of William and Mary, has begun
various lines of study involved in apogamy. You have
recently granted Dr. Henri Hus permission to utilize.
the facilities of the institution for his investigation of
Hevea. Professor R. A. Harper has continued his studies
on heredity in corn. Mr. Raines has pursued studies of
rust infection on various cereals grown for this purpose.
Numerous investigators not named above have been at
the Garden for various periods of time prosecuting lines
of research especially in connection with the study of her-
barium material.

The following list includes only those students duly
registered at the Garden. Only one of these, Mr. Reed,
was the recipient of a scholarship; all others have pursued
studies for degrees and have paid tuition either at the
Garden or at Columbia University, or during their period
of study have been members of the botanical staff at
Columbia University.

ALTENBERG, Epcar. Ph.D., Columbia Univ., 16. Since Sep-
tember on the faculty of Rice Institute.

Heredity in Primula.

Bargour, WittiaM Cray. B.S.

Lichenology.

BERMAN, Fiorence Juuia. A.B., Teacher in Public School 10,

New York City.

Cellular relations in variegated plants.
Darrow, IsaBELLE Carouine. A.B. (Mrs. Ralph R. Stewart).
Fertility in Ammocallis.

RAFF, Pau, Weipemrrer. M.A., Columbia Univ., 16. In-

structor in Botany, Univ. of Montana, since September.
Pathology.

Hazen, Exizapetu Lee. B.S.
Studies of fertility in Ammocallts.
Nixon, Ernst Letanp. M.S., Assistant in botany, Columbia

Univ.

Genetics.

( 339)

Orron, Clayton Roperts. M.S.
Mycology.
Routt, Grover Cievetanp. M.S. Tobacco inspector and

Supt. of farms, Harrow Tobacco Station, Canada.

Genetics. Pathology.

Reep, Merrit Vircit. A.B.

Genetics.

STEWART, RatpH Ranpies. Ph.D., Columbia Univ., 716.
Taxonomy of the phanerogams of western Tibet.

STOWELL, WiLLarRD ALLEN. B.S., Instructor of Science, High

School, Elizabeth, New Jersey.

The black oaks of Cliffwood, New Jersey.
Taistra, Sopuiz Amy. B.A., Assistant teacher in biology, High

School of Commerce, New York City.

Genetics. Cytology.
Yampousxy, Ceciz. B.S. Assistant in botany, Columbia Univ.
Genetics. Cytology.

As noted above, degrees have been granted during the
year by Columbia University to three of these students.
Miss Darrow completed her thesis for the degree of M.A.,
which will be granted in February. Mr. Stowell has also
completed, during the year, the studies necessary for a
thesis for the degree of M.A.

Respectfully submitted,
A. B. Strout,
Director of the Laboratortes.

REPORT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHER
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-in-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1916.

The customary work of bibliographic correspondence,
and of advice to those consulting the library, has been
performed throughout the year; it consumes much time,
but seems to be appreciated, and such service is unques-
tionably valuable in increasing the popularity of the
Garden.

Few purchases have been made for the library, and the

(340)

need of greater development of this branch of equipment is
increasing. The book market is still in a demoralized
condition on account of the European conflict, but several
thousand dollars could be expended advantageously in the
purchase of books for the library even under existing cir-
cumstances.

Five parts of North American Flora, aggregating 448
pages, have been issued during the year: Volume 9, Part 5,
in June, Volume g, Parts 6 and 7, in October, Volume 21,
Part 1, in November, and Volume 34, Part 3, in December.
Another part is in press. ‘The issue of Part 7, completing
Volume 9, was a noteworthy event in the history of this
publication, as this is thus the first volume to be finished
(see the November number of the Journal).

The new periodical provided for by the will of the late
president of the Garden, Judge Addison Brown, comprising
colored illustrations of plants, each accompanied by text
written in popular language, was launched this year as a
quarterly publication. One volume of Addisonia, of four
numbers each containing ten plates, has appeared, under
the editorship of the Bibliographer and Head Gardener.
Its reception by the public has been very gratifying, the
number of subscriptions already amounting to 220.

The Bibliographer has continued his work upon the
literature of botany, and his taxonomic studies. His paper
presented at the anniversary celebration last year, ‘“Seg-
regation of genera in Lentibulariaceae,”’ was published in
the sixth volume of the Memoirs, in September of this year;
and he contributed to Volume 9 of North American Flora a
32-page bibhography recording all the authors, books, and
papers cited in that volume. He also gave a lecture in
the public summer course of the Garden.

Respectfully submitted,
OHN HEenpDLEY Barnuart,
Bibliographer.

(342 )
REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN
Dr. N. L. Britron, Drrectror-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1916.

According to a census of the library taken at the end of
the year, the number of bound volumes was found to be
27,039, an increase of 415 volumes since the report for 1915.

During the year 266 books have been bound, including
24 which are the property of Columbia Caney: while 74
have been rebound.

Among the accessions are 48 books acquired by purchase,
and 70 by exchange and deposit. There have been 112
gifts. Columbia University has permanently recalled
39 of her books.

The cataloguing is now kept practically up to date.
There have been added to the catalogue during the past
year 1,104 written and typewritten cards, in addition to the
printed cards issued by the Torrey Botanical Club. A
beginning has been made upon the revision of the catalogue.
The work thus far done consists chiefly in the extension and
correlation of the subject headings, together with the
supplying of biographical data. Very much remains to be
done.

In the spring, a persistent effort was made to complete
the files of Agricultural Experiment Station publications,
with gratifying results in many cases, though some of the
earlier numbers are still lacking.

During the year the labels upon the books throughout
the library have been renewed where necessary.

In October there was made through the Department of
State, and with the endorsement of the Librarian of
Congress, an application for a permit for the shipment to the
United States of certain of our periodicals which are de-
tained at Rotterdam. The latest information from Wash-
ington states that a representative of the Library of Con-
gress will sail for Rotterdam early in January, and “will
lend his good offices in securing prompt inspection of the

(342 )

material and in reporting difficulties connected with any
particular shipment.”

Since a complete list of the periodicals received currently
by the Garden has not been printed since the report of the
Librarian for 1910 (Bulletin 7: 325-347), it seems advisable
that such a list should be appended to the present report.

The work of revision, including the large amount of
correspondence involved, has occupied the major portion
of my time since the early part of October. Owing to the
war, it has been impossible to receive information regarding
certain of the periodicals, while others are known to have
temporarily suspended publication. It is possible that a

ew of the former should be omitted from the list.
Respectfully submitted,
Saraw H. Hartow,
Librarian.
List oF PERIODICALS

* Periodicals subscribed for by the Garden

{ Periodicals subscribed for by Columbia University and deposited at the
Garden

suai aa received in exchange by the Torrey Botanical Club and deposited
at the Gard

§ Periodicals whose publication is temporarily suspended, or which are delayed
in transmission.

All others are received in exchange by the Garden.

Mencultaral Baperment eta non Auburn, Ala. [Publications.]

Tuskegee, Ala. ty

. : “Sitka, Alaska. *
* “ st son, Ari .
" * 7 Fayetteville, Ark “s
oe “ = Berkeley, Cali "
“ = = Fort Collins, Co .

. - - Newark, Del “
= 7 os Gainesville, Fla.
. o “Experiment, Ga. es
oe ee ce Guam .<9

Honolulu, Hawaii.

(343)

Agricultural Eapenment oon Moscow, Ida. [Publications.]
“

Urbana, Ill.
o ms “f Lafayette, Ind. a
ce ta3 13 es, lo “
5 “ bs Manhattan, Kan 7
" * Lexington, Ky ee
i. a = Baton Rouge, La
WY “Orono, Me ‘
- ‘ College Park, Md. =
“ oe sas Amherst, Mass. =
“ . se East Lansing, Mich. “
* “« University Farm, St. “
ul, Minn. -

= = " Agricultural College,

Miss.
= ai he Columbia, Mo. =
ad a zeman, Mont ss
“ “ “ Lincoln, Neb
a se ie Reno, Nev sas
. a ’ Durham, N. H «
i a “New Brunswick, N.J. “
ae “State College, N. M. “
as 7 “Geneva, N. Y .
ee * “Ithaca, N. Y i
ss * “ Raleigh, N. C. e
= . “Agricultural College,

N. D.
al “t . Wooster, Ohio. 7
‘ a 7 Stillwater, Okla. >
a “ ‘ Corvallis, Ore. "
ay a “State College, Pa. “
7 is “ Beate Porto

Rico, W “
« “Kingston, R. I. 7
be - Clemson College, S.C. “
= a “ Brookings, 8. Dak 7
7 sf = Knoxville, Ten
“ - - College Station, Tex. “
- ts Logan, Uta ‘i

is ad - Blacksburg, Va. “

(344)

perea tare! Experiment otar ion Pullman, Wash. oo

organtown,
on *¢ Madison, Wis. *
ce ce ce mie W fo) ce

Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales, Sydney, N. S. W.
Agriculture Pratique des Pays Chauds: see L’Agriculture
Pratique des Pays Chauds.
Alabama. Geological Survey, University, Ala. Bulletin,
Report, Monograph.
A Lavoura; see Sociedade Nacional de Agricultura, Rio de
Janeiro.
Algiers. Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord,
Algiers, Algeria. Bulletin.
§{Allgemeine Botanische Zeitschrift, Karlsruhe, Germany.
Alumni Journal, College of Pharmacy, New York, N. Y
§Amani. Biologisch-Landwirtschaftliches Institut, Hafen Tan-
ga, Deutsch-Ost-Afrika. Der Pflanzer.
Amateur des Champignons: see L’Amateur des Champignons.
America. Botanical Society: see Botanical Society of America.
America. Society of American Florists: see Society of Ameri-
can Florists.

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Mass.

Proceedings.
American Association for the Advancement of Science, Wash-
ington, D. C. Proceedings.

*American Botanist, Joliet, Ill.
*American Fern Journal, Auburndale, Mass.
American Florist, Chicago, Ill.
American Forestry, Washington, D. C.
American Genetic Association: see Journal of Heredity.
American Journal of Botany, Lancaster, Pa.
American Journal of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pa.
American Journal of Science, New Haven, Conn.
American Midland Naturalist, Notre Dame, Ind.
American Museum of Natural History, New York, N. Y.
Bulletin, Report. Journal.
tAmerican Naturalist, Lancaster, Pa.
American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, Pa. Proceed-

ings.
American Rose Society, Harrisburg, Pa.

American Rose An-
nual.

(345 )

Amsterdam. Koloniaal Institut, Amsterdam, Holland. Jaar-
verslag, [Publications.]

tAnnales des Sciences Naturelles: Botanique; Paris, France.
§Annales Mycologici, Berlin, Germany.

Annali di Botanica, Rome, Italy.

*Annals of Applied Biology, Cambridge, England.

*Annals of Botany, London, England.

Annals of the Bolus Herbarium; see Bolus Herbarium.
§Antwerp. Jardin Botanique, Antwerp, Belgium. Seed Lists.

Appalachian Mountain Club, Boston, Mass. Appalachia.
*Arborea. Worcester, Mass.
§*Archiv der Pharmazie, Berlin, Germany.
§*Archiv fir Zellforschung, Leipzig, German

§Ardennes. Société d’Histoire Naturelle, Charleville, France.

Arkiv for sees Stockholm, Sweden.

Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. Bulletin of Popular
Information.

Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, India. Journal.

*Association Francaise pour l’Avancement des Sciences, Paris,

rance. Compte Rendu.

§Augsburg. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fur Schwaben und
Neuburg (a.V.), Augsburg, Germany. Bericht.

Baltimore. City Forester, Baltimore, Md. Annual ‘Report.

Barcelona. Junta de Ciencies Naturals, Barcelona, Spain.
Anuart.

Basel. Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Basel, Switzerland.

§Bavaria. Bayerische Gesellschaft zur Erforschung der heimis-
chen Flora. Munich, Bavaria. Berichte. Mutteilungen.
§Belgium. Société Royal de Botanique de Belgique. Brussels,

Belgium. Bulletin.
Bengal. Asiatic Society: see Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Bergen’s Museum, Bergen, Norway. arbok.
Bergianska Tradgarden, Stockholm, Sweden. Acta Horti
Bergiant.

§tBerlin. Koniglicher Botanischer Garten, Berlin, Germany.
Notizblait.

(346 )

Bermuda. Department of Agriculture, Hamilton, Bermuda.
Report.
Bern. Botanischer Garten, Bern, Switzerland. Jahresbericht.
Seed Lists.
Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii. Occa-
sional papers.
§{Bibliotheca Botanica, Stuttgart, ees
Biochemical Bulletin, New York, N. Y
§*Biologisches Centralblatt, Leipzig, Gann ny.
Boletin des Bosques, Pesca i Caza, Santiago de Chill.
*Bolus Herbarium (South African College). Annals.
Boston. Board of Metropolitan Park Commissioners, Boston,
Mass. Report.
{Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Mass. Proceed-
n

ings.
Botanical Gazette, Chicago, III.
Botanical Journal: see London, ch Botanic Society.
{Botanical Magazine, London, E
Botanical Society and pee Club of the British Isles,
Arbroath, Scotland. Report.
Botanical Society of America. Publications.
§{Botanische Jahrbucher, Leipzig, Germany.
§*Botanischer Jahresbericht, Leipzig, Germany.
§*Botanisches Centralblatt, Jena, Germany.
§{Botanisches Centralblatt, Beihefte, Dresden, Germany.
tBotanisk Tidsskrift, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Botaniska Notiser, Lund, Sweden.
Botaniste: see Le Botaniste.
§Brandenburg. Botanischer Verein der Provinz Brandenburg,
Berlin, Germany. Verhandlungen.
§Braunschweig. Herzoglicher Botanischer Garten, Brunswick,
Germany. Seed Lists.
§Bremen. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, Bremen, Germany.
Abhandlungen.
British Columbia. Botanical Office, Vancouver, B. C.
Annual Report.
British Columbia. Provincial Museum, Victoria, B. C.

*British Mycological Society, Worcester, England. Trans-
actions.

(347 )

Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, N. Y. Record, Contri-
butions, Leaflets.

Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Bulletin, Report, Science Bulletin, Children’s Museum News.

Broteria, Bahia, Brazil.

Bryologist, Pittsburgh, Pa.
§Budapest. Hortus Botanicus Universitatis Budapestinensis,
Budapest, Hungary. Seed Lists.
Buenos Aires. Jardin Botanico Municipal de Buenos Aires,
Buenos Aires, Argentina. Seed Lists.
Buenos Aires. Museo de Farmacologia, Buenos Aires, Ar-
gentina. Trabajos.
Buenos Aires. Museo Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Anales.
Buffalo Park Commissioners, Buffalo, N. Y. Annual Report.
Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, N. Y. Bulletin.
*Buitenzorg. Jardin Botanique, Buitenzorg, Java. Annales.
Buitenzorg. Jardin Botanique, Buitenzorg, Java. Bulletin,
Icones Bogorienses.
Bulletin du Jardin Colonial et des Jardins d’ Essai: see
L’Agriculture Pratique des Pays Chauds.
Bulletin of Pharmacy, Detroit, Mich.
Calcutta. Indian Museum, Calcutta, India. Report on the
Industrial Section.
f¢Calcutta. Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, India. dznnals.
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, Cal. Pro-
ceedings.
California State Board of Forestry, Sacramento, Cal. Bul-
letin, Circular, Biennial Report.
California State Commission of Horticulture, Sacramento, Cal.
Monthly Bulletin.
California, University of, Berkeley, Cal. Publications in Agri-
cultural Sciences, Publications in Botany.
Canadian Record of Science, Montreal, Can.
Carnegie Institution of Washington: Department of Botanical
Research, Tucson, Ariz. Report.

(348 )

Carnegie Institution of Washington: Station for Experimental
Evolution, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. Papers, Report.
Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. Annals, Annual Report,
Memorrs.
Cellule: see La Cellule.
§*Centralblatt fir Bakteriologie: Abtheilung I, Jena, Germany.
§*Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie: Abtheilung I], Jena, Germany.
Charleston Museum, Charleston,S.C. Bulletin, Contributions.
Chicago. University of, Chicago, Ill. Contributions from the
full Botanical Laboratory.
Chile. Afuseo Nacional, Santiago de Chile, Chile. Boletin.
Christiania. Hortus Botanicus, Christiania, Norway. Seed

Lists.

Christiania. Physiographiske Forening; see Nyt Magazin for
Naturvidenskaberne.

Christiania. Videnskabs-Selskabet. Christiania, Norway.
Skrifter.

Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Journal.

Colombia. Ministerio de Agricultura y Comercio. Bogota,
Colombia. Revista Agricola.

Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colo. Publications.

Colorado State Board of Agriculture, Denver, Colo. Annual
Report.

Colorado. University of, Boulder, Colo. Studies.

Columbia University, New York, N. Y. .dunual Report,
Catalogue.

Connecticut. Geological and Natural History Survey, Hart-
ford, Conn. Bulletin.

Copenhagen. Botanic Gardens, Copenhagen, Denmark. Ar-
bejder.

Copenhagen. Société Botanique: see Botanisk Tidsskrift.

Cuba. Estacion Central Agronémica, Santiago de las Vegas,
Cuba, W. I. Bulletin, Circular, Report.

Cuba Review, New ork, N.Y,

Cuba. Sociedad Cubana de Historia Natural “Felipe Poey.”
Havana, Cuba. Alemortas.

Curtis’s Botanical Magazine: see Botanical Magazine.

Dansk Botanisk Arkiv. Copenhagen, Denmark

Davenport Academy of Sciences, Davenport, Ia. Proceedings.

(349 )

Delaware County Institute of Science, Media, Pa. Proceedings.
{Denison University, Granville, O. Bulletin of the Scientific
Laboratories.
Der a see Amani. Biologisch-Landwirtschaftliches
Inst
nes eel Laboratory: see Carnegie Institution, De-
partment of Botanical Research.
Detroit. Commissioner of Parks and Boulevards, Detroit,
Mich. Annual Report.
§tDeutsche Botanische Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany. Berichte.
§Deutsche Dendrologische Gesellschaft, Poppelsdorf bei Bonn,
Germany. Mitteilungen.
Direccion de Estudios Biologicos: see Mexico, Secretaria de
Fomento.
Dorpat: see Jurjeff.
Dublany. Hortus Botanicus Academicus: see Lemberg,
Hortus Botanicus.
Dublin. Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland.
Seed Lists.
§Durham. University of Durham Philosophical Society, New
Castle-upon-Tyne, England. Proceedings.
tEdinburgh Botanical Society, Edinburgh, Scotland. Trans-
actions.
Edinburgh. Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Seed Lists.
Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, Chapel Hill, N.C. Journal.
§Feuille des Jeunes Naturalistes, Paris, France.
Field Museum of Natural History, Cieaco: Wil. Publications:
Botanical Series, Report Series.
§*Flora, Jena, Germany.
Florence. Instituto Agricolo Coloniale Italiano, Florence,
Italy. L’ Agricoltura Coloniale.
Florence. R. Orto Botanico, Florence, Italy. Lavort.
Florida. Department of Agriculture, Tallahassee, Fla., Florida
Quarterly Bulletin, Biennial Report.
Florida State Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Fla. Annual
Report.
Florist’s Exchange, New York, N. Y.
Forest and Stream, New York, N. Y.
Forest Leaves: see Pennsylvania Forestry association.

(350)

Forestry Quarterly, Washington, D. C.

TFrance. Société Botanique de France, Paris, France. Bul-
etin,

§France. Société Dendrologique de France, Paris, France.
Bulletin.

tFrance. Société Mycologique de France, Paris, France. Bul-

etn.
§Frankforton Main. Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesel-
schaft, Frankfurt a/M., Germany. Berichte.
Garden, London England.
Garden Magazine, New York, N. Y.
~Gardener’s Chronicle, London, England.
Gardener’s Chronicle of America, New York, N. Y.
Gardening, Chicago, Ill.
§*Gartenflora, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.
§Gartenkunst, Berlin, Germany.
*Genetics. Princeton, N. J.
Geneva. Jardin d’Acclimatation Alpin, Geneva, Switzerland.

Geneva. Jardin Botanique de Genéve, Geneva, Switzerland.
Annuatre.

Geneva. Société Botanique de Genéve, Geneva, Switzerland.

Geneva. Université de Genéve, Laboratoire de Botanique,
Geneva, Switzerland. [Etudes.]

Gray Herbarium: see Harvard University.

Groningen. Jardin Botanique de l’Université, Groningen,
Holland. Seed Lists.

§Hamburg. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein, Hamburg, Ger-
many. Verhandlungen, [Botanical papers from the Abhand-

lungen.]
§Hamburgische Botanische Staatsinstitut, Hamburg, Germany.
eed Lists.

Hardwood Record, Chicago, Ill.

Harlem. Kolonial Museum te Haarlem, Haarlem, Holland.
Bulletin.

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Contributions from the
Gray Herbarium, Contributions from the Cryptogamic Labor-
atory, Contributions from the Phanerogamic Laboratory.

Havana. Academia de Ciencias Médicas, Fisicas y Naturales
dela Habana. Havana, Cuba. <Anales.

(351)

Havana. Universidad de la Habana, Havana, Cuba. Re-
vista de la Facultad de Letras y Ciencias.

Hawaii. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture and Forestry,
Honolulu, T. H. Report, Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist.

Hawaii. Sugar Planters’ Association Experiment Station,
Honolulu, T. H. Report, Bulletin.

§tHedwigia, Dresden, Germany.

Helsingfors: Universitetes Botaniska Institution, Helsingfors,
Finland. Miscellaneous botanical reprints and papers.

Holland. Société Botanique Néerlandaise, Nijmegen, Hol-
land. Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief, Recueil des Tra-
vaux botaniques Neerlandais.

Hooker’s Icones Plantarum: see Icones Plantarum.

Horticulture, Boston, Mass.

Hortus Thenesis: see Tirlemont.

Hull Botanical Laboratory: see Chicago University.

§Hungary. Institut Central Ampélologique Royal Hongrois,

tIcones Plantarum, London, England.

Icones Selectae Horti Thenensis: see Tirlemont.

Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Urbana, IIl.
Bulletin.

Illinois. University of, Urbana, Hl. Biological Monographs.

India. Agricultural Research Institute and College, Pusa,
India. Annual Report.

India. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta, India. Records.

India. Department of Agriculture in India, Pusa, India.
Memoirs.

India Rubber World, New York, N. Y.

Indiana Academy of Science, Indianapolis, Ind. Proceedings.

Indiana Horticultural Society, Indianapolis, Ind. Transac-

tions.
*International Catalogue of Scientific Literature: Botany,
London, England.

International Institute of Agriculture (Canada) Ottawa, Can.
Bulletin of Foreign Agricultural Intelligence.

International Institute of Agriculture, Rome, Italy. Jnter-
national Crop Report and Agricultural Statistics, Inter-
national Review of Agricultural Economics, International
Review of the Science and Practice of Agriculture.

(352)

Iowa Academy of Sciences, Des Moines, Iowa. Proceedings.
Iowa Department of Agriculture, Des Moines, Iowa. Year-
book.
Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Ames,
owa. Contributions from the Botanical Department.
Towa State University, Iowa City, Iowa. Bulletin of the
Natural History Laboratories.
Trish Gardening. Dublin, Ireland.
tItaly. Societa Botanica Italiana, Florence, Italy. Bullettino,
Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano, Bullettino Bibliografico.
§*Jahrbucher fur Wissenschaftliche Botanik, Leipzig, Germany.
§*Jahresbericht der Vereinigung der Vertreter der Angewandten
Botanik, Berlin, Germany.
§Jahresbericht uber das Gebiet der Pflanzenkrankheiten, Berlin,
ermany.
§{Jahresbericht uber die Fortschritte in der Lehre von den
Pathogenen Mikroorganismen, Leipzig, German
Jamaica. Department of Agriculture, Hope Coe King-
ston, Jamaica. Bulletin.
Java. Proefstation voor Suikerriet in West Java, Dutch East
Indies. Mededeelingen.
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. Circulars.
*Journal d’Agriculture Tropicale, Paris, France.
§*Journal des Roses, Melun, France.
*Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge, Eng.
*Journal of Bacteriology. Baltimore, Md.
*Journal of Biological Chemistry, Baltimore, Md.
{Journal of Botany, British and Foreign, London, England.
*Journal of Ecology, Cambridge, Eng.
*Journal of Genetics, Cambridge, Eng.
*Journal of Heredity, Washington, D.C.
§Jurjeff. University of Jurjeff (Dorpat), Russia. Acta Horti
Botanicit Jurjevensis.
Kansas Academy of Sciences, Topeka, Kans. Transactions.
Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Topeka, Kans. Quarterly
Report.
Kansas University Science Bulletin, Lawrence, Kans.
§Karlsruhe. Botanischer Garten der Technischen Hochschule,
Karlsruhe, Germany. Seed Lists.
Kew. Royal Gardens, Kew, England. Bulletin of Miscel-
laneous Information.

(353)

§Kharkow. Société des Naturalistes de Université Impériale 4
Kharkow, Kharkow, Russia. Travaux.
§*La Cellule, Lierre, Belgium
L’ ‘Asricolnucs Coloniale: see siorenes. Istituto Agricolo.
*L’ Agriculture Pratique des Pays Chauds. Paris, France.
§*L’ Amateur des Champignons, Paris, France.
La Naturaleza, Mexico, Mex.
Landscape Architecture, Harrisburg, Pa.
§Landshut. Botanischer Verein, Landshut, Bavaria, Germany.
Berichte.
La Nouva Notarisia, Modena, Italy.
La Plata. Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. Revista.
*Leaflets of Philippine Botany, Manila, P. I
§*Le Botaniste, Paris, France.
Leland Stanford Junior University Publications—University
Series, Stanford University, Cal.
Senbere: Hortus Botanicus Academicus Dublanensis, Lem-
berg, Austria. Seed Lists.
Le Naturaliste Canadien, Quebec, Canada.
Leyden. Ryks Herbarium, Leyden, Holland. Mededcelingen.
Leyden. University Botanic Garden, Leyden, Holland. Seed
Lists.
Lilly Scientific Bulletin, Indianapolis, Ind
tLinnean Society, London, England. Transactions: Botany,
Journal: Botany.
tLisbon. Instituto Bacteriologico Camara Pestana, Lisboa,
Portugal. Arquivos.
Lloyd Mycological Museum, Cincinnati, Ohio. Report, My-
cological Notes, Reproduction Series, Bulletin.
London. Royal Botanic Society, London, Eng. Botanical
Journal.
London. Royal Colonial Institute, London, Eng. United
Empire, Yearbook.
London. Royal Horticultural Society, London, England.

ournal.
tLondon. Royal Microscopical Society, London, England.
urnal,
““Lotos’’: see Prag, Dewiecie! Naturwissenschaftlich-medicin-
ischer Verein fir Bohmen: “‘ Lotos.”
Louisiana State Museum, New Orleans, La. Biennial Report.

(354)

Lund. Hortus Botanicus, Lund, Sweden. Seed Lists.
tLyons. Societé Botanique de Lyon, Lyons, France. Annales.
Macon. Société d’Histoire Naturelle, Macon, France. Bul-

in.
Madrid. Hortus Botanicus, Madrid, Spain. - Lists.
§Magyar Botanikai Lapok, Budapest, Hungar

Maine. Commissioner of Agriculture, i. Maine. Re-
port.

Maine. Forest Commissioner, Augusta, Maine. Report.

tMalpighia, Genoa, Italy.

Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester, England.
Reports, Publications.

Marcellia, Avellino, Italy.

Marseilles. Musée Colonial, Marseilles, France. Annales.

Maryland Geological and Natural History Survey, Baltimore,
Md. [Publications.|

Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston, Mass. Trans-
actions.

Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, Boston, Mass.
Annual Report.

Massachusetts Tree Wardens and Foresters Association: see
Arborea.

Mazama, Portland, Ore.

Mexico. Secretaria de Fomento, Colonizacion e Industria y
Comercio. Direccion de Estudios Biologicos, Mexico, Mex.
Boletin.

Michigan Academy of Science, Ann Arbor, Mich. Report.

Michigan Horticultural Society, Lansing, Mich. Annual
Report.

Minnesota. Geological and Natural History Survey, Min-
neapolis, Minn. [Publications.|

Miramichi. Natural History Association of Miramichi, Chat-
ham, N. B. Proceedings.

Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. Annals, Bulletin.

Missouri State Board of Agriculture. Columbia, Mo. Monthly
Bulletin. Year Book

Missouri. University of, Columbia, Mo. Bulletin, Sctence
Series.

Modena. R. Orto Botanico, Modena, Italy. Seed Lists.

§tMonatsschrift fur Kakteenkunde, Neudamm, Germany.

(355)

§Moscow. Institut Agronomique, Moscow, Russia. Annales.

Moscow. Société Impériale des Naturalistes, Moscow, Russia.
Bulletin,

Mountaineer, Seattle, Wash.

Muhlenbergia, Reno, Nev.

Musée Teyler, Haarlem, Holland. Archives.

Naples. Societa di Naturalisti in Napoli, Naples, Italy.
Bollettino.

§Nassauischer Verein fiir Naturkunde, Wiesbaden, Germany.
Jahrbtcher.

Natal Herbarium, Durban, Natal. [Papers by the mycologist.]

National Academy of Sciences, Baltimore, Md. Proceedings.

§Naturae Novitates, Berlin, Germany.

Naturaleza: see La Naturaleza.

Naturaliste Canadien: see Le Naturaliste Canadien.

*Nature, London, England.

Nature Study Review, Ithaca, N. Y.

Nebraska State Horticultural Society, Lincoln, Neb. Annual

Report.
Nederlandsch-Indie. Department von Landbouw, Niverheid
en Handel. Buitenzorg, Java, Jaarboek, Mededcelingen.
Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief: see Holland, Société Bo-
tanique Néerlandaise.

Newark. Shade Tree Commission, Newark, N. J. Annual
Report.

New Brunswick. Natural History Society of New Brunswick,
St. John, N. B. Bulletin.

New England Botanical Club: see Rhodora.

New Jersey State Horticultural Society, Trenton, N. J. Pro-
ceedings.

*New Phytologist, London, England.

New South Wales. Linnean Society, Sydney, N. S. W.
Proceedings.

New York Academy of Sciences, New York, N. Y. Annals.

New York. Art Commission, New York, N. Y. Annual
Report.

New York. Conservation Commission, Albany, N. Y. An-
nual Report, Bulletin.

New York Farmers, New York, N. Y. Proceedings.

New York Horticulcural Society, New York, N. Y. Memoirs,
Journal.

(356)
New York. Municipal Art Society, New York, N. Y Bul-

letin.

New York Public Library, New York, N. Y. Bulletin.

New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University,
Syracuse, N. Y. Bulletin, Press Bulletin, Technical Pub-
lication.

New York State Department of Agriculture, Albany, N. Y.
Annual Report.

New York State Museum of Natural History, Albany, N. Y.
Annual Report.

New York Zoological Society, New York, N. Y. Report, News
Bulletin.

New Zealand. Department of Agriculture, Wellington, New
Zealand. Annual Report.

North Carolina. Department of Agriculture, Raleigh, N. C.
Bulletin.

Norway. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab, Trondh-
jem, Norway. Sé&rifter.

Nova Scotian Institute of Science, Halifax, N.S. Proceedings
and Transactions.

Nuova Notarisia; see La Nuova Notarisia.

Nuovo Giornale Botanico Italiano: see Italy, Societa Botanica
Italiana.

§Nuremberg. Naturhistorische Gesellschaft, Nuremberg, Ger-
many. aaa dig is die

Nyt Magazin for Natur rne, Christiana, Norway.

Ohio (State) Biological Survey, Columbus, Ohio. Bulletin.

Ohio Journal of Science, Columbus, Ohio.

Ohio State Academy of Science, Columbus, Ohio. Pro-

ceedings.

Ohio State Board of Agriculture, Columbus, Ohio. Annual
Report.

Ohio State University Scientific Society: see Ohio Journal of
Science.

Oklahoma Geological Survey, Norman, Okla. Bulletin.
§Ontario Natural Science Bulletin, Guelph, Ont.
*Orchid Review, London, England.
Oregon State Board of Horticulture, Salem, Ore. Biennial
_ Keport.

§{Osterreichische Botanische Zeitschrift, Vienna, Austria.

(357)

Ottawa. Central Experiment Farm, Ottawa, Canada. Bul-
letin, Report, Seasonable Hints.
Ottawa Naturalist, Ottawa, Canada.
Palermo. R. Orto Botanico, Palermo, Italy. Bolletino.
Palisades Interstate Park Commissioners, New York, N. Y.
Report.
Paris. Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Bul-
letin, Notulae Systematicae.
Park and Cemetery, Chicago, III.
Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, Harrisburg, Pa.
Annual Report, Bulletin.
Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, Harrisburg, Pa.
Report, Bulletin.
Pennsylvania Forestry Association, Philadelphia, Pa. Forest
Leaves.
Pennsylvania. University of, Philadelphia, Pa. Contribu-
tions from the Department of Botany.
Peradeniya. Royal Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon.
Annals.
§Petrograd. Academie Imperiale des Sciences, Petrograd,
Russia. Travaux du Musee Botanique.
§Petrograd. Institut et Jardin Botanique de’ l’Université
Impériale, Petrograd, Russia. Scripta Botanica, Seed Lists.
§tPetrograd. Jardin Impérial Botanique, Petrograd, Russia.
Acta, Bulletin, Seed Lists,
Philadelphia. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.
Proceedings.
Philadelphia Commercial Museum, Philadelphia, Pa. [Pub-
lications.]
Philippine Agriculturist and Forester, Los Banos, P. I.
Philippine Islands. Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I.
Report, Bulletin, Philippine Agricultural Review, Philippine
Farmer.
Philippine Islands. Bureau of Science, Section C, Botany,
Manila, P. I. Philippine Journal of Science.
*Physiological Researches, Baltimore, Md.
*Playground Association of America, New York, N. Y. The
Playground.
Portici. R. Scuola Superiore di Agricoltura, Portici, Italy.
Annalt.

(358)

Portland Society of Natural History, Portland, Me. Pro-
ceedings.

Porto Rico. Board of Commissioners of Agriculture. Insular
Experiment Station, Rio Piedras, P.R. Bulletin, Circular,
Report.

Practical Druggist, New York, N. Y.

§Prag. Deutscher Naturwissenschaftlich-medicinischer Verein
fir BGhmen: “Lotos,” Prag, Bohemia, Austria. ‘“ Lotos.”

Preservation of Native Plants: see Society for the Preservation
of Native Plants.

§*Progressus Rei Botanicae, Jena, Germany

Puget Sound Marine Station. Seattle, Wash. Publications.

Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada, Montreal, Can.

Quebec Society for the Protection of Plants, Quebec, Can.
Annual Report.

Radium, Pittsburgh, Pa.

§Regensburg. Kgl. Botanische Gesellschait, Regensburg, Ba-
varia, Germany. Denkschriften.

ae ses Novarum Specierum Regni Vegetabilis, Berlin,
Germ

Revista ‘de: ie Facultad Nacional de Agronomia y Veterinaria,

La Plata, Argentina.
*Revista de Monee Madrid, Spain.
§Revue de l’Horticulture Belge et Etrangére, Ghent, Belgium.
tRevue Générale de Botanique, Paris, France.

Revue Horticole, Paris, France.

§Revue Scientifique du Bourbonnais et du Centre de la France,
Moulins, France.
*Rhodora, Boston, Mass.

Rio de Janeiro. Jardim Botanico, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Archivos.

Rio de Janeiro. Museo Nacional de Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
Janeiro, Brazil. Archivos.

*Rivista di Patologia Vegetale, Pavia, Italy.

Rochester Academy of Sciences, Rochester, N. Y. Proceedings.

Rome. R. Istituto Botanico: see Annali di Botanica.

Royal Gardens, Kew: see Kew, Royal Gardens.

Royal Horticultural Society: see London, Royal Horticultural
Society.

Royal Microscopical Society: see London, Royal Microscopical
Society.

(359)

Rural New Yorker, New York, N. Y.
St. Louis. Academy of Science, St. Louis, Mo. Trans-

Saone-et-Loire. Société des Sciences Naturelles de Saone-et-
Loire, Chalon-sur-Saone, France. Bulletin

§Sdo Paulo. Sociedade Scientifica de Sao Pailo, Sao Paulo,
Brazil. Revista.

Sapporo Natural History Society, Sapporo, Japan. Trans-

ns.

Sapporo. Tohoku Imperial University, College of Agriculture,
Sapporo, Japan. Journal.

Saragossa. Asociacion de Labradores de Zaragoza, Saragossa,
Spain. Boletin.

Scafati. R. Istituto Sperimentale di Scafati, Salerno, Italy.
Bollettino Tecnico.

§Schlesische Gesellschaft fir Vaterlandische Cultur, Breslau,
Germany. J/ahresbericht

Schweizerische Botanische Gesellschaft, Bern, Switzerland.
Berichte.

Science, New York, N. Y.

Selborne Magazine and Nature Notes, London, England.

Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft: see Frankfurt.

Singapore. Botanic Gardens, Singapore, Straits Settlements.
Annual Report, Gardens’ Bulletin.

Smith College, Northampton, Mass. Seed Lists.

Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum,
Washington, D.C. Report.

Sociedad Cientifica “Antonio Alzate,”’ Mexico, Mexico.
Memorias y Revista.

Sociedad Cientifica Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Anales.

Sociedade Broteriana, Jardim Botanico, Coimbra, Portugal.
Boletim.

Sociedade Nacional de Agricultura, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
A Lavoura.

Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, Helsingfors, Finland.
Acta, Meddelanden.

Société d’Histoire Naturelle de l’Afrique du Nord: see Algiers.
Société d’Histoire Naturelle.

Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles, Lausanne, Switzer-
land. Bulletin.

( 360 )

Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, New York,
N. Y. Proceedings.

Society for the Preservation of Native Plants, Boston, Mass.
Leaflets.

*Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science. Proceedings,

Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticultur-
ists. Proceedings.

§South Africa, Union of, Department of Agriculture, Pretoria.
S. Africa. Agricultural Journal.

Southern California Academy of Sciences, Los Angeles, Cal.
Bulletin.

Springfield. Museum of Natural History, Springfield, Mass.
Bulletin.

Stanford University: see Leland Stanford Junior University,

Staten Island Association of Arts and Sciences, New Brigh-
ton, 5.1.,N. Y. Proceedings. Museum Bulletin.

*Steiermark. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein fir Steiermark,
Graz, Austria. Mitteilungen.

Stockholm. Bergianska Tradgarden: see Bergianska Trad-

Stockholm. Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademien: see Sweden.

Stockholm. Statens Skogsférsoksanstalt, Stockholm, Sweden.
Meddelanden.

tSvensk Botanisk Tidskrift, Stockholm, Sweden.

Sweden. Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademien: see Ar-
chiv for Botanik.

Sweden. Sveriges Utsadesforening, Svalof, Sweden. Tids-

Gedney Botanic Gardens, Sydney, New South Wales.

Report.
Sydney. Technological Museum, Sydney, New South Wales.
Publications.

§Tabor. Hortus Botanicus, Tabor, Austria. Seed Lists.

Texas. University of, Austin, Texas. Bulletin.

The Botanical Society and Exchange List of the British Isles:
see Botanical Society and Exchange List.

The Cuba Review: see Cuba Review.

The Playground: see Playground Association of America.

The Selborne Magazine and Nature Notes: see Selborne
Magazine and Nature Notes.

(361)

§Tifis. Jardin Botanique, Tiflis, Russia. Travaux, Moniteur,
Seed Lists.

§Tirlemont. Hortus Thenensis, Tirlemont, Belgium. Jcones
Selectae, Plantae Novae.

{Tokyo Botanical Society, Tokyo, Japan. Botanical Magazine.

Tokyo. Imperial University, College of Agriculture, Tokyo,
Japan. fournal.

Toronto. University of Toronto, Canada. Studies; Ana-
tomical Series, Biological Series, Geological Series, Patho-
logical Series, Physiological Series.

Torrey Botanical Club, New York, N. Y. Bulletin, Memoirs,
Torreya.

Trajectum: see Utrecht.

Tree Talk, Stamford, Conn.

Trinidad. Agricultural Society of Trinidad and Tobago,
Trinidad, W. 1. Proceedings.

Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. Notes from the Botanical
School.

Troms¢ Museum, Troms¢g, Norway. Aarshefter, Aarsberetning.

Union of South Africa: see South Africa, Union of South
Africa.

United Empire: see London, Royal Colonial Institute.

United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
All Publications.

United States Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. Bulletin,
Annual Report, Monographs, Professional Papers.

United States National Museum: see Smithsonian Institution,
United States National Museum.

Upsala. Kgl. Universitat, Upsala, Sweden. Botanical Re-
prints, Seed Lists.

Upsala. Regia Societas Scientiarum Upsaliensis, Upsala,
Sweden. Nova Acta.

Utrecht. Hortus Botanicus Universitatis Rheno-Traiectinae,
Utrecht, Holland. Seed Lists.

Valais. La Murithienne, Société Valaisanne des Sciences
Naturelles, Sion, Valais, Switzerland. Bulletin.

Valencia. Universidad Literaria de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
Seed Lists.

( 362 )

Vermont. Commissioner of Agriculture, Burlington, Vt. An-
nual Report.
Victoria. Department of Agriculture, Melbourne, Victoria.

ournal.
Victoria. Field Naturalists’ Club of Victoria, Melbourne,
Australia. The Victorian Naturalist.
§*Vienna. K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft, Vienna,
Austria. Abhandlungen.
§fVienna. K. K. Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft, Vienna,
Austria. Verhandlungen.
Wageningen. Rijks Hoogere Land-, Tuin- en Boschbouw-
school, Wageningen, Holland. Mededeelingen.
Washington. Biological Society of Washington, Washington,
D.C. Proceedings.
Washington. Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. Re-
port.
otis Chemical Research Laboratories, London, England:

Paper
Wellington Field Naturalists’ Club, Journal: see Ontario
atural Science Bulletin.
West American Scientist, San Diego, Cal.
West Indies. Agricultural Department, Barbadoes, W. I.
Bulletin, Agricultural News.
West Indies. Inspectie van den Landbouw in West Indié,
Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana. Bulletin, Verslag.
West Java. Proefstation voor Suikerriet: see Java, Proef-

station,

Wild Flower Preservation Society of America, New York, N. Y.
Circulars.

Wisconsin Academy of Arts and Sciences, Madison, Wis.
Transactions.

Wisconsin Natural History Society, Milwaukee Public Museum.
Milwaukee, Wis. Proceedings.
Wisconsin. University of, Madison, Wis. Bulletin, Science
Series.
Woman’s National Farm and Garden Association, Cheltenham,
Pa. Quarterly.
§*Zeitschrift fur Botanik, Jena, Germany.
§*Zeitschrift flr indultve Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre,
Berlin, Germany.

( 363 )

§fZeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, Germany.
§*Zeitschrift fur Physiologische Chemie, Strassburg, Germany.
§*Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Mikroskopie, Brunswick,
Germany.
Zurich. Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Ztrich, Switzerland.
Vierteljahrsschrift.

REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Dirrector-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report as
Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds for the year 1916.

Regulating and Grading

Most of this work was done at the rose garden, conven-
tion garden, and the iris garden. We regulated, graded,
and made ready for planting 15 X 200 feet along Pelham
Avenue and 15 X 180 feet along the Southern Boulevard.
More than three-quarters of the rose garden is regulated,
graded, and ready for planting. About an acre of ground
between the large lake and the eastern boundary line of
the Garden, to be used for the instruction of school teachers
in gardening, has been cleared and plowed.

Contractors who were excavating cellars in the vicinity
of the Garden and who were looking for a convenient place
to dispose of the soil have carted 11,000 cubic yards of
earth into the grounds, depositing it to our satisfaction at
their expense. About 1,000 yards of this soil has been
placed at the quarry near the iris garden, 3,000 yards north
of the Woodlawn Avenue approach, and 7,000 yards at the
northern end of the large lake near the rose garden for
filling in the new road.

From paths now under construction at the convention
garden, along Pelham Avenue, and through the Magnolia
collection, 3,200 cubic yards of top-soil were transferred
to the rose garden. For the purpose of filling in the new
road at the northern end of the large lake, 2,000 yards of
fill were removed by our carts from the bank on the northern
side of this road.

(364)

Drainage

Two catch-basins, 80 feet of 6-inch drainage pipe, and
100 feet of 3-inch porous pipe have been placed at the
iris garden for drainage. To drain the lowland in the
north meadow, 100 feet of 4-inch drain pipe have been
used. We placed 44 feet of 15-inch pipe under the roadway
to drain the convention garden, and built three catch-
basins and laid 60 feet of 4-inch pipe to drain the rose
garden.

Roads and Paths

All the roads throughout the grounds were tarred and
covered with grit by the Park Department. We have
completed 716 feet of 1o-foot paths at the iris garden. On
the western side of the Bronx River, a path 300 feet long
and 10 feet wide has been lined and is now ready to be
paved. We have lined and made ready for paving 2,305
feet of 1o-foot paths running through the convention
garden to the iris garden. The stone used for the con-
struction of the paths west of the Bronx River was taken
from the quarry near the museum building. We have
lined and made ready for paving 1,035 feet of a 10-foot
path outside the rose garden boundary and 1,123 feet of a
path 8 feet wide on the inside of this boundary. Paths
from the elevated railway approach to conservatory range I,
all the paths around the terrace of conservatory range I,
and paths leading from conservatory range 2 to the Allerton
Avenue entrance have been screened.

Buildings

Considerable repairs were made throughout the Garden
during the year by our mechanics. The carpenters re-
placed several rafters in the dome and in houses 4, 13, 14,
and 1s of conservatory range 1, and repaired all the ven-
tilating sash. A workshop has been constructed in the
north runway of power house 1, and one wall exhibition
case twenty feet long was built for the main floor of the
museum building. The cedar fence south of the herbaceous

(365 )

grounds has been removed and is now being used for the
erection of a fence along the Southern Boulevard. Posts
for this fence have been set for a distance of 900 feet. The
western porch of the mansion has been rebuilt and numer-
ous repairs were made to the doors and closets. Consider-
able repairing has been done in the museum building, com-
fort stations, and the stable.

The main and rear hallways of the mansion and all the
pipe fence through the hemlock grove have been painted.
The exterior of houses I, 12, 13, 14, and 15 and all doors on
the interior of conservatory range I were painted. Thirty
signs for the direction of visitors and for the protection of the
grounds and shrubbery have been repainted and lettered.
All broken glass in conservatory ranges I and 2 and in the
propagating houses has been replaced.

Necessary repairs to the plumbing system throughout
the buildings were made by our men. The fountains,
water system, steam system, and two large patches in the
roof of the museum building were repaired. A concrete
bench 80 feet long was constructed in house 5 of conserva-
tory range 1. During the summer, the following repairs
were made in power house 1 by contractors: a blower
system was installed in the five boilers and small-sized
grates in boilers 3, 4, and 5, in which we are now burning
buckwheat coal, were also installed. We are using No.
2 nut coal in boilers 1 and 2. 117 tubes were replaced
in the boilers. Numerous repairs were made in the
power houses and conservatories by our steam engineers.

Grounds

In addition to our own guards, on Saturdays, Sundays,
and holidays from the last Sunday in May to the last Sun-
day in August, the Garden was patrolled by five uniformed
city officers and two detectives, who successfully enforced
the park ordinances relative to the destruction of shrubbery,
scattering of paper, and general vandalism. About 80
arrests were made and the offenders were fined from one to

( 366 )

ten dollars. Owing to the vigilance of the city officers and
our employees, the damage to the lawns and plantations
was very slight. On Sundays and holidays during the
warm weather, the visitors to the Garden numbered about
40,000. This number was increased to nearly 50,000 during
July and August. The number of visitors to the museums
and conservatories has greatly increased over that of other
years.

We have cut down about 75 dead trees. The gasoline
engine was kept running for two weeks and a half, and suf-
ficient wood was cut to supply fuel for the propagating
houses for five months. We have continued to uproot
the poison ivy throughout the grounds with very satis-
factory results. The work will be continued each year
‘until the ivy is exterminated.

One cart was purchased. About 40 tons of hay were
cut during the summer and have been put in the two
barracks.

Respectfully submitted,
ARTHUR J. CoRBETT,
Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.

( 367 )

SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE
YEAR 1916

1. CITY MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT

A DPTODTIGLED ahs, ste iv cece waved dea eae-eidie Gun eoaiaeeasa eee ata one tea $100,075.00
Expended
Personal Service
Dalanesey sta cmieAce sa mee aes wane £ 79,263.66
Wa DOR teeta eetite sole tha Comers ts 2,451.50
Total. ....... Rete One en ae ern eaEn $ 81,715.16
Sundry Expenses
BOLAG Gar eaten teehee ran ae catenins $ 834.01
TUG) eae Gis terest tns eee ete seep estate tara 10,089.58
Supplies 64. Sdded nee Shea s Moe enuede 1,043.13
Equipment........... 00. cece eee e et eeeees 2,150.66
Materials. ..2..cesccics ecaeataciecusene? 2,046.70
Repalrss acsci ace bee eee eda 1,358.70
Telephone Service............ 0000 eee eee 170.22
oe Du Meador aoa ptt a Bisie sind dynein 666.8
al iecoree elem net aran cng woe cena a ce $ 18,359.84
Total Repended Cpe Gate te ata a ease ee a wae a ns ona $100,075.00

z. SPECIAL GARDEN ACCOUNTS

Expioration Funp

Igol to 1914. Subscriptions.............. % 37,028.45
Sales and Refunds...............00000005 1,669.06
Total 24.224 cestenseu seiegieyensiaeenis cose ee $ 38,607.51
1901 to pi Expendéd 55 c-seoerd tena ie eas ears 38,673.46
ea ees tected hugs eeeegaanh a ese ec 05
Museum anp Hergarium Funp
1g01 to1914. Subscriptions.............. $ 11,895.00
Sales and Refunds. ............ 0c eeeeee 387.8
1916. Spates dinale e aetieaned aeaiadua dale 5
Le) eee Cg eras eee ree eee eae eee $ 12,782.89
1901 to enor: Expended............2..0. g ee 99
1916. Expended............. 000 c eee eee 7.00
Ota nteidniad aero cat adieu cae annua $% 12,710.99
EDOLAN CE So he cae etiate a apse aareins Gear S ae 71.90

Prant Funp (Conservatory Funp)

1900 to I9I4. a Nise See a tte ee ak $ 9,576.55
Sales and Refunds..............0: cee eeee 689.16
1916, Sales cate dace eet ieonariens ae 98.

9850
TD Ota leet statehood tama ee $ 10,364.21

1900 to 2 Peas a ere ete 10,232.54
a ae jad feed e haa eet waats 119.60
ee eee ae ar err eee eee ae eee $ 10,352.14
eae che tate tits a cies inc acne nays cha ste ak tee ae $ 12.07
SpeciaL Boox Funp
1899 to1g14. Subscriptions.............. % 31,547.88
Sales and Refunds.................00000%
1916. Pr suaeal igang te west ca itaasafedease ety 25
ti iuctidat wutacngens dale ane ea Ae toca as: 31,694.36
1899 to sie Expendedicis sya te weds ees % 31,638.17
1916. Expended.... 2.0.0... 2c cece eee ee 6.45
a isis Sash Oh at eraaoaaRIAY toes Gk Hate ators Sct aie ls $ 31,644.62
DALGNCE oA ceaioa tout caniee ter ach asere aptaenee inne aneaeiete 2 49.7.
GarpEen Extension AND ComMEMoRATION FunpD
res 10,1916. Balance... eee 57
December 29, 1910. Trae to Rose Garden and
Garden eee PUN ap ete enantio tees 57
Pusuic Lecture Funp
1916. Subscriptions. ........0. 0. ccc cece eee e eens $ 550.00
1916. Expended........... 0... e cee ence eee eee 430.53
Balance aocsasuen pia elas asta. te nents $ 419.47
Rose Garpen anp Garpen Extension Funp.
1916. Subscriptions...................0. 3 8,400.00
December 29, 1916. Transferred from vai
Extension and Commemoration Fund..... 57
anes saad ta tees ce na nero Seine, B 8,400.57
1916. see
ANTICS i poe oe ne Maen $ 2,200.00
ag Peet eee, di icceens ante oak Sle Ararat 4,853.50
geht he ek oe sone ae at gets oes a anata Se 839.07
Supls and Materials............... 492.53
alee os tyes aes te eatin ona a ee wis $ 8,385.10
poe i Siete iMate bei a bas cco gens te a ele ice aes $15.47
Summary oF SpeciaL GARDEN ACCOUNTS
Subscriptions
1899:tO 1915 see ods Saeeats gan Peed $105,479.88
DOUG oe en et ai Gane eee 9,475.00
Sales and Refunds
ee TOM OIG i Sie kie Pied adraleeees $ 2,867.59
id lmte diet aa eee a eae wae a ae ae Sake 98.
Totals spabieer ye eee ein eer ta SA ed dsc ee $117,920.97
Expended
1890 TOI915 cine sad caten came ante eae $108,239.59
Q1G ss arecden aa hoa ta hi tec tesa eet at ioncee 9,38

(369)
3. SPECIAL INCOME ACCOUNTS

Appropriaied Expended
Income of Science and Education Fund.
Publications... whats (ada eee eee eee $ 1,551.35
CCUL ESE oo cree. tty ce ee eale ete oe gree te aon aerate! 317.77
Photography: 2c4c0¢vaiush fetdey opie ioa eta 454.04.
Laboratories s.doiceivia ox cmteaian oe hae eee 837.80
Explorations .ekaendevars eee Pees ease eententnante 439.02
Otal sce pee oat tae ah Gane ues $ 3,700.00 $ 3,599.98 $
Income aoe Darius Ogden Mills Fund.
UR MLE NG eae RES EAR ACRES ia $B 645.59
Herbarium isi Die een ae Aa Ge wate aecree 584.91
Books and Binding. 1.0.0... - 0 ccc cece eee cease 659.70
Investigations at other Institutions............... 07.75
TOtale ce paieas oesdicietae a laetads $ 2,000.00 $ 1,997.95 $
Income of Henry Iden
Resident Research Cains ee aeape tae Pate ie $ ‘100.00
BOOKS siom.2th.inich ath cusratthemntes na ca eeasates 298.75
Ota late ree sence gsey ct eaten $ 400.0% 398.75 3
Income of William R. Sands Fund.
Horticultural Prizes.............-2005 $ 400.00 $ 378.00 $
Accumulated Income of Olivia E. and Caroline
Phelps Stokes Fund.
he Preservation of Native Plants... 300.00 8 279.13 $
Accumulated Income of Students Research Fund.
Aid for Students Research............ $ 200.00 — $
Income of see aes Fund.
Publications. ......... 000... scenes % 5,200.00 § 5,198.38 $
Hee ce of Addison Brown Fund.
For Colored Illustrations of Plants
Staci ase aie saanas emreae as ee $ 300.00
Printing and Stationery..............000000- 2,870.59
WOtal the gaeeg ng ee ails $ 4,200.00 3,170.59 $
Accumulated Income of John Innes Kane Fund.
r Plants for Grounds and Greenhouses. 600.00 $ 598.94 $
Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund.
For Increase of the Collections.
Sasser esate tenga ge bohea encess cana eon stents lentoete $ 120.04
SPCCIMENS ¢ csi adie er echeaya vad weiss 411.04
bp ed dda ahewendese toot Pee sta boas 81.69
TOtal com, oi Aetanbdnn iadees $ 800.00 % 612.77 $
Accumulated ae of Charles Budd Robinson
For ‘aiding Exploration.............-- $ 40.00 $
Totals—Special Income Accounts...$ 17,840.00 $ 16,234.49 $

Balances

100.02

1,029.41

1.06

187,23

40.00

1,005.52

(370)

4. GENERAL INCOME ACCOUNT

sie
includ:
(ae Expended Balances
INSURANCE
Museum Specimens and Library............0 00 eee $ 366.60
Boilers and Elevator... .. 0.2.0.0... cece eee ees III.00
Glass in Conservatories............ 0000 cece renee 142.25
Horses and Wagons... 2.2.6... cece ccc cee eee 12.50
peter ata stetcaeesee a ete 650.00 $ 632.35 $ = 17.65
Supplies sence Crrcutars For Mem-
HIP)

eee for Membership Pats eared ead Wee sonia Bc $ 343.12
SUpplicsts.occcucadevetceaees tesa eee eee ed 850.44

Votaligiceietiar vod tet eee $ 1,200.00 $ 1,193.56 $ 6.44
Contingent Fund ...::ccnsalcesevaae creased 1,100.00 1,061.65 38.35

ENTERTAINMENT

Refreshments: <0. fechas o3.cead win anna hes % 200.00
Hire of Touring Cars ........ 0.0... e eee eee eee 102.50
Printing and Stationery................ 020s eee eee 281.00

Ota eee Gee cient eee $ 600.00 $ 583.50 16.50
Assistance for Treasurer.................. 480.00 480.00

SALARIES

Individual Accounts.......0 0.0 c cee cee ene $ 12,735.00
Muséum Aidsy .iita.ceedsie te yee bye eee eS 434.67
Gardeners and Apprentices............-... 000 eee euee 2,921.17
Miscellanéous sa cviny. 3 dota aalad ytalank ees 804.67

Totalig.civesd Patsodexdaket oe ue as % 16,900.00 $ 16,895.51 449

Lapor

Weekly Pay Rolls... 0... ccc ccc cence ene $ 3,860.00
Guard Duty ).sedy iAataind age toheet aba thes aoa 452.25
Miscellaneous overtime... .........0 000 ccc ence eee ee 285.2

Otay tre nt eeue a ite ceeatiginee casas % 4,600.00 $ 4,597.50 $ 2.50

Totals—General Income Account....... $ 25,530.00 $ 25,444.07 $ 85.93

5. EXPENDED FROM FUNDS OF THE GARDEN

Special Garden Accounts, 1916.............0..00000 ee $ 9,388.68
Special Income Accounts. ..........0...00 0... c eee eeee 16,234.49
General Income Account.........0...0 0000 cece cece 25,444.07

ST Ota ls 2 arses agaer ant ee tart tee ean Neon Pete t $ 51,067.24

6. BOARD ROOM FUND
Total Receipts from April 12 to De-

CT BT; QUO ii owes ea $103.85
ae ere Income of Lydig Fund 5.05

Net Total Receipts.................. $98.80

DisBuRSEMENTS
Supplies and Materials............, % 60.85
Contingencies........... cece eee 6.78
PP Ota his cin ce et eons tte aes mines cet fate $67.63
Dec. 31, 1916. Balance—Cash........... $31.17

Respectfully submitted,
WALTER S. GROESBECK,
Accountant.
E. and O. E.
New York, January 8, 1917.
SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE
ROSE GARDEN AND GARDEN EXTENSION FUND

Mr. Fritz Achelis.. 0.0.0 ec eee eee $ 25
Mr. Edward D. Adams...... 0.0.0.0... cece cere eee 100
Mrs. James Herman Aldrich..................00000 05s 25
Mr. A. H. Anderson. ........ 0000.2 c cece eee 10
Mr. John D. Archbold. ............0.0.0...0 000200205 100
Mrs. George A. Archer... 0.0.0... 2c cece ee 25
Mr. Edward W. C. Arnold... ........... 0. ..00000205- 25
Mrs. Hugh D. Auchincloss.... 0.0.0.0... 00sec eee 50
Mr. Samuel P. Avery... 0.0... es 25
Mrs. Robert Bacon. ...... 0.0... tenes 100
Mr. George F. Baker... 0... nes 100
Mrs. Thomas H. Barber...........000. 0000000 cc eee 25
Mr. Alfred N. Beadleston...........00.. 000 cece eee 25
Mr. Eugene P. Bicknell. 2.0.0.0... 00. eee 15
Miss Elizabeth Billings............ 20.0... 0000 e eee eee 25
Mr. George Blumenthal.................0 0.0 c eee eee 25
Mr. John I. D. Bristol. ......0..00 0000.00 c cc eee 5
Dr Nis Botton aise ed eke hea e tate eee bh kd 500
Mr. Andrew Carnegie... 2.0... ee eee 250
Dr. Walter F. Chappell. ... 0.00.0... 00 0.00 eee eee ee 10
Hons We Ay Clarke cri hes eo ila ea A ee 25
Col. Samuel P. Colt... 0.00000. e ces 50
Mrs. F. A. Constable... 00... 0c nee 25
Mr. James W. Cromwell... ...........0 000 eee eee 50
Mr. Charles Deering............. 000.02 c eee eee 100
Mr, Eugene Délano ss 4i ce. eab el ieee denna han O85 100
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey... 2.2.00... o ec 25

Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge.............. 00.0 c eee eee ee 200

Dr. James Douglas. ......... 00. eee
Mr. A. F. Estabrook... 0... ee
Mr. James B. Ford............0....0 0000000000 eee
Mr. Henry W. de Forest... 2.02.00 0.00.
Dr. Robert W. de Forest... 0.0.0 0000000000 0c eee eee
Miss Susan D. Griffith........0.0.0.0. 0.000.000 0000008
Mr. Daniel Guggenheim. ..............0..0020 200000.
Mrs. William Pierson Hamilton.......................
Mr. Edward S. Harkness.................. Se had sae
Mrs. Frank D. Harmon....................0.0....0...
Mrs. E. H. Harriman..........0.0 0000.00.00 0020 eee
Mr. T. A. Havemeyer.................2..02.4-. Wee
Miss Caroline C. Haynes............. 00.020. e eee ee
Mr. A. Heckscher...........0.00.0.0.0000 0000000000

Mr. Bernhard Hoffmann.........................0...
Mr. Henry R. Hoyt.........0000.0.00.00.0 00.00.00.
Mr. Theodore R. Hoyt...........0......0...000-.05.
Mrs. Richard Irvin...........0.0.0..0...0.....00..0..
Dr. Walter B. James..................0.0.00.0..0...
Miss Annie B. Jennings............0..0 0.00.00. .0 0000
Mr. Walter B. Jennings.................... Dee esas
Mrs. Hamilton Fish Kean................. ee ee
Mrs. John S. Kennedy.........000.00.00..00..0.0..00..
Mr. Edward V. Z. Lane...........00.00..00..........
Mr. Lewis H. Lapham.............0..0.000..0...00....
Professor and Mrs. Frederic S. Lee.... ...............
Mr. Adolph Lewisohn. .........0...000...00....000..
Mrs. V. Everit Macy.......00000..000.. 000000 c eee.
Mrs. Henry Marquand......................
Mr. Edgar L. Marston

Mr. Ogden Mills... 2... ee
Mr. J. P. Morgan... 2.22. ee
Dr. Lewis Rutherfurd Morris.....................

Mr. John P. Munn.........0..0000000............
Mr. Frederic R. Newbold

Mr. George W. Perkins... 2.0.0.0... 00.0 c eee eee 250
Mrs. George W. Perkins..................000.....25. 250
Mr. William H. Perkins.................0..2...00...... 25
Mr. Charles F. Rand... 2.0... 02 een 100
Miss Emily Redmond.......................22.0.... 25
Mr. Edwin A. Richard. ... 2.0.0.0. 02 0.2, 150
Miss Elvine Richard. ... 2.2.0.0... 22002 e eee 50
Mr. John J: Rake? fcncesteainu dened oe oni eRe 4 50
Mr. William J. Riker.........0. eee 25
Dr. William C. Rives..... 0.0... ees 25
Mr. William Rockefeller... 0.2 ..22.0 000.0000 000..020.. 100
Mrs. James Roosevelt............000002..0000000000. 25
Mrs. Archibald D. Russell.........000.00.......0.... 100
Mr. Mortimer L. Schiff... 2.00 ee, 200
Miss Grace Scoville... 0.0.0... ne 25
Mr. James A. Scrymser..........0.0000022.-..0002020, 50
Mr. Isaac N. Seligman........ 0.2.00 ...00..00000000.. 25
MrnAn Re Shattuck: 24648) oc. e hte seo ade” 25
Mrs. Finley J. Shepard... ....00....00..00...000.000.. 25
Mr. William Shillaber.... 00.00.0000... ..0 00000020000. 25
Mrs. Alfred L. Simon... 2.0.00... cee eee 10
Mrs. Benson B. Sloan..... 0.2.0.0... 0000000000005. 25
Mr. William Sloane... 1.2... 000...0 02.0 c eee eee ee 25
Mr. Francis Lynde Stetson..........0... 0.000.000... 250
Miss Ellen J. Stone... 0.000.000 0c cece eee 25
Mr. Frederick Strauss............0....000000020.0.00.. 25

Te PK Sturgis icicg dina ee pige gat ats ee eaes bhackod 50
Mrs. Henry O. Taylor... ......0.....000....000002.... 100
Mr. .B. Bi Thayer in. eee een) oe oga hl why etaeea o 25
Mr. Charles G. Thompson.................00.2.2.4.. 50
Mrs. F. F. Thompson...............0..00..00220000. 25
Mr. William B. Thompson....................00000.. 100
Mr. Myles Tierney.............000000.000..000.0002. 100
Mr. Louis C. Tiffany... 0.0 eee 100
Mr. W. K. Vanderbilt... 0.00.00. 0000.00.00. cece, 250
Mrs. William Young Westervelt..................... 5
Mr. H. H. Westinghouse................... pe eka 25
ANONYMOUS) 442 genni ve vie done pee Sanaa ve eek 25

(374)

REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIENTIFIC
DIRECTORS

(Received and ordered printed, January 8, 1917)

To tHe Boarp or Manacers oF THE NEw York Bortan-
ICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit below the report of
the Scientific Directors for the year 1916.

As a result of a change in the City administration, Hon.
William G. Willcox has succeeded Hon. Thomas W. Church-
ill as ex-officio member of our Board.

Professor William H. Carpenter, Provost of Columbia
University, has continued to represent President Nicholas
Murray Butler at our meetings.

Owing to the continued incapacity of Professor James
F. Kemp, through illness, we have authorized his pro-
fessional representative, Professor Charles P. Berkey, to
meet with us.

Our meetings have been held regularly and the year has
been an active one, rather more than the usual number of
important matters having come before us for consideration.
Among these subjects, those of an educational character
have predominated.

During the latter part of 1915, a proposition was ten-
tatively discussed for the establishment under our control
and direction, of a school for the education and training
of gardeners. This proposition has been kept before us
during 1916. Although the disturbed international con-
ditions have prevented the proposition from assuming a
positive form, yet plans and methods of procedure, in case
the plan shall materialize, have received considerable
attention.

Similar attention has been given to a proposition for the
establishment, under our control and direction, of a school
for training teachers for the management of school gardens,
the necessary funds to be provided, as in case of the pro-

(375)

posed school for gardeners, by those specially interested
in the project. We have carried our studies to a point
where the work could be at once inaugurated, should the
necessity arise.

We have given careful attention to a suggestion coming
from persons connected with the public school system of the
City, but acting in a private capacity, that we should
assign members of the Garden staff to give lectures on
botanical subjects in the public schools. We have not
deemed it either advisable or authorized for us to engage
in this work.

In connection with the two propositions and the sug-
gestion thus reported, we have discussed the general subject
of the relations of the Garden to the work of the public
instruction of school children. We believe such instruction
to be a legitimate and very important part of the Garden’s
work, provided for in our charter, but that it should be
done at the Garden, and in such a way as to be applicable
to the public, as such. We do not see that it is practicable,
even if it were proper, for us to carry our work into the
public schools, without opening the door to serious future
complications. As to our lecture work at the Garden, we
believe that no study or effort should be spared for in-
creasing its educational efficiency. Much has been done in
this direction during the past year, and in our plans for
the future.

The course of ten lectures on horticultural subjects os
vided last spring, was planned along this line. Althou
we encountered exceptional interference in the form of bad
weather, this course was very successful, as to both interest
and attendance, an average of 113 auditors being registered.

The ordinary lecture courses of the year have been main-
tained, the lectures being continued through the summer
months. The details of these courses will be presented in
the administrative reports.

A special course of members’ lectures has been provided
for next year, to be given in the small lecture room at the
Mansion.

(376)

In this connection, the education features, as well as the
decorative value of the Iris Garden and the Rose Garden,
should be considered. The highly ornamental value of the
irises and their location at so public a position as the south
entrance, will necessarily attract great attention, and such
a variety as 350 forms of a single class of the genus cannot
fail to prove instructive, even to the casual visitor. The
same is true, even in a greater degree, of the Rose Garden,
representing as it will do, many species as well as varieties.

Ample provision has been made for the establishment
of a temporary Convention Garden, to be maintained this
summer in connection with the annual Convention of the
Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticul-
turists, the Society to provide the necessary funds. An
admirable location has been selected and prepared for the
accommodation of a large attendance. The suggestion of
possible permanent maintenance of such a display garden
is well worthy of consideration.

A proposition to establish an experimental garden for
drug culture, in connection with the College of Pharmacy,
which is to provide the necessary funds through special
subscription in the drug trade, has been considered, and
we await the necessary action by that institution.

The year has shown much activity in publication. The
most notable event in this connection is the completion of
Volume 9 of North American Flora, the first volume to be
completed. The last parts of another volume are nearly
ready for publication. Complete success has attended the
inauguration of our new journal, Addisonia. Not only has
the first volume met with a flattering general reception, but
the number of subscriptions has already rendered its pub-
lication self-supporting.

Another notable publication is Vol. 6 of the Memoirs,
which embodies the collection of papers presented at our
Twentieth Anniversary Celebration. It is a volume that
will take a high and permanent position in botanical liter-
ature.

(377)

Our new Guide-book, forming a part of the Bulletin, and
also published separately, is a great improvement on its
predecessor. Its usefulness is increased through the naming
of all important locations in the Garden. This edition
includes the new land recently acquired, and is enriched
by an excellent map.

Although the work of exploration, owing to scarcity of
funds, has not shown the activity of some former years, yet
some good work has been done in this direction. The
months of February and March were spent by Dr. and Mrs.
Britton, accompanied by Mr. Wilson, in the Isle of Pines
and large and important collections were secured. Through
the generosity of Mr. Charles Deering, Dr. Small has been
enabled to make two visits to southern Florida, exploring
little known regions, and making important discoveries.
At the present time, Dr. Shafer is at work in Argentina,
his special mission being to secure representations of the
cactus flora of that country. In this connection, reference
should be made to the explorations of Dr. Rose, in Vene-
zuela, in the interest of the same work. Although this
expedition was conducted by the Carnegie Institution, its
direct connection with our monograph on the Cactaceae,
entitles it to mention in this report.

Great and increasing difficulty has been experienced in
finding accommodations for the accessions to the her-
barium. Some relief was experienced by the building of
twelve additional cases, but this was temporary and in-
sufficient. In spite of it, and of the crowding of the cases
to such an extent as to injure and endanger the safety of
the specimens, it has been found necessary to bundle up
and store numbers of specimens which are thus rendered
inaccessible for study. The necessity for additional her-
barium space has now become acute and must be met in
some way during the coming year. Steady increase in
herbarium material is not merely desirable; it is inevitable.
When a herbarium has reached such proportions and such
importance as ours, it becomes a natural magnet for the

(378 )

attraction of additional material. It is also to be remem-
bered that the collections of living and dried plants, to-
gether with the library, constitute the basic elements in our
scientific work, which must be provided for, if our develop-
ment is to continue.

The library accommodations present the same condition
of overcrowding as do those of the herbarium.

Fourteen special students, exclusive of visiting botanists,
have been engaged on research problems during the year.
The most of this work has been in the direction of cytology
and genetics, the subjects having included Primula, varie-
gated forms of Tussilago, Catharanthus, Eschscholtzia,
Cichorium, Hibiscus, and Carex. One student has engaged
in a study of the black oaks of southern New Jersey, with
special reference to hybridity. Two have pursued studies
in pathology. One has continued his investigations of the
flora of western Tibet. Professors Harper and Gies have
carried out their plan, announced in our last report, of
studying chemically the pigments in the leaves of Coleus.

The Directors have given some thought to the increasing
tendency of research students to pursue their botanical
work at the several university laboratories of the City.
The incomparable natural advantages at such an institution
as ours for the pursuit of every form of botanical research
should cause it to be sought by all intending to engage in
such work. The probable reasons for the tendency to
select other laboratories were made the subject of special
discussion at our December meeting. It appears that the
several university departments have made a bid for this
class of students by greatly improving their laboratory and
teaching equipments, and the location of these on the
university grounds is found more convenient than that of
ours. In spite of these facts, however, we believe that a
proper and sufficient effort on our own part should result in
making the attractions of the Garden laboratories para-
mount, and we have delegated a special study of such re-
quirements to Professors Harper and Gies.

(379)

In view of the several prospective undertakings herein
referred to, and the various opportunities for our activity
thus opened, we look forward a peculiar interest to the
developments of the coming yea

Respectfully submitted,
H. H. Russy,
Chairman.

( 380 )

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PATRONS,
FELLOWS, AND MEMBERS FOR THE
YEAR 1916

To THE Boarp oF Manacers or THE NEw Yor«k Bo-
TANICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: The number of new members who have
qualified is 126. The number of annual members is now
883; life members 147; sustaining members 12; fellowship
members 2.

Of these 18 are now in arrears for dues for 1916, 8 for dues
for 1915 and 1916, 5 for dues for 1914, 1915 and 1916.

Dues have been collected to the amount of $9220, which
have been transmitted to the treasurer as received.

A complete list of all classes of members to date is here-
with submitted.

BENEFACTORS
*Hon. Addison Brown, *D. O. Mills,
Andrew Carnegie, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.
Columbia University, John D. Rockefeller,
*Hon. Chas. P. Daly, *Cornelius Vanderbilt.
PaTRONS
Oakes Ames, *Mrs. Esther Henaaae
*Miss Catherine A. Bliss, Archer M. Huntington;
Dr. N. L. Britton, *Henry Iden, ~
*Hon. Addison Brown, Mrs. John Innes Kane/
Andrew Carnegie, *John Stewart Kennedy,’
*Mrs. George Whitfield Collord, *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.,
*James M. Constable, *Oswald Ottendorfer, ~
*William E. Dodge, *Lowell M. Palmer,-
James B. Ford, William Rockefeller,
George J. Gould, *William R. Sands, -
Edward 8S. Harkness, *William C. Schermerhorn;
James A. Scrymser, . Mrs. Frederic F. Thompson,
Mrs. Finley J. Shepard, W. K. Vanderbilt,
*Samuel Sloan, M Mrs. Antoinette Eno Wood,

* Deceased.

( 381 )

FELLows For LIFE

Edward D. Adams,
George F. Baker

Miss Elizabeth Billimes,
Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting,
Dr. Robert W. de Forest,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
James B. Ford,

Daniel Guggenheim,
Murry Guggenheim,

S. R. Guggenheim,

Mrs. John Stewart Kennedy,
Edward V. Z. Lane,

Mrs. Frederic 5. Lee,
James McLean,’
Ogden Mills, ‘

George W. Perkins,
M. F. Plant,

Mortimer L. Schiff,
James A. Scrymser,
Francis Lynde Stetson,
Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes ,
Charles G. Thompson,’
Louis C. Tiffany,’
Tiffany & Company.’

Lire MemBErRs

Edward D. Adams,

Dr. Felix Adler,

Mrs. James Herman Aldrich,
Constant A. Andrews,
J. Sherlock Andrews,
Dr. 8. T. Armstrong,
Edward W. C. Arnold,
Mrs. H. D. Auchincloss,
Samuel P. Avery,
Samuel D. Babcock,
Geo. V. N. Baldwin,
Dr. John Hendley Barnhart,
George D. Barron,
Aurel Batonyi,

Gustav Baumann,
Samuel R. Betts,
William G. Bibb,

Miss Elizabeth Billings,
J. O. Bloss,

George Blumenthal,

G. T. Bonner,

J. Hull Browning,
Joseph Bushnell,

T. Morris Carnegie,

Frank R. Chambers,
Hugh J. Chisholm,
Hugh J. Chisholm, Jr.,
Geo. C. Clark,

Banyer Clarkson,

William Colgate,

Miss Georgette T. A. Collier,
Mrs. William Combe,

W. E. Connor,

Mrs. F. A. Constable,
Theodore Cooper,

Zenas Crane,

R. N. Cranford,

Melville C. Day,

Charles Deering,

Mrs. John Ross Delafield,
Miss Julia L. Delafield,
Maturin L. Delafield, Jr.,
W. B. Dickerman,

James Douglas,

Miss Josephine W. Drexel,
Miss Ethel DuBois,

Miss Katharine DuBois,
Wm. A. DuBois,

Geo. E. Dunscombe,
Thomas Dwyer,
Newbold Edgar,

George Ehret,

Ambrose K. Ely,

Amos F. Eno,

Edward J. Farrell,

Mrs. H. J. Fisher,
Andrew Fletcher,

Chas, R. Flint,

Mrs. John French,
Henry C. Frick,

Mrs. Theodore Kane Gibbs,
James J. Goodwin,
Daniel Guggenheim,
Bernard G. Gunther,
Franklin L. Gunther,
Frederic R. Halsey,
Chas. J. Harrah

Dr. Louis Haupt,

R. Somers Hayes,
George B. Hopkins,
Samuel N. Hoyt,
Archer M. Huntington,
Frank D. Hurtt,

James H. Hyde,

Mrs. Columbus O’D. Iselin,
Theo. F. Jackson,

Dr. Walter B. James,
Miss Annie B. Jennings,
Nathaniel T. Kidder,
William M. Kingsland,
H. R. Kunhardt,

W. B. Kunhardt,
Charles Lanier,

W. V. Lawrence,

Meyer H. Lehman,
Mrs. Geo. Lewis,

( 382)

Joseph Loth,

David Lydig,

Wm. H. Macy, Jr.,
Mrs. Wm. H. Macy, Jr.,
Louis Marshall,

Edgar L. Marston,
William J. Matheson,
C. W. McAlpin,

Guy R. McLane,
Emerson McMillin,
Dr. Geo. N. Miller,

A. G. Mills,

Hon. Levi P. Morton,
Sigmund Neustadt,

A. Lanfear Norrie,
Gordon Norrie,

Geo. M. Olcott,

Mrs. Chas. Tyler Olmstead,
Wm. Church Osborn,
Henry Parish,

Geo. W. Perkins,

W. Hz. Perkins,

M. Taylor Pyne,

Geo. W. Quintard,
John J. Riker,

J. C. Rodgers,

Thomas F. Ryan,

Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,
Dr. Reginald H. Sayre,
Edward C. Schaefer,
F. Aug. Schermerhorn,
Jacob H. Schiff,
Mortimer L. Schiff,
Grant B. Schley,

Mrs, I. Blair Scribner,
Isaac N. Seligman,
Geo. Sherman,

James Speyer,

Miss Ellen J. Stone,
Albert Tag,

(383)

Paul G. Thebaud, F. N. Warburg,

Charles G. Thompson, John I. Waterbury,

Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson, Miss Emily A. Watson,
Robert M. Thompson, S. D. Webb,

William Thorne, Dr. W. Seward Webb,

Wm. Stewart Todd, Hon. Geo. Peabody Wetmore,
Miss Anna Murray Vail, Mrs. Joseph M. White,

F. T. Van Beuren, John D. Wing,

Mrs. C. Vanderbilt, Mrs. Anna Woerishoffer.

Dr. Henry Freeman Walker,

FEeELLowsHip MEMBERS

J. P. Morgan, E. A. Richard.
SUSTAINING MEMBERS

Miss Elizabeth Billings, O. H. Kahn,

Miss Mary T. Bryce, Edgar L. Marston,

James Douglas, George Grant Mason,

Wn. H. Fischer, Arthur M. Mitchell,

John Greenough, Wm. Church Osborn,

Mrs. McDougall Hawkes, William H. Porter.

Annuat MEMBERS

Dr. Robert Abbe, Reuben Arkush,

David T. Abercrombie, Mrs. H. O. Armour,

Benjamin Abert, E. Asiel,

Fritz Achelis, Dr. John Aspell,

John Achelis, Miss E. E. Auchincloss,

F. B. Adams, Mrs. E. 8. Auchincloss,

Henry S. Adams, John W. Auchincloss,

Mrs. Cornelius R. Agnew, Mrs. W. Rathbone Bacon,

Douglas Alexander, Dr. Pearce Bailey,

Harry Alexander, Charles Baird,

Ernest J. H. Amy, Miss Charlotte S. Baker,

A. J. C. Anderson, Geo. F. Baker,

J. M. Andreini, Stephen Baker,

W. H. Andrews, Albert H. Baldwin,

Mrs. John F. Archbold, Frederick H. Baldwin,

Mrs. George A. Archer, George V. N. Baldwin, Jr.,

Francis J. Arend, William D. Baldwin,

Mrs. Robert F. Ballantine,
Miss Caroline M. Banks,
Mrs. Herbert Barber,
Louis H. Barker,

Wm. M. Barnum,
Clarence W. Barron,
Mrs. A. Battin,

Mrs. L. P. Bayne,
Alfred N. Beadleston,
Jeremiah Beall,

John D. Beals,

Mrs. Margaret B. Becker,
Gerard Beekman,

Robert Behr,

Mrs. A. Frederick Behre,
Otto F. Behrend,

Louis V. Bell,

August Belmont,

E. C. Benedict,

James Gordon Bennett,
Miss Mary Benson,
E.R. T. Berggren,

Isaac J. Bernheim,
Chas. L. Bernheimer,
Philip Berolzheimer,

S. Reading Bertron,
Edward J. Berwind,
G.N. Best,

W.H. Bickelhaupt,
Eugene P. Bicknell,

Mrs. George Biddle,
Mrs. Sylvan Bier,
Abraham Bijur,

Moses Bijur,

C. Edw. Billgvist,

C. K. G. Billings,

E. D. Bird,

James C. Bishop,

J. Insley Blair,

T. Whitney Blake,

( 384 )

C.N. Bliss, Jr.,

Miss S. D. Bliss,

Mrs. Walter P. Bliss,
Hugo Blumenthal,

Miss R. C. Boardman,
Mrs. Edward C. Bodman,
Henry W. Boettger,
Robert Boettger,
Theodore Boettger,
Miss Anna Bogert,
William H. Bolton,
Mrs. Sydney C. Borg,
Frederick G. Bourne,
Louis Boury,

John M. Bowers,

Miss Edith G. Bowdoin,
Mrs. H. S. Bowen,
James B. Brady,

Frank Brainerd,

Mrs. E. N. Breitung,
Adolph Breslauer,

Mrs. Benjamin Brewster,
John R. Brinley,

Jno. I. D. Bristol,

Miss H. Louise Britton,
Richard H. Britton,

Dr. Edward B. Bronson,
Bronx Hay & Grain Co.,
Mrs. Kate M. Brookfield,
Mrs. H. D. Brookman,
Miss Aneita D. Brown,
Dickson Q. Brown,
Edwin H. Brown,

M. Bayard Brown,
Vernon C. Brown,

Mrs. J. Hull Browning,
F. W. Bruggerhoff,

H. B. Brundrett,

Mrs. Lloyd Bryce,
Edwin M. Bulkley,

Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley,
Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley,
James A. Burden, Jr.,
Edward G. Burgess,
Dr. Edward S. Burgess,
Louis Burk,

Algernon T. Burr,
Freeman F. Burr,
Chas. W. Burroughs,
Mrs. Wendell L. Bush,
Charles S. Butler,

Rev. Edwin E. Butler,
Miss Emily O. Butler,

W. R. Callender,

Albert Calman,

Henry L. Calman,

H. H. Cammann,

Henry L. Cammann,
Mrs. John Campbell,

H. W. Cannon,

James G. Cannon,

Mrs. George L. Carnegie,
Mrs. Miles B. Carpenter,
Wm. T. oT

George B. Case,
Miss Jennie R. Cathcart,

Miss Elizabeth Chamberlain,

Miss Maria Bowen Chapin,
Dr. Walter F. Chappell,
Jose Edwards Chaves,

W. H. Chesebrough,

B. Ogden Chisolm,

Geo. E. Chisolm,

Wm. G. Choate,

Mrs. Helen L. Chubb,
Percy Chubb,

( 385 )

Chas. T. Church,

John Claflin,

D. Crawford Clark,

Miss Emily Vernon Clark,

F. Ambrose Clark,

Hon. W. A. Clark,

William N. Clark,

FE. A. S. Clarke,

Albert Clayburgh,

Edward B. Close,

Wn. P. Clyde,

Miss Mary T. Cockcroft,

Hon. W. Bourke Cockran,

C. A. Coffin,

Edmund Coffin,

E. W. Coggeshall,

William N. Cohen,

Mrs. Rufus Cole,

Charles B. Colebrook,

Mrs. R. McM. Colfelt,

Mrs. James B. Colgate,

William Colgate,

Robert J. Collier,

Mrs. Minturn Post Collins,

Dr. Stacy Budd Collins,

Samuel P. Colt,

Miss Mary Compton,

T. G. Condon,

Hermann Conheim,

Roland R. Conklin,

J. N. Conyngham,

Arthur N. Cooley,

Marin LeBrun Cooper,

Mrs. eae — Cooper,

C.R. Cor

Mrs. Charles ‘Henry Coster,
.R. Craig,

Geo. F. Crane,

Mrs. Jonathan H. Crane,

Mrs.Agnes Huntington Cravath,

( 386)

William Crawford,

John D. Crimmins,

Mrs. Thomas Crimmins,
W. T. Crocker,

James W. Cromwell,
Mrs. C. Vanderbilt Cross,
Mrs. Joseph F. Cullman,
Charles Curie,

G. Warrington Curtis,

R. Fulton Cutting,

Miss Eleanor De Graff Cuyler,
Mrs. Ira Davenport,

J. Clarence Davies,
Julien T. Davies,

Alvah Davison,

Clarence S. Day,

Henry Dazien,

E. J. de Coppet,

Dr. Robert W. de Forest,
Mrs. Robert W. de Forest,
John F. Degener, Jr.,

Eugene Delano,

John B. Dennis,

Rev. H. M. Denslow,
Walter D. Despard,
William G. De Witt,
Miss Elsie de Wolfe,
Chas. D. Dickey,

Geo. H. Diehl,

Chas. F. Dieterich,
Miss Josephine H. Dill,
Miss Mary A. Dill,
Miss Gertrude Dodd,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
Francis P. Dodge,
Otto L. Dommerich,
Henry Dorscher,

Mrs. George William Douglas,

Mrs. James Douglas,
Alfred Douglass,

Tracy Dows,

J. R. Drexel,

Isaac W. Drummond,
Dr. Matthew B. Dubois,
Mrs. Matthew B. Dubois,
Mrs. John P. Duncan,
Ralph Wurts Dundas,
Dr. Carroli Dunham,
Dr. Edward K. Dunham,
John E. Dwight,

Mrs. Frederick H. Eaton,
Thomas C. Edmonds,
Mrs. J. S. Ehrich,

Mrs. Ernest Ehrmann,
Karl Eilers,

Henry G. Eilshemius,
August Eimer,

William Einstein,

Wn. D. Ellis,

Miss Lydia F. Emmett,
Robert Temple Emmett,
Mrs. Arthur B. Emmons,
Miss Mary Pinchot Eno,
R. Erbsloh,

Henry Esberg

Arthur F. Estabrook,
Louis Ettlinger,

A. W. Evarts,

Mrs. Ernesto Fabbri,
Eberhard Faber,

Harris Fahnestock,
Chas. S. Fairchild,
Samuel W. Fairchild,
Mrs. Max Farrand,
William L. Feeney,
Louis Ferguson.

Walton Ferguson,

Pliny Fisk,

Harry Harkness Flagler,
Mrs. John H. Flagler,
Mrs. Joseph A. Flannery,
Nathan Fleischer,

Fred T. Fleitmann,
Isaac D. Fletcher,

Miss Helena Flint,
Edward H. Floyd-Jones,
Franz Fohr,

James D. Foot,

L. G. Forbes,

Scott Foster,

Mrs. M. J. Fox,

David J. Frankel,

R. A. Franks,

Miss Jane K. Fraser,
Miss S. Grace Fraser,
A. S$. Frissell,

John W. Frothingham,
E. A. Funke,

Albert Gallatin,

Geo. F. Gantz,

Francis P. Garvin,
Joseph E. Gay,

Mrs. Walter Geer,

John J. Gibbons,

R. W. Gibson,

Prof. William J. Gies,
Mrs. William J. Gies,
Robert McM. Gillespie,
J. Waldron Gillespie,
Mrs. 8. D. Godfrey,
Julius Goldman,

W. S. Gordon,

Chas. Gotthelf,

Chas. A. Gould,

Edwin Gould,

Arthur Butler Graham,
G. C. Graves,

Nelson Z. Graves,

(387 )

Rev. David H. Greer,

Miss Margarette E. Griffith,
Miss Susan D. Griffith,
George Bird eae

E. Morgan Grinn

Mrs. Chester Se Sr.,

Miss Edith Haas,

John A. Hadden, Jr.,
Daniel 8. Hage,

William Hague,

Hon. Ernest Hall,

Wm. Halls, Jr.,

Wm. Hamann,

L. Gordon Hamersley,
Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton,
Mrs. William P. Hamilton,
William F. Hammond,
Ferdinand Hansen,

Anson W. Hard,

J. Montgomery Hare,

Mrs. Charles W. Harkness,
E. 8. Harkness,

Mrs. Frank D. Harmon,
Harry Harper,

Miss Josephine T. Harriot,
William Hamilton Harris.
Jacob Hasslacher,

T. A. Havemeyer,

J. Woodward Haven,

Miss Caroline C. Haynes,
Mrs. W. R. Hearst,

Wm. W. Heaton,

Hancke Hencken,

Chas. Henderson,

Mrs.E. C. Henderson,
Harmon W. Hendricks,
Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn,

B. F. Hermann,
Ferdinand Hermann,
Selmar Hess,

H. H. Hewitt,

Mrs. James J. Higginson,
Walter Hinchman,

Mrs. Samuel N. Hinckley,
Leo H. Hirsch,

B. Hochschild,

Mrs. H. P. Hodson,
Richard M. Hoe,

Mrs. Richard March Hoe,
Mrs, Robert Hoe,
Bernhard Hoffmann,

Mrs. Edward Holbrook,
John Swift Holbrook,
Henry Holt,

Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker,

Hoole & Gesswein,
Frederick B. House,

C. J. Housman,

M. D. Howell,

Mrs. Henry Howland,
John Sherman Hoyt,
Miss Rosina S. Hoyt,
Theodore R. Hoyt,
Walter C. Hubbard,
Conrad Hubert,

Mrs. E. W. Humphreys,
Mrs. C. P. Huntington,
Mrs. R. P. Huntington,
Adolph G. Hupfel,

Mrs. R. G. Hutchins, Jr.,
Frank DeK. Huyler,
Mrs. Clarence M. Hyde,
Henry St. John Hyde,
Dr. Edward J. Il,
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,

C. Oliver Iselin,

Miss Georgine Iselin,

( 388 )

Lewis Iselin,

William E. Iselin,

Mrs. William E. Iselin,
Miss Flora E. Isham,
Dr. Abram Jacobi,
Samuel K. Jacobs,
John S. Jacobus,

A. C. James,

Mrs. Arthur Curtis James,
Dr. Robert C. James,
E. C. Jameson,

Mrs. Alfred Jaretzki,
Alfred W. Jenkins,

O. G. Jennings,

Walter B. Jennings,
Mrs. Townsend Jones,
Karl Jungbluth,

Henry M. Kahle,

Felix E. Kahn,

Louis Kahn,

Mrs. Delancey Kane,
Miss Louise Landgon Kane,
Wilhelm Kaupe,

Mrs. H. F. Kean,
Frank Browne Keech,
Henry F. Keil,
William W. Kelchner,
Dwight Kellogg,

Prof. J. F. Kemp,
Mrs. John S. Kennedy,

Mrs.H.Van Rensselaer Kennedy,

David Keppel,
Rudolph Keppler,
Mrs. Catherine L. Kernochan,
John B. Kerr,

Geo. A. Kessler,

Patrick Kiernan,

S. E. Kilner,

Alfred R. Kimball,

Mrs. Wm. M. Kingsland,

Darwin P. Kingsley,
Morris Kinney,

W. Ruloff Kip,

E. C. Klipstein,
Roland F. Knoedler,
Chas. Kohlman,

Adolf Kuttroff,
Francis G. Landon,
Edward V. Z. Lane,
Woodbury Langdon,
Mrs. Jacob Langeloth,
Dr. G. Langmann,
Mrs. John J. Lapham,
Lewis H. Lapham,

Countess de Laugier-Villars,

Mrs, Lauterbach,

John Burling Lawrence,
Henry Goddard Leach,
Prof. Frederic S. Lee,
Marshall C. Lefferts,
Wm. H. Lefferts,

R. C. Leffingwell,
George Legg,

James M. Lehmaier,
Wm. H. Leupp,

Edmund J. Levine,

G. Levor,

Louis S. Levy,

Adolph Lewisohn,

Miss Alice Lewisohn,
Paul Lichtenstein,
Frederick J. Lisman,
Lucius N. Littauer,

Mrs. John R. Livermore,
Miss Anna P. Livingston,
Mrs. Francis G. Lloyd,
Wm. C. Lobenstine,

Mrs. I. Ferris Lockwood,
Frank J. Logan,

Mrs. Geo. de Forest Lord,

( 389 )

Lord & Burnham Co.,
P. Lorillard, Jr.,
Ethelbert I. Low,

Miss Carlotta R. Lowell,
August Lueder,
Walther Luttgen,

Mrs. N. H. Luttrell,
Mrs. C. B. Macdonald,
Clarence H. Mackay,
Kenneth K. Mackenzie,
Malcolm MacMartin,

J. H. Maghee,

Pierre Mali,

Chas. Saal
jJ.A.M

Miss aire W. Marble,
John Markle,

Mrs. John Markle,
Dr. J. W. Markoe,
Otto Maron,

Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Prof. W. G. Marquette,
Edwin S. Marston,
Dr. Walton Martin,
William J. Matheson,
Robert Maxwell,
Harry Mayer,
Effingham Maynard,
Dr. D. H. McAlpin,
Geo. L. McAlpin,
George McAneny,
Henry P. McKenney,
John A. McKim,
James McLean,
Edward F. McManus,
B. Frank Mebane,
Morton H. Meinhard,

Dr. Walter Mendleson
Herman W. Merkel,

John L. Merrill,

Manton B. Metcalfe,
Herman A. Metz,

Edwin O. Meyer,

Eugene Meyer, Jr.,
George A. Meyer,

Harry J. Meyer,

John G. Milburn,

Geo. M. Miller,

Dr. Adelaide Mills,

Mrs. John Murray Mitchell,
Alphonse Montant,
Barrington Moore,
Clement Moore,

Mrs. Clement C. Moore,
J. C. Moore,

Miss Katherine T. Moore,
Miss Anne Morgan,

Miss C. L. Morgan,

FE. D. Morgan,

Mrs. J. P. Morgan,

Wm. Fellows Morgan,

W. Forbes Morgan, Jr.,
Mrs. Cora Morris,

Mrs. Dave Hennen Morris,
Henry Lewis Morris,

Dr. Lewis R. Morris,
Richard Mortimer,

Henry C. Mott,

Mrs. John B. Mott,
Frank J. Muhlfeld,

Carl Muller,

Rev. Joseph A. Mutry, 5S. J.
John P. Munn,

Frank A. Munsey,
William 8S. Myers,

A. G. Nesbitt,

Mrs. Russell H. Nevins,

(390 )

Miss Catherine A. Newbold,
Miss Edith Newbold,
Frederic R. Newbold,

Mrs. William G. Nichols,
Wn. Nilsson,

George Notman,

Adolph S. Ochs,

John Offerman,

P. M. Ohmeis,

E, E. Olcott,

Elam Ward Olney,

Robert Olyphant,

R. M. Olyphant,

Mrs. Emerson Opdycke,
Mrs. Wm. Openhym,
Myron H. Oppenheim,
William C. Orr,

Mrs. William Church Osborn,
Prof. Henry F. Osborne,
Joseph Osler,

Miss Elizabeth H. Packard,
Fred’k Page Co.,

Augustus G. Paine,

Henry Parish, Jr.,

Junius Parker,

Winthrop Parker,

James C. Parrish,

Chas. W. Parsons,

Miss Gertrude Parsons,

Mrs. Frederick Pearson,
Charles E. Peck,

Dr. Charles H. Peck,

Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham,
Edward 8. Pegram,

Mrs. Sarah G. T. Pell,
Edmund Penfold,

Mrs. William A. Perry,

Samuel T. Peters,
W. R. Peters,

Carl Schurz Petrasch,
Curt G. Pfeiffer,
Mrs. von R. Phelps,
Henry Phipps,
Lloyd Phoenix,
Phillips Phoenix,
Carl Pickhardt,
Gottfried Piel,
Henry Clay Pierce,
Winslow S. Pierce,

Mrs. R. Stuyvesant Pierrepont,

J. Fred Pierson,
Mrs. Frank H. Platt,
Edward Plaut,

Gilbert M. Plympton,
Chas. Lane Poor,
James E. Pope,
Alexander J. Porter,
Abram S. Post,

Miss Blanche Potter,
Frederick Potter,

Mrs. George D. Pratt,
Mrs. Herbert Lee Pratt,
John T. Pratt,

Mrs. L. B. Preston,
R. B. Price,

Miss Cornelia Prime,
Thomas R. Proctor,
Mrs. Kate Davis Pulitzer,
J. Harsen Purdy,

H. St. Clair Putnam,
Miss Eva C. Putney,
Percy R. Pyne,

Charles F. Quince

Dr. Edward Renee
Charles Raht,

Edmund D. Randolph,
Stanley Ranger,

(391)

G. B. Raymond,

Wm. A. Read,

Miss Emily Redmond:
Geraldyn Redmond,
John Reid,

Geo. N. Reinhardt,
Chas. Remsen,

Howard Price Renshaw,
Miss Elvine Richard,
Oscar L. Richard,
Eben Richards,

E. O. Richards,

Wn. J. Riker,

George L. Rives,

Dr. Wm. C. Rives,
Geo. I. Roberts,

Miss Mary M. Roberts,
Miss Jennette Robertson,
Andrew J. Robinson,

J. K. Robinson,
William G. Rockeellee
Edward L. Rogers,
Miss Harriette Rogers,
Hubert E. Rogers,

A. J. Rolle,

W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Mrs. W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Hon. Elihu Root,
Henry C. Rosenbaum,
Jacob Rossbach,

C. H. Ruddock,

Louis Ruhl,

Mrs. A. D. Russell,
Miss M. L. Russell,
John Barry Ryan,
Arthur Ryle,

Harry Sachs,

Clarence Sackett,

Mrs. Russell Sage,
Daniel C. Sands,

Miss G. W. Sargent,
Herbert L. Satterlee,
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,
Fred’k Miller Schall,
George E. Schanck,

Mrs. George E. Schanck,
John Scheepers,

Anton Schefer,

Mrs. H. M. Schieffelin,
Dr. Wm. J. Schieffelin,
Charles A. Schieven,
Gustave H. Schiff,
Rudolph E. Schirmer,

C. P. Schlicke,

Miss Jane E. Schmelzel,
Fedor Schmidt,

D. Schnakenberg,
Henrich Schniewind, Jr.,
Louis B. Schram,

Henry Schreiter,

B. Schutz,

C. M. Schwab,

Gustav Schwab, Jr.,
Robert J. F. Gen arzenbacly
Walter Scott,

Miss Grace Scoville,
Robert Scoville,

Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner,
Edward M. Scudder,
Alonzo B. See,

Charles E. Seitz,

Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman,
Jefferson Seligman,

E. W. Sells,

Mrs. Charles H. Senff,
Alfred Seton,

Mrs. William F. Sheehan,
George R. Sheldon,
Finley J. Shepard,

Wn. Shillaber,

(392 )

Alfred L. Simon,
John W. Simpson,
Charles A. Singer,
Dr. Frank D. Skeel,
Francis Louis Slade,
Benson B. Sloan,
Samuel Sloan,
Thomas Smidt,
Daniel Smiley,

Miss Fanny A. Smith,
Frank Morse Smith,

Mrs. Charlotte Sorchan,
Mrs. Edward W. Sparrow,
Mrs. Gino C. Speranza,

J. R. Stanton,

James H. Stebbins,

James R. Steers,

Chas. H. Steinway,

Fred. T. Steinway,

Wm. R. Steinway,

Olin J. Stephens,
Roderick Stephens,
Benjamin Stern,

Sereno Stetson

Alexander H. Stevens,
Mrs. Byam K. Stevens,
Frederic W. Stevens,

Dr. Geo. T. Stevens,

Mrs. John Wood Stewart,
Lispenard Stewart

Mrs. Percy Hamilton Stewart,

Wn. R. Stewart,
Chauncey Stillman,
Miss Clara F. Stillman,
Dr. D. M. Stimson,
James Stokes,

H. Grant Straus,

Albert Strauss,

Chas. Strauss,

Frederick Strauss,
Martin Strauss,

Samuel Strauss,

Mrs. Gustav Stromberg,

Joseph Stroock,

F. K. Sturgis,
Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,
Mrs. James Sullivan,
Miss Mary Taber,
Henry W. Taft,
Edward N. Tailer,
E. H. T. Talmage,
C. A. Tatum,
Henry R. Taylor,
W. A. Taylor,

Mrs. Howard L. Thomas,
Seth E. Thomas, Jr.,

L. S. Thompson,

Lewis M. Thompson,
William B. Thompson,
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,
Jonathan Thorne,

Samuel Thorne, Jr.,

W. V. S. Thorne,

Myles Tierney,

Louis C. Tiffany,

Henry N. Tifft,

H. M. Tilford,

James Timpson,

(393)

J. Kennedy Tod,

P. S. Trainor,

A. F, Troescher,
Frederick K. Trowbridge,
Carll Tucker,

Dr. Alfred Tuckerman,
Paul Tuckerman,

Geo. E. Turnure,
Benjamin Tuska,

Mrs. Mary A. Tuttle,

E. S. Twining,

Lucien H. Tyng,

Mrs. Eliza L. D. Tysen,
Oswald W. Uhl,
Theodore N. Vail,
James J. Van Alen,
Barend Van Gerbig,

E. H. Van Ingen,

Edgar B. Van Winkle,
Hon. Robert A. Van Wyck,
Mrs. Wilbur Linwood Varian,
Mrs. James M. Varnum,
Richard C. Veit,

Thos. F. Vietor,

Alfonso P. Villa,

Frank Vincent,

Mrs. Gustavus A. Walker,
James N. Wallace,

Leo Wallerstein,

Wn. I. Walter,

Artemus Ward,

Mrs. John I. Waterbury,
C. W. Watson,

Thomas L. Watt,

Mrs. E. H. Weatherbee,
H. Walter Webb,

J. G. Webb,

Mrs. W. Seward Webb,
Miss Alice D. Weekes,
Chas. Wehrhane,

Charles H. Weigle,
Bernard Weinig,

Mrs. C. Gouveneur Weir,
Mrs. Samuel W. Weiss,
Mrs. John Wells,

Arthur L. Wessell,

Dr. William West,

Mrs. Robert E. Westcott,
William Young Westervelt,
Mrs. Alice T. Wheelock,
Dr. Wm. E. Wheelock,
Miss Caroline White,
Horace White,

Mrs. Stanford White,
Clarence Whitman,

Miss Margaret S. Whitney,
Edward A. Wickes,
Elmore A. Willets,

Mrs. Percy H. Williams,
Richard H. Williams,
William H. Williams,

W. P. Willis,

James R. Williston,
Frank D. Wilsey,

Prof. Edmund B. Wilson,

MEMBERS OF THE

Mrs. Robert Bacon,
Mrs. Thomas H. Barber,
Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Miss Eleanor Blodgett,
Mrs. James L. Breese,
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey,
Mrs. Walter Jennings,
Mrs. Delancey Kane,
Mrs. Hamilton F. Kean,
Mrs. A. A. Low,

Honorary MEMBERS OF

Mrs. E. Henry Harriman,
Mrs. John I. Kane,
Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes,

(394)

Miss Margaret B. Wilson,
M. Orme Wilson,
Bronson Winthrop,
Egerton Winthrop,
Grenville L. Winthrop,
Mrs. Robt. Winthrop,
Mrs. Frank S. Witherbee,
Dr. R. A. Witthaus,
Ernst G. W. Woerz,

Emil Wolff,

Lewis S. Wolff,

William E. Wolff,

Mrs. Cynthia A. Wood,
Prof. R. $8. Woodward,
Miss Julia Wray,

Mrs. J. Hood Wright,
Mrs. A. Murray Young,
Andrew C. Zabriskie,
Joseph A. Zanetti,

Mrs. Anna M. von Zedlitz,
Charles H. Zehnder,
August Zinsser,

Charles Zoller,

O. F. Zollikoffer.

Women’s AUXILIARY
Mrs. Charles Mac Veagh,
Mrs. V. Everit Macy,
Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Mrs. George W. Perkins,
Miss Harriette Rogers,
Mrs. James Roosevelt,
Mrs. Archibald D. Russell,
Mrs. Benson B. Sloan,
Mrs. Henry O. Taylor,
Mrs. George Cabot Ward.
THE WoMEN’s AUXILIARY
Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,

Mrs. F. F. Thompson,

(395)

REPORT OF THE TREASURER
New York, January 8, 1917
To THE Boarp or Manacers oF THE NEw York Bortan-
ICAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: Herewith I submit a statement of my receipts
and disbursements during the year 1916, and balance sheet
from my ledger as of December 31, 1916.

Respectfully yours,
James A. ScryMSER,

Treasurer.
Receipts anp DisBURSEMENTS
Receipts
Balance as per Annual Report of 1915............ $ 17,459.08
Contributions of the City toward De-
velopment and Maintenance... ..... $ 89,933.07
Legacy, Maria DeWitt Jesup, 35% of
AMOUNT: tok har wae pe Bs Sa 8,750.00
Legacy, Emil C. Bondy, to be credited
to Endowment Fund for Science and
Fducations atch ye duakersin 4 aeen 5,000.00
Rose Garden and Garden Extension
Fund, Contributions........... 8,395.00
Contributions to the Museum and Hee
barium Fund..................... 500.00
Contributions to the Public Lecture
Pund):. ° .aicGiced saewhenge dite 550.00
Contributions to Students Research
UNG? snes, oe teas eae aces toen 261.00
Subscriptions to “‘Addisonia,” credited
to Income of Addison Brown Fund. . 2,220.00
Contribution to Special Fund for Books 25.00
Annual Dues ; Dee. 8,620.00
Fellowship Members? Bec Fab dendeeee hws 200.00
Sustaining Members’ Fees....... 300.00

Subscriptions to ‘North Jae
P

Flora,’’ Sales of Publications, etc.,

(396 )
credited to Income of David Lydig

F
Plant Fund..................0-+-0-
Refunds, credited to Income of Stokes
Funds. u2¢.f42.ncaes hoe Gae eee ees
Sales of Ashes..............-0-005-
Loss on Exchange, Collection........
Income from Investment of John Innes
Kane Fund, Interest 6%, $10,000
New York City Notes. . ......
Income from Investment of Maria De
Witt Jesup Fund, $15,000 Northern
Pacific Prior Lien Bonds...........
Income from Investment of Addison
Brown Fund, 4% on $22,000 North-
ern Pacific P. L. Bonds............

Income from General Investments:

Credited to General Income Account:

5% on $50,000 Southern
Rwy. 1st Consolidated
Mortgage Bonds........ $2,500.00
414% on $50,000 Ches. &
Ohio R. R. Co. General

Mortgage Bonds....... 2,250.00
4% on $50,000 Erie R. R.
Co. Prior Lien Bonds. ... 2,000.00

4% on $59,000 Erie R.
Co. oo -Coll. Trust

4% on Ss, ooo Reading R.

R. Jersey Central

Coll. coe Bonds...... 2,000.00
4% on $24,000 Northern

Pacific R. R. St. Paul &

4% on $30,000 Northern

Pacific R. R. Gt. Nor.-C.

B. & Q. Coll. Trust Bonds 1,200.00
4% on $5,000 Northern

Pacific R. R. Gt. Nor.-C.

2,765.77
98.50

20.55
50.00

880.00

(397)
B. & Q. Trust Bonds, 80

days ni cunecuhdeed aaa5 44.44
4% on $10,000 New York
City Stock, due 1959..... 400.00

5% on $10,000 Louisville &
Nashville R. R. Equip-
ment Notes............ 500.00
4%% on $10,000 N. Y.
Central Lines Equipment
OES oe edg ayeamewes es 450.00
4% on $11,000 Milwaukee,
Sparta & N. W. R. R
Bonds... .........4.. 440.00
414% on 850, ooo Pennsyl-
vania R. R. General

Mtge. Bonds.......... 2,250.00
6% on an ooo New York
City Notes............ 3,000.00

5% on G16.c0s Balto. and
Ohio R. R. Bonds, 7

months ............... 291.67 $ 20,646.11
Interest at 3% on balances with J. P.
Morgan & Co., year 1916........ 407.97
Total Receipts................... $150,823.07

$168,282.15
Disbursements
Investment of the Endowment Fund
for Science and Education, $10,000
Balto. and Ohio 5% Bonds........ $ 10,025.00
Investment of the Endowment Fund
or Science and Education, $5,000
Nor. Pac. R. R. Bonds C. B. & Q... 4,918.75
14,943-75
Expenses paid through Director-in-Chief :
Account of City Appropriations.... $ 89,933.07
General Accounts for Vouchers Paid 27,572.59
Special Book Fund for Books...... 6.4
Plant Fund for Purchase of,Plants.. 98.35
Garden Extension and Commemora-
tion Fund oie oie pid eis Seas 1,690.39

(398 )

Rose Garden and Garden Extension

Bde 22, aes Band eee 7,297.29
Income of David Lydig Fund for

Publications .............220008 6,440.23
Income of D. O. Mills Fund for Sun-

GES vice ety sacs aiortanonci dc eeeies 1,785.86
Income of Stokes Fund for Printing. 301.16
Income of Science and Education

Fund : 44 44i630000) aeidkeae 2,329.51
Income of Henry Iden Fund....... 398.75
Income of William R. Sands Fund. . 447.00
Income of John Innes Kane Fund... 539.43
Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund 597.88
Income of Addison Brown Fund.... 2,573-75
Public Lecture Fund.............. 363.03
Museum and Herbarium Fund..... 447.00

142,821.74
Total Disbursements.............. $157,765.49

Balance, Cash in hands of Treasurer
(on aout with J. P. Morgan &
C05) oun Soe eae ata 10,516.66
$168,282.15 $168,282.15

Lepcer BaLances, DECEMBER 31, 1916

reaut
Permanent Funds
Endowment Fund.................. $304,510.00
Endowment Fund for Science and
Education segues eee ayt an eae tee toe 3,455.00

Peal yes chews sass te aero eras 34,149.86
Legacy a William R. Sands. ........ 10,000.00
Darius Ogden Mills Fund........... 50,000.00
Henry Iden Legacy................. 10,000.00
Addison Brown Legacy............. 21,850.00
John Innes Kane Fund.............. 10,000.00
Stokes Fund. ....................5. 3,000.00
Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund 652.30
Students Research Fund........... 3,882.00
Maria DeWitt Jesup Legacy.......... 22,500.00

$553,998.16

(399)

Temporary Funds
Garden Extension and Commemoration

DG ascce cole! ake eh vont 1,097.71
Income Maria ‘DeWitt Jesup Funds, 113.12
Income of Students Research Fuad. 195.46
Income John Innes Kane Fund. : 2.70
Income Addison Brown Fund........ 2,358.62
Income Charles Budd Robinson Me-

morial Fund..............0.20005 38.75
Life Membership Dues.............. 500.00
Special Fund for Books............ 96.12
Plant Fund.... 2... .... cece eee ee 166.07
Exploration Fund......... ....... 24.05
Public Lecture Fund................ 186.97
Museum and Herbarium Fund... ... 26.08
Charles Finney Cox Memorial Fund... 6.90 $558,812.28
General Investments Debit

$50, ayy — & Ohio Gen’l Mtge)

Bonds secucteyed aide wiaeheds
50,000 So Ry. Co. 1st Cons. Mtge
50,000 © Erie R. R. Co. Prior Lien
ONdS fi. niae oe Obs aeeyedaees
59,000 Erie R. R. Co. Penn.-Coll
Tr. Bonds................... > $312,424.18
50,000 Daraa R. R. Co. J. C.
Coll. Tr. Bonds..............
24,000 Nor. Pac. R. R.-St. P. &
D. Div. Bonds...............
30,000 Nor. Pac. Gt. Nor.-C. B. &
Q. Coll. Tr. Bonds. ......

10,000 N. Y. City, 4% Stock, 1959
Investment, D. O. Mills Fund,
$50,000 Penn. R. R. Gen’l Mtge.
Bonds, 414%... 2 ccc cee 50,418.33
Invesiment, Science and
Education Fund,
$10,000 N. Y. Central
Lines Equipment.... $ 9,510.48

( 400 )

10,000.~)= Louisville &

Nashville Equipment. 10,000.00
50,000 N. Y. City Notes,

due Sept. 1,1917,6%. 51,281.25
10,000 Balto. & Ohio Re-

funding Gen’l Mtge.

Bonds, due Dec., 1995,

ee ee ee ee 10,025.00
5,0co Chic. Burlington

& Quincy R. R. = :

4s., July 21,1921.... 4,918.75 85,735.48

Investment, Henry Iden Fund,
$11,000 Milwaukee, Sparta & N. W.
dS. ceed eepediwed 10,120.00
Investment, Addison Brown Legacy,
$22,000 Nor. Pac. Prior Lien Bonds,
A Yo Sie aide Peat eh heat Sh a SA 21,380.69
Investment, John Innes Kane Fund,
$10,000 N. Y. City Notes, due Sept.
11917, Opie enka ce ecole 10,256.25
Investment, Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund,
$15,000 Nor. Pac. Prior Lien Bonds,
A To dee osicades Renee ence adalah cre 13,378.75
$503,713.68
Income of David Lydig Fund, balance

borrowed from Permanent Fund..... 2,524.80
Income of Stokes Fund............. 27.70
Director-in-Chief, Working Fund..... 25,000.00
Museum and Herbarium Fund....... 26.92
General Income Account, balance bor-

rowed from Permanent Fund....... 17,029.44

Cash in hands of Treasurer, Jan. 1, 1917
(on deposit with J. P. Morgan & Co.)}. 10,516.66

$558,812.28 $558,812.28

(402 )

REPORT OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR
TREASURER’S ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR I916

Room 3111, GRanD CENTRAL TERMINAL
New York, February 24, 1917
Mr. Epwarp D. Apams,
Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
71 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have, by direction of the Board of
Managers, examined the books and accounts of the Treasurer of
the New York Botanical Garden, for the year nineteen hundred
and sixteen (1916), together with their proper vouchers, and
that I find the balance sheet and the Treasurer’s statement of
receipts and disbursements attached hereto to be correct.

I have also examined the various investment securities and
find the same to be as reported in the said balance sheet.

Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Strong,
Special Auditor.

(402)

Direcror-1n-Cuier’s AccouNT FOR THE YEAR I9QI6

Room 3111, Granp CENTRAL TERMINAL
New York, February 24, 1917
Mr. Epwarp D. Apams,
Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
71 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have examined and audited the
financial books and accounts of the Director-in-Chief of the
New York Botanical Garden for the year nineteen hundred and
sixteen (1916), and that I find the same to be correct, and the
cash balance to be as stated in the current cash book.

In accordance with recent practice, I have not included in
this auditing the examination of the vouchers for City main-
tenance or construction work paid for by the City, as such
vouchers have been found proper and in order by the City
authorities, and it was decided in 1904 by the Chairman of the
Finance Committee that a further examination of them was
unnecessary. By like authority I have omitted also a detailed
examination of the annual membership dues account. These
dues are received by the Director-in-Chief and forwarded by
him to the Treasurer, the former keeping a detailed record of
the same.

Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Stone,
Special Auditor.

VOL. 9 No. 36

BULLETIN

THE NEW YORK

BOTANICAL GARDEN

[ISSUED APRIL 80, 1918]

CONTENTS

Report oF THE SECRETARY AND DiReECTOR-IN-CHIEF FOR

THE YEARIQI7Z7 . . «sees . 403
Report of the Assistant Director 6 & © fy 9433
Report of the Head Gardener. . 440
Report of the Head Curator of the Madea ae oe

barium... Be we & Bw 8 ags
Report of the hate Ce ha
Report of the Bibliographer : oo. 45H
Report of the Director of the iaponacies Le 452
Report of the Supervisor of Gardening Instruction. . 454

Report of the Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds . 457
Report of the Honorary Curator of the Economic Col-

lections e 9 af . . 461
Report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Pine : . 462
Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses . . . 463
Subscriptions to the Emergency Fund, 1917 . . — i. «466

ScHEDULE OF ExpenpDITURES DuRINGTHE YEARIQI7. . . 468
REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE ScienTIFIC D1rEcTORS
FOR THE YEAR IQI7 ; ; : a. 3 : . 474
Report OF THE COMMITTEE ON Patrons, FELLows, AND Mem-
BERS FOR THE YEAR IQI7. : : : : : / 475
Report OF THE TREASURER FORTHE LEAR IQI7Z . . . 491
REPORT OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR. 4 . oe 498
GENERALINDEX . . . . . .) .) . 500

Generic INDEX . . . ... . - ee 516

BULLETIN
The New York Botanical Garden

Vol.g No. 36

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND DIRECTOR-
IN-CHIEF FOR THE YEAR 1917

(Accepted and ordered printed, January 14, 1918)

To THE Boarp or Manacers of the New York Botanical
Garden.

Gentlemen: I have the honor to submit my report as
Secretary and Director-in-Chief for the year ending
January 14, 1918.

Noteworthy progress has been made in the development
of the institution and in the improvement of its grounds
during the past year. Gifts of money for construction of
buildings, and for paths, grading and planting, have aggre-
gated $107,300; gifts, and purchases by the income of per-
manent special funds, of plants, books and specimens have
materially increased the collections and have made them
more valuable scientifically and educationally; the new
planting accomplished has added much to the interest and
beauty of the grounds. Work on development has been
accomplished both within the original reservation of 250
acres and within the area of about 140 acres added to the
reservation by the city in 1915. ‘The older plantations
have all been maintained and the natural beauty of the
tract has suffered no deterioration. The path system has
been considerably developed by work done upon it in
various parts of the grounds in accordance with the general
plan, somewhat more than half a mile of paths, averaging
10 feet in width, having been wholly or partially com-

( 403 )

( 404 )

pleted; this included approaches to the rose garden and
paths within that garden, and nearly the complete path
system of the area south of the herbaceous garden, which
was used during the season for the convention garden of the
Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticul-
turists, now planned for special horticultural plantations.

Collectively, the number of kinds of living plants now
represented in the collections is approximately 14,195,
being a slight increase over the number represented in the
previous year and the largest number of kinds in cultiva-
tion in the history of the institution. Additions to the
museums and herbarium aggregated over 22,000 specimens,
secured mainly by exchange with other institutions and
through exploration. The library was increased by about
895 bound volumes, and now contains about 28,500 bound
volumes; valuable gifts of books were made by Mr. Nathan-
iel T. Kidder and by Mrs. George D. Pratt.

Under the direction of the Endowment Committee,
plans for the further development of the Garden were pre-
pared, including designs for all edifices required, and these
were drawn and rendered in color by Mr. John R. Brinley,
our Landscape Engineer, and his assistant, Mr. L. F. Bird.
For the construction of two of the greenhouses needed
at conservatory range 2, Mr. Daniel Guggenheim and
Mr. Murry Guggenheim each contributed $50,000; Mrs.
Robert E. Westcott gave $2,000 for building a stone stair-
way leading down into the rose garden; Mrs. Frederick F.
Thompson contributed $4,000 for the construction of the
school garden shelter; Mr. Edward D. Adams presented
three steel flag poles, costing $918.70; and Dr. and Mrs.
N. L. Britton have given the cherry garden shelter for
construction during 1918, an estimated cost of about
$4,000, the plans for this shelter being contributed by Mr.
Brinley without charge. The report of the Endowment
Committee describes these gifts in detail and refers also
to additional funds needed for endowment.

Public instruction was continued through lectures de-

( 405 )

livered on Saturday afternoons in the museum building
from April 28 to October 20; instruction by docents has
been somewhat expanded, this being made available for
parties of both children and adults every week-day after-
noon. Nature-study lectures were delivered to high
school students. The laboratories and experimental
grounds and greenhouses have been used by advanced
students from colleges and universities. Increased use of
the library has been made by visiting students and inves-
tigators. The amount of information given out by mail is
increasing, requiring much of the time of members of the
staff. Botanical exploration under the auspices of the
Garden was accomplished in Argentina, in Colombia, in
South Carolina, and in Florida. In cooperation with the
Horticultural Society of New York, public exhibitions of
plants and flowers were given monthly during the summer,
and over 5,000 rose bushes were planted in the new rose
garden.

In cooperation with the International Children’s School
Farm League, instruction in gardening was organized in
April and has since been continued; land for the purpose
was prepared on the eastern side of the grounds south of
the nurseries, rooms for teaching purposes were fitted up
in the mansion, and greenhouse instruction has been given
in one of the propagating houses. All courses are available
for students during 1918.

Publications during 1917 include Volume 18 of the
Journal, Nos. 31 and 35 of the Bulletin, Volume 9 of
Mycologia, 3 parts of North American Flora, 11 numbers of
Contributions, and the second volume of Addtsonia.

Permanent funds were increased by the final Io per cent.
of the bequest of £25,000 by Maria De Witt Jesup, being
$2,500; by $1,000 Fellowship fee of Mrs. John A. Roebling;
and by fees of students aggregating $121, added to the
principal of the Students Research Fund. The total endow-
ment now amounts to approximately $557,000.

Many gifts of living plants were received, including

( 406 )

Japanese cherry trees from Mr. T. A. Havemeyer, catalpa
trees from Mrs. Florence Lydig Sturgis, palms from Mr.
Ogden Mills, and conifers from Mr. Henry Hicks.

Plants and Planting

The various plantations already established have been
more or less modified by the addition of some plants and
the elimination of others, for one reason or another; for
details of gardening operations, reference is made to the
report of the Head Gardener herewith submitted.

1. Herbaceous Gardens

The long valley occupied by the plantations of named
and labeled herbaceous plants, and containing the oldest
plantations established by us, has been but slightly modified
during the year. This valley furnishes the longest vista
line within the reservation, a practically uninterrupted
view of about 1,800 feet being had from either end; this
view is perhaps Bese from the southern end of the valley.
at a point on one of the new paths leading to the south.
So many other plantations have been established in recent
years that it is now desirable to strengthen the supervision
of this collection by putting it in charge of a qualified
botanical gardener. It is believed that both its educational
and artistic value would be increased by such supervision.
The water supply of the northern portion of this tract is at
present unsatisfactory and a modification of it is desirable.
The construction of the shelter-house planned by the
Endowment Committee for a point near the economic
plantations would add greatly to the interest of the valley.

2. Fruticetum
The named and labeled collection of shrubs occupying
the terrace plain northeast of the lakes has been increased
by the addition of a number of species, and now contains
just about 1,000 species and varieties. It was found during
the season that the thorn-planted circle at the crossing of

( 407 )

the main driveways here had grown so dense as to obstruct
the view, so much so as to make driving dangerous at this
point; the view was restored by thinning the plantation
materially. The shelter-house planned for this plantation
will be a very beautiful structure, to be located near the
forest border to the east.

3. Salicetum

The collection of willows in the north meadows has been
modified only by the elimination of certain specimens,
which were removed in order to improve the form of con-
tiguous trees.

4. Deciduous Arboretum

As suggested as desirable in my last annual report, con-
siderable work was accomplished at various points in the
arboretum area which occupies the whole eastern side of
the reservation, the specimen trees being planted over an
area of about three-quarters of a mile in length. Most of
the new planting was done at the extreme southern end of
this arboretum tract, where mainly additional poplars,
willows, and walnuts were set, but additional species and
varieties were brought into the collection at various points.
The survey of the hardy woody plants in the Garden car-
ried out by the Head Gardener took the form of an enum-
eration of the species and varieties, which is being printed
in successive issues of the Garden Journal and the parts
reprinted, so that we shall soon have a little book which will
contain this information, the catalogue giving the botanical
and common name of the plant, its location within the
Garden, and its distribution in nature. This survey was
extended from the trees to include the shrubs and woody
vines. In order to commence to make the arboretum
collections more readily accessible to visitors, a considerable
extension of the path system was commenced and largely
graded, the top-soil obtained from excavations for the new
paths being used in building the rose garden.

( 408 )

5. Pinetum

The collection of named and labeled conifers occupying
the southwestern portion of the reservation surrounding
conservatory range 1 has not been materially modified
except by the replacement of certain plants which had been
killed by unfavorable weather conditions; this included the
bringing in of a few additional varieties. Space has been
reserved in this area for such additional species and va-
rieties of conifers as may prove to be hardy here.

6. Viticetum
The collection of vines and climbers brought together
on the wooden arbor on the woodland border east of the
economic garden has been maintained but not increased.
It was found necessary to cut out a few trees contiguous to
this arbor, and a few more should be removed.

7. Water Gardens

The collection of aquatics and other water-loving plants
established in the two smaller lakes east of the museum
building has been maintained without material modifica-
tion, but it is susceptible of somewhat further development.
The hardy water lilies here are a feature of great interest
throughout the flowering season, as are also the native bog
plants in the smaller of the two ponds.

The collections of hardy and of tender water lilies in the
concrete tanks of conservatory range I were very success-
fully maintained and slightly increased. Difficulty was
experienced in the tank given over to the tender species
by the development of a leak or leaks, which we attempted
to find and mend by a complete excavation of all the earth
in the planting pockets, but the defect was not wholly
remedied and another attempt to find the leaks will have
to be made.

8. Iris Garden

The iris plantations established during 1916 at the ex-

treme southwestern corner of the reservation developed

( 409 )

successfully, and have made a good commencement of the
improvement of that portion of the grounds. Many of the
clumps have so much increased in size as to permit dividing
them up and extending the collection for a considerable
distance to the north, along the new path paralleling the
Southern Boulevard, and by other enlargement as suggested
in my last annual report.

9. White Pine Plantation

Record was made in my last annual report of the planting
with young white pines of a rocky hill north of the iris
garden, through the interest of Dr. Walter B. James and
of Hon. George D. Pratt, State Conservation Commissioner,
the area concerned being about one and three-quarter
acres. This young forest planting may now be reported
as established, some of the trees having reached a height
of 2 feet, with relatively small loss. It is proposed in the
spring to extend this plantation somewhat laterally by
means of a supply of little white pine trees held in our
nurseries and the purchase of several hundred more. The
plantation has attracted a great deal of attention and
brought out much favorable comment. The rocky ridge
parallel to the white pine hill to the west, referred to in
my last annual report as available for a forest of another
kind of tree, may, we think, be well occupied by a similar
forest of red pine, and Dr. James has expressed to me his
further interest in establishing such a plantation.

10. Convention Garden

In cooperation with the Society of American Florists
and Ornamental Horticulturists, areas bordering the paths
in the region south of the herbaceous garden were planted
by several florists and nurserymen with various collections
in the spring, although the amount of space occupied by
them was much less than they at first contemplated, owing
to disturbed business conditions. We have made a com-
plete record of the exhibits in the Garden Journal for

(410 )

October, 1917.* All together, 16 different firms and indi-
viduals were represented, whereas it was supposed at the
time we consented to this use of the land that there would
not be fewer than 50 exhibitors. Some of the plants were
given to the Garden by exhibitors, as recorded in the
Journal. These plantations were pleasing and attracted
much interest, and were given an educational value by
complete labeling.

It is proposed to occupy the land prepared for this con-
vention garden by special horticultural plantations, to be
given backgrounds by groups of conifers, and to include
gardens of gladioli, cannas, phloxes, hardy chrysanthe-
mums, marsh mallows, dwarf evergreens, hardy variegated
shrubs and trees, and other collections from time to time,
the area available being sufficient for a great deal of plant-
ing. Some path building is still required here to connect
this area with paths already constructed to the north.
The plants required for these installations are either already
in our nurseries or have been promised by friends, or may
be purchased by the income of the John Innes Kane Fund,
which is specified for the purchase of plants.

11. Lilac and Peony Gardens

The area to be devoted to the special collections of lilacs
and peonies just north of Pelham Parkway and east of the
mansion approach driveway has not been much modified
during the season, but the lilac collection was increased by
96 plants brought from a point in the arboretum near the
ash collection, where they had been planted some years
ago. ‘These lilacs are largely hybrids, produced at the
Buffalo Botanic Garden, by the late Mr. John F. Cowell,
and include some very beautiful and remarkable kinds.
Mr. T. A. Havemeyer has promised large additions to this
lilac collection, and will also contribute largely to the
peony collection at such time as we are ready to install it,
but much path building and grading is required in this area

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 18: 215, 216.

(411)

before anything like a complete installation will be prac-
ticable
12. Rose Garden

Beautifully situated in a valley south of the mansion,
the collections of bush roses planted here in the spring
have been of great interest and beauty and of educational
value. Nearly 5,000 plants have been installed there,
contributed by the Horticultural Society of New York,
grouped in 94 plots over a total area of nearly half an acre,
including 422 named kinds, which have all been completely
labeled. No progress was made during the year in ob-
taining either the central pergola or the enclosing iron fence
planned for the rose garden, and no provision for climbing
roses here has thus been made; some planting of rambling
roses on rocks adjacent to the plantation may be accom-
plished in the spring.

As regards the central pergola and fence, which were
much discussed at the time the rose garden was originally
determined upon, a suggestion was reported to the Board
of Managers at the meeting of November 15, that the plans
be modified by substituting a fountain for the central
arbor, planned in order to avoid obstruction of the view of
the garden which the proposed central feature would
necessitate, and a further suggestion that the enclosing
fence planned be abandoned, and a return made to the
proposition of protecting the collection by guarding only,
which has been carried out this year, without appreciable
loss, only 4 plants out of over 4,000 having been stolen.
These suggestions were referred to the Endowment Con-
mittee for further consideration and report, but the En-
dowment Committee has not as yet taken the subject up.
As to the guarding of the plantation, this was accomplished
during the season by having one of the keepers report there
at daylight and remain until the gardener in charge came
in the morning, and then to report again when the gardener
left at five o’clock in the afternoon and remain until nine
or ten o’clock in the evening. As a matter of fact, I think

(412)

that even with an enclosing fence, it would be necessary to
guard the area.

The entire path system within the rose garden proper
and portions of the surrounding paths and approaches have
been completed. Convenient access to the plantation has
been supplied through the valued gift by Mrs. Robert E.
Westcott of the stone stairway, which was completed in
the spring. Some grading remains to be accomplished
close by this new stairway, and it is proposed to do this
first thing in the coming spring.

13. School Garden

For the purposes of the garden school established early
in the season, in cooperation with the International Chil-
dren’s School Farm League, about an acre of ground south
of the present nursery and east of the long lake was regu-
lated and graded; paths were constructed through it and a
water supply brought to it. A small portion of this area
was highly cultivated in plots by students during the spring
and summer, and as much more land as may be needed
may be readily made available. A low concrete tank to
contain manure was built at one corner of this garden, and
a border plantation of economic plants was established and
labeled. Much additional interest has been given to this
garden by the shelter-house given for it by Mrs. Frederick
F. Thompson, which was nearly built during the autumn
and may be completed during the spring. It is of the archi-
tectural type called gazebo.

14. Mansion Garden
Owing to the pressure of work on other plantations, con-
struction of the formal garden planned for the lawn ad-
joining the mansion to the south was deferred. Plans of
it, prepared by Mr. Brinley, were approved by the Board
of Managers, and only a favorable opportunity is awaited
for the commencement of its instalment.

(433)

15. Flower Gardens

The miscellaneous flower gardens already established at
conservatory range I, along the paths leading to this
range from the elevated railway station and in front of the
border screens along the New York Central and Harlem
River Railroad, have all been maintained with minor
modifications, and the plants labeled for educational pur-
poses. It is proposed to modify these plantations by sub-
stituting for the border screen garden between the Bedford
Park Boulevard entrance and the Mosholu Parkway
entrance a large collection of dahlias, some of which have
been grown in the nurseries and others have been offered
by dahlia experts. It is also proposed to modify the plan-
tations at conservatory range 1 by growing the various
plants in somewhat larger groups than they are at present,
not by reducing the number of kinds exhibited, but by
bringing plants of the same kind together. Some of this
work may be accomplished in the spring.

16. Nurseries and Experimental Grounds

The area occupied by these plantations near the pro-
pagating houses has not been materially modified. Ex-
perimental work in plant breeding has been carried on here
by the Director of the Laboratories, assisted by six ad-
vanced students in plant genetics, and practically all pre-
pared land was utilized. Dr. O. S. Morgan, Professor of
Agriculture in Columbia University, continued his experi-
mental work on Indian corn on an area of about one-
quarter of an acre. Many plants were moved from the
nurseries to the various labeled collections during the spring
and autumn. The nursery work would be facilitated by
the construction of about I,o0o feet of narrow stone road.

17. Conservatory Range I
The grouping of the collections in the great public green-
house has not been changed; additions have been made
nearly throughout the series, and some duplicates have been

(414)

eliminated by exchanging them for plants from other insti-
tutions. The main grouping remains as described in the
third edition of the descriptive guide to the grounds,
buildings and collections.*

Some of the palms in the large central house are growing
so tall as to endanger the roof and at least one of them will
soon have to be removed. In order to grow certain palms
to their full height, it would be necessary to have a green-
house at least 20 feet higher.

18. Conservatory Range 2

The grouping of the collections in this greenhouse has
remained essentially unchanged, modifications being
brought about only by additions and elimination of dupli-
cates. The forced temporary moving of the collections
from this greenhouse to conservatory range I, owing to
fuel conditions, described elsewhere in this report, may be
taken advantage of next spring and summer to effect what
appears to be a desirable regrouping of the greenhouse
collections, taken in connection with the two additional
greenhouses given for range 2 by Messrs. Daniel and Murry
Guggenheim, now under construction. These two addi-
tional greenhouses will permit a much better display of all
the collections under glass by relieving the present crowding
of the plants

19. Propagating and Experimental Greenhouses

Work in plant breeding has been continued, in charge
of the Director of the Laboratories and students, and
instruction in greenhouse gardening has been given by the
Supervisor of Gardening Instruction. Reference is made
to the reports of these two officials hereto appended. Con-
siderable propagating work has been accomplished, many
plants having been grown from seeds received from warm
regions and others by cuttings. One of the houses of this
range has been occupied by a part of the great collection

* See Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. No. 34, September, 1916.

(415 )

of cactuses, and this collection has been materially in-
creased, being now the richest in species of any hitherto
formed.

20. Natural Features

The natural woodlands have been patrolled against fire
and vandalism and have suffered no deterioration. Wind
storms uprooted some trees and all but a very few dead
trees have been removed, this forestry work being in prog-
ress at the present time. ‘The wood from fallen and dead
trees has all been utilized for fuel in furnaces at the propa-
gating houses and at the mansion.

It is still desirable to extend the low railings along the
trails in the hemlock grove in order to further restrict
traveling; wherever these rails have been placed, the forest
undergrowth has recovered practically all the beauty and
interest which were partially lost some years ago by indis-
criminate trampling. It has not been possible to extend
the system of railings during the past year.

The income of the Caroline and Olivia E. Phelps-Stokes
Fund, specified for the preservation of native plants, was
used during 1917 for increasing the collection of lantern
slides desirable for lectures upon this subject.

21. Border Screens

Tree screens planted along parts of the borders prior to
1900 have been pruned and somewhat thinned. The
screen established along the northeastern boundary, now
the junction with the Bronx River Parkway Reservation,
has become unnecessary and undesirable, as better land-
scape effects can be had by its partial elimination, and it is
proposed to cut out many of the trees, leaving only some
good specimen plants.

Museums

The collections in the public museums have been con-
served and somewhat increased, and modified by sub-
stitution of specimens. Additional labeling has been
accomplished. Some specimens held in storage have been

(416)

incorporated into the several series of exhibits, and a
considerable number remain for further incorporation.

1. Economic Museum

The very extensive and valuable collection of crude and
refined products of plants, illustrating the fundamental
relationship of the vegetable kingdom to the arts, sciences
and industries, has taken on additional importance under
present conditions of world-wide consideration of new uses
for plant substances. This museum of plant economics
occupies 218 cases, each 7 feet high by 5 feet wide, on the
main floor of the museum building. We are continually
answering inquiries relative to one product or another, and
the carefully identified and labeled collection impresses all
who view it with the dependence of the human race upon
the plant world.

The collection has been brought together from a great
variety of sources. Our numerous exploring expeditions
in little-known regions obtained many specimens of excep-
tional value; many have been obtained by exchanges with
other institutions, and many have been contributed by
commercial firms. The material is classified in the museum
primarily under the various categories of products, such
as foods, drugs, fibers, oils, sugars, starches, etc., with
suitable subdivisions. Hitherto we have depended on this
classification and the knowledge of our curators to enable
us to promptly find any individual specimen required, but
the collection has now become so large as to make a com-
plete catalogue of it almost a necessity.

Dr. Rusby, who has acted throughout the accumulation
of the material as its Honorary Curator, and to whose in-
terest in it this vastly important collection is mainly due,
has recently advised the preparation of such a catalogue
and has expressed his willingness to superintend the work,
and to commence it immediately; his annual report, here-
with submitted, contains further information and sugges-
tion upon this proposition. I recommend that you au-

(417)

thorize us to proceed with the preparation of such catalogue
and to utilize such employees of the Garden as may be
necessary for its production, and further to publish it as a
Garden Bulletin. We do not now require any special
appropriation of money, as the budget provisions will ap-
parently be sufficient.

2. Systematic Museum

The grouping of the collections on the second floor of the
museum building has not been modified since the issue of
the last descriptive guide to the collections,* but the series
of exhibits has been made somewhat more complete by the
interpolation of new specimens. The collection can be
made much more representative, but mainly only through
further exploration of regions little known botanically and
by additional models and other illustrations. The series
of microscopes set up for the public, illustrating various
minute plants, continues to attract much interest. These
microscopes, it will be remembered, were given some years

ago by the late Mr. William E. Dodge.

3. Paleobotanical Museum

The collection of fossil plants on the basement floor of
the museum building has been conserved but not materially
increased. Record is made in the report of Dr. Hollick,
the Honorary Curator of this collection, of a valuable addi-
tion of specimens from Porto Rico; these illustrate for the
first time remains of plants of the tertiary epoch from the
West Indies, and are therefore of much scientific significance.

This paleobotanical museum, made up in part of col-
lections deposited by Columbia University, which were
accumulated during many years of investigation by the
late Professor John S. Newberry, and in part of specimens
accumulated by officers of the Garden, is the largest and
most important series of fossil plants in the United States,
excepting that of the United States Geological Survey at

* See Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. No. 34, September, 1916.

(418)

Washington. A further display of specimens could be
made by constructing additional wall cases.

4. Herbarium

The vast collection of herbarium specimens on the upper
floor of the museum building has been conserved and con-
siderably increased. It has become one of the most im-
portant collections in the world and is the most valuable
scientific possession of the institution, being a mine of
information about all kinds of plants. It is stored in 233
cases, and enough valuable specimens to fill at least 20
more cases are held in storage; we hoped to obtain addi-
tional cases for the herbarium during the past year but we
did not succeed in this, and they are still urgently needed
in order to bring the valuable material in storage to con-
venient access of students and investigators. The long
series of fruits and seeds and other bulky specimens not
susceptible of incorporation in the herbarium proper, is
stored in drawers.

Details of work upon the museum and herbarium col-
lections are given in the report of the Head Curator hereto
appended.

5. The Collection of Lantern Slides and Photographic
Negatives

Accumulation of lantern slides for lecture purposes has
gone on continuously during the entire history of the insti-
tution, and photographic negatives made for the produc-
tion of lantern slides and other purposes have also accumu-
lated, both as glass negatives and as films. This collection
of illustrative material has now become very valuable an
important.

The colored lantern slides include primarily those made
by Mr. and Mrs. Van Brunt, which have been designated
as the Van Brunt Collection; to these other colored slides
have been added from time to time, the total number being
now 2,809. The uncolored lantern slides number 7,015,

(419 )

there being thus, collectively, nearly 10,000 lantern slides
in the collection.

The photographic negatives and films number 6,717,
and are constantly in demand for prints desired by other
institutions and by students.

These lantern slides and negatives have been under the
general charge of Mr. Percy Wilson, an Associate Curator,
assisted by one of the museum aids, but his other duties
have been so great as to make it necessary to effect other
arrangements for the proper care of the collection. The
appointment during the past autumn of Miss Elsie M.
Kittredge as an Assistant Curator has now made the critical
care of this valuable material possible, and progress is
being made in perfecting catalogues, rebinding slides, and
classifying negatives.

Library

Increased attention all over the world in recent years to
all phases of botany, horticulture and agriculture has
greatly increased the literature of plants, the annual output
of books and pamphlets having probably doubled during
the past decade, and the number of persons qualified to
write on these subjects has also at least doubled. Our
library has now become one of the most important of all
collections of this literature and it is being more and more
consulted by students and investigators from all parts of
the country. It is classified by subject and is very com-
pletely card catalogued. The increase of the library in
recent years has now practically occupied all available
cases, and it will be unfortunate if we are unable to shelve
accessions. ‘The greater part of the increase of 895 volumes
during the year has been by gift and by exchanges of our
publications for those of other institutions all over the
world, relatively little money having been available for
the purchase of books. A special fund which would yield
about $2,000 a year would be a very important aid in
ensuring the completion of the library up to date and in
securing certain of the older literature which we have not
yet been able to obtain.

(420 )

Reference is made to the reports of the Bibliographer
and of the Librarian hereto appended.

Public Instruction and Information

In addition to the important educational features of the
grouped and labeled collections of plants and specimens,
and of our various publications, a great amount of infor-
mation is given out by members of our staff in replying to
the questions of visitors and by mail; the answering of
letters takes up a considerable amount of time, but the
information thus given out is highly appreciated. Direct
pedagogic work has also been accomplished through
lectures, docentry, laboratory instruction, and through
the garden school. Docents are provided every week day
for public instruction without charge. Details of educa-
tional and scientific work, and of investigations carried on
by members of the staff, students, and visiting investi-
gators, will be found in the report of the Assistant Director,
that of the Director of the Laboratories, and that of the
Supervisor of Gardening Instruction hereto appended.

Cooperation with Garden Clubs

Interesting and mutually stimulating relationships were
established during the year with many garden clubs.
Under the auspices of The Garden Club of America, mem-
bers of fourteen clubs held a field day with us on May 10,*
about 50 members participating. Lectures have been
delivered to many clubs in their home localities by members
of the staff, Mrs. Britton having addressed seventeen dif-
ferent organizations and Mr. Parsons five; Dr. Howe,
Dr. Seaver and I each lectured to one.

Exploration
The important work of obtaining new botanical and
horticultural information and the collection of plants and
specimens in regions botanically little known, which has

* See Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 18: 144, 145. pl. 200.

(422 )

been a feature of the work of the Garden since its estab-
lishment, has been continued, but not as extensively as in
former years. The most important exploration work ac-
complished was carried out by Dr. J. A. Shafer, a special
agent, who was financed by me personally in making a
large collection of living and prepared specimens of cac-
tuses in Argentina, eastern Bolivia, Paraguay and western
Uruguay, during the early part of the year. This valuable
collection was brought home by him in excellent condition,
and has added greatly to the completeness of the mono-
graph of Cactaceae prepared by me in cooperation with
Dr. J. N. Rose, of the Smithsonian Institution, for pub-
lication by the Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Dr. Henry H. Rusby conducted botanical exploration
in the Republic of Colombia during the summer, aided by
Dr. Francis W. Pennell, one of our Associate Curators.
The expedition was privately financed, and was primarily
a search for new or rare drug plants. Dr. Rusby returned
in the autumn, bringing with him a large and valuable col-
lection of museum and herbarium specimens, leaving Dr.
Pennell in Colombia to continue the work until spring.
Dr. Pennell writes that he has made a shipment of speci-
mens from Bogota, and other shipments are expected to
follow.

Our valued correspondents, Mr. William Harris in
Jamaica, and Brother Leon in Cuba, continued to send
valuable collections, especially for the herbarium.

Dr. John K. Small, Head Curator, continued his explora-
tion of extreme southern Florida in cooperation with Mr.
Charles Deering, and made two trips into that region,
which resulted in supplementing previously large collec-
tions obtained through this cooperation by important series
of specimens and of living plants. Ordinary funds have
not been available during the year for exploration work.

Reference is here made to the great desirability of ob-
taining additional plants, specimens and information from
northern South America, both from scientific and economic

( 422)

considerations. In consultation with officers of the Gray
Herbarium of Harvard University and of the Smithsonian
Institution, a plan for extensive exploration of that region
has been much discussed, and it has been considered by
our Scientific Directors. It has been proposed that a mem-
ber of the staff of each of these institutions and of the
Garden should be detailed for the special work of such an
investigation, together with such additional aid as might
be obtained for field and museum work, looking toward
the preparation of an annotated list of the plants of Colom-
bia, Venezuela, and the Guianas, with contiguous islands,
such list to indicate the economic application of their
products. There can be no doubt that such an investiga-
tion would be very well worth while, and, carried out in
the cooperative method proposed, it on be expected to
be completed within a reasonable period of time. The
museum and herbarium specimens obtained would greatly
enrich the collections of the cooperating institutions.
From our own standpoint, the valuable living plants which
would be obtained would compensate us for the time and
money expended. I therefore recommend that you au-
thorize me, in consultation with the Scientific Directors,
to enter upon such an investigation, in case the necessary
funds can be obtained. I think that $1,000 from the
income of the Science and Education Fund may be used
for this purpose, which would form a nucleus for other
contributions.

This matter brings up again the desirability of a per-
manent fund specialized for botanical exploration. There
is no doubt that a fund yielding about $10,000 a year would
be of enormous value In increasing the knowledge of plants
and their products.

Roads, Paths, and Grading
The Park Commissioner of the Borough of The Bronx
has carried out the provisions of the Garden Charter in
relation to the maintenance of driveways, nearly the entire

(423 )

system of about 4 miles having been again resurfaced and
the roads kept in excellent condition. Work was continued
on the still uncompleted driveway at the north end of the
long lake, where a very large embankment was required,
which has now been nearly completed by being used as a
dump for contractors having surplus excavation; reference
has been made to this uncompleted driveway in two
previous annual reports; it still remains to actually com-
plete the embankment, to pave about 700 lineal feet of
30-foot road, and to surface the whole uncompleted stretch
of about one-third of a mile. As will be remembered, this
driveway is planned to take the place, in part, of the narrow
and dangerous road which runs immediatley past the man-
sion and on which several accidents have already occurred,
none of them, fortunately, very serious.

The path system has been extended as elsewhere de-
scribed.* The path running north from the iris garden to
the herbaceous garden was completed, and furnishes, with
paths constructed formerly to the north, an uninterrupted
walk from Pelham Avenue to the Bronx River Parkway,
longitudinally through the Garden reservation. It is

oped that another longitudinal line of path may be com-
pleted during 1918. As our plans now stand, the total
path system would be completed by the building of about
4 miles more.

Considerable grading has been accomplished at various
points, especially during the construction of paths, in
building banks around the rose garden, and in preparing
the school garden.

All the masonry and concrete bridges in the path and
driveway system were carefully examined during the season
and repointed wherever necessary, but no considerable
amount of work was required on any of them.

The water supply system remains unchanged, except for
an extension on the east side of the grounds of a 4-inch
main and lateral connection to reach the school garden,

* See Report of the Superintendent of Building and Grounds hereto appended.

(424 )

and a transferral of the mansion water supply from the
36-inch to the 48-inch city main.

In the autumn, some grading was done at the driveway
and path connection with the Bronx River Parkway on
the northeastern boundary of our reservation, earth re-
quired for filling here being hauled from excavations for
the new greenhouses at conservatory range 2; the Bronx
River Parkway Commission made the necessary driveway
connection, requiring a slight change in the roadway within
the Garden at that point, without expense to us. Path
building and grading work was aided by the Emergency
Fund subscribed by members.

Buildings

The report of the Superintendent of Buildings and
Grounds hereto appended records details of work upon
buildings. Many repairs have again been necessary and
the conditions of obtaining material and the high cost of
services of mechanics have made such work expensive.
Provision must again be made for extensive repairs during
1918, most of which we hope to accomplish by mechanics
in our regular employ, but some of it may have to be re-
ferred to contractors.

The most extensive and expensive replacements needed
are the benches in conservatory range 1, the bad condition
of which was referred to in my last annual report. During
the year, we were enabled, by using a part of the Emergency
Fund subscribed by members, to replace about 525 running
feet of the old benches by new ones built of concrete, which
will be permanent and are in all respects satisfactory. It
is estimated that at least 1,000 running feet more of these
benches should be replaced during 1918, because, in addi-
tion to those in conservatory range 1, some in the propa-
gating houses have broken down and require rebuilding.

Another important piece of repair work which we were
not able to reach in 1917, but which has become a necessity
for 1918, is the painting of the iron boundary fence along

(425 )

the property line of Fordham University, and along the
Bronx Boulevard on the eastern side of the reservation.
Reference is made in the following chapter as regards fuel
to the necessity for enlarging coal bins at both power
houses. We sought to enlarge the bin at power house 1
during 1917, but were not able to accomplish this; plans
were prepared and approved.

Fuel

The mounting cost of fuel forced the expenditure for coal
during the first six months of the year of practically the
entire estimated amount needed for the whole year; to
meet the additional requirement, the city Board of Esti-
mate and Apportionment added the sum of $5,095.50 to
the appropriation for maintenance, and this was wholly
expended. In December, after the general coal shortage
of the country began to be acutely realized, the contractors
concerned found themselves unable to complete all de-
liveries called for during 1917, and the valuable plant col-
lections in conservatory range 2 became seriously endan-
gered, the conditions being aggravated by abnormally low
temperatures.

The city had anticipated difficulty in obtaining coal, by
ordering a supply for January, February, and March, 1918,
delivered to departments and institutions before the end
of December, 1917, but each of the two contractors con-
cerned with us were unable to supply the whole amounts
called for in several grades. The No. 3 buckwheat coal,
delivered for burning by forced draft at power house 1,
proved to be of such poor quality that we have had to buy
much bituminous coal to mix with it, in order to keep
steam pressure up to requirements; this bituminous coal
has been obtainable only in small quantities during Decem-
ber and January, and we have also had to use some of it in
power house 2, on account of inability to obtain the pea
coal required for the furnaces there.

On January 3, 1918, after correspondence and conversa-

( 426)

tion with the contractors and officials of the Park Depart-
ment, and a presentation of the conditions to President
Thompson, I very reluctantly ordered the collections in
conservatory range 2 transported to conservatory range I,
a step which I had been considering for some days. It
seemed to us wisest to save the collection in this way, be-
cause a snowstorm at this time might have blocked the
roads and would certainly have caused the loss of the whole
collection, as we had less than three days’ supply of coal
in the bunkers. Although moved during very low tem-
peratures (lower than 12° F. most of the time), the plants
were transported without serious loss, except the large and
elegant vines which festooned the walls; of these plenty of
cuttings were taken, so we do not expect to lose any species,
and all their roots have been deeply mulched with fresh ma-
nure in the hope that they may remain alive. The plants
were loaded on spring wagons in the cellar of range 2,
packed in straw, covered by blankets, and rushed to the
cellar of range I, a distance of just about a mile. The
roads were extremely icy and horses’ shoes had to be kept
sharpened continuously, but we had enough animals to
make this possible. ‘The Garden is indebted to Mr. Nash,
Head Gardener, to Mr. Corbett, Superintendent of Build-
ings and Grounds, to Mr. Finley, Foreman Gardener, to
Mr. Willey, Head Driver, to Mr. Radlein, Gardener in
charge of range 2, and to the gardeners, drivers, and laborers
concerned, who all worked to the limit of endurance.
Fortunately, a small additional amount of fuel was de-
livered by contractors during the period of moving.

Perhaps no such emergency will occur again, but it
emphasizes the necessity for greater coal storage capacity
than we now have. Reference has been made elsewhere in
this report to our failure to obtain during 1917 the enlarge-
ment of the coal bin planned at power house 1; I now re-
gard it as.desirable to enlarge the bins at both power houses
during 1918. If it could be made possible to purchase and
store at least half the coal necessary for winter during the
summer, safety would probably be secured.

( 427 )

During the period while these greenhouses are empty,
advantage will be taken of the opportunity to paint the
interiors wherever needed and to make other necessary
repairs.

Administrative

There have been no changes in officers nor in the mem-
bership of the Board of Managers during the year, nor
any changes in the membership of the staff. Duties of
members of the staff have been modified only in minor
details; the greater part of their time has been fully occu-
pied by maintenance duties, the care and classification of
the collections, and by pedagogic work and the giving out
of information to visitors, by mail, and by publication.
A small amount of time of some of the staff members has
been found for scientific investigation. The establish-
ment of several research positions, independent of main-
tenance or curatorial duties, would undoubtedly contribute
largely to botanical and horticultural knowledge.

Public Uses of the Grounds and Buildings

Following the provisions of the Garden’s Charter, the
whole reservation of nearly 400 acres of land in the northern
part of Bronx Park and all the buildings are open to the
public every day in the year without any charge whatever.
The attractive natural features and the numerous beautiful
gardens and other plantations, educationally grouped and
labeled, bring a continually increasing number of visitors.
Spaces for the use of picnic parties in various parts of the
grounds have been set apart by the Board of Managers
and these locations approved by the Board of Estimate and
Apportionment. The only restrictions applied under the
rules and regulations of the Garden are against depredation
or damage to the collections, or littering the ground with
rubbish, the latter not easy to control. During the winter,
skating is permitted on two of the larger ponds. No con-
cessions of any kind have been granted. Guide-books,
picture postal cards and photographs showing Garden

(428 )

views have been sold at the elevated railway entrance, at
the museum building and at the mansion, and the proceeds
used for printing such documents. A few surplus green-
house plants have been sold and the proceeds credited to
the Plant Fund, which is used to purchase plants; proceeds
of the sale of surplus hay harvested have also been credited
to the Plant Fund. The only money charges made are for
the actual instruction of special students by one member
of the staff or another, and in cases where deserving students
find payment impossible, scholarships are granted. Paint-
ing, sketching and photography are permitted throughout
the entire reservation, and this privilege has been widely
taken advantage of by many artists.

Thus the continued policy of the management is to
sent every feature of the Garden to the public absolutely
without charge and to encourage in every way extensive
enjoyment of its varied uses.

Financial

The city appropriation for 1918 is $10,075 larger than
that for 1917, and this increase was granted for the purpose
of continuing increases in the remuneration of subordinate
employees made during 1917 by means of private funds,
and to meet the still further advance in prices for material
and supplies; it will, apparently, be not more than sufficient
to cover these two items. As in recent years, practically
all our income from general endowment and from mem-
bership dues will be required to supplement the city main-
tenance appropriation, leaving us only the income of speci-
fied funds for educational and scientific purposes. While
a considerable number of members have withdrawn during
the year, a slightly greater number have joined, so there
has been no loss in membership. Owing to disturbed con-
ditions due to the world-wide war, it is impossible to ac-
curately estimate requirements for 1918.

( 429 )

Liberty Bonds
At my request and subsequently confirmed by the Board

of Managers, the Treasurer purchased $5,000 worth of
each of the first and second issues of Liberty Bonds, and
employees were given the privilege of paying for these by
instalments if desired. The total subscription has thus
far amounted to about $9,200, but certain subscribers have
indicated their desire to pay for additional bonds. The
list of subscribers to one or the other issues, or to both, is
as follows:

John H. Barnhart, Bibliographer

H. W. Becker, Foreman Gardener

Kenneth R. Boynton, Head Gardener’s Assistant

N. L. Britton, Director-in-Chief

Thomas M. Cooney, Keeper

L. Dingler, Gardener

E. W. Doherty, Gardener

N. Dudeshyn, Gardener

James Dwyer, Stableman

William Eagen, Gardener

James Finley, Gardener

John Finley, Foreman Gardener

Margaret Finley

George Friedhoff, Gardener

A. Gleasel, Gardener

Sarah H. Harlow, Librarian

Marshall A. Howe, Curator

R. McLaughlin, Gardener

J. Moore, Gardener

W. A. Murrill, Assistant Director

George V. Nash, Head Gardener

John Purcell, Gardener

Jacob Radlein, Gardener

F. A. Schilling, Museum Custodian

F. J. Seaver, Curator

Harry;,Shafer, Gardener

J. K. Small, Head Curator

( 430 )

John Sommer, Gardener

A. B. Stout, Director of the Laboratories
W. Von Gerichten, Keeper

Florence M. Willey, Stenographer

Ralph Willey, Driver

R. S. Williams, Administrative Assistant
Percy Wilson, Associate Curator

Application of the Several Sources of Revenue
1. City Allowance for Maintenance
The city appropriation for maintenance of grounds,
buildings and collections for 1917 was $109,760, and was
expended for salaries, wages, supplies and material.

2. General Income Account

The General Income Account is made up of the income
of the Endowment Fund (principal about $305,000),
amounting to about $13,000, to which is added membership
dues and sundry receipts aggregating about $11,000, or
about $24,000 in all.

This income was for the most part expended for salaries,
wages, supplies and material, to supplement the city main-
tenance allowance. A small portion of it was used for
plans, surveys and construction.

3. Science and Education Fund

This fund was contributed by members and friends of
the Garden in 1913, specifically for educational and scien-
tific purposes, and some additions have since been made to
it by gift and bequest, the principal now being $83,455,
yielding about $4,000 annually.

The income has been expended for publications, lectures,
photography, laboratory supplies and equipment, and a
small amount for exploration.

4. Darius Ogden Mills Fund

A bequest of $50,000 made by Mr. Mills, who was for
many years President of the Board of Managers, received
in 1910, which yields about $2,200 annually.

( 431 )

This income has been used for museum and herbarium
materials, books, binding, and for the expenses of investiga-
tions made by members of the staff at other institutions.

5. David Lydig Fund

A bequest of Judge Charles P. Daly, received in 1gor,
yielded $34,149.86. Its income is about $1,400 annually,
and is specified for publications; to this income we add
sums derived from the sale of publications, amounting to
about $3,000 annually.

The publication of the Bulletin, Contributions, and
Journal have been aided by the income of this fund.

6. Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund
A bequest by Mrs. Maria DeWitt Jesup of $25,000, re-
ceived during 1915, 1916 and 1917, yields about $1,100
annually.
The income is specified for the increase of the collections,
and has been expended for books and specimens.

7. Addison Brown Fund

A bequest by Judge Addison Brown, for many years
President of the Board of Managers, received in 1914,
yielded $21,800; the income (aided by subscriptions) is
specified for the publication of colored illustrations of
plants.

The income has been used as specified by the publication
of Addisonia; this income is about $900, to which about
$2,500 received from subscriptions to the publication was
added in 1917.

8. William R. Sands Fund
A bequest of $10,000, received from William R. Sands
in 1909, yields about $400 annually.
The income is used for horticultural prizes, awarded at
exhibitions held at the Garden.

( 432 )

9. Henry Iden Fund
A bequest of $10,000, received in 1913 from Henry Iden,
yields about $400 annually.
The income, specified for students’ research scholarships,
has been used to aid the work of several deserving students.

10. John Innes Kane Fund

In 1913, Mrs. Annie C. Kane established a fund of
$10,000 as a memorial of her husband, John Innes Kane,
long a member of the Board of Managers, specifying the
use of its income for the purchase of plants for the grounds
and greenhouses.

This income, about $500 annually, has been expended for
the purposes specified.

11. Students Research Fund
Fees received from students of the Garden are accumu-
lated to form the principal of a Students Research Fund,
which now amounts to about $4,000, and yields about $175
annually.
The income is used in the form of grants to aid the in-
vestigations of deserving students.

12. Olivia E. and Caroline Phelps Stokes Fund
In 1901, the Misses Phelps Stokes contributed a fund of
$3,000 for the preservation and protection of native plants.
The income, about $120 a year, was used in 1917 for the
preparation of lantern slides illustrating native plants
which should be preserved.

13. Charles Budd Robinson Fund
Dr. Charles Budd Robinson, one of the Garden’s first
students, was killed on the Island of Amboina, Dutch East
Indies, in December, 1913, while an official of the Bureau
of Science of the Philippine Islands, and a most promising
scientific career was thus lamentably terminated. A fund,
which now aggregates $652.30, was subscribed by friends

( 433 )

and associates as a memorial, and is held open for additional
subscriptions. Dr. Robinson’s sister has recently con-
tributed a considerable number of valuable botanical
books, which she desires to have sold and the proceeds
added to the fund.

The income is specified to aid botanical exploration.
In cooperation with officials of the Philippine Island Bureau
of Science, a grant of $50 has been made from this income
for use in obtaining further knowledge of the flora of the
Island of Guam.

Reports Appended

Following this report will be found those of the Assistant
Director, the Head Gardener, the Head Curator of the
Museums and Herbarium, the Librarian, the Bibliographer,
the Director of the Laboratories, the Supervisor of Garden-
ing Instruction, the Superintendent of Buildings and
Grounds, the Honorary Curator of the Economic Collec-
tions, the Honorary Curator of the Collection of Fossil
Plants, and the Honorary Curator of Mosses; also a list
of subscriptions to the Emergency Fund subscribed by
members during 1917, and a schedule of expenditures by
the Bookkeeper.

Respectfully submitted,
N. L. Britton,
Director-in-Chief.

REPORT OF THE ASSISTANT DIRECTOR
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-1n-Culer.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1917.

The weekly reports of the Superintendent are submitted
herewith for your files to supplement the annual reports
to follow, which include only the more important details
of maintenance for the year.

The season of 1917 was remarkable for its cold, wet
spring, being two weeks or more later than the average.
There were no floods of any consequence, but a rather
violent storm occurred in October which uprooted 27 trees.

(434)

Work on the control of the more destructive insect pests
has been continued during the entire year, under the super-
vision of Dr. Seaver, special attention having been given
to the tussock moth, since this insect has been unusually
abundant for two seasons past. Hand picking of the egg-
masses and daubing them with creosote were tried during
the winter and early spring in order to prevent the hatching
of the insects. This was supplemented by the spraying of
the trees during the entire growing season in order to de-
stroy the larvae which escaped the first treatment.

The rose beetle remained very destructive and hand
picking has been resorted to in order to protect the more
valuable roses and other shrubs. The pine-shoot moth
continues to be very destructive to certain pines, especially
the dwarf forms. Removing the infected shoots seems to
be the only practical remedy and this is not very effective.

Attention has also been given to the control of destruc-
tive fungi. The application of sulphur was resorted to in
the new rose garden as a preventive of rose mildew and
was found effective. Other fungous diseases are being
investigated and efforts made to control them. Many
poplars have been attacked by the poplar canker, which is
a serious disease and not amenable to any ordinary treat-
ment.

Publications
JOURNAL

The Journal has been published for each month during

the year, making a volume of 291 pages, with 19 plates.

Mycotocia
This periodical has appeared on alternate months during
the year, making a volume of 374 pages, with 15 plates.

NortH AMERICAN FLorRa
Volume 10, part z, containing descriptions of Agari-
caceae (pars), by W. A. Murrill, appeared April 26, 1917.
olume 21, part 2, containing descriptions of Amaran-
thaceae, by Paul C. Standley, appeared June 9, 1917.

(435)

Volume 10, part 3, containing descriptions of Agarica-
ceae (pars), by W. A. Murrill, appeared June 25, 1917.

BULLETIN

Bulletin No. 35, with 110 pages, was issued April 10,
1917. It contains the annual reports of the Director-in-
Chief and other officers for the year 1916.

Bulletin No. 31, completing the eighth volume of this
publication, appeared July 10, 1917. It contains two
scientific papers, one by R. S. Williams on ‘Philippine
Mosses”’ and the other by Percy Wilson on “The Vegeta-
tion of Vieques,” together with the table of contents and
indexes to the volume.

ADDISONIA
The second volume of this publication, containing 84
pages of popular descriptions and 40 colored illustrations of
plants, appeared in four parts, issued in March, June,
September, and December.

CoNTRIBUTIONS

No. 193. A Note on the Structural Dimorphism of
Sexual and Tetrasporic Plants of Galaxaura obtusata, by
Marshall A. Howe.

No. 194. El Genero Rynchospora Vahl, En Cuba, by
Nathaniel Lord Britton.

No. 195. Studies of West Indian Plants—IX, by
Nathaniel Lord Britton.

No. 196. Notes on Rosaceae—XI, by P. A. Rydberg.

No. 197. Notes on North American Species of Riccia,
by Marshall A. Howe.

No. 198. Fertility in Cichorium Intybus: The Sporadic
Occurrence of Self-fertile Plants among the Progeny of
Self-sterile Plants, by A. B. Stout.

No. 199. Notes on Plants of the Southern United
States—III, by Francis W. Pennell.

No. 200. Fertility in Cichorium Intybus: Self-com-

( 436)

patibility and Self-incompatibility among the Offspring of
Self-fertile Lines of Descent, by A. B. Stout.

No. 201. Notes Regarding Variability of the Rose
Mallows, by A. B. Stout.

No. 202. Phytogeographical Notes on the Rocky
Mountain Region—VII. Formations in the Subalpine
Zone, by P. A. Rydberg.

No. 205. Observations on Tulips, by A. B. Stout.

Lectures
Pusric Lectures

Illustrated public lectures on botanical and horticultural
subjects have been given in the museum building on
Saturday afternoons from April to October, as outlined
below. The total attendance for the year was 2,332,
averaging go for each of the 26 lectures; the maximum
attendance being 188 on April 28.

April 28. “Early Spring Flowers,’ by Dr. N. L.
Britton.

May 5. ‘‘School and Home Gardening Courses at the
New York Botanical Garden,” by Mr. Henry G. Parsons.

May 12. “The Spring Flower Garden,” by Mr. G. V.
Nash.

May 19. ‘“‘Garden Soils and Their Treatment,” by
Professor H. F. Button.

May 26. “Modern Methods of Producing Seeds for
Farm and Garden,” by Dr. A. B. Stout.

June 2. “Vacant Lot Gardening,” by Mr. Carl Bann-
wart.

June g. “Garden Roses,” by Professor A. C. Beal.

June 16. ‘‘The Seaweeds of New York and Vicinity,”
by Dr. M. A. Howe.

June 23. “Lilies for Everybody,” by Mr. Arthur
Herrington.

June 30. “The Food Value of Wild Mushrooms,” by
Dr. W. A. Murrill.

July 7. “Wild Flowers of Summer,” by Dr. N. L.
Britton.

( 437)

July 14. crag Grown by the American Indians,”
by Dr. A. B. Stou

July 21. “Flowers for the Summer Garden,” by Mr.
G. V. Nash.

July 28. ‘How the Introduction of Foreign Plant
Diseases is Prevented,” by Mr. H. B. Shaw.

August 4. “Floral and Scenic Features of Cuba,” by
Dr. M. A. Howe.

August 11. “Books on Gardening,” by Dr. J. H.
Barnhart.

August 18. ‘Trees and Flowers of the Yellowstone
National Park,” by Dr. P. A. Rydberg.

August 25. ‘Insect Enemies of Plants,” by Dr. F. J.
Seaver.

September 1. “Collecting Fungi in the Catskills,” by
Dr. W. A. Murrill.

September 8. “The Origin and History of Soils,’ by
Dr. A. Hollick.

September 15. “Growing Fresh Vegetables in the
Back Yard,” by Mr. H. G. Parsons.

September 22. ‘Some Botanical Features of Northern
Cape Breton,” by Dr. G. E. Nichols.

September 29. “Growing Nut Trees,” by Dr. W. C.
Deming.

October 6. ‘Autumn Coloration,” by Dr. A. B.
Stout.

October15. “The Relation of Forests to Water Supply,”
by Dr. G. C. Fisher.

October 20. ‘Fall Planting and Winter Protection,”
by Mr. G. V. Nash.

Lecrures To MEMBERS
Illustrated lectures by members of the Garden staff and
other experts, followed by excursions to various parts of
the grounds, were given at the Mansion at 3 o’clock on
Thursday afternoons in February, March, and April, and
on Wednesday afternoons in November, as follows:

(438 )

February 1. “Cactuses.”’

February 8. “Winter Fruits.”

February 15. “Conifers.”

February 22. “Bromeliads—The Pine-apple Family.”

March 1. “Ferns.”

March 8. “Palms.”

March 15. ‘“‘Aroids—The Calla-lily Family.”

March 22. “Orchids.”

March 29. “‘ Early-flowering Shrubs.”

April 5. ‘‘Early-flowering Trees.”

April 12. ‘‘Spring Bulbs.”

April 19. “‘Early Perennials.”

April 26. ‘‘Roses and the New Rose Garden.”

November 7. “Recent Construction and Development
of the Garden by the Aid of Gifts from Mr. Daniel Guggen-
heim, Mr. Murry Guggenheim, Mr. Edward D. Adams,
Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson, Mrs. Robert E. Westcott,
and the Emergency Fund Subscribed by Members.”

November 14. “The New Rose Garden and Plans for
Its Further Development; the ‘Convention Garden’ and
Plans for Its Modification into Special Horticultural
Plantations; and Plans for the New Plantations of Lilacs,
Peonies, and Dahlias.”

November 21. “The School Garden and the Work of
the Garden School.”

November 28. ‘‘Educational and Investigational Work
of the Garden.”

DocENTRY

Nearly 2,000 visitors, including classes from public and
private schools, have availed themselves during the year
of the privilege of viewing the buildings and grounds under
the guidance of Mr. Percy Wilson, Mr. R. S. Williams, and
Mr. H. W. Becker.

NaTurE Stupy
On January 23 and 25 and June 19 and 21, a total of
about 2,000 biology pupils from Evander Childs High
School and Morris High School, accompanied by their

(439)

teachers, came to the Garden for special study of certain
collections under the guidance of members of the staff,
after which they attended illustrated lectures on forestry
given in the public lecture hall by Mr. George E. Hewitt
and Mr. George H. Sherwood.

On July 26, about 50 students from the summer school
of Columbia University made an excursion through the
grounds and buildings of the Garden, which was led by
Mr. W. L. Crawford, Mr. George Meredith, and several
members of the Garden staff.

Scientific Meetings

The monthly conferences of members of the staff and
students have been continued, and a report of each meeting
has been published in the current number of the Journal.

The Torrey Botanical Club has met each month as usual
in the morphological laboratory in the museum building.

The Horticultural Society of New York, in cooperation
with the New York Botanical Garden, held exhibitions of
plants and flowers in the museum building on May 12 and
13, June 9 and 10, July t4 and 15, and September 22 and
23.

A field meeting of the Department of Botany of the
Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences was held at the
Garden on the afternoon of April 28, about 75 members
being in attendance.

The New York Library Club held its annual meeting at
the Garden on May 10, with about 200 members present.

A field day for garden-club members was held at the
Garden on May 21 under the auspices of the Garden Club
of America.

The American Association of Museums held a field
meeting at the Garden on May 265.

The American Gladiolus Society met at the Garden on
August 24 and held its exhibition here August 23-26.

The Torrey Botanical Club held one of its Fiftieth Anni-
versary meetings at the Garden on October 19.

(440)

Personal Investigations

Two parts of North American Flora, containing descrip-
tions of 606 species of the higher fleshy fungi, 183 of which
were new, were published during the year.

The popular illustrated articles on fungi in Mycologia
have been continued with the aid of colored plates pre-
pared by Miss Eaton, 16 species having been treated in
this series during the year.

The usual routine of herbarium work and the ever-in-
creasing number of requests for the determination of speci-
mens have consumed much time.

Very little field work has been possible. During a vaca-
tion of two weeks at Delaware Water Gap, I obtained about
300 specimens and sufficient information for a preliminary
report on the fungi of that locality.

Respectfully submitted,
W. A. Murritt,
Assistant Director.

REPORT OF THE HEAD GARDENER
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CHIEF,
Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith my report as
Head Gardener for the year 1917.

Systematic Plantations

Hersaceous Grounps. The herbaceous collections
comprise about 3,050 species and varieties, contained in
130 beds, 26 east of the brook and 104 west. In addition
to the above there are So species in the American wood
garden not represented here. There have been 593 show
labels placed here.

Mr. K. R. Boynton, Head Gardener’s Assistant, has
been in charge of the details of the curatorial work here
and in the other herbaceous collections.

Fruticetum. There are 2,810 specimens here, repre-
senting, including those still at the nurseries, 52 families,
140 genera, and 1,024 species and varieties. There are in

(441)

addition two genera and two species in the American wood
garden, not represented here. 140 show labels have been
added.

SaticetumM. The collection here comprises 139 speci-
mens, representing two genera and 37 species and varieties.

Decipuous ArBoretum. This collection, including those
native tothe tract and those still in the nurseries, comprises
405 species and varieties. There are 1,053 individual trees,
representing 31 families and 59 genera. For this collection
there have been made 162 show labels.

Pinetum. There are 3 families and 20 genera shown
here. There are 1,651 specimens, and about 261 species
and varieties. 525 show lables have been placed here.

Vitricetum. There are here about 50 species and va-
rieties. 6 show labels have been put here.

Conservatories. The collections under glass comprise
about 9,311 species and varieties, representing 207 families
and 225 genera. The number of plants in the public con-
servatories is 16,953, somewhat less than last year, as the
number of duplicates is being constantly reduced.

Range 1. There are here 10,317 specimens, as follows:
house 1, 335; house 2, 414; house 3, 475; house 4, 573;
house 5, 1,400; house 6, 523; house 7, 770; house 8, 789;
house 9, 144; house Io, 878; house 11, 459; house 12, 1,145;
house 13, 507, house 14; 698; house 15, 1,098; cellar, 109.
1,017 show labels have been made for the collections here.

Range 2. There are here 6,636 plants, distributed as
follows: house 1, 79; house 2, 160; house 3, 60; house 4,
1,560; house 5, 1,884; house 6, 1,412; house 7, 1,228; run-
way and cellar, 253. 868 show labels have been placed
here.

PropacaTinGc Houses anp Nurseries. There are here
8,459 plants, excluding those used for special studies by
the Director of the Laboratories. 591 packets of seeds
have been received, as follows: gift, 13; purchase, 260;
exchange, 249; collected, 69. In addition to the above
there have been collected on the grounds 350 packets.

(442 )

LABELING, RecorpING, AND HERBARIUM. This work
has been accomplished by one gardener and an apprentice.
Accession numbers 45,195 to 45,907 have been recorded,
making a total of 713 accessions. The following show
labels have been made, a total of 5,005; deciduous arbo-
retum, 162; fruticetum, 140; herbaceous grounds, 593;
economic garden, 40; morphologic garden, 28; rose bed, 61;
iris garden, 210; pinetum, 525; trees along roads and paths,
276; conservatory flower beds, 397; conservatory range f,
1,017; conservatory range 2, 868; pools in court of con-
servatory range I, 15; convention garden, 79; salicetum,
105; rose garden, 447; school farm, 42.

There have been the following accessions of plants: by
gift, 10,880 (of which 10,495 are bulbs and corms), valued
at about $1,070; by exchange, 451; by purchase, 8,304
(including 8,000 bulbs); by collections made by members
of the staff and others, 974; derived from seeds from various
sources, 850; total, 21,459.

There have been 550 specimens added to the herbarium
of cultivated plants. The collections contain approxi-
mately, including those native to the tract, the following
number of species and varieties: conservatories, 9,311;
herbaceous grounds, including 50 kinds in the American
wood garden not represented here, 3,100; fruticetum, in-
cluding those at the nurseries, 1,024; salicetum, 37; de-
ciduous arboretum, 405; pinetum, 261; viticetum, 50;
total, 14,188.

Miscellaneous Collections

Here are included the following: morphologic garden;
economic garden; collections of desert plants placed during
the summer in the court of conservatory range I; conserva-
tory lily pools; aquatic garden; rhododendron collections
in the vicinity of the lakes, at conservatory range 1, and
in front of the Museum; rose bed, east of conservatory range
1; flower gardens in the immediate vicinity of conservatory
range I, at the Elevated approach, and the west border;
American wood garden; iris garden; magnolia garden;
American thorn garden; white pine plantation.

(443 )

Litac anp Peony Garpen. This, begun in the fall of
1916, has been further developed by the addition of a col-
lection of 96 specimens, formerly located in the vicinity of
the ashes in the arboretum.

Rose Garpen. The rose garden, being developed in
cooperation with the Horticultural Society of New York,
was the most important piece of new work accomplished.
Of the beds provided for in the original plan 94 have been
opened and planted; they have a total area of about
17,650 square feet, or a little over two fifths of an acre.
The number of plants required to fill these beds is 4,800.
In this collection of roses there are at present 422 kinds,
representing 13 classes. The agreement with the Horti-
cultural Society requires that organization to furnish the
rose plants. ‘The roses now in the garden have been do-
nated to the Horticultural Society by the following:
Bobbink & Atkins, Rutherford, N. J.; F. R. Pierson Co.,
Tarrytown, N. Y.; A. N. Pierson, Inc., Cromwell, Ct.;
H. A. Dreer, Philadelphia, Penn.

Each kind of rose is provided with a label giving infor-
mation as to the class of rose, its name, and, in the case of
those given, the name and address of the donor. 447 such
lables have been prepared, adding at once a great educa-
tional value to the garden which is being developed as a
collection of roses, where a large assortment will be shown,
thus giving rose lovers an opportunity of seeing and com-
paring many kinds.

It will require between 1,000 and 1,200 more rose bushes
to complete the planting of the remainder of the beds
planned for the area included within the boundary walks.
The proposed enclosing fence was planned to accommodate
the rambler roses. There is about 900 feet of this fence
required, upon which could be grown about 150 roses.
Messrs. Bobbink & Atkins, of Rutherford, N. J., have
offered a large collection of this type of rose to the Horti-
cultural Society of New York as soon as provision is made
by the Garden for their reception.

(444)

Convention Garpen. The convention garden of the
Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticul-
turists, located to the south of the herbaceous grounds,
was developed during the late spring and early summer.
There were 32 beds, occupied by 16 exhibitors. Those
interested commercially in plants did not take as active an
interest in the success of the garden as might have been
desired.

General Horticultural Operations

For the carrying on of this work the following force has
been available: monthly, 2 foreman gardeners, 27 gardeners,
and 5 drivers; laborers, about 22.

Foreman gardener John Finley has been in charge of the
outside work; 1o gardeners, the drivers, and the laborers
were assigned to him.

In the conservatories and propagating houses the work
has been in charge of foreman gardener H. W. Becker, to
whom were assigned 17 gardeners.

During the year there has been accomplished, in addition
to the regular routine operations, the following new work:

In THE SPRING
The planting of conifers, secured by purchase, in the
pinetum to replace those killed during the previous winter,
and the completion of the planting of the Chamaecyparis
triangle to the west of conservatory range 1. The planting
in the arboretum and fruticetum of a number of species not
before represented in those collections. The development
of the rose garden and convention garden, already referred
to.
In THE Fatt
The further development of the lilac and peony garden,
already referred to, by the incorporation of 96 more lilac
bushes. The addition to the arboretum of a number of
kinds of trees, obtained by purchase, not hitherto repre-
sented there. The further development of the rows of
Gingko trees west of the Museum. The planting of a red

(445 )

oak along the main driveway south of the Museum, and
the planting of another along the driveway west of the west
lake, in place of a tree of Koelreuteria, destroyed on account
of defects. The planting of about 16,500 tulip bulbsin beds
in the court of conservatory range 1, the circular bed in the
plaza at conservatory range I, and at the fountain at the
foot of the Museum approach. The 3,000 of these placed
in the plaza bed are the cottage tulip Fawn, given by John
Scheepers & Co., Inc.

Investigations and Lectures

In addition to routine duties, I have continued my orchid
studies and have been occupied particularly with horti-
cultural botany especially in its relation to the hardy woody
plants of the Garden collections.

I have given three of the lectures of the regular public
courses at the Garden. My work of superintending the
making of colored drawings for Addisonia has been con-
tinued, and I have acted, with Dr. Barnhart, as one of the
editors of that publication.

Respectfully submitted,
Geo. V. Nasu,
Head Gardener.

REPORT OF THE HEAD CURATOR OF THE MUSEUMS AND
HERBARIUM

Dr. N. L. Brirron, Direcror-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I submit herewith my report as Head Curator of the
Museums and Herbarium for the year 1917.

The several exhibits and research collections under my
supervision were cared for and developed by the methods
and on the same lines as in former years. The additions
to the various collections were given in detail in several of
the numbers of the Journal during the year. The following
table will give a summary statement of the accessions for
the year:

(446 )

Consequently, 22,414 herbarium and museum specimens
were brought together. The value of the specimens re-
ceived as gifts is estimated at $129.30.

Fully 1,000 specimens were sent to other institutions
and to individuals in exchange.

Museums

There were no additions to the museum equipment; but
miscellaneous specimens were added to the several divisions
of the public exhibits.

Tue Economic Museum was augmented by miscel-
laneous specimens and by a set of several dozen specimens
of food plants acquired by Dr. Rusby in Colombia, and
presented by him to the Garden.

TuHeE Systematic Museum, comprising: (a) The Synoptic
Collection, (b) The Local Flora, (c) The Microscope Exhibit,
and (d) The Plant Picture Exhibit, was improved by the
interpolation of specimens, by renovation, and by some
relabeling.

THE Foss1z PLtant Museum was increased by the addi-
tion of a few specimens and by considerable renovation of
the exhibits formerly installed. For further notes see
Report of the Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants.

Herbaria

Miscellaneous specimens from both the Old World and
the New were received for the herbarium. The more
valuable additions came from the United States, Central
America, and South America. The geographical origin
of the specimens is given in the accession lists published
from month to month in the Journal.

About 9,200 sheets of mounting paper were used.
Fully 30,000 flat specimens were incorporated in the her-
barium cases and several hundred bulky specimens were
put away in cardboard boxes. A few specimens received
for the Columbia University herbarium were incorporated
in that collection. In addition to preparing new material

(447)

for the collections, considerable time and attention was
devoted to conserving special groups already incorporated.

Investigations and Assistance

Dr. P. A. Rydberg, Curator, had charge of the collections
of flowering plants. He continued his monographic work
on the families Rosaceae, Fabaceae, and Carduaceae, and
also on the flora of the Rocky Mountain region. The manu-
script of several parts of North American Flora are essen-
tially ready to go to press. Dr. Rydberg printed a paper
on the roses of California under the title, “‘Notes on Rosa-
ceae—XI” and has put his studies of the Rocky Mountain
flora on record in the form of a manual entitled “Flora of
the Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Plains,” which has
just been issued from the press. He also published an
article ‘‘Phytographical Notes on the Rocky Mountain
region—VII.”

Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator, has continued to have
charge of the collections of algae and hepaticae in the Her-
barium and Museums and also of the exhibition micro-
scopes in the Systematic Museum. A considerable in-
crease in the collection of microtome sections of calcareous
algae as well as in the general collections of algae and hepa-
ticae has been made. Dr. Howe has contributed a syste-
matic treatment of the algae of Bermuda to Dr. Britton’s
“Flora of Bermuda” and shorter papers have been pub-
lished under the titles “Some Economic Uses and Possi-
bilities of the Seaweeds” and “‘Notes on North American
Species of Riccia.”

Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator, remained in charge of the
fungous collections. Research on the cup-fungi of North
America for North American Flora has been continued.
In this connection about five hundred specimens of this
group from the herbarium of C. G. Lloyd have been looked
over and determined and duplicates of the more interesting
species retained for the Garden herbarium. Local col-
lecting and determination of miscellaneous collections of

(448 )

fungi sent in have been continued, including numerous
specimens from Porto Rico collected by Mr. J. F. Steven-
son. Several students have carried on investigations on
fungi at the Garden during the year under his supervision
who are looked to eventually for assistance on North
American Flora. A number of papers have been published
during the year. Work on fungous diseases and insect
pests has been continued (see report of the Assistant
Director) and one lecture delivered on the latter subject.

Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator, has devoted con-
siderable time to determining and distributing West
Indian plants. In the Bulletin of the New York Botanical
Garden, issued in June, he published a paper on ‘‘The
Vegetation of Vieques Island,” in which a comparison of its
flora is made with that of the adjacent islands of Porto
Rico, Culebra, St. Thomas, and St. Croix. He has also
studied and determined for other institutions many speci-
mens of tropical plants on which parasitic fungi occur.
Mr. Wilson has continued his supervision of the lantern-
slide and negative collections, and all photographic work.
His duties as docent have been greatly increased as a
larger number of classes for both public and private schools
are taking advantage of the opportunity of viewing and
studying the collections under special guidance. The
Local Flora collection has been greatly increased by the
addition of many specimens obtained on the various ex-
cursions of the Torrey Botanical Club, of the Field Com-
mittee of which Mr. Wilson has been chairman for several
years.

Dr. Francis W. Pennell, Associate Curator, active during
the first half of the year, on leave during the second half,
continued to have editorial supervision of the Journal for
the earlier months of the year and continued his studies in
the figwort family. He made an extensive trip for field
work on that group, visiting South Carolina, Georgia,
Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, and Virginia. Dr. Pennell
published several papers on miscellaneous plants of the

(449)

southeastern states and devoted some time to the local
flora. He gave one lecture in the regular Garden lecture
course.

Dr. H. H. Rusby, Honorary Curator of the Economic
Collections, continued to develop the collections of the
Economic Museum. See his report.

Mrs. N. L. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses, con-
tinued, with the codperation of Mr. R. S. Williams, Ad-
ministrative Assistant, to develop the moss herbarium.
See her report.

Dr. Arthur Hollick, Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants,
continued in charge of the paleontological collections.
See his report.

The writer, in addition to general and special curatorial
duties, devoted some time to monographic work on North
American Flora. Exploration in Florida was carried on in
hitherto botanically unknown regions and special attention
was devoted in the field to certain groups of plants, such
as the cacti, the palms, the flowering air-plants, and the
ferns.

Respectfully submitted,
oun K. SMALL,
Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-1n-Culer.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1917.

The census taken at the end of the year shows 28,534
bound volumes, a net gain of 895 over the census of a year
ago.

During the year 545 books have been bound, including
34 which are the property of Columbia University.

The accessions have been listed as usual in the Journal.
These include 110 books acquired by purchase and 151 by
gift. The exchanges and deposits number 128, while there
have been permanently recalled by Columbia 29 volumes.

( 450 )

In June, the Garden was the recipient of 218 volumes,
including several valuable duplicate sets. These books,
the gift of Mr. Nathaniel T. Kidder of Boston, were
specially listed in the July number of the Journal.

There have been added to the catalogue during the past
year 1,136 written and typewritten cards, in addition to
the printed cards issued by the Torrey Botanical Club.
Considerable work has been done upon the revision of the
catalogue and many apparently superfluous subject cards
withdrawn.

A letter recently received from our agent in charge of
foreign periodical subscriptions reads, as follows: ‘“‘The
British Foreign Office has given instructions to release all
publications of enemy origin in detention, so far as they are
addressed to universities or public institutions of the United
States, and has announced the termination of the permit
arrangement. Accordingly, parcels held in London may
be expected at any time, but shipments stored at Rotterdam
while now on shipboard there, must wait the conclusion of
the embargo negotiations with Holland. A solution is
declared imminent.”

The following additions should be made to the list of
periodicals as appended to the report of the Librarian for
1916 (Bulletin 9: 342-363):

Add the following:

International Garden Club, New York, N. Y. Journal.

Jalta. Jardin Imperial de Nikita, Jalta, Russia. Seed Lists,

Acta Florae Rossicae.
* Journal of Forestry, Washington, D. C.
Lorquinia, Los Angeles, Cal.
New York State Forestry Association, Syracuse, N. Y. New
York Forestry.
Sociedad Geografica de Lima, Lima, Peru. Boletin.
* Soil Science, Baltimore, Md.
Respectfully submitted,
ARAH H. Hartow,
Librarian.

(451)

REPORT OF THE BIBLIOGRAPHER
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Drrector-1n-Culer.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1917.

The usual bibliographic study, correspondence, and
library assistance have been continued throughout the
year. The development of the library has been chiefly by
gifts and exchanges, little money being available for the
purchase of books.

Only 3 parts of North American Flora have been issued
during the year: Volume 10, Part 2, in April, and Volume
21, Part 2, and Volume to, Part 3, in June. Volume 21,
Part 3, is nearly ready to appear. More manuscript is in
hand and in sight than at any time before, and it is hoped
that 1918 may be a record year in the progress of the Flora.
The second volume of Addisonia has been completed, in
four parts of ten plates each.

Historical studies have consumed rather more of the
Bibliographer’s time this year than usual. In May, at
the Centennial Meeting of the New York Academy of
Sciences, he presented a historical sketch of the Academy;
this was published in the Scientific Monthly for November.
In October the Torrey Botanical Club celebrated its semi-
centennial with a series of meetings, which opened with a
sketch of the history of the Club by the same writer. Both
historical sketches were brief, but no little study was neces-
sary to insure their accuracy. A series of biographical
notes on the botanists of Charleston, South Carolina,
appeared in the Garden Journal for November; and a list
of authors, upon a scale never before attempted in a work
of this kind, was prepared for Rydberg’s “‘Flora of the
Rocky Mountains,” which appeared on the last day of the
year.

Respectfully submitted,
Joun Henptey Barnuart,
Bibliographer.

(452)
REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR OF THE LABORATORIES
Dr. N. L. Brirron, DirrectTor-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1917.

General Matters

The equipment and facilities of the laboratories, experi-
mental plots, and propagating greenhouse have been con-
tinued on the same basis as in the previous year. The
purchase of new supplies has been much reduced and no
new projects have been undertaken which have entailed
special expenditures. Various experimental studies have
fully utilized all available space in greenhouse, cold frames
and experimental plots.

Meteorological records have been taken and placed on
file. Programs for the monthly conferences of the scien-
tific staff and students of the Garden have been arranged
and reports of such conferences published in the Journal.

Personal Investigations

Cultures of Cichorium Intybus have been grown for
further study of incompatibilities in function of sex organs
and for further data regarding fasciation. The statistical
studies of flower number per head, vigorously prosecuted
since 1912, have now been completed and during the year
manuscript presenting the results has been prepared.

Studies with Hibiscus, Verbascum, and Plantago have
been continued along lines previously reported. Cultures
of Reseda, Nicotiana, Papaver, Ammocallis, Lythrum, and
Phlox subulata have been grown for various lines of investi-
gation.

With your permission field studies of the natural dis-
tribution of Hibiscus were made during August. A general
survey was made of wild Hibiscus growing along the New
Jersey coast from Cape May to the Tuckahoe River.
What appears to be a pure stand of Hibiscus oculiroseus
several acres in extent was found along the Tuckahoe
River and Cedar Creek. Presque Isle on the coast of Lake

(453)

Erie and marshes along the Seneca River near Savannah
and Weedsport, New York, were also visited. Plants
typical of the various forms of Hibiscus found at various
localities were obtained and are now planted in the experi-
mental plots. Further prosecution of field studies are
highly desirable.

The display plantings of tulips have been utilized in
observations on blindness, on development of rots, and on
the appearance of excessive and abnormal growth. Some
points of practical interest have been determined regarding
methods of treatment and the value of various varieties
for this locality.

During the year five articles, three of which are contri-
butions, have been published covering various phases of
research. Three other articles have been submitted for
publication.

Special Investigators, Students, and Scholars

Of the visiting investigators in residence during part of
the year mention should be made of Professor Henri Hus,
Professor John W. Ritchie, and Mr. C. H. E. Redding.
The two last-named have pursued experimental studies
necessitating use of space in greenhouse and experimental
plots. Numerous persons have spent various periods of
time at the Garden, especially in studies in the herbarium
or the library.

Facilities of experimental plots were used by Professor
R. A. Harper in growing corn for studies in heredity and
by Mr. Raines for growing cereals in prosecuting studies of
rust infections.

LisT OF STUDENTS

The following were formally registered as students
pursuing studies in most cases for degrees. All satisfied
tuition charges either at Columbia University or at the
Garden:

Apams, JaMES Fow.er. Pathol
BERMAN, FLORENCE JULIA. ne in Tusstlago.

(454)

Braun, Harry. Pathology. Genetics.

Hazen, ExvizapetH Lee. Thesis on self- and cross-pollination.
Hewitt, Georce Epwarp. Pathology.

Horne, Wivuiam Tirus. Pathology. Mycology.
Nisuimura, Maxato. Pathology.

Nrxon, Ernest Letanp. Genetics.

Orton, CLtayton Roperts. Pathology. Mycology.
QueEro, Fetrx Gatieco. Genetics. Pathology
Reep, Merritt VirciL. Genetics

Cae Epwarp WaLpo Eubrsom Genetics.
STOWELL, WILLARD ALLEN. Genetics.

TatstTra, SopHIE Amy. Genetics.

Twiss, WILFRED Cuaries. Pathology.

List oF SCHOLARS

Anprews, A. LeRoy. Month of August. Mosses.
Artuur, JosepH C. Month of January. Rusts.
Fitzpatrick, Harry M. Month of August. Mycology.
Jacxson, Herpert S$. Month of January. Rusts.
Orton, Crayton R. Month of July-August. Mycology
OverHotts, LEE O. Month of August. Mycology.

Respectfully submitted,

A. B. Strout,
Director of the Laboratories.

REPORT OF THE SUPERVISOR OF GARDENING INSTRUCTION
Dr. N. L. Britron, Direcror-1n-CHIEF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the year 1917.

In accordance with the correspondence and agreement
between The International Children’s School Farm League
and the Board of Managers of the New York Botanical
Garden published in the March issue of the Garden Journal,
for 1917, the Garden School was instituted and put in
operation April 1, 1917, with office and lecture and labora-
tory class-rooms at the mansion, and with an out-door
garden a short distance to the east of the mansion, suitably
laid out for individual and class instruction. There was a
total of fifty-nine students in all classes.

(455)

The plan was to offer a definite course to train persons
to conduct School Gardens (thirty three-hour periods in
six weeks), and to give a certificate upon a satisfactory
completion; which was done successively:

April 2 to May I1, 1917, with eight students
May 14 to June 22, 1917, with seven students
July 9 to August 17, 1917, with three students
Also to give instruction in Home Gardening at hours,
and in ways, that would meet the needs of earnest students
of limited spare time; and this was done, as follows:
A course of five weekly one-hour lectures in April to fourteen
students
A course of five weekly one-hour lectures in May to fifteen
students
A course of six weekly three-hour periods of garden practice in
September and October to five students
A course of six weekly three-hour periods of greenhouse practice in
November and December to seven students
A Small Home Vegetable Garden, twenty by fifty feet,
was maintained for instruction and observation of students
and visitors (See Garden Journal for August, 1917).
Lectures were delivered on the Home Vegetable Garden
before Garden Clubs in New Rochelle and Staten Island,
N. Y., and in Princeton, N. J
The work of all students showed great earnestness and
interest, and the average attendance was high.

List oF STUDENTS IN ALL CouRSES

Mrs. E. H. Anderson................ Scarsdale, N. Y.

Mrs. William H. Andrews........... 130 East 67 Street.
*Mr. Miner Barcus........... eats East Orange, N. J.
Miss M. 1. Barrow.............-.+.- 131 East 69 Street.
Mrs. P. G. Bartlett................. 660 Park Avenue.

Miss Florence I. Benjamin........... 503 West 121 Street.
Mrs. Helen Biddle Griscom Bettle..... ror East 72 Street.

Miss H. C. Blake................... 128 Central Park South.

* Registered in two courses.

*Mrs. E. C. Bodman..........
Miss Agnes I. Buckley.......
Miss Ethel Burnett..........
Miss Helen Cameron.........
Miss Jennie V. Coombs.......
Mrs. M. LeBrun Cooper......
Miss May Corbett...........
Miss Florence Edelmuth......
Mrs. Helen M. Fox..........

Mrs. Alice 8S. Grant..........
Miss Edith Haas............
Miss Lillian Hart......... bax
Miss Sybil T. Hirsch.........
Miss Anne S. Hoyt.........
Miss Louise E. Jocelyn.......
Miss Ethel King............
Mrs. Warren Kinney.........

Miss Helene V. Konermann

Miss Mary V. Linden........
Miss Harriet McKee.........
Mrs. William Naumberg......
Mrs. Moses Newborg........
Miss Gertrude Parsons.......
Miss T. E. Phillips..........
Mrs. F. W. Rhinelander......

Miss 8. J. Russell............
Miss Beatrice Schubach......

* Registered in two courses.

eee: 9 West 82 Street.
beds 14 West 65 Street.
ee 178 East 64 Street.
ree 1175 Clay Avenue.
Ree eee Ridgewood, N. J.
uae 7 East 69 Street.
_......White Plains, N. Y.
ee 415 West 118 Street.
ee eee 20 East 84 Street.

ae 835 Madison Avenue.
peda aeve 1246 Morris Avenue.
ceed eae 937 Madison Avenue.
eaaearate 20 East 84 Street.
ee Scarsdale, N. Y.
ee 55 East 66 Street.
eae Montclair, N. J
eae 1046 Jackson Avenue.
ese 150 West 86 Street.

2 East 56 Street.

528 West 182 Street.

Bronxville, N. Y.

seeteeent 830 Park Avenue.
peel 21 West 83 Street.
meg arash 50 East 52 Street.
oe ee 110 East 36 Street.

pera 124 Featherbed Lane.
eee Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.
Pacenee 342 St. Ann’s Avenue.
neers White Plains, N. Y.
eres 500 West 122 Street.
Mrs. Helen Sachs Straus......
Mrs. A. S. Swann...........
Mrs. R. N. Thomas.........

......27 West 72 Street.

teeenee 124 East 61 Street.
ee ee 925 Park Avenue.

Mrs. W. H. Vialle.........0.0.0.... 419 West IIg Street.
Miss Lillie Wales................... 1978 Crotona Avenue.
*Miss Rachel Weinberg.............. 142 West 112 Street.
Mrs. Butler Williamson............. 944 Park Avenue.
Mrs. Josephine V. Winslow.......... Scarsdale, N. Y.
*Miss Lillie Zagat................... 973 Summit Avenue.

Miss R. E. Zimmermann............ 1340 Pacific Street.

Respectfully submitted,
Henry G. Parsons,
Supervisor of Gardening Instruction.

REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Director-1n-CuieEr.

Sir: T have the honor to submit the following report as
Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds for the year 1917.

Regulating and Grading

Much of this work was accomplished at the rose garden,
convention garden, and the school garden. We excavated
1,500 cubic yards of earth from the cellar and trenches for
the new houses at conservatory range 2, placing 300 yards
of this at the northern boundary line near the Newell
Avenue entrance connecting with the Bronx River Park-
way, 300 yards in the magnolia collection in order to raise
the low land, and goo yards to grade the southern end of
the new houses. About 300 yards of top-soil were trans-
ferred from the paths in the magnolia collection to com-
plete the rose garden.

About 7,650 cubic yards of earth have been carted into
the grounds by contractors who were excavating cellars in
the vicinity of the Garden and who were looking for a place
to dispose of the soil. This soil was deposited to our satis-
faction at the contractors’ expense. For filling in the new
road at the northern end of the large lake near the rose
garden, about 3,500 yards of this soil were used, 4,000 yards
were placed north of the Woodlawn Avenue bridge along
the railroad embankment, and about 1S0 yards in the large

(458)

swale of the convention garden. We removed about 150
yards of earth from power house I to the swale in the con-
vention garden.
Drainage

In order to drain the western side of the rose garden, we
used 60 feet of 4-inch tile pipe. To connect a path from
the mansion to the school garden, we covered a culvert
4 feet wide and 14 feet long with stone 5 inches thick.

Roads and Paths

The Park Department tarred and covered with grit all
roadways throughout the grounds. ‘The iris garden and the
convention garden have been connected with a 10-foot-
path 490 feet long and the herbaceous garden and the con-
vention garden have been connected with a 10-foot path
360 feet long. We have paved, ashed, and screened 2,300
feet of 10-foot paths in the convention garden and have
completed a path 15 feet wide and 168 feet long leading
from the Southern Boulevard entrance to the circle of the
convention garden. We have lined 400 feet of 10-foot
paths running through the magnolia collection. A path
10 feet wide and 345 feet long from the Bronx Boulevard
entrance to the school garden has been completed and a
10-foot path from the shelter-house to the new road, 480
feet long, was lined and paved; 846 feet of a 6-foot ashed
path was built through the school garden. A connecting
path 10 feet vide and 58 feet long was lined near the propa-
gating houses.

We have excavated 400 yards of stone from the quarry
near conservatory range 2 for the foundations of the new
houses of this range, and 300 yards of stone were removed
from the quarry near the museum building for the paths of
the convention garden. For the paths of the rose garden,
200 yards of stone were excavated from the rose garden area.

Buildings

The mechanics have made considerable repairs through-

out the Garden during the year. The carpenters repaired

(459)

several rafters in houses 2, 3, 5, and 6-11 of conservatory
range 1 and repaired the roof of the stable and the stalls.
Posts were set up for a distance of 720 feet to complete the
cedar fence along the Southern Boulevard south of the
herbaceous grounds, and thirteen cedar benches were built
for use on the grounds.

The exterior of houses 2, 3, 5, and 6-11 and nearly all
the doors of conservatory range 1 have been painted; also
the exterior of two houses at conservatory range 2. The
painter replaced all broken glass in conservatory ranges
1 and 2 and in the propagating houses.

Six concrete benches were built in conservatory range I,
two side benches 59 feet long and 3 feet wide in houce 2,
two side benches 60 feet long and 3 feet wide in house 3,
and one side bench 80 feet long and 3 feet wide and one
double center bench, the upper part 46 by 6 feet and the
lower part 117 by 3 feet, in house 5.

A shelter-house with a cellar for tool storage has been
completed, with the exception of the roof, at the school
garden and a concrete compost bin io by 20 feet was built
in the school garden.

The lake bridge, the three bridges crossing the Bronx
River, and the south wall of power house 1 have been re-
pointed. Considerable repairs were made to the walls of
the museum building and the mansion by the plasterers.
Repairs were made to the steam system of the museum
building, conservatories, and comfort stations. Three sets
of lavatories were placed in the mansion.

Water System

A 6-inch water-main pipe was extended with a 4-inch
pipe 206 feet long along the new road on the eastern side
of the grounds, to which an inch and a half pipe was con-
nected to supply the school garden with water. We made
five hose-taps to supply the rose garden and three to supply
the convention garden with water. The 3-inch water-
main pipe in the herbaceous grounds was connected to a
6-inch main by means of two 11}4-inch taps.

( 460 )
Grounds

On Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays from Decoration
Day to Labor Day, the Garden was patrolled by two detec-
tives and five city officers, in addition to our own guards.
The park ordinances regarding the scattering of paper,
destruction of shrubbery, and general vandalism were suc-
cessfully enforced. About 75 arrests were made, Io of
which were for the breaking of glass; the offenders were
fined from one to fifteen dollars. The damage to the lawns
and plantations was very slight. From May to September,
about forty-eight picnic parties visited the Garden, each
party numbering from 50 to 425 persons. ‘They were
escorted by our guards to those parts of the Garden set
aside for picnic purposes; therefore, no damage was done
to the plant collections. Visitors to the Garden on Sun-
days and holidays during the warm weather numbered
about 45,000, increasing to 55,000 during July and August.
The visitors to the museum and conservatories have still
continued to increase over the number of each preceding
year.

About 75 dead trees were cut down during the year.
We kept the gasoline engine running for three weeks to
cut wood for fuel for the propagating houses, mansion, and
stable. The uprooting of the poison ivy has been con-
tinued with satisfactory results and will be continued until
the ivy is exterminated from the grounds.

Two horses were purchased. About 70 tons of hay were
cut during the summer months and 40 tons were put in the
two barracks. Respectfully submitted,

ArtHuR J. CorsBeETT,
Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds.

(461 )

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF THE ECONOMIC
OLLECTIONS
Dr. N. L. Britton, DrrectTor-1n-CHIerF.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report for
the Economic Museum for the year 1917.

The work of the year has consisted chiefly of the col-
lection of specimens in Colombia representing the useful
products of that republic, and in connection therewith, of
its general flora. The determination, mounting, and ar-
rangement of these specimens has occupied the whole of
my attention since my return.

During the early part of the year, the addition to our
collections consisted chiefly of drug specimens, secured in
our local market.

In June I sailed, in company with Dr. Pennell of the
Garden staff, for Colombia, returning in late September,
with an economic collection of some fifty specimens, nearly
all preserved in glass jars in formaldehyde solution. This
collection is of unusual interest, representing a region of
which the economic flora is very little known.

The most important part of the collection consists of six
species of quinine-yielding barks, four in the genus Cinchona
and two in Remijia. Next in importance are a large num-
ber of fleshy edible fruits in the genera Tacsonia, Passiflora,
Rheedia, Solanum, Cyphomandra, Rubus, Fragaria, Chry-
sobalanus, Physalis, Thibaudia, Cavendishia, Musa, Carica,
Melicocca, Citrus, Martinezia, Acrocomia, Bromelia, Annona,
Eugenia, Osteomeles, and Inga. Other interesting edible
products are a species of black walnut, soap-berries, a
native bean of excellent quality, the tubers of Oxalts
tuberosa and Basella, and flours made of casava root and
of bananas. I also obtained a native root used for dyeing
purposes.

Of many of these articles, seeds or living materials were
obtained for propagation in our conservatories.

In addition to this material, about thirteen hundred
numbers of a general botanical collection were secured.

( 462 )

Dr. Pennell remains in Colombia for the purpose of con-
tinuing these collections.

In submitting this report, I desire to add that so large
an economic collection as we now possess, and one that
represents so much labor and expense, should be made
more serviceable thanit is at present. Under the stimulus
of present economic conditions, there is an unprecedented
demand for information concerning useful plant products,
and we are in continuous receipt of inquiries, both verbal
and written, for suchinformation. Our economic museum,
plantations, and conservatories are capable of meeting a
large portion of these demands, were their exhibits properly
made known. This result, I believe, could be largely se-
cured by the publication as a part of our Bulletin, and re-
printed for special distribution, of a detailed catalogue and
guide to these collections. Such a guide should explain
our method of classification and indicate the location of
the articles and the method of finding them. It should
then enumerate them, indicating as to each its identity,
nature and source, botanical and geographical, and its
useful properties and economic relations. All this could
be done briefly, yet would be productive of very valuable
results, and could point the way to securing fuller infor-
mation when desired. In addition to these benefits to the
public, the Garden would be certain to profit largely through
the direction of the attention of those having material to
contribute to the absence of such articles from the cata-
logue. Respectfully submitted,

. Russy,
Honorary Curator of ee Cie

( 463 )

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF FOSSIL PLANTS
Dr. N. L. Brirron, Dirrector-1n-CuieEr.

Sir: I have the honor to report as follows upon activities
in connection with the paleobotanical work of the Garden
during the year 1917:

Early in the year a collection of fossil plants from Porto
Rico—part of the material gathered in the joint natural
history survey of the island by the New York Academy of
Sciences and the American Museum of Natural History—
was submitted to me for examination. The study of this
collection has occupied a large part of the time at my dis-
posal. The specimens are very imperfect, for the most
part, and each one has to be drawn, as the character of the
remains precludes the possibility of photographing them.
During the months of April and May about six weeks were
spent in Washington, working on the fossil flora of Alaska
in connection with the United States Geological Survey.
Certain features of this work have also received attention
since my return. Respectfully submitted,

RTHUR Ho.tick,
Honorary Curator of Fossil Plants.

REPORT OF THE HONORARY CURATOR OF MOSSES
Dr. N. L. Britron, Direcror-1n-CuHieEr.

Sir: No large collections of mosses have been purchased
during the past year; 590 specimens have been received
and 914 have been sent in exchange; this included some
sets of Dr. Small’s Florida mosses, the largest set having
been sent to Mr. Charles Deering, of Miami, Florida, two
others having been placed with collectors in the same state,
thus encouraging an interest and knowledge of the local
flora. The Isle of Pines mosses have been sent to the
Colegio de la Salle in Cuba, to the National Herbarium in
Washington and to the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania. Exchanges have been continued with the
Sullivant Moss Society, of which I have had the honor to

( 464 )

serve as president during the past year, and Mr. George B.
Kaiser as secretary of the Society has assisted me in the
determination of collections sent in by members.

Our correspondents in Cuba, Jamaica, England, and
France, have continued to send us specimens, and those of
Brother Leon and Mr. Harris have proven to be of great
interest. Mr. Dixon has examined and compared at Kew
and the British Museum many of the unnamed specimens
of exotic mosses from the Mitten Herbarium, and we are
holding for future description by him a number of new
species with manuscript names. During the year we have
received one set of Dr. Grout’s ‘Musci Pleurocarpi,” and
a copy of his “Moss Flora of N. Y. City and Vicinity,”
many of the local records of which are based on the col-
lections here at the Garden. We have also received a set
of Prof. Holzinger’s Exsiccatae of Acrocarpous mosses.

During the summer, we have been asked to furnish infor-
mation on peat mosses to be used for surgical dressings
and have referred critical questions of determination to
Dr. A. LeRoy Andrews, of Cornell University, who con-
tinues his cooperation and studies for North American
Flora. The manuscript for the mosses of the “Flora of
Bermuda” has been prepared, and I have made some
progress in descriptions of the genus Fissidens for North
American Flora.

Acting as secretary for the “Stokes Fund,” I have con-
tributed two short articles on “Our Parks” for publication
in the journals of Edgar Allen Poe and the Gary schools
(P. S. 45 and 46, The Bronx). I have also published in the
May number of the American Museum Journal an article
on the “Conservation of Wild Flowers,’ illustrated by
photographs by Miss Dickerson, and “A Schedule for
Arbor Day Compositions on Conservation” in the Nature
Study Review for April. During the spring I visited about
twenty of the local garden clubs and schools, giving a
lecture on “Botanizing with a Camera,”’ illustrated by
lantern slides of the rare and beautiful, as well as some of

(465 )

the more common, of our native plants and making a plea
for their appreciation and conservation. Mr. Percy Wilson
accompanied me and took excellent care of the lantern slides.
At Princeton University we were most cordially received
at the President’s House and the lecture was given in one
of the lecture rooms of the University. Mrs. Archibald
D. Russell took me to visit some of the lovely gardens for
which this town is famous. At the meeting of the Lenox
Garden Club, Miss Olivia Phelps Stokes was present and
I had an opportunity to thank her personally for the in-
teresting and beautiful work she has enabled us to accom-
plish in the preservation of our wild flowers. A set of
enlarged and colored photographs of some of our rare
plants by Miss Kittredge has been donated by me and
framed and hung in the mansion.
Respectfully submitted,
Euizaspetu G. Britton,
Honorary Curator of Mosses.

( 466 )

SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE EMERGENCY FUND,

1917
Mr. Fritz Achelis........... 0.0000 eee eee eee $ 50
Mr. Edward D, Adams.................0.... 200
Mr. John W. Auchincloss...............-..05. 25
Mrs. Robert Bacon.............-0 0-000 eevee 50
Miss Elizabeth Billings.............-......0.. 25
Mr. George Blumenthal..................6... 25
Dr. Ni LL. Brittonvieiss tates eee fhe d 500
Mr. Andrew Carnegie.................0000--. 500
Mr: CLA. Commins. sash ibes bawion psp eeeeeex 25
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey...................0.. 25
Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge..............-...... 100
Mr. Samuel W. Fairchild..................--. 25
Mr. James B. Ford............... 0000-00 eee 500
Mr. Henry W. de Forest... .............00... 50
Dr. Robert W. de Forest.............2....00- 50
Mr. Edward S. Harkness..................... 100
Mrs. E. H. Harriman......................04. 50
Mr. Adrian Iselin, Jr..........000.0--.000005- 100
Mere Pierre’) ay ote. dotsin, donee tees adie datos 25
Mrs. Delancey Kane.............-.2..-500-5- 25
Mrs. John TE. Kane... . 2.0.0... eee eee 50
Mr. Edward V. Z. Lane.................2..-. ie)
Dr. Albert R. Ledoux................0..000-- 50
Mr. Adolph Lewisohn.................-.00--. 25
Mrs:-V: Evert Macyc in ddaaeiidie cleeo ils 100
Mr. J. P. Morgan... 0... eee ee 500
Dr. Lewis Rutherfurd Morris................. 50
Mr. George W. Perkins.................-.0.. 150
Mr. Charles F. Rand....................2.... 50
Mr. Edwin A. Richard................2..005. 250
Mr. Jacob Hsehitt i656 hei vitor die lee 100
Mr. James A. Scrymser... 0.0.0... 00.00 eee 50
Mr. Isaac N. Seligman............0....0.00.. 50
Mr. Francis L. Stetson...............0. 00005. 250

Mr. Frederick Strauss.............0-..0000.00- 20

Mrs. Henry O. Taylor....................... 100
Mr. B. B. Thayer......................0.05. 25
Mr. Myles Tierney.......................... 50
Mr. Louis C. Tiffany... ....0...00..00...00.. 50
Mr. Grenville L. Winthrop................... 25

(468 )

SCHEDULE OF EXPENDITURES DURING THE
YEAR 1917

1. CITY MAINTENANCE ACCOUNT

Total Appropriated £00. $114,855.50

Expended

Personal Service

6 Coy) lraytecae crate te etre er nr Ee ten te Re re Oe B 91,720.57

POTape eutectic cneaac toate eta $ 1,028.77
PUG) sreteta ces tiers Bence eee pets when Pet tees, 15,025.77
DUpphiese swiss el arene wey seen ee eee 1,553.10
PQUuIpMent acento vane me fear 1,570.82
Materials... 2... ee 2,921.30
Repaitsn2/: 42840 oben hea sad ek aces iain’ 192.15
Telephone Service...........0............ 200.19
Contingencies: cer oak oes ise head ea 642.83
NE Ota toch Sceesesm eee 81 ens Ble) A a rans ence ona $ 23,134.93
Total Mxpended 2 ¢.otexs$ gcs0 bk tye Wade MeNOa ee andes en eietorholetelon $114,855.50

2z. SPECIAL GARDEN ACCOUNTS
Expioration Funp
Balance from 1916. ..... 000.0. $ 24.05
Museum anp Hersarium Funp
Balance from 1916... 0.0.0.0. occ, $ 71.90

Balance from 1916............. $ 12.07
Contribution... .. free ens 100.00

Sie Mat Aan cents ach at ute 314.25

TP Ot allisss i etre Sa rate ateainee gates ae $ 426.32
Expénded eis) ict eee sake doecirsac iviey 87.92

Balance...... ; eres SE IY (2)

( 469)

Specrat Book Funp

Balance from 1916............. $ 49-74
Contribution................. +25
AleG eka nahn tcaee eee 2.00
Transferred from Public Lecture
eatoltete te onl ae 3-47
Totalinn thud opin ees held igh Mek lee $ 105.46
Expended oi.) scutegig oSueied beeen: 4.2
Balaneec35¢ ine tocens je eee es $ 107.26
Pusuic Lecture Funp
Balance 7 TOTO Gri Ne tere hs eer ro en ate $ 110.47
en ee ee: 116.00
Tr en to Special Book Fund. 3.47
TD Ota livia Pavers tected tacos $ 119.47
osE GARDEN AND GarpEeN Extension Funp
Balance from 1916............. 35.
tribution................. 100.00
Totals n2d50 inde eae SOL eee ecg $ 135.70
Expended... 2. 00...0.0.0000-2.22.. 101.85
Balance ten te cote hs ieee ete hice $ 33.85
Rose GarDEN STAIRWAY
Contribution. 6... 006.0 $ 2,000.00
Expended.. 00,0. 5..0......... % 1,950.00
Transferred to; Plas, Surveys and
Const truction Wow aia Seas 50.00
of io) £1 ge ee ee $ 2,000.00

Contributions. ............20. 0000 e ee eae g18.70
Expended.......... 200.0000 cece eee eens 918.70
Garpen Scuoot Funp

Contributions................ 4,015.00
Students’ Fees................
Sale of tools and implements. ... 44.00
Total viens exci ghey duaeehee shpat % 4,768.00
Expended
Oalarles sce ccrewehe res Senda $ 2,645.01
ADOF och kd neice eccene ea 179.10
Miscellaneous................. 1,470.71
Petal: derig ise ei ie fated eee kas 2 4,294.82

Balance. os eeewe ne gi von e eet $ = 473.18

( 470 )

GuccENHEIM GREENHOUSE Funp

Contributions. c:..2asdesnoniders bade aiiass $100,000.00
Expended
SalaneSeicee oiveeiaeeses 700.00
ADO Pais vinawn days tee ee ars 1,842.88
Commission on Plans.......... 3,000.00
Contract—on a/e.............. 4,000.00
Miscellaneous................. 429.13
PP Oba tia nash Sa se eee ase hee 2 9,972.01
Balance ccc lesb bela wtasde lias ts $90,027.90
Convention GarDEN Funp
Contributions -:coh. ek ewe eens % 800.00
Expended
Salatieswh cron woteea eae eee 3 460.00
Tea DOR ee noted eens een anes 198.50
Miscellaneous................. 141.50
Ota esata, sake cetaevns ales se attic th a teces $ 800.00
ScHoo, GarpEN Summer House Funp
Contribution... 0.0.2.0... 20022 c eee eee eee 3 4,000.00
Expended
DAlaNeS 6 ie ei a es 155.00
ee ere 1,142.00
Miscellaneous...............4. 1,327.69
PL OLA pavten hited ere set nalts ... & 2,624.69
Balance cb ster neds ieweaian a blinds $ 1,375.31

Contributions....................0.0. 3B 4445.00
Expended
Salaries.c.e See eee eee 3 1,730.00
ADOTe senda Ge Gan as 1,285.5
Miscellaneous................. 1,329.37
Totals. etntsaie-iekes. . sadaateys OB 4344.87
DUAN anon oe Rk” Keates $ = 100.73

Balances from 1916..... ...... 2
Contributions and Fees. .... 117,087.95
AES siete ence ees sees 410.2

(471)

Transferred to General Income
Account

witad sar pay wtdans 50.00
Ko) er ee a ee % 25,265.06
Balance... ee $ 92,546.07

3. SPECIAL INCOME ACCOUNTS

Appropriated Expended Balances
Income of Science and Education Fund.

Publications. ....0.0. 00000000 $ 2,005.46
MIC COUT ES oorihe cna tart iy hh weenie ea habe tpt 393-42
Laboratories... 2.0.00 eee eee 449.13
Photography.......00.0 000000 e eee 362.79
xplanation. 2.0... eee eee 739.27
Votalesccsot. datwe ties ph aeee tas % 3,960.00 $ 3,950.07 $ 9.93
Income of Darius O. Mills Fund
USC UTS gt oh aaltes sini autiugten POA Ne Woke a Said and $ 605.00
Herbarium.......0.0000200 00000 e ccc 592.62
Books and Binding...........0..0.0.00 000.00 e cues 1,064.00
Investigations at other Institutions................ 26.50
oot 1 Lire gene a eee ne ene $ 2,300.00 $ 2,288.12 $ 11.88
Income of Henry Iden Fund.
Research Scholarships................ B 400.00 $ 300.00 $ 100.00
Income of William R. Sands Fund.
Horticultural Prizes...............04. $B 465.00 $ 462.00 $ 3.00
Accumulated Income of Olivia E. and Caroline
Phelps Stokes Fund
For the Preservation of Native Plants..$ 215.008 210.66 $ 4:34
Accumulated Income of Students’? Research
und.
Aid for Students’ Research............ $ 250.00 ——~———— $ 250.00
Income of David Lydig Fund.
Publications..................000005. $B 5,100.00 $ 5,055.46 $ 44.54

Appropriated Expended Balances
Accumulated Income of Addison Brown Fund.
For Preparation, Publication and Dis-

Salary of Artist.......00.000 0.000000. cece eee 33
Printing and Stationery...................0.. 3,698.06
Miscellaneous........00.00.0 0000 e eee ees 224.25

Total wakes cae eeaseees peak B 4,275.00 $ 4,252.31 $ 22.69

Income of John Innes Kane Fund.
Plants for Grounds and Greenhouses....8 600.00 $ 484.12 $ 4115.88

(472)

Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund.
For Increase of the Collections.
Bo

OKS 2 Si Poi we ce acetates ciate $ 585.99
SPECIMENS sess ht gis Move ee ee ea 170.52
WOtall ors eeeowige eee erg seen $ goo.0o $ 756.51 $ 143.49
Accumulated Income of Charles Budd Robin-
son Fund.
For aiding Exploration................ $ 60.00 ——-—-—. $ 60.00
Totals—Special Income Accounts...$ 18,525.00 $ 17,759.25 $ 765.75
4. GENERAL INCOME ACCOUNT
Appropriated Expended Balances
Insurance
seum Specimens and Library......................8 366.60
Boilers and Elevator.......0...000000.00 00. e eee 114.19
Horses and Wagons...... la Arka ioe cabetehgs tare tuce tet ts 4.00
tN Oa reece te eae apes ee Senne ees $ 485.008 484.79 $ 2r
SupPLiEs (INCLUDING CrrcuLaRs FoR MemBERs)
Cire la rs eae ein oaks Sie mi ee ahs Tete alee he, 313.60
SUDPIeStes come ate: Seed ae eocstens 1,125.09
Totals in cncuses sino: Silat dene B 1,440.00 $ 1,438.69 3 I.3I
Contincent Funp
Miscellaneous........0...... 0.0.0.0 0 000s $ 837.00 $ 835.42 $ r.58
ENTERTAINMENT
Refreshments. .........00 000000000 ccc eee a) 200.00
Hire of Touring Cars.........002.0.000 7 wee 315.70
Printing, Postage Stationery. ..............0.0.0008. 244.21
Otel csi ty ot eee ae are cee heen $ 763.008 759.91 $ 3:09
ASSISTANCE FOR TREASURER
Services rendered............. 0.0.0. ..0008 $ 480.00 $ 480.00
SALARIES AND LAaBoR
lari
— Accounts ee eee $ 13,248.00
Museum ; 256.
oe Sued tne eo ae 131.50
EO tal se atin ast ener ate ie ae atta ......8 13,635.50
Labor
aaa Pay Rolls............. $ 41.00
Guard Duty............... = 440.00
Miscellaneous overtime........ 411.645
BESO t alana conn gecese ep caia tee tne near annane eee eae eae S $ 892.61
Totals—Salaries and Labor............ 3 14,540.00 $ 14,528.11 $ 11.89

(473)

il dad Expended Balances
Prans, SuRvEys AND ConsTRuUC

Appropriated. 0.00... 2 eee ee eee £ ee
ae ree Special Garden Accounts. . 50.00
Expended
Paintin esis: pare ee eel oc Nae eat oa $B 1,825.00
Plans and Surveys... 0.2.0... 2... eee eee 1,591.05
Construction: 215s aen tie ae tes hayes Bae 1,192.63
BT Ota tg ora ent cetera esas $3 4,625.00 $ 4,608.68 $ 16.32

Appropriated................. $ 23,120.00
Transferred from Special Garden
Accounts

Total.c..5 oe he eee eS $ 23,170.00 $ 23,135.60 $ 34.40

5. EXPENDED FROM FUNDS OF THE GARDEN

Special Garden Accounts. ........0.......0000 02 e eee $ 25,215.06
Special Income Accounts................000002 22sec 17,759.25
General Income Account.........00.0.0000 00 cece eee 23,135.60

Total: was co4s Mee eae wee a ee ees $ 66,109.91

6. BOARD ROOM FUND

Jany 1, 1917. Balance—Cash.... 000.0000 ee $ 31.17
Gross Receipts, Jany 1 to Dec. 31, 8 206.15
Loss—Credited to Income of Lydig Fund. nso $ = 194.65
Total—Net Receipts..... 00.00.02... eee eee ee $ = 225.82
DisBuRSEMENTS
Supplies oie s.2 Msg oi eens ees eee 3 149.67
Contingencies.........0...0.. 000000020005 30.16
Ph Otal ti it hos Becca eh nya OG Oates B = 179.83
Dec. 31, 1917. Balance—Cash........0 0000. $ 45.99

Respectfully submitted,
LTER 5S. GROESBECK,
Accountant.
E. and O. E.
New York, January 14, 1918.

(474)

REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN OF THE SCIEN-
TIFIC DIRECTORS

To THE Boarp oF Manacers oF THE New York Borant-
cAL GARDEN.

Sirs: On behalf of the Scientific Directors, I would
report that in our advisory relations with Dr. Britton we
have held the usual stated meetings throughout the past
year. The publications, lecture courses, botanical ex-
ploration, new construction, school garden, and other
scientific and educational activities of the Garden have
been considered and the concrete data as to the work of
the year are represented in detail in the report of the
Director-in-Chief.

Considerable attention has been given to the possibility
of active contributions by the Garden in the direction of
the application of botanical science to meeting the present
food and other war emergencies of the country. It was
agreed that the efforts of the Garden might best be devoted
to researches which would have permanent interest and
significance for increasing crop production. A compre-
hensive plan for the investigation of the fungous, bacterial,
and algal flora of the soil was worked out and has been
submitted to you.

It is fitting that the many years of active and efficient
service of the retiring Chairman of the Scientific Directors,
Dr. H. H. Rusby, should be recognized at this time. On
behalf of his fellow members in the Board, I wish to express
their high appreciation of his untiring devotion to the
interests of science and his stimulating and unfailingly
courteous leadership and cooperation in the work of the
Garden. Respectfully submitted,

R. A. Harper,
Chairman.

(475)

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PATRONS,
FELLOWS, AND MEMBERS FOR THE
YEAR 1917

To THE Boarp oF ManaGERs oF THE New York Botani-
CAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: The number of new members who have
qualified is 67. The number of annual members is now
899; life members 142; sustaining members 12; fellowship
members 2.

Of these 34 are now in arrears for dues for 1917, 9 for
dues for 1916 and 1917, 4 for dues for 1915, 1916 and 1917.

Dues have been collected to the amount of $9,140. One
person has qualified as a fellow for life by the payment of
g1000. These sums have been transmitted to the treasurer.

A complete list of all classes of members to date is here-
with submitted.

BENEFACTORS
*Hon. Addison Brown, Murry Guggenheim,
Andrew Carnegie, *D. O. Mills,

Columbia University,
*Hon. Chas. P. Daly,
Daniel Guggenheim,

*J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.
John D. Rockefeller,

*Cornelius Vanderbilt.

PaTRONS

Oakes Ames,
*Miss Catherine A. Bliss,
Dr. N. L. Britton,
*Hon. Addison Brown,
Andrew Carnegie,

*Mrs. George Whitfield Collord,

*James M. Constable,
*William E. Dodge,
James B. Ford,

George J. Gould,
Edward S. Harkness,
*Mrs. Esther Herrman,
Archer M. Huntington,

*Henry Iden,

* Deceased.

Mrs. John Innes Kane,

*John Stewart Kennedy,

*J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr.,

*Oswald Ottendorfer,

*Lowell M. Palmer,

William Rockefeller,

*William R. Sands,

*William C. Schermerhorn,
James A. Scrymser,

Mrs. Finley J. Shepard,
Samuel Sloan,

Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson,
W. K. Vanderbilt,

Mrs. Antoinette Eno Wood,

(476)

FeLtows For LIFE

Edward D, Adams,
George F. Baker.

Miss Elizabeth Billings
Mrs. W. Bayard Cutting,
Dr. Robert W. de Forest,
Cleveland H. Dodge,
James B. Ford,

Daniel Guggenheim,
Murry Guggenheim,

S. R. Guggenheim

Mrs. John Giewait Kennedy,
Edward V. Z. Lane,

Mrs. Frederic S. on

James McLean,

Ogden Mills,

George W. Perkins,

M. F. Plant,

Mrs. John A. Roebling,
Mortimer L. Schiff,
James A. Scrymser,
Francis Lynde Stetson,

Miss Olivia E. Phelps Stokes ,

Charles G. Thompson,
Louis C. Tiffany,
Tiffany & Company.

Lire MEMBERS

Edward D. Adams,

Dr. Felix Adler,

Mrs. James Herman Aldrich,
Constant A. Andrews,
J. Sherlock Andrews,
Dr. 5. T. Armstrong,
Edward W. C. Arnold,
Mrs. H. D. Auchincloss,
Samuel P. Avery,
Samuel D. Babcock,
Geo. V. N. Baldwin,
Dr. John Hendley Barnhart,
George D. Barron,
Aurel Batonyi,

Gustav Baumann,
Samuel R. Betts,
William G. Bibb,

Miss Elizabeth Billings,
J. O. Bloss

George Blumenthal,

G. T. Bonner,

Mrs. Addison Brown, ~
J. Hull Browning,
Joseph Bushnell,

T. Morris Carnegie,
Frank R. Chambers,
Hugh J. Chisholm,
Hugh J. Chisholm, Jr.,
Geo. C. Clark,

Banyer Clarkson,

Dr. James B. Clemens,
Wm. F. Cochran,
William Colgate,

Miss Georgette T. A. Collier,

Mrs. William Combe,

W. E. Connor,

Mrs. F. A. Constable,
Theodore Cooper,

Zenas Crane,

R.N. Cranford,

Melville C. Day,

Charles Deering,

Mrs. John Ross Delafield,
Miss Julia L. Delafield,
Maturin L. Delafield, Jr.,
W. B. Dickerman,

James Douglas,

Miss Josephine W. Drexel,

Miss Ethel DuBois,
Miss Katharine DuBois,
Wm. A. DuBois,

Geo. E. Dunscombe,
Thomas Dwyer,
Newbold Edgar,

George Ehret,

Ambrose K. Ely,
Edward J. Farrell,

Mrs. H. J. Fisher,
Andrew Fletcher,

Chas. R. Flint,

Mrs. John ira
Henry C. Fric

Mrs. oe ‘Kane Gibbs,
James J. Goodwin,
Daniel Guggenheim,
Bernard G. Gunther,
Franklin L. Gunther,
Frederic R. Halsey,
Chas. J. Harrah

Dr. Louis Haupt,

R. Somers Hayes,
George B. Hopkins,
Samuel N. Hoyt,
Archer M. Huntington,
Frank D. Hurtt,

James H. Hyde,

Mrs. Columbus O’D. Iselin,
Theo. F. Jackson,

Dr. Walter B. James,
Miss Annie B. Jennings,
Nathaniel T. Kidder,
William M. Kingsland,
H. R. Kunhardt,

W. B. Kunhardt,
Charles Lanier,

W. V. Lawrence,

Meyer H. Lehman,
Mrs. Geo. Lewis,

(477 )

Joseph Loth,

Wm. H. Macy, Jr.,

Mrs. Wm. H. Macy, Jr.,
Louis Marshall,

Edgar L. Marston,
William J. Matheson,

C. W. McAlpin,

Guy R. McLane,
Emerson McMillin,

Dr. Geo. N. Miller,

A. G. Mills,

Hon. Levi P. Morton,
Sigmund Neustadt,

A. Lanfear Norrie,
Gordon Norrie,

Geo. M. Olcott,

Mrs. Chas. Tyler Olmstead,
Wm. Church Osborn,
Geo. W. Perkins,

W. H. Perkins,

M. Taylor Pyne,

Geo. W. Quintard,

John J. Riker,

J. C. Rodgers,

Thomas F. Ryan,

Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,
Dr. Reginald H. Sayre,
Edward C. Schaefer,

F, Aug. Schermerhorn,
Jacob H. Schiff,
Mortimer L. Schiff,
Grant B. Schley,

Mrs. I. Blair Scribner,
Geo. Sherman,

James Speyer,

Miss Ellen J. Stone,
Albert Tag,

Paul G. Thebaud,
Charles G. Thompson,
Mrs, Frederick F. Thompson,

(478)

Robert M. Thompson, John I. Waterbury,

William Thorne, Miss Emily A. Watson,

Wm. Stewart Todd, 5. D. Webb,

Miss Anna Murray Vail, . Dr. W. Seward Webb,

F. T. Van Beuren, Hon. Geo. Peabody Wetmore,
Mrs. C. Vanderbilt, John D. Wing,

Dr. Henry Freeman Walker, Mrs. Anna Woerishoffer.
F. N. Warburg,
FEeLtowsHip MEMBERS

J. P. Morgan, E, A. Richard.
Sustarninc MEMBERS
Miss Elizabeth Billings, O. H. Kahn,
Miss Mary T. Bryce, Edgar L. Marston,
James Douglas, George Grant Mason,
Wm. H. Fischer, Arthur M. Mitchell,
John Greenough, Wm. Church Osborn,
Mrs. McDougall Hawkes, William H. Porter.
AnnuAL MEMBERS
Dr. Robert Abbe, Miss E. E. Auchincloss,
David T. Abercrombie, Mrs. E. §. Auchincloss,
Benjamin Abert, John W. Auchincloss,
Fritz Achelis, Dr. Pearce Bailey,
John Achelis, Charles Baird,
F. B. Adams, Miss Charlotte S. Baker,
Henry 5. Adams, Geo. F. Baker,
Mrs. Cornelius R. Agnew, Stephen Baker,
Douglas Alexander, Albert H. Baldwin,
hee H. Amy, Frederick H. Baldwin,
A. J. C. Anderson, George V. N. Baldwin, Jr.,
J. M. Andreini, William D. Baldwin,
W. 4H. Asdrews, Mrs. Robert F. Ballantine,
Mrs. John F. Archbold, Bernard Bandler,
Mrs. George A. Archer, Miss Caroline M. Banks,
Francis Arend, Jr., Mrs. Herbert Barber,
Reuben Arkush, Wm. M. Barnum,
Mrs. H. O. Armour, Clarence W. Barron,
E. Asiel, Mrs. A. Battin,

Dr. John Aspell, Mrs. L. P. Bayne,

Alfred N. Beadleston,
Jeremiah sii

John D. Bea

Mrs. veneee B. Becker,
Gerard Beekman,
Frank Begrisch, Jr.,
Robert Behr,

Mrs. A. Frederick Behre,
Otto F. Behrend,
Louis V. Bell,
August Belmont,

E. C. Benedict,
James Gordon Bennett,
Miss Mary Benson,
E. R. T. Berggren,
Isaac J. Bernheim,
Chas. L. Bernheimer,
Philip Berolzheimer,
S. Reading Bertron,
Edward J. Berwind,
G.N. Best,

W. H. Bickelhaupt,
Eugene P. Bicknell,
Mrs. George Biddle,
Mrs. Sylvan Bier,
Abraham Bijur,
Moses Bijur,

Samuel H. Bijur,

C. Edw. Billquist,

C. K. G. Billings,

E. D. Bird,

Samuel! Bird, Jr.,
James C. Bishop,

J. Insley Blair,
Frederick Blackall,

Mrs. Water P Bliss,
Hugo Blumenthal,

(479)

Miss R. C. Boardman,
Mrs. Edward C. Bodman,
Henry W. Boettger,
Robert Boettger,
Theodore Boettger,
William H. Bolton,

Mrs. Sydney C. Borg,
Frederick G. Bourne,
Louis Boury,

Miss Edith G. Bowdoin,
Mrs. H. S. Bowen,

John M. Bowers,

James B. Brady,

Frank Brainerd,

Mrs. E. N. Breitung,
Mrs, Benjamin Brewster,
John R. Brinley,

Jno. I. D. Bristol,

Miss H. Louise Britton,
Richard H. Britton,

Dr. Edward B. Bronson,
Bronx Hay & Grain Co.,
Mrs. Kate M. Brookfield,
Mrs. H. D. Brookman,
Miss Aneita D. Brown,
Dickson Q. Brown,
Edwin H. Brown,

M. Bayard oS
Vernon C. Bro

Mrs. J. Hull neg
F. W. Bruggerhoff,

H. B. Brundrett,
Thomas B. Bryson,
Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley,
Dr. L. Duncan Bulkley,
James A. Burden, Jr.,
Dr. Edward S. Burgess,
Louis Burk,

E. R. Burnett,

Algernon T. Burr,

( 480 )

Freeman F. Burr,
Chas. W. Burroughs,
Mrs. Wendell L. Bush,
Charles 8. Butler,
Rev. Edwin E. Butler,
Miss Emily O. Butler,
Thomas J. Byrne,

H. A. Caesar,

W. R. Callender,
Albert Calman,

Henry L. Calman,

H. H. Cammann,
Henry L. Cammann,
Mrs. John Campbell,
H. W. Cannon,

Mrs. George L. Carnegie,
Wm. T. Carrington,

George B. Case,
Miss Jennie R. Cathcart,
Miss Elizabeth Chamberlain,
Miss Maria Bowen Chapin,
Dr. Walter F. Chappell,
Jose Edwards Chaves,
John H. Child,
B. Ogden Chisolm,
Geo. E. Chisolm,
ae Hi. aie

Wm. G. Choat
Mrs. Helen L ” Chubb,
Percy Chubb,
Chas. T. Churcl:
John Claflin,
D. Crawford Clark,
Miss Emily Vernon Clark,
F, Ambrose Clark,
Hon. W. A. Clark,
William N. Clark,
Mrs. E. A, S. Clarke,

Lewis L. Clarke,

Albert Clayburgh,
Edward B. Close,

Wm. P. Clyde,

G. D. Cochran,

Miss Mary T. Cockcroft,
Hon. W. Bourke Cockran,
C. A. Coffin,

Edmund Coffin,

E. W. Coggeshall,

William N. Cohen,

Mrs. Rufus Cole,

Charles B. Colebrook,
Mrs. R. McM. Colfelt,
Mrs. James B. Colgate,
William Colgate,

Robert J. Collier,

Mrs. Minturn Post Collins,
Samuel P. Colt,

Miss Mary Compton,

T. G. Condon,

Hermann Conheim,
Roland R. Conklin,

J. N. Conyngham,
Arthur N. Cooley,

Marin LeBrun Cooper,
Mrs. Marin LeBrun Cooper,
C. R. Corning,

Mrs. Charles Henry Coster,
W.R. Craig,

Geo. F. Crane,

Mrs. Jonathan H. Crane,
Mrs.Agnes Huntington Cravath,
Robert L. Crawford,
William Crawford,

John D. Crimmins,

Mrs. Thomas Crimmins,
W. T. Crocker,

James W. Crom

Mrs. C. et nit Can

(481 )

Mrs. Joseph F. Cullman,
Charles Curie,

G. Warrington Curtis,

R. Fulton Cutting,

Mrs. Barton Cuyler,

Miss Eleanor De Graff Cuyler,

Mrs. Ira Davenport,
J. Clarence Davies,
Julien T. Davies,
Alvah Davison,
Clarence S. Day,

Dr. Robert W. de Forest,

Mrs. Robert W. de Forest,

John F. Degener, Jr.,

B. F. DeKlyn,

J. R. Delamar,

Eugene Delano,

John B. Dennis,

Rev. H. M. Denslow,

Walter D. Despard,

William G. De Witt,

J. Henry Dick

Chas. D. Dickey,

Geo. H. Diehl,

Chas. F. Dieterich,

Miss Josephine H. Dill,

Miss Mary A. Dill,

Miss Gertrude Dodd,

Cleveland H. Dodge,

Francis P. Dodge,

Otto L. Dommerich,

Henry Dorscher,

ae — William ee
Mrs. Jam uglas

Alfred eee

Tracy Dows,

J. R. Drexel,

Isaac W. Drummond,

Dr. Matthew B. Dubois,

Mrs. Matthew B. Dubois,

Mrs. John P. Duncan,

Ralph Wurts Dundas,

Dr. Carroll Dunham,

Dr. Edward K. Dunham,

Mrs. T. Coleman du Pont,

E. G. Duvall,

John E. Dwight,

Mrs. Frederick H. Eaton,

Thomas C. Edmonds,

Mrs. J. S. Ehrich,

Mrs. Ernest Ehrmann,

Karl Eilers,

Henry G. Eilshemius,
ugust Eimer,

Monroe Einstein,

William Einstein,

Miss Kate Eisig,

Wn. D. Ellis,

Miss Lydia F. Emmett,

Robert Temple Emmett,

Mrs. Arthur B. Emmons,

Miss Mary Pinchot Eno,

R. Erbsloh,

Henry Esberg

Arthur F. Estabrook,

Louis Ettlinger,

S

Mrs. Ernesto Fabbri,
Eberhard Faber,
Harris Fahnestock,
Chas. S. Fairchild,
Samuel W. Fairchild,
Percival Farquhar,
Mrs. Max Farrand,
James C. Farrell,
William L. Feeney,
Louis Ferguson.

Walton Ferguson,
William C. Ferguson,
Pliny Fisk,

Harry Harkness Flagler,
Mrs. John H. Flagler,
Mrs. Albert Flake,
Mrs. Joseph A. Flannery,
Nathan Fleischer,

Fred T. Fleitmann,
Isaac D. Fletcher,

Miss Helena Flint,
Edward H. Floyd-Jones,
Franz Fohr,

L. G. Forbes,

Mrs. Hughell Fosbroke,
Scott Foster,

Mrs. M. J. Fox,

David J. Frankel,

R. A. Franks,

Miss Jane K. Fraser,
Miss S. Grace Fraser,
A. S. Frissell,

John W. Frothingham,

Albert Gallatin,

Geo. F. Gantz,
Francis P. Garvin,
Joseph E. Gay,

Mrs. Walter Geer,
John J. Gibbons,

R. W. Gibson,

Prof, William J. Gies,
Mrs. William J. Gies,
Robert McM. Gillespie,
J. Waldron Gillespie,
Mrs. 8. D. Godfrey,
Mrs. Mary R. Goelet,
Julius Goldman,

Chas. Gotthelf,

( 482 )

Chas. A. Gould,

Edwin Gould,

Mrs. W. R. Grace,
Arthur Butler Graham,
G. C. Graves,

Nelson Z. Graves,

Rev. David H. Greer,
William G. Grieb,

Miss Margarette E. Griffith,
Miss Susan D. Griffith,
E. Morgan Grinnell,
George Bird Grinnell,

Mrs. Gurnee,

Mrs. C. S. Guthrie,
William D. Guthrie,

Miss Edith Haas,

John A. Hadden, Jr.,
Daniel S. Hage,

William Hague,

Hon. Ernest Hall,

Wm. Halls, Jr.,

Wm. Hamann,

L. Gordon Hamersley,
Miss Elizabeth S. Hamilton,
Mrs. William P. Hamilton,
William F. Hammond,
Ferdinand Hansen,

J. Montgomery Hare,

E. S$. Harkness,

Mrs. Frank D. Harmon,
Harry Harper,

Miss Josephine T. Harriot,
William Hamilton Harris.
Jacob Hasslacher,

T. A. Havemeyer,

J. Woodward Haven,

Miss Caroline C. Haynes,

Mrs. W. R. Hearst,

Wm. W. Heaton,

Hancke Hencken,

Chas. Henderson,

Mrs.E. C. Henderson,
Harmon W. Hendricks,
Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn,
B. F. Hermann,
Ferdinand Hermann,

H. H. Hewitt,

Mrs. James J. Higginson,
Mrs. Robert Hiil,

Walter Hinchman,

Mrs. Samuel N. Hinckley,
B. Hochschild,

Mrs. H. P. Hodson,
Richard M. Hoe,

Mrs. Richard March Hoe,
Mrs. Robert Hoe,
Bernhard Hoffmann,
Mrs, Edward Holbrook,
John Swift Holbrook,
Edwin T. Holmes,

Henry Holt,

Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker,
Chas. H. Hoole,
Frederick B. House,

Mrs. Henry Howland,
John Sherman Hoyt,
Miss Rosina S. Hoyt,
Theodore R. Hoyt,
Walter C. Hubbard,
Conrad Hubert,

Mrs. E. W. Humphreys,
Mrs. H. E. Huntington,
Mrs. R. P. Huntington,
Adolph G. Hupiel,

H. D. Hutchins,

Mrs. R. G. Hutchins, Jr.,
Frank DeK. Huyler,
Mrs. Clarence M. Hyde,
Henry St. John Hyde,
Edwin W. Inslee,
Adrian Iselin, Jr.,

C. Oliver Iselin,

Miss Georgine Iselin,
Lewis Iselin,

William E. Iselin,

Mrs. William E. Iselin,
Miss Flora E. Isham,
Dr. Abram Jacobi,
Samuel K. Jacobs,

John 8S. Jacobus,

A. C. James,

Mrs. Arthur Curtis James,
Dr. Robert C. James,

E. C. Jameson,

Mrs. Alfred Jaretzki,
Alfred W. Jenkins,

O. G. Jennings,

Walter B. Jennings,
Gilbert H. Johnson,
Mrs. Townsend Jones,
Karl Jungbluth,

Henry M. Kahle,

Felix E. Kahn,

Louis Kahn,

Mrs. Delancey Kane,
Miss Louise Landgon Kane,
Mrs. H. F. Kean,

Frank Browne Keech,
Henry F. Keil,

William W. Kelchner,
Prof. J. F. Kemp,

Mrs.H.Van Rensselaer Kennedy,

Mrs. John S. Kennedy,
David Keppel,
Rudolph Keppler,

John B. Kerr,

Geo. A. Kessler,
Patrick Kiernan,

S. E. Kilner,

Alfred R. Kimball,
Mrs. Wm. M. Kingsland,
Darwin P. Kingsley,
Morris Kinney,

W. Ruloff Kip,

E. C. Klipstein,
Roland F. Knoedler,
Chas. Kohlman,

A. H. Kursheedt,
Adolf Kuttroff,,

Francis G, Landon,
Edward V. Z. Lane,
Woodbury Langdon,
Mrs. Jacob Langeloth,
Dr. G. Langmann,
Mrs. John J. Lapham,
Lewis H. Lapham,
Countess de Laugier-Villars,
John Burling Lawrence,
Henry Goddard Leach,
Prof. Frederic S. Lee,
Marshall C. Lefferts,
Wm. H. Lefferts,
George Legg,

James M. Lehmaier,
Wm. H. Leupp,
Edmund J. Levine,

G. Levor,

Louis S. Levy,

Adolph Lewisohn,

Miss Alice Lewisohn,
Paul Lichtenstein,
John E. Liggett,

E. K. Lincoln,
Frederick J. Lisman,
Lucius N. Littauer,

(484 )

Mrs. John R. Livermore,
Miss Anna P. Livingston,
Mrs. Francis G. Lloyd,
Wn. C. Lobenstine,

Mrs. I. Ferris Lockwood,
Frank J. Logan,

Russell H. Loines,

Mrs. Geo. de Forest Lord,
Lord & Burnham Co.,
P. Lorillard, Jr.,
Ethelbert I. Low,

Miss Carlotta R. Lowell,
August Lueder,

Walther Luttgen,

Mrs. N. H. Luttrell,
William M. Lybrand,
Mrs. C. B. Macdonald,
Clarence H. Mackay,
Kenneth K. Mackenzie,
Mrs. Charles F. MacLean,
Malcolm MacMartin,
George H. Macy,

V. Everit Macy,

F. Robert Mager,

J. H. Maghee,

Pierre Mali,

Chas. Mallory,

Miss Delia W. Marble,
John Markle,

Mrs. John Markle,

Dr. J. W. Markoe,

Otto Maron,

Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Edwin S. Marston,

Dr. Walton Martin,
William J. Matheson,
Robert Maxwell,

Harry Mayer,

Dr. D. H. McAlpin,
Geo. L. McAlpin,

George McAneny,
Henry P. McKenney,
John A. McKim,
James McLean,
Edward F. McManus,
William McNair,

B. Frank Mebane,
Morton H. Meinhard,
Dr. Walter Mendleson
Herman W. Merkel,
John L. Merrill,
Manton B. Metcalfe,
Herman A. Metz,
Edwin O. Meyer,
Eugene Meyer, Jr.,
George A. Meyer,
Harry J. Meyer,
William Michel,

John G. Milburn,
Geo. M. Miller,

Dr. Adelaide Mills,
Mrs. John Murray Mitchell,
Barrington Moore,
Clement Moore,

J. C. Moore,

Miss Katherine T. Moore,
Miss Anne Morgan,
Miss C. L. Morgan,

E. D. Morgan,

Mrs. J. P. Morgan,
Wm. Fellows Morgan,
W. Forbes Morgan, Jr.,
Mrs. Cora Morris,
Mrs. Dave Hennen Morris,
Henry Lewis Morris,
Dr. Lewis R. Morris,
Dwight W. Morrow,
Richard Mortimer,
Henry C. Mott,

Mrs. John B. Mott,

( 485 )

Frank J. Muhlfeld,

Carl Muller,

Rev. Joseph A. Mulry, S. J.
John P. Munn,

Frank A. Munsey,

William S. Myers,

A. G. Nesbitt,

Mrs. Russell H. Nevins,
Miss Catherine A. Newbold,
Miss Edith Newbold,
Frederic R. Newbold,

Mrs. William G. Nichols,
William H. Nichols,

Wn. Nilsson,

George Notman,

Howard Notman,

Adolph S. Ochs,

John Offerman,

Elam Ward Olney,
Robert Olyphant,
R. M. Olyphant,
Mrs. Emerson Opdycke,
Mrs. Wm. Openhym,
Myron H. Oppenheim,
William C. Orr,
Prof. Henry F. Osborn,
Mrs. William Church Osborn,
Joseph Osler,
Miss Elizabeth H. Packard,
Fred’k Page Co.,
Augustus G. Paine,
Henry Parish, Jr.,
Junius Parker,
Winthrop Parker,
James C. Parrish,
Chas. W. Parsons,
Miss Gertrude Parsons,

A. Paton,

Mrs. Frederick Pearson,
Charles E. Peck,

Dr. Charles H. Peck,
Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham,
Edward S. Pegram,
Mrs. Sarah G. T. Pell,
Edmund Penfold,

Mrs. William A. Perry,
Samuel T. Peters,
W.R. Peters,

Carl Schurz Petrasch,
Curt G. Pfeiffer,

Mrs. von R. Phelps,
Henry Phipps,

Lloyd Phoenix,

Phillips Phoenix,

Carl Pickhardt,
Gottfried Piel,

Henry Clay Pierce,
Winslow S. Pierce,

Mrs. R. Stuyvesant Pierrepont,

J. Fred Pierson,

Mrs. Frank H. Platt,
Edward Plaut,

Gilbert M. Plympton,
Bernard Pollak,

Chas. Lane Poor,

James E. Pope,
Alexander J. Porter,
Abram S. Post,

Miss Blanche Potter,
Frederick Potter,

Mrs. George D. Pratt,
Mrs. Herbert Lee Pratt,
John T. Pratt,

Mrs. L. B. Preston,

R. B. Price,

Miss Cornelia Prime,
Thomas R. Proctor,
Mrs. Kate Davis Pulitzer,

(486 )

H. St. Clair Putnam,
Miss Eva C. Putney,
Percy R. Pyne,

Charles F. Quincy,
Dr. Edward Quintard,
Charles Raht,

Edmund D. Randolph,
Stanley Ranger,

G. B. Raymond,

Mrs. William A. Read,
Miss Emily Redmond,
Geraldyn Redmond,
John Reid,

Geo. N. Reinhardt,
Chas. Remsen,

Howard Price Renshaw,
Miss Elvine Richard,
Oscar L. Richard,
Eben Richards,

E. O. Richards,

M. M. Riglander,

Wn. J. Riker,

Dr. Wm. C. Rives,
Miss Emeline Roach,
G. Theo. Roberts,
Miss Mary M. Roberts,
Miss Jennette Robertson,
Louis J. Robertson,
Andrew J. Robinson,

J. K. Robinson,
William G. Rockefeller,
Edward L. Rogers,
Miss Harriette Rogers,
Hubert E. Rogers,

A. J. Rolle,

W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Mrs. W. Emlen Roosevelt,
Hon. Elihu Root,
Henry C. Rosenbaum,
Jacob Rossbach,

C. H. Ruddock,

Louis Ruhl,

Mrs. A. D. Russell,
Miss M. L. Russell,
John Barry Ryan,
Arthur Ryle,

Harry Sachs,

Samuel Sachs,

Clarence Sackett,

Mrs. Russell Sage,
Daniel C. Sands,

Miss G. W. Sargent,
Herbert L. Satterlee,
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee,
Hermann Schaaf,
Fred’k Miller Schall,
George E. Schanck,
Mrs. George E. Schanck,
John Scheepers,

Anton Schefer,

Mrs. H. M. Schieffelin,
Dr. Wm. J. Schieffelin,
Charles A. Schieren,
Gustave H. Schiff,
Rudolph E. Schirmer,
C. P. Schlicke,

Miss Jane E. Schmelzel,
Fedor Schmidt,

D. Schnakenberg,
Henrich Schniewind, Jr.,
Louis B. Schram,
Henry Schreiter,

Gustav Schwab, Jr.,

Robert J. F. Schwarzenbach,

Walter Scott,

Miss Grace Scoville,
Robert Scoville,

Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner,

( 487 )

Edward M. Scudder,
Alonzo B. See,
Charles E. Seitz,
Prof. Edwin R. A. Seligman,
Jefferson Seligman,

E. W. Sells,

Mrs. Charles H. Senff,
Alfred Seton,

Mrs. William F. Sheehan,
George R. Sheldon,
Finley J. Shepard,

James Shewan,

Wn. Shillaber,

Alfred L. Simon,

John W. Simpson,

Charles A. Singer,
Francis Louis Slade,
Benson B. Sloan,

Samuel Sloan,

Thomas Smidt,

Daniel Smiley,

Miss Fanny A. Smith,
Frank Morse Smith,
Pierre J. Smith,

R. A. C. Smith,

E. G. Snow,

Mrs. Charlotte Sorchan,
Mrs. Edward W. Sparrow,
Mrs. Gino C. Speranza,

J. R. Stanton,

James H. Stebbins,

James R. Steers,

Chas. H. Steinway,

Fred. T. Steinway,

Wn. R. Steinway,

Olin J. Stephens,
Roderick Stephens,
Benjamin Stern,

Sereno Stetson,

Mrs. Byam K. Stevens,

Frederic W. Stevens,
Dr. Geo. T. Stevens,

Mrs. John Wood Stewart,

Lispenard Stewart,
Wm. R. Stewart,
Chauncey Stillman,
Miss Clara F. Stillman,
Dr. D. M. Stimson,
James Stokes,

Mrs. Willard Straight,
H. Grant Straus,
Roger W. Straus,
Albert Strauss,

Chas. Strauss,
Frederick Strauss,
Martin Strauss,
Samuel Strauss,
Edward W. Strobhar,
Mrs. Gustav Stromberg,
Benj. Strong, Jr.,

John R. Strong,

Mrs. Theron G. Strong,
Joseph Stroock,

F. K. Sturgis,

Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,
Mrs. James Sullivan,
Miss Mary Taber,
Henry W. Taft,

E. H. T. Talmage,

C. A. Tatum,

Henry R. Taylor,

W. A. Taylor,

C. H. Tenney,

H. L. Terrell,

Mrs. John T. Terry,
‘Thomas Thacher,

Miss M. J. Thayer,
Mrs. Hector W. Thomas,

Mrs. Howard L. Thomas,

Percival Thomas,

( 488 )

Seth E. Thomas, Jr.,

L. S. Thompson,

Lewis M. Thompson,
Loren Ogden ‘Thompson,
William B. Thompson,
Dr. W. Gilman Thompson,
Jonathan Thorne,
Samuel Thorne, Jr.,

W. V.S. Thorne,

Myles Tierney,

Louis C. Tiffany,

Henry N. Tifft,

H. M. Tilford,

James Timpson,

J. Kennedy Tod,

P. S. Trainor,

A. F. Troescher,
Frederick K. Trowbridge,
Carll Tucker,

Dr. Alfred Tuckerman,
Paul Tuckerman,

Geo. E. Turnure,
Benjamin Tuska,

Mrs. Mary A. Tuttle,

E. S. Twining,

Lucien H. Tyng,

Oswald W. Uhl,
Theodore N. Vail,

James J. Van Ale

Mrs. Frederick T. v an Beuren,

Barend Van Gerbig,
E. H. Van Ingen,

Mrs. Warner MM. Van Norden,

Edgar B. Van Winkle,
Hon. Robert A. Van Wyck,

Mrs. Wilbur Linwood Varian,

Mrs. James M. Varnum,
Richard C. Veit,
Thos. F, Vietor,
Alfonso P. Villa,

Mrs. Gustavus A. Walker,
James N. Wallace,

Leo Wallerstein,

Dr. Max Wallerstein,
Wm. I. Walter,

Artemus Ward,

Mrs. John I. Waterbury,

Mrs. E. H. Weatherbee,
H. a Te
jJ.G.W

Mrs. W. as Webb,
Miss Alice D. Weekes,
Chas. Wehrhane,

Charles H. Weigle,
Bernard Weinig,

Mrs. C. Gouveneur Weir,
Mrs. Samuel W. Weiss,
Mrs. John Wells,

Oliver J. Wells,

Arthur L. Wessell,

Dr. William West,

Mrs. Robert E. Westcott,

William Young Westervelt,

Miss Edith Wetmore,
Mrs. Alice T. Wheelock,
Dr. Wm. E. Wheelock,
Miss Caroline White,
Mrs. Stanford White,

MeEMBERS OF THE

Mrs. Robert Bacon,
Mrs. Thomas H. Barber,
Miss Elizabeth Billings,
Miss Eleanor Blodgett,
Mrs. Charles D. Dickey,
Mrs. Walter Jennings,
Mrs. Delancey Kane,

( 489 )

Clarence Whitman,

Miss Margaret S. Whitney,

Edward A. Wickes,

Elmore A. Willets,

Mrs. Percy H. Williams,

Richard H. Williams,

William fe case

W. P. Will

James R. Williston,

Frank D. Wilsey,

Prof. Edmund B. Wilson,

ee Margaret i Wilson,
M. Orme Wilso

Bronson Winthrop,

Grenville L. Winthrop,

Mrs, Robt. Winthrop,

Mrs, Frank S. Witherbee,

Emil Wolff,

Lewis S. Wolff,

William E. Wolff,

Prof. R. S. Woodward,

F. W. Woolworth,

Miss Julia Wray,

Mrs. J. Hood Wright,

Mrs. A. Murray Young,

Joseph A. Zanetti,

Mrs. Anna M. von Zedlitz,

Charles H. Zehnder,

Charles Zoller,

O. F. Zollikoffer.

Women’s AUXILIARY

Mrs. Hamilton F. Kean,
Mrs, A. A. Low,

Mrs. Charles Mac Veagh,
Mrs. V. Everit Macy,
Mrs. Henry Marquand,
Mrs. George W. Perkins,
Mrs. George D. Pratt,

( 490 )

Miss Harriette Rogers, Mrs. Benson B. Sloan,
Mrs. James Roosevelt, Mrs. Henry O. Taylor,
Mrs. Archibald D. Russell, Mrs. George Cabot Ward.

Honorary MemBers OF THE WoMEN’s AUXILIARY
Mrs. E. Henry Harriman, Mrs. F. K. Sturgis,
Mrs. John I. Kane, Mrs. F. F. Thompson.
Miss Olivia E. P. Stokes,

(491 )

REPORT OF THE TREASURER
New York, January 12, 1918

To THE Boarp or Manacers or THE New York Borant-
CAL GARDEN.

Gentlemen: Herewith I submit a statement of my re-
ceipts and disbursements during the year 1917, and balance
sheet from my ledger as of December 31, 1917.

Respectfully submitted,
AMES A. ScRYMSER,

Treasurer.
RECEIPTS
Balance, from Annual Report of 1I916............ $ 10,516.66
Life Fellowship Fee credited Endow-
ment Fund.....................2. $ 1,000.00
David Lydig Bequest, additional...... 188.00
Legacy Maria DeWitt Jesup, 10% of
the amount (final payment)......... 2,500.00
Contributions to Students Research
PUM Ges ccye rabies ce ane ena rete 121.00
Contributions to the Rose Garden and
Garden Extension Fund............ 105.00
Contribution of Messrs. Daniel Guggen-
heim and Murry Guggenheim for the
Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund...... 100,000.00
Contributions to the Garden School
Purd ¢t:ii.c toe et Geo eee ae eet 4,768.00
Contributions to Emergency Fund..... 4445.00
aaa to the Convention Garden
Paeecids ahareatiete a iaenearate he aches 800.00
Gift of Mrs. Frederick F. Thompson for
the School Garden Summer House
FUNG o-taenhneaet unset eee neers: 4,000.00
Gift of Edward D. Adams for the erec-
tion of Two Steel Flag Poles........ 918.70
Gift of Mrs. Robert E. Westcott, of
Stone Stairway for Rose Garden..... 2,000.00

Contributions to Special Fund for Books 52.25

( 492 )

Contributions from New York City
towards Development and Mainte-
NANCE ee kere Ayes eee ode eee

Investment of Scence and Education
Fund, New York City Notes, 6%
maturing September Ist............

Investment of John Innes Kane Fund,
New York City Notes, 6% maturing
September Ist...............0-.4--

Subscriptions to “‘Addisonia” credited
to Income of Addison Brown Fund..

Fellowship Members Fees............
Sustaining Members Fees.............
Subscriptions to “North American

Flora,” Sales of Publications, credited

to Income of David Lydig Fund.....
Plant Fund.................2..0-45.
Sales credited to Income of Stokes Fund
Sales of Ashes, Horse, Scrap Iron, and

Income from Addison Brown Fund,
(amount received for binding).......
First Liberty Loan Subscription, $5,000.
Received from employees on account
Of SAME fi hie Da pew dad eae Seed
Second Liberty Loan Subscription,
$5,000. Received from employees on
account of same...................
Income from Investment of John Innes
Kane Fund, 6% on $10,000 N. Y.
City: Notes. 55-4 eee ae dae debe ne
Income from Investment of Maria De-
Witt Jesup Fund, 4% on $15,000
Northern Pacific Prior Lien Bonds...
Income from Investment of Addison
Brown Fund, 4% on $22,000 Northern
Pacific Prior Lien Bonds............
Income from Investment of Guggenheim
Greenhouse Fund, being interest at

101,038.54
50,000.00
10,000.00

2,582.00
8,670.00

200.00
300.00

2,881.84
414.25
25.85

218.75

2.00

4,320.00

1,755.00

600.00

600.00

880.00

(493 )

3% on balances of this Fund deposited

with Messrs. J. P. Morgan and

Company. ........ 0... eee eee eee 1,467.35
Interest Account, being interest at 3%

on balances deposited with Messrs.

J. P. Morgan and Company for the

year 1917, (credited to General In-

come Account)................005. 546.12
Income from General Investments:

Credited to General Income Account:

5% on $50,000 Southern

Rwy. ist Consolidated

Ohio R. R. Co. General

Mortgage Bonds......... 2,250.00
4% on $50,000 Erie Railroad
’ Co. Prior Lien Bonds.... 2,000.00

4% on $59,000 Erie Railroad

Co. Penn.-Coll. Trust

Bond Sect caeainc kate ene 2,360.00
4% on $50,000 Reading R.

R. Co. Bonds, Jersey Cen-

tral Coll. Tr..........0.. 2,000.00
— on $24,000 Northern
Pac. R. St. Paul,
Duluth Divn............ 960.00
un on ae Northern
Bonds, Gt.

oe . B. & Q. Trust... 1,400.00
5% on $10,000 Louisville &
Nash. R. R. Equipment

Notes.............0.05. 500.00
4% on $10,000 New York
City Stock, due 1959..... 400.00

44%% on $10,000 N. Y. Cen-
tral Lines Equipment
Notes...........-20005 450.00

%
Sparta & No. West. R. R.

(494)

444% on $50,000 Pennsyl-
vania R. R. General Mtge.

Bonds................-. 2,250.00
6% on $50,000 New York
City Notes............. 3,000.00
5% on $10,000 Balto. & Ohio
R.R. Bonds. ........... 500.00 21,010.00 328,409.65
$338,926.31
DisBURSEMENTS
Investments:

Account Endowment Fund for Science

and Education, $50,000. Great

Northern Railway Company 5%

Coll. Gold Notes, due Sept. rst,

1920 wine eye eee eke % 48,796.88
Account John Innes Kane Fund,

$10,000. Great Northern Railway

Company §% Coll. Gold Notes, due

Account Guggenheim Greenhouse
Fund, £75,000. New York Central
Railroad Company Two Year 5%
Coll. Trust Gold Notes, due Sept.
T5th, 1919+.) sol pie She behind 72,750.00 $131,306.25
Expenses paid Through Director-in-Chief:
Account of New York City appro-
PHAONS elk oie veiw ees $101,038.54
General Accounts for Vouchers Paid.. 24,499.31
Rose Garden and Garden Extension

TOD cme, ona ee 8 ee 1,189.43
Garden School Fund................ 3,793.06
Convention Garden Fund........... 800.13
Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund. 9,316.78
School Garden Summer House Fugees 1,622.00
Stone Stairway for Rose Garden...... 1,950.00
Erection of Two Steel Flag Poles... .. 918.70
Emergency Fund.................. 2,838.91
Plant Fund for Purchase of Plants... . 114.00

Income of David Lydig Fund, for
Publications.............0.0.000. 3,201.37

(495 )
Income of D, O. Mills Fund, for Sun-

Tle S pag he atte ye yee eA craps 2,275.57
Income of Stokes Fund, for Printing . . 209.14
Income of Science and Education

UNG? cwiaw one ates y poe eeee esses 2,582.15
Income of Henry Iden Fund......... 300.00
Income of William R. Sands Fund... 317.00
Income of John Innes Kane Fund.... 543-63
Income of Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund . 697.57
Income of Addison Brown Fund..... 3,761.60

Public Lecture Fund
Sundry Accounts:

Subscription to First Liberty Loan,

for account of Garden employees...$ 5,000.00
Subscription to Second Liberty Loan,

for account of Garden employees .. 5,000.00
Income from General Investments,

Interest, $50,000. Great Northern

Railway Bonds, (paid on purchase,

later to offset by Income received). . ILL.11
Income from Investment John Innes

Kane Fund, $10,000. Great North-

ern Railway Bonds (paid on pur-

chase,later to offset by Income rec’d) 22.22
Income from Investment Guggenheim

Greenhouse Fund, interest on New

York Central Notes $75,000 (paid

on purchase, later to offset by In-

come received).......-...0-0000 197.92 10,331.25

$303,769.89

eee aa 183.50 162,132.39

Balance, being Cash in hands of
Treasurer, on deposit with Messrs.
J. P. Morgan and Company................. 35,156.42
$338,926.31
Lepcer Batances, DECEMBER 31, 1917

Permanent Funds: Credit
Endowment Fund.........0...0 0.0.0 e eee $306,010.00
Endowment Fund, for Science & Education..... 83,461.90

David Lydig Fund,
Bequest of Charles P. Daly................. 345337-86

Legacy of Wm. R. Sands..................... 10,000.00
Darius Ogden Mills Fund..................... 50,000.00
Henry Iden Legacy....................0..... 10,000.00
Addison Brown Legacy.................-..05. 21,850.00
John Innes Kane Fund.................... .. 10,000.00
Stokes Fund.................0020. 000022000. 3,000.00
Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund........ 652.30
Maria DeWitt Jesup Legacy................., 25,000.00
Students Research Fund...................... 4,003.00
Temporary Funds:
Guggenheim Greenhouse Fund................ B 92,150.57
Rose Garden and Garden Extension Fund...... 13.8
Garden School Fund..................2...... 974.94
Emergency Fund..........0..0...0..022-005. 1,606.09
School Garden Summer House Fund........... 2,378.00
Income Maria DeWitt Jesup Fund............. 15.55
Income Students Research Fund............... 351.32
Income John Innes Kane Fund................ 36.85
Income Addison Brown Fund................. 2,061.02
Income Charles Budd Robinson Fund.......... 58.32
Special Fund for Books.................. eee 151.84
Plant Fund.) 413.2505 ciate eae etc 466.32
Exploration Fund.......................0.... 24.05
Museum and Herbarium Fund................ 26.08
$658,629.86
General Investments Debit

$50, — ee & Ohio Gen’l Mtge.)
Bon

Bor Shieh hey ene ats eae nant

a Erie R. R. Co. Penn.-Coll.
Bonds 5 32:¢2¢.42ekee ies + $312,424.18

ee Reading R. R. Co. J. C.

Coll. Tr. Bonds. .............

10,000 N. Y. City, 4% Stock, 1959

(497)

Investment, D. O. Mills Fund,
$50,000 Penn. R. R. Genl. Mtg.
Bonds, 4144%.......000..00000000. $ 50,418.33
Investment, Science F Education Fund,
$10,000 N. Y. Cent. Lines Eqpt.
10,000 Louisville & Nashville Eqpt.
10,000 Balto. & Ohio Refunding
Genl. Mtg. Bds. due Dec. 1995, 5%,
5,000 Chic. Burlington & Quincy
R. R. Jt. 4s. July rst, 1921,
50,000 Gt. Nor. Rwy. 5% Gold
Notes due Sept. 1, 1920.......... 84,532.36
Investment, Henry Iden Fund,
$11,000 Milwaukee, Sparta & No.
W.R.R. Bonds................. 10,120.00
Investment, Addison Brown Legacy,
$22,000 Nor. Pac. Prior Lien Bds, 4%. 21,380.69
Investment, John Innes Kane Fund,
$10,000 Gt. Northern Rwy. Co. 5%,
Gold Notes due Sept. 1, 1920...... 10,015.62
Investment, Maria De Witt Jesup Fund,
$15,000 No. Pac. Prior Lien Bonds,4% 13,378.75
Investment, Guggenheim Greenhouse,
$75,000 N. Y. Central Lines, .1919.... 72,750.00
Investment of David Lydig Fund,
Balance borrowed from Permanent

PUG oe ster deine Aastctd a retiree ees 1,471.45
Income of Stokes Fund................ 90.99
Director-in-Chief Working Fund........ 25,000.00
General Income Account, Balance bor-

rowed from Permanent Fund....... 17,768.02

Cash in Hands of Treasurer, Jan. 1, 1918,
on deposit with J. P. Morgan & Co.. 35,156.42
Convention Garden Fund.............. 13

Greenhouse Fund.......0....00..45. 197.92
First Liberty Loan subscription,

Balance unpaid.................... 680.00
Second Liberty Loan, subscription....... 3,245.00

$658,629.86 $658,629.86

(498 )

REPORT OF THE SPECIAL AUDITOR
TREASURER’S ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR I9I17

Room 3111, Granp Centra TERMINAL
New York, March 20, 1918
Mr. Epwarp D. Apams,
Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
71 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have, by direction of the Board of
Managers, examined the books and accounts of the Treasurer of
the New York Botanical Garden, for the year nineteen hundred
and seventeen (1917), together with their proper vouchers, and
that I find the balance sheet and the Treasurer’s statement of
receipts and disbursements attached hereto to be correct.

I have also examined the various investment securities and
find the same to be as reported in the said balance sheet.

Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Stone,
Special Auditor.

(499)

Director-1n-Cuier’s ACCOUNT FOR THE YEAR 1917

Room 3111, Granp Centrat TERMINAL
New York, March 20, 1918
Mr. Epwarp D. Apams,
Chairman, Finance Committee, New York Botanical Garden,
71 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
Dear Sir:

This is to certify that I have examined and audited the
financial books and accounts of the Director-in-Chief of the
New York Botanical Garden for the year nineteen hundred and
seventeen (1917), and that I find the same to be correct, and the
cash balance to be as stated in the current cash book.

In accordance with recent practice, I have not included in
this auditing the examination of the vouchers for City main-
tenance or construction work paid for by the City, as such
vouchers have been found proper and in order by the City
authorities, and it was decided in 1904 by the Chairman of the
Finance Committee that a further examination of them was
unnecessary. By like authority I have omitted also a detailed
examination of the annual membership dues account. These
dues are received by the Director-in-Chief and forwarded by
him to the Treasurer, the former keeping a detailed record of
the same.

Respectfully submitted,
A. W. Stone,
Special Auditor.

GENERAL INDEX

PAGE
Accesss, Means0bs i232) 1n nares oes acide se peeaouty ahead wanes 179
ACCESSION Ecsite saa, ayes eadcecuces ae cuted stun ak antes, Regus sen ae 29, 119, 324, 445
Accountant. Schedule of Expenditures, during 1914.........-...-..+-.--5 Sr
GUIINg 1915 vin esadee, Geo te S he eat Oe eh ee ea eee 140
ere a Eat ss Bec tes a eee aes t et Gato ea ee ae Beaune heat tee a eaes Seat 367
uring TOL ck cantina fag ee ae Sigacm ee oe va 468
wetion pees Fund: ‘Thesis s a in hate Wee need 4, 431
Addisoniais fy: cuclnd Macduaiant Ad care ae ee eae eed ed 309, a, 435
Additional Wing to the Museum Building. Need of an...................
Administration and Organization. ......000 0... ieee eee eee 14
Administrative iicjeicccndan 28 yee ea eae denen ae eke eee 105, 310, 427
Allied Products. Rubber and......... 000.022 204
American Thorn Garden... .....00. 0.000 c cee nett eens 322
Wood Gardeninssc. sagen vera cucear ite ay eee gear a eee eh ae 119
Annual Members, for 1914..........0.0 00000 64
TOMER QT Goiches cc stare are vgn oa wines cere atson Satay is gio ieee evenness 157
LOT LOM Once ace er eh aha tia at Aen RR oe he ee ene Pace 383
LOR TOU 7 crag oo oe ate Ae 2a ea ae en LPR a oa 478
Appended. Reportss4 <cvs4foiessaae teria ageaae ou ea sleek 17, 106, 311, 433
Application of the Several Sources of Revenue............ 20000000 e cece 430
Aquatic Garden. 2.0.0.0. n nee ent eens 2
Arboretum. Deciduous..................000-0005 23, 114, 271, 318, 407, 441
Arts and Sciences. Cooperation with the Bronx Society of................ 03
Assistance and Investigations....................20.00000005 30, 121, 326, 447
Assistant Director. Report, for 1914.......00 0.20 c ccc I
fOPAOLG 2s ature Aaah xtra Cad o's aati awa ee oa Sake ae 106
LOGI 1G i,t Snare eee eae Dav mre ee et et teen Nees ae i 31L
OPUQL7 ies clawing ona poe cad d tewils hth eoaeteane 433
Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. Cooperation with
the New: Yorks «ica Sai cntter ee ord Sate enciel Aienad wie leet 103
Auditor, Special. Report, for 1914. ........ 000000. c ccc cee eee 82
(0) vad C8) ern eae tg ee oe et 176
fOF LQIO. secs aden eh ecttcdermad dean ee ewe aes Ce hh Seis athe 401
LOD AOU Fleet Ended hein wenben doahwrn innately abe adios s AGb Ags came GOS
Auxiliary; Women’s’. ci22 2022 oy yer sse teen hehe cee ede laa Brees 104, 309
Honorary Members, for 1915........0.0.0.0. 00.0 cece cece eee 168
TOE TOL etic cheesy etn stra ate cies ata Meta Actas Giants Oeoaatana tied 394
QU Jes ae ica oe ea dene dee seu hake leh tet tt ape ninth eae 490
Members, for 1914.0... 00.0 c eee eet e nett eeeneees 75
LODO G oicvo se eo Suh os eih wee ies Meee ae goog fee cl Reet arn ey 168
10) eat (0) (Pay rate a rte ere en Oe Ce ee 394
TOCIQU7 «oe tgtstae se asc eae ee Space ei ieee 489

(501)

Barnhart, J. H. Report of the Bibliographer, for 1914................... 44
FOP IOIS oA pine Aan eae seater lth, Shou a eyeing uee 132
ae se SS De iran ot eR ae cl gate te eat ie Sad watt guns ae a Man etre 339

0S) a era aCe ret eae ee at ee Ree ee eee ee ee 451

rac POR AQUA 235th is eel ates teas elk Conncmagateun a aaeaeen 61

TOT Gta tae eS tee pct ie ae eg eee ghee eee 154

A Te) cap C2) 2 Sener ev ea nO es 380

TOT 19 B7akac, hace tere aut we eyeing & seine alenh eA hg eae cay ted ete Ate ct ts 475

Beverages including Chocolate... 00.22.02. 0c ccc ccc eecee ences 208
Bibliographer. Report, for 1914.22.02... 0.200 c cece tence eet e cence

OM IQIG oie active wdhaw vies eases ges ayn ee eke cds ade Beha Pk oe 132

TORTG LG aire tox cog ok sian alan eat eae oat ee aaa ORE ota Sins 339

5 KO) cl 0) Oy 2 re Ree Te ean a et 451

Bonde. - Wiberty space. kee Se ete ee ee ees 429

Book Fund. beag Contributions to.... 2.00.2... 0.020 cece eee ee 10

Border Scree msi. icac5 wiccnew ds sates otek alee pies Sea den des gpd a es 415

Botanical Maa Wh@ wince e Sitesde ee Meanie eee eit Pies tees 203
otany. The Muscan Of EconOMi Civ G28 ines bolas vss See 203
Museum of Fossil... 00.0.0. tte es 226

f OY StEMAtICs vs it eeretan ds Pitot arth steed ell ona oe 217

Boundary Walls and Fences...... 02.0.0. ce cece ee 7, 299

Britton, E.G. Report of the Honorary Curator of Mosses, for 1914........ 3
POTTOLG sce Heche echeh t accah gs See ae aaa elena sae aaeee ee tne oe 126
for oo Pee eoat ties ane earners ana wee amie ica one en ee 331

Pitas Gara Aaea'l a adenGoua iene ara ean elcGae ous uk a meme: waa os ae

niet N L. Report of the Secretary and Director-in-Chief, for 1914. I
LOMAGIG ccs Hewes Reta UPS WE he Bihar d gee eaewe inde Me Sted lens 5
fOT 1916 oi i a ea a Se tee ee SRR a ee Ge 293
fOr O17 Has ivcee ca oe eae eee ee ee ee saree eee sey 403

Bronx River Parkway. Connection with the.................0.0..0..0.., 89

The:Gorgé:Of the 223. ected f ent eaean deli aes eae ane Gheeesae a eo 286
Society of Arts and Sciences. Cooperation with the.................... 103

Brown Fund... The Addison: f4s5354 SAeeeeieurdiaas beet eee ee ee 14

Building. Need of an Additional Wing to the Museum...................

Buildings:t40 hijiake ed toetets Peta theese 5, 48, 94, 137, 297, 364, 424, 458
and Collections. Descriptive Guide to the Grounds.................... 179
Public Uses of the. Grounds and..........0.......0 000s cee eee eee 427

Bulletinvnccasicoewas geet aah ean pment aa te pe eee 18, 108, 313, ee

Caroline and Olivia Phelps-Stokes Fund............. 0.00000 cece eee 334, 432

Chairman of the Scientific Directors. Report, for 1914....-....-....-.-., 55

OL AQIS eres ee Pee Lon ee eat ee eee 148

eee ele vled hletee ds betes a een oey ohne ey Pee a Dee a 374

I yistriatestaae coven stant atarietauedesenalente inasueadrwane Serae tae nur nee eae dime, logate as 474

Pee Budd Robinson Memorial Fund. The Contributions to............ 3
Chocolate. Beverages including............0 00. cece cece ens

s. Cooperation with Pes Suicnuidaageie Atha t ashanti vasa yaea eat ete 104, 420

Collection of Cone-bearing aaa Napa eget ecu ce tegatana cht 233

eae ci Go) to) eg 61 baer ee fe tee et lo 206
YNOPHCs 24 a2 iad oat Late eet ih hen ee ddd 30, 120, 218, 325, ie
Cie Decorative Hardy... .. 0.2... ec eee 283
eer eae Guide to the Coan Buildings, and ....................-. 179
iowa Ge Case tdi ey weak ena eden bx nate 26, I16, 320, ne

Sine illeeiacoue OF Planters seh ects eee er am ae ee es
Commemoration Fund. Garden Extension and. Contributions to......... ae

Condition of the Poor. Cooperation with the New York Association for Im-
DEUS Ee tas tter et stee cepa aie rene pete Ran Sara de Aces nee de on 103
Cone-bearing Trees. CONC CH Onl: Sitesi ace thant note Wade ais ase eels 233
Connection with the Bronx River Parkwayies oye vusadees dated ccbas ads 89
Conservatories... 0.0.0.0 0 00a 24, 114, 319, 413, 414, 441
Mle E DiC tcp ct tes ce hte at fetes tte dc ater yaa ee tn ees Cute saners atin eee 183
Conservatory Courte.4 . ia) ses ee Pe esd neg sented geen e 197
ONS sees cae gated geeekece a aes adie, gen cates Beit ae eta eee 26
Considerations. Financial...........022.000 00000 c cece 16, 105, 31
Constituent ES. ea a a Ne ee) ERO eo et gee 12
TIDUTIONS 2.0 Se eke bbe ei soar na atch 3 bee a 18, 108, 314, 435
ee Extension and Commemoration Fund.......................-4 143
to oe TO Oe Eee ee ee 9
to Public eae Fund: 2h cued ecamed ga cane eS epee eo veda eke i 307
to Rose Garden and Garden Extension Fund........................... 371
tospecial Book Fund) \s.ccscs vu duev ees ye Peak ena eee ae eas ple 10
to Students Research Fund. ..... 2.00.00. cee 297
to The Charles Budd Robinson Memorial Fund........................ 13
Convention Garden: coc 2 ice babs web heise oe eee ne eee 303, 409, 444
Cooperation with the Bronx Society of Arts and Sciences.................. 103
with the Garden Clubs............00. 0.0200 c cece eee .. 104, 420
with the Horticultural Society of New York.......00.000000000..0....... 102
with the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor.. 103

Corbett, A. J. Report of the Superintendent of Buildings and Groscds.
POTATO LA tiiins cogscecen snr eae ea nau eer ahh he, eu Secon ai ee 46
POP TOI etc fen ent ca hee oe cane are ee ieee eat aeetee 135
LOTTO UO teria eas ee reer tor ee Ac call tote a eetacaee ahh ts epe ene aia 363
GCG) et 0) Gy arte ere Se eo ean ee eee Ae ee a ee a ee 457
Corkand | Papers 2: <b fea: Comey eid ek etiod hee MeN eek ney he ee taken 213
Court. Cons Oye tee ee oe een 197
Cultivation of Drug and Dye Plants.........0....0.000..0..00.0000....... 96
Curator of Mosses. Report of the Honorary, for 1914............. 36
TOP AOU Gia acnecney een cess oral ont Bahantney ea atest 126
ae Mi ideregehe gs uy ac icacteaapae cts tah aaah cee mat tere a eh 331
RL ash a eR hte Man tle whee em amie sane to? 463
of ie oe of Fossil Plants. Report of the Honorary, for 1914 38
GO TQ bts e ecere ee A aap he en he ea ae cei os at Sten, os 128
for ass eer ea Sa erate ere a an One nan at ah te ened a ene 334
POP TOU Zig ssa nin vi dr trs oautedvtdactn ng RES Met OS eile ee oak de hell Rea ateeneies ay 463
of the Economic Collections. Report of the Honorary, for 1g14..... 35

FOP TOTS) cac ee woke pee, eae Rw a eA ae Cae, ee

Report for ee

50) cel (0) &y Aan er te See ee Ae ee eae eee ee

of the ry cone and Herbarium. Report of the Head, for 1914..........
FOP LOIS spy ay ee nth oe ae es Re Gee eee eae

LOLOL 88 stoa ita aN eee ne SRS Ga ioe cena eee chia

HOP TOUT ccd certs pte ht cp tke caece ety erin eal ee tae eea ate ae

Darius Ogden Mills Fund. ...... 00.00.00.

David. Ly dig Fund: s.00i4 ened hi cade bg Gases eenthesin ne anny eee ee

Deciduous Arboretum. The...................... 23, 114, 271, 318, 407,

Woodlands ::.. nas 2is8 eews ate stalin eee ives da ete La eas

Decorative Hardy Collections ic nace ntetig- ete se daea oat ae wea

Descriptive Guide to the Grounds, Buildings, and Collections..............

Desert; Plantes ate eto stakes ciate wea a ea uaidie aceon nl ae eating OS aes

Director, Assistant. Report, for 1914............0.... 00000 e eee eee

TOU Geode heer Ath seers Aeneas ered Aletha aillas dh ie armen clays

for see Feats Neca aotearoa Peete eeee eA ekg

TQU7 so esas se intacaving ses x eae oe ee ea ee

inChiel Secretary and. Report, for 1914..............0.....0..0.000..

POTION G case pe eee eoac nates ect tateaanin a ton eh ace ouet econ inareteatnce s

FOP IO1G sheet ese wate aaa ey eee ie ots aa en deine

TOT7 eee ne ae os od spe ee al ee is cet

of i Laboratories. Report, for 1914........0.....0 000 e eee

POD OL Gs patel etre etn as ie a ies ate ere eae a a ee

TOT TO TOS, 2 cane ei ar aa anata inate se oat ita Gee ate erate

fOP1017 a3 so igee totus weed ae Ppa aed oe eae ee yee ees

DOCENETY yee oe ee EAP Oe ee hee ea eee 21, III, 290, 316,

Drainage se sc2 odie sede were u MiSs feel Seekers 47, ae oe

Grading and a2. 04a Sa eee eee See nae Sno hse Bake la ites

Driveways. “Electric Lighting-Of thes: es intra bedi: ok ones

and Dye Plants. Cultivation of.......................-.... ee

Duties. Miscellaneous........ 06000600 tee 40,
Dye Plants. Cultivation of Drug and...................-...4..

Economic Botany. The Museum of........... 00.0 cece eee ees
Collections. Report of the Honorary Curator, for 1914.......-.

TOP TOG don eh bee aan ead Aree dea ore ee oe eye kd 1

HOP TQIO ei Sica nanag Mp ie eek th OR ee ice Pe Se eee

POT TO 1 Pic er hcectn ss qed Sue eRe Se eae hereon

_ shes Gish eahsestte ack aces ba inns Atel tee eds BER RAG ee A ts Hes 26,

Miiseum ie ete nace eae pie a yee MS eee Rain Be eae 30,

Electric ‘Lighting of the Driveways... 00.0000. 0 ote

Emergency Fund, 1917. Subscriptions to................- ieee eee ers

oe Microscope. .... 0-00. e eee enn ee 30, 120, 224, 325,

Expenditures. Schedule of, for 1914............0.0 0.000 e cece eee SI
1G UG pate utah e sh ete eee eta el eee ne Monae 140
£OF TQ1G ics euchaseh ens freee axa or Fee ent Pegs ee hee ees 367
TOP *LOL Pic pyenscee te aetna 8 eine ae eect et eae Hoe cnt ess Sedna ean amps tegen a 468
Experimental Garden and Greenhouses..................-0.-00000- 39, 129, 414
Gardens. Laboratories and............0.. 0.000 e eee eee eee ee 10, 98, -
Grounds. Nurseries and. ......0. 0000000 c cece eee ees
Explorationy.t3 ves negea Bee ee ee ee de 12, 99, 307, (20
Extension Fund. Rose Garden and Garden. Contributions to............

d Commemoration Fund. Contributions to.................0..20005
ae INatital~Atouacs cite ees eae enema ee 8, 95, a
Fellows for Lifes for 19 14 eo Sy eit ea ee es Gene heck Sa ee .

POP TOTS partes ttle tare Seanad Pe as iene cute ate Oe barre cee een 155
FOTN O1 Gee eth opt aa ected ph eee eA homed Sacer 381

LOU eee a is ee 476
Fellowship Members, for 1914... 0.0.02... 000200 eee 64

OU cece e teetactaet hee ead eae ate eee ata ae el cae 157

POTHIOE Oo cgri rae ue eu ae een aan epee Capi eeeoae SE eee ee 383
fOF T9127) fia nek Gee esa oe eee he ee be AES a a 478
Fences. Boundary Walls and...............0 000000 ccc eee eee 7, 299
PIDErS Soitirtcek ca cneseaet ie a su aera age ee ab gne aac, aon See
Financial Considerations. ..........0000 000. c cece eee ene 16, 105, 311, 428
Fixed Oils and Volatile Oils... 2.0.00 eee
Flavoring Agents. Spices and.........000. 0.0.0.0 cece eee eee 205
Flot ae, MOC ae tah ence he ease ets a rateenr te heen 30, 120, 226, 325, 446
North American... ......00.0.0 0200000 ccc 18, 107, 313
Plowér Gardens: 02h rcdpeiy gas otal ene ohare ealnyit den ook sar een les 281, 413
Fodder Plants s:3.0 eos vee aetna ee hohe hb Soon Phat oe sah a ee Le 07
POO Seite cred decease iaueiiva Saran anak vol ae apie mhigt, £m ans Cee eed Sh 215
Forest,, “The, Hémlock 0.5. 6202% 24 63.0, Oh ery oem acute bhp cee aeeldeadedis 285
Fossil Botany. Pee AiR RR 226
Plant, Museutiis 2 24ers eden tew nae aes » 325, 446
Fossil Plants. ee of the Honorary Curator of the Collection - re 1914 38
TQ Ge cece esse eat pein Serna Sonate yal San onal Rect ett 28
TOP AQ LO, fosters ae arcs ed otc et eee ete Ne deena me near aa 334

CO) Uy Ae ee a ee eee ne ee ene ae ee ee 3
Fruticetuin. ..c3ersnos a hncedted ioe adereiddes 23, 113, 260, 318, 406, 440
PUES fot, gotcha wdc nity baAhien ene Re Geo Oona Po ae eee eke tha
Fund. Addison Brown. .........000.00..0 0000.0 eee ee tee D4, 431

Caroline and Olivia Phelps-Stokes.....0 00.00.0000 20000 c eee 334, 432
Charles Budd Robinson. Memorial. saci aa een een eR Ga I

Darius Ogden Millsi.g shee gee ea pad Ke pe ee ee ee ade eee 430
David Ly digs si cuite ted Aneta de mute ea aed gan weed aan tae cteneet 431
Education. Science and. Contributions to....................... 430
Garden Extension, and Commemoration. Contributions to.............. 143
Henty) Iden 5 ot Gals Soe oes de ae ee 432

- John Innes Kane......0.. 20... etn 432
Maria De Witt Jesup... 0.000.000 ccc eee ae 431
lant. Contributions to... 0.0... cee neces 9
Public Lecture. Contributions to.. 2.0.20... 0.00 eee 307
Rose Garden and Garden Extension. cas to 371
Science and Education. Contributions to..................-.0000.0 000. 430
Special Book. Contributions to........00.0 0000 eee 10
Students Research Fund. Contributions to.....................05. 295, 432
Subscriptions to Emergency, 1917... 00.0060. c cece eet eee 466
Wilhtam- Re Sandsi:2sinusan saree net tet viketi he ata vee ects ee, 431
Garden. American Thorn.......0.00.0.000000 00 0c c eect e ee ee 322
bay etsy teh epee ota ate eas Ae ty ate areas Pe nas 116

and Greenhouses. Experimental.................0..000 00 e cece eres 39, 129
AQUatiC ons fein ude tenth diye eoieads Ceoenaie die ene adden dane: 26
Clubs. Cooperation with......... 0.0.00. c cee eet eee 420
COn VeRO ce fate ta see hart as Cale aus ca eins 303, 409, 444
OOM G canis gta eect tae erlang gets ee Antes nee 256
Extension Funds. Rose Garden and. Contributions to................ 71

nd Commemoration Fund. Contributions to............0....2.000. 143
He LDA COOUS ira Ah te te este e Mirani Metuchen Tig che a a alates , 406
TiS Gir Fac ierdlsts Ge. capa De aneiot aoy Shee yes eet nes 301, 321, 408
Mia pnoliag cca ttiatce 2 hoes seh att qecnnn er: wane aan eR eae aanen epee 21
Via MS ION, 2.255 cian Gadi cctis a dele ee BUTS isid RE AIGA Ge AE ea lna ees arhe 304, 412
Morphological s<.:22 ei asae ee eee aie me bla a sets Pee 254
Pergola. Herbaceous: 2.05 p2vcadt et eack ae eee eee epee emt 254
OSC sere scat tiene ence nent ee eae naa h nt 302, 411, 443
Meeciaomeeas tate Goce vee gare atomin nee ane eee ome a ee 12
oe Head. Report, for 1914...........00 000.000 cece eee 23
LOL AGQUS aca vedanta dea gates Cire ee we as Bee ee ey eee ee 113
POT TOI O sitet teat ie ati teak ret tees ete AR el oa 318
HOD LOU Se ee ete le ca tei et eae wie Ro ee 40
Garden OWET iu sacs dhaw dy ee ed oe Bee Pheer es 281, 413
Tabonaeres and Seimei Biases ag sy cise Sesser nes naan ee Io, 98, 306
Gila¢eand Paconiawss 2s beed ieee ss dege natant 303, 321, 410, 443
Paeonia. Lilac a aes ie svete tah arte tg te el aca ea Bs 303, 321, 443
ECS Ts ce etncays acevttn eh alte acctomeasenc cst en ceed eas cor ees agers doa arte a Ae cht 408
General Horticultural Operations...............000.....00005 26, 117, 322, 444
Matters oo cca be nea oiives Dak eee ahaa phe ee ecad Aes yee as 325, 452
Plane eee tae ee oka Beanie cet ee anne Se Remar dee ia taker 180
Gorge of the Bronx River. The.........0..0. 0.0 cece e eee 286
Grading and Drainage. ... 0.2.0.6. 0 ee eee eee 0, 296
Regulating, and......00 00.00 c ce ene 47, 135, ae 457
Roads, Paths andi2: : v2 ceeds jhe seen age eh uoee haere a a ea ae 22
Greenhouses. Experimental Garden and..............-.-.-4- 000: 9, 129, 414
Grosebeck, W.S. Accountant. Schedule of Expenditures, for 1914........ SI
FOF TOUS oe he eed Ra tee e Seka wh ae wes ene Ea es 0 ... 140
FOP TO1G fear uae ka Hee ee Beene epee need Ba ees 367

( 506 )

Schedule of Expenditures, for 1917.0... 0.00... s ccc e cece eee eens
FOUN AS ints ait ciceige se ncty tenn ge athe ipa eeae ae aes eas 49, 138, 365, 460
and Buildings. Public Uses of the..... 0.0.0... 0.0000 e cece eee eee 427
Buildings and Collections. Descriptive Guide to the.................... 179
Plerbaceoussa.2.o. seideites aden eet tener ee eee 23, 113, 318, 440
Guard-railssy 22 i wees pees seen dla Nee ae Shee , 139
Guide to the Grounds, Buildings, and Collections. Descriptive ............ 179
Hardy Collection. Decorative..........0. 00.0 c cece eens 283
Harlow, 8. H. Report of the Librarian, for 1914.....................-0-- 45
POR EOL Giraud catenin aueceta ein Save tae a eet ee eas 133
TOE LG LO ante hegre cae geet arene Neen cme eet Pl ote ne ke 341
FOP TOU? cic Senter fhe Bh se eek eed ean oa Pha a es ae 449
Harper, R. A. Report of the Chairman of the Scientific pee for 1917. 474
Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium. Report, IQI4.......... 29
OR 19 in ere terete arene ot teat ete anit kena aoa 118
TOT GLO tye ee hate MSGi, Bad cman fit Misale evened Ged ert oe 324
So) Sea Sees et eet eee ete ee Se ee ea ee 445
Gardener. Report, for 1914.........0 00.00 ccc eee cee 23
TOE DOUG ser het athe ce Ante toe ese he ck ae Un on eager 113
TOR EOE hates, ce eg tat oe Mh eee NES eae ate nee bats a 318
POT O19 teeth yn Aeon ee at ere tors ane, oceans 440
Hemlock Forest. The............000..0. 0000 eee ee 285
Henry Iden Fund eves ss ete cee betetieeunecnstee AL. Weide ogee wees 432
Herbaceous Garden..........-02.600 0000 cee eee 240, 406
Pergola............ he te ae es tt Weare itates dale 254
FOUMAG te ot cet Set, tarasind aaeaieeatondy anee kt nia eee 23, 113, 318, 440
FAS rb arias og eel c hk gh ek vauee oleh nada OE RG ete bed 30, 120, 326, 446
Herbarium. ..................2... er ee ee Leese. +232, 418
Labeling, Recording and.......................-2...... 25; ae = 2
MSta0d jects eee encase eter A es eee avant 5 305

Hollick, Arthur. Report of the Honorary Curator of the Collection of A

Platitss fOr GOYA ies 5 el la Re A ait a lintel iat na Bl cies
POR LOU Gee te ee Peet atenctacaate a peets eases a5 cree aed a ae he ee 128
£06 1910 65,2¢. shh stale RASA eed ee whe eae eed it dewendvaaeed bided 334
TOR OE hee aa se en . 463
Honorary Curator of Mosses. Report, for 1914................ 36
POD UOT Gaerne a Pee each e ha le Palen nee cigs Ans eed sd 126
for Sen ete sag etn eee es 331
bio) es 1) by Ze aR ee Rr Ara ee rete ee . 463
eee S the Collection of Fossil Plants. Report, forigi4............. 38
TQ TG sentido as aren Stren ae eed Valet leet ete a oes dale 128
he Sal ig NR ent ihe cen RS OR ORI achive a ha 334
pee cca Rely As eee SAM aha tg x ee ees es 463
pee : the Economic Collections. Report, for 1914 ....... 35
fOT TOG. faeces ane ete eee a. Gees mea dae eae eae ee eee 125
for yee Rie edhe t ec tanyt ao eee ae A toes nea aor ashe ae 330
Dee ac ihe eae ae te ate OE eran eaten TANS 0 esha 461

aoe oe fOr 1916 4 dee iS Galata Cases ee Ae ets ye
ROTO U7 e cetera es oe ee ees
Henican Operations. General..................0..0-.. 26, 117, 322, ou
ociety of New York. oo WIth the ivecewhe Pie ob vende ones
Houses.: “Power ss..c p22 .acs duck cheevatae hang aterm y eve muanien pone ay 202
Mlustrations of Plants. Colored........ 0.0.0.0 ccc cece cence ene eens 1OL
Improving the ee of the ron Cooperation with the New York Asso-~
1AHON AOR he ninten, pean eed Sieg eis ea eae eee ee es 103
Information "Public Instruction and... 20... eee 20
Tnstruction.: Public ig cinco es ching veal Shea eee a II, 99, 306
and Information, Public........0.00.00 000. ect eeneee
TNVESTISAUIONS vice hae ae medi wre anten alts Maga uis wan oe aha meeeeee 13, IOI, 309
ASSIStance 5a. uka de tee ines ale the Aes eee 32, 121, 327, 447
and meee su sedeadtendi dane ie Mie ate Chadd seatie he 28, 118, 324, 445
Sieg dete eos het ae ene 22, 40, 112, 130, es oe 440, 452
ee Students and cue crannies Poera aes 131, 337, 453
Tris:Garden sxiiasvecdd ee a ee Bk pee ee EE oes yok, 321, 408
John Innes: Kanes ieo) biskacedts ke vavadh teen ne be i dgetatee eles 432
Journal es ao, Sere tease enh ok Rn eee ae A 18, 107, 312, 434
Junior Park: League. ie oor s6 cies oan dn eee owadiaayalenge ge ial hack eees eee 333
Labeling, oo and Herbarium....................0... 25, II5, 320, 442
Laboratories 40.2.0 64 cmeia Ssive Magien vasa one oad pene baa eagex 39, 129, 233
and eee GrATenS se ya eed e arene ae 10, 98, 306
Director of the. Report, for 1914........0 00000 eee eee
TOD TOE Ste etnctenitns Ba, png tnen sete ial Otel ated haat ee cbahetacenes Salta PR ce Gre 129
FOF 1910 i is.2 saa oy oes Ye ey ee oe eee 335
OP TOV wok ches Ses Hales ga ngien ee Ia G ee Nan Ts Bh gee a 452
Lakeside Sheltéric3. as okowines wei e td de wets We eamcnhersag eanedenees 283
Lantern Slides aa Photographic Negatives. ‘The Collection of ............ 418
Teague.. Junior Parks i.c0c% oi2e eter woes aes sh GR ie ea Geeta 333
ee Fund. Public. Contributions to.............0...... 000000 e ee 307
POCUULCS 5 6 Stns oeetce ena rek At Me tas Nee tor tee need aoe coe na a 19, 109, 230, 314, 436
ie AUG cay eek He ria ah tees! ete eteacte 28, 118, 324, 445
PUG tress cesar ee Ate eta eae aaa aida AN a 19, 109, 314, 436
MOCO este oF siete tek AE te a Ai aaah me NAS A a othr Shen ee acces 21
Vo Members): a: fees pape he Baas Se eid Peas te eS ee 437
Tiberty: Bonds inset cee ane ie Sele eles ee es oe hes 429
Librarian. .Réport; for igig :. 4.2e<h. So eye gk een oe eee es 45
OPT OES eye teasts ele usc een aha a Rl ictee ate PMc each dete mci eee eet 133
1OP 1916s. oe ak She ln eh ive pe ee ee eee 341
oes a Bonde he Sa eis oy Sen tase ter a ax, eae Mesh en eo wea ek Mele Rare ele tne Sea
Sue aark o peleygesa ssc decngs Suc tte ea de At ensayo pean cee ee 10, 98, 231, 305, 419
a teas LOT TGUA wiocate eli ls os ee Be areas POLE Mae een os 62
fOr TOIS setae eee Saw ee oe oe Sheps e CR eee 15S
TOT TQ UO igre atte A ciate Megha eye eg ae ee aan ee Nate het 381

fOP 117-02 oe aes Mie ta we eres FE SE new a Smee 476

(508 )

Lighting of the wala he Plectries.ce ing pei doe eh ee eh ees
Lilac and Paeonia Gardens...........0 0.000002 cee 303, 321, 410
Lily Pools. ea Fase aed Sy ois eros Meain te ietatstn a. ail ddiea gage taeda 26
Disteor:- Periodicals +: iitsatiaucs eck igus gy py en Peta aw tae Me 342
Of Students iu. vite eee Ge ee ee dn i ee 453, 455
Loeal Floray. ‘Thes3:accgah ene cit hot teaees 30, 120, 226, 325, 446
WOR MOM htc fe tay oa ape nk te ree eet es eee ee ences
ey Garden sree catia 26 or ee 8 De od eek eee oa 321
Mansion: “The: facie oS acne hs as ee knnion Pee ee ae Ree A 283
Gardena het tet Been Aaa te ee aria eG Sia eae 304, 412
Maria De Witt Jesup: Futids .fs6 i eco ees ec ee do en ee 431
Masticatories. ‘TTobaccos and............ 00.0020 eee 208
Materials.. ‘Tanning’. cc: 9522 see eres eee pe RE ee eee
Matters... ‘Générale: coco pb cgteed eget we ea 335, 452
Meadows and River Woods. North.................0 00000 e veneers
Meatis:of Atcessixi sit cats a este ed pare set ek ee Wa ee a 179
Meetings. Scientific... .......0. 0.02020 cece ee ees 21, III, 317, 439
Members. Annual, for 1914. .....0.-.00000 cc eee 64
fF TOTS: c.phen cee wig ea nae ie ake ee eee ea ae Rae ees ee eh eis 157
LOT VV O55 oy Nace ony taht pee ies eatete Rg Ree aa eg oeat es tia Pe o 383
Fe) yf ee a a ee re ee 475
Fellowship; for 1914 .i36 osssake ils eee said oy Yaa i ee en 64
TORQ Geeta scat ns cerca soe ee See en wig to He Ge oo gta 157
TOR TOMO ey Alii at tara tte Mestalla aan ete atts ee ea ap pen a mae 383
DOT soo ee sissies pete dee tees toe Sr Stat eeg ecm eg ee tema a ses 478
Dilestor 1914s ns eo rte Ns eee Reet Las or bee eerie aaa 62
OS ict cra ge des hee nthe ey oa neon: Se nen ae 155
fOPSIQ16 ynse seen erent wresewn te nha wah eng wee et eae eae 381
DOT oe ots cert tececea Gag Sa ramen ees ae einen ends eee end 476
Sutin LOFT dete ton lc4ak an ae eRe aA es Papeete Sy Seen 64
LS Pea ssa once a tae 157
i otash tee d Gono achive aamhonyaes ye dap Gata ce x AGC gly de Ghee sec ae a ey 383
TOT QU ase eas te eet tye a ne ae ay sind neee ee Penn Aare aaa reat 478
Women’s s eee $10) a de) eee eee eee ee ee 75
PORT QE Gc ce deed hat a ee eae pe re Batata teat bea ccrnesde van (abn ei 168
OT OQ EO ers 5 ie le ccc ae a at ala ee ee reat ners, na ane 374
for — Soes aisoetatuae eticerclt ecacone teen etna toten Metedtieanen gaa tanatlacion Staats Seat 489
IVICTOITS iets hts see cet cece ence teem le ee tec ate eee aaa acy 108, 313
Menonal Fund. The Charles Budd Robinson. Contributions to.......... 13
Microscope Exhibit. The...............0 0. ccc cee ees 30, 120, 224, 325, 446
Miscellaneous Collections eee vagina ee ue aa ate eee tes een ctw 26, 116, 320, 442
TES ipo totale doth atte tena Race lae deta dle Det acide dae ay an , 129
Spee A apne eager eee oe ater Pera oestrone 209
Morphological Garden... 0.2.00... teens 26, 254
Mosses. Report of the Honorary Curator, for 1914..........0.. 00020 36
PORTO UG ori ecasegt tne aim oomare tne aon tants et eae es cies 126
fOMIQIG Hs ni trai eee had ee ee eh eee ae oak ay 331

(509)

YStEMALIC. cence eee 30, 120, es 417,
Mycologias, issu dadede hig) ehat paw cea nae es ews 18 > 313;

Natural ee OS pease ant nh eden rere oar tena dh oes nt aah oe Seed 8,
d

Need of an Additional Wing to the Museum Building.....................

aes The Collection of Lantern Slides and ane Bane nae conten

New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor. Cooperation
h

Nurseries. Esperinentl Grounds and wife's oe ecu) ceme tn S ee eee nes ok
Propagating Houses and.............. 0.2 e eee eee eee eee 25, 115, 319,

— : toot aerate ea Stel tte test a ee ee etal tet ye ect ee en orn

Operations. Cenca and sear ee De eee ee 26, II7, 322,
Organization. Administration and..... 2.000... 00 cee cee

Paeonia Gardens. a0 ANG a cemierna hay oe eos eae noe 303, 321,
Paleobotanical Museu Sy thd Raat ene teen ee eae ee nes

Junior
Parkway. Connection with the Bronx River.................-0.0.200.05.
Parsons, H.G. Report of the Supervisor a cone Instruction. ........
th

Paths. Grading. Roads and ........0... 0.0.00. c cece cece neces 422
Roads: Ande ienctcx gf ta arn elles Benedetheate a 2a: 4, 91, 136, 295, 364, 458
Patrons; fOr 1914 i) Gist ee aerate le Pa heed vy wenn ube nee homes ote 61
TOT eee a nes a ee ee ees 154
POE NOLO cork epluscd a eh eee ata, Reh be Gana Ae tabets aay teehee can 8 aati Sat 380
EKG) 6 12) by Zire ee ee een eee ee 475
TERY teeta nce paces eae ena ax eaten panaanten Manne 205
Pergola. Herbaceous Garden..........00.0.0000 00000 eee 254
Périodi¢als List-Of a3 aida in eee tated ale Ree ea oe es Bes 342
Personal Investigations................... 22, 40, II2, 130, 317, 336, 440, 452
Phelps-Stokes Fund. Caroline _ Olivia. docte wad gd tises fone ies eekay 334
Photograph Exhibit. The Plan 30, 120, 226, 325, 446
asl iia ttn The aie of Lantern Slides and............ 418
Pine Plantat: WHI cc cnatadasy beeen rly Me ideeate tems 304, 322, 409
PANG EUM sete trea Goer acta eee ee ok tre ...24, 114, 233, 319, 408, 441
laps > Général emcee oie bery were ele Pavaidee, Gye ea umn aedeots 180
Plans: . “Surveys:andis¢.ceesase visae ies ueenihlgamegh cheese rye: avena’ 88
Plant Constituents.........00.0.0.00 0020 c eee 212
nd ONntributions: tO cestode ye ed HEAL ep ev been aw Ree 9
Museum. SU esata een ene eee Sa ace Aneta 9, 119, 325, 446
Phoeack Exhibit if Bol eae ee ee eee ee are 30, 120, 226, 325, 446
Plantation. Systematic.............. . 23, 113, 240, 318, 440
WihitesPineicecnwetei hae ee Maids teas deeemenieed 304, 322, 409
Planting. Plants BUG ean nm et peta ay De ae 8, 95, 300, 406
Plants.and: Planting ie aieiie ceceae os ey eae La ee ee 8, 95, 300, 406
Colored. Illustrations of......0 000.0 eee IoI
Cultivation of Drug and Dye...- 2.220000 ee 96
OSERt bc sca saatiaey hace Hein cane agar adoeduia a a ue haar tae Laie ase 26
Fodder ii. 28s ia hee u ee Gia Aaitieat chats Deep Bt a agate tale AO ath eas 207
Preservation of Native. . Ree Career eae 12, 100, 308, 334
Pools. Conservatory Lily... 00000 cece es 2
Poor. Co pales with the New York Association for Improving the Condi-
tionof the Poors. 2ctusGuan, Bedtaes auch sai tiles saa cPeidekaads 03
Power Hi a iehisha ee tetle ued POTN Soot de Ache Vaialacttiens itnthoaise 202
Preservation of Native Plants.................... 12, 100, 308, 334
Products. Rubber and Allied.....0..00000000000 000 ee 204
Propagating and Experimental Greenhouses.................-....... . 414
Houses and Nurseries.............0.0.0..0.0000000 00000000005 25, 115, 319, 441
Public Conservatories. The................ fae cite te Se ote ees ae 183
Tristruction geil ngs eek aaa ees eek ee RES ees II, 99, 306
and Information....................0...... ee ee eee 420
Lecture Fund. Contebarions TO ictoes ne aien ote peat ceo ank wee es 307
Och ate tafe eesti te ea he ty age pe eh ee eR a 19, 109
Uses of ‘he Grounds and Buildings...........0.0.........0...200200205. 427
Publications e222 c+ eee ees ea ta ee ae ee 18, 107, 312, 434
OND 5 fetes eg se ah achat eet hte ae ee eae, acta 3, 435
Bulletin. . Boe Bea ho Aah apetce mas Sieg Meese! 18, 108, 313, 435
Cantnbutione aa Gta ny ee renal eS yuan eeiaa cnet! 18, 108, 314, 435

Mycologia... 00.0.0 c cee ees 18, 107, 313,
North American Flora... 20000000000 cece ccc cece eee ee 18, 107, 313,

BES ot nthe Sse eee en ett hee ee rere tan en rie ae tegen aaa fe
Recording and Herbarium. Labeling........................ 25, IIS, 320,
Regulating and Grading............000000.0.0.0.0 0-0 ees eee 47, 135, 363,
Report. Assistant Director, for 19%4....0.0.00000 00 cece cece cece eee eee

OP DOUG cee: aie eaten Ai ee dated eae eet eet oe een diate oe teeta

oe POR TQM A ere ister, oe es ne he eee nnd Aenean aces 45

OL Gea ee ae te tie eran acte ee he en oa ented 133

for TQ16 is oh ooh nee ee 4S See a vege he on co eg eee re 341

DO) 7 2 ae a ee ee eg ce eee 449

Sees and Director-in-Chief, for I914..........0..0000.-0200005 00a I

TOE EOD ig eres ete aah cicates aeteaatehs ce ean ee ae son cares as 85

for ee ae Mat ey eee Sey neh ety ace sane he eee area Sea ee 293

OUP adh ase os eases Hanan ee Rl ae eae 403

Special Auditor; {06 1914s cs foe og es ie Ee ees 82

fOP TOUS: ae eee eye eee AR Aaa e ed dad naman by eens ee 176

TD QT Oia he hut en es tenes ce eo en 401

TOT sar garcia eee aioe’ Sera ae ae inet e mg aae yee dare 498

ee of Buildings and Grounds, for 1914..............-.220.. 46

TOT 5 ea ee ue Ge eae ee nee 135

BOTT 1G 5 seni et set aes ish a ar ree Meet Eh occas ea 363

IQ 07 6 het he te a eee eta am ata ater oe tates seein Bee 457

Supervisor of oa Instruction, for 1917.............--220222000-- 454

Treasurer, for 1014s. 2 sieadeycietdaws acpea eto e ee as eres 76

TOP TO UG feet Nie ae han bee Nee at Sh et ee a ae Ae ono on 169

for oa atin ate ai oe cesta eS ge ee eee 395

DOR TOU 72 oor Seshadri oe koa ete a ee sista ca aa ser ain as 491

Repo Sere Be Be nate tare glare cng ec Aen aie fa oecouee Bae Me 17, 106, 311, 433

Research Hes — to Students..........00....0...0.00-. 21, os
OSES ade ep capac e teases otta pds ekce tae tnt avs east ees oe nate et oe te Bere aera ee a

Revenue. Application of the Several Sources of................00.2...2.. ee

Rhododendron Banks............ 00... e cee eee 26

River. The Gorge of the Bronx............000.0.00 oe eee eee ae
Woods. North Meadows and..........00 00.0000 eee ee

Roads and Paths....................... 4, 91, 136, 295, 364,
Paths:and Grading: icc: cose cate atl, eee aie we whan Pee

Robinson Memoal a The Charles Budd. Contributions to.......... ‘3
OSC DCO eo aoa one ie SED tee a ed Sethe ahem 2 DE SLR, EE iets Ae Salat Man Bay aces Rd oh Bay

Garden sssgctatcnas ane tara ae alae Gheret ides aN d Rts 302, 4II, ve

and Garden Extension Fund. Contributions to.....................- 371

Rubber and Allied Products... 2.2.2... 0 0.0 eee 204

PUNE Gs ers ees tatheacet eas et aves oe Ractte oat olin esta A Me is ees ae ate A a tec

291
Rusby, H.H. Report of the Chairman of the Scientific Directors, for 1914. 55
2 148

dup A Age etal yee es tat hana Peau Seimei aa wren ee een ea 74
Reson of the Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections, for 1914. 35
POTS TO Ui ciers exact na pew arenstay stain a tute Seley Scone aetna cake Sera rei 125
BOS eo) Sc ee ee aa ese ae Te 330
TORSION site ei ARR R Re wk eh acete Gem emenes Badan Muon eee ghana 461
Salicetuin 02 es eee ee ae ee eee 23, I14, 318, 407, 441
Schedule of cata During the year 1914.............0............ st
During the year 1915... .........2..0-50..0000000.. gna aaa ... 140
During the year ee aaa eye neha pee Pit tem ay ea iecnaee Oe 367

School — ed cgan tive dd akut ims Agta aayiea near Coca apeyeneycn antes bis aepines aos 412
CCLULES ete Sc, ean nach vente Noe eee i adda le aaah eee eens 21
Scholars Special Investigators, Students and....................00200.. 453
Science and Education. Contributions to.. 2.2.2.0. 00.0.0. c cece cece eee 430
Sciences. Cooperation with the Bronx Society of Arts and................ 103
Scientific Directors. Report of the Chairman, for 1914................... $s
Ti ei ee cece ann erege see aie ee ae Sage ap Seaham tec secdy teem ced ENR de netics oe det eet AO el 148
TOC AO LO cereale nie oes sence, Oe aot Gane ohh acct Rune hie Patan ee 374
AC0) oes Ce) Gy Sante reece ee cr ooo eer 474
Meetings rot caeen ce Sa e Renee at ate eee ae 21, ITI, 317, 439
Greens, “BOrden Act asec npertnulontecrd shots smmone uit eta sete ean ened 415
Scrymser, J. A. Report of the Treasurer for 1914...............000000005 76
TOT AO UG et neem to catia ong aa ae ean pais cre es ane trace 169
S TQ LO gece ey eam ta ance eine mut cnenanientne areusne aaa aueitan es 395
TOD) e a ein pees ci ooh heat ea yaetaee Ape n 491
pias and Director-in-Chief. Report for 1914............-.-.....00... I
OT ae se eee een a per nase rales eng eaten meh citar ae 85
TOT 1G LO irc eo ata eased ie ie er eect te cee ete ete Rea net 293
PORTO EJs cat etna eats saees, teas am ghearetetentt hte eh cet conga ehatlakntats aad 403
Several Sources of Revenue. Application of the.......................-5. 430
phelter::. Lakesid@s 20 )e.2 ee cited clin Sodas ete edhe he Laat 283
Shrubs. Collection of ............00 0000s 260
Slides and Photographic Negatives. The Collection of Lantern............
Small, J eport of the Head Curator of the Museums and Herbarium
POT IO C4i oie eee Satter sictnt id 4 cubis wysion tae ed asst
LORI QU 5 rice. cciess ee St wien AAs we A eee ee Re ee oa BY 118
POT TOQUE Hatten aie teen ae en eG ne arn ae eine ote eae 324
QE esr et peg tnees ah Rate cette ta hansen ys oh oath cette Rta Uae eine 445
Society of Arts and Sciences. Cooperation with the Bronx................ 103
ew York Cooperation with the Horticultural....................... 102
Sources of Revenue. Application of the Several...............0..00....0.. 430
Special es Report, for 1914.....0.000 0000 e cece tenes 82
OS sc acini phos waa aheaet ere ad bee aa eee ab ete 176
for Ae Oe Soe uae eta Pew ae ay Waid ang PETE Ae ee banners 401
ET eh ea ae ee IS! Oe on Ce hae Nill Sain sg ee i 498
Book Fund. Contributions to.........00 00.000 eee 10
Investigators, Students, and Scholars............0.0..000.0 0000 e cee eee 453
Specimens. Miscellaneous.............0.0.5 00002 c eens 209
Spices and Flavoring Agents... 10.6006... 205
DEATCNES erat pense Mane Ae eae arnee She eels 213
Stone, A. W. Report of the Special Auditor, for 1914.................... 82
AOR IOUS ocho iret gee here ee aaa ne pee ed BR WAP RGSS 176
i ae B pues, neat At eaeteea nan ce eee oe ta ai on ce 401
O17 sisi ede eae hha tl adil ASyae cee win, ore amen na 498
ce + B. Report of the Director of the Laboratories, for 1914.......... 39
TOR 1OUG vie ee eee wae nea ea anne ae eee ems ana 129
{OR AGI cree ae cee ater eae eee ge te ene ares ca 335

Students and Investigators..........0.0500 000 e cece eee , 131, 337
and Scholars. Special Investigators........... ee eo eee 453
DeISt OL Aa Pctatnice oot na ety Siete ath UA ated nes memes Ramee dead 453
Research ui Contributions to........0.00..0 000 cece eee 5, 432
tudy: ACU e iced cette a neha aie crienee oe alse ea eee IIT, a 438
Stuffs. Cia tate cnen aie Belay ie Pasa en AA eer are tee 206
a to the Emergency Fund, 1917.. ..............02.. 00200005. 466
Bilas te inacais nate Peeteune cents aa at ehh tee 214
See of Buildings and Grounds. Report, for 1914.......... 46
LOEG oor cauenan oe testa a ieee ene 135
POTTOL Os. nhc og tea nasa ees eG ae eas ee 363
POR TOT? ee hsehh aparece nexe dowd oopeesee bce ese eae 457
Supervisor of — Instruction. Report, for 1917................... 454
DSUpply > Water it ai deg red alee tate ini eee te ata ane 5, 93, 297
Surveys and Plan DS eae ees ee noe os ene eee eee 88
Sustaining Members, for 1914..... 0.0.00 0 0b eee 64
TOP AQT face pies oie etn ak Acco dBi 157
fOr 1910. «24.4 ce 2.0 Se Bee eee ee i oe oe Se es Se, Ee Leo Bs 383
OF IQR 7s iti. sain atest tntegeka 2 a eiehetins aude aetna 2 478
Synoptic oe PERG ran teins ttn CRIS, cineca oe 30, 120, 218, 325, 446
System. Water.................02.0..02005. gal Rac abiget ae ee th rte dalt 459
Systematic Boca: The Museum of.......... (is & Aagareds . epee B17
Museum. The..................0........ ..30, 120, 325, 417
Plantation..... cers — .23, 113, 240, 318, 440
Tanning Materials............... 207
Thorn Garden. American................. 22
Tobaccos and Masticatories...... ee 208
Treasurer. Report, for igt4................ 76
TODO UG areas ce Sate hit enter te he coi aats 169
FOR IQIO. tes 8 Got ¥etaetyl Lecvaneeekies.. eden Weddens 395
PORTO Tete aa eae eek 491
Trees. Collection of Cone-bearing................ 233
Uses of the Grounds and Buildings. Public.......00000......00......... 427
VitCetMs vied ey caaam eee ees ahedase ty 24, 114, 259, 319, 408, 441
ve Oils, Fixed Oils and............. : Maa, iat Cae wie 209
Walls and Fences. Boundary.............. 7, 299
Water a Di a lot eect, abet tts ... 408
DUP Visdern dee Soon ba 4 Saou lee 3, 93, 297
System... .......... bg ine ast ies ie es iat oe 459
White Pine Plantation eee ere eee ei wenn ste $3OK. BPS 409,
William R. Sands one, eden tds yA tine tetael Senate wlan’ 2. Ss os . 431
Wing to the ae Building. Need of an Additional. .... ioe cae aa 6
Women’s Auxiliary... 2... eee Seer eee TO4, 309
Honorary Members, for 1915...... 20.00.0000. 2c ee 168

OU Fe 8 etic diciney eX Muschi teen ea Ba Palen nace hdd Aalenebeokadks 490

Members TK) Ss 6 9 0a ee eae 75
TOE IOIG uae ctu Ge fe ctiee cca eigen ean tan aml Mesias 168

for ae Settee aaee ec Gelber beaten cecinae, bueetn Sonate teat eaten hata oy 394

Tafa eae ede eae da tea Anette eh wen Rea A Rete sate tateete 489

Wood Garden. American. ......0..000 0000 ccc cece cee eens 116
cra ADCCIGUOUS io oeih eng encanta eat Sete tatstot ind enue detent 287
Saat aerate a Mca nRe Peta Styles entasens eseaenntale! 217

Nore Meadows and River....0.0 0.00 cece evens 286

24, 234
Abation 40, 43
216

oe. 201
peice 189
Acanthorhiza, 183

cer, 2
Acrocomia, 183, 461
Aechmea, 202

Andreaea, 22
Angraecum, 201
Annona, 4
Anthurium, 185, 191
Antidesmt
Aquilegia, 42

Aucuba, 196

Baccharis, 270
Bambusa, 184

GENERIC INDEX

Carludovica, 184
Carnegiea, 188, 189
Castalia, 191

strum, I se
Chamaecrist.

9
ichorium, 40-42, 130, 337, 452
inchona, 4!
Cinnamomum, 195
atrus, 461
occothrinax, 183
odia
ie rr, ae 337
mmeli

Bougainvillaea, 196 upre.

Bromelia, 192, 461 '"ycas, 199

Buddleia, 2 ‘ymphyllus, 242

Buxus, 'ynoxylon, 268, 280

yperus,

Calamites, 228 Cyphomandra, 461

Calamus, 183 ‘ypripediunt, 202

Calathea, 185

estab edie 195 Penner, 188
Carex, 41, 131, 132, 151, 242, 337 Decodon,

Carica, 461 De 201

(516)

(517)

Dendrophycus, 228 Kalanchoe, 187
Digitalis, 252 Kee. 279, 445
pe 280

267 Lactuca, 254
fies 194 Larix, 237

Leitner, a
Echinocactus, 189, 190

Echinocereus, 189; 190 Lepidodenron, ‘ae eae
Ecchinopsis, 189 eon yam
Enephalartos, 199 Ze eat
Epidendrum, 202 bs :
Epiphyllum, 189 Ligustrum, 43
Equtsetum, 223 ae 2 8
Eucalyptus, 195 Lae oe
Fie we 266 Liquidambar, 276
Diener aia 329 Lycopodium, 22
Pu a5 Lythrum, 452
Ficus 195
Fissidens, 126, 332, 464 ; sesh oe
Forestiera, 26 Macroplectrum, 201
F rsythia, 235, 268 alus, 277
Fragaria, 247, Maranta, 1
Fraxinus, Marasmius, 11
Frullania, 225 Marcgravia,
Funaria, 223 Martinleria, 461
Gallaxuara, 328 ; been 90
eis 253 Mellicocca, 461
a 71a, 187 P ercurialts, 40, 129, 151
ie 19 ] GM ate 187, 245
NREO, 240 f duos
Gleditsia, 278 Mimosa,
ongora, 202 l onstera, ies. 4
Gossypium, 204 Muhlenbe ‘chia, Be
1d, Musa, 193, 4
Harrisia, 189 Nem 123
Haworthia, i
eee Neowasngona, 196

33
Hibiscus, 41, 130, 151, 267, 336, 337, 452,yepent enthes, 20

ba
Hicoria, ie 273 Nicotiana, e0E AS?
oes Bia, 202 Nyctocereus, 189
Hy. i he 251
Feerns 189
‘ymenocallis, 184 Oncidinm

Hypericum, 267 Onge. ie 190, 198, 249
461

Ocvnothera, 250

Osteomeles,
Lbervillea, 188 Oxalis, 461
Tex, 284
Inga, 461 Pachistima, 266
715, 282 Pachycereus, 189
Lsoetes, 223 Pachyphytum, 187
Paconta, 24
Juglan. Pandanus, 185

Leterme 8 Papaver, 461

(518)

Pe ee 201 Salvinia, 191
Passiflora Sam » 27
lee a Sansevieria, 184
Pentstemon, 269, 329 argassum, 219
Pep ‘a, 200 Sarracenia, 194
Pereskia, 189, 1 Saurur
Pereskiopsis, 190 Schizocapsa,
Phalaenopsis, 201 Schoenocaulon, 123
Phaseolus, 42 Sciadopitys, 238
hellodendron, 278 Scolithus, 22
Philadelphus, 262 Sedum, 187, 246
hilodendron, 185, 191 Selenicereus, 189
hlox, 40, 43, 4 Semperviwum, 247
Phoenix, 183 Seq ;
Phormium, 195 Sigillaria, 128, 228, 229
Phyllanthus, 200 olanum, 461
Phyllocactus, 189 Sphagnum, 22
Physalis, 461 Stangeria, 199, 229
Phytolacca, 245 Stanhopea, 20
Phytopsis, 228 Stapelia, 187
Picea, 234, 235 Staphylea, 266
Pieris, 27, 268 Stigmaria, 229
tlea, 200 Streliizia, 193
Pinus, 236, 321 Stuartia, 267
Piper, 200 Symphoricarpos, 270
Pisum, 43 Syrt: 269
iutcairnia, 202
Plantago, 337, 452
Pleurothallis, 202 Tacsonia, 461
umalina, 22) Taxodium, 237
dophyllum, 246 Taxus,
Polanisia, 24 hea
Polemontum, 251 Theo — 6s 209
Polygonum, 244 Thibaudia
Pontederia, 242 huja, ee
Populus, 271 Tillandsta, 202
Primula, 129, 131, 151, 250, 338 Toxylon, 27
Procris, 200 Trichomanes, 329
Pseudolarix, 238 Trigonocarpon, 228
Pseudotsuga, 233 Triticum, 40
Prelea, 265 Tsuga, 234, 321
Tule 15
Quercus, 213, 274 ‘umion, 194, 238
ide 453
Remijia, 461
Reseda, 246, 452 ee 275
Rhabdocarpon, 228
Rhe dia 46 Ta
Rhex Pevbascum 40, 130, 151, 337) 452
Rlodotendron, 26 Peroni
Riccia, 12 Teae ie
Robinia, 278 Xanthoceras, 266
Rodgersta, 247 NXanthorrhiz a, 261
Rubus, 264, 461 Nylophylla, ee
UumMex, 244
Russula, 112 Yucca, 188
Sabal, 196 199, 2
‘accharum, 191, 214 Zante a

Sagittaria, 241 a,
Salix, 271 Tiber 193

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NEW — Baha jenaa GARDEN
x Parx, New Yorr Crty

OFFICERS 1918
Pres1pDEnt—W. GILMAN THOMPSON
VicE-PRESIDENTS ANDREW CARNEGIE

FRANCIS LYNDE STETSON
TrREASURER—JAMES A. SCRYM

ASSISTANT TREASURER—JOHN L. MERRILL
Secretary—N,. L. BRITTON

1. ELECTED MANAGERS

Term expires January, 1

MURRY GUGGENHEIM ae NeIs Lynpe STETSON
ADOLPH LEWISOHN YLES TIE

GEORGE W. PERKINS Toure Cc. Harte

Term expires ede
EDWARD D. ADAMS ee - SnvceE
ROBERT W. ve FOREST lene Y W. ve FOREST
J. P. MORGAN DANIEL GUGGENHEIM
Term expires cuties

N. L. BRITTON WIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS
ANDREW CARNEGIE FREDER Ic R. NEWBOLD
W. J. MATHESON

W. GILMAN THOMPSON
2, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS

THE eect OF THE City or NEw York
N. JOHN F. HYLAN
THE PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PuBLIC Parks
HON. WILLIAM F. GRELL
3. SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS

PROF. R. A. HARPER, Chairz
PROF. CHAS. P. BERKE

n
Y PROF. FREDERIC 5:
EUGENE P. BICKNELL PROF. HERBERT M. RICHARDS
DR. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER PROF. HENRY H. RUSB
PROF. WILLIAM J. GIES H

ON. ARTHUR S. SOMERS

GARDEN STAFF

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. A. MURRILL, Assistant Director (Administration
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DR. MARSHALL A.
DR.

WILSON, Associate ato:
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ee V. NASH, Head Gardene
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DR. TEN “HENDLEY B NHART, Bibliographer
; Pet Librar rian
DR. H. H. RUSBY, Honorary Curator of the eee Collections
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DR. A

NRY G. PARSONS, Supervisor of Gardening Instruction