JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
VOLUME XXxV, 1934
PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE
DAVID LYDIG FUND
BEQUEATHED BY CHARLES P. DALY
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
EDITORS
MARSHALL A. HOWE
and
CAROL H. WOODWARD
VOLUME XXXV
WITH 47 TEXT-FIGURES, AND ONE PLATE
1934
Published for the Garden
AT LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA.
THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY
THE NEW YORK het tia GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGE
. ELECTIVE eras
Until 1935: L. H. Bamey, Toomas J. D Fretp, Mrs. Exo:
Huntincron Hooker, Joun™ L. Mesgit Wie. ee aaa Treasur er), ahd
H. ie Porter.
Until 1936: ArtHur M, Awperson, Henry W. ve Forest (President),
Giapen ce eae. E. D. Megas (Director and Secretary), Henry pz La Mon-
Bree aie Sa ssistant Treasurer & Business Manager), and Lewis RuTHER-
FuRD Morr
Until ee Henry vE Forest BaLpwiIn BAe presen’). GEORGE =
Brewster, CHILDS aoe ADOL: Lewisoun, Henry Locxuart, Jr, D.
MacDoucat, and Joseru R. Sw.
FICIO MANAGERS
Froretto H. ee Te of the City of re York.
ee Moses, Park Commissioner.
orcE J. Ryan, President of the Board of Education.
Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGE
ase cS Hazen, ah noite by the no Retail ae
R. A. Harper, Sam F . TRELEASE, pe . Stnnort, and Marston T.
Bosert, ‘appointed by Columbia Univers
GARDEN STAFF
E. D. Merrit, Sc. D. Dir
MarsHatt A. Hows, PRD SC. Dias: xa cea es ih ote aoe Dire
H. A. Gueason, Pu es
oHN K. SMALL, Pu. D, DG Da aie Chief Research Associate ae Curator
\. B. Srour, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories
Frep J. SEAVER, Pu. D., Se. D. Curator
ERNARD O. Donce, PH. p t Pathologi
forMAN T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ........ Supervisor of sh ic Education
OHN HENDLEY BarNuart, A. Pa, 4 D.. .Bibliographer ge es Se ett
e Cur
LBERT C, SMITH, Pu. D. tee
ARAH H. Hartow, A. M. 4 dicta
1.H. Ruspy, M.D. ......... Honorary Curator of ve ve nomic Collec
LEDA GRIFFITH and Photographer
OBERT S. WILLIAMS .......-.00. cece eens Research “Associate ae Bryolog
. J. ALEXANDER . ee Curator and Curator of the Loc Herbarium
Tarotp N. MoLDENKE, PH. As. ee nt Curator
LYDE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant
OSALIE WEIK Technical Assistant
‘AROL H. Woowar; A Editorial Assistant
HomMaS H. Everett, N. B. Hort. Horticulturist
ENRY ‘Tedscnen, Horr. Dendrologist
. L. Wir x A. M. Docent
OBERT Tages diss pe a eaethad Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes
THEL ANSON S, Pec . Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Calle hans
ALTER S. GROESBECK lerk and Accountant
Artuur J. CoRBETT .............- Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
MEMBERS OF THE oe
Arthur M. Anderson
*Mrs, Arthur M. Anderson
George P. Bret
Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise
H de Fore
Moreau Delano
Vv . M. Denslow
s. Carl A. i. eae
* * Member ee the Hoes
urry Guggenl
ie ard S. ee
of. R. A. Harper
Hav er
Capt. Henry B Heylm:
t, Jr.
*Mrs, William ‘, Lockwood
Dr. D. T. MacDougal
*Mrs. ne Ives Mackie
ak Manville
B. Y. Morris
Prof. Henry F. Osborn
Chas. Lathrop Pack
*Mrs, Augustus G. Paine
*Mrs. James R. Parsons
‘y Council
ory Council.
£C of th
ll a of the ‘Advisory Council.
§Treasurer of the Advisory Coungil
Rufus L. Pat
*Mrs. Wier Peckham
*Mrs, George W. Perkins
ipps
e
Joh nL. Redmond
arias “Mills Reid
Joh ocke ao
Prof.
oe
e ey ae
Mrs. Hebert L. ae
beer M. Schiff
*Mrs, Arthur H. Scribner
J. E. Spi
Mrs. Charles H. Stout
Nathan Straus, Jr.
Frederick Strauss
. Th shane Strong
Grenville L, Winthrop
Jo . Wister
*Mrs. William H. Woodin
Richardson Wright
TABLE OF CONTENTS
No. 409. JANUARY
Dwarf Daylilies I
Dyed, Gilded, and Silvered Decoratives ...........0.0..0000. cece 9
Exhibit of ‘Aquatic Plants at Garden 16
Native Iris Notes— 17
Ornamental Ladies’-tresses 19
Conference Notes for December 19
A Glance at Current Literature 21
otes, News, and Comment 23
No. 410 Fresruary
Act of Incorporation of The New York Botanical Garden (as
Amended, 1933) ssn. c lil vrata eaaiee ne rat ote eee valle wae
Provisions of the Charter of the City of New York for Maintenance
as Amended, 1933
Constitution and By- Laws (as Revised, 1934) ........0..00000c 00000 32
Mycologia Endowment Fund 39
Conservatory Range No. 1, as seen from the air ..................... 40
Witches’ Brooms on Southern Whe ee whit a2 Le HEELS Betenases Al
Hotbeds and Coldframes 46
House-plant Culture Made y 50
Small’s Rise nual a ay jou tem POT ay civic naman wae 53
A Glan t Cur 57
Lectures Scheduled tor March, April, and May ......0.0 0.00.00... 62
Notes, News, and Com 63
No. ApRIL
Annual Report of the Director for the Year 1933 ...................
Treasurer’s Report for the Year Ending December 31, 1933
California Wild oe Exhibited by the Garden at the International
Flower Sho 88
Notes on the Garden’ s Additional Displays 94
Notes, News, and Comment 06
No. 413. May
Elizabeth Gertrude Bri
Memorial and Recliner of the Advisory Council
Report of the Southern Appalachian Benes
Professional Gardeners = plete Science Cou
tes, News, and Comme:
No. 414. June
Hardiness in Plants 12
New Roses from Pers 131
en of the “Southers oe Expedition—II ................ 132
rids between the Necklace Cottonwood and the Large-leaved
SPON: faci ted vida nate qa arpa ace gah Bag oe acne 140
Two Tneorant New Books for Gardeners 143
vii
viii CONTENTS
No. 415. Jury
Honors Won by Botanical Garden at Westchester Flower Show ...... 145
Native Ferns of The New York on ee at weed ace .. 148
Hardiness in Plants eave aa from the June aie) .. 152
Notes, News, and Comment .......... 00.000 e cece cere eee 167
No. 416. Aucust
Nathaniel Lord Britton, 1859-1034 ........ 0.0060 c cee cee eee eee eee 169
ee aoe. Branch? 180
Dr. Stout Does Honor to the Daylilies .. 185
Controlling the Hollyhock Rust . 186
tribution of Seedlin Daylilies 189
w Books for Amateur Gardeners and Naturalists ................. 190
A Glance at Current eit ute fe
Notes, News, and Com
No. SEPTEMBER
Ferns within One Hundred Miles of New York City ................ 107
Trifolium virginicum in See 08
The Elizabeth Gertrude Britton ss Herbarium is Established ..... 210
Science Course for Professional (oe deners Enters Third Year ...... 212
ublic Lectures Scheduled for September, October, and November ... 213
A Glance at Current aoa 213
Now News, and Com 216
No. 418. Ocroser
After-effects of the Winter 217
a oc Seeds of Alnines from the Peal the White Mountains... 221
s in Flower-borders This Year at Boece Garden .......... 29
Goirelaicn of the Economic rae — the Herbarium .......... 230
Courses of Stu oo for 1 232
Mycological 233
eviews 234.
A Glance at Current Literature . 230
Notes, News, and Comment . 238
No. 419. NoveMBER
: a American Herbarium 241
e 1934 Bee Collection 245
Wass Injury of Hybr'! a Rhododendrons 250
Aristolochia — difor 252
The Republication of Pandenentsl Botanical Works of Japan ........ 254
Year-Book of American Amaryilis Society A
Two A rchids
es, News, and Comment
No. 420. DECEMBER
lant i quae e in. ae piece mathe yet 261
Studen ,
Gold Mel for Food ne eae at Fall Flower- show : cae ee
Bequest from the Will of K. K. Ma ne le) A sane een ere er ee -.... 286
Lectures Scheduled for ae Winter Months |.......... |, ... 286
Notes, News, and Com: one Ree
Index to Volume XXXV ooo. veveeeeeeeeeeseeecee creer ee ee. . 289
yoo DAYLILIES
A. B. Sto
DYED, areal cle SIL ILVERED DECORATIVES
‘Arp J. Al
“EXHIBIT OF AQUATIC PLANTS AT GARDEN
NATIVE IRIS NOTES—I
Joun K. Smatt
ORNAMENTAL LADIES’-TRESSES
Joun K. Smau
CONFERENCE NOTES FOR DECEMBER
A. B. Stout
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE
: Carot H. Woopwarp ‘
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
oN a
ed at the eas 2a, in Lancaster, on ‘as second-class matter.
4 a
CTIVE aatiagee 4
I. ELE
Until 1935: L. H. Battey, THomas J. Doten, MARSHALL D, Mrs. Eto:
H. Hooker, ea K. Mackenzie, Joun L. MERRILL i epemaens and
tien Ge. d H. Hopart Porter.
ee ArTHUR M. AwpERson, N. L. Britron, Henry DE Forest
edicts) CrareNnce Lewis, E. D. MERRILL " (Direttor He saa
Henry DE LA MONTAGNE, JR. (Assistant Treasurer & Business Manager), a
Lewis ae HERFURD Morris.
Until 1937: Henry De Forest Batpwin (Vice-president), Gzorce S.
BREWSTER, A Caguie PHen AvotpH Lewisoun, Henry Lockwart, Jr. D. T.
MacDoueat, and JosrePH R. SWAN
II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
Froretto H. La Guarora, Mayor of, the City of New York.
Rosert Moses, Park Commission ‘
GerorcE J. RYAN, Ce of the Board of Education. ;
PPOINTIVE MANAGERS 4
III
a ye pica wine ie the carey Botanical Club.
AM ASE, eae INNOTT, and Marston ay
ee ipposnien by C anbint Uni 1vers'
DIRECTOR rca
L. B D. LL
RITTON, oS
GARDEN STAFF oe
E. D. Merrm, Sc. D. ........... Director
Mansnate A. Howe, PH.D:,,SG) Dejan meester nese Assistant Diverter
H. A. Gueason, Px. 'D. Head Cur aa
Joun K. SMALL, Pa D: Sc) Dias ra Chief ieseanh ramet te and Cur
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Labo von
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator
Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. Plant Pathologist
Forman T. McLean, M. F., ee Seastvers Supervisor of Public Edu
OHN HENDLEY Barnuart, A _M., ae De tees Sie Admin. 1
Percy WiLson Associate Curalon
Apert C. SmitH, Px. D. Associate Curate
ARAH H. Hartow, A. M. arian
H. H. Ruszy, M. D......... Honorary Curator oe the Economic Collecti Hons
Euizazetu G. Britton rary Curator of Mosses
FLepA GRIFFITH an us t and Photographer
Rosert S. WILLIAMS arch Associate in Bryology —
E, J. ALEXANDER .... Assistant Curator and Pein of the Local Herbarium —
Harotp N. Morven NKE, A. M. Asstatan Curate
Ciype Cuanptier, A. M, Technical Assistant
RosALieE WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Caro, H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant :
KENNETH R. Boynton, B. S. Head Gardener
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort.
Henry TeuscuHer, Hort. M
. L. Wittrock, A. M.
ROBERT HAGELSTEIN ......eccseeeeceeees re norary Curator of Myxomycetes
E. B. Soutuwick, Pu. D................ Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds
ErHet Anson S. Peckuaw -Honorary Curator, Iris and zi arrests Collections
Watter S. GroEsBE erk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT ...........-04. Superintendent of Boaldinge and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXXV JANUARY, 1934 No. 409
DWARF DAYLILIES
It has been about t twenty years since the plant collector George
wi
known clare such as Hemerocallis Dumortierii, H. Midde
dor ffit, a . minor.
rom a material collected by Forrest three new wee were
described under the names H. Forrestii, H. nan dH. plicata,
Plants of these were soon brought into cultivation i in n England and
d
enlarged and fleshy but, as far as the writer has observed, the
fleshy part is at the end of a root and at some distance from the
crown. For plants in culture the leaves may be much as 15
I
RE A plant of Hemerocallis nana obtained from the Royal Hor-
Hcultyeal ee) and ee wnat The New York ae cae The six-
inch pot es a measure of the dwa: if statute of the
inches long, expanded rather than plicate, and longer than the
pes. The scapes are slender, bending outward, and usually they
z :
wo to a scape, even though there is but one flower. s
may have a spread of three or more inches; the segments are rather
rrow; the tube short and not ey defined ; th on the
i
of reddish-brov
he pho ine taken by Forrest and his aedee material
show plants with rather sparse foliage and short scapes. The same
is true of specimens Sie cted by J. 2 Rock (his Nos. 5231 an
9593) collected in 1922 and 1923 in Yunnan, which appear to be
. nana, (See Figure 2.) In the oe specimens the leaves
seem decidedly plicate, the tips of the leaves are often broken, and
the specimen collected by Forrest (FicurE 2) which the writer
3
has seen the tips of the leaves were evidently removed by some
animal with the result that they appear to be shorter than the
in pots at The New tanical Garden (see FIGURE are
larger lo: and broader leaves that are not plicate. It is to
be expected that the plants which are gro in pot
culture will be taller and more lush than those plants which grow
in the wild and especially when they are on poor soil in dry an
rocky habitats.
This species somewhat resembles the H. Dummeortierii in habits of
ste and character of the flowers, but is less robust, the bracts
e less conspicuous, and the scapes are, when more than one-flow-
ae decidedly branched.
“f
Fic At : Photograph of an alee rium specimen evidently of
Hemerocallis nana collected in 1922 by J. F. Rock (No. 5231) on the east-
ern slope of the Likiang Snow Range, Yangtze watershed, Yunnan, China.
At right: Photograph of an herbarium specimen of H. nana collect d by
George Forrest (No. 20424) in 1911 in northeast Yunnan, Chi
4
Hemerocallis plicata. The H. plicata was first described by Stapf
(Bot. Mag. 148: pl. 8968. 1923) as different from H. nana chiefly
in having usually folded or plicate leaves and a more branched in-
florescence. An herbarium number (Mengtse, Henry 9497), a
sheet of which is now at The New York Botanical Cue was
cited in the original description as belonging to this species. This
specimen shows a branched scape about 10 bee long — as
many as four flowers and extending above the foliage. Living
plants obtained i in 1929 from Great Britain as Hemerocallis plicata
cies is more robust than the H. nana and the scapes are usually sev-
eral-flowered.
The so-called H. fulva angustifolia. A daylily that was consid-
ered to be a dwarf variety of H. fulva was described by Baker in
Thi i
aspial re is no
definite evidence that the color of the flowers was fulvous and it
seems very probable that these collections are of plants very closely
5
related to the H. nana. No living plants or seeds of the daylilies in
these i have, apparently, ever reached Europe or America
for cultur
A Dwar ae Clon Resembling Hemerocallis Dumortierti. A plant
which is indeed dwarf was received by the writer several years ago
Ficure 3. A plant standing less than a foot tall, as is indicated by the
six- Tnch rule. Apparently a dwarf type of H. Dumortierii.
under the name Hemerocallis g graminea but this i is either a some-
a
ially with H. nana and the seedlings are now being grown in the
hope that desirable dwarf plants will be obtained.
6
Hemerocallis minor. Plants of this species have slender leaves
ants
of low-growing stature but the scapes rise well above the leaves and
hence the plants are perhaps to be classed as semi-dwarf rather
n dwar
in stature, but those which the writer has seen are not as dwarf as
the A. nana,
Numerous plants, possibly to be included with the species
Hemerocallis nunor, ar being grown at The N ork Bo-
tanical en from seeds collected from wild pl in China
garden.
Horticultural Clons Described as Dwarf. Several ee
clons of daylilies are described as dwarf a is not at all certain
that any of these is to be classed as truly dw
The clon Dwarr YELLow grows to a he ie oe over 30 inches.
Mr. George Yeld in England ta reported two hybrids with H
flava n aid to be “dwar he:
that are call t as far as the writer knows, the plants
mentioned will reach a stature that can scarcely be classed as dwarf
n excellent variety, INE, which reaches a height of about
1 TANG
nches, is the smallest of the older and well-known clons of cul-
ee daylilie:
See
edlings in n dalle have a habit of flowering in the first few
stablished th
increase in stature to the normal maximum for each. This is also
true of plants grown from divisions.
Seedlings. Selective breeding by the author for the ee
of dwarf daylilies has given a considerable number of plan
special interest.
7
A total of 74 hybrids of oo flava x H. nana have been
grown to — nae These plants are very uniform in char-
acter. The erect scapes rise to a height of 30 inches and bear 1 to
Ficure 4. Hybrid having as seed parent H. nana crossed auth a red-
flowered seedling. The as shown by the
foot rule. This plant is being propagated under the name “Napa daylily.”
ers are darker and more orange but less full and the scapes are e less
e 1
and of rich Morocco-red and claret-brown colors, not only in the
8
face of the flowers but also on the back of the petals. ee plants
set no seed to any of the many pollinations that were m he
seedling shown in Ficure 4 is being propagated under me name
Napa daylily.
Numerous a) from various hybridizations involving plants
of H. nana, H. plicata, and H. Forrestit are being grown whicl
ed.
lilies pies from parents t semi-dwarf or even robust
ne of these, which are now about ten years old, have small slen-
der leaves less than a foot | but no fl d
agated.
Conclusion: The wild dwarf daylilies, and especially plants of
Heimerocallis nana, eas in southwestern China, are without
they also appear among seedlings of more robust parents. Some
of these are worthy of garden culture.
These dwarf daylilies should also be of value for further hybridi-
Ss
A beginning is already been made in the production of such c
A. B. Strout.
9
DYED, GILDED, AND SILVERED DECORATIVES
The i irene amount and variety of artificially colored plants
or parts of plants that are used for decoration in homes and in pub
gs
<
mentioned are natural, although ee aa ially the colored oak-
ve R a
general a pas grass,
but are smaller- Sane and i silvery. They are, nevertheless,
used in the same manner.
he uva-grass, Cen sagittatum, often erroneously called
npas grass, to which it is related, is frequently used, dyed i
various colors. The staminate flower-spray is 3—5 te long, ae
very loose, drooping branches, usually all hanging in one direction,
aa neither silky nor woolly. The silky pistillate spray is more like
that of the pampas grass, and is often mistaken for it. Uva-grass
is a native of tropical America.
The common marsh-reed, Phragmites communis, which grows in
salt or brackish marshes throughout the northern hemisphere, is
1
oS
By
another commonly used ss. Its 1-2-foot plumes of silvery
bro sed natural color, or dyed red, green, blue, o 1
The genus Uniola has two nativ requently us 0
lata, both of which grow in loose-branching, drooping sprays are
colored red, blue, silver, or gold.
Io
Two other native species of Uniola, U. laxa and U. longifolia,
which have very small flattened spikelets closely set along the stem
and not drooping, are also colored and used.
ral species of sandbur (Cenchrus) are used occasionally in
ieee usually dipped in oe or gold. They grow in spikes 3
or 4 inches long, consisting of numerous spiny burs about the size
of a small pea
The too tach: -grass, Campulosus aromaticus, 1s occasionally
used in bouquets, dipped in silver or gold or colored. This grass
has a arene spike, sharply bent to one side. It is native in
the coastal plain from Virginia southward.
Red-top grass, Agrostis alba, whose loosely branched panicle, 3
to 6 inches long, is naturally reddish-tinged, is also dyed various
colors or dipped in gold or silve
Kentucky blue-grass, Poa sae a familiar lawn-grass, with
a panicle more contracted than that of red-top, is similarly em-
loyed.
Orchard grass, Dactylis glomerata, which has a much coarser and
still more congested panicle, is also u
Switch-grass, Panicum virgatum, very common on Long Island
and southern New Jersey in sandy soil, with a loosely branched
panicle a — or more — is rather frequent in bouquets dyed in
colors or metallic hue
Timot re ae oe a common grass, whose flower heads
look like tiny cattails, is frequently colored red, green, blue, pur-
ets.
Different species of brome-grass, Bro spp., whose more or
less drooping panicles somewhat ne oats, are similarly
the fruiting stalks of a species of Nyris have been used,
f
w
hatpins with elongated heads. This is a member of the Yellow-
eyed Fami i e.
ruiting head
re, both commonly called pipewort, and both resembling flat-
tpins, a i
wort Family, Enccaulacesé.
II
The Mustard Family, Brassicaceae, gives three members to our
. Th
ie orange, red, blue, violet, ereen: gold, or silver,
/ TT
Ui ch
are similar to those of pepper-grass but larger, are occasionally
used in the same way.
The pride of the mustards, from the standpoint of winter orna-
ment, however, is the honesty, Lunaria annua, whose large, silvery-
transparent seed disks are a favorite for decoration, and in addition
to being used in natural color,
be : is pla: a member of
Pink Family, erie The florist shops this winter are
red, pink, epange: ee cea. ive and purple.
The fruiting heads of the familiar wild-carrot or Queen Anne’s
lace, Daucus Carota, are sometimes used, their as up curly-
appearing heads being usually dipped in gold or silve
The entire plant of a species of penance with spiny leaves and
much branched stems, ne branch terminated by an oval spiny
head, is often dyed red or blue. This lant is also a member of the
gold or silver. It is the use of these seeds by the Indians as food
12
which gave the American plant its common name. The Nelumbos
are members of the Water-Lily Family.
The opened seed-pods of several species of milkweed (Asclepias)
are becoming quite popular also, the spindle-shaped pods being
painted gold or silver outside, and red, green, blue, purple, or
orange inside.
he native everlasting, Anaphalis margaritacea, whose round,
silvery-white flower-heads often appear dyed red, blue, purple,
orange, or yellow, is used in artificial bouquets and in wreaths.
The dried inflorescence of tansy, Tanacetum vulgare, a flat-
topped, branched cluster of round heads appearing like daisies with
the rays missing, are variously colored for bouquets.
The dried aah branches of several species of Artemisia,
aye
mber of species of sea-lavender, the genus Statice, appear
in eveasting bouquets, their much-branched stems with small,
unded or cup-like flowers and calyces being colored red, blue,
ie or purple, or dipped in gold or silver
The inflated seed-pods of species of Gardener mut, the balloon-
vine, are also used, colored, gilded, or tinsele his plant is a
member of the Soapberry Family and has seed- Looe somewhat re-
sembling the Chinese-lantern plant, but with hard, brown, shot-like
seeds in them.
e seed-pods of various species of poppy (Papaver), are to be
tu
ural state, though often they are dipped in gold or silver for those
who wish more show.
The seed-pods of various species of Iris are as occasionally,
being silvered, gilded, or colored for this purpos
The fruiting spikes of mullet oe ale a nat-
uralized weed with rounded a ds as large as peas in a close-
set spike 8-12 inches long, have been dipped in gold, silver, or
bronze for winter decoration.
The seed-pods of aloes, agaves (century plants) and mesem-
13
ee (fig-marigolds) may occasionally be made use o
especially on the Pacific Coast, but, not having appeared on the
eastern market, they are not described here.
our large spiny-headed plants are occasionally used: the teasels,
Dipsacus sylvestris an . Fullonwm, of the Teasel Family, with
oblong spiny heads and spiny stems; the globe-thistles, Echi
sphaerocephal ro, of the stle Family, with round,
spiny ei i smooth stems. These are made various c
t shops.
dipped in silver or gold for barrage decorations. The a is anes
sh its.
Another ornamental fruit, the soda-apple, Solanum aculeatissi-
wum, commonly seen in its natural state, with the wide-spreadin:
branches hung with large bright red berries, which appear like small
oe but satiny in texture, is also dipped in gold or silver for
dec purposes.
The { er aie spikes of the sensitive-fern, Onoclea senstbilis, which
look like a clustered group of strings of beads, growing stiffly up-
right on a common stalk 8-12 inches long, are gilded or speed
Besides these herbaceous plants, portions of a number of trees
d.
The leafy branches of the incense cedar, Libocedrus decurrens,
a member of the Pine Family and native of the northwestern coast
North America, a tree with long cedar-like ia flattened in
one plane, are gilded or tinseled for holiday u
The cone-bearing branches of the red spruce, er rubens, and
a
branches of this ane are tinseled over, and even though bare of
14
leaf or fruit, make a fine display. The cone-bearing twigs of this
plant are also silvered or gilded.
Long streamers of the evergreen ae Smilax laurtfolia, a native
ody vine, are dipped in ead or silver or dyed bright green. for
n n
which state they make a splendid addition to our artificially colored
decorations.
h ge, roughly four- angled seed-capsules of Eucalyptus
e beco
The fruiting spikes of species of Melaleuca and eu tiie two
Australian genera, also of the Myrtle Family, with 3 ch spikes
of ee set, hard, round capsules, have been seen, eed in gold
ak acorns are sometimes so employed, as also are the hips or
“berries” of roses.
A most common winter decoration is the branches or — of
rope.
rounded at the top instead of tapering to a stiff spine
thi
er a then dyed red or blue, ae or silver. The leaves of
15
ese trees are finely cut up into slender, round-tipped or scan
mistaken
ften bei
weed, as they vaguely resemble bladder-wrack, a common ceed
but are smaller and more slender, lack bladders, and have veins in
the divisions.
In addition to the above, two showy fruits are piehaes! dipped
in gold or silver, the drooping rose-colored spikes of the hailed
pepper-tree, Schinus Molle, and the dense-clustered, stiff,
red spikes of the Brazilian pepper-tree, Schinus 2
e fruiting sprays of ee Cis scandens, are also
treated as e.
One the most interesting cases is that of oak leaves, usually
those of . red, black, and scarlet oak being used. ey are sub-
cess which destroys the coloring matter an
the leaves leathery in texture ey ar 1 in their ae
nal colors or ark- nd make a lasting decoration
The small blue-black berries of the privet (Ligustrum), are
sometimes used in natural colors, or gil or silvered is
sue reely. Another species antl black berries is also frequently
lant
For memorial decorations, wreaths and festive ornaments, the
leaves of the sago palm, peli: revoluta, are much used, for thi
si gnolias, large ovoid or ellipsoid cones, may
appear occasionally, gilded or ilve red. These, while used locally,
have ppeared on the market.
A much to be deplored as is the use of long streamers of
arious species of Lycopodium, for the makin:
wreaths, used natural ee or bleached and d or green, ose
or silver. nee the stems of these grow t under
collectors usually exterminate a colony while they are at it. These
16
plants, which look like miniature spruces, firs, or cedars, are slo
growing when young, and years are required to reéstablish spl
colonies. The rarity of ground-pine on the market this year ma
indicate either a sad et 2 the’ supply or the turning of ie
popular fancy to something e
Of all the plants me anaes the ground-pine, the ever-
green brier, and oo ttersweet are the = ones in need of protection,
as the othe either weeds, ivated plants, or free-seeding
plants w hich aay reéstablish ee
Epwarp J. ALEXANDER.
ENHIBIT OF AQUATIC PLANTS AT GARDEN
Suitable plants for home aquaria are the feature of a special ex-
hibit now in progress at The New York Botanical Garden.
in response to the great public interest at present in aquaria in
homes.
Because 1 rare water plants a as well as the more commonly used
e A specimen of the much-prized, deli-
Madagascar lace- a holds the center of the stage in a spe-
ah lighted tank.
Different combinations of aquatic vegetation are being shown,
and each species is labeled with the correct botanical name and the
place of its native origin, with a special view to aiding people seek-
ing ideas for their own aquaria.
Material for the exhibit, which is expected to last about three
months, is being na ited by numerous growers and private col-
lectors of aquatic plan
17
NATIVE IRIS NOTES—I
I. On THE RELATIVE Vitatity oF Louistana IRIs
the temporary plantations of Gulf State irises at the
Botanical Garden, differences in pai vitality of various specimens
onfiden ew
were: Iris vinicolor, I. at LE; aa and some varieties
of Iris giganticaerulea
II, Autumn FLlowerinc or Louisiana Iris
Some recent performances among the Louisiana irises may give
heart to those who are seeking for a race of autumn-flowerin:
dt fine. hi
r? Unfortun. ee the late-flowering period did not permit of
ce ripening of the seeds. The plants un ee the following Garden
accession numbers aye in the two autumn months: Numbers
18
62751, 62753, 62761, Bee ses 62870, See gee 62025,
see this note
ested in watching their autumn behavior. W no assurance
that these plants will repeat ou fall program next year, but we
shall await the time with intere
Joun K, Satu.
oy
:
3
“
nd
=
“
z.
RA
S
-
7 .
Ficure 1. Specimens of Ibidium odoratum which flowered at The New York
Botanical Garden last fall. Forty-two suckers were produced by these 14 » plants:
19
ORNAMENTAL LADIES’-TRESSES
Last year (Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 34: 106-108), I published a
note on “Our Largest Ladies’-Tresses,” Ibidini odoratum. Th
G
subject of the note was a young plant brought to the Garden from
New Orleans, La. It flowered last fall and made three “suckers”
J. B. Wal
lace, e rleans, sent twelve young plants to the Garden
ese were set out, six each in two large pan of the ne
lants g d flowered along with the three descendants of the
flower until the first week in November (FIGuRE 1
referred to in the note mentioned at the beginning of this note
Joun K, Smatt.
CONFERENCE NOTES FOR DECEMBER
A conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered Students of
the Garden was held on the afternoon of December 13.
Dr. Marshall A. Howe discussed “Riccia in the Galapagos
Islands,” with reference to a considerable number of specimens of
this genus collected on these islands in 1932 by Mr. John Thomas
Howell, botanist of the Templeton Crocker Expedition of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences. Although short lists of the Hepaticae
20
of the entice Tslands have been ase the only reference to
Dr. B. L.
a Riccia occurs in Dr. obinson’s “Flora of the Galapagos
Islands” in which Professor Alex ae W. Evan mentions a spec-
a:
tigi proposed as new. One o he m, somewhat waveble e, is
also discussed.
Under the title of “Mycological Notes,” Dr. Fred J. Seaver di-
en and. Among these was a rare phalloid, Anthurus
borealis, collected by Dr. A. B. Stout in a spent hot fr t
B rden, a species described by Dr, in 1894,
While it has been collected occasionall eastern United
States, it belongs to a genus which is essentially tropical. There is
only one other record of its having been collect Th w York
Botanical Garden. In October, 1919, Mr. Kenneth R. Boynton
made a collection of this species in a gladiolus a as noted by Dr.
Murmill i in Mycologia for 1920.
s was contrasted with another rare phalloid, Colus favanicus,
0
locality in continental North America. An account of this wa
published in Mycologia (23: 83 1) $ recognized
the fungi are cosmopolitan in the same latitud
throughout the world, the tropical species are thought to be rather
Lusi c ce of two pene tropical forms in
w York Botanical Garden is therefore of unusual interest
r devoted most of his time to a review of his work on
orth American cup-fungi, directing attention to a oe of in-
teresting forms and additional information on orded forms
ed form
which has been accumulated since the publication ae his first vol-
21
ume, North American Cup-fungi (Operculates), in December,
Lae The talk was illustrated with numerous photographs and
sketch
A. B. Stout,
Secretary of the Conference.
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE?
In a report of recent studies in plant propagation conducted by
the Agricultural Experiment Station at Cornell University, L. C
hadw
given in the paper, which has been issued as Bulletin 571.
ee &
Readers of the Gardeners’ Chronicle for December g will be en-
vious of Lady Londonderry, in whose garden at Mt. Stewart, Ire-
land, is a large bed of Meconopsis violacea. The plants, the first
of which were found in Upper Burma by F. Kingdon Ward, are
growing three and a half feet high and blooming with an abundance
of large violet-colored flowers with orange anthers
ported to be seeding themselves freely, and seem successfully estab-
lished in their new hom
* OK Ok
The 1933 Lily Year Book published by the Royal Horticultural
Society of London, contains an article by Dr. A. B. Stout, of The
New York Botanical ae in which are summed u up the present
discussion which took place when it was read at a London meeting.
*
“When Winter Comes to the Garden” is the cae of an inter-
1 All publications mentioned here—and m others—are to be found in
the Library of The New York Botanical i in the ean Building.
22
esting and practical article in Horticulture for November 15. In
the same issue, John C. Wister describes certain notable gardens of
the East under the title “Where the Country’s Finest Lilacs Grow.”
*
brief story of an unusually interesting herb garden is told
among other garden tales in the November Bulletin of the Garden
Club merica. Dorothy E. Pletcher also writes of herb gardens
in the December Nature M agazine.
&
~
The Orchid Review for November includes “Sick Orchids:
Some Causes and Cures” by B. Hills, of Exbury, a grower with
thirty years of practical experience in raising orchids.
kK Ok Ok
An all-American selection of annuals described in the December
13 issue of Horticulture includes a giant Scabiosa with curled petals,
k Gem variety of Petunia nana compacta, the annual chrysan-
ate known as Eldorado, the aster Los Angeles, and Hunne-
mannia Sunlight.
x Ok OF
How foresters are growing trees on the mid-western prairies,
where nature for thousands of years has failed, is told by Clyde
Brundy in the December number of American Forests.
*
New terms that are becoming accepted in genetics, but which
have not yet appeared in any dictionaries, are being published in a
glossary on the inside back cover of the Journal of Heredity, begin-
ning with the October number.
OK
The fourth number of Brittonia, a series of botanical papers,
principally systematic and geographical, being published by The
w York Botanical n hae
s by Car
land, and by E. D. Merrill and Albert C. ‘Smith, of The New Yorke
Botanical Garden.
OK Ok Ok
New books lately acquired by the Botanical Garden Library in-
ide a number of volumes on gardening and entomology. H.
ne Ortloff gives special attention to design in his work on “In-
23
formal Gardens.” ae a of Plant oo is the subject
of E. S. Goff. Edward Oliver Essig has “A History of
Entomology,” K. a Smith “Agricultural eres and John
Percival “Agricultural ae ae all of which are now in the
Library. Volume III of The Ferns, in the ae Botanical
Handbooks, deals with ieee erns. F.O.B s the
h
author.
Caro. H. Woopwarp.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
At the annual meetings held in Cambridge, anaee ne in the
last week of December, Dr. E. D. Merrill was elected President of
the Botanical Society of America, and Dr. B. O. Doce was elected
Vice-president of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science and Chairman of its Section G (Botany). Members of
the Botanical Garden staff attending the meetings were, in addition
to Dr. Dodge, Dr. Marshall A. Howe, who presented a paper on
: : A
c
Editor-in-Chief of Mycologia, now the official organ of the My-
cological Society of America; Dr. Forman T. McLean, and Mr.
Harold N. Moldenke. Miss Alice Aronescu, graduate student,
presented a paper on eer rosae: From spore germination
to haustorium formation.’
Dr. B.O. D was a speaker at the fall meeting of the Society
for the Study - Tne and Allied Conditions, held in New York
ene His subject was “Common Molds.” Also on the
progtra: s Dr. J. Gardner Hopkins, of Columbia University.
eee ewe both addresses.
r. Knowles A. Ryerson has been appointed Chief of the Bu-
ept
reau a Plant Industry of the U. S { Agriculture, in suc-
cession to Dr aylor, retired rederi chey
becomes Associate Chie Dr. rl F. Kellerman, forme
Eradication and Control in the Bureau of Entomology. This divi-
24
sion will have transferred to it all activities directed towards the
control and eradication of the “phony peach” disease, blister rust,
barberry, citrus canker, and Dutch elm-disease.
Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Assistant Director, was elected President
of The New York Academy of Sciences at the 116th annual meet-
ing of the Academy, held at the Biltmore the evening of December
. E. D. Merrill, Director-in-Chief, was elected a Councilor.
the November issue of this JOURNAL (p. eee in the list of
gomery Estate.” It should have been the Robert H. Montgomery
Estate at Cos Cob, Connecticut.
In addition to the members of the Ninth National Shade Tree
Conference held at the oe September 7-9, 1933, the following
ae botanists have enrolled in the library during the autumn:
Tr
Ivan M. Johnston, eee Plain, Mass.; Dr. Glen Gardner
Hahn, New Haven, Conn.; Dr. E. H. Eames, Bridgeport, Conn. ;
dwin B '
, Peru; M.
Armand Renier, Brussels, Belgium; Dr. H. J. Lam, Leiden, Hae
land; and Dr. Yonosuke Okada, Sendai, Japan.
“Still pursuing his eae that blight-resistant native American
dev: ougl
bearing sprouts or new trees bearing burs.”—[Nature Afagasine
1933.]
ur M. Ander:
el, hae Anata,
eorge Arents, Jr.
[rs, Genre. Se Wes
incent Ast
ohn W. Auchinlos
ir. Raymond F. Bac
Mrs. Robert ieee
rof, L. Ai ailey
tephen
lenry an Rec Baldwin
herman Baldwin
rof. Charles P. Berkey
.K. G. Billings
)r. A. F. Blakeslee
r
Mrs. Ed
ce
ES
7
= 9
Ea
8
i T. Boger
)r. Wiliam Bonistel
a P.B
geS. Brewster
rare
za
(UL, Lasett
Mrs. J rai eae
r. Nicholas M. Bu i
rof. Gary N. Calkin
Mrs. caato Gaccie
of. W. H. Carpenter
Miss Mabel Choate
Miss E. Mabel Clark
V.R. Coe
‘ichard C. Col!
{rs, Jerome a Coombs
harles Curie
frs. C. I. DeBevoise
aes e fhe Forest
ae Denslow
oe
Mrs. Charles D: Dickey
fon. Thomas J. Dolen
s. Carl A. de Gersdorff
Morey Guggenheim
S. Harkness
A. eats cher
on Bens B. Heyl:
rs. ee ee
Otto H. K;
Mrs. Dela anc
*§Mrs. F. Leonard Ketlogs
*Mrs. Gus'
Clarence i
khart, Jr.
Mrs William A. Lockwood
T. MacDo
aoe K. Mackenzie
*Mrs. David Ives Mackie
Pee McCollester
s. John S Daal
a - D.M
John L. Mer
*Mrs. meaeall Matter, Jr.
ll cae of the ie Cornus
§ Treasurer of the Advisory Council.
ane, OF THE CORPORATION
*Mrs. James R. Parsons
R
Ogden Mills Reid
Jo ae Rockefeller
. H. H. Rusby
Hon, George J. Rya:
Mrs. Herbert L. eee
. B. Thaye:
Dr. William S. Thomas
au ot es
Robert T!
Bear HL. : Tortey
Prof. Sam F. Tre
*Mrs. Harold ae Gas
s. Louise Beebe Wilder
wie Nelson B. Williams
etwas Wright
GENERAL INFORMATION
seen of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garde
nes hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the nore Be:
gi the City of New say through which flows eee Bronx River.
miock forest is one of the features of the t:
ipiaaee of owesnde of native and eae trees, shrubs, and
flowering plants.
Gardens, ee une a Beane rose garden, a rock garden of rock-lovin,
plants, and fer d herbaceous garden
ree: cube! citing hota nie i Gaieresinae plants from Americ
and foreign countries.
displays of narcissi, daffodils falipe: nee ete ‘Peonies, roses, lite i
water-lilies, gladioli, dahlias, and chrysanthemums; in the winter display:
of Caae ere 5) hae
ontaining exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant familie
lodal' planta Boman within ene hundred miles of the City of New Yor
and the economic uses of pla
An herbarium, comprising more than 1,700,000 specimens of Ameri
and foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, —
Genta ane South America, for the study and collection of the character-
c flor iq
cientee nese 28 laboratories and in the field into the diversified
Siete of plan ,
library of botanical literature, comprising more than 43,400 books |
and numerous pamphlet: ¥
Public lectures on a (reat variety of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the year. j
biicanons: en potency) subjects, partly of technical, scientific, and
partly of popul est.
e educ: aon ‘of ne children and the public through the above feall
tures and the giv ing of free information on botanical, horticultural and
fo ae subjec
he ee is dependent upon an annual peeabe ents by th
a
Gi a of New York, ee Pa and mem ip fees. It
possesses now nearly and members, and applications for
membership are cays Dee The classes of mem) mber ship a
Bengtaciau sa ,
5,000
1,000
250
100
258
10
ual fee
Goutribaenea to ‘the Garden may be iehactea' from taxable incomes.
The following is an approved form of bequest
I hereby alate to The New York Botanical Capien incorporated under
the Laws of New York, nant 285 of 1891, the sum of ————.
Conditional an est: y be made with income payable to donot
or any designated ipecenay, duces ie or her lifetim
All yea for further information should be sent a ;
Tur New York Botanica Gaspes ‘
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y.
VOL. XXXV Ferpruary, 1934 No. 410
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
ACT OF INCORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL
GARDEN (AS AMENDED, 1933)
PROVISIONS | rg THE CHARTER OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
R MAINTENANCE (AS AMENDED, 1933)
CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS
(AS REVISED, 1934)
MYCOLOGIA ENDOWMENT FUND
CONSERVATORY RANGE NO.I, AS SEEN FROM THE AIR
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa.
Tue ScIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY
{
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa.
, Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
Until 1935: L. a BalLey, aay J. Doren, MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs. Exon —
Huntincton Hooker, Kennetu K. M ACKENZIE, JOHN L. MERRILL (Vice-presi-
dent and Treasurer), and H. Hozart Porter. i
Until 1936: ArTHUR M. Anverson, N. L. Brr ENRY W. D 7
(President), CiareENcE Lewis, E. D. Merrie Tee and cnn i:
ENRY DE LA MONTAGNE, te (Assistant Treasurer & Business Manager), and
Lewis RUTHERFURD Morri s
Until 1as7e8 Henry vE Forest Batpwin (Vice-president), Grows 5
Brewster, Cuitps Frick, ApocpH LewisoHN, Henry LockHakrt, Jr,
MacDoueat, and JosEPH f SWAN. :
II. X-OFF FICIO MANAGERS ¥
FioreELtto H. La Guarpta, ies of the City of New York. i
Rosert Moses, Park Commissione
GEORGE J. Rana President of the Bonga of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
A. F. BLAKESLEE, appointed by the T. ores) Botanical Club.
R. A. Harper, SAM F, TRELEASE, areal p> W. Sinnott, and Marston T.
Bocert, appointed by iCalenabea Univers:
DIRECTOR EMERITUS
N. L. Britron, Px. D., Sc. D., LL. D
GARDEN STAFF
DOMERRILE SSCA one rah ae Wane Dire
Fie sph A. ‘Howe, Pu. D;)'Scr Di. cabemeenscrci cence Assistant Directon
H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Head Cur am
Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D., Sc. D....... Chief Research Associate and Cur
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Enboratre
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D.
Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. Plant Puke
Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ........ Supervisor of Public Educoug
Joun HENDLEY Barnuart, A A. M., M. D...Bibliographer and Admin. Assi
Percy WILson Associate Curate or
Avsert C. Smitu, Pu. D. Associate Curator
RAH Hartow, A. M. ibrarian
2 EL RUSBY, Ml Di cniee ole Honorary Curator of the Economic Colle ctions
Euizasern G. Brrrron Honorary Curator of Mose
FiLepa GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer
Rosert S. WILLIAMS Research Associate in Bryology
E. J. ALEXANDER . Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium
Harotp N. MotpENKE A. M. Assistant Curator
LYDE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant
RosaLie WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Carot H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant
KennetH R. Boynton, B. S. dene:
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. Horticulturist
ENRY TEUSCHER, Hort. M. Dendroleayg
L. Wittrock, A. M.
Ropert HAGELSTEIN ..+..-esesceecececes Honorary Curator of Myxo nyenes
B. SouTHWICK,;, PHY Di iceces cena Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds
ETHEL ANson S. PECKHAM . -Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections
Watter S. GRORSEE ECK erk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT ...........0... Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXXV FEBRUARY, 1934
No. 410
ACT OF eee OF THE NEW
YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, AS
AMENDED, 1933*
CHAPTER 285, Laws oF 1891 OF THE STATE OF NEW
RK, AS AMENDED BY CHAPTER 574 OF THE Laws OF
717 OF THE Laws oF 1896, CHAPTER 473 OF THE Law
OF 1914, AND CHAPT: 10. 3
AN ACT to provide for stablishme: O-
Approved by the Governor pee 28, 1891. Passed
three-fifths being present.
The People of the State of New York, as esented in
Senate and Assembly, do enact as follow.
. Seth Low, Charles P. Daly, John . Newberry,
n. it
Allen, Henry R. Hoyt, William G. Choate, William H
a John S. aera Jesse ie Se William L.
Brown, David Lydig, William E. Dodge, James A.
The
Corporation
* Effective on approval by Governor Lehman, April 29, 1933.
2
Purposes of
the Garden
Powers of the
Corporation
26
Scrymser, Samuel Sloan, William H. Robertson,
Stephen P. Nash, Richard W. Gilder, Thomas Hogg,
tion in the same, for the prosecution and exhibition of
ornamental and decorative horticulture and gardening,
and for the entertainment, recreation, and instruction of
the people.
2. Said corporation shall have all such corporate
aaa and may take and hold by gift, grant or devise
r by purch
otherwise dispose of any of its real or personal prop-
ert
aid corporation may adopt a constitution and by-
mo: ws, T
and regulations, and shall be subject to the provisions
of Title 3, of Chapter 18, of the first part of the
vised Statutes
27
. The affairs of the said ee shall be man-
ard of Manag shi
by the members of the corporati The first
ection shall be allot and held on a written noti
en davs, addressed by mail f the above-
amed incorporators, stating the time and place of elec-
on, and signed by at | five incorporators. Three
le managers so elected shall hold office for one year,
tree fo nd three for three years, e
itute a quorum at any ates of the incorporators ;
ut a less come may adjo
Board of
ch Managers
e
Officers
Quorum of
Corporation
Original
Endowment
Grounds,
Bronx Park
Buildings
28
. Whenever the said corporation shall have raised,
or secured by subscription, a sum sufficient in the judg-
ment of the Board o mmissioners of the Depart-
ment in the Ci f rk, fo
successfully establishing and prosecuting the objects
afore yn however, than two hund nd fif
thousand dollars within seven year: the passage of
nd eq
to plans approved ie them and by said Board of Man-
a F
museum and herbarium, a lecture room:
for instruction, together with other suitable build-
ings fo r ure of tender or other plants,
indigenous n aggre: cost not exceed-
ing the bonds hereinafter authorized to be issued by the
ity of Nev ise of said buildings upon com-
pletion to be ig aes to said corporation a the
purposes sta ct. the pu
providing means thereon it shall be the duty of the
Comptroller of t of Ne pon being
thereto reques iS | Con iiee and
oriz
Apportionment, to issue and sell at not less than their
par value bonds or stock of the Mayor, Aldermen, and
29
peein) of the City of New York, in the manner
vided by law, payable from taxation, aggre
oe y sum of five hundred thousand dollars, tae
ing interest at a rate not exceeding three and one-half
r centum per annum, and to be redeemed within a pe-
riod of time not longer than thirty years from the date
3
oO
of their issue
5-a. The Boe d of peekion ae ee . Power of
the Gig of New York may, in its di apart City to
propriate, upon such hea as e may ie appropriate
extension and development of the additional
id New Yo otanic - land
a
°
a
ot
PE
described more pact icularly in the Boa
and Apportionment hereby authorized. (Chapter 473,
Laws of 1914.
e grounds set apart, as above provided, shall be Restrictions
e 0:
sold or allowed grounds
wo
a
w
ae
—_
&
=]
2
wy
sane
°
che
iS)
a
[ary
oi
Me
ae
a.
a
»
a
ot
wn
35
said corporation aid grounds shall be open and
free to the public daily, including Sundays, subject
such restrictions only as to ho I care, cul
to all alike, male and female, upon such necessary regu-
30
ations, terms and conditions as shall be prescribed by
1
the managers of those departments.
7. This act shall take effect immediately.
pear OF THE CHARTER OF THE CITY OF
YORK FOR MAINTENANCE
AS AMENDED, 1933)
§6 It shall be the duty of the commissioner for the bor-
ough of Atay to maintain the meteor. logical and astronom-
Natural
ings as now are or may hereafter be erected in cay park, square or
alder for the bor ough of
The oe ronx to maintain The New York Botanical Garden and the
to maintain such institutions and bu wildings as now are or may here-
after be ted in any park, square or public place under his juris-
diction - pies of the board of aldermen. It shall be ie duty
of the several commissioners to provide the necessary i rel
w contracts and a:
as have heretofore been made nN pe institutions respectively,
3r
and are in force and effect when this act takes effect, or as may be
ereafter made by the authority of the board of aldermen, and no
commis-
TA
ei
a
ae
oO
&.
°
3
2
oh
w
Z
ie}
=
°
g
_3
=
=
uw
z
°
5
oO
oD
oO
inl
Fh
QO
=
a3 pow su
sioners rchase su Smee ne this section shall continue until
the se ae of a department of purchase pursuant to the p
visions of chapter ae - this act.
25. e commissioner for the borough of The Bronx is
hereby authorized and directed to carry out the existing contract
made by and between the department of parks of the corporation
a of
public parks
tion known as the mayor, aldermen, and oe of the City
of New Yor
Section 1.
a
he
ei
Section 2
Nominations
Section 3.
Meetings of
the Board o:
Managers
rr
32
CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS OF THE
NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
(As adopted by the Corporation, January 8, 1934)
ARTICLE I. MEETINGS
The annual meeting of the Corporation for the elec-
tion of managers and of additional members of the Cor-
If a quorum is lacking at any meeting, those present
may adjourn the meeting and fix the time and place of
the adjourned meeting.
Special meetings of the eee es shall be called bs
the Secretary, upon request of the President, or of ai
three members of the Board.
t any special aie of the Corporation, additional
members may be
Ph apna - managers and of additional members
he Corporation shall be made by the Executive Com-
nuttee but this provision shall not be held to anes the
nomination of other candidates.
The annual meeting of the Board of Managers for
he election of officers and for the appointment of com-
mittees shall be held on the second Monday in January
November. Special meetings may be held by direction
of the President.
33
At all meetings of the Corporation and of Be Board
of Managers, t a President shall preside ; b-
sence, one of the Vice-presidents in the oe . their
seniority of office
Nine members a the Corporation shall constitute a
quorum at any meeting of the Corporation. One third
of the Managers shall constitute a quorum at any meet-
ing of the Board of Managers
a
»
ArTicLe IJ. OFFIcers
At the annual meeting of the Board, the Board shall
proceed to organize by electing the f ing officers to
erve for one year or until their successors shall have
been elected: a president, one or more vice-p: ents,
treasurer, a secretary, a director, a 1 manager, an
assistant treas ,» and an sistant secretar
resident, vice-presidents, and treas shall be chosen
from among the members of the Board. When consid-
ered aususe Z the Board, two or more offices may be
held by one pe
Sonunieens shall be made by the Executive Commit-
tee but this provision shall not be held to exclude ss
nomination of candidates by other members of
ard.
Th the event of a failure for any reason so to select
any or all of such officers at any annual meeting of the
Board, or in case any vacancy occurs in any such office
pertain to the os of President. He shall be a mem-
: Subj P
ard o
the activities of the corporation, with discretionary
power and authority in all matters not otherwise pro-
ided for.
Section 4.
Chairman of
Meetings
Section 5.
Quorums
Section 1.
Election of
Officers
Section 2.
Nominations
Section 3.
Special
Elections
Section 4.
Duties of
President
Section 5.
Duties of
Vice-
presidents
Section 6.
Duties of
Treasurer
Section 7.
Assistant
Treasurer
Section 8.
Duties of
Secretary
Secti ion 9.
Section 10,
Duties of
Director
34
he absence or disability of the President, the
duties of the President; and if not available, then such
duties shall devolve on the Vice- earns next in order
{ seniority in
he Treasurer shal be the custodian of the funds and
y m
report to the Board at all stated me ects He shall be
u
. Assistant Treasurer shall ie all the duties
of t e Treasurer during ne latter’s absence or disabil-
ea he shall not act as a member of the Executive
Cae ee.
The
agers or the Executive Committee, or in the case of any
meeti he Corporation, t Janagers,
nd of the standing committees e shall give notice
Il such meetings shall take and preserve the
ut He shall be custodiar all documents,
nd of the corporate seal, and shall with it attest
uments requiring a seal e shall such other
duties as may be directed by the Board of Managers or
the Executive Committee.
he Assistant auaats shall peniomm all the duties
d for
the proper maintenance and good order of the buildings
and grounds, collections, and plants
35
e shall from time to time make recommendations
for the devel nit management of the in
all its departments, including the laying out of the
grounds, the m of buildi a he conduct
e may of such pers:
as shall be needed for the various ee of the
arden
He shall have power to suspend all salaried aaa
f th
on approval of the Board, of the utive
Cont ttee, to discharge any cnplve other re
cers elected by the Board of Manag
e shall use diligent efforts to ae up the Garden
Herbarium, the Library, and the Museums, and the col-
es
mittees of the Board, in such manner and at such times
as they may dire
He
a
shall ae his whole time and energies to the
promotion of the Garden interests, and shall not engage
in any outside work except with the approval of the
) itt
The Business Manager, under and subject to the Di- Section 11
rector, shall be the chief business officer of the Board of Duties of
M H
anagers. He shall see that the rules and regulations Business
prescribed by the Board for the government of the busi- Manager
ness affairs of the institution are faithfully observe
ll be responsible for conomical purchas
having been approved by the Director. Further duties
may be assigned to him from time to time by the Presi-
dent.
Committees
Sec
aren ntment
f Committee
Section 3.
36
ARTICLE III. CoMMITTEES OF THE Boarp
There shall be four standing committees of the Board
of Managers, namely:
a) Executive Committee.
(b) Finance Committee.
(c) anen Committee.
cultural Committee.
The standing committees and the chairmen thereof
— a appointed by the Board at the annual meeting,
$s are appointed.
shall make recommendations for such appointments, but
such recommendations shall not be binding on the
eer committees may be appointed at any eee
and may be composed of managers, of members of th
others.
Record of the actions of each committee shall be kept
by the Secretary and shall be reported to the Board at
its next meeting.
he Executive Committee shall consist of seven (7)
iaeeabers, including the President and the Treasurer.
It shall fix its own rules of procedure, shall meet where
shall kee
ie
quorum, and the action of a majority of the eae of
the Committee at any meeting at which a quorum is
of the Corporation, except as from time to time shall be
37
cog provided by resolution of the Board of Man-
The Comunittee shall ene nominate Abad
officers, and a ditio nal members of the Cor
coy
a
o
ian
¢
<
om
w
a
=
®
3
fie
returns in routine
rom an institutional standpoint amply repay ‘a: all the time and
effort expended by members of our staff.
MEMBERSHIPS
he Raat on Patrons, Fellows, and Members, reports
27
a al ne mbers. The loss by resignation and by death is
howeve: e of 189 members during t ra
ecrease Seay correlated ee the prevailing adverse economic
conditi
Ther at present 101 Life Members, 3 bea uae
106 Suseinine Members, and 1377 Annual Member
fees is an as
e of revenue for the support of our various ae iites
GIFTs
he very numerous gifts of seeds and living plants received dur-
ing the year have been mentioned above. In addition to these,
80
numerous important accessions have come to the Museum and the
library as gifts, as in previous years. One unusual special gift was
a collection of 443 water-color paintings of plants prepared and
presented by Miss Rosina C. Boardman, of Huntington, L.I. An
unsolicited gift of $1,000 came from a donor who wishes to be
Phelps Stokes Fund, the income to be used in furthering the pro-
tection of native wild flowers
Honors
Honors continue to be granted to our staff members. In De-
t
Botanical Society of America at its annual meeting in Boston
CoNCLUSION
Because of the prevailing economic conditions, I make no recom-
sio:
positions and unless a change be made by the new administration
81
will lose others in the near future. A reduction of $13,230 in the
City budget for 1934 already approved will most seriously handi-
cap the institution, particularly in the general labor field and in sup-
plies, especially coal; further reductions in the City budget are to
‘t of all who have the on ree of ie Garden at heart
E. D. MERRILL.
New York, N. Y.,
cre I, 1934.
82
TREASURER’S epee: FOR gee YEAR ENDING
MBER 31,
TI
BALANCE SHEET
December 31, 1
JOHN L. MERRILL, Treasurer
ASSETS
a Fund Assets
stment
tim
Cash aw inv
Balance of perma
s at cost or - appraisal at
me o emir cine ae TIT) $2,420,676.94
iting 1
nt fund
expended for carient uses (see
28,356.31
$2,449,033.25
sets
urrent fund liability, per contra) 14,863.99
$2,463,807.24
Current and I¥orking Assets:
ash in banks and on hand
For ‘general purposes .......... $ 836.7.
For special purposes 9,100.62
$ 10,937.36
Accounts receiva’ ine ‘
City maintenance ............. $ 18,751.12
Other 826.85
19,577.97
Interest and dividends receivable
Pcie TDD): Gugteoteecniunn dts 30,332.05
aid insurance premiums, etc.. 2,016.18
62,863.56
$2,526,760.80
83
EXHIBIT I
BALANCE SHEET
December 31, 1933
LIABILITIES
Permanent Funds (Exhibit IV):
Restricted endowments ........... $ 201,921.10
Unrestricted endowments, including
equests set aside by the Board
of Managers as permanent funds 2,240,817.32
Special Gidowient with life interest
in respect of income therefrom . . 21,158.82
————— $2,463,897.24
Current Liabilities and Special Funds:
Current liabilities ;
ccount: DIC) a8 es tevtents 2a: $ 11,209.76
Special funds (Exhibit V)
nex pen in e fr re-
ine PUGS seta eesti ca $ 5,697.41
ended contributions set
aside iy the et e Managers
for specific purposes .......... 3,403.21
—— 9,100.62
Deferred income credits
Membership dues paid in adva: nce $ 160.00
Subscriptions and fees paid in
dvance .......0.....c ccc e eee 1,221.12
1,381.12
Balance of indebtedness to perma-
fees funds Fis ex. “pen sb res of
fun rai s for curre 14,863.09
Working
Working | fund at December 31, 1932$ 12,397.27
dd—Excess of unrestricted in-
come over expenditures for th
year ending mber 31,
(Exhibit TT) ................ 13,910.80
— 26,308.07
——___. 62,863.56
$2,526,760.80
To tHE BoarD OF MANAGERS OF
Tue New Yorx Botanica GARDEN
We have made an oauinalion of the balance sheet of The New York
Botanical Garden as at December 31, 1933, and_of the pace of ae aq
ni: tr
yee
corporation ; we also made a general review sw oF the Secodntne pine and
o the year, but we did not make a de-
tailed audit o the Heal pare
In our opinion, based u examination, the attached balance sheet
(Exhibit 1) and re. fated Leen (Exhibits t- ‘V, inclusive) fairly pre-
sent oe oon ion at December 31, 1933, and the result of its transactions for
the
Price, WaTERHOUSE & Co.
56 Pine Street, New York, April 12, 1934.
EXHIBIT It
Statement of Operations for the Year Ending December 31, 1933
Restricted
an Unre-
Total special stricted
funds
Inco:
Income from investments of
Beimanent funds ........ $118,484.19 $ 9,403.74 $109,080.45
Contributions:
City maintenance ........ 214,496.32 214,496.32
Other nxcrcciccedantede | 2,179.05 1,759.05 420.00
Baia dues
ae et het weeny tines, 10,090.00 10,090.00
Sustain detest dos att 2,200.00 2,200.00
Sales of duplicate books and
StindrieS: os. e. beret es 1,668.36 1,122.13 546.23
pubes and sales of
publications .............. 6,013.82 4,361.00 1,652.82
Total income ........ $355,131.74 $16,645.92 $338,485.82
Expenses:
Horticulture:
- ees een eee $46,593.10
Meas aati cumhaaikoetdrata rs 63,980.14
Propagating house and nur-
Ve ee ye ea ainolgeAng 14,021.90
—— $124,595.14 $ 1,679.10 $122,916.04
Science and curating:
Herbarium ............. $29,718.39
Research and experiment 12,257.74
a study 6,172.
3
51,520.62 3,000.07 47,920.55
Library:
New. book and bindin; 4,088.38
Bibliographic research Wl ios 2,368.83
See assistants, sup-
plies, etc.
12,624.32 3,746.32 8,878.00
Educ
Public corer and lec-
ure’
18,206.53 4,555.74 13,740.79
12,044.86 5.014.90 7,929.96
36,554.20 36,554.29
Buildings ............... : 30,402.67
—————. _ 82,005.85 82,005.85
et and equipment
purchases ................ 7,029.79 2,400.25 4,620.54
Total expenses ...... $345,580.40 $21,005.38 $324,575.02
Excess of income over ex-
penses for the year ........ $ 9,551.34 $-4,350.46 $ 13,910.80
Summary
FXHIRIT TIT
EXHIBIT III
of Investments, December 31, 1933
verage
yield per
Par value So year on
(no par Approximate a. Dasis:0t
ours quoted value Book value dividends} Quot- Book
value) December| ed ealce
31,1933 | value
fo) %
ry funds:
pate sa $ 554,400.00 | $ 480,871.56 | $ 545,646.53 | $ 7,766.80) 5.52 | 4.96
ea 65,830.00 68,365.00 71,337.50 897.50 | 6.09 5.84
Common 20,268.80 7,409.50 20,268.80
$ 640,498.80 | $ 565,646.06 | $ 637,252.83 | $ 8,664.30 | 5.52 | 4.90
Sage fund:
ee ... .. | $ 536,000.00 | $ 478,845.75 | $ 482,233.11 | $ 8,648.75 | 5.18 5.14
tocks :
Preferred 155,611.25 156,478.38 164,898.76 991.25 | 4.94 4.69
Common 73,300.00 120,080.50 101,298.62 1,801.50 | 7.36 8.77
$ 764,911.25 | $ 755,404.63 | $ 748,430.49 | $11,441.50 | 5.48 | 5.53
Special endow-
ent fund:
an eatiee Pegaees $ 40,000.00 | $ 40,040.00 | $ 40,496.00 | $ 702.50] 5.04 4.99
Preferred 360,000.00 387,965.63 434,831.88 4,292.50 | 4.03 4.40
Common 21,400.00 19,012.00 43,709.03 225.00 | 7.20 3.16
$ 421,400.00 | $ 447,017.63 | $ 519,036.91 | $ 5,220.00 | 5.04 | 434
John D. Rock-
efeller, Jr.,
fund:
Bonds .... | $ 201,000.00 | $ 203,966.25 | $ 200,760.25 | $ 2,312.50 | 4.93 5.01
Preferred
stocks 254,137.50 280,900.00 298,825.01 2,603-75 | 5.41 5.09
$ 455,137.50 | $ 484,866.25 | $ 499,585.26 | $ 5,006.25 | 5.21 5.05
Special trust
fund:
Common
stock 16,371.45 10,089.00 16,371.45
$2,298,319.00 | $2,263,023.57 | $2,420,676.94 | $30,332.05 | 5.32 | 4.97
VESTMENTS
Summary es Average Yields for Y.
On basis of
Quoted value Book value
% %
Bond § ese ich aaarec of Sunes
Stocks:
proce Bilateria otic ays 5.17 4.77
ee ee een 6.56 55
497
E. 2 IV
Statement of Permanent Funds Showing — During the Year
Ending iui 3I,
Balance editions Balance
Jan. 1, 1933 deductions Dec. 31, 1933
Restricted endowments:
Endowment for science and
educa $ 80,115.49 $ 80,115.49
21,149.31 21,149.31
35,347.63 35,347.63
25,000.00 25,000.00
3,000.00 | $2,031.63 5,031.63
755-04 755.04
5,000.00 5,000.00
10,000.00 10,000.00
9,412.00 110.00 9,522.00
1,000.00 1,000.00
$ 198,779.47 | $3,141.63 | $ 201,921.10
Endow fe Fu nd Piselice Sat $ 238,906.56 $3,820.15 $ pres 71
34,337.86 37-86
10,000.00 oon
48,099.17 48,099.17
10,000.00 10,000.00
, i) 30,000.00
5, 15,000.00
783,924.47 — 26 783,924.21
2,304.6 2,304.67
Special Endowment Fund . 519,038. = 519,038.30
on Jo a D. Rockefeller,
eden Diet eeasesce 500,000.00 500,000.00
The "Chaves Patrick Daly
a Maria Lydig Daly
eh Tanta tances a risa 19,636.34 19,636.34
The. qanies A. Serymser and
Mary ie poe Huge 12,750.00 12,750.00
The Geo: . Bes 3,000.00 3,000.00
$2,236,007-43 | $3,819.89 | $2,240,817.32
Special endowment:
Special Trust Fund .. : 21,158.82 21,158.82
| $2.456.935.72 $6,961.52 | $2,463,807.24
P
Statement of SHOR EN of Incom
87
EXHIBIT V
cial Funds Deane for Specific Purposes
D
e from Restricted Permanent Funds and
Balance . alance
January Additions Eras December
I, 1933 31, 1933
a Lea ease fun
Endow! a for science oi
prebili
Pepe “lectures and in-
truction, research and
lications other than
“Addisonia” .......... $ 373.56 | $ 4,182.56 | $ 4,281.50 | $ 274.62
Addison Brown Fund:
Publication of “Addi-
SOMA” ey outer fe Fa 2,110.52 2,110.52
John Innes Kane Fund: |
purchases and ex-
we shai ge Recta} a hace 2,620.06 1,661.00 | 1,404.51 2,876.55
M D t Jesup '
Botanical collections and
binding of books 110.13 1,174.54 1,193.48 91.19
livia Er an Caroline
Phelps Stokes Fund:
Investigation and p: i
ation of native plants 628.03 157.08 49.59 735.52
Charles Budd inson
Fund:
Eilon ated reals 1.21 35.39 36.60
The H. H. Memorial Fund:
Developme’ of model
gardens .............. 4.77 234.91 225.00 14.68
Alexander P. Anderson
Jee Anderson
Fond
Fehr <.2s2euiehigkeloie 1,133.87 469.82 712.50 891.19
Surin Research Fund:
Scholarships and prizes. 292.52 442.46 350.00 384.98
Mycologia Pun
ea of “Myco-
lopial as wasvecctac. was: 3,206.46 2,904.38 392.08
$ 5,164.15 | $13,764.74 | $13,231.48 | $5,607.41
Special funds See for
specific purpose
Contribution of trustees of
arnegie Corporation :
For public education .... | $ 3,721.85 $ 3,209.27 | $ 422.58
Corried forward ............ $ 3,721.85 $ 3,200.27, $ 422.58
8&8
EXHIBIT V—Continued
Balance : la:
January Additions sr December
T, 1933 1, 1933
a das forward .......... $ 3,721.85 $ 3,290.27 | $ 422.58
Bequest of William Gilman
“Thompson, Geta ted by
executive committee for
struction of roc r-
ON, beh, ise ates eae aed oe 3,977.94 2,400.25 1,577.69
e ne special bird
soi ties, eeeeas hoes 310.00 310.00
Fees. from school for gar-
athe winroute na 379.24 812.13 521.47 669.90
Sale cs shares in the South-
achian Expedi-
fe ony ween 1,331.89 807.70 524.19
Other restricted contribu-
MIOMISS ennai gts vga toh atoy 216.90 427.16 435.21 208.85
$ 8,295.03 } $ 2,881.18 | $ 7,773.90 | $3,403.21
$13,460.08 | $16,645.92 | $21,005.38 | $0,100.62
CALIFORNIA WILD FLOWERS arena BY THE
GARDEN AT THE INTERNATIONAL
FLOWER SHOW
California wild are , seldom seen in the East, comprised the
w Y t
o n Ma
is the foothills, the plains, a the coastal regions were set out
a landscaped dope with Douglas fir trees and Oregon grapes
(aan in the background.
e exhibit, which occupied more than 400 square feet, not only
0
Club of America for “the great beauty and horticultural value” of
the exhibit. Mrs. Samuel Seabury made the presentation of the
medal while the show was in progress.
Tal ae ee clarkias were used in the background at the
left, with some of the leptosynes banked against the first and a few
jeanjeu ut poe siamoy erusozyed TL AMAT]
*MOYS JIMOL JT 94} Je WOpsery [LIMBO T ayy Aq potiqiyNxs “Uorysey 4ST
go
others planted in the foreground. At the foot of the bank on the
right, a number of bulbous plants were set out in rocky woodland
effect. The rest of the plants, acne wild larkspurs and lupines,
aap eree and many others, were planted over the slope in natural-
istic fas
Few parts oo the world have as brilliant and varied a native flora
as has California. This is not surprising when we recall that the
TS e diver a e
tay maritima and the sand verbe ena, Abro , throu; h the
“1
ce in great variety, een ce as soon as the snow melts
“ae of the most breath- een displays of wild flowers of Cali-
eys foo
within Ww
ering from food stored in their buts, with a very short grow-
season. Many of these are excellent for exposed, sunny gravel
e in the East, and if given the right conditions may make
eel displays of ees in really very poor locations.
gi
ew of the interesting forms in The New York Botanical Gar-
den’s exhibit were gold-fields (Baeria chrysostoma), a composite
with brilliant yellow blossoms; tidy-tips (Layia elegans), a:low-
growing composite, its daisy-l lossoms with each petal-tip
reamy white; the glo ilia (Gilia capitata), its heads of lav-
ender-purple blossoms making es 0 ri ral
Cal
ong the v spring ‘wild flowers are the cream cups
Pasenn core) the little cream-colored blossoms re-
sembling tiny poppies. -foam makes a sheet of creamy
wi
dry foothills nee in coloring, the li sun-cups
(Oenothera ovata) perhaps surpass any flowers with the pos-
sible exception of the species of Leptosyne, w. wild
in tl lifornia foothills. The and white lupines (Lupinus
s.
nanus) and many other species, both of the lupines and the lark-
spurs, which occur in the heavier soils of the valleys, may be suc-
cessfully grown as annuals here in the East.
Many of the vai nee species of California bulbs are so violently
0 nee to wet feet during their dormant season in summer and
early winter that they are difficult to grow out of e ;
but many of these will do admirably in fr cool -
e. Among the finest are the Ithuriel’s spear (Brodiaca laxa),
with its fine lavender clusters of blossoms on slender stalks; an
the more robust blue s (Brodiaea capit £ deeper violet-
purple coloring he wil ions a fic varied crew, as
strong in coloring as some of them are in their odor. One of the
most robust is Allin wuniflorum with its lavender- ae heads of
blooms, but there are many o ame may be said of the
star tulips (mariposas). Calorvartis nde us isa lilac star tulip.
Others are pink, yellow, or white, and of varied size and texture.
g2
The genus Camassia, with its loose graceful spikes of blue or white,
has already been transported to a few gardens in the East.
In the wooded foothills, where the tenderer Ae are protected
0
by shade of oak brush, Nemophila insignis, the baby blue-eyes, and
N. maculata, the spotted nemophila; the wild gles (Godetia
anvoena) ; ma: f the brodiaeas, such as the scar: e (Brodi
coccinea the climbing Brodiaea volubilis; and the fritillaries
(Fritillaria pudica and its relatives) all thriv mong thes
is a curiosity because its clusters of flowers are
borne on twining leafless stalks which sometimes cl: r
mber si
eight feet up to the top of the shrubs which shade its rosette of
hyacinth-like leaves at the tate
Ficure 2. One of the ie trout-lilies, Sue ate californicum,
which bloomed among the rocks in the Ga: rden’s dis at - Fis ie =
tional Flower Show. This is one of the western plan ee ich ¢:
cessfully grown in eastern gardens.
93
Going further into the mountains of the Sierras and the Coast
cies) ; the white and ee trilliums, a number of species of Minu-
lus, and in the rockier places Scores of interesting and grotesque
forms of the ey lee
Because some California en and bulbs from the valleys and
foothills are difficult to grow in the East, many garden enthusiasts
1 suited r climate
reme. ere
admirably suited to our ie: To cite only a few, the California
poppies, lupines, and species of Leptosyne, Erythronium, Fritil-
laria, and Trillium may be per ai Others do well if protected
from too much moisture during their dormant season—Calochor-
sunny, well- eile gravel elly pes es € season. Th in-
Seeds an
Purdy, Ukiah, Cal.; Theodore ee Los Angeles ae Rown-
: k rtm Below is
a ay.
Plants which bloomed just in time for the exhibit included:
cas unifolium Kell. , Baeria gracilis (DC.) A. Gray, Brodiaea ixtoides
Wats.
pson, C. k. & Arn., Camassi
lini (Baker) Wats., C. Quamash Greene, Clarkia elegans Douglas, Col-
linsia bicolor Benth., C. Bester Benth, var. alba, Delphinium variegatum
T.&G.
Dodecatheo Erythronium californicum Purdy, Fritil-
laria ee Pursh., F. pudica Spreng, Gilia capitata var. achillenefolia,
G. capitata Dougl., G. ‘dianthoides Endl., G. tricolor Benth.
94
Layia elegans Torr. & Gray, Leptosyne Stillmantt A. Gray, L. maritima
R.
ray, Lewtsia lean ob., Limuanthes Douglasit Br., inus nanus
ougl , L, succulentus gl., Mentsclia Lindleyi T. & G., Mertensia longi-
flora Greene, Monolopia maj oe Nex iophle aurtia Lindl, N. insignis
gl., N. maculata ah ,N. atomeari M.
Hothera ovata Nut » Phacelia ne A: y, P. Parryi Torr,
nacetifolia ete : ‘a Torr., IWVhitlavia A. ae y, Platystemon
Trillium sessile var. californicum Wats., T. sessi
californicus Benth.,
chloropetalum Torr.,
Torr.
mereh nia Aquifolinm Nutt., Brodiaca colubilis Baker, Erythonium “Pink
” Eschscholtsia californica Cham
a
Verbesina encelioides A. Gray, Zygadenus Fremontti
Ot ie plants, some of which
See anes just past flowering,
effect in the naturalistic nea inclu
s., drgemone eae as Link &
were in bud or, in one case
which were used for their
ded:
Abronia umbellata Lam., A. villosa W
Otto, Baeria mariti :
Wats., B. Purdyi E ‘w., B. stel-
ar. Mensiesii, Cae ae
uliginosum Curran, Diplacus longi-
da 0
.&G, D.
s Nutt., Epilobiuin obcordatum A. Gray, Fremontia
T& i californica Benth., G.
5
BS
=
dulos:
Pursh, Lupinus dei Ben th. L. fi
. Mensi i
utt.
wa panne Benth.,
uksd.) St. John,
8
( .&G, O. :
enstemon sp., Phacelia grandiflora a an
Sedum thiulifoliwm Hook., Sisyri inchiun inflatum S
a ay diphyllam Nutt, ” Zauschneri nica Presl.
hylos Uva-ursi Spreng., nia repens G. Don, Pinus con-
torta ae Pseudotsuga tax ifolia I Bri tton
Forman T. McLean,
Carot H. Woopwarb.
NOTES ON THE GARDEN’S ADDITIONAL DISPLAYS
Besides the California wild flowers, for ee both a bronze
medal and a special prize were awarded, Th v York. Botanical
arden offered and coéperated in the presentation of a number of
other outstanding displays at the eal Flower Show,
19-24.
March
95
hree species of Drosera—D. capensis, from Cape of Good
Hope; D. spathulata, oe (ene and D. Aiicrie from the
pine barrens of New Jersey, excited considerable interest because
of their insect-eating proclivity. The Cape Cae was in full
bloom, with recurved spikes of bright magenta flow A certifi-
cate of merit was given this exhibit.
Another certificate was presented for a group of fine specimens
of Scilla as as which were at the height of their bloom the
week of tl ow.
Oth a raised in the conservatory and used to decorate the
table at the side of the exhibit of California flowers included speci-
i f
material, correct methods of propagation of a number of kinds of
lants.
Further details about some of ee exhibits, it is planned, will
appear in later numbers of the JourNA
ee H. Woopwarp.
96
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
We much regret to record the death, on March 3, of Elizabeth
Gertrude Britton (Mrs. N. L. Britt ee for many years Hon-
will appear in a later number of this ae
The aquarium exhibit in Museum Building of the Botanical
Garden, an announcement of which appeared in the JourNAL for
January, has been continued to April 30.
Dr. E. D. Merrill, Director, spent the latter part of February in
Florida as the guest of Colonel Robert H. Montgomery at Coconut
i t
ical garden on land adjacent to the Highland Hammock reserve.
About thirty books o historical interest were lent by The New
York Botanical Garden to the Garden Club of America for an ex-
hibit of sixteenth ee works on herbs and other plants, which
took place at 598 Madison Avenue, New York, from February 1
to March 24
A course in spring ee is being offered during April an
May at The New York Botanical Garden. Practical instruction is
ts fo wil SO
such useful gardening topics as ca fertility mee cultivation of
plants are included
Arthur M. Anderson
*Mrs. aad M. Anderson
. George Arents, Jr.
Mrs. ae eens ips
Vincent Astor
Jol
D
Jad ee Bac con
rof, L. H. Bailey
tes as
Mrs, Jam aird
Henry de Tore Cas
Sherman Baldwi
Prof. Charles P. ey
. Billing:
Dr. A. F. Blakeslee
George Blumenthal
*Mrs. Edward C. Bodman
ay Ca n T. Bogert
ee Bonisteel
ee ret
ae ae Brewster
Pro:
ie 2 Weta rites
ry N. Calkins
ie Andrew ee
rof. W. H. Car;
ane s Mabel Ge.
*Miss E. Mabel Clark
R. Coe
Richard C, Colt
Mrs. J erome ae Coombs
Charles Cur
Mrs. C. I. Bepeveiee
Henry W. de Forest
Moreau Di
D:
of the Advi:
rman ef the Adwieney Council.
ita cretary of the Advisory Council.
§ Treasurer of the Advisory Council.
Childs Fric
aes Helen C. Frick
Mrs. ue oe ean
Che Hens
rshall A. Howe
her M. antes
ee elin
*Mrs. coat ae
*Mrs. Delan
*§Mrs. F. ae Kellogg
*Mrs. os Kissel
Clarence mi
Adolph Li tain
Frederick J. Lian
Henry Lockhart, Jr.
*Mrs. William ine Lockwood
Dr. D. T. MacDougal
Kenneth K. eee
*Mrs. David Ives Mac’
Mrs. H. Edward ae
al
yg
oe
Teun ie Mer
*Mrs. Bea ae Jr.
Hon. Ogden L. M
is R. Morris
ae Rater ly
Y. Mor:
ee Henry F. Osborn
Chas. Lathrop Pack
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine
*Mrs. James R. a arsons
Pla Patters
ts. Whe sler EL Bean
aie George W. Perkins
Howard Phipps
. Pierson
oe R. Pitcher
Hobart Porter
ae Harold I. Pratt
*Mrs. Henry St. a Putnam
Stanley G. Ran;
Johnston L. _Redinond
id
Hon. Georg
ry A. Siebr
aby
*
John K. Small
Valentine P. Snyder
James Speyer
J. E. Spingarn
Mrs. Charles H. Stout
Nathan Straus, Jr.
*Mrs. Theron G. Strong
of. Sa elease
*Mrs. cee McL. Turner
Felix arbur;
Allen wel
*Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder
aoe near Williams
inthrop
die L. Winthrop
ohn C. Wister
*Mrs. William H. Woodin
Richardson Wright
. istic
GENERAL INFORMATION
prone of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden —
Ves our hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern par
of the City of New York, uroteh which flows the Bronx River. A native
hemlock forest is one of the features of the tract.
Plantations ot eceaas of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and
flowering plant
Gardens, inclu aes beautiful rose carden a rock garden of rock lOve
plants, and fern and herbaceous garden
Greenhouses, penteining thousands a i tevesting plants from Ameneg
and foreign countrie fy
Flower shows throuatett the yearn the spring, summer, and autum:
displays of narcissi, daffodils, tulips, lilacs, irises, \Peonies, roses, lilies, i
water-lilies, ueniganene dahlias, and chrysanthemums; in the winter displays
- g plants.
A ntaining exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local plants Peeing Bay n one hundred miles of the City of New York,
and the economic ot els ants.
An her basum, eOmE rising more than 1,700,000 specimens of American
and foreign
Eeeaeee in “differe nt parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Centr; alee and South America, for the study and collection of the character-
Q
Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
problems of plant life.
A library of botanical: literature, comprising more than 43,400 books
and numerous pamphlet {
Public sees on a Galen variety of botanical topics, continuing
throughou e year. 4
Sees on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific, and
ae of popular, interest. i
education of school children and the public through the above fea-
tures eee the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and
forestral subjects.
The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropria ay by the
City of New York, private bene re and membership fees. It
possesses now nea rly tw o thousand nee S, aa applications for
membership are always Te. The clas s of membership fh
ntribution spe Mi;
single contributio:
single contribution 1,000
single contribution 250
100
fee 25 }
annual fee j
Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes.
The following is an AAG ae e beque:
I hereby bequeath to The New nical Garde incorporated under
the Laws of New York, ota oe ie ha ae ——-.
Conditional bequests may be made with income payable to donor
or any designated BeneReiaed quel ring his e her lifeti
All requests for further information should be cea eB
THE New York BoTaNIcaL ca
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y.
May, 1934 No. 413
JOURNAL
OF
Tue New YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN
ELIZABETH GERTRUDE BRITTON
‘ MarsHAtt A, Howe
MEMORIAL AND RESOLUTION OF THE ADVISORY COUNCIL
REPORT OF THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN EXPEDITION—I
Epwarp J EXANDER
PROFESSIONAL GARDENERS es SCIENCE COURSE
Forman T. McLea
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
AT LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa.
THE SCIENCE Press PRINTING COMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
_ Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK EO ees GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGE
I. ELECTIVE Oe Ss i
Until 1935: L. H. Battey, ae AS J. DoteN, MaRsHALL Frecp, Mrs. Eton —
HuntTINGTON Hoon Er, Kennetu K. MACHEN BE “Jou HN L. MERRILL '(Vice-presi-
dent and Tre er), and H. Hopart Porter.
Until ie eG mR M. Anperson, N. L. Britton, Henry W. ve Fore:
Ciresgen ys Gunes Lewis, E. D. MERRILL (Director and Secretar aah
HENRY DE LA MonrtTaGNne, JR. (Assistant Treasurer & Business Manager), and
Lewis RutHERFURD Morkis. i
Until 1937: Henry DE Forest BaLpwin (Vice-president), Gromer S.
Brewster, CHILps Frick, ApoLpH LEwIsoHN, HENRY LockHant, pry, 10), I
MacDoveat, and Hake R. Swan
EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS 5
Froretto H. La Ce Mayor of the City of New York.
ROBERT Moses, Park Commissioner.
GEorcE J. RYAN, President of the Board of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
A. F. BLAKESLEE, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club.
R. A. Harper, Sam F, TRELE EASE, EDMUND W. SINNOTT, and Marston T.
BoceErt, appointed by C olumbia University.
DIRECTOR EMERITUS
N. L. Britton, Pu. D., Sc. D., LL. D. |
GARDEN STAFF
. D. Merry, Sc. D........... Dire
Mansnau A. Howe, PH) DSc A Deere ayesnaaaa ate Re Dee
H. A. Gieason, PH. D. d Curator
Joun K. SMALL, Pa Ds? Sc Die Chief Resear Associate and Curator
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories
Frep J. SEAVER, Pu. D., Sc. D. urator
Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. mt Pathologist
Forman T. McLean, M. yee 20 = iy | Data Supervisor of Public Education
OHN HENDLEY BARNHART, an M, aL D...Bibliographer and Admin. Assistant —
ERCY WILSON ssociate Curator
Avsert C. Situ, Pu. D. Associate Curator
Saran H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian
H. H. Russy, M. Deen Honorary Curator of ie Economic Collections
Fiepa GrirFITH tist and Photographer
Rosert S. WILLIAM: eae Associate in Bryology
. J. ALEXANDER .... Assistant Curator and Gace of the Local Herbarium
Harotp N. Moupenxe, A. M. Assistant Curator
LYDE CHANDL! wae Technical Assistant
RosALIE_WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Caro, H. Woopwarp, B. Editon Asie
THOMA: tt, N. D. Hort. urist
Henry TEuscHER, Hort. M. Dendralege
G. L. Wittrock, A. M. Doe
ae HAGELSTEIN STA A Sa ar aaioriare Honorary Curator of Myxomyce
B. Soutuwick, Pu. D. ............... Custodian of Herbaceous Coane
eT Anson S. Pecknau . -Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections
Wa trter S. Gages Clerk and A ccounta
ArtTHuR J. CORBETT ..........26--- Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VOL. XXXV May, 1934 No. 413
ELIZABETH GERTRUDE BRITTON
Following soon after the deaths of Doctors Rydberg and Hollick,
publication was a brief note on “Albinism” in the Bulletin of the
Torrey Botanical Club for March, 1883. In April, 1883, her title
in the staff of the Normal College was changed to Tutor in Natural
Science, and in September of that year we find the forerunner of
98
what was destined to be a long series of papers on the North Amer-
tk
ican mosses, itled “On the fruit of Eustichium norvegicum.”
ed on fertile material collected by her ir isconsin, she sup-
plie Tiption a gures of the “fruit” of a r riginally
described (supposedly from Norway, but probably from Iceland
in 182 meanwhile, ix rs, known o n ile
condition n August 27, 1885, Miss ight was married to Dr
Nathaniel Lord Britton, at that time an Assistant in Geology ir
upying about i cubic re-
sented to the herbarium of Columbia College. This contained
numerous valuable exsiccati and was a very important addition to
the bryological resources of New York and of America. In 1
Mrs. Britton began a series of eight eee illustrated articles
i The hese
e e lo gener
tions of the illustrated species. The periodical in which this series
was Laas was of ephemeral existence and unfortunately the
e ate as separates owever, taken wit
i tae ae ons to American ne ology,
place Mrs. Britton in command of the ae field in Ree
icl i ti fo
t Observ es
as “The luminous moss” i ehsesaay a ea elves”
ELtzasetH GERTRUDE Britton
(Photograph taken at her desk _ ae New York Botanical Garden, June
02)
100
anata and ]Vebera], “The brownies” [Phascum and Pleu-
ridium], e water nymphs” [Fontinalis and Dichelyma] and
“The umbrella mosses” [Splachnuim and Tetraplodon].
In The Linnaean Fern Bulletin for April, 1896, Mrs. Britton re-
lated the story of how in 1879, ad found the rare and local
Curly Grass Fern (S oe psi) in Nova Scotia. One of the
ew specimens collected there by her went tay, of
Harv iversity, who wrote her that he had seen in Paris the
specimens of this rare little fern collected years before by De La
aie in Newfoundland, bu he and every one else up-
posed that cited locality was incorrect and that the specimen
must have come from New Jersey, where it is of local occurrence
in the sand-barren region. She sent a speci ‘o the Rev 1
C. Waghorne, a resident of Newfoundland, and in re-
ported its rediscov ri t isl Mrs. Britton’s interest in
ferns persisted throughout her life, although it was chiefl spe-
ist on mosses that she was known to botanists. In 1897 sh
ublished a revision of the th American species of Ophioglos-
sun, th er’s-tongue ferns. Later, h Miss Alexandrina
o contributed numerous excellent drawings, she pub-
wh
lished ie histories of the Curly Grass Fern (Schiz a. and of the
pi
In April, 1902, Mis. Britton was one of the prime movers in
organizing The Wild Flower oe aed of Am
with the codperation of Dr. Frederick V. Coville, of Washington,
as President; Mr. Charles Lois Pollar d, of Washington, as Secre-
hus ro
tection des plantes, ns oe in Geneva, was started as
IOT
ly as 1883, and, in the United States, the Audubon Society, be-
ee in this Journat from 1912 to 1929. As Chairman of the
fe) , sk as especi active in urging a national boycott
against the us: he American Holly for Christmas decorations
and in advocating the cultivation of the holly from seed.
at 1918 she ed Mr. P. icker, of Washington, to
handle much of the correspondence, cies tecially from the 1
His success in field resulted in organization of Wild
Flower Preservation Society, Inc., with headquarters in hing-
ton and with Mr. Ricker as Pr nt, in the gradual transfer of
ser n activities to the new society, and finally, in 1933, i
the formal dissolution of th rent organizati The present
writer is informed that the new society receives about 4 10,000 r'
quests for okie in a year.
Mrs. Britton was one of the group of members of the Torrey
S|
Igi tanic Garden of 1801-1814 (located on the aes site
of the Rockefeller Center) has oa traced to a remark that
102
made to Professor Britton during a visit to the Royal Botanic
vs dens at Kew in the summer of 1888. This remark was, in
ffect, “Why pee we not have something like this in New York?”
ee a meeting of the Torrey Botanical Club held on October 24 0
that year, she ere the important and imposing establishment
, 1896,
ec —a position that he held for more
than thirty-three years, during all of which time Mrs. Britton was
his constant helper. Her volunteer services in the care of the moss
=
2
S
Lo
v.
ue
a
@
5
a
3
5
4
3
7
“Oo
=e
o
Indies. ater, she contributed the treatment of the mosses for
her husband’s Flora of Bermuda and for Britton and Millspaugh’s
hama Flora. * Darin ng the years 1917-1919, she was Presi-
dent of the Sullivant Moss Society.
The high esteem in which Mrs. Britton was held in Porto Rico
ernor Winst te resolutions of appreciation a
pathy from the two branches of the Porto Ric pobre and by
letters from Chancellor Chardon, of the U Jniversity orto Rico,
a
A list of Mrs. Britton’s contributions to the iene of botany,
aaa reviews and short notes, prepared by Dr. John Hendley
art for publication elsewhere, indicates the existence of 346
ia. Many speci mosses and other plants have been named
n her honor. Ars. Britton was a woman of extraordinary physical
a nental energy—the a remarkably quick and bril-
nd 1 posse )
liant intellect. She has left an enduring record in the literature of
103
science, and her well-directed activities have had an outstanding in-
fluence in the conservation of the native flora of the United a
Marsuati A. How
MEMORIAL AND RESOLUTION*
The members of The Advisory Council of The - York
Botanical Garden desire pe ee on record their deep eee
of the attainments and s of
ELIZABETH KNIGHT BRITTON
member of the Woman's Auxiliary of The New York Botanical
arden now termed The Advisory ore
Internationally known as a noted botanist before her marriage
o Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton, she was keenly interested with him
/ i was honorar Gan of Mosses in The New
den Clubs o New rk St tate; and Secretary- areasuier of t
Wild Flower Preserv ea Seen America
In her enthusiastic campaign for this preservation work, or
lectured iringly at meine: of garden clubs and schools, a
public meetings, and before women’s organizations in many ae
ards po: i ;
¢ oughout t
flower and holly _preservation— often de ee iving herself to fin
He work. The impress of her oo ee campaign lives ne
her
tt was during the genial and efficient leadership of Dr. W. Gil-
an Thompson, who had been intimately sears with the
Boel Garden from its ee in 1895, and acted as Presi-
lent of t rd of Managers from 1913 to en that the
Thi ae morial is signed by ral members of the former Women’s
rerceee who were well coaucinted with Mrs. Britton, though no longer
members of the present Advisory Council--Ed.
104
Women's Auxiliary was instituted. Its informal meetings wer
a:
all its phases
ELizaBETH BILLINGS ExizaBetH G. Lockwoop
Louise W. CARNEGIE Evetyn B igs INS
LovisE ICKEY THEL AN PECKHAM
eee E. HEpBuRN Mrs. JAMES Reece
ANNA GILMAN HiIu cet P, ONG
Mrs, nee ae alsa TAYLOR
TARTHA oe ToR
The following Resolution was adopted by is Advisory Coun-
cil at their meeting Wednesday, April 18, 1934
Resolved, that the ne Memorial te spread upon the
minutes of a Advisory Cou
A cop t to Dr. Xoihontel ‘Lord RS on Cane in
the oe OF THE NEw York Bor. L GAR
BLANCHE ieee oe OKER,
Chairman,
Henrietta McCormick WILLIAMS
Secretary.
105
REPORT OF on SOUTHERN iar
PEDITION.
For a number of years, it has been the constant se of Euro-
pean garden-lovers that Aneden plants were so little known i
similar ones other sources Cone much of truth, it was
aie d pain that The New Yo [ Botanical Garden or-
ze a syndicate to finance an pedi tion into the southern Ap-
epee for ena Gara subject he plan was
carried out upon the basis that each pee cae member receive a
share of seeds and ae eles te
The writer and T. H. Everett, Horticulturist, were appointed a
the members of the expedition, and at almost the last nee
t a
S we stop
Houstonia longifolia, a relative of the bluet, with numerous,
fe : :
forming closely set rosettes of gray-gre
We then made for the ae ae bluffs of the Cac
River near Lar: t Virginia ere we found spend i.
si of Allium cermin, which fiers from our other native al-
liums in having t of pink flowers noddin; ere also were
numbers of plants of Oenothera argillicola in full flower his
Oenothera is a handsome plant, usually gro a foot to eighteen
inches tall and widely spreading ; its ers are bright yellow, from
2-3.5 inches acr hen fully expanded ollected s
oo of pad Renn Ey far pas flower ; its grayish, eve
or dry, sunny,
eae slopes.
106
We then went out to Burlington, West Virginia, west of which,
on steep shale slopes, we collected seeds of the shale-barren variety
Ho istortit e
hacus d tus, an clstragalus relative, whose prostrate
| rm a spreading rosette 3-6 inches across and bear
numerous s of purplish-blue flowers on 1-2 inch stalks
Trifolium virginicuim were also obtained here; this un
cloverlike clover ha litary tap-root and a crown of leaves 3~4
inches in height and hears several cre wien bloom
It not have runners or ¢ ro liffering greatly
reeping roots, thus
from other clovers. These two aa meee prove satisfactory for
dens.
Turning south again, on a wooded slope we collected seed of
Blephilia ciliata, a mint related to Monarda, and of Campantlas-
trum american, a Lobelia-like plant with a leafy spike of saucer-
shaped blue-flowers.
Arriving at Petersburg, we took a side trip down the south
branch of the Potomac River about ten miles. Here, on quartzite
cliffs back from the river, we found the coe form of Paro-
sprawling tufts of silvery green with even more ee cra of
owers on the ends of the bran riches
long the roadside nearby, we collected cuttings from a tree of
cis canadensis which was in full flower; this may prove to be a
fall-blooming variety, and it is to he hoped it Ae be propagated.
Driving on to Monterey, Virginia, we gathered plants of Aster
oblongitotius and sced of a very deep-colored form of Allium cer-
NUH.
ing cast from Monterey, we collected seed of Porteranthus
a and Ileuchera scons. Further east, at the village of
eadwater, we stopped at a shale-barren where grew Ocnothera
argillicola, a. a and Sedum Nevii. The Eriogonum,
hi bout two feet s at its hei of bleom, its
large flat cymes of deep yellow flowers making a splendid sight on
talk
the steep ue individual plants had 8-10 stalks of bloom, with a
spread of three feet; the leaves are duck-like, densely woolly be-
neath with tan ae
Arriving at Staunton, we went up the a valley to Lex-
ington, then turned west to Clifton For; Leaving here the next
morning, we found ee of ee argilttcata with flowers
a I eas hale-barren slope near Largent, W. Va. The steep slope
und shows the habitat of Oen hie argillicola; that in the
middle pai the habitat of Senecio guteiadpiifoline, Trifolium virgin-
icum, and Allium cernuum.
108
over three inches across, the largest flowers we found of this spe-
cies.
Going on to Lewisburg, West Virginia, we stopped along the way
to collect seeds of Draba ramosissima and Allium oxyphilum, the
i imi The Draba
e then ran down to Pearisburg, Virginia ie the night, and
ntain pha
ET h
branched panicles of irregularly shaped white flowers, the two
larger petals having cae or brown spots.
Ve then procee lacksburg, and along the way collected
seed of Clintonia ete and Pinus pungens, and plants of a
dwarf form of the composite, Liatris S, ica a. ane Clintonta dif-
borealis
A day was spent exploring around Radford: where we collected
seed of Prunus eee Berberis canadensis, and Rudbeckia
triloba, and plants of Pachystima Canbyi.
We then went southwest to the Unaka National Forest, where
we ascended Whitetop Mountain, altitude 5,520 feet, collecting seed
109
of Si — anit the mountain cinquefoil. A new spe-
h long-stalked berr: e
Ficure 2. Cliffs on the east face of Whiteside Mountain ne igh-
lands, N. C. On the summit 2 Bae cliffs, quantities of ree mien
Lyont and Robinia Hartwigti w und; the lower and wetter cliffs were
draped with Hypericum Buckley
Exploring the mountains east of Asheville the next day, we col-
lected seed of Fiorna Viorna; Cynoglossum virginianum, a ae
leaved species with long-branching sprays of bright blue flower
Parthenium integrifolinm, and a small quantity of Phlox ae
folia.
We then visited the Nik-Nar Nursuries, whose owner, Mr. G.
Latta Clement, gave us collected wild seed of Dodecatheon Hugeri,
pale-flowered species; Aconitum igo and Calycanthus
fers is.
110
Then ae to ree Tennessee, we lost three days at-
tempting to g Roan Mountain, being held back by heavy rains.
We did, acaens get seed of Campanudastrum americanum and of
Houstonia tenuifolia, another relative of the bluet, with very slen-
y handsome t
dull red eee the other small green ones; both are insipid to the
taste.
hen turning down to Franklin, we stopped to climb Cowee
chi ,
an umbel of white flowers, followed by a berries borne on red
stalks ; the entire plant is usually 2-3 fee
rom Franklin we ascended Wayah oo altitude 5,500 feet,
and near the summit obtained a large quantity of seed o ieee
cum Buckleyt, a shrubby species, rarely reaching over six inches ir
height, with numerous yellow flowers. This should prove cael
for rock gardens.
Then proceeding south to ree we stopped to examine
some plants of Parnassia asarifolia in the spray of a water-fall, and
ere found seed of Thalictriamn ee a dwarf species aver-
aging 6-8 inches, and frequenting wet rocks and stream beds.
At Highlands we oe the acquaintance of Mr. T. G. Harbison,
who Fa us to a fine co) lony of Stuartia pentagyna grandiflora, o
‘
bus u
cross, with ee anes The Lan sae has brilliant yellow
e ex Beadlei an
oO
icy
ee
2
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ain
=
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——
FS)
5
Oo
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Q
fs
Oo
ves ase ered with large
berries. The Polygala is an annual species with much-branched
stems bearing heads of bright pink flowers. On Satulah Mountain,
III
within the town limits, we collected seed of Trautvetteria caroli-
nensis and Phloy maculata. Trautvetteria is a relative of the
Cimicifugas, growing 1-2 feet tall with flat-topped sprays of feath-
y white flowers, and large, palmately cut leaves. It grows in the
rocky beds of streams or on dripping rock ledges
Mr. Harbison went with us to Whiteside Mounts, a massive
granite ie altitude 4,830 feet, on the summit of which we ob-
tained seed of Leiophyllum Lyoni, Robinia Hartwigti, and yee i-
RE 3. Indian Gap in the Great Sm ains. A typical valley
Ba
of the southern Appalechians showing ie i forested ones The
moiihtaing on either side rise to an elevation of over 6,500 fee
cunt Bucklewi. Robinia Hartwigii is a rare species, forming a small
bushy tree 6-12 feet tall, with spreading spikes of purplish-rose
wers.
hen we went down into Horse Cove, a deep valley east of High-
WV
flowers. It should make a fine border plant. We obtained also
seed of Lobelia amoena, a species with tall spikes of blue flowers,
113
Sarracenia purpurea, Ba cruciata, Rhexia ieee Rud-
e
one foot tall with large terminal sprays of heads of lavender
flo
pon our return to Asheville, Mr. Clement cena us to
Flat Rock, near which, in a p noted for its peculiar flora, we
obtained seed of Coreopsis Lan Kalmnia pane and a
species of Eryngium. This Kalmia is somewhat similar to Kalmia
angustifolia, the eee or see Kill, but it has bluish leaves
and | flo r here, he also showed us a
colony of an Aster he could = eee ack proved to be Aster
spectabilis, a coastal species.
gain accompanied by Mr. Clement, we ascended Mt. Mitchell,
fraxinifolia, Robinia vi , Hypericum graveolens, i
glomerata, arnassia asarifolia, and p! of Houstonia ser-
? Li Thermopsis fraxinifolia is quite different from other
pecies of t! n cultivation, having all th nches, whi
are wii spreading, terminating in spikes of yellow 4y-
pericum graveole: ennial herbaceous species growing about
a fo d eas ees yellow flowers about one inch across.
rnassia asarif: species with white flow an
olia is a handsome e wh
inch and a half across alenely veined es a green lines.
J. ALEXANDER,
(To be sine
Ficure 4, A close-up of the face of Chimney Rock Mountain, showing
the narrow path along the cliffs. The trees are mostly Pinus Fda ian and
Tsuga caroliniana, Along the cliff path, marked by the trees, Trautvetier
carolinens sis and Heuchera parviflora were found, while on the cliffs above
were ae fer os pons flava, Opulaster australis, and a num-
ber of other less rare pla:
114
PROFESSIONAL GARDENERS COMPLETE SCIENCE
COURSE
The course of study in the sciences underlying the Sean
profession, which was initiated two years ago b e New
Botanical Garden, was completed hy the first class of students a
professional gardeners on Monday evening, April 9, with appro-
priate closing exercises in the rooms of the ae eerie Society of
New York on that evening.
The course pone eight subjects as follows: Systematic Bot-
any by Dr. H. A. Gleason, Plant Physiology by Forman T. Mc-
Lean, Physics and ee by Dr. E. N. Grisewood, Plant He
phology by Dr. Forman T. . Entomology by Dr. E. P. Fel
Soils and Penlicers by Dr. Forman T. McLean, Plant
by Dr. A. B. Stout, Plant Pathology by Dr. B. O. Dod e.
all of the ee and a of his ae epenenee eqn
: R : ‘i
4
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sion
of how undertook the studies w sont any desire for credit or
further ents as a result of it. ordin; eae ae took only
y )
who did complete the course for credit were most of our own young
student gardeners for whom it is a necessary part of their training.
115
An interesting feature of the final awarding of the certificates
to those who comp ae the entire course is that it includes in the
of o n young men, and many o older professional gar-
deners completed the required reports entirely because of their in-
terest and desire to get the most possible ou rk, a
h they
obviously had nothing to gain by adding another certificate to their
already long list of attainments.
= w Work Botanica Gy
Axe) ae ee
: CR TWO YEAR “Ge :
. Science Course For Gardeners
.
dohn Doe
has satisfactorily completcd the repute! work i? P seston each mn
VAR MORPIGLOGS. SISTLMAUO BOTANY PLANT. AI SIOLOLY
PINS ANP CHUSIRTNY souls ann RI ARs FAM OMLEAC
NT PALGIOGY ARD MAND MRELDING
aid in ernteme ihvrcaf an this
eet rthre Vth
Gien at New York City this sixteenth day of April um the year of
our Lord one thouand mine hundred and thirty-four.
Tet tretes M4 Ri cee 7
LP eSEOM 1S COAL
Ficure 1. Facsimile of certificates awarded April 16 to twelve men on
completion of a two-year science course for gardeners.
At the meeting on Monday evening Director Merrill presided
nd told about the general character of the work as outlined above.
then ¢ upon M i
struck an optimistic note in perks the need for Amer-
ican-trained professional gardeners and the increasing opportunities
for men in this profession. The eee task of the gardener, Mr.
116
Baldwin remarked, is to create beauty, and where a trained horti-
culturist has created a pla
dener is fortunate in that he is paid to do the things that he most
enjoys By creating beauty he contributes to our civilization.
Mr. James Stuart, Superintendent at the Constable , Ma-
maroneck , representing the Horticultural Society of
Ne rk, congratulated the students on their achievements in
their studies, which will make them better garde ex
the facility to discuss plant life and plant problems intelligently
ith each rand with their employers. On
ticultural nae he stated that it was glad to accommodate activ-
f this kind.
ities 0
Director Merrill then introduced Mr. Fred Sparks, who voiced
es
Dr. Merrill Hen paid tribute to the Horticultural Society and to
Miss Hall, the Librarian, who was most closely identified with the
administration of the science course, and presented her a bou-
-asinod oy} Burimp yySnez osye poomasiy “N'A
‘Iq pue mois ‘gy “iq. 23poq. ‘OG “I pur ‘ues VL UeUIOT “Iq [W4129W ‘Cd “A “Iq ‘Vosea[y "y “H Iq ‘e194 H
“L ‘Wag ‘ad “A “AC Bi 0} 39] “ase ‘seas dy) Je Burpuejs ‘WOJeNG yi PUe ssOjNIJsUT ‘adUEISISse Joy JO UOT WOE! Ul
43y 0} pajuesaid yanbnog ay} BuIpjoy ‘H1OA MAN JO AJVINOG yeIM]MOIOP{ oy} JOF UeLVIqry TWeH yeqeziy ssp st 19}Ua0
118
quet as a testimonial to her excellent cooperation in this under-
taking.
e then gave the certificates testifying to their completion of the
course to the following men: Mr. Thorleif Andersen, The New
Y E
hed
—
Albert nae The New York Botanical Garden; Mr. Ken-
d
k J. McKe
den; Mr. Walter W. Wolney, The New York Botanical Garden;
Ar. Sven Woodland, fase New York.
i izab
staff of the Horticultural ae and eee ee
and Mrs. Robert Herndon Fife, then ree ee and nee ate
to the visitors and participants, numbering about fifty.
Forman T, McLea
Supervisor of Public eae
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Dr. A. B. Stout spoke on “Daylilies: Old and New,” on April
14th nihee series of winter lectures at the Morris Arboretum of
the University of Pennsylvania.
An interesting collection of about 250 numbers of dried plants
was recently received for determination from the Yale North India
Expedition of 1932. The specimens were collected by Dr. H. de
Terra and Dr. G. E. Hutchinson in connection with their geolog-
ical work in eastern Ladak (Little Tibet); nearly 100 of these
setae are represented by specimens retained for the herbarium
f the Botanical Garden, the others having been returned to Yale
seen after identification. The determinations were made by
Dr. E. D. Merrill and Mr. G. L. Wittrock. Most of the species
represented are matched in the extensive collection of Dr. Koelz,
119
received from the Himalayan Research Institute a the eet
Museum and the large collection presented by Dr. R. R. Stew
A final report has tee been made on tl the 670 numbers of dried
d by his ditio:
ae funds supple ed by Pade Henry W. de Forest. A col-
lec of 360 numbers made by W. T. Ts: ae in northern Kwang-
ne - Lingnan University has just been received for stud
At the meeting of the National 7 of Sciences held in
Washington, D. C., April 23-25, ees presented a
paper on “A lethal for ascus sae in Neuras ora.” His studies
were based on cultures ae in part from an ascospore that
had been treated with x-ra The lethal condition induced by this
p a
percentage of c The ascus affected attains its full size, but it
degenerates, pe bio wn, becomes indurated and striated like a
monstrous ascospore
A remarkably puna and interesting collection of herbarium
ith several sets of du
terial was collected by ie second and third Hainan Expeditions -
that institution by Messrs. F. c How, N. K. Chun, and C. L. Tso
here are in excess 0 os 2,400 numbers in the pee eikeens.
making these among the most extensive and comprehensive collec-
tions of botanical material ever made in Hainan. The material will
be studied by Director Merrill in a with Prof. W. Y
hun, of Sun Yatsen University. work was in part
oe d ne funds generously supplied 4 Beesicenk Henry W.
de For
The Garden has recently received from the American Museum
is i
ay s
lection, probably the most extensive and valuable one ever made
120
in that particular region, contains in excess of 2,000 numbers, with
ample duplicates. Much of it is from medium and highe r alti-
t n feet.
ample field notes. Identifications will be made by Director Merrill
with the codperation of various ae
Dr. James P. Chapin, of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, has recently transmitted to The New York Botanical Garden
nical
zori, Mount Kenya, and Kivu Volcano, in central Africa, and in
the Lukolela region of Belgian Congo in 1926-27 and 1930-31
The following visiting botanists tee registered in the 2
during the winter: Mr. . Carpen eae Springs,
Mrs. Lincoln W. Riddle and oe M. Pout, "Canbge
M i f. L. H.
N. Y.; Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, Philadelphi, Pas ; Prof. L. O. Over-
holes: Stat College, Pa.; Dr. Walter T. Simei Messrs. Egbert
Valker, Thomas H. Kearney, ae William A. eae Wash-
ington, a C.; Dr. M. L. Lohman, Asheville, N. C.; Dr. George
Hume Smith, Indianapolis, Ind.; and Dr. Robert E. ae ae Jr.
St. Louis, Mo.
“The chestnut crop this fall in Pennsylvania is better than it has
n for years, reports John B. Aughanbaugh, attached to the
to
Pennsylvania Forest Research Institute, Mont Al he burs are
arge and are filled with plump chestnuts, probably the result of the
favorable growing sea: he past summer her e today
rowing in the Pennsylvania St: orests chestnut seedlings, the
nuts of which have come from Connecticut, New Jersey, Michigan,
Ohio, and other states as well as from Asia a 1 From 90
0 95 pe of the nuts which Aughanbaugh has planted have
germinated successfully h of tl ntings is to de-
n er the trees that result show increased resistance to
the chestnut blight when attacked by this bark disease.”—| Forestry
News Digest, December, 1932.]
Arthur M. Anderson
-*Mrs, Arthur M. Anderson
George Arents, Jr.
_ Mrs. George ette, Jr.
s Baird
Henry a Forest Sie te
Sherman Baldw:
Prof. ae akey
C.K. G. Billin,
De Nicholas M. Butler
*Miss Mabel Choate
*Miss E. Mabel Clark
W. R. Coe
Richard C. C
Mrs. Here Ww Coombs
Charles Cur
Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow
Julian Detmer
*Mrs. Charles D. ae
Hon. Thomas J. Dol
*Mrs. John W. Dra:
Benjamin T. Fairchild
try Harkness Flagler
Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox
oar ienry Bi! eylm
Mrs. Christian R. Holmes
*tMrs. Elon H. ke
Dr. Marshall A. H
Archer M. Huntington
Adrian Iselin
*Mrs. oe one
*Mrs. Del Kan
*§Mrs. F. Le ne Kelloss
*Mrs. Gustav E. Kis:
Clarence Lewis
* Member also of the Advisory Council.
Chairman of the A
ll Secretary of the
visory Council.
Advisory Cou
uncil,
§ Treasurer of the Advisory Council.
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine
*Mrs. James R. Parsons
Rufus L. Patt
*Mrs. Wheeler
Stanley G. Ranger
Johnston L. Redmond
Ogden Mills Reid
John D. Rockefeller
Prof. H. H. Rusb:
n. George J. Ryan
s. Herbert L. Satterlee
John M. Schiff
ar Arthur H. Scribner
Henry A. Siebrecht
ae Ed d W. Sinnott
i ca n
John
De William Sy cag
Charles G. dees,
Robert Tho:
Raymond EL Torey
Pir 1D dls
*Mrs. Harold McL. linen
Feli: Warburg
Allen well
*Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder
*||Mrs. be aera Williams
Bronson Wint
Grenville L. Winthrop
John C. Wist
. William HL Woodin
Richardson Wright
¢
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
erie
ur fandres artes of beautifully cierned land in the northern pat
Fo
of is oy of New York, through es ic the Bronx River. A natiy
hemlock forest is one ree the features of thet fact.
Plantations a thousands of see and introduced trees, shrubs, and
flowering plan
Gardens, including a beautiful rose garden, a rock garden of rock-loving
plants, and fer: d herbaceous gardens.
reen ene caulaiaine thousands of interesting plants from America
and foreign countries
Hl ower shows through the year—in the spring, summer, and autu
displays of le eae) daffodils, tulips, gees ines peonies, roses, ies,
water ilies, gladioli, a a an: 6 nthemums; in the winter di splay:
of pane nhouse-blooming
seum, containing ee of fossil plants, existing plant families,
ieee plane occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
and the economic uses 0 nts.
An her panini, Comprising more than 1,700,000 specimens of American
Exploration fe “ai fferent parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Central enc South AER. for the study and collection of the character-
Sci nae research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
neablenis of plant life.
A library of pela literature, comprising more than 43,400 books
and numerous pamphlet
Public lectures on a eat variety of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the year.
Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific, and
partly of popular, in
The education of s Lorie en and the public through the above fea-
tures and the gis ving Be ce information on botanical, horticultural and
pean subjec
City of New York, Loy benefactions, an He, fees. I
possesses now ne wo thousand member: ahd applications for
membership are oe welcome. The Haseed of membership are:
Benefactor single contribution 25,000
Patron single contribution 5,000
Fellow, for/Wife nsec single contribution 1,000
Member ‘ifor ‘Lifes yea scdscnane single contributio: 250
Fellowship Member .............. ual fee 100
Sustaining M att RNG pea annua se 25
Annual Member .............----
1 Mem
Contributions to a Garden may be head from taxable incomes.
The following is an approved form of bequest
I hereby beaeealy to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under
the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the su ————.
Condi ional eae may be made with income payable to donor
or any designated beneficiary during a oe her lifetime.
All requests for further information should be sent to
THE New York Borawteat seam
BRONX PARK, NEW YOR
VOL. XXXV JUNE, 1934 No. 414
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
HARDINESS IN PLANTS
ENRY TEUSCHER
NEW ROSES FROM PERSIA
REPORT OF THE ae APPALACHIAN EXPEDITION—II
RD J. ALEXANDER
HYBRIDS Ran eee THE NECKLACE COTTONWOOD AND
E LARGE- eye ASPEN
A. B. Stout
TWO IMPORTANT NEW BOOKS FOR GARDENERS
Carot H. Woopwarp
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN ?
At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA.
THE ScIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW genes bore GARDEN
ARD OF MANAG
ECTIVE Mogae!
Until 1935: L. H. ue AILEY, mice J. Doren, MarsHaty Frevp, Mrs. Eton
Huntrncton Hooker, KENNET TH K. Macrawz, Joun L. Merritt (Wiese
dent and Treasurer), and H. Hopart Porter.
i 6: ArtHuR M, Anperson, N. ie , Henry W. a E For
(President), CLrareNce Lewis, E ”D. ee ae rector pies caret
HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE, Je (Assistant Teeacuree & Business Manager), and
Lewis RuTHERFURD Morrt
Until 1937: Henry pe Forest Batpwin (Vice-president), Grorce S.
Brewster, Cuitps Frick, ApotpH Lewisonn, Henry Lockuasrt, Jr. D. T.
MacDovcat, and JosEPH R, SWAN
II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
Home H. LaGuarota, Mayor of the City of New York.
ERT Moses, Park Commissioner.
a J. Ryan, President of the Board of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
A. F. BLAKESLEE, aibointed by the Torrey aie Club.
R. A. Harver, Sam F. TreLEASE, EpmMunp W. SINNOTT, and Maxston T.
Bocert, appointed by Columbia University.
DIRECTOR EMERITUS
N. L. Britron, Pu. D., Sc. D., LL. D.
GARDEN STAFF
E. D. Merritt, Sc. D. Director
MAarsHALL A. Howe, Pai Ds SerDatieiisdees Gaerne Assistant Director
. A. GLEASON, PH. 'D. Head Courgien
Joun K. Swatt, BaD ASceD ae Chief Research Associate and Curt
A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the Laboratori
Frep J. Bae Pa. D., Sc. D
Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. lant Patholonet
Forman T. McLean, M. F., ae Darcey Supervisor of ote Education
jou HENDLEY Barnuanrt, A _M,, M. D...Bibliographer and are Assistant
ERCY WILSON ciate Curator
Ausert C. SuitH, Pu. D. eae Paha:
Saraw H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian
H. H. Russy, M. D......... Honorary Curator of ind ees Coltechene
FLEDA Gms ist and Photographer
Rosert S. WILLIAM ca Doane in Bryology
E, J. ALEXANDER . oss ustan Curator and ini of the Local Herbarium
Harotp N. MotpENKE, EDD) CARS MEU RMICIEGe AO OOG agee Assistant Curator
CiypeE CHAND: A. ee Technical Assistant
Rosalie WEI Technical Assistant
CaroL H. Woopwarp, A. Editorial Assistant
Tuomas H. EVERETT, N. > “Horr. Horticulturist
Henry TEuscHeER, Hort. M. Dents
ITTROCK,
Rosert HAGELSTEIN eleaaalele vs elevate evabeter H onorary Curator of Myxom: a0 cies
ETHEL Anson S. Sea .Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections
Wa ter S. GRoEs Clerk and Accountant
ArtHurR J. Gane AES se Se Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXXV JUNE, 1934 No. 414
HARDINESS IN PLANTS?
As long as I have been engaged in pa I have been
interested in the problems pertaining to hardin in plants.
la oe on the manner in which various plants survived t
in
Tha seemed oo enough. But the second year, when I set
of hardiness which I observed (some of which 1 shall cite ies
ae IT have learned, in particular, two thing:
‘ven before the Conference of the Scientific Staff and
Regret eden of The New York Botanical Garden, on April 12,
I2t
122
First: That it is possible to grow a great many more plants out
of doors than is generally believed, provided that we do not give
i i he first failure
easier and ever easier to guess right from = star
Second: I have learned that it is oy care pee to
dy. learned t
ns in
ce implies ae it is hardy provided that conditions and treat-
ment are rig
In outlining ‘oie constitutes and what influences hardiness I
shall commence with the results of the investigations of the jh: si-
and even
in human beings, as we all know, but in what this condition actually
123
consists, and what brings it about, we cannot expect to be able to
ni
Sate of the world, is what goes on in the plant cell when it
ore an
sap and finally also from the ia ts The hys ees are
vide cau! i
mtent of
free water which may be frozen, and this is, quite apparently, what
actually happen.
A method to use the condensation of the cell sap or the decreased
free water content of the see cell, ene in order
measure the degree of hardiness a plant, was first coguested
r
d
of 400 atmospheres, he found that hardened leaves gave up only
an insignificant amount of sap, while tender leaves gave up their
sap easily.
In the protoplasm the water is Sabie by hydrophilic nee
r d
A concentrated sugar solution gives water off only slowly,
124
and the slower, the more concentrated it becomes. It seems, how-
o a period of
prolonged chilling, usually two or three months, at a temperature
a few degrees iG ove foe Plants kept continuously warm,
without chilling, in some instances remained dormant for a whole
In the course of his observations Coville reached the conclusion
that the transformation of the stored starch into sugar whic!
sed
might be the eee whic the plants into growth. In
explanation of the formation ao sugar during the process of
125
chilling, he advanced the theory that the starch grains stored in the
cells of the plant are at first separated by the living cell membranes
from the enzyme that would transform the starch into sugar, but
when the aap is chilled the vital activity of the cell membrane is
weakened, so that the enzyme leaks through it, comes in contact
with the oes and turns it into sugar.
8
In view of these interesting sas it would be of vital im-
cells. An explanation for this ability of many plants has not been
advanced so far.
The most ueresink paper on the problem of hardiness in plants
which I have come across, and to which Dr. Stout directed my
s.
om his own investigations, as well as by an extensive litera-
ture which he cites, he points out that in both cases si
nju ig
thawing. The shading or sprinkling with water of frozen plants
126
in the early morning, which the gardener claims he does in order
to slow down the thawing-out process, really serves mainly to pre-
Vv e evaporati ome exceptional cases where quick
thawing actually proved injurious while slow thawing saved the
ti s, for instance, in the case of the f£ Agave ameri-
leaves
cana and flower buds of apple, which Molisch mentions) have not
been —— as yet.
The so-called ‘ ‘burning” ot evergreen leaves and ‘ ‘sunscald” on
What causes and influences dormancy, or, as the gardener says,
“ripening” of the wood, is not by any means perfectly clear. To
and forms a part of the normal life ie of a plant, most con-
: n ati
winter, but which has nothing t th hardine I e in
mind, in particular, conifers and other evergreens which have
suffered from severe drought during the su r re-
quently already in a hopeless condition in the fall, though they do
not show it, or their balls may ha so dr ] no autumn
rain can wet them and the further oe i0 ry t
ma That is why it is justly seseannneatr | to water
conifers in the fall, or at least to ae sure that th go
into the winter with a dry root syste ther normally hardy
plants may e winter in a weakened condi ing
been planted in unsuitable soil; sun-loving plants from having
been planted in the shade, or shade-loving plants in t i
alpine plants, or plants from the far North which in their native
habitat le to endure ower temperatures e eve
get, may succumb to a mild winter with us after they have been
weakened by our very long growing season or by other climatic
127
factors which are beyond our control. Such plants usually are
t ith si
out the ground, which frequently proves their undoing in cultiva-
tion in the lowland.
The peeeiene gardener knows that the ed ie will as ae
h depends v m nm how he
=
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a
ct
in
5
°
i=
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ct
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17)
iS
%
Fy
nee frequently result in winter injury of some sort or other, o
may cause aes in normally hardy plants:
1—Late cultivation of the ground, which eee late growth and
ma It in the production of t ; ened wo
2—Late fertilizing or over-fertilizing, epeaily with nitrogen
ilizers, which al y cause late, tende
3—Superab f moisture, especial rich soil with poor
drainage, which causes a lush watery growth, pea
i m freezing. This condition seems to favor, i
, injury to the flower buds.
particula
4—Permitting the cha to see from drought in the summer,
which m: use a check in growth and may induce the
bie to start growing again in late fall.
i ddii
1 ily lead ie rotting of the c oF pe ial
6—Permitting a smothering overgrowth i aggressive neighbors
and removing this 0 rowth ing th mn cleaning
hi
9—Wrong pruning, especially sharp summer pruning of vigorous
eine plants, ae results in late growth and unripened
d (climbing roses).
BeBe pajenion by ney which, at least with certain plants,
t in the absence of a taproot (this has been ob-
of many nurserymen that certain greens are hardie:
when ra from cuttings than from seeds, is not sup-
port y facts. Seeds obtained fr ommercial seed-
houses frequently cor om southern strains which a:
tender, while cuttings are taken fro nts which survived
in the vicinity where the eee ia is located, therefore
they represent a hardier strain. S es pecially true of
Thuja pias and C. hamaecyparis anon
128
9—Production of a heavy crop of fr ae bale with ae
apparently
a
ake winter. ight crop or crop Galan eae real
the following ye
ro Inia inclination of t e plant, which closely ee
ned sped eae makeup’
ly . i
r sets 0
eedling ite of dlbissia Julibrissin, Cae crenata,
‘pyros L ni 0.
the ground while others remained entirely, or almost,
gr i SO-
11—Exposure. Many shrubs wl hich dur ring the summer are bene-
7 ae injury in w even northern exposure,
pro they are ee nd north winds.
ee ae ‘00 deep as well as too high.
ae fall planting. Perennials, especially fleshy-rooted kinds,
should not be planted late. Well-established shrubs or trees
i n cold s ter t
Gas ing root system is better in balance with their
growth.
taSirng ‘lontng of oe -bound plants, which therefrom get a
rt and may not be ae ie send their roots down deep
oug, a - wit eee the
Neglecting to lift, divide, ha r eit certain perennials at rea-
sonable periods causes aging and weakening of the plant.
in li
15
re you a
very young plant also . tender to a certain age. In some
instances there appears to be even a difference in the
129
sistance of the flower buds between young shrubs and
older specimens.
eat ee trees which had dried out in aa se Lees
n the fall. ey trees Ble frequently be saved by a cov
Hi runk and branches with paraffin wax
Mee in so-called frost oe The most excellent and con-
ation of the condition termed ‘‘frost
Co)
mmon, Professor of Meteo
fice to quote here from this text, which
that: In
at be a
from early April to the later pa ay, the temperature
may drop oe aie ower in such a frost-hole than on th
surrounding slop
When, ene spring frost, only the lower branches or
buds are ote cared on a shrub or young tree, while the
upper parts remain intact, there is suspicion of conditions
dr. e 4
The wer branches were probably protected by snow or
through shading from the upper bran ae
REASE HARDINESS
Conditions which assist in bringing about or in increasing the
hardiness of plants are in particular, - course, the opposite of the
ove,
e importance of drainage, which causes a stockier, hardier
I shal
g care of surplus moisture as well as of
surplus forulizer. Such cover crops are employed in particular in
peach orchards
130
Winter protection consists in most cases in a protection against
ved
fluctuations of the temperature of the ee becomes easily under-
standable.
REPORT
m now coming to the report on damages which have resulted
y' €
ter, a
hear a long and sad list of losses: However, I can give you the
nte was
well aware that their hardiness was doubtful and that the first
really severe winter might cause their los
When oe plants for a bota ae collection one has to
test every plant that seems to have the slightest chance to succeed,
since it is impossible to know of such a plant how hardy or how
131
tender it may prove to be until it has been tried. Nor, as I said
before, does one trial and failure ever tell a fair oe
In the above ine I explained ho
been kept up all through the summer to control weeds. This also
tends to produce lush, tender grow
Henry TEUSCHE
(The death notices of the winter of 1933-34 will be given in ne
sequent issues of the JOURNAL.)
NEW ROSES FROM PERSIA
Several plants of a native rose from Persia which is believed to
be nowhere in cultivation in the United States have been received
: : :
turned to New York in May, made it possible for the Garden to
receive the plants for cultivation.
132
REPORT OF a ee ea
PEDITION—
(Continued from the May issue)
Turning our attention west, we went out to Newport, Tennessee,
and then down to Sevierville, from there entering the Great Smoky
flower stalks with only 1-5 large drooping heads to} es
red flowers. It is not of great beauty, but is interesting for
those who ee great rarities or unusual members of a genus usu-
Q
=
Rillbergia. like leaves and long-peduncled heads of feathery cream-
colored flowers. Here ae we found one plant of an albino of
Lobelia siphilitica,
Then passing across the south end of the Great Smokies back
n fla
tinged in ; Heleniuin tenuifolim, an annual species with very
ya ilene virginica
Going to Knoxville, we turned west, wollecding: on the limestone
i { Manfre
2,
®
fo)
e
oon
9
<
o
a
one foot tall with numerous brown-centered heads, was collected
near Rockwood. Ina river swamp several miles from Chattanooga,
133
we collected seeds of Batodendron arboreum, the tree-blueberry,
with numbers of drooping white flowers; Steironema tonsuim, a
ee much more handsome than the usual cultivated species
ut not quite hardy in the north; Seutellaria pualif elle and Rham-
nus caroliniana.
£5. A portion of the colony of etaette Aisa in Neel’s Gap,
Ca, ieee a typical healthy growth of this
Turning west again, we went out to Tullahoma and back to Chat-
anooga, hoes along the way seeds of Cassia marilandica,
pata growing 2-3 feet tall, with terminal sprays of yellow flow-
ers; l’erbena angustifolia, with upright spikes of small, lavender
wers; Liatris squarrosa and Liatris microcephala; es a
mearnatum, a sp ing plant with rosy-lavender flow hry-
p uttallit; Bradburya virginica, a sp ng vine with laven
ra
der-purple, pea-like flowers 1-114 inches across; and a pink-flow-
ered, narrow-leaved Rhevia.
134
ack at Chattanooga, we ascended Lookout Mountain and there
Car oe at ee we collected along the way seed of Leonotis
nepetaefolia, an introduced rather weedy plant from South Amer-
ica; Vernonia aie iie and Liatris spicata. Near the Tennessee-
North Carolina line, we collected plants of an albino of Aster sur-
etu
taining es e Broad iver seeds of Helianthus a a
ow
on Chimney Rock Mountain seeds of Tale ei alan. a fine
rock plant with slender, at leaves and sae flowers;
Penstemon, Ru la tt ane Lonicera digs, utuesseria caro-
linensis, two species of P elphus, and three species o eu-
f t ht here stated that the eastern Heucheras cannot
compare with H. sanguinca in sho s of heir charm
h flow e
lies in the foliage and in the rather ee small aon usually in
graceful panicles.
Back at Asheville, Mr. ane left the party and returned to
New York by train. We the: nt down into South Carolina, col-
lecting a few plants of ny Millefotinm at Caesar’s Head, and
seed of a a at Westminster.
hen passing o nto Georgia, we zigzagged through the moun-
tains to Blairsaille, ee en route seeds of Rhynchosia erecta,
a plant about one foot tall with close clusters of pea-like, yellow
-axil i ili. i
owers in the leaf ; Galactia volubilis. ling or low:
climbing relative of the beans, with short spikes of purplish-pink
te) ; Is ivar » an annual composi ith a much-
er ar
ae a foot tall; and Morongia angustata, the sensitive-brier, a
vine which runs on the ground, bearing mimosa-like heads of pink
ers.
135
Neel Gap, south of Blairsville, we came across a ogee colony
of Parnassia asarifolia, by far the finest we had y . The drip-
ping ledges in a small stream and around it were ee with thou-
sands of plants, many of which were in full ee
composite, rarely exceeding a foot in height; Coreopsis saxicola,
and Amorpha virgata; this being the type locality for all three of
Ficure 6. The range of mountains in North Carolina containing Table
Rock, the sharp vee in the nigh distance. Here one views the summit
cap on edge from the north. The peak in the right distance is Hawksbill,
100 feet higher than “Table Rock.
these plants. We found also an rand which appears to represent
an entirely new group in the
Going from Atlanta to aia we collected seed of Brauneria
pallida and a Penstemon. At Rome we collected seed of two spe-
cies of Philadelphus, one Amorpha, and a mariana, a semi-
vine with pea-like, lavender flowers 1-14 inches long.
en turning west to Gadsden, Alabama, we collected en route
seed of Coreopsis tripteris, a very tall-growing species with brow
136
centered heads ; Marshallia obovata, an Allium, Helianthus mollis,
f emit
=
iy
a
a
a
<
=a
me
=]
=
Oo
=}
a
o
°
—
wv
ies]
a
BS
a
3.
The Vistchallias are a group of southeastern composites resembling
i flower hi
edo
Acanthus cae with short-lived deep-lavender flowers; and Ilex
ongipes. At Chattanooga we collected seed of Porteranthus stipu-
latus
back down into Georgia, we crossed again through the
narr e
Mimulus ringens, Steironema oe Piburmen nudum, Smilax
laurifolia, an evergreen species with leathery leaves, much used for
holiday decoration; Lobelia amoena; and Decumaria barbara, our
native climbing hydr: a.
We returned to Nor a Carolina at Murphy and then returned to
Asheville via Franklin, ass seed of an Oligoneuron which
previously had not been ripe. ligoneurons are related to the
enrods, but they have Aaappet wide-spreading heads o
r A
seed of Helianthus gigantcus and of Falcata Pitcheri, a relat
the hog-peanut, F. comosa, but with shaggy brown hairs ee rose-
wers.
Accompanied again by Mr. and Mrs. Clement, we made a trip
i a
a tree-re €0
the white alder; Tsuga caroliniana, - finest of the ee and
Pinus en
Then ae Mount Pisgah, altitude 5,749 feet, we exper
enced be ce collecting of any one spot, obtaining on that moun-
137
tain seeds of Aristolochia macrophylla; a large purple-flowered
Viorn uw
e
phyllus, eens minus, con ax aphylla, Clethra acuminata,
and a ieee eaded Heliopsis which may be a new specie
At Asheville we visited Mr. C. D. Beadle, Rok ieee ee of the
Biltmore Estate, who allowed us to collect seed of Halesia diptera,
Ficure 7, The east face of Table ror showin, me ie 500-foot summit
cliff of “this spectacular peak. On the sui t ledges e found Leiophyi-
lum Hugeri, Hudsonia montana, and Neopia qiphodelo oides.
the rarest of the silverbells, and Ratibida coluimnaris from his cul-
tivated plants.
After making our final ee we bade Asheville goodbye
and started our return trip, going east to Marion, collecting en
route seed of Lobelia puberula, a tall species with dark blue flowers.
rom Marion we went up the Linville River alon
rel
of cream-colored, feathery flowers; and Theron ee
138
growing on wet, dripping rock ledges, a saxifrage with foliage like
that of aconite.
Crossing the Linville River, we went down the other side and
took a badly wrecked road in to the foot of Table Rock, a spec-
tacular peak 3,909 feet in altitude with a 500-foot pinnacle of stone
seated on its summi s this peak and a few neighboring ones
we ascended it a
obtained seeds of that plant as well as of Xerophyllum aspho-
deloides, a lily relative with leaves like pine needles and a long-
stalked head of feathery white flowers.
e then went on northeast to Blowing Rock, on whose cliffs at
3,800 feet altitude we collected seed of Paronychia argyrocoma,
and Liatris Helleri, a species - blazing-star which is rarely over
six inches tall in the wild s
Near Boone we Ree 3 of Aster Curtisii, a tall species
whe
osa, Kneiffi uca; Coreopsis verticillata, a species with cosmos-
like foliage; Campanula divaricata, and a form of Liatris spicata,
iffere at o r previous collection. Spiraea corymbosa
12-15 inches in height. Campanula divaricate is an attractive spe-
cies, growing from six inches to two feet tall in the wild state, and
in almost any soil in sun or light shade. The leafy stem is very
loosely much-branched, the branches spreading, en droop-
ing, well covered with nodding blue flowers about 14 inch in diam-
eter, the color being deeper in shady moist places than in sun, but
Continuing north, we went out to Clifton Forge for seed of the
large-flowered Oenothera argillicola we ie ne ae After ob-
ae it, we went up to Hot Springs, near which we collected seed
of Hypericum prolificum and Helenium ea At Millboro
we collected seed of Clematis viticaulis, this being its only ne
eee and of Eriogonum Alleni, Asclepias tuberosa, and Scu
vata.
139
Returning to the Cacapon River bluffs near Largent, West Vir-
ginia, we obtained seeds of Oenothera argillicola; Cunila origan-
Hf i i of tiny rosy-lavend wers ;
oides, a perennial if
Houstonia longifolia, Liatris scariosa, and Sorghastrum nutans, an
ornamental grass with yellow flowers and seeds. Near Berkeley
Fig 8. summit cliffs of Table Rock. The dark patches are
clipe ta Dacpolen Hugeri, the taller ao is Rhododendron minus
and a few stunted hickories and wild cher
Springs, we collected seed of Ipomoea Nil, Asclepias incarnata, and
Ipomoea pandurata.
We then returned to New York by way of Harrisburg, Penn
sylvania, having traveled 5,766 miles in our eight weeks of ibecaice,
aaa collected, besides a few pee about 375 lots of seeds.
Epwarp J. ALEXANDER.
140
HYBRIDS BETWEEN THE NECKLACE COTTONWOOD
D THE LARGE-LEAVED ASPEN
The two species Populus balsamifera virginiana Sarg. and P.
grandidentata Michx. belong to two very distinct groups of pop-
lars and pres ded contrasts in various characteristic
nifera virginiana a cotton 5 1 b ‘i
somewhat fragrant, deltoid to ovate-deltoid leaves with acuminate
apex, a truncate to slightly cordate or oceasionally abruptly cuneate
base, and crenately serrate margin er buds are very
resinous, viscid, and aromatic. Trees of this species, which is
known as the neckl tt , grow rather rapidly while young
g
and they may become very large trees, with widely spreading
branches. The Lafayette tree of hist orical associations, located
Y., which is of ecies and variety,
ago. Other trees of this variety, of nearly the same age and size,
are to be found at various localities in New York State.
P, gr
by delat otbieu ar to broad-ovate leaves wi ‘th short-pointed apex, a
nded to ab
poorly, usually ae less than one per cent, under identical nur-
sery conditions.
n 1926, in connection with a project in breeding populars,? seeds
were obtained on a female tree of P balsamifera virginiana after
controlled pollination with pica of P. grandidentata, and from
this seed 178 seedlings were gro
e breeding of forest trees for pulp wood. By A. B. Stout, eae H.
es and E, J. Schreiner. Jour, N. Y. Bot. Garden 28: 49-63.
Hybrids of Populus balsamifera virginiana x P. grandidentata,
Fic
two oe old from seed; showing inherent differences in vigor, and a de-
cided resemblance to the pollen parent.
Description of the hybrids. Leaves: mostly broad-ovate, varying
from almost semi-orbicular to rather narrow-ovate, dark green
matic i
bo ot aromatic; apex usually somewhat acuminate, ing
rom acute, sharp-pointed t rrowly acute, poin entire;
base usually so: hat cordate, slightly rounded ing from
strongly cordate to little or not at all cordate; margin crenately
errate, incurved teeth glandular, individual seedli ying in
fine d sparseness of the c e serrations; text thin,
mm; youn, leaves densely pubescent or tomento ms
terete, tips of most vigorous shoots y slightly angled, at first
coated with a thick hoary deciduous tomentum, later ming
a
olive-brown to olive-gray; lenticels oblong to linear, on older wood
practically circular, usually orange-colored. [inter buds: terete,
142
rather broadly ovoid, acute; individual seedlings vary in narrow-
ness of buds and extent to which they are appressed; buds of some
seedlings slightly out-curved ; color os oe seedlings vary
Ne amount of pubescence on buds but none are glabrous, and they
not resinous, viscid, or aromatic
The 178 sister hybrids of this series were very uniform in respect
to the general characters of leave s, buds, and stems. There was,
di i
£ 2, Showing large leaf of s r branch, smaller leaf typical of
aa peor and twigs of (1) Papas Gunns ae anc and (2) P.
grandidentata, and (at 3) leaf and twig of one of the hybrids.
mparisons with parents (see FIGURE 2). The leaves of the hy-
brids resemble the leaves of P grandidentata in shape, apex, tex-
- :
rids are more like those of P. grandidentata in shape, pubes-
2 Stout, A. and Schreiner, E. J. Results of a project in hybridizing
populars. Jour. Heredity oe 216-229. 1933.
143
cence, and absence of the aromatic, viscid, or resinous character.
the seed pare
characters igs the pollen parent
lings or ee grown from cuttings of the seed parent. Most, if
‘ :
crosses in the Populus. None of them has merit for use in
reforestation and it is doubtful if any have merit as shade trees
e writers ha n ces to h ds between t
either of wild origin or of experimental production
A. B. Stout,
New York Botanical Garden.
. J. ScHREINER,
Oxford Paper Company.
TWO IMPORTANT NEW BOOKS FOR GARDENERS
. Kains—as different in style of writing
as oe horticulturists could hope to be—have each lately produced
a new book which in its way seems quite indispensable to the gar-
dener who wishes to know the what, how, when, and why of all
ains’s volume, “ eae n Guide to Successful Gardening,”
treats each subject particularly from the point of vi f methods
0 din cul i he first 150 pages, approximately, deal
t rs, shrubs, vines, and trees; the next 1 f d
8,
vegetable, and the inst almost 100 pages, with planning and carry-
ing out practical work in the garden.
The emphasis on fruits and vegetables seems a trifle strong, re
i ine 0 ;
geraniums are not mentioned at all—unless in some other undis-
i . G. Modern Guide : Successful Gardening. Pp. 370, illus.
ees New York. 1934. $2.5
144
covered line—and La asters, and delphiniums are given no
ood pla: erful hold on
fs Tr
from roses to vegetables that will eee es and giving some
valuable information about eac
r. Bailey* takes up the caleare of nearly a thousand species of
plants in alphabetical ae from Abutilon to Zinnia, listing both
scientific names for each, and treating each subject
sed.
gardener’s use. inoneie lists of perennials, annuals,
ground-covers, and such groups are offered, and fairly deaied
directions are given for developing rock, water, and window gar-
a place
might perhaps be extended, but unnecessarily. Outside of this
lack, both books have outstanding value for nae aie
H.W
OODW ARD,
Bailey, L. H., Gardener’s Handbook. Pp. 292, illus. Macmillan, New
York. 1934. $3.00.
PUBLICATIONS OF
Journ rnal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes,
news, and non-technical articles. Free to ats rs of the Garden. To
others, 10 cents a copy; oayear. Now ts thirty-fifth yolume.
Myc cologia, paren, Heroted to age faclidide lichens; $5.00 a
Now in is tw Bee sixth volume. cial organ of the Rivcological So
bodying results of Tea aeR ons: Free to all members of the Garden; to
pier s, $3.00 per volume. Now in its fourte ccna volume.
ate American Flora, Descriptions of the wild plants of North Amer-
ica, Pitelucins Greenland, the West undies ang Central domenica, Planned
to be completed in 34 volumes. Ro Each volume to consist of
four or more parts. 73 parts now eee " Subscription price, $1.50 per
part; a limited eee of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not
Memoirs of The ‘New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of
the Garden, vols. I-VI, $1.50 ‘per volume; to others, $3.00. Vol. VII, $2.50
to members; to others, $5.00.
Vol. I. An Annotated Cat talogue of the Flora of Mon ne and the Yel-
_ lowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. ix + 492 with map.
1900.
opment, by D. T. MacDougal. xvi-+ 320 pp., with 176 figures. 1903.
Vol. III. ptadies of Cretaceous Conife pros ee ae Enos
ville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. xiii 13 with 29
909
ol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, Ay, Charles Stuart
Gager. viii 478 oP: ., with 73 figures and 14 plates. 1908
1 Flora of the Vicinity of New York: A Contribution ue Plant
Geography, by man Tayler vi 3 PD., with 9 plat
1 pers presented at the Celebration of the Twentieth, Anni-
ersary of The New York Botanical Gard viii+ 504 pp. with 4.
_ plates and many text figures. 16.
ne Vol: Includes New Moxootiyecde from roe Rico, by N. L.
Gardner; The Breyer Behavior of Avocados, by A Stout; Descrip-
tions of New Genera and Species of Plants Coitected on the Mulford
Biological Be plerston of the Amazon Valley, 1921-1922, by H. H. Rusby;
and The Flora of the Saint Beene pilts, Kootenay Valley: British Co-
bambi By. eutbur Hollick. viii 464 pp., with 47 ates 10 charts, and
Bri bhi. A Tate of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5.00 per
volume. Now in its first volume.
Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical papers written by students or members of the te ff, and reprinted
from journals other than the eboue Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol-
ume. In the fourteenth volum
Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North America, by P. A.
Rydberg. 969 pp. and 601 figures. Price, $5.50 postpaid.
THE NEW YORK blame Orage GARDEN
nx Park, New pee N. Y.
GENERAL INFORMATION
antations ef thousands of native pe Seeded trees, shrubs, an
flowering hip
Garden ous g a new rock garden, a large Ose arden a perennia
border, Ean aedelt gardens, and other types of plantin ie,
Greenhouses, coneaiming thousands of SORE te mane from Amer:
and foreign countr
Flower show: ieoueHel the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn
Messi ide ie daffodils tulips, mae irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies, —
dahlias, and c anthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse
blooming plants.
A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant familie
eee plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New Yor!
the economic uses of plants.
arium, comprising more than 1,700,000 specimens of American
and foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West In
penpals and South Atif for the study and collection of the charattes
‘Se feeee reat in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
problems of plant life.
A library t “botanical literature, comprising more than 43,400 books —
and numerous
Public ieee on a lereat variety of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the yea: j
Publications on Rae subjects, partly of technical, scientific, and —
partly of popular, interest.
ae education of school children and the public through the above fea- -
tures and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and
forestral subse
he Garden is dependent upon an annual appre by the
City of New York, Pivale benefactions, and membership fees. It —
possesses now nea rly tw wo thousand members, and “applications for
membership are always welcome. The clas asses of mem mbership ar
Benetecter cud
,000
Reiter, for Life 1,000
Member for Life 250
Fellowship Member 100
Sustaining see 25
Annual Mem ual fee 10
Contributions to ‘the Garden may be ahead from taxable incomes.
The following is an ne a of bequest
I hereby pemeeee th to The New otanical Garten incorporated under
the eo ert ew Yor i digit! me ie ie the sum of ————.
Conditional beque y be made with income joel to donor
or any ceueee ated Senna Haste his or her lifeti
All requests for further information should be seat Pa
THe New York BoranicaL GaRpEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y.
JuLY, 1934 No. 415
JOURNAL
OF
HONORS WON BY BOTANICAL GARDEN AT WESTCHESTER
FLOWER SHOW
NATIVE FERNS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Joun K. Smati
HARDINESS IN PLANTS
(Continued from the June issue)
Henry TEUSCHER
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa.
THE SCIENCE Press PRINTING COMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annu subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Aya : Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW aie BO ee GARDEN ;
D OF MANAGER
I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS
Until 1935: L. H. Battey, Tuomas J. DoLen, MaRsHALL Fietp, Mrs. ELon —
Huntincron Hooke! R, KENNET HK. Miceensie *JouNn Te Asean (Vice-presi- j
dent and Tiidcuvers. and H. eonAnt Porter.
Until 1936: ArTHUR M. Anperson, Henry W. DE Forest (President),
Crarence Lewis, E. D. MERRILL (Director and Secretary), HENRY DE LA Mon-
TAGNE, JR. is stant Treasurer & Business Manager), and Lewis RUTHER-
FURD
Until a) Henry DE Forest BALDWIN (Vice-president), Grorce S.
Brewster, CHI~ps Frick, ApoLpH LewisoHNn, Henry LocxHart, Jr., D. T.
MacDoueat, and JosEPH R. SWAN.
II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
Froretto H. LaGuarnra, Mayor of the City of New York.
Rosert Moses, Park Commissioner.
Georce J. RYAN, President of the Board of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
A. F. BLAKESLEE, appointed by the aches Botanical Club.
R. A. Harper, Sam F. Trevease, Epmunp W. Sinnort, and Marston T.
Bocert, appointed by Cc olumbia Universi ity.
GARDEN STAFF
E. D. Merrit, Sc. D
MARSHALL A. Howe, Pu. DESC) Diy eyes eee. eee.» Assistant Director
. A. GLeason, Pu. ’D, Head Curator
Joun K. Sati, Pu. D., Sc. D....... Chief Research Associate and Curator
A. B. Stout, Pu, D. Director of the Laboratories
Frep J. Seaver, Px. D., Sc. D. Curator
Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist
Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ........ Supervisor of Public pee
Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M.,, M.D.. “Bibliographer and Admin, Assista
Percy WILSON Associate Caan
Avsert C. Situ, Px. D. Associate Curator
ARAH H. Harrow, A. M. ae
H. H. Russy, M. Dee Honorary Curator of Oe (Eeonnms Col llecti
FLepA GRIFFITH ist and Photographer
Rosert S. WILLIAM Reon PES in Bryology
E. J. ALEXANDER .... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium
Harotp N. Mouvenxe, Px. D. Assistant Curator
Ciype CHANDLER, A. M Technical Asa
RosaLig WELKERT Technical Assistant
Caro, H. Woopwarp, A Editorial Assistant
Tuomas H. Everett, N. > “Hort. orticulturist
ane acai Hont M. Dendrologit
G. L. Wirtr A.
Ronert ee SEB AGKAG Bab dacededo Honorary Curator of Myxom: maiebeee
Eruer Anson S. PecKHAM ..Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections
Wa tter S. Gee BECK lerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT ...........0+-- Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds —
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vou. XXXII JuLy, 1934 No. 415
HONORS WON BY BOTANICAL GARDEN AT WEST-
CHESTER FLOWER SHOW
At the most wae Hee show in Westchester County’s his-
tory, oS June 14-19 at the County Center in White Plains, The
New York Botanical Gas entered four exhibits, each of which
won a ae honor in a special class.
large exhibit of wild flowers and ferns of biecoroues ee
a number rs of exploration by Dr. John K. Small, assisted
E lexander e ve since been under cultivation out-
doors at the Garden. Considerable interest was expressed in the
possibilities which these flowers affor subjects in the
North, for, with als striking tones se re and their mid-June
ee they veltie
ollection of eae daylilies in yellow ae eae ‘om the
eee plantings used by Dr. A. B. Stout in ans for
new horticultural varieties, won for the Garden a special prize of a
silver medal.
Sixty varieties of roses from the Botanical Garden’s outdoor col-
ee were also awarded a silver medal.
Assembling and arrangement of the wild-flower, iris, and rose
by T E. J. Alex:
exhibits were directed Everett and er
From ay, according to those in charge of = Flower
Show, the collection of wild flowers proved to be one of st
notes on the names of the plants, some of which they were planning
145
146
to bring into cultivation. Sixty species were shown, besides nine
ferns and a number of grasses. Occupying 250 square feet in the
showing, while small aaa such as the partridge berry, white
hi at-
r
ach species was labeled wih common and scientific name, with
interesting information added about place of origin, habitat, or use.
The following species were cnalaced in the exhibit:
FLOWERING PLANTS
achillea Millefolium ............... arrow
ellsine done ifolia ee
aingelica atropurpur ee
ne gndrosaenicfoluem. tte Spreading Dogbane
legia canadensis Columbine
i ae
Cen 7 Cornflow:
Chimaphila maculata Pipsissewa o ae Wintergreen
Cicuta maculata .....0.0 2.0 eee Water Hem
Cirsium nutans Nodding The ate
Cornus AMOMUIN 0000.00 eee Silky Cornel, or Kinnikinnik
ri emina Cornel, or Dogw ood
Cornus ru oe Round-leaved Cornel o rE Posweed
ron ane etch or
eptrord Pink
ush eae
: ad r’s Buglos
y Fleabane
ag
ragaria virgin — iiek. feed Wild : Strawberry
Galium Mollugo ......0. 0.00.05. Bedst
Talium verum Yellow. Bedstraw
F. i Wild Ss
oo fee tele autavip cca cola
oe eerie
.Cow
Hawieweed, of a s Paint-brush
mre
=
°
a
<3
>
i)
»UX-€ye
Whorled Looe
Ween sativa Alfalfa
Melilotus alba ...........6. 000.0006 Vhite Sweet Clover
Meltlotus officinalis ................ Yellow Sweet Clover
Mitchell pens artridge Ber
Myosolis palustris ...........0.0455 Forget-me
othoholcus lanatus
hy fe
Velvet caer
Pondlily, Spa’
erdock, or Cow-lily
‘enistemon Digitalis
Foxglove Pentstemon
I strain we allay Pentstemon, or Be: = -tongue
otentilla Sulphur. Cin sefol
yr rola ellipiica one
unculus acris
Meadow t Bieber
S hirta .
n Sumac
olanum Dulcamara ....
Phalictrum polygamum ba
Trifolium rep.
‘ypha angustifolia
7erbascum eT
Viburnum dew mH
Vicia hirsuta
tch
et ode
Xolisma ligusirina
RNS
Jaidenhair fern
Adiantum pedatu
Athyrium Pilix- ie ce
qe virginianum .
Dryopteris noveboracensis
Osmunda cinnamomea
Poe pulgare
on Polypody
Polystichum acrostichoides .........
It is with nee regret that we
Dr. Nathaniel L
Botanical Garden oes the first
account of Dr. Britton’s life
issue of this JoURNAL.
Britton, Director-in-Chie
thirty-three years
Chiistnias fern
record the death, on ee 25, of
f of The
w York
of its ee
and work will appear in a later
148
NATIVE FERNS IN THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL
GARDEN
The flowerless plants—algae, fungi, hepaticae, musci, filices—are
not the outstanding elements in the native vegetation of the Botan-
ical a. oO
ern civilizat
Island into the mainland of The Bronx, destroying much of the
native vegetation first in the process of farming, later through grad-
ing and road-building.
he total number of species of fern-plants (filices, ean
native in the Garden area is not nace Compared with t f th
“local flora” or the circular area two hundred miles in fee
with Manhattan at center, it is very small. In figures it is
twenty-four against eighty-seven. The number of native fern
.
a
a
ee,
o
ae
we
2)
p
i="
p
=)
oQ
fas
s
a
a
ord
ry)
=.
fea
Oo
4
S
a
°o
Fh
ct
>
2
i)
—
o
i
p
5
o
mm oO
of dlraost talent. atest to people in all countries. Alt
the le: desi i
e
ee is oe that renders them “ferns” to nearly everyone
interested in plants, both the amateur and the profession
{=}
e 2.
eo
op
or alkaline soil; the epipetric on igneous or sedimentary rocks; the
ete on oe any kind of tree or shrub with bark that does
not easily
s one views the upward scale of the plant kingdom there seems
ophytes—
8
may not be larger than a leaf of some mosses or the thallus of
some hepatics.
149
Somewhat removed from the ‘ ‘true ferns” are plants that are not
g§ P.
Lycopodium and Selaginella ane mosses, while Eguisetuit re-
sembles rushes
\ \
NO glee,
\ LONG ISLA
se SDN
onnine
TEAMS
ee
0 a
gf
qa
ATLANTIC OCEAN
peed Map the position of ae New ie Botanical Gar-
n in felated to vee ae and the ter: inal m ne on Staten Island
and on Long Island. The stars on the northern side ‘Of Long Island indi-
cate where the remains of the hierar of our flora, ae and flower-
ing plants, are preserved as fossils in the Cretaceous depos:
Although there is considerable variety among the native fern-
plants of the Garden, the very small filmy-ferns referred to above
0 e they
grated after the retreat and elimination of the oe of the Ice
ges.
As compared with the flowering ee es shrubs, and herbs
—the fern-plants now play a minor rdle. a former geologic
150
age they played the principal réle among plants on the earth’s sur-
face, the living species Le being outnumbered by the known
extinct ones, and there must have been more which were not pre-
served in fossil fori
Pteridophytes ee on the earth early in the Paleozoic Era,
reached their greatest abundance in Carboniferous time, and have
he idophytes of the Carboniferous were great contributors
to the organic deposits which formed our present-day be
Today the aquatic and palustrine ferns contribute humus as a re-
sult of The estrials serve further to pulverize soil an
e€
verurned to the reconstructed area after the retreat of the latest ice-
eet.
The fossil evidence shows that woody plants aes dominated
he Ice Ages. However
her New England are
Gleichenia (2 species), Thy hyrs' a eris (I species), Onoclea (1 spe-
cies), Marsilea (1 BO Sagenopteris (1 species).?. Naturally
1 Fossil specimens of ferns and fern relatives have been found at Glen
Cove, Manhassett eee ou Little Neck, on Long Island; on Block Island;
and on Martha’s Viney:
I5I
s, a list of six species, is a very small representation of ferns for
arge area, thousands of square miles, for today, after man’s
vastation of the four hundred acres comprising The New York
anical Garden, we find a list of twenty-four species as shown
the accompanying list.
North-
Fla. | Ga. |S.C.]N.C.] Va. em
Limit
La obliquum x N.B.
trychium dissectum x Me.
lypodtu x ab.
plenium plotyneuron x e.
wium asplenioides x ewf.
yopterts suehoracensis x ew,
yopterts Thelypteris B.
yopteris simu x e
yopteri. i x ewf.
yopteris marginalis x Ss.
yopteris intermedi x ewf
yopteris hexagonopt. x
yopteris Dryopteris ....... x ewt.
ly, Sis acrostichoides x 05
ie QUIS: ainsi ieee aes eS x ewf.
raed punctilobula .... x Ss.
ocle asibilis ns ewf,
my regali x ewf.
mui ct x ewf.
wisetum arvense .... x ewf.
nisetum fluviatile . x ae
tisetum hy : x 5.
‘aginella apus x Te.
ginella rupestris x fe.
mn. Considering the Atlantic states south of Virginia we find
ut eleven species, 0: rly 46 per cent, range from Florida north-
wd and b nto more boreal regions; eighteen species, 0:
a € di t
2 kinds that the fossil records show as the preglacial sec
e region hereabouts
Joun K. SMALL.
152
HARDINESS IN PLANTS
(Continued from the June issue)
Here are the death notices of plants around New York after the
severe winter of 1933-34 :*
Berberts Sargentiana and V. Veitchit (even on L. I. )—killed to the ground,
Berberis ee and B. Juliana (very severely injured in most places).
Berchemia Giraldi—dead.
Buxus uierophn ie —very severely injured, recovery doubtful.
Callicarpa americana—killed to the ground and probably dead.
Celastrus Rosthornti—dead.
Cistus villosus—killed to the ground and probably dead.
Clematis montana rubens—killed to ine aa end teat dead.
Clematis montana I} ilson ee the robably dead.
S
Cryptomerta japonica Megane (N.Y G. )}—dead.
pe elta floribunda—killed to the ground and probably dead.
Diode yunnanensis—severely injured, probably dead.
Ephedra fo ae —de' Sonar other species slightly or not injured.)
Erica ciliaris E. scopari ead.
Erica dapaie severely injare | in most places, even on L, I. (much more
than £. carnea and E. tet Hen
E 4 i oo
Evonymus japonica microphylla—severely i elas probably dead.
Garrya elliptica (in B. B. G. —apparently
Gelsemium sempervirens (on L. 1. ees protection)déad:
icunt olympics —dead.
ise
H
Hypericum patulum Ges cae ue tulum Henryi and grandifiorum
—killed to the und in most places but not dead).
Hypericum cana Gad H. pie neem dead.
Lagerstroemia subcostata—de:
Ligustrium compactum—killed to ie ground, probably dead.
Ligustrum Delavayanum—severely injure
Lonicera a eRe to the ‘groiad and probably dead.
Lonicera nitida—ki to the gee
pes eats chinense e B. G. )—apparently dead; in sheltered places
L. I. o: slight] eee
Magnolia nd seriously Be recovery doubtful (young plants).
Microglossa albescens—dead (ev nL. 1).
nes anthyllidifolia—dead.
Osteom aoe erinti- severely injured even in sheltered place.
Phlomis ae sa—dead.
Picea Prana and P. SE ee sn, needles killed, necoyeny oe 1.
eee Coulteri, P. radiata, P taiw SjOB. Montezumae, P. da—all
edles killed, trunks appea: C sound ‘but probably doomed to re
Piptonthus nepalensis— dead.
docarpus macrophylla—dead.
ies maultiflorum—dea
Pyracantha angustifol Cee (even on L.I.).
1In this report the following abbreviations are used: N. Y. B. G—New
York Botanical Garden. B. B. G. Say ome Garden, B. T. A
Boyce Thompson Arboretum. L. I—Long I
153
santha crenulata kansuensis and P. pet to the ground in
10st places (not seriously injured on L. I.).
mus lycioides—
odendron ambiguum and R. Searsti—dead. Also ee many
i oie species sea which I had no opportunity to check wu
ned —pro
a papers G ft. tall, with a spread of 10 ft.)—in sheltered place
1B. B. G,, killed to the ground.
reuroparie well established plant in favorable locality in B. T. A—
fat A report from eS " mentions U. europa: i as having been
ae V. Davidii, %. Chala, V~. Piasesbii Pega, V. Ro-
ss and many other species of Vitts have been quite severely in-
red.
Vi
7itis amurensis was eons in. Hi red in ae as places, in some
usly, in poe vee reason di fer nae ermined.
“itis Coignetiae wa miparatively slightly, fajaeed at the B. T. A,
vhere it was erie ae a Sale oe injury at the N. Y. B. G.,
a it was allowed to t und.
sylum ailanthoides- ae
More or Less SEVERE INJURIES TO INTERESTING PLANTS
is noticeable that the majority of trees and shrubs were much
> severely injured on their eastern and, es ern on their
i On the
ern side remained intact. In many instances this injury was
‘vere that it may lead to the death or the permanent crippling
andifiora—killed to the ground in most places.
tho ape nax ternatus and A. eee to about snow line.
5 Sane ae a inj jury to
japon tips injured, w! while A. palmatum and its varieties are al-
lost inunjired.
7 jorullensis—killed to the und ae dead.
tlopsis megalophylla. ~ kitted ee the
nanthe aspera—killed to the eround. but not dead.
nisia abrotanum—only tips killed.
ina parviflora—killed almost to the ground but not dead.
haxis sptnosa—killed almost to the ground A place)
lex canesce. ee to the ground but not fad,
an halimifolia—on old plants in dry pla ‘ost one-year-old and
of two-year-old wood killed. Young flan in wet place killed
ground.
‘ris verruculosa—ieayes burned and many twigs killed, but will re-
over. Injury varies in “tifferent places.
me Hal eis sev Hatten ce ee than B. verruculosa.
njured. Five-foot plant killed to the
found.
154
Berberis pruinosa—many leaves and some twigs killed but plants not serj-
ously injured.
casa oe B.C on |, B. concinna, B, buxifolia, B. replicata, B. Wil-
ee Diane d . stenophylla, B. polyantha and B. virescens~
hail ae now lin
Broussonctia popintera allied to the ground.
Calluna laa var. ee var. aba erecta and var. humilis—injured
less thi
Calluna eulgoris Syn we ome through this winter better than most
ns nte mee ea other varieties were all more or less
red ie a
Callicarpa qaponica a and C. °Shivasawana—killed to the ground.
ech ee and C. pee Ney ee denendias on ex-
1 conditions and pruning. many cases killed to the
Gampalot tropis macrocarpa—kille co to the ground, in wet plac
Coes Techonoskit_ Killed back to two-year- -old wood, in sone instances
two feet ee tips down killed.
Castanea i Aerie killed.
Catalpa Duclowek young twigs of older ee Partly killed.
ed
needles
red; var. fastigiata ecaoh es inja
Cephalotasu "Fortunes io eee and some twigs killed even in shel-
red plac e, but will quickly recov
Cedvela sbiensie—youtig ‘plant s in nurseries were killed almost to the
ground but their Eee a e alive. Sev se tall ae (over twenty
year i old) in N. ¥ wing on a protected dry slope, were ap-
parently eee inju ured. a Their chances or recovery are still uncer-
tain. (They ae have suffered injury to their roots.)
Cedrus atlanti eG eedles killed bu eects and buds uninjured. (Old
trees,
— tact and C. libanotica—all needles killed but otherwise hardly
Will» recover easily (only young plants observed).
Chacnomeles ae var. cathayensis and var. [ilsonti (6-9 ft.)—killed
alm und.
Cistus lertfotins led to the ground in southwestern exposure u under
eae vorable conditions; less seriously injured in northeastern
Clematie—many species killed to the ground. Little injured were: C. kor
a, C. ae C. Pierotit, C. ea: C. Brevicaudate % peat
fo sa: en C. paniculata was killed back rather severely though not
the a und.
Clerode adron trichotomum—killed ¢ to the ground. .
Colutea cee heen aoe to the snow line. Most other species
show on: y slight | ‘nary t
Corylopsis Wilinettae ic lle a ie ‘the ground, while C. spicata and C. pauci-
uninj
otoneaster prostrata—killed ‘back to two- year-old wood.
Cotoneaster frigida montana—killed to the ground.
Cryptomeria japonica—younger plants, especially, more or less severely in-
jured.
Cryptonieri ia japonica var. elegans, a fixed juvenile form—killed at N. Y.
Cupressus SEINE and C. Macnabiana—quite seriously injured but will
recove
Cytisus rilatn Griesebachii—killed to the snow line,
Dorycnium suffruticosum—killed to the ground.
155
orycnium hirsutum—killed to the snow line
Ela es killed.
Elsholtzia Stauntonti—killed to the ground in most places.
hil ide
Fontanesia phillyreoides—most branches killed back to two-year- or three-
aaa we
Fontanesia Fortun some of the utmost tips injured.
Prosinus ance ae Coie F. numidica—killed to about the
Praxis angustifolia (9 ft.)—only tips injured.
He ae ane ee well as var. arborea a es conglomerata—badly burned
ay eases severely killed b
Heder colchica tilled to the ground.
Helianthem H. Kots. chyanune, HI, ledifolium, H. alyssoides and
‘others—tips. tail led but plants no ot seriously injured.
Helianthemum apenninum—old plants killed; self-sown young seedling
plants uninjure
olodsrus discolor—killed to the snow line.
aie ae (8 ft.)—in B. a G., on well-drained, sheltered slope, one-
Ww
Hydtanges stellata rubr a—killed to the snow line; also H. macrophylla
. que’ :
Hoeanges radiata—killed almost to the und in one place ie it had
ing.
flex dass fot, Ae cornuta and I. Pernyi—quite seriously injured and killed
back to the snow line, even in shelieted places and un Sel lath eer
flex Lense Aaitiy varies greatly with ioeality and exposure but does not
seem to be serious anywhere.
flex integra—killed to the ground (young plants).
ltea A Raabe ek injured in different places; in some places killed
to tl und and in others only tips slightly injured.
Tasman rdf killed to snow line in many places where not pro-
ected. tips injured and some flower buds killed where sheltered
r pro srs
Juniper Sean ma—most needles browned and killed but twigs unin-
Will recover.
Juniperus pachyphloea—slight injury on lower twigs, in somewhat shel-
ered place.
kien japonica—tips and many twigs killed but not seriously injured. In-
jured little in sui well-dr janet positions in see r soil.
pe eis apiculata and K. paniculata—only some of the utmost tips in-
Roelreuteria integrifolia (8 ft.)—one-year-old wood killed.
Lagerstroemia indica—rather severely ae fee he will Becovers
Le. espedeza bicolor and L. formosa—killed t uund in most places.
Leycesteria formosa—killed to the groun
Ligustrum Quihoui—killed to the ground, while L. ovalifolium aureum and
nla teo- bee rginatum, as well as L. [bota Vicaryi show only slight in-
juries to the tips.
Ligitram aaa —hedges have suffered mo 1 less oo damage
ost s, but sharp pruning will quickly” restore th
Lonicera ‘Per sie menu, L. sempervirens and L. pilea feconly slight i injury
‘oO tip:
Lonicere irichosantho, L. Standishii praecox and L. gynochlamydea—killed
the snow lin
Neila afi WN. sinensis, ne ec to the snow line or almost to
round in most p.
156
Orixa japonica—slight injury to tips in somewhat moist place; in perfect
condition elsewhere.
Osmanthus ilictfolius—killed to the ground but not dead.
Osmaronia cerasiformis—killed to the ground eee
Paederia chinensis—killed to the ground.
Paeonia lutea—killed to the ground
rth issus tricuspidata-—killed ‘k no more than in most winters.
Parthenocissus tricuspidata var. minutifolia—severely ses e
ae ee ay ost to the ground even nL. I, and even
ection
Peroeiskia tirplicyoo led ‘to the ground.
Phillyrea dec: the snow line.
Photinia a almost to the ground.
Phyllostachys Nevin, and several other species . Phyllostachys and Sasa
illed to the ground but roots not injured.
Platanus IVrightiitwigs killed to two-year- wold: w ood.
uel cela Auberti—many twigs killed but plants not seriously injured.
cirus (or Cit trus) irtfoliata—all young twigs dead but injuries not
din sheltered Pl ces,
serious; uninj
Potentilla fruticosa parviflora and one type of the species only slightly in-
jured, while most other warietios’ niere: ‘ielled the snow line in moist,
well-cult nated | nursery. Not injured elsewher
Potentilla Salesoviana—killed almost to the gro Gad
Prunus Couradinae, — communis amara, P. scobans P. Webbi—killed al-
most to the ground.
Pyracantha coccinea—leaves partly burned and twigs killed back more or
less severely in different places. Not seriously injured, however, and
will qui ickly recover.
Quertus lanuginosa—tips of young plants slightly injured.
Hap bella (young plant)—-leaves killed aad tips injured but
ecover.
Pian franguloides—killed to the ae ie not dead.
Se hee iculatum chinense—tips and buds
aa wn, R. Meyeri and R. Fe teins almost to the
Rosa Tanbeniaie2 al varieties more or less severely injured. (Plants
were pone planted and pruned sharply a spring.)
Rosa Roxburghii, R. eee R. Movesti, R. omeiensis, and R. multi-
bracteata— —killed a ee a the ond
Rubus leucodermis, rs "Her R. Parkeri, R. thibetanus, R. parviflorus,
R. ulm ae ZR. peehaeeiis and R. biflorus quinqueflorus—killed al-
most to t und.
Salix Bach kitted to the snow line.
see nigra pyramidalis—in dry, well-drained place injured only on
ips. In moist place killed to the ground.
Sambicis nigra nana bicolor—killed to snow line (much more tender than
e other varieties, most of which showed no injury).
eoides out one-half of one-
ly ffe : one ins'
n exposed position, some plants of a row of seedlings four feet high
were found alive to their tips, showing only slight injury on their lower
wigs, es on in a pooh were killed from the tips down to
bou
Sophora. ie fips ayo red and some branches killed but not seri-
ously damaged (under favorable conditions).
pera sorbifolia and S. Lindleyana—killed to the ground or almost to
e ground, while S. Jtitchisonds, S. arborea and S. assurgens have es-
ao with no, or only slight, injury.
157
Spiraea Sargentiana, S. expansa, S. bella and S. Foe porminne rather seri-
ously injured i in many ‘Places but not everywher
meee ieee 8 and S. Bumalda Anthony Wa teter in most places killed
the snow line; S. Baie Froebeli—injured only on tips
Ca bi iflora, the other parent of S. Bumalda, was not injur ed. }
Spiraea aecumben s—killed almost to the ground in dry as well as moist
plac
Spirtea ‘ullata—killed to the ground.
Stopes cee Coulombieri—young plants in moist nursery—much
sly injured than S. colchica, which show ed only slight in-
jiiiy. tc “tbs ila nts on partly sha ded but well- drained slope were
not ee
Sty: ras japonica Fargesii—rather severely injured, while the species re-
ned unbar arme
Taxodium mucronatumn (young plants 3-4 ft.)—killed almost to the ground
t
Taxus ee (especially var, ange) and T. canadensis—more or less
serio burned — nj
Taxus Sees sis—only very Sently injured in sheltered place.
Taxus cuspidate—hardly i injure’
pastas “Chamaedrys—vatiously injured, especially on the south side of
the bushes. Almost perfect in somewhat moist place shaded fro
oath.
Teucrium mee emt oy very slightly injured.
orreya bial et of the needles burned but t injury not serious.
Viburnum brev: Sd V. dasyanthum—killed to the snow line.
Viburnum coins olin slghty ote especially tips.
Vitex alia Fe ne d to the
Vitex seriously ia red ‘than i in other winte
Zinihoxylunt. endan: wea Bunget) i glled ie ae severely, while Z.
schintfolium is only very slightly injured on
maser piperitum (4% ft. tall)—killed to on one foot from the
und.
INTERESTING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANTS IN DIFFERENT
LocaLities
It was my lucky chance that I could extend my observations on
eines for this report to the collection of 4200 species and varie-
ca
ing from north to south. In places this valley is rather wet and
158
tends to act as a frost hole. The soil in general is quite acid and
fairly ric
A feature of particular interest is that two years ago The New
York Botanical Garden obtained plants of over one thousand
at this Gar a slope, faci
The comparison of the behavior of the plants of the same age and
origin under so widely different conditions is extremely interesting.
eee araucana—young plant (114 ft.) in sheltered place in B. B. G.
ae nd in perfect condition. A slightly baal plant in an “open,
what moist position at the Y. B. eek y severely i ne red.
Campsie SVadican and C. hybrida— killed almost to the ean ound in one plac
e B. T. A. and wee vey injured in another
Corsopteris mongolica—in B. T. killed to the round: at N. ¥. B.G.
Celasirs angulata—at B. T. A, killed to the ground; at N. Y. B. G. unin-
Cova oe —at B. T. A. killed to the ground; at N. Y. B. G. only a
s killed; flower buds uninjured.
bu ae than 30 species and varieties) had been transplanted at the
. T. A. last spring at which time they were pruned very sharply, All
of these, including even the hardy Deutzia scabra and its varieties,
were aes oo to the ground. At the BS B. G., 2D. oo and its
ieties, D, Sie . discolor, red no injw all. D.
glomeru Shore cafe ‘slight injury, Atle all. the others. killed
back seriously.
Dene hybrida Mont Rose, at the B. T. A. in one place where it had been
either transplant - nor pruned came oe h the winter ae any
injury, while plants of the same set a the N.Y. BG. were killed to
the ground.
Fir nena simplex—t5-ft. tree on dry, sheltered slope in B. B. G., showed
inju ‘y only to some tips. aia eae Be ft. tall) in moist nursery
ay A. were killed almost to the
Helwingia Hear dry locality i in B. eS e ‘showed only slight injury
In the moist nursery of the B. T. A, plants were killed
the pe and:
Hibiseus ene at B. T. A. killed almost to the ground; at N. Y. B. G.
in perfect condition.
Libocedrus fees sheltered valley, uniured oo sen burned
on south side; in nursery, probably dead even r lath shad
Lonicera Heuryi, L. alseuosmoides Beh L, ja a Aine perfect con ndition
and almost evergreen in shady places where trailing over the gr round
or over low stone walls. More or i oy injured in the sun
where trained upon wires or stakes or wher d.
Nyssa aquatica—at B. T. A., at one place. kille d te the ground and prob-
ably dead; in eee place, only tips injur
Philadelphus purpureo-macula ius—al Waceues “with the exception of
Belle Etiole, were killed to the ground at the B. T. A; ;at N.Y. BG.
all varieties survi ee with ee light injury to the ie of the shoots.
Platycarya strobilacea—at B. T. A, killed to the ground; at N. Y. B. G,
ao injured at al
‘suga taxifolia—from Howe Sound, severely burned and injured.
seudo
Preudoluce tarifolia = Shuswap Strain entirely uninjured,
159
Rubus deliciosus—one lot of seedlings killed alvios: to the ground; one
i 2 idee stighily injured on tip
t B. killed to the round: perhaps dead; at N.
v. B Ce aly young S iatited.
Stephonandra incisa—at B. T. A. killed almost to the ground; at N. Y.
G. uninjured.
a americana—at B. T. A. killed to the ground; at N. Y. B. G. only
Symphoricarpos Chenaultii_at B. T. A. killed almost to the ground ;
N.Y, . uninjured.
Tamarix allie t B. T. A. killed almost to the ground; at N. Y. B. G.
uninjure
Taxodium distichum pendulum—seriously injured in moist nursery; unin-
jured in dry place (young grafted plants 3 ft. tall).
cas ae A aaa of old, well-established plants, in rich gar-
den loam, in a lower part of my garden, did not produce one flower
this ee thoug! ne they are alive and in April brought forth their
leaves, Other plants of the same age, on a dry, gravelly slope, appeared
in full flowe ich s how m oil conditions matter. The
exposure of both sets of plants is almost identical. The plants in the
rich, rather moist loam were, in other years, always the first to flower
in early March, the others flowering one or two weeks later.
INJURY TO THE FLOWER Buns oF SPRING-FLOWERING TREES
ND SH S
This type of damage is very widespread this spring and it i
influence t ater conten tissues is very apparent
and undoubtedly also explains why the buds g, vigorous,
g plan e in general much more seriously injured than
those of older trees which have settled down to a sturdier, steadier
growth. Most of the trees and shrubs enumerated below suffere
injury to their buds especially, or solely, in poorly drained localities
and in southern or eastern exposure, or on the southern or eastern
side of the plants.
Mannie canadensis—flower buds killed on young plants in wet place.
ousa—at N. Y. B. G. and elsewhere, many flower buds killed.
Daphae Genkwa—most flower buds kille
Daphne Giraldii—some flower buds killed.
Enkianthus campanulatus and E. pe erulatus—all flower buds killed at B. T.
A.; at N. v B.
. en
Forsythia suspensa and : intermedia—major ity of flower buds killed in
any places; less severely injured on gravelly slope and northwestern
ma
exposure. F. tatersiedia, in general, gave a better display of flowers
than Sus Pensa.
ule u ee viridissima and F. viridissima koreana—less severely injured.
ucothoé mosa—flower buds killed.
Hee a So oalan ngeana—most flower buds killed. Less seriously injured in
sheltered places.
160
Mahonia Bealii and M. Aquifolium—flower buds killed in most places; also
many leaves burned.
Paulownia tomentosa—flower buds killed.
Pi. ge ater yas buds killed everywhere ;
s and many tips.
Pr ‘iis ee eee buds and many twigs and some branches
kille [
Prunus meniaca—flower buds killed; only slightly injured otherwise.
Prunus Bavidiane Hower ee killed in most places.
ost flower buds killed and miu. killed.
in exposed position also
U1 ninjured,
flower buds ‘ile d in many velacee but not every-
Prunus serrulata oe and most other Japanese cherries—flower buds
injured or killed.
Prunus tomentosa
favorable local ity.
ae triioba—most, but not all, flower buds killed in unfavorable posi-
and P. pumila—only part of flower buds killed in un-
Rhododendron hybrids—flower buds killed except on northwest side 2
sheltered bushes. Boule de Neige, a low, compact variety, seems
ss than a a the others. Also the following vhodo.
: obtusum amoenum and R. obtu-
R. catawbiense—uninjured in nor rth- sum Kaempferi.
western exposure. ee leaves and tips
R. Gowenianum.
i. Smo.
R. Hinodigiri—also tips and many
twigs injured, Wilson.
R, sncr anti, i TPeyrichii.
R. dauri d ucronulatum R. viscosum—in most places.
R. tA alee Cedioliny a
ds killed in some localities.
Wistaria—flower buds tale in some localities. " (Wistaria japonica, young
plants kille dt to the ground, the only species which was injured seri-
)
FLower Bups WHICH SURVIVED THE WINTER
The following trees and shrubs showed no injury to their flower
buds, even under not particularly favorable conditions:
A rubri
Aronia ar butifoli ia and oe melanocarpa.
irene ae species).
Chaciouelés Oh yiees
ornus florida—i ocalities, though in many instances the two oute
racts were crippled or remained undeveloped, leaving the flowers with
only two bracts.
Cornus Mas.
Cornus oriental
Corylopsis ea (Corylopsis spicata buds partly injured).
Cytisus pilosus,
Cytisus praecox.
Daphne Cn
Daph
Enkianthus campanulatus, E. perulatus, E. subsessilis (in aes soil).
exocho rda osa, E. Giraldit var. Wilsonti, E. Korolkov
orrestiera ae
Forsyihia ovata (also F. japonica saxatilis at Arnold Arboretum).
Fothergilla major an ae F, monticola.
Hamamelis japonica, H. vernalis, H. mollis.
Halesia carolina and H. monticola.
beris sempervirens,
almia latifolia.
onicer
her:
Magnolia acuminata, M. c ae va Fraseri, M. tripetala.
Magnolia Kobus and var. aes eatis— almost no injury to the flower buds
best of all the ea
ye stellata—escaped injury in many ‘places but not everywhere.
Malus (a: ee rently all species and all the hybrid crab-apples)—no injury ob-
served,
Pieris flori bunda.
Philade iphus (most species ape varieties).
Prunus avium and var. ple
eae eerby also Pras subhirtella (on dry hill), while P. pendula
of its flower buds.
can cease (in all its varieties).
Prunus serrulata sachalinensis (Sargent’s ry). The only con ble-flow-
ered Japanese a8 which gave a eee display of blossoms
this year at tl was the pale pink var. Prunus serrulata
sachalinensis alba-tosée (Shiroft ugen),.
Prunus tomentosa oo P. pumila—in Sheltered places.
Rhododendron canescens.
Riedode ae ‘on Garb liniahinibe and R. maximum—where not exposed to east
Risdedsedeon japonicum and several of the “Ghent Azaleas” (R. ganda-
vense).
Rhododendron nudiflorum.,
Rhododendron roseum.
Rho ee TON ee poukhanense—in most places especially where
what sheltere
Soicandea nee
Spiraea (most species ood varieties).
Syringa—all aes also the so-called French lilacs and other hybrids.
Weigela (most species and varieties).
Xolisma marian
REMARKABLE OR INTERESTING INSTANCES OF HARDINESS
Only the less frequently observed species are mentioned in this
list. petit cultivated species which have not been mentioned
in any of these lists may be assumed to have been found hardy.
Abies nobilis (older plants)—needles slightly burned.
Abies sutchuenensis. A. Faxoniana, A. recurvata (young plants).
162
Young plants of Abies numidica and A. amabilis, also A. sibirica, A.
sachainen ae A. ko: ig A, Pinsapo, A. lasiocarba and many others,
perfec’ t under lath s
Abeltophyitumn ee perfect condition on L, I.
Acer Buergerianum trine seen tips ra c
as creticum—only some and buds red.
+ Davidii— Pastas fae pane
cor Henryi_only tips illed.
at
All are
Acer macrophy Bey some fe injured. young plants.
€: ju: si ww
a
red.
Acer glabrum, A. insigne, A. Opalus, A. Steboldianum, A. iriflorum, A. cap-
pbadocicum, A. parviflorum—in perfect condition.
Acer palmatum—old plants observed in many places showed no injury;
young plants in nursery showed slight injury to ee
Actinidia arguta and A. polygama—in perfect conditio:
ulus turbi nee ion.
Alnus cordata and A. subcordate- Pe some tips injured. A. firma, A.
sumurae and A. tenuifolia—in perfect co gee
Ampelopsis aeodafolie in perfect condition, while A. cordata and A.
b iped’ I Maximowicztt show injury to tips and killing of some
twigs.
Aristolochia durior (A. Sipho)—in perfect condition.
ae Abro tanum—only tips injured.
Betu ie ttilis Prattil, B. japonica, B. Delavayi-Forrestii, etc—in perfect
ition.
Bidslee alternifolia—in perfect condition.
Busus ee ela arama some tips injured.
Calycanthus floridus, C. fertilt d C. Mohrii—only flower buds killed in
some places.
Camellia Sasanqua—killed back to about Io inches from the ground at B.
Camellia japonica killed almost to the ground but not dead, except on L, I.
r buds and many leaf buds were killed but’ twigs were un-
Corbis cordata Bly onica—in perfect condition, while C. laxiflora
showed slight i to tips.
Caragana qurantiaca. Cc * anabigitd, C. Boisu, C. Chamlagu, C. decorticans, C.
densa, C. microphylla, C. pygmaea, res sophoraefolta—in perfect con-
diti
ee brevis ‘pina—only slightly injured.
Carya Pecan—only some tips injured.
Ceanothus Fendleri—only some tips inju
Cedrus Deodara (young plants 3-4 ft. aay needles injured in several
io lities.
Celtis Douglasit, C. sinensis, C. australis, C. Tournefortit and C. Bungeana
—-only some tips slightly in, injured,
— ee oa Cc. ene (all small, young plants)—one-year- and
year- 5 wood killed.
Cercidiph hl: Laos in in perfec condition.
Cercis Crifithiie ei Iled to w line oe in rath low
Cercis Siliquastrum—at B. less seriously ied than a ree
é
Sienueee Millefolium—in perfect condition in dry, well-drained,
rather poor soil.
Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana and m: of its varieties (even the golden-
leaved varieties)—in perfect eendien: except slight burning on south
163
i a ble eae Only two sets of seedlings apparently of a more
ce ( old), were almost a
Cham wine ee noot. thatensts a oe of its varieties—in perfect condition.
Chamaecyparis obtusa an ‘ariet: ties in eee t condition.
ppeeateee ee and Siec nea perfect condition.
wis pisifera and 15 varieties, even the juvenile forms—in per-
fect “condi tion
andii—killed only to the ae line.
Ta o acuminata—in good conditi
Clethra Farg me tips injured Goria plants),
Corns nawrpiniiowcise al in perfect condition; only the tips of
slightly injured.
Chéaue: oe pidea C. paucinervis and C. poliophylla—young
lants in erfect cl ee.
ory i ac. hetero. ophylla—in nee condition.
Corylus Sieb na Mm. a—showed slight injury to tips.
Cotinus coggygria—only ane Saiury to tips.
Crataegomespilus Dardari an randiflora—in perfect condition.
ra ies cuneata, C. Azarolus, C. chlorosarca, C tanacetifolia, C. altaica,
ntagy: na—in ‘perfect co — in,
Cunidughamia lanceolata—uninjured in sheltered places; more or less
severely burned where ex
Cytisus praecox, C. albus, C. qustriacis Heuffelii—in perfect condition.
Daphne Genkwa and D. Gir aldii—all flower buds killed.
illipii— fl illed.
Davidia involucrata Vi t. tall, of flowering age, as
ny nts 2-3 ft. ae in perfect condition.
ia barbara—only slight ‘y to tips under light cover but other-
not particilarly. Eworable conilitions:
Ephedra pellet and £. ae slight injury to tips.
Ephedra w s killed.
phylla an
Forestiera acumi ‘e eo- mexicano—in A eoiaia condition.
Fothergilla major—in perfes t condition.
raxinus longicuspis, F. chinensis, F. Ornus—in perfect condition.
Fraxinus anomala and F, ee tips injured.
erfect condition: only a few tips in-
Fraxinus Paxiana (3 n almos
jured.
Fuchsia magellanica Riccartonti—without cover, killed to the ground but
ead.
ilosa, ermanica, G, ovata, G, sylvestris, G. cinerea and G. tinc-
toria alpe. stris— only ti tips inju red.
Genista sagittalis— killed almost to the ground, even under very favorable
conditions.
i growth and stems 1% ft. from the ground
killed in not very abl
a texana, G. caspica, i horrida—in perfect condition.
Cleditsia fearreceniia only tips s injured,
Gordonia Alat ianaha only utmost tips injured (young and old plants in
different See
Gutierrezia Sa illed to the snow line in oer place.
Halimodendron “Halodendron—in perfect conditio:
ee en peas crassifolia—killed to the snow line cal (in somewhat moist
164
Hypericum aureum, H. galioides, ete. ay perfect condition.
Hydrangea a xanthoneura, H, petio red , H, heteromalla, H. cinerea and H.
arborescens—in perfect conditi
HOG Dae een ia “eilled "only (plants were protected but grow-
ery
flex Ghee ona vgla aie —uninju: red.
Jasmanunt fruticdus tips killed Gad much dead wood left but plants not
ly injured.
serious
Jasminum Giraldi— uninjured without protection on L.
Juglans regia, var. sinensis (seedlings 4 ft.)—in pases conditio
Tanne rus communis Lada perfect condition even in exposed places.
das Us 1 ach ida, J. formosana, J. scopulorum, J. conferta (large plants)—
t condition.
Kodswa japonica leaves killed but t twigs apparently uninjured (L. I.).
nteta amabilis—t
pe aoa L. "asta yroides and L. }l’atereri—in perfect condition.
La 7 bod rege ’ te ae peas on tips,
Lar aes Bip Je Ba hurica, L. Gmelini, and var. Principis-Rup-
ae fii—in a ee ct conditi
Laz wiandule iene aids both at ao a. A. and N. Y. B. G.
Leitneria floridar erfect conditi
Leucothoé Cat tabaei_in | perfect condition 3 in most places; slight injury to
eaves in some places.
Liquidambar formosana (15 ft.)—one-year-old wood injured only.
Lonicera, 45 species and varieties—in perfect condition,
Maclura ‘pomifera—tall trees at N. Y. B. G. i ne condition; on young
plants (6 ft.) many tips and some bra ches ere killed.
Magnolia acuminata, M. cordata, M. os. MH iliflora, M. parviflora, M.
ee M., stellata, M. tripetala, M. virgi iniana— in perfe ct con-
dition except flower buds (see special lists).
ee ee leaves killed but twigs and buds uninjured in
1
Mahonia Fremonti—only leaves partly burned.
Mahonia nervosa ‘Gmail. plants)—in perfect conditi
Ma - Seana Veitchti and 35 other species and varieties—in perfect
itio
Meratia pees only tips injured and ne as killed (not more seri-
ou ree inj ye a in a evious milder rs).
Mespilus ai ect condition.
Morus inicrophylla-—only ‘tips injured. (Morus alba and M. nigra in per-
ee condition
Nandina domestica —in perfect condition on L. I. (no covering).
Pachisting Canbyi—in perfect condition.
Pae suffruticosa (young plants oy Y% ft. tall)—in perfect condition.
Periploce graeca and P. ere De ect condition.
tt Ps
Philadelphus—of 32 species and ae including the pay Mexican P.
argyrocalyx, ee the Asiatic P. Magdalen nae and P. incanus, only P.
lavayt and P nd of B. 0
ela glo: oriosus and most varieties UY Pur eo-macu-
latus were killed to the ground in ome slaces, insignis lost most of
the one-year- i wood. nee Lemoinei Manteau d’Hermine, which
has usually been injured in milder winters, shows no damage.
Picea cperaie. P: 1 “tlsonii, ig pee urea, P. complanata, P. Balfouriana, P.
ae yivla, s heterolepis, P. Koyamai, P. Schrenkiana, P. Breweriana,
le. pa jezoe: ey var . hondoensis, P. Meyeri, P. montigena, P.
. olita por ees a 1-6 ft.)—in perfect condition.
ae “stchensis and P. rubra— ade? lath ie entirely uninjured; more
ess severely burned where not shaded.
165
Picrasma Genes (10 ft.)—in perfect condition on sheltered slope in
Pinus aristata ani a P. Es ifouriana—in perfect condition.
Pinus age ta ae 2 ft.) needles partly burned and tips slightly
ut no sly i
Pinus foes mon phllasmall plants uninjured.
— ae —older t (15 ft.) in dry, gravelly soil at N. Y. B. G,,
needles Pied ee no othe er injury. Small plants in moist
Populus ‘Tesiocarpo— young plant 2h, a6 " protection given, in perfect
conditi
Prun: ie Jacuuciontie P. sibirica and P. brigantiaca—only some tips in-
red.
Prune Armeniaca—only some tips inju ae
Prunus oe P. subcord: P. P. Fenzliana—tips
killed and much dead wood (older pi eee in athe: wet place).
ais sbauracerass schipkaensis compacta—many leaves killed but twigs
0: folate K rem f
Pterocarya a tips ce ie
Pteros. ee his, ame ar in perfect shape. Young plants showed
Sgt
Mees the
Pyrus nival: 7 Ps ae
Quercus Cerris—in perfect
s Cerris Ambrozesyana (4 ft.,
hat, tin perfect condition.
a a = —
ps of the twigs.
a P amygdaliformis persica—some tips injured.
shape, young as a as old plants.
grafted on Q. Robur)—leaves killed.
—in peice conditio:
ispa ar. Li onbeant (5 ft., grafted on Q.
Gry leaves | killed but otherwise only some tips slightly injured,
Ou. las ft.) and pl. nt }—in per: condition.
Quercus Libani—on ‘tip ju or ag Young twigs
illed in richer, moister soil Goa plants
Quercus undulata ie ft. aera some a injure
Quercus Toza (yo ants, 3 ft.)— in perfect condi tion.
eee Palast, R. eeu aS e Ergtivazsion, R. caroliniana, R. spathu-
laefolta, R. utilis, and other: a ondition,
int, R. jav wiiro—in nee e
i A aaa R. Gordonianum, R.
raeum, R. nivewm—in perfect condition.
wifolia, R. mollis pomifera, R. gai lica, R.
caudata, *R. B itiok LR "Haugons, R “bella, Vorbergtt, R. Bru-
anti (Mme. George Bruant), R. mallee aaa R. Paulti (ru-
gosa x art is), etc. perfect eo The ‘a hybrid “Julien
covering, on , un a
na—in pertece condition in somewhat moist place,
is a
sha by shrubs.
Sehisophragia a oe eae —in perfect conditio:
do pi itys verticillata—lost some needles but Sihicewice in perfect con-
ition,
ee Henryi (young plant, 4 ft.)—only some tips injured.
Skimmia japonica—only outer reves and tips of twigs killed (shaded).
Suulax Steboldi—in perfect conditi
Sorbus hupehensis, S. scalaris, S. Con radinae, S. Folgneri, S. umbellata, S.
aria, S. aif, - Matsumurana, S. pol uashanensis, S. disc olor and
many others condition. Only S. Wilsonii is injured o: the
S. Vaniorae alle ¢ ‘o the ground.
tips.
166
Spiraea tosaensis, S. Blumei, S. crenata and most others—in perfect con-
a on. Oa S. japonica and its hybrids and a few others were more
r les red.
Staphylea holocarra (4 ft.)—only some tips injured.
Stewartia Pseudo-camellia and S. pentagonal some tips on young
lan ts ae
Styrax Obas. n perfect
Suphovicarpos soreophilus, s ee S. vaccinioides—in perfect con-
dition.
Syringa elise) S. Potanini, S. pinetorum, S. Meyeri, and others—in
perfect conditio:
saab ascendens Atrees 20 ft. tall in N. Y. B. G. in rather dry place)—
only a few young twigs injure
Thuja Spientalie and six of its varieties — only slightly injured by burning
on south side in some places. Some of the juvenile forms, however,
w d.
Thuja koraiensis and T. Standishii—in perfect conditio
Thuja plicata and several of its varieties—in perfect “condition (only tw
sets i. seedling plants, five years old, apparently of a more tender a
a nie
Thujo aire “dol —burned partly, but not severely injured.
Thymus eerie T. sygioides, T. Serpyllum, ond various others—
onl spehiy injured.
Thymus as T. Serpyllum citriodorus variegatus—killed to the ground
u t de tH
ay
fect. JT. kiusiana—only some tips injured
(yo plants in mre ry).
Tabet Regelii— in perfect condition.
Tsuga Sieboldii—in perfect enn while T. Mertensiana and T. hetero-
d.
Ul young and o tree — in perfect condition.
i. ia ( —in perfect condition.
Vacciniuny stamineum—in perfect soe ie
easter dle a y erubesc V. fragrans, V. furcatum, V. lobo-
4 ey ve ovatifolium, V. ea a Veittchiti—in perfect condi-
Viburwum Se ME Geter V. betulifolium, V. urceolatum, V. ellipticum,
V. Carles erfect condition.
Lei a rath se extensive collection of hybrid forms, only the follow-
showed m or less severe injuries: Fraicheur, venosa, Waterer’s
a Descartes Most of the oth ers were in perfect condition.
Nauthoceras sorbifolia—in perfect conditi
WHERE THE WINTER was HELPFUL
ock Garden Plants and most other perennials seem to have
rather enjoyed this winter, with its long-lasting snow cover and the
absence of dangerously warm spells in midwinter. They are gen-
coris squamigera, Oxalis adenophylla, etc. Even Saxifraga sar-
167
mentosa, in the shelter of rocks, but without covering, wintered
without injury.
The cool, moist spring, which, fortunately, usually follows a
severe winter, gave many plants a chance to recover. Had a warm
and dry spring followed serious winter injury, they would undoubt-
edly have: tied ee TrEuscHER, Dendrolog
¢ New York Botanical ey en.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Since several infestations of gypsy moth have been found this
ani
n
gypsy moth will ce a tree bare in a short time. The pes
immediately, has previously been confined chiefly to t ew
ngland states and was apparently brought into N rk on
some plants which were harboring eggs ris 0 f
near its head. Anyone og such a caterpillar is asked to notify
the ani Garden at on
y traps for peas, beetles have been lent to the Botan-
catching these pests as they enter the gro ar, while Japa-
nese beetles | been num in the y of Bronx Park,
have caused little trouble within the Garden itself. Baite
with geraniol to attract the beetles, the traps are being set up near
the rose garden
Director E. D. Merrill has recently served as a member of the
Committee of Selection for Latin America of the John Simon Gug-
genheim Memorial Foundation. Five graduate students and pro-
fessors, two from Mexico and one each es Argentina, Chile, and
Cuba, were selected to carry on researches in universities and mu-
seums in the United States
168
In connection with the last commencement exercises of Columbia
N. Moldenke, all of whom have prosecuted their major research
work at The New York Botanical Garden.
r. E. D. Merri ll, Dr. H. A. Gleason, Dr. Fred J. Seaver, and
southern trees and shrubs. At Toronto they also inspected a tract
of ground which has been selected as the site of the proposed botan-
ical garden of the University of Toronto.
r. n der Pijl addressed a conference of the staff and
feeistered neon of the Garden May 25 on flower biology, with
special reference to the flora of Java
The following visiting botanists registered in the library during
the spring: Dr. Glenn Gardner Hahn and J. R. Hansbrough, New
G f..-L. f . WI
ilton, N. Y.; Dr. F Prof.
Edgar T. Wherry, Philadelphia, Pa.; Prof. Geo. L. Zundell, State
College, Pa.; Mr. R. Kent Beattie ad Dr. Walter T. Swingle
Washington, D. C.; Mr. and Mrs. L. B. Linn, Cac rds
Ind.; Mrs. Inez Mexia, Berkeley, Calif.; Prof. George Haley, San
entice: es Sir Frederick and Lady Phyllis Moore, Dublin,
Ire. ; L. Van der Pijl, Bandoeng, Java; and Prof. Y. Yama-
moto, Tee Japan.
A. F. Blake
rge es
C. Bodman
*Mr. rs. Jonathan Bulkley
‘Dr. Nicholas M. Butler
Prof. Gary N. Calkins
*Miss Mabel Choate
*Miss E. Mabel Clark
. Co
Richard C C. Colt
Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs
Ho: (MY
‘Mrs. J
enj
arshall
Villiam ield
arry Harkness Flagler
Mrs. Mortimer J.
is Fri
*Miss Helen C. F:
*Mrs. Carl A. ie Certo
*tMrs. Elon H. Hooker
Dr. Marshall A. Howe
rcher M. Huntington
Adrian Iselin
*Mrs (esc
am A. Lockwood
Dr. acDougal
Teeuneth K. fisekete
*Mrs. David Ives Mackie
Mrs, H. Edward Manville
. Lewis R. Mor:
Dr. Robert T. Mortis
E is Morrison
enry F. Osborn
Gee Lathrop Pack
* Member also of the Advisory Council.
{Chairman of the Advisory Council.
{| Secretary of the Advisory Council.
‘Treas surer of the Advisory Council.
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine
noe a Pitcher
H. Hobart Porte
*Mrs. Harold I. Pate
id
Jo! i i Rockefeller
Prof. H. H. Rusby
a Geeay. Ryan
Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee
John M. Schiff
*Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner
Mrs, aa Sloan
te hn
ae P Saye
James Spe
J. E. Spi ee
Mrs. Charles H. Stout
athan Straus, Jr.
B. B. Thayer
Dr. William S. Thomas
Charles G. Thompson
*Mrs. William H. cee
Richardson Wrigh
GENERAL INFORMATION
pre of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garde ;
NEE our hundred acres a beautifully Giveriied land in the northern part
ct the City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native
mlock forest is one ote the features of the t tact:
“Plan tations of thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and
release plants.
G s, including a new rock garden, a large rose oe a perennial
border, aaa model gardens, and other types of plant a
Greenhouses, contains thousands of interesting sida from America
and ioregn countri
r shows eoieeond the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn
aise "oF Saas tulips, lee irises, pens roses, lilies, water-lilies,
dahlias, and ey anthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse-
blooming pla i
A museum, Tes aining exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, —
local plants occurring within pus hundred miles of the City of New York,
and the economic uses of plan
An herbarium, compaieing more than 1,700,000 specimens of American
ae foreign spec’
Exploration in “aieecece parts of the United States, the West Indies
-Central and South America, for the study and collection of the characte
istic ora.
Scientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
BS ee of plant life.
A library of Potenicsl literature, comprising more than 43,400 books
and numerous hlet
Public gael pa a eae variety of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the
Publications oe botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific, and
ae of popular
he education of Lae children and the public through the above fea-
ee and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and
he Garden i is dependent upon an annual appropriation te the
City of New York, private benefactions, and membership It
possesses now nearly two thousand members s, and application for
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership are:
single contribution $25,000
Patron single contribution 5,000
Fellow) for Wikeyyssieijesjetecteiscistsciers single contribution 1,000
Member for Life ................ single contribution 250
Fellowship Members cleeleomaicmieae annua! 100
Sustaining Member .............. pane fee 25
Annual Member .............++.-
ual fee
Contributions to the Garden may be aoe from taxable incomes.
The following is an approved form of beque
A heraly es to The New York Botanical Garde incorcraee under
the Laws of New York, gt ne a de the su
Conditional bequests m with income payable to donor
or any designated benehcary autny fue or her lifet
All requests for further information should be seat a
THE New York BoTanicaL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y.
SL
'
VOL. XXXV Aveust, 1934 No. 416
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON
1859-1934
MarsHatt A, Howe
DO CYCADS ieee
Joun K. Su.
DR. STOUT DOES Epaabes oe THE DAYLILIES
Caro: H. Woo!
CONTROLLING THE HOLLYHOCK RUST
B. O. Donce
DISTRIBUTION OF SEEDLING DAYLILIES
A. B. Stout
NEW BOOKS FOR AMATEUR Si vem AND NATURALISTS
Carot H. Woo:
area
A GLANCE AT earn ry Gaia aes
Caro: H. Woopw
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa.
THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOT ees GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGE
ELECTIVE MANAGERS
Until 1935: L. H. Battry, THomas J. Doten, MarsHALt Fietp, Mrs. Exon
Huntincton Hooker, Kenneru K. Mackenziz, JouN L. MErrILy ‘(Vice-presi-
dent and Treasurer), and H. Fees. es
Until 1936: ArtHuR M. Henry W. ve Forest (President),
Ciarence Lewis, E. D. MER nt Direc and SEE HENRY DE LA Mon-
TAGNE, naked (Assistant Treasurer & Business Manager), and Lewis RuTHER-
FURD
ie aes Henry DE Forest Batpwin (Vice-president), Geom Si
Brewster, Cuizps Frick, ayes LewisoHn, Henry LockHart, Jr,
MacDoveat, and JosEPH R. Sw
II. Pe OPRIELS MANAGERS
Froretto H. Pate , Mayor Of the City of New York.
Rozert Moses, Park C ommissione
GeorcE J. RYAN, Brenden of the Board of Education,
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
A. F. PLAGE, appointed | by the Torrey Botanical Club.
RAH ARPER, SAM E, EpmMunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T.
Bocert, appointed by Calambie, Uaeent ity.
GARDEN STAFF
E. D. Merrit, Sc. D. Dire
MarsHALt A. Howe, PH Ds Sex Dineen taeee Assistant Direc
H. A. Gieason, Px. 'D. Head Curator
pee K. SMALL, Pe oDS SC uD iin wae Chief Research Associate and Curator
A. B. Stour, Pz. D. Director of the Laboratories
FRep J. Seaver, Px. D., Sc. D. ‘urator
Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. Plant Pathologist
Forman T. McLean, M. F., hae Dine tae. Supervisor of Public Education
oHN HENDLEY Barnwant, A .M, M. D...Bibliographer Gnd Admin, Assistant
ERCY WILSON Associate Curator
BERT C, Sao Pua. D. eae Curator
Sarag H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian
H. H. Russy, M. D......... Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
FLepa Giana Artist and Photographer
Rosert S. WILLIAMS Research nee in Bryology
E. J. ALEXANDER . aSS(ent Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium
Harotp N. Mo.penxe, PH. D As aun Curator
CiypE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant
RosaLie WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Caro H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant
Tuomas H. Everett, N. 'D. Hort. Horticulturist
Henry TEUSCHER, Horr. M. Dendrologi
WITTROCK, A. ;
RoBERT HAGELSTEIN .......eeseeeeeeoues morary Curator of Myxom: Be
ETHEL ANSON S. PERE AM .Honorary Cue Tris and Narcissus “Collections
Wa ter S. GHEE CK lerk and Accountant
ArTHUR J. CORBETT .......... wees Superintendent of Bydeanat and Grounds
NatHanieL Lorp Brr
January 15, jue
h by ate and ce July, 1907)
(Photograp
JOURNAL
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL, XXXV AUGUST, 1934 No. 416
NATHANIEL LORD BRITTON
1859-1934
(WITH PORTRAIT)
Opportunity and the man cue to make the career of
Bri a
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s in
Botanical Garden, one of the leading institutions
of its kind in the wor!
Nathaniel Lord Baton was born at New Dorp, Staten Island,
on January 15, 1859, and died at his home, 2965 Decatur Avenue,
New York, January 25, 1934, being thus s his 76th year. He was
chrank’s Malva ‘a is belie 0
commemorate a botanically minded member of tl ily in a
previous century. The first of the rican line appears to have
been James Britton, who came from London in 1635 later rep-
1695 ac ti al n New
Dorp, Staten Island, ana in 1925 the Nathaniel a this ae and
169
170
his wife, Elizabeth Gertrude, deeded a part of this land, with the
old “Britton Cottage,” to the Staten Island Institute of Arts and
Sciences, in the hope that the old house ae “long be preserved
as an illustration of early colonial constructio
According to the available photographs, Nathaniel Lord Britton
was a very boyish-looking youth, when, in 1879, at the age of
physicist, who made large collections of shells, birds, minerals, and
plants. On Mr. Crooke’s death in 1911, Doctor Britton wrote that
he had been favored with his ‘intimate acquaintance since boyhood
and his [Britton’s] dissin to lines of avis inquiry was in-
duced by this suggestion.”” It is said that even
as a child the youn Nathariel; when taken on drives, knew the
names of roadside trees and other ia in a way that seemed
ery mysterious to his parents. In those early years on Staten
Island, association with the slightly older oe Hollick, “his class-
mate in the School of Mines, was also a factor in shaping the de-
a) Wi
tended anthers are by the shock (or by a slight tap, even when not
dropped) drawn in against the stigmas, afterwards, when left quiet,
1 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 12: 161, 1911.
171
resuming their extended positions. This simple aan on the
prickly pea uw olum
before his graduation, bears the title “Notes on the Relative Age
and Dimensions of a Number of Different Trees.”
n his graduation from the School of Mines, in 1879, he became
nd th:
parently served as his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy,
which was conferred upon him in that year by Columbia College
A ies and enlarged edition of this Catalogue appeared in 1890.
On August 27, 1885, Doctor Britton married Elizabeth Gertrude
a ie of James and Sophie Anne (Compton) Knight,
who was not only a constant helper in all his subsequent undertak-
- :
rns to ‘teaching, he found time for numerous obser-
2 Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 35: 97-104. 1934.
172
yations on the higher plants, most of which were published in the
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, of which he was editor from
1888 to 1898. In 1886 his title in ound See was changed
to Adj
as has also its non-pictorial as successor, Britton’s “Man-
dat
Doctor Britton ey is authority for the statement that the
beginnings of the history of The New York Botanical Garden may
E ‘ : f
and Judge Addison Brown, besane a law when signed by Gover-
173
nor Hill on April 28, 1891. This eorablignes a corporation known
as “The New York Botanical Garden
“for the hone of establishing and maintaining a ae Sree
and museum and arboretum therein, for the collection and ¢
of plants, oer shrubs, and tr s, the prea of Re ni i
science and knowledge, and the prosecution of original researches
therein and in kindred subjects, for affording instruction in th
t
tive horticulture and gardening, and for the entertainment, rec-
Teal people.’
tion, and instruction of the
f incorporators included forty- eight | names of N
Public Parks were asked to set e nX
Park, and the Board isti wa © appropriate
,o00 for the erection of suit buildings, as ha n made
mandatory by the act of the state legisla’ s
nue of Columbia College and the subsequent ae aie
174
A little later an agreement was entered into with Columbia College
we
e
and England, arranging exchanges of herbarium eae books,
4 di
seeds, and living plants and studying methods of culture and dis-
play of plants. One of the ——- conclusions ae Le this
European visit was the following:
“As to the general features of the foreign institutions as com-
ni
Ss 1r 11S
the development of the grounds. But as regards site, soil
topography and buildings, none of them compare with Bronx Park
at all favorably.”
Botanical exploration of the West Indian region, which was to
become stich an important feature of the Garden’s activities during
175
its first third of a century, was begun by an expedition to Porto
nd LA.
Rico by Mr. and Mrs A. Heller in 1898, financed by Cornelius
Vanderbilt. Dr. Britton’s first personal participation i in this West
gro ragraph in his report foreshadows the general policy
of ie ee in its field work during many succeeding years:
“The personal reconnaissance of the West Indian flora, taken
together Mi eis considerations, has convinced me that our
xpl
esen
present, in the near future, a plan for this proposed system 7
exploration.”
Dr. Britton himself participated personally in no less than thirty
botanical visits to the West Indies, mostly at his own expense
- Underwood and N. L. Britton. he work was to be complete
activities of the leading contributors have operated to slow down
publication eas a erate ie than was anticipated by the original
At the present time, twenty-
promoters of t
nine years after the appearance of the first part, seventy-four parts
have been published and only one volume of the proposed thirty-
four is complete. It is hoped that ways may be found to bring this
great undertaking to a reasonably early es
176
Britton was one of the aie movers in the framing of the
c
so-called “ hester” and “America:
>
ie
aS
o
3
es)
+
a
o
°
c
= 6
a e
Rock Garden, The site selected is sunny and well drained and the
soil contains a goodly ee of coal cinders which impart to it
a gritty porous ee nd render it iy suited to the
growth of this Trifoliu
he first pring consists of several short branches
growth i
(one to two inches tone) produced from the crown of the plant
209
OY,
LL
oy) up suyu
210
These branches are quite prostrate but do not root into the ground
SS or elliptic and each is marked with a prominent white
V.
i the leaf axils the inflorescences are produced, on short
fl
peduncles, the cream-colored flowers forming dense spherical
hea bout one inch in diameter and lying upon the surface of
ee leaflets are Fea Hen ee and narrower, and the
white V is not so prominent.
Soon nies the aa season is over the short branches die
away, but the long erect leaves persist through the summer and
with age the V-mark ae or quite disappears.
oo virginicum blooms in May and lasts over a fairly
ae It is of rather modest appearance and will not appeal
et aoe a magnificent display of color, but is well worthy
of a place in the rock garden
Although plants have not oat been wintered out of doors in the
vicinity of New York, there is every reason to expect that they will
y
prove h
T. H. Everett
THE oo GERTRUDE ey MOSS
HERBARIUM IS ESTABLISHE
At its meeting on May 28, 1934, the Board of Managers of The
rk Bo al den e mmendation to the
ff the moss herbarium be henceforth designated as the
Elizabeth Gertrude Bri erbarium in honor o rs.
1 0
Nathaniel Lord Britton, ieiedoss honorary curator of mosses,
211
1912-1934. This follows the precedent set in 1907, when the
fern herbarium was designated as the Underwood Fern Her-
i d.
ired in 1906, th Au: Jae
e Co a mbia University deposit, the private herbari
A. R i
ndies, au a fine series of exsiccati such as those of Austin,
i zi
basic ote essential to the students on mosses
from all meee of the
Long antedating a ere of The New York Botanical
Garden, = continuing uninterruptedly to the close of her active
Britton devoted her full time and energy over a period of fig:
four years, be made a memorial to her
E, D. MERRILL.
212
SCIENCE COURSE FOR PROFESSIONAL GARDENERS
ENTERS THIRD YE
The third year of the Science Course for Professional
Gardeners opens with classes for both advanced students an
cal Garden in on ie to give the younger members of
our:
essentially not a course in gardening, but a course in science for
experienced garden
For beginning sets systematic botany and plant morphology
will be offered the t term, to be followed in a twelve-week
session after Chinas with plant physiology and laboratory
b
Second-year men vil be given an opportunity to study soils
he fir: n nt
€ ‘om Pp
thology and plant breeding during their final term. Upon the
satisfactory completion of the eight courses, The New York
Botanical Garden grants a certificate.
s before, the instructors will include Dr. Forman T. McLean,
who is also directing the course with the assistance of T. H.
Everett, Horticulturist for the Garden; Dr. H. N. Moldenke, Dr.
ae Dodge, and Dr. A. B. Stout of the Botanical Garden and
. E. P. Felt of the Bartlett Tree Research Laborato ories. ‘All
0:
in advance with Dr. McLean at ie Botanical Garden
213
PUBLIC ee Serer FOR SEPTEMBER,
OCTOB AND NOVEMBER
e public lectures at ale New York Botanical Garden
med S
e e
autumn, ee and spring. They are given, as usual, eac! ur~
day afternoon at 3: 30 in the lecture hall in the Museum Building,
and are illustrated with colored lantern slides.
During Septem see xOcobes and November, ‘the following sub-
jects are being giv
Sept. 8 “Rambles in Hawaiian Mountains,” Mr. Otto Degener, New
ork Botanical Garden.
Sept. 15. “Autumn Wild Flowers,” Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, Bibli-
ographer and Administrative Assist tant.
Sept. 22. “A Gey r of the National Parks,” Dr. Harold N. Moldenke,
0:
Sept. 29. “Dahlias: ” Dr. Marsh 1 A. Howe, Assistant eas
Oct. 6. “Where Our Food seen Come From,” Dr. Elmer D. Merrill,
Director.
Oct. 13. “Autumn Coloration,” Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of the
Laboratories.
Oct. 20. “Bacteria in Relation to Diseases of Plant a as Animals,” Dr,
. D. Chester, New York Botanical Gar
Oct. 27. ees Dr, Forman T. McLean, ie of Public
cation.
Nov. 3. “A Wint ter in Bermuda,” Dr. Fred 7 Seaver, Curato
Nov. to. “Travels Through Ontario,” a SM ady, National esrch
Council Fellow, New York Botanical Garden.
Nov. 17. “Plant Hunting in the Southern Apalachins? Mr. E. J.
Alexander, pe stant Curator and Curator of the Local
erbarium.
Nov. 24. “Hybridizing the Mold Fungi,’ Dr. B. O. Dodge, Plant
Pathologist.
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE*
Hardy bulbs for continuous bloom in the garden is one of the
topics in Horticulture for August 1. A full-page table ae
treatment and seasons of oe setae the article
In describing flowers to give vee os in the border, Anderson
McCully, in the August Gardeners’ Chronicle of America, names
many useful plants and ee combinations
isd
1 All publications mentioned here—and m: other y be in
the Library of The New York Bagel ae in the J oe cee
214
Gladiolus, Delphinium, and Iris are three genera of garden
flowers given special treatment in the August Flower Grower.
Another useful ney tells how native wild flowers are best grown
in the garden
*
everal scented plants, especially suitable for rock gardens, are
described in the Lexington Botanic Leaflets for June 9, July 1
and July 28.
Kk OK Ok
The Plant Disease Reporter, issued by the Plant Disease Survey
of the United States Department of Agriculture, begs people ob-
ies plant ee anywhere in the United States to report such
ases at once to the office of the publication in Washington,
kk Ok Ok
Among recent important bulletins from Cornell University are
one on the Dutch elm-disease (No. 230) ; one on ines trees
for New York State (Extension Bulletin 287) and one on the
control of diseases and insect pests of potatoes on aa Island
(Extension Bulletin 288).
Kk Ok
Two recent reprints from the Journal of Allergy received by the
library are “Survey of a Botanical ene in the Desert of Northern
Arizona” by R. W. Lamson and Alva Watry, and a second study
by these two authors sal eg pln as a regional problem.
Treatment of the ‘ubiaeee (ater Family) by Paul uae
ter Standley is continued in Part 3 of Volume 32 of North
d
American Flora, which a appease
*
n Educational Bulletin an = of the Bartlett Tree Research
Dr. E. P. Fe f
t ma:
by the major pests of trees and briefly describes remedial
ures
The third edition of “Observed Flora of Watchung, N. J.,
its Immediate Vicinity,” by Harold N. Moldenke, Assistant a
rator at the Botanical Garden, appeared in March. The continent
215
of origin of each exotic plant is mentioned, and the booklet also
contains a classification of the plant kingdom to orders
x OK Ok Ok
Leon Croizat, who has done some research through the library
and other facilities at the Botanica Coren, has recently published
“A Study of Succulent ae jae.”
*K
The plant life of eee ee near Sebring, Florida,
is described in a recently publishe Jet which states that the
0
nd is now being maintained for the benefit ot the public as High-
lands Hammock, Inc., with Mr. Rex Beach as the president of the
governing board
x ok Ok
who have been attracted by the Garden’s collection of his-
torical microscopes on the second floor in the Museum Building
will be interested in Gustav Fassin’s “Early History of the Micro-
scope” in the May Scientific Monthly.
n “The Plant Communities of the Dunes” in the same issue,
George D. Fuller says, “There is no better place for the plant
scientist to see how new ae is aie and how it becomes mature
soil with its succession of ve;
The May Gardeners’ Chronicle of America is packed w
ticles of sual interest. Lester Rowntree describes distnetve
W. B h
unu erest. Leste
material for the cutting garden; Charles W. Barr writes on e
Art of Tree Grouping,” Cecile Hulse Matschat on “Little Bulbs
from Mexico,” and Alice Lindsley Dustan on “Vines for the City
Garden.” Two articles on es os are also included
_ “The Oriental F re Cherries” is the title of ne as : of
the United States Departme ent of Agriculture, by ell.
‘Photographs, detail drawings, and keys for pee ae are given,
as well as cultural directions
Carot H. Woopwarp.
216
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ew exhibit, showing the stages and effects of the ee
ntrib aced on the
n
the danger of neglecting to apprehend and cut and burn diseased
trees without delay.
At the annual show of the esate ees ne
staged at ig New York Botanical Gar t g-11, thre
spikes of the deep pink variety Robert ae won ae ane in
the popularity contest. For the best single are on exhibit, first
prize was given to the yellowish-pink Picardy. The flowers as
y:
a whole appeared to be in better condition than for several years.
verett, Horticulturist, is spending five weeks in En-
pind, visiting Kew and other botanic gardens and many ae
estates and lecturing on The New York Botanical Garden's expedi-
tion into the southern Appalachians in the autumn of 193
t mith of the Gray Herbarium, Harvard University,
spent some time in August at the Botanical Garden, studying the
Bromeliaceae.
ERRATUM
Thr a a regrettable een the printer’s—the date of the
death of the late Dr. N. L. Britton appears on page 1
ugust RNAL as January 25 instead of a 25, though cor-
rectly ne below portrait facing that p:
1 Known also, through its sexual stage, as Ceratostomella Ulini.
Chairman of the A
*Miss Helen C. F
*Mrs. Carl A. a Gerson
ee Guggenh
ard S. Fslincss
Bae R. A. Harper
T. A. Havemeyer
A. Heckscher
*Mrs. Fa aly Lana
Capt.
Mrs. ane a ties
Archer M. Huntington
Adrian Iselin
Pierre Ja’
*Mrs. Walter Ue
*Mrs. Delancey Kan
*§Mrs. F. ee Kellogg
*Mrs. Gus!
Clarence Hee
Adolph Lewisohn
Frederick J. Lisman
Henry Lockhart, Jr.
*Mrs. William A. Lockwood
Dr. D. T. Beate oy
Kenneth K. Mac!
*Mrs. David ie Mackie
Mrs. H. Edward Bess
ce L. Me:
Prof. Henry F. Osborn
Chas. Lathrop Pack
* Member also of the Advisory ea
‘MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
*Mrs. Augustus G, Paine
*Mrs. Maes a ie
Rufus L. Pat
*Mrs. Wleeles H Eiclines
*Mrs. George W. Perkins
Howard
cae Mills Reid
Mrs. Teens eke
ohn M. Schiff
*Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner
han Straus, uf
*Mrs. Harold McL. Turner
Felix M. Warburg
Allen Wardwell
*Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder
Williams
*Mrs. William H. Woodin
Richardson Wright
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
Aree
Fou ur aandred acres ef peaertully diverted, land in the northern part
of the City of New York, throu ic om e Bronx River. A native
emlock forest is one of tne featunes of th
Plantations oF thousands of native and catia trees, shrubs, and ;
flowering plant
Gardens, aiediee a new rock garden, a large rose garden a perennial 1
border, small model gardens, and other types of plantin
pine containing thousands of interesting stants from America
and foreign co
Flower shows hicoesteet the Seaman the spring, summer, and autumn
displays of pared Is, tulips, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, lilies, water-lilies,
ahlias, and chrysanthemums; He the winter, displays of greenhouse-
eats pla:
um, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local pati occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
the economic uses of plants.
An herbarium, comprising more than 1,700,000 specimens of American
and foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character-
istic flora.
Scientific reseed | Jp laboratories and in the field into the diversified
problems of p
A library o oe beta literature, comprising more than 43,500 books
and numerous pamphlet:
Public anaes on a erent variety of botanical topics, continuing
throughout t! ar.
iblicatiouh: on RS aeal subjects, partly of technical, scientific, and
partly of popular, interest.
The education of school children and the public through the above fea-
tures and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and
forestral subjects.
The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the
City of New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. It
possesses now nearly two thousand eee and apple for
m i
Ben si a contribution cal
atron single contribution 5,
Fellow for Life ......... seeeeeeee Single contribution 1,000
Member for Life ........ +eeeeeee Single contribution 250
Fellowship Member nnual 100
Sustaining Member . annual fee 25
Annual Member HO eae ; annual fee
Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes.
The following is an approved form of bequest
I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Gordes incorporated under
the Laws of New York, ee oak ne 1891, the of ———..
Conditional bequests may be e with income ee to donor
or any designated eneReiey aun ihe on or her lifet
All requests ie further information should be sent ae
THE New York BorTanicaL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y
VOL. XXXV Ocroper, 1934 No. 418
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
AFTER- nanos OF THE WINTER
NRY TEUSCHER
COLLECTING SEEDS ae ALPINES Ae THE PEAKS OF
THE TE MOUNT Ss
cen ae feats ve R
CHANGES IN pe ease THIS YEAR AT
TANICAL GARDEN
CORRELATION OF THE ECONOMIC MUSEUM WITH
THE HERBARIUM
COURSES OF STUDY ANNOUNCED FOR 1934-35
MYCOLOGICAL FORAY
BOOK REVIEWS
A. B. Stour
Epwarp J. ALEXANDER
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE
Carot H. Woopwarp
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA.
THE ScIENCE PrESs PRINTING COMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00
Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW ee POT ee GARDEN
D OF MANAGER
I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS
Until 1935: L. H. Barrzy, THomas J. Doten, MarsHAtt Fiexp, Mrs. Eto:
Huntincton Hooxer, KENNETH 2 MACE : Joun L. Merritt (Wiese ,
ident and Treasurer), and H. Hopart Porter
Until 1936: ArTHUR M. ANDE ares Tene ry W. vE Forest (President),
Crarence Lewis, E. D. Mereity (Director and Sec retary), HENRY DE LA Mon-
TAGNE, JR. NS istant Treasurer & Business Manger) and Lewis RuUTHER-
Until nar: Henry vDE Forest Batpwin (Vice-president), a z
Hnearerens Cuitps Frick, ApotpH LrewisoHn, Henry Lockxwart, Jr., D.
MacDovucat, and JOSEP. a R. SWAN
II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
Froretio H. neal Mayor of the City of New York.
Rosert Moses, Park Commis
GeorcE J. RYAN, President Ay the Bou of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGER;
A. F. BLAKESLEE, appoinied by ie Torrey Botanical a
R. A. HARPER, Sam F Epmunp W. SINNOTT, and Marston T.
Bocert, appointed by Gahiabi Uniierak ity.
GARDEN STAFF
j
E. D. Merrit, Sc. D. Dire
ee iS Hea PHD) Se Die eye aacee ne ao ee salen Tee tor
H. A. Gueason, Px. D. ead Curator
Joun K. SMALL, Pa D,, Seu is: Chief raat Associate pe Curator
A. B. Stout, Px. D. ctor of the Laboratories
Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator
Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. : Plant Pathologist
Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ........ Supervisor of Public Education
JoHN eed BARNHART, A. M., M. D.. .Bibliographer and Admin. Assistan
Percy Wi Associate Curator
ALBERT C. Suan Pu. D. Associate Mh! ;
SaraH H. Hartow, A. M.
H. H. Russy, M. Res, Honorary Curator of Oe Economic Collections
FLepa GRIFFITH ist and Photogra; one
ROBERT |'S,), WIDLTAMS)\. (0/1) Gna ee anoa ana rs Associate in Br ryology
E. J. ALEXANDER .... Assistant Curator and Genes ae the Local Herbarium
Harotp N. Morpenxe, Pu. D. Assistant Curator
Crype CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant —
ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Caro. H. A erate Editorial Assistant
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D, Hort. orticulturtst
Henry TEUSCHER, Hort. M. Dendrologist
G. L. Wittrock, A. oc
ROBERT UELAGEL STEN f.'00 05). Sie cbale eieiehanete norary Curator of Myxomyce
Eruet Anson S. PECKHAM. . Honorary ee Tris and Narcissus eect
Watter S. GRoESBECK erk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT .............. Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXXV OcToBER, 1934 No. 418
AFTER-EFFECTS OF THE WINTER
any plants which seemed to be perfectly healthy and unharmed
0 like map!
the summer, usually beginning with he i naes although
they had shown no signs of injury until t
These losses, after everybody thought ~ danger was all over,
efi pe of inj $ quite conspi s with many shrubs,
i nee, Deutzia, Viburnum, Lonicera, Philaaelpinus etc. On
investigation it became app that i N old
en the wi
brown and dead. In many cases fungus infection was siehicele
in Se ee even to the naked eye.
y which had occurred here was twofold and was caused
directly 6 or adeealy by the snow. It consisted either in mechan-
217
Fic Oak tree (Quercus alba), uprooted in a storm, Notice its
dhalow. ee -system and the rocky ledges which had prevented it from oe
taining a firm hold. The tree had beer ina ae condition for some tim
because of drought and frost injury to its root
219
ical i injury. caused by the rubbing of the wind-swayed shoots agains
s
ascending stream. The collapse of the young growth followed
idab
unavoidably.
Leafin; a - late and then only in part, usually leaving the top-
most bra s bare and dead, ur caused by roo eee which,
na ante is most oo to affect shallow-rooting trees, like Cedrela,
Cercidiphyllum, e
Dying of the ae shoots of ornamental shrubs, or the dying of
cots down as deeply as they must, in order to be safe from frost
jury.
The feeding-roots of trees standing in the lawn are frequently
attracted to the surface by cee feeding of the lawn, which, like-
wise, renders them subject to winter injury.
The methods to prevent ies osses from these after-effects of a
severe winter may be summed up as follows:
1. In the hard, frequently rocky subsoil, so prevalent in the
vicinity of New York, trees, especially, pats ever possible, should
e planted in blasted holes. One-half s of dynamite, inserted
e ie one-h to two feet deep, one oosen the soil suffi-
2. Regular feeding of older trees, inserting the fertilizer in holes
punched with a crowbar, will supply nourishment where it is most
eeded and will prevent the roots from coming dangerously near
to the surface in their search for
3. Notoriously shallow- ee trees er shrubs may be given a
Bs 2. eS e (Quercus Robur) dying from drought and frost-
jury to its ro "The stunted appearance of the tree—notice the abnor-
ae uct ae of the trunk—testifies to the absence of a taproot, which
ie tree has been prevented from forming by a ledge of solid rock extend-
g under it at a shallow de oth,
221
mulch of leaves in the fall and should never be planted all by them-
c
the leaves out of the eg in the fall, for the sake of tidy
b
several years ago. For many shrubs this on of w winter inju
rou
mental shrubs all the weak and overgrown shoots, therewith givin
i evi we
oh
o
rf
a
as
a
ray
+
8
i
a
4
o
mj
e
@
ot.
an)
=a
ae
a.
wo
a
ian
°
pares
<
i=]
=
@
Ht
3
garden need watering and feeding, but trees and shrubs only too
frequently are left to themselves
Henry TEUSCHER.
ean a OF ALPINES ake THE PEAKS
HE WHITE MOUNTAINS
With the great increase in popularity of rock gardens in this
n company with Miss Caroline Romer, of Summit, and Mrs.
Glady s P. Anderson, of Rahway, N. J., obtained seeds and seed-
222
lings of some of these plants, which will be tried out at The New
eras Garden
from Ru dand: Vermont, we first made a brief excur-
sion into ae nuggler’s Notch, which we knew to Ae one of the best
natural habitats for Polystichuin Braunii var. Purshit. were
pleased to see also a patch of « - eniune ooh the rare green
- a larg
in!
Ste the state we went over into New Hampshi re a4 our
which we plan nned to do collecting. “Woon arriving, we heard the
opes. e day was raw and cold, with aa showers, the
great ranges all being buried in the mists. We were told later that
the temperature on Mt. Wa ae had pases . 26° and
that there was a two-inch fall of snow. The temperature to us in
Exploring the lower slopes of Mt. Jefferson, where we first
al e€ ice olidago macrophylla an
Ibidiuin Romanzoffianuim in flower, and collected s £ Trillium
erectuin, T. undulatum, Clintonia borealis, Streptopus roseus, and
Actaea rubr Or i road on the r slopes of the
e we obtained seeds of the mountain-holly, Nemopanthus mu-
cronatus unchberry, C. rales ieee canadense, and
la: of rola secunda, Linn ar. americana,
is
and a strange orchid resembling a Corallorrhiza in its habit an
fruits, but with eee ems.
We then r to the lower slopes of Mt. Washington and
ae over ies section between the carriage road and Huntin
on section we collected seed of Sisyibachiur
pee ted Siren pe eae ie hispidula and
Linnaea borealis var. americana. We found colonies of
Stachys palustris wee ei Cree tum.
Our long-awaited clear day arriving, we started up the carriage-
223
road to the summit of Mt. Washington. In the lower wouds
e
Fic Smuggler’s Notch, in the Green Mountains of Ver
of he: act classical ion localities in the East. Polystichum Brow var.
Purshii was collected h
Vaccinium Vitis-Idaea var. minus, with small shining leaves and
bright red berries, and V’. wliginosum, with dull, bluish leaves and
blue berries aaa nanus, Arenaria groenlandica, Scirpus caes-
As
a t
nigrunt, Paceininin ee var. angustifolium, Solidag
Cutleri, and Stellaria bor
A short trip down ne non slopes to the Alpine Garden was
truly a revelation. In the dampish ground here, all the alpines
224
previously mentioned reached their best development. The mo:
conspicuous of the great quantities of green cushions was ee
i fl usan
plants of Nabalus Boottii in full flor ower, with large heads of quite
white
yellow bracts vis sible some | istance; Houstonia caerulea var.
were nu
of plants o ) es and oe procumbens
ring season.
moist souts were splendid specimens i" Gin perke their pale-
ushi offering fi revaili
Dae
wa: Gee to note that the wild tumbles of rock above
aaa: were suffused with a peculiar yellow-green, caused by
the growth of the lichen Rhizocarpon ae eae which grows
in great i upon the otherwise dull-colored rocks.
Arriving at the summit of Mt. Washingt ae we Sn the two
hotels very crowded, but finally obtained bur n the Tip-Top
C night. E i
w
around were quantities of Stellaria borealis, and the white flowers
225
of Arenaria groenlandica seemed tucked into every nook available.
dow head
Strolling n to the of the Great Gulf we found numerous
patches of Salix herbacea, in some places carpets of it. Far under
n
acris in flower, obviously waifs from the lower levels
Ficure 2. Mt. Monroe in the White Y untains, viewed from the shoul-
der of Mt. Washington, showing a region known to botanists as one of the
best collecting eo for rarities in the Late Range. The whitis!
area at the left is the locality for two of the choicest plants ue on the
Hs described her re—Po tentilfn Robbinsiona and E: Oake. oe
ight foreground are the two Lakes of the Clouds and the A ML. Ch
The writer then went alone down to the Lakes of the Clouds,
ion plen
tiful in this notch were Betula sandals and B. glandulosa var.
sibirica, ae argyrocarpa and S. plonifolia.
The was spent in collecting in ae region and on the slopes.
226
of Mt. Monroe, around the head of Oakes Gulf and across Bigelow
Lawn to Tuckerman Ravine.
Near the head of Oakes Gulf at the base of the summit cone of
spa Hele Ge attered with starved-looking mats of Salix Uva-Ursi,
Loiseleuria procumbens, Rhododendron “oponci Diapensia
lapponica, and Solidago Cutleri, and studded with two- to three-
inch-tall plants of Campanula rotundifolia ah exceptionally large
e
8
e
Q
=:
&
>
g
oS
cs)
fa
a
g
fc)
Q
=
8
i=]
co.
o
Fh
"Solidag 0
Pp
eed thickets of Picea and Abies about one foot tall were noted
here also.
On Bigelow Lawn, Empetruim nigriun was of especially plenti-
ful occurrence and in moist spots Steversia Peckii and Nabalus
Boottii. Nearly all the other alpines appeared also in abundan
to the he all of Tuckerma i
filled with water or sphagnum were noted, nearly all with east-
facing ledges rising above them. The depressions were filled with
a rank growth of Veratruin viride, Solidago macr es Sieversia
Peckii, Nabalus Boottii, and Houstonia cacrulea var. Favonorum,
as well as Betula ea and B. papyrifera var. minor.
ere filled with plants of Phyllodoce
caeritlea, appearing like Ha yew-trees, and covered with ripe seed-
ods.
fter enjoying an excellent a at the Appalachian Moun-
tain Club hut at the Lakes of the Clouds, just at twilight the
writer made a sudden decision to ascend Mt. Washington and
227
in nform the two ladies of the party of his intention of spending
at on
Crag late the following afternoon e summit cone of Wash-
ington was buried in it; the top was reached shortly after
da ter impartin: necessary information, he was in-
rk.
formed, much to his ae that the ladies, who ha gone over to
2
us)
66,
As they approach their prey, they often wave their “arms” in
front of it, as though to simulate a breeze, thus keeping their victim
unaware of aed es When within rea ach, the tch it
ays seem to star a son as though at a
fellow human being, with ost understanding gaz
one stare: ck, amused, with a scarcely perceptible motion the
mantis has caught another insect for the next cour: e
It is because of the many harmful pests that he destroys that he is
a cherished friend of the gardener
Carot H. Woopwarp.
40
A LOAN COLLECTION OF LANTERN SLIDES
Eight sets of colored lantern slides, which are duplicates of The
’s collections, have been selected from
r
are available for loan to members, garden clubs, teachers and other
people needing lecture material on garden subjects.
There are particularly fine sets of slides of wild flowers, arranged
0
lowers are represented by a set of 98 anes ci ae
m.
spring mont arch to May. Fifty-four of these pdt a very
eee ae series and 37 are supplementary slides which more or
ss duplicate the
wild flowers are well ue by a comprehensive series of
b
the months of June, July and ees oe have not been arranged in
separate sets bu - ae ast two or three very satisfactory lecture series could
be selected from
utu wild flowers, yeti plants blooming from September until
winter, are re represented by only 43 slides—a rather short series, whic!
clude, ee r, most of ihe eran tes groups, such as asters and
golden
The fourth set of wild flower pictures consists of 45 colored slides of
Rocky Mountain Ses photographed at Banff and Lake Louise. Many
of these are plants eminently suited to cultivation in rock gardens.
In addition to the wild flower pictures there is a miscellaneous
collection of photographs of cultivated plants comprising 49 kinds
of flowers shown in g1 diff ides his is quit
r
kinds, all of which are varieties well adapted to outdoor cultivation.
he eighth set is of cultivated orchids, of which there are 13
slides.
In addition to this garden material there is a very extensive set
f
°°
—
ae
& 2
o
wn
wn
a
fo}
z.
3
itis}
ct.
=
o
n
QO
o
2
o
4
Me
fa
(©)
»
=]
ry
mr
_
3
AS
oS
oO
2
‘3
7
a
w
™
i=}
is
Ther ide.
Beaver Kill and Balsam Lake, and a few local ones of the Bronx
River and Bronx Park
41
Any of these slides are. available for loan to members of the
s.
on-members a service charge of $2 is made for each set.
Forman T. McLean
GARDEN-CLUB MEMBERSHIP IN THE BOTANICAL
GARDEN
clubs now constitute a new type of membership which is
w Yo din
oose
addition to = gut tachion of contributing to the progress
of peer as exemplified by the extensive garden and labora-
tory work of the institution, the clubs which become members of
w York Botanical Garden are granted the following privi-
ee
1. One copy of the regular ee periodicals, such as the
Journa. of the Botanical Garden, and all notices of special
flower displays and other events ve terest
2 pro rata distribution of ees lants lable from time
to ti o members. Thus last year there were distributed sev-
eral thousand begonias, daylilies, and named varieties of chry
ne to members.
3. Participation in the courses of study for which there is a fee up
to the amount of annual dues.
4. The privilege of one selected lecture by a member of the Garden
1 ectu
staff, before the club, without we lecture fee, ae only expense
es
Designation of three r belie to od sce extension
courses that may be given, free of charge.
The price of consultations.
42
SPRING PILGRIMAGE TO HOLLAND FLOWER SHOW
ilgrimage to the “Land of Tulips,” sponsored by the Horti-
cultural Society of New York, with the codperation of The New
York Botanical Garden and various other horticultural institutions,
is announced. The special occasion is the Decennial International
ica Line. The main party will leave Rotterdam on May 18 for the
return voyage, after ten days in Europe; or longer stays may be
Fur
information may be obtained from John T. Scheepers, “s22 Fifth
Avenue, New Yor
ACTIVITIES are ae a. AT PITTSBURGH
TING OF A. A. A. S.
At the meeting of the Botanical Society of America held in
Pittsburgh, December 27-29, 1934, Dr. E. D. Merrill gave his ad-
dress as retiring President under the title “Mental Excursions.”
This was one year in advance of the expected date, owing to the
illness of the actual — President, as E. J. Kraus, of
the University of Chicago.
Dr. Merrill was ee representative of the Society in the Div
sion of Agriculture and Biology of the National Research Council
for a three-year term, beginning July 1, 1935.
At a session of the Botanical Society of America with Section
G of the nee raw for the Advancement of Science and
associated societies, held on December 28, Dr. B, O. Dodge pre-
sided. He was elected pede also, of the Mycological Society
In a symposium on “The Status of Systematic Botany in Amer-
can Colleges and Universities,” on December 27, Dr. H. A. Gleason
presented a paper on “The Neglect of Some oe oe
in the Teaching of Systematic Botany.” Dr. Fred J. Seaver was
reélected Managing Editor and Editor-in-Chief of rane and
43
was selected as the official representative of the Mycological Society
of America at the Sixth International Botanical Congress to be
— in Amsterdam, September 2-7, 1935.
r. S. M. Pady, Fellow of the National Research Council, who
is ene ona second year of studies at we New York Botanical
len, presented two papers, one before the Mycological Society
on “Intracellular Mycelium of Cae interstitialis’ and an-
other at a joint session with the Americ Mie ee S
ciety on “AN e of Aeciospore Infection.” Other members
meetings were Dr. and Mrs. Harold N. Moldenke and Miss Carol
H. Woodward
THE BOTANICAL REVIEW
A new monthly magazine, The Botanical Review, made its ap-
fieids e need for such a journal has long been felt by
many botanists, particularly in view of the great amount of re-
search being p d which for years has rendered contact with
work other than one’s own specialty progressively more
and more difficult.
The Botanical Review is the private enterprise of two botanists,
Dr. H. A. Gleason and Dr. E. H. Fulling, and while the editorial
— is conducted at The New York Botanical Garden, the journal
o official connection with the institution.
44
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE?
The serial reprinting of volume one of Britton & Rose’s “The
T
ctaceae” is completed in the December number of the Cactus and
Succulent Journal. The publishers have arranged to bind the vol-
rt ubscr: who have sav of the last 41 issues, in
peared. A few pages at a time have been inserted in the center of
each magazine since ee ee
Paul Carpenter Sadie continues his descriptions of the Rubi-
ales in part 4 of volume 3 of North American Flora, issued De-
cember 21
ek OK *
e seldom seen flowers of a common variety of Aspidistra are
hown, among other interesting plants, in the October number of
s
Addisonia.
ek OK OX
American palmettoes, with photographs, nes and detailed
descriptions, are the subject of fascicle 6 of volum «H.
aile ne tes Herbarwin—“occasional papers on ne of
lan
xk Ok Ok
The original forest types of southern New England, as revealed
by fossil trees and plants, laminated clay records, fossil pollen from
iti
5, 0 ological ee eg by the Duke
University Press, Durham, N. C. y W. Bromley is the
author.
Ok Ok Ok
The published works of Elizabeth Gertrude Britton are listed by
Dr. John Hendley Barnhart in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club for January
x Ok Ok OK
Fruits of woody plants are the subject of a well- caine rural-
school leaflet published by Cornell wai in Nove
1 All publications mentioned h any others—may be found in
the library of The New York Beet er in the Museum Building.
45
ases of an eae: crop-plants—recorded in the
i States during 1933, w note on the distribution and de-
structiveness of each, occupy ie lenge oie to the January
15 issue of The Plant ers i ae
*
Ninety-five species of cons ae were blooming outdoors at
Kew on Christmas day should be ample evidence of the fact—too
‘ar:
deners’ Chronicle for January 25 mentions, among others, several
species each of Rhododendron, Rosa, Erica, Viburnum, Daphne,
rbutus, Jasminum, Ch anuine Candie. Veronica, and
eria
x Ok Ok Ok
Fertilizing materials to be used on peonies are analyzed as to
their composition and effect by L. E. Longley, of the University
Mi i in S|
i
mae and December. In the same issue, A. M. Brand gives
r rl
plants brought in from the wild may indicate lack of adaptation.
a a
The Journal of Heredity for November reviews the work of the
ity, both for fresh fruit and for preserving.
ek Ok Ok
Effects of last summer’s extreme heat and drought in the Middle
Jest on trees and shrubs growing at the Missouri Botanical Gar-
den are reported in the November Bulletin of that institution.
46
Some surprising instances of decorative plants from desert
regions being used for food are cited by Hortense E. Weimer
the November as and Succulent Journal in an article on =
edibility of succulents.
* ok O*
Mrs. Ethel Anson S. Peckham writes on the history and legends
surrounding the iris in an entertaining article entitled “Servant of
the Rainbow,” which appears in the October Bulletin of the Ameri-
can Iris Society.
*
Gerberas which, with protection, have been wintered success-
fully outdoors at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Re-
search are described in the October 20 issue of the Florists’ Ex-
change.
A valuable report on the compatibility of spray and dust com-
a a
arry F. Dietz is the author of the article, which is a reprint from
the October number of Nursery
x *
Practical questions and answers on the growing of holly, com-
piled by Earle Dilatush, may be found in the Florists’ Exchange
of December 15
x ok Ok OK
Winter hardiness of trees and shrubs at the Arnold Arboretum
is discussed in a series of articles which are concluded in the De-
cember 11 issue of the institution’s Bulletin of Popular Informa-
ti
Shrubs which are on the borderline between tenderness and
icl
addition,
there : are descriptions of many new and oe eine notably
from the Pacific coast of Bees ea ica
A profusely and cae jel article on the Royal
Botanic Gardens at Edinburgh is a feature of the October Na-
47
tional Horticultural Magazine. Helen M. Fox writes about her
experiences with a large ee - annuals in the same issue.
*
“Medicinal Plants of Mexico” is the title of a new book in
Spanish by Maximino Martinez, which was recently acquired by
the library. Botanical descriptions and hae and popular
descriptions and uses of a vast number of plants are recorded
orough index simplifies Baal to ae wor
Of distinctly practical as well as scientific value is the report
G. E. Nich
ig
geological explanation of the origin and present distribution
of the New Jersey Pine Barren vegetation is given by H. J.
Lutz, also in the October issue
* *
New annuals that have been tested during 1934 are described
in the November 15 issue of ae orticulture under the title, ““Novel-
ties for Next Year's la
*
Seven steps in gr owing a nee pot of daffodils are illustrated
for N bi
ap
Caw. each merite on roses and Frederidie Boissevain treats of
gentians.
How species of Abies under cultivation i in the United States can
each fir, and showing in aia of photomicrographs cross-
sections of nearly fifty speci
Carot H. Woopwarb.
48
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
“Flora of Bermuda,” the 585- ae aaa volume by Na-
whi
The Botanical Garden has also this month reduced the price of
“A Text-book of General Lichenology” by Albert Schneider, pub-
lished in 1897, to $2.50, and has added Britton’s “Manual of the
Flora of the Northern States and Canada” (second edition, 1907)
to its list of books on sale, offering the latter at the accustomed
price of $2.50.
Director E. D. Merrill has been appointed one of the two presi-
dents of the Taxonomy and Nomenclature Section of the Sixth
tember 2-7, 1935. Dr. Merrill was the sole chairman of this sec-
tion at the Fifth International Botanical Congress that was held in
Cambridge, England, in August, 1930.
Dr. Merrill has been elected non-resident vice-president of the
Washington Academy of Sciences for 1935.
Dr. and Mrs. Philip H. Gregory visited the aan of The
New York aie Garden January 4, while in New York on
their way to England. Dr. Gregory, who has on the past year
at seen eit College i in Winnipeg, investigating fungi that
n diseases, is to be plant pathologist at Seale Hayne
yen College, Newton Abbot, Devon, England.
he January issue of The Girl Scout Leader contains an article,
ae Our Food Plants Come From,” by Dr. E. D. Merrill,
illustrated with a picture of the exhibit of the origins of food
plants, staged by The New York Botanical Garden at the Fall
Flower Show in New York.
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HE NEW York BotaNnIcaL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, FORDHAM BRANCH P. 0., NEW YORK, N. Y.
VOL. XXXVI Marca, 1935 No. 423
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
SOUTH AFRICA—A LAND OF MANY FLOWERS
SaRAH Coomss
SOUTH Spcany ca eo caer
Forman T. McL
THE CULTURE OF THE SMALLER CAPE BULBS
T. H. Everett
THE LEMON DAYLILY (HEMEROCALLIS FLAVA L.):
ITS ORIGIN AND STATUS
A. B. Stout
GYPSY MOTH CONTROL IN NEW YORK STATE
, H. L. MclI
ASIATIC IMMIGRANTS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN—V.
Joun K. SMALL
SPRING LECTURES AT THE GARDEN
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
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THE NEW ree BOTANICAL GARDEN ~—
RD OF MANAGERS
LECTIVE MANAGERS
I.
Until 1936: ARTHUR ‘a Anperson, Henry W. ve Forest (President),
Ciarence Lewis, E. D. Merritt uedens and | Secretary: HENRY DE LA Mon-
TAGNE, 3 (Assistant Treasurer & Business Manager), and Lewis RUTHER-
FURD
sae par: Henry DE Forest BALDWIN ee vetaena GEORGE =
Rae are | Couns Frick, ApoLpH LewisoHn, Henry Locxwart, Jr., D. T
MacDoucat, and JosEPH
Until 1938: L. H. Bat MarsHatt Fieip, Mrs. N HUNTINGTON
Hooker, Joun L. MeErrity “Vice-president one, treasurer), Mohs, Rosert H,
MontcomEry, H. Hosarr Porter, a pH. T
II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
Fioretto H. LaGuarnra, Mayor of the City of New York.
Rosert Moses, Park Commissioner.
GeorcE J. RYAN, President of the Board of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
E
q
ti
qf
f
aeee y E. aes) aborted | by | ile Tormey Botenen 1 Club. hy
R. A. Harper, S. , EpMunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T.
Bocert, appointed ie c ae nieve ity. 4
GARDEN STAFF i
E. D. Merritt, Sc. D Dir
Miaasnatt A. Howe, Pe. DINSceD aid. ccna taste tee Assistant Director
H. A. Gueason, Px Head Curator
Joun K, SMALL, Pu. D. SCHD eas ox Chief Research Associate and Curator
A. B. Stour, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories
Tan | searee PEL. Se Ee Curator
Bernarp O. Dooce, Px. D. mt Pathologist
Forman T. McLean, M. F,, hae OP OBOE As Supervisor of Pablic Education —
JouNn Fenueee Barnuart, A .M, M. D.. .Bibliographer ‘and iam Assistant
Percy Wd1tso ociate Curator
Axzert C. Sure Pu. D. oe Gas Co
Saray H. Hartow, A. M.
H. H. Rashes ve Dy a ace Honorary Curator of ate Economic CoilcHene y
Fiepa Gre a and Photographer
Rosert S. Witkin Rese Hee) ociate in Bryology
E. J. ALEXANDER . Pe rae Curator and Curator of ihe Por Herbarium
Harorp N. Morpenxe, Pu. D. istant Curator
CiypE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant
Rosie WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Caro: H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Asststant
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. Hore.
Henry TeuscHer, Hort. M. Dendr oleae
. L. Wittrock, A. M.
Rogert HAGEUSTEIN ..............-.--. Honorary Curator of Myxom mycetes
Erez Anson S. PeckHam..H Curator, Iris and Naveen Collections
Wa ter S. etait ECK Clerk and Accountant
e
ARTHUR J. CoRBETT .............. Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL, XXXVI Marcu, 1935 No. 423
SOUTH AFRICA—A LAND OF MANY FLOWERS
South Africa and the Rhodesias are such unknown country to
settled as ours.
There are, of course, many wild sections, far from railroads,
evail. I
e ma
one word ““Momba!” that the damp and delightful meadow with
rocks and grassy tufts is the haunt of South Africa’s most deadly
€ e
new species. There is surely a thrill in that!
50
Here is a tail flower like a pinkish- mauve foxglove; this one is
S
it is its cousin, anothe: ume, the flowers purple,
hel on a lighter shade: Certs and Dolichos and P.
stigma perhaps his i Low interior with an
fl to 8 inches long. ere are bare rocky hills scraped
smooth, one would think, by glaciers, yet there has been no ice-
ge here few low succulents or stunted shrubs cling to thes
rocks. Eu gro to trees in this land and a little nearer
the equator the obese-looking baobab tree (Adansonia ee is
een occasionally, an unattractive object, though it i to
b h wi rge cans peo
growth, but rarely anything that would suggest our idea of a
jungle.
Hundreds of miles of High Veld (about 6,000 feet altitude) and
e open grasslands with few trees, bare but quite beautiful
Mountains to ae on a we shall faa tree- fepne besides a great
aes of flower
wn in the ges and southwestern part of the Cape Prov-
~The obese- er baobab tree is a striking feature of the
landscape in the warmer sections of South Africa, When in bloom it is cov-
red with large creamy-yellow
is an abundant growth, though the abundance is rather that of
California than of our eastern all-seasonal rain districts. The
; : d
of blue, pink, scarlet, orange, crimson cover the country—Ursinia,
2. Aloe polyphylla f Basutoland, South Africa,
FIicure
Socce ES the rocks in ce parca Botanic ‘Ganten. Kirstenbosch,
near Cape Tow:
Arctotis, Charieis, Felicia, Dimorphotheca, and others; here are
mat elargoniums an ricas; Ornithogalums, the “chinker-
i 0
inchees”’ of lasting qualities in white and orange; the odd Proteas
and th icospermums with their heads of bright color; the in-
tensely blue Heliophila, in shape like wild mustard, On the
slopes of Table Mountain, the air in early spring is heavy with the
perfume of the sweet-pea bush, Podalyria Lien me blossoms
53
in pink masses. Lovely little Moreas in white and blue and yellow,
like tiny Irises, are blooming on the sand flats and small Gladiolus
with clu
Aristea and an equally tall pink hone: cousins of the Gladiolus,
both of them.
“On the g grassy plain down toward the Cape of Good Hope we
a brilliant crimson-scarlet ca, a blue elia, a tiny
orchid, Disa. patens, with wide-spread petals, a tall bulbous plant
wit low flowers, Bobartia spathacca, the fibrous leaves of which
e
ae is the blue HF atsonia pave and as fies are the ee
seems a botanist’s paradise
SaraH V. Coomss.
SOUTH AFRICAN WILD FLOWERS
The southernmost point of the ‘‘dark continent” has been one of
the richest sources of ornamentals since the time of its discovery
we’ edin:
gardeners of the Old World of the last century vied with each
54
other in growing collections of South African heaths, geraniums,
and flowering bulbs, just as our modern gardeners compete for the
handsomest chrysanthemums, dahlias, and orchids, and for the
ntering the one at its principal seaport of Cape Town, one
e co)
ndron argenteum) and the imported pines and oaks from Cali-
fornia and from Englan
From August to Outobee the hillsides are ablaze with a varied
cups above the dense rene iceeh and here and on the higher hill-
GURE I. Gladiolus primulinus is a South African subject, coming from
re swampy ae and being successfully introduced into American and
European garden
sides is a bewildering variety of flowering bulbs, including Ixia,
Watsonia, Moraea, Gladiolus, Ornithogalum, Nerine, and scores
f the Li i i
an loom during every th of th r. In the shrubby
thick finds ornamental asparagus of the so-called “asparagus
fern” types, shrubby lobelias and salvias and some of the odd little
native orchi i in the hills the South African heathers are
f n ne 500 different kinds, and the rare Disas with their
ound i ly
brilliant hooded flowers hold up the reputation of their tropical
orchid cousins for beauty and oddit
Traveling north and east from on Town, one leaves this south-
west province with its winter rains and summer drought and in the
plant-bodies buried in the soil with simply a rough stony-looking
surface exposed, its translucent surface tissues letting the light into
the green subterranean tissues.
The prevailing colors in this perennial vegetation are browns and
mly ri w of green comes i rainy season,
when the bulbous plants and the ephemeral annu joy thei
short growin; en Babiana, Lapeyrousia, He: ntha,
Moraea, Haer hus, and numbers of fine Ornithogalums mak
the forbidding countryside bright with flowers. nl d
large shri the river ravines, but the rocky hills have a
more luxuriant vegetation than have the flat plai he Karroo
country is nearly all plateau with an elevation of about 4,000 feet.
57
North and west of the Karroo ane the climate gets still drier
and changes into the western desert, which exten s right down into
N 1
Ficure 2. The bright flowers of RL EN ental of the remark-
able succulent growth in the South African Kar
sons and lavish though brief flowering periods. These fneuae
si
in cultivation. On the sand: the curious Hel
witschia mirabilis ek a poor existence, retaining its two im-
mense wi eaves throughout its long li this arid climate
the adaptation of African plants to dry conditions is carried to its
greatest extreme.
oing eastward and southward past the Karroo country to its
borders, one comes first to grassy plains known as Grass Veld.
This is predominantly grazing land. Among the grasses, as in our
58
own western plains, there are many low-growing flowers—Gazania,
Gerbera, Anthericum, Chlorophytum, Helichrysum, Alyssum,
i r
Nec1o. mong the a
bulbs—Ornithogalum, Cyrtanthus, Hypoxis, Moraea, Gladiolus,
d Scilla. The Gladiolus oo of our gardens comes from
the swampy vleis, while the showy G. psittacinus and G. quartini-
anus oe in better ade area
Next to the Thornbush oa the Grass Veld has probably
yielded us our finest South African ornamentals. Along the east-
e
Ficure 3. The types of South African daisies are innumerable, and
many of them make attractive plantings in annual fenidens in athe worker
hemisphere. The blue and white flowers shown here, Dimorphotheca plu-
ee ae a of the Grass Veld, were displayed in Sees tory
Range No. e New York Botanical Garden in Mark 4
59
The subtropical coastal region has in it many of the plants famil-
a:
to outdoor culture in the United States outside of California, whic
has a similar climat
The interest in ee material has been lately reawakened, and
new flowers from the far-away tip of this continent are being
a reasing n r gardene mong
the recent introductions of annuals suitable for outdoor culture,
which ha ibited during the past vinters in t -
servatory at w York Botanical Garden, are species i
morphotheca, es , Heliophi Nemesia, an cia. This
York Botanical Garden is planning an exhibit of
South African iS t the International Flo w. Mrs
arah V. Coombs, who has recently returned from an extensive
trip in South Africa, has brought bac r tk a ssort-
ment, particularly of the unusual bulbs and of the succulent plants
of Karroo, which will form an important a es the exhibi
Forman T. McL.
THE CULTURE OF THE SMALLER CAPE BULBS
The flora of South Africa is rich in showy species which make a
: thes Tr
gether under the common designation of “Cape bulbs” are particu-
larly interesting and are really worthy of wider attention than they
60
at present receive. Their culture presents few difficulties once the
details are understood, but any neglect of these special require-
ments can only result in disappointment.
Bulbs (the term is used in a broad sense to include corms) o
uch kinds as Gladiolus tristis, Tritonia crocata, Ornithogalum
Lach
plunged in a frame out of doors during Septe: The seedlings,
if exposed to full sunlight and cool and airy growing conditions,
make rapid pro; and some will produce flowers during the
ress e g
spring following sowing, but the best results are not obtained until
the second season.
Mature bulbs are planted in late August in a rich but light soil.
e placed close together, so that a six-inch pan will usu-
dilute manure-water are in order, but nie noua _ ee
when the flow
The period ey following flowering and until the dor-
mant stage is reached is of great importance in the cultural cycle.
61
During this time every effort is made to build up good flowering-
sized bulbs for the following season and with this end in view feed-
ously interfere with the quality of flowers produced the following
season.
Important genera of Cape bulbs include, in addition to those
already mentioned, Sparaxis, Ixia, Watsonia, Albuca, Antholyz
allo i
anthe
e cultivation of South Anica annuals will ie treated in a
eee number of the JouRNAL.
T. H. Everett.
THE LEMON DAYLILY (HEMEROCALLIS FLAVA L.):
ITS ORIGIN AND STATUS
When, where, and how the familiar Lemon Daylily (Hemero-
callis flava) came into culture are matters of horticultural interest.
tions, with special reference to the origin and development of this
plant.
The Lemon Daylily is one of the oldest of plants cultivated in
flower gardens, for it was already in cultivation in Europe when
the first books were written about such plants. It was fairly well
copoei Veneti,” and that its medicinal product had been seen in
shops, especially in Antwerp.
63
Six years later (in Historia, by Lobel, 1576), there was aes
an excellent woodcut of this daylily showing an entire plant (see
Ficure 3). This is the first illustration known for any plant of
go.
Some of the earlier writers recorded certain ideas regarding the
natural home of this plant. Clusius in 1601 rae segs
Historia) states that he had found it growing wild in Lin-
naeus, who first called the plant Hemerocallis Lilo dephodete
a
grew in Hun , Dalmatia, and Istria. Numerous references
since ce bie ze the plant as wild in certain parts of Europe and
in Siberia.
t letter from Professor August Ginzberger, of Vienna,
eee for an to do so.
V
the H pee clone Eur ries in the wild i ee as nies
nous plants or m ly escapes from cultivation. A recent
ora (Hegi und Dunzin er, ee Flora von Mittel-Europa,
vol 05) reports that daylilies grow wild or naturalized
outside of gardens, but ly in the vicinity of cloisters and old
castles, over a rather wide area of middle Eur It is stated that
e java seeds freely but that the H. fulva never produces seed,
although it is more widely distributed as an escape ulva
T :
of Linnaeus (the Europa Daylily) is merely a triploid clone which
happens to be completely self-incompatible and also so nearly im-
IGURE 2. a ae of the Lemon Daylily, nearly natural size, obtained
by controlled self: pollination, The large size and elliptic shape of the cap-
sules are eee qunien a ia oan this plant from all other yellow-
flowered species n
potent from the sterility of triploidy that it rarely sets seed to any
sort of cross s-pollinatio on. Its distribution has involved only the
ies fante: acl ie he now questions this evidence.
65
e best Plant material for study of the identities of daylilies i is
m en
area does not reveal any type of Hemerocallis that can be pee
assigned to the H. flava of Linnaeus.
The type or clone of Lemon Daylily (FicurE 1) most gen-
Ficure his illustration of the Lemon Daylily is from a photograph
ofa Gee aabtisbea in Lobel’s Historia in 1576. In respect to the large
size and Bae shape of the capsule, as well as in numerous other chat acters:
the clone of the Lemon Daylily most commonly cultivated at the present
time Souci to be the same as the plant here illustrated.
66
erally cultivated in Europe and America is distinct and very dif-
ferent from all other types or species of daylilies now known. In
the region about New York it flowers early in spring at the same
time that Hemerocallis Dumortierit and H. Middendorffii do. Its
agreeably odorous, wii open by day and they regularly remain
open for at 2. apsules (see FIGURE r
nearly triangular in cross-section, elliptic in shape, much larger
t hose of any other e types of daylilies; and they
conform to the capsules shown in the woodcut published in Lobel’s
Historia 5 he scapes are branched and about three feet
he stems of the crown spread rather widely underground
to ies rhizomes. The roots are noticeably enlarged an shy,
e ro e :
As a rule the yellow-flowered daylilies obtained from the Orient
have bloomed later than the Lemon Daylily, the capsules are de-
cidedly different in shape and size, and they all possess other
ce difference:
pe clone ao the Lemon Daylily is ee self-fruitful and
capsul
acai conan of this plant. All these plants show the essential
ployed sin
daylily was first cultivated. It is stated that the naturalized plants
of H. flava now growing in middle Europe produce seeds, and pre-
8
)
3
progenies of hybridization involving the type clone of H. flava
however, not sufficient to indicate that this plant is itself a hybrid.
Ficure 4. Flowers of four seedlings grown from selfed seed of the
ona Daylily. There is some variation in the size and the fullness of the
here are several somewhat different clones in garden culture
which resemble the Lemon Daylily and seem to be related to it.
ne of these, which came to The New York Botanical Garden as
Heimer ocallis minor, has smaller flowers, very erect foliage, and
beaked capsules. This clone is self-incompatible but readily crosses
with the Lemon Daylily. Various of the plants received as H
flava from botanical gardens in ope are somewhat different
from the one. The name “H. flava major” is applied both
to the type and to Nae daylil Some of the garden clones called
A, n a major are certain! ) eta ae may have
a
arisen as meee of the original clone
In respect to the chromosome net the ee Daylily has 22
(2x 11), which is the normal diploid number for the genus. It is
not unusual or noteworthy in its chromosomal complex, as is the
triploid H. fulva clone Europa.
Eastern or central Asia is without doubt a native home of the
daylilies and the center of their natural evolution, origin, and dis-
r food, for medicinal uses, and as garden flowers. The Lemon
68:
Daylily, together with the fulvous Europa Daylily, was probably
taken from the Orient to Europe at an early date, primarily for the
from whi se. W! they are not hybrids olyploids
but selections or devel ts from a wild species they usually
possess its essential specific characters but they ma reatly
in char such as vigor, ha wth, and siz
Such variations are often important in horticulture, especially ne
they may be continued by clonal propagation.
The plant named Hemerocallis flava by Linnaeus in 1762 had
tions of middl rope it has become somewhat naturalized and
possibly this has involved reproduction b s. In America it
persists in abandone tden sites but does not spread readily and
ti resent time there is no reli vidence that a wi
species which has the essential botanical characters of this plant
exists in the Orient. Possibly such a species does exist there but
ui
daylilies in the Orient, one can scarcely make a satisfactory con-
clusion regarding the origin of this old familiar garden plant, the
Lemon Daylily.
A. iB, Stout
69
GYPSY MOTH CONTROL IN NEW YORK STATE!
The discovery of an outbreak of the gypsy moth in the Bronx
in June, 1934, involves the Borough, particularly its Depart-
ments, in one of the most serious tree-pest See. Ww i which
]
c
trees, shade trees, fruit t shrubs, stones, dead wood, and
débris for the gypsy aa oe masses,? which are immediately
1 This paper has been prepared especially for the JourNaAL, in the interest
an baie of our trees and shrubs through control of the gypsy
, by H. L. McIntyre, Superintendent of Forest Pest Control, State
a act lbany, N.
2From August until May ae tan- ed woolly masses of the eggs of
and débri n
w
Jay her woolly mass ie eggs notte ‘then
to the State Baerae Department at Albany. e New York ae
ical Garden is — o codperate by identifying insects brought or sent to
a ople are warned, however, not to send ee as
removing them is likely to break them and thus scatter the pes
=
a
&
o
°
4
io
ie)
Oo
a
70
treated with creosote. Dead trees are removed and a to
ee the overlooking of egg-masses under loose bark and in
vities.
vA gypsy moth scouting crew. consists of four or five scouts aid a
foreman. After a tree has been inspected an inspection mark is
mp ica
never been ee sce ae method of control
ing i i rta has: i
The best results are obtained if the spray solution is applied after
the foliage has reached its maximum growth.
Outbreaks of the gypsy moth are not new to New York State.
and, 1921. In eac
these cases extermination work was promptly initiated and —
a period of two to four years complete eradication has bee
uring the above period and for many years previous thereto,
n; €
ersbu
of this and other small ne that year prompted the barrier-
&
Male Moth F..
Male Metn at reat
Femaly Moth
hoying vagy
Male Pupa
‘ ‘
Ful. Grows Catespellar
Ege Miss
Ficure 1. The gypsy moth in the successive stages of its life cycle, from
egg ce to adult, Oi a poster published by the State Conservation
Department at Alban
72
zone plan of control, which since that time has effectively prevented
the further westward spread of this destructive insect. The bar-
square miles, about equally divided between New York aad the
New England states.
During the life of the gypsy-moth barrier zone (1923 to date)
100 widely scattered gypsy moth colonies were previously located
i State ibuti ies i ollows:
Albany, 1; 2;
Rensselaer, 16; Suff 15; Queens, - Ulster, 43 Washington, 2;
and Westchester, 1—an average of from eight to nine colonies per
year.
glance at the distribution of these colonies reveals the entire
mens in our parks are of outstanding value or at least of esthetic
importance and should be kept if possible. The application of
73
gypsy moth control measures in the latter instances are often slow
0s
y.
ese and other unusual conditions tend to make the Bronx
an hed.
H. L. McIntyre.
ASIATIC IMMIGRANTS IN THE BOTANICAL
GARDEN—V
Although only three vines are among the immigrant shrubs 0
h den, several others of the Asiatic invaders might be termed
near-vines, for example, Rosa multiflora and Rubus phoenicolasius,
the second of which is considered in this e vig s
note.
shoots of these plants are greatly elongate and often give the shru
the appearance of a sprawling vine
e barberry which is also rented here, on the contrary, i
rigidly erect, though it has arching branches.
rberries, at least considered in the broad sense, are circum-
ow
=
rate. T Tous
e of Rubus, but their geography is somewhat similar. Like
that of the raspberries and blackberries, the genus is represented
naturally on both yasuie of the North American co ontinent.
. Some s
direct source of large food supplies; other species have been
crossed, the resulting hybrid sometimes producing an improved
74
and more abundant crop of fruits. The wineberry, a native of
ee and Japan, is an ornamental shrub. Although the flowers
it
rows, and on roadsides, where it often covers an otherwise barren
and unsightly bank of earth.
In 1896 the Thunberg-barberry ie erberis Thunbergtt) was
d
planted in the Garden in a half-dozen places. Botanically the bar-
berries com prea s of nearly a h ed species,
which girdles the globe and in latitude extends from Alaska i
orth America to Ca orn i outh America. Asia, ich
excels 1 mber of cies, has contributed of them to
orticulture an e agency of the botanical explor he
on (Mahonia), sometimes included in the genus
Berberis, also fe many horticultural subjects. A doze
u ; zen
additional Asiatic barberries have been set out in the plantations
nter,
attractive to birds, hence its wide dispersal, even in remote wild
country.
Jounw K. SMatt.
SPRING LECTURES AT THE GARDEN
Suitable shrubs and flowers for different types of gardens are
among the topics to be presented during the spring series of free
i T c
schedule for March, April, and May follows
75
March 2, “Little-known Ornamental Shrubs,” Mr. Henry Teuscher, Den-
rologist.
March 9. “Rock Garden Construction and Results,” Mr. Charles Pfander,
Assistant — tendent.
March 16. “The Myceto r Plant- senaioe ” Mr. Robert Hagelstein,
onorary Ge tor of Myxomyci
March 23. pura ‘Rose Culture,” Mr. er McKenna, Foreman
Garden
March 30. “Molds a Mushrooms That Cai ause Human Iils,” Dr. J. Gar-
bi : i
April 6. “South African Flowers and Scenery,” Mrs. Jerome W.
Coom w York State.
April 13. “Annuals for the Garden,” Mr. T. H. Everett, Horticulturist.
April 20. “Summer-flowering Bulbs,” Dr. Forman T. McLean, Super
visor ic ation.
April 27. “Spring BN Flowers,” Dr, John Hendley Barnhart. Bibliog-
rapher and Administrative ae nt.
May 4. “The New Pa Botanical Garden: Its History and Its Work,”
Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Assistant Director.
May It. eee i Cee Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of the Labora-
May 18 aie Flor ra of the Watchung Mountains,” Dr. Harold N. Mol-
denke, Assistant Curator.
May 25. “The First Families of Florida and Their Crops,” Dr. H.
Beaman Douglass, Physician.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
Returning the middle of February from five months spent in
the most remote parts of Brazil, Mr. B. A. Krukoff has had sent
to The New York Botanical Garden 18,000 specimens of plants,
many of which are believed to be entirely new to science.
Dr. David D. Keck, of the Carnegie Institution of Washington,
he Bot ad.
O spent ten days recently at anical Garden here,
di ssed the regular monthly conference of the scientific
registered students of the Garde: F y 14 on “Illustrations
the Experimental Method xonomy.”’ M
ys
lenke addressed the same meeting on “Problems in the Study
the Patellariaceae.”
76
. W. H. Camp, of Ohio State University, is spending two
en at The New York Botanical Garden, investigating the tax-
onomy of the native blueberries.
r. E. D. Merrill and Dr. A. B. Stout aes been elected honorary
rie of the Royal Horticultural Soc in England and also
honorary life members of the aC Horticultural Goce.
Dr. E. J. Schreiner, who addressed the Technical ‘Association of
the Pulp and Paper Industry in New York February 20 on the
eae of improving pulping characteristics of pulpwoods by
controlled hybridization of forest trees, visited the Garden while
in the city, to consult with Dr. A. B. Stout on their joint work in
hybridization of poplars
pe an eae Amaryllis Society, organized in 1933, has decided
the genera Hemerocallis, Hosta, Leucocrinum, an
eee: in its field for study, and is oe on having a
treatise on these subjects in its 1935 year-
Elaborate plans for entertainment, as well as for visiting nur-
The party will leave on the Sfatendaim April 30, returning to New
ork, unless extension tours are taken, May 26.
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
Arthur tah Anderson
*Mrs, Arthur M. Anderson
George let Jr.
Mrs. George ae Jr.
Vincent Asto
John W. Achinoes
ir. Raymond F. Bac
aia de Forest aaa
Sherman Baldwi:
Prof. Chas P eae
_C.K.G. Billin
George Beech
a . Edwa ne
tof, Marsto
ae Wiliam ae
- Prof. W.
_ *Miss E. Mabel Clark
W. R. Coe
Richard C. Colt
Mrs. Je aie Coombs
Charles Cur
Mrs. C. I, ie idee
Henry W. de Forest
Moreau Delano
Rev. as : . Denslow
Julia:
‘Mrs, ai D. Dickey
Id
Harry Harkness Flagler
*Mrs. Mor
Childs Fri
*Miss Helen C. Frick
* ata ane
of the Advi
*Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff
Murry Guggenheim
*Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn
Capt. Henry B. Heylman
Mrs. Christian R. Holmes
ane Is ehn
Pierre Jay
*Mrs. Me Lee
ibe Del;
*§Mrs. F. saa Kellogg
es E, Kissel
wis
t, Jr.
“Mrs Wiliam Lockwood
Dr. D. T. MacDougal
*Mrs. sa Ives Mackie
Swit Manville
Prof. Henry F. Osborn
Chas. iain Pack
sory Council.
“3 of the Advisory Council.
Is bt any ane the Advisory Council.
Eiecaire: of the Advisory Council.
ae Augustus G. Paine
R. Parsons
+Mrs. ee
*Mrs. ee c ae
St ae Ran
Johnston A Baad
Ogden Mills Reid
John D. iacberatice
of. H. H. ee
Hon. George J. R: i
*Mrs. Herbert L. Snore
Nathan Straus, Jr.
*Mrs. The ae Strong
Joseph R. an
B. B. Tha;
Dr. Wiliam is ne
“iM. air ok William
n Wi
Gigi: Winthrop
John C. Wister
*Mrs. William H. begin
Richardson Wright
RAL INFORMATION
GENE fa!
Len of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden Hi
Plantations Gi thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and
flowering plan
Gardens, Pee a new rock garden, a hip 3 rose garden, a perennial
border, small model gardens, and other types of plantings
Gree enhguees, containing thousands of qari plete from America
and sek mn countries.
the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn
Flower
displays of daffodils, tulips, ees ai ines: peonies, roses, water-lilies, se
ee chrysanthemums; nter, displays’ of greenhouse-bloo:
an
iseum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local Sunt occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
and the economic uses of plants; also historic microscopes.
An herbarium, comprising more than 1,700,000 specimens of American
es.
Exploration in different p: of the United States, the West Indies,
Centra and South Tomes ie ihe study and collection of the charatee
istic |
sae research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
problems of plant life.
A libr. of eee and horticultural literature, comprising nearly
45,000 books and numerous phlet
Public eee on a great va riety of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the autumn, winter and s
Publications on botanical subjects, ee of technical, scientific, and
partly of popular, interest.
The Se ef, Saas children and the public through the above fea-
ures and the of free information on botanical, horticultural and
Poel eubiest ae
The Garden is dependent upon an annual epprepHation by the City of
New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. rca for
membership are always welcome. The classes of members
Benefactor single conteibution rae
Patron eines cenbbuHg 5,000
Fellow for Life ........... ..... single contribu 1,000
Member for Life ............... single Coatahariee 250
Fellowship Member ............ an 100
Sustaining Member ..... tiie ceisepannta) ce 25
Annual Member ......... alana epnuel :
Garden Club Membership........ ann ey! for a club
Contributions to the Garden may be peep from taxable incomes.
may ber made in the) form of securities, IOnEy, or additions to the cateetignia one
following is an a) ved form of bequest
I hereby bequeath to The New York Botarical ae incorpo under
the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the of
Conditional ene s ey be mane with income ae to douee or any
designated ieeneeoan ry during his r lifetime.
ellowshi ips ea scholars ioe aie in es petuity or limited to a definite period
A be papal hed for practical student-training in horticulture or for botan-
All Feuucele for further information should be sent to
HE New York BoTANICAL GARD:
BRONX PARK, FORDHAM BRAWCH P. O., NEW Rene N. Y.
i
VOL. XXXVI Aprit, 1935 No. 424
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR FOR THE YEAR 1934
D. MERRILL
TREASURER’S REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDING
DECEMBER 31, 1'
SOUTH AFRICAN DISPLAY AWARDED TWO GOLD MEDALS
Caro, H. Woopwarp
THE ANNUAL BORDERS OF 1934
Patrick J. McKe
PROBLEMS IN THE STUDY OF THE PATELLARIACIAE
Extys Butter MoLtpENKE
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA.
THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
i pee MANAGERS
Until 1936: ArtHuR M. AND: N, Henry W. DE Forest (Fresaey,
Cuarence Lewis, E. D. eee (Di eels and Sec retary), HENRY DE LA Mon.
TAGNE, JR. (Assistant Treasurer & Business Maney. and Lewis Roo
U!
Until Be : Henry pve Forest BALDWIN Gee beside Genny
Brewster, Cuitps Frick, ApocpH LrwisoHn, Henry LockHart, Jr. D.
MacDoueat, and JosErH ne
Until 1938: L. H. Bar MarsHatt Fierp, Mrs. Eton Huntincton
Hooxer, JoHn L. MErriLy Nie epee aden and Treasurer), Cox. Rosert H.
Montcomery, H. Hopart Porter, and Raymonp H. Torre
II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
Froretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor rot the City of New York.
one es Park Commissione
GerorcE J. RYAN, President of the Board of Education,
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGE
Tracy E. Hazen, appointed by the To ore) Botanical oe,
R. i HARPER, Sam F TRELEASE, EDM . Smnnortt, and Marston T.
Bocert, appointed by C. olumbia Universi
GARDEN STAFF
E. D. Merritt, Sc. D. Dir
MarsHALt A, Hows, PHD) Se Die ssw ene cniae Assistant Director
H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Head Cw ets
Jenn K. SMALL, PH Dy Se) Diets Chief Research Associate and Curai
B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the Labo rane
Fen J. SEAVER, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator
BERNARD O. Dovce, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist
Forman T. McLean, M. F., rae PRC e anaes Supervisor of Public prieny cs
oHN HEenpDLEY Barnwart, A _M, Ot D...Bibliographer and sons Assistam
ERCY WILSON ciate Cie ee
Auzert C, SmirH, Pu. D. ss ciate ale!
SaraH H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian
H. H. Russy, M. D.......... Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
FLepA GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer
Rosert S, WILLIAM search Associate in Bryology
E. J. ALEXANDER .. “Assistant vu Curice and Cae of the Loca gee HE
Harotp N. Mo.pen: NKE, Pu. eee Curator
Ciype CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant
RosALie WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Caro: H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant
Tuomas H. EVERETT, N. D. Horr. orticulturist
Henry TeuscuHer, Hort. M. Dendrologist
G. L. Wittrock, A. M. Docent
Ropert HAGELSTEIN .............-.---. Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes
Erne. Anson S. Prot . Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collecti ons
Watter S. GROESBECK erk and Accountant
ArtuHur J. Consere Miyake canes Superintendent of Buildings and Groun
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXXVI APRIL, 1935 No. 424
ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR FOR THE
YEAR 1934
Tue Boarp or MANAGERS
Tuer New Yorx Boranicat GARDEN:
For your information the following summary report covering
the year 1934 is submitte
Again, through the peace of strict economy and in spite of o
i
city budget. Incomes from investments amounted to $118,619,
practically the same as for 3
uring the year our p i t funds were increased
of which $20, ooo was received from the Britton
quest, the balance : aR pore capital gains on
sales and maturities of securities nrestricted gifts for current
penditures amounted to $622 and restricted gifts to
Through the beneficence of the late N. L. Britton the Garden is to
eceive two-twel of his estate, such share being estimated at
$35; ate in the year, $10,000 was bequeathed to the Garden
u ions,
numerous changes made in 1934, it is difficult to summarize briefly
77
is
the actual accomplishments made. Only the more important items
can be mentioned, yet many of these are of the utmost signifi-
cance.
STAFF CHANGES
Mrs. N. L. Britton, Honorary Curator of Mosses, died on Feb-
ruary 25. In her honor the great reference collection of mosses
named izal
now covering 169,725 specimens, was ned the Eli er-
tru itton Moss Herbarium, as i through a lifetime of
active work and her deep personal interest that this great collection
was assembled. It is one of the greatest collections of t
material in the world, containing many thousands of types and
important historical Cae
_ es me - 1934, Dr. N. L. Britton died at his home in New
s Director-in-Chief of the Garden from the time of
its see nee in 1898 to his retirement in 1929 at the age of
Ty.
r. W ee Becker, Foreman ae. in charge of Range I,
died on July 1934.
The mee ny staff remained as in the past year, with the addition
of Dr. Harold N. Moldenke as Assistant Curator, the creation of
this position being rendered oes through the di ustments that
were made when the position of Head Gardener became vacant
through the departure of Mr. Boynton in August, and the imme-
diate assumption of his duties by Mr. Everett
n the outside staff, including gardeners, guards and special em-
de. Stiperan
was placed under the very efficient management of Mr.
Pfander, who was appointed as Assistant ce fb cee in dhabee
of grounds in August. The results of these changes are far-reach-
ing, rendering it possible for us to prosecute vigorously the gett
eral renovation of the grounds a poner ae of the inside ie
79
outside plantings in spite of our reduced budget, because of the
very greatly increased efficiency of the staff
City RELaTIons
Our city relations are excellent, as we havi full eee of the
°
t eduction of $13, 1934, will enable us to make certain
much-needed changes in the coming year he stringent regula-
tions pertaining to vacancies have been modi has
become possible for us to fill important positions saeated by reason
of death or by resignations.
BuILpDINGS AND GROUNDS
Unprecedented progress has been made during the past year,
almost entirely to the magnificent support accorded to the Gar-
n through the ks Division of the Department of Public Wel-
fare, supplemented by needed support from ity for emer-
City f
gency repairs. Time and space do not permit great detail, the out-
standing accomplishments being listed below.
An entire renovation of the Museum Building is in progress, in-
adjacent to paths; pointing up of the fountain on the main drive;
80
. of the parapet wall of Power House No. 1, and lecture
hall r
Garden, a pe Ree ar or
Twenty-four concrete ae rs were secured from the Park
our outdoor growing space. Preliminary work has been done
81
mn plans for a new garage, this being based on the alteration and
expansion of the space under the Third Avenue Elevated causeway.
alterations of the floors were made at the same time. Negotiations
are under way with the Park Department in reference to the pos-
sible construction of a new north and south main driveway along
the western boundary of the Garden.
The Park
r.
wall is 865 feet long and averages 20 feet high. The project, now
well advanced, is to be finished in the early months of 1935
EMERGENCY RELIEF BUREAU RELATIONS
In our codperative ar: angements with the various relief agencies
in “April, 1934,
been carried by the Works poe ae Department of Public wee
fare, now the Emergency Relief Bur
The work is organized under two oie one largely for out-
side work, mostly men, engaged on construction and repair work
(Works Division Project 89-Bd-32); the other, mostly women,
i e S
0
work, covering a very wide field of needed improvements. To it is
at present allocated a monthly budget of $1,500 for supplies and
82
materials. Under the auspices of this group most of the productive
work accomplished during the year and listed under buildings and
has been done.
original quota on the second project was 75, the present
stan of employees actually working five days each week being
t a!
assist in ees work in which these staft members are indi-
ft of the entire institution
5
oq
5
&
4
o
nal
Oo
5
a
=}
a
o
oo
5
oc
°
=a
°o
a
ct.
9
oO
in
4
a
iv
(eo)
vie}
lel
iy
a=)
2:
a
=
io}
ct
can
oC
Be y
prosecuted by the now walle trained and experienced efficient group,
83
more than any other one factor has enabled the Garden to weather
for those who through no fault of their own are in desperate need
of assistance.
o the Emergency Work Bureau, financed from private funds,
too t w hat o izati reated; the
orks Division of the Department of Public Welfare that in turn
took ove rr se when t oe ceased to function; an
sive as:
years eae precedin:
h i
by the ee elief ee City of New York, are tabu-
lated below, with brief indications of the work mee Such
monies were disbursed directly by the Emergency Relief Bureau
and hence are not reflected in the Garden accounts
Works Drvrstons Proyect 89-Bp-32
Grounds Material Wages Total
Pat $11,200 20,000 $31,200
Rock. Garden 55 <.05 ahaGavden coh pam ats 2,000 20,000 22,000
Painting (fen es and buildings) . 2,000 3,000 5,00
Re-construction of steam trench ........... 1,000 1,000 ,000
Drainage and cat ASINS .......... 2. eee oe) 4,000 4,500
Timber Bridge over Bronx River ........... I,000 1,800
Repairs to Power House ................ 500 1,00 1,5
Forestry and general repairs .............. 60,000 60,000
$128,000
Service Prosect 89-Fco-209-X
Wages paid to an average of six ty women, ach wi g five
days Me week, for janes work in the Tebprsteries. Soa
muse and office 55,000
Total $183,000
84
GREENHOUSES
Outs tanding advances have been made in this field i in spite of the
men r new student gar s wo apprentice gardeners
were appointed, all intelligent, industrious, competent, and am-
biti g collections have bee istinctly increased
hange, purchase, and the actual growing o erial
a
9
3
>
3
=]
fie}
oe,
&
sj
=o
&
‘4
s
o
o
fi
pla b
cured by Mr. Everett in Se and brought with him on his
return from sap eae September.
I a complete inventory of all living plants has been
ee i Sree are being checked as far as possible, labels
bei t! ilitated. T
The
eonnaue to attract most favorable comment on the part of the
visiting public.
e 2 the soil of about one third of the space covered b
ated to the extent that they can now be effectively exhibited. The
orchids continue to show substantial improvement, while the collec-
85
tions of Begonias and of South African bulbous plants are in
splendid condition
Ourtsipe PLANTINGS
The flower borders surrounding Range I were entirely replanted
combination, while the Canna collections were maintained near the
Fordham Hospital entrance. Some 3,000 Chrysanthemum plants
and about 24,000 tender plants were raised for these outside
In the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden extensive planting
was accomplished in in the spring, and 7,500 bulbs were planted in
fa i
nished, because of labor shortage, much e complished
and the development yields most favorable comment. A al
construction work will be done in 1935. The entire area has been
f
ci
An important step was the establishment of a much-needed re-
serve garden in which material for the Advisory Council’s perennial
border and other flower beds can be raised. This was een
be
desirable in view of the fact that reserve material will eeded
next spring because of the fact that bulbs will no longer > sup-
plied by the Holland Bulb Exporters pane ion. There are now
approximately 7, lants in the reserve garden
t the alphabetized Iris, soi nts ee!
1,068 varieties, were removed from their ee site ai
ly red beds contiguous to the Iris garden pro
of the entire border west of Range 1, the Dahlia beds, and one
fourth of the Advisory Council border. Other beds were deeply
ilized
reen trees presented by Colonel Montgomery
ies ce gg
Thompson ene In Nov ae the gift of a carload lot of
86
well-grown nursery stock, 1,445 items, from the Farr Nursery
Company, gave us the much-needed material to extend our plant-
&
the large gifts mentione
per.
favorable comment was received from the Mia ‘obi and .
letter regarding the excellence of the floral display
WIntTeR INJURY
unusually severe winter of 1933-34 caused a great deal of
tated a great deal of extra pruning, dead branches being removed
from shrubs and trees from early summer to date in all parts of
the Garden. The work is being continued.
LiBraRy
The bound volumes at the end of the year stood at 44,059, an
increase of 630 over 1933, the additions being acquired by gift,
dditional i
xchange, F
catalogue totaled 6,368. Nine new serials were added to the list
of those currently received.
EFERENCE COLLECTI
The total accessions from all sources ee for incorporation
into the herbarium amounted to 41,520 specimens, with consider-
ably in excess of this number in the form of duplicates to be used
for exchange purposes. Of these, 8,020 were purchased, 16,239
were received in exchange, and 11,528 in return for identification,
87
from various s parts of North and South America, the West Indies,
6,000
Fiji by Dr. A. C. Smith of He Garden staff on the basis of a
. In excha
22,283 specimens and 447 photographs of types were distributed
to various institutions in America, Europe, and Asia. One hun-
dred thirty-eight loans, covering 8,927 specimens, were made to
other aciaes in North and South America, Europe, and Asia,
while we borrowed 66 lots, involving 7,130 specimens, for the use
of our own nee members
; e hives loan polere adopted in reference. to study material
has resulted in the most cordial relationships between the Garden
and other ae and foreign herbaria, to the distinct benefit of
taxonomic research, for, as we grant loan privileges to other insti-
tutions, these in turn fav
é value of the reference eailkaien has been tremendously en
it unnecessary in a high percentage of cases to take the time to look
up references in the library, as direct comparisons with original
8&8
descriptions can now be made in the herbarium wherever the de-
scriptive data e been insert
he co ion oo algae and Temes under the supervision of
Dr. Howe, of the fungi under the supervision of Dr. Seaver, and
M
may have to be adopte
In plant pathology the most disconcerting note was the actual
ill be greatly extended ductive rese s been extend
to numerous us diseases of c ed ornamentals. Durin
e year we have had the assistance of thr ign ate stu-
dents in laboratory, Dr. Alice Aronescu of Roumania, Dr.
M. Pady of Canada, on a National Research Council Fellow: on
and Prof. F. L. Tai of China, on a China Foundation Fellowship.
LABORATORIES
Plant breeding has been largely confined to Hemerocallis, native
southern /ris, and Lilim, while the codperative project on hardy
is tudied from the standpoint
eee hybridization, ee ee sterility, and fertility.
89
Many new and attractive types have been developed. In /ris the
oe is to hybridize the more southern forms with the northern
eedlin:
y will anual fruit in 193 e.
REGISTERED STUDENTS
The following students were registered during the year:
Aronescu, Alice, Plant Pathology.
i nom
Ericson, Alma, Course 30:
Eves, Donald Smith, Taxonomy.
Eves, Rol Guy, Taxonomy.
Fulling, Edmund H., Morphology and Taxonomy.
Hershkowitz, Isador, Sterility and Reproduction.
Le Vann, Leon Jan, Cytology and Plant Breeding.
Lillick, Lois Carol, Study of Al . e.
0
A. Aronescu, E. H. Fulling, and H. N. oldcuie com-
pleted their work and received the Ph.D. degree oe Columbia
University in June
Pusiic EpucaTiIon
Aside from the School for Professional Gardeners discussed
below, both the spring and fall extension courses in gardening con-
tendance was 3,424. Demonstrations for special groups and high
school students were continued, serving 2,263 individuals. Sixty
go
outside lectures were given by staff members to various organiza-
tions, Codperative work with the American Institute is being con-
tinued in its junior science’ student work, one special course being
conducted, with an enrollment of twenty-two high school students.
HOOL FOR PROFESSIONAL GARDENERS
This Bae ser meets a much-felt need, has been continued
codperation with the National Association of Gardeners and the
i k
monies on A: th. The course, now in its third year, has a total
enrollment of seventy-t dents, taxing the capacity of the
rooms 0 Horticultural Society to care for them properly
1
securing their certificates. It is interesting to note that similar
courses were instituted in 1934 in Boston and Philadelphia
SEED mene
he first official seed exchange of the Garden, initiated in Janu-
ry, 1934, resulted in 5,703 packets ae sent to 121 different in-
ing about 200 species, to a limited list of individuals. In December
the second seed list was prepared and is now being printed.
DISTRIBUTION OF cae Stock
wice during the year surplus stock amounting to several thou-
sand plants was distributed to m eae of the Garden, the first
covering Begonias, Chrysanthemums, and Iris, the second Day-
i oc n
lilies. Much surplus gr e and siitiee plants, includ-
in: : presented to the public schools. In addition to this
official distribution, Dr. Sr reports the distribution of abo
ma.
1,000 Iris plants, repens species of the southern states.
XHIBITS
xhibits were staged at the International Flower Show, the
oklyr
received recognition in the form of medals and special prizes. The
Garden cooperated with the Garden Club of America in growing
gl
the plants for its exhibit of Begonias, and with the Federated Gar-
den Clubs of New York State for its special exhibit on methods of
propagation at the International Flower Show.
he forty aquaria installed in the Museum building in December,
3, were maintained until the end of A ril, the special collections
are maintaining several aquaria in which to grow aquatic plants for
study purposes.
Apvisory CoUNCIL
am pleased to report the continued interest of this group, not
ents : ug"
and support, the Council’s Perennial Border has been maintaine
and improved and assistance and advice have been extended t
other projects.
Del: hae — thoughtless vandalism is always with us and is
difficult to rol because of the size and nature of the grounds
and becau. not have a sufficient number of guards. Thus
on the night of May 12, preceding Mother’s Day, consider
to install locked iron screens on the side benches, becaus the
y wide popular interest in these plants; it is usually the more
rare plants that are ecently all aquatic plants in
the standard aquarium e 1, were stolen. In the course of t
e
Club materialize, we may be able to fence a tract of about
nine acres in 1935 as a bird and plant sanctuary. Another project
under consideration is the fencing of still another area to be devel-
Q2
oped as an officinal plant garden. The situation has materially im-
s de
of a motorcycle patrol, one of our own ene has con-
ae materially to the solution of the problen
Gir
Gifts during the year included ae for the library, donations
ain at least approximate records. The tabulation of entries for
the last two months of the year indicates the following accessions
as gifts, but does not include exchanges or material purchased
Living plants = 1,540 Herbarium specimens... 363
ulbs .... 1,792 Books I
Packets of cee ae 55 Reprints ie pene: 180
ONORS
ctor Howe was reélected as President of the New York Acad-
my of Sciences, Dr. Dodge has been elected President of the
Lo; jet: i i
an
the Botanical Society of America on the National Researc
ouncil
PUBLICATIONS
The receipts — sales of publications amounted to $5,512, a
b
yi WwW ie
numbers of the V ner Aversa Flora, data for at least four num-
bers being now in proof. The index volume of the first twenty-
93
four volumes of Mycologia and Gleason’s “Plants of the Vicinity
£ New York” are in proof. During the year about 132 technical
and semi-technical papers prepared by members of the staff were
published in various periodicals, some of these being distinctly
extensive and important.
MEMBERSHIPS
Like most other institutions of the type, we still continue to
suffer a loss in membership. The Committee reports 45 new
he loss ion i
0 durin ;
Dues soiled cael to $11,695, this being $595 less than for
are at present 101% Life Members, three Fellowship Mem-
al om
ended to Garden
nie have taken out errs and others are consid-
ering it.
CONCLUSION
As in my last annual report I make no specific recommendations
d
covering possible expansion of our , for expansion depends
largely on increased income. ther we should continue internal
reorganization, enlarging and increasing our activities a: o
comes do so on the basis of our present income, and
modifying present activities as ded to meet changing condi-
tions uch has accomplished during the past year,
much remains to be e. The morale of the staff was distinctly
better than was the case in 1933, with a much better spirit -
Operation in evidence. The f 5 is distinctly better
than it was i while situation of this, | X-
an
bespeak the continued harmonious support of all who have the
interest of the institution at heart
E, D. MERRILL,
New York, N. Y,,
JANuARY I, 1935.
94
TREASURER’S REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDING
DECEMBER 31, 1934
EXHIBIT I
BALANCE SHEET
ecember 31, 1934
JOHN L. MERRILL, Treasurer
Be caine Fund ies o
Investments at c
fine a se cieion. (eebie aI $2,445,314.92
Cash awaiting investment ........ 38,486.21
——— $2, 483,801.13
Balance of permanent fund assets
expended for current uses (see
current fund liability, per contra)
9,909.32
———— $2,493,710.45
CC and eae Assets:
Cash in banks n hand:
oat Genel pine Bed Set atta $ 6,266.75
For special purposes ........... 6,520.29
———$ 12,787.04
Accounts receiv: ee
City maintenance .............. 34,282.74
Interest ae ‘dividends receivable
(Exhibit TIT) ................. 31,612.02
repaid i eee premiums, etc. .. 1,138.88
59,820.68
$2,553,531-13
IBI
BALANCE SHEET
December 31, 1934
JABILITIES
Permanent Funds (Exhibit IV):
Restricted endowments $ 222,200.10
Unrestricted endowments, including
bequests set aside by the Board
oO as Permanent funds 2,250,351.53
Special end ith life interest
in respect of income therefrom. 21,158.82
———— $2,493,710.45
Liabil: d Special Funds:
Current pau oe
ccounts payable .............. $ 6,986.58
spare funds Cxhibi V):
mcome from re-
ery ae Sate hcg Zt atns 5,198.00
Unexpended ributions set
aside by the “Board of Man-
agers for specific purposes .. 1,322.20
Oe 6,520.29
lefe credits:
Membership dues paid i in advance $ 150.00
Sep eiptione and fees paid in ad-
dais ceies topple eects yen tease 759.50
So 909.50
ae of indebtedness to per-
t fu oe for expenditures
oe fond assets for current uses 9,909.32
Working find
aa fund at December 31,
$ 26,308.07
Ade Excess of unrestricted
income over expenditures for
the year ending December 31,
1934 (Exhibit II) ........... 9,186.92 35,494.99
—_—_—— 50,820.68
$2,553,531-13
To THE Boarp or MANAGERS OF
Tue New York Botanical GARDEN:
i the balance oe of The New York
We have made an exa in
Bota nical. Garden as at December 31, 193.
. In connection therewith, We examined or tested
pid pate we also made a general review 0
the income and epee accounts for the year, but we did not make a
detailed Boe of the transactions.
ou: faination: the attached balance sheet
s II to V, inclusive) fairly
eaae ie its en at December 31, 1934, an ad the result of its transactions
or ti
Price, WATERHOUSE & Co.
56 Pine Street, New York, April 5, 1935.
Statement of Operations for the Year Ending December 31, 1934
from ee aa of
Membership dues :
Annual Pee rE ee ee Sgr reer cree
Sustaining ..............
Sales of duplicate books and
sundries ................
Subscriptions and sales of
publications
Total income .. ....
Expenses
Horticulture:
Ou ed ee
Indoo
D
Science ie ue
an Unre-
Total special stricted
funds
$119,451.64 $ 9,918.02 $109,533.62
200,698.07 200,698.07
834.00 212.00 622.00
9,625.00 9,625.00
2,050.00 2,050.00
1,866.71 969.35 897.36
5,536.47 4,129.00 1,407.47
$340,061.89 $15,228.37 $324,833.52
62,155.23
06
$106,253.18 $ 2,686.97 $103,566.21
ae shack eR . $24,234.92
Res teh at experiment 10,671.1
Abstract study .......... 429.2
General ............... 3,940.59
,275.88 3,732.90 40,542.98
Library:
New books and bindings ... $ 2,916.36
oe search ...... 2,410.94
Sup asi istants, sup-
plies, Cot ( Ce en ae ane ee 5,054.96
10,982.26 3,129.98 7,852.28
Educatio
Prblie instruction and lec-
Guan instruction
Photography and slides
Moen collections at ex-
NiDitS ervey us eae: asin 2,523.58
19,002.65 1,577.89 17,424.76
Gates 1660863 4,953-27. 11,655.36
A ainicietta an 40,306 40,306.40
Care and upkeep:
Grounds ................0.. $41,168.04
Buildings ................0. 44,296.64
85,404.68 85,464.68
Impienens and equipment
Sait siesta amreae 10,561.62 1,727.69 8,833.93
xcess of income over
neues for the year
$333,455.30 $17,808.70 $315,646.60
$ 6,606.50 $-2,580.33 $ 9,186.92
EXHIBIT III
of Investments, December 31, 1934
Summary
vera!
Id
Par value interest ae ae
(No par A Ne onthe basis of
value stocks i Book value
aE hook uoted v: Gicdends Quot- Book
December ed ta
, 1934 value | Value
‘oO %
car funds:
fonds ...... $ 553,350.00 | $ 553,531.61 | $ 545,042.01 | $ 7,123.86 | 4.82 4.89
Be Si
Preferred 65,830.00 80,177.50 71,337-50 868.33 | 5.02 5.64
Commo: 20,268.80 4,726.75 20,268.80
$ 630,448.80 | $ 638,435.86 { $ 636,648.31 | $ 7,092.19 | 4.81 4.82
Sage fund:
poe nds... $ 574,000.00 | $ 575,288.75 | $ 526,491.86 | $ 9,530.00} 4.52 | 4.04
cocks:
Preferred 135,611.25 145,305.25 138,873.76 831.25 | 4.38 4.59
Common 73.300.00 119,889.00 101,298.62 2,221.50 | 7.41 8.77
$ 782,911.25 | $ 840,573.00 | $ 766,664.24 | $12,582.75 | 4.91 5.38
Special endow-
ment fund:
Be oS oe $ 104,000.00 | $ 107,475.00 | $ 103,869.75 | $ 1,685.83 | 4.37 4.52
OCKS :
Preferred 307,500.00 347,818.75 374,319.38 3,452.50 | 4.58 25
Comm 21,400.00 19,104.00 43,709.03 345.00 | 7.22 3.16
$ 432,900.00 | $ 474,397.75 | $ 521,808.16 | $ 5,443.33 | 4-64 4.22
John D, Rocke-
feller , Jr,
aad
“Ho mds... | $ 253,000.00 ) $ 273,276.25 | $ 256,407.75 | $ 3,600.00 | 4.63 4.93
Preferred
stocks 214,137.50 247,225.00 247,325.01 1,993.75 | 5.02 5.01
$ 467,137.50 | $ 520,501.25 | $ 503,732.76 | $ 5,593.75 | 4.81 4.97
Special trust
fund:
Common
stock $ 16,371.45} $ 6,549.00 | $16,371.45
$2,338,769.00 | $2,480,456.86 | $2,445,314.92 | $31,612.02 | 4.80 4.87
VESTMEN
Summary Average Yields for Year’
Bonds
St
On
basis of
Quoted value Bock value
‘oO
%
4.64
cocks:
Preferred
Common
98
EXHIBIT
Statement of Permanent Funds Showing cae During the Year Ending
December 31, 1934
Balance Balance
January Additions sae December
I, 1934 T, 1934
Rei’ endowments: .....
Endowment for science and
eduicati tied eau NeTh titted hal Aes $ 80,115.49 $ 80,115.49
Addison Brown Fu: an eee 21,149.31 21,149.31
John Innes Kane F 35,347.63 35,347.63
Maria De Witt ae Fund 25,000.00 000.00
Olivia E. and Caroline
Ips Stokes Fund ..... 5,031.63 $ 1.00 5,030.63
Charles Budd Robinson Fund 755.04 755.04
e H. Memorial Fund 5,000.00 5,000.00
Alexander P. Anderson and
ydia Anderson Fun 10,000.00 000,
Scent Researce! d 1522.00 | $ 280,00 9,802.00
Endowment for the publica-
tion of “Mycologia” ..... 1,000.00 1,000.00
Nathaniel Lord Britton and
ge Gertrude Britton
Aen eee ee 20,000.00 20,000.00
$ 201,921.10 | $20,280.00 | $ 1.00 | $ 222,200.10
Unrestricted endowments
Endowment Fund ......... $ 242,726.71 $1,471.42 | $ 241,255.29
David Lydig Fund ......... 34,337.86 34,337.80
illiam R. Sands 10,000.00 10,000.00
Darius Ogden Mills Fund 48,099.17 8,099.17
Henry Iden Fund .......... 10,000.00 10,000.00
Fanny Bridgham d 30,000.00 30,000.00
Francis Lynde ees Fund 25,000.00 25,000,00
Russell Sage and Margaret
Olivia mae Saeed a 783,924.21 814.25 783,109.06
ra
Bund) osc cylny cine ieaaterinne 2,304.67 2,304.67
Special pndownet Fund . 519,038.36 | $ 5,855.88 524,894.24,
The Joh n D. Rockefeller,
Jre- Bnd gccente yeas ca 4 500,000.00 5,964.00 505,964.00
The qu Patrick Daly
and Maria Lydig Daly
AGS Sethe t Sarid tata eed 19,630.34 19,636.34
The James Scrymser and
Mary C ens Fond. 12,750.00 12,750.00
The George N. Best Fund . 3,000.00 3,000.00
$2,240,817.32 | $11,819.88 | $2,285.67 | $2,250,351.53
Special endowm
Special Trust Fund senate $ 21,158.82 $ 21,158.82
$2,463,807.24 | $32,099.88 | $2,286.67 | $2,493,710.45
Statement of Application of I
99
EXHIBIT V
ae te
ne ted Permanent Funds and
Special Funds Done Toe Rees Purposes
Balance
January
I, 1934
Additions
Expendi-
tures
Balance
December
31, 1934
Restricted permanent funds:
Endowment for science and
d in-
struction, research and
publications other than
eure ite ha ke
collections and
tion of native plants .
ee Budd Robinson
d:
Exploration .............
The H. H. Memorial Fund:
Development of model
&
Alexander Anderson and
Lydia ea Fund:
Reséarch ccsy.ssanea cae
Mycologia
Publication of “Mycologia”
ae niel Lor . Britton and
zabeth Gertrude Britton
Research exploration, pub-
lication, purchase of
ven ts, books, specimens,
392.08
$ 4,250.93
2,005.31
1,687.32
1,193.38
280.83
36.04
241.67
477-35
454.53
3,120.99
238.67
$
4,203.74
1,956.78
2,103.43
1,183.67
327-19
13.19
256.35
900.00
605.50
2,996.49
$ 321.81
108.53
2,460.44
100.90
689.16
59.45
468.54
234.01
516.58
238.67
$5,097.41
$14,047.02
$14,546.34
$5,198.09
Special funds contributed for
specific purposes:
Contction of trustees of
n (Carried si
$ 422.58
$
422.58
roo
EXHIBIT V—Continued
ala: : Balance
January | Additions Eee December
T, 1934 31, 1934
(Brought forward) .......... $ 422.58 $ 422.58
cae of William Gilman
pson, designated by
ave committee for
construction ef rock gar-
i tcl a esata da aed 1,577.69 | $ 150.00 1,727.69
Bece from school for gar-
CONETS 3.2 soedrssescet holes el 669.90 969.35 549.81 | $1,089.44
Sale of shares in the South-
ern Appalachian Expedi-
TONS eee teat kee sears 524.19 339.11 185.08
Other restricted contributions 208.85 62.00 223.17 47.68
$3,403.21 | $ 1,181.35 | $ 3,262.36 | $1,322.20
$9,100.62 | $15,228.37 | $17,808.70 | $6,520.29
SOUTH AFRICAN DISPLAY AWARDED TWO
GOLD MEDALS
The exhibit of plants from South Africa, their hybrids and vari-
eties, which The New-York Botanical Garden displayed at the
International Flower Show this year, was awarded two gold oo
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and one from the Garden Club of America, as an outstanding con-
tribution to American horticulture.
he keynote of the 1935 show, which took place in Grand Cen-
w Y ch
of which were placed specimens of Grumilea, Acokanthera, Crotal-
aria, Buddleia salviaefolia, species of Pelargonium, and a mass
planting of Ursinia anethoides, with several tall Acacias in full
eae a one side.
The lower terrace was occupied by annuals and bulbous ba
many of which can be grown outdoors in the southern an
western states, and some of which can be raised, with proper care,
‘sorjauieA puke splauqdy day} ‘syuey uesiyy yimog jo Aefdsip Moyg JMOL]
$Uapaesy [eauejog oy) ut ‘pud ayy ye 99¥119] poses ay] UO s}uopNIINS YA ‘ABLE AWB UL syjMy pue spenuuy oT
102
even in the North. Others are known as attractive ‘greenhouse sub-
purple flowers of Sparaxis and Babiana, pink Watsonias, sulphur-
yellow Ixias, ays colored Clivias, pure white Crinums, and large
nies and white C
g the es those of the daisy group predominated, with
ich see as the clear-blue Felicia Bergeriana, and Agathea ae-
UL )
they closely resemble Polygala pauctfolia, even in their rosy-pur-
lish color, but they grow on leafy shrubs two or more feet high,
instead of only a few inches above the ground.
In addition to the annuals and bulbs in the double terrace, at the
right was a raised walled garden devoted entirely to South African
succulents. Such rarely seen plants as the silver-tree (Leucaden-
ou 1
ae s foot” (this was one of the specimens brought from South
“SIOUISIA 0} SON
o3 Joylo pues winwoyyu WOsdTy ‘Vasey ‘Dopy ‘o~mauas Fo sarads Aueur pue ‘yZop dy) Ww Dopo.
hae
103
n-
+
Bilir
104
Africa by Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs) ; and Haemanthus puniceus,
with two onde long, broad, and leathery basal leaves.
famil i iea
Numerous species of Senecio, Euphorbia ” Aloe nny Sta-
pelia, Gasteria, and Mesembryanthemum sid its relatives were in.
lu in the succulent collection, which also was arranged a
might be in a southern desert type of garden. The oa speci-
mens planted near the edge were protected by eae
Car eres
THE ANNUAL BORDERS OF 1934
Last year in the beds adjacent to the Conservatory Range 1 the
s, when the €
perennials, supplemented in sum a s and biennials to
e olong the season of eu om.
I elt, however, that uous and unbroken display
€
w exceptions, the
beds in this eeu were planted with annuals selected for their
long period of bloo
The only Ace perennials used in the entire scheme were
leadwort, sneezeweed, Pitcher’s sage, and some delphinium
hybrids.
Leadwort (Ceratostigina plumbaginoides), which blooms in Au-
gust and S is an e la r the edge of the bor-
1, growing from six to eight inches high ith its wealth of
small blue flowers and shiny green foliag has an or
pearan The other subjects—the sneezewee lenium au-
tumnale) variety rubrum, Pitcher’s sage (Salvia Pitcheri) and t
delphinium hybrids—wer d because of their adaptability to the
ss their time of ing, and their comparatively long mn
ruby-red flowers with a raised yellow disk. If the tips are pinched
out when the plants are about two feet tall, they will throw out
105
numerous side- shoots that not only tend to increase the floriferous-
or less continuous supply of flowers throughout the summer and
ee planning these beds, great care was taken to be sure that no
clashing of color should mar the effect. The keynote of the whole
planting was the arrangement of bold groups and ra here and
there allowing them to drift and blend into one ano}
Lonsdale and faced down with white Vitis nd in t! e other it
01 r co)
lanting, and its fed from insects and disease add to both its
Beers and beauty.
he great range of annuals, there is perhaps none more
cosine than the old-fashioned annual of grandmother’s garden,
the zinn The work of plant breeders in the past few years has
i—s
106
resulted in greatly improved form and color as well as increased
size of flower. In the borders it is particularly good for massing,
and its long blooming period and its usefulness as a cut flower are
all factors that combine to make it a popular annual. It was used
ings, the hose ee laid es and the water allowed to seep down
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spent blooms. Thus they were kept in a healthy condition over a
long period.
An annual that does not seem to be known as well as it should
Ta poppy
ing combination that drew many a fle comment from vis-
itors. V i
then planted out or sown directly outdoors in late Ma
107
Zinnias, mealy-cup sage, sweet alyssum, and hae nicotianas in
Fic :
part of the border of annuals north of Cons aioe Rang!
The cup-flower (Nierembergia gracilis) is another of the lesser
known annuals that i 'y effe . Itis of short compact growt
with very slender _ and is covered throughout the season with
le er: t is an excellent subject for the of the
border or for massing in beds and is not entirely adverse to a dry
situation.
petunias too make a colorful display and continue in bloom
renee the long season. Here again the work of the
breeder is in evidence in improved types and a greater range of
color. Perhaps one of the most outstanding varieties, and one that
ia
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wi nia the
var. pumila), it made an excellent picture. The little fine-leave
marigold is a very dwarf form, i dense fern-like foliage, which
ae the greater part of the summer is almost hidden under
108
wealth of bright yellow flowers. It is very satisfactory for a low
ot in the border, for within a short — the plants lose their
nother very interesting subject is the ee pink (Dianthus
Heddewigii), variety Black Prince. It is almost black, with a very
blooming as it does the first year from seed sown about the begin-
ning of March, is used m as an annual. It is of very easy
culture and is in bloom practically the entire season
In all the great array of annuals that makes our beds bor-
chinensis), which does not last the entire season, the Verbena
ways experience a feeling of pleasure when they begin to bloom,
and a feeling of regret when they leave us.
The snapdragons (Antirrhinum) with their long spikes of vari-
ous colors, that give us repeated crops of bloom: during the whole
season, and the gay marigolds (Tagetes erecta), in yellow and
109
orange, were outstanding. The new ees called Guinea
s
sta:
maintained in good condition throughout a long season, are factors
that recommend it for general culture.
e extensive use of the newer types of sunflower was a feature
of the planting that should not be overlooked. A variety called
Stella a obtained from Sutton’s of Reading, England, gave
le the
much prom Whi larger-flowered forms scarcely fit int
a narrow bord r, they were grown to show the variations in color
now being develope he dignified and sober-looking mourning
bride (Scabiosa atropurpurea), the bright-blue floss-flower
(Ageratum Houstomanum), and the large daisy-like cosmos (Cos-
mos bipinnatus) gave a long-extended season of bloom. The
colorful little annual phlox (Phlox pene ete is a worthy sub-
ject but it requires frequent watering in a dry season and is one of
is an everlasting. Both maintain their trim ee and con-
i e
tained by sowing outdoors in warm weather. It likes a sunny posi-
tion and good, well-drained soil.
110
xtensive use of Lantana Camara, both the orange and the
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in
favor of brush is that it is i eae for the plants growing up
around it completely hide it from view.
Now it can readily be seen that the success that eas this
e€
too, not only on a knowledge of sane cultural practices based on the
plant’s requirements, but on their application, and again it depends
on sound planning and attention to detail.
With recognition and application of these saneee ule we have
gone a long way, not only to eliminate the element of chance, but,
what is more important, to insure to a very ner degree the suc-
cess of our display
Patrick J. McKENNA.
III
ae va THE pesca OF THE
LARIACEA
The Patellariaceae are a little-known family of the inoperculate
Discomycetes, laced by most mycologists in the Pezizales
a i it: h
na
naceo
thecium em from the enlarged colored tips of the paraphyses
which extend above the asci.
A pe relationship between the Patellariaceae and the lichens,
especially the group C feel has long been recognized. +
d also sustains a relation with an organic or an inorganic sub-
stratum.” he lassification of the Ascomycetes, which in-
cludes also the lichens, the Patellariaceae should be d in the
ft les, with 'yclocarpineae are definite
distinguishing characters separating the Pezizales and Le rales
Many gen atellariaceae can not be distinguished from
e corresponding g the Lecideaceae and are com-
bined with them. Further details of this work will appear soon in
a thesi is work is seriously hampered by < of fresh mi:
terial for study in culture. he writer would greatly appreciate
information of any tecent collections that hen ‘be available for
study.
Ettys BUTLER MOLDENKE.
NOTES, es AND COMMENT
r. E. D, Merrill, Director, visited the Atkins Institute of the
pee ae in Ca. Cuba, the latter part of March.
H. Woodward left March 29 for Europe, where she
are to attend the International Flower Show in Holland, t
Chelsea cae in England, and to visit gardens and Meal insti-
1 Abstract of a report at a Conference of the Scientific Staff and Regis-
tered Sian of the Garden in February, 1935.
II2
tutions in several countries on the continent, concluding the trip at
the International Botanical Congress in Amsterdam in September.
At the second annual meeting of the Florida Botanical Garden
brin, tA.
e
School of Brooklyn and i et High School of Sein Island.
The following visiting botanists registered in - library during
the winter: Dr. Ernest J. Schreiner, Frye, ; Dr. Grant D.
arker, Cambridge, Mass.; Miss Carrolle E. ae. Amherst,
5: r.and Mrs, A. L. Winton, Wilton, Conn. ; Dr. es E. Spin-
garn, Amenia, N. Y.; Dr. R. T. Clausen, Ithaca, N. Y.; Dr. John
. Fogg, Jr., Dr. W. M. Benner and Dr, Edgar T. Whetty, Phila-
delphia, Pa.; Mr. F. A. bess ne Mr. Egbert H. Walker,
heli D.C.; Dr. David D. Keck, Stanford University, Cal.;
Mr. Harold T. Stearns, Spresielvil Hawa Mr. Ray J. Baker,
eh Hawaii; Dr. Mel ook, Rio Piedeas. Porto Rico;
and Dr. A. L. Hacquaert, Ghent. Belgium.
Doctor W. H. Camp spoke on “Floral Anatomy and Sex-Rever-
sal in Hemp (Cannabis sativa)” at the regular monthly conference
of the Scientific Staff and Registered Students of the Garden,
March 14
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rk,
ie
VOL. XXXVI May, 1985 No. 425
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
RAISING HARDY PLANTS FROM SEED
James Esson
THE PENCIL-CACTUS
Joun K. Smati
A SIMPLE AID IN PROPAGATION
Henry TEUSCHER
SAXIFRAGA TENNESSEENSIS
T. H. Everett
OUR VANISHING BIRDS
D. T. WALDEN
THE FIVE YEAR PROJECT OF THE GARDEN
F AMERICA
BRIEF REVIEWS OF WORTH-WHILE BOOKS
Caro, H. Woopwarp
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENTS
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA.
THE SCIENCE Press PRINTING COMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
I. ELECTIVE ee
Until 1936: aes M. Anverson, Henry W. bE Forest (President),
Cuarence Lewts, E. D. Merriti (Director oe rs: ecretary), HENRY DE LA Mon-
TAGNE, La (Assistant Treasurer & Business Manager), and Lewis RuTHER-
U!
Ga i 1937: Henry ve Forest BaLpwin (Vice-president), Grol S.
BREWSTER, Cups Frick, ApotpH LewisoHn, Henry Lockuart, Jr, D. T.
MacDoueat, and JoserH R. aay
Until oat: at H. Bamey, MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs. ELon HuntINcToN
L. MERRILL Cicero and Treasurer), Cot. Rosert H,
Montcomery, “HL ‘Hozart Porter, and Raymonp H. Torre
II, EX-OFFICIO MANA(
Froretto H. LaGuarnra, Mayor of the City of Nae ay
Rogert Moses, Park Commissio
GeEorcE J. RYAN, President of te Boar of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
ae E. Hazen, apboiited | by ihe fortes Botanical Club.
A. HARPER, SAM Epmunp W. Smnnort, and Marston T.
BocErt, appointed by ie abana Uneasy
GARDEN STAFF
E. D. Merritt, Sc.
MarsHatt A, ewe. Pu, Di Sehr en aia ete steerer Ae Director
. A. GrEason, Px. D. ‘urator
Joun K. SMALL, Su Dy Se Die ase. Chief Research Associate a ee Curator
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Laboratories
RED J. SEAVER, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator
Brernarp O, Donce, Px. D. Plant Pathologist
Forman T. McLean, M. F., ae BORE nece hon Supervisor of ae Education
OHN HENDLEY Barnuart, A _M, M. D...Bibliographer and Admin. Assistant
ERCY WILSON Associate Curator
Apert C, SmitH, Pu. D. Associate pas
SaraH H. Hartow, A. M. arian
H. H. Russy, M. D.......... Honorary Curator of the peonamie Collectio tions
Fiepa GRIFFITH ist and Photographer
Rosert S. WILLIAMS esearc. a Tactoeare He Bryology
E, J. ALEXANDER .... Assistant Curator and ae of the Loca Heeae
Harorp N. MOoupENKE, Pu. D. Assistant Curator
LYDE CH i, Technica Assistant
ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Caro, H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Asststant
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. Horticulturist
Henry TeuscHer, Hort. M. Denatatnaey
G. L, Wirtrock, A. M. Doc
Ropert HAGELSTEIN .................-- onorary Cargar of Myxo nigel
Caene Tris
:
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXXVI May, 1935 No. 425
RAISING HARDY PLANTS FROM SEED?
Who is there wanting to do gardening who has not a keen desire
to sow seeds? For only by sowing and tending the plants our-
selv' 1 know anything of the thrills, the joys, and the
disappointments that await us in watching these little fellows grow
rience has to be our main guide ard success
If we are begi 8, we may oO: , for instance » Cain-
ponula Medium, and Heuchera sanguinea from the perennial list in
the seed catalogue, and sow them all together around the first of
J he Campanula and Heuchera may grow into fine plants,
ready to t in ring quarters by the first of October. The
pansy too will have grown, but by fall it will have exhausted itself
and may die with the first winter weather, reducing itself thereby
to an annual.
But if we sow these three plants when the pansy ought to be
own—around the first of August—the pansy will do well for us
2 following spring, but will be exhausted with the torrid days of
summer, thus becoming a biennial.
The August sowing of Campanula Medium will give so small a
bell is a staunch biennial, and takes considerably longer from seed-
ing to flowering than does pansy.
The Heuchera, we notice, has done well from both sowings. It
is slower, pee ee the other ae but it ono ws itself truly
ie ract 0 talk g! at The w York Botanical Garden by Mr.
s Esson, Sterne of cf Roswell Eldridge’s estate at Great
Neck, Long Islan
113
114
a hardy perennial and proves that, plants of this type, the time
for sowing peas matters litt
T feature these tl plants to ce how important it is to know
when to sow many ie perennials. Many other perennials
which are popular in our gardens, such as Anchusa, Geum, Core-
opsis, Gaillardia, foxglove, and hollyhock, have a bad habit of be-
coming poor specimens or even dying after flowering hese
therefore do better when treated as biennials, with ae sowings
in Jun
It is cock little idiosyncracies of plants that make this simple
work alluring.
hen to sow seeds of hardy plants can be governed by no hard
panula Medium a much better germination always results from
a frame with a ex. a spo e the
environment is always cooler th rest of the s
is a plant that at no stage appreciates Fou f July conditions
is very nearly safe to say that with the majority of plants the
seed should be sown as n be procured after ripening
saved in our attempts with many hardy ts
I do not think that seeds require a resting pe after ripening,
s has often been said. No doubt when the temperature ha
last be slowly decayed, so that growth will commence readily when
II5
the temperature is high enough. This growth can, in many in-
astened
always tell what is an oily seed, which of course would be the most
erishable; or what is a starchy seed, which would be the more
tenacious of life.
All seeds of bake) plants, eee ae alpines, hardy herbaceous per-
ees tha o be
ivy
a
fa!
a
Bg
wn
ism
5
i=
ia
ue
i)
5
[ary
o
Bs
[ee
a
[ary
wo
i=
s
f=]
ee
ot.
m
a
pot. e
brought into the greenhouse. All that fail to germinate by this
treatment can well be kept another year, but after that I think it is
useless to preserve them further.
ith a greenhouse for raising our seedlings, ene can be
made to eee icon June throughout the whole summer, even
up to Thanksgiving in some seasons. Sown in February or early
March, delphiniums will gernunate in a very few days, and if
pricked off and kept in a growing temperature, they make sizable
plants for setting in Ee ering quarters by May. From August on,
116
el will supply good spikes for cutting. A June sowing makes
lants to put out in September which will flower the following
“Tris j is handled slightly differently. Fresh seed may be sown as
soon after ripening as possible. Many will germinate that same
Raising g lilies from seed is one of the most interesting pursuits I
percentage of leaf-mold or pe eat, will se the following
spri Inde i
sorts can be obtained eae it i wise to sow immediately. Some
quickly
frame early enough to be ide before cold weather sets in,
they are so much ahead. en saving seeds of a particular ie
cies it is desirable to have several plants growing side by side
insure cross-pollination,
T uiccessful with even the more usual flowers of which we
get large packets, I prefer to use a frame as a seed-bed enclosure,
get ahead, since the seed-bed will be deeper than a flat or a pot. I
sown thinly, the young plants can be left longer, especially if the
seed-bed has been well prepared. It should be moderately rich in
urfac
drills. I prefer drills, especially when several of the same genus
117
are being sown alongside one another. Thus each kind can better
ara d
conditions. All this ws sowing ee ies . es main to quick-
ogue
When we come to choicer things—to Pile to Ramondia, to
seeds of hard-wooded plants, and to new things, the better way is to
ow in pots—flats if you will, but I prefer pots. A five-inch pot
is the smallest I would use. Smaller ones take up less room, but
, and sal
which ae Rhododendron, , Daboeci,
and that sere tae the trailing arbutus—if you can grow i
peat and sand should be the medium. Fill the pots to within half
an inch of the top. The top layer should be put through a very fine
h
as important here as i me. Before sowing very minute
it is advisable to mix them with a pinch of dry san that a
ore uniform spread wi tained. These last should receive
no covering at al ter sowing, the pots should be removed to
a
Over this may be added a four-inch covering of moist sphagnum
moss, or anything that will assist your efforts in maintaining an
evenly moist condition.
Little watering will be necessary for some time. Examine every
minates it must be removed to where light and air can be admitted.
Close proximity to the glass is important, otherwise weak growth
118
will result. It will be found that from this point they will require
re water and that must be determined according to the time of
ear.
There will be some, perhaps many, that have not aieaeestae and
those will probably be the kinds that require freezi The fir:
transplanting of these is rather important, and as soon as they can
be handled easily, or bis I should say as soon as the second
leaf a it wi hem off. In
been frozen and brought into a greenhouse in early spring. It will
see prevent damping-o
nsplanting should be dened in as high a temperature as that in
pan until peowth: commences outdoors in spring. They may then
be planted in nursery rows and Garcea thoroughly.
James Esson.
THE PENCIL-CACTUS (RHIPSALIS) IN FLORIDA
AND AT THE GARDEN
On August fifth, 1923, the genus Rhipsalis was first collected in
Florida, This also was the first time it had ever been found at a
in the cactus house in Conservatory Range 2, and allowed to grow.
‘SUI9]S JY] UO ads aq Kew Way} JO SJaquNNY ‘eak dy} INoYBno1Y) sinIy pue s1IMOy
d10q HH “Udpiery Yl Je BuTMOIS oY Ay “VPP usaynos wo1j—oysnsspy syosdiyy—snjavo-[ioual ssayea, oy} Jo wed y
120
The plant thrived and promptly sent out numerous branches, began
flower, and then to fruit, and persisted in flowering and fruiting
continuously for seven or eight years, when it was destroyed for
lack
ina
here reproduced as a re e flowers, about the size of a hi
of a good-sized pin, have a white perianth; the white translucent
fruits are ab s large as a ll pea e old stems gr
hi
wing in whorled clusters. This plant is also known as the
mistletoe-cactus
Joun K. SMatt.
A SIMPLE AID IN PROPAGATION
The simple device, shown here, is not a new invention. Gar-
ee have known and employed it for generations, but the ama-
eur, to whose efforts it may become a valuable aid, is seldom
ae with it.
At the 1934 New York Flower Show, where the bellglass treat-
ment of cuttings was included in an exhibit of methods of propaga-
actor
tion, prep: Phe New York Bot arden for the 1-
ated Garden Clubs o w York State, it aroused considerable
interest. The arrangement consists of a (6 inches in diam-
eter) with a smaller pot (2!4 inches in diameter) inserted in the
center. The drainage hole of the center pot is closed with a cork
so that it holds water. The drainage hole of the seedpan, however,
must be kept open and covered with pieces of crocks in the usual
manner.
The space between the two pots contains the rooting medium,
sand and peat in equal parts, surfaced with a half inch of washe:
sand, in which the cuttings are inserted close to the rim of the
inner pot. inner pot has to be : le _ with water, which
slowly seeps peer the pores of the pot, keeping the rooting
medium evenly moist. No direct watering of the cuttings is
necessary.
A bellglass, large enough to go over the seed pan and to rest
firmly on the ground, is then put over the whole thing. This
A simple mode of propagation
serves to prevent wilting of the cuttings by maintaining a high and
ich p
e soil. In a room the bellglass would, naturally, find its place
near a window, but on bright days one must not neglect to protect
I22
it with newspaper against direct sunshine, which would heat it too
etc., are easy to root in a manner during the winter mon
those of
pring by
truck which ran into it, also were raised successfully in this manner.
Henry TEUSCHER.
SANIFRAGA TENNESSEENSIS
The expedition into the Southern Appalachian Mountains spon-
sored by The New York Botanical Garden in 1933 perc back
en. No
the least interesting of these is Savifraga tennesseensis, a species
which had previously been recorded only from bluffs on the Ten-
Saxifraga tennesseensis
nessee River near Knoxville. Our plants were found on limestone
ne along the Nolichucky River close to oe Tennessee, and
us represent a new locality for this s
The plants at the time of their oe ia formed their winter
rosette and a satisfactory determination was not possible in that
c ion. Asa matter of fact at the wn oe closely resembled the
much commoner S. virginiensis and this at first we thought them
er, however, was not entirely satisfied that the
ook right” and so dug a few, which were shipped to the Garden.
124
e were wintered in a cold-frame and three of the five flow-
ered co ring the spring of 1934. They were then transferred to
the ace eae Memorial Rock Garden and the picture shows one
in bloom there. After flowering they continued to make good
growth and ae a slight covering of salt hay came through the
past winter perfectly. At the time of writing (late April) a fat
flower bud nestles in the center of each rosette and these soon will
Saxifraga tennesscensis in bloom is a much finer plant than is
S. virgin the inflorescence is more loosely and slenderly
branched, with the individual flowers a tter disposed, and each
and star-like rather than campanulate as in the com-
moner ee
cultivation of this Saxifraga apparently presents no difficul-
o distribute a portion to each subscriber to the Southern Appa-
Jachian Expedition
T. H. Everett.
OUR VANISHING BIRDS
The grounds of the Botanical Garden are the only place left,
the east are frequented by tanagers and grosbeaks aii orioles. The
125
long stretch of deciduous woods to the south can shelter all the
fly
stream shaded enough for w: here are open lawns
or robin and bluebird, and shrubby cove an
thrasher. e have every feature to constitute an ideal natural
sanctuary—and such the Garden has been e mai
are beginning to forsake us. Pee many 7 of them
have ceased to visit the park altogether ae cardinal is a rarity
trees.
ful than now, yet ae of juncos and tree sparrows continue to
t
of the clustered in still a for bee on nas way to the ric!
it, are with us, in Hee erratic way, “6 om year to year. However,
as the supply of certain wild food plants has diminished, the numer-
s one walks perenne any of the wooded parts of the grounds
126
today, he is dismayed at the great number of narrow neehiieed
paths and open worn spaces that have become established
where. The underbrush is rapidly neuen is no ae
place for a ground bird to nest. ird ae move through
quietly and slowly, but the paths ei been made by others, whose
reasons for coming at all are difficult to know, and aes i often
have no intention but mischief. Last spring before the leaves were
out, I found a mallard sitting on her nest, not more than two
i
oO
check these vandals, there will be no underbrush left in the woods,
os ae wer and fewer birds. The oven-bird and chewink, two of
round-birds in the New York region, are notice-
ably scarcer than they were.
he proposed wild flower and bird sanctuary in a part of f
wood deserves all possible support. It is ironic and sad that ie
e en cannot be adequately policed, and some means and
authority established for maintaining it in proper condition. Why
ion or tw altogether and allowed to grow wild?
€ assistance of public and parochial schools and of local news-
th indi i
ridge to compare notes. No unusual species have been reported;
in spite of a cold April the ae are returning on ee time.
D. T. Wavpen.
127
THE FIVE-YEAR PROJECT OF THE
GARDEN CLUB OF AMERICA
An impressive evidence of the extent of popular interest in gar-
nials, particularly in reference to practical cultivation, with the Loa
pose of assembling data from all parts of the country and ascer-
taining the horticultural requirements and regional aepebiee of
varieties.
selection of the daylily is perhaps indicative of the special
ais and attention which has centered upon this particular genus
in recent years, an activity in which Dr. A. B. Stout of the Gar
The first sii work naturally covers the organization of methods,
stock, ine in the spring and again in the late summer for
early-fl ing varieties, and intensive cultu The second year
is devoted in part to promoting interest in the work, with the aim
ence to flower arrangement and garden design. In the final year
it is suggested that local festivals be held and the conclusions pub-
lished as a permanent recor
128
to be hoped that the plan will meet with enthusiastic re-
sponse throughout the country. If even only a few members of
h t
each group under he experiment, a really valuable bo f
information should be obtained rely no type of garden club
work could be more appropri or more worth while. It is
national horticulture. Full details of the Five-Year Plan are pub-
lished in the Bulletin of the Garden Club of America for March.
BRIEF REVIEWS OF SOME WORTH-WHILE BOOKS
Spring seems to be as important a season to publishers as it is
among all those people who admire and cultivate gardens
Before the first shoots of the snowdrops have penetrated the
thawing soil, books of interest to garden-lovers and of consequence
to real ae begin to appear, tempting workers and students
and readers alike.
Of prime HnpOniauee is ane recent publishing of a new edition of
the aries nsable ‘Hortus.’ which have
Ir
+
>
2
fe)
3
fo]
g
=A
@
-
3
a
fo]
3.
ez
en, re they are available for reference, are numerous rea
able volumes on Sore of horticulture, nature study, and re ne
subjects. few of the new books are given brief reviews in th
J
following par ak :
“ wy
Hortus
For the identification of plants under cultivation i in North Amer-
9. irost
keep account of the calnnaied flora” is being carried out. Id these
ae L. H., and Bailey, Ethel Zoe, Sg A Concise Dictionary of
ardening and ‘Gen eral Horticulture. 755 pages; 16 plates. The Mac-
millan Company, New York, new revised aidan one supplement, 1935. $5.
129
few intervening years, Dr. Bailey and his daughter have found 203
new genera and 2,893 new specific names of plants “introduced
A :
°
or
plants in cultivation in their r respective regions ; the no
“Wuat Happens in My GARDEN’?
he gardener who likes to read pleasant paragraphs about
his hobby, with them es the wisdom of a gardener of long
ise Beebe
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there, giving in all an ago picture of what a home garden—
especially a rock garden—may
rs. Wilder gathers plants At information all over the world;
she handles her material with obvious wisdom, and writes about it
with relish our i
Wor ly ; uty in O
“Hollyhock or ; “Sages of Sorts”; * ae Aids for Per-
ennial Border:
“Op Roses’*
During the last five years, during her seasonal commutations be-
{
Annual have become well aware of the research in the lost roses of
2 Wilder, Louise Beebe, What Happens _ oe “ len. 257 pages; 18
acm: w Yi!
. Ty
Keays, Mrs. Frederick Love (Ethel. eieke Keay s), Old Roses. 222
pages; 56 illustrations. The Nacmillan. Coane New York, 1935. $3.
130
generations past into which she has projected herself, to the last-
were isease, and increased year after yea e
movement now on foot to restore the roses which, ils hybrid-
zer’s art developed, were 3 or abandone st receive
d,
great impetus from Mrs, Keays’s book. Arpropriaely she closes
it with chapters on rose books ee uses for old r
“MEXICAN PLANTS FOR AMERICAN GARDENS*
Four hundred species of plants are described in this pioneer
work of its type on the plants of Mexico, the aim of which is to
S
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=e
oo
rey
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now indispen
will become pe ng a additions to northern gardens in general.
cenic descriptions accompany many references to specific plants,
while a glance at the gardening history of Mexico furnishes a back-
ground, and gives ideas for adaptation of Mexican garden archi-
tecture in places outside of the country where it is characteristic.
CaroL H. Woopwarp
4 Matschat, Cecile Hulse, Mexican Plants for American Gardens. 268
pages; illustrated. Houghton, Mifflin Company, Boston and New York,
1935. $3.50
131
JAPANESE CHERRY”
This charming little volume is the third in a series printed in
Japan and designed primarily for the instruction of tourists and
i i is C
the crowds. To one familiar with the western classification of spe-
cies the Japanese nee will be rather confusing; but the intention
of the book, to give a sound and suggestive ae account, is
amply satisfied
D.T.W.
OTES, NEWS, AND COMMENTS
rold N. ke, Assistant Curator, has just been
ye )
October 1, 935, and w “il make their headquarters at the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew, where Dr. Moldenke will continue his
eae ae of the New World Verbenace
’s Who in American Plant and Animal Life” is being
ae by the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. This will be a cata-
logue of plant and animal germ plasm proved superior for such
important characteri s productivity, resistance to disease and
ability to transmit desirable traits. Secre Wallace believes that
as a result undertaking improved methods of research will
5 Miyashi, Dr. Manabu, Sakura (Japanese Cherry). 70 pp., numerous
hice paper sides. Bruce Humphries, Boston, 1935. $.75.
132
The first analysis and deductions will appear in the 1936 Yearbook
of the Department.
Federal regulations governing the entry into the United States
(aaa at ports of entry. The new Federal regulations involve
a removal of e, and leave the various states free to estab-
uaranti
lish such local restrictions as they may deem advisable
Eighty young chestnut trees—s5 plants each of 16 different types
of Castanea crenata and C. mollissima—were received this spring
fri artment of Agriculture and were planted in
favorable spots through ew Y anical Garden
hese trees will be inspected every year by representatives of the
the staff of the Botanical Garden as part of the national campaign
to raise blight-resistant chestnuts.
A new group of ornamental shrubs—comprising 184 selected best
varieties—has been planted this spring in The New York Botanical
CG: P
er:
ee ae: ete., and extending over summer into inte: autumn;
in cultivation, such as Stewartia pentagyna cen Viburnum
fragrans, and V. Wrightii, as well as the newest hybrid Philadel-
phus, Deutzia, and Spiraea have been nae in this as The;
will not, of course, present much display for a few yea
M. Anderson
_ Arthur
—*Mrs. Art! me te Anderson
George Arents, Jr.
¥Mrs, ES. ete: iby,
Vincent Astor
John W. Auchincloss
r. Raymond F. Bacon
ane de bee aie
Sherm:
Prof. Cares P iBelcy
C.K. G. Bill
George iste in al
Prof. Marston T. Bogert
Prof. William J. Bonisteel
George P. Brett
pe Gary N. eine ns
*Mrs. Rites ee
_ Prof. W. H. Car
_ *Miss E. Mabel ae
Coe
Harry Harkness Flagler
*Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox
Childs Fric!
sho ay C.F
Carl A. de coe
Member also of the Advisory Gouna
: Chairman of the A C
Murry Guggenhei:
Edward S. Harkness
Prof. R. A. Harper
T. A. Havemeyer
A. Heckscher
*Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn
*Mrs. Niles ae
*Mrs. Delancey Kan
*§Mrs. F. eeed Kelas
*Mrs. Gustav E. Ki
t, Jr.
“Mrs, i: jam i ma
Dr. D. T. joug
*Mrs. Davi ih Hone
Mrs. Edward Manville
ae a rston
George McA:
Parker Cece
oe John ee Cans
Dr. E. D. M
John L. Mer:
*Mrs, Roswell Mile, i ce
fies) Lathrop Pack
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine
*Mrs. James R. Parsons
Rufus L. Patterson
*Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham
*Mrs. George W. Perkins
Howard Phipps
James R. Pitcher
H. Hobart Porter
*Mrs. Harold I. Pratt
*Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam
Ogden Mills Reid
sow
to) KS
James ae
J. E. Spingar
Mrs. Charles n Ba
Nathan Strau
*Mrs. Tee eee
Joseph R. Swan
B. B. Thayer
Be William S. Thomas
Charles G. Thompson
a! H. Torrey
s. Louise oe ‘Wilder
dies Nelson B. Asner
Bronson Winthro
Grenville fe Winthrop
John C. Wi
*Mrs. ae EL. nee
Richardson Wright
GENERAL INFORMATION
eee of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
yet Fuaneied acres of beautifully dinersiicd land in the northern ra
oe the ‘City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A natiy.
mlock forest is one of the features of the tr
"Plantations a thousands of native and ee trees, shrubs, and
eee Hee
ing a new rock garden, a large rose garden, a perennials
en:
horde eat ret gardens, and other types of plantings. ens
Gre
enhouses, containing thousands of interesting plants from America
ai faeen countrie h y
Flower shows NAC A the year—in the spring, summer, and a
siplays of daffodils, tulips, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, water-lilies, dahling "
emums; in the winter, displays ° greenhouse-blooming
um, containing exhibits on fossil plants, existing plant families,
local pee Occurring within one ee mules of the City of New York,
and the nomic uses of plants; alse as Oric microscopes.
An he Laut) comprising more than pon specimens of American
and foreign species.
xploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies,
central and South America, for the study and collection of the character-
ora.
Scientific pceearey in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
problems of plant life.
A library of pias al and hoo literature, comprising nearly
45,000 books and numerous phlet
Public lectures on a great varity a botanical topics, continuing —
throughout the autumn, winter and s
Publications on botanical cee ale of technical, scientific, and
peel of popular, interest.
he Cees of school children and the public through the above fea-
a and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and
force teal subject
The Garden is gee dent upon an annual appropriation by the City of
New York, private benefactions, and me meer ciery et Apple for
ship
membership are always welcome. The classes of membershi
single contribution Fron
single contribution 5,000
wseeees. Single contribution 1,000
-.-.. single contribution 250
Bbeooodse mbes 00
«eee. annual Ae 25
atctete nna 10
hip. Slelejsjersy ILM ai fection 25
Contributions to ie BESS wes be de ane from one incomes. Bequests
may be ec i the form of securities, money, or additions to the collections. The
following is approved form of beq nest :
I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Gordes incor reratay under
the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of
onditional Bedue may be made with income ne to donee or any
desieuted "henebie ay Mere his or her lifetime.
Fellowships or scholarships either in perpetuity or limited to a definite period
may be established for practical student-training in horticulture or for botan-
ical researc!
All r requests for further information should be sent to
HE NEw York BoTaNnicat Garp
BRONX PARK, FORDHAM BRANCH P. 0O., NEW ar N. Y.
Ae
iL
if
Us
VOL. XXXVI JUNE, 1935 No. 426
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
EEL-WORM DISEASE OF GARDEN CHRYSANTHEMUMS
B. DopcEe
JAPANESE VIBURNUM RUNS WILD IN THE GARDEN
F. T. McLean
PILULARIA REDISCOVERED IN THE EAST
Joun K. SmMati
THE GARDENING CLASSES—A RETROSPECT
BRIEF REVIEWS OF SOME WORTH-WHILE BOOKS
D. T. WaALDE
Carot WoopwarD
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, Pa.
THE ScIENCE Press PRINTING COMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ‘
BOARD OF MANAGERS
I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS
Until 1936: ArtHuR M. Anperson, Henry W. ve Forest (President),
Crarence Lewis, E. D ME ERRILL (Director and Secretary), HENRY DE LA Mon-
TAGNE, JR. (Assistant Treasurer & Business Manager), and Lewis RUTHER:
FURD Morris.
Until 1937: Henry ve Forest BALDWIN Oe brea a Gromcs 5
Brewster, Cuirps Frick, Apotpw LewisoHn, Henry LocKxuart, Jr., D. T.
MacDoueat, and JosepH R. Swan.
Until 1938: L. H. Battey, MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs. Eton Huntiner
Hooker, Joun L. Merrity Vice-president ond Treasurer), Wee RoBeERT Ey
MontcomERY, H. Hopart Porter, and Ra TorRE
II, EX- OFFICI O MANAGERS
FrorELto H. LaGuarpia, Heyes, pi the City of New York.
Rosert Moses, Park Commissi
GeorcE J. RYAN, President of the: Board of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
TRA aa E. Hazen, appointed by) he corey Botanical Club.
R. A. Harper, Sam F. Trew Dp W. Sinnott, and Marston T.
Bocert, ‘appointed by Columbia ihalietat a
GARDEN STAFF
E. D. Merritt, Sc. D. Di ;
MarsHatt A. Howe, oe nD ARES (oll Oe mn A Ne ROR TO AA Aeon Director
H. LEASON, PH ‘urator
Jou K. SMALL, Pu. ». SOU Diiossee as Chief Research Associa and Curator
A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of ne Laboratories
FRep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. rator
Bernarp O. Dopcez, Px. D. Plant Patho To ogist
Forman T. McLean, M. F., are Disses: Supervisor of Public Education
OHN HENDLEY Barnarr, A ae M. D.. “pnleconnes ‘od Adm Assistant
ERCY WILSON ciate Curator
Avsert C. SmitH, Pu. D. prieee Pee
Sapan’ H) HARLOW; XAGVM, po icisscsig Sel aysieiciate ie state ek iene terete
H. H. Russy, M. D.......... Honorary Curator of Oe Bran omic Collections
FLEDA GRIFFITH st and Photographer
Rosert S. WILt1 Resea is acon im Su
Evy ACCA AER. be aeetant ee alen and Curator of the Local Herb
Harotp N. MoLDENKE, | Pu. Assistant Cutter
LYDE CHANDLE! Technical Assistan
RosaLiE WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editorial Assistant
ay AS VERETT, N. D. Hort. orticulturtst
Henry TeuscHer, Hort. M. Denarclog
G. L. Wirr s
Ropert HAGELSTEIN ..........--+++5-+: Honorary Curator of Myxo meee
EtHet Anson S. PEC R RAN .Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections
Wa ter S. GRoESBECK Clerk and re
ARTHUR J. Cae POM a Heras Superintendent of Buildings and Groun
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXXVI JUNE, 1935 No. 426
THE EEL-WORM DISEASE OF GARDEN
CHRYSANTHEMUMS
The plant Datticlogist as well as the gardener sometimes insists
“di
oon
streaked or spotted with yellowish brown patches. Later the:
would curl up, turn black, become hard a baile, and fall off
(Figur
ine ae -spot fungi such as species of Cylindrosporium, Cer-
he well-known Septoria were isolated from the dying
it was concluded that the trouble must be due either to a virus dis-
Chrysanthemum with all of its leaves and most of the flower
bude badly infested anti nematodes. A few flowers pau to open. The
plant was stunted and unsightly at the height of the blooming season.
ease or to the unfavorable location or faulty cultural practices.
The location of the planting was changed in 1932 to a place where
ening of the leaves. All he plants in two or three f
yellow varieties were considerably stunted in addition to the brown-
ing of m f their leaves by the end of the seaso
dying oe ne the end of August. Other varieties also showed
sone loss 0
135
1934 the location of ne planting, for other reasons, was again
Fane to the “Borders,” where the soil was ve ood and
gr ys
regard to the name of the species: “Your ae ? October 20 and
the chrysanthemums were receive They are infested by the
1 Steiner, G., and B. O. Dodge. The bulb- or stem-nematode (Tylenchus
Kithn) as a pest of phlox. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30: 177-184.
136
so-called chrysanthemum nematode which we consider be
Aphelenchoides Fragariae Ritzema Bos. Some authors still con-
There are many species of nematodes that infest plants, causing
in each case rather characteristic diseases. The work of the root-
knot nematode is familiar to all who grow plants extensively in the
obtain as many as 5,000 from a single infesied leaf. Figure 2
FIGURE Male and female nematodes of the species Tylenchus Dipsact,
the “spesies of stem-nematode that ine such plants as garden phlox
(from Marcinowski).
137
shows a pair of stem-nematodes of the kind that often infest garden
phlox. In olden times when people made their own vinegar one
could see hundreds of these little wriggling eel-worms by looking
through the vinegar cruet
CONTROL MEASURES
h phiox eel-worm infests the stems more or less systemically
so that spraying the plants with contact insecticides is not effective
The chrysanthemum eel-worms on the contrary come up out of the
soil when the dew is on, or en the plants are wet from rain or
from watering, and swim up on the surface of the stems and out on
the leaves, where they gain entrance to the tissues through the
gallon of water). It has been our experience that Dahlias will
P
stand sprayi tion of nicotine sulphate three times as
stron, recommended fo ost nt: idently
garden varieties could be freed of nematodes by spraying them
wit
quentl h contact sprays such as nicotine sulphate with -
additi so
A pr m controlling leaf-nematodes in hardy chrysanthe-
sie certainly begin with the obtaining of cuttings from
exact proportion is not so material as is th nt solution
one ¢ pply and have it all soak in. For example, -
e olution (one ga per cent formaldehyde
diluted to make 50 gallons of solution) applied at the rate of
gallon of the solution to eight feet of soil surface. If the
soil is very dry this amount will not wet down far enough the
ane clay would not soak up that amount, and the fumes would be
o weak to kill nematodes and fungi. For the average soil, dug up
me thoroughly pulverized ene the solution is applied, we have
138
found that a 1: 100 solution at the rate of one half a gallon to each
squa: s very satisfactory. In o to prevent rapid evap-
oration the treated plot should be covered with about an inch of
uninfested soil; o ground may be covered with old blankets or
again dug up and allowed to air out for a day or two more before
planting.
If one must take his cuttings from infested stock it is possible to
this nematode can be controlled if the plants are treated for one
hour at 120° F. If the water is to be only 118° F., he found
refers to protecting valuable potted varieties. The hot-water treat-
all for half.an hour at 120° F., after which it was immersed in cold
‘Pa}SIJUE 9IDM SIARI]
Jpyl Jo Maye A[UO !jURIsISat Ape} punossyoeq dy} UT SlUeTG ‘apPaq puEB yoelq ‘vseq ay) Je Aypersadsa ‘saaeay ayy pue
‘pattade spnq ay} fo May nq Ajsendijszed payunys jou ysis ay} 3@ APIVA ‘apoyetuau fFeal oy] JO UOiJEISazut AAvay wv WIOIT
Burdp pue payunys Appeq ‘aise Ajarszva ‘punosa10j IY} Us Jo] 9Y} IV aOYL, ‘Japsoq B ul SUINWAYIUBSAIY “f BUNT
140
water. But for growing pal such a high temperature would not
be safe, as was proved by experiment.
chr Crean leaf- nematode 1 is well known to infest sev-
A
r
uw
ing of plants and the failure of blooms to open or develop properly
are also symptoms that would suggest the possibility that some of
our dahlia troubles may be due to nematodes.
B. O. Doncz.
JAPANESE VIBURNUM RUNS WILD IN THE GARDEN
Long graceful boughs heavily laden with white flowers until they
plenum, in which all s the blooms are showy sterile ones, are the
Japanese snowballs arden
The Japanese se a develop clusters of small red berries
in
exotics through our natural woods. is Viburnum is worth in-
troducing into shady gardens, both for its lovely flowers and as
food for the birds.
Forman T. McLean.
141
PILULARIA REDISCOVERED IN THE EAST
The genus Pilularia was named by Linnaeus in 1753, based on
the European species, Pilularia globulifera. The name is in refer-
n se
mile journey through the little-known Arkansa:
sissippi Ri i i
Pilularia. In a list of the plants collected, published in 1834,?
Nuttall mentions - Pilularia merely under the generic name.
1. The specimens of Pilularia of Nuttall’s collection from Ar-
ee (1818-1819), es sporocarps may be seen at the right and at the
left among the leaf-base
Three decades later, Alexander Braun named and described the
pecies as Pilularia americana, from a specimen of Nuttall’ Yr
kansas collecti er the same pla as discovered on the
c Coa Specimens collected by Nuttall are scarce. There
is a specimen in the herbarium at The New York Botanical Garden.
1 Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. II. 5: 140.
1837.
Ficure 2. Specimens of ried 2 ee Biltmore oo from Georgia
(1901). Intact sporocarps may be among the leaf-bas
On the sheet Dr. Underwood wrote in 1897: “So far as I know
s ‘Arkansa’ collection - this spe-
c A short oa ago Professor D. M. Moore, of
the University of Arkansas, told the writer that the Arkansas
otanists were trying to rediscover Pilularia in that State. The
: - :
following day the undersigned happe: o be looking over some
ern-allies in the en herbarium and was surprise
specimen of the species collected in shallow water in pression of
, Winder, Georgia, July 19, 1901, by collectors of tl ilt-
erbarium, No. 14974. Curiously ugh, this collection,
which brings the plant far east of the Mississippi River, se 0
have escaped being recorded in our fern literatu e accom-
I
even in the adjacent provinces, were to search for this plant, 1
might be found to be more widely sure
nae K. SMALL.
THE GARDENING CLASSES—A RETROSPECT
hree years ago a series of Fall and Spring gardening classes
of Dr. McLean
T
for amateurs was inaugurated, under the direction
A part of the propagating coolhouse was allocated to . purpose,
Figure 1, Spring gardening class in session.
space sufficient to hold about 500 seeding flats, and it
promptly filled by a capacity enrollment. The following year ne
rarities or of plants difficult or expensive to procure in this country,
such as certain lilies, mold-resistant phlox, and daphne, some to
overflow assortment of marcy; tender, and annual plants
Fic
eat font eet in the gardening class
discover the proper care of house plants, some e with very personal
piss eutic values of gardening were markedly Genie tates in
several instances.
aps there could be no better way of indicating the extent of
Pree he than by describing the greenhouse as it appeared
one day toward the close of the course. It must be remembered
i ith th
possible . each oe ent to grow a thousand or more plants.
145
Everyone is anxious to take his productions home as soon as they
can be safely transported, so that at any one time only young plants
are to be found in the Wiaucaag Let us see what was in evidence
at the end of the spring session
On the left as one entered a rideee pan contained about a dozen
pots of an ordinary mixture of peat moss, loam, and sand, the sur-
the others, though these had responded more promptly and pro-
duced actual fronds two months after sowing.
Figure 3. Bracken plants six months after the spores were sown.
146
ond the ferns were some yellow callas in aon and some
more aes t but flowerless jee by a : e
callas had just blossomed, and there was a ft Ps of a enen
between the two gardeners. One woman had planted bulbs from
hi
°
an
g
a
oe re rather expensive to ne an “BE er sorts of petunia
sorts, wild flowers in quantity, and, in the sandy secti u
ra colchica, be s, dianthus, chrysanthemums,
lilacs, and other sli ne wo had ed wil
was planning to commence grafting operations. root
grafts had been attempted, and several comparative ae
in grafting lilacs on prive thu ere obviously a popular
ubject, a vari of excellent plants standing ready for trans-
planting and early summer sup certain student had devel-
class had grown large umber: of sturdy plants as their contribu-
tion to a garden club sale.
An overflow of stock had found its way to the shaded alley out-
side of the greenhouse, and among these was an intriguing looking
boxful of mixed plants destined as a farewell a to a police officer
who had evinced much interest in the weekly clas
t is readily seen that the possibilities are limited only by the
restrictions of space and the cool greenhouse conditions ne of
and direct knowledge in the handling of plants has been acquired
in a relatively brief time.
147
BRIEF REVIEWS OF SOME WORTH-WHILE BOOKS
A LONG-NEEDED HANDBOOK
Quite apart from its subject-matter, Dr. Gleason’s recently pub-
lished “Plants of the Vicinity of New York"! is an interesting and
will miss a lot of fun that hikers, campers, vacationists, and coun-
try dwellers are going to have with this boo
Popular interest in nature study has dndoubeedly increased dur-
ing the last decade. There is a large number of persons who ex-
hibit a genuine interest in the plant world and whose curiosity
carries them on to investigate it, as and when they can, but who
for some reason can not afford the time for scientific study
lora of the ae of New York,’’ we would be baffled.
We might remeniber that Gray's Manual had often been referred
1Gleason, H. A.: s of the Vicinity of New — 284 pages. The
New York Botanical ae New York, 1935. $1.6
148
to in the elementary guides, and we might even buy the expensive
volume, only to realize that before being able to make head or tail
it w
select ‘the latter, and are referred to the category of opposite a
149
alternate leaves. We check with our plant. The leaves are alter-
nate: the decision sends us to the choice of compound and simple
ge number. Here, in
two similar steps we find our plant named, with such attendant
Suid as to check beyond doubt with our specimen—-the
ornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana.
To oe inynan, the directness and simplicity of the method w
0
an eS the
names 6 everything, unbidden, can make himself as unpopular as
the tourist who runs on ahead in the museum and announces the
150
names of all the artists, in each gallery, or the lady at the opera whi
insists upon whispering the tags of the Wagner leitmotives eacl
ap i field 1
in many instances serve for numerous species. The whole purpose
of the book being to give us names, it might tell us how to speak a:
well as to write them
The area covered withe the pages of this book extends out on <
radius of about 200 miles from New York City, and is one unusu.
ally rich and varied in flora. If anything can eat furthe
interest and satisfy a long felt ae it is this volur
D. iid
HISTORICAL WORKS OF UNUSUAL CHARACTER
of many men who were influential in the botanical anc
sco de else of the country are brought to light in twc
ich have recently been added to The New York Botanica
ee s “i rary.
“WILLIAM BartRAM: INTERPRETER OF THE AMERICAN
LANDSCAPE”?
o of the most influential men in the early study of the natura
history of North America were John Bartram and his son, William
e t1 co
r of the first botanical ae in the United States, nea
1 Fagin, N. Bryllion, “William Bartrai of the America
Landscape.” 229 pages. The Johns ceed aes ee 1933. $2.2!
I5I
Philadelphia. The garden, now part of that city, has lately been
resto
eae correspondence, is said to ha Ned him “the gr
est natural botanist in the world.” au f{ this literary
biography calls the “Travels” of the son “a book which was the
°
eat event in botanical history, but a major contribution to the
ae of the world.
“A History of AGRICULTURE IN THE STATE OF New York”?
f it were possible to distribute this book through a ae
house er wine to cover a wide field, it would undoubtedly reach
and al the attention of a horde of readers who eee may
never see or hear of it.
Only Dr. Hedrick, who for many years has been and still is
Director of the State Agricultural Experiment Station at Geneva,
could have written so charmingly an authentic history of agricul-
: Spi ; ‘
portraits, besides curious notices and advertisements concerning
2 Hedrick, Ulysses Prentiss, A History of Agriculture in the State of
New York. 462 pages, 81 dhe sbone in nen tone. Published by the New
York State Agricultural Society, 1933.- $3.
152
early agricultural life and practices. The book is crammed wit
personality, both of the state and its people and of the au
knows them so well. The book is obtainable from the State Agr
cultural Experiment Station at Geneva
A “NEW” BOOK ON WILD FLOWERS?
When the State of New York issued, several years ago, “Wil
Flowers of New York,” by Homer D. House, containing magnif
chief reason was, no doubt, that the State, not being in the publist
ing business commercially, never seemed to think of advertising it
books widely.
Macmillan’s, however, re year Bae realized the eae
ork. As
“Have you seen . . .?” All referring to the new twelve-pound boo
ers.
. - populace is Serna
o date botanist will not agree with the persistence in n it c
i
in the yellow and orange tones of m omposites n
purists in English are likely to prefer their ice ” spelled “M
lein.” Nevertheless, one i ndid work c
s bound to admire a
this sor : a entertains with its ite een aad teaches ampl
with it
Caro. H. Woo
3 House, Homer D., Wild Flowers. 362 pages, py full-page eet
in color, 35 ae in half-tone, 95 pea ee illustrating parts ¢
plants. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1934. $7.50.
153
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE
The excellent Leaflets of the Lexington, Mass., Botanical Garden
are continued twice a month through the summer. Forthcoming
j i ts
ness i en:
page bulletins oer ee plants being tested at the Tea
Garden
In connection with the ane sie the Strand Magazine for
May has an article on the gardens of Buckingham Palace. Thou
superficial in treatment, it carries some good photographs, and pays
oO
tribute to the long career of Thomas Hay, M.V.O., who has been
horticulturist of Hyde Park, Kensington Gardens, The Green Park,
ames’s Park, Marlb House, 10 Downing Street, and
che! gardener to His Majesty for ie years.
*
Some excellent articles in the Gardener’s Chronicle of America
ee ae are: ‘Native Carpets from the Pacific Slopes,” by Elsie
D :
“Or Garden
ee Diaenore ” by Richard Roth, which points out the value
in rock garden design of a ae union or tying together of rock
and foliage, with interesting remarks about the breaking of flat
sheets of color; and ““The Beauty of White Flowers,” by Frances
Staver ae
* *
“Avocado Diseases in California” is the subject of Bulletin 585
of the Pues Experiment Station of the University of Cali-
pages and is well illustrated.
*
oun 42 of the Wild Flower Preservation Society discusses
poison-ivy, poison-sumach, and poison-oak, the nature, sym: s,
Hee of their poisons, and preventatives, remedies, and ene
of the plants. The chief agent in the remedy recommended i
solution of ferric acid.
8
3
154
Among numerous interesting articles in The Flower Grower for
May is one on the hunting . native orchids, by Arthur H. Osmun,
valuable because of its definite and careful report of the soil and
conditions in which each see is Fas to be found
*
Nature Magazine for May announces a summer ‘pg alg)
a for amateurs, with a prize of $25.00 and an offer o
3.00 for additional prints ae
*
The Federated Garden Clubs of New York State are head
ds.
written, 64 page booklet on he ue as Bird Sanctuaries
“Fruits for Northern ee s the subject of Circular 103,
sei a the New York State Ase Experiment Station
at Gen
A simple explanation of fasciation—so far as it can be
plained—is given in an illustrated article by Leslie J. Haskin in ee
April Nature Magasine,
x Ok Ok
Persons interested in the flowers of the West will be glad to see
“Spring Wild Flowers of the Open Field” which has recently been
published as one of a western nature-study series for San José
State Teachers College This small seen contains sixty photo-
graphs of wild flowers ea in es
“Trees of Note in Connecticut” is the title of another small new
American Revolution of her state. Divided by counties, trees noted
or their history, size, beauty, or age are briefly described, located,
and usually illustrated.
* OK OX
Two studies of diseases of tomato have recently been under-
taken: one on control of psillid yellows by Lester B. Daniels, re-
sults of which have been published as Bulletin 410 of the Experi-
155
ment Station of ae Agricultural College; the other on leaf-
mold resistance b lexander, r — in Bulletin 539 of the
Ohio Agricultural Exprinet ee
Woody plants aie hai shade are listed and described in Cor.
nell Extension Bulletin 268. R. W. Curtis and Donald ana
are the author:
ee OK Ok
Nearly 300 pages are devoted to the wild flowers of Kansas, in a
new, illustrated, paper-bound volume by Frank C. Gates. The book
is published by the Kansas State Board of Agriculture.
x ok OK
A revision of the genus Arctostaphylos with key and descrip-
tions, is given by Alice Eastwood in No. 11 of Leaflets of Western
Botany.
x ok Ok Ok
Part 1 of volume II of the Moss Flora of North America,
edited and published by A. J. Grout, is now in the Library of the
Garden. This section, which has been prepared by George Neville
Jones, is on the Grimmiace:
* Ok
Bluhende Kakteen und andere sukkulenten Pflanzen appears
with a usual beautifully colored plates showing cacti and other
culents. Among the interesting subjects shown in Mappe 22 are
ena densispina and curnia sg
Continuing his work on clematis, : E, Spingarn writes on the
large-flowered hybrids in the March National Horticultural Maga-
zine, giving illustrations, descriptions, keys, and a tentative check-
list.
NOTES, NEWS, AND, COMMENT
. Merrill, Director of the Garden, has been elected a
Girceape eaeine Member of the Nederlandsche Botanische Vereen-
he d
Dr. Merrill at the reception in connection with the 6th Interna-
tional Botanical Congress at Amsterdam on September 1, 1935.
156
The National Research Council has recently made a grant to
A
Dr.
devoting the latter half of June to this work at is recite
Experiment Station at Geneva, New York.
Dr. Bernard O. Dodge was elected a Fellow of the American
Academy of Arts and Sciences at the regular meeting of the Acad-
emy in Boston on May 8th last
A new station and the northern limit thus far recorded has been
established for the filmy fern, in Ohio, by Dr. George O. Beery, of
Lancaster, Ohio. The discovery is ered in the April issue of
Wildflower
complete index to the first twenty-four volumes of Mycologia
was published by the Garden in Ma his covers all material pub-
lished from 1909 until January, 1933, n the journal becam
the official organ of The Mycological Society of America, and
thus marks the end of the old régi work runs to over 300
Pp unde
out of regular Mycologia funds; and the actual uae nil was
due in part to assistance granted by the Emergency Work Bur
The following botanists have been registered in the library dur-
ing the spring: Mr. Lawrence M. Ames, Jamaica Plain, Mass. ; Dr.
M.L Cc ; Dr
Spingarn, Amenia, N. Y.; Profs. L. H. Bailey and R. T. Clausen,
Ithaca, N. Y.; Dr. F. O. Holmes, Princeton, N. J.; Prof. Edgar
. Ries Prien Pa,; Sister Elizabeth Seton, College of
. St. Joseph, Ohio; Miss ioe Lillick, Cincinnati, Ohio; Dr.
ae . Notr re Dame, Ind., and Prof. F. E. Lloyd, Mon-
treal, Canada.
PUBLICATIONS OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Journal of The New York Boeaical, perder, monthly, containing notes,
news, and Bon recunical articles. members of the Garden. To
others, 10 cents a Gab 1.00 a uae Resi in its thirty-sixth volume.
Mycologia, bi-monthly, devoted to fungi, including lichens; $6.00 a year.
Now in its twenty-seventh volume. Official organ of the Aye olopical ‘So,
Bulletin of ew
Merice ache « nd other official documents, and epee articles em-
bodying results of investigations. Free to all parenbers @ e Garden; to
others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its fourteenth volum
North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild ae of North Amer-
ica, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned
to be completed in 34 volumes, each to ne, of four or more parts. 77
parts now issued. Su bscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of
Sank parts will be sold for $2.00 each. tNot offered in exchange.]
Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. Price to members of
the Garden, vols. I-VI, $1.50 Boop ene bie others, $3.00. Vol. VII, $2.50
to members; to others, $5.00. fe) n Annotated Catalogue of the
Flora of Montan na and the ee lowe poe Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. Vol.
a he Influence of Light and ess upon Growth and Development,
y D. acDougal. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Re-
Pon from Kreischerville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey.
Vol. he PHeet ts of ree Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart
i by No aylor.
Vol. a Includes New Myxophyceae from Porto Rico, by N. L. Gard-
Hee The Flower Behavior of fiupuecades: by A. B. Stout; Plants patlcetse
n the Amazon Valley, by H.H. Rusby; and The Flora of the Saint Eugen
Silts, by Arthur Hollick.
Brittonia. an oie oe Boranica! papers. Subscription price, $5.00 per
volume. Now in its firs
Contri tions cea An e ae York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and eepint cd
from journals other than the an ove. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol-
ume. In the fourteenth volum
Flora of the clea and ae ains of Central North America, by P. A.
Rydberg. 969 pages and 6o1 figures. Price, $5.50 postpaid.
Manual of cit Flora of the Northern States and Sanads by Nathaniel
Lord Britton. 1122 pages. Second edition, 1907. $2.5
Flora of Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton aa others. 585 pages
with 4094 text figures. 1918.
A Text-book of Seneca eneciee: by Albert Schneider. 230 pages;
76 plates. 1897.
aig of the Vicinity of New York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages. 1035.
$1
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Juty, 1935 No. 427
aay
ee ee
5
JOURNAL
OF
‘Tue New York BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE REASON BEHIND SCIENTIFIC NAMES
H. A. GLEASoN
TREES AND SHRUBS OF THE ORIENT—IV
Henry M, TEuscHER
DIRECTOR MERRILL ACCEPTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY
POSITION
THOMAS WALTER’S BOTANICAL GARDEN
Joun K. Smati
SOME OLD MASKS AND SHADOWS
Danie, T. WALDEN
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
Art Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA.
THE ScIENCE Press PRINTING COMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
I. ELECTIVE iemaipet) :
Until 1936: ArTHUR M. ANnpErson, Henry W. DE Forest (President),
Crarence Lewis, E. D. Merri (Direc: tor aad SECRELAGEM Henry DE LA Mon-
TAGNE, RED (Assistant Treasurer & Business Manager), and Lewis RurHer-
FURD
ae Aer Henry ve Forest BALDWIN (ice ores Grorce S.
Bunce yl Frick, ApocpH LewisoHn, Henry Locxwart, Jr, D. T.
MacDovceat, and JosEPH R. Swan
Until 1938: L. H. Eee AILEY, Miacers i Fretp, Mrs. Eton Huntincton
Hooker, Joun L. Merry (Vi ene ade ond Treasurer), rts Rosert H.
MontcomERY, isl Hones Phen and Raym RREY.
II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
Froretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York.
Rosert Moses, Park Commissioner.
GerorcE J. RYAN, President of the Board of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
cy E. Hazen, peneinted | hh the Torrey Botanical Club.
ARPER, SAM Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T.
Bocert, asponHtcd by Ci Ailiee| Unions
GARDEN STAFF
E. D. Merrit, Sc. D.
MarsHatt A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. D. ....0...........0006- Assistant Director
H. A. Gieason, P# ‘ead Curator
Joun K. SMALL, Pu. D., Sco es aes Chief Research Associate and Curator
‘A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Director of the Labora
Frep J. SEAvER Pu. D., Sc. D.
Bernarp O. Doce, Pu. D. oj Paula
Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ........ Supervisor of sori Education
oHN HENDLEY Baar. A. M,, M. D.. .Bibliographer ond pai Assistant
ERCY WILSON sociate Curator
Avert C, Smit, Px. D. ye ‘ociate cae
SaraH H. Hartow, A. M.
H. H. Russy, M. D.......... Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections
FLepA GRIFFITH rtist and Photographer
Rosert S. WILLIAMS Research Associate in Bryology
EXANDER .. ee Curator and Gurdior of the Local Herbarium
Harowp N. MOLDENKE, Pa Assitan¥ Curator
Crype CHANDLER, A. M Technical Assistant
RosaLiE WEIKERT Technical Asststant
Caro, H. UN teak Bs Editorial Assistant
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. i i
Henry Teuscuer, Hort. M. Dende clang
GoD. Wirrrrdc, AN Meu eit cciesete staleneletstecctit eiths sci arco ke eee ee ae
Orto DEGENER, B. S., NESS Cee Collaborator in Hawaiian Bote
Ropert HAGELSTEIN ............0+..05 Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes
ETHEL son S. PeckHaM..Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections
Wa tter S. GroESBECK Clerk and Accountant
ArTHUR J. CORBETT .............- Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
St A et
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
Vou. XXXVI
JULY, 1935 NO, 427
THE REASON BEHIND SCIENTIFIC NAMES
0 people are going to talk together on any sort of subject,
Ii
America. If you say house or mouse to a German, he will under-
stand you, for the words are just the same, to the ear, in both
languages, but i try to talk about tree erm. ree-
expert, he can not understand your English names and you can
not understand his German name You will have to get together
in a language that both can appreciate, and nly system of
naines you c fely use is what we call s ine names. This
ronounce
t ong scientific names. ike to my Saas
and rhododendrons, my iris and chrysanthemums; I like my fine
Ss and catalpa trees, but I can't learn those coal in
ames.” Then I repl
ply: “Every one of the names you have just
on is a scientific name. If — do not like Latin names, why
158
don't you call your catalpa Indian eats your rhododendron
rose-bay, your endo feverfew
“We
ll,” he answers, “most of your names are too long and too
hard to pronounce. ow let me show you my new rose, Frau
Karl Druschki.”
“My dear sir,” I say, “not one scientific name in a thousand is
hard to spell or as hard to pronounce as Frau Karl Druschki, a
all have three advantages which you can never get by usin
English names. First, they permit you to express your renee
you a great deal about the plant, even though you have never seen
it yourself.”
The inaccuracy of English names is proverbial. The word ivy
properly belongs to a European climber, often cultivated in this
country, but we have also used ti or other kinds of plants
which cling to walls or trail over the ground. ton ivy is
related to the grapes, not to the true ivy; poi y i
sumac; Kenilworth ivy is more like a snapdragon than either,
Here a ur different kinds of plants bearing t iv
To most people the word oak means a good-sized tree which
ears acorn Iso use thi te poison ivy and
even a little herbaceous plant, while the Australians also use it for
two entirely di i tree so it goes any
number of other names. The use of the names, their application
from one person to another
t be done. Names are a part of our language, and a
language can not be changed by law or proclamation. Out
159
around Lake Michigan is a rather rare species of oak, Quercus
ellipsoidalis, The Forest Service says it should be called jack
sy
=
PX}
e
y in a particular corner of your brain with all your previous
experience with oaks, and you are a wiser man than you were
before.
All scientific names are built in the same way. They invari-
e hav
magneto and kodak, aio! Seti in any way with the
spoken language of any cou
Individual plants are ee . sufficient importance to have
distinctive name—with the exception of such noted plants as the
Washington Elm or the Grizzly Giant. Names are given instead
160
o the various kinds of plants and designate all the individuals
ae to that kin
Common names, ed in ordinary speech of non-botanical per-
ssary.
e reason we use Latin, instead of Greek, or Sanskrit, or
m atin name already, which had the
n name used for y omans. e Romans, how-
ever, gene: did not distinguish the kinds of ts very care
very accurate! For le, there are several kinds
of oak in southern Europe, but the Romans had three names,
Quercus, Robur, a ex. In scientific writings, the
R
Quercus was gradually adopted for all of them, and a qualifying
phrase was added to this term to distinguish the various kinds of
oaks from each other. With the spread of interest in plants into
other parts of the world, many kinds of plants were discovered
which had no Latin names, and new names were coined for them
by the botanists. In every case the noun, which is the actual
d nds w
Thus all kinds of ae e had = name Pinus, and the one kind of
he binomial syster In this system the original noun is still
used, but ing of adjectives is replace gle wor
hile this word was often descriptive of a plant, it was seld
WwW w om
definite, that is, it did not enable one to distinguish the particular
ind of a plant. It was therefore a name rather than a definition.
161
‘o give an example of how this new mane saves words.
All
maples are named Acer. To deser. ibe the su aple sufficiently,
has
description we name it with a single word.
This binomial system is still followed, so Bi each guna
i a
aracter
f{ their acorns, bi names Quercus alba, Quercus palustris,
uercus marylandica, Quercus Michausti, and Quercus prinoides
They, like all other kinds of oak, have Quercus as the first of the
wo rds. Ti is added second word, and the whole
may be translated as white oak, s p oak, oak of Maryland,
Michaux’s oak, and oak like the chestnut-o Not one of thes
words is definitive; not one gives such information about t
he
plant that a stranger could pick out that oak from the eas
they are purely names. ‘Yet they have this advantage: all o
begin with Quercus, and a foreign botanist reading about a
can trees can at once form some idea about these plants because
Generic names are always nouns, of classical origin or con-
structed in classical form. Several sources of such names may be
recognize
1. Actu al classical names, taken directly from the Latin or
Greek languages, as Quercus, Rosa, Lilium, Populus, and Betula.
; memory of som a cae
w
et
asi
a,
a
o
=]
»
|
®
—
Q
°
2
3
®
ou
bh
fe
3
esc: ne or more roots of classi-
Pie origin and referring to some — of the plant. Most
162
these are from the Greek, as Polygonum, many joints ; Dryopteris,
woo Hee Amimophila, sand-loving; Rhododendron, rose tree.
eel names of plants, provided with a classical ending,
as ae Sassafras, and Asimina.
. Fanciful or mythological names, as Calypso, Arethusa, and
Phoeite.
Specific names | are adjectives, or nouns in the genitive case, or
nouns in appositi
Adjectival ee names must agree in gender with the
generic noun, as Amaranthus hybridus, Rosa lucida, and Acer
rubrum.
s in the genitive are mostly in commemoration of the
ith th
cc Tr ome person directly concerned h plant, as
Quercus Michauxii and Amaranthus Pa eines
names ma o be constructed as adjectives, in wl ase the
follow the gender of the generic name, as Spartina fae
0 apposi are of various origins, but frequently
r mes for the : for similar plants, a:
present plant
Verbascum Thapsus and Quercus Phellos. Sometimes aboriginal
names are used as specific names of this class
. A. GLEASON.
DIRECTOR MERRILL socest HARVARD
UNIVERSITY POSITION:
. E. D. Merrill, for the past six years Director of The New
York Botanical Garden, has accepted appointment as Professor of
b
seum, the Botanic: Garden, the Bussey Institution, and the Harvard
Forest
Ficure 1. Corylopsis pauciflora.
TREES AND SHRUBS OF THE ORIENT—IV
The genus Corylopsis belongs to the Witch-hazel family (Ha-
mamelidaceae), which is renowned for the hi
and ornamental ee that of the Hazelnuts.
e to Japan, and both were introduced into western pariens
ong ee any of the Chinese species.
165
produce flowers only on their upper branchlets, which places them
t
on these plants were killed, which seems to suggest that this spe-
cies is. somewhat more tender than C. pauciflora.
The Chinese species: Corylopsis W’ilsonii, C. sinensis, C. Veitch-
C;
e
ornament to any garden, but their hardiness needs further testing.
Especially the three last-named species appear to be worthy of
consideration.
There is, also, one more Japanese species, Corylopsis glabrescens
(C. Gotoana of Rehder’s Manual of Cultivated Trees and Shrubs),
to reach a height of 18 feet. This is the only species of the genus
which proved entirely hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.
Ficure 3. Corylopsis spicata.
166
Propagation of all enue is easily effected from seeds, but,
f them ob
tings inserted into a mixture of sand and peat in equal parts, they
will root up to one hundred per cent within eight or ten weeks.
ENRY TEUSCHER
THOMAS WALTER’S BOTANICAL GARDEN
As recently recorded, + in the second half of the eighteenth cen-
€
American Colonies, grew about the home of as Walter on the
Santee River north of Charleston, h rolina. alter’s
association with this native flora crystallized into the first manual
of the ts of a more or less definite geographic area, under the
title “Flora Caroliniana,”’ publis in I is death,
r even p'
dals broke the marble slab which marked the grave. ee tly the
Ee .
cl
n one of our visits to the site of this fone garden several in-
ing plants were found, | The Old-Word fern Pycnodoria
nee anes was growing luxuriantly. A large isolated
clump or thicket of buc eae Bumelia lycioides, stood, perhaps
where Walter had started it. Most interesting were some fine
shrubs of the rare star-anise, J. Miciwm ie ae This plant has
te
garden from down in Georgia or Florida during Walter’s residence
1 Small, J. K., Manual of the Southeastern Flora, ix. 1933
167
there. The plants were in exceptionally fine foliage on our latest
visit. other woody plants suggestive of Walter’s activities
there corr two centuries ago were in evidence
Jouw K. SMatt.
SOME OLD MASKS AND SHADOWS
A picturesque and curious period in the iconography of plants is
h
tain earlier, 18th-century, books which comprise the direct transfers
themselves.
A nature-print was nothing more than an impression taken from
y:
however, that no artist could so accurately render the exact cutting
168
of elaborately ie fern-fronds, the hairy seeds of many.com-
posites, or the delicate venation of net-veined leaves. Moreover,
the half-step of artifice demanded by the translation of the speci-
as SS . Some fin
examples are surprisingly varied in their surface color and distribu-
tion of light and dark. Some of them vividly suggest oriental
block prints.
Just when the first book of these prints appeared is not known.
The idea is simple enough to have occurred to anyone. The actual
ed pa
e ae and applied to = printing sheet. Thin inks were use
Aponts vernans. £.° 9°
Ficure 4. Adonis vernalis, from Herbier de la flore francaise by Cusin
and Ansberque.
170
nm. conspicuously veined leaves; in many examples of these, the
e of numerous
arden library, nota “Flora berolinensis” by Johann Julius
Hecke 57), consisting of two volumes containing thre n-
red often beautiful example here are Anchusas with all of
the pilose quality he stem and leaves delightfully rendered,
Ith with velvety leaves and er buds, Dianthus accented
wavi
: is Bee many prints
by the two-toned effect of overlapping
par
Another work is the four-volume ee in originali seu her-
ferns :
One example, of a frond of Osmunda regalis, reveals the veining
remarkably.
An “Icones plantarum officinalium ad vitam impressae” by
Philipp Kaspar Junghans appeared just after Martius’s treatise
Bile)
ae ae
wae
ey
Lis
zp
it
ee
Lo
se
ee
ee
i
Exe
en
LN
a
or
set
<
rs
xt
Pes
ete
ry
<
i
Panu
OX SOK
OS
SEA i ».
NY Wan it a
ond diy,
ar Kany!
es
OY
ieqiat
iba a
Sree
Cratsioe
oS oe
By SEN
5
Ke
—%
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iy
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oer ens
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we
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oe
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oe
Figure 5.
Leaf of Ficus carica, from Smith’s Specimens of Nature-Printing.
St oamtevys
Fads,
j
f
Ficure 6. Staphylinus silvestris, from the Flora berolinensis of Johann
Hecker.
173
1787). These plates have been so much retouched, however, as
to be of negligible interest from the standpoint of nature-prints.
Only the oil-stains on the reverse of the pages and the obscure out-
laces the true veins may be
seen standing out under false aia badly indicated ones.
ritzel’s “Thesaurus literaturae botanicae” lists an even dozen
e
tendent of the Ceanete a in Madras (8 The “
amining for their historical interest and for their unique expres-
sion of floral forms in graphic ornament and design.
D. T. WaLpen.
174
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE!
e June issue of The Gardeners’ Chronicle - America has an
interesting article on the origins and history of “Old-Fashioned
Roses” by Francis E. r, praising the endurance, longevity,
fragrance, and prolific bloom rdy teas, Noi limbers,
sweet-briars, French, and damask roses. In issue Cecile
Hulse Matschat writes of the “Plant Pageant in Panama” (Cana
ne, boga Island, Barro Colorado). “Chinese Garden Sub-
jects” by Charles Burr treats of Forsythia, Hamamelis, Deut-
zia, Vi and othe rubs, with some interesting fac
commercial collecting expeditions in China. traits”
ni
erett exhibits Begonia Lady Waterloo and Leucocoryne
iaoues to which latter he gives the name: Glory of the Sun
mong the wealth of material in The American Rose Manual
R
for is n the roses of north Russia. Much attention is
given to reports and articles on disease control; and a digest of
inion on n oses of the last five years is included. In the
production of novelties, the United States, Great Britain, France,
and Ge y are about equally represented with 35 varieties each
This field is further discusse J. H. Nicol merican
ose Magazine for May— Under the title, “Regionality of
the Ros r. Nicolas justifies the production apparent!
excessive number of ich are introduced into commerce
ea ear ort is quoted from the French Rose Society,
which has been conducting an annual vote on the best rose intro-
duced in the fifth previous year. vote for a 1929 variety
The 1934
ent to Mrs. Pierre S. . ue ae enue a close runner-up.
The June issue of the Journal - eas is largely concerned
with the grave present eae of soil erosion. Related topics of
unusual paper is that a “Photoperiodism in Forestry,” by
. R. Gevorkiantz and E. I. Roe, a study of light in co to
plant os rmbsphological changes, and frost and dro
resistan
1 All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found in
the Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Baie
175
Madame Lefeber, a showy new tulip of vase form and opening
J. H, MacF
to nine inches across, is presented b arland in the
ay 1st issue of Horticulture. The t issue contains a com-
prehensive survey of modern tendencies in tulip hybridizing, en-
titled ‘New Tulips in Wide Variety,” Van Bou i
The strain of Tulipa Grullemanni, a cross between T. retroflexa
and the Darwin, is especially recommended. In the same issue T
H. Evel lias an article on the difficult South African annuals,
“Venidium
x Ok Ok Ok
e Gardeners’ Chronicle of England contains an article on
nee ahlias” b: . Riding, in the May 18th issue, and an-
other on ‘Dahlias ae Outstanding Merit” in the May 25th issue.
A survey of hybridization work in lilies of many genera, from
i i Garden
1910 to 1935, includes a tribute to tout of the Gar
This and subsequent issues give full reports of t 1 Horti-
cultural Society Exhibition at Chelsea, with numerous photo-
grapl g editorial in the June 8th issue is a re’ ect 0
<
2,
nm
zz
s
2
Ps
3
oq
=
a
oO
s
p
o
=
a
ie}
ia
at
a
z,
Ss
ts)
a
ie)
DB
=)
insor
played a major part in effecting the change of English ornamental
gardening styles from the vogue of bedding plants and tende
exotics back to renewed aed A of hardy perennials and a more
naturalistic treatment of landsc:
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
w York Botanical Garden has received from The Phila-
New York, for which a gold medal was awarded. The exhibit was
described — iiucteated by Director Merrill in the Journat for
last Decem
The Sullivant Moss Society held its regular foray at the Garden
on July 2nd. Mr. R. S, Williams, former president of the Society,
176
exhibited and Hearn some of the specimens in the Garden her-
barium, and Mrs. H. N. Moldenke explained her work on the
Patellariaceae. ae Secey lunched at the Rocking Stone res-
taurant in the Zodlogical Park and afterward made a tour of the
Botanical Garden
G. W. Martin, Professor of Botany in the University of
explore sections of the island and mountain areas of Panama, the
Canal Zone, and the Santa Marta mountains in Colombia. The
expedition will be devoted to collecting Myxomycetes and Basidio-
mycetes.
Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Assistant Director, attended the goth
r. A. J. r. W.
W. Eggleston, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, - ie Departnen
of Apecaluire: student of Crataegus, etc.; Professor L. R. Jones,
of the University of Wisconsin, aa in studies a ge
ae founder and t st president was Dr. Ezr.
ogy.
Brainerd, President of ee cL. ene to a
especially through his studies of the violets.
The display planting of Hemerocallis was moved this spring
from the location established two years ago to wide borders on bot
two beds contain named clonal varieties, the third contains first
generation hybrids. The two beds on the right contain species a
wild types, indicating the ancestry of modern forms.
4 MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
Arthur M. Ander:
—*Mrs. ee ia ee
George Are
*Mrs. ity joe Jr.
ata rat Tore rete
igtens Baldwi
Prof, isles P. ‘Berkey
.K. G. Billings
George Blumenthal
Prof. Marston T. Boger
Prof. William J. eet
eorge P. Brett
*Mrs. Andrew ae
Prof. W. H. Car;
*Miss E. Mabel an
.R. Coe
Richard C. Col
rick
ee Helen C. Frick
urry Guggenheim
Edward S. Harkness
Pro: T
*Mrs. A. Barton eae
Capt. Henry B. Heylm
Mrs. Christian R. Holmes
lon H. Hooker
*Mrs. Walter Jennings
*Mrs. Delancey Kane
*§Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg
*Mrs.
t, Jr.
‘Mrs Wiliam Lockwood
r. D. T. MacDougal
De Ae Rae Mackie
s. H. Edward Manville
Edie i nal ton
Geo:
jaune Me
ae ie on aad
Dr. cil
John = ie a
*Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr.
Mills
Prof. Henry F. Osborn
Chas. Lathrop Pack
dvisory pons
lvisory Cou
£Ch
|| Secretary of the Advisory Conan
§Treasurer of the Advisory Council.
*Mrs. Augustus G. at
*Mrs, R. Par
*Mrs. Wheele
Hon. J.R
*Mrs, Herbert L. Saree
John M. Schiff
ee Arthur H. Pe
Prof. Edmund W. ay
mae Samuel Sloai
arate Strau’
Josesh R. cae
B. hayer
4 ilioye
Prof, Sam F. Trelease
*Mrs. Harold ae Turner
Felix M. Warbur;
Allen Werdwet |
Need H. Webster
‘Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder
He Nelson B. Williams
Richardson Wright
GENERAL INFORMATION
Leone of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden )
r hundred acres of beautifully flinersined land in the northern part
of Te City of NEWe en ‘k, thro Heh wich flows the Bronx River. A native
hemlock forest is of the fea tures of the trace.
Plantations vt eden of wate and introduced trees, shrubs, and
flowering plan i
Gardens, ni le a new rock Banden, he large rose garden, @ perennial —
border, small model gardens, and other types of plantings. iy
Greenhouses, containing thousands of eee plants from Anca
and aig countries.
Fl ou the year—in the spring, summer, and a
displays OF daffodils, tulips, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, water lies dahing
and chrysantheniiaey in the winter, displays of greenhouse-blooming
nts
um, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local hagos Sccersite ay within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
and th omic uses of plants; also historic microscopes.
An her! bane comprising more aa 1,700,000 specimens of American
and foreign species.
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies,
tie flora and South America, for the study and collection of the character-
isti ‘a.
Scientific Eeseateh 3 in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
beplents of plan
A library of re cal and hecten ray literature, comprising nearly
45,000 books and qanerane pamphlet
Public lectures on a great var iety of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the autumn, winter and sprin
Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical, scientific, and
el of popular, interest.
he educ: ation. et school children and the public through the above fea-
wie and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and
arden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of
New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. Applicat ‘ions for
membership are always welcome. The classes of membership
Benefactor single contribution rane!
Patron single contribution 5,000
Fellow for Life ................ single contribution 1,000
Member for Life ............... single contribution 250
Fellowship Member ............ annual fee 100
25
ace 10
e forac 25
Contributions to the Garden may be deducted nel taxable incomes. Bequests
may Be mage in the form of pecan money, or additions to the collections. The
following is approved form of beques'
I hereby hequeal’ to The New York Botanical cota incorbernisy under
the Laws of Ni ork, Chapter 285 of 1891, the
Conditional ae He be made with income payable to me or any
iceennred peneRaey "dite his or her lifetime.
Fellowships or echalaestins: either in perpetuity or limited to a definite period ;
mare be enatl ished for practical student-training in horticulture or for bi
Al. senucete for further information should be sent to
TuHeE NE OTANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, FORDHAM BRANCH P. O., NEW YORK, N. Y.
VOL. XXXVI Aveust, 1935 No. 428
: JOURNAL
OF
Tue New York BOTANICAL GARDEN
FERNS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN FLORA
Joun K. SMALL
DR. HOWE ELECTED DIRECTOR OF THE GARDEN
SOME HINTS ON NATURE PHOTOGRAPHY
Fiepa GRIFFITH
THE NIEDENZU COLLECTION
BOOK REVIEWS
H. N. MoipEeNKE
D. T. WALDEN -
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN
At Lime AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA.
THE ScIENCE Press PRINTING CoMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDE]
BOARD OF MANAGERS
ELECTIVE MANAGERS
Until ea ArtHur M. Anperson, Henry W. dE Forest (Presiden
Crarence Lewis, E. D, MERRILL (Director and Secretary), gree DE LA Mon-
TAGNE, Je (Assistant Treasurer & Business Manager), and Lewis RurHer-
cane 1937: Henry ve Forest Batpwin (Vice-president), Grorce S
Brewster, CHILDS aces AvotpH Lewisoun, Henry Locxuart, Jr, D. T.
MacDoueat, and eae R. Swan.
Until 19 . H. Battey, MarsHatt Fretp, Mrs. Exo: x Huenixcro
Hooker, Jorn L "MERRILL (ileshe en and Treasurer), Co Lt. Rosert H.
MontcomEry, H. Hoszart Porter, and RAaYM :
II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
Froretto H. LaGuarora, npiaD oh the City of New York.
Rosert Moses, Park Commissio:
Georce J. Ryan, President of ae Board of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
Tracy a Hazen, eapeintad by the Torrey Botanica) Club.
A. Harper, SAM RELEASE EEO Np W. Sinnott, and Marston T.
Bocert, appointed by ome Univer.
Gagoes STAFF
D. Merritt, Sc. R
MarsHALL x Cae Pu. De gSceD ii Mica sath Assistant Director
H. A. GLeason, Pu. > Head Curator
jens K. SMALL, Pe) SPS CHD Saealenas Chief Research Associate and Curator
A. B. Stout, Pu. D ector of the La oratories
Frep Wo SEAVER, Pu. D., ae D. Curato
Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. gis
Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ........ Supervisor of Public Education —
ee HEnveee Sapa nn A. M., i D. ... Bibliographer Bie Fe: in, Assistant —
‘eRCY WILSO: sociate Curator
ALBERT C. ane Pu. D. ‘Assia Carter
Sarau H. marae A. M.
H. H. Russy, M. D. eee voe ae een Curator of the Economic Collecans
Frepa Chane Artist and Photogra, ane
Rosert S. WILLIAMS Research eae in Br jologs
J. ALEXANDER .... aoruane Curator and Curator of the
Harotp N. Morpenxe, Px.
Crype CHANDLER, A. M.
ROSALIE eee
Carot H. Woo!
Tuomas H. Eee N. 5. Horr.
Henry TEUSCHER, Horr.
G. L. Wittrock, A. M.
Orto DEGENER, B. ne MSS iii ei Gala Colaberaisns in Hawaiian Bota
Watter S. GROESBECK
ARTHUR J. CORBETT ...............
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXXVI
AUGUST, 1935 No. 428
FERNS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN FLORA
The southeastern corner of t ited
part of the New World m
the investigator. The lust for gold
centive. Ho
States was the first
d or n
end, the individualist period began, with the usual ne and
more abundant results
e northeast. nly when
the rugge
mountains, for the m rt difficult of acc ielded next.
The part with least relief, but latest be populated by the
white man, peninsular Florida, yielded last, and its harvest was
large
n the following pages certain data are given largely to direct
attention to districts and localities that should be further investi-
177
178
gated for ferns. The present study has emphasized the fact that
after several centuries of sporadic and desultory fern-collecting
and study, we know very little about the details of fern distribu-
tion and ee nae Cans s.
region in the eastern United States made up geologically
of the oldest and the newest formations, with several inter-
pla
e area involved is relatively not large, but the great age of
i t
si
geologic time, and the vast expanse of ve recent formations
i $
branches of the plant kingdom
T
guing.
result, in part, of the writer’s studies in the ferns! of eastern
North America during a half century.
n a botanist, speaks of the southeastern
iz i
not onl nost densely populated plant area in North America,
but also the most fer m fern-clad mountain peaks
over 6 down to still more extensively fern-clad
hammocks, swamps, marshes, and ponds at or near sea-level
well as all kinds of rock exposures, there are afforded altitudes
and habitats suitable for almost any genus or species of fern c
sented in the larger herbaria is evidence of the truth . this
observation.
The boreal region of the Southeast (southern mountains, Blue
udes,
will demonstrate the validity of the above statements.
n this article the word fern is used in a broad sense to cover the
groups of fern-allies as well as the true ferns.
URE I. The shoe-string fern, Vittaria lineata, in the Deering Ham-
mock, Dade County, Florida. This is an epiphyte and shows the simplest
form of a true fern-leaf—a simple, elongate leaf resembling a shoe-string.
180
There were at least two major plant reservoirs which supplied
the areata of the ferns that now populate the southeastern
d Sta
nite : First, the crest of the Blue Ridge, which held
vegetation : reserve when a large part of theast was
submerged under a; Second, the Caribbean islands lying
now stands, which held vegetation in reserve for Florida after
its relatively recent elevation above the sea.
The nomenclatural (though scarcely the taxonomic) founda-
tion in fern literature of the present work is the “Species Plan-
um”
tar { Linnaeus, published in 1753 early treatment
of the ferns is, of course, incomplete in the matter of both genera
and species and is also decidedly unorganized. Ind Linnaeus’
them under twelve ill-defined generic headings. Moreover, Lin-
naeus knew comparatively few of these 49 species from the region
under consideration, his plants and information having come
mainly from insular and continental tropical America. It was
subsequent exploration that discovered the many tropical American
species this side of the Gulf Stream.
The following list shows the Linnaean interpretation of our
fern-plants, and also their present-day generic equivalents
1 Linnaeus was born 13/14 May, 1707, at Rashult, Smoland, Sweden.
1753, which is now accepted
as ve ae point of modern botanical nomenclatur
HN nee BARNHART
Onoclea sensibilis L.
phioglossum vulgatum L.
Ophioglossum palmatum L. = Cheiroglossa palmata (L.) Presl.
Osmunda virginiana L. = Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw.
Osmunda regalis
nda cinna ea L.
munda adiantifolia L. = Anemia adiantifolia (L.) S
Acrostichum polypodioides L = Marginaria polypodioides () Tides
Acrostichum areolatum = Lorinseria areol.
Acrostichum platyneuron L. = Aspleni platyneuron (L.) Oakes
Acrostichum ilvense = Woodsia ilvensis (L. . Br.
Acrostichum Thelyners L; = Dryopteris Thelpyteris (L.) A. Gray.
Pteris lanceolat: == Paltonium lanceolatum (L.) Presl.
Pteris caudata ‘le
Pteris lineata L. = Vittaria lineata (L.) J. E. ae
Pteris atropurpurea L. = Pellaea atropurpurea (L) Lin!
Blechnum occidentale L
Lonchites repens L. = Hypolepis repens (L.) L
Asplenium rhizophylla L. == Camptosorus Ficophyliie "hy Link.
Asplenium Scolopendrium L, = Phyllitis Scolopendrium (L.) Newm.
Asplenium serratum
Asplenium dentatum =Asplenium dentatum L.
Polypodium heterophyllum L. =Phymatodes heterophyllum (L.)
mall.
Polypodium Phyllitidis L. =Campyloneurum Phyllitidis (L.)
Presl.
Polypodium virginianum L.
Polypodium pectinatum L.
Polypodium aureum L. = Phlebodium aureum (L.) R. Br
Polypodium Pheg s L = Dryopteris Phegopteris (L.) Underw
Polypodium noveboracensis L =D. noveboracensis (L ay.
Polypodium mar; L. = Dryo s rginalis (L.) A. Gray.
Polypodium fragile L. = Cystopteris fragilis ( Bernh
Polypodium bulbiferum L. = Cystopt bulbifera (L.) Bernh
Polypodium Dryopteris L. = Dryopteris Dryopteris (L.) Fée
Adi atum
Adiantum Capillus- Veneris L.
Adiantum clavatum L. = Sphenomeris clavata (L.) Maxon.
Lycopodiu dum = Psilotum nudum (L.) Griseb.
Lycopodium clavatum L
Lycopodium rupestre L. = Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring.
Lycopodium Cia ae L.
Lycopodium apodum L. = Selaginella apoda (L.) Fernald.
182
r the Linnaean period many ferns and groups of ferns were
pee from their earlier generic associations and classed in
the fern-plants involved in more simple or natural generic concepts.
PLANT PROVINCES
Fortunately for the botanist, the fundamental geologic and phys-
e€ 1
palachian Plateaus), and are flanked by younger formations, on
the east, south and cee by the versed Coastal Plain and
also on the west by the Interior Low Plat
y early fern growth was sone eae during ex-
tensive ee in ce of the highlands and the invasion of
e sea over the lowlands.
w Plateaus h consolidated sedimentary rocks com-
posed largely of detritus eroded from the older formations
Idest vegetation of ou w
ae populated the oe and the Blue Ridge whence it spread
s new formations appeared. How many waves of vegetation there
were we do not know. Tn the final adjustment we scarcely know
which flora is the older—that of the Coastal Plain or that of the
ppalachian and Interior Low Plateaus provinces. The begin-
183
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“paeMysam sauo SnonSyU0S ay} Ul pajuasesdas osTe I1e sdDUTAOIG UsJa]sed ay} UL SUIDF 9y}
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th 18 oe 68 £6 ts tol sol
2 are T T T T T
hee anwoyeta —7T susjawoiniols Oly eee oke_~=—im
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184
nings of these floras, indeed, may have been coincident, that of the
former starting with elements from the tropics, that of the latter
with elements from the highlands.
OUTSTANDING FEATURES
Throughout our area are many minor plant regions, all interest-
ing and some celebrated as fern localities. Watersheds and river
valleys are in all o the provines:
n the Ri ranges, ridges, and peaks, ine
sees oi high plateaus. The Blue Ridge represents the m
elevated country east of the Rocky Mountains. There are man
ly very m
able oct: in Blue Ridge is the wide-spread Woodsia
a
the Piedmont the ange areas are the outcrops of igne-
ous a metamorphic rocks. nn’s Mountain in North Carolina
and Stone Mountain in Cais are well-known granite domes.
are ne valleys cut by the rivers, with ne teep rock sides often
orth Carolina and Georgia. In North Carolina, south of the
8 The rocky top of King’s Mountain is called the Pinnacle.
Usa} ANI] & JO sapelq-jeay Jo addy xajdusoa A19A ayy sMoys yueld sty} ‘oppauy pian)
“HA YIM pajsesguol “epliojy ‘puejaxey eau durems-ssaidAd & ut ‘paabyjas Suardokag ‘utaz-a0e] ayy, “€ TANDIY
. 7 AS ™~
186
town of Morganton, is a mountain range known as the South
Mountains. This area, reaching a maximum elevation of 2919 feet,
and containing cee a few small settlements at the outer edges, is
and the feed ie Plateaus have some things in common Age
c
that Phyllitis S Ae ia. far removed ie its center of abun-
dance, first appears south of New York Sta’
In the Appalachian Plateau with the oe of a dissected
Altitudes range from 500 to 3000 feet above sea-lev:
In the Interior Low Plateaus dendritic singe are obtains.
There are rich woods and swamps. In some places there are steep
bluffs along the rivers. Extensive outcrops of limestone have been
g
and small caverns are also present where interesting. ferns may be
found. It was in this province that Cheilanthes alabamensis was
discove
In the Coastal Plain, the lowest and flattest province, but very
i
ida outcrops of limestone strata in the form of cliffs, grottoes, and
187
ves. It is in the southern parts of this province that ferns are
e
fern-allies growing aly . the southeastern continental "United
ciates that in the following notes no distinction between natives
and exotics a be mentioned.
Ana lyzin this fern-assemblage from various standpoints—lati-
tude, longitude, moisture range, habitats, chemistry, and local dis-
tribution (plant a, ama following statistics, on the basis
of species, may be recorde
A. Generally distributed through the Atlantic States, ranging from Florida
to the latitude of southern Canada ...................... 17 species,
B. Typically tropical eas mostly confined to Florida ........ 79 species
C. Typically souther: rns, not tropical .............0...-000- ecies
D. Ferns with ranges intermediate between south and north extremes.
13 species.
E. eae northern ferns, ranging from Georgia to the pe of
outhern Canada cies.
F, Native be ne also occur naturally in the Old bee ree
Afri species.
G. pares hee a through their natural distribution circle ie globe.
13 species.
H. Aquatic ferns, either free-floating or anchored ............ 13 species.
I, Swamp, bog, and marsh ferns, not including epiphytes ..... 40 species.
J dor 1 erns, not including epiphytes ......... 93 species.
K. Epiphytic ferns, not including epipetric ferns .............. 26 species
L. Epipetric ferns, not including epiphytic ferns
Inhabitant acid rock, only or chiefly .................. 15 species,
Inhabitants of calcareous rocks, only or chiefly .......... 4 species
different as to kinds of rock species.
M. Owing to peculiar geological features there are sand ferns pias
ecies,
N. Ferns confined to the Coastal Plain province including the tropical.
89 species.
188
The southeastern flora has had a long history. In its area are
embraced the oldest and the youngest geologic formations. Its
fern content has been derived from two main sources; a vast and
productive tropical reservoir on the south and a limited temperate-
r
represents well over fifty per cent of that of North America north
of Mexico
Joun K. SMALL.
DR. HOWE ELECTED DIRECTOR OF THE GARDEN
t a special meeting of the Board of Managers on July 29, Dr.
Marshall Avery Howe, who has been Assistant Director of The
of this JouRNAL since 1924, was elected Director. Mr. Henry de
la Montagne, Jr., was made Assistant Director; and Dr. Henry
Allan Gleason was made Deputy Director, in addition to his posi-
tion as Head Curator. Dr. Howe has been a member of the scien-
tific staff for thirty-four years, and has seen the Garden develop
from its beginnings with the appointment of the late Dr. Nathaniel
Lord Britton as the first Director-in-Chief in 1896. The change
will be effective on October Ist
189
SOME HINTS ON NATURE PHOTOGRAPHY
Success in sees floral subjects with a small camera is
ause
sions and in pee of the print. A few ears ee when color
verichrome film, too, is a great improvement on former types, hav-
ing a fast erulson. and being more aed for amateur use
because it will stand a wide latitude of — su
f one’s camera is, of c ie frst essential.
en considering bject to be fil st tak 0 ob-
serve the intensity, direction, and distribution of light, the pattern
as it will look in nd white, the stillness of the ia pane
and the isolation of the subject against its bac me
kgrou: m
ber that the camera records not color, but ce ee i is,
dark and light.
1g!
he question most often asked is: “How much time shall I
he r
cell and registers the light, a sliding ay giving the proper time-
190
reading for the film you are using and the focus stops you have
ted c b
7 st you
of sunlight varies pees Shade in the deep woods is very differ-
ect light on all sides, Ge intensity is extreme, ni can close
your shutter down ini 1 has camera has
instead of head-on. The object should have some play of ane
and weaker light, without spotting or violence, but enough to pro
‘WS Buous ul mo paysid ysasaqur jo jurod ay} pue yyByUuNs yo uonqiysiq “1 sanoT
: 7 east Wu & a 3 Oe
at % ‘ :
Fr 2. The upper shows background out of focus, insufficient “ex-
posure, he lower shows all parts in focus, diaphragm closed down, longer
expos
Ficu The upper shows aiadations of light, depending upon selection
of ee of aa The lower shows gradations of light in a close-up, taken
with an exten:
194
duce the effect of modelling. These gradations of light are one of
the ake sources of success and a factor too often overlooked,
(Froune 3.)
mera records only planes. It is often impacibl for it
to oa or example, a single tree among many, from its
ckground; whereas the a
t
vision and sees the tree in a . A mass of small leaves will tend
a your principal object, and have it in a favorable ene
i
picture. ae IGURES I and
steady and sufficiently long for the time required for a close-up.
Ficure 4. Left, Pentstemon with a natural background. Right, the same with an artificial background.
Ficure 5. The upper shows contrast by setting background out of focus.
The lower shows contrast by background both darker and out of focus.
of out-of-focus details in the rear will probably swallow up the
~198
subjects in the foreground; and the background here will have to
be corrected.
t is a pity that more amateurs do not develop and print their
wn negatives. The sensitive emulsions of both negatives and
printing papers, and as wide range of papers available make it
ossible to ares the contrasts of the negative and to set right
minor faults.
inally, it is well to remember that good composition, quite apar rt
is in the endless possibilities of getting interesting as well as
‘sound composition.
Look through the camera ; notice what it will and will not record ;
and then adjust your instruments and subject accordingly.
FLepA GRIFFITH.
THE NIEDENZU COLLECTION |
ortant recent accession of -herbarium material has been
XC fron
tions of the Garden, and enables us to interpret more accurately
Niedenzu’s species concept in this aera family.
E. D. MERRILL.
199
BOOK REVIEWS
A FLora OF THE St. LAWRENCE BASIN
e new “Flore laurentienne” by Frére Marie-Victorin’ is a
n
m
date a in accordance with the raat Rules, although in
i y toward “lumping’
e larg on i
taxonomists will probably always differ. e line craving illus-
1 Frére Marie-Victorin, D. Sc. Flore ge 917 P 2 maps and
2800 line drawin, y Frére Alexandre, L. Se. eee a La Salle,
949 Rue Coté, eee 1035. $5.
200
trate every genus and almost every species and are well chosen to
ossary, an explana
names, and a statistical table are included in the rear of u e 90 :
ui c.
use of Actaea pachypoda for our common thick-pedicelled white
baneberry (instead of A. alba) and of Lycopodium flabelliforme
for our trailing Christmas-green (instead of L. complanatum) are
also in accordance with most recent studies.
H. N. MotpenKe.
THE BEAUTIFUL AND THE DAMNED
The latest addition to the Rural Science Series is a comprehen-
Cc
or
includes much random material, and valuable statistics on the
nscher, Walter Conrad. Weeds. 528 pp., glossary, bibliography,
a
3
=
8
2
&
-
=
3
=
p
og
x
=a
Fd
&
a
o
8
<
Fa
8
-
a
we
=i
i)
5
2
3
i)
=)
a
4
is
=
=
&
ad
8
3
g
=
a
€
‘borescens, The correct name for the American cranberry-tree is Vibur-
num trilobum Marsh.
201
origin, distribution, and increase of those wild plants which have
‘ome to
come @ a menace in mai pproximately dred
pages evoted to the characteristics, habits, reproduction,
sources, dissemination, harmful neficial effects, and trol,
of weeds. $ injurious to lawns, pastures, hay-fields, gardens,
grain fields, cranbe ogs, and rice fields en special atten
tion; and the comparative spread of different species in local areas
is conside: he ent need for community control in certain
permit in spite o es lean seed, cl
produce, clean machinery, and a lowing are the chief means
of prev chapter on chemical control gives specific
directions for the preparation, handling, and application of various
poison he present cost of herbicides prevents their general use,
d tilling remains the most effective meth e — io-
logical control is held to be dangerous, nae ge proportion
of weeds which act as hosts for fun ae . insects hav
re
resented by half as many (50) species, and the Cruciferae by 37.
The dodders have been declared noxious by the seed laws of ne
state, the Canada thistle by 37, and the quack-grass by 34.
interesting feature of this section is the large number of i
common names assigned to each species.
amazing power to heal the earth’s scars, to transform the refuse
heaps, railroad embankments, and burnt-over lands.
. T. WaLpEN.
202
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE
Discussion of erosion and related problems of the soil continues
to occupy a conspicuous place in periodicals. The editorial Es -
S
Hendrick Landegardh treats of “Influence of the Soil upon Growth
of the Plant,” with interesting graphs.
x Ok Oe
In the April-June number of The Fern Journal C. A. Weatherby
nea “A List of Varieties and Forms of the Ferns of Eastern
N When com
tion. Aberrants of commoner species of Botrychium are consid-
ered in this aa tabulation.
ea
Some outstanding popular garden articles are “When the Desert
il Hard
Blooms,” we xcellent pictures, by 1 C. Barnes, “Rose
Times in July, cFarland, in the July Flower Grower,
% s for Crevice Planting,” by Hel Webster, “Color in
the Iris Garden,” ow Weed, and “Zinnias Which Cover a
uw
Wide Range” (unsigned) in the June 15th Horticulture.
x ok OK
*
say and Waxed Paper Wrappers for Storing Cucum-
bers,” by L. R. Hawthorn, is reprinted in pamphlet form from the
: f : :
lophane retained their flavor and appearance for 30 days as com-
203
pared to less than 8 days for fruit stored in any other wrapper.
The loss of weight was greatly retarded, though a small percentage
of ae aie within a given period. It is thought that cello-
phan pers may eliminate the necessity of refrigeration for
ae this popular summer vegetable
* Ok Ok Ok
An article of related interest, “Iodized Wraps for the Preven-
tion of Rotting of Fruit,” by R. G. Tompkins in the Journal of
Pomology and Horticultural Science, Vol. 12, No. 4, indicates that
iodine-impregnated wraps will reduce the attack of molds on grapes
nd red t i i
Vv
or flavor, will reduce the rotting of apples, plums, and peaches, at
a sacrifice of appearance, and has no apparent effect on green-ripe
tomatoes.
n in om
Rhodesia, by E. G. er, in the Journal of Botany, British and
Foreign, for June
* OK OK OF
A technical article of laboratory interest, “The Visible Structure
of the Secondary Wall and its Significance in Physical an
in Petunia,” by E. Malinowski in Genetics for July. The petunia
was selected as an extreme flower type of the unstable race with
mosaic color patterns.
204
NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT
The Botanical Garden has recently received a collection of about
130 numbers (mostly 5 specimens to a number) of plants collected
r
68 numbers are of lichens, 34 of fungi, and 21 of seed-plants.
. H. A. Gleason, Head Curator, is spending two months at
the Biological Station of the University of Michigan, which is
situated on the shores of Douglas Lake, about fifteen miles south
of the Straits of Mackinac
. E. D. Merrill, Dr. F J. Seaver, and Dr. A. C. Smith are
sailing about the middie of the month to attend the 6th Tnterna-
Honolulu. Dr. Merrill has received from Hon. William Phillips,
Acting Secretary of State, an official designation as chairman of the
American delegation.
red J. Seaver, the Managing-Editor of Mycologia, an-
by request. It is the hope of the Managing-Editor that when the
aa on this endowment fund has reached sufficient proportions
may be used to defray the cost of special features of Mycologia
a cannot be met by the regular income.
An item in the will of Mrs. Mary Strong Shattuck, widow of the
late Albert R. Shattuck, bequeaths $10,000 to The New York
Botanical Garden
i
PUBLICATIONS OF
_THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes,
news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To
others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in ae thirty-sixth volume.
Mycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color otherwise; devoted to
fungi, including lichens, containing Heckities! Bail es and news and notes
of general interest. $6.00 a year; single copies $1.25 each. Now in its
twenty-seventh volume. miReR a -four Year Index volume $3.00 in paper,
$3.50 in n fa brikoid.
isonia, semi-annual, devoted exclusively to colored plates accom-
pamied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each
umber, thi yee in each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 a volume
i years). [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its eighteenth volume.
Bulletin of ie New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the
Director-in-Chief and other official ee ummenttss and oe articles em-
bodying resu mts of inyesteations. Free eh bs 11 members of he Garden; to
others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its fourteenth volum
orth American Flora. Descriptions a the wild aia of North Amer-
ica, including Greenland, the ave sel Indies, and Central America. Plann 2
e completed in 34 volum ach ta consist of four or more parts.
acta now issued. Sabechption aed; $1.50 per part; a limited number of
separate ae will be sold for cet each. [Not agers in exchan aul
Memoi The New York Botanical Garden. Price to mem
the Barden; peer I-VI, $1.50 per a yenine: to others, $3. Aa Vol. at $2. es
to members; to others, $5.00. ol. "An Annotated Catalo ng of the
Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. Vol.
II. The Influence of Light an arkness upon Growth and AP eiee
by D. T. MacDougal. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous paauerate Re-
coe from Kreischerville, aoe York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey.
Gager. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicin nity of New York, by Norman Taylor.
Vol. VI. Twentieth Anniversary of The New York PO ne Garden.
Vol. VII. ypelanes New Myxophyceae from Porto Rico, ard-
ner; The Flower Behavior of Avocados, by A. B. Stout Seer Collected
in the Wiriason Valley, by H.H. Rusby; and The Flora of the Saint Eugene
Silts, by Arthur Hollick
Brittonia. series ai a papers. Subscription price, $5.00 per
volume. Now in its first
eye ations from The ees York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted
from Pouenals.< Bue than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol-
ume. me.
Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North America, by P. A.
Rydberg. 969 pages and 601 figures. Price, $5. oe postpaid.
Manual of the Flora of the Northern States an aq Genada, by Nathaniel
0. f Bermuda, by Hatuaniel Lord Britton cod others. 585 pages
with 494 text figures. 1918.
ve Sata -book of Saga Ba renolbiey. by Albert Schneider. 230 pages;
plates
Been nts of hie Vicinity of New York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages. 1935.
Direct all orders to:
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Bronx Park, Fordham Branch P. O., New York, N. Y.
GENERAL INFORMATION
Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
are:
Four hundred acres of eae ae pelea ene in the northern part
of the City of New York, through w e Bronx River. A native
Plantations gt thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and
flowering plan
Gardens, inc ace ng a new rock garden, a large rose garden, a perennial
ea small model gardens, and other types of plantings.
enhouses, containing thousands of interesting plants from America
ae cies countries.
Flower shows throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn
displays of daffodils, tuli ips, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, water-lilies, dahlias,
and chrysa nthemums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse- bloomin ng
plants.
m, containing exhibits it fossil plants, existing plant families,
local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York,
a the economic uses of plants; also historic microscopes
n herbari rium, comprising more than 1,700,000 specimens of American
wg Leigh species. i
Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Core tend South America, for the study and collection of the character-
istic |
tne research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
Bes ats of plant life.
A library of eve and eke al literature, comprising nearly
hlet
Public lectures on great var te of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the 2 anKeea winter and sprin '
Publications on botanical subjects, ay, of technical, scientific, and __
pattly of popular, cee
The edu eatin et school children and the public through the above fea-
tures and the giving of ines information on botanical, horticultural and
el
arden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of
New York, priya Denetachens) and Mace fees. Applications for
member. ship ways welco: of embership are:
Bence enn pelos ‘contribution $25,000
Patron single contributio 5,000
Fellow; tor Lite) scnges sane nese single Ur 1,000 {
Member for Life ............... singly contribution 250 (
Fellowship Member ............ ual fee 100 ‘
Sustains uy SL Ahora eat caaal fee 25 “h
Annual, Member sac 5c-seieae ee annual fee 10
Garden Club Ree FSHipeeies annual fee for a club 25 \
Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. Bequests K
may bee made in the form of securities, money, or additions to the collections. The i
following is an approved fo eA est : {
I ade bequeath to The New York pore a Gorden incor pera under
the Laws of New York, ieee 285 of 1891, the of ‘
ae bequests may ie aay oe income ieee to donor or any
designated beneficiary during r lifetime.
Fellowships or echolarehine pai in ele ‘tuity or limited to a definite periall
may be established for practical student-training in horticulture or for botan:
ical research.
All requests for further information ae be sent to
HE NE K ANICAL GARDEN
BRONX PARK, FORDHAM BRANCH P. 0., NEW YORK, N. Y
VOL. XXXVI SEPTEMBER, 1935 No. 429
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN DAYLILIES
Stout
THE RAPID GROWTH OF THE ROYAL-PALM
Joun K. SMALL
A CURIOUS DRIED DECORATIVE
E. J. ALEXANDER
RECENT TRENDS IN SMALL GARDENS
Forman T. McLean
THE JAPANESE SHIELD FERN
D. T. WALDEN
BOOK REVIEW
H. TEuscHER
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
ERRATUM
ANNOUNCEMENT OF eet aaa AND
(OURSES OF STU:
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARD:
At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, era Pa.
THE ScIENCE Press PRINTING CoMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS
Until 1936: ArtHuR M. Anperson, Henry W. ve Forest (President),
CrareNce Lewis, E. D. MERRILL (Director and Secretary), HENRY DE LA Mon-
TAGNE, ayaa (Assistant Treasurer & Business Manager), and Lewis RUTHER-
FurD M
Until oi Henry ve Forest Batpwin (Vice-president), Grorce S.
Brewster, Cuitps Frick, AporpH LewisoHn, Henry LockHart, Jr. D. T.
MacDoveat, and JosEPH
Until 1938: L. H. Baw L Frectp, Mrs. Eton Huntincron
Hooker, Joun L. Manet) “Gicespresiden and Treasurer), Cor. Robert H.
Montcomery, H. Hopart Porter,
II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS
Froretto H. eaahiney Mayor He the City of New York.
Rosert Moses, Park Commissio
Grorce J. RYAN, President of he Gey of Education.
Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
Tracy E. Hazen, appointed a the Torrey Botanical Club.
R. A. Harper, Sam F, Trev Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T.
Bocert, ‘appointed by Columbia Untsorais,
GARDEN STAFF
D. Merritt, Sc. D. Dire
Marsuatt A. Howe, be. DENS s Dh sai ic ee arabe ieee a Diresor
H. A. Gteason, Px. D. ‘urator
Joun K. SMALL, Pu. D., SeyDiete Chief Research Associate aid Curator
‘A. B. Stour, Px. D. Director of the Laboratories
Pare J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator
Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist
Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ........ Supervisor of Public Education
Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., a D. ... Bibliographer and Adm istant
Percy WILSON ssrate “ae
ALBERT C. Se Pu. D. Assocs Cues
Saran H. Hartow, A. M. Libra’
H. H. Russy, M.D. ........ Honorary Curator of Ud eoneme Collecnons
FLepa Gains and Photographer
ROBERT? SY \WWLETAMIS yee isny ks eee Re. ee Daa in Bryology
E, J. ALEXANDER . s oteian Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium
Harotp N. Motp ENE Pu. D Assistant Curator
Ciype CHANDLER, A. M Technical Assistant
RosALig WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Caro: H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant
Tuomas H. , N. D. Horr. rticulturist
Henry TeuscHer, Horr. M. Dendrologist
irTrock, A. M. locent
Orro Decewer, B. S., M.S. .....0e eee eee Collaborator in ae. Botany
Ropert HAGELSTEIN ......s.1.20: 0:00: onorary Curator of Myxomycetes
Ernet Anson S, PeckHAm .. Honorary Curator, Iris and Novena Ce olecHan
Watter S. GroEsBEcK lerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT ............... Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXXVI SEPTEMBER, 1935 No. 429
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN DAYLILIES'
The daylilies are hardy herbaceous perennials of the Lily Fam-
ily. They are, so to speak, half-sisters of the true lilies and like
: : d
distinction between a clonal vine y and a true variety, all members
of which are pe from seed, is fundamental. The develop-
ment of horticultural clones ae eee as for many other peren-
1 From a radio talk given over Station WOR on July 12, 1935, as a part
of The New York Botanical Garden's uae to — programs of
ni e
Baas of the New Jersey State College of Ae Rutgers Uni-
rsity.
205
206
nials, consists in obtaining seedlings of merit which are then miuil-
tiplied by division
To understand the development of the cultivated daylilies, it is
ti
necessary to recall the introduction of the wild types. e native
mi e daylilies is in the temperate regions o ia—chiefi
in an, China, and Siberia. It happens that two daylilies had
ut old. s
which attests the vigor, the hardiness, and the immunity to dis-
ease which characterize the daylilies as a group and contribute
greatly to their value as garden pla
From time to time other types : dates were brought from
the Orient to Europe and America until now at least fifteen dis-
ese Ww.
hybridization and selective breeding. is certain that other wild
types remain in the Orient to be discovered, introduced into cul-
ture, and used in hybridizations in the further improvement of
the group.
It is to be noted that almost no improvement of daylilies has
a few of the hybrid daylilies now grown as garden clones
ae in the Orien
In Europe the precacion of the horticultural daylilies began
LOWERS OF THE BAGDAD
Ficure 1. In the flowers of the Bagdad ‘Dayl ily shades of orange, ful-
ous red, and madder-brown combine to give a pattern that is attractive
aad oleazing:
about 1890. Several species were being grown side by side in
date involve = the Lemo n Day and the two semi-dwart species
about 35 years—about 100 such plants had been named as horti-
208
cultural clones, and to some extent most of these were propagated
by nurserymen and grown in flower gardens. Some of these types,
L
as Luteola, Aureole, and Florham, bloom in late June and July
and welcome additions to the grou garden daylilies
ing the past ten years the interest in daylilies has greatly
increased and more attention ha en pa. e gr of
named and at least one thousand seedlings of merit have come
into existence from which selections are being made for introduc-
tion in the near future.
ow shall we evaluate the 200 clones of daylilies that have now
been named for garden culture? Many are of no special merit
There is also much diversity in the fragrance, form, size, and
shape of the flowers.
I am certain that very few of you who are listening to me have
seen the 25 or 30 daylilies that represent the range of excellent hor-
209
ticultural types. You may wish ¢ to ask how you may become ac-
quainted with them. There is descriptive literature in popular
horticultural and heat aa eae and there are the catalogs
of nurserymen. But it is always a wise procedure to see a living
Ow P $
lections are ‘ein acre in public displays in various parts o
the United Sta
e most ie collection of species, horticultural clones,
and seedlings in existence has been assembled at Yi
various daylilies and to make their own decisions regarding the
a merits of the selections that seem most desirable for cul-
"There are also at The New York Botanical Garden about 10,00
doul e of value in acquainting the general gardening public
with de: merits of the daylilies.
Most of the horticultural varieties developed in recent years
are the results of several generations of breeding. As new types
210
of wild species were obtained, the possibilities have been expanded;
and each clone, finally selected and christened, represents years
of experiment.
e report may be of interest concerning the newest develop-
ments in the breeding of daylilies and for this a few projects may
be reported which rena what is being obtained and how the
results are accomplis
There is a dwarf species scarcely a foot tall called Hemerocallis
I e
nana which grows wild in southwestern China woul m
that this plant would be a valuable subject for rock gardens but
it has not thrived under culture. cles
with a dwarf clone of the fully hardy Hemerocallis Dumortieri
a rdy dwarf hybrids have been obtained that promise to be
excellent plants a gardens. Further selective breeding is in
progress which aims to diversify this dwarf group in respect to
color, size, and faa of flowers, to increase the number of flowers
and to extend the season of bloo
€
from the wild in China proved to be a distinctly new type of
daylily. he flowers are smal. e flower ste ch branched,
the se ring is in autumn species was
named Hemerocallis multiflora, Plants of this late-flowering day-
lily were hybri ith nearly all of the other species and several
thousand seedling e obtained which give a wide range in
form, size, and color ers n the vicinity of New York
callis aurantiaca, and certain yellow-flowered types. The first
OWERS OF THE RAJAH DAYLILY
Fic he ie pattern is conspicuously eyed in a garnet-brown
with blades: of fia red, traversed by darker-colored veins, and the throat
is greenish o colors differ eee those of the Mikado da ylily.
two generations of seedlings obtained were as a rule paler than
these seedlings was named Theron. Thus a new garden class was
ese four cases are representative of the various projects
the production of new horticultural types of daylilies by hybri i.
zation and selective breeding.
e nursery trade has taken an increasing interest in daylilies.
Various dealers in the United States are now propagating certain
The newer clones are also propagated but for most of these he
212
supply of plants is limited. A rather large number of the very
best of the seedlings recently developed—such as the dwarfs,
ering es, an wi
the rosy pink flowers—now exist in single plants or as a few
divisions and it will necessarily be several years before they can
e Bia available
aylilies have sways ranked among the most dependable of
as the par
garden plants of charm. Today the daylilies are to . anked
among the most desirable of herbaceous perennials.
x Ok Ok Ok
In — to the se ivan printed above, a few state-
ts be made in:
Several other pias . sterility are found in on ‘daylilies sad ieee
are also ae
2 a oa ‘evaluation of the species. For this phase
f
an
coe “Ore of these is the Hemerocallis multiflora, mentioned
abo
e hybridization of the various species and selective
e
origin of the species, (c) inheritance of specific characters, and
(d) the development of new and improved types of value for
oe culture.
he research began and has es continued along some-
what technical botanical lines. But after a few years it became
eviden the group of daylilies preeented mel opportunities
ment a: i _in
D
5
213
sanaaae of such breeding are illustrated in the production of
ace mahogany-red or purpli sh-tinted flowers of which
1.
. Mr.
came soon thereafter but the codperation was continu
. M. Boardman and
rr and who continued the nursery which he founded.
0
1
fetta: esdlines in the same class were developed. No clone is
named or distributed except by consent of the writer.
Recently popular interest in daylilies has greatly increased.
Many requests now come to The New York Botanical Garde
for plants. As far as is possible, divisions have been taken from
he plants growing in the display garden to supply educational
ituti i i i d ieties and
bes
the latest and unnamed eiscione Requests for plants have also
* New Daylilies. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 26: 169-178. Aug. 1925.
214
come from many Seueaeten oe various members of The
Yor
pari vanes ary eas rr aoa
THE SONNY DAYLILY
Ficure 3. The habit is excellent. The flow are medium large, full,
pale yellow and firm in texture and they are videly open ie about thirty
hours. The period of bloom is in late July and early August. An o
standing plant in its class.
FLOWERS OF THE DAUNTLESS DAYLILY
Ficure 4. The colors are in pastel shades of pale yellow-orange and a
si d
f£ good form and texture. The plant stands about three feet tall and the
bend of bloom is in July.
the various classes are kept. The rest are Saree Recently
ard
out. For the present at least this has wtilized the supply of
discarded plants and there are no more available
As a partial recognition of the support given to the Garden and
216
of the interest in its work the following procedure is being con-
sidered. An attempt will be made to propagate five of the best
he ne i i
there are 25 t lants of each: tter of three to five year:
of continuous propagation. Then notice will be sent to m-
bers and oe ast one plant will be supplied to any mem
he
time, can be obtained in no other
ipti ntio:
at
Mikado, and Wau-Bun, are now in many gardens and also in the
nds - various nurserymen.
the selections which are es = cco to the trade
this autumn for the first time by the + Nursery Company are
flneted in the uae accompanyi ae this art ale ae names
given to these are ah, Dauntless, Bagdad, and Son The
photographs here farica with the brief ate fidige
the outstanding characters of these new daylilies.
Other daylilies which are to be introduced soon are as follows:
The Mipas Daytity. A robust plant with a clear and rich
orange color in the flowers.
he Patricia DayLity. A ae slightly lower in stature than
the Sonny Daylily, and also its flowers are different in shape
A
yellow.
The SERENADE Daytity. A robust plant with slender bending
scapes and flowers of crinkled and wavy petals and delicate aaa
subdued eee ae pale yellow and pale fulvous.
M
ULTIFLORA Hysrips. About fifty almost
denne sister eee are being poe asa ae to provide
for the immediate distribution of a a class of small-flowered
orange- lore daylily for ghee flowering.
The Cuenctu Dayiiry. This is a fulvous eylly from China.
It is less course, more dainty in habit of growth, and more attrac-
tive in its flower colors than any other of the fulvous daylilies
: us far obtained from the Orient, with the po ne c m1
the H. fulva rosea, which is quite different in shades as
. STO
Director of the ae
Tue New York BotanicaL GARDEN
AUGUST 15, 1935.
* See eee “Notes on New Hybrid Daylilies,” in Jour. N. Y. Bot.
Gard. 32: 25-33. 1931. “The Bijou Daylily,” Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 33
Y.
I-4. 1932. “The Soudan Daylily,” Jour. N. Y. . Gard, 33: 104-108.
1932.
217
THE RAPID GROWTH OF THE ROYAL-PALM
e fifteen native palms i in the continental United States show
TOW A
ee peal
Roystonea regia—furnishes examples of ane growth. A definite
ts is given below.
alm is native in Florida, its chief stations being in the
hi
may have been introduced there by the Florida aborigines or the
Seminole iene - one time or anothe
is palm is very accomodating as to habitats. It will grow
the mean hese with gigantic ieeaviona ese specimens
in figure 1. These palms are near the Harney River. e
larger p ver a hundred feet tall. The seeds were taken
to the eastern coast and planted along the Little R: in e€
County. ey soon sprouted and one of the seedlings developed
into the large trunk shown in fi 2. The aph of the
seedli s taken about eighteen years after the planting of
that particular see e diameter of the trunk may be calculated
watch, cin is three inches in diameter, fastened near the
This palm has become exceedingly popular as a street and orna-
mental tree in southern Florida, not only on account of its unusual
trunk and beauty of the crown, but also on account of its rapid
wth.
The base of a royal-palm still in its teens. The cimen,
abot ‘eightcen years old, was raised from se ae taken from the tallest palm
shown in Figure 1. The diameter a the trunk may be gauged by
ihreesi inch watch hanging on the trun
220
The trunk consists of a very hard cylinder several inches thick
and an interior of pit ich is exceeding] rous and ligh
when dry. Altho woody cylinder is comparatively thin,
the tallest palms easily withstand the lashi of hurricane-winds
with a velocity of ov undre fty miles an hour ran
a
account ia the royal- oe see Journal of The New York Botanical
Garden 29: 1-9, 1928
Joun K. Smatt.
ried and dyed Syngonanthus elegans, by courtesy of A.
Sakenae Podiet 110 West 86th St.
221
A CURIOUS DRIED DECORATIVE
two years ago, the writer first noticed in New York
. ese
miniature tree ornaments in the same manner that baby’s-breath
At first look, these Rowers appeared like pocket editions of the
common everlasting oo) on disproportionately lon:
slender stalks, but w ooked at more closely t the ridged stalks
place the plant as to eee and species as it did not seem very hope-
fula ee without lea
Recently, however, ee M. A. Chrysler of Rutgers Uni-
a brought to the Garden a small box of dyed flowers that had
thus solving the nystery. Since he two species are so closely
aterial.
oth are native of southern Brazil, where S. elegans is very
common, and is gathered in aoaney and sold in bunches on city
streets as everlasting (‘“‘sempreviva”).
E. J. ALEXANDER.
222
RECENT TRENDS IN SMALL GARDENS
As a representative of The New York Botanical Garden with
the group of judges in the Garden Contest sponsored by the New
eet Ww
feet d The kind of landscape developments on these and
particularly rend ae toward new developments proved
particularly interesting, both in the improvements that have been
recen’ and in the Redes deficiencies which still need
attention.
he most serious deficiency in most cases was in the maintenance
of the lawns. ost of them were well mowed and neatly kept,
but weeds had begun to grow eve hese. It was quite evident
in the best lawns that they had been kept clean by careful and tedi-
ous weeding throughout the season. This is especially true of the
h s the choi
bare ground and a covering of plants like Pachysandra, Periwinkle,
Ajuga reptans, or English Ivy, all of which are very successful in
223
most gardens. If the situation is moist enough and sheltered
from winds, ferns and other woodland plants succeed, but few of
ituat
nl
grown, and particularly in ae of ones that would give a suc-
cession of bloom through the
Apparently the recent aaa among garden writers about
pools and rock gardens has affected a great proportion of our back-
n
w of them were refreshing bits of color. But it is reasonable to
224
expect a rock garden, even in August, to have variety and attrac-
tiveness in its foliage, and this is a situation which m = well
corner of the d flower garden, but e th a definite
focal point his established the Glen oe a ete are not
grouped to make a most effective use of it.
Lest we ie upon this whole picture as a discouraging one as
seen this year, it is well to look back over the years and by com-
225
parison see what great strides have been made in arousing interest
ally learning the use of vines, shrubbery, and Saori in them.
Here is an opportunity for educational work by and for Sai
Forman T. McL
THE JAPANESE SHIELD FERN
Four specimens of an exotic fern have been growing for many
years, unprotected, in the fern garden north of the old rockery.
he n of |
umb har erns native to the New York region being
limited to scarcely more than a dozen ier species, this
foreigner should be very bigs i ou
pinnate broadly ae blades 15 to 20 inches iene on 10-inch
dark brown i
brilliant orange center. They appear close to the mid-vein, and
227
in two rows reaching up to within a half inch of the tip, of each
pinnule. The sporangia ripen in mid-July, and by August 1st the
A good companion is the familiar Motel Shield Fern, which
seems very hacia by contrast.
T
on.
Amateur Gardening Classes. The fronds grow from a terminal
crown on a thick underground creeping stem, but there has been
no increase of plants from the rhizomes.
D. T. WaLpven.
BOOK REVIEW
SOME AMERICAN TREES?
The subtitle which the ane gives to this book: “An Intimate
ati :
tgomery County, Ohio. N
lescribed in detail with excellent illustrations from photographs,
showing their habit, bark, foliage, flower, and fruit. Eight more
2 Werthner, William B. Some American ie ee 98 pp., — illus-
trated with pe graphs, Tall 8vo. Han Co. 1935. $5.00.
Available in the Library of the New York Botanical Garden.
il
—
o
228
species are mentioned in the text. Fifteen immigrant trees from
d Europe and from other parts of the States which have
ahale
grafting of ard cherries and which was found naturalized
feet given with each variety are very comprehensive
a are written in an easy and oe ase and give a great
deal of information. There are no keys the Sena of
species in this book, but at the end of the pee a of each kind
is given a summary, which the author terms Pe and
which outlines in a few words the eases characters rs. Thesi
be recommended to all those tree lovers who have no or little pre-
vious botanical training but wish to get better acquainted with our
native trees
H. TEuscHER.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
T. H. Everett attended the Annual Convention of the Na-
tional Association of Gardeners held in Pittsburgh, Aug. 20-2
Mr. Everett spoke at the Wednesday session and delivered a re-
port on the progress of the Student and Apprentice ae
Training courses which were inaugurated by The New York
tanical Garden three years ago, with the support of the National
Association of Gardeners.
229
Dr. Rafael A. Toro, ide of Botany in the University of
Porto Rico, spent some tim arden this summer. He i
specializing in the fungi of ee Ze a
The regular summer foray of The pee a Society of
America was held at Ithaca, New York, 0-23. Dr. Ber.
nard O. Dodge, See of the Society, Hie
Considerable interest was caused this August by the pruning of
the African milk bush, Euphorbia Tirucalli, which has reached a
i i he dis i €
1, and who performed a good part of the pruning, w. ain in-
fected he tree is so toxic that natives of the tropics have used
its sap for blinding their enemies and means of destroying
t
quantities of fish in small ponds
Charles Cyrus Marshall, of 2239 Tiebout Avenue, New
en am
alleen | in the high schools a ie nchildeen of the intermediate
grades were allowed to vote.
Dr. A. B. Stout attended the summer meeting of the Genetics
Society of each, which was held at Woods Hole, August 23rd
and 24th.
Drastic measures have been necessary this summer to control the
Japanese Beetle, which has infested the Bronx and lower West-
by the United States Government proved to be the most effective
combatant. In the period between July 16th and August 21st ap-
230
eae 175,000 beetles were eradicated by the traps; 32,000
addition plants were sesprayed with a strong solution of this chem-
ical
ERRATUM
nt shown in the illustration on p. 195 of the August
Journat is Blephilia ciliata, not Pentstemon, as there indicated.
AUTUMN LECTURES
Delivered in the lecture hall of the Museum Building, illustrated
by lantern slides; free to the public. urdays ;
late-comers admitted at 3:45
Sept. 7. “Wild Flowers of the Seen Dr. J. H. Barnhart, eee
Sept. 14. “Germination of Seed: Dr. Wm. Crocker, Boyce Thompson
Institute for Plant ee h.
Sept. 21. “Local Ferns,” Mr. George T. Hastings, Theodore Roosevelt
i h
Sept. 28. “Dahlias,” Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Director- es
Oct. 5. “Fall Work in the Garden,’ Mr. T. H. Ever t, Horticulturist.
Oct. 12, “Autumn Coloration,” Dr. A. B. Stout, ae of the Labora-
ories.
Oct. 19, “Mushrooms, Edible, oo and Otherwise Interesting,” Dr.
Fre ver, Curat
Oct. 26. “Fungi Sok Food Sunale ” Dr. | O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist.
Nov. 2. Why Orchids Fascinate,” Mr. Carl T. Ramsey.
. g. “Color in the Winter Garden,” Mr. Henry Teuscher, Dendrologist.
Nov. 16. “Interesting Plants of the Southeast,” Mr. E. J. Alexander,
urator of the Local Herbarium.
Nov. 23. eclemals for American Gardens,” Dr. J. E. Spingar.
Nov. 30. ater Features in the Garden,’ Mr. A. C. Pfander, Assistant
Superintendent.
231
COURSES OF STUDY OFFERED IN 1935-36
Under the supervision of Dr. Forman T. McLean
FIELD IDENTIFICATION STUDIES
. Tree and Shrub Studies. 6 sessions, Saturday mornings from
9: 30 to 12: 30, Sept. 28 to Nov. 2. Fee $6.00. Half price
H
2. Knowing s by Their Bude Bark, and Shape in Winter.
10 sessions, eee mornings from 10: 30 to 12: 30, Nov
16, 23, 30; 7, 14, 21, 1935, and Jan. 4, 11, 18, 25, 1936
Fee $6.00. Half price to New York City teacher
3. Leaves and Flowers of Trees and Shrubs in Spring ses-
sions, Saturday mornings, 9: 30, April 18 to May
30 to 12:
23, 1936. Fee $6.00. Half price to New York City
+
eachers.
Our sees Ferns and Their Allies. 6 sessions, Pa at
m., April 21 to May 26, 1936. 5.0
FALL AND WINTER GARDENING
Practical instruction and training in the handling of outdoor
plants in the fa i and management of house plants in winter.
Wednesday mornings, 9: 30 to 12: 30, at the Propagating House.
Greenhouse facilities are available during the term. 10 sessions,
ept. 25 to Nov. 27, 1935. Fee
SPRING GARDENING
Practical gardening in the greenhouse and out of doors. Plants
are started in the greenhouse, grown by members, and taken to
their own gardens in May. 10 sessions of three hours each. Fee
$25.00.
.00.
a. ea mornings, 9: 30 to 12: 30, March
oa
. Aivaeed We nesday afternoons, 1:30 4:30, March
ay 13, excluding eee al hes Show Week
in ae ch.
232
SCIENCE COURSE FOR PROFESSIONAL GARDENERS
This course deals with the sciences underlying horticulture and
thus provides instruction in the application of science to horti-
cultural practice rather than a training in gardeni It is neces-
sarily limited to properly qualified students and is designed pri-
marily for professionals, nurseryme d sts. Inaugurated
three years ago, and having the su of ie National Associ-
ation of Gardeners and of the sedeatiiae Society of New York,
t has brought together a capacity enrollment of experienced and
interested students. T t The ork Botanical Gar-
vides specialists from its staff for most of the lectures has
made it possible to keep the to students lo -
ant gardeners as well as superintendents to avail themselves of the
opportuni e fee for each se of 12 lectures is $5.00.
licants are urged to register early.
Lectures are of one hour’s duration, and are so arranged that
year course
pletion of se fu
Garden.
of
mn M.
The amea ney eee of New York, at 598 Mad
Avenue, near 58th St.
First Year
12 lectures, Systematic Botany I
12 lectures, Plant Morphology
12 lectures, Plant Physiology
12 lectures, Systematic Botany II
Second Year
12 lectures, Plant oe
12 lectures, Plant Pat! a
12 lectures, Soils and Ferhizers
12 lectures, Entomolog:
a
‘S
rthur M. Ander:
Mrs. Arthur M. sa
George Arents, Jr.
*Mrs, George Arents, Jr.
‘Vincent Astor
‘ohn W. Auchincloss
Dr, Raymond F. Bacon
oh Robert Bacon
rof, L, H. Bailey
ie James Baird
tephen Baker
ale - Forest Baldwin
Sherman Baldwin
Prof. hastes a Berkey
KG Billin
ll mes Blunt
Prof. Marston
Prof. William J. dies
ac. Colt
fis Serene W. Coombs
Charles Cur:
ool » C1. DeBevoise
ry W. de Forest
feces Delano
Rey. Dr. H. Denslow
Julian Detm:
“Mrs. Charles D. Dickey
“Mrs . John W. Draper
‘Benjamin T. Fairchild
d
*Mrs, Carl a He oe
rsh:
Tees er M. ie ae
Adrian Iselin
Pierre Ja’
*Mrs. Walter ae
*Mrs. Delancey Kan
*§Mrs. F. er Kellogg
*Mrs. Gustav E. Kiss
Clarence is
Mrs. H. E
Edgar L. Mar
George McAnen
Parker McCollester
aes ae oe ae
re on faa
*Mrs. cia tas Jr.
Mills
* Member also of the Advisory Council.
Chairman of the Advisory Council.
|| Secretary of the Advisory Council.
§Treas of the Advisory Council.
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine
Hon. ge J.R:
*Mrs. Herbert L. Lane ne
John M. Schi
*Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner
Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott
*Mrs. Samuel Sloan
John K. Small
G. Thom
bst
*Mrs. Louise Beebe c Wier
nM. Netto B ee
n Win
ees 5 Winthrop
John C. Wist
*Mrs. William HL Woodin
Richardson Wright
PUBLICATIONS OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes,
news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To
oe Io cents a co 1.00 a year. Now ip its thirty-sixth volume.
Kane inelading peers eonine technical articles and news and notes
of F
panied by ete ates ap tone of flowering plants; eight plates in each
r hief an hi
bodying results of investigations. Free to all members of the Garden; to
others, $3.00 per volume. Now e e fourteenth volum
separate os rts will be Ba a eee a [Not offered in exchange.]
mains from Kreischerville, New Y Bae - A. Hollick and E. ier Je
Vol. IV. Fe of the Rays of Radian on Plants, by Charles Stiase
Gager. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of New York, by Norman Taylor.
Vol. VI. Twentieth oe Wee of The New York eu ee Garden.
Vol. VII. ingles New xophyceae from Porto Rico, ard-
ner; The Flo Behavior of Avocados, by A. B. Stout; Plants: Col ected
in the Anan Valley, by H.H. Rusby; and The Flora of the Saint Eugene
Silts, by Arthur Hollick.
Brittonia. A series of boca papers. Subscription price, $5.00 per
volume. Now in its first
coneabane fom The es York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical papers ten by students or members of the staff, and reprinted
from Faenaley Eines than fe above, Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol-
Flora of the Prair: Band “Pl iaias of Central pice pmenes by P. A.
Rydberg. 969 pages lane 1 figures. Price, $5.50 postpaid.
Manual of the Flora of the North ern States and ‘Canada, by Nathaniel
Lord Britton. 1122 pages. Second edition, 1907.
ora of Bermuda, Pa Tee Lord Britton per others. 585 pages
? irene of General UeReroIeey. by Albert Schneider. 230 pages;
76 plates.
ae ants of the Vicinity of New York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages. 1035.
Direct all orders to:
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Bronx Park, Fordham Branch P. O., New York, N. Y.
;
VOL. XXXVI OctosErR, 1935 No. 430
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN
THE CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY IN FLORIDA
|
AN EVER-FLOWERING VIOLET
Joun K. SMALL
_ RESOLUTIONS OF THE BOARD OF MANAGERS IN ACCEPTING
THE RESIGNATION OF DIRECTOR MERRILL
HUNNEMANNIA FUMARIAEFOLIA
A SIX WEEK’S COURSE IN PRACTICAL HORTICULTURE .
_ THE DUTCH ELM-DISEASE, THE JAPANESE BEETLE, AND THE
GYPSY MOTH AT THE BOTANICAL GARDEN
Donce
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL
OTANICAL CONGRESS
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
PUBLISHED FOR THE GARD
At LIME AND GREEN STREETS, eee Pa.
THE SCIENCE Press PRINTING COMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
_ Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
/ Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
I. ELECTIVE aenenre
Until 1936: ArtHuR M. Anperson, Henry W. DE Forest Cres
Ciarence Lewis, E. D. eae ERRILL (Directo or a Se cretary), HENRY
eee Jee (Assistant Treasurer & Business Manager), and lewis RUTHER-
Uatil eu Henry ve Forest Batpwin (Vice-president), a ot ql
Brewster, CHILps Frick, AporpH LewisoHN, Henry LockHart, Jr, ;
MacDoueat, and JoserH R. Swan. i
Until 1938: L. H. Battery, MarsHatt Fierp, Mrs. Exon Huntincron — ;
Hooker, Joun L. Merritt Vicerpresiden He Treasurer), Con opeRT H,
Monrcomerry, H. Hosarr Porter, and Ray ORREY. i
II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS i
Froretto H. LaGuarnta, Mayor of the City of New York. :
RoBERT eee BEreM Commissioner. Q
a J. RYAN, President of the Board of Education.
III. POINTIVE MANAGERS
Tracy E. Hazen, orotate by the Torrey Botanical Club.
R. A. Harver, SAm_F. Trerease, Eomunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. |
Bocert, appointed by Colct ne Universi ity. a
GARDEN STAFF ye
ee HALL A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. D Director
H. A. Greason, Px. AD NRE Aue Deputy Director ane ie Curator
HENRY DE LA Montacne, Jr. ‘ant Director
Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D., Sc. D....... Chief Rescanel dssocite a Curator
A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the Laboratories
Pu. D., Sc. D. Curai a a
Bernarp O. Doncz, Px. D. mt Patholog i
Forman T. McLean, M. BY Pa Die Supervisor of Bee Edacaita i
Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M.D.. .. Bibliographer and Admin. Assistant
Percy WILSON ssociate Curator :
Avpert C. Smiru, Px. D. Ase Cras .
Saran H. Harrow, A. M. ‘arian
H. H. Russy, M.D. ........ Honorary Curator of pe reno Collen
FLepa GRIFFITH and Photographer
Rosert S. WILLIAMS sear 4 ae ssociate in Bryology
EXANDER .... Assistant Curator and Cane of the Local Herbarium
Hanoy N. Moupenx KE, Pu, D. Assistant Curator
W. Bo Cange, Pen OID iF ea ates at can Assistant Curator
CLYDE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant
RosaLie WE: Technical Assistant
Carot H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant
Tuomas H. EVERETT, N. D. Hort. Horticulturist
Henry TEUSCHER, Horr. M. Dendrologist
G. L. Wittrock, A. M. Docent
Orro Decener, B. S., M.S. ............... Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany
Ropert HAGELSTEIN ..........-..2+-00005 Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes
Etuet Anson S, PeckHAmM .. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections :
Watter S. GroEsBECK erk and Accountant
ArtHuR J. CorBETT ............... Superintendent of Buslaage and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXXVI OcTOBER, 1935 No. 430
THE CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY IN FLORIDA
o one traveling in the Andean forests can fail to be pea
paw-paw, yet every part so distinctive that the two need never be
confused.
All these Annonaceous fruits are decidedly “edible,” although
their edible properties are somewhat restricted by their peculiar
vor, which, while highly esteemed by many, is objectionable, or
summer months, when the Florida climate is shunned by most,
234
notwithstanding the fact that many sections are little less agreeable
in summer than in winter.
t seems strange that the ae of developing horticultural
products by the breeding of t trees and shrubs ot have
made daa appeal to ae -growers. The well-ripened inate of
he common paw-paw are really delicious, and the sugar-apple,
natura. lized ss om tropical America, is of the same type as, and a fair
substitute for, the famed cherimoya of Peru. Although the Flor-
i vs are generally regarded as rather too highly flavored,
at least two of nen compare favorably with our northern species,
and might rae be so improved by cultivation as to ad acceptable
commercial fru
Greatly eee in these plants, seen in the flowering stage
during the p; inter as formulating plans for securing their
fruits during the present summer, when I was surprised to learn
that at The New York nical Garden there was an almost com-
lete collection of all the Florida species, represented by separate
specimens of flowers, fruits, and seeds, as well as by herbarium
i ohn K.
wr
ae]
oO
i)
3
oO
i=]
.7
8
ones
oO
a
ict
oa
Ned
=
w
ry
wm
5
n
[=
ie
length of three or one inches and its pulp, as the English name
indicates, is very sw
e other species, es glabra L., the pond apple or alligator apple,
grows in swamp lands and is a good-sized tree. Its fruits are about
Ficure 1. The sour-sop, Annona muricata.
a half larger than the sweet-sop, mostly somewhat lop-sided and
yellowish brown when ripe. The scales of the surface are not
beaked as in the preceding
third species, 4. muricata, the sour-sop, is cultivated in Flor-
a, but there seems no reason why it should not escape and become
of { mi
natives. All belong to that division of t Le ee re car-
pels distinct, each forming in fruit a sort iat elongated berry con-
taining one or two rows of seeds, and which, if dry and dehiscent,
would be a legume or follicle. They comprise three genera, the
236
237
general character of all the fruits being typified in their largest
member, the common paw-paw of the North. These fruits, al-
g
Pityothamnus incanus (Bartram) Small, the large-flowered
paw-paw, is also known as flag paw-paw. It ranges from southern
Georgia into the northeastern counties of Florida. This is a shrub
€
paw, is the species most likely to be noted by sisitors: since it occurs
238
ie cies peninsular Florida and is liable to be found in
almost a any time during the year, though its regular season
0 many tw
flowers throughout a large part of their length. e flowers
are white or whitish, of thick and fleshy consistence, with their
parts in threes. They are from an inch to an inch and a half long
d do not expand widely. The fruit sometimes ae the length
nent and the las is dark brown. Ries seeds are light brown and
tt
paw, also of northern Florida, extends pees along the east
c i ith
e
exceptionally sweet. The seeds are very small, only 14 to 34 inch
long, obovoid, fist ak compressed and with nearly circular
aos for:
higieacs angustifolius (A. Gray) Small, the long-leaved
-paw, is a bushy species, extending from northern Florida into
Ys i)
half inch long and two thirds as broad, strongly compressed, obo-
void, the open foramen from narrowly to broadly elliptica
239
Of ae tetramerus Small there are no specimens of
fruit in the exhibition collection at the Garden. Small reports it
as a shrub one to three meters tall, irregularly branching and the
twigs red-pubescent. The fruit is more or less ellipsoid and two
to three inches long. It has been found only near the estuary of
the St. Lucie River.
The remaining genus, Deeringothamnus, was discovered by
Small on the watershed of Peace River, near Punta Gorda, in the
spring of 19: pl de its presence known to those pass-
ng by po 1 and delightful fragrance. This species,
D. pulchellus Small, the squirrel-banana, is a slender shrub wh
sends up a veral, sometimes many, erect slender and
wiry stems a foot or less high from a thick tap-root of about tt
same lengt ich has a strong licorice-like o T riferous
stems are leafless except for some leafy bracts, while the sterile
stems are abundantly le he flowers app the
t re in general circular in ou -
ish surface is usually gla s. The amount of pulp is about the
same as in in; us. Small reports the fruit as being
sweet and well flavored but rather strongly spicy. It is so greedily
ught by aa and other small animals that specimens are
difficult too
at area Rugelii (Robinson). Small, the yellow squir-
rel-banana, which occurs in northeastern Florida, is very similar to
the last but has yellow flowers. The fruit is about a half longer, is
more slender and more strongly curved. The surface is rendered
thick and contain six to eight seeds. The latter are yellow or pale
brown, shiny, 14 inch long and 34 as broad and regularly ellipsoidal.
H. H. Ruspy.
CaN
31 3aS)
‘ysay ysnsny wae}
‘I9MOHe UL JA[OLA JCOF
‘Ss
PIG MY FO JUL|:
241
AN EVER-FLOWERING VIOLET
The bird’s-foot violet (Viola pedata) delights in poor soil.
With this advantage a wide geographic range might be expected.
inati i hat pl
that with the two upper petals a dark violet. The atter plant is the
2
nificance. Naturally the leaves and flowers throughout such
e po
of names, specific (four names) and varietal (five names), ee
F :
or in large carpet-like patches
wever, an examination of the specimens in a rane herbarium
will show that plants may be found in flower in the ai
fall months. Of course, the same condition is frequently observed
opposite Fordham Hospital some fifteen years ago and may still
A herbarium specimen of the bird's-foot violet, about 1/3
natural size, collected in the very poor soil on Stone Mountain, Geo orgia,
showing about the maximum height—twelve thekes= “his plant ‘attains in
its native haunts.
survive. Specimens brought to the Garden from Massachusetts
by Mr. Alexander, in 1933, and set out in the new rock garden
flower throughout our growing seaso
243
It seems strange that a plant as showy and as easy tu grow should
e found in American gardens, not es in its aan state, but
withal a striking plant. The maximum flowers are over an inch
half wide. Atl the Gonncis are worthy of ct ey n.
Joux K. SMa tt.
eee OF THE BOARD OF MAN Rae IN
Pad THE RESIGNATION
RECTOR MERRILL
Wuereas, Dr. Elmer Drew Merrill, Director of The New York
Batarieal’ Ca since January 1, 1930, has tendered to the Board
of Managers of the os rden his — of this post, effective on
October 1, 1935, in order to accept appointment as Professor of
y and ee oe Botanical Collections at Harvard
eae therefore,
1 RESOLVED, ah = Managers of The New York Botanical
Gries that they are highly appreciative of the very efficient ser-
D dered to
ae wishes for happiness in his new field and for a most successful
continuation of his distinguished career.
244
‘wnjeiaze pue adojjolsy prepueys YM ‘pyofanipuns DINUDMAUUN LT ‘kddod dtjn} ueorxey, eq,
‘I TANOET
245
HUNNEMANNIA FUMARIAEFOLIA
During the last two years the Mexican tulip poppy ee
mannia fumariaefolia) has been used with good effect and has suc-
ceed 1 er borders at the Botanical Garden. Tt is
one of a rather limited number of plants which when raised from
seed sown e: the year can be relied upon to produce a display
the advent of killing frost. The plants grow to a height of about
tion with such subjects as heliotrope, ageratum, and Verbena
venosa.
cultivation of the Mexican tulip poppy presents no special
receptacle) in “e ae in February; later the young plants
are moved into of four-inch size without breaking the ball of
soil and the a rr are thinned out as may be necessary.
following this plan sizable specimens for planting out in the aes
are secured by the end of May and they commence to bloom about
sults are obtained by sowing the seed in the epee order about the
maintain the surface in a loose condition and when the young plants
commence to crowd each other they are thinned out so that they
stand about eight inches apart.
246
Hunnemannia neki is a sturdy subject and does not re-
upport e
off just as soon as the petals fall. As a cut flower the Mexican
poppy is superior to most of its relatives the flowers remain in
good condition for two or three days in wa
T. H. Everett.
A SIX WEEKS’ COURSE IN PRACTICAL
HORTICULTURE
he course in practical horticulture and garden problems which
was inaugurated last winter at White Plains will be repeated this
an. T'
sieee be Everett, and will be illustrated by specially prepared
lantern slides
The class wil meet every Wednesday at 8:30 p. m. for six
s lecture Saas by
° m
an delegate oe e representatives to atten n early notifica-
tion by card to ew York Botanical Garden from those mem-
bers who pee to are the course will greatly facilitate making
accommodations.
e topics covered will be: Soil Preparation, considering espe-
cal mixed border of about seventy-five specified annuals and per-
ennials.
247
e of the functions of the course will be to enable members of
ble:
courses offered to the full value of their membership fee. This
course in Gardening practice, however, is given as an additional
service without deduction from membership credit.
THE SITUATION REGARDING DUTCH ELM-DISEASE,
APANESE BEETLE, AND THE GYPSY
MOTH AT THE BOTANICAL GARDEN
Tue Dutcu ELM-DISEASE
have about nine hundred elm trees in The New York Botan-
urally interested in knowing what progress is being made in th
c elm-disease, whic s first fo in this
vicinity in 193 ecause one sees little about the disease in the
offices of the F d orl tate h ae ers in
the County Building in White Plains, he will find, however, thai
this is not th ere is a real fight going on against the dis-
eas nkin, in charge of the s orces, is con-
cerned primarily with control measures and he directs the destruc-
tio iseased trees and other sanitary measures 0
Wooton, representing the Department of Agriculture in this
large maps of h of the regions being s
scouted covers about one hundred and fifty square miles, divided
into seventy-four survey areas. Every diseased elm i resented
a pin stuck in the map so that one can readily see from the map
the extent ae the infection in any locality.
‘out sees a branch ae a wilted condition he climbs
the tree, no cane how high it is, crawls out on the large limbs and
248
cuts off the branch. We do not realize the dangers | these scouts
y
either dead or dying from other causes and would thus serve as
waenes as for the elm bark beetle, which is the main carrier
of the ase.
Dr. oe kin informs me that at the close of the year 1934, tl
disease was found to be prevalent in the area within thirty ae
in 1935 over the aan found in ee The results of their sur-
veys show that ble surveys were made such expected
rate of increase was reduced to one-third, indicating that on the
whole the control measures see: be giving good results
was an increase from 117 to 470. These increases were probably
due to the very much more thorough inspection in 1
249
It will take two or three more years before it can be known defi-
tely whether the forces now at work will eventually succeed in
no time to be parsimonious, aa in personnel or in financial as-
sistance, if our elms are to be
THE JAPANESE BEETLE
ny of us recall how, seven or eight years ago, Mrs. Britton
began bringing over to the Museum Building pint cans filled with
Japanese beetles which she had picked from roses and grapes in
her own and in her neighbors’ gardens. To make sure that none
ting rid of the common rose bug. e never understood what spe-
cial dispensation was preventing the beetles from crossing the rail-
road s and i ing the Botanical Garden two blocks away
For several years only a few stray beetles were found in our
grounds at the time they were so numerous and destructive a few
nee away.
own Asiatic garden beetle, however, had become rather
eas by 1932. In sev veral places the lawns were being de-
t
i . S. Dep
ment of Agriculture, we set up twenty beetle traps baited with
250
geraniol. The rose garden is isolated in such a way that there was
little danger of ee in more beetles from the outside than we
caught in the trap:
Several ae square feet of lawn back of the Museum
the larvae, were also treated with the arsenate in 193. e bene-
ficial effects of this treatment could be seen this summer uring
the hot days of July, as one walke ss the untreated areas, he
a
er O
sassafras trees, certain cherries, and lindens were ey the on!
trees that were to their liking. The common Polygonum also
served very well for their food. All such trees a any shrubs and
251
annuals attacked were sprayed two or three times with arsenate of
of water, to w. wa. added one pint of fish oil to mak
arsenate spread out more evenly and stick to the foliage longer
inseed oil may be used if the cheaper fish oil is no a
the lawn with lead arsenate as noted a b
spraying infested plants with the same poison, by trapping, and by
hand-picking from roses and other valuable flowers, we w if
eral done work on the problem do not ad-
vise individuals in cities to use traps unless there is a heavy infes-
tation and the neighbors codperate using tra Man:
0
this way one is in danger of increasing rather than ae the
number of beetles in his garden.
Federal forces are still trying to find parasites that will attack
~
1779
Eg
a
oO
oO
g
77]
o
=]
faa
3°
a
Oo
&
ice
iv]
a
iy
3
oS
s
uy
2
ak
is)
a
FS)
a
oO
onal
i)
i=
Il be necessary to confine using the makeshift methods of con-
ie described abov:
Tue Gypsy Motu
The Japanese beetle may give us serious trouble for some years
tocome. It is good to know that there are many ornamental plants
i e Dutch i
saa se oth work. The reader will find in this
cIntyre, H. L. psy Moth Control in New York State. Jour. N. Y.
ae Gard. 36: 69-73, 7 I. 1935. (Copies of this article are available.)
252
paper an illustrated account of the life history of the insect, a re-
0
thousand feet of pressure hose were necessary t ome o
the trees. So well was the arsenate applied i nae foie
months later, many leaves show the poison.
Members of our institution may rest assured that a more thor-
ough job of protecting our trees against the Gypsy Moth could not
be desired.
B. O. Donce.
253
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL
BOTANICAL CONGRESS
The Sixth Assembly of the International Botanical Congress
convened at Amsterdam, September 2-7. Nearly one thousand
delegates from fifty countries attended, somewhat fewer than those
tional meetings were held under the headi of Agronomy, Ge-
netics, Geobotany, Ecol Phytogeography-Morp! -
colo; nd Bacteriology, Phytopathology, Paleobotany, Plant
Physiology, and Taxo and Nomenclature. Re pro-
als were mitted by each of the respective secti
ni pers were read at these meetings final plenary
session resolutions were passed urging the codperation of govern-
ments throughout the world in peas oo plant re-
serves ay for plant protection on a large s
the more signific cant undertakings oe the Congress, at
s
use pl es, notwi ding changes in nomenclature that
may y scientists within that per is is carryin;
the effectiveness of he nternational Co step farthe i
«A feature of the Congress was the numerous special excursions
to historical institutions, gardens, laboratories, and national or
commercial projects of related interest, including the Leyden
otanical
roningen, the University and Botanical Labor at Utrecht,
the Institute for Sugar Beet Culture, and the Laboratory of the
nalts i I ry. The “polders,” or reclaimed areas,
b ust Cc
in the section which was formerly the Zuyder Zee, were visited by
254
many delegates, and offered an impressive testimony to the achieve-
ments of the scientists and engineers and agrarians of the Nether-
lands.
. D. MERRILL,
President of the Section on Taxonomy.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
At a meeting of the International Union of Biological Sciences
ix!
. M y
president, succeeding Dr. A. C. evar, of Gaede University.
Miscellaneous gifts to the garden from numerous friends
Sale eee s from ema 15 to September 30, not adede
xchanges, are as follow
3242 living plants
939 bulbs
390 packets of seeds
books and manuscripts
5554 herbarium specimens
In addition several hundred reprints were received from numer-
ous correspondents for the library and for clipping.
r. B. O. Dodge, President of the Mycological Society of Amer-
ica, and Mr. Robert Hagelstein, Honorary Curator of Myxomy-
cetes at the Botanical ae attended the summer foray of the
Mycological Society at Ithac Y., August 20-23. Dr. Dodg
gave a talk on breeding pink anne mould, exhibited about a hun-
local flora. The meeting was held in the Department es is
of Cornell University, where every facility for exhibition purposes
was provided. Through the efforts of Dr. John Dearness, Vice-
255
President of the Society, and of Professors H. M. Fitzpatrick and
H. H. Whetzel, the foray was very successful.
Dr. A. B. Stout spent the early part of September at Rumford,
Me, ee a survey and evaluation of the work done in hybridizing
tout spoke at t
nae Te esiae panes on the subject of recent developments in
seedless grapes.
Dr. William ee s lecture on the “Germination of Seeds,”
b t
u €
artificial forcing and control and revealed facts of surprising in-
terest to the uninitiated.
Mrs. Regina Jais, a member of the Garden, received the Silver
Medal in the New York Herald-Tribune Yard and Garden Con-
ais’ is a series of terraces on the roof of a art-
ment building in mid-town Manhattan es the other results
her all-summer care were fifty ears of co ood crop 0
ag
elaware grapes, egenu of Dr. Van Fleet roses, and excellent
long-stemmed annual asters
The following visitors have registered in the library during the
summer: Prof. M. L. Fernald, Dr. Lyman B. Smith, Messrs. Mil-
ton Hopkins, and C. A. Weatherby, was Mass.; Dr. Alfred
D
Andrews, Miss Sarah C. Dyal, and Messrs. Stewart H. Burnham,
L. M. Black, and E. W. Lyle, Ithaca, N. Y.; Miss Marjorie E.
256
Swift, Princeton, N. J.; Messrs. Egbert H. Walker, E. P. Killip,
and Jason R. Swallen, Washington, D. C.; Mr. J. Hershel Stone,
Pittsburgh, Pa.; Mr. and Mrs. G. M. Bahrt, Orlando, Fla.; Dr.
W. #H. Pp. i
Dallas, Tex.; Prof. W. L. Jepson, Berkeley, Cal.; Dr. E. B. Cope-
land, Chico, Cal.; Dr. Albert W. Herre, Stanford University,
Cal.; Dr. Lyman oe Bakersfield, Cal.; Prof. P. A. Munz,
Clareniont: Cal.; Prof. C. D. Howe, Toronto, Can.; Dr. Rafael A.
Toro, San Juan, P. R.; Sefior Martin Cardenas, La Paz, Bolivia.;
r. C. P. Sideris, Honolulu . H.; Mr. Adriano Buzzati- Teer,
Mitano, Italy ; and Mr. B. Sen, Calcutta, India.
Dr. Woon-Young Chun, Director of the Botanical Institute at
Sun Yatsen University, Canton, China, was a visitor at the Garden
and a guest of Dr. Merrill during the last days of September.
Dr. and Mrs. H. N. Moldenke sailed on October 3rd for a year’s
sojourn in Europe. They will make their headquarters at the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, where Dr. Moldenke will continue
his studies of the Verbenaceae. Dr. enke was awarded a
National Research Council Fellowship in the Biological Sciences
for ae udy, i rk will t im to France, tria,
Bin
PUBLICATIONS OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Journal of The New York Boenical Garden, monthly, containing notes,
news, and non-technical a rticles. Free to members of the Garden. To
others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its thirty-sixth volume.
ycologia, bimonthly, At ied in color and otherwise; devoted to
fungi, including lichens, containing t tachnbea articles and news and notes
of general interest. $6.00 a year; single copies $1.25 each Now in its
twenty- cen volume. Twenty-four Year Index volume $3.00 in paper,
3.5 50 in fabrikoi
Director-in-Chief and other official documents, a nd teens articles em-
bodying lala ot Bare ser ons. Free to all members ont e Garden; to
others, $3.00 p Now in its fourteenth volu
orth Ame: Hea) Hee Descriptions of the wild Bin of North Amer-
ay Facluding Greenland, the West Indies, and rant rah America. Planned
o be completed in 34 volumes, each to consist of f
Bie now issued. Shhecaption : pee $1.50 per eee i limited number of
separate parts will be sold for ae each. [Not offered in exchange.]
Memoirs of The New Yor! Price t mbers of
the Garden, vols. I-VI, wa 50 per Goines: to others, Ae Vol. VII, $2.50
to mem mbers; to others, aera Vol. I. An An notated Catelogue of the
Flora of Montana anal the Yellowstone Park, by Per Rydberg. Vol.
( by The Influence of Light and Darieness upon cider pe iro Re
Gager. ol. v. ora of the Vicon of otc ee , by Norman Taylor.
ner; The Flower Behavior of Se ase age Bo siade! Plants Collected
in the Amazon Walley, y H.H. Rusby; sed The Flora of the Saint Eugene
i ur Hollick.
Brittonia. A series of hatrieal papers. Subscription price, $5.00 per
volume. Now in its first v
Contributions from The Nee York Botanical Garden. A series of tech-
nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted
from journals other than the a ore: Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol-
7:
Wy ‘a of Bermud: Paes Bathanic! Lord Britton and. others. 585 pages
; Reith hoa text Bours.
‘a ‘ext-book of Pass eiciegy, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages;
76 plates. 1897.
- Plants of the Vicinity of New York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages. 1935.
1,
Direct all orders to:
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
Bronx Park, Fordham Branch P. O., New York, N. Y.
GENERAL INFORMATION
lagen of the leading features of The New York Botanical Gang
hundred Beres et Deaundllad cies ene ifane in the northern be
of fee ‘City of New hrough e Bronx River. A nativ
hemlock forest is ae oe ae ee te hel ee
Plantations hy thousands of native and cates trees, shrubs, and
ane i
Beas ng a new rock garden, a large rose garden, a perennial
fardes PTL sHodel gardens, and other types of plantings.
enhouses, contaming thousands of interesting plants from America —
Gre
ong freien countrie
Flower shows eee the year—in the spring, summer, and autum
displays of daffodils, tu lips, lilacs, irises, peonies, roses, water tiee! dahlias,
ane cae sant themums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse-blooming
plants.
A im, contain exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
eel ple oceureiney in one hundred miles of the ey of New York,
ps mic u Bs plants; also historic microsc
COpes,
n he rbari sa concn more than 1,700,000 seeaneng of American
aa MoReon species.
xploration in different parts of the United States, the Wes
Central a and South America, for the study and collection of the Se
ent’ tee cent in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
Sci
aopleees of pl
A library of botanical and hordes literature, comprising nearly
45,000 books and numerous pamphlet
Public lectures on a great vaaeee of botanical topics, continuing
throughout the autumn, winter and sprin
Publications on botanical subjects, aa of technical, scientific, and
pee of popular, interest.
he education of school children and the public through the above fea-
ae and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and
The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of
New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. ‘Applications for
membership are always welcome. The classes of membe
B ingle contribution sare
atron single contributio
Fellow Toifiel): jertelsn aie dinients single contribution I,
Member for Qitein ewes see single contribution 250
Fellowship Member ............ annu 100
Sustai Member ............ annual fe 25
Annual Member .......... Aryans aun fee
Garden Club peo ek Saas oid annual fee for a club
Contributions to the Garden y be Eis aaes from taxable incomes. Ba
may be made in the form of eauaitted! money, or additions to the collections, The
following is an approved form of bequest :
I hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incordorai under
the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of
Conditional bequests may be made with income payable to donor or any
designated beneficiary during his or her lifetime.
Fello wships or scholarships either in perpetuity or limited to a definite period
may be Midi ished for practical student-training in horticulture or for botan-
ical res
All nea for further ee should be sent to
N K BOTANICAL GARDE
BRONX PARK, eae Tee CH P. O., NEW YORK, N. Y.
See et
OL. XXXVI Novemper, 1935 No. 431
JOURNAL
OF
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
A BACTERIAL DISEASE OF DELPHINIUM AJACIS
B. O. DopcEe
REMARKABLE VITALITY AMONG PALMS
0 i
IT PAID TO TREAT THE LAWNS
A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE
oc H. Woopwarp
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
' PUBLISHED FOR THE GARD!
At Lime anp GREEN STREETS, yen ee Pa.
THE SCIENCE Press PRINTING CoMPANY
Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter.
Innual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents
Free to members of the Garden
THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOARD OF MANAGERS
I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS
Until 1936: ArtHuR M. Anperson, Henry W. bE Forest. (President),
Crarence Lewis, E. D. MERRILL (Secre ta Ail Henry DE LA Montacne, Jr.
(Assistant Treasurer), and Lewis RUTHERFURD RI
Until 1937: Henry pve Forest BALDWIN Cieeaienn GroneE S.
Brewster, CHILDS dee? ADOLPH LewisouN, Henry Locxuart, Jr, D. T.
MacDoucat, and JosEP W.
Until 1 pat te Ht AILEY, Roscoe L Fretp, Mrs. Eton Huntinctron
Hooker, Jou MERRILL ( Vice-president ie Treasurer), Ga Rosert H.
MontcomERy, ME “Hopart Porter, and Ray ‘TORRE
II. EX-OFFICIO MANAG ERS
Froretto H. LaGuaroia, Meyer of the City of New York.
OBERT Wes Park Commissio
GEoRGE J. eal President of the "Board of Education.
III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS
Tracy E. Hazen, appomied, by the Torrey Botanical Club.
R. A. Harper, SAm F. TreLease, EDMUND INNOTT, and Marston T.
Bocert, appointed by Columbia Universi ity.
GARDEN STAFF
MarsHatt A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. D.
H. A. Greason, Pu. D. .............000+ Deputy Director bee Head Curator
HENRY DE LA Monraane, ae ssistant Die Hs
Joun K. Smatt, Px. D, S (oh) DNA Chief Research Pee ate and Cur
A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the La horace
Frep J. SEAver, PH. a Sc. D. Curator
Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. Plant Pathologist
Forman T. McLean, M. F, i223: 0 Dane Supervisor of Public Educee
JoHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M.D.. .. Bibliographer and rea Assistan
Percy WILson Associate Canin
Auzert C. SmitH, Px. D. Associate Curator
SaraH H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian
H. H. Russy, M. Dy eas Honorary Curator of ie Prana Collections
eee GRIFFITH and Photographer
ERT S, WILLIAM een pe ciate in Bryology
. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Ce of he: Local Herbaniin
Harorp N. MOEN Pu. Assistant Curator
W. H. Camp, Pu. D. Assistant Curator
Crype CHANoLER, A. M. Technical Assistant
RosALie WEIKERT Technical Assistant
Caro, H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Ae
Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. Horticulturist
Henry TEUSCHER, Horr. M. Dendrologist
Gan: Were ock, A. M. locen
Orro Decener, B.S. M.S. .......0.00000. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botan
RoBertT Aca eaaint BAUR Sea EWA GS HAL Red ee Curator of Myxomycetes
Ere Anson S. PeckHam .. Hi "y s and Neca Collections
Wa tter S. GROESBECK lerk and Accountant
ARTHUR J. CORBETT .............-. Superintendent of Budaings and Grounds
JOURNAL
OF
The New York Botanical Garden
VoL. XXXVI NovEMBER, 1935 No. 431
A BACTERIAL DISEASE OF DELPHINIUM AJACIS
Some time in July this year the writer’s attention was directed
These stunted plants were then an a few inches tall. w ever
recovered from the disease, which eae worked ine whward
nearly to the base. Such ee nts were pulled out and destroyed but
pre
URE I shows two es plants with tops somewhat black-
ae or discolored with a soft, rather foul-smelling rot. When
a
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o
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wn
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o
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is)
s
'g
P'
loch? in connection with her studies of Bacterium marginatum, the
scab disease of gladioli
2 So L. A bacterial blight of Gladioli. Jour. Agr. Research 27:
225-229. 19.
257
25%
258
t was seen that we were eo to lose all of the plants in this
cis. A
Ficure 1. Two plants of pee Ajacis infected with a rather foul-
smelling bacterial disease. The tips of the stems were qaesiceed brownish
b e sof hae y.
region and the surrounding softer tissues. The stems have been split open
to show the blackening of the infected tissues.
At the left, top of a plant, the main axis of which had been
Fic e
killed. ne ‘the right, a plant much stunted, Me Le sue dead from the soft
rot, the pith somewhat blackened in streaks
260
fected soon after. Bordeaux mixture has also been recommended
to help control delphinium “blacks.” If the bacteria causing the
accel described here enter the plants through either the stomata
water pores, a covering with Bordeaux mixture would help to
preven its spreading.
. F. D. Chester, of our laboratory, and Miss Lucia McCul-
lo “a of the office of diseases of ornamentals, United States De-
soil. It is a local spot-disease = not at all inclined to be systemic
even when it is found on the stem
The sclerotium or root-rot acess which attacks the feeding
roots and later the main roots and base of the stems, can also
readily be distinguished.
B. O. Dopce.
2 Bryan, M. K. Bacterial leafspot of Delphinium, Jour. Agr. Research
28: 261-269. 1
8 Gregory, C. T. and Davis, J. J. Common garden pests, what they are
and how to control them. 1-150. 1928, Published by Better Homes and
Gardens, Des Moines, Towa.
4 White, R. P. Diseases of ornamental plants. New Jersey Agr. Exp.
Sta. Cire, "226: 1-98.
261
REMARKABLE VITALITY AMONG PALMS
(CapBaGE-TREE AND RoyaL-PaLm)
Plants are wasteful in many Mee They often produce vast
numbers of leaves, flowers, and fruits, apparently far in excess of
what is nena for erent replacement and distribution. There
are, doubtless or this apparent prodigality.
In fact, indications pointing to possible reasons for the excess pro-
duction of tissues and organs are sometimes apparently discernible.
i the a
g
specimen, the other of a cultivated one.
The plant shown in Ficure 1 is growing on rock in Royal Palm
Ficure 1. In Royal Palm Hammock, Dade County, Florida. A small
cabbage-tree—Sabal Palmetio—growing on plate rock. Fire some years
ee had Durace part of ihe base 2 ee ag and pret parts, but par-
cularly a section of the trunk nea own. With all this tissue gone,
oe tree still. thrived,
Ficure 2. A close view of the section of the palm trunk, show e
car. The mosses and lichens in and about the scar attest that the ce
vas not of recent occurrence—but perhaps a half century ago.
af, Wee ese sae ee er
264
Hammock, Dade County, Florida. A fire many years ago burne d
by the fire. A certain amount of burning is also evident at the
base of the trunk.
The cabbage- tree is often planted along roads in the country and
gnawing insects’ had been at work reducing the trunk for a long
time. When the photograph was taken scarcely one third of the
diameter of the trunk remained, still the crown of leaves was in
F
trunk was left to nourish and support the crown of many leaves.
o much for the stem-system. The root-system is sometimes
interesting. The royal-palm (Roystonea regia) is not as versatile
s the cabbage-tree in the matter of habitat, but its Serer hie
f i How
r r
least brackish water with the salt-saturation requisite for growth
of the mangrove and oyster.
Among various examples of the excessive ee ie roots,
Ficures 5 and 6 show graphically a case in point. In Frcure 6 the
1“The only insect that I might consider capable - causing such ai
amount of destruction is the palm-borer in its larval stage. This oe
large beetle of the weevil family is not rare in Florida.”—SiGMUND
GRAENICHER.
265
Fic On a street in Crystal River, Florida. A cabbage tree—Sabal
Palm pies ice funk has been pte horougaly eaten ay by palm-
borers. About two-thirds of the trunk a age tena see when the photo
was taken, and the work of destruction still in progress. The trunk
was protected from mechanical injury by a cae but the insects got in their
ion of the trunk of the cabbage-tree shown in FIGURE 3.
Ficure 4. A sect
The ex: iene damage to the daidetee of “he trunk did not have any detri-
mental effect on the large crown of leaves.
267.
upper part of the trunk of a royal-palm felled by hurricane winds
may be seen. This specimen is in Royal Palm Hammock, not far
local habit of living, to be explained presently, in relation to their
imals,
ty
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wn
fo)
a
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sy
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=
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a
9
5
a
e royal-palm is a rapid grower and produces an amazing
amount of tissue—stem, leaves, ferrule, and blades, flowers, and
fruits—from apparently very little nourishment. With little or no
s
the growth of the plant. Thus the palm grows largely and not so
indirectly by eating itself, and may prosper to tower high above its
broad-leaved hammock associates.
s these palms rise many feet above the hammock roof they are
e
only a small percentage to continue feeding the massive plant. Nat-
“leg
[euoneN sepeys1oaq oy} UT MOU ST IIe SIYT, ‘[[B} J8az OO 13A0 SEM 3dI} SIY], ‘SPI J82Jz OI JNOGe SI s}OO1 Jo HsIp
ayL “Siimiy pue ‘s1omoy ‘saaval wayyey Jo Sanss1} ayy wWoaz (Aeme paynd atey) yuNs} oy} FO aseq ay} }e Payesio Buq
snumy pue Snuiny 94} OUT puke yYD0I ay} UO AyjeyuOzI1oYy Jno peards sjoor syT, “YyI0I-9}e[d uO Burmois st wyed ayy,
‘eplopyy ‘Ajunoy speq ‘ypowumepy wyeg jekoy ur—oibai vauojsCoy—ured-jesor |[e1 @ JO aseq ayy “S aun
Ficure 6. The upper part of a fallen royal-palm. In storms ee tall
Sain with little grip on the plate as topple over just as toy trees with
flat, disk-like bases, at the sae on X Pos: the root-system to the air,
except for the few roots aide “Telt in contact with the rock. As
e seen in the print, the horizontal tip of the crown gradually curved
toward | into an erect position, and leaves, flowers, and fruits continued to
grow.
270
rally, new roots began to form in company with those not pulled
ever, sufficient nourishment was provided to develop the inflor-
escenice whic shown in immature form just below the ferrules
of ee leaves
From the foregoing examples it seems that palms make certain
tissues in excess of their needs under ordinary and extraordinary
circumstances.
Joun K. Smatt.
IT PAID TO TREAT THE LAWNS
Since the note on Japanese beetles in the October JouRNAL was
written,’ additional information on the subject has been literally
There is no denying the conclusion that it paid to treat the lawns,
and it seems apparent that it is now time to give them another
n
treatment.
pril, 1932, in codperation with Mr. H. C. Hallock, of the
ris, 193 5, the fourth autumn season since the arse-
Dodge, B. O. e Situation Regarding Dutch Elm-disease, the Japa-
nese Beetle, and the psy Moth at The Polanieal Garden. 36: 247-252.
270
nate: was sib Sae applied, 54 sample diggings were made to de-
ai
untreated strips and elsewhere in the nei was correlated
in any w the arsenate treatment. It seen that. whe
the beetles-had not been killed and hence had a the good
grass, crab-gra taken its place in abundance
s ha
following table gives the number of larvae in the eighteen
sample diggings along each of the three lines across the lawn.
to lbs. 15 lbs. untreated 10 lbs. 15 Ibs. untreated
5, 0, 0 0,0,0, 75, 0%, 63 0, 2,0 — 0, 0, TOP 77, 68, 60
6, 1,2 5, 5, 53,80, 67 1,10 1,2 0 0%, 0, 2
9
5.5, 0 0, 3,9 30, 38, 66 0, 3, 0 0,1, 0 61, 66, 74
cation of this digging happened to be a spot where wea was
b6_This reas was practically on the line separating | the untreated from
the treated strips.
h iid in the untreated strip here showed o
nee This is no’ doubt due to the very dry soil near a ees oe.
where eggs ar ee e laid.
-a_In corner under a small maple tree.
It is clear from the data that the treatment was very effective
The presence of a few larvae in th ed stri ight indicate
that it is about time to make another appli n. Ten sample dig-
gings made in nearby untreated lawns gave an ave of 58 lar
for each cubic foo n 193 n the sample diggings w ig
s now the case, the Japanese beetle larvae predominating.
.A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE*
The latest publication in that excellent project of reproducing
important original botanical papers in facsimile is “Miscellaneous
Pa a rs Regarding Japanese Plants,” by C. P. . Thun-
All publications mentioned here—and many other be found in
i library of The New York Boianeal Garden, in the Dice Building.
272
berg’s “Flora Japonica” has already appeared through this same
Japanese firm, Shokubutsu Bunken, Kanko-Kai, Tokyo. he
present volume includes a collection of scattered theses with illus-
trations, giving technical descriptions of the native flor.
Grasses and other plants brought from Asia to use on the Great
Plains of North America to prevent erosion are now bein;
planted had previously been denuded by forest fires.
A biogr: aphy and critical estimate of the work of Hugo de Vries,
cell mechanics, eagnied a method for determining neta
subs i
action of osmotic oabanes in living cells. A siblionanhy of his
works is appende
x ok OK OX
Several unusually interesting articles on ferns are featured in
lossum,
cultural Magazine for April, Edith A. Roberts writes a well-illus-
trated article on “American Ferns: How to Grow and Use Them
273
Maps are included, showing the distribution of ferns in the Unite
States. e Tokyo Botanical Magazine for June describes and
pictures chitiees species ens varieties of Dryopteris native to
Japan, with an interesting char
x Ok Ok
“Clematis for the Rock Garden” is the title of a paper reprinted
in pamphlet form from the September Bulletin of the Garden Club
near :
. crispa,
whose flowers are pale-pink or lavender. Dr. Spingarn Soeaus
this article with one on “The Clematis Lover’s Debt to Japan
xk ek OK OK
Practical ae on seats to look for the trouble when garden
perennials do not prove hardy are briefly given by Stephen F.
Hamblin in aaa Leaflets for September 28. Soil—both
mechanical and chemical condition, moisture, sun, shade in sum-
mer, shade in winter, snow, thawing, wind, and general climatic
conditions, as well as the habit and natural peculiarities of the
Pp
mientioned for their effect on hardiness.
x Ke Ok
1 Research, the quar ee | issued by the New Yor!
m eva
a Experiment Station in Geneva, entered its second
year of publi October wa 12 pages instead of the original
eight ped in this paper, according to a statement addresse
making, fruit-breeding, nitrogenous bacteria in the soil, storage of
winter squash, problems of dairy scientists, and insect problems for
McIntosh apple growers in the Champlain valley.
274
Three thousand men are now at work on a $2,500,000 program
to fight the Dutch elm-disease, according to the September For-
The work is being” conducted largely. in, New York State, New
tucky uisiana.
other forestry notes in this issue are a statement that
four million acres of denuded and cutover land in the north central
being sown in large numbers by machinery, with a view to speeding
up production of forest trees.
Carot H. Woopwarp.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
fourth year of the Science Course for Professional Gar-
db
Classes meet every Monday evening for twelve weeks, then resume
after Christmas and continue till March.
Dr.
ond-year dents a course in soils an ilize: i
of the Bartlett Tree Research pe ento 7
B. Stout, plant breeding, and Dr. e, plant 1
The course is conducted i in the rooms of te Horticultural Society
of New Yor
Forty-three new seedless grapes set fruit this year for the first
time, Dr. A. B. Stout reported last month upon returning from
Geneva, where he is working with the New York Agricultural Ex-
275
periment Station in the breeding of new hardy seedless varieties.
er:
he s
ture, and are to be propagated as rapidly as possible. In all, eighty
varieties have borne seedless fruit in the experiments at Geneva
r. W, H. Camp has been appointed an assistant curator at the
Botanical Garden, coming here from Ohio State University, where
has been teaching botany since 1927. Especially interested in
do ensive fi ’
oom
in the Vacciniaceae. He is interested also in the Fagaceae and
Lemmaceae
Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator of the fungi, recently returned
Bo-
t
opportunity to publicize, with s ees avin Hang the
official organ of the Mycological ee of America
Dr. David H. Linder, in charge of the Farlow Herbarium at
Harvard Universi, recently spent a few days at the Garden, look-
ing over specimens of fungi preparatory to a monograph of some
of these forms. He took a collection of unnamed material back to
¢ .
is a Pie onde sadies in some of the parasitic fungi of
the tr
Tiss Clyde Chandler, Technical Assistant at The New York
Botanical Garden, visited the botanical laboratories of Cornell Uni-
276
versity at Ithaca, N. Y., and the State Agricultural Experiment
a
research in cytology being done at these two institutions
Barbar: oo and by Dr. Bernhard R. Nebel and Dr. Mabel
L. Rut
California Academy of Sciences, stopped at the Garden last month
on her way back from Europe, where she attended the International
Botanic Congress in Amsterdam.
. W. Eggleston, assistant botanist for the United States Forest
Service and the Bur of Plant Industry, was also an October
visitor at the Ga a “He was at one time a research scholar at
the Botanical Garden.
E. J. Schreiner, formerly a student at the Botanical Garden
ai more recently co-worker with Dr. A. B. Stout in breeding fast-
growing poplars for pene and pulp-production, has gone to
the Tennessee Valley Authority to take charge of tree-breeding
ork. He will be working particularly with nut tre
Dr. A. C. Smith, assistant curator, and Mrs. Smith, after attend-
ing the International Botanic Congress in Holland and traveling
Lon-
don, where he is spending two months doing taxonomic research
work at the Royal Botanic Gardens at
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Continuing the monograph on the genus Carex by the late K. K.
McKenzie, part 6 of volume 18 of North American Flora, compris-
ing pages 313~392, has appeared this fall.
e than 2,000 cone-bearing trees and shrubs, comprising more
than 250 species an varieties from all parts the world, have
the Board of Managers of The New York’ ieee Garden.
*Mrs. Carl A de Gersdorff
Murry Guggenheim
Edward S. pes
Prof. R. A. Harper
T. A. Havemeyer
A. Heckscher
*Mrs, A. Barton nie
*Mrs. Delancey K:
Ad ewisohn
A ea ae A mega
Henry Lockhart, Jr.
Mrs. William A. Lockwoo
[-)
Dr. D. T. MacDougal
*Mrs. David Ives Mackie
H. Edward Manville
Joh: hn L Mer
Mills
ert H. Montgomery
omen 00!
Mrs. William H. Diba
B. Y. Morrison
Prof. Henry F. Osborn
Chas. Lathrop Pack
MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION
*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine
*Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham
*Mrs. George W. Perkins
Howard Phipps
James R. Pitcher
Hobart Pi
id
ohn D. Te ale!
Prof. H. H races
Hon. George J. R:
*Mrs. Herbert L. Saeaee
John M. Schiff
*Mrs, thn H. Scribner
Prof. Edmund te Serle
*Mrs. Samuel Slo:
Louise Beebe Mh
site ried Aaa
Panty Win
Grenville L. Winthrop
Joh: ne. Wist
*Mrs. William y. Woodin
Richardson Wright
GENERAL INFORMATION
em of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden
ied hundred acres of beautifully Giverpined land in the northern part 4
oh ie ‘City of NEN York, through which flow: ne Bronx River. A native — M
ock forest is one of the features of the ‘i
: ‘Plamtations A thousands of native and ane trees, shrubs, at
oO ng pla
Gardens, Pode a new rock garden, a large rose Banden, a perennial
border, small model gardens, and other types of plantings. Ny
Greenhouses, containing thousands of interesting uate from America
and foreign countries.
4
Flow fo) the year—in the spring, summer, and au
aiesiae of daffodils, ite ines. irises, peonies, roses, water ies dahlia
one chrysan themums; in the winter, displays of greenhouse- bloomin
an
m, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families,
local plant Secu within one hundred rales of the City of New York, ©
ae the nomic uses of plants; also historic micr oneeeees
n he rharium, Sempasine more than ae specimens of American
a Horeieate spec:
Exploration in “differ ent parts of the United States, the West Indies,
Central ane South America, for the study and collection of the character-
istic
Ce ific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified
problems of plant life.
A library of botanical and hostce tural literature, comprising nearly _
45,000 books and numerous pamphlet }
Public lectures on a great vane of botanical topics, continuing ‘
throughout the autumn, winter and sprin
Publications on botanical subjects, sartate of technical, scientific, and
partly of popular, interest. i
The education of school children and the public through the above fea-
tures and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and
7
forestral subjects. q
The Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of
New Hore Pevate Ye eee ang members fees. Applications, for ;
membership a welco he s of membership a
Bence Ps, k
Patron 5,000 ‘jl
Fellow for Lifeyeperee 1,000 Yl
Member for Life .... 250 i
Fellowship Member .. 100 i
Sustaining Member .. 25 ‘
nnualMentber, ‘
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fav
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with hairy stamens and densely fonieatoes sepals
* *
r. E, D. Merrill’s “A Commentary on Loureiro’s ‘Flora Co-
chinchinensis’,” which is an attempt to identify in terms of present-
k, has a
oe series) of the Transactions of the American Philosophical
Society.
* Ok OK OK
Recent literature on mosses and on lichens is listed in detail in
The oe for May and June by M. Fulford and G. P.
Ander:
kk OK Ox
Some of the newer peonies are fully described in the September
number of the Bulletin of the American Peony Society. George
Peyton, who has compiled the list, promises more in future
issues.
ee OK OK
“Wild Flowers of Newfoundland” is the title of a vest-pocket
series of books of which part 3 has just been issued. Mrs. A. M.
Ayre is author and artist of the series, for which M. L. Fernald
292
has provided the botanical names. The present volume deals
chiefly with the families See the orchids, willows, butter-
cups, mustards and r
* x
Comparing the flora pe Kinderhook, N. Y., in Columbia
County, with a report of it made just a century ago, Rogers
McVaugh has enue oe pease of the plants are the
same there today as 1835. He writes about his investigation
e November Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
CaroL H. Woopwarp.
NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT
. A. B. Stout addressed an audience of nearly 900 in Lan-
ee Pa., November 7, on “Sterilities in Flowering Plants.” The
occasion was the meeting of the local branch of the American
hanes for the Advancement of Science.
When the A. A. A. S. meets in St. Louis, Mo., after Christmas,
Tr. odge will give an address as retiring vice-president
of Seton G (Botany), speaking on “Reproduction and Inheri-
tance in Ascomycetes,” and will also speak as retiring president
of the Mycological Society of ee at the annual dinner of
the group.
At the first autumn conference of the Scientific Staff and Regis-
tered Students of the Garden, November 15, Dr. F. J. Seaver
Congress in Amsterdam and
. Fulling showed motion pictures which he took last
summer in Germany and Holland.
. D. Merrill paid his first visit to the Garden since
ene a new post at Harvard University the week-end of
November 9-11
Concluding the monumental work of the late K. K. Mackenzie
on the genus Carex, volume 18, part 7, of North American Flora
has just been issued. This brings up to within the last few years
293
is ee of the oy species of Carex of North America, Cen-
ral Ameri WwW e ela
ynonym me
that existing literature on the genus, from 1753 Cee t to a
present day, has been completely covered.
which were blooming eg in abundance at the New
York ‘Boat Garden November 8 won for the institution a
bronze medal when a large sees a. ee was exhibited al
the Fall Flower Show of the Horticultural Society of New os
November 8-10, at the American Museum of Natural History.
Gourds which were exhibited at the Fall Flower Show by Miss
e
veloped by Mr. G. Russell Fessenden. Old Steere aA
viewed by 1 H. Woodward]
Keck, David D. 75, 112
Killip, E. P. 24, 256
Kus xf, B B.A. 75
Laboratories 88
Lachenalia tricolor 60, 102
Lamb, ae on ele a
Lantana ; Sellowiana 110
Taner Stides, A teen collection of
Lawns, : paid to treat the 270
JA 156
Lectui
Lectures at the en Winter se
of 2
Lemoine, Messrs
Lemon daylily. (renee flava
L.): Its origin and status, The
Leucadendron argenteum 54, 102
Peteoconyne ixiodes 174
Percaee
e V: ane ron Jan 80
Tee ogy, A text- Aiaok of general
Lilium 88, 80, 116;
161; regale
ty A glance at current 44,
174, oe 271, 295
Lloyd, FL. ELI
Loan Collection of Lantern Slides, A
Lobdell, R. N. 2
24
belia Erin 223
tre 181; Selago 1
Lyle, E. W.2
299
Mackenzie, K. K. 77, 276, 292
Magnolia 161
arden, Praying 36
Manual of the flora of the Northern
States and Canada 48
Marginaria polypodioides 181
Marshall, Mrs. een Cyrus 229
Martin, G. Wot
Masks and shadows, “Some old 167
Matschat, Cecile e, Mexican
plants for American ae [Re
viewed by Carol H. Woodward]
130
McClure,
McCulloch, Luci
McIntyre, H. L., gone moth control
17, 75) 141, 231,
10
1 Tfecti £ lant Wadi
40
Japanese Viburnum runs wild in
the Garden 140
Recent trends in small gardens
Sow wild flowers 53
Membership i in the: Botanical Garden:
Garden-club 41
ector 162
. 21, 23-25, 42, 48, 76,
III, Iss, 162, ve 198, 204, 243
254, 25 6, 2
=
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pa
F ty
9
Director for
Procentings ie te een)
253
mbryanthemum 2.
a
[Reviewed by D. T. vee | ast
Moldenke, Ellys Butler [Mrs. Har-
old N. Moldenke] 95, 89,
Patellariaciae 111
Molde eS N. 43, 75, 78, 89,
Bae
Montagne, ie ae de la 188
Montgomery, Robert a 85, 92, 276
0 eel
M
Britton 25, 78
M
Muenscher, Waiter Conrad, Weeds
hei by D. T. Walden] 200
Munz, P
Marcil wits m A. 48
oe logia 42, Ge 93, 156, 176, 204,
Nakata, K. 24
National oe Fruit and Flower
Nature chetouesan Some hints on
189
Neurospora 24
New developments in daylilies 205
New Flora of Western New York, A
New York Botanical Garden, The 7,
234, 246, 247, 257,
271, 274, 275, “85, 288, 290, 293
Radicons 4
visory or nal
Aue borders co mn The 104
Annual report of the Director for
the fae ee 77
Brittonia
Buildings an grounds 79
City Relations
Conference notes 24, III, 112
oe a, a I,
78, 79,
ar I
No. 2,
Courses ‘of cay, 14, 142, 230, 246
Dahlia Border, The 1935 283
ee of excess stock 90
Exhibits 9
Gifts 92
Greenhouses 84
a cos is established, The
25
Hon 8 02
Laborat torie
Lectures, Publi c 74, 230, 290
Library 44, 86, 150, 167, 174, 227,
271, 200
Meribersh ips 93
ee race 42, 92, 93, 156, 176,
275
North American Flora 44, 92,
202
Outside Plantings 85
Pathology 88
Publications 92
Public Mires 89
Radio
Refer ie S eees 86
Registered students
School for Professional Garden-
ers 90
Seed ae 90
ae Sao vi)
mn Memorial Rock Gar-
we Bs, 1 24
Treasurer's report for the year
ending aaa 31, 1934 94
Vandalism
Winter
New York ole Cee moth con-
control in 69
Nichols, Mrs. William eva 7
Niedenzu collection, The
Nierembergia gracilis io
Nolla, J. A. Bor
North ouale Flora 44, 92, 292
Notes, News and Comment 21, gz 75,
III, 131, 135) 175, 204, 238, 254,
292
papers
Oenothe
Onscles "gens bilis 181
Ophioglossum palmatum 181; vul-
gatum 181
Opuntia 2, 8-10, 33; abjecta 34; a
mophila > airocapensis 34; aus-
‘trami 273 Bentonii
3; eburnispina 34;
Pius tee 3h 32, 35; frustulenta
pedati a4 ache 31,
icha 35;
3 pene ae 10;
ifica 33; beter ah 27; nitens
te
aS
, 31; tu rbinata 333 turgida 34;
vulgaris 6, 10, 31; zebrina 33, 34
- s and Shrubs of the
Oralibogst i aureum 60; thyrsoides
Osmunda adiantifolia 181; cinna-
300
momea 181; regalis 170, 181; vir-
Our vanishing birds 1
Ox: wieana ee | Roee 543
hir
Pa dra
Pady, SM. a8
ete Remdictic tials among
Pattonium Tanceolatum 181
Parkway Dahlia Gard ens 287
Patellariaciae, Problems in the study
of the 111
Eeadam, Mrs.
. Ethel Anson S. 46
Pelargonium
triste 5.
Pellaea atropurpurea 1
Pencil-cactus “(Rips in Florida
and at the
Garden, The 118
Peres i 2, 11; aculeata 11; Pereskia
Paider, A. C. 75, 78, 230
lebodium aureum 181
Phiow 223
Phoenix 162
Pe ny Some hints on nature
Phyliiti is Scolopendri 186
hymatodes heterophylium Bt
warring to Holland Flower Show,
Pilular: 42;
184; | globulfera 141
Pilu
Pinu oA 160
; Drummondii 109
americana 141,
+t
East 141
Pits! velyn
Paberes: Meectne Sof A. ALAS,
Activities of staff members at 42
Pity. othamnus 237; angustifolius
2385 incanus 237; obovatus 2373
eu
pygmaeus 238; reticulatus 237;
tetram an 23
Plants from seed, Raising foe 113
Plumbago indica coccinea
Podalyria calyptr: spss 52
Polunin, Nicholas
olygala vaueiolia 102
Elen
olyp podium es ; bulbiferu
181 ; pectinat
"he egopteris, T8T: *Bhylliids ae
virginianum 181, 200; vulgare 200
Populus 161
Porto aes honors memory of Doc-
tor Britton 16
Portulaca 223, 225
Praying mantids at the Garden 36
301
Primula 117
ae ie ane study of the Patel-
the International
Propagate A simple aid in 120
Prunus Mahaleb 228
Psilotum nudum 181
ie aquilinum 200; latiuscu-
Pious q 66; ropurpurea 181; cau-
data 1813 ee 181; lineata
18
Publ.
soidalis 159; Tex 1 159; taba caria
159; marylandica 161; Michauxii
161, 162; palustris 16; Phellos
162; prinoides 1
Radio Garden Cl "Ba
Radio talks 205
Raising gee Pie from seed 113
ene are
Ram: al T
Rapid. Poe ‘of nie royal-palm,
e@ 217
pe behind scientific names, The
eee trends in small gardens 222
Reference collections 86
Registered students 89
Rehder, Alfred 255
ees vitality among palms
261
Report for the year ending Decem-
ber 31, 1934, Merkel ey 04.
hs of the Dir r the year
934, Annual
Resolutions of the Board of Man.
gers in accepting the resigation
of Director Merrill 24:
Retrospect, The eadenine classes—
142
Reviews, Book 128, 147, 199, —
Rhipsalis 2, 118; Cassutha 35, 11
Rhododendron, 45, 117, 122, 162, a
dahuricum 132
Rickett, H. Mw 256
Riddle, eee W. 48
Sa
Robur 16
Rosa 45; ot 199; lucida 162; multi-
flora_73
Rose, J.
Royal-palm
N,,7
261
Roe per The rapid growth of
217
Roystonea regia 217, 218, 264, 268
Rubus 73, 199; pho enicolasius 73
Rusby, H H., othe a stard-apple
Family in Florida 2
Sabal Palmetto 261, 262, 265
St. John, Ro! Pee t P. 24
Saitta, Joseph
Salvia caharie 1) Pitcheri 104,
105; splenden:
Sambucus puben: j Tacemosa 200
Sanctuary to he etd at the Gar-
den, Bird ea wild flower 17
messeensis 122, 124;
es, The reason behind
Seaver, es J. 42, 48, 88, 204, 230,
See i Raising ee plants from 113
Selaginelia bas oy ats 181
niflor’ 0, 315
oO
o
io}
B
24
eth 1 156
Shadows, Some old masks and 167
Shattuck, Mrs. Mary Strong 204
ee of the Orient—IV, Trees
and 1
Sideris, &P
Silver ‘medal a food-plan
mite ited - The Philadelphia | Tie:
hi
Simple aid’ in propagation, A 1
pe aot ae in practical hore
-
cultu:
Shortsbere ca:
Sm ih Joe n K. 16" 23, 166, 234
Chronicle of the ca cacti a Eastern
North America
Ferns of the Souhectm Flora
177
Pilularia rediscovered in the
East 141
ees vitality among
ms 261
The pencil- oS 118
ee rapid growth of the royal-
alm oe
302
es aa s botanical gar-
255
e hints on nature photography
Some old masks and shadows 167
Sy pea ae a land of many
soun Me deny awarded two
gold medals
South African wild flowers 53
uxiana 162
15
Spring lectures at the Satie a
Spring pilgrinia age Holland
ules Show
Sta a paradox: , 103
Staphyliius evens 172
Stearns, Harold T. 11
Sieake Willia me ae
ein
35, 138
Siewadia pentagyna grandiflora 132
Stone, J Harshel 256
Storm, Menon 282, 287
Stout, A. B. 75, 7, 127, 156, 375,
220, 230, 255, 274, 276, 290,
292
go8 developments in daylilies
The? lemon daylily (Hem
callis flava L.) : Its origin aa
tatus 61
tudy, Announ of autumn
lectures and courses of 230
256
§ 2213 ieee 220, 221;
\
oO erecta 108; signata pumila
Tal, ‘Pang-tan 88, 8&9
Taxus
Tehon . R. 2
Testudinaria ciconaeenee 102
Teuscher, Henry 75, 86, 230
Ah ae Fuchsia for the gar-
A mple aid i . Propagation 120
Book review 2
Trees ae pier of the Orient—
Thomas, Heh aw
Hae s Walter's bonuiedl garden
I
Thomas, W. Stephen 204, 290
eg Memorial Rock Garden
oe
Thuj
Tillinghast, Helen M.
Torenia Fournieri 109
T ae .
‘oro, A. 229, 256, 275
Torreya
Treasurer s iaee t for the year end-
ing December 31, 1934 94
Tee and shrubs of the Orient—IV
103
Trillium undulatum 147
Tritonia crocata 60
Tulipa Grullemanni 175; retroflexa
175
Tylenchus Dipsaci 135, 136
a es Fern pee 25
Ur ae nethoides 100; pygmaea
Urecuisis 199
an Citt P. = >
Van a Bi, P,
Van Lecowenhock iieroscone, in
Verbascum Bistiaea Bere Thapsus
162
Verbena i993 angustifolia 199; hy-
brida 108; rigida 106; simplex
199; urticifolia 199; venosa 106,
Veronica 45
Verticillium 248
Viburnw
im 45; americanum 200; fra-
grans 132; Opulus 200; tomen-
tosum 140; tomentosum plenum
140; caleba eee a ghtit 132
oe nthe Garden,
Vieoaa, Prete Daseie Flore lauren-
toe eee wed by H. N. Mol-
enk
Vinca rosea 109
a pedata 241; pedata lineariloba
Vi lee An ever-flowering 241
Vittaria lineata 1a 181, 18
Walden, D. T., ook reviews 199
Brief reviews = some worth-
a. cherry [Review] 131
Our vanishing: Tbieds 124
The Japanese shield fern 225
Walker, Egber 256
Walter's ee Glen Thomas
16
Watsonia Comptonii 53; punctata 53
Weatherby, C. A. 2
nm 24
Wil face sanctuary o be created
at Garden, Bird an
Wild flowers, ae African 53
Wilder, Li What hap-
en Pie by
lia
Wilson, [Per
Winter reading ie gardeners 18
Winter series of lectures at the
arden
A, L. 112
Ba fee 24
Woodsia ilvensis 181; scoptlina, 184
393
Mao uate Carol H. 16,
a nce at current Titeratave
an 290
Brit reviews of worth-while
books 128, 147
Praying mantids at the Garden
36
South African aoe. awarded
two gold medals
an Leeuwenhoel a apesope :
in replica, preeenied to Gar-
en
Winter ea for gardeners
[Reviews] 18
Wright, Richards
on, The of
Story
gardening and winter divetseas
of a gardener [Revi by Carol
H. Woodward] 18
Yamamoto, 1
2
Zantedeschia Rehman 53, 102
Zea none
Zenkert, Chance ora of the
Negeia Frontier Region [Re-
viewed by : . Gleason] 19
Zirkle, Conw:
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ay