JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VOLUME XXXVII, 1936 PUBLISHED BY THE AID OF THE DAVID LYDIG FUND BEQUEATHED BY CHARLES P. DALY JOURNAL OF he New York Botanical Garden EDITORS MARSHALL A. HOWE and CAROL H. WOODWARD VOLUME XXXVII WITH 66 TEXT-FIGURES AND ONE PLATE 1936 Published avid by The New York Botanical Garden ONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. THE NEW recs penta BOARD OF MANAGER a eee ve MANAGER Until 1937: HENRY DE EST ApotpH LewIsoHN, Hemey es JR., WAN. ‘Until 1938: L. H. Bat ILEY, MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs. A Hooxer, Joun L. Merritt (Vice-, ‘resident ae Tre wren) p H. Torr GARDEN ALDWIN ee - president), CHILDS ane T. MacDovucat, and Jose Lon HunrtincTon Cot. Rosert H. onTGoMERy, H. ae Porter, pe Forest (President), M Until 1939: ArtH oo A MonTAGNE (Assistant Treasurer), an II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS poe H. LaGuaroia, Mayor 2 the City of New York. T Moses, Park Commission y C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E, Haz appointed A sd Torrey Botanical Club. ARPER, oF TRE Epmunp W. Sinnott, Bocert, appointed by Cohimbia Gina ‘stby. GARDEN STAFF Tes W. 7 WE (Seerelariye ‘CLARENCE Lewis, E. D. ee ae DE ), and Lewis RurHerrurp Mor and Marston T. aan A. Howse, Pu. D., Sc. D. A. ner Pit. De essesink cokes Deputy Director we Head Cae Hon NRY DE ONTAGNE ssistant Director Joun K. ae Pu. D., Se. Du... eee. Chief esearch “issoetate Hed Curator 4. B. Srout, Px. D. of the Laboratories RED J. SEAVER, P ee S Curator Bernarp O. Dooce D. t Pathologist ig T: McLean, XL FB... Pu: De pend ores Supervisor of Pathe Bducation HN HenpLey BARNHART, ‘A, M., M. D...Bibliographer and Pei Assistant mace WiLson Associate Curato \LBERT C. SMITH, Associate Curator arAu H. Hariow, A M. Librarian . H. Russy, Dies epee Honorary Curator of the. eee Collections FLepa GRIFFITH st and Photographer > eat are i ee in Bryology SDER Assistant Curator and es of the Local Herbarium Assi: Curator [AROLD 'N. “MotneNnKe, Pu. D. \ Technical -issistant Editorial Fespind tant AROL H. Woopwanrp, - Homas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. Horticulturist . L. Wirrrock, A. M. Docent rto Decener, M. S. Collet borator in Hawaiian Botany Rogert HacELsTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Etuet Anson S. Peckuam..Honorary Curators Tris and Narcissus Collections Watter S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant ae J. Corsetr Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds A. C. PFANDER ssistant Superintendent MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION Arthur M. Anderson George Blument hal Prof. Marston T. Boge. Prof. Willi am 3. Bonisteel *Miss E. Mabel Clark [Richard c. Col: Childs Fri *Miss Helen C. Frick * Member also of the Advisory Council. +Chairman of the Advisory Council. Chairman of the Ad + Vice- *+Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdortf *Mrs ae A. Godle s. rge McM. Godley Heckse *Mrs. William F. Hencken *Mrs, A. Barton Hepburn Capt. Henry B. Heylman Mrs. Christian R. fete *tMrs. Elon H. Hooker Dr. Marshall A. Howe . cher M. Huntington erre Jay a Walter Jennings *+Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg * L e] . T. MacDougal ‘Mrs David Ives Mackie s. H. Edward Manville ee McColleste Bove John ke *Mrs. Powell Miller, Jr. Ogden L. Mills George M. Moffett H. de la Monta Col. Robert H. Montgomery Dr. Lew: . Mo ae one ‘t Morris . Y. Mor ee ee *Mrs. Augustus G in visory Council. *Mrs. James R. Parsons Rufus L, Patterson Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckh: rs. George W. Perkin Pro *Mrs, Will liam H. es Richardson Wrig! § Treasurer of the Advis ory Council. ll Secretary of the Advisory Council. TABLE OF CONTENTS . 433. JANUARY The 1935 Chrysanthemum ee Autumn Coloration The Vegetative Propagation of Hippeastrums and Certain Other Amaryllids New Gardening Books from Eectind aiid America A Glance at eae ent Literature Notes, News, SCamnicAt FEp 1935 Year-book of the Aaa Societ: An Unsou ght Gobet in the Southern | Catskill With Reports iro m cae che Meeting of A.A.A.S pois Pea ceitiy een Notes, News, and Com No. 435. Mar oe _ Foreign Gardens Sponsored by English Speaking Union.. Rust ea eee of Sempervivum and Other Ornamentals in “the ‘New York Area Epiphytic Palms and C Sor wanes at the len A Glance at Current L olen ew on ry Notes, News, and Commen No, 436. A Annual Report of the Director for the yea Treasurer’s Report for the Year Ending ae 31, 1935..... Breeding for Hardy Secdles Grapes Mediterranean Exhibit at Flow w Wins Gold Medal for Garden. New Fellowship epand Bstablished ee Addition to Anderson Gift. The Britton Botanical ae eo *Hiandie New Reprints of “Illustrated Flora” Plants of Fuchsia magellanica Available Notes, News, and Comment No. 43: New Daffodils and How to Use Them No. 438. June Lilies for Garden Twenty-Four Choice Ornamental Shrubs viii CONTENTS On Preparing an Exhibit of the Life Cycle of the Mycetozoa A Glance a Current Literature and Comme Notes, New: Reviews of "Reo Book No. 439. Jury The Hybrids of Clematis texensis ». 153 Sacer among 158 The Red Azalea ae Black Mountain, Kentucky 164 A ‘Stem-rot of Eup ia lacte: 165 Summer Ponies of Scientist 169 A Glance at Current Literature 170 Notes, News, and Comm 173 Reviews of Recent Bo ake 175 No. 440. Auc ic Wind-borne Pollen in its Relation to Havfey er 177 The ‘Sou thern Trip of The Torrey Boa Club spetnes Secs teenie 185 Rocky Mountain Expedition 192 The Japanese Beetle Situation 193 A Glance at Current Literature 195 otes, News, and Co: 197 Reviews of Recent Boo 199 No. 441. SepTemBer The Jungles of Manhattan Island—tI. 201 Seed Bepredueven of Shortia galacifolia 208 Marigold Wilt 211 Screwpines From Madag: ae pearing Fruit 214 Autumn Lectures at the. Gar 216 Courses of Study for 1936. oe 217 A Glance at Current Literatur: 218 tes, News, ai 221 Reviews of Recent Book’ 222 No. 442. Oct Lindens in the City of New York and its aur 225 Palms as Taleo of as Maximum Water Level 231 The Alphonso Wood Hi A Bisected eee hich » Fa ishe S A Glance at Carre a itera ure otes, News, and Comme Reviews of Recent Books. No. 443. NovemMBer On Appalachian Trails Victoria Cruziana Asiatic Immigrants in the Botanical Garden—VI A Glance at ‘Coren Literat are Notes, News, and Comm No. 444. DeceMBER Cas a ty ic tae Exotic Shrubs and Tre Winter Lectures at the Garden..............0.000000000000000000 Regional Types ot Corn Shown in Exhibit A Glance at pees ent Liter = Notes, News, a: Poe Reviews of Recent Books Index to Volume XXXVII VOL. XXXVII January, 1936 No. 433 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE 1935 CHRYSANTHEMUM BORDER Patrick J. McKENNA AUTUMN COLORATION A. B. Stout THE VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF ca eae aa AND CE RTAIN OTHER AMARYLLID T. H. Everett WITH OUR CCLLABORATORS W. H. Camp A NEW BOOK ON POLLEN H. A. GLeason ROGERS’ FLOWERS OF TREES IN BOOK FORM H. A. Gieason NEW GARDENING BOOKS cal ENGLAND AND AMERICA Car . Woopwarpb A GLANCE aie Se cre eee aes Car . Woonwa: NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT PuBLISHED BY THE NEw York BoTranicaL GARDEN Bronx Park, ForpHAmM BrancH Post Orrice, NEw York, N. Y. Entered at the post-office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN OARD OF MANAGERS I. mee MANAGERS Until 193 Henry ve For Batpwin (Vice-president), Grones > BREWSTER, eee Bed ‘Anoueen dewason, Henry Lockuart, JR., MacDoueat, and JosepH R. Swan. cg til 1938: U. H. Bamey, Marsuatt Fietp, Mrs. Eton Hunrtincron onHN L. MERRILL (Vice- president ie Na one Cor. Ropert H. Nae CoM ERY Tal, oe Porter, and Raymonp H. Torrey. Until 1939: ArtHu Anpverson, Henry W. ve Forest (President), a ase A. Howe (Gaara), (Coanence Lewis, D. MerritL, HENRY DE A MonTaGNne, Jr. (Assistant Treasurer), and Lewis RUTHERFURD Morris. II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGE Froretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rosert Moses, Park CPO GEorGE J. RYAN, President of the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS TRACY Be Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. EX RPER, Sam TRELEASE, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. Bocert, nb poited by Columbia University. GARDEN STAFF eae A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. D. H. Gieason, Pu. D. Deputy Director and Head Girator Hees DE LA Monta AGNE, i Assistant Direc Joun K. Smatt, Pu. De CAD Srseelacae Chief Heesearcle eekonge and Cur aie A. B: Stout, Px. D. of the Laboratories Frep J. SENee Pi DS Ses Des ece ace on cic ea nee Curator Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. t Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ......... Supervis SS ne Aducanee F., Pu. D. Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D.. pBiulicenanhen! and Admin. Assistant Percy WiLson Apert C. Smitu, Pu. D. one H. Hanvow, A. M. , M. D. Tal, IReee, IMG IDL Sosnocogos Honorary Curator BL oe ee Collectors Been Chive ITH Ropert S. WILLIAMS Ev ALEXANDERS 4. cl Assistant Curator and aoe ee ae ae Haroip N. MCUDEN , Pu. D. VAs CAME, Pini (Dahomey ae riety serine ey ace Sr 8G a pee Curator L. Wirrtrock, Oro Decener, B. S., M. S. Collaborator in bee awatian Beis: any RoserT HlAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Erner Anson S. PeckHAM..Honorary Guia: ies and Nonctenes ‘Coles WaAtteER S. Ce ay Gey -Clerk and Accountant iJ 5 7 pe J. Corset 4 of Buln and Grounds JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. XXXVII January, 1936 No. 433 THE 1935 CHRYSANTHEMUM BORDER t of the labor of selecting, discarding, arranging, and arranging; and out of a mass of data on a bloonting dates, heights, years, there plant will respond readily to good culture, just as an absence of care will affect it adversel n treating of the ee eeemacae bcnhery of 1935 , it is only right that mention should be soil treatment that re- orm, wit ich th 1 was sted ese eel-worms, w ich are microscopic, were splashed on the ves by rain or through ert ith hose; infest aves turned black and dropped off, many of the varieties being practically defoliated. that some varieties were more susceptible than others, and such were discarde The Broblem of eradicating the pest was attacked ee by Dr. B. O. Dodge, the pathologist of the Garden staff. Cutting: 1 2 were taken from clean plants and the old roots discarded. In the ili pring, about $s previous to planting, the soil in the border was treated with formalde’ strengt 100, the soil en previously dug d well pulverized lution is usually ied at rate one-half gallon to every square of surface, and immediately covered wit! a uninfested soil, sacking, or old canvas, to hold in the gases ie a few days. apparent. For convenience and proper effect, it was suggested that the varieties a divided up into two main groups, early and late varieti is d to be an excellent arrangement in many reds, and pinks, with a a of the gay yellows that so charac- terized the early borde The varieties, instead of being ae in separate blocks of e planted in their aaa - each other, for they were planted with a definite color arrangem It mig’ be. "ow that the very early and intermediate r were fi Ss dates in the early planting of the different varieties, and much the same rate obtained in the late border also; in fact, it seemed 3 : ‘cht. T ly border itself was a study. te we found the gayest f the chrysanthemums, and from ae angle it was viewed it presented a different perspective, and then, n 7 too, as the advanced, many of the varieties changed to darker fe fate to alter the whole arrangement. The late border, containing the darker and more subdued colors, more of the pinks, darker bronzes, and reds, required more white A portion of the early-blooming chrysanthemum border, north E 1, of aes Range 1, in which brilliant yellows predominated. to on the effect and give a tone of brightness to these dark color: It cate be well to treat of some of the outstanding varieties the characters of the different types, was it possible arrange and combine the whole into a definite scheme and at the same i i i individual char Perhaps the most outstanding variety in the ly border was Gretchen Piper, a large single flower of pare ee in front of the border and right in the center of it, this variety held a most advantageous position, and the flowers retained their color and form over a long period. A variety that proved a little dangerous to use in a color scheme was Uvalda, a pompon. It opened up a good clear white but in a short ie it turned a dark rose-pink and remained this way for Ficure 2. Gretchen Piper, one of the finest of flowers among the a chrysanthemums, its clear yellow blooms a long time. Care had to be exercised to keep it away from the pinks. joty is a large creamy white pompon about four feet tall. It has great trusses of bloom and holds its color well over a long It needs careful staking as the large blooms become heavy, particularly when wet; this is a fine vigorous variety and easy TOW, e Doty and Red Doty, two | mpons, ormer ab te latter about three and a half feet and a good dark red, 5 two excellent varieties of good form and substance and exceptional vigor. In the pinks, Caroline Robbins, a single; Ermalinda, a pompon; and Mrs. W. E. Buckingham, also a single, together with Mrs Porter, a pompon, were varieties that stood well throughout the it were planted Julia Quinlan, a tall yellow-bronze single, and a bright yellow pompon, Nuggets, with small flowers on stems about three feet long. All of these varieties came into bloom between October 18 and 24. In the late border, Molly Hunt, a large single, proved to be a good white that held its color well. Alea ae a pompon, is also a good clear white but perhi not quite so hardy as the others; the blooms will suffer if a ae fee ee opening tad which ne tend to disfigure the flowers. e Midget is a pompon of good substance, about three and a half ae tall. The flower is very anes nd the plants could pink, single in type. Rose F. Ricci is about five feet tall and needs careful staking and tying. Helen Tait is a darker pink than the first two mentione Among the darker shades of old rose, the most suitable ones were Anna Kuhn, a pompon; Mary Hill, a large decorative type about four feet tall and Barbara Cummings, also a pompon and F., with snow, and came through i in perfect Saas Patrick J. McKen ‘Ajneaq UWNNE spal YA Surzuousey ‘s3u0} eZuoT “f cttetslasy yo juvased & Japsog winmayquEssays BupaMmog-aye] ey} Speul ‘spjos pue 7 AUTUMN COLORATION* With the approach of autumn and winter, Nature stages one of er most colorful pageants—the display of autumnal colors in plant 1 Th tender leaves of tl eciduous trees shrubs, and of most of the herbaceous plants as well, die almost factured and paueaeey: _ concious sly in connection with the building of su T e remains green as long as new the is decomposed are responsible for the clear yellow that appears these plants. Most of the red, purple, and blue pigments in autumn eae are sap-soluble materials known as anthocyanins. These are formed by chemical changes from the pale-yellow flavones, me are generally present in the plants that manufacture sugar and address broadcast over Station WOR for the Radio Garden Club, Rea by the New Jersey State ae: of Agriculture, October 11, 1935, 8 rch. In many species of green plants anthocyanin pigments are present in abundance throughout the life of the eae .e ie) = color, ranging from scarlet to purple and blue, according to grees and kinds of acidity and alkalinity tticular formation of pig ae in any plant is, to a large a um re ent places, or even for ae various branches and leaves of a single y colored herbaceous plants:—Certain of ihe herbaceous ong spect to noteworthy landscape effects. beard grass grows in almost solid stands which cover many acres of upland fields and 9 hills about New York City. In autumn these grassy landscapes promptly change from green to rosy red, and these colors persist of autumn coloration. pigmen g ing autumn are chemically somewhat unstable, and the conditions n green directly to brown or black. Colors in flowers and fruits:—It may be note d that the same h or Sane by color chan nges in plastid pig: oe i i rs : ese Cc of colors in these ne oo the main eclere: seen in the autumn coloration . Colors in evergreen eae may be noted that those green of those that remain longer on the Yet, even in the most conspicuous cases, as in the pines ie spruces, the autumn 10 coloring is masked by the one or more crops of young leaves that remain. Hence it is in our deciduous trees, with their many broad leaves which change color almost in unison, that the most notice- able ieee of color a are ae surprised when they learn that autumn colors, such hat prevail each fall about New , occur over a relatively small portion of the land areas of t arth us i consider the geographical distribution of autumn colora- tion. In general there are two main ecological types of deciduous tree: d shrubs or one type, the plants are green during a are present drop one crop ot leaves. In e there are the color changes characteristic of the species or race. Climatic cycles :-—The death and fall of leaves are to be viewed as adaptations in the modes of plant life to the repeated ee 11 cycles of climatic conditions. Year after year for ages the climatic cycle has occurred, and during this time plants have been forced de product pigments appears to be purely incidental and it evidently serves no purpose of direct benefit to the plant itself. ut the area of deciduous temperate forests which give autumn limited. In the so coloration is indee ite uthern hemisphere there is nly one small area of this type of forest and this is located in the southern portion o America. In northern hemi- sphere there are three rather large but widely separated areas of these deciduous for one is in eastern Asia; one is in south est arrow extens northward along the tlantic Coast and eastward through south-central Europe; and one is in th te art of North Ai ca extending from the orest ero vergre are rlaivey slight seasonal changes in a aspects of the vegeta- tion n the eastern portion of North America, as exemplified by the d egion a ew Yor! , late summer an mn bri sho ours of daylight and low temperatures while there is a continued sw of isture ev on is composed of ma: ies of deciduous trees and shru so erba- ceous plants possessing pigments which will undergo those chemical han: hi ive conspicuous color effec n clear tion and beauty seen in few other geographical areas and nowhere excelled A. B, Stout. 12 THE ett eae PROPAGATION 2 oe RUMS AND CERTAIN OT ARYLLIDS Through the courtesy of Mr. anor Hayward, ee of the American Amaryllis Society, and Mr. I. W. Heaton of the af Heaton Bulb and ca Company, Oe Fla., I was enets 3 3 a a po 3 5 4 ducing high quality flowers have in the pa’ mal ee prices, a circumstance mainly attributable to the slow- ir natural asexual increase. this reason ees seas of choice Hippeastrums are limited in number and where they exist they are the result of a program of long years ol breeding and rigorous selection ave been increased slowly by means of ets rc erci: purposes producer ppeastrum bulbs have depended seedlings and the stock so raised has been for the most part wor bulbs and dealers should soon be able to ofet named forms which w give flowers true to type in every respect. A rapid method of securing increase of Hippeastrums vegeta Mis e e method used by Mr. Weeas is a modification and in some respects a simplification of Miss Luyten’s practice. scoop out the base of the bulb but instead sections . acy into from four to sixteen segments. Each of these segments is still further divided by splitting downward eee the leaf- ib Ficure 1. Fractions of an amaryllis bulb being used in propagation, about eight months after planting, showing the bulblets appearing from between the leaf scales. Ficure 2. Sections of the same bulblets and scales, illustrating the stem origin ce the bulblets scales and cutting through the base so that the final fractions con- sist of a portion of two or more leaf scales with a piece of the r d i r March. . Heaton h: certain individual ‘bulbs able o mich more cee propagation than others. He has ane nae that the best results are obtained when the rooting 15 mixture is decidedly alkaline, and to bring about this desirable condition he adds limestone and wood ashes to his mixture of sand and peat so that its alkalinity index value is raised to almost or quite pH8. Other workers who have experimented in this field are Mr. d Crinodonna, an S pr that other members of the Amacyilidacese wil eee, to similar treatment. T. H. Everett. WITH OUR COLLABORATORS Under the heading, H’ith Our Collaborators, there will appear from time to time in the JourNat certain items of interest con- cerning our collaborators. These notes will contain excerpts from their letters as well as news concerning their collecting trips and the specimens which are sent to us It has been several months since any word has been received oris Krukoff. Th om Manaos, from Mr. Bo ke e last message came fr Brazil, and indicated that he was heading southwest, intending to a in Bolivia south of the Abuna River each of his is Mr off’s sixth aaa on into South A: a, ee in the basin of the azon Rive e has previously ma ‘ollections in the states of raeres and Para and i e mazon Basin on the upper waters of the Tapajéz, Purts, Jurua and other rivers in western and southwestern Amazonas € more than one hundred new ew ae been collecte Mr. Otto Degener Teports from Hawaii that he has “acquired” out his Ilocano name. It seems that “F. and J.” was a man of 16 property for, when he reported for work, he brought alone ‘one rooster and ten girl—he lay some time one day five eggs.” Bein; h tw approximately 300 pages ad = aoe been published. An interesting letter has nee been received from South Afric describing the collecting trip of Mr. R. H. N. Smithers - Namaqualand, Cape Provi ; vince e the expedition was to bri a a series of desert succulents for our living collection of South African ails here at New York. Several excerpts from a letter follow uite close by on another copje (near Springbok) was found Euphorbia stellaespina. It is interesting that, in discussing this ant wi e “At Kuboos we made e ve enquiries as to where it w. ane to find the Pachypodnn namaguanum or ‘half x er, s kno o the Not one of them, however, rt find a Rasee = a his was very disappointing, as I had heard that r Kuboos; however, we contented ourselves with ae ehought that probsEly we might find cae further east nearer Viols Drift Later when we made our way to Jackalswater oe 106° the shade) we found an old Hottentot who for the promise . half a pound of tea said he could take us to the s ea I was rather frighten 7 ere being led on a wild goose chase ar Le n e spot w ild find Aloe dichotoma hi e wou in but it turned out that he had understood my beter “in J thought and sure enough brought us to the Pachy- diu Wi h ole end of which we had to climb some fifteen hundred feet over ‘red hot’ rocks before we got there, but the effort was well worth Photo by R. H. N. Smithers Figure 1. Pachypodium namaquanum Welw. “Half-man,” Ouranoop, Namaqualand, Cape Province, South Africa. while and I hope to be able to send one or two really good speci- Th al ens. ey only grow in the far north of Namaqualand and the southern hwest Africa and then o n small patches in the hottest driest plac hey perch themselves usually on r rtz r ust like a lot of alki he r ef j hill. The old Hottentot legend says that many years ago a strange people came to settle in their country but they all died; for each family a ‘half mense’ (half man) grew. “They are very superstitious about them, and I don’t wonder, seeing them as I did in the last few minutes a the evening ligh Standing in line up the hillside, they seeme triving to break loose from some invisible force which was holding them back and I expected that at any moment one would take a step forward ! Their heads ns the sun's course; the bend at ig top is very noticeable in one of the photo: graphs. (See Fic. 1.) Some specimens grow to cient or nine feet, the trunks at the bottom being ten or twelve in diameter. inche: “In 1927 the Gardens here planted some ed ae a which germinated and is now showing three sets of spin Photo by R. H. N. Smithers Ficure 2. Leaves and flowers of Pachypodium namaquanum Welw. (Apocynaceae). this is any criterion, then a nine-foot specimen which has 36! rows should be 900 years old! As a general rule plants from the qui in desert parts of the country grow more quickly ye in the Cape, but of course it sounds as if this may be an exception; however, the fact remains that they must io very Tone lived plant Other excerpts from Mr. Smithers’ letter concern many of the desert succulents collected on his expedition as well as s interesting tales of encounters with horned adders, sae and delicious Hottentot stews made from mice, lizards and locusts. Ww. HR. Camp. 19 A NEW BOOK ON POLLEN* odehouse’s comprehensive book on pollen will undoubtedly ead b e to millions of e. From the standpoint of pure botany, pollen is also of great interes microscopic granules, although elicate in structure, are easily fossilized, and so perfectly do they preserve their structural features through untold th ds of years t 0 oe one of the surest and most practicable eans for discovering the nature of the vegetation of prehistoric me r. ehou' s also succeeded in demonstrating that th ried shape, st ; ornamentation of pollen grains constitute one other efficient source of evidence in determining the course of evolution and the probable ancestry of our existing 1 Ever ryone ae of the soe of pollen in the er of seeds. ae rmed in the it is transported, usually by wind or by in o the alee it sets up a nae which ends in the pane of the egg cell and its further development into the embryo of a seed. This process does not lie within the ion enti The historical résumé discusses a tata, among o subjects, the Assyrian sculptures suppose ow the re pollination of the date alm. While the a eanenes of these sculptures is doubtful, it is certain that artificial pollination was practised long before the role of pollen was even suspected by the scientis n ins eeibe of the plates shows at once the intricate but most pollen grains are red. These are so constant for each kind of plant on bees keys may i made for the identifica- tion of plants from their pollen. The nature of these patterns is n grains, their structure, identification and significance in science * Pollen and medicine. By R. P. Wodehouse. pp. xv.+ 574, re plates and 123 text figures. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. 1935. $6. 20 fixed by certain mathematical- sca laws, which the author dis- cusses in detail on the basis of his own original research. Fol- : : : use pean ee the method of mounting a staining pollen for pease stu he author has had long experience with hayfever and discusses this acl malady in a chapter of eighteen pages. Hayfever ing i d hi goldenrod, so often suspected, is exonerate ib the author. fever i @ x fay wn + qt oO pty a o o > oO a 3 Ee. =f wn 4 pe 3 B] Jf ° “5 = y per of pollen- extracts and the method of coilecting eles or their preparation is described. The author is careful to warn his readers sca any attempt at oe or treatment of this disease except by competent physic: ever before a e the cause, the development, and the evolu- to botanical science and the medical ae ssion e publishers also deserve praise for thei posraphic eh and especially for their excellent mee ites of the author admirable illustrations. H. A. Gieason. 21 ROGERS’ FLOWERS OF TREES IN BOOK FORM* a year ago were delighted to Visitors at the Botanical Garden M rge display of i ie find in the lobby of the Museum Building a | photographs of tree flowers, made alter E. Rogers, Professor of Botany at Lawrence College, es Most tre ere small and inconspicuous flowers, but these Renner enlarged to many times natural size, showed that such flowers are exquisite miniatures in their structure, possess- rst of such volumes to appear exclusively as an series prod uct. It drawings. The boo! in the teaching of systematic botany and dendrology *Rogers, Walter E. Tree Flowers of Forest, Park, and Street. 500 pages. Published by the author, Appleton, Wis., 1935. $5.50. 22 en the cover means to turn page after page in amazed tural public for a new idea in epee Let us ho e that the book is followed a second vo tions of the small- eae herbaceous sent . A. GLEASON, NEW GARDENING oo FROM AMERICA AND ENGLAND Among recent ae of interest to gardeners, two are typical of the countries where they originated that they deserve ach other. O d b , but which, in America, y thorough understanding of plants. To them, every page will 2 a delight; to others, mere meaningless words N How To Create A Fine Borper! ing their years of experience in designin, igning and maintaining owe ers as an important feature of both landscaping and gardening, Messr loff ar aymore, wh given serious eners a number of excellent books, tell in their latest volume how to create a border which will fit the particular pic- ure desir pro , they advise prospective plants a both aa and nies ound. Plants are conveniently 1 Ortloff, H. Stewart, and Raymore, Henry B., Color and succession of bloom in ‘the flower border. 256 pages, illustrated. Doubleday-Doran, New York, 1935. $2.50. 23 seen, as = their season of bloom, color, and the a of soil and amount of sunlight they prefer. Also, lists are given for the diferent ae tic regio ons of the United States. The cee prc. merely typogra iets they are not to be condoned, but per- haps forgiven v Especial é be conimended is the chapter on color, which though it verges on the scientific in oe. rae ves into readable and very practical discussion of how and how to combine certain colors in the border Prants In An EnGLisH Gar Sir Arthur F. Hort’s book presupposes ee Ramaaieiee of gardening and of the rarer plant materials. As an amateur ing li ns the book to see assified ae a His small garden is re cultural, historical, botanical, ethnological, interspersed with per- sonal experiences—the result of many years of acquiring and raising and studying fine plants. ‘hen we read about several garden flowers appearing in Febru- w Be or we western ree Nev en for those who know plants and and who are, therefore, ever alert for reater ki nove, te book makes pleasant, incentive: often acne readin: Carot H. Woopwarp. 2 Hort, Sir Arthur F., Garden variety. 255 pages. Edward Arnold & Co., London, 1935. (Distributed by Longmans- Green, New York.) $4.20. 24 A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* Oak trees of New England are treated by S. N. F. Sanford in the October Bulletin of the Boston can of Natural History. Photographs of twelve acorns are shown, leaf-outlines are de- picted, oan a key and ase aia are includ ed. For those who wish to plant ae lilies, Horticulture gives directions in tabular form in the October 15 issue. Size, color and flowering date of 32 kinds are listed, followed by date and proper depth of planting. 1 Summarizing the work of D ie Kunkel, the Florists’ Ex- change of October 19 eae de aster yellows disease and the latest discovered measures for its control. * * * Four hundred weeds which occur in New York State are listed by W. C. Muenscher in ae . the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Sta eful list of publications for further reference on a ents snd their control is appended. Biologists and horticulturists both should find J. G. Leach’s article in The Botanical Review for November of interest and importance. He writes on ee in Septon to Plant Diseases.” The genus Anemone is a, monograph iene ed mning in the November 30 number of The Gardeners’ oe . Similar foll treatment of Pulsatilla — isi i ay S The interest of oe eee in our native goldenrods rd cemb: is well illustrated in The G ners’ Chronicle for er 7, in which a handsome panicle of flowers, described as soft yellow, is shown above the name Solidago Leraft. It is said to be a hybrid h of S. missouriensis, and to have appeared in the trade as “Aster luteus” * * * s of Cyclamen, especially C.europaeum and C.nea- oo are treat ted by P. J. Van Melle in his series, “Seeking e Best” in the Florists’ pees for December 14, The All publications mentioned her rs—may be found in th Gian of The New York Botanical Cal. vn on Museum Building, a 25 following week he discusses re a emphasizing the im- portance of forms of saa oe “Pois jonous Plants of te is the title of a new r pla cluded, npc is placed on those which are injurious to farm imals. * * * Colorado alpines are described by Stuart Boothman in the sendia species and, most es . all, Boykinia Jamesii. Imposing apne of fossil plants from Idaho and Oregon. . Star T. B shown were collected some Peas ago by Horton C. Hinshaw. Poisonous Euphorbiae are the subject of Leon Croizat in Desert Plant Life for November. The author deals particularly with a plant that has recently appeared in the news columns in connec- desert by the sea (in Lower California) and J. R. Brown gives several interesting notes _ Haworthias. The garden of Mrs. ors Henry in Dublin, containing Chinese plants which her famous Fee -husband collected and plants which bear his name, is described in The Gardener’s Chron- ticle of November 9. Among the plants growing there, for instance, are Itea ilicifolia and iia vey yt. The Breeze Hill News for renee records the extremely late blooming of Lilium (philippense) formosanum, and gives cultural directions for this hardy six-footer with delicately tinted white flowers 26 new publication from the western coast has appeared, oan The Garden Quarterly. Illustrated in color, it makes an impres- sive appeal, but one who reads to the end becomes a bit suspicious of its Beliability, when an article signed by one of the editors states: ‘Peat moss is indeed the gardener’s friend. It never ig Experience at the Botanical Garden has not revealed such uni- versal perfection for this much-advertised ate uct. CaroL H. Woopwarp. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Ibert Spear Hitchcock, the eminent American agrostologist, died of heart failure December 16, 1935, on board the City o r of Science and the South African Association for the Advance- was the a number of works on grasses, the latest being “Manual of aan Dr. Hitchcock had recently gees the completion of the Grass Family for vith American Flora, and two parts of his authorship appeared in 1935. He was in on seventy-first year, and had been retired only three months from active service. Dr. C, ith, who had been abroad since attending ie Sixth Tiieenational Botanic Congress in Amsterdam in Se epte 27 ber, returned to the Garden early in December. He has been working at Kew on panera of the plants he collected during the se he recently spent in Fij aper to be published by the Bishop Museum in Honolulu iene eighty new species from his collection. Dr. A. L. Carrion, who is in charge of the study of fungous diseases of humans at the School of Tropical Medicine of Colum- bia University in San Juan, Porto Rico, did some additional a he . ast month. onthly Conference of the Scientific Sta a Registered Cee a the Garden was addressed in December by Miss Carol H. odward, who described gardens she studied while in Eu last spring and summer, emphasizing American plants and native plants of the countries visited which were in frequent use in the pe here . Glen Gar dner Hahn of Harvard University recently spent er specimens of on which e time in collaboration with The r. d Jay Seaver was appeinied one of two representatives from the Mycological Society of America to serve on the Council of the American Associa ed for the Advancement of Science at the annual meeting in St. Louis. A United Press dispatch ae Ree South Africa, on December 26, reported that Table Moun Cc d in October, and are being shown again in January. The process 28 which thus holds their color and cell-structure over a number of years is the development of Mr. G. Russell Fessenden, an amateur se f Mt. Vernon, N. Y., who has worked many years on a formula for * “resh preservation of plants because of his personal a ure mounted between sheets of cellulose film to pe an rom mechanical injury. oth treatment and formula for the impregnating compound are varied for individual adaptation to the chemical characteristics of each species or variety. The material proves useful both for botanical study and for wall decor ation The follo the autumn: Dr. Gertrude S. Burlingham, Newfane , and Mr. Carl T sey, Dorset, Vt., Dr. E. D. Merrill, Dr. David H. Linder, and Messr. oe Hopkins and Stuart Harris, Cambridge, Mas Creager, Fores Ils, : Mr. t Hills, Mass. Dr. Paul R. Burkiciia. ce oe Conn., Professor Alex- ander Evans, New Haven, Conn., Mr. Warren E. Bristol, Hart- ford, Conn., Prof. L. - Bailey and Messrs. B. T. Clausen and M. C. Richards, Ithaca, N. Y., Col. J. E. Spingarn, Amenia, ., Dr. Conway Zine, Philadelphia, Pa., Mr. Herbert A. Wahl, State ‘Colleze: Pa., Dr. Howe, Pittsburgh, sa Mr. Willard W. Eggleston, eo C., Dr. and Mrs. L. R. Jones, Madison, Wisc., Miss Edith Ald, Hutchinson, Kans. Miss Alice Eastwood and Mr. J. T. Howell, San Rae Cal., Mr. John B. Angel, St. John’s Nerf . Rafael A Boro, Uni- versity e Puerto Rico, Mr. B. eee Bristiatie, Aus- tralia, and Prof. W. Y. Chun, a China. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION Arthur M. Anderson *Mrs. a ay Anderson George Arents, Jr. *Mrs. iecsege eae Jr. incent Astor a e Stephen B Sherman Baldwin ets Prof. Gary N. Calne oe Andrew le f. W. H. Carpenter al Mabel Cho *Miss E. Mabel Hic W. R. Coe ev. Dr. H. M. Denslow Julian Detmer *Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Miss ie C. Frick *M. 1 A. de Gersdorff *Mrs. Augustus G. Paine *Mrs. eee A. Godle *Mrs. George McM. Godley Murry Guggenheim *M rof. R. A. Harper T. A. Havemeyer James R. Pitcher Prof. Tracy E. Hazen obart Po A. Heckscher *Mrs. Harold I. Pratt ore | een F. Hencken *Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam . Barton Hepburn Stanley G. Ranger Johnston L. Redmond Ogden Mills Reid John D. Rockefeller A. Howe A daly 1s her M. Huntington Arc Hon Gearee ds Ry an Pierre Jay Mrs. gue "y Satterlee *Mrs. Walter Jennings ce . Sch Mrs. Delancey Kane Mrs. Heavy e Schwarz §Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg *Mrs Arthur H. Scribner *Mrs. Gustav E. Kiss: Mrs. Townsend Scudder Clarence Lewis Prof. Edmund Sinnott Adolph Lewisohn *Mrs. Samuel n Frederick J. Lis Dr. John K. vt Henry Lockha James Speyer ae De A. ater Col. J. E eee ee se Me a Nathan Straus, Jr. Mrs. H. Edward Manville *Mrs. Theron G. Strong Parker eigen ss Joseph R. De *Mrs. John R. McGinley B. B. Thaye Dr. E. D ae rill Dr. William S S. Thomas rrill Raymond H. fipere ey 1 ey *Mrs. ee Miller, Jr. Ogden L. Mills Mrs. Harold McL. Turner George M. M eli . Warburg H. de la Montagn Allen Wardwell Col. Robert H. oe William H. Webste: Barrington Moore *Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder *||Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Bronson Winthrop Grenville L. Winthrop John C. Wister *Mrs. William H. Woodin Richardson Wright Dr. Robert T. Morris Chas. Lathrop Pack * Member also of the Advisory Council. Advi: il. Chairman of the visory Council t || Secretary of the Advisory Council. § Treasurer of the Advisory Council. GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden re: our hundred acres of beet diversified land in the northern Bat i rk, ich flows the Bronx River. An milock forest is one of eae Pees of the tract FlancaHons o thousands of native and hrrodaced trees, shrubs, and flow g plan Ga A dete | a new rock garden, a large rose garden, a perennial border, small model gardens, and other types of plantings. Sp eemionse con ranice thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign countri Flo ee ows eae out the Ser aan ee spring, SEO! and autumn displays of cated here irises, peonies, roses, water-lilies, ee and chrysanthemu nter, aeplys of greenhouse-bloom g plants. A museum, hare ne at fossil plants, existing p ie aaligd local Blane occurring w ithin one hundred miles of the City of New York, an ae a economic uses of plants; also historic microscopes. erbarium, comprising more than 1,800,000 specimens of American a Marien ‘apeeies Paxrjotation in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central and South America, for the study and collection of the character- Scienti! ifie Tesearch in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library of Fae and nena literature, comprising nearly 45,000 books and numerous pamphle Public Ltr on a great ce of botanical topics, continuing throughout the autumn, winter and spring. blications on De tanicel subjects, partly of technical, scientific, and partly of popular, interes he education of scho “i children and the public through the above fea- tures and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and jects. ues Garden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. Applications fer membership are always welcome. The classes of membership Benefactor single contribution $25,000 Pa single contrib i Fellowstonleitelee cere eres single contribution 1,0 Membernttor cite. s-ekcene eee sinels poutibution 250 Fellowship Member ............. anni 100 Sustaining Member .............. pater ne 25) nntialevlember esc eee tee annual fee 10 Garden Club Memberen AP} pecefeston annual fee for a club Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. Bequests may be made in the form of Securities, money, or additions to the collections. The following is an approved form of bequest: Ih peeks bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of Conditional patel nay be made with income payable to donor or any designated beneficiary during his or her lifetime. are llowships or mrs aa either in perpetuity or limited to a definite period y be oe bh shed for practical student-training in horticulture or for botan: fait rese: All eee for further information should be sent to Tue New York BotranicaL GARDEN Bronx Park, ForpHAM BrancH Post Orricr, New York, N. Y. VoL. XXXVII Fesruary, 1936 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN No. 434 NOTES mh SOME BACTERIAL at pee FUNGOUS DISEASES IN OUR GAR B O. Dopce BEGONIA SEMPERFLORENS VAR. INDIANERIN T. H. Everett THE WATER-HYACINTH AS A TIME-CLOCK Joun K. SMALL 1935 YEAR-BOOK OF THE AMARYLLIS SOCIETY T. H. Everetr AN UNSOUGHT cela aa IN THE CATSKILLS 1D, Wo ANDER WITH OUR COLLABORATORS W. CAMP REPORTS FROM ST. LOUIS MEETING OF A.A.A.S A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE Carot H. Woop NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT PusLisHED MontTHLy By THE New York BotanicaL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. (ForpHam Brancu Post Orrice) Bntered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents ‘ree to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BO ag GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGE I. eee MANAG. eae 1937: HENRY DE BALDWIN (Vice presen), Geonce = B Cuitps_ Frick, nae TUR aye HENRY T, Jr. D. T. AL DOUGATS and JosePpH R. Swa AN; Until 1938: L. H. Batey, Mars. Fiero, Mrs. m Une Hooxer, Joun L. Merri Vice-president and treasrer), Cot Rozert H, Montcomery, H. Hopart Porter, ai Until 1939: Artaur M. AND ee ae DOW. ae ones Cee MarsHa.tit A. Howe iSecrer ae Cuan Lewes E. D. Merritt, LA MontTaGNE, Jr. (Assistant Treasurer), and LEwis RuTHERFURD Mo II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Friorerto H. LaGuarvia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rosert Moses, Park Commissioner. GrorcE J. RYAN, President of the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E. ea appointed by the TOTEM Botanical Club. R. A. mM F. TRELEASE, EpDMUN . SINNOTT, and Maaston T. Bocert, enneanted iy “Galienbia University. GARDEN STAFF MarsHA.yi A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. D. H . A. Greason, Px. D. Deputy Director ee Head Caran Henry DE LA MonrTacneg, Jr. ssistant Dire Joon Ko Smarr, BaD SceD is ae Chief SA. Assoriate and Cur Hs A. B. Stout, Px. D. r of the Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Px. D., Sc. D. ator ERNARD O. Donce, Px. D. t Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ......... Supervisor of ae Education Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M, M. D....Bibliographer and ets ‘ant Percy WIiLson ociate Govalee Apert C. SmitH, Pa. D. See: Curator SaraH H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian H. Russy, Tana eee Honorary Curator of wee Economic Collection, Fiepa GRIFFITH Ari yi and Pho: ographer Rosert S. WILLIAMS arch Associate in Bryolog E. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and aan of the pee al Herbarium Harotp N. Motpenke, Pu. D. cone Curator W. H. Camp, Pu. Freee ator CiyDE CHANDLER, AL My pe Oe irvR tee Technical Assistant RosaLie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Carot H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. EVERETT, N. D. Horr orticulturist Henry TeuscHer, Hort. M. 2.20... cecee ccs serene eee eee, Dendrologist G, ‘L. Wrrrrocr,, A. Mii piircacic s rere oeteteatetele Mite ie ete store's <1 < ss cry creep ae Orro Decener, B. S., M. S. Collaborator in cate a Botany Rosert HAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Erxet Anson S. Fecha .Honorary Curator, Iris and | Narcissus Coleen Wa ter S. Groess: . . : G an ccountant ArTHuR J ee y t of Butlin and Grounds JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou.XXXVIL ss Fesrvary, 1936 0s—~*«N0 434 NOTES eee SOME BACTERIAL AND FUNGOUS EASES IN OUR GARDENS In discussing various types of diseases of ornamental plants of with students the Science Course for Professional Gardeners recently, it wa: convenient to gr seases together ac f € ing to the way the organism over-winters or according to the methods recommended for their control. mong the bacterial dise: of ornamentals in many garden s a Ss. are now finding that the old pear-blight (fire-blight) disease is hecoming established on aes flowering crabs, and other ornamentals of the apple group, such as the shadbush, quince, and mountain-ash. The burned ee branches show conspicuously dur- ing the summer. This disease can not be controlled by spraying. but it can be materially redu ei ie cutting out holdover cankers and by severely pruning back the infected branches early in the spring. There is also a similar black twig-blight of lilacs that is caused by oe bacterial organism. The leaves turn brown or blackis h nv = ppe dehyde solution so as not to spread the disease is recommended, or spraying the bushes with a standard Bordeaux mixture helps to prevent further spread. In contrast to this type of bacterial disease we have the streak of sweet peas. Here reddish-brown streaks appear on stems, 29 30 petioles, aan and pods. It seems that the bacterial organism is hi ed; therefore that it is oe Fl < 9 3 + us} 6 4 a5 a 2 3 =i og oO wn carried on isal te re ds that t cent contre! forma areas solution for about five minutes, as this will also control anthr: Nasturtium and dahlia wilt eee are both caused by the same the young diseased plants with standard Bordeaux mixture has been fou sie to be very helpful. neck-rot or scab is well known to gardeners, as is the ea p se cases it is reco mended to treat the corms with a solution of corrosive sublimate 1:1000 for an hour or so, first removing the husks, which are apt to carry the disease The leaf-spot baci ee Roget “ Pans and carnation the e . Both diseases c h e cultural methods, setting the plan a apart and regulating ee nee and avoiding en water jan one plant to s Sek to the black seen twig-blight of lilac mentioned ve, there is a brownish twig-blight of lilac, also a die-back used i s e calla, Series below, and both are in the same genus ( Paioaheh ore) s that causing vol late blight of potatoes. 1Dodge, B. O. A bacterial disease of Delphininm Ajacis. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 36: 257-260, 1935. Fi 1. Th like rhi f lla which has b infected with Phytophthora root-rot. Only a few healthy roots remain, and even these are rotted at the tip. 32 The twig-blight and die-back are controlled by prane out the d successive sprayings with Bor mixture he third species, which infests calla, involves rhizome-treatment and soi sterilization. These three examples show tha h disease is a special problem oe specific treatment eee of the close relationship of t ausal organ We have two or ae Heer rot seen such as the hya- cinth yellow rot and the calla soft rot. Both are rather destructive iseases once they become established. The calla soft rot is often present along with a fungous disease discovered in Europe about 1927 and recently introduced into the United States. This fungous disease of calla was described by Weiss? soon after it was first discovered in this country. His report was fol- 4 uring the winter of 1933, Mr. T. H. Everett, our horticul- tur alled attention to a ase appearing in a new calla planting e had about fifty potted plants that were nearly grown and ready to bloom ere and there leaves Id begin to turn yellowish and fall down. New leaves that developed soon became aftected me v he flower spathes that opened were dull-colored when they neared and soon turned Pp rown. In most cases the spathes did not open. As the disease seemed to be spreading rapidly, the whole lot was discarded ex- cept a few plants which were reserved for further study. It was found that plants showing the disease most seriously had very few solid feeding roots, most of the others being so badl decayed as to show only an outer shell. (Ficurr 1). New roots 2 Wei F. A root rot of the white calla new in the United States. Florists Bachanee 7316: 11, 13. 19 Ap. 1930. 3 Chester, he a disease of calla in America, Jour. Arnold Arboretum 11: 169-171. 1930. 4 Tilford, Paul E. Calla 7 ie rot and its control. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. me 138-140. fig. 1932. 5 White, P. Control . calla diseases. New Jersey Agr. Exp. Sta. Nursery ee notes 5: 1-4. 1933. Fiew Root-mass of a healthy calla, at the left, in contrast to the brown and aa roots of a plant infected with the bacterial root-rot which is described her were being put out but their tip ends would soon begin to show the same rot. Figure 2 shows the rotted root-system of a plant hav TO n benches the soil should be removed a: e benches sterilized. In case een ak been grown in pots, the old pots should be soaked i on of hooped gt 1:20 until they are tory serie ae being used again. Gardeners often make the take of dumping i aicrded soil on a compost heat. "This is bad practice in case of e a fungous conga or eel-worm troubles, as such organisms i a long in this soil. B. O. Dover. 34 BEGONIA SEMPERFLORENS VAR. INDIANERIN Begonia — var. indiancrin first came to my notice richly colored foliage which provides an excellent background for the light red rs. The exact color of the leaves is difficult to describe—to s: are 0 lish-chocolate hue fails to con- ve lustre they possess, and ee this hyphenated term perhaps most nearly describes their appearance. In 1935 two beds Toone near Conservatory Range 1 were planted with this begonia and throughout the summer they made a good showing. From these plants cuttings were taken in early August and these produced well-furnished plants in five-inch pots in bloom for Christmas. Begonia semperflorens var. indianerin is The shining dark leaves of Begonia semperflorens ee ena TH comncad it for use as an outdoor bedding plant, also as a pot-plant indoo: 35 a distinct advance over other varieties in this group and should become popular as its merits become more be known. It was introduced by Benary of Erfurt, Germany. T. H. Evererr. THE WATER-HYACINTH A TIME-CLOCK The common water-hyacinth is a very handsome plant with a very bad reputation. Its foliage and inflorescence are of the first order of beauty, but its method and rapidity of growth are often a liability. This water-plant, Piaropus crassipes, was discovered in the San Ma razil, and described in 1824 ies] out much success. Variou were extant oan its introduction into Florida. ye ie time Lake Okeechobee was made readily guoaui ae The shores of the lake and . islands and tributaries were to have ery luxuriant growth of the water-hyacinth. W oe this are was native there, that is, i uced at the plant seaward and it was not an uncommon sight see patches or floating islands in the ocean, the growth soon aid of course, by the salt water. “‘Bulusour 94} Ul OF: Z oge [HUN pasojd uremas spng PUL “EPlsopy ‘aaqgoysaayQ aye] JO asoys ayy Suoye ‘sedissps9 sudosvrgy ‘yWIseAY-TayeM JO MalA aso] ‘] TINO “Suyuaaa [gun uedo urewes pue Surus0w 94} Ul YI0]9,0 g jnoge o uado suaMog de[l-a]ed ay, “] TIAOI Ul UNoYs se tNUTDeAY-JayEM JO Ypjed owes ayT UT MorA aso] “Z FUNOTY 38 The most luxuriant growth we have seen was in Lake Okee- chobee and surrounding Les Instead of the small leaf ordinarily seen in pools and even in many sub e habitats, leaves a foot and a h o two feet hi he were com There we found the nae had a dade time schedule. On an ordinary a mornin, e flower buds appear as unopened tubes up to 7:30; before 8 ae they suddenly expand into the open cup-like pesiants as Fictures 1 and The water-hyacinth has many outstanding characteristics. formed, a few square fee re ture of these floating islands is dense enough not only to support them- selves but other kinds of plants as well, but not solid enough to support the weight of r-hyacinth is a friendly be and currents, may he seen ferns, grasses, sedges, orchids, and still i la e uliar pis Thelypteris gongylodes, often inhabits these islands e lower monocots are made prominent t ds (Sagittaria latifolia and S. la a e ost non grass is th en-cane (Panicuin hemitomum) ges of various sizes float with the vegetable i ones b spike-rushes (Eleocharis), the larger ones repre- ‘3 seen smartweeds ersicaria) and mi ae at plants, such as e Carolina aster (Aster ae ne and the bur-marigold pie mitis This aquatic Re long been known in Florida, as recorded abov Its existence there is often referred to in the daily papers in con- nection with its obstruction or fancied obstruction to navigation, IX] SB “Yyeay oy} ye jued sua. a ol d ou uo uaas aq Avur s vad aued-uapretu jo youd y EIS! Bunko Bo squerd Jo an UASsE d1}RI - NL ‘epopy ‘eydody-eyes pL ayey ur ymmpedy-aayen jo yajed [jeus yo ga ssuBsIxa, ayy Aq ,Sozedured, pa|eo st +] ‘aind jSOU]e St ‘eed eB] ap BoEsay ay} UF qqusedy-sayem jo ysqed asiey yop SANDY aqaly] YIMoiT ayy, ‘sexay, ‘a|fAsuMoIg, Jeu 41 We seldom even hear of its existence in Texas, but, it is there in the Rio Grande Valley, where it grows as luxuriantly as it does in peninsular Florida. Examples of the growth in these two states are shown in Ficures 3 and 4. Even less frequent are reports of the plant from the other Gulf States. However, it has established itself in the coastal regions of Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. In latter state it has finally ma f completely at home, especially in the lower part f the delta south of the latitude of Ne eans. There it grows intimately wit r aquatics, 1 , the ickerel-weed (Pontederia cordata), bulrush (Scirpus validus), er-lily (Castalia odorata), bur-reed (Sparganium americanum), and yellow-cups (Jussiaca diffus he water- 1 J a. a). Thi chaff-flower (Achyranthes philoxcroides) often choke the bayous so thoroughly that dipper-dredges must be resorted to in order to clear the channels. The water-hyacinth has also adopted southeastern Asia for a home Joun K. SMaLt. 1935 YEAR-BOOk OF THE AMARYLLIS SOCIETY The 1935 year-book of the American Amaryllis Society repre- sents an achievement of which any organization devoted to the i I be prow Consisting of 161 pages, it includes an autobiography of Mr. Mead, the constitution and by-laws of the society, and many informative articles relating to Amaryllids, their classification and cultur f special interest is “Vegetative Propagation of Hippesstrams” _ Miss Ida Luyten; also a shorter article by Hamilton P Trau The year-book is furnished to members of the society, annual dues in ee are two dollars. Wyndham Hayward of Winter Park, Florida, is Secretary. E. G. Duckworth of Orlando, Florida, is President. T. H. Everett. 42 AN UNSOUGHT ee IN THE SOUTHERN CATSKILLS That trips for botanical study do not a turn out success- fully is not aia manic but one participant in such a trip has here decid i ay th a com- plete 0 The se ing of nine years has tempered oe memory wha nally planned a Ile high peaks of ie ee Catskills, so that the Pee now stand forth in their really humorous light. Most people familiar with the Catskill Mountains might not consider a November trip over the well-known Wittenberg-Cornell- Slide Trail an a i dventure, especially en one thinks f the great staircase-like cliffs of Wittenberg, which are badly n by gr that w be co ed by the snow nb evidence, reminders of the past season’s display when various goldenrods, asters, Bs eer horse-mint, Habenaria, and Ficure 1. Balsam, spruce and birch on the summit of Wittenberg Moun- tain ‘vere mantled in hoarfrost after the season’s first cold snap in early November. many others had been in their prime. Dried leaves of ferns were mn deck, far more warming for a winter clim 44 e found our first colonies of the large-leaved golden- patches of creeping snowberry were growing, and aed the m were gasp: b sw resorted . fous for water, as they seemed warmer. We stopped for a good rest on thi of the cliff we stopped long enough to gather berries of the twisted- sea which is plentiful in this notch, but when we reached t jottom of the notch, even twilight failed us, and in the dark- ness, an - north wind swept through, bringing with it a fresh Ficure 2. The summit ledge of Slide Mountain was not the warmest place re pone although the coralline trees were worth admiring. snowfall, Soon chilled to the bone, we sought the shelter a the fire to warm our fingers, to which the gloves so frozen they could not be remove ow-s wood refused to burn, e pulled ew candles we had thoughtfully brought al the ice-sheeted cliffs oiered no foothold, to boost and pull one into t persuaded for ourselves a shelter for the few remaining hours of ‘night 46 next morning dawned brilliantly clear and ae so inci to w Pi ay ble-bush. Our intention was to work up the stream-bed to sky had become completely overcast, and flurries of egan mist ast desi ing the mountain, and realizing the impossibility of ascending an untraile ak under such con- btained she or the night. T rt ve was a wise on was proved the next morning, when even the wiley was buried in E. J. ALEXANDER. WITH OUR COLLABORATORS An interesting collection has been received from Mr. Flo Bartley and Mr. Leslie W. Pontious, who have been among the ost active collectors in Ohio in recent years. They have turned up a large n er of plants new to the state, including a new species of s (Calamagrostis insperata Swallen). Lately they have been ee their efforts on Liberty Township, Jack- son County, Ohio, and hope to bring out a a of this region in 4 the near future. They have chosen an extremely i interesting area for intensive study, an area which, apparently, was but little dis- 47 turbed by the Pleistocene glaciation, for in the deep sandstone orges and coves along Rocky Fork,. many plants distinctly southern in distribution (such as Magnolia tripetala and M. macro- phylla) h been discovered. One he pleasant memories of a trip into this region with the lichenologist, John Wolf, that we itti i ver Work has been ae eg on the collection of Mr. John B. Angel made in the summer of 1935 during the cruise of the but important collection was also made nes pie in the N. Li REPORTS FROM ST. LOUIS MEETING OF A.A.A‘S. otanical activities at the St. Louis meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science were reviewed by Dr. Fred Jay Seaver, Dr. B. O. Dodge, and Dr. H. A. Gleason at the January conference a the Scientific Staff and Registered Students of the Garden. Repeating, in brief, his report on the financial status of A/yco- logia, Dr. Seaver revealed that the income during the last three years, since it hecame the official organ of the Mycological Societ of America, had been $13,176, nearly half of the total income from 1925 to 1935. Of this amount, $5.728 was = net 1935—$3,646 of which came from subscriptions, $1,0 m. the sale of the 24-year index, and $1, rom an anonymous was thus possible during these three years to add $2,500 to the permanent Jfycologia restricted endowment fund. Dr. Dodge, the retiring president of the Mycological Society, i wn ju and retiring vice-president of Section G (Botany) of t Se spoke especially of the symposium on “The Promise of Modern Botany for Human Welfare” which was arrange . W Sinnott and presented before a joint session of the two groups. Frederick D. Richey of the United States Bureau of Plant Indus- 48 try spoke on “The Botanist as a Creator”; E..C. Stakman- 2 the University of Minnesota “The Botanist as a Protector”; and George T. Moore of the Misssun Botanical Garden on “The Because of t really increased interest in systematic botany, nt was started, Dr. Gleason reported, to organize systematic society. To outline plans for the group, a committee () en was appointed, consi of LeRoy Abr: f Lelan Stanford University ; unz, Pomona ge Nel- se University of Wyor . Fassett, University of Wis- onsin; E erff, Chicago Normal College; W. Pennell Pisin Academy of Science, and H. A. Gleason, New York 1 Gar ae pee Director of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, was elected President of the Botanical Society of America in St. Louis; A. Gleason, Vice-president, and F. E. Denny of the Boyce Thompson Institute, Treasurer, A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* atest issue of Addisonia (Volume 19, No. 2) contains an a alyx, one o Pineapple Family; 5 ania odorata, a fragrant ladies’-tresses of southeastern United States; Boltonia ie ae a sturdy, pink- fl i iste: Silen fire-pink of the eastern states; and Robinia mee flowered hybrid locust. * * “Scrophulariaceae of Eastern Temperate North America” is the title of Monograph No. 1 of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Francis W. Pennell, former erly Associate Curator at The New York Botanical estes s the author. Including the index, the work covers 650 p * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may he found in the Library of The New York Rotanical Garden, in the Museum Building 49 Studies on the frenching of tobacco are presented in the De- cember number of Phytopathology. This, says the ae Hee Spencer, is “one of the most puzzling of the so-called physi- Tho i g co was fairly new crop, this was nual on in print in 1688. The proceedings of the annual meeting of the Eleventh National Shade Tree Conference which took p es ce in Philadelphia alas 28-30, are now available in book for The Dutch elm-dise situation is given prominence in the ee and considerable space is devoted to tree cavities and their treatment * * * The numerous American friends of the late Dr. John Briquet ill be pleas o kn that his biography has recently been published.* Briquet, respected his ability and ved for is character and personality, was not only a botanist of inter- national Saelae but a prominent and useful citizer vice to Geneva and to Switzerlar His daughter has com the stury of e life in a very peidable little book, cihusaated ‘with several photographs. The finest among the dahlias of recent introduction are ap- il W. 7 i he praised by Derr Jart in an extensive presentation in The b Flower Grower for December * * The Christmas number of American Forests is worthy of a place on everyone's library table, where the magnificent photo- graphs of trees in winter can be pias enjoyed. Common- sense reviews a some of the 1935 gardening books ea 0 R Plants of the Central Rockies” are among other papers of special interest in this ala * * Plants which were as at the Arnold Arboretum ue last winter’s severe weather are listed, with comments, in the insti- *Copies may be obtained from the Herbarium, Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Rue Cuvier, Paris 5¢, for ten francs (about 65 cents). 50 tution’s ane sis Popular Information, November 18. The issue of Nov r 25 deals with the injurious effects of winter wind: * * * “Herbalists of 1936” by an oa writer in the Flori. of the botanists is a valiant effort to reduce the confusion of the jumbled state of nomenclature that existed in the nineteenth century * * 3 ” “Orchids for Amateurs,” in The Orchid Review for January, a reprint of a radio address by H. Curtis, given last fall in Great Britain, a the names of s x orchids which, the author giving warning that 95 per cent of those dug by amateurs are known to die unless given expert attention and a perfect situation. A remarkable lady-slipper, Cypripedinua nag with large, deeply ribbed, fan-shaped leaves, is describ The Gardeners’ Chronicle for January 4. Although ee seen, it is said to be hardy and easy to grow if given a cool soil of equal parts sand, peat, and humus. * * * e 1935 dahlia season at The New York Botanical Garden ai Miss m, are features of the Bulletin re 7. American Dahlia Society for November 51 New hybrid Korean chrysanthemums to grace the mn garden are described by R. Marion Hatton in ee for January 15. * * * e first volume of The Botanical alee which was com- are with the December number, contains twenty-four ane on such varied topics as L. O. Kunkel’s ae in Plan Virus Classification,” He. a ana “A Review of enite erning Flor Pavillard’s “The Present nt genetics of bryophytes, and life history of ao Rhodophyceae. Carot H. Woopwarp. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT The Gunnar Seidenfaden collection of Arctic plants has re- cently been acquired by the neue Garden. This collection consists a more than 1,300 sheets of carefully annotated speci- the west, and in part from the south. nfaden collection fills in many of our ap ue Arctic distribution and further is important because man lias have been cited in recent monographs of ren Peele ta Daffodils are to be given special attention in this country, through i nm Janua: odil So ; F. F. Rock tary-treasurer. Regional vice- eee include B. Y. Morrison, Mrs. H. S. Foote, Mrs. G. G. Whitney, T. A. Weston, Kenyon Reynolds, Mrs. H. F. Cabell, and Paul M. Davis. Mr. Morrison and John T. Scheepers were named to head committees on amateur §2 and commercial membership. The society plans to pass on the merits of daffodils which will be coming into this ese: when the quarantine on narcissus bulbs is lifted later this Ar -to-date model in a Spencer microscope a been added to the historic collection of instruments in the Museum Building at the Botanical Garden, as a contrast to the early on display there. It is eribieed by the Spencer Lens Company of Buffalo. Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Director of the Garden, ener the New York Academy of Sciences as retiring president. on “Plants at the annual meetin a dinner of the eae) held at the American Museum of Natural History on December 18. Dr. Howe was elected President of the Torrey Botanical Club at its annual meeting held at Columbia University on the evening of January 14. r. A. tout lectured on “Daylilies—Old and New” before the Dean eyivanis Horticultural Society, January 7, in Philadelphia. Classes in judging amateur flower shows, under the auspices of the Federated Garden Clubs of New York State, held at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel = in January, were clave among others, by Dr. M. A. Howe, Dr. F. T. ean, T. H. Everett and Mrs. Wheeler HL Peckham . The New York Botanical Garden staff. The price of Dr. Walter E. Rogers’ “Tree Flowers,” which w reviewed in the January Journat, should have been listed at $7. 50. It was only by advance subscription that a few copies were made available at the cost-price of $5.50. William C. Steere, instructor in botany at the University of the G holidays, preparing for distribution duplicate specimens of mosses from Th w York Botanical Garden’s collection. The work will be continued later. Dr. A. C. Smith addressed the Parent-Teacher Association of Springfield, Mass., February 5, giving an illustrated lecture on the Fiji Islands. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Journal of The New York Botanical ae monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; 1.00 a a year. “N ee in its thirty-seventh volume. color an 2 a ea -eighth volume. Twenty-four Year Index volume $3. 00 in paper, sonia, semi-an; nnual, devoted exclusively to colored plates accom- ay by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 a volume (two y ap [Not offered in exchange. Ow in its nineteenth volume. B of The New York Botanical Garden, containing reports of the TBieaterdicChict and other official documents, and fechned!, articles em- odying results of investigations. Free to all members of t arden; to others, $3.00 per volume. Now in its eaneeain volume. North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North Amer- ica, faalidinig Greenland, fhe est Indies, and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volu h to consist of f or more parts; 81 parts now issued. Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold 0 each. [Not d in exchange.] Memoirs of The New York Botani cal Garden. Price to members of to mem ers; ua ‘others, $5. 00. “ nnotated Catalogue of the Flora of Mont and the Vellowsten ne Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. Vol. II. The Tanlicnce at Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by D. T. MacDougal. ol. III. Studies of gree cease peniterone e- mains fro: eischerville, New york. A. Hollick an C. Jeffrey. Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Giaaes Stuart Gager. ol. V. ine fo) gues Vicinity of New rk, by rman Taylo: Vol. VI. Twentieth Anniversary of The New York Botanical Garden. Vol. VII. Tecindce New ophyceae from Porto Rico, by ard- ner; The Flower Behavior of Bae ccadcn by A. B. Stout; plants Collected in the Amazon Valley, by H. H. Rusby; and The Flora of the Saint Eugene Silts, by Arthur Hollick. Brittonia. A series of Botanica! papers. Subscription price, $5.00 per volume. Now in its first v. Contributions from The New yack Botanical Garden. A series of tech- nical papers written by students or members of the sta aff, and reprinted ee journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol- ume. In the fourteenth volume. Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central ees America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and 601 figures. Price, $5.50 postpaid. Manual of the Flora of the Ae States and Canaria, by Nathaniel Lord Britton. 1122 pages. Second edition, 1907. $2.50. Flora of Bermuda, by Netianiel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 text figures. 1918. A Text-book of General Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages: 76 mates, 1897. $2.50. of the Vicinity of New York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages. 1935. = i=} Direct all orders to: NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. (Fordham Branch Post Office) GENERAL INFORMATION Gee: of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern ee i of une City of New York, threuEn which flow: e iue Bronx River. A na hemlock forest is one of the features of the Plantations. of thousands of native and ee trees, shrubs, and flowering pla Gardens, oats a new rock garden, a large rose Pee a perennial border, small model gardens, anda ther types of plan Greenhouses, sontainis ing thousands of interesting aba Boe America and foreign countri Flower shows th rerihem the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn displays of daffodils, Maeeat elses peonies, roses, water-' lilies, Brean and ye in ene winter, displays of greenhouse-blooming plants. useum, containing ae ee fossil plants, existing p. is i milies, eal cplants perme within one hundred miles of the City of New York, an a economic uses of plants; AE historic microscopes. erbarium, comprising more than 1,800,000 specimens of American ae Horeca species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Centr: ae nd South America, for the study and collection of the character- istic Sc nee Tesearch in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library of botanical and horticultural literature, comprising nearly 45,000 books and numerous pamphlet: Public lectures on a great Ms riety of botanical topics, continuing throughout the autumn, winter ications on botanical natiecee partly of technical, scientific, and St. The education of school children and the public through the above fea- tures and the Siving of free information on botanical, horticultural and forestral subjects The Garden is iene ndent upon an annual appropriation by the City of York, private henetactions and membership fees. Applications for elco ip are: ene ae are always welcome. e classes of membersh nelae single contribution $25,000 single contribution 5,000 Fell ow for Wife). 35.20. Sa single contributi 1,0 Member for Life ................ single contribut 25' Fellowship Member ............. anni 00 Sustaining Member .............. annual fee 25 Annual Member eeeeee eee cee anna fee 10 Garden Club Membership ....... nual fee for a cl 2. Contributions to pee Garden masa be deducted he fecvule incomes. Bequests y be made in the uacHiee urities, money, or additions to the collections. The foliowing is an appro AeGE bequest: I hereby EI to The P Nee vi oie Eoianeals eaten incorpo under — the Laws of New York, ee 285 of 1891, the Conditional bequests ey be made with income ; ee 5 donor or any desiouatend beneficiary dur. eae or her lifetim Fellowships or coat either in perpe' ay or limited to a definite period fed be oe ished for practical student-training in horticulture or for botan- ical res All requests for further information should be sent to E New York BoTaNicaL GARDEN Bronx Park, NEw York, N. Y. (ForpHAmM Brancu Post OFFICE) VoL. XXXVII Marcu, 1936 No. 435 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN LECTURES ON FOREIGN GARDENS SPONSORED BY ENGLISH SPEAKING UNION T. H. Evererr NOTES ON RUST DISEASES OF SEMPERVIVUM AND OTHER ORNAMENTALS IN THE NEW YORK AREA B. O. Dovce and G. M. Reep EPIPHYTIC PALMS AND CACTI n K. SMALL SPRING LECTURES AT THE GARDEN A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE ~ H. Woopwarp NEW BOOKS ON THE LIBRARY SHELVES A NEW GARDEN ENCYCLOPEDIA Forman T. McLean CONFERENCE NOTES FOR FEBRUARY A. B. Stout NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT PusLisHED Montruiy sy THE New York BoranicaL GARDEN Bronx Parx, NEw York, N. Y. (ForpHam Brancu Post Orrice) Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription = 00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK aadeigeae GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGE I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS sai 1937: Henry ve Forest BaLtpwin (Vice-president), Grorce S. WSTER, CuiLps Frick, ApotpH Lewisonn, Henry LockHart, Jr., D, T. PDE, and JoserpH R. Swan. Until 1938: L. H. Baw LEY, MarsSHALL Fietp, Mrs. Eton Hunrtincton OOKER, JoHN L. MERRILL (Vice- re sitene and Treasurer), Cot. Rozert H. Montcomery, H. Hopart pone and yMonpD H. Torrey. Until 1939: ArtHuUR M. ERSON, Henry W. DE Forest (President), MarsHatt A. Howe (Senna an CLRSEaEE Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry pe LA MontTaGneg, Jr. (4 isan Treasurer), and Lewis RuTHERFURD Morris. II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGuaropia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rosert Moses, Park Commissioner. Grorce J. Ryan, President of the ‘Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E. ae oir By the Torrey Botanical Club. R, A. Harp EASE, Epmunp W. SINNort, and Marston T. BoceErt, abgooneed i CE University. GARDEN STAFF Mansa A. Howe, Px. D., Sc. D. Director Deputy Director and Head Curator . A. Gieason, Px. D. HENRY DE LA MontTacneg, Jr. Assistant gee Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D., Sc. D........ Chief SEL ee ee and Cur A. B. Stout, Px. D. of the Loman Frep J. Seaver, Px. D., Sc. D. Curator Bernarp O. Donce, PH. D. lant Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ......... Supervisor of Public yee Joun HENDLEY Baga RT, A. M, i D....Bibliographer and Admi ‘ant PER SON A sua ene. Apert C. SmitH, Pu. D. Associate Curator Saran H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian H. H. Russy, M. D. .........- Honorary Curator of thes Ree ane Colas FLepa Ganeine + and Photographer Rosert S. WILLIAMS Boles are He Biya ogy E. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Tome ee Harotp N. MoUEN ES Pu. D. t Curator W. H. Camp, Px i Yr CrypE CHANDLER, fe M. . Technical Assistant RosaLie WEIKER . Technical Assistant Caro, H. Woopwarp, B. - Editorial Assis THOMA Everett, Ni DidHoRTeeee eerie ss» oss oon Horticulturist ENRY TEUSCHER, Hort: (Miata rience <> o. ve sone G. Wittrock, A. M. ocen' Orro Drcenrr, B. S., M. S. C Guar oratar in House Botany Rosert HAGELSTEIN Honorary ator of Myxomycetes Erne. Anson S. PeckHam..Honorary Curator, oe me Narcissus Collections Wa ter S. GRoeeye ECK x 5 : -Clerk and Accountant ArrHur J. Cor perint of Buildings and Ground A. C. PFANDER -Assistant Superintendent JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. XXXVII "Marcu, 1936 No. 435 LECTURES ON FOREIGN GARDENS SPONSORED BY ENGLISH SPEAKING UNION Since plans are now well advanced to effect the first exchange P. M., and ake at 8:15. Mr. oe was bo: nin Persia and d ir fo a ears. His iectare should e of particular interest to those garden club members who plan to exhibit arrange- me nternational Flower Show opening in New York on En ; by Robert Ludlow oe r., to be given Thursday evening, o'clock. These lectures are given at the rooms of the English Speaking Union at 19 West 44th Street, New York City. Tickets are priced i fro: English Speaking Union or The New York Botanical Garden NOTES ON RUST DISEASES OF SEMPERVIVUM AND OTHER ORNAMENTALS IN THE NEW YORK AREA ‘o many people concerned with growing plants the term “rust” win S n the seeds or on the pods. Others refer to this same fungous way, a distinguish the true rust disease from anthracnose. The florist and home gardener are familiar with several species of rust diseases of ornamental plants. Carnation, snapdrag ‘on, and chrysanthemum are each subject to infection by particular species nt. course, one should avoid taking cuttings from infected plants and the plants should not be dusted while they are in flower as the blossoms will usually be injure The life cycles of these three rust-fungi are not complete in nate hosts of the snapdragon rust and chrysanthemum rust are, el, Se as le sigan peas with the rust parasite Endo-: pst USauper ite e lea are ch clongated, pale yellowish- ta and bear brownish tae ‘pus stules: In ‘nature, tis m infected leaves of si plant would ound more erect, as shown in Fic : although it is certain that they must have an alternate host.! ntry the dise wiped out in this country we should have no more trouble with it i ai abroa Another rust disease common in nurseries and ileal: houses is the rust on rhododendrons aa azaleas. Quantities i oyed. On n the under side of the leaves. These repeating spores carry the 1 The alternate host relationship is well illustrated in a case of the cedar-apple Sra oa It is definitely known that if our red cedars were destroye should hav ve no further trouble with the apple rust. It is the same with tl he white-pine blister rust and the alternate currant an gooseberry hosts 56 parasite from plant to ae rather rapidly, but the nei is able to complete its life cycle o y attacking the hem Bowers? has the ee to say of this rust eines ALyrtillt) : “This occurs on young seedlings of Rhododendron alg a brad .3 3 T d; 0 die infection is often followed by Pestalotia Leaf Spo a tricha), the ister causing brown spots and giving the ‘impression that these dead areas were caused by the Rust disease. Dusting the plants with sulphur dust every two weeks during July and August will effectively prevent injury from rust. This should be a regular practice with R. ponticii ee = ery planting of Sempervivum where practically every Ficure 2. Nui Pees aisat showed rust infecti tion, The tendency - leaves of such plants is to become much elongated and more or less erec 2 Bowers, C. G. Rhododendrons and Azaleas, Their Origin, Cultivation and Development. 1549. Macmillan Co. 1936. Fic 3. Infected ee in April, ee ae r the center. It was found that nine of the ele carried Pe ea indicating that offs ie i uae plant are always likely to carry the dis showing whitish etiolated eleven offshoot runners nts from an infected mother- The hollyhock rust, familiar to all home gardeners, is about the diseases, although it is a very serious disease various species of the Mallow Family. It has a very short life- cycle, which is completed on the same host plant. The control of this disease was briefly outlined in a recent number of this urope there has long been known a rust disease of species of Sempervivuin, but it is only within the past twenty years that the disease has appeared in this co first ted by Reed? from the rock garden of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Although as vet the rust has not been widely spread, he ince then made several collections in oe vicinity of New York City 3 Dodge, BR. O. Controlling the hollyhock rust. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. oie as 9. an Reed, George 3 he discovery of Endophyllim Sempervizi CAlb. & Schw) deBary in North America. Torreya 17: 84-85. 1917, 58 Diseased plants may be readily recognized by pale yellowish spots on the leaf-blades about one half inch or so back of the tips. Later the pustules break open, showing bright rusty brown spores which together somewhat in masses. Th d leave: elongate considerably, becoming pale yellowish-green (Ficure 1) n one nursery planting covering several square rod round, practically every on other-plants showed infection IGURE Infected plants never blossom. They ay during the summer but not before numerous offshoot plants have been de ed t has been proved Hoffmann and Ashworth of Europe that infection spreads from plant to plant by means of pi hich are shed in Apri y id not res ¥ determine to what extent, if at all, the disease may be carried by an offshoot plant taken from an infected mother-plant e takes a mother-plant t with its offshoots and transplants it yy 2 = a > = fo} 3 2 es ion oO obs S Ss Bc] ra wn ae so ua > oO ie s Pp = ct s Sg ri system, even to some of the smaller roots as marked in the illus- tration in E 4 ery few SS a rusts ea infect their host plants of bl will not be recognized until the next year in the new planting. It is practically the same situation with the Sempervivum rust. Figure 4. ieee as Lars in March. The ws lium th rust parasite was found pres = not Wi in the stem and leaf-bases of the offshoot. what extent the disease can be of sul has n r mined. Undoubtedly this would I to prevent the sprea ° S spores. at plants in the propagating beds one na be able to obta n dis ree off-shoots by careful selection. It is strange that cope this disease has now been nin the vicinity of N k for almost twent Idom reported in rock gardens. I e. Further ene is being carried on by the writers to be published n detail in another connection B. O. The New York Botanical Garden EED and G. M. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 60 EPIPHYTIC PALMS AND CACTI irds have developed a botanical instinct among their other useful traits. hey increase the geographic ranges of plants : ni i e t sojourn, for example, in a cabba e-tree hammock in fruit, popu- or two t shower of seeds on the palm ie near the ground as the birds eat the pulp of the drupes resembles the pelting of large rain drops. acti often cater to the migratory species, small and large, which are ravenously fond of the numerous seeds produced in the c ri er the process of scratchin search of seeds the quest often continues until the cactus plant is scratched clear out of the soil. hrough ya epicurian vere a bird may carry a seed or two beyond the last plant in an area, and thus gradually extend the oe ae range of a species rough this method of seed-dispersal the warm off-shore bars and lagoon shores of the eastern coast of Florida have been popu- lated not only with cacti, but with tropical shrubs and trees up to hi i River region But even more curious is the habit of birds to cause plants t ° more frequently met with in the tropics and adjacent temper- ate zones. In certain primeval live-oak hammocks in the Florida peninsula are found extensive hanging gardens. The large horizontal limbs 61 of the oak trees are hosts, not only to the typical and wu epiphytes, but to seedlings of various terrestrial plants, wally shrubs or trees, whose seeds were placed there by birds, and les Figure 1. A palm seedling starting to grow in a knot-hole of a mastic tree ie a coastal hai ne — ee Beach, Florida. This seedling may be short-lived or it may s e man 62 n by mammals. These transients, however, seldom develop . any normal size. e seedlings may occur among dense masses search € m r e plants occur ptui the first-named producing great quantities of fruits, the secon ee quantities of seeds na former paper! reference was made to the excess tissues often ee in plants and the advantage they sometimes render often encountered is the great amount issues a plant m manufacture from very scant raw materials in wholly eal habitats Unusual specimens are usually met with in the coastwise or dune FIGURE hammocks. hows a seedling palm growing rotten cavity in the trunk of astic tree (Siderorylon). The seed may h en dropped in the cavity many years ago, fo palm seedlings, especially in h a habitat, are of very slo th, d the frequency of rains and the length of ainy seasons. Mastic trees seem to be frequent hosts for epiphytic ms along the lower Florida coasts IGURE WS cabbage-tree (Sabal Palmetto) will live and thrive on the dry remains of a mastic log which it has o as a host from the ime the mastic was alive and the trunk was in the case of the prickly-apple to be described and illustrated below, t seems almost incredible that this palm | nd thrive on the food and moisture it could get from the now rastic In the Cape Sable region of Florida many unusual and con- trary phenomena may be found. Conspicuous among these are the cases of such typically terrestrial plants as rete ga and prickly-apples—-growing on tree-trunks! Contrar hat one would expect, these plants flourish in their cite Tabet just about as well as they do when rooted in the g ene N. Y. Bot. Gard. 36: 261-270, 1935, 63 The prickly-apple (Harrisia prea shown in Ficure 3 is in the hammock back of Ma It is rooted in an buttonwood (Conocarpus) e iz, pen is held about three ae ove the ground. This cactus had been growing on the log for RE 2. A cabbage-tree—Sabal Palmetto—growing on a mastic trunk on n jue por — ues the host decays the palm can take to the und and continue ww. Ficure 3, A prickly-apple plant—Harrisia Simpsoni—er rowing o: : Laue ood—Conocarpus erecta. The ground beneath is wet mos a of ne The prickly-pear (Opuntia) of the. region often betakes itself to the horiontal trunks of the buttonwood. 65 a long time, as was evidenced by the spent stems of different ry. These cacti are sometimes found in the trees ten to fifteen feet from the groun piphytic cacti are well known in the tropics as inhabitants of trees, es one peas see has been found in a hammock n the rglade Key: outhern Florida. But it is seldom that ee a ae an Harrisia are found as ephiphytes, as ecorded her [=) Joun K. Sarat. SPRING LECTURES AT THE GARDEN Lectures t to be given at The New York Botanical Garden during hree, and illustrated with caiee lantern slides. The subjects follow March 7, eS Wild Flowers,” Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, Bibliogra- her and Administrative Assistant. March 14. “Fiji and its People.” Dr. Albert C. Smith, Associate Curator. March 21. “Shrub Novelties, e Mr. conte ee st Dendrologist. March 28. “Shady Gardens,” Dr. For . McLean, Supervisor of Public Education. April 4. “Rock ee eye: Mr. A. C. Pfander, Assistant April 11. “New Daffodils and How to Use Them,” Mrs. Et hel Anson S. 'eckhi cae Cura tions. April 18. Tees and Pests of Ornamental Plants and Their Control,” B. O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist. April 25. “Pollen Grains,” Dr. R. P. Wodehouse, Arlington Chemical Company. May 2. “Daylilies: Old and New,” Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of the Leora May 9. “Mushrooms, Edible. Poisonous, and Otherwise Interesting,” Dr. Fred ‘J. ree Curator. May 16. “The cot Life of the Sea.” Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Director. May 23, “Rock Garden Plants at The New York Botanical Garden,” Mr. T. 'H. Everett, Horticulturist. v to REACH THE Museum BUuILDING The Museum Building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central Railroad to Botanical Garden Station, by 66 as cars to Bedford Park Boulevard, or by the Third Avenue den, B Park. Visito York, Westchester and Boston Railway change at 180th Street for crosstown trolley, transferring north at Third Avenue. A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* How to differentiate the common diseases of dahlias and how, if possible, to cure them are tol R. P. White in Bulletin 361 of the New Jersey Seo ioe ones Station. A brief list of resistant varieties is a Farm Research, pubis ~ the New York Abang Ex- periment Station, explains in ie issue of January 1 how the tate’s Gee en ‘of ai inoculants becomes a form - crop insur- of New . k, pe 3 tel oO 4 ct = Oo © Pg o ta w w tomato, called Nystate, of the second-early class, is also described | in this number. * * history, uses, and legends surrounding many subtropic trees, including the ancient Cypress of Tule, — as the t i are January number of American Forest s by G. epee en . who writes on “Trees of Old Mexico.” * * * t 2 of the tribe Cena is the subject of Lyman B. Smith’s “Studies in ae Bromeliaceae VJ,” recently ae as Volume 70, No. 5, fepaeae: of the American Academ of Arts and ane * * Two articles on plant-hunting ean in the Rockies—one in Canada by Robert M. Senior and one in Colorado by Kathleen N. Marriage—in the October number of the National Horticul- * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building 67 tural Magazine indicate the increasing attention being given to native plants of America, especially alpine subjects. Among the other interesting as in the peas is one on the hybridizing of begonias, by Alfred D. 7 Thirty-two native Cactus species, including two nite discovered ibed Ma sO Magazine for January. Eight of them are illustrated in flower. * * * “Ecological Studies on the High Plateaus of Utah” by Helen Dixon in The Botanical Gazette for December, explains the geo- logical history and present topography of the region, describes the plant zones, and treats of ee se a in each. r current work of interest in eco alo; ogy is contained in illustrated with an abundance of microscopic dwar: “Forests of the I!linoian Till Plain of Southwestern Ohio” by E. Lucy Braun is illustrated with peas sa charts Another section of Moss Flora re North America, being pub- d by A. J. Grout Part 3 lishe in Newf Vt., has appear A of Vo 2, it ntinuation of the Bar amacee by ae Flowers, the Timmiaceae and nen eee yy Geneva ginning of the Bryaceae by ndrews re, and e oy cog ttt of minute plant details accompany the scientific * The December Bulletin of the Missouri Botanical Garden de- scribes the “skyscraper” type of greenhouse which has been erected for the institution. * Among the month’s topics in the January Flower Grower the new annuals, begonias, berry-bearing shrubs, ee ean roses, Boston ferns, rhododendron a English i esults of experiments in growing seedling pines with and without mycorrhizal association are reported in the January Journal 68 of Forestry by A. B. Hatch. The seedlings were found ge of normal growth except when artificially provided wi mycorrhizal fungi, the author states. “T ogT: : afforestation in the prairie region as contemplated in connection with the Shelterbelt ae makes additional research on this problem imperative,” he s: * * Experiments on the control of dandelions in blue-grass lawns by mea f{ petroleum sprays are reported in Science for Janu- ary 17 by Loomis N. L. Noecker of Iowa State College Investigations will be ee os authors state; but meanwhile they indicate that results have most satisfactory in both pre- venting a eliminating this common pest of lawns without dam- aging the gr: * * * Among the items in the supplement of that issue of Science is a note concerning the prickly-pear cacti which have been recently illustrated flanking machine-gun nests in Ethiopia. American barbed-wire manufacturers, it is said, have refused to take orders ligere i i i Vorld, are serving the purposes of barbed wire in the war Three recent eee of the New York State Agricultural Ex- perimental Station at Geneva deal with bean mosaic, which as destroyed many in this state in the last few years. Bulletin ives a popu reatment of the mosaic the ular t Refugee bean, while Technical Bulletins 235 and 236 give more detailed treatment of the pee of the bean mosaic and of its transmission. All are by Arthur L. Harrison. A reprint from the January Budletin . the Horticultural Society of New York gives a résumé 0 i . Spingarn’s recent lecture on “Clematis for American Garden A list is included, naming desirable varieties and the Pe from whom they may be ob- ined * * * Suitable mulches for the winter protection of peonies are de- scribed by C. H. Connors in the January number of the American 69 . ss Society Bulletin. Benjamin Wilder Guppy gives useful s for beginners in the as of ae Peonies. In “Wate sueie Re and Ae in the Gardeners’ Chroni- H. Pri als with rge ig culture of on types of plants and the crossing of choice varieties. Gi ee Qa treatment which he accords sweet peas in the New area, an George Graves tells how to propagate ericaceous une giving detailed directions for the care of individuals in the home garden in every stage of growth. * * Notes on the development and culture of the Montbretia a the botanical manuals known as Tritonia) are given by Fr. Hubert of kj St. Bonaventure Coll WwW , in the February Flower Grower. e suggests many outstanding varieties to seek for the arden. “Perennials on Parade” by F. F. Rockwell describes some af the finest of flower ae a trom ea catalogue the Gar deners’ _Chroni icle of ae 25, James Esson de- n Long at The New York Botanical Garden * * Diseases of ete which were reported in the United States tre re names alk of the oo and 2 the: Pe organisms. The term “ripening” is ee to storing of reserve food for y t ee The old belief that summer sun was responsible 70 for the ripening of plants is still found somewhat true, the editors maintain; it is only the application of the principle which is at They describe the phenomenon briefly in different types of plants * * * e first number of the New York Microscopical Society Bulletin, which made its initial bow in February, consists of a description of the Myxomycetes by Robert Hagelstein * * Recent pamphlets on ieeionel flora of the Western Hemisphere S) include Paul C. Standley’s sixth number of “Studies of American lants,” containing principally South American Rubiaceae and issu ublication 352 of Field Museum of Natural His- of view, E. Lucy Braun’s “Vegetation of Pine Mountain, Ken- ee reprinted from The American Midland Naturalist. Caro. H. Woopwarp. NEW BOOKS ON THE LIBRARY SHELVES wo large volumes, illustrated with several hundred reproduc- tions of early drawings, paintings, and tapestries which reveal from original sources which he fe t e which has been edited by his daughter, Catherine Childs Patterson, is published by The Bodley Head, L con , according t e title page, “ ‘Flowery Medes’ and other arrang ts of herbs, flowers and shri grown in the Middle A: ith some account of Tudor, Elizabethan, and Stuart gardens.” t it con- tains for the reader much more than that—a flavor of early life 7i in many countries. The numerous quotations from sources make the two books invaluable as reference works for the gardens of Europe during about ten centuries. * * xcerpts from the adventures of that dauntless Scottish ex- Asia are being to the wo the Royal Botanic Garden of Edinb , are contained i all, entertaining volum brought out last year by the Scottis! ck Garden ie! The 0 : most important plants, from a horticultural standpoint, are given special attention throughout the book and are individually de- scribed in a special chapter. a * * Two important volumes in paper have recently come from the Field Museum of Natu ae istory. Publication 350 is “The For- ests and Flora of British Honduras” by Paul C. Standley ae Samuel J. Record; ee ion 351 is Part 1 of a “Flora of Per by J. Francis Macbride * Designing her book as a text for advanced students of botany a published. illustrations, including a frontispiece in oo Economic uses of algae form an interesting section of the * * * Another new book on algae comes from the Cambridge Univer- sity Press (issued in America by The oe Company). is a 791-page volume by F. E, Fritsch on e Structure and eee of the Algae, Vol. I,” ae ae aa with ex- msive references to other literature on the subject, and numerous iIneteatone s. z * * * e year-book of the Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft for 1935 contains considerable material ae interest to those Ameri- eaders who do not balk at a German text. Besides systematic treatment of the Cycadaceae and of the book contains interesting dendrological notes from Florida by J. C. Th. o oO s co a th R = a 72 Uphof of Orlando, and a long article on Abies hie illustrated t St der Volkskunde” gives the curious background of many legends and beliefs regarding trees * * “Possibilities of Shelterbelt Planting in the Plains Region” is 3 na ef of ope th a statement on ee Shelterbelt problem. The volum is ee 8 indexed. * * Enthusiasts of the sand- | regions along the ocean’s border will no doubt enjoy “The Book of the Seashore a ta: was aided by Dr. Harold N. Moldenke of The New York Botani- cal Garden. 1 Shannon, Howard J., The book of the seashore, illustrated by the author, 281 pages. Doubleday- Doran, Garden City, N. Y., 1935. $3.50. 73 A NEW GARDEN ENCYCLOPEDIA Thirteen hundred pages of garden brevities of most diverse ell. tues and faults of brief treatises everywhere. It tells something about every big group of gardening interests—yet tells in it such abbreviated form as to be easy reading, and to whet the appetite Cae non- “technical language, an excellent guide to the aa ciation of all scientific names, and surprisingly good treatment of the economic nar a and beans—and some of a most popular garden flowers—iris, dahlias, orchids and begonias—are among its Lea eaen virtues. The treatment of gardening in dif- it mu foo ti h Hardiness of plants is nalan dy iene to by landmarks along the Atlantic seaboard—Washington. Philadelphia and New York City, but in the treatment of gardening by regions, one fails to find this region discussed. Considerable space is devoted to birds, a to insects and dis- the latter treated by D esos of shrubs and bulbs—perhaps = since the latter e easier subjects for the beginning garder pee it is a readable book, well ee ase illustrated ; well assisted in the preparation of the volume by Miss Carat H. Woo ward of our staff. Forman T. McLean. * The Garden Encyclopedia, edited by E. L. D. Seymour—Wm. H. Wise & Company, New York, 1936. $4. 74 CONFERENCE NOTES FOR FEBRUARY Ata oo of the Staff and Registered Students held on February 26, e topics were presented, as outlined below tes on Fijian Plants” were given first by Dr. A. C. Smith. atophytes into the Pacific region: 1. The ea during which the nife e ] e result of eastward migration of the richer Indo- Malaya n flora. r. . Everett displayed peer bis nts of Prinuda flori- fata ane Pr a eae of the diploid hybrid of these two species which has bee i pee ted as a clone under the name Primula kewensis, and of the tetr aploid type which has been de- i a th T one of ve discussed the origin of these types and their uses in mhocdedliure: Views of a Horticulturist on Disease Resistance in Plants” was presente r. Henry Teuscher. It was emphasized that i which involve numerous factors; that in many cases of resistance, as distin- 75 guished from immunity, the cultural conditions and various factors of environment determine whether or not the plants escape infection; and that the most important factor or cause of escape from infection should be determined and utilized in each of the yarious cultivated plants Secretary of the Conference TES, NEWS, AND COMMENT t the baa exhibition of the New York Microscopical So- e nd a collection of about 60 species in the fruiting ie was displayed. Mr. Hagelstein is a former president of the Dr. Mildred E, Mathias returned to the Garden in Februar c: 8 versity, St. Louis, a her work on this family, in the tax- onomy of which she has been specializing for several years Dr, Michael Levine, who, during his sabbatical “ee from the New Yor : public schools, has been working “cancers” at Montefiore Hospital in New York, aed vated 7 Botanical Garden, where he eae com conferenc t D. Darker, Research Associate in the Farlow Her- Sarin = i rvard Universi ae a day in The New York y: fungi in the Mycological Herbari um. arker is continuing the work of A. B. Seymour on the Host. jade of the Fungi of orth America,” an indispensable work to mycologists Other February visitors, doing research work in mycology, in- clude Dr. H. M. Fitzpatrick and Lawrence White of Cornell Uni- 76 versity, Dr. Dow ne Baxter of the University of Michigan, and Dr. Paul W. Gra . E. D. Merrill of Harvard University spent the week-end of February 22-23 at The New York Botanical Garden in the interest of his work on Chinese flora. tout gave an address on “The Origin and Improve- ment fen Plants” during the recent annual meeting of the Te echnical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. Spe- ial me in which work The New York Botanical Garden has codperated with the Oxford Paper Company, and of the relation of such breeding to reforestation Early examples of American botanical and horticultural litera- ture, some of which were lent he New York Botanical Gar- orks un Bartram. Elliott, and Barton were shown, also some aire discov- is may be Ordered,” dating from 1748, and E. Sayers’ “Treatise on the Dahlia and the Cactus” (1839), believed to have been the first work devoted to a special flower subject. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION Arthur M. Ander: *Mrs, Arthur M. Anderton ti n W. Auchincloss ir. Raymond F. Bacon fie tert Bacon Prof. L. H. Bailey Mrs. Tames Baird Stephen Baker Henry de Forest Baldwin Sherman Baldwin _ Prof. Charles P. Berkey C.K. G. Bill ae George Blument! Prof. Mar. eae fae Prof. William J. Bonisteel George P. Brett W. R. C * Member also of the Advisory Council. of the Advisory Council. tChairman *Miss Helen C. Frick ates. Carl A. de Gersdorft *Mrs. William F. Hencken *Mrs, = Saas poe Capt. ry B. Heylman es Bene R. Tein *¢Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Dr. Marshall A. How Archer M. Huntington ierre Jay *Mrs. ae eo *Mrs. Di *+Mrs = ‘esr Kellogg is Kissel 2g t, Jr. ae ela a eee gal nee David oe ete Mrs. H. Edward Manville Parker McCollester ee ae pare a ee ae “Mrs, aa Miller, Jr. Mills . Y. Morris Chas. Lathrop Pack || Secre + Vice-Chairman of the Advisory Council. *Mrs. Augustus G. Paine *Mrs. fee Ti *Mrs ry St. Ee ieee Eb Ii rs. Theron a Strong Tost R. Soe . Tha: a ae jam me Ree Raymond H. Torrey Prof. Sam F. ieclece B on Winthro: Grenville L. eae on C. Wister Mrs. William H. eae Richardson Wrigh § Treasurer of the Advisory Council. tary of the Advisory Council. GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Four hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part ef the "City of New York, through which flows the Bronx River. A native ock forest is one o tee Feattees of the tract. a wma: or thousands of native and introduced trees, shrubs, and flowering plan ardens, a elie new rock garden, a large rose cee a perennial beniee small model wardens: and other types of plantin Greenhouses, contains thousands of interesting sina seen America and ee countri Flower shows ee ut the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn displays ot & ffodils, lilacs, ne peonies, roses, water-lilies, dahlias, and hrysanthemums; in the win r, displays of greenhouse-blooming plants. A ntaining see of fossil pants, itis plant families, local plants occt urring within one hundred miles of ae y of New York, and A economic uses of plants; also historic microsc An herbarium, comprising more than 1,800,000 specimens of American and foreign species, Exploration in figere nt parts of the United States, the West Indies, Conca ae South America, for the study and collection of the character- istic flor Sc: senene research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified Meee of plant life. A library of botanieat fae hore literature, comprising nearly 45,000 books and n phlet: Public lectures on a gist: wane 2 - eee and horticultural topics, ee ee the autum: inter ai ublications on botanical Oe, Sea Lat fecticalt scientific, and cate of popula: interest. The educ: te ae school children and the public through the above fea- tures and th g of free information on botanical, horticultural and forestral subject The Ga ea is nee ndent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. Applications for mienibershi are always welcome. The classes of membership mbes dianclsrers eiareleeys +... annual fee Sust ining aie ore aeeis erate ane annual fee 25 Garden Club "Menibecenin HoonG .. annual fee for a club 25 Fellowship Member ............. annual fee 100 Member for, Life... c.s.c--seseee single contribution 250 Fellow for Life ..... eae mest .. single contribution 1,000 Patron single contribution 5,000 Benefacto: single contribution 25,0 Contsibutions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. Bequests may be m: n the form of securities, money, or additions to the collections. The following cs oa approved form of bequest: I hereby bequeath to The New York Baie Cordep incorbinaie under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of ——— Conditional bequests may be made with tome sean oF donor or any designated beneficiary during his or her lifetim Fellowships or scholarships either in pe meine) or limited to a definite Peay ee be established for practical student-training in horticulture or for botan- ical researc All pemueete for further information should be sent to E New YorK BotanicaL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. (ForpHAm Brancu Post OFFice) VOL. XXXVII Apri, 1936 No. 436 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR FOR THE YEAR 1935 MarsHatt A. Howe TREASURER’S REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1935 BREEDING FOR HARDY SEEDLESS GRAPES A. B. Stour MEDITERRANEAN EXHIBIT AT FLOWER SHOW WINS GOLD MEDAL FOR GARDEN NEW FELLOWSHIP FUND ESTABLISHED THROUGH ADDITION TO ANDERSON GIFT THE BRITTON BEQUEST BOTANICAL GARDEN TO HANDLE NEW REPRINT OF “ILLUSTRATED FLORA” PLANTS OF FUCHSIA MAGELLANICA NOW AVAILABLE NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT PusLisHeD MonTHLy By THE New York BoranicaLt GARDEN Bronx Parx, NEw York, N. Y. (ForpHAam Brancu# Post OrFice) Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1937: Henry DE peed BALDWIN ie eee CHILps pace AvotpH LrewisoHN, Henry Lockuart, Jr, T. MacDoueat, and Josep: R. Swan Until 1938: er H. Bairey, MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs aii as L. ROBERT MoNTGOMERY, ra “Hopart Porter, a vp H. To Until 1939: ArtHuR M. Anp fae re YY W. DE Foseee ese, MarsHa.t A. Howe (Secretary), CLARENCE ee E. D. Merrit, La MonrtTaGNne, Jr. (Assistant Treasurer), and Lewis RUTHERFURD “Mort II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Frorerto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Roszert Moses, Park Commiecnee Georce J. Ryan, President of the ‘Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS ate ee TANS appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. R. m F. TreLtease, EpmMuND W. Sinnott, and Marston T. ear appointed ba) "Colambia University. GARDEN STAFF MarsuHatt A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director . A. Greason, Pu. D. Deputy Director Ben Head Curator HENRY DE LA MonrTAGNE, JR. sistant Director Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D., Sc. D........ Chief Research eae and Curator A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the oratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. pclae si: Gil D Nay ni Sa Supervisor of Public Education Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D....Bibliographer an es sli in. Assistant PER ILSON acini ‘urator Avsert C. SmitH, Px. D. joe Curator SaraH H. Hasso A. M. L rae H. H. Russy, M. D. ........-- Honorary Curator of ie Beceem Collectio: FLepa Gouri od Phot Lagrabie Ropert S. WILLIAMS tate in Bryology . ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Cooee vik the Local Helo Hazowp N. Move, Pa. D. t Curator W. H. Camp, D. ey Curator CLYDE Coe ‘A. M. Technical Assistant Rosaiz WEIKERT Technical Assistant Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. Hi turist ENRY TEUSCHER, Hor’ endrologist G. Wittrock, A. M. D Orro Drcener, B. S., M. S. Collaborator in Hawatian Botany Ropert HAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Eruet Anson S. FR .Honorary Curator, Iris and | Nori Collections Watter S. Giese mee . a ccountant ArTHur J. Core Superintend of Buildings and Grounds AMC: Pacepentes sistant Superintendent JouRNAL OF THE NEw York BOTANICAL GARDEN Votume XXXVII. The “Bronx Seedless” Grape ) (4/5 natural size JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VOL. XXXVII Aprit, 1936 No. 436 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR THE YEAR 1935 An un expected feature of the gituag for the year 1935 r D. Merrill, little better, even fs restoring $5,000 to principal funds in con- tinuation of our endable practice of paying back borrowings of previous years. ee is heartening to know that one more $5,000- payment will close up this hole in our endow ment funds, which i i he acy, and $1,000 to be ied to the endowment of Mycologia from 77 78 a friend who had previously given a like amount for the same purpose and who still wishes to remain anonymous HortIcuLTuRAL DevELOPMENTS Continued progress in both the outdoor and under-glass plant- ings, under the immediate direction of Mr. T. H. Everett and his able assistants, has been manifest throughout the year 1935. Close ears cae roperly developed compost heaps, clean supplies of leaf- b et indoor and outdoor plantings n ortant factor in t eneral improvement has bee establishment of the ing courses for young American gar- ticipation in the aged expen into Namaqualand, recently made by Mr. R. H. N. Smither A notable donation made seer the autumn by John D. Rocke- feller, Jr. consisted of six large orange trees in tubs, six oleanders, 79 and ean which add attractive features to our display houses. We are indebted also to Mr. Stanley G. Ranger, a member of i Cte for donations of many valuable and unusual items to our collections. d in the Propagating House for outdoor displays included approximately 2,000 cannas, 2+,000 annuals, chrysanthemums, as well as 7,000 plants of Pm AL ee : : 6. a ray Be 7 n area of about two acres, west of Conservatory No. 1 and near the terminus of the Third ee Elevated Railroad, is b put into condition for a iris garden, ich d s of about 250 of the best bearded irises for: owi 0 new pee unction with generous masses of gray-foliaged saakon 48 e Ros xist- ence, due to effective cooperation of the Bobbink & Atkins firm, our gardening force, and our pathologist, Dr. Dodge. Improve- ments have been made which should ensure even better results in 1936. e Dahlia Border, after a slow and rather disappointing start, did much to redeem itself during its last six weeks, when it was an attractive mass of color. The date of the hae live dahlias was lat consider vember 23, ten day the ious latest date in the eighteen years of the oe e eal Dahlia Border f the newer and better eet flowered European varieties were sh addition to the flowered own, in merican varieties, and it is expected that this eee will be further developed the coming s A favorable season, with its Indien. -summer ending, combined with good cultural methods and the eradication, under the direction of Doctor Dodge, of the previously troublesome parasitic nema- 80 todes, resulted in what has been described as the best show of rdy and semi-hardy chrysanthemums ever seen at the Botanical Garden. These were planted in two long borders north of Con- servatory Range No. 1. The border mince by the Advisory Council was kept u in close codperation with Mrs. Ellen Shipman, Landscape Ae tect. In the autumn, a section comprising one fourth of the whole p : Progress has been made in construction work and planting of Gard the Thomp son Memorial Rock en. The fence around the garden ow essentially complete. The i stig of the living calles ons has received much attention during the year and special credit in this connection is due to r. lexander. The epolléetion of daylilies anise under the personal direction of Dr. A. B. Stout, drew increasing attention from pro- pan) w wn s 8 ct q a o a i @ wn eo mA a fel 3 > 3 Q iS) » 5 A th ° cS m we a old-fashioned yellow and orange strains in vogue with our imme- diate ancestors. Various shades of pink, red, and maroon are now developed, also dwarf and tall, early and late varieties. The Gar: Club co) : ; ess has be securing 24 water-color paintings of folio size, illustrating some of the native Asiatic species and recent hybrids of Hemerocallis, with a view to early publication GREENHOUSES Several important steps directed toward the rehabilitation and better display of the exhibits in Conservatory Range No. 1 have been undertaken ig past r. ou. has been deled chiefly for the display of plants that are brought to lowering size in rvatory Range 2, th ing hi the Garden has to offe the general public. In House No. 7, a e genera, with 228 named species, besides plants as yet w named. In House No. 8, a representative and a aeie pene 81 of South African succulents has been taken from the pots and a bed on h. T are House No. 11, the bananas and certain other larg pical plants have been removed from their tubs and planted out in a rich, ci pared soil, esulting i in a marked improvement in their t Conservatory Range No. 2, the renewing of the topsoil in the Central Display House, begun the previous yea m- pleted and there wa: rtain amount of replanting, with an in- aid of workers from the emergency rclief rolls, a root-cellar and a steam soil-sterilizer were installed at Range 2, both of which should be of value in raising plants of high quality. PATHOLocY The Plant Pathologist, Dr. B. O. Dodge, hb that all of the elms affected by the so-called Dutch clm-disease or dying from tion of eel-worms from chrysanthemums and certain succulents, 82 . Dodge gave some attention to the study and suppression of nee i of Delphinium and Impatiens and to the black- spot of r LABORATORIES Plant-breeding by Dr. Stout and his assistants, Miss Clyde h a : e e have been develo ped, a sane ‘e in the New York climate ) pulp industry, begun several years a codperation with the r Company, has given many excellent hybrids, the best of whi re being distributed widely, not only in but in foreig as we (genus Liliuin) have been couceitiaied chiefly on the tiger lily and the madonna lily. Museum anp HERBARIUM No important changes have been made in the museum exhibits, s di although suggestions for improvements h een he herbarium has been growing wit abated activity. Be- sides the pasting in of many thousands of clippir dc of original descriptions and cleaning and repairing specimens, 53,954 specimens have been actually added during the is te ya : that nearly half of these additions represent Oriental specimens sent to Dr. Merrill for identification and that with the Syne of Dr. Merrill, accessions from the Orient will suffer a corre ponding shrinkag Since a rate ae growth similar to this has been in progress for somewhat more dan five years, our herbarium cases have become full to their limit or nearly so. We have in use at the present time more than 3, t a rtons of corrugated p in which all of our Oriental material is stored. The replacement of these ) paper boxes alone will require about 60 standard herbarium cases 83 and the future growth of the herbarium for the next decade may be conservatively estimated at 70 additional standard cases. The purchase of these cases and the provision of floor space are be- coming matters of major § im ortance, Th igher plants have been fess than half as ni TO! However, these shipments of ours have served to establish a credit balance, which w: ing us valuable material in th ture, and, even lacking that, have helped to establish a credit balance of will that will be of e for to co plicates of the lower plants—algae, fungi, mosses, etc.—bring the grand total o outgoing eater to 48,260 specimens. the efforts of C eaver, partly by offering publications in ex- or specimens, ,586 specimens have been a e hepatics, brings the total number of specimens now in the her- barium to 1, nee r exander, Assistant Curator, besides ee sev- eral ane papers, editing Addisonia, supervis numerous water-color paintings and pen and ink sketches, identified nearly 3,000 plants for various visitors and correspondents. Dr. W. H. Camp, recently of the Ohio State baa was T H ill especially to the Blueberry Family (Vacciniaceae). Dr. H. N. Moldenke, Assistant Curator, began a year’s leave of absence on October 1, accepting appointment as a Research unci tional Botanic Congress at Amsterdam and devoting the remainder the time to taxonomic research at the Royal Botanic Gardens, ew. Mr. Percy Wilson, Associate Curator, has continued his studies of West Indian plants, making several thousand determinations. During his vacations, he has made extensive collections of seeds of North American plants. 84 Mr. R. S. Williams, Research Associate in Bryology, has re- ee many of the genera of mosses to conform to the latest ideas as to ao classification and has made many determinations for correspondents PUBLICATIONS Six parts of North American Flora have appeared during the year, establishing a record in that respect. There were six num- bers o Dr. b with colored illustrations me chiefly by i Margaret Soren- ; i ited i H. d r. E. D. Merrill published in Philadelphia in the Transuctons of ie American cheeses Society a quarto work of 445 pages entitled “A Com ary on Loureiro’s Flora Cochinchinensis. oO = 5 s 2 oo 3 po Ae an oo 2 a) a = a = a oq ne =a flora of Florida and other sduthern states are being continued. rologi ae ing manu- script for a book to be published this year by the Brooklyn Botanic Garden under the title “American Index of Cultivated Trees an rubs.’ Pusiic EpucaTIon The School for Professional Gardeners, now in its fourth year, has sixty students enrolled, and taxes the capacity of the rooms 85 of The Horticultural Society of New York, in codperation with ich and with the National Association of Gardeners, the school m 0 $25 to avail them: selves of ian oe of memberships, such as the gardening courses and lec out the year, with the omission of three summer months, as ce ring i tal re ork Botanical Garden has continued to codperate with the Radio Garden Club in giving talks over station WOR, the Botanical a s turn coming on the second Friday of each month at 3:30 P. M. Dr, Forman T. McLean, our Supervisor of Public Education, has continued his inheritance studies and breeding experiments with the fragrant-flowered species of Gladiolus, ea encouraging — In sas a bao ae Fleda Griffith, with the oo of Miss e Milan, added to our collection 674 negatives, 549 aa pee slides and 45 uncolored slides TREES AND SHRUBS Under the general supervision of Mr. Henry Teuscher, Den- up of select hursery, occupying a part of the former Fruticetum, has been established and now contains 1,940 woody plants, representing 86 626 species and varieties. In the Propagating Nursery, 16 care- fully prepared beds contain 2,271 woody plants, representing 392 species and varieties, while 3,318 young potted plants are in cold- frames and greenhouses, awaiting transplanting to beds in the rin, BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS s the case last year, it is a pleasure again to report con- i progress in repairs to buildin s and developments in the h but have been disallowed on the gro at the finances of t City did not permit the necessary ex tter has re- cently again been placed before the Budget Director of the Cit and he has assured us of his codperation. e City has our offi- cial application for a grant to cover these repairs and we are hopeful that in one way or another funds will be forthcoming. 87 A garage for the housing of our trucks and equipment has been a necessity for man uch-needed improvement is now u the structure adjacent to the “El” station be ing in process of reconstructio: h completed the building ars. Steady progress has been made in the a of primary paths, which for years have been in bad cond: A good start has now been made, about 2 miles in all ene eh resurfaced. Several thousand yards of material are now on hand and we hope, A oe ane for the storage of bulbs during the winter has been erected adjacent to Range 2. If space aaron ted, many other completed or partially completed projects would be worthy of ex- ended comment. JI merely make mention of “ithe following : e co a soil-ste installed at 204th Street entrance; aquatic house in Range 1 ren- remove d 3,000 yards of fill procured free of cost oa dumped in Long Lal ke 88 Valley, and new drainage and catch basins installed at various points. Seep ExcHANGES The second organized seed exchange, in oh resulted in send- out more than 6,000 ackages of seeds to 134 botanical gardens, other institutions, and private individuals, and in the receipt of 4, packages in return. LIBRARY ary, in ie of Miss Sarah H. Harlow, showed an bou ut library, under its current budget, is having some difficulty in keep- of his colleagues and of numerous inquiring botanists in the United States and in other parts of the worl OutsiDE EXHIBITIONS t the International Flower Show, held in New York in March, Mr. T. H. Everett, with the assistance of M aan Alexander and Mr. A. C. Pfander, was responsible for the planning and staging of an attractive and educational exhibit of South African plants, including many recently brought from that region by Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs of our Advisory Council. This exhibit was awarded two gold medals, one by the Garden Club of America and the other by the Flower Show organization itself. A little later in March, the Botanical Sages set up at the Phi h ri ° is a gold medal. It was awarded a silver medal in Philadelphia. 89 t the show of the Horticultural Society of New York, held November 8-10, the Garden was awarded a bronze medal for its exhibit of a large collection of outdoor roses, in bloom at that late season. ASSISTANCE FRoM Works ProGRESS ADMINISTRATION We acknowledge, with gratitude, very material assistance from the Works Progress Administration and its predecessor, the Public I : Works Administratio e report of Director Merrill, one year ago, the total cost of various relief projects for the benefit f The rk B Garden, including wages and material, was placed a , been unable, thus far, to obtain a complete report for 1935, but by piecing together fragmentary ports, li rks Progress door workers, mostly women, who have eerie helpful service as artists, stenogra- phers, typists, technicians, clerks, herbarium assistants, etc. MEMBERSHIPS The membership lists show that 62 new members were en- olled during the year and that 80 were lost by death and resig- nation, maki loss of 18, which, while deplorable, is en couraging as comp: a net loss of 140 during the previous ear. ee aie mie the year amounted to ,470, e pre eaters 96 ee Menhes and 1,214 Annual Members. CoNcLUSION While I have indicated a few particulars in which expansion is highly desirable and in which repairs are more or less urgent, I refrain, in view of the general financial situation, from making any pressing recommendations. If sufficient funds are not forth- coming, from sources not at the moment clearly foreseen, we shall, of course, continue to a6 the best we can with what we have, and shall continue to hope for bigger and better pa in the ae MarsHALt A. How New York, N. Y., January 1, 1936. 90 TREASURER’S REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1935 EXHIBIT I BALANCE SHEET December 31, 1935 JOHN L. MERRILL, Treasurer S Permanent Fund Ass. Investments at co! time of acidisiton “ahi any $2,439,918.31 Cash awaiting investment ......... 62,484.12 ————— $2,502,402.43 alance of pomenen nt fund assets expended for current uses (see current fund liability, per contra) 4,954.65 ————— $2,507,357.08 Current and Working Assets: Cash in banks and on hand: For general purposes ........... $ 8,932.02 For special purposes ........... 6,465.09 ———$ 15,397.11 ee receivable—city main- on hala losotalatetiiesh isievonedd widiosats 16,860.67 thereat * and dividends receivable so it TT) 2. eee eee 29,645.99 aid insurance premiums, etc.. 961.59 ——§\——._ 62,865.36 $2,570,222.44 To THE Boarp oF MANAGE Tue New Yore Poranic Garo We aa le an i te cia sheet of The New York Botanical Garden as at “December. a 1935, and of the statement of opera- tions for the year 1935. In connection therewith, we examined or tested accounting records of the Garden and other supporting evidence and ob- tained information and explanations from officers and employees of ee cor- poration; we also made a general review of the accounting methods and of Permanent Funds (Exhibit IV): Restricted endowments ........... $ 228,000.10 Unrestricted endowments, including bequests set aside by the pe an: as perinanent t fu 2,258,198.16 Special endowment with life interest in respect of income therefrom 21,158.82 ——— $2,507,357.08 Current Liabilities and Special Funds: $ 5,107.39 s 4,637.30 Unexpended contributions _ set aside by the Board of Mae agers for specific purposes. 1,827.79 ——————“— 6,465.09 Deferred income credits: “ mee ship dues paid in ad- Saha laderernnaicsteua nies 250.00 Subscriptions and fees paid in hase je Siatstane ate cczats ¢coee 953.00 ——- 1,203.00 Balance of indebtedness to per: nent funds for expenditures of fund assets for current uses..... 4,954.65 Working fund: Working fund at December 31, 1934 $ 35,494.99 aide sal es ite estricted in- enditures for the. vee Pending: December 31, 1935 (Exhibit IT) ......... 9,640.24 45,135.23 ——_——— ————_ 62,865.36 $2,570,222.44 the income and expense accounts for the year, but we did not make a ie cape of the Vio praca Tn our o; saree based u uch examination, the attached balance sheet (Exhibit I) and related statements (Exhibits II to V, inclusive) fairly Lidar its pen ion at December 31, 1935, and the result of its transactions hi mee RICE, WATERHOUSE & Co. Pp 56 Pine Street, New York, March 23, 1936. XHIBIT II Statement of Operations 7 the es Ending December 31, 1935 come : Income from investments of permanent funds ae wees dated’ — Sales a meee oe and IES oe eee ee eee eens Expen: Horicuiiutes alaries ......ccecen eee Plants, seeds, supplies, etc. Science and curating: Salaries: .sc0cs0e asdeess : 54,780. Specimens, supplies, etc.. 3 789, eH Library: Salar ties’ aci D a 0 ia ° a nN Bi fe) A wn o w a 2 2 ie} 3} g. id &. °° 3 ity, they ripen at Geneva, and the stenospermic seeds which they contain are soft and not — when the fruits are eaten. There is considerable variation in the color, precise Lene and ale 2 the fruit, and in various aoe of the vin ber of clonal varieties may be selected which afford coe aite diversity ae 8 ae A.B. A new seedless grape. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 28: 20-23. jes ‘Stout A. B. A new hardy seedless grape. Jour. Heredity. 19: 316-323. 5 Stout, A.B. New hardy seedless grapes. Science IJ. 77: 310, 311. 1933. 98 The results already a ie iepiaien that hardy seed- less grapes of merit may be iced by methods of breeding employed in this researc a ine ere are now several hundred ie me including seeded and seedless, which have seed- lessness in their ancestry. Thus valuable material has been accu- mulated for use in further selective breeding in the effort to obtain the various combinations of = cters which give greatest possible : h have been technical studies and an experimental analysis of the res the relative development of the stamens and pistil; and that the unit in vineyard culture is Aes individual plant of a clone with its clusters of flowers and fru “In grapes there are ae main types of ovules: (A) abortive at nable to function in fertilization; (B) func- tional in fertilization but the seeds ab uring deve nt—a conditio: stenospermy,; ( le to develop by apogamy or after ee into a hard seed which may or may not contain an embryo.’ “The. ‘seedless’ fruits of grapes are of two main types: In one type, exemplified by the Corinth Grapes, th ules s are abortive a , a conditi arthenocarp pat class, exemplified by the Sultanina Grape, the fruits contain one or more soft, pulpy, and aborted seeds formed fr in which fer- ovules i i tilization occurred, a condition here jeeuier stenospermocarpy.” 99 “For the typical pe ee seed the abortions appear soon after ae in the e formation of sclerenchyma (hard tissue) and of other tissues eee: combine to give shape, size, and “In grapes the entirely seedless fruits of the parthenocarpic type are of smaller size than stenospermocarpic fruit and hence the latter o the more valuable type in the production of new seedless grapes. “In certain grapes the fruit is seeded or stenospermocarpic (according to the individual) when there is proper pollination but ce bag ee is no pollination. In such cases the partheno- Itative condition. This is one of the various eee a eens ons which reales in miata res of two or more kinds of berries in a single cluster of fruit The Distribution of the New a It should perhaps be mentioned that the many seedlings obtained in this breeding project are grown and cared for at the New York State Agricultural Pe iment Station. The selections are propagated and tested at e Station and they will be distributed to the public from the ee through the agency of The New York State Fruit Testing Association. The New York Botanical Garden does not undertake to propagate any of these seedling grapes. Thus far two selections have been given horticultural names but it is expected that others will be named and distributed in the near future A. B. Stout. MEDITERRANEAN EXHIBIT AT FLOWER SHOW S GOLD MEDAL FOR GARDEN A gold medal was awarded to The New York Botanical Garden at the International Flower Show in New York March 16-21, for a display of plants of the Mediterranean regions and the Canary sections of the world in contributing to the gardens of today This was the third successive year in which the Garden had displayed Sade from a specific region, South African subjects “Ysre py ur MOYS JOMOLy [euoneussjuy aqt y @ Uapiery peauejog ayy Aq PeUqIYyXs se sjueld uesUeIIDpEyy 101 having been shown last bes and Californian in 1933. Both of these ae contained many subjects which were new to grow- n some of which ia been Pogn in velhetibe for hundreds of va dominated @ = z q mae) —_ i] ei torn p bar’ ej) S £ a a m = 4 a es of narcissi and tulips—original species and cul- tivated varietie. . well as crocuses, snowdrops, cain hs, and other hardy spring-blooming bulbs. Tw greenho ering bulbs were also included—the so-calle e flow d “ a iy or ee inth ies Peru ng peruviana) which, ed Medite ean nati and the Arabian star ee (Onitogln a. both of which the ae has featured in pre exhibits Most of ae ae : re New York Botanical Garden's displa p a the last half century. They have no doubt been in ei aion however, for several hundred yea the other common gar os flowers which were seen in eke die the Mediterranean exhibit were mignonette, s anchusa, lupine, annual chrysanthe- a 3 ) Lore a Py ae ° ‘s a monly known as an miller '_-actually species of Centaurea, Senecio, and a temis From he Canary eee the most important contribution on display was the cineraria (Senecio cruentus) in highly developed varieties, of ae tones of blue were selected for the Flower Show. e background and accent plants used were Italian monicy a ao nary Island palm, ere a snowball bush, rock- rose, florist’s genista (C 7 and mim Acac Along the sa border, the creeping nettle (Helsxine Soleirolit), a a tend er plant from Corsica and Sardinia, made a fine flat ground-cover of bright een. 102 NEW oe . FUND ee THROUGH ADDITION TO ANDERSON Establishment of a permanent ane and a fund through an additional gift from Alexander P. Anderson has re- cently been consummated for The New York Botanical Garden. Dr. Anderso: an wife, the late Lydia Anderson, had previously given the Garden $10,000, come f h een us research in the laboratories and gard of the in stitution ear Dr. Anderson has offered to add $15,000 to the original gift, extending the purposes of the grant to include fellowships for s he desire is that the combined income 0 ns_ shal used both for research i ant sciences and to finance fellowships for research workers, prefer- ably coll and university graduates, who are pursuing their ad- vanced studi York Botanical Garden. Sever: scholarshi are granted annually by the Botanical Garden tion to finance more adequately the work of young scientists who are een important botanical problems. It was while he himself was a research worker at the Botanical Garden | in Bronx Park that Dr. Anderson discovered the puffed rice and puffed wheat that are now on the market. The new gift of $15,000, according to the agreement drawn and ne Lydia Anderson Research and Fellowship Fund. THE BRITTON BEQUEST the terms of - will of the late Dr. Nathaniel an he According to a deed of trust executed prior to his death, Dr. Britton stipulated that the amounts received from the estate are to 103 constitute The Nathaniel Lord Britton and Elizabeth Gertrude of collections of plants, books, and een. a ae or mainte- nance or construction. BOTANICAL eens TO HANDLE NEW REPRINT OF “ILLUSTRATED FLORA” Further following out the terms of the will of the late Dr. Britton, by which he left his share of the proceeds of the sale f the “Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and tific treatments of flowering plants. It contains descriptions and illustrations a 4,666 species. printing has just been issued by the Garden (in con- junction with the Addison Brown estate), to meet the continued demand for the books. The set will be sold, as formerly, for 3.50 Orders for the “Illustrated Flora” will be shipped postpaid by the Garden. PLANTS OF BUCH SIS MAGELLANICA AVAILABLE the December JournaL, are now available for members of The Plants will be cae on Tuesday and Wednesday, May 11 and 12, to those members who inform the Garden by May 4 that they specimens. It is expected that two plants will be avail- able for each. Members living more than 50 miles away from the Botanical Garden - sv have the plants shipped. Otherwise, they will be distribu. aly ia the Propagating House, just south of the Allerton Avenue entrance, on the east side of the grounds. A signed postcard or letter addressed to The New York Botan- 104 S Garden, Bronx Park, New York City (Fordham Branch O.), saying merely, “Please save specimens of Fuchsia magel- for me,” is sufficient to reserve plants for members. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT The collection of Myxomycetes has been rearranged recently R M rected where found necessary. The s omen have been ——. cies have been numbered, then cards which carry the locality, collector’s name, and the specimen oxe possible, from the collection, to assemble up t 150 s species -: the Myxomycetes of the eastern United State Pre been in Paris, the first in 1912; ce eeoret in 1931. Visits to the ancient monuments of Greece are planned for the members attending this year’s session Mr. C. oweraker, lecturer in forestry and botany at Canter- bury Collese, Christchurch, New Zealand, who is visiting botanical institutions in the United States, addressed the Torrey reine Club at The New York Botanical Garden March 18, giving ee talk on the forests of the south island of New Z nee The following visiting botanists registered in the library during E. D. ; Dr. C. Edward the winter: Dr. E. D. Merrill, Cambridge, Mass Behre, New r. R. S. Breed, ‘Geneva, N.Y. Prof. H itzpatrick, Dr y T. Clausen, Dr. W. Lawrence Whi r. Alton Lindsay, Ithaca, Y.; Dr. Edgar T. Wherry, Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. Bessi Kanouse, Dr. William C. Steere Dr. Do axter, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Dr. Mallery, Tucson, Ariz.; and Mr. Yao Tang, Peiping, China: PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown. hree volumes, giving descriptions and illustrations of 4,666 species. Second editio’ re- printed. $13.50. Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and 601 figures. 1932. Price, $5.50 postpaid. Plants of the Vicinity of New York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages. 1935. Flor Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages 8 ‘e text figures. 1918. xt-book of General Dehendidee: by Albert Schneider. 230 pages: 76 tee 1897. $2.50. cologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to oe including lichens, containing technical articles and Gee and notes general interest. $6.00 a year; single copies $1.25 each. Now in it twenty- -eighth volume. Twenty-four Year Index voles: $3.00 in paper, $3.50 in fabrikoid. d semi-annual, devoted exclusively to colored plates accom- panied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 a volume (two years). [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its nineteenth volume ort erican Flo scriptions of the wild plants of North Amer- ica, including Greenland, the se Indies, and Ce 1 Americ Planned to be completed in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more parts; 81 Parts now issued. Subscription price, $1.50 per patti a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not o fered in exchange. Brittonia. A series of eee: ubapere: Subscription price, $5.00 per volume. Now in its second volum Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech- nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol- Memoirs of The New York Bot anical Garden. Price to memb to members; to fathers) $5. 00. Vol. I. "An Annotated ( Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park, by Per Axel Rydberg. Vol. Il. The In ence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, y D ougal. Vol. III. Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Re- mains from imreische rville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. ol. V. ork, Vol. VI. Twentieth Anniversary of The. New Work Botanical Garden. Vol. VII. Includes New Myxophyceae irom Porto Rico, by ard- ner; The Flower Behavior Ht Be everades, ae . B. Stout; Pleuts Collected in the Amazon Valley, by H. H. Rusby; and The Flora of the Saint Eugene Silts, by Arthur Hollick. Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its thirty-seventh volume. Direct all orders to: THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. (Fordham Branch Post Office) GENERAL INFORMATION eae of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden r hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern ea ore th z "Cit ity of New York, through which flows fie Bronx River. A nati hemlock forest is one of the features of t! Plantations es thousands of native and tapediced trees, shrubs, and flowering plan Gardens, satiate a new rock garden, a large rose garden, a perennial border, small model gardens, and other types of plantings. Green house contain thousands of interesting plants from America and foreign Flo genes ene hout the ee whee spring, samen r, and autu displays ae daffodils, 1niae irises, peonies, roses, water-lilies, dahlias, "aad eh cmenarie in the winter, teslaes: "of eee -blooming plants. um, containing eehin its vot fossil plants, existing plant ope local (ala nts occurring within undred miles of the Ci nes of New Yor! and the economic uses of planta He historic microscope: An herbarium, comp rine more than 1,800,000 specimens of American ge foreign specie xploration in pee, parts of the United States, the West Indies, Cental ‘and South America, for the study and collection of the character- istic ee research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A library of peti and ae literature, comprising nearly 45,000 poole and numerous pamphlet: Public lectures on a great variety of Sonne and horticultural topics, continuing throughout the autumn, winter and sp ications on botanical subjects, partly ae Tecitiedt scientific, and partly of popula interest. The educ: ation of school children and the public through the above fea- tures and the giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and iJ 2 ot. g The Garden is dependent upon an annual ebouncpriaton by the City of York, private benefactions, and membership fees. Applications for membership are always welcome. e classes of membershi A ember 10 25 anna fe for a club 25 nnual 100 single Sefton 250 single contribution 0 single contribution 5,000 sing tribution 5,000 Cont teas to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. Bequests ay be made in the formice of nin of bed money, or additions to the collections. The ved form Sst: I hereby Ea to The New York Botanical pire incorearaies under 0 Conditional bequests ae be made with income payable a. donor or any designated beneficiary during his or ae lifet: Fellowships or scholarships either in perpet ae or limited to a definite period may be eet eed for practical sede CAGE in horticulture or for botan- ical resear All tae for further information should be sent to E NEw York BoranicaL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. (ForpHam Branca Post Orrice) VOL. XXXVII May, 1936 No. 437 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN \ NEW DAFFODILS AND HOW TO USE THEM Ere, Anson S. PeckHAM THE ANTIQUITY OF HEMP AS AN ECONOMIC PLANT W. H. Camp TWENTY-ONE GRADUATE FROM SCIENCE COURSE STUDENT GARDENERS ON EXCHANGE BEGIN WORK IN NEW YORK AND LONDON WITH OUR COLLABORATORS W. H. Camp CHAPLAIN JOSEPH CLEMENS MarsHatt A. Howe A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE Carot DWARD NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT LOCAL FERNS AND FAR GLIMPSES D. T. W. ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF HAWAII Forman T. McLean SMALL VOLUMES ane FOR BEGINNERS Cari . Woopwarp PuBLISHED MonTHLY By THE NEw York BoTanicaL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. (ForpHam BrancuH Post OrFice) BHntered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription ee 00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK seegecie GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGER . ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1937: Henry vE Forest BALDWIN Ue ee soees Cups Frick, ApvotpH LewisoHN, Henry Locxnart, Jr., D. T. MacDoucat, and JoszerH Until 1938: L. H. Barttey, MarsHALL Fietp, Mrs. Eton Huntincton Hooker, Joun L. Merrie (Vice-president and Trewern, Cal Rosert H, Until 1939: ArtHuR M. ANDERSON, HENRY W. mz , Fonest Ce ARSHALL A. Howe Sr ‘y), Crarence Lewis s, } , HEnr be LA Monracne, JR. (Assistant TibdsiEe). and Lewis RUTHERFURD *Morri II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGE Froretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor Zi the City of pee York. RoBERT Moses, Park Commission GrorcE J. RYAN, President of he ‘Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E. Hazen, abpowied by the Torrey Botanical Club. A. Harper, Sam F. TRELEASE, EpmMunp W. SINNort, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by Columbia Universit ity. GARDEN STAFF MarsHaty A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director H. A. Gieason, Pu. Deputy Director and Head Curator HENRY DE ae Morac GNE, Jr. Assistant Disa Joun -K Smarr) Pa Ds Sc Ds ees Chief ads eg and Cura A. B. Sopris Pa. D. of the Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D ‘urator Bue O. es Pu. D. nt Pathologist n T. McLean, M. ee PH Di acho eet Supervisor iP Nabe Edu cat jaan Tene BMaNaAEetA _M, M. D....Bibliographer ca sts Assistani Witson ciate Curai oe Apert C. SMITH, PH. Associate fame SaraH H. Hartow, A. M HH RusBy,) Ma Diesen Honorary Curator of oe conor Collection Fiepa GRIFFITH and Photographer Ros S. Wi1t1 ociate in Bryology AMS E. J. ALEXANDER...... Aion Curator and ets a ve ue ee Harbor Harotp N. MoipenkeE, Pu. mt Curator W. H. Camp, Pu D. CLYDE CHANDLER, A. M. Rosatirz WEIKERT Caro. H. Woopwarp, A. Tuomas H. Everett, N. D Hort. orticulturist M. . L. Wrrtrrock, A. Doceni Orro Decenrr, B. S., M. S. Collaborator n Hawatian Botany Ropert HaGELSTEIN ‘ary Curator of Myxomycetes Etuet Anson S. PeckHAM..Honorary Gurion. Tris dad Noressus Collections Wa ter S. GrorsBecK 7 and Accountant ArtTHuR J. CorBeTT Superintend ah Buildings and Grounds A. C. PFANDER sistant Superintendent - JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VOL. XXXVII May, 1936 No. 437 NEW DAFFODILS AND HOW TO USE THEM* hen one uses the term “new" in connection with daffodils in the United States it is oi relative, as o far behin other countries that what is beginning to be old with them is still his $ of affairs has been caused by t hings a quarantine (37) which was wrongly treated as a tariff and period with lack d gardening, caused, I believe, by t' newness of the country and the necessity for the population to e concentrate a other things because of the pioneer struggle. So far as daffodils are concerned, times have changed ver materially, Be there are now available here ma: ny d sorts whereas thirty-five years ago there were no really new ones except in one or tw rdens of amateurs. Even those w - notch varieties because of the backward condition of gardening n general, and the majority of people would not think of paying more than fifty cents a dozen for bulbs. When Mr. Chester Jay unt began selling by ter ra fixed price, they thought that two dollars and a half n was a very | se sum. Their hair stiffened at this; then when Mr, Scheepers ed a dozen po ots of bulbs at “each” prices (about five cae ae the highest), i rose and remained standing! How different it is now with the tremendous garden club move- ment and a daffodil society just formed! The International Flower Show and other spring exhibits had some fine displays of oad varieties of daffodils. Besides, there are many nurseries ees good collections are being grown both on trial and for the * Abstract of an illustrated lecture given at The New York Botanical Garden April 11 by Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham. 105 106 bulbs and flowers. It will pay to visit all of these, some on Lo Island, some in N se Gloucester County, Virginia, me gardens of specialists in the vici of shington, D. rou were on the acific Coas chy would have a fine i regon any are pea here in catalogues of reputable rn n New York City. They are good bulbs, as t «ies ie Tt is much the most satisfactory way of doing when choosing varieties to go directly to a place where the plants can be seen in lants spends money on, to tight exposure required by different varieties, and the proper treatment. Fortunately, daffodils do not need much attention if one put them in the right place in the beginni Those in the pee < ao in water. 1 rather invest my money in a few bulbs poorer types ar a: showing. The varied collection will give a long season of bloom if a chosen, whereas the other will be all over within a 107 Photograph by courtesy of Mf. Van Waveren & Sons, Ine. Ficure 1, Mme. Van Waveren is one of the largest among the trumpet daffodils, and is found excellent for every purpose. Photographs by courtesy of MM. Van Waveren & Sons, Inc. Fic 2. Two splendid daffodils. At the left, Killigrew, an incomparabilis which ae proved itself good in American gardens a pao he Pee John Evelyn, lovely in the garden and useful for varie In selecting the varieties for a well- foliated: aaa not only is diversity of style, height, size, and shape to be considered, but Z : hen, too, we need clear, fine color, not streake di places, and a color that also resists s r at’ n lowers should have a quality, that indescribable element of ou standing worth that arrests one and generally seen even by novice, though he is unaware of what it is that holds hi attention. , and the coarseness ie is bound to come with size alone, will not give quality, sality is a combination of the best in light, shade, color, ae ene of form and make- 109 up, and carriage of the flower, resulting in a dignity, a subtle ice, that comes oe when each attribute is properly blended into the Lalas t whol I would have the would be daffodil-grower (collector, if you d wha ony, each augmenting the beauty of the other. Planting like this should be done with knowledge, not jus ding varieties be- cause they are pure novelties. Let tt be nev 'y are better than what you already have, but be sure your discrim- ination is a trained one, and then you will be headed in the right inectio Here is ae of some of the newer daffodils worth growing: Trumpet: Golden Harvest, Slieve Bermagh, Alfred Hartley, Mus- ha, Morven, Brir meee Carmel, H Mme. Van Waveren, Beershe ba, Lo aay Royalist, Aerolite, Pilgrimage, SLE gwin, Golden rilled, a a of Fo rtune, Coverack Gem, Lae 2 ay Fortune’s Cheer, Tregoose, one iscus Drake, ack Perfe ction Bea of Radnor, John Evelyn, Rewa, oO. ng low, Barrii: es ae Rosebud, Quetta, Crucible, Stamboul, Seraglio, Magician, Rodosto, Eva, Firetail, Crimson Braid, na Manners. Leedsii: Silver Star, Sundew, tae Gertie Millar, Kenbane, Tullia, Silver Salver, Mityler Triandrus hybrids: Harvest cee -\enes Harvey, Moonshine, Jonquilla hybrids: Selden Cycle, Trewirg: Id aka Mary ee Twink, Indian Chief, Da ae Cheer- fulness, Valer ETHEL ANson S, PECKHAM. 110 THE ANTIQUITY OF HEMP AS AN ECONOMIC PLANT In the thousands of years since man has been making rational m cases, so changed over large areas that all traces of the ee that we may never know the ae area of many of our iti have occasionally given clues; in o instance en fore ely on the Bolin —the basic root-word—and its vulgar or folk eras ed ethnic gro ae hemp ae sativa L.) was first cultivated, the pro s the old eles as banga or gangika, ern Indian and Persian as bang or bhang; in Ben- Va. y fro Greek Rannabis and r oe { th i ji al the Poles as wee wi p apparently derived from an Old Teutonic — The Gi ermans generally use the word hanf; the Danish term is hamp and the Swedish hampa. Tt English word is hemp, the utch, henncp. While first some of the words see ut lit relat the com ot. study of obsolete or little-used terms suggests a relations nd comm rigin, for we find the anep, kennep, hennep, hanep, hamp, and hemp of the Dutch; c: nd the canabe, canabier, canve, and chanvre of the Ficure 1. These ten-foot plants are one of the Chinese vaucs of hem trom which fiber is obtained. Inconspicuous flowers are bor 2 a ne of ach stalk. The form from which the narcotic drug is ek rowing plant with compact, leafy spikes of flowers 112 It is therefore obvious that the Indian, Persian, Bengalese, reek, Latin, Russian and Germanic words for hemp, as well as their many linguistic variations, have been derived from the root anci i It is probable that hemp was introduced into western Europe about 1500 B. C., at the time of the Scythian invasion. It did not come into Europe by way of the Mediterranean, for the anc ab ebrews, and Egyptians did no the plant until hey came into contact with the ians. It is quite probable, however, as reintroduced at various times and from di fer ources, for certain types or varieties of are grown in different parts of the contin his distribution of varieties can not be explained entirely by climatic selection, for 1 rently succeed equall 1 rious con- itions, although the peoples of northern Europe grow varieties whicl in | ime than those of the southern part unfertilized flowers, leaves bracts, after drying, is generally ded and used directly, but may be mixed wi “carrier” such as opium or tobacco, or a combination of e acti rug abundantly on the structures of the female inflorescence (F1 2 ese glands, although present, are not so numerous or well on the floral organs of the male or on the vegetative t. plant. ure of hemp has not been ne wae to the Aryan races. for the Mongol-Tartar peoples cultivated it since antiquity. The Chinese equivalent for hens is ama, and the more common names are fire-hemp, yellow-hemp and Han-hemp. It is mentioned in the Chinese Shu- King of oe t 500 B.C, and appears in two earlier works of the Chou eee written about 1050 B.C. 113 n China various parts of the plant are used in the preparation — ugh the courtesy of Mr. Lyster H. Dewey as Ficure 2, Surface view of the bract of a female flower, showing the glands which secrete the narcotic substances, magni ified 450 diameters. The h h te EY whic in each, while the darker ones show the secreted globules of oil and masses of resin with which the active drug is ae 1 Sheng Nung, et al. Revised classification of medicinal plants. Vol. 22. Shanghai. 1921. This interesting work is a reprint in ancient characters of the “Chinese pharmacopoeia” supposed to have been first compiled by Sheng Nung about 3000 B.C. Various ee have revised and enka ged it, among them being Yu Chang Wu, t 22. 4, and Chin Chu Li, about 1500 A.D. abou The rier is ae teehee to Dr. L. C. Li and Dr. C. H. Chung, who translated parts of this and other Chinese manuscripts for him. 114 writer has been able to grow a number of varieties, the original seed of which was collected in various parts of the wor = o fed is} oO a ie a oO wo oO oy = ry a t m ot a oO oe Ss = a ag So i=} a nee ms of hemp are tae hee cultivated, and differentially selecte = various and i i iquity, it d state, was originally ee over a large portion of temperate Asia, large areas of which are now too arid to support the plant. W. H. Camp. TWENTY-ONE GRADUATE FROM SCIENCE COURSE ertificates were presented to twenty-one graduates of the Course for Professional Gardeners given by The New Yor! and i lass since the course was organized in the fall Nine of this spring’s graduates have been student gardeners at the ee Garden. One of them, Howard Swift, was the first exchange student to be sent for a year of k ar dens in London. Another, Donald Dodds, left the Botanical Garden a fe ago for a new position on a Long Islan estate. The others ee Jose Tansey, Robert Veid- ner, Stephen G. Cutting, Frank Regan, George W. Lapin, Hilde- aa Schneider and oo Quinn. 115 Among the other graduates were Mrs. Rose L. Carlson, Mrs. y Funk, from the Garden; and Norman J. Opie, William Sheane, Tage Casten- schiold, ae Bauer, Carl Schutt, and Christian Wolf, all pro- fessional garden Brief ane were given by Dr. E. W. Sinnott, representing the Board of Managers; by Kenneth Hadland and John S. Doig, of the National ae on of Gardeners; by Edwin Beckett, a former graduate; and by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Director, who presented the certificates. STUDENT GARDENERS ON EXCHANGE BEGIN WORK IN NEW YORK AND LONDON e first exchange student gardeners between The New York Botanical Garden and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in England started their work at these two institutions the last of April. d Swift, who has been working at the Botanical Garden since aur se 1, 1934, and who this year completed the Course il 18 for Professional Gardeners, sailed Apri on the American Trader for London, where he was to begin working and studying ew at or Meanwhile, C. J. Collins, a student gardener at Kew on his way to America to work and study at The New York Been Garden, arriving here April 20, just in time to witness the gradu- ati ercises of the student gardeners. raveling expenses for the two students are being met by the English Speaking Unions in England and America. The New ‘ork organization recently gave a series of lectures on garden of foreign cou s in order to raise the fund for tt ip. Both student gardeners will be paid allowances while they are pursuing their work away from home This exchange of students between the two countries is part of 116 a broad eae se launched by The New York Botanical Garden in order ive American gardeners the finest possible mi given the privilege of broadening his experience by working in America. scholarships which make oe this exchange of student gardeners are for the duration of one year The New York Botanical — — Course for Pro fessional Gardeners, inaugurated in the fall of 1932 in order to give student gardeners a firm background in the sciences under- lying their work, is part of the institution the training of men who come under its supervision. The course has been modeled upon similar courses given at botanic gardens abroad WITH OUR COLLABORATORS Among the interesting herbarium specimens sent to the Garden this year by Dr. Delzie Demaree is a fine series of the midland fawn-lily (Erythronium mesachoreum) from Pei oma. This species, whose perianth segments are tinted with deep lavender, is quite distinct from the vie fawn-. lily a ahaa) and ought to be tried in our eastern ens. Mr. T. MacDougall has recently returned from Mexico with found to be Central American species heretofore not known from Mexico, and a few others will oe prove to be new species 117 particular botanical Lae is the rediscovery of Tagetes re and Villadia albiflora, both of which have apparently been known only from the original collections made during the last cen The. ae and shrubs which he has brought back will, of course, ct a =i 7a a cms foes iy ® 3 ° 3 uu or some to possess great possibiliges as bedding and border plants W. 4H. Cae: CHAPLAIN JOSEPH CLEMENS A letter from Mrs. Joseph Clemens, dated January 21, 1936, at Finschhafen, Morobe, New Guinea, addressed to relatives in the United States, brings the sad news of the death of her hus- Tg. with the ‘ark a captain. He was retired for disability in the line of service in France in 1918. In 1894 he was married to Mary Knapp Strong, who was interested in plants and nature- study in general and communicated to her husband a considerable share of her enthusiasm. While stationed at various army posts, . forni h ; especially in California, Utah, Oklahoma, and s, Chaplain n rs. Clemens made collections of herbarium specimens, but heir main activity in the field came after the Chaplain’s retire- ment oteworthy among their later collecting grounds wer Pp he Philippine Islands, from northern n m French Indo-China; and, recently, New Guinea. Most of their Oriental collections were studied by Dr. E. D, Merrill, recently Director of The New York Botanical Garden, and their gather- ings are well represented in the Garden herbarium. Clemensia 118 Merrill, a genus of Meliaceae, and Cleimensiella Schlechter, a e family. published in this JourRNaL “The bo in : : . Merrill ed tanical collections made by Mrs. Clemens in the pas years exceed 20, num- ers at article, Merrill published a very interesting letter from C apla n -| ; deseribi the experiences of Yes, it’s a strange manner of ries diversion; especially e fo ” = s plans to continue ‘ es the game” in far-away New Guinea MarswHati A. Howe. A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* Dr. Agnes Arber writes of “A Recent Discovery in Sixteenth Century Botany” in Nature for February 15, describing the early as at ani herbarium which has lately been unearthed he Botanical In- stitute o n. Professor Walther Rytz, who has examined the nine folios which consists of 650 woodcuts—has iden- tified the collection as having been made by Felix Platter, a six- teenth century physician who received specimens from Clusius, Ges . ius he herbarium, says rber, dates r iod yhich the new art of drying p (taught by the Italian ae Luca Ghini) was practised extensively by the savants o ay, who thus laid the foundai of present- Ys ay oo ee their mutual exchange of specimens. Studies in nomenclature of forest trees, their diseases and pests, and the structure and properties of wood are included in the eleventh annual report of the Imperial Forestry Institute of the University of Oxford. Copies of the English edition of the * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 119 new International Classification System for Forest Bibliography, it is announced in this volume, may be obtained for six puke plus aa from the Librarian, Department of Forestry, Oxfo Univer: The controversy over whether the Olympic Mountains should e kept as a national forest or made into a national park occupies the bulk of the April number of American Forests. The separate articles, which are magnificently illustrated, are followed by an editorial comment. The liaise plate in the Gardeners’ Chronicle for Feb- ruary 22 s s Clematis macropetala, which is described in that is t Mar est species for garden cultivation in England. A new pink seedling of C. macropetala, alled var. khami, won the Royal a ae aa Society’ ard of “Merit last year. “Planting Roses the Modern Way” is the subject of an article in Horticulture for April 1, giving enainie simple, and up-to- date planting directions. varieties and interesting arrangements of asters for all easons are described by Ray M. Koons in the Gardeners’ Chronicle of America for deat “Azaleas for Spring Glory” are the subject of Paul F. Freese. Effects of illuminating gas on greenhouse plants, especially gas which comes from city mains, are discussed in the March and April issues of Nursery Disease Notes of the New Jersey Agri- cultural Experiment Station. Symptoms of gas injury on many greenhouse crops comprise part of the work. A new publication being welcomed by many botanists is The Journal of the re organized Southern Appalachian Botanical b. Three numbers—January, February and March—have ap- ared, under the editorship of Ea € 8 ed at the g Torgan ne journal fulfills for ue cout m A tee region ae pene served by Rhodora and Torreya further north. 120 The much-discussed new two-column format of the American 36. tow is) = 3 Ss & = S “h & roy = - 3 Me UC a=) ro 2 4 o [a7 q oS ag o. a fa) — ry 3 =e @ 4 Me =] i= 3 ing o Ral m a Jurupary River in Brazil, in 1933, and the vee deposited: in the herbarium of The New York medal Garden. AROL H. Woopwarb. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Doctors Marshall A. Howe, R. A. Harper, and B. ay . Do paper on “Interspecific Cres Involving Lethals for Asc Abortion.’ * * * Dr. H. A. Gleason was in Washington April 25 for the meet- ing of the National sear gas * the Easter holidays, Doctors William C. Steere and k doing research at The New York Botanical Garden. Dr. Steere k of species of the higher ce Peete by vil, * * * nother recent visitor was William R. Van Dersal, of the Soil ision fulness, especially in protecting soil from destruction by water. * * * Dr. Mildred E. Mathias returned to the Garden last month to continue her work on the Umbelliferae. 121 Dr. D. Merrill spent several days in April in New York, Re identifications and doing eer ace ee the prepa- ration uplicate sets of a collection of pla ioe the Island of Hainan, China. This ee which consists of 7,5 0 num- bers with from one to ten duplicates of each, was ma ae with Sun oe aa and made possible ee t from Henry W. deF ° mh About forty posters on diseases and pests of ornamental plants which are in common cultivation have been xhibit in the Museum Building during parts of February, March, and April. Prepared under the direction of ae B. O. Dodge, who il 1 i pests and their control, they have been made by artists employed coe: the Works Progress Administration. i=) =) a rat & = 5 o oO xe) =] ° 5a 2 as a + a 7G o p wn o wn fy 3 * * Beginning the third week in aac the gates to the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden, in the glade east of the Museum Build- ing, will be open from 10 a.m. to 4:45 p.m. daily. e first ex~- some are pts developed horticultural ae oa some are native plants being ee to cade William Hertrich, Director of the Huntington Botanic Garden in California, visited The New York Botanical Garden April 20, on his way to Europe. * Henry Teuscher, for the past three years Dendrologist at The New York Botanical Garden, left May 1 for Canada, where he established Botanical Garden of Montreal is work there com- rises fir the planning and the preliminary planting and constructior is new in. ion, of wh 1e- Victorir is Scientific Director. Mr uscher was born and educated in Germany, w he received from the Botanical Garden at ae ee has been in America since 1922, and is a citizen of ne ie States 122 REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS THE GARDEN DICTIONARY* Garden repre edited by Norman Taylor, and n- a a < =. a a wa eee te 5 ia a Med 2 3 Et = “< = ° 3: oe inches along the porihwest coast, in Del Norte and "abolde The book includes 11,300 alphabetically arranged entries, in- luding non-technical descriptions 17, species, varieties, and form plants ; articl speci nts, such as roses, lilies, daylilies, dahlias, chrysanthemums, narcissi, orchids, et written cognized experts; directiot growing vi bles, hrubs, trees, vines c., and for making rock gardens, aquatic, cactus, fern, Japanese and penthouse gardens, coldframes, hot- beds, conservatories; for contending with diseases, insect pests,— The Garden Dictionary. 896 pages, fae colored and uncolored. Houghton: aia Co Boston se wey York. 1936. Sold by subscription, "$16.25 123 in fact, the book contains virtually everything that a modern gardener needs to know. he publishers have sate Eapnaee} successful in reproducing the actual color of flow ae olored plates, as in those of i Where pronunciations of “Ga names, based, in critical cases, on the results of a referendum among scholars and bota- nists qualified to hold an opinion, add to the value of this new book, as do the definitions of all the more common botanical and erms. Although The Garden rat ree enters a field that has been i 1 co me to be already well covered, actical up-to- date treatment of the whole range of horticultural subj in on volume will commend it highly to the rapidly increasing number of people in the Unt States and Canad oO ar ly in- terested in the growing of plants. The editor, Mr. Norman yl ublishers, tl hton-Mifflin mopany, a : 3, - to be congratulated upon their initiative and success in bringing out one of the handsomest and most worth-while books in the field of horticulture. Marsuatt A. Howe. LOCAL FERNS AND FAR GLIMPSES ‘The purpose of this book,* “to facilitate the ees and deter- a rich backgro ence and delightful for many vistas into unexplored fields. a flora area desig: ay covering a radius of 100 miles out- side Manhattan. abounds in fern plants, and remains, to a surpr cate extent, tanialle unexplored. If any publication can is b i I ; stimulate further activity, this book will do that; are not likely to con their interest to . and there is sufficient new information, data, a’ riginal inquiry here to ti he stude a re-examination of a previous de- cepted without verification, leading to frequent divergence f statements in pi r manuals. ite an example, in the cussion the di It and confusing species of Dryopteris, fi D, intermedia, D. spinulosa, and D. campyloptera Clarkson, at least eight essential points of diference among the three are * Small, i Kunkel, Ferns of the vicinity of New York. 285 pages, 85 line cuts and map. The Stience Press, Lancaster, Pa. 1935. $2.50. 124 Cage Throughout the book, four unusual points of iden- a ule terminal on the veins, the segment of D. spinulosa shows sori not quit i n the matter of taxonomy Dr. Small retains, for the most ae the established classifications, a conspicuous exception being he angustifolium Butters as 7S eo aie pycnocarpus. Reasons for the change ar stated and acceptable, if not finally convincing. Phegopteris and Thelypteris, it is good to see, have been retained, cont ae to s oy ne ae n tendencies, though here again Phegopteris is placed in t ct a —s = 8 oe iy gro ryopterideae, whereas, based on sorus an ane Phegopteris belongs more properly with the Polypodieae. But this ate, and the effect of Dr. pau all’s distinctions is to . omote a i and realistic viewpoin D. T. WaLpEN. ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF HAWAITI With the assembling of the second volume of the Flora Hawaii- ensis,* the general plan and destiny of this tremendous under- i i 00s h sh devoted to one species, with an excellent detailed drawing of the plant and its structure on the reverse side. Additional sheets are * Degener, Otto, Flora Hawaiiensis, Vol. 2, published by us oe 2220 University Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, 1936. $4a 125 rted where required, for family and genus wy and 1 pee keys. e descriptions are very full, and are supple- economic sii geographical notes that make the Sunes 3 ng the first two volumes onl n: ward a complete iia ra, J f the plants treated are par ic in dis- tribution, and as many more are endemics of these isolated islands. he desir eserve a record of the fast disappearing native flora has evidently served as a motive for this k—and a worthy one deserving of our best wishes and supp Mr. Degener car- ort. ries on this ro in close codperation with The New York Botanical Garden. here is no regular order in which the groups of plants are studied and figured, and the first two volumes give samples of most of the great families of the vascular plants, from ferns to composites. Since the new es s as they appear will be inserted as interleaves in the looseleaf binders, ge numbers are given Instea ere is a famil ig SbEE, from is) , and a a eneric and specific name which serve as guides to the assembly of the pages. Genera and species are to be arranged alphabetically. This strictly logical but unconventional looseleaf treatment, coupled with the issue of each sheet separately, with its own pub- lication date, makes this the despair of the bibliographer, since it can be cited by neither page nor he pages that wer issued in the first volume (first century) ar w distributed throug! new century is completed, they a b again reassem and spread through more volur : d shall a new species, cos don one of these separate cere be cited in - literature ? ven in its present preliminary form, the Flora is an excellent guide - avelers in Hawaii, and a useful reference for an one interested in tropical crops and plants. Billbergia, Cordyline ( evlert in com usage), Bela: nda. edychinm Spathoglottis, Art (jack-fruit) Macadamia, Stylurus oca (Grevillea), Artistolochia and Auntigonon are among the many world-wide forms which are treated. Mr. Degener has the pro- n names for old familiar plants—but he is kind to us in giv full Sed No de nt of tropical plant life, whether hota- nist, gardener, pla r globe-trotter, should be without this Flora a, whic eas scientific treatment and pepuee ut 2 Forman T. Mc SMALL VOLUMES INTENDED FOR BEGINNERS The book market is besieged month after month with new vol- umes on gardening. How to raise this kind of plant, how to con- 126 ruct a garden of this or that sort, what to do in the north, in he Id i small books of one or punted pages, scarcely Saat J the lat Some of them seem to have fairly adequate information for beginning gardeners; others give only the semblance of the story they ought to te sa whole, they are coarsely printed and Mat ae degenes in which a hair-line ts given the thick- , ofa DELPHINIUM CULTURE ake, for instance, Dr. Leonian’s book on delphinium culture. oughly, a bt answers mai roblems for th ur wer ir who wants to g delphiniums finds, describing these flowe o the accompaniment of highly inaccurate wings; then the advice to -moss to the s is too san too heavy—despite fact that delphiniums prefer a limy mixture, and peat-moss has an eeds ; acid content. pees directions are given for sowing s but one never finds out just when : oo t the flowers from seeds sown at different times of the PLANTS UNDER CovER The same publisher's new books on house plants and on garden ing in a greenhouse are both extremely personalized reports, tell- ing what one individual has done rather than what many other might do with growing plants un Ts er’s sen mental volume? contains, nevertheless, quite a bit of practical in- formation, provide: e not take too seriously such stories as that a cus pand es oo should be called F. lyr supposedly being the fig-tr “weak-willed Eve.” But tl drawings only now and thea resemble the subject treat ie t o gloats o ther novice’s tri Is, Anne or 3 i s amusement and per- Dorrance's ae a haps some practical help; but as in the delphinium book, too much space is given to descriptions which seem to get the reader no- 1 Leo Peay Delphiniums. 96 pages, illustrated. Sateen. “borat, Garten Gin. ne ., 1935. $1. 2 Sul Marjorie Norrell, ae Plants, Modern Care and Culture. 156 pages, itlstrated. "Doubleday Doran, Garden City, N. Y., 1935. $1.50. 3 Dor: Anne, Gardening in the Greenhouse. 129 pages, illustrated. Doubleday- Doran, "1035, $1.50, 127 here. The chapter ae the author's experiences with 36 ee subjects gives some ideas as to how these few plants may or should not be handl ted, PoINTERS For PLANTS OuTpoors Four new books of pamphlet size have been written by Victor H ; e proper handling of t d shrubs, one each on annuals and perennials, and one on pests and disease A gardener may not agree with all of the author's ideas f combining annuals, but the general directions he gives, both in this book and in the one on perennials, show that he knows the type of questions amateur gardeners ask r T year. hopes, however, that many will not search - linum” in catalog li of everlastings his recommer Sous especially since Acroclinium (although few seedsmen know or heed the change) was long ago shifted to the genus Helipteruan. What to do about pests and diseases on 100 kinds of plants, including the commonly planted trees, shrubs, and garden flowers i in the last half of Ries’s bo ant W e is told in tt ies’s book, “Pl. elfa v your pests” “Kr your diseases” he advises in two th preceding ay ers ut one scarcely could get acquainted ith either through ‘his ‘brief, loose de ee The directions treatment are clear enough so tar 5 there 1s not ee | s to symptoms to determine a plant's real ailment in e is an optimist who thinks that only aphis infest cystic, who omi pe s wisely!) any mention of mosaic dis ies, and who neglects hawthorn altogether, as thougt were always disease-free. Neverthe he amateur g e . ess, gardener will at least get a start toward keeping his garden eee oe bie book, especially as to the proper mixing of sprays and dus eine os rmation given in “Pruning and Repairing of Trees, hrubs and Ornamentals” is hardly dependable enough to be i ar rong gardeni ning to prune a plant that i o large for its situation, Re- placing is the only remedy here. The aloe rather overemphasizes pee Victor H., How to Grow Annual Flowers, 96 pages, illustrated, 7 How row Perennial Flowers, 94 pages, illustrated, ; Plant Welfare Receiticn and Control ae Pests and Diseases: 96 pages, te stra ted, $1; Prun- ing and Repairing of Trees, Shrubs, ane Ornamentals, 95 pages, illustrated, 3 Do ubleday-Doran, Garden City, N. Y., 1936. 128 peur eae that an shrubs do not bloom because n too rich a soil and neg lecting the importance P : a er ee ae ne planting hole, in the right locality and with the right exposur: A MIsForTUNE IN FERNS It has taken a long time to decide what to say about “American Ferns”,* a Macmillan Suble sion: At least four different peop! all, apparently, with kindly hearts—refused to review the Book . Or a oO o > ® moo o a oo ® < o S ist o 3 =) a = a co 3 o “a ; ese gro and it is not surprising that lilies have been grown and highly prized since the earliest dates of flower ardenin: cl cultural literature as has the genus Lilium. Much has been cinen regarding the description, the behavior, and the cultural needs of the different lilies. Several volumes oe a lilies have appeared both in Europe and America. Hence we may ask, what is there that the gardener now needs in the way of information regarding lilies? et us answer this question by considering the status of lily a of this group of valuable garden plants. fellowship investi- gation was established in 1927 and this a continued to dat rom a radio talk given over Station WOR on May 8, 1936, as a part of "The New York Botani cal Garden's contribution es the_ programs of the Radio "Garden Club, under the general direction of the Extension Service of the New Jersey State College of Agriculture, Rutgers University 129 130 under the codperation of Cornell University, The Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research and The New York Botanical Gar- den. For a time The dale Society of New York also o the rojec e results of these studies have s wh lilies fail in garden culture. Th V10' ing, thinni is in e vide these oa elec ee only simple common-sense ee within the scope of almost any gardener are required. .\t least fifteen of the best lilies are fully hardy and adapted to easy ange in any ordinary flower garden in the region about New York. s the repeated failure of these aay and more vigorous garden fe ae is the chief concern to g i Iti id 1a been developed for use at the source of supply which will greatly uce both the soft and the dry rots which are very destructive S. 131 The gardener can do his part in this matter by purchasing bulbs in case lots for direct delivery and ue planting the bulbs as soon as they are received. e best time to plant commercial bulbs is in autumn as soon as it is possible to ee them The mites that infect lily bulbs are widely distributed in Am ca, in Europe and in the Orient. Commercial bulbs are ae are present in a lily planting, crop rotation is abaut the only recourse. The main cause of many and repeated failures to maintain lilies is a virus disea’ grown, he vir a by the melon aphis which is ee always present. Many of auratum, succumb quickly to this disease. e result of infection he time wh i iki cima ce) out to begin flower buds and the upper part of the stems blacken and die, the leaves fall and only a bare dead stem remains. If the plant sur- viv il the ne r the growth is poor and the | s are noticeably mottled. In som the narrow-leaved lilies, as Liltui tigrinuim, diseased plants may live and bloom well for years; but uich $ are a menace for they are a source of in mn for other lilies which succumb more ay It seems certain that plants which possess mos: never and tha virus spreads to all parts of a plant, including the bulb ence t gardener should destroy completely every lily which shows symp- ms of mosai is roguing should begin early in sprin The chlorotic blotche readily noted in the broad-leaved lilies but less easily detected in narrow-leaved types like Lilium tigrinum and Liltum regale. In tin dou tain commercial pro- ducers will be able to provide bulbs free of mosaic, s in this direction are being mad pres is ne ry th ig e it a it essa t the individual gardener exercise diligent 8 aa eliminate Normal and diseased leaves of ae Speci- osum. At left, a leaf from a fully healthy plant; right, hres typical leaves from . “plant affected with mosaic, showing the reduced size and the chlorotic areas. spores especially during warm moist weather. To combat this 133 disease, plant lilies, and aeaeea those most susceptible. in the higher, dri d mo ; r lilies with nodding blooms of various colors are the native . canadense and L. superbum, L. sero from the Pacific Coast; L. Afartagon of Europe; L. Hansoni, L. Henryi and Dy ahs Of large-flowered semi-nodding types there are rownil ries everal types of the giant-flowered Ss mosaic disease aha will quickly succumb to its attack, but other- wise it is an easy lily to grow. No collection of lilies is adequate without the Madonna and the Nankeen lilies. Of lilies with up- right flowers there are L. croccuim, L. dauricum, L. concolor, an various hybrids and types — as L. elegans. All th and others are fully suitable for the average gardener. A goodly number of less a grown lilies of rare charm and beauty may lilies. The raising of lilies from seed is now becoming or ae gen- eral among lily enthusiasts. The procedure is not difficult but usually it requires several years to bring seedlings to oe age. In closing fet me assure you that the outlook for success in informed regarding the measures necessary for success TOUT, 134 TWENTY-FOUR CHOICE ORNAMENTAL SHRUBS The New York Botanical Garden is ae asked to recom- choice ornamental shrubs. The following list, which enu- ty-four f. 2. { the tr) it; that is unavoidable. Nor does this list mean to present a final gment. On the other hand, all desirable qualities of the shrubs, such as abundance of flower production, good habit of growth, or- that are worth having would swell this list to several times its present length Ainelanchier aes iedee and its variety rubescens. This ybri decorative. A good woodland soil and partial died suit it c 135 The wens branches of Buddleia alternifolia are covered Fic uae Titac- ae ‘ored flowers in June. This butterfly-bush is entirely hardy in the no perfection. For the southeastern states the much taller C. Will- mottiac can also be recommended, but C. pauciflora remains my favorite. 4. Cratacgus eae var. Mfasekii. The rather offensively brilliant Cai acantha var. Paulii, known as “Paul's double to my taste a na beiteah of choice ered shrubs. The var. Alasckii, gs to fone. ee oe dee pink color and deserves to be numbered among Dae ct. As ae this variety is not in the trade. 5. Coton due rosea. Of arge genu easter, re- nowned for its many te utiful — this is one of the choicest members and particular favorite. It is the only species with a Bo ° Se 3 gy a 136 pink flowers which ae their ae so that they become con- spicuous and ornamental. In June when in full flower this shrub i i ber ike all His it prefers a well-drained stony, clay soil and needs full 6. Daphne Genkwa. This. cae species of Daphne, un- doubtedly the most beautiful of the genus, is still very rare i “if ei . than two or three feet in height. Its propagation is readily effected from green cuttings, which have to be taken while they are still very soft. 7. Enkianthus eat The “necklace-bush” with pen- dent, per shaped flow which look as if they had been carved ig is ; particularly en le because it flower: n Its . Forsythia ne media var. spectabilis. This is the est, the most floriferous, and the most dependable of all the aa en-bell.”’ donia altamaha. Alth hough 2 a native of Georgia, this t of the branches. Its large, handsome leaves color scarlet in the autumn. Moist woodland soil with good drainage underneath fills wants. Halesia monticola var. rosea. my opinion this is the loveliest of the “silver- ere ” having ees pile flushed flowers which appear in ae in Aaa If given a chance it will evelop into a smal an is n t fastidious as to soil but must have full sun. As yet it is not in “he trade. 1 ith H. as a means of propagation unless they are a er ed from China. The hybrids are always inferior in ba auty. 137 Kolkwitzia amabilis. The “beauty-bush” has been much dianderes as a shy "bloomer but this charge holds true only if it in th lings sometimes take as long as ten years before they commence flowering. Cuttings usually start ae when they are fiv years old. za formosa. This shrub, also kn oO as Des- modiuin pendlfonan, : indisp ensable becau use of its late, very ich ay Pp and are produced i peat Sane It is much superior to the smaller and earlier-flowering L. bicolor. Any poorish, stony soil 14. Magnolia stellata var. rosea. Of all the beautiful varie- ties of this famous genus, the shrubby J/. stellata with its early, Ficure 2. The pink-flushed flowers appearing in June on Halesia monti- cola var. rosca (left) make this variety of the erage ony desirabte. Als so pin k flower ed in earty summer is Cofoncaste (right), which in September is covered with brilliant red berries. 138 star-shaped flowers is my special favorite. The still rare variety rosea with pink-flushed petals is even more desirable than the cie 15 alus purpurea var. Eleyi. The large, dark-pink flow- : the pea sh foliage, and in the fall the abundantly produced bright-red apples the si ms recommend appl a all others. It is of hy origin, and three species— M. pumila N Fiedaeetzh yana, M. re and Af. Sebold tewe contributed to its ceptional bea 16. iladelphue virginalis Vi irginal.” There are more than 100 species, varieties and hybrids in this beautiful genus but e surpasses “Virginal,’ which is nov ite generally available in the trad ts large, semi-double flowers, which are white a sweetly fragrant, are produced in the gre profusion and over an unusually | on Sharp pruning immediately after wering is advi Potentilla eee var. parvifolia, Th. oe els of the shrubby foil does not sane nore than two or three feet in height 8 tive of northeastern Asia and is ae able for the great abundance of its golden-yellow flowers, which are produced fro: e of May until Sept r xcellent companion for this showy little shrub is the horned violet ‘ ‘Jersey Gem. 18. Rh ate on dahuricum var. Leet If this member of the section Azalea has been single d out for mention in i i i of the genus and April, at a time when flow ete cheb are Spiraea Wat soniana. The large genus Spiraca contain te Spiraca aieinare flowers at the same time and offers a pleasing combinatio 20. i pentagyna var. ae. The species Its Hla the garden value of this tall sa b. The handsome, ‘ate leaves color beautifully in the autumn. Figure 3. The variety Katherine of the common blueberry, Vaccinium corymbosum, offers waxy white flowers in spring, luscious berries in mid- summer, and brilliantly colored foliage in the fall. 21. Styrax ae This tall, eee shrub produces an abundance of white, bell-shaped, ner talked flowers late in June. Well-drained, stony, clay soil a a fall sun suit it best, but e guarded agai pies SHA one The “sapphireberry” is one of t hic its to oni flowers. In Seprember ae abundantly produced 140 bright sapphire-blue ia startle the na cae! with their rare and beautiful color. hrub also a st accommodated in well-drained, stony, fe a an nd full pink s , sweetly fragra: rs has become quickly and firmly established the By doers it the gardening public It flowers toward the of April or in early May is partial to full sun, free air circulation and a deep, well- a ed soil. Do not permit it to suffer from drought. 1”. Carlesii should be propa- gated from seeds. 24. Vacciniwun eee ‘Kather. > It may seem strange to suggest the American highbush See as one of the choicest ornamental shrubs, - new large-fruited forms, especially the variety “Ka ,” are desirable not only for their ample crops of luscious berries. The abundantly produced clear-white, 'y- owers and the shiny, dark-green foliage, which colors brilliant scarlet in tumn, render this shrub so bea’ tiful that it can v: ith the best of the ae ales The delicious fruits are its crowning achievement. For owner of a sma arden there is no o shrub in the Giole would which has to offer so many desirable qualities. Henry TEuUSCHER. ON PREPARING AN EXHIBIT OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF At the annual exhibition of the New York Microscopical Soci- ety, held at the American Museum of Natural History in the City of Ne the group and with the habits of the or: ee and also in a position to obtain the necessary fresh field materia 141 Experiments were first conducted with the spores of a number bition, and x the time for the cultures to be started in advance of the exhibition. The spores were placed in small corked vials, witl wi ams of rain water had b standing in a bottle for a long time and that was known to contain bacteria, ut no ozoa. Enou ores were used so that a drop of the culture, when placed under the microscope, would sho hun- dred or more spores in the fiel e vi er en ss en > = = g & <= OD 4 oO 28 (= aia ra) 5” i ing a pm h a number of vials of each species at the ee cee prior to the evening of the exhibition. It is better to prepare a number of vials of each species, rather than to risk failure, through unfore- seen ane es, with a single vial. For public exhibition cee microscopes, slides with a con- er ve pe nd c $ ith a ring of vaseline to retar evaporation were u agnification of abo 00 loyed, with an objective of sufficient working distance and a high eyepiece. T nger cultures were used to show the rup- tured spores, with the hyaline, immobile swarm-cell by, the older ones for the flagellate swarm-cells with their dancing, om 0 much time and attention. Under such circumstances, it is 142 possible to show only stages in which a large number of individ- by uals are present in the field at one time, and explaining these appropriate cards placed near the ‘ierosco eS, displ trapped. sya Two plasmodia of the same Species were placed close of = re expected. Two others, a ee one and a Seale one e one. The plasmodia were developed from three lots of sclerotium hi : lected on b: ood in November of the preceding year. T t ere determined later as Arcyria denudata nd Stemonitis Suniithii, as in each case sporangia were 3 ° a o 9 $3 33 ma ° ot as laa pp es persimilis in two small clusters. There is they were the fruit of the yellow plasmodium, parts of which had 143 been repeatedly taken from the jar. The food had been stopped nth or so befo o before the sporangia appe. All plasmodia were ia vegetating for about 10 weeks, after they were per- itted to go into sclerotia again by dr A few had been dried r the exhibition Experiments in raising the plasmodium were commenced a fu nN ore the One of the seven-inch Plasmodis of slime-molds (Mycetozoa) shown at the recent exhibit of the a v York Microscopical pone Food was ae rbed by this living gelatinous mass as it traveled and grew across the lass vessel on which it was exhibite d. Spectators were vperinitied to watch the characteristic flowing motion of other plasmodia under the microscope. 144 y wetted with ordinary tap water known to be free from g piece of sclerotium, not much larger ri h di The pla plasmodium in removal does not injure it, as a short time. ere was now a clean yellow plasmodium o e jar. grains and cereals, corn, oats, wheat, barley, rye, buckwheat, and hemp were tried as food. They were obtained in a raw, uncooked 145 condition, and ground into meal in a small mill. The powder was 00 S absorbed by the plasmodia and perhaps are the real basis of value in the foods used. Other exhibits consisted of sclerotium in wood; pla smodium 0 p wi arranged with — cards and a short story of the life history of the Myce To one who desires to prepare spore cultures and plasmodium that . are not alw uniform with material of the same species ue ee upon the viability of the spores, the con- dition of As eeaun and species itself ient amount of fresh field material, of as many species as possible, should oO Experiments should be commenced earl ugh and with different a hat a selection of the most suitable can be mad re no difficult problems involved, and with care cult r a a to aes satisfactory results may be obtained with m. ies. Rogert HAGELSTEIN. A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* “Speeding Up Flowering in the Daffodil and the Bulbous Iris” 7 of th the most recent experiments. Tulips are the subject of Circular 372, by the same author. Both are contlly bulletins for com- mercial growers. * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found i the Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum eae 146 Dahlias, their eels gas and culture, their disease: and insect pests, are tre’ n Special Bulletin 266, published . the Agricultural saan Senc of Michigan State College. The 83 pages contain a long bibliography, list of definitions, and much practical information. * H. Nicolas writes emphatically about bonemeal in 2 the of the Am ag ry reco: mend bonemeal s eonaly aie get ae a results in ne of the bonemeal rather than because of i * * * “A moist surface is ee cseenrial for the successful cul- ture of house plants in clay is statem ent comes pais Linus H. Jones of the Agricultural i in tl e plants. A special mat for holding moisture, a partly of leather, has been developed by the experiment statio In expressing the viewpoint of the Arnold Arboretum on the Dutch elm-disease situation, J. H. Faull concludes a statement in the April Bulletin of Popular Information: “Notwithstanding i A e eavor. Our purp a that will command Hel leadership a basic support of Congress.” 147 ew species of Sedum, from Texas, S. Robertsianum, is de- mae by E. J. Alexander in the April Bulletin of the Torrey € ther reports of his interesting work on the oe mse of plants to localized applications of various oe agen A paper completed roe before the death of Dr. Britton has just been published by the New York Academy of Sciences. It is “Mi > by N. L. Bri i and salpiniaceae of Colombia” by N ton and E. P. Killip oe J. N. Rose began the study of these families with itton, working on them until his death in 1928. Three years oo Dr. Britton asked Mr. Killip to con- tinue the work with him, ee the goatee was completed in 1934. One of the gems of Asiatic alpine flora discovered in northwest Yunnan by George Forrest and brought back for cultivation, is t is Paraquilegia nate tea eet ae of which Borvest wrote: “For these, if for well worth while to have visited - Da-Tung ee ” oe is : a een now in several reais ean gardens and is worth eae to introduce into Am * Plant ecology is used as a basis for ee small proper- ties, as well as estates and parkways, with native plants, in sug- gestions offered by Frederick L. Witt in an oe “Grouping the which appears in the Gardeners’ Chronicle of America g shrubs, and herbaceoiis i wi ees together in the wild. ph Waring, in “Better aes for American Garden in ns Gardeners’ Chronicle of Amcrica for May, tells of development of new varieties, especially bluer types, how to raise them and what to expect . bas in ee garden A noteworthy coneananey to the ise “The Role of Light in the Life o nae nts” was contained in the January and March numbers of The Botanical Review. The author, Paul R. Burk- holder of eee College, divides ce topic into (1) Light 148 and Physiological Processes and (II) The Influence of Light upon Growth and Differ mie treating in the second half the and o org the plant itself under jega conditions of light. Six hundred references are cited in the text and listed alphabetically at the end. roL H. Woopwarp. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Boris Krukoff, who spent the winter exploring the upper reaches of the Amazon, has returned to New York, bringing with him bari imen: quarters at Manaos, Brazil, where he coe established a laboratory and testing ground for these plants Captain F Kingdon Ward, noted for his botanical explorations in Tibet, Upper Burma, and southern China, as a result of which e Garden, and on y 20 he gave an illustrated address in the Museum ae ae ve aes ian Club. The work of gna the herbarium at the Garden is now Peres with space provided for the accumulation of material for three years in the future. Fifteen hundred boxes of cor- rugated paper have been set up as temporary herbarium cases until others of more pe oe oe can provided. The lawn southwe f the Museum Building, which was des- oyed by construction last winter of the new steam trench, has pation of a broad expanse of green before the end of the summer. 149 isitors to the Thompson 1 Memorial Rock Garden have ex- ceeded all expectations, and during the height of the season, begin- i iddle of i ‘s more; then not cease to be interesting, the best of the year for the rock garden will vate passed by early July. The rock garden is open week- day n 8 am. to 4:45 p.m. and, for the present, on Sundays a aie from 10 a.m. Dr. E. Silver Dowding ae of the University of Alberta, in Edmonton, visited The New York Botanical Garden May on her way to Europe, where she will pursue some studies at Kew and other institutions. While Dr. Keeping the matophytes, or fungi producing skin diseases, she has made notable contributions to the cae of ied among the fungi. Dr. W. H. Camp left New York the last of May for a two- months’ pais trip in the southern Appalachians, during which he will give particular attention to the Ericaceae and Vinee of the fae n. * * * At the conference of the Scientific Staff and Registered Students the Garden on April 23, Dr. Forman T. McLean spoke on “Inheritance of Fragrance in Gladiolus” and Dr. A. B. Stout, Miss Clyde Chandler, and Dr. W. M. Porterfield reported on “Experimental and Cytological Studies of Lili tigrinum.” * Professor Charles Chupp of Cornell University recently spent a day in the mycological herbarium looking over specimens of 1 ar h re plants. Professor Chupp has been specializing in this group for some time and it is expected he will write these forms for North America Flora. 150 REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS GARDENING ALL THE YEAR ’ROUND It is a delight to find a new gardening book! engaging to look at, because of innumerable nae: ee ee rere to read, and full of neice asy-to-grasp informat ohn C. Wister, whose name is aes well eee to experi- enced gardeners throughout the country, bs written a book which carries the amat rough four delightful seasons of gardening outdoors and in he pictures selected would mal novice yearn to become a gardener; the text could not help but mak him a successful o or Mr. Wister give: nings at the proper time, and offers encouragement where it is cna o to plants, = gives full ole ‘o the old- asia pe garden at the same urges the use of new coe i suggesting never of all eke an perennials, hinge aquatic, h vines, shrubs, trees, and ground-covers—whic yet as widely used as they should be for garden bea - 1s how to start gardens of several types and how to handle each kind of plant mentioned. His definition of a bulb as “really a thickened leaf or root stock” is scarcely accurate, and it is regrettable that one illustration, ob ly of a crucifer (a Arabis), should be labeled Saponaria, but, all in all, “Four Seasons in , your Garden” is an exceedingly practical and delightful book. NOT FOR AMERICA {t will be an important year when American publishers realize that English gardening books are not suitable for the United ta be all 1 State e right for Washington and Oregon, b TS it her north tes are going to be disappointed if they expect to find five beautiful shrubs in bloom rom December through February, look for their first . cn out fore March, or if yy expect such shrubs or if the rrya, Osmanthus, and Olearia to live through the winter. ‘ll ee and many others are recommended in Richard Sudell’s 1 Wister, John C., Four Seasons in your Garden. 306 pages, 64 photo- graphs, 64 drawings. J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia, 1936. $2.50. 151 latest book, “The New Garden,’” printed in England but put on the market by Scribner of New ie t is a perfectly goo book in its place—though it goes into considerable cee detail for the building re walls, ae tennis courts, for 10 cem ao T cent novices of this country to offer them without warning a book that is wholly unsuited to their American climate of extremes UP-TO-DATE WORKS ON FLOWER ARRANGEMENT n flower arrangements have changed considerably in $; boo Profes ssor Nay ard A. White’s work’ has long been a standard refer m the subject. This latest edition (the thi ~ abate $ considerable new ae based on recent trends as he has been able to observe them while working with students and Eien a flower shows. he book contains an important and helpful list plants in churches, banquet halls, and auditoriums. The dis n of colors and tones is especially comprehensive, because ae gers are carried out with clarifying examples. ine’s new book* begins where her former book, “The oars of Flowers,” left o hus much of the theory, t for an opening Fecaitalatigth is omitted. The rest of the 2 Sudell, Richard, The New Garden. 348 pages, illustrated. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1936. $2. 3 White, Edw: A., Principles of Flower Arrangement. 199 pages, 70 sa drawings, and color chart. A. T. De La Mare Co., New York, 4 Hine, Mrs. Walter R., New Flower Arrangements. 159 pages, 50 photo- graphs. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1936. $2.75. 152 book is composed of suggestions, ni illustrated — photographs, for the arrangement of e€ xotic ant material, winter subjects, weeds, flowers f t ee growing aye ae Emphasis is placed on unique He ote of about three subjects in a container. To many the most helpful section of the asta will be the last chapter, which tells in detail how to arrange a small flower show competition that will be ifeencve eesti and cw meone has been careless in letting Be eiaier an be used siuce of horticulturist, and “credible” lace of creditable; ls in goa ng repeated a aoe and i incorrect capitalization plant A dozen such errors we ey nd at a glance in one ees ae six pages... and they w all. Such errors detract from a fk which is otherwise ‘oetally composed. oe FOR CHILDREN AND OTHER BEGINNERS ung boy and girl were not pictured on the j i) “The ¢ ner’s Firs aoe 580 ht not ee guess that Alfred Bates’ book was intended for children. } al en a younger would not understand it, but rather that it is so simply and clearly written that m Tr ie as puzzled over the whys of som the first who tep: ee may, through this book, gain a useful funda- eee is nowledge Directions for sant ing a garden and for caring for it usieh the summer tell clearly why each step is taken and explain it is don ere should be no false moves by the wenet beginner who follows this book. he section dealing with elementary ee eae ea wer is, and the part telling why and how plants iv botanical or Latin names, should be the: nvy ae many a ae. who has tried with much less oA enee: to make ae Sinnle facts interesting and understandable. ile the book deals only in fundamentals, going no aes than annuals that will bloom the first year from seed, it giv ae first-year gardener a sound start for ae years of joy amo is plants. Caro, H. Woopwarp. Bates, Alfred, The Gardener's First Year. 246 pages, illustrated. Long- mans, Green & Company, New York, 1936. $2. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown. ree volumes, giving descriptions and gilugérations of 4,666 species. Second edition, re- printed. $13.50. Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and 601 figures. 1932. Price, $5.50 postpaid. Plants of the Vicinity of New York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages. 1935. Flora Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 t a figures. 1918. A Text-book of General Withenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages: 76 Sheed oC ae 50. i onthly, ill ustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to f general interest. a year; single copies $1.25 each. Now in its twenty-eighth volume. ’ Twenty-four Year Index volume $3.00 in paper, ‘an 50 in fabrikoid. Addisonia, semi-annual, devoted exclusively to colored plates accom- panied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volume. Subscription price, $10.00 a volume (two years). [Not offered in exchange.] Now in its nineteenth volume. erican Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North Amer- ica, including Gr reen land, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes, each to seneiet of four or more parts; 81 parts now issued. Subscription price, $1.50 p Part a) lina ued eee of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. (Not t offered i Brittonia. A series of pofenical pBepers: Sanesen Gene a RS 00 per ow from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each. $5.00 per vol- u e ee volu f The York Botani ical Gar Price to members of the Caden, vols. L ve “S. 50 per volume; to se $3.00. Vol. VII, $2.50 to members; to others, $5.00. Vol. I. notated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone P b xel Rydberg. 1. II he Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, by D. T. MacDougal. ol. III. om dies os Cretaceous Coniferous Re- mains from Kreischerville, New York, by A. Hollick and E. C. Jeffrey. Vol. I Effects of the Ray f Radi on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. Vol. V. Flora of the Vicinity of per York, by Norman Taylor. Vol. VI. eawentieth Annivers: BEY of The New York Ne Garden. Vol. VII. Includes New Myxophyceae from spate Rico, ard- ner; The Flower Behavior of DA aies by A. B. Stout; aPEatS Gellested in the Amazon Valley, by H. H. Rusby; and The Flora of the Saint Eugene Soak mA Arthur Hollick. ournal o: New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news, and n tek Meanie! articles. Free to members of the Garden. To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its thirty-seventh volume Direct all orders to: HE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. (Fordham Branch Post Office) GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden me hundred acres of beautifully diversified land in the northern part of Hs "City of New York, through which flo one ne Bronx River. A native hemlock forest is one of the features of t Plantations o thousands of native and eeaneea trees, shrubs, and flowering plan Gardens, ee ing a new rock garden, a large rose garden, a perennial patie small model gardens, and other types of plantings. enhouses, On ne thousands of interesting plants from America and travers iu countri lower shows throughout the e year—in the spring, summer, and autumn pn a datas ‘aes, irises, peonies, roses, water-lilies, one and inter, displays of greenhouse-bloo: plants. ae um, oaks aining ane of fossil plants, existing nie "anil local plents Beane within one hundred miles of the ee i, of New York, a as economic uses of plants; also historic microsco; herbarium, comprising more than 1,800,000 specimens of American ae Moree specie xploration in nee parts of the United States, the West Indies, Genel nd South America, for the study and collection of the character- istic flora Sci mEae research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. ibrary of Tana al and horticultaral literature, comprising nearly 45, 00 aoe and numerous ae phlet: Public lectures on a gre ety o a bo faniee and horticultural topics, continuing throughout the ee “winter and spri Publications on botanical subjects, partly aE ferhaieall scientific, and partly of popular, interest. The education of school children and the public through the above fea- tures and the ay ing of free information on botanical, horticultural and forestral subject: The Garden is s aepetne nt upon an annual aupreerietion by the City of New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. Appli tens for membership are always welcome. The classes of membership nua mber ......... seeeeees annual fee Sustaining Me Taibes diaoeneniee annual fee 25 Garden Club Memberaiie aeveiarelore a ie for a club 25 Fellowship Member ........ .. annual 100 Member for Life ................ single oe ee 250 Fellow for Life ........... ......- single contribution 1,000 Patron single contribution 5,000 Benciaet tor single contribution 25,000 Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. Bequests ay Del Soa in the form of Sea Money, or additions to the collections. The & ved it: hereby bequeath to The N ioe Botanical Garden incorboraey under the Laws of New York, Chapter a io 1891, the sum o; C al bequests may be ith income payable » donor or any designated benefi se Rie! his or oa lifetim Fellowships or scholarships either in perpetuity or limited to a definite period may be established Be ‘peetiel student-training in horticulture or for botan- ical researc All feancale for further information should be sent to E New York Boranicat GARDEN Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. (ForpHAm BrancuH Post OFFICE) VOL. XXXVII Jury, 1936 No. 439 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN THE HYBRIDS OF CLEMATIS TEXENSIS J. E. Sprncarn GANGSTERS AMONG TREES Joun K. SMALL THE RED AZALEA OF BLACK MOUNTAIN, KENTUCKY A STEM-ROT OF EUPHORBIA LACTEA B. O. Donce SUMMER MEETINGS OF SCIENTISTS A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE Carot H. Woopwarp NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS CLEMATIS GENTIAN: LILIES IN THE GARDEN FIRST GOURD BOOK Caro, H. Woopwarp PuBLISHED MontTHLy sy THE NEw York BoraNnicaL GARDEN Bronx Park, New Yorx, N. Y. (ForpHam Brancu Post Orrice) Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1937: HENRY DE Forest BALDWIN Cy ce design) Cups Frick, ae Le NSOEN, Henry Locxwart, Jr., D. T. MacDoucat, and JoserH R. Sw. Until. 1938: LL. H. Bar ILEY, MARSHALL FieLp, Mrs. ELon Hunnneny Hooxer, JoHN L. Merrity (Vice-president and: Treasurer), Cor. Rozert H. ONTGOMERY, H. Hospart Porte Unt Biches ARTHUR be eee oe Ree PW. = Foneee (President), MarsHa.it A. Howe (Secretary), Ct LARENCE ed E. D. Merrit, ak ny DE LA MONTAGNE: Jr. (Assistant Treasurer), and Lewis RUTHERFURD “Morrr II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rosert Moses, Park Commissioner. GerorcE J. RYAN, President of the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Beet ine ee ab roinied by the Torrey Botanical Club. A TRELEASE, EpMuND W. SINnNoTT, and Marston T. Bocert, rare Ee "Cabinbie University. GARDEN STAFF MarsHa.i A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Deputy Director oe Head Curator HENRY DE LA MonTAcne, Jr. istant Director Joun K. SMALL, pe D,:SeeDis ee: Chief Research Sanne and Curator A. B. Stout, Pu. ector of the Laboraiog® Frep J SEAVER, pe DSc) Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. lant Pat. ane Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ......... Supervisor of ee Eauratiy JoHn HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M, M. D.. cr ee and Admin. Assis Percy WILson ssociate Curat tor Avsert C. SmitH, Pu. D. SE Curis ARAH H. Hartow, A. M. Librarian H. Russy, M. D. .......... Honorary Curator of ue Economic Collections Fiepa GRIFFITH tist and Photographer R S. WILt1 ociate in Bryology E. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Gre of the oe Herbarium Harotp N. Motpenxe, Pu. D. ssistant Curator AMP, Pu. D. Ae Curator CiypE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant Rosatiz WEIKERT Technical Assistant Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. ticulturist G. L. Wirrrocx, A. M. (O)miifo) Wajepaspoy, IMI, Sy, aoococs5050555q00b058 Collaborator in Hawatian Botany RosBert HAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Etuet Anson S. PeckHaM..Honorary Curator, Iris and | Naren Collections Wa ter S. GroEsBECK and Accountant ArtHuR J. CorBetT Superintendent of Sudinen and Grounds A. C. PFANDER Assistant Superintendent JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VOL. XXXVII Jury, 1936 No. 439 THE HYBRIDS OF CLEMATIS TEXENSIS AND OF ae AMERICAN CLEMATIS SPECIES to record the work t has been d in hybridizing other erican spe of Clematis. The texensis hybrids, h fairly common in Europe, have been lost s, but are now again available to the Ameri g a new type of large-flowered hybrid was create s each American gardens until some years later, so slow have we C. florida and C. patens were first Seana in Japan, and bones fae always eas that at nth one of them was a nativ e of that country. But it would now appear that both are of Chinese origin; see my art ticle on d Japan” in oe Gardeners Chronicle, London; January “Clematis in Old 18, 1936. 153 154 been to appreciate our own flora. Engelmann named it C. coccinea, 1861, C. ficial. Gray himself at firs) called it C. Vi iorna var. has Monee’ at Ottawa. It is a brilliant sight wien in plesne seedsmen seem to have no o It w: of new es matis hybrid: s early as Max Leic! tin () Baden-Baden had pee C. texensis ae the Chinese species C. lanuginosa; and in France Edouar ré had crossed it wit n e er yn, C. Sinsi these hybrids made no oS apeon on the horticultural world, and I can find no ee of their survival. S. will be good news to many to know that five of the six are now 155 Photograph by Walter Beebe Wilder. Ficure 1. Clematis texensis, a native of Texas, and one of the most beautiful of American species of Clematis. 156 commercially available in this country, and I urge all lovers of beautiful plants to give gee trial. T hybrids. They have fe something at least of the ee and limits their color ra t rlet, crimson, and pink, for the most part othing could be more age than the plants when in bloo: I have said a ules y hav something of the lis might not appear out of place even in the garden; a their charm gives them a right to the proudest mie These are the only texensis hybrids that have survived i gardens, but not the only ones to be created. French eae Photograph by Donald F. Merrett. E 2, Clematis Grace Darling, one of the very attractive hybrids of C. ae the flowers of which are a delicate shade of rosy carmine. turists, using C. terensis as a parent, produced Madame Raymond am chet, but I have ni dsman, J. C. an, betw: they have disappeared on i, and have left no trace. An account of them may be found in the tenth volume of an amorphous work on Luther Burbank: His Methods aa Dis- covcries, published in New York in 1915 158 C. texensis has been crossed with other American species, such as C. crispa and C. Piteheri (C. Simsti), and Otto Froebel species. To this group belongs C. eens which is suppose be a cross between C. Viorna and C. int. a oun the name is also regarded as a synonym of a. The Viorn C. section of the genus is me ar "difficult, es natural hybrids seem to abound. They offer excellent material for the hybridists of the future. e present time perhaps the most promising work is being done by Canadian hybridists in their search for hardier strains that will endure the severe climate of the north. They are using both American and foreign species, in sor cases = sgl i 1 i i Mr. F. a, has pro ts an oe i ith the este yellow Chinese species, C. ea ag and umong a aan i la must h discre taste as well as with skill. The mere ees of uninterest- ing hybrids does not serve horticulture J. E. Sprncarn. GANGSTERS AMONG TREES How THE STRANGLING-FIG KILLs The strangling- fig is a strange tree—a sort of boa-constrictor ida. How if by chance it starts its existence as an epiphyte instead of te from the ground, roots and branches are devel- Ficure 1. A ci abbage- -tree—Sabal Palmetto— in the Deering Hammock, Cutler, Florida, showing where : strangling-fig—Ficus autrea—has aaa about halfway up the fank. It will be noticed that the r has aerial roots up down the trunk, and also out toward oS ian nts. The three cabbage-trees shown in this article grow close together in the ham- mock and are powne on solid rock. 160 oped, ae usually it is age, successful in strangling its orig- inal host and benefac' & g he ; is et in tropical and nearby regions. Its of them will grow in the ground; many of them will als grow on other trees or on rocks! Through its long history the fig, especially the one of poet: and commerce (Ficus Carica) produced many constituents, nl nal products which are of great use to man, also fruits for food n addit v the strangler and the usurper. The former destroys its associates by enveloping them, the latter by crowding them out nsider our native strangling-fig (Ficus aurea) a it develops This tre i n swamps an 5 davorite haunt is the tropical hammock with its possible victims close at hand. As intimated above, this tree gives no evidence of increasing ist of extinct species at an early date. Its myriad seeds sprow' > the germination is not very evident to the passing eye, for seedlings are usually hidden by other vegetation. An artificial habitat, such as a ditch-bank or a canal-bank, either one of rather peas upturned materials, will show how the seeds strive to continue the existence of the species. A ee of birds are very fond of the fig fruits. After eat- dit ank they drop eds, which soon i ss air one usually finds ditches, canal banks, or ae ined with young strangling-figs, plants varying from an feet high or mo Su s as are able to contend peonee, ts may grow into large trees firmly rooted in the sod, with no Geraden of their possible ee epiphytic ana strangling propensities. Ficure A cabbage-tree growing in close association with a strangling- fig. The enn fae sent up four large and some smaller trunks. It has also begun to throw loops around the palm. The ultimate fate of the palm will be something as shown in Ficuke, 3, for these = oe trunks of the strangler have the. habit of coalescing into a single trunk. Figure 3. and 2. se the ee has made its task almost ee. The trunk of the m is compietely enclosed, only the wn emerging from the tomb. In addition the strangler has prosnered and iowa up a large branching trunk for itself high above the hammock roof. 163 Ina hammock where a very different environment obtains, the dis al Severa ction once came to our notice in he Dee ae Hanuiock at Cut- i GU 1 d a her. The cir Vv’ in FIGURE is a host ne which a strangler has rather recently i ve be ce. e: point about half way up the trunk. After taking a firm hitch ar may over to roy noved from the one on which the seed germinated and from ene it ae disappear, thus leaving its original host unharmed. In the case of pe E 2, a strangler has confined most of i activity to the basal part of a palm. In its career it has surrounded the base of the trunk and ae several firm hitches around its ictim. So far the fg growth has not enveloped much of the its future antics may be no one can tell in advance GuRE 3 might — represent a future stage of the strangler shown in Fic Here ‘he roots and tae have com- nee ae a palm-trink up to the crown of leaves. The Bian one sey of the fig, and its ability to take ane nourish- i he fact that it sheath about the palm-trunk. By a little imagination one can construct the three a into a stages of the same fig and the same host-victin Joun K. SMALL. 164 THE RED AZALEA OF BLACK MOUNTAIN, ENTUCKY ray the summit and slopes of Black Mountain in Ken- tucky \’. H. Camp, who is spending two months in the ae per leeliaie found on June 17 the red azalea which was one of the many objectives of his expedition. Living plants for the Thompson Memoria 1 Rock Garden, flowering sprays to be e this deep-red azalea has been previously peponed from certain spots in the southern Ae ale it is not yet generally known by botanists, and this is the first time that fresh material as reached the a n After describing the difficult mountain trail to the site of this . H. A. Glea: 7 a Th I have the cadavers of ae Een before ewan my saner 7 J > i stands apart from all the yes, I will that the ‘flame’ a occasionally throws reddish forms—forms even with a lo red, so red that oran, ome of these ng the link with lutea (calendulacea). But, predominantly they were red, a warm, glov , living re e ay get the idea across is to ou imagine that ou had an azalea with a warm lemon-yellow col ip it or r s than the scarlet alone. Now dip it again and again in the scarlet, and ae each dipping ae the color toward a deeper shade until ack-red. That is the color of many of the plants. Some haven i “dipped so eee these are a startling contrast— but the majority were deep red—a warm, living, flaming red— and just as red in the forest shade as on the open meadows at the top of the mountains. Shrubs 3 to 7 feet tall, massed or scattered individually on either side of the trail. 165 “T hated so to leave the mountain top, but I had left the car on the main trail and had wandered down one of the spurs. It ha been a hot day, the ridge is bone dry, and thunder-heads had been accumulating in the west. There was a rift in th d lou sun, just as it slipped back of the mountains, gave one last burst of golden light. e valleys, thousands of fe below, were already purple with twilight haze. hen at the very moment when the sun, rimmed with golden fire, be lazin, lory, turning all the clouds to pink and gold, I came around the shoulder of the mountain and onto a li se where h eases e mead sloped toward the west and caught the ae Sullianee - that golden light. A STEM-ROT OF EUPHORBIA LACTEA Succulent elie as in greenhouses appa arently are seldom fected by fur am: f ange her ; particularly of the variety cristata. Dark-colored or blackish, rather soft, rotted areas would appear in a branch and the ane would eventually spread until it killed that branch. It was sus- pected at first that the trouble was due to some bacterial ne While the rot was not a very wet one and it was not foul smell- ing, it cert _ presented the aerate of a bacterial disease. acteria 1 0: olo y which has been reported on living leaves of certain Euphorbias in Left, a branch of treaks reveal the early stages of the stem- caused by the fungus Coniothyrium. Right, a small plant a sm Stapelia gigantea showing an -rot Europe a number of times. ~ have found no reference to a stem-rot caused by this spe A number of inoculations el ear horbia lactea var. cristata with the fungus isolated have resulted in the same type of rot. The fungous parasite quickly eae eangh the healthy tissue . later fruits abundantly on a urface. Ficure 1 ey branch at an early stage of t a Later the oe ch rotted and one could then see rs of the aril nae spore- 167 horns coming out of the fruit-bodies which are somewhat em- bedded in the host tissue. These structures are only about the i ore s, shown in Ficure 2, sp are force hrough small openings in the fruit-bodies and often coil about less before drying out. The spore-coils persist for a long time unless they are washed off with water. The number of spores aine ne of these horns is astonish- € can e from r figu e that there are hundreds of these black oO ist =} ° a wm oO = B S an 43 iar) z pf ray me & e trate the cele directly. Some wound is very likely necessary. It is clear that the spread of the disease could largely be pre- rottin: £2. Left, characteristic E. lactea yar. Sen oe of the causal organ 168 Poke further spread. In case such species of Euphorbia should ble: d disease on a species of Euphorbia. ae bisetosa, a species 0 d by F. L. Ste the Euphorbiaceae, is, however, report y evens to harbor a species of Coniothyrium. Most aces of this family are more susceptible to attack by sp of rust and down Pie winter we had some troub he common g 0. otrytis me “double” vari nsettia, ae bia Fae The blossom-ends ey often failed to prop- erly, turning brown and finally rotting. It was necessary to dis- card a number of plants on this account. Th 1k was thought t ve been due to faulty aeration or the low temperature prevailing in that house. Plants of variety i jacent house were not attack ee on Euphorbia pulcherrima is not uncommon in Europe. Gr e usually control the disease by regulation of the air, moisture and light conditions. further treatment is necessary they apply some copper spray, as ey it is well known that sulphur is ordinarily not very acces against Botrytis. A short time after the Euphorbia stem-rot was noticed, aie small plants of Stapelia gigantca in the same house similar stem rot. No isolations were made from the Sipelia, a ever, but plants were inoculated wi e fungus originally p (Ficure 1 the Coniothyriuim and also the host range of the causal organism. This report will be made at another time B. O. Donag. 169 SUMMER MEETINGS OF SCIENTISTS Staff members of The New York Botanical Garden last month aa ea sessions of scientific organizations. Brief reports of t e given here. BoTaNIcaL SOCIETY OF AMERICA IN CONNECTICUT The first of the two summer meetings of the Botanical Society of America, which took a e at New London, Conn., June 17-19, ed by Dr. Dr. was atten ge vice-president, and b r. and M Cc Smith = te xander, also from The Ne r Bornca Garden, as w as by Dr. m Sinnott, of the Garden’s Board of Managers. Others from the New York area whi e present included of the Boyce Thompson Institute, Dr x. Svenson and Miss Hester M. Rusk of the Brooklyn Bowne Garden, Drs. ohn W, Shive and M. A. Johnson of Rutgers Gnesi: The -eight. e formal program, which consisted of a paper on tation were sought on the shore of ong Island across Long Island years old, but the botanists who saw it declared its age could scarcely be less than 700 years. Rocuester-ITHaca MEETING oF THE A.A.AS red J. Seaver recently attended, as an unofficial delegate otanic the semi-centennial celebration of the aa of Sigma Ni. Dr. Seaver was a member of the Council of the A.A.A.S. repre- 170 senting the Corns Society of America. The meeting of the — was held in Rochester. Most of ie formal meetings were held in the buildings of the ee of Rochester, located on the beautiful River Campus i ity. T f i in the suburbs of the ci wo of the outstanding features of this meeting were the excursions through the plants of the East- man Kodak Compan: their research laboratories, and those f the Bausch and Lomb Optical pan y t a complimentary luncheon tendered the Association by the latter company, the 250,000th microscope made by Bausch & Lomb was presented to Dr. F. G. Novy in recognition of his d. An addr Max Mason, President 3 the Rockefeller enn on “Science and the Rational Animal A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* Among the “Forgotten Favourites” of which J. Coutts of Kew writes in the New Flora and Silva for April are a number of American plants which have been seldom if ever used horticul- turally in this country, though they were known long ago as All of the publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found in ihe Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 171 desirable garden subjects in England. He mentions especially ancouveria hexandra, an st oot, San guinaria canadensis, for ng. He also ur more extensi e of Dodecatheon, Muscari, and Erythronium, as well as Chionodoxa Luciliac for naturalizing, and recalls the pleasing ect of the dame’s violet, Hesperis imatronalis, in gardens o paint years * x * Plant subjects treated in the Gardeners’ Chronicle of America for June include Dianthus, Phlox, Digitalis, Campanula (annual species), and native American alpines with emphasis on species of Pentstemon, * * * The sixth volume of Lexington Leaflets, published by Stephen F. Hamblin at Lexington, Mass., begins with western American alpines for early bloom in the garden, and tells also where the plants mentioned may he ae “Just About Lilacs” is the subject of the Arnold Arboretum’s Bulletin of les haha mation for May 20. Selection of good varieties, cult e plants, hov to combat diseases and insect pests, an a an ee section eden “Lilacs that do not oom” are included in ae as treatment of the subject. = ndean travelers this summer are offered a voluntary com- mission to help in bringing some handsome new plants into culti- vation. The showy-flowered genus Bomarea of the Amaryllis y E. P. Kili ic y a few says, and he there fore expresses the hope that travelers to its native haunts in the Andes will bring back seeds or young plants that may be established in North American gardens * Dr. A. B. Stout’s ear ancae in Grapes” has appeared a Uae a 238 of the New York Agricultural erect : on thaca, N. Y. tated aces ng the colored plate of the Bronx seedless grape which appeared also in this JourNaAL in April 172 The a of botanical HOmenc acute is aun with in the first entitled “Problem ificati = 3 3 =e nH 3 2 5 <. ‘ iat 3 5 ct = a 2 S [aay pe ° = wn =e m = ae) 4 ° Bh ® & mn m a Wright Smith, Director of the Hie Botanic ae at Edin- burgh. The same issue contains the lists of plants which were granted awards by the Royal Horticultural eee during 1935. * Continued research on the use of artificial light and reduction of the daylight es for eas ae in the aga 2 iP The results are ree as Bulletin - ire Ohio yeaa Experiment ‘Stati tion * * An index of American palms has just been issued oa the Field species, 80 pages of vernacular names, a geographical list with synonymy, acknowledgment of literature on the subject, and a section on fossil palms by A. C. Noé * * * Experiments with seedling growth in partially — soil, conducted at the John Innes Horticultural Institute at Merton wn, has p stimulation to the growth of the seedlings, ve in many cases germination was also aes affected. t of a cactus- aie expedition in Argenti ina and by Harr been covered by the explorers, who were planning a further foray into Uruguay. Ed *K ok s which emit the poison from the leaves of poison ivy ure fay. or done extensive research on poison ivy, found the poison mals 173 transmittable through pores in the stem and from the epidermis He found the roots highly poisonous even in winter- Caro. H. Woopwarp. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Warmke, head of the department of biology at nd an Cie in New Jersey, is working this summer with D B. O. Dodge on cultures of fungi. * igi students at The New York Botanical tes ie summer are W. Lawrence White, graduate student at ornell, wi sper ae a month doing mycological ae under the direction of er, and J R. Shuman, research assistant in genetics at the University of Wisconsin, who is working for a month with Dr. A. B. Stout on problems of breeding in Hemerocallis. Hoyt Fowler, a student in botany at Columbia University, is a volunteer worker in plant breeding at the Garden this summer. * Dr. E. H. Graham of the ee Museum in Pittsburgh came to the Garden in June to work on a collection of plants he had made in the Uinta Basin in Utah and Colorado. . Mildred E. Mathias spent a week at the Ga rden sein Bie on collections of Mexican sere ae received fro Berlin-Dahlem, Kew, and the Bohemian National Bolanie GaGa in Prague Professor H. H. ees of me University recently spent two days at the Garden, in connection with his work on parasitic gi. ng on som m fungi from South America, the hosts of oid are oe deter- mined at The New York Botanical are * * * a E. Jenkins of the United States Department of Agri- culture, Weshiaon D. C,, visited the Garden in June on her return from a nine months’ stay in Brazil, where she was sent by 174 the Department of eas to study certain species of parasitic ungi on citrous fruits * * The following visiting ee eae registered in the library during the spring: Dr. . Merrill, Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. M. L. Lohman and Mr. Ae Me re » New Haven, Conn.; Dr. Clement G. Bowers, Maine, N. Y.; Ms Julia R. Lawrence, Ponghkeese N. Y.; Mr. Roger McVaugh, iGsaciose Ne ¥s3 rof. H. M. Fitzpatrick, Mr. W. Lawrence White, Miss Marion r M Mr. V M. C. Richards, Ithaca, N. Y.; K Chesnut, Hyattsville, Md.; Dr illiam Cc eg and D Alexander mith, An: t oS rout, Englan a — : Hinge, i Mr. Char Foweraker, aes New Zealand. Waterlilies promise to be one of the Garden’s outstanding dis- plays during the entire summer. A collection of unusually fine y 2 occupy the more westerly pool in the court outside of vette No. 1 will i ow: al the hardy waterlilies. Inside the pete a specimen of Victoria ae the royal waterlily of the Amazon, is making rapid gro * ses in June this year gave one of the finest displays ever he last spring. While many of the roses will continue to bloom all summer, a second i comparable to the flowers of June is expected in the autu 175 REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS (All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) CLEMATIS FOR EveRYUNE To read of whole gardens of clematis, in which different forms of this plant are used among rocks, in the border, on trellises, arbors, climbing trees or rambl. er bu , trai gonal b s to create a whole bed of bloom, and sometimes employe as a long-lasting cut-flower, makes the garder ealize h 1 has been missing by not having a e selection of clematis in many types of plantings. Ernest Markham, Great Britain’ reatest living authority on these plants, has done an inspiring iece of work in his book, called “Clematis.” which has been made i i eminently practical for the United States through a chapter enti- tled “Clematis in America” written by J. E. Spingarn, this coun- try’s acknowledged au : ides descriptions of 80 natural species and varieties and o more thar garden varieties and hybrids. the author gives co instructions on how to plant, propagate, ke d herwise care he different types of clema n my opinion,” he says, “the eee of Clematis is of far greater import. tk lan many writers h lie pingarn names many species which are hardy in nor oe eastern United States, and a especially those which a ros suitable for the beginne * ENTIANS By THE HunpRED ardeners possessed of the collective instinct will cherish David Wilkie's new book, “Gentians.’ he fi mplete surve the genus Gentiana, this book neva undreamed-of horticultural possibilities in this enormous gi lants, w in form from the vivid blue flowers on plants no higher than one Joint of a finger, such as in G. ornata, ase the familiar fringed and bottle gentians of Nort America a, to the man-high Gentiana In 18 pages : - Wilkie, who is on the staff of the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinbur: gh, gives a compact but complete view of this ge Bae boanicaile, horticulturally, and in fair measure 176 i ie omar Nearly 100 species are illustrated—in some a here confusion erates them is likely, by series of photo- graphs atic mee be compared. Besides thorough ceeapasas of 104 species known in cultiva- tion, es ach one with directions for propagation, the autho: oo tal Galatea hoes on more than 600 other species and v: he 73 survey, this—one which gives gardener and plant eilectst a gnawing desire to acquire and cultivate gentians by the hundred. * LiLigs IN THE GARDEN ne wonders if scholarly works on gardening may some day more abundantly out of America after all the beginning pos- several stem-rooting types, such as the well-known canadense, L. Martagon, and L. oe are oe as bulb-: -rooting species. * * * How To Raise Gourps Miss Helen M. Tillinghast, whose gourds have been sone in he useum Building for two successive autumn seasons, h ishe ourd Book ri wri cultivation. In addition to growing, she treats of the botany, istory, and artistry of coe oa includes a brief section on breeding to obtain new for 1 Quint, I. George, Lilies in the Garden. 96 pages, illustrated. Double- a ee “Garden City, N. Y. 1936. $1. 2 Tillinghast, Helen M., First Gourd Book. 33 pages, illustrated. Pub- lished by the author at Vernon, Conn., 1936. $.50. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION M. Anderson Stephen Baker Hen: ae ee lates Baldwin Sherm: aldw: ioe Gites P. ee K. G. Billings Gecige Blumenthal Prof. Marston T. Boger Prof. Wa uf Tee Ge *Mrs. eran ethos Dr. s M. Butler Prof. W. *Miss E. Mabel Clark W. R. Coe Richard C. Colt Moreau Delano Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow Julian Detmer *Miss Helen C. Frick * Member also of the Advi visory Council. of the Advisory Council. tChairman of the Ad + Vice-Chairman *+Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff *Mrs. Frederick A. Godley *Mrs. George Murry Guggenheim Edward S. Harkness rcher M. Huntington a Jay *Mrs. Walter Jennings Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg *Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel Tie * *Mrs. ae ce reo. Dr. . Mac *Mrs. ‘Dai Tres gen Mrs. H. Edward Manville Parte ee ae John R. Seats r. E. D. Merril ae L. Mer: vill *Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. Ogden L. Mills fFett ne, Jr. . Morriso Chas. Lathrop Pack *Mrs. Augustus G. Paine visory Council. McM. Godley *M * *Mrs. James R. Parsons id John D. Rockefeller rof. H. H. ne Hon. George J. R: *Mrs. Herbert 1s Bae ie *Mrs. Theron G. Strong Joseph R. Swan B. B. Thayer Dr. William S. Thomas Raymond H. Torrey Prof. Sam F. Trelease ' *Mrs. Harold McL. Turner Felix M. A m H. ee Wrigh § Treasurer of the Advisory Council. || Secretary of the Advisory Council. GENERAL INFORMATION PRs of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden eo ‘our hundred acres of beautifully giversined land in the northern part ee the Gy of New ae k, t Croren which flow naa Bronx River. A native orest is on of t e features of chee “Plantation a eee a native and eae trees, shrubs, and flowering plan Ga ae eae a new rock garden, a large rose garden, a perennial border, small model gardens, and other types of plantings. reen nour cone thousands aE interesting plants from America and foreign ntri lower 5s) eee ee ghout the e year—in the spring, summer, and autumn displays of bach aes, irises, peonies, roses, water-lilies, canes and chrysanthemum winter, displays of greenhouse-blooming plants. Am local plants Oceursne ay within one hundred miles of the ct ity of New Yo: the economic uses of plants; also historic microsco An herbarium, eohoHnne more than 1,800,000 bnecmmens of American ia foreign species. xploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, erat and South America, for the study and collection of the character- istic flora Scienti tific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified yee of plant life. ibrary of Bee and horvicu ttre literature, comprising nearly 45, ‘000 books and numerous pamphlet museum, eee exhibits of fossil plants, existing ee Tamnited rk, Public lec t variet: f bo tanical and horticultural topics, continuing Hecaslent tlie autumn, winter and sprin D’ Publications on potnice subjects, ane of fecha scientific, and The education of schoo bentnees and the public through the above fea- d the giving of pee information on botanical, horticultural and Ss. arden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, pial eee an epee hip fees. Applications for a tain are welco: of membership are: ual Me ae Hodood BB otcaEboGo aa es Geuae Meri bee aca eaks .see--. annual fee 25 Garden Club Membership ...... . annual ie for a club 25 Fellowship Member 100 ember for 250 Belew for Liens. 1,000 5,000 Bene sfact single contribut ,000 ctor ntributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. Bequests Lis made in the form of Becuritles, money, or additions to the collections. The folowing is an approved a o be: i I hereby bequeath to T. Botanical Garden id under the ae of New Y ae Chater ns As 1891, the sum of Con nal beques y be made with tone payable te donor or any decimated Dene ding Hed or her oe Fellowships or s rships either in perpetuity or limited to a definite period may te ectablighed! ae Eacteal etudents svainine in horticulture or for botan- ical researc! All nee for further information should be sent to E NEw York BoranicaL GARDEN Bronx Park, Bee York, N. Y. (ForpHAm Brancu Post OFFICE) : 4 4 3 4 4 q VOL. XXXVII Aucust, 1936 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN No. 440 TOXIC WIND-BORNE POLLEN IN ITS RELATION ) T R. P. WopEHOUSE THE SOUTHERN TRIP OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Epmunp H. Futiine ROCKY MOUNTAIN EXPEDITION THE JAPANESE BEETLE SITUATION A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE Caro, H. Woopwarp NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS RHODODENDRONS AND AZALEAS Caro H. Woopwarp TUBEROUS BEGONIAS James G. E VEGETABLES AT HOME Caro, H. Woopwarp HED MontTHLy sy THE New York BotanicaL GARDEN Bronx Eee New York, N. Y. (ForpHam BrancH Post OFFICE) Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter Annual subscription $1. Single copies 10 cents ee to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1937: HENRY DE eee BaLpwin Cee Cups Frick, poLpH LewisoHN, Henry LockHart, Jr., D. AcDoueaL, and JosrrH R. Swan. Until 19338: L. H. Ba AILEY, MARSHALL Fietp, Mrs. Eron Huntincton OOKER, JoHN L. Merritt (Vice- Hresiaen and treasurer), Cot. Rozert H. Montcomery, H. Hopart Porter, eee AYMOND H. Until 1939: _ArtHuUR M. ANnperson, Henry W. te anaes ions) Mags SHALL A. Howe (Secretary), *CLARENE ce Lewis, E. D. MERRILL, A Montacneg, Jr. (Assistant Ge 7), and Lewis RosHeeran ES II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS . LaGuarpia, ee oy the City of New York. RogBeRT Moses, Park Commis. GrorcE J. RYAN, President a Dek ‘Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E, Hazen, appoitied ) ae Torrey Botanical Club. A. ER, SaM F, Trev Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by Columbia Gea ‘sity. ene STAFF Mavex HALL A. Howe, ote ID, Se, A. GLEason, Pu. Deputy Director Ce Head ee nee oe DE LA Mec NE, Jr. sistant ae i Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D. Se) Dire Chief Research Pere and Cur A. B. Stout, Px. D. Director of the tebe RED J. SEAVER, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator Bernarp O. Dooce, Px. D. Plant Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. ........: Supervisor of Public Education JoHN END BaRNHART, IK M, MM Di ee ea ed Bn. As in. Assistant Percy Witso: sociale Curator ALBERT C. Sate Pu. D. yey Curator Sarau H, Hartow, A. M. Librarian H. H. Russy, M. Disirianee Honorary Curator of ee Eeonomac Coley Fiepa GrirFITH and Photographer Rosert S. WILLIAMS ees te en +3 wate E. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Cae of the foe "Herbarium Harotp N. Movpenxke, Pu ator H. Camp, Pu. D. ‘urator CiypE CHANotER, A. M. Technical Assistant RosaLigE WEIKERT Technical Assistant Caro. H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. Horie Wittrock, A. ent Orto DEGENER, Mus ae pega! laborator in Hawatian Bulan ‘any Rosert HAcELSTEIN norary Curator of Myxomycetes THEL ANSON S. PecKHAM..Honorary Cine Tris ards Hee Collections Watter S. GRoESBECK erk and Account to ARTHUR J. CorBeTT Superintend: a Balldin ings and Grownd. A. C. PFANDER ssistant ‘Superintendinl JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VOL. XXXVII Aucust, 1936 No. 440 TOXIC WIND-BORNE POLLEN IN ITS RELATION TO HAYFEVER All true hayfever is caused by irritating pollen being blown into peer early spring, late spring or early summer, and ummer. Early spring hayfever is due to the early-flowering trees which take advantage of their leafless condition to scatter their wind- : in M : borne pollen. It may begin very early, in March pril, almost as soon as the last frost disappears, when the elms, silver maples, ower ese ollowed by the poplars, tive to one kind of pollen he is not peas sensitive to any of re ; weeks n April, and an oak-sensitive person will suffer only dur- ing : flowering of the oaks, for about two weeks in May. 177 178 Although the pau is ae numerous species of trees like the willows and maples t from March until well into May, they each Sina 0) ie pollen ay it is seldom abundant enough to do much harm. 5o, whole, tree hayfever ig. relatively peneeene in a een states. B e the early-sprin; hayfever 1 is over the e eal Gienmer type is is du ese five grasse: a caporene in the northeastern states from the hayfever pees nd p account for nearly all of the early-summer f f the numerous grasses, however, a few must be counted as of secondary im- portance. Among these are the fescue grasses, especially red and 179 dow fescue, rye grass and darnel. All are prolific pollen of ust begins the thir far the worst hayfever period. It is due entirely to the tall and short ragweeds and their aie inal the cocklebur a tall ragweed begins to flower during the first week in Augus short several days later, and age ae can thereafter ee ae may be de- tected in the air by appropriate means, but it does not reach Ficure 1. Two ragweeds which cause the majority of late-summer of hayfever in northeastern United States. At the left, the ‘all Pieced: ee trifida, one fourth natural size; right, the oan ie tilaae) A, elatior, hird natural size. Complete destr hs es of these two plants, of whic! h ee the upper portions are showin her uld bring relict to thousands of people every year. 180 sufficient concentration to bring on symptoms of hayfever until about August 20. The ragweeds and their allies are short-da i it is t hour and begin much earlier in the le tan in the north. As e the ragweeds, an season aoa comes to a close at about rly in Octo cy es : ang 1 ears . be toxic to a high degree. They are ‘all wind-pollinated and the pollen grains of most are well within the size range best aden to wind dispersal, but the majority of them fall short in some other respect. Most of the grasses rarely grow in sufficient ne while many others, like barnyard grass and yellow fox- tail, which ar ite abundant enough, shed too little pollen. u Indian corn is unique among the grasses in having non-buoyant pollen; its grains are nearly 100 microns in diameter, consequently he cd Ficure 2. Tip of a flowering branch of Ambrosia elatior, whose insignificant -looking green flowers produce enormous quantities of toxic pollen. are too heavy for wind dispersal, and, though they are shed in ae quantities and are of proved toxicity, they do not ordinar: es cause hayfever to susceptible persons unless they come into close contact with the flowering plants. J) f the Composite Family possesses the toxicity to a degree id to or greater than that of the grasses. Besides the a different species, all seem to possess toxicity to a high degree. 182 Those eee do not cause hayfever are prevented from doing so solely by of abundance or limitations of distribution. Phylo Sei acai y, the Rag ribe is a group of wind-poll- inated derivatives from ee Suntlo ower Tribe, so, as would ] fi d by expected, the n of sunflowers is foun exp ol affect ragweed-hayfever patients in exactly the same way as t pollen of ragweeds themse t, in the ordinary course of evetl is prevented from causing hayfever because sunflowers they are insect- “poll inated, and their not in the least adie to wind dispersal. nother related group of plants is that of the abet i ese notable hayfever plants as the common sage- thei ml sucl brush, prairie sage, Cal a mugwort, field sagewort, and many others fo te that outside of th two groups few western states. I ntai 1 has a single but iT troublesome representative in this category, glish plantain, which claims a considerable number of fever victims in eastern states. Such other members of the family as Rugel’s plantain and common plantain, so little pollen that they are of no consequen Ficure 3. Pollen grains of hayfever plants and some of their relatives, wnt t scale by the ee. an iene a auras No. 1 pollen t qu s in the air th rT $ hough almost as common, shed ce. hemp, trou in late summer pollen overlaps that of the prolific among the trees; of all; 8, Russian thistle, a bad hayfever weed of ant Prairie st: flower ollen, which is toxic but borne by insects, therefore of m portan e in causing irritation ; _ oe which ou abundant toate! ole in Tate, especially in farming se —s eee: Z Wy ASW + ) { A SW soe a SS SES ips im Potten Grains or HayFeveR PLANTS AND SOME OF THEIR TIVES (For description see opposite page) 184 By no means do all wind- -pollinated plants cause hayfever. The eated, an ass placed on it, th grains will be found beautifully stained and medium suitable for their examination their identification one s a reference collection, mounte the same medium, o e pollen, of all the anemophilous, or wind-pollinated, plants of the y. As y as possible the commoner insect-pollinated species should be included too, for some of these will occasionally be found on the slides, though n in such add nce as the other. e pollen which ma ught i way i er- ent forms, often extremely beautiful but, while the entomophilous place of low conical Suauraeae are long da agger-like 5 spines. It s almo of pollen sculpturing. In making pollen surveys stations are set up in different locali- ies and atmospheric pollen slides are exposed every day. The counts of the various species are recorded as they are caught. 185 Then at the end of the summer a chart may be drawn showing when each kind of hayfever pollen first appears in the air, when hen it dies out Fae results are sure to be useful. in the self with pollen extracts of all o e ay ever plants i h these h ds nj a as possible of the most importar ie without pcre the patient’s limits of tolerance R. P. WopEHousE, The Arlington Chemical Co. Yonkers, N. V. 186 THE SOUTHERN TRIP OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB Two weeks which were spent in the southern Appalachians between June 5 and June 21 of this year gave to members of the : : Tr Botanical Club an unforgettable view scenic region at a time when the plants in which the party was intereste were at their best. The fi of the cl always deserv- ing of a and this was the outstanding excursion of the current y: Four ee in the Blue Ridge of Virginia and North Caro- lina and one peak farther southwest were the main objectives of the trip, which, originally designed by Mr. E. J. Alexander of The k Botanical Garden, who at the last moment was unfortunately unable to go, was guided b: s. Gla nder- son, lichen authority. Hawksbill in the Shenandoah National Park wa ited; the Peaks of Otter farther south; itetoy the Virginia-North Carolina state boundary, an andfather Mountain in western North Carolina. The climax came with a trip to ountain, in an outlying part of the Great Smokies. The hat few days were spent in searching for shale-barren plants in north-central Maryland and at the northern end of the Shenandoah National Forest in Virginia. Draba ramosissima, typical of such sites, was a noteworthy species found. Other con- spicuous plants, though not limited to the barrens, included goat’s a S Spi rd fo) pri dium spectabile in the rich moist bottom of a large kettle-hole at the northern end of the National Forest, as well as a prolific clump of shooting-star, Dodecatheon. S) he Park undoubtedly is one of the finest for mountain scenery in aa : : 0 Corydalis, Aquilegia, Houstoni a aie Veratrum, Heuchera, and Lyonia. One especially er flower whose brilliant red 187 Red spruce on Whitetop Mountain in the Blue Ridge. Ficure 1. 188 we were to see frequently during our stay in the mountains was 1 : t ink, Silene virginica, recently illustrated in Addisonia Mention at least must made of the venerable specimens of arborvitae at the Natural Bridge which Dr. Ch Reed claims , rs ol are indeed hoary specimens and t ae such an age to them seems no exaggeration. One of Pp, Ww e nding road, as yet unpaved, leads from Buchanan far H : y 12 miles to th tel Mons high in the mountain and near the ot of the peak. A tortuous and rocky a nal quarter- mile climb by foot leads one to a distinct and rock-laden peak overlooking the valley. Dicentra exiiia was the most attractive flowering plant at the time, rivaled only by the already ed Mountain laurel and Rhododendron maximum, too, and among smaller plants were Aconitum, Caine ae. and Galav. Whitetop, ee 678 feet high and almost on the North Carel of Veratrum viride, which is more ee asso- ciated with low swamp lands, were noticed i the upper e abrup' reproduction of the forest encroaching upon the balds. Large plants shrub, seemed to complete the flowering fringe of conspicuous angiosperms, Within the stand of spruce were handsome patches of O.alis and elsewhere on the mountain our attention was attracted, among many other plants, by Gaultheria, Lycopodium, Saxifrag ing a three-day sojourn at Linville, N. C., we met with ree eek of the Sullivant Moss Society and made acquaintances in a manner which only an open hearth on a chilly evening in 189 mountains can promote. The “Gardens of the Blue Ridge” which E. C. were near ell repaid a visit, for in this nursery \ Robbins assembles and propagates a large selection of plants from the nat: utstanding a time of our was a ha cause of its rhododendron-flanked sides but even more its virgin stand of hemlock, | the northern and the southern caroliniana. The former be- some aa S and sti thai longer and rota Li s and conspicuously deep ridges mark the distinctive bark of mature It i=) ok 8 a = 8.8 5 = i} 5, Oo a to see on Roan Mountain, hue to belittle it Bee hese shrubs th d. make a w ten — high rise on side o along ghw war ing : Here and there it is punctuated by the breath-taking dash of color which only the flame azalea, Rhododendron calendulaceum, can ea ascent by foot from the end of the toad to the ae w ae decry. pathetically ruir The right ed © intelligent pein of timber is our heritage but to leave in 190 fo ED Fic Lake Drummond, in the heart of the Dismal Swamp, where some of fie last of ih bald cypresses of the region still stand. its wake the ugly and fire-hazardous slash which so often accom- panies these operations, as on Grandfather Mountain, is, to say the least, a blemish on our intelligence Galax grew and flowered in inde masses with its handsome evergreen leaves under the shade of other vegetation. Clintonia the ascending but a few hundred fe ig e ere blooming in all their glory. Sand-myrtle, Leiophylium buxi- folium, was abundant on open and m xpose i Alenzicsia pilosa, , foll 1 the trail I ax of the entire trip wa: ascent of Ro m- an Mo ee aie eak towers 6,392 feet above sea level. Roan is located ndar ae of the Great a Mountains and it is surprising to mi itl jacent of these tw ere are many p Hi exceeding Mt. Washington in New Hampi, long reputed ‘o be the second highest east of the Rockie 191 To the disdain of hardy mountaineers and weather-beaten botan- ry peak of Ri a consid ists, one can motor to the v ea oan and o nsid- erable extent of its rollin . The entire ascent Aon kers- ville is some 18 miles in length, the first 14 of which give few extensive vie miles from a toll brid: he eing in a e e of vegetation. No er is there tall growth of timber, and distant vistas progressively open before e. An amazingly dense reproductive growt s fir, only a few feet tall, borders the road portunity and need for thinning operations among these seedlings are enorm It is gratifying note, however, th her: ture the pathetic condition of the chestnut is offset by a prolificness of other trees. Among these young firs are scattered specimens of ed spruce. Pp’ A mixed scrubby growth is almost absent and in open patches amid the young firs and spruces the ground was abundantly be- ecked with brilliant southern bluets, whose yellow centers so effectively accentuate their cerulean petals. Though China may boast of the greatest number of rhododen- drons, any idea that America does not also have its share is soon dispelled by one’s arrival upon the crown of Roan Mountain. For there is a spectacle of natural vegetation to behold, a carpet of Rhododendr on catawbicnse, figuratively millions in number, actu- The vigor and dominance of these pane is ia) B =) To “OK a ia} 5 cu era: display w! re would be on that mountain top a weeks later. Lumbering operations were still apparently in progress in the scattered stands of Fraser's fir which ascend to Lion’s Blu slightly below and about a mile away from the peak hae The summit, which may he approached by a steep corduroy ro is surmounted by a fire tower and marked by the United sae es odetic benchmark. 192 Shee the peaks of the Blue Ridge from the north, ahs eA ography Pp’ w topographic ca which may exist within fifty miles, and tinal expresses itself in the constantly changing ae aina of plants. Near the coast of Virginia, toward t of the a the Torrey Club members saw in Lake a some of the few remaining bald cypresses (Taxrodiuim distichum) which formerly constituted an imposing characteristic feature of the great Dismal Epmunp H. Futrine. ROCKY MOUNTAIN EXPEDITION Alexander, Assistant Curator, T. H. Everett, Horticul- G. eft New ea co 3] 72 ot 9 =] a Ww o @ ee] = S aa a a w + a 3 a rican foreign growers who are interested in the western trip are as with gardens in England, Scotland, Holland, Germany, Switze land, France, and Czechoslovakia. 193 THE JAPANESE BEETLE SITUATION -two traps baited with geraniol and eugenol, 9:1, to attract Ficure 1. Traps to catch Japanese beetles in the borders adjacent to Con- Nate Range No. 1. 24,000 for a 24-hour period. It is believed that a proportion- ately larger number could be destroyed if more traps were in- stalled. Meanwhile P year near ng ate available, the war on the Japanese eeres cca ea - more successful, in the opinion of the Plant Pat ology depart- ment ere is no question,’ says Dr. B. odge, “that unless strenuous measures are taken and sepented, the Japanese beetle lar =" a Counting the beetles, 200 to the inch, before dumping them Figure 2. ina Bae bag in which they are destroyed. will do irreparable damage to home gardens and parks around New York City. This pest is here to stay, and we musi all work cip s n and a repeller the Japanese beetle, while it is not poisonous to human bein 195 A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* The “alkali” disease that has killed off many domestic animals h d ously poisonous only when grown on shale soils from which they absorb selenium. Much more research is needed, the authors point out, to determine the extent of selenium soils and their danger to animals, crops and human bein; a Early vegetation on Long Island is the subject of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden’s Record for July. Prepared by Henry K. Sven- son of the Brooklyn Garden’s staff, it is a Long Island Ter- centenary publication. * * nell Extension Bulletin 342 deals with roses for the garden, ina * vell-ilt strated number of 53 pages. Those who would like in different parts of the g: them, may obtain the bulletin free by writing to the Office of Publication. College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. * e ee situation is frankly faced by Dr. e July 1 number of Hortic measures for its control, emphasizing the value of on training given to youngsters when Scout groups undertake the t * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 196 Among the 1936 Contributions from the Botanical Laborat and The Morris Arboretum of the University of Pe oe i Esther of Pehr Kalm’s “De- is a translation by Es uise Larsen r Ka scription 0 ize, How it is Planted and Cultivated in Nort merica, together with the Many Uses of this Crop Pl The long paper was written in 1752, shortly after Kalm North America. This is the first time a translation has ever been published * * * oftwood heeled cuttings are recommended for the propaga- tion of certain deciduous trees by C. C. Thomas of the United States Department of Agriculture. His findings are the subject of a well-illustrated article in the National Horticultural Neca for April. While maples are the chief consideration in this report, results of experiments with other types of trees are also given. Spring flowers of Alaska are shown in nearly a dozen beautiful photographs by Maxine Williams in ade Magazine for Jun Eradication of trees affficted with the Dutch elm-disease appears t Pi only roe trees in New York were confirmed as infected with Graphiuin Ubni, but that four trees were removed. In New Jersey, 29 trees were confirmed and 29 removed. No signs of : orted : cut and harned to prevent — i of the infection. A useful list of pavement ne is given by P. J. Van Melle in the Florists’ Exchange for July 11. Arenaria caespitosa, he says, is the one plant of the group which oe. ail the requirements. * * * The first of two articles on the flora of the Watchung Moun- tains eh Harold N. Moldenke appears in the May-June issue of Tor Caro, H. Woopwarp. 197 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT 400 varieties of dahlias : are growing vigorously in their h Germa: ieties of mignon dahlias which are new t H ountry, weeiles ae t 235 varieties carried over from last year’s oles jon, ual autumn display is expected from the end of September through October. * nee of The New York Botanical Garden received 8,000 < 2 wu x. & = & a e ) about 50 plants of good but unname previously beer own at the cal Garden. These repre- sented the surplus when the new ce arden was planted this summer west of Conservatory Range No. . W. H. Camp returned July 27 after two months of field re and eellectiag in the southern Appalachians, principally in e Blue Ridge Virgini e at Smoky M nness s tucky, and in the region around Mt. Rogers in Virginia. His collections include more than 4,000 specimens. * * See Foreman Gardener, returned July 18 after three mo the British Isles, where he visited many gardens hora pea and | many pang new to be cultivated at the New York Botanical Garde: * * * v. John K. Small has presented to the herbarium a collection of wee 13,000 mosses, liverworts, and lichens. These are all eae of his own collection made ore he became asso- ated with The New York Botanical ee The original 198 herbarium is at Cornell University. Specimens of the species represented have long been in the Botanical Garden’s herbarium, so these duplicates will be used for exchange purposes. ok . Dorothy I. Parker from the University of Cincinnati is Pras distribution of Indiana plants and doing some special work on liverworts during a two months’ fellowship at the sau Mr. John V. Watkins, Assistant Horticulturist at the College of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida, another fellowship une is spending a month on work with daylilie * x * Miss Rachel ae from the University of Virginia is spending August and r on a fellowship at the Garden studying mosses in the Elizabeth Gertrude Britton Herbarium. * * * Drs. Stanley Cain and L. R. Hesler of the University of Tennessee were visitors at the Garden during July. Dr. Cain is see were teaching this summer at the Cold Spring Harbor dees on Long Island. * * * Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs’ forthcoming book, “South African Plants for ees Gardens,” is announced by F. A. Stokes e New York Botanical Garden * * ak An enlarged laboratory named in honor of Prof. G. E. Stone al of the Massachusetts Agricult Colle dedic in Stamford, Conn., July 20. 2 at sixth scientific meeting of the artlett Tree Research Institute. Dr. Stone, wh S a pioneer F. J. Seaver and B. O. Dodge a 199 REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS (All publications reviewed here be consulted in the Library of The New York "Botanical Garden.) RHODODENDRONS AND AZALEAS ith the ewan of Clement G. uy ers’ “Rhododendrons and Aue? Am a horicultste— n fact, growers all over the wor, gi complete and conte slate guide to this gnificent group of shrubs. Within the 549 lai ges are con- tained facts of importance for the everyday gardener, th ‘O- fessional , the ite the breeder, and the botanist. The s well illustrated wit iate line draw: species and hybrids of rhododendrons and azaleas. The paintings were made to) er the late Franck Taylor Bowers. the opening chapters, which are good reading in them- selves, thor presents a thoroughly p: accel discussion of the conditions under which rhododendrons can bes‘ ultivated Useful lists of species and varieties are giv Subsequent chap- ters include eve of propagation and breeding, besides a history of Rhododendron hybrids, followe 64 pages of notes n the series and natural species, then 76 more on the hybrid races and clones. n the appendix are notes and tables on pests and diseases th behavior of new introductions in America, geographical distribu- tion of species, succession of bloom, classifie d lists of speci i hardi me heig! ’ and a long bibliography. he end- -papers are maps showing dis- tribution of rhododendrons in the Old and the a Worlds. Caro, H. Woopwarp. TUBEROUS pragea Geo: Otten has written book on tuberous-rooted econ! admittedly for the dine gardener. First discussing briefly the origin of the present-day groups, he rather restricts oti a Boe ctu list, though it covers only a fraction of the m ne A is es nm propagation and other cultural details are well handled, a ‘it is doubtful whether the information would all be 2 Otte n, George, Tuberous-rooted Begonias and their Culture. 84 pages, 35 phoieranhe A. T, De LaMare Co., New York 1935. $1.25, 200 applicable in this part of the country, for so far, in hae East, this plant has chiefly been cultivated under glass. Mr. n is writing fron oe fe he has dealt with begonias, ae says, for 55 years. wice “in the book he deacon the begonia for the rock ao saying in one place that i “in a shady ae in the rok garden . . . will fill the space with { flowers the entire sum . is, it seems certain, would . taboo in the eyes ot many of our re rock gardeners. Although no mention is made of begonia mites or nematodes, the reco ti i an insur: ; The 35 illustrations, showing methods of culture and His in the m ago: ‘How to ae ee A Handbook for Amateurs”, by G. A. Farini. It is exclusively on tuberous begonias. James G. Esson. VEGETABLES AT HoME hole, the ae se ner who wants to grow new book. , Mr ry iow to raise these useful plants, and he gi t details in a lucid style which wastes no words, supplementing t hapters which outline the culture of each pee wath numerous tables telling when to plant and what to ex ince the average hone sewife who wishes a tight, slender bunch of blanched a! ves for a salad asks at the grocery st r if she wishes the ae curly head of leaves, bitter and benched in the center, she asks for “chicory,” it would have been helpful if the author de the distinction between these e =] ao lost between farmer and consu Carot H. Woopwarp. 2 Kruhm, Adolph, How to Grow Vegetables and Berries. 88 pages, illus- trated. Doubleday, Doran, Garden City, N. Y. 1936. $1. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown. ree volumes, giving peceaens and illustrations of 4,6 species. Second edition, re- printed. $13 Flora of a fora ries and Plains of Central North America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and 601 figures. 1932. Price, $5.50 postpaid. Plants of the Vicinity of New York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages. 1935. Flo of Bermuda, py piathonicl Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with Bs hae figures. 50. ook ‘ot Genera ircnenalacy, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages: Mycolo ia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, includin: ar poptain ne technical articles and a and nace of gi 1 intere: r; single copies $1.25 each. Now in twenty-eighth volume ipteenty- four Year Index volume $3. 00 in pasen $3.50 in fabrik Addisonia, semi-annual, devoted pe nclusively to colored plates accom- panied by pop es descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in olume. *Subseriotion price, $10.00 a nolpme each v (two years). (No ie in exchange.] Now in its nineteenth volum North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North Amer- ica, including Greenland: “the Ms Indies, and Central America. Planned to be completed in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more parts; 81 parts now issued. Subscription ptite e, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will ae sold for $2.00 each. [Not mere in exchange.] Brittonia. A series of botanical a PABEH: Subscription price, $5.00 per volume. Now in its Revond volum Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of tech- nical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals oie than the a any e. Price, 25 cents each $5.00 per vol- ume. In the fou “oe olum' Memoirs of a w York ei ical Garden. Price to members of the Garden, vols. fue "$1.50 per Sree to others, $3.00. Vol. VII, $2.50 R0Ome Vol. lL). An re The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development, I s R MacDougal. Vol. III. Studies Be Grewceai Conifero e- mains from Kreischerville, New York, by ollick an y Vol. IV. Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants, by Charles Stuart Gager. Flora of the Vicinity of New York, orman ol. [ . Twentieth e New Yor Vol. VII. Includes New Myxophyceae from Porto Rico, by N. L. Gard- ner; The Hoe wer Behavior of Avocados, by A. B. Stout; Blees Collected in the Amazon Valley, by H. H. Rusby; and The Flora of the Saint Eugene Silts, by Arthur Hollick. Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, panes notes, news, and non-technical articles. Free to members of the Garde To others, 10 cents a copy; $1.00 a year. Now in its thirty-seventh Solan Direct all orders to: HE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. (Fordham Branch Post Office) GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Four hundred acres of Beaunifdly diversified jand in the northern part of the City of New Yo a through which dene the Bronx River. A native emlock forest is one the hile of t Plantations ot Gea of native and iuecanted trees, shrubs, and flowering plan Gardens, ae a new rock garden, a large rose garden, a perennial border, ae model’ gardens, and other types of plantings. Gree uses, containing thousands of interesting plants from America and foreten countrie Flower shows throughout the year—in the spring, summer, and autumn ANS Te eiiteibils Bikes phe peonies, roses, water-lilies, dahlias, ang ms; in winter, ‘displays of greenhouse-blooming plan A museum, containing exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant fame, local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New Yor and the economic uses of plants; also histori icrosco Pes. A ium, compres more than 1,800,000 specimens of American and meres specie: oration in differ rent parts of the United States, the West Indies, Cae and South America, fer the study and collection of the character- istic flora Sci ane research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. rary of et and Rociculpugal literature, comprising nearly 45,000 books and numerous phlet: Public lectures on a great variety a eee and horticultural topics, continuing throughout the autumn, winter Publications on botanical subjects, ae te eechnieal scientific, and partly ae tie interest. cation. of school children and the public through the above fea- tures ear one giving of free information on botanical, horticultural and jects. arden is dependent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. Applications for mem oe oa are always welcome. The classes of gpembership) ar $ al Member =. 0. ....4 eeeeees. annual a eaeinine Me sabee iS setcelade etter annual f Garden Club Membership seeeeee annual fee for a club 25 Fellowship Member ............. annual fi 100 Member for Life ............ single conttib t Fellowsfor ite pceenee nce single contribution 1,000 Patron single contribution 5,000 Benefactor single contribution 25,000 Contributions to the Garden may be geducted from taxable incomes. Bequests may be made in the form of Secures money, or additions to the collections. The ders is an approved Be an beq os hereby bequeath to ‘k Botanical Garden ingor Poca under ry, Laws of New York, Chapter es Op 1891, the sum of Conditional bequests y be made with ae payable toi donor or any designated beneficiary davis noe or her lifetim er ean or scholarships either in perpetui ae or limited to a definite period y be established for practical aradent! -training in horticulture or for botan- seat researc All eae for further information should be sent to E New York BoTanicaL GARDEN Bronx Park, NEw York, N. Y. (ForpHam Brancu Post OFFice) a VOL. XXXVII SEPTEMBER, 1936 No. 441 d JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN - THE JUNGLES OF MANHATTAN ISLAND—I Joun K. SMALL SEED REPRODUCTION OF SHORTIA GALACIFOLIA Matcotm N. Ross MARIGOLD WILT SCREWPINES FROM MADAGASCAR BEARING FRUIT P. J. McKenna AUTUMN LECTURES AT THE GARDEN COURSES OF STUDY FOR 1936-37 A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE Caro: H. Woopwarp NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS THE LIVING GARDEN Caro, H. Woopwarp A FOUR-LANGUAGE DICTIONARY J. H. BarnHART TWO BOOKS FOR MYCOLOGISTS F. J. SEAVER PustisHED MontHiy By THE New York BoTaANnicaL GARDEN Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. (ForpHam Brancu Post OrrFice) Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I, ELECTIVE MANAGE Until 1937: HENRY DE Forest BALDWIN (Pice Presiden! Cups Frick, AvotpH LewisoHN, Henry Locxuart, Jr., D. T. MacDoucat, and JosErH R. Swan. Until 1938: L. H. Battey, MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs. Eton HuntincTon OOKER, JoHN L. MERRILL (Vice- president and Tr cose); Cot. Rosert H. Montcomery, H. Hosart Porter, and SAND Until 193: ArtHur M. Anperson, H ee a > Boars (eee MARS HAUL A. Howe (Secretary), Ei LARENCE tLEaee E. D. Merritt » Heney 2 A Montacne (Assistant Treasurer), and Lewis RUTHERFURD Morr: II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS FIorELL LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rosert es Park Commissior GeorcE J. Ryan, President of iS. ‘Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS TRACY a Dee aEtoniieas 4) ge ei Botanical Club. A. p W. Sinnott, and Maxston T. Bocert, aapenied Bai ae. aes sie GARDEN STAFF MarsHatt A. Howe, Px. D., Sc. D. Director H. A. Greason, Px. D. Deputy Director Gad Head Curator HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE sistant ye JOHNT Ke SACL. bas DSc Deri s Chief esearch dssocat and Curator A. B. Strout, Px. D. of the Laboratories RED J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. Pl athologist ForMAN McL Meck. Pia. Di faerertetoturs Supervisor of Public Education Joun BESUEy BarnuaktT, A. ae MM 1D). Bae rand Admin. Assistant Percy Wi: SI Curator Avsert C. SuTH, Pu. D. Assoc a Curat SaraH H. Hartow, A. M. ib ibrarian . H. Russy, M. Dae Honorary Curator of ee Bconamic Collections FLEDA Gee and ee ote grapher Ropert S. WILLIAMS arc: ciate Bryology Ee ALEXANDEREEH Eee Assistant Curator and rl a a Local ‘Haein Harotp N. Morven NKE, Pu. D. stant Curator W. H. Camp, Pu. D. Peer Curator CLYDE Coates AG M. Technical Assistant Rosatie WEIKERT Technea Assistant Caro, H. Woopwarp, A. B. Edito: fee Assitan Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. i . L. Wittrock, A. M. ee Orro DEGENER, Mi 0S) nity.) /iaeme tonto Collaborator in Hawatian Botan ROnEEt HAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Eruet Anson S. PeckuaM..Honorary Curator, Iris and Be eS Collections Wa ter S. GroEsBECK k and Accouny Arruus J: (Corben (eens Superintendent a Buling and Gro A. C. stant eae JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VOL. XXXVII SEPTEMBER, 1936 No. 441 THE JUNGLES OF MANHATTAN ISLAND—I SHRUBS AND TREES oF ForT WASHINGTON ParRK e latest catastrophe has depopulated Manhattan Island of its i t native vegeta almost as completely as did the glaciers during t e hen Id boreal and temperate North America now understood) in their frigid grip. This catastrophe is ason: 14,000 acres of Manhattan Island have been despoiled of their native — both woody and ae aceous. It is true the 42 parks of Manhattan, with their more than 2,100 cres, are tay populated with aan but their floristics are mostly or totally of an exotic complex: atever may have been the soil- eas of the foundation of Manhattan Island before the glaciers panty ie i i cks. W: d and water naturally depleted to a great extent before man’s advent on the island. e vegetation that clothed the island when hite man took charge of its de: stinies shortly after the year i nch tenance, as compared with the rich soil we know in some of the ere flat country Fort Washington Park j is in the process of an evolution. This has been going on since it was first occupied by the white man many years ago. Its area does not represent an integral formation st north. It i a slice, so to eee of a ridge of tock running north and south, U ri lies parallel and close to the Hudson River. Little of it, However, 201 202 is visible from the Drive, for a large part of it falls a as a stee slope from the outer edge of the highway. In fact, about one half of the park area stands more or less oun rite while the other half lies more or less horizontal. During the ages since the glaciers deposited exotic soil on the area most of this has naturally been washed down and out into e ments, we are safe in assuming that about 100 acres of the par. remain in their native condition. Fort Washington Park as limited by municipal park planning has only one exposure. It faces the west, and gets very little n direct sun until toward n This condition is reflected in the num of n trees and shrubs as com d with the total (to be published later) growing in nearb Hill, h has exposures represented by every point of the com O 204-5 is a list of the trees and shrubs now growing natur. park, that may be observed from the definite sere now, this list will become of increasing interest as time goes on, for century or five centuries hence the vegetation of the park may be edn: change The peculiar anion of Fort acta Park result t growth y ae ian of shrubs and trees. The highest a altitude in Manhattan is in Fort Tryor "Park ar Washin: The newer park overlooks Fort Washington Park, fo x ° ¢. te) a a a 2 fa ® e Osage-ora: tree -of- heaven, glossy ‘aden, and ees likewise Tees ce ny well. 1 The botanical names of the shrubs and trees mentioned in the following notes are affixed to the popular names in the lists on pages 204-5. 203 Ficure 1, Trail_in Ft. Washington Park, Manhattan, lined with shrub- b The New York tower of the George Washington bridge shows in the distance. The oaks, seven kinds in all, form the outstanding vegetation on account of the number of trees and masses of smooth an glossy foliage, especially that of the red and the black oaks. The ae hickories fill in many gaps with their deep-green compound lea e two elms lack the rigid branching of the oaks and te eee the more or less drooping branches bearing the dull rough-surfaced leaves. 204 TREES AND SHRUBS GROWING IN FORT WASHINGTON PARK NatTIvE NATURALIZED Pitch-pine—Pinus rigid ‘ % B 9 Black pine—Pinus nigra lock— Tsuga pee Catbrier—Smilax roe ndifo lia Cott d—Populus deltoid. : ere e Opulris: Bettones White poplar—Populus alba . Large-toothed aspen—Populus grandidentata haar Acar tremuloides Di id willow—Sali. dat. eta eerie eae nen age Weeping willow—Salix babylonica Hazelnut—Corylus maxima Bayberry—Cerothamnus carolinianum Black walnut—Wallia nigra Bitter-nut—Hicoria oes M nut—Hicori eg oe, abe Ir —Ost \ Thite pitch—Betula, forall lack birch—Betula mooth alder— tae ee carlet oak—Quercus coccinea hestnut oak—Quer emane oak—Quercus ite Aietican elm —Ulmus Guehea lippery elm—Ulinus fulva Camperdown elm—Ulmus glabra Hackberry—Celtis occidentalis Mulberry—M orus rubra ite mulberry—Morus a. : aes -orange—T oxylon Pee Tulip-tree—Liviodendron Tulipifera eS S es wander, Mockorange~‘Plilaelphs Witch-hazel—Hamamelis virginiana Sweet-gum—Liguidambar Styraciflua Syringa—Philadelphus grandiflorus Blackberry—Rubus ostryifolius Island rig ad rhodin- sudan Mountain fee kberry—Rubus allegheniensis Dewberry—Rubus flagellaris Southern dewberry—Rubus Enslenti Black raspberry—Rubus occidentalis Hedge rose—Rosa multiflora Rowan-tree—S oe een Pear—Pyri Api a us Ma ais —Crataegus pedicellat Wie Sen me ar virginiana Choke rry—Padus na Pin cherry—Prunus pennsylvanica Dwarf sumac—Rhus copallina carne scar os is Se ooth: mac—Rhus labra radicans Red map'e—Rufaccr rubrum Sugar maple—Saccharodendron barbaium New Jersey tea—Ceanothus americanus oe age pe—Vitis Labrt x grape—V itis argeniifoli ia Vineinien eee oe ‘25 at ” Tilia anwericana aes ee neglecta Michaux-linden—Tilia Michauxii Sassafras—Sassafras Sassafras Spice-bush—Benzoin aestivale Dogwood—Cynoxrylon flor’ ae Sour-gum—N yssa. sylvatic Deerberry—Polycodium Haniel Low blueberry—Cyanococcus vacillans White ash—Fravinus americana Squash-berry—V iburnum ee: Arrow-wood——Viburnum dentatum Black-haw—Viburnum prunifolium Elder—Sambucus canadensis Sour cherry—Prunus Cerasus ‘lum—Prunus domest a Per sie Locust—Robinia Pseudacacia id tS H altissima Asiatic bitter-sweet—Celastrus articulatus Horsechestnut—Aesculus Hippocastanium syriacus Glossy ee euchlora Broad-leaved tinden—Tilia platyphy. Woe Gumé—Elaeagnus umbellatus Lilac—Syringa vulgaris Privet—Ligustrum ovalifolium Privet—Ligustrum acuminatum es anreiuaty Elia wer—Biguonia radicans Cstalpa—Catala Cutalpa Catawha-tree—Catalpa speciosa y LWe_—_Nint, japonica Honeysuckle—Lonicera Morrow and hickorics predominate along this trail. on Ficure 2. Oaks, tulip-trees, The three native lindens with their broad drooping leaves, green e ri cottonwoods—the large- Geol aspen and the quiver-leaf—these 207 showing sae dark and light, the leaves ever-quivering as a It of lat result the rally flattened and very pliable stalks. Native conifers are scarce, though pitch-pine and hemlock may be Filling in the greenery among the trees mentioned cen thousands of individual specime example, the ironwood with its rough bark and dull birch-like leaves; the beech with its very pale and shining birch-like leaves; the tulip-tree with its square-cut leaves; the sweet-gum with its starry leaves; t e d conspicuous in the s inflorescence and in the fall by its bright-red fruits. The bla rare. inds of shrubs are much fewer than the trees. Omittin h s, the common ones number scarcely more than a dozen, the diamond willow, bayberry, witch-hazel, New Jersey tea, dee berry, blueberry, sq -berry, arrow-wood, and el ing th st frequently noticed. Also easily seen are the three kinds of sumac—dwarf, staghorn, and smooth—especially when ornamented with their torch-like panicles of flowers or fruits. heir close relative, the poisor is ubiquitous. He woo! oh vines are Prominent, two castles of smilax—catbrier 0 grapes—sui and fox—and their a free Virginian Bie being most ae he naturalized shrubs and trees, in actua numbers are in the i hough about three dozen di i ys plum, and peach. Among the rarer or more unusual exotic trees are the Camperdown elm and the glossy linden. The native ce bis exotic ower nd trees grow and thrive in The s frequently bind the shrubs into most Peete ies hence there still remain jungles on ee Island. Joun K. Smatt. 208 SEED REPRODUCTION OF SHORTIA GALACIFOLIA Although Shortia galacifolia has considerable potential value for horticulture, it is known to kegel few people in its habita his is because of the fact that it is restricted to a the Appala a mountains. No reason for this extreme localization has yet been given; it i itions, nor to e pa re or other nae in- sure similar soil and exposures exist o ve areas; plant is very adaptable when agian: ee in a variety of garden soils. explanation nae to lie in the unusual method of seed of the well-known agencies for seed dis- e the seeds ripen. si i had not observed the fact that the seeds not only ripened but also germinated before decay took place. n my first attempt to collect seed I was disappointed, as the Next season, the ao 4 o fo ° 2 y stem and seed-head ere found surmounted by a number of embryo plants which were pushing their cotyledons out between the stiff, fleshy scales sur- rounding the ovary. aving occasionally seen seeds of certain plants germinating after damp and cloudy bee ae they had become detached from the plants, I ee t this was a similar ca The following season I se oe inspections with, a glass and, from time to time, opened the seed-heads. It then became evident that the seeds did not, and could not, ripen and dry like other seeds, because they were firmly held 209 against the ovary by the sae stiff, as scales and, also, that they germinated while in this positio As the seedlings ee te stems decayed and fell over. Cc Fic Germination of seeds of Shortia galacifolia. Seedhead with senile. ‘detach ed, showing the swollen stem and the seeds ee within the ovary. B, Seed- head as seen from above. C. aes and scales detached, Tevealing the seedlings still attached to the ovary. No connection could be found between the hypocotyl and ovary for the transmission of nutriment, though moisture from rain and dew would be retained. A number of the germinating seeds were removed on a needle and planted on a peat and sand mixture; these lived and grew— Normally, Shortia grows in a eke mass, spreading from ners nly saparent agency for freeing the embryos from the decayed ovary is heavy rain, and the minute plants washed into 210 this mass would have little chance of survival. In fact, ae would escape, as they are destroyed by insects at night in hus, there seems little possibility for a ao eal of the plant by seed. On some hand-pollinated plants ie I have indoors where they can be closely watched I find that the head splits open from two to three weeks after fertilization. as seeds are then brown, and Ficure 2. A and B. Two views showing how the ae of Shortia galacifolia are retained by pressure under the edges of the ovary. ose opposite the openings gradually fall out into the cup-like x, evious seasons, The oors on d not become fleshy, nor did any of tas because of the dry atmosphere and the non-exposure e unusual weather conditions of 1936 have interfered with the continuity of these observations. There was no rain for more than two months in this area, the heat was continuous, atmospheric moisture, eg aie was practically nil, and there were no dews. oth rr: ae dew are probably necessary for the maturing of the year che stems developed normally after flowering but becarne ee retained their green color, and did not enla rge. ary also remained green and it shrank sufficiently to allow 211 the seeds to shake out. These seeds did not attain the dark color they have had previously. Attempts to germinate them on peat and sand were not success i: Ay plants in the different areas ee at 5, feet, the at about 2,500 feet) have developed markedly greater growth and larger leaves than in normal seasons hat ct on the next bloom- ing season he be remains to be seen number of ee to these mountains, it is not out of place propose that a restriction should be placed on the removal of ey Shortia; or, state reserves might be established in the areas where it ica) a TO weiss, whch seeds profusely, was rapidly disappearing on the accessible northern slopes of the Alps until such restrictions were imposed. Matcotmu N. Ross, Arden, N.C. MARIGOLD WILT n a recent ae of the New York Herald Tribune a cor- respondent asks the Gardeners’ Forum for suggestions regardin, do gold, Pages: erecta (FIGUR , in two or three plantings this summer bu with certain dwarf varieties, T. patula and T. signata pumila. In one bed of African marigolds a number es whic upon microscopic examination proved to be spores of a Fusarium. Ficure 1. At the left is a rather young African marigold, Tagetes erecta, in the first eee of the wilt. At right, an ia plant that was killed in August about eek after first showing the A species of Ais occurs apparently as a secondary rot at the base of dying plan In general, the a mnieolds presented much the same chs toms as ee shown in case of the familiar aster wilt cause may wilt. hould the fungus be proved to be the cause of the wilt, as seems probable, control ought not to be difficult 213 As the fungus lives over in the soil from year to year and is thus Ficure 2. The basal ee and sue system of a dead ave ey size. The light patches at - base of the stems . i right are spore masses of the Fusarinin, while the more conspi ae spore masses at th eft a are those of a erticillium which seems to be a secoudary rot coming in after the plants are practically dead. Species of both of these fungi are known to cause wilts of other host plants. potting soil, and if the plants are to be set out in a plot where plants had shown the wilt in previous years the soil in the plot should also be sterilized. Carl E. F a Guterman of the Department of Plant Path- logy, 11 University, has issued a leaflet giving directions fo: sterilizing rather small quantities a oil to prevent damping-off f ting soil be spread out on the bench pas 2¥% tablespoons of 40% 214 for maldcge b be mixed with about 6 tablespoons of water so that ng: should, of course, be aoe into soil ne ee een noted in this JouRNAL in other connections, for nd aster sue marigold wilts. Nematodes infesting plants aL also be des d. B. O. Dopes. SCREWPINES FROM MADAGASCAR BEARING FRUIT secede Range No. 1 two plants of second was an 11-year old of the first tree, which mean- while had grown almost as ta P. utilis is native to ae ascar, where it is found inhabiting the muddy banks of rivers, growing to the pain height o 60 £ Our older specimen is now 7 ut 14 feet hig! In its native habitat the plant shows an ents sdapetod Se, Pandanus ttilis in fruit for the first time in Conservatory Range No. 1. 216 its surroundings. From along the trunk it throws out large ie aérial roots which spread out and ev gerd descend P P' ently serve as anchorage for the tree in the a currents of the d rivers and prevent its being washe out. er part of the tree s formed somewhat like the base, s thatch and also for ate a and baskets. vi a cluster of drupaceous nuts @gliecied: into a compound ball. he axil of a leaf r see e fruits are expected to hang on the trees in the eon antoe for several months. P. J. AicKenna. AUTUMN LECTURES AT THE GARDEN he annual series of free iilu 7 lectures given Saturday afternoons in the a Building the New York Botanical arden starts September 12 with a talk on “Autumn Wild Flowers” | hn Hendley Barnhart. Other topics for the first three months include practical gardening, nature study, and el, pres by members o n t instit The lectures start promptly at 3:30 p.m. and last on e our ollowing is the schedule for September, October, an November : September 12. “Autumn Wild ” Dr. John nana Barnhart.- Bibliographer oe, ‘Administrative Assistar eptemb: “Foods of Chi hina,” Dr. 7 Porterfield. September 26. “Next Year's Garden, 7 Mr. H. Everett, Horticulturist. October 3. ate to Plant for Spring Bloon” Mrs. Wheeler H. Peck- ham, Honorary Curator, Iris and a ee October 10. “Trees by the "Re: adside, *“ Dr. H. Bea: jouglas: Physician. October 17. “Autumn Coloration,’ Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of the Laboratories. 217 October 24. “House Plants,” Dr. Forman T. McLean, Supervisor of Public Education October 31. “Over the Andes and Down the Amazon,” Dr. Albert C. i urator. oe 7. “Economic Philippine Plants,” Mr. Theodore Muller. November 14. “Ornamental Winter Fruits,’ Mr. E. J. Alexander, Assis- tant Curator and Curator of the oe Herb November 21. “Building the New Garden,” Mr. A. C. Pf ance. “Assistant Superintendent. November 28. “Travels Through the Mountains of Colorado, one: nd South Dakota,” Dr. Fred J. Seaver, Curator How to ReEacH THE MuseuM BUILDING The Museum Building is reached by the Harlem Division of the New York Central Railroad to Botanical Garden Station, by t hi trolley cars to Bedford Park Boulevard, or rd Avenue Elevated Railway to Botanical Garden, Bronx Park. isitor coming by the Seventh Avenue and Lexingt ue s ester & Boston Railway Genes at 180th Sree = cross- town trolley, transferring north at Third Avenue. COURSES OF STUDY FOR 1936-37 Beginning iene 26, the first of a series of three courses in the identification of trees and shrubs will be given at The New commonly planted will - made in the autumn, winter, spri Also in spring a course will be e given on the idenencaton bad nati Fall and winter gardening will be the subject of a two-month course opening September 23, while in March a beginning advanced class will be offered in aie the ey at ee Members of the Garden desiring to register fee any of this instruction will receive credit on their fee to the amount of their annual contributi Following is the seiedule of courses being offered, all of them under the supervision of Dr. Forman T. McLean 218 1, Tree and Shrub Studies: Field identification studies of our native and commonly planted species in abe New mae . ee ane 6 oe Saturday we 9:30 a 0 12:31 oe mber o October 31, 1936. Fee $6. ee rice’ to New | eke Gio te 2. Knowt re by their Buds, Bark, ae “Shape in Winter: 10 sessions, Saturday erie. 10:30 am. to 12 :30, November 14, 21, 28, December 5 12, 19, 1936, and January 2, 9, 16, 23, 1937. Fee $6. Hal If price to New York City t teachers: 3. Leaves and Flowers of Trees and Shrubs in Spring: 6 sessions, Satur- day mornings, 9:30 a.m. to i an April 17 to May 22, 1937. Fee $6. Half e to Ne 4. Ow Native Ferns and a ies eee ae of their culture and identification at the Botanical Gar a 6 ons, Tuesday afternoons, p.m. 5. Fall and Winter Coane Practical gardening instruction and train- nee h ing in the proper handling of outdoor plants in fall and arias of house plants in winter. Wednesday mornings, 9:30 a.m. to 12:30, a hie gating House, Greenhouse facilities are quale during the tas 10 s sions, Septembe er 23 ee 25, 1936. 6. Spring Gardening, under - direction of Dr. Forman T. McLean and the Garden staff of the B Garden carder i greenhouses, grown by the members of the class, and taken to their own in the pee ing House. pay aise: Special projects for people who have already completed the introductory course or its equivalent. Wednesday afternoons, 1 = to 4:30 p.m., March 3 to May 5, 1937, excluding International Flow Show week in March, at the Propagating House. A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* “What rock garden?” is a question which seems to be occupying ie and writers on both sides of the eae In the ee rdener. s’ Chronicle of America for August, P. J. v Melle replies to a previous opinion by defining a ok ane as ock garden is a naturalistic type of garden, inspired by association of rocks and mea above or belov tal ection: truthful enough for a sincere tribute to nature e, and liberal Sieh to nae the Nee s ae rdening complex. while h Gardeners’ Chronicle, in its issue of ries 1, ae a sears among other opinions: * Ail publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 219 “A rock garden is a garden among rocks arranged to the satis- faction a an intellectual San All other forms of gardening with rocks are more or less ae 3.’—R. Painton. * * Trees of Grand nas National = are described in Bulle- tin 3 of the park’s Historical Associati * “Forests in Flood Control” is the title of a supplemental report o the committee on flood contr ie by E. N. Munns and Ivan H. ee of the United States For id tha Fh ct. a m an} ° c D o ° eh w @ uw) = o w om 3 = B =e oO ou of floods can be mitigated, and that under many conditions floods may largely be prevented.” The 70 pages of the report explain how forests help in flood control. ok More than a thousand ae including +e fungi, and fer are included in a list food plants o e North pie Indians, appearing as Meena ae No. 237 of the i tes ne icult ified t wi u Chemistry and Soils, as a preliminary to udy of ove constituents and food value of native North pee plant ae 2a e laws applicable to the United States Department of Agel (1935) has recently been placed in the library. Preceded by the Constitution of the United States and followed by a 37- ci index with cross-references, the laws themselves occupy 712 * * * “More Game Birds in America” is the name of a new founda- tion with offices at 500 Fifth Avenue, New York City. ne the publications of the society is on food plants for eet 220 describing the plants required by the birds, giving details on how to plant them, and telling many ways of controlling undesirable vegetation. * * * How a city which boasts of one of the finest a cae in the land handles its trees and shrubs and flov is being told in a series of articles by Louis Boeglin. Horiesltune! ae the City of Minneapolis, in Parks and Recreation. Lilacs and peonies are treated in the June aie What happens to lily bulbs when the foliage is eign lost by late spring frosts is described by H. F. he Gardeners’ Chronicle of June 13. “The ¢ aio ount of ‘healthy, vig- i d ne r condition, affords the best criterion of the future size of the bulb which is being built up for next year,” concludes the author. 1 ~ Best Philadelphus” is the subject of the ee Arboretum’ s Bulletin of Popular nferarion for June 15. ald Wyman, the author, after describing the general treatment ot eae lists 18 species and pe varieties which he deems most worthy of ene ‘ e Carnegie Institution of eee has issued this year, on No. 462, the resu T. MacD as Publication : Its of d ougal’s work since 1 measuring the growth and other changes in trees by of dendrographs. “Studies in Tree-growth by the Dendrographic Method” is the title of the book, which contains 56 pages, nine pla micro-photo co) Ww Bailey, 56 figures illustrating the methods of making the studies, and many tables icate cords of growth and change. t. MacDougal, who not only carried out this work personally in woody layers of different ages Carot H. Woopwarp. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT verett returned August 21 from Cheyenne, Wyoming, i na, ber of The New York Botanical Garden’s Rocky Mountain Ex- pedition. E. J. Alexander is remaining west until October, * * * Boris A. Krukoff left August 11 for another trip to Brazil, where he will continue research on the poisonous plants of the Amazon. * * * A. B. Stout addressed the Farm and Home Week gathering “Day- Dr. at the State are . Amherst, Mass., July 29, speaking on lilies : Old a: * * * e Garden’s first major display of Michaelmas daisies, arranged in one of the borders north of Conservatory Range No. 1 y dahlias in the great border near the New York Central station eanwhile coming into bloom * * * Flowers began opening the latter half of August on the royal waterlily of mazon, Victoria regia, h has been growing this year in the aquatic house of Conservatory Range No his louse was re d public during the summer afte ntire from a rounded —— instead of from a bridge spanning the center as former: 222 REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS (All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) Tue Living GaRDEN in its concept and elaboration, “The Living Garden how to , wi QO r of tany College at the Universi f London, has made a ook ae a plants. Moreover, he see os only old familiar ae n fl = as Nomocharis and Afecono sis. The illustrations add a distinctly opus ae to the book, as — a ae iding helpful elucidation to the text. Most charm- grow - see ange ae the Nie of peaniiee ee to the firs th tomicr 5 as B 3 9 5 useful to the scientific reader as they are enthralling to the is ‘seldom that a gardening book of such scientific integrity spears in a form that can be enjoyed by the average lover of oe Caro. H. Woopwarp. A Four-Lancuace Dictionary Any book intended to assist those familiar with one language to deed clearly the ideas recorded in another is surely 1 Salisbury, E. J., The Living Garden, or The How and Why of Garden Life, 338 pages, illustrated. Macmi an, ‘New York, 1936. $3. 223 ete ‘no matter how defective ; no one has a right to lished Pal r words in a single alphabet, but t ext is all in Frenc there is no cross- referencing from the French to the three Ghee languages. ¢ now have a polyglot work® with a breath-taking title and thirt oie crowded on the title-page, evidently intended to fill a long-felt want, and doubtless approaching i roal more closely than vious attempt. hy, with six topics specified on the title-page, including horticulture and for- estry, t “botany” should n Iso appear, is decidedly ni included, ept perhaps may be pardoned for mentioning a ritie When ae ae, besides a noun, a corresponding page only one usually appears, most commonly the noun (embryo, not ees aril but not arillate, panicle but not Ase ts 2 Bezemer, T. J., Dictionary of terms relating to agriculture, ae forest. rattle breeding, dairy industry and apiculture, in English, Fre German and Dutch. vii + 267 + 249 251 + 295 pages The Willia and Wilkins Company, Baltimore, [1935]. $8. 224 but sometimes the adjective foie but not pair, serrate but not erration). At first this might seem a justifiable attempt to avoid hardly look for alkaline under alcaline. It is mildly amusing to without i inary rve no useful purpose only in the fields specified on the title-page, te in botany well. J. H. Barnwart. Two Booxs ror Mycouocists A new manual for mushroom-hunters has baa) ae this year almost simultaneously by the State Mus t Albany and e Macmillan Compan itten by D rieger, his volume pages contains a general discussion of th gi, directions for growing mushrooms, and descriptions and notes, both technical and popular, th ible an onous species “The Mushroom Handbook” is completely illustrated, with photo- ‘clo ee , it ¢ i per covers for a cost o acmillan issue, the contents of which are identical, is bound in cloth and the pie is $3.50. Dedicating his book to his father, Charles E. Bessey, and to George Klebs, another great teacher of botany, Ernst A. Bessey itten a “Text-book of Mycology” which has been recently : pope his ‘ : z a = 77 > ~~ Q S ot, o 3 ae) 3 Qa = ® z ° fa = “BB i on phology rather than physiology. Complies bibliographies of he subject conclude each chapter. F. J. SEAVER. MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION c. Ander: Vincent Raymond F. Bac *Mrs. Robert Bacon Prof. L. iley Prof. aed i oe C. K. G. Bill George Pista a Prof. Marston T. Prof. William Je ene . H. Carpenter W. de Fores Edward C. mo Moreau Delan Dr. H. M. Denslow *Miss Helen C. Frick Member also of the Advisory Council. ee of the Advisory Council. arl A de aa es Murry ele cancin ar ‘kness b ooke: Dr. te all A. How Archer M. Huntington ee Mrs. Je *+Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg *Mrs. stav E. Kisse Gus Clarence Lew Adolph eesti Henry Lockhart, Jr. *Mrs. Wiliam A. Lockwood Dr. D. T. MacDougal *Mrs. David Ives Meee M *Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. Ogden L. Mills George M. Moffett H. de la Montagne Col. Robert H. ponerse Barrington M Dr. Robert T. Morris B. Y. Morrison Chas. Lathrop Pack *Mrs. Augustus G. Paine + Vice-Chairman of the Advisory Council. § Treasurer of the Adv E || Secretary of the Advisory Council. ae Jame Rufus L. Patterson *Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham s R. Parsons eid John D. Rockefeller Prof. H. H. Rus *Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee 0 By ae Arthur H. ae *§Mrs. Townsend eee . B. Thayer Dr. William S. Thomas Raymond H. Torrey ciate ee as Richardson Wright isory Council GENERAL INFORMATION Some of the leading features of The New York Botanical Garden are: Four hundred acres of beautifully diversiaed jand in the northern pa of the "City of New York, t geen which fon ee Bronx River. A nativ e ens, airbase a new rock garden, a large foe pact? a perennial bores small m Saal gardens, and other types of p Greco concne thousands of interesting ee feo America ign Be Flower show: ughou t the e ye ear—in the spring, summer, and a eee of daffodils, theese irises, peonies, roses, water- lilies, dahlias, ‘and e ys plants. ntaining exhibits of fossil plants, existing plant families, local plants occurring within one hundred miles of the City of New York, ae nomic uses of plants; also historic microscopes. ne arium, comprising more than 1,800,000 specimens of American fey “reign species. Exploration in different parts of the United States, the West Indies, Central ‘and South America, for the study and collection of the character- "Seton research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems of plant life. A libra ary of botanical and Saleen literature, comprising nearly 45,000 books and numerous pam: 1 t var: net of peenee and horticultural topics, continuing throughout the autumn, Publicati and s on botanical meee er ne iechnieall scientific, and partly ee popular, interest. he ee a school children and the public through the abov tures and the forestral s abject The Lee is ee endent upon an annual appropriation by the City of New Sas private benefactions, and membership fees. Applications: for membership are always welcome. The classes of membership e fea- ing of free information on botanical, horticultural and nual OL Giclstors eee aunualatee 0 Sustaining Member ........... ... annual tee Garden Club Membership ..... .. annual fee for a club 25 Fellowship Member ............ . annual fee 100 ember for nes Be an ... single contribution 50 Fellow for Life ..... aise yaslette ... single contribution 1,000 atron single contribution 5,000 Benefactor single contribution Contrib urions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. Bequests n the form of securities, eMONey or additions to the collections. The following is er approved He ae ve bequest: I hereby bequeath to York Botanical Garden incorporaied under the Laws of New York, fe “385 of 1891, the sum of Conditional bequests may be made with income payable to donor or any ee beneficiary during his or her lifetime. wships or scholarships either in perpetuity or limited to a definite period s| y be. established for practical student-training in horticulture or for botan- al arc All ee for further information should be sent to E New York BoranicaL GARDEN Bronx Parx, New Yorx, N. Y. (ForpHam Brancu Post OFFice) VOL. XXXVII OCTOBER, 1936 No. 442 JOURNAL OH THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN LINDENS ae te CITY ce NEW YORK ITS VICINITY = Sak PALMS AS INDICATORS OF THE MAXIMUM WATER LEVEL Joun K. Smati THE ALPHONSO WOOD HERBARIUM H. H. Russy A BISECTED TREE WHICH FLOURISHES PLANTING NOW FOR SPRING GARDENS Erne: Anson S. PeckHaM A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE it H. Woopwarp NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS INTO THE GREEN GROWING FOREST W. H. Camp RAFINESQUE AND HIS FRIENDS J. H. BarnHART SEEDS—AND FRUITS Caro, H. Woopwarp PusLisHED MontHLy By THE NEw York BoTANnicaL GarvEN Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. (ForpHam Branc# Posr Orrice) Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS . ELECTIVE MANAGE Until ee oe DE Forrest BALDWIN (Vice este, CHILDS Fees eee ee HN, Henry LockHart, JR., UGAL, and Jos: Sone “1938: L. H. Battery, MarsHatt Fierp, Mrs. Eton Huntincton Hooker, Joun L. Merritt (Vice-president and Treas: we, Cor. Rozert H. MontcoMery, H. Hoparr ae end AY MOND ORR) Until 1939: ARTHUR uM ANDERSON, HEN: y W. DE "Honeen ey Marsuati A. Howe (Sec Spann Cae RENCE Laws E. D. Merrit, EEN LA MontTaGNE (Assistant Tea, and Lewis RUrauRst al Morr: II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rogert Moses, ae (Committee Henry C. enna President of the Board of Education. IlI. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS TRACY a He aN, vomieinted by the Torrey Botanical Club. R.A. mM F, Trerease, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. BocErt, arco Ey Cahiaiiin Universi GARDEN STAFF MarsuHatr A. Howe, Pu. D., Sc. D H. A. Gueason, Pu. D. Deputy Director ony Head Cae HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE istant Director Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D., Sc. D......... Chief iesean “issoiate and Curator A. B. Stout, Px. D r of the EEL iges Frep J. SEAvER, Pu. D., Sc. D. Bernarp O Dooce, Pu. D. Plant Pathol Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. .......... Supervisor of Public Educatio Percy WILSon 2 Cae ALBERT C. SmitTH, Pu. D. a sociale Curae SARAH Hariow, A. M ri Te IOS GING IDS Gooossco%e Honorary Curator of the Economic Cotte ecti Fiepa GRIFFITH neat tist and Phoingrapier Ropert S. WILLIAMS h Associate in Bryolog . J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and ene of the Loc l Herb anee Harotp N. MorpenkeE, Pu. D. ee Curator MP, Pu. D. Assistant Curator CrypE CHANDLER, A. M echnical Assistant RosaLtige WEIKERT Technical Assista Carot H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. Ho rious . L. Wittrock, A. M. Docent Otto Drcener, M. S. Collaborator in Haw ae Ropert HaGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Mae “mk ycetes ErHet Anson S. PeckHAM..Honorary Gude. Tris and pS “Collecitene Wa tter S. GROESBECK and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT Superi lent of Buildings and Grounds As (CG) PRANDERGa Sas. ee Assistant Superintendent JOURNAL OF THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VOL, ASAA Octoser, 1936 No. 442 LINDENS IN THE CITY ae - \W YORK AND ITS VICINI To the writer’s knowledge, pe different lindens are planted or grow native in New York City and its vicinity. The list of hardy woody plants in The New York al Garden published in 1920 recorded only three species four varieties. ay not less than eight species, or hybrids, thrive in the Garden The red linden (Tilia rubra), often said n e in cultiva- tion, is well represented in the parks, thoroug aoe and gardens r city, witl us specimens not les years Two varieties of it are cultivated in The Ne ne Botanical rde e, (T. rubra begoniaefolia), which is seldom if ever planted (Fr 1), closely with the begonia-leaf linden which, from the insufficient data to be gathered on this diffi- cult species, may be understood as belonging to t t itself, is commonly . Its leaves are llowish-green, usually cut heart-wise at ase, ften barely distinguish- ble m the | s of the common European linden (“ aris’ of most texts), of which a young specimen thrives in ie Garden. Mature trees of t red and of the comm European i “species.” Evidence to this effect may be welcome be- cause many horticulturists and some botanists ee the contrary e tr ” Be th ihe red and the common European linden are thrifty ie but thrive best where moisture is fairly well supplied. Few plan 225 226 are more beautiful than these lindens if set in suitable ground, for instance, in a cool lawn. The common European linden, particularly, has found the key 6 a secret that not many trees have succeeded in learning. It displays a crown i vy tiers, arching gracefully and carrying at the tip neat, thick sprays of sae leaves, lying mostly in the same plane and reaching up and dow The ve ‘linden sae cape like the red linden, hails urope and resembles arpness of venation, but is the plantin, jagged blade ie esa, and does not rival even Anan the elegant leaf of a laciniate sas or beech. The eStein-Linden” of the Germans, the smnall- Jeaved linden is a ni ° her: t to supply this even when not ae The lea of cordata s ne square-: s mostly bluish underneath, and hides except for brownish woolly the vein i tree so damaged stands in Prospect Park, east of the drive - the foot of the Quaker Cemetery. GURE 1. Tilia rubra begoniacfolia, ian at The New York Botanical Garden. This rare tree agrees with the true 7. begontaefolia: which has been described from the Caucasus. tufts, finely etched veins, and in almost all cases an uneven sur face. In the glossy linden the bark is generally lighter or ee 228 lighter than in the red linden and grayish rather than reddish- brown. T. cuchlora is not represented in the Garden, but is not August with few if any leaves, and have grown yearly by only fractions of inches. The basswood (T. americana) requires but passing mentio 1 and p! men in Ce arse hairs not unlike those of T. platyphyllos. In cultivation only the small-leaved form of the basswood is sati large-leaved form is ungainly and of coarse aspect. In New Jersey the basswood has been used to line avenues, but the planting looks more effective in June than in “The 5 gray linden (T. Hees is nae related to the oe ti pla a species little known even to the botanist, is fairly common in the f the City. The gray pe the bee-tree (Tilia heterophylla) and Michaux’s 229 linden (7. Aichauxti) may in a sense be considered forms of the sam2 species. Michaux’s linden is a wee linden with thicker a rounder : Michaux’s linden that has light brown as which appear when the leaf unfolds or immediately thereafter. The limits of these species are not clear. One se surmise that when our lands were covered by glaciers creeping in from the north the ancestor, or the ancestors, of the three enw shuttled back and forth, and . ‘ arden, not at least in the form true to the description given by Ventenat, the A heterophy nt A good specimen of the species as described by Ventenat stands at the south of Morningside Park, Parkway i ay ry & a a as Oo = 3 ave bei used in Prospect Park, mostly near the greenhouse at ae Street and Prospect Park West. One specimen stands in Central Park almost facing the music stand on the Mall. Two other hybrids of the basswood have bee n pla anted in the oe) : . the spring of T americana and T. platyphyllos. The a the flower- 230 ing linden (T. floribunda) arose in the combination of T. ameri- cana with T. cordata. abby linden openly acknowledges its mixed ancestry: it ‘ : resembles both its parents, orticulturi ho p at learns in the long run that it has the draw’ Its habit is ir I thout being pleasing, its leaves are apt to fall early, resistance to drought is most li d. A few samples of this linden, planted, it may be assumed, for T. americana, live in River- side Park between be levels of 116th and 119th Streets, along the walk at the foot of the retaining wall. flowering ae is a bird of different feather, a cle an-cut the blade dark-green above and silvery underneath, the young growth more or less thickly covered by flat-lying, star-shaped hairs. Tilia tomentosa is extensively ee and is one of the best lindens for planting in cities. It is liable to injury y from frost, u em » =) cary o. = o = 25 = =) = ° Fh = > eS ° pre + wd ch wo ae) & ia} 2 fo) 5 nn x ° is 5 2 2 ° compensates for its tendency to being tender at the main stem. Large ae lindens are standing near the Zoo and elsewhere in Pr ce a pe ne is is unfortunately not common. Under cultivation it is as reliable as T. tomentosa, and more graceful. Two superb 231 specimens thrive in Prospect Park, one in the small lawn west o tchfield the Li Id Mansion. Several otherwise good scattered in Prospect and in res Park have been spoiled by unintelli- gent grafting: the stock is T. cordata or “T. vulgaris,” which rows less rapidly i the scion. With high grafts the trunks are matred by unsightly rings, which easily could have been ow. he Asiatic Lindens are practically unknown in our city. The numerous Japanese, Korean, Chinese, and Mongolian species will contrib i ions ee and the ieee beetle. e first two go hand in hand, r ve ked by The black mildew does little ee beyond soiling the a 4 a i=] oh ieee with arsenate of lead still is a costly but necessary protec Leon CRoIzat. PALMS AS pues coe OF THE MANIMUM Vv LEVEL In southern eee and about lakes and ponds where palms grow, the ca bage- -trees One eae eee show a dense i bou se about them during wet spells or flood periods. In times of dry 1 Flatwoods are pine woods where the water-table is constantly near the surface of the ground or over the surface part of each yea 232 Ficure 1 top of which indicates the maximum tree’s anchorage i in the sand to the top of the root-base is between four and five feet. The roots are aerial in dry weather, aquatic in high-water season. . The base of a cabbage-tree showing the aerial root-system, the water level, The distance from the Ficure 2. The base of a Louisiana ae Deeringiana—on the a. shore of Lake Portehar train, Louisian: e palm stands in a hs where backwater from the lake and water from ee rains stand for short periods. The floo waters remain long enough to encourage the palm ie send out a series of roots, the upper ones indicating the maximum water lev 234 weather one might well wonder about the origin of these dense Ficure 3. The lower part of a trunk and vue t of the root-system of a fossil p alm—Palmo acid sp.—from near Nate! hes, Louiaea Curiously ae this specimen shows that the same habit “ot developing adventitious roots existed among the Louisiana palms in geologic time: 235 gether very tightly. They are exceedingly tough cord-like or rope- like structures, each with a thimble-like protective cap at the apex. When the water recedes for a time this mass of roots is expo to the air and resembles a cushion with myriad nipples. With the next eas the roots become active and add growth to the former aus [any nation will show that the cushions extend higher on ihe ae fe t stand in the lowest spots. Should an observer be a these nipennren 3 would obviously be a mistake—though many builders, apparently, have never learned this lesson. The figures irom our collection of palm photographs illustrate volvi Palinett IGURE | is on the shore of Lake Okeechobee, Flo rida. The c- 1s great, being ¢ the rains in the drainage basin and the damming up of the outlets. : ‘cates here is not great and is the direct result of rains over and about the lake. Louisiana in past geological times had a much larger palm flora than it has at present. About six species of fossil palms have been pretty close duplication of the base of the living species shown in Ficure 2. e fossil palms in Louisiana are found largely in the northwestern part of the state. Joun K. SMatt. THE ALPHONSO WOOD HERBARIUM w ists are now living whose a studies were peut under . ee of Wood's “Class Book of Botany.” largely used in the seventies, when I began my eee This was ane. cally the work of a field botanist, for Dr, Wood was indefatigable 236 a collector. He was also an active eee were not being accurately presented in the books then in use, an a desire to make them known as they appeared to him in the nae ate. Vhen Dr. Wood died, he bequeathed his herbarium to the Col- specimens were collected from drawers, closets, boxes and bun- the and were trange it until about two years a vhen we c , in an wunex- pla on ases containing specimens of thi collection. I then began the segregation and arrangeme the ntire W erbarium, a wor which I have since devoted my spare time ba pean and nomenclature have been made to conform, the part, with that of the Canby erbarium, i the ile on be subjected to a process of ana ion. h e present arrangement, all specimens of the Wood ee ium are enclosed i more covers at the end of the ger hich they respectively belong, each cover bearing a label, “Alphonso W" rbarium,” in i T enera in each family are arranged in alphabetical order, so tl any specimen can be found promptly n unfortunate fact that an cccasional specimen that he is known to have collecte cannot be found. 237 uring the progress of this work, some interesting facts have come to light. The last important collecting done yy Wood ific Co; seems to have been along the Pacific t there and bac e appears to have traveled with scanty facilities for collecting, is § mens having de as small as as h C opportunity for studying them is to | ped that someone iliar h th fic Coast flora will ene oO mination of this part of the collection. The same is to . sai a a considerable number of specimens from the mountains of Ken- tucky and Tennessee. It appears further, from the material that we find, that at the th, Dr. \ ial e em change purposes. The same may be said of nis collections ne mosses. H A BISECTED TREE WHICH FLOURISHES which bisected itself and lived to tell the tale has been eas Im, continues to grow and flourish. —a clone type, ni h—also has withstood the oa con- dition, and stands as straight today as the day it w cte: the bottom is approximately 30 inches. The tree is 17 inches in diameter at the base. It grows up some 17 inches, then branches into two sections. The trunk bisected by the fence is 12 inches in diameter and the other is 7 inches. See the illustration on the following page. ewe OY VA A bisected tree which continues its growth without apparent injury at Astoria, New York. 239 PLANTING NOW FOR SPRING GARDENS* Witu A SELECTION oF Goop NARCISSUS VARIETIES d gardeners consider several things when they plant, whether it . cule herbaceous plants, shrubs or just seeds e most ing is what will gr them some plants that will give pleasure early in the spring before the leaves come out. For this purpose soi of the small bulbous plants such as snowdrops (Galanthus eae) the Siberian squill (Scilla sibirica), the sna e's- -head ritil ay (Fritillaria meleagris), and winter- be combi Christmas ate which i is green all winter a. gardens last spring, that we noticed where there were suitable rT sprin; w ordered the b of June. will probably be delivered to us at the end of ugust. ne we are not ready to plant them when they arrive, the bags should be opened and set in a well-ventilated, dry place free rom rats or mice. Daffodils and the various other small bulbs should be planted k as soon as possible after they come so they can ma ood root growth before frost hardens the ground. In preparing the ground, do no be ed with the soil so that it comes i contact with the bulbs. I have found dried sheep manure good to use. I dig the ground well and mix a handful of sheep manure * An address given by the Honorary Curator of Iris and Narcissus Collec- tions at The New York Botanical cade encore the Radio oo Club of the paste Extension Service, 's University, over Station WOR, September 11, 1936. 240 with the very bottom soil in a trench or patch—say two inches of loosened soil. en I add two inches of soil without manure, plac- pate with the soil. You can scatter tiny bulbs, as they do not mind ep th a it out and label the plants. Labels put in beds in autumn get broken or lost under the mulch or heaved out by frost. In choosing bulbs try to know the varieties you want, and buy from well-known, reliable dealers s io you will get things true ° ° =] ar’ e some trumpet ao enue, and yellow; lor g group; some poeticus; some bunch-flowered; some double and some caaliee shorter sorts for the front of the border or rock arden. There are many types, heights, and sizes in the eleven groups 241 and their sub-divisions, making hundreds of varieties to select from, so there is some variety suitable for everyone’s taste and oO eth i Mitylene, which is a very good grower, increasing rapidly, as nearly all the new kinds do. Tenedos is a handsome white giant Leedsii. My favorite double daffodil is Cheerfulness, which comes late and is white and yellow, always blooming well. There is another startling double called Mary Copeland, white with red center, a e a my paragon, for t leaves two fe ross, growing in a certain cove about five miles distant. So off in the rain we went. Along the way I questioned rch. Th leaves was eed nigh round an’ ‘bout two feet acrost.” 255 After a while we slithered and slipped down a poor trail and into a cove, Straight as a bee he took me to the tree and pointed up. There was perhaps a bit of chagrin on our faces for ie leaves oa a = > p< a 2 2 a ta a a an = 5 mn ie wa yn S 3 i) s h a oO o - Pp 5 a. ry specimens of the umbrella-tree (Magnolia tripetala) had been taken from the very tree he pointed out to me. I am still wonder- ing whether he really knew the difference between a high-bush and low-bush huckleberry. For an antidote from the disappointment and the rain, I swun; wide on the back trail and passed the spring bog in oh Meadows at the head of the Hogcamp Branch of Rose River. s little spot had yielded such treasures as Stewardson nua es in-the- ae ee Stewardsonii), the farthest south it has been collec I was also going to find in the same moist spot at a ve : the white bedstraw bellower (Campania aparinoides) 2 3 [ory co in” o i= x pay oO 3 x} 3 we a log cn fas] ° = i °° ent y 5. 2: 8 a a gq 4 2 = i=] gQ g. Qa o om = find the trailing wolfsbane (Aconitum reclinat ae eS erect and the wild columbine (quilegia canadensis) si t high. Wil! my bundle of specimens (as yet unnamed) ey this place not bring me other surprises ? I wanted to stay longer in Shenandoah Park but I had a date with some red azaleas on Big Black in Kentucky and I was already e favor. were a week later than ae and I arrived at ae eight of the blooming season. (See the Journar for July, 1936.) From Kentucky i pee back into Virginia. and headed for -R and only a few miles from White Top, yet White Top is botani- 256 cally famous while one seldom hears of Rogers and sees but few don its slopes. Once on the w ao) fa] CQ. @ = ct. i & < a @ i to] fe) =) i=) o 8 ae icket eadow Later I was to learn that one of the native aes a relat once a year climbs Mt. Rogers to get balsam-gum. I had e dently stumbled onto his trail but the old fellow was clever a the es end had been concealed in a thicket. It is interesting to note that the conifer on the very crest of Wh . Top Mountain is the red spruce (Picea rubens) while the dome of Mt. Rogers is covered with both the red spruce and the southern balsam (Abies Fraseri). On White Top the spruce makes a magnificent stand of trees, while on Rogers it seems to be more stunted, forming the “las sat thickets” of the mountai On the sl £ th — 7 it merits description as a separate species.] Here slopes hi op and Rogers the umbrella-leaf (Diphaltota er is common, as are a host of other plants so abundant in the Smokies. Here grow the high- -bush ee ea r e anatomy of this plant showed without a doubt that it is not a Vacciniiin as Michaux supposed when he found it. Neither is a member o enus Oxrycoccus, as it was so classified by Persoon. In reality its nearest of kin is a species in Japan and rea rel and probably ancestral form in the moun- tains of wg Doctor Small theref as correct in giving it a us, our mountain cranberry (Hugeria ew generic name. f etna ‘pa) joins that list of genera with ai cies in our southern Appalachians and eastern Asia, and nowhere else 257 URE 4. Mt. oo (6,593 feet apa in ae ae Smoky Moun- ee escee is the view of the mn from the west in ate Creek Ga os a distance of nearly.’ pies miles The weck spent here was a busy one, but in justice to the many botanists before me who have collected in this re; be ag, ° P o 5 gc a se two azale oO corolla lobes Sahin with red that I found high on the slope of Rogers. They were in bud and full bloom long after the other azaleas had passed. * * * The valleys of the Holston, Watauga and French Broad Rivers were panting under the heat of a late June drouth and dust whirled across the fields of Tennessee in the parching winds blow- ing up out of the southwest. In a sunset with great clots of red co 6 Oo p<] a oD ae pp Q tad ie} wo wm ios fa} = =e N BS 2 = ° fat) az i oO 4 p fon 3 % S a triple crest of Mt. Le Conte stabbing at the sky. It was like com- ing home after a long absence, for Le Conte is the first mountain ever climbed 258 hey hay e made a a Park there and saved what is left f the t t i IN HANDCRAFTS” and a few steps away “REAL } AIN craFts,” and farther down the road one can purchase ‘THE ONLY AUTHENTIC MOUNTAIN NEERS.” To one wh years snuggling sleepily against the hase of old Li nte, it is all very confusing. And when I stumbled into Andy Huff (re- fo) o “ ° 3 ia) 3S ia o ia’ a ~ “a o a4 oe @ m 3 tr = 5 vy ° Fh Ma 4 Hi turned left on the trace across Rich Mountain, Cove Mountain, and Tater Ridge, and eee to stop until I had reached the seclusion of Cades Cov — is a deep ie carved out of the very heart of the ry t e d in, the cloth they wove and the tools they used, standing in rows under glass cases for the ae to gawk at, give us a picture 0 of r to m thing that all the wishing in the world can not bri ing mee will ie gone permanently out of those mountains. 259 After ae mountain folk are gone, who will there be to tell with un is ha end 2 Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains. This picture was ken from Cades Cove oe and shows the great dome of Gregory Bald. (4,948 feet Sevigny istance of nearly seven miles. its loopholes on moonlit nights? It was this same Russell Gr regory t on b d e an of the present Post Office in Cades Cove. Soon we shall forget how Nate Sparks bought vast areas of mountain land at ten cents an acre and hired Mart Russell to clear wha w k Russell Field ven the new topographic map has dropped the names of Hall's Cabin and Spence Field o we lose the last link with the story of that same Nate Sparks hired a man by the name of Spence to take his family and go to the mountain tops 260 east of the Uieoty holdings and clear the pean and tend the over Chinderhead’ with gunfire. A crum| Blige ee is all that i f : the ler the 1 abin ush Rocky Top, the violets are nae where Spence once raised his abbages. ote ae oe Defeat Ridge ies up ee Thun- derhead :—Her two names to conjure with. They still laugh a vote. t Ss ve with ge ner and See each man refused to change his mind. But one member of the settlement, a new arrival from northern Europe, came to the meeting late. To him pointed to one and said: “Ay bote vor dis von.” The other ridge efeat.” that Dr. H. M. Jenison and I found a Vacs ae the : : : enty-five feet from the ground. It looked like the great-grand- nee of all the blueberries on the mountain. mong the interesting features of the Great Smokies are the T t) G mokies than do the grass “balds. e history of many of the grass balds is known and to a large extent they are the result of 261 clearing followed by intensive grazing. John Oliver of Cades Cove related to me how, a: ni n, he herded cattle up on ey wer were “waist high wi own.” According to Mr Oliver, the method v wa! na cut down the “small stuff” and “deaden the big stuff” by g After a number of tise (rotting is slow at shies) ‘he big trees would blow down and i was em emembered. It is even thought some, and uy an ees that others of t lds were made ae Tediens, not thong the accident of fire, but wilfully, to roduce grasslan h would lure the deer and thus make sum- mer hunting easier. it is probable that whole families 0, migrated to the Cie — and one can but envy them their oice of summer hon ‘only a small grass patch” on the bald, and around this patch were a “lot of big sweet huckleberries” (Facemium sp.). is with nothing of the tart sweetness of the others in whose shade it rew. It was on Gregory Bald that I found the most bizarre and 262 taxonomically most vexing, natural collection of azaleas I have n. It seems that no less than three species of azalea started out in this area. One was a low-growing early-blooming white- flowered species. Another, blooming slightly later, bore large of B Black Mountain in ae: One of the plants had aoa smooth eg of t time produced plants that bore And these went out pollen. And to these same eae came pollen from other i er’ plants which were not like themselve: ed was fertil his was already an old custom amo as on that mountain top long before Russell Gregory built his stone block house and spread salt in the grass-patc er on h an lit nights. Today no two plants look alike, yet all have something of each other. To a the colors of the zaleas on Gregory Bald one d make on sleas have never seen. Some of these new genetic combina tions might prove to be stable a under the proper conditions e born that are not dug up will be covered by the dumpings of the scrapers. Should any survive these, they will be trampled by the mules and 263 men. And thus will pass the azaleas on Gregory Bald. probably is a gi of mind of future botanists if they were destroyed root and shoot. It does seem a pity, though, for they are pretty Ficure 6. Clingmans ae (6,642 feet), the highest point in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and the second highest in eastern United States. This photograph was t fo ot Silers Bald (5,622 feet elevation) at a dis tance of over three m: The meandering ridge leading to the Dome is the state line between Tennessee and North Carolina. The treeless area on t ridge is a small grass bald. But the Park must be “developed and improved” and another great highway is to be built to lure the tourists so that the Annual and bouleva oe ng lots on the only level places available for certain Saeed to grow. 264 If the projected font is carried through as planned, it will create, a greater havoc than the one th winds ously across Mt kley to Silers Bald and on to Thunderhead, Gregory Bald, and Deals In some places the crest is narrow and rocky, scarce wide enough for a foot trail, will be blown away. Where the crest is wider, men will come with Ficure 7. A forest of dwarf beech trees at the margin of a small bald on the er reat of the ridge between Rocky Top and rua in Great Smoky Mountains ee Park. The Bienes noke-like mountain oe from which Ceuta es get their na may be. seen sweeping in from the ‘ennessee a of the range. axes and cut down the Aa: forests of dwarf beech, for they are found only on the tops of these high ridges. And worst of be swung around them through the ese passes the water seeps down from t eaks a! e soil is dank wet the purple-fringed orchis (Btepharitotis pee: $ in ar meadow sedge and here the Turk’s- um superbuit) akes its orange bells among the clouds. Linnaeus knew not how well he named this plant, for here o: f{ the Great Smokies it ae to - tall, many eae haar twenty: flowers early fifty. ill come with and some shovels, and te aus aes will all pen and filled wit 265 se hae from the rocks where saxifrage and wild blue e purple orchis and the Turk’ ge pe c Ss. I am glad that I have tramped along on ridge and climbed its peaks before they build a road and make the Appalachian Trail a mockery ;—while winds were clean and peace lay deep on every mountain-top; while azaleas bloomed each summer time on Gregory . nd I remember that one plan g the thousands, ceding proudly erect with great, ae ei oe ers, no blemish or spot of any color on the corolla, not even on ae petal where a spot should be. The ae were golden and th filaments and style were tinted a delicate pink. ee on Gregory Bald with - rain beating in | my Ee I knew of its pres- e e for th Fe one, what with the steam shovels and the scrapers and the fates and the men W. H. Camp. VICTORIA CRUZIANA A plant of Victoria Crusiana growing in the recently remodeled tropical aquatic house in Conservatory Range as attracte considerable attention from the visiting public since the latter part 0 Ithou: in leaf i and change from pure white to deep pink. They remain attrac- tive for two days. 266 tL AL SOM vee gy “UN, YOU AssyoA.couU y at 4 267 Victoria Crusiana, which is a native of the Parana River and its tributaries in southern Brazil and Paraguay, from where it was : j : troduced by William Tricker in 1894, is har an Victoria regia, of the Amazon, and consequently much better adapted for growing in outdoor en so it must be nursed me rs for the first six or ei eks, and in the vicinity of > ork the best specime: i only under greenhouse Sdiions ke waterlilies the Victorias are gross feeders and they require rich soil ampl -room. pecimen is planted placed to ensure water res eae filling up with pared soil. The n of the t is he about nine inches below surface of the ie Full ee to water temperature of from 75 a 90 = - $s are essential for good gro E er, "ten days e is added to the water ve are raised from seed each year, the seed being sown in late Janu- ary or February. T. H. Everett. ASIATIC IMMIGRANTS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN -—VI Fruits of the two related genera considered below—Morus and Prituus—have furnished food for and other animals from a usefulne by man. These plants are not slow in establishing themselves eae where they have once been planted. white mulbe erry ( AL orus alba) was planted i in the arboretum farm hou the earlier days. Later it spread to fields, particu- larly fence-rows, through re nae of birds. The red mulberry, 268 a native tree which grew naturally in woods, also used to be planted on farms. But whether planted or not, it soon came into some tr reatly thers in size Th Iberr tree’s greater values have been in the leaves, which furnish pabu- lum for sine se nd er bark, which has been a staple ¢c t See a household articles of use to more primitive peoples. he Maximowicz cherry Maximowicsti) was intr duced into The New York Botanical Garden from the Royal B in 1901. This t at full maturity. The economic value of this cherry lies in its use in horticulture as a stock upon which varieties are grafted. Joun K. Sati, A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* The parks of New York State—from Long Island to Niagara and from the Thousand a. to the ena! alae are de- scribed in a booklet isstted this ar by th e State Council of Parks. The natural features and the olin for cae camping, * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found in the Library of the Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 269 and sports in each of seventy public parks are mentioned. Maps and photographs illustrate the booklet, copies of which are obtain- able from the State Office eas either in Albany or at 80 Centre Street, New a * “Hemlock—The State Tree of Pennsylvania” is the subject of b istics, uses, and a . _ tga are As a reprint from Health hes the Division of Public Health Education of New York State is distributing a pamphlet on ivy poisoning * * A check-list of 2,000 species, varieties, and hybrids of Fuchsia has been compiled by E. Essig for the American Fuchsia Society. It contains 204 eee ' literature on the genus How carbon dioxide treatment for fruits being shipped retards softening and decay in transit is explained in Technical Bulletin 519 of the United States poe of Agricultur n the summer bulletin of the ee a of Nev ian there appears a practical article on “Sweet Pea Culture pas the Average Man” by Jems _ Kelley. * new schizocoronati Gen corolla) daffodils which are fined t incomparabiis, but it is expected soon to Barrii hybrids. o yellow and bicolor Cainpete and to varieties of Narcissus take in Leedsii and e same issue, Horace seharlind contributes an n th Dr. J. a article headed “Roses in Pees ae ting In honor of William Albert Sel, professor of botany at the University of ean since 1895, ok of “Essays in Geo- botany” has been compiled, written a a group of his eas associates a: many parts of the oe pe by T. H. Good- 270 ce - published by the University of California Press. The subje include a wide variety of topics, written by O. W. aes E. B. Babcock, F. E. Clements, W. S. Cooper, Ludwig Diels, F. E. Fritsch, D. R. Hoagland, E. D. Merrill, Eduard Riel, and Carl a ok “The Species Problem in Iris” is oe se of a series of five apers appearing in the September @ ® < 9s Bo. g6 ungd e & w = @ + a j=] [any 77) ct a o 3 a, ee oe who live in apartments must envy x the first bloodroot to shed its petals on soil ae ee a a wn the labor of their own hands. W. #H. Camp N House PLants Written as a ee record by one who started gardening with a sword fern, and who has since graduated to begonias, Bu i bulbs, gloxinia rs xton’ ne-chapter g { is meant for the novice at indoor gardening to enjoy. The professional will not agree wi 1 s. Buxton says—such as the fact that begonias and geraniums should be grown “on the dr ide;” and botanists may argue tl rica is not a “tropical variety of the iris,” since it is a genus of the Iris Family. How- ever, on the whole, Mrs. Buxton covers the fundamentals for the beginner who longs for decorative foliage and flowers in the windows. A third of the book is taken up with rules for the care and preveeeton of house-plants; more than a third with geraniums, *McKenny, Margaret, The Wild Garden, 123 pages, illustrated. Double- day, Doran, 1936. $1, + Buxton, Bessie Raymond, The Window Garden. 158 pages, illustrated, Orange- Juda Publishing Company, New York, 1935. $1.50. 293 begonias, and bulbs; and the remainder with random notes, ad | on unusual plants, with a well-illustrated Gate: on hang- Caro. H. Woopwarp TREES OF THE Far West comprehensive book treating as ee Bane oe cultivated ry a > ot ° ® 3 = an aw) @ is) o — = a “Mae aes Bh = a = a ry =) a OQ o =] ® ‘s) oO $ relationships are known or can ily determined b e of the key. As a field book for ready reference it has in some instances the all too frequent fault of depending on flowers or ru on—and these are apt avai the Pacific Coast, it eu. serve as a useful guide for students ve trees in forest, nursery, city. Forman T. McLean ADE-TREE PEsts home-owners and other people wanting to protect their trees m th vages of imsect pests, Professor Herrick has ritten a useful guide in his “Insect Enemies of Shade-trees.”’+ €: an especially 0 pt spr aterials and how to use them, in which both the average man and the profes- sional gardener will be gratified to learn that they may use gold- dust instead of the foul-smelling fish-oil soap which is usually recommende the soap ingredient of nic ra he photographs and drawings provide clear illustrations of a la ge number of harmful insects and he damage they do to si en ome readers may criticize the insertion of ected dec aes pictur es of well-known trees, preferring to see mo coe of the insects that injure them, but such photcerohe * McMinn, Howard E. and Maino, Evelyn. An Illustrated Manual of Pacific Coast Trees. 409 rea illustrated. "University of California Press, Berkeley, 1935. $3.50. + Herrick, Glenn W., Insect Enemies of Shade-trees. 417 pages, illus- trated. Comstock Publishing Company, Ithaca, N. Y., 1935. $5. 294 seem appropriate in a work of this kind. While the book is no exhaustive, it treats the major pests and will give excellent service to both the home gardener and the professional man who heed its directions. B. O. Dopcz BIGGER AND BETTER ROSES C. F. Ma aay an cues rose grower in England, has pro- duced a little book on rose-growing* principally for amateurs. n the main, the boo: i ree much to recommend it to the beginner, r can we accept his advice that roses should have no winter he chapter on eee leaves a feeling - grace uiaae valuable advice for the beg He s, and rightly too, against the unscrupulous ae aa pre the danger of so-called novelties. in, successful exhibitor, uthor discusses exhibit- ing at some length, and while he ee that he is addressing d the inexperience only, there is much in his information that would be helpful to the experienced amat so. he book is refreshing in its exposition of the a r’s departure rom some old-time practices after he became convinced tha the ere the cause ny of his earlier failures. e ha the courag revire some of them and to proceed along other lines, and a succ s a rosarian fully justifies the se hi 00: It i that he a covered anything new in - growing, but a that he has used a so asoning and judg- ment with a good understanding of the principles underlying his aie e book contains much that can be helpful, but at the same time much that is ina pie ble, Paks tae in places where the win nd eh nter is severe and w he ner is hot an It is just aa ee nee ove that aremple revise European books to fit American ee though eademeneily good, can ie : wholly successful P. J. McKenna * Mappin, C. F., Bigger and Better Roses. 155 pages, illustrated. Robert M. McBride & Co., New York, 1936. $2. INDEX* AA.A.S., Reports from St. Lou meeting of 47; Rochester- Ithaca meeting of the 16 ne ae 256; Fraseri 256; ree ia 101 Ac ae bisetosa 168 oe ene 41 Aco hee reclinatum 255 hea iniw Addisonia "8 %, 84, 164, 188 Adlumia pee Hippocastanum 205 Agathis 74 Ailanthus altissima 205 Aldis, ith 28 Alexander, E. J. 80, 83, 84, 88, 147, 169, 186, 192, 217, 221, ze An unsought adventure in the Catskills 42 souther! Alga ae their life relations 71 Algae, atructure and reproduction of 7 Alnus rugosa 204 ne ee eee 16 nso Wood herbarium 235 cea Vegetative propagation of 12 earns Society, 1935 Year-book 4 es elatior 179, 181; trifida pee 252; canadensis 134; 134; laevis andiflora rubescens 34 American Academy of Arts and oss 66 erican Hevguine for the Ad- 169 Annals of the Carnegie Museum 25 Annals of the Missouri Botanical arden 270 Annual report of the Director for 1935 77 eT of hemp as an economic Appalachian trails 249 Aquilegia 186; canadensis 255 aeebie 150 Arcyria denudata 142 Arenaria verna caespitosa 196 Arisaema piewardsons 254, 255 ae hia nold = Ari = of ‘Popular Teascon oy 46 171, 220, 271 Aronia Artemisia 101, 182 rosie: 125 Arune Asiatic immigrants in the Botanical Garden—VI 267 ristatum 128 Aster carolinianus 38; luteus 24; pee angliae 221; novi-belgii 221 Autumn coloration Autum: aie ctures at the Garden 216 Ayres, "Theodore T 174 Azalea arborescens 48 Azalea, Red 164 Aspidium Bacterial and fungous diseases 29 Badhamia orbiculata 141 Bailey, L. H. 28 elute John Hendley 65, 88, 216, American Dablie Society Bulletin 50 four-language dictionary American ferns nie how grow A Rear 222 them [Review Rafinesque_ and his friends American ia , Review] 247 American Fuchsia artlett, Robert American Journal of B Bartley, Hoe American Midland seat 70 artram, E, American Peony Soc aay aa 69 Bates, fam "The gardener’s first merican Rose oe year [Review] 152 mygdalus Persica 205. Bauer, William 115 Anderson, Alexander P. 102 Baxter, Dow V. 76, 104 Anderson gift 102 Beckett, Edwin an Anderson, Gladys P. 186 ae ae poate 4; Jay apa 193 ia 102 egonia lorens ndianerin Hanae 44; tube arate pendula 200 Behre, C. Edward 104 8, 47 *Prepared by Miss Rosalie Weikert. 295 296 Belamcanda 125 Betula lenta 204; populifolia 2! a Bezemer, T. J., Dictionary of t relating to agriculture. horticul ture, forestry, catt! eeding, dairy industry and apicalturé: in English, ench, Ce and Dutch [Review] Bidens mitis = ignonia radicans 205 Billbergia 125; Ssereealee 48 Bisected tree 237 Bol euieea fatisa uama sa 7 lack Mountain, teat psycodes 264 bbin! d Atk 74 Red azalea of 164 ors marea 171 Bomhard, Miriam L. 244 Book ot hae seashore [Review] 72 Pe Bai tes, “Alfred, The gardener’s first year 152 Ernst A. Text-book of Flora hawaii- Anne, Gardening in (editor) of the 151 E, Garden y er, L. C. C.. The mush- y 200 eonian, ‘on w to grow delphiniums 126 appin, F. Bigger and bet- ter roses 2! 4 arkham, Ernest, Clematis, 175 McKenny, Margaret, The wild garden 292 McMi Coet H. 5S. and ymor B, Color and — Ay bloom in the flower border 22 Otten, George, Tuberous-rooted begonias and ver culture 199 serene Donald Culross, Green law ae Quinn, se See ae i" life a ica a Quint George, Lilies in the 76 grow or flow: oO grow perennial oles: eo wel- Pru fare, and Pruning and repair- ing of trees, rubs, ornamentals 127 Roberts, Edith A., and rence, Julia R. ‘American ferns and how to grow them 128 ogers, Wal EF, Tree flowers of forest, park and street Salisbury, E. J. The living garden 22 Seymour, E. L. D. (editor) The garden encylope. 73 Shannon, How: fee The book of the seash ee Small, ce K. io of the vicinity of New York 123 Sudell, Thichare The new gar- den Sulzer, Marjorie N. Hou plants, iodern care and cul. ss 26 Norman (editor) The es ue dictionary 122 ee Hel First urd bo ae 6 Har afinesque’s eeu friends White, Edwar Or eincigles of flower arrangement 151 Wilder, Louis eebe, Adven- Wilkie, David, Gentians 175 Wister, John C. Four seasons in your garden 1 Wodehouse, Roger en grains, their str cture, identi- fication, and in significance science and medicine 19 297 Boston Society of Natural History Bulletin 24 Botanical Garden, Asiatic immi- grants in the 267 Botanical Garden to handle new re- print of Illustrated Flora 103 Botanical Gazette 67 Botanical Museum at Cambridge, M 147, 195, Botanical Review 24, 51, 242 Botanical So cay ty of America 169 Pee 132, Bow drons a azaleas crew) 19 Boykinia Jamesii 25 Brassavola Divovans 287 Brayera abyssinica 288 Breed, R. S. 104 Breeding for hardy seedless grapes Breeze Hill News 25, 271 Briquet, John 49 Bristol, Nasi FE 28 Britton bequest 1 Britton, Ehenbeth greene 103 Britton, Nathaniel Lord 102, 103, 147 nia 84 oe Be edless grape 96; frontis- i opposite page 77 Bronze medal for outdoor exhibit roses 8 Garden Bro oklyn Botanic Record 185 Brown, Addison 103 Buddleia alternifolia 134, 135 pane x“ oe 86 Bul of American Dahlia Garden Club of Bulletin “Of the Horticultural So- ciety of a York 269 he Torrey Botanical 28 de 244 Raymond, The w garden [Review] 292 Cacti, epiphytic 60 Cactus and Succulent Ola 172 Cain, Stanley A. 198, 2 Calamagrostis a ater a6 Callistemon speciosus Galochortus albus 48; ye 25 oe Samuel Higbee 2: W. H. 83, 149, 164, 197, 290 tnt the green growing forest [Review] 246 On A ppalachian trails 249 ae aay of hemp as an plant 110 The wild ee n [Review] 292 iew With our collaborators 15, 46, 255; aparinoides Campanul e a F uliginosa 25 annabis en 114; indica 114; pedemontana 114; sativa 110, 114 Carex, 47 an Carlson, Rose 115 Carnegie In cane ton of Washington ona 287 Carrion, A Cascade chry: cess 273 Castalia odorata 41 Castenschiold, Tage 115 et talpa Catalpa 205, speciosa 205 tski a An unsought adventure in thus 188; americanus 205 us articulatus 205 i i 04 Chestant V. Chi ionodoxa _ Luciliag 117 a 245 indic 277 ; moriolum 277 e 1935 1 "o Clarke, Eleanor se 158; cella 1 Clematis oe 175 298 Clematis texensis, The hybrids of 5. lens; Chaplain and Mrs. Josepn Clem ee sia ae Clemensiella Clintonia 44, 188: borealis 190; um- Collins, Cc: J. 53, 115 Com see Notes, news and commen ne cope ates of scientific red. ee of ni Carden a 54 “49 en 165, 166, 168; Euphor- biae 165 nocarpu a 64 Conservatory a “No. 1 3, 34, bh 80, ee be 195, 197, i No 275; aM ‘at Coombs, Mrs. Jerome W. 78, 88, Cordyline 125 Coreopsis 289; cordifolia 289 ‘orn exhibit 284 ne oe Bulletins 24, 1 is 186 is pauciflora 134, tia: Courses of study 217’ Cracca ales 186 antha Masekii 135; *Paulil 135; pedicel- S isp, Frank 70 Croat ‘Leon Lindens in the City Yo rie ai nd its vic inty os Current tear re 24, 48, 66, 118, 145, 170, 195, 218, 242, 268, 287, Cutting, eae Stephen G. ue 192, 271 va acillans 205 amos paca 24; nea- politan num, Cydonia japonica 50 Cynoxylon floridum oe Cyperus LeContei 3 Cenpsian japonicum 50; specta- ile 189 Gi fragilis 124 Cytisus 101 Dacrydium 74 Da aes 05 Dahlia border 50, 79, 291 Dib cardiophylla 289 Daphne 136; Ge nkwa 136 Daren Grant D. 75 pon Marion L. 174 Daylilies De Forest, Henry W. 121 De egener, Otto 15, 16, 125 Deni Deseie Plant Life 25 Desmodium penduliflorum 137 Deuts. oe Dendrologische — Gesell- scha Dewey, ae H., 113 nthus 171 centra eximia 188 Bae squamulosum 141 Digitalis 171 Diphylleia cymosa 256 ue ium Displays 1 “21, 149, 174, 197, 221, 275, 282. Se ee also Exhibits Distribution of plants 103, 197 Dodds, Donald ‘ee Dodecatheon va Dodge, B. O. 3D, 47, 57, 65, 78, “So, 81, w, 120, 121, 173, 193, 198, 272, A stem-rot a Euphorbia lactea Mauieok wilt 211 Notes on some bacterial and fmgons diseases in our gar- Shade-tree ne ew 293 mae, re B. ve the New 15 Gardening in the greene Review Ha Douglass, H. ie ramosissima 186 R. G. 244 299 Lae F Mounts 204 Drake, J. esearch 66 Dryopteris 123, 272; campyloptera Pie fund established 102 123; intermedia 123, 124; spinu- Ferns of the vicinity of New York losa 123, 124 [Review] 123 Duckworth, E. G. 41 Ferns and how to grow them 7 anaes es essende us’ Eastwood, Alice 28 5 x Ecological: Monogtaohis@? Ficus aurea 159, 160; Carica 160 c Geography 288 i W. 28 enth National Shade Tree Con- ference Poe i Encyclopedia, A n Endophytlam Sempervivi dee % aoe jopeaiine eae 53 Erte hus nulatus 136; de- flexus 1 6 Environments and life in the great plains 287 Epidendrum 242 Epiphytic palms and cacti 60 Eranthis hyemalis 239 Erithrichiur argenteum 25 Erythroniu 171; albidum 116; mesacho 116 Essays in Geobotany 269 Esson, James G. 15 ae ous begonias [Review] 9 Euphorbia 54, 1 168; lactea 165, 166; lactea oe 165- 167; pul cherrima 168; stellaespina Evans, Alexander W. 28 Everett. T. H. 32, 52, 65, 74, 78, , 192, 216, 221, 271, 289 Adventures with ul [Review] 291 Begonia semperflorens var. In- dianerin 34 Cascade ee 273 Lecture oreign gardens spo onsored by English Speak- ing Uni The peseestive propagation of Hippeastrums and certain other Amaryl ids. Vic sate Cruziani 935 Year-book of t Amaryl- lis Society Review] Al Exhibits 28 52, 75, 76, 88, 99, 121, 290 a 265 See also Display Bekibitions, Giside Hy aiea Exotic shrubs and trees naturalize in ‘the vicinity of New York 278 Florists Exchange 24, 50, 146. 196 eels oe [Review] 151 Flower Gro ae 67, 69, 243 Blowing lait . In door displays of 282 Foreign gardens, Lectures on 53 ee ag flora of British Hon- i George, Adventures of 71 Forsythia intermedia spectabilis 136 rles E. 104, 174 3 raxinus americana 205 Fritillaria mate 239 ritsch, F. Fuchsia 269; magellanica 103, Fulling, Edmund H. The sou thers trip of the Tor- rey Botanical Club 186 104 Fumago 231 Fungous diseases 29 unk, Henry 11 Fusarium 211-213 Gager, C. Stuart 48 Galanthus nivalis 239 x 188, 191 e gr reenhouse [Re- Gardens, Lilies Gardens, 239 for 129 Planting now for spring 300 Gaultheria 188 Gayluss catia baccata 252 Gentes Herbarum 27 Gentiana 175; lutea ae? ornata 175 Getitians [Review Geobotany, E: oe George, Rath Sinclair 84 Gifts 79, 102, 174 Gillenia 186 Glance at current literature 24, 48, 66, 118, 145, 170 195, 218, 242, 268, Gleason, H. A. 47, 48, 84, 120, 164, 169 A new book on pollen [Review] 1 Rogers’ Flowers of trees in book form [Review] 21 aD S Ye} Graham, Edward H. 173 Grand yon National ae His- torical Association 219 Grapes, Breeding for hardy seed- ess Graphium Ulimi 196 Grasses of Montana 287 oY Herbarium of Harvard Uni- rsity 70 n laurel [Review] 246 , Fleda 85 ae cee and 86 , ALJ. 6 Habenaria 42; aay 38 Hadland, Kenn anth: bert 70, 75, rep. *paring ‘an, exhib oi the ‘ite ycle of the Mycetozoa Hagenia abyssinic: aS Hahn, Glen Gai rane 27 Halesia gues ae 136, 137 Hamamelis | nica 136; a p A. eae Harris, Stuart K. 28 ee oe _ Simpson 63, 64 Hart, 1 W. 4 Hayfever, 7 Hayward, Wyndham 41 Health News a Heaton, I. W. mollis Hedychiw Helipter rum 127 elxine Soleirolii 101 Hemerocallis 80, 173 Hemp 110 Hepa’ fick 24, 42 pea 82, 148. See also Collec- Insect enemies recs eres 293 Hespers matronalis 171 Heuchera 186 Hibiscus syriacus 205 Hi alba 204; cordiformis 204; Walter R. New flower arrangements “Ukeview] 151 Hippeastrums Hitchcock, A. 283 Hitchcock, ee Spear 26 Homalosorus pycnocarpus 124 opeie, Milton ae Sir 7] Arthur F. Garden variety Horticultural ope 78 Horticulture 24, 51, 195 Houstonia 186; Se 188 Howe, aes shall A. 52, 65, 77, 115, 24 1 report of the Director 7 Chaplain Joseph Clemens 117 The garden dictionary [Re- view] 122 Howe, T. D. 28 Howell, J. T. 28 Hugeria erythrocarpa 256 Hybrids of a matis texensis 153 Hymenocallis Illustrated flora [of the northern ae States oe — |. 103 Iilu Hadi of [Re- ow Impatiens 2 roe displays of flowering plants Ingwersen, Will 244 International Congress of Compara- tive Hee zy 104 a 270; versicolor 270; gar eden a opyrum qandioe 147 Itea ilicifolia 25 Japanese beetle situation 193 Fersonia diphylla 171 Jenkins, Anna ae Jones, Dr. & M 28 Journal [of ane ae ee Botani- cal Garden] 84, 118, 171 7 fae be ime Island—I 201 Juniperus communis 251; sibirica 281 Jussiaea diffusa 41 Kan Bessie B. 104 eecpitig: E. Silver Dowding 149 Kelly, Rachel 198 Killip e P. 147 Kol. "b. Kolkw: a amabilis 137 C., The mush- Kruhm, Adolph, How to gro vegetables and berries [Review] Krukoff, Boris A. 15, 148, 221 Laboratories 82 Laelia Digbyana 287 Larix 71 Lawrence, Julia R. 174. See also Roberts, Edith Leaflets of Western Bot any 70 Lectures at the Ga ee acne 65; 283 Lectures on Gian "gardens spon- os by English Speaking Union Leiophyllum peo 190 Leonian, Leon How to delphiniums Review] 126 pena bicol ee ee 137 evin 147, grow e, Micha i wisia rediviva 2. rue Leaflets 171 11 Librat ary 88 Lichen | os of the eae States 287 Ligustrum acumini 205; ovali- folium "208 Lilies for gardens 1 Lilies in ie parden [Review] 176 Lilium 82, 129; abile 133; aura- tom. 131, 133", * Brown 133; canadense 133, 176, chalcedonicum + croceum 133; avidi 133; ele- ae im co Hansoni 133; Hen 133; tagon 133, 176; pardatinam eee philippinense oe gale 131, 133; speciosum 1 : “superbum 1 ne 176, 264; eaitoliees 133; t 132; tigrinum 131, 133, 149; . 10 Styraciflua 204 n Tulipifera 204 gene ferns and far glimpses [Re- Lo shinny, M. L. 174 Lonicera Morrowi 205 G L Lythrum 188 Moana 125 MacDou D. T. 220 MocDeneal T. 11 McKenna, Patrick J. 197 igger_and better roses [Re- view] ae Screw from Madagascar beanie. ait 214 The 1935 Chrysanthemum bor- der 1 McKenny, Margaret, The wild gar- den [Revie wl] 292 McLean, Foray T. 52, 65, 217, ee 283, 293 85, 149, A garden encyclopedia [Review]: 3 Illustrated flora of Hawaii [Review] 124 Trees of the Far West [Re- i 293 McMinn, H. E. 244 cMinn, war i velyn, An illustra ted fmanval of a Coast aa [Review] 293 ity Bose} Mada ae ser Meret oe ne stellata 137; stellata rosea 137; tripetala 47, iss Maino, Evelyn 293 Mallery, T. Nas 4. allia: 138; Malus 204; pumila Niedawetskyana 138; pur- yi 138; Sieboldii 138 les 201 ger and better 294 Marie-Victorin, "Trete 245 Marigold wilt 211 302 Markham, Ernest, Clematis ([Re- view] 175 Mathias, Mildred E. 75, 120, 173 Mead, Theodore L. 41 hibit flower show wins gold ‘medal for Garden 99 Meetings of scientists 104, 169, 198 Meissner, Charles 115 Memberships Menziesia pilosa 188, 190 Merrill, E. D. 28, 77, 76, 82, 84, 88, 89, 104, 117, 118, 121, 174, 243, 244, 270 Merrill, Joh Michigan Bae. Cate Bulletin 146 Microscope, Spen 52 Microscopical Society, New York 75 Milland, Maz Miller, Mrs. Dat eae See F cate Bulletin 6 Miyake, Kiichi 245 Moldenke, Harold N. 72, 83, 272, 2 Montagne, Henry de 196, Morus 267; ae "204, 267 ; rubra 204 Moss Flora of North Am aie 67 Mowbray-Clarke, Mrs. J. F. 115 Muller, Saha al Murrill, W. A. Muscari ae Museum and im 82 Muséum a Hicene Naturelle 49 Mycetozoa Mycologia 47, 77, 84 Myosotis 79 Narcis. Barrii 269; parabilis ; Leedsii 269 ational Hortetral Magazine 66, ee nate 13 Nat re ium 67, 172, 196 incom- Ne a 272 New spook on pollen [Review] 19 New books on the library shelves 70 ven affodils and how to use them New fellowship fund through addition to gift 102 New Flora and Silva 69, 170, 269 established Anderson New dia TReview] 73 New garden Tees New eae books ae England and America 22 New Jee * Kericultaval Experi- ment Station he e ork of Sciences 147 ew York ot ical Ga ae Buildings and g is 86 Chiryeanthernitim: eae 1, 291 Conference notes - 74, i49 Conservatory Ran; e No. 34, 79, 80, 86, "Tos, 174, 7103 197, 214, 215, 221, 265, 266; Courses of study 81, 114, 217 Dahlia oe at 79, 291 t 77 149, 174, 197, Exhibits 28, 52, 75, 76, 88, 99, 121, 290 Gifts 52, ie 102, 174 ae iouses 80 Grow Herbariue 15, 46, 51, 82, 104, 116, 121, 197 Horticultural | developments 78 s 89 Museum and herbarium 82 Myce 47, 77, 84 ‘American Flora 26, 75, 84 00 289 Quiside _extibitions 88 Photogeohic cepertmnent 85 Publications 8 Public educatio Hea Radio talks 7, 85, 129, 239 Rocky Mountain ‘expedition 192, , 289 Rose garden 79, 174 290 Seed exchange Thompson Mem Rock Gar- ae rial 0, 121, 185, 164, 290 Treasurer's rep 90 Trees and s habe 85 Works Progress Administration 86, 89, 96, 121, 193 York Horticuiturat Society Nei tletis 68 303 New York Microscapi iety Bulletin Fe Bical Seriets Shrubs and trees ‘hat ihe in the vicinity of 277 New York State Agricultural Ex- periment Station Technical Bulle- tins 68, 17 ‘ws, see Notes, ment Nintooa japonica 205 Ras ie 2. North American Flora 26, 75, 84, 149, ee and comment 26, 75, "104, 20, 148, news, and com- 51, 473, 197, 221, Notes on rust diseases of Semper- ivum her ornamentals: in vivum and ot the New York area 5: Note: _ bacterial ae fun- Nursery Disease Not Nyssa sylvatica 205 Oenothera 25 Ohio ‘Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion Bulletin 172 n J. 145 w 50, 287 0 Ortloff, H. Ste ses and Raymore, Her and succession the flower border view Ostrya virginiana 204 Otten, George, Tuberous-rooted be- gonias and their culture [Re- view 9 Oxalis 188 Oxford University, Imperial For- estry Institute 118 Oxycoccus 256 Pachypodium 17; namaquanum 16- 18 Padus nana 205; virginiana 205 Palmer, C. Mervin 244 Palmoxyton 234 Palms and aoe eee ic 60 Palms as indic of the maxi- mum water level, Pa 7 vars] oO q oO Parl t Parthenocissus quinqu A esi 205 Patholo r _ on Catherine Childs 70 ownia tomentosa 205 Peattie, Culross, Green laurels [Reve rw) 246 Peckham, Ethel Anson S. [Mrs. ts celer ee 52, 65, 216 daffodils and how to use ee em 105 Planting now for rate aie ennell, s W. 48 Pennsylvania “Departiveat of Agri- culture bulletin 25 spring gar- Pennsylvania rae a of Forests and Waters, 269 Pentstemon 11; ; canescens 186 Persicaria Pestalotis macrotricha 56 Piander, oe C. 65, 88, 217, 283 Phegopteris 124 Philadelp hia Academy of Natural Sciences 48 Philadelphus Co 204; gran- Phos 204 ; simalie 138 but ata Pho Phy ne logy ae 30-. See Richardiae 33 crassipes 35, 36 pungens 186; Di 69, 196, 287 Planting How nee spine gardens 239 ts 0: hsia gellanica now aretiable 1 Piants of the vicinity of New York fad latanus orientalis 229 Podocarpus Pogonia ophioglossoides 38 Politis, J. 104 ollen, A ne n [Review] 19 w boo Pollen in its Tee ‘o hayfever 177 oly oe stamineum 205, 2 Ported cordata 41 crassipes 35 Posi, ‘Leslie ‘opulus alba 204; deltoides 204; ndiden' Potentilla "fruticosa parvifolia 138; tridentata 188 P exhibit of the life cycle of the Mycetozoa 140 Primula 79; floribunda 74; kewensis 74; verticillata 7. Professional Gardeners, School for 84 Propagating house 79, 86, 103, 218 Prunus cerasus 205: domestica 205; Mahaleb 268; Maximowiczii 268 ; pennsylvanica 205 por a Public educa rie eae ot ycall 56 Pulsatilla 24 Pyrola 42 Pyrus communis 204; japonica 50 oe alba 169, 204; borealis 204; a 204; maxima 204; mon- a 204; pa alustris 204; velutina 2 + Quinn, Kathry: Quinn, Voriod, cae Their place in life and legend [Review] 248 Quint, I. “George, a in the ga den [Review] 1 Radio Garden Club - Radio talks 7, 85, 129, Rafinesque’s Ke ntucky a ade [Re- ‘2 Red azalea of "Black Mountain, Ken- tucky Reed, ” George M. 57. See also Dodge, B. O. Regan, Frank 114 Regional types of corn shown in exhi Report, ese 90 Report of the Director for the year 1935 77 Reports from St. Louis meeting of ALA, A, Reviews of recent books 122, 130, a 199, 222, 246, 291. See also Book reviews Ik or hexia virginica 171 hipsalis Cassutha 65 Rhododendron 199; calendulaceum 89; catawbiense 189; 191; da- huricum mucronulatum "138; ponicu m 56; maximum 1188, 189; ponticum 1 86: roseum 249, 251 Rhododendrons and azaleas [Re- view] 199 Rhus copallina 205; glabra 205; hirta 205 Richards, M. C. 28, 174, 244 Ries, Victor H., How to grow an- 1 Sala ow to grow per- ennial flow Plant Pruning ond. repair ng of trees, shrubs, and ornamentals [Review] 127 Rivista Italiana delle Essen. to gr Robinia ambig 205 ea Jr., John D. 78 Rocky ae expedition 192 Rogers, Walter E. 52 ow them [Review gua Pseudacacia i flowers of forest, park and eet TReview] 21 Rosa oie 8; damascena 288; es uy Rose, J. N. Rose nes 70, 174, 291 Ross, Malcolm N. eed reproduction of Shortia galacifolia 208 Horticultural Society Jour- 25 Rubus allegheniensis 204; rolin: anus 265; Enslenii 204; pean 204; occidentalis et ‘ostryifolius 204 Rubacer ee 208 R H. H. The Alphonso Wood her chariuiti 235 Rust diseases 54 Sabal Deeringiana 233, 235; metto 62, 63, 159, 231, 235° Saccharodendron barbatum 205 Sagittaria lac fois 38; latifolia 38 St. John, Harold 174 John, Robert a Pes ah ae . Louis mi S., Pal- alix babylonica 204; cordata 204 ambucus 188; can: nadensis 205 anguinaria canadensis 171 ansevieria aponaria 15 assafras oe 205 188. mati daffodils 269 eider, Hildegard 114 chieiner. Ernst J, 244, 291 out Carl 115 e 68 cieee cing Twenty-one gradu- 1 Scilla peraviana 101; sibirica 239 Scirpus validus 38, 41 Screwpines rom Madagascar bear- ing fruit 214 305 Seaver, Fred Jay 27, 47, 65, 83, 84, we bie 198, 217; 283 ooks or Tw mycologists [Re ew] 224 it 7 Seed distor 271, 289; ex- changes Sedum “ur: ; eee 147; 239 Seed Seduction of Shortia gala- . cae ia 208 Their place in life and legend [Review] ae Seidenfaden collection of Arctic plants Sempervivum, rust diseases of 54 tector Senecio 101; cruentus 101 Se L. D. ymour, E. Shade Tree Conference 49 renal Pas rd J. The book of the are fas ] 72 len one falacifolia 208 rubs, y-four choice orna- eel Be Shrubs and tr sha Exotic 277 Shuman, He Sibbaldiopss tridentata 251, 253 Sider n 62 Silene hc 48, 188 Silver medal 88 Sinnott, Edmund W. 115, Seal Jom, o 84, 124, 7 a migrants in the Ae Ge rden—VI_ 267 Epiphytic palms and cacti 60 Exotic shrubs and trees natural- ized in the vicinity of New ¥ 277 Ferns of the vicinity of New York [Review] 123 Gangsters among trees 158 Palms as indicators of the maximum water level 231 The jungles of Manhattan Island—I 20 The water-hyacinth as a time- clo volumes intended for Small be- ginners [Reviews] Smilax glauca 204: rotundifolia 204 Smith, a oS 26, 52, 65, 74, 83, 169, ee xan H, 120, 174 S aA. Sr hers, __16, 18, 78 Sorbus 188; Aucuparia 204 Sorensen, Margaret 84 Southern Appalachian Botanical Club Southern ae of the Torrey Botani- cal Club 1 Sparganium een 41 Spathoglottis 125 Spencer Lens Company Spige marilandica 171 - 28, 68, 175 ybrids of Clematis tex- ensis 15. ee 138; albiflora 138; Watsoni- 138 Spiranthes odorata pring gardens, he now for 239 Spring lectures at the Pr 635 apelia gigantea C Smithii 142; splendens Stewartia pentagyna 138; pentagyna grandiflora 138 Storm, Marian 50, Stout, A. B. 52, a 56, 80, 82, 97, 49. 149, 171, 173, 216, 221, 283; 290 Autumn coloration 7 Breeding for hardy seedless grapes 96 aia notes for Febru- Lilies for gardens 129 Structure and Peprodictian of the 1 Algae Seb huaag 148 a gardeners on exchange os work in New York and Te ndon 115 a "173, 198 tudy, ca ane of 217 siiaeas Budell, "Richa, The new garden [Review Sulzer, Mar: ae ie Norrell. House plants, modern care and culture [Review wi. a 26 Summe: ings of scientists 169 Swietenia "rule 120 Swift, Howard 53, 114, 115 Semel ‘OS ties Tagetes recs 31, 212; pa te Sel 117; signata pumila 306 He 114 im 192 Ta ylor, Norman 122, 123, 290 Teuscher, Henry 65, 74, 84, 85, 121, 245 Tw wenty- -four choice ornamental shrubs ae Thelin, Per H. 115 Thelypteris 124, 272; gongylodes 38 Tompson Memorial Rock Garden 80, 121, 149, 164, 291 ilia americana 205, 228-230; be- goniaefolia 225, 227; cor rdata 226, 227, 230, 231; euchlora 205, 227, 228 ; flaccida 229; floribunda 230: heterophylla 228, 229; Michauxii 205, 229; neglecta 205, 228; peti- olaris 230; platyphyllos 205, "326, 228, 229; rubra 225; rubra be- goniaefolia 225, 227; spect 229 ; eae ntosa "229, 230; vulga 231 eee 227, Tilden, Tae E. 71 Tilinghast Helen M. 290; First ook [Review] 176 Toro, ee A. 28 orrey Botanical Club, Southern trip of 1 Torreya 19 Townsend e ation to hey fe Traub, H : oe Treasurer's the year endin e. December x "1938 90 Trees ae shr ul Trees, Ginestsre among 158 Trichia persimilis 142, 143, 144 Tritonia 69 suga Saat 189, 204. 269; Tuberous ee [Review] 199 Twenty-one graduate from Science Course 114 Twenty-four shrubs 134 choice ornamental Ulmus americana 204; fulva 204; oe s Department of Agri- re Sere 145, 219, 269 United ae Forest Service 219 or: Uae oe ornia Press 270 nsough nture in the southern Cats itis: Urginea 23 Vaccinium 256, 261; angustifolium 252; cory mbosum 139, 140; hir- sutum 261; pallidum 260, 261; vacillans 252 Vancouveria hexandra_ 171 n Dersal, William R. 120 Van Waveren & Sons 107, 108 Varrelman, F. A. 244, 2 Vegetables at home [Review] 200 Vegetatt poe of Hippe- astrums and c other Amaryl- lids 12 Veratrum ae viride 188 loorn, Frans 244, 245 Verticillium 212, 213 7ibur: folium 205; Carlesii 140; dentatum 205; Henryi 25; olium 20 prunifoliu 5 Victoria Cruziana 265; regia 81, 74, 221, 265, 267 Villadia albiflora 117 Vitis argentifolia Labrusca 205; vinifera 96, \Wahl, Herbert 28 W alden, Danie oy 84 Local ferns Ee far pete | Wallia nigra 2 Ward, F. Kingdon 148, 174 Water -hyacinth asa time- clock 35 Waterlilies 174 W ‘atkins, John V. 198, 244 243, 244 ‘4 glimpses Weidner, Rober Veikert, Rosalie Weiss, Harry Rafinesque’s Ken- ew] 247 A. Principles er arrangement [Review] 131 Wi ite, Orland E. 244 — W. Lawrence 75, 104, 173, ee Wilder, Lou Beebe, Adventu with’ ne “bulbs [Review] 201 ee a Beebe 291 Wilkie, David, Gent Hee [Review] 175” Williams, R. S. 84 83 "lectures at the Garden 283 Four seasons in With our tote 14, 46, 116 Wittrock, G. L. 307 Nee R, P. struc and Pieanene and medicine [Re- view ic wind-borne pollen in its relation to hayfever 177 n 115 Herbariam: The Alphonso Woodsia obtusa 124 Woodward, Carol H. 27, 73, 84 Glance at current literature 05, 118, 145, 170, 195, 218, 2 A mis: Pane in ferns [Review] 128 Clematis for everyone [Review] Delphinium culture [Review] 126 For children and other begin- ntians fi the hundred [Re- view] 175 On house plants [Review] 292 ow to raise gourds [Review] 176 Lilies in the garden [Review] 176 New gardening looks from England | and America [Re- views Not for adi eo) ae On how to create a [Review] 2. Plants ite 126 cover [Review] plants outdoor f all volum ginners Dana 125 ing — ‘em ent Vegetables at home [Review] 201 Works Progress Administration 86, 89, 96, 121, 193 cals of Agriculture 243 Year-book of the Amaryllis Society, 1935 41 Zea Mays 284 Zirkle, Conway 28 PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United Sete and Canad: 5 10) Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown. ee eatiiees iuine Be etions aye illustrations of 4,666 eee: ree edition, re- ed. Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central Nort th America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and 601 figures. age Price, "33. 50 postpaid. f Plants of the Vicinity of New York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages. 1935. $1.65. Flora of Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages a Bei ee figures. 1918. ook of General ickencieey) by Albert Schneider. 230 pages: 76 panes tbe $2.50. Mycologia, bimonthly, illu strated in color and otherwise; devoted is fungi, seal lichens, containing technical Piles and news and note of general interest. $6.00 a year; single copies $1.25 ea Now in ae twenty-eighth volume. Twenty -four Year Index Moline. $3. 00 in paper, 0 in fabrikoid. Addisonia, semi-annu devoted Se Oy to colored plates accom- panied by popular eee aan of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in ea ume. Siheeintion price, $10.00 a volume (two years) N ered in exchange.] Now in its nineteenth volum No eric a escriptions ild plants of mer- ica, including Greenland, the poe plnaics, and Ce 1 America. Planned compl me to consist o r or more parts; 81 fo parts now issued. Sapecrintigg patel $1.50 per bart a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2.00 each. [Not offered in exchange.] Brittonia. local plants occurring within ore hundred miles of Ue ses of New York, is An herbarium, eeome ane. more than 1,800,000 epetinena of American ae foreign spec xploration in “Tiffer ent parts of the United States, the West Indies, eons and South America, for the study and collection of the character- istic flora. ientific research in laboratories and in the field into the diversified problems fo} a t life. otanical and Bosiculiural literature, comprising nearly 45, $00 none etl numerous pene phlet: Public lecture vant a bo tanical and horticultural topics, continuing WESRERERE the: EB fiinis winter and sprin; Publications on botanical subjects, partly of technical scientific, and partly of popular, interest. he aor eee oe eae children and be pepe: through the above fea- tures and the of free information on botanical, horticultural and ged subjects. he een | is fe te upon an ann nual appropriation by the City of © New York, private benefactions, and membership fees. Applications for membership are always welcome. he classes of membership are Fellowship Mer 100 Member fo 250 Fellow for Life 1,000 Patron ,000 00! B Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. Bequests may we mi ages a the form of Beg urities, money or additions to the collections. The following approved form of bequest If heveee bequeath 0 The New Yor. Bis Botanical Goat LA: under the Laws of New , Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum Conditional beasts may be made with dicomie Raa ® donor or any design: ae beneficiary during his or her lifetim Fel wships or BRS i either in petperaien or limited to a definite period may ie established for practical student-training in horticulture or for botan- search. All requests for further information should be sent to — New York BoTaNIcaL GARDEN Bronx Park, — York, N. Y. (ForpHaM Brancu Post OFFICE) (1) ite ie eaty eleselet4 4949 ee yet Vplvistasthy °? ' ’ ' ' ° tityt ; — pons ee he's eee t pele? . ! Pretatat !, it Lilaetet tee . tie te tt aie sh etee My eres tee be eieet sper ebecate seme tee ‘“* fo Se were beart os poses yeeros ee ees - sector soseee pose belies oe eesel? viele these ' ae ts 74 . se tele te eee wr bhereennade ‘ te ‘ . om 23 2s2Sss2 rover ete Beeseser sss = roe peers rs) pas sees Vases = ene lereste oe - . : er re rns Sree overs thel, i att = 3-3-3 3->, oc eres os Sesese sss <_<... ~ ete eoee eo ore e4e% eegine ritet, 8t3 ; ’ i + retelt Pet ‘J i Sasrd : ere trette . ! op etee ee . ote eee sia ee elelaie Poo Sese srs = ar eee ayere r * eT) ‘ an terre ere o ooalt : i ia eo ¢ 333332 35335: 3t3¢: Sie sceses sere on lenene { ofptebs hie ran) -s- ts = S pos =i- =ene foes as vers 7S lee <> ty ers >? woes ones 73-2 oreo econo = ease ele set pores ors preree St ot) roe oe ne od atest es pS acete= = rors ere r eta ee enone te pee Se St OS St Se Se Seed & t= 07? 4 = o+ sist: — ole yf 3; 3 Serrey $ - . . - 2 aor oe weet aie ~ . se rere ag b oy pintel tit tr ss snttt bel ” “9 tee “ ant . 30%. SSS zs<7 eseseots Sosesets etststet peSestst ; ere e-o-* poesesess = ate - one rors poss — - i ’ > votes ee ee set er eee S23e3e7 co - ° $8.3 t. eee Oiele er Rieter ete poheee ae .o+< oe =. be =e . =. -*- r - ——s . 4 ve ess e~ oe Seors sess tet es = = coos é tis. na =o > — oe te ee OO el > ®4ses oe ee aed Th eres st Pew eree ee Se te oa eee eee. ee ee ° -_* areese tes: os 3°: ~ 35> ee —eee | sees rarer ae ee Se ad $353 eres & oe 32 ps os oe Ss See oe | cane poo seeeees or >e' oto oe Sooe 62 O- Or 5° eS o--.---- piste tists Ter eee sttscsess se ro rs ; 4 t Stee can Firs at esecen ee eee Soe aoe meee $32s°3e3 = "ef > = Oe wee met Ss ee = wereeres Ieee toe PY posers Say * t. <35a— Sette tetee S339 te. > eeaeeeaet sooo Sot So te rye fet ee FS Es eee -o 6 $356 2S0 Ss oe oeers b4 + +--+ asces rsests ss = > b Ses: — elelele 7 > afar -os2eee- ree St bt eases spetest < se omar e < a be z s-tse5s or ee = “efi fit z poe Ss 25 Teteler + wee wea Se Ss-eos) +s . oo, 07> + oe ov o- On o~ + oer er cee = ver ereearerae sf rH . lee eee werent eltheae , ele eee enige ; } ’ peeree . eee be eoereret ee ee a) , -+ #0 “ , . ie e- — po. eer . e + 26 aor . ; _ e + writs ' aa - - ; . . ee . . wees Te 2eet eee eee =< os see see rer ere 72> SoS SScex Sesrecs peptotee ed Poeteotees 2s eee Peer en) peresyro—-c— setts es Se Sear ee ot Totesss- see Sesesee te erate elepsee rates eet $e >: Perot ett ba) peeorse eo ‘alesse te: “etalete en trate ee eee ~~ oie eo oe setae *: pore see or ee Seas’ +2327 ae . + * . jae si are ee rae . so — Se ' ielales eelner ve © Poreeaen ines opt aor f ‘te ee Lelelyieteteletotets 2h ’ } ' sere ee bhenede Pats eo the otha’ Bi + yiele ss ose prev el- 2 et ‘et el tote 0323 Poe San ee feretereg sis > = =< tos ees Poe se eee sa eee Seer. er tel sts pepecereosy= - ee ned = Tera oe ee oe S33-336-- 32373 = Sots aeeekd soe a eco Sc isese.es* aie ce aa Sart ot Shad rewres Sts * Ppeed et ot Pourer ee Pt or) poe are ee ST aoeered ee Secs STS STE + 53s-2e Se oe. ese Rsaseveres ry (ones esrsere Peer se see Parsee = J: => : passese ete ete se Paar ne So oe +=- fete oer ee oe oo < ror ers areas . rors eae + te heres hh eee pein Pa +) an stelelondtatt er er ere te elae ts ee 4 ‘ etetee a4 >-s + pete + te ee cre ote swe vet ; soe . os brass ° . . . any if eth ues ; BUNS RE Hse sh a ; eit CSTR Re Us lag ke I * he oi. ; Ne Te hagta ole SS \ Fy es : Pear A aa ge Pics? eRe ee st: ; , ae | ee ees See 8 rise TTMTMPLE A MLE) PE LEP DH . 5 - - f % she ct We Ut 4 $e rl same a” . > i, ek f “ TRAE TSS RE AU ATA RS REARS a Tenia nnnnnd pone eines DimsnEaba agente ibis pani Sts ser f rit} ? Hist: s ht Hf } aatstatiesas ree . i f ifr . adatete! Settheet halt)» ¢ : SP : eS i4 Pele up 3 t nil EEE Ma TT TTF! ene Hs BD brane tt dati r ve P 4 Hil ifit i With | isi tH Hi) Hie 4 teeta ptetete ite Setatests it ast hi CPESEPUT PTA TAT ree agate ger es bE TPRRES ES PELs ta td Ei HAN E \, at Yi Shin had : ry } OBIS, rp = STE vee setae, aad z rae Cae ie “de Sar aoe heres 2. \ ati “ih eo Kae on 3 Re ah fenee ayers His ter a Poa tai 14, ted ws my Nese t ts Pind on ee er nee se east aa Pre he AEA a - Aye va wy | eg tie bin ¥ ‘ Se my . in ‘ A ek eat : hiss ‘ a" p Bt ew “ie \ , ; a Cas TUG phe De a et OE TEE, er. © ewe Le Cae A A re re se ee reese JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CAROL H. WOODWARD EDITOR e\y WN \ Sey Key) VOLUME XXXVIII 1937 Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y. ay >a 4 (3 | FF wt € \ co V. 3% ‘a o00000000050000008n00900005850000959000000000 25 In Memoriam, Marsh all ANS TOW Sinead sist gldinia nim ms oy aeielaieamanraminep rer: 31 Report of the Rocky Morne Bgecisonel Aste See ioemonicac oon 32 Historic Volumes Deposited in Library..................0eeeeseeeeeee 42 A Glance at Current Literature..............0..cceee eee e cece eee eeee 43 / Notes, News, and Ganment AS LAER RSTeR TIA CIACOREE SINR ERIS DEES ES 45 Reviews of Recent Books.............. cece cece eee e cc e eee e eee eenes Y No. 447. Marcu : Facts and Fancies about our Royal Palm.................2.-+++++++> 49 ) Gitus ae se on. ten daizonpExhibiteaeeemonacenGnenameenncaacn 58 Hee sn 3) To) CNW, Davilili@simacacane sanoboce coro corn sone a noeEewerscTmakaar 60 Oreate mee in aC WorkiiGitysaseater aasoomeocmencmacdsod cee neon 62 ; VGOlOPIA “santa sama cacwardaceribaoecaackiommmecki aoe sce aoecisec sane ae 64 A Gere gue (Chiparemt? IOSRMENAS cap 0ogaccoac00coac000000000000a00000 65 Spring Lectures at the Garden............... 0. ccc e cece cence eee e eens 68 | Notess News, and! (Gomments.95 5. .55ceeasooe sees seas ae see aelons ae 69 Reviews of Recent Books............0cec cece cece sec ec eee teens 70 | No. 448 Apr | Observations of Paseney s eras Hybrid Azateas and Their Allies.. 73 \ Stephen G. Cutting Chose eke CAINE W SCH nOn SORE R en aae 79 rd AbeonaEY Vint He °G Bree eds re rs at gar aMT Bpe a 79 Report of the Deputy Director for OSG eas ceayatsn MeO RO cenae Report of the Tear fOrlO86 ss hasad sence nen omaio ssonionneeeeras 92 | At the New Yor TUSHO Wesco sson Jd eoekece es ommeaa oes one 98 | Easter Display at the Garden................ 0. cece eee cence eee eee 99 } Honorary Scroll Presented to Dr. Small....................50..005% 99 | ae Janes Beetle and Iris Rhizome Rot...................eeeeeees 100 | News, amd) Comirneitisocoscco000cauceccoc0000c0a0000G000000000 101 Revieus of Recent Books\.j.5ccccnaouardasmsmdowse smeriecaomecasnnes 102 No. 449 May ARockelGandemk Vel asca stab tsnciercta Grace si leie eae Teva cst Ree can eur ia 105 Simple Program for Disease and Pest Control in Gardens........... 106 Western Plants in Eastern Rock Gardens.............-::00+eeeeseeee 109 llecting Eeacurseus for My nornpcetes Ea rar aaa ae uae PO ca A RRC ope 112 Exhibit of Fungi at Paris World’s Fair..........-......esseeee eee 115 Some of the Plaats to be Seen in the Tica Memorial Rock Cases i During: May? icacedcatsiand casas ogo eee mala oelsttnnermemesicces 116-117 } P ssor C. Conzatti: a _ Appreciation: SENG aan aRONEe ate stearate 118 Ten Complete Science Course..........2.0.eeec cee c cere eset e erect es 121 Corn Products Shown in New xhi bi taacic sae cet ann to oa os 123 Notes, News. and Comment...............0..0.ecce cece cece ecseeceeee 124 | Reviews of Recent IE oLa) aR ISO NEE SE OES EO O EM ecm aot on monee 125 | No. 450 lone | Wintersint (Oaxaca tmnsaicicietorigs ciciiariacia bei Sree inniaote soerancita ens 129 | Hin, the Nuxteca's yas Ae wancs ese aaamen eee renee ee uE hes 140-141 Me Sypris WW MOOG cono9000c0000000000900G0000000GG0000000000000 144 | vi vii CONTENTS The Public Display Garden of Daylilies..................ceeece eevee 147 Revie ews) of Recent Books) jane ace cic cia dcicie amelie soll eeiieioei sl srafolorereis 149 A Glance at Current ee eC HIN nc tin cban saaso Sao MO MeTOGES OS 151 0. 451 Jury ene in Oaxaca (Continued) Si ae ARR ria Ens Sinai ane HRA aEGE ne 153 n the Country of the Mihis.................ceecseeeeeecceececes 164-165 y-rot Disease of Onnnts inate POUIRIO E Gi SIND ONE TAO RI SCOR Maes Reviews of Recent Books.............ccceeencceeeeeceeseseceeeecees 173 Notes, News, and Comment............:.ceeeecce eee ece scenes e teens 176 No. 452. Aucust “The Largest Flower in the World”..............-...eeeceeeeeeeeee 177 The Cultivation and Development of Amorphophallus titanum........ 181 m Tropical Mountain Slope to Northern servatory..........00- Amorphophallus titanum: The Story of its Inflorescence.......... 189 88 Notes on the Physiology and Morphology of Amorphophallus titanum.. 190 ome Observations on Flower Behavior in Amorphophallus titanum.... 19 No. 453 SErpTEMBER The Becisteal Mushroonlaacnacesanemeceocion asses ic benncecceOe Taner 201 The Jungles of aehattaa IGE ile aeons caecconinesacodcdcras 208 Some ee of the Japanese Beetle Eanes Dehn GARI COR eee 217 Autumn Lectures at the Garden.............00ceeeceecc estes eeereees 219 Two New Gardening Courses Annoiced Sate pene ae tal sienna 220 Pelargoniums and Begonias for quetapatcn SOC C ceCOGoRODood ene 221 New Expedition to South America......5..........0cce eee e essere ees 222 Notes, News, and Comment... .......... cece e cece eee e rere rere seenee 222 Reviews of Recent Books. 05.52... .ccce sence nee wens os nie sls oes 223 Octo Training of Student Gardeners at The New ‘Yo ork Botanical Garden.... 225 S ner: Recondbaucstic oats salsa omane amie myonreareisinisrereenelers Some New Hybrid Lilies of Promise.................eeeeeceeees eens 230 Plant Hunting at Home for Fruit Growers..............0..eeeesseees Preparing Roses for an Autumn Display of IBYOYeo oo ubgG000G00a00K000 Some of the Best the Fall Blooming Roses at ihe Botanical Garden 236- Be Report on the (Oo IMIoynebiN Iitsay 5 googgo0p00000000000000000000000 239 Glance at Gusset itenatunekccusaseongewae Mormon anchmaremacs 241 Reviews of Recent Books.........:..cccecccce ect e eect eee e nee eecees 243 Notes, News, and! Comment...........0.c0eseveeser eee sete eee e eee 247 No. 455 NoveEMBER ee J. pobbins Comes to the Garden as Director................. 249 Sarah H. ILfiEIBe ML, INGER oo co0000c0000000005000000000000 252 Elizabeth é ue all "Beco omes Librarian for the Garden...............-- 253 Chinese Vegetable Foods in New Yo Ee GN et elec ta meee oe ee pa 254 New Dahlia Honors Dr. M. A. Howe..............---cceercceeeees 257 Rice (Oryza sativa .)—The Wo dla ioreree Grorlecuon occ mutano codon 258 Growing Rice near Soochow, China, in the See Valley........ 260-261 Autumn is the Time to Dig the Garden—And Dig it Deeply......... 264 A Glance at Current Literature.............c.seseeeeeeeteescccccees 270 Notes, News, and ere SOG OTTO OSG DL OIDTT AS maaan Oard HOBO 271. 0. 456 DECEMBER Joseph R. Svan Chosen as ae of the Botanical Garden......... 273 Trees in urea Be Re I areas erence eke ae MeN Aner ann Te We tant tm ia ara 5 274 ue otes, News, an : | | COVER ILLUSTRATIONS 1937 Anemone occidentalis in Fruit, Glacier National Park January . Pelargonuun echinatwm, Now in Bloom in Range Leceecccsssenmnnrnen February Springtime Display of Easter Lilies in Conservatory Range No. 1.......March Horticultural Varieties of Ranunculus April Springtime Scene in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden May A Ford on the Rio Atoyac near Oaxaca June Palm-trees (Brahea ee in ee near San Lorenzo de Albarradas, -State July AGornoshaltts titanum as it Sele June 9, with. Some of the ardening Staff Looking on August Museum Building at The New York Botanical Garden September Mrs. Sam cae ee ee Tea Rose, Photographed in September by Fleda Griffith October A New Dahlia, oe Marshall A. Howe” November . Black Oak (Quercus vehuitina) in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden December EDITORIALS 1937 Exploration January Scientific Research : February The Herbarium March The Library April The Thompson Memorial Rock Garden : May The Outdoor Floral Displays June Forests of the Botanical Garden July Plant Pathology August The Museum Building. September Periodicals October The Botanical Garden’s Books November Lectures and Courses : December vill Vov. XX XVIII JANuarRy, 1937 No. 445 JOURNAL f THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN € te cf Puke Anemone occidentalis in fruit, Glacier National Park. Published monthly by The New York Botanica] Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York . Y., as second-class matter, Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free’ to members of the Garden JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor JANUARY, 1937 REPORT OF THE Rocky Mountain Expepition—I. Edward J. Alexander VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF DaYLILIES A. B. Stout Every GARDEN MEMBER TO RECEIVE ADDISONIA STAFF MEMBERS SPEAK AT ATLANTIC City WitH Our COLLABORATORS W. H. Camp Lewis RUTHERFURD Morris WILLIAM HENRY CARPENTER Notes, News, AND COMMENT REVIEWS OF RECENT Books EXPLORATION The sciences acy both botany and horticulture are served by exploration such as that which is sponsored by The New York Botanical Garden. being discovered and made known to the scientific world. Each one of these has been a contribution to the greater understanding of the science of botany-—revealing new relationships between plants, divulging varia- tions in their species, ems problems of ecology (their habitat and its eet) of morphology (their structure), genetics (their inheritance), oe taxonomy (their classification). more ne years, ee has played an increasingly important eee in expeditions sent out by the Garden—in to the southern Appalachians, 0 1936 to ae Rocky Mountains. As a result, scores if = hundreds of heretofore little known plants are now ae tested in man Bees for agate garden use. Collaborators of The New York Bo mated Garden in many parts of the world are also enna sending back speci- mens, both for botanical use and horticultural t Each expedition in turn has been made Bonen oy special contributions for the purpose of exploration, offered by men and women who under- stand that today’s scientific discovery becomes tomorrow’s useful knowledge, and that today’s collection of plants will enrich tomorrow’s gardens. JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vot. XXXVIII January, 1937 No. 445 It is with great regret that we record the death, on Decem- ber 24, of our Director, Dr. Marshall A. Howe. An account of the life and achievements of Dr. Howe will appear in an early number of this Journal. REPORT OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN EXPEDITION I Responding to the keen interest evinced in recent years in alpine plants of the Rocky Mountains for rock-garden use in both America and Europe, The New York Botanical Garden in the summer of 1936 sponsored a seed-collecting expedition in the West.* Selecting as direct a westward route as possible, we left New York in a well-packed truck during the hot spell of early July, and in less than two days crossed New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Then for five days we rolled across the plains. Five long hot days they were, the only scenery being burnt grass, a few scorched weeds, and many bare stems where crops and weeds would be but for the all-devouring grasshoppers. Grasshoppers, yes—they were all too present, constantly splattering themselves on the windshield or sides of the car, and frequently landing in our faces or laps, and at night we took a whisk-broom and brushed their burnt remnants from the radiator, thereby making room for more. The temperature registered in the towns around us was from 108 to 118 degrees, a burning heat with no trace of humidity—tike a * The expedition ores of H. Everett and the writer, with nye student gardeners, Stephen G. Gauibe and Martin J. Crehan, serving a: assistants during se aoe ae iods. The trip was made possible through a limited syndicate, the members of which receive a pro-rata share of the of horticulture Cae several botanical and horticultural institutions) in merica and Eur 2 furnace blast. Our one pleasant sight on this part of the journey was a series of ponds filled with American lotus, Nelumbo lutea, near the Mississippi River in Illinois just before we crossed into Jowa. On the sixth day in extreme southwestern Nebraska we came to our first interesting plants, the large white-flowered Argemone intermedia, and the bush morning-glory, Ipomoea leptophylla, Ficure 1. A prickly beauty of the Cheyenne plains—Argemone hispida. easily recognized by its long linear leaves. Shortly afterward we found several large fields of Eustoma Russelliiamun, a handsome relative of the gentians. On some low hills nearby we collected seed of the gray-leaved dwarf crucifer, Lesquerella ludoviciana. We crossed the Wyoming state line, and before long the first ridges of the Rockies showed faintly in the distance, the range broadening slowly until it formed the entire western horizon just efore we arrived at Cheyenne. Outside of Cheyenne was obtained seed of a densely cushioned Arenaria with loose heads of white flowers. Near town we found our first Eriogonum, an attractive one with six-inch flower-stalks topped by bright yellow umbels. ee eT eee Be 3 Here also was a white Argemone, A. hispida, by far the finest we ever saw, its blue leaves and snow-white flowers startlingly beauti- ful in the early morning light, but the entire plant was armed with dense thorns of assorted sizes which were painfully annoying when the plant was handled. Farther out of town in a gravelly gully we obtained seed of Scutellaria Brittonii, a large-flowered dwarf species. Now we started the slow uphill grade of the first range of the Rockies, the Laramie Hills. Several stops were made for notes and specimens, and a number of plants in flower were recorded for later seed collections. At the summit of the range we stopped for the night and next morning went into a nearby glen to see what sort of region we were in. Many thickets of Puwshia triden- tata, Ribes inebrians and Jamesia americana were there, and we collected seed of the two former, the Jamesia being just past flower. Purshia is a shrub 2 or 3 feet tall, belonging to the Rose Family. It has an angular spreading form with small three-partite leaves, and is covered in season with small light-yellow flowers. Jamesia is a member of the Saxifrage Family, forming a dense rounded bush with small obovate leaves and many terminal clusters of white flowers. From the summit lookout tower could be seen the Medicine Bow Mountains back of Laramie, and to the south the main chain of the Rockies culminating in Rocky Mountain National Park, both ranges still well streaked with snow banks. Since the Medicine ows were nearest, there we headed, descending first to the Laramie Plains where we found several colonies of the little white-flowered, narrow-leaved and cespitose Penstemon exilifolius still in bloom, and in the foothills of the mountains a fine purplish- red Oxytropis in full flower. We pitched camp at about 9,000 feet elevation in the pine forest. Along the road winding to the top of the range, we collected seed the next day of Corydalis aurea, . a..low-growing, perpetually, flowering plant, but.apparently only an annual. Higher up were several colonies of Alluun brevisty- lium, a handsome rosy-purple-flowered species which at a distance appeared like a long-stemmed Armeria. Before long we entered the zone of subalpine meadows and here saw our first example of their riot of flowers. All around were splashes of the rich cream color of Eriogonwm subalpinum and of the blue and purple of Penstemon procerus and P. Whippleanus. Interspersed were the 4 tall slender stems of Calochortus Gunnisont, each topped by a white and lavender cup. In the boggy sections we first saw Pedicularis groenlandica and Gentiana elegans. ll of these plants were to be our constant companions at subalpine elevations. On the open stony flats just below timberline we made our first acquaintance with Geum turbinatwm, that prime pioneer plant of the central Rockies, with ferny leaves and golden flowers, which manages to find a foothold any and everywhere and to survive through all competition and hardships. On these flats, seed of Lewisia pygmaea, dwarfest of its genus, was collected. The exceedingly handsome, bright purple dwarf Erigeron simplex, then in flower, was noted for future collecting. Descending to our camp, we found along the way the dark blue Delphiniwm Barbeyi and the handsome lavender-pink Eiigeron elatior, both too large for rock-gardens, but with splendid promise as border plants. Returning to Laramie, we went south into Colorado, finding along the way our first colony of Penstemon wnilateralis, a tall blue or purple species, worthy as a border plant. Arriving at Love- land, Colorado, we went up the tortuous windings of Big Thomp- son Canyon to Estes Park, and up the Trail Ridge road to near timberline, where, in order to see the alpine flora, we ascended a grassy ridge rising above treeline. Climbing along a line of melt- ing snow-banks we found Sedum integrifolinm, a dark-red- flowered succulent of no special garden merit but interesting, and right against the melting snow, hundreds of flowers of that most glorious of American buttercups, Ranunculus adoneus, its two- inch cups of gold set above thread-cut leaves. All over the upper ridge were great quantities of the cespitose Trifolium dasyphyllium, its white and pink heads dotting the landscape. Our next objective was Longs Peak in the souifheasienn corner and the highest peak in the Park. At the inn at its foot, we were told that six to eight hours was average time for the round trip. That time, however, was for the hiker whose only objective is the 14,255-foot summit, not for the botanist whose interest is in every plant along the way. Little new was seen below timberline, but immediately above it Nature strove for effect. It seemed that over every rock was draped a plant of Potentilla fruticosa, and under the edge of each rock was a mat of Saxifraga austromon- tana, At one place everything seemed smothered with Eriogonum xanthum, at others Dryas octopetala or Erigeron melanocephalus r i ii “i Ficure 2. Mid-July in the Wyoming Medicine Bows. Here the high alpine ridge is seen rising above the flower-adorned subalpine flats. ran riot, with the golden flowers of Geum turbinatiwm omnipresent and always a fine sight. Large mats of Salix petrophila spread over the moist banks, and as we rose higher, the low golden tuffets of Tonestus pygmaeus and Tetraneuris lanigera, both desirable composites, dotted the alpine flats. High up on the shoulder of ongs Peak is a nearly level flat where tumbled masses of huge boulders slow down one’s progress: The Boulder Field it is called, and under the rocks one hears the constant purr of invisible water. Among these apparently barren rocks are frequent tus- socks of grass and sedge and in these tufts are occasional plants of Saxifraga chrysantha, its golden cups held up to greet the passerby, who, upon looking more closely is surprised to see flecks of blood in its heart. Here also grows that tiniest of American campanulas, Campanula uniflora, with a single nodding indigo- blue flower, and an occasional plant of Gentiana prostrata, its clear cerulean flowers closing at the lightest touch. Our notes made, we departed to visit Pikes Peak, more than a hundred miles to the south, near the town of Colorado Springs. Piles Peak is nearly 150 feet lower than Longs, its bulk is more 6 easily accessible by reason of an auto road, and certain desirable plants grow there in greater profusion. On the way up we found large patches of Penstemon alpinus and of the silvery leaf- rosettes of Physaria didymocarpa, each one surrounded by a ring of inflated pinkish seed-pods; but the real beauties did not start until just below timberline. While waiting for our engine to cool, we wandered away to explore an interesting-looking cliff. Be- tween the stones of its talus-slope and all up into the lower crevices were colonies of the cerise-flowered Boykinia Jamesu. In a meadow nearby was a small colony of Penstemon Hallu, a dwarf rosy-purple one that should be a prize. Higher up on the cliffs a small amount of seed of Aquilegia saximontana was found. Taking the tortuous road to well above timberline, we parked to explore an inviting ridge and deep valley. Almost at once we found quantities of the very dwarf Thlaspi coloradense, Trifolium dasyphyllum and T. nanwm, the last a completely prostrate plant with two- to three-flowered heads of rosy purple. On the far side of the ridge we were astounded to find drifts of Savifraga chrysantha and Silene acaulis all in between the rocks; pink and yellow are not supposed to combine well, but Nature follows no rules and here was a job any gardener would have been proud to call his own. Down into the valley we went, and found it a veri- table alpine garden. Scattered over the slopes were drifts of Campanula rotundifolia var. petiolata, and Androsace carmata, whose tiny rosettes look like some saxifrage until the fragrant white, yellow-eyed flowers appear. The moist pockets and flats were filled with Swertia scopulina, a dull-blue-flowered relative of the gentians, and Sedwm rhodanthuwm with terminal spikes of light pink. Returning to the road, we examined some nearby wet flats where Caltha rotundifolia grew, and found quantities of that tiniest of American primroses, Primula angustifolia, with one solitary flower on each of its several stalks. ue to the lateness of the hour, we returned to Colorado Springs and came back in the morning to try the higher slopes. The higher we went, the more plentiful became Sawtfraga chrys- antha; all apparently barren slopes seemed covered with it until at about 13,500 feet it abruptly stopped. Just below the summit cone we walked off to explore the apparently barren slopes above the “Bottomless Pit.” They were all covered with Mertensia alpina, a dwarf, nearly prostrate plant with intense blue, forget- Ficure 3. Looking up Chasm Gorge to rae Peak three miles away. This fovenine mountain, sya here s 3,000 above the apparent base at the head of the gorge, mn Raeey Micon Noon 1 Park, Colorado, one of North America’s meet and most rugged alpine regions me-not-like flowers; Eritrichiwm argenteum, with silver-haired foliage and deep blue flowers; Saxifraga chrysantha and S. flagel- laris; Trifoliwm nanum and Claytonia megarrhiza, this last a great disappointment after seeing its Lewisia-like foliage to find that 1t bore only small white flowers with pink veins. Leaving the Pikes Peak area behind we now turned toward the Hoosier Pass region in the great gold-mining district, for here we had been told was one of the best alpine regions in Colorado. At Woodland Park just north of Pikes Peak we obtained seed of Thermopsis divaricarpa, a foot-high plant with short wands of golden flowers. Then started a wild ride across the mountains to the town of Fairplay. A violent rainstorm came up, and through many a puddle we splashed, even going off the road on the slippery clay, until we finally seemed to reach the end of the world. The road ahead ended in a blind mist . . . South Park, a sign read— and we knew that below us lay that great intermontane valley, into which the slippery road zigzagged. Through the town of . } . . ! rae ee 8 Como we splashed only to emerge and enter another puddle— Fairplay. Peering through the driving rain we found an auto camp, and stopped to rest our bedraggled bones and clothes for the night Up early the next morning we watched the mists rise from the encircling peaks and then started for Hoosier Pass six miles away. In the valley beyond the town of Alma we stopped to admire the deep blue spikes of Aconitwm Bakeri and numerous patches of Dodecatheon, as well as an attractive Antennaria with silvery- yellow flower heads. On top of Hoosier Pass a driving hail storm forced us to return to Fairplay, where we inquired about the habits of the weather. “Oh, it has been raining every afternoon for two weeks,” was the answer, and we knew then we must get into the pass and out before noon in order to locate our plants. Late that afternoon, a lull in the rain allowed us to take a short trip to the west of town, where we found large colonies of Kentrophyta aculeata and saw the finest patch of Pedicularis groenlandica we were ever to see—a ten-acre meadow one solid sheet of rose-purple. The next morning we started out at daylight and went straight to Hoosier Pass. The day before, as we ascended, we had noticed the side valley out of which tumbled the new-born waters of the South Platte, and to that valley we turned our attention. Look- ing far up to its head, we could see the gray stone walls of the 14,000-foot range guarding the west side of the pass and rising well above it. We parked our car in a pasture at the foot of the valley and, setting out on foot up an old mine road, soon began to find things. First was a small patch of Saxifraga Hirculus, each of its six-inch stems topped by several golden flowers. Next was a patch of the rose-colored Alliwm Geyeri. Erigerons of many species were all about, most beautiful of all being the same lavender-pink one we had previously seen on the Medicine Bow. As we approached timberline the silence was broken by the howl- ing of coyotes whose dens were in the cliffs above us. The tim- berline meadows were a mass of white with the golden-centered chalices of Caltha rotundifolia and the smaller white and dark- streaked bells of Lloydia serotina. Everywhere were great clumps of Castilleja lauta, its beautiful rose-colored bracts making one wish the plant’s parasitic tendencies did not prevent its becoming a garden embellishment. Climbing still higher along the rocky stream-banks we found the rocks draped with the golden flowers of Mimulus guttatus. E 4. The wet alpine flats uy nee gan Pass Glacier National Park, wilt Mt. Oberlin commanding the The large clumps of plants in the foregaoundl are of the BinlHew ered Teele Lewisti, Up the last grade we toiled to the lake from whose waters the South Platte seems to take its source, and here lay before us a breathtaking spectacle—all available space along the stream banks and lake shores was one mass of rose-purple—Primula Parryi, that most lovely of American primroses; and far up the rocky slopes were long drifts of the pale-yellow Anemone sephyra and the snowy Cardanune cordifolia. Far above nodded the blue and white flowers of Aquilegia coerulea, and mertensias of various species hung their great clusters of blue bells all around, while down the ledges cascaded an icy stream. There appeared to be another flat above, and while two members of the party collected seed of Yrollius albiflorus, the third climbed up the ice-sheeted ledges along the stream and emerged onto a soggy meadow. Back against the final ridge-wall was another lake, the true source of the South Platte, for it was fed by the melting snow banks of the granite walls. The meadow up here was dotted with Swertia, Castilleja, Tonestus, Sedum, Gentiana, Prinutla, and many grasses and sedges, but not in the spectacular quantity seen at the lower 10 lake. Gathering clouds soon forced us to descend, and before we were half-way down, a violent sleet storm overtook us, and we reached the car a bedraggled but triumphant trio. Through the now pouring rain we went on over the pass by the road and down into the valley of the Blue River, one of the forks of the Colorado. Approaching the town of Breckenridge we ex- amined all sagebrush flats, and finally located another much- desired plant, Lupinus caespitosus. We secured only a few seeds here, but the next day near Dillon found larger quantities and so filled out our quota. These seeds were not the easiest to obtain, for they had shattered into the sand, so that we had to lie flat on the ground and pick out the pinhead-size seeds one at a time. This species is not like any lupine in cultivation. A dense clump of leaves about three or four inches tall is formed and down in their midst are several two- or three-inch sessile spikes of small blue flowers. From Dillon we turned eastward across Loveland Pass, which is flanked on one side by Grays Peak and on the other by Torreys, both classical botanical localities. On down the valley through the half-abandoned mining towns of Silver Plume and Georgetown to Empire we traveled, thence northward across Berthoud Pass and into the little town of Granby. Going from here through Willow Creek Pass back into Wyoming, we found along the way: some large colonies of Penstemon caespitosus, a prostrate, mat-forming species with small, leathery, shining leaves and rosy-purple flowers. At Laramie again, we visited Dr. Aven Nelson at the Rocky Mountain Herbarium and obtained localities for some rare penstemons we had not previously found. One of these, Penste- mon acaulis, had been discovered by Dr. Louis Williams only in 1932, so we now turned to its one known locality in extreme southwestern Wyoming. Another drenching rain greeted us even in this “desert” region. After it ceased we started search- ing over the stony hilltops. Late in the afternoon, across the state line in Utah, we located what we believed to be our plant, but it was nearly dark before we had found the seed capsules which confirmed its identity and thus added a second locality and state to its known range. Then we headed northward toward Yellowstone Park and the Teton Mountains. Passing along the Hoback River flats we found a handsome-leaved lupine, and further along in Hoback Canyon vane cits 11 another rare Penstemon, P. montanus, a low shrubby species with thick ovate leaves and large old-rose-colored flowers that resemble a Mimulus more than a Penstemon. Leaving the Tetons and Yellowstone for the return trip we hurried on to Glacier National Park in far northern Montana. Here the backbone of the Rockies comes down out of Canada, and the mountains, though mostly less than 10,000 feet in elevation, Ficure 5. Gentiana calycosa, one of the most beautiful of American gentians, as found in Glacier National Park. rise like fortress walls, too steep for any but low vegetation. Here too, many northern plants find their southern limits and far western plants their eastern limits. The western slopes of the Park are mostly covered with a wonderful growth of various conifers, most beautiful of all being Thuja plicata, a huge forest tree with long drooping branches that appear like filigree-work against the sky. Another notable plant of the deep forests here is Echinopanax. horridus, with large palmate leaves and terminal panicles of red berries, quite exotic-looking in this setting. All over the open glades of the forest were the tall spires of Xerophyllum tenax, but on the upper slopes of the mountains, on Sea 12 cliffs, rock slides, and glacial detritus the alpines held sway. Grassy slopes were adorned with the tall-stalked silvery-green fruit heads of Anemone occidentalis. Many rocky flats were covered with dense growth of Phyllodoce empetriformis, P. glanduliflora, and Eriogonwm Piperi, and where a ground cover of grass had formed, Kalnua nucrophylla held its chestnut-colored capsules into the air, while all around were ripe capsules of Erythroniun grandiflorum telling a tale of the earlier season’s glories, when its yellow flowers had nodded on every grassy slope. Scattered plants of Gentiana calycosa held their blue chalices up to the sun, rivaling the autumn sky in color, while over along the rocky water-courses Miimuatlus Lewisti ran riot, great clumps of it covered with large rose funnels waving in the winds, while beneath it the smaller plants of M. guttatus studded the ground with spots of gold, and in be- tween the fringed cups of Parnassia funbriata rose on long slender stalks. Dripping ledges held solid mats of Saxifraga Lyallii and Leptarrhena pyrolifolia, while higher on the moraine heaps were clumps of Penstemon ellipticus, its deep lavender funnels waving a wild welcome—and most lovely of all, the unbelievable silver mats of Eriogomun depressum, its rose and silvery-yellow heads on hatpin-like stalls appearing unearthly in those rocky wastes. Here also the two-inch plants of Papaver pygmacum crowded among loose rocks where their tiny orange flowers and gray foliage appeared elfin in their surroundings. Descending from the alpine regions and searching in the lower sections, we found on steep rock slopes large colonies of the pink- flowered Penstemon Lyallii and the fragrant yellow Aquilegia flavescens, and on gravelly slopes the two phacelias, Phacelia sericea with a thyrsoid inflorescence of bright purple flowers, and P. Lyall with a corymbose light purple inflorescence. Further down in the evergreen forest region were great clumps of Sorbus sitchensis, shrubs averaging only 8 to 10 feet in height, every branch terminated by a large cluster of brilliant red fruits. . (To be continued ) Epwarp J. ALEXANDER. 13 VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF DAYLILIES The crown of a daylily plant comprises numerous somewhat crowded and interwoven branches, each of which terminates in a bud. The branching system varies according to the character of the different species and clones, in some cases being compact with short and almost erect branches, in others appearing more loose with some branches developed as rhizomes. While many of the branches are weak and poorly developed, the more vigorous ones terminate in a fan of leaves from which flower scapes eventually arise. The leaves are in two ranks with their nodes close together. It appears that there is a potential bud in the axis of many, if not all, of the leaves; but as a plant grows naturally there is decided dominance of the apical bud with relatively few lateral branches becoming evident in the development of the crown of a plant. In ordinary propagation a plant which has enlarged to suitable size is divided into two or more parts. The multiplication depends on the natural increase in the number of branches which develop to good size. By giving attention to methods of propagation the increase of plants may be speeded up decidedly. The aim of special methods of somewhat artificial propagation of daylilies is to force development of plants from buds which would otherwise remain dormant or poorly developed. This may be accomplished in several ways: (1) by dissection of the crown and the separation of the various branches or buds, which are then used as cuttings or as single-stemmed plants of small size; (2) by slicing a stem and its apical bud vertically into sections, which may be called “section cuttings’; (3) by malang transverse sec- tions, which may be called “node cuttings,” of elongated rhizomes ; 4) the use of flower scapes for “scape cuttings” and the care of the proliferations which may naturally arise. 1. By the simple method of dissection each branch of the crown may be isolated as a cutting. Thus many of the weaker branches, most of which would at best have a delayed development, may be induced to make a reasonably rapid growth. In making these stem cuttings, active roots which are present or dormant ones which are fleshy with stored food may be left attached to the stem and included in the cutting, which then is really a plant of small size. Placed under conditions which induce good growth with increase in crown branching, vigorous new individuals normally result. attached. r shown. The fleshy roots had shriveled and mostly decayed; a bud (B1) had developed which assumed a vertical position in the original bud above Ficure 2. Proliferations naturally develop in abundance on the scapes of certain daylilies, especially some of the evergreen ee as shown at the left. These become small plants with leaves, ae and roots, nd they may be potted up and utilized for propagations, in the manner shown in the illustration directly above. developed as short rhiz ae nace ae terminal buds formed plants (B2 and B3). The other PaIPeeeuce proguesd two plants. Thus five fine young ined fro bud in a perio plants were obtai section cuttings of one bud ir eriod of three months. At thi gee ach of these may be sectioned for further propa n. If each half-section gives only two new bu thre months the rate of increase is 1: 4: 16: 64: . To start with 5 buds, a similar rate of propagation more than 1,000 small plants may be obtained in a period of 12 months. While on oe ene increase is not possible for all daylilies, it is ce in that by s rather constant attention the special vere ye tion will greatly speed up the numerica mulplicaten ae mall plants ae e here shown may be allowed to enlarge nat- arity an aa with Fe Gnanle: care should be large enough for sale and garden planting in from two to three years 16 Certain modifications of this method may be employed in nursery practice. (a) The entire plant may be dug and dissected and all the stem cuttings placed in flats or in a cutting bench. (b) The larger buds with a portion of the stem may be taken while a plant is left standing in the soil. This procedure often induces formation of buds on decapitated stems. Later this process may be repeated on the same plant. 2. The making of vertical section cuttings increases the number | of cuttings which may be obtained from a plant. Our experience is that many of the buds, especially those with a good fan of leaves, may be sectioned vertically into two parts, each of which may give rise to from one to three fine plants and sometimes more. Roots may be included on some or all of the section cuttings. The writer has usually not made more than four vertical sec- tions from a single stem and its terminal bud except when the bud had been large; then as many as twenty sections have been made. Varieties and species differ in the response to cuttings. One clone tested seems to give no more than one bud to a half- section cutting and some of such cuttings merely rot. Others, however, reproduce rapidly, as explained under FicuRE . The elongated rhizomes common for various daylilies consist of a vigorous terminal bud and numerous somewhat elongated internodes with the leaves reduced to rudimentary scales. When the terminal bud reaches into the air it forms a fan of green leaves and a cluster of roots soon develop to form a small-sized plant. Relatively few roots have developed along the rhizome and its lateral buds are either dormant or undeveloped. Attempts have been made to use the entire length of the rhizome as node-cuttings by making transverse sections diagonally across the nodes so that each piece contains at least one axis of a leaf. The terminal bud may be used either as a stem-cutting or as a section-cutting. The results obtained from node cuttings have not been very promising or consistent. Possibly the stage of development and the condi- tion of the rhizome are factors to be considered. In employing any of the methods described above (1, 2, and 3) it may be noted that various daylilies are entirely dormant during ' winter and that the propagation of these should be started early in spring. For the so-called evergreen daylilies, which grow vigorously all winter in a greenhouse, propagation may be rather continuous throughout the twelve months. 17 4. Certain daylilies, and especially some of the evergreen types, regularly produce proliferations in the axils of the bracts at nodes on the flower scapes. One, two, or even more buds may develop at one node. Each becomes a short branch at the base of which roots begin to form. These may be removed and placed in soil or a section of the scape including the node and its branches may be utilized as a cutting. The natural formation of these prolifera- tions suggests that special methods of forcing similar buds on cuttings of scapes may be possible for various of the daylilies. Cuttings have been placed in mixtures of half sand and half potting soil, and also in soil mixtures to which granulated peat was added. They have been grown in pots placed in coldframes during summer or in a greenhouse during winter and they have been placed in flats and in a cutting bench. Satisfactory results have been obtained in all cases provided there was partial shade and abundant moisture. It seems that adventitious buds seldom if ever appear on the stems of daylilies and thus far all efforts to obtain buds on roots have failed. A single root, however, and especially a fleshy root, plus a sector or segment of the stem to which it is attached, may be used with some success in propagation, but in such a case the bud may have been more or less preformed. It would seem that the use of growth-promoting substances (as plant hormones and various chemicals) may be of value in forcing rapid growth of roots and buds in the cuttings of daylilies. This treatment has, however, thus far failed to stimulate the for- mation of buds on roots, hence it seems that for successful propa- gation of daylilies a portion of a stem should be included in the cuttings which are made. he studies reported above have been in progress for several years, but so many aspects of the experiments invite further study that the writer has hesitated to make public the results. A recent paper*, however, describes a method of “crown cuttage”’ and reports that this is now being tested in Florida. The results which have been obtained at The New York Botanical Garden indicate that the special methods of propagation noted above are of definite value for increasing the rate of propagation in daylilies. A. B. Stout. * Propagation of Hemerocallis Pavtilice) by Crown Cuttage, by Hamilton P. Traub, in Herbertia 3: 123 (1936). 18 EVERY GARDEN MEMBER TO RECEIVE ADDISONIA Each member of The New York Botanical Garden, beginning this year, will receive a subscription to Addisonia, as well as to the JoURNAL. Since its establishment in 1916, through a bequest of the late Addison Brown, a prominent figure among the early patrons of the Garden, Addisonia has been the leading American publication in the presentation of plants of horticultural interest. Two num- bers are issued annually, each containing eight full-page illustra- tions in color, accompanied by a popular and a botanical descrip- tion. Every subject illustrated is either a native American plant or is an exotic which has been raised at The New York Botanical Garden, and the descriptions are written by botanists who are best acquainted with the plants in question. Since 1929 it has been produced under the editorship of Edward J. Alexander. Long known for the high quality of its reproductions, Addisonia has previously gone only to a select list of subscribers whose prime interest is in decorative plants. The cost of one volume, consist- ing of four numbers published over a period of two years, is ten dollars. Now, through special action recently taken by the Board of Managers of the Garden, this unusual publication will be made available to every individual member of The New York Botanical arden. STAFF MEMBERS SPEAK AT ATLANTIC CITY Representing The New York Botanical Garden with addresses at the 1936 meeting of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, The Botanical Society of America, and allied organizations, in eee City December 28-31, were six members of the staff o e New York Botanical Garden. Dr. H. A. Gleason, who tas ea Vice-president of the Botanical Sole of America during the past year, presented a paper on “Generic Lines in the Melastomaceae ;” Dr. F. J. Seaver gave an illustrated report on his work as editor of Mycologia; Dr. A. B. Stout was scheduled for two papers: “Breeding for Seedlessness in Grapes” and “The Inheritance of Incompatibilities in the Petunia Rosy Morn.” He also arranged an exhibit staged by the Genetic Society of America showing the ancestry in the production of the mahogany-red or purplish type of daylily, exemplified: by Theron. 19 Two scientists who have been doing laboratory research at the Botanical Garden also gave papers, F. A. Varrelman on “The Fluorescence Microscope and Its Use in Plant and Animal Anatomy” and W. M. Porterfield on “The Degeneration of Free Chromatin Elements.” A short discourse on “Asclepias tuberosa and A. decumbens” was scheduled for Dr. W. H. Camp, who is now in Mexico. Dr. B. O. Dodge spoke on “Spindle Orientation and Spore Formation in Gelasinospora tetrasperma,” while two special stu- dents working under his direction, Bernice Seaver and Iris Camp- bell, presented further data on monosporous cultures in Neurospora tetrasperma and in Gelasinospora tetrasperma, re- spectively. IE. J. Alexander reported on two interesting plants found on the Rocky Mountain expedition last summer: Kelscya wniflora and Penstemon acaulis. WITH OUR COLLABORATORS Judging by the communications which have come to us, the current field season has been a busy one for our collaborators, despite the general drought which has been plaguing the North American continent for more than ten years. Though it was hoped that the spell was broken, the dryness seems to have been more severe than ever in certain sections. Dr. Delzie Demaree, who began his season’s collecting in Oklahoma and later trans- ferred it to Arkansas, reported drought troubles all season. Dr. F. J. Hermann, who spent much of the collecting season in north- ern Michigan, reported having procured an extensive set of speci- mens. In a recent letter he says that: “Early in August even the bogs had dried out and sphagnum had given place to baked peat fissured by great crevices.” If such conditions continue for a similar period of years we may expect to witness a marked change in the distributions of certain species. Those who must fold up their collecting outfits for the winter may envy Prof. Henri Stehlé, for he is not particularly bothered by seasonal changes. During the past year Professor Stehlé has been engaged in the continuance of his study of the flora of Guadeloupe. His various shipments of specimens have greatly enlarged our knowledge of this region. W. H. Camp. ee cee eee 20 LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS Dr. Lewis Rutherfurd Morris of New York City, a member of the Board of Managers of The New York Botanical Garden, died December 9 at the age of 75. Born in 1862, he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine from Bellevue Medical College, New York, in 1884. He became a member of the Corporation of the Botanical Garden in 1914, and the same year was elected to the Board of Managers to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John Innes Kane. He was also a member of the Board of Trustees of the New York Zoological Society. At the annual meeting of the Botanical Garden, January 11, a memorial resolution honoring Dr. Morris was adopted by the Board of Managers. WILLIAM HENRY CARPENTER Dr. William Henry Carpenter, a member of the Corporation of The New York Botanical Garden since 1917, died at Jerry Run, near Downington, Pa., November 25. He was 83 years old. Although never actually a member of the Scientific Directors of the Garden, he served on that Board from 1914 to 1925 as the personal representative of Dr. Nicholas Murray Butler, President of Columbia University. Dr. Carpenter received the degree of Ph.D. from Freiburg in Baden in 1881, and was a member of the Columbia faculty from 1883, first as instructor in Germanic and Scandinavian languages, eventually as head of the department, then through’ other advance- ments to, the position of Provost in 1912, in which, while con- tinuing his work in languages, he handled a large amount of University business. He was made Provost Emeritus in 1926. NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Within a few days of his death, Dr. Marshall A. Howe was elected President of the Botanical Society of America. His place will be filled during 1937 by Dr. Edmund W. Sinnott, a member of the Board of Managers of The New York Botanical Garden. * * * The first conference of the autumn of the Scientific Staff and Registered Students of the Garden was held on November 25, at which time Mr. T. H. Everett reported on “Seed Collecting in 21 the Rocky Mountains.” Lantern slides were used to portray vari- ous regions visited, habitats where species were found, and typical plants of many species whose seeds were collected. The conference for December was held on December 9 with the following program: “Social Organization in Certain Fungi” by Dr. B. O. Dodge, and “The Navel Type of Fruit in Apples” by Prof. F. A. Varrelman. 2K ok ES Dr. A. B. Stout spoke before The New England Bokaay Club in Boston December 4 on the subject “Autumn Coloration.” Dr. B. O. Dodge addressed the Society of Biology and Medi- cine at Brooklyn College November 25 on “Genetics of the Fungi.” * * * Dr. Caroline Rumboldt of the Forest-Products Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture at Madison, Wisc., stopped at the Garden December 21. She is investigating the blue stain of timber. x 2 * The following visiting botanists were registered in the library during the autumn: Prof. George P. Burns, Burlington, Vt.; Dr. E. D. Merrill, Jamaica Plain, Mass.; Dr. Lily M. Perry, Cambridge, Mass.; Dr. E. J. Schreiner, New Haven, Conn.; Messrs. R. T. Clausen and M. C. Richards, Ithaca, N. Y.; Dr. Clement G. Bowers, Maine, N. Y.; Mr. F. B. Lincoln, College Park, Md.; Dr. Aue T. Wherry and Dr. Conway Zirkle, Philadelphia, Pa.; . Edwin B. Bartram, Bushkill, Pa.; Mr. H. Harold Hume, oe Fla.; Mr. William A. Kenan St. Augustine, Fla.; Mr. Robert P. St. John, Floral City, Fla. ; Mr. Robert M. Senior, Cincinnati, Ohio; Dr. Edgar Anderson, St. Louis, Mo.; Mr. Leo A. Hanna, Moscow, Idaho; Dr. Paul B. Sears, Norman, Okla.; Mr. Frederick Leissler, Jr., Seattle, Wash.; Mr. Reed C. Rollins, Pullman, Wash.; Dr. Frans Ver- doorn, Leyden, Holland; Dr. Erzébet Kol, Szeged, Hungary; Mr. Frederick Dickason, Rangoon, Burma; Prof. Kichii Miyake, Tokyo, Japan; Mr. J. Gordon Gibbs, Plant Research Station, New Zealand; and Miss Eileen E. Fisher, Melbourne, Australia. REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS (All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) GarpEN PLANTS FROM SOUTH AFRICA The appearance of an American book devoted entirely to South African plants* serves to emphasize the fact that gardeners in this country have not availed themselves of the flora of that region to nearly the extent that English gardeners have. Yet our diversified climate and our superior conditions of light at once suggest that the United States is better suited to the widespread culture of the South African flora than the British Isles. Unlike many of our modern horticultural writers, Mrs. Coombs has not attempted to base her book upon a smattering of hastily acquired knowledge. Instead, she has spent a number of years studying the plants of which she writes, and, not satisfied with re- search work in libraries and among living collections in this country, she extended her knowledge with studies at Kew, then spent some months in South Africa, where she visited many notable gardens, in addition to observing and collecting plants from the wild. “South African Plants for American Gardens’ is admittedly horticultural in its purpose. In the interests of accuracy, descrip- tions have been adapted from recognized botanical authorities. These at first may appear somewhat technical, but the glossary at the back easily clarifies the meanings of unfamiliar words. This new book brings into one volume for the first time a fund of information for the American gardener, and should inspire many to venture into the culture of South African plants. A valuable portion of the work is the list of dealers who can supply species, but she wisely refrains from giving too many details, since’ cultural requirements in any particular locality..would obvi- ously not be applicable in all other parts of the country. gardener with reasonable experience in growing plants should be able to interpret her suggestions to suit his own climate. Perhaps it was her great enthusiasm for the plants of South Africa which led the author to suggest that the succulents of that * Coombs, Sarah V. South African plants for American gardens. 364 pages, illustrated with photographs in half-tone and in color; indexed. $4.50. Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York, 1936. ee 23 region “may be put in rock gardens in summer but must of course be taken up in the autumn, since they are not hardy in the northern states.” The rock-garden purist will hardly reconcile himself to the bedding-out of pot-grown succulents for a few short weeks of the year. I am glad to see interest turned in the direction of South African plants. A book such as this gives the gardener a concep- tion of the geographic origins of plants, and leads the w ay toward the enrichment of our gardens. T. H. Everert. More on Rock ae ee Since Lewis B. Meredith’s book on rock gardening* is written primarily for the British Isles, noha will have to be made by the American reader for the climatic differences between the two countries. Nevertheless, the cultural practices (which have been serving British gardeners since the book was first published b Williams & Northgate n 1910) are so fundamentally sound that the book makes a Fein: addition to the rock garden section of any library. Emphasis is placed on preparation of ne soil and provision for drainage—important features which are too often neglected. The suggestions on planting are excellent, and should help to make the rock garden a genuine beauty-spot if they are carried into practice. Interesting to read is a chapter on oe of construction, though labor and material prices vary so widely in the two countries that where prices are mentioned the practical ee may be limited, especially since money is figured in British units ’s greatest fault, perhaps, is a en carelessness in production which has allowed many typographical errors, espe- cially in the spelling of plant names, to occur i While we definitely do not recommend quarried rock for con- struction of rock gardens, the author’s ideas and word pictures are bound to be of § great help to the beginner. . C. PFANDER. On Fruits AND BERRIES A chatty book, the small volume on fruits and berries written by Governor Aiken of Vermont} belongs in the category of garden books which serve largely to entertain. True, directions are given for raising a number of fruits, but I * Meredith, Lewis B. Rock gardens, how to make and maintain them. 390 pages, illustrated with photographs; indexed. Third edition, Greenberg, New York, 1936. $3. t Aiken, George D. Pioneering with fruits and berries. 94 pages, illus- tated ae photographs; indexed. Stephen Daye Press, Brattleboro, Vt., 24 feel they. are apt to leave the inexperienced grower a little puzzled. er. voided, hence the descriptions of the many varieties available are as confusing as nursery catalogs. The subject of where to plant is carefully treated in several chapters, yet this seldom enters into the problem of the home grower, as his choice is generally limited. The statement on the last page: “As this book deals with the first two years of fruit growing onl ” might well have been conveyed in the title so that the purport of the book would have been understood at a glance. To my mind, the least eventful part i except for pruning when planting, and forming the main branches of the head—occur during the first two years Epwin BECKETT. Tur American Darropit YEAR Book A second annual year book* has been prepared by the Narcissus and Tulip Committee of the American Horticultural Society. We understand the committee was formed as far back as 1933, but did not have enough material to publish until 1935, ae daffodil lovers throughout the nation proclaimed the first issue as a real step toward recognizing the value of this gem among garden HS, e 1936 issue maintains the high standard of its predecessor. ition is much that is helpful in cultural detail and in this direction valuable hints may be gleaned from several of the articles. Writers from districts so wide apart as California, Texas, and New Hamp- shire relate in easy style their experiences with many of the finer varieties from the various types review of who’s who in the development of the daffodil as we know it sock | is handled in most inter ome fashion by Violet Niles ee ie tells us how Dean Herbert of Amaryllidaceae fame paved the way ao such well-known hybridists as Barr, Engleheart _ Williat 16 full-page lle ations are up to the usual high standard found in the National Horticultural Magazine, and while the varieties chosen are not all the very latest and most expensive, yet, all are daffodils that even the fastidious cannot afford to discard. No daffodil enthusiast should miss this publication. J. G. Esson. *Morrison, B. Y., editor. American Daffodil Year Book. 76 pages, illustrated with photographs. American Horticultural Society, Washington, D. C. 1936. 50 cents ————— THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1938: L. H. Bamey, Marsa, Fierp, Mrs on Huntrncron OOKER, JoHN L. Merri Us Wce-pr siden), Cot. Ede EL MontTcoMEry, H. Hoparr Porter, and Raymonp H. Torr Until 1939: RtHUR M. SAN RCON, Seea W. ve Forest (President), Crarence Lewts, E. D. Merritt, and HENRY DE LA MoNnTAGNE (Secretary and nti tHe Henry pe Forest BaLpwin ee -president), Crips Frick, ADOL ISOHN, Henry LockHart, Jr., T. MacDouecat, and JosrrH R. Swan (Tr easurer IJ. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rogert Moses, Park Commissioner. Henry C. TURNER, President of the Board of Education. Ill, APPOINTIVE MANAGERS TRACY Ee HAG naphoiied a the Torr. a) Botanical Club. R. A. ASE, EpMuND W. Sinnott, and Marsron T. Boceen Diane by Gatnbe Wns itd). GARDEN STAFF IBIS ZN, (GiopyNSony, Iker, ID); Go acc0cp90c0G00K000 Deputy Director. and FHead Curator Henry DELLA, MONTAGNE Gc sy cot eee ae sistant Director n K. SHALL, Pr. Dy Sc, Die... sa. Chief Resear. ae ene and Cureton Be eee Shoo pmoleiciel Ds ma nama ea ne pO BG OGaRORaBaoOn DS Director of the Laboratories Frep J. SEAVER, Dike 1D SCSaD ea Smse cies oes Msior ean IR a eee Cumator. Brernarp QO, Donce E, PH. HDNet ao ee ae Plant Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. .......... Supervisor of Public Education Joun HEnbLEy Baa aes ‘A. M.,, ru D...Bibliographer. and oe Assistant PERGY: WAESON adem na cecus as cian ea eae acre OO eRe aoe ssociate Caunator. Arprre (C. Soar; Pa Dy sanccossascoscerd cence siaciacs Aeeaae Curator Sans Isl, Isao, As IMIG coocags000000009000000000900000000000000 . H. Ruspy, M. D........... Honorary Curator of the age Collections Prepay GrinkirEl saan aacacen anos aaooccine saan see Artist and Photographer Ropert S, WILLIAMS ......-.....0200-+-eee arch eae ae He Bryolog E. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and ee of the Local Herbariun Haroup N. Morpenke, Pu. D. ...... 2... eee eee eee es Assia Curator. Wa @aniap) Pic IDs evecare Goreme eee iner el crates ssistant Curator. CLYDE CHANDLER, SNS INL Scenes ot ce ak ces etc heim tyra Techmeal (Absa Rosarie W: Ae Sess eee eps ee Pes eer a eet coc dan ey CETTE Technical Assistant AROL Hl. Woopwarp, A. B. 2.2... cece csc tects e eee eee Editorial Hectic Tuomas H. E\VEREDT; N. B IVORD Ms cisinindione Mamoiaaanoanasamane Horticulturist 3 WVTETR G GIG, AG IMME ete re ea icra ercrcieraeolnais aie touaitneteya ial eye ehpayauteuerencia ocen Otto DEGENER, M.S. ..........2222222+++2 a Coals ator 411 ain Botany RoBERT FIAGELSTEIN ........--22+0+0+++e:- orary Carator of Myxomycetes EtHet Anson S. PeckHam..Honorary eee Tris and Nar cies Collections WattTer S. GROESBECK .....----seecce cc enee tess eee eeee and Accountant ArTHUR J. CORBETT ..........-...--- Superintendent oy Balding and Grounds BE GIP RAN DER aaysii ears is So as en Sain eae istant Siesta aaa MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN Established as a privately endowed ipsHeNaeR aided partially by City appro- priations, abe New York Botanical Garden is dependent for its nee aseely upon benefactions and me abe ships. oe ough ih ese Sear though y s bo ee a gardens ee it has become the third largest aaeveee of its ee its herbarium, » and wertienTeceal Bani eticns ranking among the finest and most Gaalee ntry. Meant ip in The New York _Potanical Garden, therefore, means promotion of scientific research in botany and the dvancem ment of horticultural interests. Scientifically, the Garden is able to ring-house of information for d_ botanists’ all fe the eed poviculturaly it often serves as a link en a as explorer or breeder and the gardening public. memberships and benefactions, provision is made at the potanes you u Garden for mae training of g scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of n books added annually to th rary, which is open daily to the pub r search and ding; free exhibits are maintained in the eum, the greenhouses, and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free information in botany and gardeni are given to the public. Each individual member of the Garden receives: 1) A oy of the ee) every month. (2) A copy of Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with ae Eslotedl plas of unusual eae accompanied by complete descrip- tions and other pertinent inform © A share of surplus Sean ee of interesting or new varieties whenever it is distributed. 4) Announcements of special floral displays at the Garden from season to season. (5) Credit, to the extent of the Emam BeE Np fee paid, toward courses of study offered by the Garden A. limited affiliation are a subscription to rte Journal, ao eae a display 8, a specially conducted tour of the gro unds and greenhouses, and a lecture once a year by a selected member of the Sialic, Fellowships or See for practical student-training in horticulture or for botanical research may be esta apts hed by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a de Anite per: The classes of Beet oa types of benefaction are as follows: aaa Treas annual fee $ 10 Sustaining M abe annual fee 25 Garten Club ‘Affiliation annual fee for club 25 Fellowship Member annual fee 100 mber for Life single contribution 250 Fellow for Life single SaEEen 1,000 atron ane contribution 4 Banvaction single contribution 25,000 lowe stay apts cle Hom fable jngoaes, ae deigccteat (ent bea oe cee pase ah ee as donot @ oe Bare “Caten for further information should Be addressed to The New York | VOL, SOOOVANN, FEsruary, 1937 No. 446 JOURNAL of | THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Pelargonium echinatum, now in bloom in Range 1. i Published monthly by The New York Botanical| Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. st Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. nnual subscription $1.00 Single copies) 10) cents Free to members of the Garden JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor FEBRUARY, 1937 MarsHALt Avery Howe A. B. Stout In MEMoRIAM, MARSHALL A. Hows REPORT OF THE ROCKY. Mountain EXPEDITION—II Edward J. Alexander Historic VoLumeEs DeEposiTED IN LIBRARY A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE Carol H. Woodward Notes, News, AND CoMMENT REVIEWS OF RECENT BooKs SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH Without the ee ogee of the past albert, the world in which we live today e far different. Besides obvious oe made in chemistry, physics, AAC engineering, research in hieleey has given us new points of view on the living things of the earth, how they on how they are reproduced and what things influence their ‘inheritance: what causes mutations in their form, color, or compositions how they are nourished and how they often support or destroy each other. Discoveries in the behavior of plants have- ‘opened new fields of knowl- edge affecting the whole genetic scheme of everything that lives. _Solen: tific researches at The New York Botanical Garden are unearth: reasons for heretofore unexplained factors ; in a sified study of sterility and oe oes plants are being clarifie aci I flowers are being developed, Seuibitne ‘i through sc: tion, carried out by staff scientists Gane wie oth hardy seedless grapes are bene ees and fast-grow: aid i in reforestation are being : In the field of plant pathology. pure ields| of agriculture, horticul ind! of the typ JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. XXXVIN. _ Fesavary, 1937 _ _No. 446 MARSHALL AVERY HOWE Doctor Marshall Avery Howe, Director of The New York Botanical Garden, died at his home in Pleasantville, New York, on December 24, 1936, shortly after midnight. He had suffered a severe illness in the previous May but recovered sufficiently to resume duties at the Garden during the late summer and the autumn. Then his strength failed and a period of illness ter- ‘ minated in death. Almost the entire staff of The New York Botanical Garden, many other of Dr. Howe’s associates in scien- tific work, numerous friends, and members of the family gathered at the Presbyterian Church in Pleasantville on the day following Christmas for a service to his memory. ; Two children, Gertrude Dexter Howe and Prentiss Mellen Howe, survive Dr. Howe. His wife, the former Edith Morton Packard, died in 1928. Four brothers are still living :—Dr. Clifton Durant Howe, Dean of the School of Forestry, University of Toronto; Carlton Dexter Howe, Principal of the C. T. Plunkett Junior High School, Adams, Massachusetts; and Arthur Otis and Hermon Alline Howe, both of Newfane, Vermont. The family name Howe arose in the medieval forms, At How and A-Sax Hou, meaning a hill or a mountain. In England the names Hoo, Hooe, How and Howe were numerous from early date and many with these names have been prominent. in English history. Dr. Howe was of the eighth generation in direct descent from John How, who came from England and settled in Sud- bury, Massachusetts, in 1638 or 1639. His descendants became numerous in New England and many of them were prominent, especially in early colonial time. About 1701 a grandson of John How built the Howe Tavern or Red Horse Tavern, which was later known as the Wayside Inn of Sudbury. Dr. Howe’s mother, _ Gertrude Isabel Dexter, was also of a well-known New England family of English origin. 25 26 Dr. Howe was born on June 6, 1867, in Newfane, Vermont, and it was there among his beloved Vermont hills and vales that he spent his boyhood and young manhood. He attended public schools and was graduated from the University of Vermont in 1890 with special scholastic honors. For a short period he was a teacher in the Brattleboro High School but soon his interests | and studies in botany led to his acceptance of an instructorship at the University of California. Shortly after he reached California evidence of an early interest in seaweeds appeared in what is apparently his first scientific paper,’ in which are reported observa- tions on the methods of reproduction of three species of marine algae. Dr. Howe remained in California five years and then con- tinued botanical studies at Columbia University, from which he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1898. In 1919 the University of Vermont bestowed on hint the honorary degree of Doctor of Science. ee For the years 1899-1901 Dr. Howe was a member of the Department of Botany and curator of the Columbia University herbarium. During this period he was active in studies of marine algae for which he made explorations in Bermuda and at points along the Atlantic coast of the United States. Dr. Howe’s years at Columbia coincided with the earliest years in the development of The New York Botanical Garden. The site for this institution was approved by the Park Commission of New York City in July 1895 and the appointment of Doctor Nathaniel Lord Britton as the first director-in-chief came on uly 1, . The Museum Building was turned over to the Garden authorities for use in April, 1900. In Dr. Britton’s report for 1900° there is the following statement regarding investigations which were done, at least in part, by Dr. Howe at the newly established Botanical Garden. “Dr. M. A. Howe, of Columbia University has been occupied with researches upon the Hepaticae, having brought out in Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club a fine volume on the California plants of this group; more recently he has devoted himself to the critical study of algae.” In this same number of the Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden there was a publication by Dr. Howe on “An Enumeration of the Hepaticae collected by R. S. Williams, 1808-1899.” This reported u eee Notes. Pittonia 2: 291. 1892 2 Report of the Secretary and Director-in- -Chief. Bulletin of The New York Borentieat Garden 2: 1-24. 1901. bo NI MarsHatt Avery Howe 1867—1936 on the determination of twenty-four known species and one new species. At the time when Dr. Howe joined the staff of The New York Botanical Garden in 1901 he had published 25 papers. For the newly established Botanical Garden this year was “one of great activity in construction, installation of exhibits, explora- tion, investigation, and teaching.” ? Dr. Howe and Dr. Arthur Hollick were added to the scientific staff during the early summer. Evidently Dr. Howe’s appointment was made to provide full facilities for his study of the Hepaticae and Algae and naturally his work was immediately directed to the collection and further 3 Quotation from annual report of the Director in Bulletin of The New York Botanical Garden 2: 235-267. 28 critical study of these plants. From June 21 to September 9 of that year Dr. Howe was in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland chiefly for the collecting of marine algae, and his report of this expedition states that about 4,000 dried herbarium specimens were collected and that for many species material was preserved in formalin for special study. Dr. Howe was advanced to a curatorship in 1906. In 1923 he was appointed Assistant Director and on October 1, 1935, he became Director of The New York Botanical Garden and also Professor of Botany in Columbia University. Under his curator- ship the collections of liverworts and algae grew rapidly until they comprised 78,229 specimens of Algae and 59,420 specimens of Hepaticae. Many of these were collected by Dr. Howe in New- foundland, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, various islands of the West Indies, Florida, and Panama. There is a comprehensive collection of calcareous algae supplemented by several thousand microtome sections. There are thousands of slides, filed with herbarium material, which were prepared for the microscopic examinations involved in making critical determinations and in naming new species. Dr. Howe was active in the exchange of specimens and as a result there are many collections from continents other than North America. The herbarium is in extremely good condition and it is arranged in accord with the Engler and Prantl system. Dr. Howe witnessed the growth of The New York Botanical Garden from a mere beginning into one of the leading botanical gardens of the world. Through his personal efforts, scientific research, editorship of various publications, years of assistance to the director, many contacts with the public and finally as the director, Dr. Howe contributed greatly to the development of the institution. In the biographical account which Dr. Howe wrote in memory of Dr. Britton,* there are comments on important phases in the development and progress of The New York Botanical Garden during the thirty-three years of Dr. Britton’s directorship. This tribute to Dr. Britton reveals an intimate relationship be- tween the two men in the work of the institution which they both served so well. Even in later years when editorial and executive duties occu- pied a large portion of his time, Dr. Howe was steadfast in con- 4 Nathaniel Lord! Britton, by Dr. Marshall A. Howe, in the Journal of The New York Botanical Garden 35: 159-180. August 1934. 29 tinuing scientific work, which centered in the identification, the classification, and the study of the life histories and activities ot the liverworts and the marine algae of North America, and in this field he became an eminent authority. An outstanding contribu- tion by Dr. Howe to botanical and geological science pertains to the role of lime-secreting.algae in the formation of limestone reefs in oceanic waters, which is a phenomenon previously attributed solely to coral animals. His interest in this matter developed early and the first of his publications on coralline algae appeared in 1904 and 1905. His studies in this field involved the explorations already noted and also the microscopic examination of many specimens of limestone deposits now elevated above sea level. Special studies were also made by Dr. Howe on the precipitation of lime by fresh water algae in streams, lakes, and hot springs. The contents of the various technical papers which he published on these matters and of the studies which others have made were recently summarized by him in a popular radio broadcast which was afterward published.> In recognition of his scientific contributions, Dr. Howe was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences in 1923. Ele was a Fellow in the New York Academy of Sciences, which he served as president in 1934 and 1935, and he was a Fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was president of the Torrey Botanical Club for the year 1936. During the last few weeks of 1936 he was elected by membership ballots to the presidency of The Botanical Society of America for the year 1937, and he will be recorded in the annals of this ee. as the president-elect for the year 1937. From 1924 until his death Dr. Howe was editor of the Journal of The New Vork Botanical Garden. He was for a time editor of Torreya and of the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. A wide circle of gardeners and horticulturists will remember Dr. Howe for his more popular studies of the garden dahlias. Through his efforts a splendid collection of these plants has, for nineteen years, been grown for public display at The New York Botanical Garden. His reports on these plants, his evaluations of the varieties, and his popular lectures on the dahlias have heen 5 Pleas that rad reefs and islands. The Scientific Monthly 36: 549-552. June 1933. radio talk presented January 27, 1933, under the auspices of Science Service 30 of value to gardeners, and in recognition of this service he was recently awarded a gold medal by the American Dahlia Society. For several years Dr. Howe was a vice- -president of the Federated Garden Clubs of New York, to whose activities he contributed valuable advice and aid. He was also a member of the Board o Directors of the Horticultural Society of New York. In his home garden Dr. Howe grew choice varieties of dahlias, irises, tulips, peonies, and roses. Many hours of summer evenings and holidays were spent in this garden and the care of the plants was mostly from his hands. He derived much pleasure and joy from the excellence of his plants and their flowers. The extent and worth of Dr. Howe’s services to his home com- munity are well known. For 22 years he lived in Pleasantville, N. Y., a suburban village of about 5,000 inhabitants. He was active in the best interests of the University Club of Pleasantville, of which he was for a time president. He was an active member of the Garden Club of Pleasantville and he served several terms as its president. Since 1927, he had been first the secretary and - then the president of the Board of Trustees of the Pleasantville Free Library, a post from which he recently resigned with reluctance because of ill health. In many matters pertaining to education, local politics, and civic welfare, his influence was potent — and wholesome. In all these affairs his standards of duty and his principles were high. Those who have heard an address of any sort i Dr. Howe will remember that it was scholarly, perfect in diction, adequate for the subject at hand, well prepared, well delivered, and flavored with true oe when this was timely. Dr. Howe was a man of simple tastes, placid temperament, cheerful Hee penetrating humor, calm judicial mind, and steadfast purpose in the dictates of his conscience in matters of duty and personal conduct. His scientific work is characterized by accuracy, thoroughness and originality. To his colleagues, co- workers, and subordinates he was always kindly, helpful, and fair and considerate in all relations. There are many persons who will cherish through life the memory of this man who was a good neighbor, a true friend, and a helpful and loyal associate. His influence as a useful citizen will live long in his home community. Dr. Howe’s attainments in botanical research will live in the priceless heritage called science ’ | | | 4 31 to which he devoted much of his life and which is bequeathed and dedicated to all mankind. A. B. Srout. IN MEMORIAM, MARSHALL A. HOWE* Marshall Avery Howe, who died at his home in Pleasantville, New York, in the early hours of the 24th of December, 1936, in his seventieth year, had been Director of The New York Botanical Garden for less than fifteen months. His importance in the his- tory of the institution, however, is to be measured by more than thirty-five years of faithful service as assistant curator, curator, assistant director, acting director, and director. A native of Vermont and a graduate of the University of that State, he had spent five years at the University of California and five more at Columbia University, and was already a Doctor of Philosophy, before his appointment as a member of the Garden staff in the summer o . At that time he had become widely known as a student of hepatics and marine algae, and it was to these groups of plants that he devoted all time available for re- search during the remainder of his life. Administrative duties, however, seriously restricted the opportunity for such study in later years. The collection of living dahlias that has contributed so much to the popularity of the Garden since 1918 was due entirely to his initiative, and a portion of his time, year after year, was devoted to its maintenance and development. His horticultural interests also extended to other groups of ornamentals. Conscientiousness, circumspection, and thoroughness charac- terized all of his work. Affable in his attitude toward every one, he had few intimates, and he chose these deliberately. Rare is the man whose emotions are kept so thoroughly in subjection to his intellect as were his. His caution stood him in good stead as an administrator, and rarely if ever could any event ruffle his equanimity. The Board of Managers of The New York Botanical Garden hereby expresses its sense of sorrow and loss in the death of Marshall Avery Howe, and extends to his family deep sympathy in their bereavement. is the resolution adopted by the Board of Managers of The New This Vouk Botanical Garden at its annual meeting January 32 REPORT OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN EXPEDITION Il Leaving Glacier Park behind, we turned southward again, stop- ping over a day a few miles north of Helena, Montana, to visit the river gorge known as the Gates of the Mountains. The Missouri River here cuts its way through a series of sheer cliffs of white limestone 1,000 to 1,200 feet high. Herbarium records had told us that here was the type locality for Kelseya wniflora, a very dwarf, cushion-forming shrub related to the spiraeas. Upon asking permission of the lessee of the land to collect plant seeds, he at once asked if we had seen the “Kelseyi moss’, and then told us that as a boy he had been Kelsey’s companion when the plant was discovered. We were told the exact cliff-top upon which it had first been seen, and after two or three hours’ work gaining that place, we found that the plant still grew there as well as on all the adjacent cliffs of this gorge, though only on the river- facing sides. The plant forms dark-green cushions several inches thick undulating over irregularities of the rock surface like a cushion-moss, and would easily be mistaken for such were it not for the seed capsules, which closely resemble those of Spiraea. Not one plant did we find rooted in soil—each and every plant sent its hard woody root straight down into cracks in the rock. The seed was not yet ripe, but it was obtained on a second visit a month later. Going back to Yellowstone Park, we looked over the more likely portions of that area, finding at that time only four plants suitable for our purpose—Penstemon fruticosus on gravelly slopes, and among tumbled boulders of travertine, P. deustus, a white- flowered species unique for its holly- like leaves. Above timber- line‘on Mount Washburn we found seed of Phlox caespitosa and Polemonium confertwm. Returning to Teton Park, we ascended the range to the glacier on the Grand Teton, near which we col- lected seed of Salis: cascadensis, the world’s smallest willow. The Teton Mountains are one of the most spectacular mountain ranges it is possible to conceive. From the floor of Jackson Hole at 6,000 to 7,000 feet elevation, they rise nearly 7,000 feet more into the air, a long narrow ridge of lightning-jagged peaks of white granite, shining like polished silver after a rain and in the rosy glow of sunset appearing unearthly as though a celestial afterthought of Creation. sseaen iibemnniabieemeneiiomeen ahi ataian aes The great cliffs at the Gates of the Mountains—habitat of Kae sees In order to allow the plants we had seen in flower during the last two weeks to ripen their seed, we decided to explore the Colorado Mountains more completely, as they were the only sec- tion unaffected by the summer drought. Going again to Rocky Mountain National Park, we explored across the main divide, col- lecting seed of Rydbergia grandiflora, a dwarf composite with golden flower-heads 2 to 3 inches in diameter. Across the divide, near Grand Lake, we picked seed of Oxytropis splendens. Going a bit further west to the town of Kremmling, we followed a very poor mountain road through Gore Canyon down to the village of State Bridge. Here we found Penstemon pachyphyllus, an inter- esting plant with thick blue-green leaves. Continuing southward to Leadville, we turned off the road at Twin Lakes to have a look at Independence Pass. In the lower valleys here, we found field after field of Gentiana Parryi and G. affmis, both first-rate plants with rich blue flowers. Finally on the very top of the pass at nearly 12,000 feet, we located by far the largest quantity of Saxrifraga flagellaris yet seen and we ob- 34 tained seed. But our real thrill awaited us. Long had we sought the rare perennial fringed gentian, Gentiana barbellata, but always without success. In descending the pass an unusual shade of blue caught our eye, and we stopped for a look... Gentiana barbellata at last, a glorious grayish-azure with spicy scented flowers truly a prize. Too early for seed, we took careful notes so as to obtain it later—a pleasure, alas, never to be realized A long run down the semi-desert valley of the Colorado River to Grand Junction completed, we turned southward again, seeking the town of Ouray. We found it at last, buried in a tiny valley completely encircled by 10,000- to 11,000-foot peaks. Finding nothing new here, we went across Red Mountain Pass to Silverton and on to Durango, collecting seed of Aquilegia cocrulca en route. Approaching Durango, on dry gravelly hillsides we found large colonies of Penstemon coloradense, a neat-growing gray-leaved species of great garden promise. A rapid run was here made RE 2. A plant of Kelseya aiflora four feet in diameter, at te Cn of the Mountains near Helena, Montana. toward the east, stopping in Wolf Creek Pass to collect seed of Acomtum columbianum and Polemoniun Archibaldae, and in La Veta Pass for seed of P. foliosissimum. The two polemoniums Ficure 3. The Grand Teen rears Me head aleve ne apie slopes end See ae oy My pe S is alix nd on the extre ones S uitinen ia Pein icedht Tioatate Hal Digillailone nna a mis pu 12 glanduliflora. = here mentioned should be excellent garden plants, as both form dense clumps with many stems topped by great clusters of bloom, P. Archibaldae rich purple, P. foliosissimmen light purple. Once more on the stony hills and plains of southeastern Colo- rado, we sought out Melampodium cinerewm and Zinnia grandi- flora, two much-desired dwarf composites, the former making a rounded clump 6 to 8 inches high, covered with white-rayed golden- centered heads of bloom, the latter a flat-topped plant 3 to 4 inches tall, smothered with brilliant yellow-rayed heads with brick- red centers. Both were found to be plentiful in certain localities, as were also three other worth-while composites, Sideranthus spinulosus, a foot-high mound of gold, Machaeranthera tanaceti- folia, an annual with fine-cut foliage and large blue-rayed heads, and the coreopsis-like Thelesperma tenue. Seeds of several pen- stemons were obtained in this hill and plain section, the most notable being Penstemon awriberbis, a cespitose plant with very narrow gray-green leaves and flower-spikes 6 to 8 inches tall. 36 Three days were spent collecting seed of previously seen plants on Pikes Peak, after which we traveled northward through Den- ver and west to Idaho Springs. In the valley here we saw Clematis orientalis, a yellow-flowered Asiatic species, escaped into waste places and, along roadsides and river-banks so plentifully as to have choked out other weeds. We again went through Berthoud Pass where seed was collected of Zygadenus elegans, Pedicularis groenlandica, Mimulus guttatus, and Vaccinium scopariun,, this last a shrub 6 to 8 inches tall, covered with dark-red berries. Near Tabernash on the sagebrush flats we found the much-desired Penstemon cyathophorus. We now made a trip up to the Medicine Bow range for seed of previously noted plants. On the way up we stopped for Pedicularis crenulata, a beautiful plant with deeply crenate- margined leaves and 8- to 10-inch stalks topped by spikes of old- rose flowers. Crossing the range, we proceeded westward through Green River to Lyman, Wyoming. It was now early September, and that night after a heavy rain the temperature dropped to freezing for the first time. Next morning the Uinta Mountains to the south of us in Utah were white with snow, so in that direc- tion we headed, to secure our seed of Penstemon acaulis before it was snowed under, then hurried northward and through Hoback Canyon, there gathering seed of P. montanus. From Jackson we made a trip across Teton Pass, where seed of Penstemon cyananthus was unexpectedly found. Passing into Yellowstone Park, we secured seed of two plants overlooked be- fore, Ledwm glanduloswm and Boykinia heuchertfornus, the former an evergreen shrul 2 to 3 feet tall with elliptic leaves dark-green above and whitish beneath and terminal clusters of small white flowers ; the latter similar to B. Jamesti, but differing in the smaller, purple flowers. The increasing cold of the nights caused us to hurry northward toward Glacier Park before that became snowed in for the winter. Receiving our first taste of a dust-storm, we arrived in Helena in the rain which followed it, and next morning awoke to see the surrounding mountains all white. Stopping at the Gates of the Mountains for seed of Kelseya, we also obtained seed of two handsome biennial mentzelias, Mentzelia acuminata with day-blooming yellow flowers three inches across, and M. de- capetala with somewhat larger night-blooming white flowers. Then we bore steadily northward to Browning, only to find that Glacier Park was in the grip of a snowstorm and the roads were closed. Fic uae 4. ae alpine region of Pikes Peak, showing oe summit cone. On the slopes grow Saxifraga chrysantha, S. flagella Trifoliiun nanumn, Wonca alin na, Ee angustifolia, Geum EDRRGLiin Chionophila Jamesit, and Claytonia megar rhig After a day’s wait, while the storm abated, we were finally allowed to cross Logan Pass, thus obtaining seed of Gentiana calycosa, Parnassia funbriata and Penstemon Lyallii. Where previously great stretches of bloom had greeted us, the pass was now buried in a white silence, even the streams were frozen and all the sur- rounding peaks had donned their winter furs. The temperature was so low it was necessary to leave our motor running while we dug through the snow for our seed. On the way south we detoured to the east to visit the Bighorn Mountains in a last effort to find Aquilegia Jonesti. In passing through the foothills of this range we saw we had indeed been informed correctly of the burning effect of the summer’s drought. Peculiarly shaped mesas rose all around us composed of a strange black clay cracked in many directions as though the whole area had been parboiled, then baked in a firing furnace, so that only shriveled fragments of vegetation were left. As the road cork- screwed higher the vegetation slowly assumed a slightly fresher look, and above timberline there were occasional fresh snowbanks, 38 indicating that Nature was mercifully concealing under the robe of winter the effects of her summer of wrath. At about 10,000 feet elevation we left our car and, walking a few miles, came to a high exposed limestone ridge consisting of parched-looking cliffs and shattered talus slopes. Scattered over this barren area in various pockets and niches were the 2- to 3-inch plants of our long-sought Aquilegia, the seed-pods eaten off by some grazing animals, so that not a single seed was to be found. We descended back to the valley, on the way finding several colonies of Petro- Ficure 5. The expedition’s truck on top of Logan Pass, Glacier National Park in mid-September. Mt. Oberlin is in the background. phytwm caespitoswm, an attractive rock mat plant, growing ex- clusively on limestone boulders where the roots penetrated straight into the crevices without benefit of soil. But to the plant’s glory be it attested that almost every rosette of leaves bore a spike either of flowers or well-ripened seed-pods, proving the wisdom of its choice of rock rather than soil for survival under drought conditions. We now turned toward the town of Red Lodge, in order to make the crossing of the Absaroka Range into Yellow- stone Park. Of all the towns seen, Red Lodge has the most remarkable approach. Passing through a deep mountain valley, one slowly climbs to the plateau above, and there looks across a level plain to 39 the distant Absaroka Mountains. There is no sign of the town which all arrows and maps have indicated, and the mileage gauge shows that the distance has been covered. A curious feeling comes over one that the town has vanished, until the road sud- denly appears to end at the brink of a canyon, and straight below, strung the length of the valley is Red Lodge. The road makes a steep diagonal cut down the canyon wall, and, by a sharp hairpin reverse, enters the town. And now into the Absarokas. The road continues on up the canyon, which opens into a deep mountain valley which one fol- lows to its head, and then starts a spectacular upward spiral to the 11,000-foot plateau above. This plateau is different from any other in the Rockies. Great expanses of desolate alpine flats roll off in every direction, the only semblance of mountains being oddly squared-off and flat-topped mesa-like ridges, those at a dis- tance appearing at this season without a sign of plant life above timberline. The nearby flats, however, tell a partial story of the vegetation. Large areas covered with dwarf willows and Phyllodoce are prominent, with still larger open sedge and grass flats, and frequent drifts of an attractive silvery-leaved lupine, various erigerons and asters, among which was Aster Haydeni— a much-desired plant, but seed had long been shattered. How we wished we had been able to come here earlier in the season to obtain those seeds! For or 30 miles the road winds across this plateau, which comes to an abrupt end where a rapid descent is made through a land of alpine lakes into a heavily forested river valley, through which the road bears northward straight toward the now prom- inent stone finger of Index Peak, behind which is Cooke City. From there the road becomes once again a normal mountain highway. In Yellowstone Park, we stopped only long enough to collect seed of Kentrophyta aculeata, a prostrate, mat-forming legume spangled with small deep-lavender flowers. Returning to the Teton Mountains, we again made the ascent, obtaining seed of Penstemon subglaber, Mahoma repens, and Gaultheria Iuunifusa, smallest of the wintergreens. We then bade farewell to Wyoming and for fear of snow in the high peak region of Colorado, drove speedily there. Arriving at Longs Peak, we once more ascended it, and found the seed we 40 wanted of Eriogonum xanthum, Androsace carinata, Tetraneuris lanigera, and Tonestus pygmacus. ut we had lagged too long in the north and summer had waned rapidly . . . the next morning six inches of snow covered the ground and still was falling so thickly as to obscure vision. We consulted the innkeeper, who said the storm would probably continue for two or three days and then a spell of Indian summer would follow, melting the snow in the valleys but leaving the peaks in the grip of winter until next June. Mournfully we thought of the glorious golden cups of Ranunculus adoneus whose seed would now be buried under the snow. Turning to packing, we bade the mountains goodby and gave our steed her reins. Down the vale and through the canyon of St. Vrain flet our faithful and well beloved Suzabelle, bearing us to the plains—but here tou the air and earth were white and we paused not. On through fast deepening snow and night we sped further south to Colorado Springs, where the storm was even worse. It raged through the night, and next day we heard that shortly after we had gone urE 6, The Absaroka Plateau, on tine state line between Wyoming and vieers at about 11,000 feet elevation. ey Aq through, the road from Denver had been blocked by drifts and that snow lay three feet deep on the shoulders of Pikes Peak. Nevertheless we turned our efforts to Fairplay, hoping the west slope of the divide had not been so seriously affected. But at Florissant the road became so impassable that we gave up that approach and turned to Florence, intending to go in by way of Salida to Leadville and Fairplay. But fortune had deserted us; the snow still continued, and at Canyon City we were warned to stay out of any pass of more than 10,000 feet elevation. Lost to us were the seeds of the great blue Aconitum Bakeri that grew in the meadows above Alma and of those great drifts of Anemone zephyra and Primula Parryi in Hoosier Pass. The lingering spicy fragrance of the sky-blue Gentiana barbellata haunted us as we sadly turned from the mountains for the last time. We went out to the hills and there from under the snow- drifts dug out our seed of Melampodiwm cinereum, Zinnia grandi- flora, Machaeranthera tanacetifolia, and Sideranthus pinnatifidus. Bidding Colorado goodbye, we went southward over Raton Pass into New Mexico, for we had learned that even the plains to the east were snowed in and we still wanted seed of Ipomoea lepto- phylla. We obtained it as well as Fallugia paradoxa in New Mexico. Fallugia is a shrub 5 to 7 feet tall with small three-cleft leaves and rose-like white flowers followed by silky seed-heads of a silvery pink. Bearing eastward into Oklahoma, we went down through the “Arbuckle and Ouachita Mountains for seed of Eryngium Leavenworthii, one of the finest of its genus although only an annual. Every lobe of the foliage which is present at flowering time is spine-armed as well as the cone-like flower heads which are rich purple with blue stamens. From there we bore eastward across Arkansas and Tennessee, across the Great Smokies ito North Carolina, and thence northward to New York. In a trip of thirteen weeks’ duration we had collected more than five hundred lots of seed and had traveled 14,800 miles. Of the seed lots, 140 were of rock-plants, while the remainder were of plants unsuited to rock gardens, although still of horticultural promise, besides a few of purely botanical interest, for exchange. EDWARD J. ALEXANDER. 42 HISTORIC VOLUMES DEPOSITED IN LIBRARY Two historic volumes, the Register and the Proceedings of the “Botanical Club of the American Association for the Advance of Science,” dating from the club’s inception in 1883, are now in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden, where they are available for consultation but not subject to loan. They were presented for deposit under these conditions by the Botanical Society of America, the organization! which is the outgrowth of the Botanical Club, at its meeting in Atlantic City the last of December. The story of the organization of a group of thirty botanists in Minneapolis in 1883 is told a He minutes of the first secretary, Prof. J. M. Coulter. Prof. W. J. Beal was the first president. Dr. Charles E. Bessey, he was also at the meeting, for many years remained one of the most active members. Second to sign the register when it was started at the Philadel- phia meeting in 1884 was the venerable Asa Gray. Only a few years later the black-bordered letter of Mrs. Asa Gray, express- ing her “very sincere thanks” to the club for the resolution passed at the meeting in Cleveland in August, 1888, was inserted in the book of proceedings. A few lines below Asa Gray’s name on the 1884 page of the register appears the signature of Elizabeth G. Knight, and a bit farther down, that of N. L. Britton. Two years later, among the 91 signatures in the book, the names of Elizabeth G. Britton and N. L. Britton are registered together. In the Proceedings will be found in brief form part of the story of the beginnings of the American Code of Nomenclature, evolved by the Botanical Club’s committee, of which Dr. Britton was chairman, and presented to the Vienna Congress in 1905. This is the last report which is given in the book. The name of .M Howe appears on the same page as a member of the committee on rules for citation. 9, the club apparently existed without a treasury. In that year, however, an assessment of 25 cents a member was voted. Out of the $5.75 collected, $2 went out for postage and expressage and $2 to D. T. MacDougal “a/c banquet,” leaving the ponderous balance of $1.75. At the same time it was voted to limit papers to ten minutes each. Then, the secretary records, the papers of the day were presented. Familiar names of a number of present-day botanists of the pio Mepciathatlae oi 43 East, who were then only a short time out of college, appear on the early register of names. In 1885 L. H. Bailey, Jr., then of Michigan a oe College, signed his name to the roster for the first time. A few years later he was giving Ithaca as his address, and Cee it has been ever since. he signature of Henry H. Rusby, then of Detroit, first ap- pears in 1887; that of Arthur Hollick in 1891. E. B. Southwick, representing “Central Park, New York City,” attended in 1892. John KX. Small apparently first became a member in 1896. The next year P. A. Rydberg signed the register. The new century saw the induction of John Hendley Barnhart, who served the club as treasurer and secretary pro tem in 1904. Fis Se report, the last one in the book, shows a balance of $1.12 Elmer D. Merrill was one of the group in 1901. When the A.A.A.S. met in New York in 1906, the Botanical Club could count among its members Fred J. Seaver of Iowa and H. A. Gleason of Champaign, Ill., as well as R. S. Williams of New York. This roster of signatures closes the book, which had been pre- sented to the club by the Philadelphia botanists at the meeting of 1884 A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* The restored gardens of the Governor’s Palace at Williamsburg, Va., are the subject of the entire issue of Landscape Architecture for the first quarter of 1937. Arthur A. Shurcliff, who since 1928 has been the landscape architect in charge of the restoration and of city planning in Williamsburg, tells the story and amplifies it with many illustrations. * * * More than a dozen garden pools of varied types for different situations are shown in American Home for February in an article entitled “Any garden can tuck in a little pool somewhere” by the new horticultural editor, E. L. D. Seymour. * The phases of the Dutch elm-disease and its treatment are thoroughly covered in Bulletin 389 of the Connecticut Agricul- tural Experiment Station. Eight plates, of which five reproduce photomicrographs, show the effects of the ailment on the trees. * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found i zB the Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Build 44 Several letters from foreign countries which have had to deal with Graphium Ulm are included in the text. * * * Dr. L. H. Bailey treats the genus Washingtonia in Fascicle II of Volume IV of Gentes Herbarum, occasional papers on the kinds of plants. * * * Lilacs, both species and horticultural varieties, are the subject of H. G. Hillier in an imposingly illustrated article in the Novem- ber Journal of the Roval Horticultural Society. Dr. Fred Stoker writes on “Easy-going Cypripediums” and shows several species growing abundantly in his garden. * * * Continuing the reports on the botanical results of the Archbold expedition, Francis W. Pennell writes on “New and Noteworthy Papuan Scrophulariaceae” in Brittonia, No. 3 of Vol. 2. Other contents of the issue are “Otto Kuntze’s New Genera and New Species of Indo-China Plants” by E. D. Merrill; “The Genus Hydrocotyle in Northern South America” and “Studies in the Umbelliferae, V” by Mildred E. Mathias; “Notes on North American Araliaceae” by A. C. Smith; and “A Note on the Genus Themistoclesia” by A. C. Smith and W. H. Camp. The Herbarist, the second annual number of which appeared in 1936 as a publication of the Herb Society of America “for use and for delight,” proves to be an authoritative as well as an entertaining little book. Topics on a dozen phases of herb history, culture, and use appear in these two initial numbers, which are published at Horticultural Hall, Boston, Mass. * * * Another new series of publications on herbs is a four-page pamphlet, the first two numbers of which appeared in October and November, written by Mrs. Rosetta E. Clarkson, who in her garden at New Rochelle, N. Y., raises 170 kinds of herbs as a hobby. Her first issue consists of an article, called “Magic Fragrance,” her second, a list of publications on herbs. Carot H. Woopwarp. 45 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT The plant of Pelargonium echinatwm shown on the cover and now to be seen in bloom in Conservatory Range No. 1 exhibits a color phase which is rare, if not heretofore unknown, in America. Ordinarily white, the flowers of this specimen are of a clear magenta marked with yelvety blackish-purple. Although it has been in cultivation for more than half a century, this South African native is only occasionally seen. The present plant was received from the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew in 1935. * * * Dr. Frederick V. Coville, Principal Botanist in the Division of Plant Exploration and Introduction of the Bureau of Plant In- dustry of the United States Department of Agriculture, died on January 9 in his seventieth year. He was also Acting Director of the National Arboretum in Washington, which he had been in- fluential in establishing. While Dr. Coville’s contributions to botany were largely in the taxonomic field, he was widely known for his development of improved strains of blueberries from wild plants. At the time of his death he was engaged in a revision of the Death Valley flora, which had occupied him during the early years of his career. * * * Among recent gifts to The New York Botanical Garden was a check for $1,000 from Mrs. George B. deLong, to be added to the endowment fund. Ed * % Dr. John Hendley Barnhart has been elected President of the Torrey Botanical Club for 1937. On December 21 he was also chosen Editor for the New York Academy of Sciences for the current year. Dr. H. A. Gleason was chosen President of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists at its meeting in Atlantic City, last month. * * * Dr. William C. Steere of the University of Michigan spent the Christmas holidays at The New York Botanical Garden, continu- ing his work in the Elizabeth Gertrude Britton Moss Herbarium. | 46 “Sex in the Social Organization of the Fungi” was the title of an illustrated lecture given by Dr. B. O. Dodge before the New York Association of Biology Teachers at the American Museum of Natural History, January 15. * x At the monthly conference of the Scientific Staff and Regis- tered Students of the Garden January 13, reports from the Atlan- tic City meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science were given by E. J. Alexander and Doctors B. O Dodge, Forman T. McLean, Fred J. Seaver, A. C. Smith, A. B. Stout, and H. A. Gleason. * * An interesting set of herbarium specimens has been presented to the Botanical Garden by Dr. Wolfgang von Hagen of New York City, who collected them in the Galapagos Islands during the past year. They include some of the unusual species of the remarkable flora of that region. REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS (All publicavions 3 ivicwed here may be consulted in the Library of e New York Botanical Garden.) A New Eprrion or Hotres’ Book or SHRUBS The third edition of “The Book of Shrubs” by this well ae f some new illustrations. The scope of the book is good, and the general ee mation concerning soils, planting, and propagation is well pre . One would expect to find mention of electric hot- beds, tinge a the more ancient one of manure, for propagating purposes, both on the score of convenience and uniform results. The use of chemical solutions on cuttings has produced some amazing results. Information on this is a same as given in the first edition. Scientific workers at the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research have made available much new information since nee The suggested combinations for porch planting have likewise not cere SE The up-to-date planter would improve on these * Hottes, Alfred Carl, The Book of Shrubs. Third edition. 438 pages & and nearly a illustrations. Indexed. A. T. De La Mare Co., Inc., New York City, 1937. $3. NO eG 47 with easily obtained nursery stock. It was surprising to find some early slips still persisting—such, for example, as finding Enkian- thus campanulatus listed under pink- ea shrubs, and Azalea Schlippenbachti as orange-flowered. To them described under their correct colors e sewhere in the Hook serves only to add to the ae of the novice. Likewise, Rhus cotonoides, now Cotinus amer icanus, is as much out of place listed with low-grow- ing plants as it See ie in the average foundation planting for which it is reco The Scotch hoe Gate is deserving of a more extended treatment than given. I have just looked upon a collection of these varieties—beautiful indeed in their winter tints. More people with sandy soils in a sunny place should know of their merits for year- round effect. Too often one sees the advice given to “avoid manure” for this that, and the other plant, instead of telling how to use manure properly when obtainable. Ill take all the. old cow-manure I can get as a mulch for broad- leaved evergreens, even though the author says dowt. It is good to see the oak-leaved hydrangea well featured, but one of its attractions is not mentioned—the wine-red tints of the leaves in the fall. For years I have seen doubt ex- implied here as to its behavior in Massachusetts. I happen to know a 30-year old Spec oe ee is still going strong in a co spot, and know several i ue rk that have shown no injury after “oaparaires, of 30 x cae s below zero. Likewise, it was surprising to me to find Viburnum Carlesii listed as a tender mem- er of ee good famil One ne mention in passing the omission of some ey a ae tie should be mentioned and seen more often. shrub plantings are dull and eee not so much to ‘acl of good material as for lack of vledge concerning it. work which helps in this direction | is oe be commended, and the author has done his part. Henry E. Downer. A Humanistic BAcKGRoUND For BoTaNy In the Moss of the author of “Plants and Human Economics,” * this volume is an examination which aims to present in readable fashion fe historical, economic, and botanical facts which give a humanistic background of reality to the study of botany. The book, which is Sen by the head of the Department of Botany, University College, Hull, England, is intended for schools and for general reference. * Good, Ronald. Plants and Human Boones 202 pages, illustrated with maps; indexed. Printed in England by e University Press at Cambridge, and in the United States by he. Vee Company, New York, 1936. $1.75. 48 Four chapters, “The Nature and Sources of Food,” “The Life the Green Plant,’ “Facts Limiting Agricultural Production,” and “Science and Agriculture,” are “popular expositions of the basic facts and conditions of agriculture. The limited size of the volume compels brief treatment of these es a selection of cases to illustrate ee mee and as a rule these are well chosen. In discussing the scope of Retin Ta credence is given to the report that yb ene the strawberry and the raspberry were obtained, and other references are made to breed- ing results of little importance. To some it will seem that a more adequate selection of material could be cited. Several chapters deal with specific crops and products under the following headings: Cereals oe Pulses; Vegetables; Salad Plants; Fruits; Beverages; Sugar and Starch ; Oil and Fats; Spices ; Timber ; Coal and Suse: Rubber; Resins; Balsams and Gums; Pars and Dyes; Fibers; ‘Alcohol ; ‘Drugs; Fodders ; Miscellaneous ; Products of Lower Plants ; and Notes on Vegetable Products. There a a concluding chapter on “The Economic Botany of Gre in.’ The volume is Fee illustrations except for eight maps which show the distribution of the cultivation of the important crop plants, the distribution of forests, grasslands and deserts, and the location of the important coal fields and oil fields. There is brief mention of all but the very uncommon and local products of plants in nontechnical and popular language Both the student of botany and the average reader should find this volume much information which forms the basis of a Grerseitaite background” concerning the importance of plants and plant products to the welfare of mankind. A. B. Stour Tuomas’ Prant PuHystotocy* This book is interesting both for its virtues and its omissions. It is essentially an elementary treatise on the physical chemistry of plants, yet under absorption no mention is a of the very constructive work of Hoagland and his associates in California ; in fact, the statement on page 89 that absor ption is governed by Sore aues of ions pe and outside the cell is definitely dis- prov y Hoagland’s work. Emphasis throughout the book is on aeRO researches, “i very brief treatment of the exten- sive work done in the United States in the fi elds of absorption, mineral nutr ton, transpiration, nitrogen metabolism, etc. Cee of growth substances (aux xins) is an excellent treatise- on recent Aaveices 5 in plant physiology made in Great Britain, and the storey has references mainly to English authors. Forman T. McLean. 1 Thomas, Meirion, Plant Physiology. 494 pages, illustrated; indexed. P. Blakiston’s Son & Co., Philadelphia, 1935. $5. ; THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. Se ae MANAGERS Until 1938: L. H. Bamey, MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs. Exon Huwntincton OOKER, JoHN L. Merritt (Vice- president), Cot. eee H. Montcomery, H. opat Porter, and RayMonp Until 1939: ARTHUR M. ANDERSON, Henry W. ve Forest (President), CLARENCE pewas, 2. D. Merritt, and Henry pE LA MontTaGNE (Secretary and ne, Treasu Cae 1940: HENRY bE Forest BALpwin Mice president), Cuitps Frick, uw Lewisoun, Henry Locxnart, Jr, D. T. MacDoucat, and Josrrn R. See (Treasurer II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGuaroptia, Mayor of the City of New York. ROpEne Moses, Park Comuaissione Henry C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS TRACY Ee HAzEN, apnciied by the Torrey Botanical Club. R ARPER, Sam F. ELEASE, Epmunp W. Srynort, and Marsron T. Bocert, UORAGE by Cohumbie Universi sity). GARDEN STAFF . A. Greason, PH ee aac austere Deets Deputy Director he aoe Curator rae DBGEAY MONTAGNE) ty ee eae ha en ee ee tant Dir ector Joun K. SBALL, Pu, “D. SQUID ynccinncee Chief Research ae ane Curator WS toud) Pm Diao adhere caer aceeamacscme Director. of the L ae ies FRreD J. SEAVER, “Oa IDS GIDE aise cin a eo O NOG TERE Re oe BERNARD O, Donce, DEIN Cane ROL G hen mnOen ovat A Plant Pa nae a me Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. .......... Supervisor of Public Education Joun Henbrey BARNHART, TX M., M. D...Bibliographer and Adinin. Assistant PERCY ANNAUSONS eRe are oer een ae ee Associate Ciratoy Avperr (C. Sure, PR, De .4.i..5.54anndns sodies snanode sees Associate Ciu-ator. Sywyiee Iai, Isao, “Ns IMI, op0cscccgoocogcev0nc0unebd0000G000000000 Librarian H. H. Ruspy, M. D........... Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections INPEDAMGRIRRITH: aa ntmcoer Aoatine icie so natalia namie rtist and Photographer ROBERTS) WVILLTAMS) ea oacaneeceesesereees arch cre uv Bryolog . J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Ae of the Local Herbariun Harotp N. Morpenxke, Po. D. .................-0200eeeeee Assisten Curator é AMP, 1 Degree tststee o cecargust shee manos oe Suen ane raat TS ssistant Curator Givens Gucyepean, NG ING 5 o00c0ccacacuuvccuuvnsgcunugGa00 Technical Assistant Rosati, WETIKERT’ jcc cccg nance diecedasaoestatem anton Technical Assistant CAROL WY@OnnyARn) ANS IBC oaascaccccgnc00000000a00060000 Editori ssistant Tuomas Hl. Everett, N. D. Hort. ........2...00ccceeeec ee ceee Hor, eS APD ROG IG, AG IV eye oe eye RN kr te aa ee nora) IDyorehonpar, WIG Sy oge0cc5000000000509006 CALs in Hlawatian Bann Ropert EIAGELSTEIN .........22-+-+..+++->- Honorary Cia r of Myxomycetes Ere, Anson S. PEcKHAM. -Flonor ary Cur aloe: nee Neen Collections Watter S. GROESBECK ..-.--.¢20escncessseeseesseccess erk and A ARTHUR J. CORBETT ................. Superintendent ay, eae sand Gro ASE PRANDERY ahaa ere ose Gena SAE OA Oe ee istant Saper. ee PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books trated dict of the pontiens United States and Canada, by Nathaniel An Illus Lord Britton and Addison Brow Three volumes, giving descriptions and illustra- 0. tions of 4,666 cena Pee a aclistorn, ate $13.5 Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 capes and 601 figures. 1932. Price, $4.50 postpaid. Plants of the Vicinity of New York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages, illustrated. oe oe 65. of Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 ‘text fies 1918. $3. Text-book of Gene Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 716 alee 1897. $2.5 Periodicals Addisonia, semi-annual, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by pepules eeeepuone of flowering els, eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each v ow in its twen volume. ubse ription price, a volume (two Be "Not offered in ee Free to members of the Garden. Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news and non-technical articles. Subecepon $1 a year; once copies 10 cents. Free to members of the Garden. Now in its Mien 4 cologia, bimo nthly, illus fae in color and other devoted to fungi, including lichens, containing technical articles and ws and notes of general in- terest. $6 a year; single copies $1.25 each. n its eventy ninth volume. RE Year Index volume $3 in paper, $3. 50 | in ia fabrikoid Brittonia. A series ses botanical papers. Subscuption price, $5 a volume. ae in a second volum . rth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of Nose ope including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be c pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more parts; $1 matte now is ciel Selacadtonton price, $1.50 per pa a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2 each. Not offered in ex Contributions from The Nov York Botanical Gee en. A series of technical papers ate by students or member ers of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a volume. In the fourteenth volume Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Walemnes LVI. Titles on request. oy all orders to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y Eo * Ed DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN The New, York Botanical Case is locited in the Bronx, uamiesiately north of the Zaseloytical Park at HosdDa Road, at the south end of the rkway. It may be reache aby vel ane. from Grand Central Tomeioean to the Botanical Garden Station (200th Str To reach the Garden by the Floated and Subway systems, take the Third Avenue Elevated to the end of the ine (Bronx Park Station); from the East and Third Aventie Elevated at 149th Street and’ Third Avenue. By Eighth Avenue subway (Independent system) take a C or ace train to Bedford Park Boulevard ae St nee then Me oS to the Gard : r from the city, ee noun on Grand Concourse to Bedf ford Park ae “Coots ca turn east there, and! cross the railroad bridge into the Garden grou e Vor. XXXVIII Marcn, 1937 No. 447 JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Springtime display of Easter lilies in Conservatory Range No. 1. Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 110) cents ; Free to members of the Garden fi le . ae JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carnot H. Woopwarp, Editor Marcu, 1937 FAcTs AND FANcies AsouT Our RoyaL PaLmM John K. Small 49 Citrus Fruits From FLoripa on ExHIsit H. H. Rusby 58 Two New Day.Licies A. B. Stout 60 ORIENTAL PLANES IN New York City Leon Croizat 62 MYCOLocIA Fred J. Seaver 64 A GiLance AT Current LITERATURE Carol H. Woodward 65 SPRING LECTURES AT THE GARDEN 68 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 69 REVIEWS OF RECENT Books 70 THE HERBARIUM Virtually every kind of plant which is native to North America, as well as a majority of the nlants of the r f th tld. is repriesentiad in the vast herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden. For many years om every continent and its adjacent islands, thousands of plants have fro: been carefully Ee pressed, mounted, and labeled, then stored in convenient order for the use of students and scientists. Growing at an p average rate of 40,000 specimens every year since The New York Botanical Garden was founded, this herbarium now contains more than 1 800, 000 specimens, which make it second in size in America and one of the largest herbaria in the world. Not only flowering plants, h but also ferns, mosses, algae, and fungi are included. e collection of fungi alone numbers more than a quarter of a million Hess aye and the mosses are almost as numerous. Cultivated plants are kept in a separate section and, for the benefit of local botanists, co special collection con- sists of the eine which are native to the v ork. The entire herbarium is arranged ooane to a modern system of clesiticattom so that all related plants are housed near one another for ready comparison. oly every species included is represented not by a single specimen but often by a dozen or more, which show the variation in oe structure and appearance and the geographical distribution of each kin Every specimen in the herbarium has been identified by some taxonomist who examined it minutely, res storing certain portions to their oe size and contour by slow boiling, Snes the smaller parts under the micro- scope, and comparing the w with others which it might ae "Thu s was its place i in the present ae of classification determined and its specific name ae Every year thousands of plants, some fresh, some dried and pressed, are named at The New York Botanical Garden. The accuracy of the determina- tions is checked ce comparison with specimens already in the herbarium in fact, is the principal use o herbarium: to aid taxonomists in the identification of plants. Geneticists, physiologists, horticulturists, pathologists, and students in other bran ches of otany also utilize the herbarium regularly, for without it they would often ae it difficult or impossible to name ae the plants with which they erbaria such as the one at The New York Boterorcell Carden are one of ihe indispensable means by which the science of botany is able to progress. JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. XXXVIII es — Marcu, 1937 No. AA7 PACTS AND FANCIES ABOUT OUR ROYAL PALM Few among the hordes who trek to southern Florida in the winter have failed to notice the royal palm as a cultivated tree, for their attention is promptly attracted by this very unusual subject which seems to be made up of a concrete column for a trunk and a large feather duster for a crown. Inquiry reveals that this is the royal palm, Roystonea regia, by far the most strik- ing member of the Palm Family in Florida. PREHISTORY AND History A note printed last summer, entitled “Royal Palms in Upper Florida,’ emphasizes the fact that the royal palm in Florida, which is believed to have had great prevalence at one time, was nearly exterminated during the white man’s pioneer period. An “undevastated Florida” of an earlier age is pictured, “can- opied by thousands [thousands would scarcely represent a needle in a haystack by comparison] of royal palms, with their huge pendent clusters of grape-like purple fruits feeding great numbers of wild turkeys, deer, and other game.” This picture is what it is assumed Ponce de Leon may have seen while hunting for the Fountain of Youth hefore the pioneer period of cabbage-cutting and grass-burning which “lasted more than three centuries.” However, cabbage-cutting was probably already in vogue for thousands of years, for the aborigines would not have omitted this important source of food from their limited cuisine, and furthermore they may even have used the bud of the royal palm as well as that of the cabbage-tree (Sabal Palmetto) and other palms for food. Perhaps they were thus partly re- sponsible for the assumed depletion of the royal palm growth, for this tree is sometimes known as the cabbage palm. As for grass- 1 Royal Palm in Upper Florida, O. F. Cook, Science 84: 60, 61. 1936. 49 UIA Sol] UOTsar surpunosims ayy Te pue spowuuey sy, “woHvjesoa paavoj-peorq Jo yjmors ayy DAOGE JOMO} “[]C} 399} Op] ULY? dIOU oUIOS ‘sued [e1aAas ‘eployy ‘Aunop opeq weg aes wyeg ol burning we have documentary evidence that this deplorable cus- tom was practised by the aborigines, at the time of the discovery of the New World, for it is recorded: “Those from further inland have another remedy, just as bad and even worse, which is to go about with a firebrand, setting fire to the plains and timber so as to drive off the mosquitos, and also to get lizards and similar things which they eat, to come out of the soil. In the same manner they kill deer, encircling them with fires, and they do it also to deprive the animals o Pest, compelling them to go for food where the Indians want.” Before the advent of men on the scene, nature a did the grass-burning. So it is clear we must stretch our imagination many thousands of years back of Ponce de Leon’s time to envision a possible Florida canopied by royal palms. At least, no intima- tion of these royal-palm canopies is given in the records of the early travelers before or after Ponce de Leon’s poetical expedition. Passing from fancies to facts, or from the prehistoric to the historic, we find several pieces of recorded evidence showing the status of the royal palm in Florida from 1792 to the present, or for about a century and a half. The first printed record by Wil- liam Bartram follows: “The Indian not retur ning this eines I set sail alone. The coasts along the St. John’s River, south of Lake George, on each side had much the same appearance as already described. The palm-trees here seem to be of a different eveels from the cabbage tree; their straight trunks are sixty, eighty or ninety feet high, with a beautiful ee of a bright ash colour, until within six or seven feet of the top, where it is a fine green colour, crowned with an orb of rich green plumed leaves: I have measured the stem of these plumes fifteen feet i length, besides the plume, which is nearly of the same length.” his statement is often questioned both as to its veracity and as to whether the trees represented are the royal palm. - The royal palm is quite sensitive to cold. Trees are sometimes killed during freezes right in the heart of their great abundance. Further along it will be seen that Dr. Cooper suggested that cold may have lalled the Bartram colony during the freezing weather of 1835. Such an instance is known to have occurred in the Big Cypress Swamp in 1894-5, just sixty years later. Three tall royal palms grew in a hammock near a point of cypress about the headwaters e Journey oh ae Nufiez Cabeza de Vaca. Translation by Fanny Bandit 92-93. 3 vels in Nore and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, 113- 114. 1792. 52 of the river on which the settlement of Everglades is situated. They flourished up to 1894. The cold of the two freezes, Decem- ber 1894 and January 1895, killed them. Ten years ago the trunks, below the ferule of leaf-bases, were still standing and sound, though slowly decaying. The same fate may have befallen the Bartram colony. This is pure supposition. However, inquiries in the vicinity of Astor, a settlement midway between Lake George and Dexter Lake, brought out the information, though somewhat hazy, that several generations ago there was a factory in that vicinity that made walking-canes of palm wood. Thus the wood of the Bartram royal palms may now be scattered far and wide. Fifty years after the Bartram printed record, or seventy years after the actual discovery, Thomas Nuttall records that: “Tn the islands of the Everglades, considerably inland in East Florida, we have been informed that a Palm about 90 feet high, forming a magnificent tree, has been seen, but of this plant we have been unable to obtain, as yet, any further account.” * This information was most likely verbal and came directly or indirectly from army officers, many of whom by that time had penetrated the remote parts of the Ten Thousand Islands and the Everglades during the Seminole wars. From about 1860 the records of this palm become more definite. Cooper wrote: “The Palm mentioned by Nuttall in the introduction to his Sylva is found, as I was informed by several persons, in large groves, between Capes Sable and Romano, and one tree three miles north of Fort Dallas. It was called “Royal Palm,’ and said to grow 120 feet high. It is oy the Bahamian ‘Cabbage Palm’ (Oreodoxa oleracea, Mart.). This was evidently the palin found by [William] Bar oe in ee me Lake Dexter, on the St. John’s river, latitude 28° 55’, all appearances wild. Some were ninety feet high, a Pe (pinnate) leaves thirty feet in length. (Travels, page 114.) As no one has seen them eee Jiney may have been destroyed by the severe frosts of This information doubtless came to Dr. Cooper while he was at Fort Dallas from the men who had participated in the Seminole wars and later settled at Fort Dallas (later Miami) when they left the army. The army in Florida was brought into close con- tact with palms and the men evidently took notice of them, for 4 North American Sylva IV: viii. 1842: 5 Annual Report, Smithsonian Institution, 1860: 440. 1861. Ficu in R sal Palm Hammock, Flor Redtentis and weevils are often so abundant and active where the ae alm grows that scarcely one of the myriad seeds produced annually by a Wee ever grows to maturity. Z 54+ some of them remained in the service and participated in early exploring parties in the Far West. It is recorded that: “Several scattered objects were seen projected against the cliffs, hailed by the Florida campaigners, some of whom were along, as old friends. They were cabbage-trees Ce eee and marked the locale of a spring and a small patch of There can be no doubt about the discovery of ie oa palm by Bartram. The only questions are these: Were the trees along the St. Johns River indigenous, or were they introduced by the native Florida aborigines, not the exotic Seminoles, as a result of seeds brought from further south? It seems likely the aborigines cultivated the palm, for on the marl mounds of an ancient site of aboriginal activities three miles back of the one-time settle- ment of Flamingo, Cape Sable, stand royal palms which are ap- parently descendants of parents planted there before these abo- rigines were exterminated by the Spanish adventurers. The Cooper record is interesting in indicating that the palm may have been native on the lower eastern coast. However, although we are likely to think of Miami as a recent development, it is only a modern development. When it was Fort Dallas in the earlier part of the past century there was much activity thereabouts, and the lone tree may have been the result of seeds brought in during the activities of the army in peninsular Florida. The matter might rest here, but in the eighties it became a little fogged. An old settler accidentally stumbled on a colony of these palms in the mangrove swamp south of Little River, while hog-hunting.? Question: Did this represent a native colony or was it progeny of the lone tree mentioned in the Cooper note? Nearly a quarter of a century after the Cooper note appeared, . S. Sargent reported that the royal palm was: “A tree 18-30 meters in height, with a trunk 0.60 meters in $s ona military reconnaissance from Fort Leavenworth to San Diego in Calivernia 103. Ralph M. Munroe in The ecm sores Story, 145. 1930. In a letter just received fro Mary Louise t of Mian the following informa- tion is given: “When “el Soni came - “Miami n 1892 (September) there was a grove of about twelve royal palms SRO ante ee the mouth of Little River on the south side of the river north of Dr. Simpson’s place and just 'd” Li i ith of “old” Little River tess Ims had at | 20-foo' bodies, were seeding well, and were apparently 25 years hat The grove had been larger but a blight had lalled some (trunks still stand- ing) and others were dying. They had all disappeared al People generally did not know this group of palms existed an Mr. Soar oe cer- tain no one living in Miami at that time knew of their origin. He not think: they were planted but tat the seeds were washed into that ‘ow mde it often flooded during storm ee Te eT: CT ee eS Se i a Eee - ™ =a 55 diameter ; rich eS Cicrancakes); often forming extensive groves; in Florida rare and local.” Previous information was summed up by C. S. Sargent, as follows: “This species, which is common in Cuba, extends into southern Florida, w liete it inhabits two or three hummocks {hammocks] on Rogue’s [Rogers] River, about twenty miles east of Caximbas [now cpelled cori Bay on the west coast, Long’s [Long] Key [This is the Bucaneer Palm (Pseudophoeni: vinifera). ] and the shores of Bay Biscayne near the mouth of Little River. The presence of a lofty palm in southern Florida was hinted at more than sixty years ago, and the fact is mentioned in the preface to Nuttall’s North American ye but it was not until 1859 that this Palm was known to be Oreodoxa | Roystonea| regia. In that year Dr. Cooper found it on Bay Biscayne, and twenty years later Mr. A. H. Curtiss established the fact o its S$ presence on Rogue’s [Rogers] River and Long’s [Long] Key.” ® Discoveries after the end of the past century have revealed only outlying colonies of former known centers of distribution. Native GrowTH The following information about the recent and present status of the royal palm in Florida was derived from personal’ contact of the writer with the veterans of southern Florida settlements and from notes received from the best informed sources, namely J. F. Jaudon and William W. House.?° At the present time the royal palm in Florida does not grow naturally north of about latitude 26 degrees. (Miami lies just south of 26 degrees; Fort Lauderdale a trifle north. Whatever growth may have existed naturally on the Atlantic side of Florida is extinct. The Gulf side including the Bay of Florida now maintains the native growth. There are four main areas: I, Royal Palm Hammock in Dade County; II, the Cape Sable region, extending from Taylor River to the Cape; III, the Ten Thousand Islands; IV, the Big Cypress Swamp. The first area contains relatively few palms; the second has many, but in small colonies such as Cape Sable and vicinity, Madeira Bay, and Taylor River; in the third area the numbers increase, and in the 8 Report on the os of North America, 218. 1883. 9 Garden and Fone 152. 1896. References to this palm are also peiatical a Silva si 2 1896. ° Bot Peery Jaudon and Mr. House have lived with the lecians in the se ees wilderness of southern Florida, and the House family have been residents of Naples and Chokoloskee Island for three ee eeeee rE 3. An avenue of native royal palms at Coconut Cave Bilge ida: Phew oung cultivated palms are the direct progeny of palms of Royal Palm Fan mock, Dade County, and of the Ten “homer Islands, Collier Count 57 vicinity of the rivers of the Ten Thousand Islands—for example, the Sweetwater, Lossmans, Rocky, Rogers, Broad, and Harney— the palms grow by the hundreds. The fourth area is the hotbed of the royal palm; here the growth may be recorded by the thou- sands. The palms are particularly abundant in the vicinity of Palm Creek and the Fackahatchee and Fackaunahatchee.! In passing it is interesting to note that the colonies of royal palms are inseparable from water courses. Were the seeds floating in the waters of the Gulf Stream driven up the rivers during storms and hurricanes? Fortunately, the more remote parts of the Cape Sable region, the Ten Thousand Islands, and the Big Cypress Swamp are the most inaccessible parts of the United States where vegetation thrives. CULTIVATION Toward the end of the past century, when the southern parts of the Florida peninsula, first the western and later the eastern coast, became generally accessible, the native royal palm sprang into popularity. Its early mysterious existence gradually faded away and it became common property. Commercialism promptly made inroads. First the fruits were collected. Frequently a palm tree a hundred feet tall would be cut down just to get the seeds for nursery stock. Then the palm became so popular that full-grown trees were demanded. Since the beginning of this century many thousands of royal palms, rang- ing from a few inches to a hundred feet tall have been removed from their native haunts to the cities, towns, and gardens of southern peninsular Florida. A few hundred palms were moved from the western coast to Miami before the end of the past cen- tury. The lone palm that stood near the forks of the Miami River in the early part of this century may have been derived from this source. In passing, it may be of interest to give a partial argument against the royal palm being indigenous on the lower eastern coast of Florida. Bernard Romans, who published a “Concise Natural History of East and West Florida” in 1775, with a map, fails to mention the royal palm in his list of trees, although he gives a quite accurate map of Bay Biscayne and of the Miami 11 The latter two names are rivers. The ending “hatchee” is Indian for river. : | 58 River with its north and west forks. On the other hand, the royal palms may have eluded his attention, for it was many years after the white man settled in that region before the colony of these trees at the mouth of Little River was discovered. The royal palm is justly popular and very generally cultivated, the seeds sprouting readily and the seedlings making exception- ally rapid growth, if they do not succumb to the ravages of rodents or weevils. Should the native growth be exterminated by hurricanes, floods, frost or fires, by gnawing insects or wood- peckers, which sometimes drill too many holes in the trunks, the tree will long survive within the range of its hardiness as a street- tree and an ornamental in gardens. However, to be on the safe side to prevent its extermination, large groves should be set out in otherwise useless areas and allowed to go native. Conserva- tionists please take notice! Joun K. SMAtt. CITRUS FRUITS FROM FLORIDA ON EXHIBIT More than sixty varieties of citrus fruits from Florida were put on exhibit in the Museum Building this month. Each one is labeled with its varietal name, besides a brief description of the character of the fruit, particularly from the consumer’s point of view. The grower of citrus fruits is quite as careful in the selection and verification of the trees for his orchard as any grower of grapes is for his vineyard. There seems no good reason, there- fore, why the northern purchaser should not act with equal in- telligence and discretion in obtaining citrus fruits for the table The competent housewife always asks for Greenings, Baldwins, Ben Davises, or some other special sort when she is buying apples; yet not one in a hundred times will a purchaser be heard to call for a citrus fruit under its varietal name. Some specification as to sweetness, juiciness, or thickness of rind will often be given, but usually nothing more. The resident in such producing regions as Florida and Cali- fornia soon begins to demand special varieties by name; but even there he rarely goes very far in learning to distinguish any but a few of the more important varieties. 39) That is why The New York Botanical Garden has assembled this collection of the more important commercial varieties of oranges, grapeiruits, lemons, mandarins, kumquats, and their hybrids: the object is to give the public the opportunity of study- ing the appearance and the quality of each sort. Nearly half of the 150 recognized and named varieties are being exhibited. In each jar in which the specimens have been preserved, one or more whole fruits on leafy twigs are shown, besides one fruit in cross-section with inner surface and stem-end both carefully dis- played. In some cases, important differences are to be noted in the leaves of varieties, and the calyx, at the stem-end, is regarded as an important differential structure. In the descriptions of vari- eties, the color and character of surface, the shape, especially as to grooves at the base and projection or depression at the summit, the number and form of seeds, thickness and coloration of ind form of juice-vescicles and color of juice, and amount of “rag,” as the tough residue, after expression of the juice, is called, are carefully differentiated. On the labels for the exhibit, the general classification of nomenclature employed is that found in Hume’s work on citrus cultivation. The following groups are included in the collection: The sweet oe (Citr i sinensis eee) roup 1, Spanish oranges, 8 varie Group 2, Me teeenest or aueey iu aicties Group 3, Nay fi ok es q va roup 4, The sour oranges ae ae peey The pomelos or er aucinuits (C. paradisi Mee 5, ee aries The mandarins or tangerines (C.n obilis Lour.), 7 ieties The lcumquats (Fort ola inargar ita and F, Hind. dsii). TO ‘ ee By ane pues sweet and r (C. Limonia ek, 3 varieties remnaialio. ‘Sui gle), 2 v The aiecles (hybrids of C. par Pais: an al cco vobili is), 6 varieties The citranges (hybrids of C. sinensis and Bae US trifoliata), ta] = moe ta (bybrid of the citrange and the kumquat) It is hoped that the flowering twigs of most of the specimens can be added in the spring, when the exhibit after having been on special display in the rotunda of the Museum Building, will become part of the Garden’s permanent collection of economic plants. H. H. Russy. 60 TWO NEW DAYLILIES Among the daylilies obtained by breeding at The New York Botanical Garden, two outstanding yellow ones have recently been named. These have been propagated by the Farr Nursery Com- pany, which will introduce them this spring to the horticultural market. I. Tue Saturn Daytity The Saturn daylily was obtained after several generations of selective hybridizations which involved as parents Hemerocallis flava, H. fulva clone Europa, a wild plant of H. fulva from Japan, and H. multiflora. The general habit of the plant is that of an erect H. multiflora, only more robust and with larger flowers of delicate fulvous colors. At New York the period of blooming has been from about June 15 to July 15. The foliage is nearly dormant in winter. The scapes are much branched and stiffly erect to a height of from 3 to 4 feet. The flowers are numerous, about 3 inches across, widely spreading and full; the throat is apricot-yellow; the petals have an eye zone of vinaceous rufous, beyond which is an area of ochraceous orange, and there is a marginal border of almost clear apricot-yellow. The sepals are somewhat less strongly eyed and they are reddish fulvous on the back. The marginal band of paler color in the open flower is somewhat more noticeable than in other seedlings or named clones which the writer has thus far seen. Il. Tie Circe Dayiiry The Circe daylily has been selected as an especially attractive plant from a large number of somewhat similar seedlings which have yellow flowers and bloom in early and mid-July. The scapes stand from 3 to 4 feet tall, and they are stiffly erect and some- what branched. The flowers are full, about 314 inches in spread and light yellow or almost lemon-yellow in color. In. its par- ticular combination of characters the Circe daylily does not closely resemble any of the various yellow-flowered named clones in bloom at the same time. The ancestry comprises six generations of selective breeding with hybridizations that include Hemero- callis flava, H. fulva clone Europa, H. Thunbergiit and HT, awrantiaca. A. B. Stout. ‘ozIS [einjeu UMOYS s1e YJOG ~AjlAep IID dy} JO Jomoy & 4ySII f ApAep Usnjzes ay} Jo Jamoy & FJoy] 24} FV “aeaA SI} psdnposyUr Suraq sorypiypAep Mou OMT 61 a ee EEE 62 ORIENTAL PLANES IN NEW YORK CITY Although Platanus orientalis L., the true oriental plane, is stated on excellent authority to be haraly as far north as Massachusetts, the records of its being planted in our vicinity are surprisingly few. The “oriental plane” of common cultivation is almost in- variably the London plane (Platanus acerifolia Will Id.). At this date the writer knows four trees of the true oriental plane in New York City. Others may yet be found. Two trees of which the northernmost one is most likely P. orientalis var. liquidambarifolia, stand in Central Park, Manhattan, near the re- taining wall on Central Park West, slightly north of 102nd Street. Another, already mentioned in this Journal (October, 1936) grows in Morningside Park, Manhattan, near the eastern boundary of the park, in line with 112th Street. A fourth tree is cultivated in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. All these specimens are mature plants probably of the same age and of the same origin. They bear fruit regularly although they show indication of having suffered and of suffering somewhat from frost. The leaves of the oriental plane vary bewilderingly, and many are the varieties described from the leaf alone. On the whole, however, the outline of the blade has a character of its own. A glance at the accompanying photograph will tell more than a long description. In the oriental plane the blade is mostly deeply lobed and distinctly jagged. Young shoots may bring forth leaves that are as shallowly lobed as those of the London plane, but this last, so far as the writer knows, nowhere has the deeply cut-in leaves that are typical of the oriental plane. Usually the leaf of the oriental plane has a thinner texture than that of the London plane. The fruits of the oriental plane are borne in long clusters of two to five, seldom two to three, “heads”. Each “head”? meas- ures 1-14 inch across, which is a trifle less than the usual size of the fruit of the London plane. The oriental plane is native to the Balkans, to Asia Minor, and to the islands of the Aegean Sea and may dwell on mountains up to 5,000-6,000 feet high. This range, called the Eastern Mediter- ranean by most authors on horticulture, is mistakenly supposed to be warm or temperate throughout. Very severe winters hold sway in Albania, Serbia, Bulgaria and the Anatolian tableland. In 63 cultivation the oriental plane is hardy at least as far north as | Berlin, Germany.* The Eastern Mediterranean region matches the Carolinas and Georgia in that both sections have harbored numerous northern forms of plant-life compelled to seek warmer climates during the Tertiary and Quaternary glaciations. With the return of less Characteristic leaves of plane trees. Top row: leaves of the Pengen plane (Platants acerifolia Willd.). Middle and bottom rows: leaves of the cecal plane (Platanus orientalis L.) from the trees in Central Park, Manhattan. severe conditions many of these plants have tended to migrate again north, or can be cultivated north of what is properly their range. It is not more surprising, therefore, to find the oriental * For this and other valuable intelligence the writer is indebted to a friend, Dr. O. Schwarz, Botanische Garten, Berlin-Dahlem 64 plaae in our parks than it is to find in our gardens Fraser's mag- nolia, the big-leaf magnolia, the red linden, the silver linden, the Georgia buckeye and other such “Eastern Mediterranean” or “southern” species. Naturally, plants that are somewhat tender with us must be treated with greater care than the usual run of hardy trees and shrubs. It is interesting to note that all the orien- tal planes mentioned above are set on dry slopes. The oriental plane, it becomes clear, is less rare with us than is generally supposed, and can fairly easily be grown where some specimen is desired either for educational purposes or for ornament. Leon Croizat. MYCOLOGIA Mycologia, the official organ of the Mycological Society of America, published by The New York Botanical Garden under contract with the society, has just closed the most successful year in its history. According to our official records the total income for 1936, including the interest on endowment, estimated at $115, amounted to $5,849.78. With a surplus of $494.07 brought for- ward from 1935, there was on hand during 1936 the sum of $6,343.85. The cost of publishing the current volume of 633 pages, plus incidental expenses pertaining thereto, amounted to $3,463.13, leaving a balance on hand of $2,880.72. A large part of this amount was obtained through a special effort to sell the back sets of Mycologia. With the permission of the Board of Managers of The New York Botanical Garden, $2,500 of this amount was transferred to the restricted Mycologia Endowment Fund, the interest on which is to be used for the publication and expansion of the periodical. The balance of $380.72 was carried forward to 1937. The restricted Mycologia Endowment Fund now amounts to $4,500, all of which has been accumulated during the past four years. Of this amount, $2,000 was donated by an anonymous friend to be expended on Mycologia in any way the managing editor might see fit, while the remaining $2,500 has been accumulated through the sale of back sets, including the Twenty- four Year Index. It is hoped that this endowment may be gradu- ally increased until M/ycologia, now one of the outstanding jour- nals of its kind in the world, can be placed on a firm financial SOHNE: Frep J. SEAVER, Managing Editor. eee ssi 65 A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* To study the influence of climatic environment on the life and development of living organisms, particularly plants, is declared to be the major effort of the Desert Laboratory at Tucson, Ari- zona (with the central laboratory at Stanford University in Cali- fornia) in the latest annual report of H. E. Spoehr as Chairman of the Division of Biology of the Carnegie Institution of Wash- ington. In this work, different regions, different types of material, different viewpoints, and methods of approach are utilized. Included in the report is a study of the species problem, using the genus Madia as the basis, in an attempt to reveal how taxo- nomic characters may be altered by environment. Other articles are on the yellow pigment in photosynthesis, on tree-rings as cli- mate indicators, and on paleobotany. In connection with some of the studies, explorations have been made in Sonora, Lower California. * * * Intended as a preliminary to more extensive work on the flora of Fiji, Dr. A. C. Smith’s “Fijian Plant Studies” was published toward the end of 1936 as Bulletin 141 of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum of Honolulu. In this paper, which includes only new or rare species, Dr. Smith and his collaborators report three families and 26 genera for the first time from the Fiji Islands, propose five new genera and two new sections, name 91 new species and seven new varieties, and propose 27 new combinations and five new names. On his year’s trip in Fiji, which was reported in the Journat for December, 1934, he visited eight islands and col- lected 2,008 numbers. * ef “The Tertiary Floras of Alaska” by the late Arthur Hollick of The New York Botanical Garden has appeared as Geological Survey Professional Paper No. 182 of the United States Depart- ment of the Interior. A chapter on the geology of the Tertiary deposits, by Philip S. Smith, is included. The book contains 122 plates, each consisting of from one to sixteen clear-cut photographs of the specimens treated in the work. * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 66 A translation of Alfred Rehder’s “Notes on the History of the Introduction of Woody Plants into North America” appears in the National Horticultural Magazine for October. Three periods are designated: (1) up to the eighteenth century, when only fruit trees and a few ornamentals were brought in; (2) the period of John Bartram in Philadelphia and Robert Prince on Long Island ; and (3) the period from 1861 on, when Chinese and Japanese plants began to come directly from the countries of their origin, instead of by way of Europe, as formerly. * * * Robert Hagelstein has contributed “A Critical Study of the Mycetozoa of Long Island” to the November-December number of Mycologia, treating 35 genera with complete descriptions of species, giving the location of every specimen found, and adding notes of definite value to the collector. * * * George L. Slate writes on “Small Fruits for the Home Garden” in the Gardeners’ Chronicle of America for February. Orchid culture is being encouraged in Australia with the appear- ance of the Australian Orchid Review, official organ of the Orchid Society of New South Wales. Five reasons why the florist and nursery industries need such specialists as “plant doctors” as consultants and aids in their business of growing plants successfully are emphatically stated by Alex Laurie in the Florists’ Exchange for February 6. he paper was originally given at the short course for nurserymen at Ohio State University in January. * * * How a good crop of strawberries was gathered in February and early March is told by J. W. M. Roodenburg of Wageningen, Holland, in the Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society for December. The plants, which were of the Deutsch Evern variety, were exposed to neon light from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. nightly begin- ning October 7. They had been potted July 19 and house October 2. Another essential factor in producing this midwinter crop was found. to be to keep the plants from becoming dormant after their summer growth. 67 onald Culross Peattie is the author of a brief pamphlet en- titled “Old-fashioned Garden Flowers,’ written in the interest of more than two dozen worthy plants which have gone out of style in present-day gardens. It is published as Botany Leaflet 19 of the Field Museum of Natural History. In a treatise on the indentification of woods with conspicuous rays, H. E. Dadswell and S. J. Record describe 50 families in which broad rays are a leading characteristic of the wood. The work appears in Tropical IV oods issued December 1. Photographs of enlarged cross-sections of typical plants in 18 of the families are shown. * * * His experiences in searching for alpine plants in the Caucasus are recorded by W. E. Th. (Will) oe in the Jowrnal of the Royal Horticultural Society for Octobe * * * The latest work of the Boyce Thompson Institute on the use of hormone-like substances in plant growth is reported by A. E. Hitchcock in the December Bulletin of the Horticultural Society of New York. In the same issue Mrs. J. Norman Henry writes briefly on her plant-collecting expedition in northern British Columbia. Both papers were subjects of recent lectures at the Horticultural Society. * * The completed Part 1 of Volume 1 of A. J. Grout’s “Moss Flora of North America North of Mexico” was published at Newfane, Vt., in October. The new succulent house of the Missouri Botanical Garden, which contains a large collection of South African succulents planted naturalistically on either side of a winding path, is illus- trated in the October Cactus and Succulent Journal. * * Es Part III of Volume XII of Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum contains reports on the algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, ferns, and flowering plants of Southampton Island, Hudson Bay, collected on the exploration sponsored by John Bonner Semple in 1929-30. 68 One hundred and seven species of woody plants are briefly described and individually located on a map of Kissena Park in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets No. 3-5, Series XXIV. Leon Croizat is the author of the leaflet, which is ee ns s he Rare Trees and Shrubs of Kissena Park, Flushing, L. I., * * * The first of a series of studies on the genus Dianthus by Dr. Fritz Lemperg of Hatzendorf, Austria, written in English and published by the Botanical Garden of Goteborg, Sweden, gives analyses of 52 species in the series Barbulatum. The studies have been made so far as possible from living plants, with types and other herbarium specimens also being examined. Carot H. Woopwarp. SPRING LECTURES AT THE GARDEN An illustrated address on “Fragrance in Flowers” by Dr. For- man T. McLean opened the spring series of free Fie after- noon lectures at The New York Botanical Garden, March 6. Dr. Harold N. Moldenke is es a travel tall on Switzerland the afternoon of March 13. The lectures are given at 3:30 P.M. and last one hour. Other topics scheduled for the season are as March 20 “Mushrooms, Pine eu Otherwise,’ Dr. William S. Thomas, Physician and A March 27 pores ene Ror es o1Dye; 18, ©} pedee Plant Pathologist, Mr. P. J. McKenna, Foreman Garden April 3 “April and May in oo Rock Garden,” Mr. OP, H. Everett, Hor- ticultu April 10 ‘up rtaetisles of the Landscaping of Home Grounds,” Mr. A. C. Pfander, Assistant Superintendent. April 17 “South African Flowers,” Mrs. Sarah V. Coombs, Author. April 24 eee Wild Flowers,” Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, Bibli- apn May 1 aa Names and Their Origins,’ Dr. H. A. Gleason, Head May 8 oe ae Ferns,” Dr. Albert C. Smith, Associate Curator. May 15 “gelerades Wyoming and South Dakota,’ Dr. Fred J. Seaver, May 22 ioe ‘and Improvement of Cultivated Plants,” Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of the Laborator May 29 “Flesh-eating Plants,” Dr. H. pean Douglass, Physician. 69 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT The Horticultural Club of Boston assembled at the Parker House March 3 to hear an address by T. H. Everett on the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden. More than a hundred col- ored slides made at The New York Botanical Garden were used to illustrate the lecture. * x Dr. Herbert Francis Marco of the United States Forest Service is spending several months at The New York Botanical Garden doing laboratory research in connection with special studies in the breeding of forest trees, a work in which Dr. A. B. Stout is cooperating. * * * “Recent fern studies at The New York Botanical Garden” was the subject of Dr. John KX. Small at the monthly conference of the scams staff and registered students of the Garden Febru- ary 10. Dr. Harold N. ‘Molen spoke on “Trailing Types in European Herbaria.” . * * Benjamin F. Bush, botanist and postmaster, died February 14 at his home at Courtney, 1 Mo., at the age of 79. The author of several botanical works, he was also an indefatigable plant col- lector, particularly in the Ozark region. Several thousand of his specimens from Missouri and nearby states are contained in the herbarium of The New Y ome pe Garden. oris A. ee has again oe from Brazil to see several months at The New York Botanical Garden. He brought THe him about 1,500 re humbers of plants in a or more sets to be distributed. The ection, which was made chiefly in the Amazon valley near te Se border, is espe- cially rich in the genera S Wap es Lonchocarpus. Dr. Edmund W. Sinnott all be one of the speakers at the meeting of gourd gardeners to take place at the ee of the Nations in Rockefeller Center, March a at 3:3 Continued warm see — le latter part of the winter brought many trees and shrubs into bud and early bloom and in 1p Bowles and Canary Bird, also the delicate lavender Crocus Tomasinianus, were in pen on February 24. Last year they first opened March 17. Crocus Korolkozwi, another yellow species, was in continuous bloom fone January 18. 70 REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS (All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) A CouLter TEXTBOOK Dr. Coulter undoubtedly was confronted with a most difficult task—that of writing the general botanical text* for the “Intro- een to the Biological Sciences” in the curriculum of the “New n” at Chicago University. But one has the feeling that, in his fea to achieve simplicity and ease e of understanding, he has violated certain pedagogical fundamentals, for there is a tendency toward loose ee and incomplete statement, leading in cer- tain cases, if the er is oe to erroneous’ concepts. Then too, in an att ae ic achieve reader-interest, he dwells much on the sociological par allels Bea plant-cell aggregates and human communities. To do this many passages in the text are so anthro- pomorphic that they cease to be truly biological and become mere teleological tautology. The title, we feel, is a bit unfortunate, for it is not a “story of the plant ae » but, rather an introduction to the study of plant morphology with a minimum of physiology thrown in for good measure, wherein it differs but little from too many of our so-called modern texts. We honestly wonder whether, in a story of the plant kingdom, Chapter IX on “Reproduction among Liverworts” is as ree as one could be on fossil plants, which we failed t Certain errors “ind slips have gotten into the text. Among them may be found a nearly correct description of the typical dichotomous venation of a fern followed by a reference to Figure 8 (& 59) which sary must be a species of Cyrtomiun, i it has the atypical ee ee of this genus. We also learn that the “American ba ” is responsible for the a of i) aire ieutcn barberry (Berberis canadensis), while susceptible, is seldom found in the wheat- OTe regions. The Deeper barberry (B. vulgaris) is the “culpri We learn too that: “Among monocotyledons, ae orchids and two other families .... have evolved to the condition of epigyny.’ As a matter of fact the number is somewhat larger, and if the more recent authorities are followed, twenty-one families are ex- clusively so with four additional ones containing some epigynous genera. While such errors in the end may not be important, they * Coulter, Merle C. The Story of the Plant Kingdom. 270 pages, illus- oo, mainly with drawings; indexed. University of Chicago Press, 1935. 71 add nothing either to the dignity or the accuracy which can be expected in a text, no matter what age the student for whom it was designed. W. H. Came. FLORA OF GRAUBUNDEN With a recently issued fourth part,t the Flora of Graubitinden is brought to a conclusion. Neither descriptions nor analytical keys are provided, as these are available to students in other works. The distribution of each species is eg in its relation to soils, altitude, and plant associations, followed by citations of ae localities at great length. The whole Son is marked by the accuracy, completeness, and thoroughness of the modern Sais school. H. A. Gueason. WEEDS OF SWITZERLAND Since the days of prehistoric man, weeds nee been an irrita- tion to the agriculturist and at present th ause an sae loss measured by the ae ey dollars. While ihe book before us} treats specifically of weed problems in Switzerland, many af its couceu apply in Aes also. The kinds of weeds and the quantity of weed-growth in fields depends partly on the character of the soil, partly on the aetaed of cultivation, but partly also on the kind of crop cultivated. Weed Se are usually produced in large quantities and often retain the power of ee for many es Actual destruction of weeds, this book points out, is only a temporary measure, and extermination depends on a a - ough understanding of the behavior and life history of each len H. A. GLeason. A Srupy or Humus As a review of the past studies of the black or brown spongy material of peats and of soils called humus, this thick volume* is interesting. From a present-day utilitarian standpoint, the book tells us more of what i is ae known a of what is. That humus nourishes micro-organisms and saprophytic plants, and that b their activities cieaieal ae ients ee it are made available for higher plants, no one has ever seriously questioned. orty-one ages are devoted to proving that we know really nothing about the chemistry of humus. The composition of animal manures and vegetable composts and their decomposition constitutes an interesting chapter, though + Braun-Blanquet, J., and Bibel: Eduard. Flora von Graubtinden. Part 4. Pages 1205-1695. Hans Huber, Bern, 1936. Swiss Fr. { Buchli, M. Oise der Ackerunkrauter der Nordostschweiz. 354 pages; 6 plates. Hans Huber, pen nee Swiss Fr. 9.80. * Waksman, Selman Hum Ori Chemical Compos sition, gos Importance in Nature 404 pages ; SMlastated=: indexed, Williams & Wilkin Company, Baltimore, 1936. $6.50. 72 relatively short, compared to the 190 pages devoted to ee which are largely dismissed as irrelevant in the summarie The discussion of forest humus is meaty, and deals wath both its physical and its chemical nature. The rapidly decomposing humus of a deciduous forest is contrasted with the more refrac- tory coniferous forest humus. Similar contrasts are found in arable farm soils and in peats and in coal formation. Humus accumulations in water ha particularly in sewage are also briefly iscussed. The last 180 pages of the book deal with recent developments in the study of humus, and of this the last 67 pages combine a very full bibliography. Taken as a whole, the book is a reference work for the re- search worker and specialist, and for such contains much and full information Forman T. McLean. Hunpbrepbs or Roses in CoLor By long experience, untiring study, and the virtue of accu- mulating records that extend across the wide expanse of half a century, none is better fitted to produce a work on roses than is Dr. McFarland. This latest addition? to his many contributions on the Queen of Flowers is as unique in character as it is com- prehensive in scope Within a nee handsomely bound there is a ee international court of the rose. The author has selected 500 of the world’s roses—the contributions of the nations to our oe ee are variously distributed over teas, hybrid teas, hybrid perpetuals, polyanthas, climbing and rambler roses and a few worthwhile species. While some of the pictures do dazzle the eye with the too-intense hues of catalog oie almost 300 of these roses are reproduced fairly accurately in color. Each is described, the year of introduction is given, and the name of the imbroducer as well as comments on its merits are added, so that ae ee is at once a history, record, and guide in itself. ority of the roses illustrated are of comparatively re- cent Le CeaOn and I have a feeling that a few more tried and true varieties of hybrid teas and hybrid erpetuals could have been used in place of some of the newer subjects that have not come up to expectations. However, the author has attempted to give a selection that is meant to suit a wide range of conditions and for this reason if for no other, his choice should be respected. The roses are treated alphabetically, there being no attempt at grouping types, until near the end of the book when three or four pages are devoted to classification. P. J. McKenna. * McFarland, J. Hot Roses of the World in Color. 296 pages, illustrated with sheteemione in half- tone and in color; indexed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1936. $3.75 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. Spon MANAGERS Until 1938: L. H. Bat Marsuatt Frecp, Mrs. Eton Hunrineron Hooxer, Joon L. MeErrity (Wee. president) Cou. Robert H. MoNnTGOMERY, H. Hopart Porter, and RayMonpD Until 1939: ArtHUR M. Anp ERSON, EEG W. ve Forest (President), LARENCE Lewis, E. D. MerriL, and Henry pe LA MontaGNE (Secretary and Assistant eee er). Until 1940: WEnry pe Forest BALpwiINn Wace president), Citys Frick, ApotpH LewisoHNn, Henry Locxwart, Jr, D. T. MacDoucat, and Josep R. Swan (Treasurer). II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuarpra, Mayor of the City of New York. Rosert Moses, Park Commissione Henry C. TURNER, President of fie Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E. Hazen, appointed by He toate) Botanical Club A. Harper, SAM F. TreLease, Epmunp W. SINNOTT, and Marsron T. Bocert, appointed. by Columbia ieee ty. GARDEN STAFF H. A. Greason, Pu. D. .................. Deputy Director and Head Curator EIENRY; DE EA MONTAGNE eee cieleleleiels leleielcielolole “leleieleiclaleleleleicle Assistant Director Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D:, Sc. D.......,. Chief Research Associate and Curator IN, 183, Soups, Pict, IDs 350000000900000nG00000000000 Director of the Laboratori les Frep J. SEAVER, Pr. D:, Sc. De 2.1... ce eee ee tense conse Curator Bernarp O. Dopce, Bia ID es cc eee oe ene pa eee Plant anieloaist Forman T. McLean, M. F., Po. D. .......... Supervisor of Public Bascotion Joun HEnpLey BARNHART, a M, M. D.. IE and as Assistan IPERGY, WALSONG aaa cosGin ooecoain deine ssc ocr. creloienrorite tate Cu ore or. TN (Cy Swoansy, Jct IDS Gocoocccgucacaccgg00o00000000000 pecan Sue GQynonize 1E5 TEUNAONG, UNG IMIG GogaooeuccGed0000b09G00005000000a0000000 Librarian H. H. Ruspy, M. D........... Honorary Curator of the Economic Collectio ry Ire GawomNGIet Gooogagoocsa000000000000000000000000 Artist an ographer. Ropert S. WILLIAMS ........---2---++++s 00 rch Associate in By ology . J. ALEXANDER...... seston! Curator and ae Hie of the Local Her ieee Harotp N. Motpenke, PH. D. .............20.0 ce eee eee e ee ssistant Curator WY, IB Gain, IPG, ID, gc0900ca00G00000000000800000000aGG0an Assistant Curator Gusvjs, Gevwynuoe, AG IMs Ga0c00c0000cc0050040000000000000 Technical Assistant IROSNuins WAGES? G5090000000090000000300000000000008005 Technical Assistant AROL EL. Woopwarp, A. B. ........0. 2. eee eee e reece Editorial oe pmouas Hi. Everett, N. D. IFLORT saan wae Nao aabecieouaemisineree Horticulturist LL. Wittrock, A. INA, ack Saeko MR ROET A "Ss ae ne ocen Orto DEGENER, M. SSbincn soriabomesuadeoosa Gel laborator in Hawaiian Botany ROBERT HaceLs SMELN: micieks cicieiece cisnnerersotemarets Honorary Curator of Myxomyce ues ErHer Anson S. Peercanan .Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collectio WALTER S$. (Gis GasvopgcooddnadcdsagcanosooK000 lerk and Accountant ArTHUR J. CORBETT ...............-- Superintendent ay, Builnas and Grou: (COR RANDER suid chige cea ee comin to nisin nolan ssistant ue MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION And The Advisory Council (“) With Its Officers i Arthur M. Anderson *Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson George Arents, Jr. *Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Vincent Astor, John W. Auchincloss Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Stephen Baker Henry de Forest Baldwin Sherman Baldwin Prof. Charles P. Berkey C. K. G. Billings George Blumenthal Prof. Marston T. Bogert Prof. William J. Bonisteel George P. Brett *Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Prof. Gary N. Calkins *Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Miss Mabel Choate *Miss E. Mabel Clark W.R. Coe Richard C. Colt *Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Charles Curie *Mrs. C. I, DeBevoise Henry W. de Forest Edward C. Delafield Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow Julian Detmer *Mrs. Charles D. Dickey © *Mrs. John W. Drape Benjamin T. Fairchild Marshall Field William B. O. Field “Mrs, Henry J). Fisher Harry Harkness Flagler *Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Childs Frick *Miss Helen C. Frick *Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorft Vice-Chairman *Mrs. Frederick A. Godley *Mrs. George McM. Godley Murry Guggenheim Edward S. Harkness Prof. R. A. Harper Prof. Tracy E. Hazen A. Heckscher *Mrs. William F. Hencken Archer M. Huntington Pierre Jay *Mrs. Walter Jennings *Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg Treasurer. *Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel Clarence Lewis *Mrs. William A. Lockwood Dr. D. T. MacDougal *Mrs. David Ives Mackie Mrs. H. Edward Manville Parker McCollester *Mrs. John R. McGinley *Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. Ogden L. Mills George M. Moffett H. de la Montagne Gol. Robert H. Montgomery Barrington Moore Mrs. William H\. Moore J. Pierpont Morgan Dr. Robert T. Morris B. Y. Morrison Charles Lathrop Pack *Mrs. Augustus G. Paine *Mrs. Nelson B. Williams *Mrs. James R. Parsons Rufus L. Patterson John D. Rockefeller Prof. H. H. Rusby *Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee John M. Schi *Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz *Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner *Mrs. Townsend Scudder orresponding Secretary *Mrs. Samuel Seabury Col. J. E. Spingarn Mrs. Charles H. Stout Nathan Straus, Jr. Frederick Strauss *Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder Recording Secretary Bronson Winthrop Grenville L. Winthrop John ©. Wister *Mrs. William H. Woodin Richardson Wright Vor. XXXVITII Aprit, 1937 JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Published monthly by The New York Botanical! Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to. members of the Garden JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor ApriL, 1937 HORTICULTURAL VARIETIES OF RANUNCULUS Front Cover OBSERVATIONS OF ae IN GHENT Hysrip AZALEAS [ES Clement G. Bowers 73 STEPHEN G. a CHOSEN For YEAR AT KEW 79 Lorp ABERCONWAY VISITS THE GARDEN 79 REPORT OF THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR For 1936 80 REPORT OF THE TREASURER For 1936 92 AT THE New York FLOWER SHOW 98 EASTER DisPpLay AT THE GARDEN 99 HONORARY SCROLL PRESENTED TO Dr. SMALL 99 THE JAPANESE BEETLE AND IRIS RHIZOME ROT B. O. Dedge 100 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 101 Reviews oF RECENT Booxs 102 THE LIBRARY Rich in Been volumes from the earliest days of printing, in works which are landmarks of scientific progress in later centuries, and similarly furnished a reports on the latest research, The New York Socata Garden possesses, in 45,000 bound volumes, the country’s largest library ree horticulture and bota any. es being virtually complete in that ultimate source of all botanists, the works of Linnaeus in their many editions, the Library also contains Every issue, for instance, of Curtis’s Botanical Magazine from its inception in 1787, is on the shelves. The classic herbals of Hieronymus, Gesner, Fuchs, Dodoens, and others number nearly 300 volumes. The famous Cox collection of Darwiniana is also owned by the Botanical Garden. Nearly all of the magnificent folio works of the elder Jacquin, including his rare American flora, which Andrew Carnegie presented at a cost o k of the mid-eighteenth century, of which only 18 copies were ever published, contains 264 plates hand-drawn in color. ifts and purchases of other historic source books, which are essential to the scientist, have also combined to make this library an important study center. For research, eee in systematic botany, it rarely occurs that the required reference is lackin Based upon the botanical brary of Columbia University, most of which up to date by the addition of current publications on botany, horticulture, and related subjects. Though hampered in recent years because of lack o funds for the puis and proper housing of many books desired, it con- tinues to serve its users well. The collection has been developed primarily for the aid of mem bee a the staff, students, and visiting botanists, but is placed also at the disposal of the public, who are free to consult its volumes in the reading room. JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. XXXVIII Aprit, 1937 No. 448 OBSERVATIONS OF HARDINESS IN GHENT HYBRID AZALEAS AND THEIR ALLIES Some years ago, while examining the Ghent and Mollis hybrid azaleas then growing on the grounds of the New York Botanical Garden, I became interested in the fact that certain of these shrubs were fifteen or twenty years old and fairly thrifty despite a com- mon superstition that varieties such as these were short-lived, thriftless, and subject to “dwindling” or dying back when grown in this region. It had been well known to the importers of Dutch and Belgian azaleas that the Ghent hybrids and their allies seldom persisted for long in America and that thousands of these plants imported in former years had failed to endure. Before discovering the age of the plants at the Botanical Garden, I had observed this “dwindling” process in the azalea collections of Long Island and New Jersey. Briefly described, one might say that a plant which had been at first in a thrifty con- dition would become checked in growth and occasionally the foliage would become pale. During subsequent winters the unthrifty branches would die back and the plant would become smaller from one year to the next until finally giving up its struggle for life. Although the summer growth was poor, actual death of the woody parts would occur during the winter. The natural inference, therefore, was that these varieties were winter-tender and that this characteristic was responsible for their failure to adapt them- selves to American climatic conditions. The finding of the older plants, in fair vigor, at the New York Botanical Garden led me to observe others. Specimens were found at various places in Massachusetts, at Rochester, N. Y., and at 73 74 other points in New York State where the weather was even colder. It was a pleasant surprise to find these reputedly tender shrubs, all apparently happy and vigorous, surviving the exceed- ingly cold winter temperatures of upstate New York and New England. Putting together the facts concerning the azalea plants that were thrifty led to the observation that these successful ones were especially well supplied with moisture during the summer months. The best Ghent hybrids at the Botanical Garden at that time were those which had been planted in or near herbaceous borders which were being watered throughout the growing season. Those at Rochester were arranged so that the soil could be irrigated when- ever the weather became very dry. At other places the soil was kept moist by a mulch of leaves which was maintained throughout the year. In still another instance the plants were growing on the banks of a stagnant pond where there was much atmospheric moisture due to frequent fogs and where the plants were protected from dry winds by a heavy wood. Inquiry of experienced azalea growers elicited the opinion that summer moisture conditions were perhaps involved in these successes. Encouraged by these evidences of thrift and wishing to test the matter further, I undertook a trial planting of three varieties in 1930. In a particularly cold section of Broome County, New York, plants from Long Island which were already in the “dwindling” process were planted in a well drained bed composed of one part acid peatmoss and one part garden loam, prepared to a depth of eighteen inches. After planting in April, the bed was covered with a mulch of oak leaves eight inches deep. In Novem- ber a frame covered with burlap was built around the bed and re- tained until the following April. Later results indicated that this burlap protection was not needed. : Some of the older unthrifty wood was lost the first winter, but as soon as the plants became well established they developed new stems from the base and entered upon a season of active growth which has been repeated every year since that time. During their six years in Broome County, these original plants have grown from mediocre examples of eighteen inches into broad, well pro- portioned shrubs of five and six feet, being covered every June with a wealth of bloom which fairly radiates glory. Every winter the temperature has dropped to at least twenty-five degrees below 75 zero, and in 1934 a record low temperature of —38° F. was reached with sub-zero temperatures nearly every day for some weeks. Although these temperatures have been cold enough to kill all the flower buds. on the evergreen rhododendrons (such as Rhododendron. catawbiense and R.-maaianum) which were grow- ing in the same beds and have killed the torch azalea, R. Kaenp- feri, to the ground, the Ghent hybrids have bloomed abundantly A branch of one of the Ghent hybrid azaleas which has proved its hardi- ness at The New York Botanical Garden every year. During one January a heavy snowfall broke down the burlap covering which was protecting the azalea bed, so that these plants had to finish the winter with no overhead protection » whatever. The plants were quite unharmed and bloomed as usual in June, despite the fact that the mercury descended to thirty degrees below zero after all protection had been removed. While there is probably much difference between varieties in respect to winter hardiness, these results should at least establish a reputa- tion for the hardiness of those which were tested, namely: oi Seas ; 76 Coccinea Speciosa, Daviesii and Pucelle. It seems probable that a large number of other clonal varieties are equally hardy, since they have been found growing in cold regions. It would not be surprising to see a rather long list of hardy Ghent and Mollis azaleas assembled when additional sorts are grown and tested. That the success of these plants was mainly due to favorable water relations during the growing season may be inferred from the evidence at hand, although such a conjecture needs confirma- tion by subsequent physiological study. During the rather serious drought conditions prevalent in the region for several summers, the soil in these azalea beds was always cool and moist, without sogginess but well aerated and never unduly dry. If one were to plunge his hand into the soil beneath the leafy mulch on a hot dry day, the peaty soil would feel soft and about as moist as a damp sponge. This uniformity of moisture supply is a factor which undoubtedly kept the plants in a steady condition of vegetative vigor and prevented the checks in growth which are known to result from alternate periods of dryness and wetness. Further, it seems likely that this good growth in summer promoted the hardiness of the plants during each subsequent winter. It is a common observation of fruit growers and other growers of woody plants, supported by scientific evidence, that thriftless or inactive branches are more susceptible to winter injury than are the more vigorous portions of the tree or shrub. It is evident that all azaleas are sensitive to drought and that the combined heat and dryness of American summers is trying even to the native species, such as [Rhododendron calendadacewn, R. rosewm, R. Vaseyt and FR. atlanticum. All of these species did better when grown under a heavy summer mulch than when grown without it. That grafted azaleas are even more sensitive to inadequate moisture conditions than are seedlings and own-root sorts will be brought out later. Altogether, the inference is clear that summer water relations play an important role in the thrift of the azaleas, and that this thrift, in turn, contributes substantially to the plants’ ability to resist winter cold. And there are additional implications, also, from these purely horticultural observations. After these encouraging results, further experiments were undertaken. Plants of a dozen different varieties of Ghent and flollis azaleas were secured from a commercial planting where trouble had been experienced in making the young plants develop eS ee Si i isto acca edi aaa 77 vigorously. Planted in April, as before, in peat beds mulched with oak leaves, the young plants grew normally until mid-June when dry weather commenced. Although the soil was adequately moist, the atmosphere was very dry and the young plants began to suffer coincidentally with this. Growth was checked, and the younger leaves failed to develop a normal green color, being pale, chlorotic and often somewhat mottled as if infected vith a virus disease of the “mosaic” type. Other symptoms were small size of the new leaves, partial distortion of the leaves and reduced length of new stems. Such symptoms have been commonly attributed to rhodo- dendron mosaic or azalea yellow-leaf, under which names several incompletely known troubles appear to have been listed. While these virus-like symptoms appeared in the upper parts of the scion, they did not occur in the stems and foliage of the root- stock which had been permitted to grow out from the bases of cer- tain plants. The foliage on these rootstock branches remained green and healthy throughout the time chlorosis was appearing on the leaves of the scions. The rootstock was of uncertain origin, but was presumed to have been derived from mixed seedlings of the Pontic azalea, R. luteum. There was no transfer of the symptoms from the scion to the rootstock. In August, after copious rains had restored the atmospheric and soil moisture, the azaleas immediately became active, vegetative growth started, and normal green leaves developed. No further sign of chlorosis appeared throughout the remainder of the season. Although no pathological studies have yet been made of this material to determine whether a virus disease is actually present, these preliminary observations strongly indicate that the cause of the chlorosis and reduced vigor of the grafted azalea plants is merely an unfavorable graft union and not a pathogenic infection. As noted above, these azaleas appear very sensitive to conditions of restricted water supply. If stock and scion do not form a thoroughly functional union, it is a reasonable conjecture that the movement of water from roots to top may be inadequate to provide a sufficient supply to the scion at times when the air is dry and large quantities of moisture are being lost from the leaves. Thus injury might occur in times of atmospheric dryness which would not occur during the more humid seasons, since, in the latter, an imperfectly functioning graft union would still be good enough to transfer sufficient water from stock to scion. 78 Since the Ghent and Mollis hybrids do not root easily from cuttings, grafting is the common commercial practice for propaga- tion. Yet, to avoid troubles such as those here cited, own-root plants would be preferred to grafted plants. The use of auxins, or growth-promoting chemicals, as developed at the Boyce Thompson Institute, offers a promising future for the production of own-root hybrid azaleas. Certain other practical considerations should be noted. Although these azaleas need adequate summer moisture, they quickly resent a soil that is saturated with water and always require good drain- age. In these experiments, azaleas planted on well drained land underlain by gravel grew twice as well as those planted in poorly drained soil underlain by stiff clay, although the surface soil in the peat beds was practically the same in both cases. Plantings of all azaleas and most rhododendrons on the poorly drained soil are doing badly. For best results the soil should be porous and well aerated, but fibrous and retentive of moisture in the sense of being spong Atmospheric dryness is probably very bad for the Ghent and Mollis azaleas, as it is indeed for the other members of the genus, even when abundant soil moisture is present. There are certain sites, such as dry southern exposures or open plains that are swept with hot winds in summer, where Ghent azaleas and their allies could not be expected to thrive no matter how carefully they were irrigated or mulched. It should also be noted that all Ghent and Mollis azaleas are certainly not of equal hardiness. Several different species, some of them tender like Rhododendron occidentale, R. lutewm and R. speciosum, are present in the hybrid mixture and their character- istics occasionally segregate out in the progeny. On the other hand, several varieties are supposed to be of superior hardiness. Pending further trials, it would not be safe to make definite recom- mendations at this time. If ultimately a fair-sized list of Ghent and Mollis azaleas, which with their wide range of color are among the showiest of all flowering shrubs, should prove hardy in the region of the north- eastern states after they have been tested under good summer con- ditions, and if new propagating methods make the production of own-root plants easy and desirable, then we may look forward to a renewed interest in these truly gorgeous shrubs and a new supply of fine things for our gardens. CxrementT G. Bowers. Ng eT ee: 4 ‘nee cnpescapiene: aoe sated es 5 rg 7 79 STEPHEN G. CUTTING CHOSEN FOR YEAR AT KEW Stephen G. Cutting has been selected as this year’s candidate to study at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, England, while Frank G. Mackaness will come as a student gardener from Kew to The New York Botanical Garden. Mr. Cutting, who has served at the Garden for more than two years and who last spring received his certificate for completing studies in the Course for Professional Gardeners, took part in the Garden’s Rocky Mountain expedition last summer. He recently received a prize of a copy of Britton & Brown’s Illustrated Flora for having made the year’s finest herbarium collection of native plants. His selection for the year abroad was made by a com- mittee from the National Association of Gardeners, who inter- viewed five students from the Botanical Garden. He will leave New York at the end of June, when Howard Swift, the first ex- change student gardener to be sent from The New York Botanical Garden, will return from England to resume his work here. The National Association of Gardeners is providing the traveling ex- penses of this year’s student from America. C. J. Collins, the 1936 exchange student from Kew, will leave The New York Botanical Garden this month and return to Eng- land after a trip to the Pacific coast. LORD ABERCONWAY VISITS THE GARDEN While in America to attend the spring flower shows in Boston, Philadelphia, and New York, Lord Aberconway, President of the Royal Horticultural Society, and one of Great Britain’s outstand- ing authorities on gardening, spent the afternoon of Sunday, March 21, at The New York Botanical Garden. Accompanied by Dr. H. A. Gleason, Mr. H. de la Montagne, Mr. T. H. Everett, and Dr. E. D. Merrill, the latter representing the Board of Managers, Lord Aberconway inspected many features of the grounds, but indicated especial interest in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden. Himself the owner of one of the finest gardens in Great Britain, where hevhas large collections of gentians, primulas, and rhododendrons, he declared-at_the conclusion of his visit that he was impressed with the generally high-standard of cultivation both in the greenhouses and on the grounds at The New Yor Botanical Garden. 80 REPORT OF THE DEPUTY DIRECTOR FOR 1936 The year just closed at The New York Botanical Garden has been saddened by the death of its director on December 24, after thirty-five years of honorable and productive service. For more than thirty years he was my professor, my colleague, my anecion, and Gs my friend. I need say no more. CoNSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE The general work of maintenance and repair has proceeded as usual, subject to the customary limitations caused by insufficient labor. The chief feature has been the completion of certain construc- tion projects under the direction of the Department of Parks with the assistance of labor from the Works Progress Administration. The new steam tunnel from the Power House to the Museum is in operation and will probably effect a saving in coal. The new garage is in use and is a great convenience. Much of our path system has been resurfaced. Weather-stripping has been placed on all windows in the Museum. Additional stone wall, 285 feet in length, was built near the Rock Garden and the retaining wall along the Bronx River was extended 500 feet. Stone piers were made for the Perennial Border and the work of lowering the path is under way. Numerous new benches for the grounds have been installed. Two units of Conservatory Range 2 and one unit of the Propa- gating House were thoroughly repaired and renovated. New steam pipes were installed in two units of Conservatory Range 1. The waterlily tanks have been freshly waterproofed. The roof of the Propagating House has been repaired. Essential preliminaries have postponed the repairs to Con- servatory Range 1, for which the City made an appropriation in 1935. At present specifications are in the hands of contractors, bids will be opened this month, and we have hopes that the work will be completed before the beginning of next winter. The appropriation was planned to cover about half of the whole range of glass. Application has been made to the City for an equal sum of money on the Capital Outlay Budget of 1937 to complete the worl. In the Hemlock Forest, 800 more young hemlocks have been planted, bringing the total to nearly 3,000. More than half a mile of paths have been resurfaced. Special attention has been ee sk. Sppripetecccnaes a eee 81 given to the trees of the rest of the grounds. A program of tree- feeding and mulching has been adopted and much necessary trim- ming and pruning has been done. Construction has been com- pleted at the north end of the Rock Garden. The Rock Garden fence has been extended to enclose about three more acres to the south. HorTICULTURAL OPERATIONS The reorganization of the gardening force, which has been in progress during the past four years, is virtually completed and we now have an efficient personnel. Further improvements in efficiency will be minor in character, and as a consequence addi- tional gardening activities can be undertaken only by an increased force of gardeners, the elimination of features now maintained, or a reduction in the standard of cultivation. Mr. Henry Teuscher, dendrologist, resigned in May. His work was absorbed by the Horticulturist, and Joseph Tansey, a graduate of Cornell and a former student gardener, was appointed foreman gardener in charge of nurseries and propagation. During 1936 our living plant collections were considerably in- creased by gift, exchange and purchase. Notable gifts include 3,000 roses in 110 varieties from Bobbink & Atkins, a large assortment of Mexican plants from Mr. T. MacDougall, many items of interest from Mr. Stanley G. Ranger, a collection of shrubs from the Boyce Thompson Institute, and a collection of rock garden and greenhouse material from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Thanks are due to many commercial dealers who have generously donated bulbs and other forcing stock for use in our greenhouse displays. The flower displays throughout the year have been of high quality, particularly the annuals, roses, waterlilies, hardy asters, and dahlias, the rock garden, and the greenhouse exhibits. Early frosts cut short a promising outdoor chrysanthemum show. The display houses in Conservatory Range 1 continued to prove a great attraction to the public and during the season some 7,000 pots of plants, representing 571 species and varieties, were ex- hibited. A plant of Victoria Cruziana in the aquatic house has also proved of great interest to visitors. The collection of ferns, begonias, and bulbous material in Con- servatory Range 2 is in excellent condition, while the standard of cultivation of other plants is commendably high. The orchids 82 have improved greatly and would undoubtedly be still better if appropriate benches were provided. The number of plants grown in the display gardens of annuals, chrysanthemums, cannas, and other so-called bedding plants has been about 36,000. An innovation here was a greatly extended planting of hardy asters, numbering 3,000 plants in forty varieties. The new iris garden west of Conservatory Range I has been planted with more than 6,000 plants in 181 varieties. The tubs in the tropical waterlily tank have been replaced by new ones of larger size. In the Rose Garden much work has been accomplished. Beds have been deeply dug and manured an new varieties of climbing roses have been planted. The long border of Polyantha roses has been trenched, fertilized, and partly replanted. In the Perennial Border supported by the Advisory Council, a quarter of the plants were lifted and replanted acs to plan after the ground was thoroughly trenched and fertiliz Planting of the Rock Garden has been Se a is now nearing completion, except the bog area at the south end and the heather area at the north. Many thousands of plants have been raised for this purpose and some 7,000 heathers are now available for further planting. During the fall more than 1,000 trees and shrubs in 261 varieties were transplanted from the nurseries into the permanent collections. During the year two distributions of surplus plant material to members of the Garden were arranged, during which more than 8,000 plants of iris and several thousand of fuchsia and verbena were disposed of. Schools in New York City have also received surplus material. In our seed exchange, 3,422 packets were dis- tributed to botanical gardens and 2,471 packets were received from them. Our present seed-list offers 618 items for exchange during the present winter. An expedition consisting of T. H. Everett, Horticulturist, and E. J. Alexander, Assistant Curator, and two student gardeners was sent to the Rocky Mountains to collect seeds of plants likely to be of value in rock gardens. The expenses of the trip were met by contributions from 44 subscribers in the United States, Canada, and six European countries. In the field three months, the party collected seeds of 138 species of plants for rock gardens, many Reena 83 of them hitherto unknown in cultivation and all of them pr omising material. These are being shared among the subscribers and also grown in our own Rock Garden. At the last International Flower Show, the Garden was awarded a special gold medal for an exhibit of a group of plants originat- ing in the Mediterranean Region. Controt oF Pests AnD DisEases Our pathologist, Dr. B. O. Dodge, has actively continued the use of standard control measures against fungous diseases and insect pests and as a result our growing plants, both outdoors and under glass, have been in uniformly good condition. The annual execution of a well-planned program of spraying during the past few years has led to the almost complete extermi- nation of cherry scale, tussock moth, tent caterpillar, bagworm, and catalpa mealy bug. On the other hand, aphids and lace bugs have been unusually troublesome. Our Rose Garden, which has been remarkably free from disease, has been kept so by no less than 47 treatments. Our own survey, which agrees with that made by the Dutch Elm Disease Laboratory, has disclosed no new case of the disease on our grounds and we believe that we are in no immediate danger of losing our elms. We have continued to codperate with the State Conservation Commission in the control of the gypsy moth. Spraying, tree- banding, and destruction of egg masses have been so thoroughly done by state workers that we shall probably not be troubled by this dangerous pest for some time to come. The Japanese beetle increased somewhat in numbers during 1936, but with a corresponding increase in our control measures we have avoided serious damage. Experiments are under way on the use of derris dust as a repellent. About two and a half acres of lawn have been treated with lead arsenate. By trapping and hand-picking no less than 444,000 adult beetles have been collected and destroyed. Soil sterilization has proved very effective for the control of nematodes and various injurious soil fungi. Its use will be con- tinued and extended. HERBARIUM The herbarium continues the rapid growth which during the short span of forty years has made it one of the leading herbaria 84 of the world. During the year 41,277 specimens have been mounted, labeled, and incorporated, bringing the total to 1,868,372 The sources of these plants and their respective numbers, in round figures, are 5,000 by gift or collection, 9,000 by purchase, 18,000 by exchange, 4,000 previously on hand, and the balance miscellaneous. As reported a year ago, the cases for the housing of this vast collection are full. To care for current accumulations, 2,000 more boxes of corrugated paper were purchased, making more than 5,000 now in use. About 400,000 specimens, estimated conserva- tively, are now stored in this temporary fashion. The specimens are difficult to consult, the boxes are of short duration and consti- tute a distinct fire hazard. The replacement of these boxes and the old-fashioned wooden cases by new steel equipment is an urgent necessity. The continued growth of the herbarium has also exhausted all available floor space under our present arrangements. During the year the herbarium has sent out 22,000 specimens in exchange, giving us a handsome credit balance from which we may expect a constant influx of valuable material from all parts of the world. The herbarium staff has actively continued research in syste- matic botany, based on these valuable collections. Dr. Howe, in the little time left free by administrative duties and illness, was occupied by his work on seaweeds. Dr. H. A. Gleason has prose- cuted his study of tropical American plants. Dr. John K. Small is rounding out his many years of research by the preparation of seven books on the plants of the United States. Dr. F. eaver, Mr. Percy Wilson, and Mr. R. S. Williams have continued their work with fungi, West Indian plants, and mosses, respectively. Dr. A. C. Smith has completed a comprehensive study of the sarsaparilla family, for publication in North American Flora and is engaged on a similar monograph of the American nutmegs. Dr . Moldenke returned in November from a year’s leave of absence in Europe as a fellow of the National Research Coun- cil and is now preparing a monograph of the North American pipeworts. Dr. W. H. Camp has continued his study of the American blueberries. He spent two months in the Alleghany Mountains and is now in southern Mexico for study of these plants in the field. Mr. Alexander has been primarily responsible i a a 85 for the correct identification of the growing plants in our green- houses and on our grounds. As custodian of the herbarium, with the assistance of a staff of W.P.A. employees, Mr. G. L. Wittrock has kept the collection continuously in excellent condition. The use of the herbarium is by no means limited to our own staff. During the year, based upon our collection, plants have been identified for outside parties to the extent of several thou- sand, a score or more professional botanists have worked in the herbarium for various periods of time, and no less than 16,480 specimens have been sent out on loan to most of the principal herbaria of the world, there to serve as a basis for research for numerous eminent botanists. The good and still growing reputa- tion of the herbarium staff is still further evidenced by the num- ber of specimens sent in from other institutions with requests for an expression of our opinion. These include such well-known botanical centers as Kew, Stockholm, Harvard, the National Herbarium, the Field Museum, and many others. LABORATORIES Research in our laboratories, by Dr. A. B. Stout and Dr. B. O. Dodge, and under their direction, has been facilitated by the pur- chase of some new optical equipment. Dr. Stout, assisted by Miss Clyde Chandler of our regular staff and by a varying number of W.P.A. employees, has continued his manifold studies on plant breeding and on sterilities in plants. These have involved extensive research with lily, lobelia, petunia, lily-of-the-valley and iris, as well as his better known experiments with seedless grapes and daylily. His studies of grapes were in- terrupted by a late spring frost, but some of his seedless varieties have borne fruit for the first time. A bulletin describing the progress and results of his work was published by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. Further advances have been made in the breeding of daylilies. The marvelous improvements which Dr. Stout has made in these old-fashioned flowers have drawn much attention and have re- sulted in a great popular interest in their cultivation. His studies, however, are not solely horticultural. The development of his new improved varieties is largely incidental to his botanical re- search into the taxonomy, cytology, and reproductive behavior of the plants. eee ia ae ee 86 The research time of Dr. Dodge is still given to a cyto-genetic study of the pink bread-mold, in which he has made numerous discoveries of great scientific importance. These studies are based primarily on the sexual stage of the plant, while most genetic re- search is based on the non-sexual generation. During the year Dr. Dodge published five articles presenting the results of his investigations. PHOTOGRAPHY The work of photography has occupied the full time of our staff photographer and of 15 to 30 hours per week of an assistant from the Works Progress Administration. Nearly 1,300 negatives and more than 4,000 prints have been made, as a record of the research work and the horticultural activities of the Garden, and of these many have been used for publication. More than 500 lantern slides, most of them colored, have been made to illustrate the numerous lectures given by members of the staff. LIBRARY Because of reduction in available funds, the growth of the library has been less than usual. The number of bound volumes has been increased by only 332, bringing the total content of the library to 45,066 volumes. Recommendations for the purchase of books have for the first time been entrusted to a library committee. This committee has also considered the periodicals received and has eliminated a num- ber which are of little use to the work now in progress. Notwith- standing this reduction in both books and journals, the library continues to be adequate for our purposes It will soon be necessary to choose whether our library is to be a general and comprehensive collection of works dealing with all phases of botany and horticulture, or whether it shall be limited generally to our own specific needs. Continued restriction of funds will obviously compel us to choose the latter, while the former will require much larger appropriations. For many years the library has been too large for its own quarters and book-shelves have filled half or more of the space in three other rooms, all of which are needed for other purposes. Consideration should be given to double-decking the present stack- room, thereby doubling its shelf space and releasing the other rooms. The cases for our card catalogs are also filled and need to be extended. 87 PUBLICATIONS Twelve issues of the Journal with 307 pages have been pub-. lished as usual, under the editorship of Miss Carol H. Woodward. Two numbers of Addisonia have been edited by Mr. E. J Alexander, The high quality of the plates and letterpress has been maintained. Numerous paintings for future use have been made by Miss Margaret Sorensen. In Brittonia, three numbers with 264 pages have been pub- lished under the editorship of Dr. A. C. Smith. This highly technical magazine is now used chiefly for exchange. Sufficient manuscript is easily available to complete a volume each year, if funds should be found. The usual six numbers of /Zycologia have been published, con- taining 633 pages. Under the management and editorship of Dr. . J. Seaver, this magazine continues to hold its high reputation. It has a good subscription list and is one of the few botanical magazines which are financially self-supporting. No parts of North American Flora were issued in 1936, but three manuscripts are now being edited for publication in 1937. Effort has been made to encourage the research necessary to the preparation of this work and it seems probable that future publi- cation will go on much more rapidly than in the past. Sales of other books published by the Garden, and written by Rydberg, Gleason, and Britton continue at a normal rate. The copyright of Britton & Brown, Illustrated Flora of the Northern States and Canada, is now in the possession of the Garden and Mrs. Addison Brown, jointly. With the codperation of Mrs. Brown, a reprint of the second edition appeared early in 1936 and has enjoyed a very encouraging sale. EpucaTion AND Lectures The course for professional gardeners has been continued and has now completed the first half of its fifth year. In order to lighten the burden of instruction, which is given in the evening and in addition to regular work, only the second year is now being presented, while in the season of 1937-38 only the first year will be offered. Twenty-one students were graduated and received certificates last April and 34 are now enrolled. Practical training in gardening for a limited number of young men with previous experience has been very successful. From a considerable number of applicants we have always been: able to et 89 A typical exhibit in one of the special display houses in Conservatory Range No. 1—chrysanthemums as they were seen by thousands of visitors last November. select excellent men. They have proved themselves useful to us and are themselves very well satisfied with the training they re- ceive and with the opportunities for outside study which are avail- able in our library, herbarium, and plantations. One of our student gardeners was sent last April to England for a year of practical experience in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew and a Kew student is working with us in exchange. The transportation expenses of both were met by the English Speaking Union, to which we are deeply grateful. Arrangements are under way for a second exchange during 1937- Extension courses of instruction in gardening, a course on native ferns, and a course on trees and shrubs have been offered by Dr. McLean. a a During the year 35 public lectures, illustrated by lantern slides, have been given on Saturday afternoons in the Museum Building. Four-fifths of these were given by members of the Garden staff. Classes from the public schools have visited the Garden in the usual number. Many other students, especially from Fordham University and Hunter College, have visited the Garden indepen- dently to secure information required in their class work. During the year 82 lectures have been given by members of our staff to garden clubs and similar organizations. The Garden has also codperated in the programs of the Radio Garden Club over Station WOR, taking charge of one program each month. Hundreds of requests for information have been received from individuals, schools, periodicals, industrial firms, and governmental 90 agencies, coming from every continent and covering a wide range of subjects. All of these have received attention to the best of our ability. As usual, our library has been freely consulted by visitors, most of whom seek information on some one definite subject. MEMBERSHIP The number of annual members has remained essentially un- changed. The administration hopes that an increase will soon be noted. To that end, numerous plans have been considered but so far only one has been adopted. Beginning with the next issue, our illustrated magazine Addisonia will be sent to every member. The distribution of growing plants to members will also be continued, since it has aroused much favorable comment in the past. PENSIONS Year by year more of the Garden employees reach an age or a state of health which makes it inadvisable to continue them longer in active service. Each of these cases has been considered in turn, and to some of them the Board of Managers has granted a retiring allowance. An examination of our books shows that six men are now on pension and that two more will be after May first. The annual cost to the Garden for these is a trifle more than $6,000. The widespread development of pension systems, both public and private, the general expectation of a retiring allowance now held by employees in all industries, and the precedent already established by the Garden in eight cases, compel us at least to consider some system of pensions for all members of the Garden staff. In the meantime, until some definite policy is adopted, we must boldly face the fact that a dozen or more employees, several at high salaries, will soon reach a retiring age or condition. PrrRsoNAL Honors Your director, Dr. M. A. Howe, served through the year as president of the Torrey Botanical Club and received the gold medal of the American Dahlia Society. Shortly before his death he was elected president of the Botanical Society of America. The deputy director was vice-president of the Botanical Society of America, vice-president of the Torrey Botanical Club, and a member of the National Research Council. For 1937 he has been elected president of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists. r. F. T. McLean has been president of the New York Bird and Tree Club and president of the Metropolitan Gladiolus Society. Sa +, 91 Dr. B. O. Dodge has served on the council of the Mycological Society of America and as associate editor for the Botanical Society of America. Dr. F. J. Seaver has been editor for the Mycological Society of America and a member of the council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Mr. T. H. Everett has been a director of the American Rock Garden Society and vice-president of the American Amaryllis Society. Dr. A. B. Stout has been chairman of the committee on daylilies for the American Amaryllis Society. Worxs Procress ADMINISTRATION As in previous years, the Garden has enjoyed the services of many workers from the Works Progress Administration. Some of these have served us for several years consecutively and have become skilled in various phases of the routine work of the Garden. They have assisted in many forms of research, some- times in a highly technical capacity; they have mounted herbarium specimens and incorporated them into our collections; they have done much typing of manuscript and have copied thousands of original descriptions of plants, often in a foreign language. They have served as book-binders, typists, stenographers, elevator operators, watchmen and guards, clean-up men, photographers, artists, statisticians, gardeners and laborers. In fact, excepting only our business office, there is no department of the Garden in which they have not served and been of distinct and valuable use to us. We do not know, of course, how long or to what extent we shall continue to profit by the collaboration of the Works Progress Administration, but we are assured that there is no immediate prospect that the service will cease. In addition to labor, we have also received large quantities of supplies, particularly stationery, artists’ materials and herbarium supplies. We are deeply grateful to the Works Progress Administration for the assistance, both material and personal, which has been given us, and which has enabled us to undertake successfully numerous lines of work which would otherwise have been impossible. H. A. Greason. 92 REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR 1936 JOHN L. MERRILL, Treasurer EXHIBIT I BALANCE SHEET December 31, 1936 ASSETS Permanent Fund Assets: nvestments at cos se or appraisal at e of acquisition (Exhibit III) $2,550,402.11 Cash awa He investment ......... 45,703.08 ——— $2,596,105.19 ee oe Working Assets: ash in banks and on hand: oe pera purposes ........... $ 12,108.45 For special purposes ........... 4,741.28 ——$ 16,849.73 Accoun’s receivable —city main- tenance: cas scanaca motrin 15,901.82 Teer and dividends receivable (Exhibit WD) - assess: 24,435.62 Prepaid insurance premiums, etc.. 2,432.66 ———— 59,619.83 $2,655,725.02 To THE Board or MANAGERS OF Tue New Yor Botanica GARDEN: cunade an examination of the balance sheet of The New York Botanical Garden a m connection therewith, we examined i ation b d employees of the corporation ; we also made a general review of the accounting methods and of the income § 93 EXHIBIT I BALANCE SHEET December 31, 1936 LiaBILiTIES Permanent Funds Ib IV): Restricted endowments ........... $ 251,242.30 of Managers as permanent funds 2,323,704.07 Special endowment with life interest in respect of income therefrom. . 21,158.82 $2,596,105.19 Current Liabilities gud Special Funds: rrent liabilitie Accounts payable .............. $ 8197.47 Special funds (Exhibit V): nexpended income from re- stricted funds ................ $ 2,775.34 xpe aside by the Board agers for specific Sree Siac 1,965.94 —_______- 4,741.28 Deferred income credits wee PS rship dues ett in ad- Sain aca ciaanec ena Gan $ 130.00 Subseaaitone and fees paid in puedes Gnas eae C ea oSa 1,415.85 a 1,545.85 Working fund: Balance at December 31, 1935... $ 45,135.23 Add—Excess of antes in- enditures for the year siding, Decent 31, 1936 (Exhibit II) ......... 29,320.27 $ 74,455.50 Daas Ueesicned to sepeciel Endowment Fund in accord- ance ‘with resolution “of the e Board of Managers ........ 29,320.27 45,135.23 59,619.83 $2,655,725.02 and expense ecouuts for the year, but we did not make a detailed audit of the transaction n our o ‘atta, based upon such examination, the attached balance sheet (Exhibit I) and related stavements (Exhibits II to sve inclusive) fairly present the position of ew York Bot nical: Garden at December 31, 1936, and the result of its Seana CHS for the ae WATERHOUSE & Co. 56 Pine Street, New York, April 5, 1937. Statement of Operations for the Year Ending December 31, 1936 and special Unre- Total funds stricted Income Income from investments of perman nent fun ds ene $129,296.69 $ 10,840.00 $118,456.69 Contributio ty maintenance See 211,365.06 211,365.06 SNE OOO D CaoteS 3,209.20 2,734.20 475.00 Mento dues: ME coooson0cccn00000 8,960.00 8,960.00 Sraenine and fellowship. 2,090.00 2,090.00 Sales a sels books and Lease eS 2,520.28 466.45 2,053.83 Subscrotions and sales of publications ............ 9,507.16 6,580.53 2,926.63 Total income ....... $366,948.39 $ 20,621.18 $346,327.21 Expenses Horticulture: THES)" lecciais eneree aE $55,162.70 Senta, * seats, supplies, etc. 5,429, 65 ——— $ 60,592.35 $ 1,912.43 $ 58,679.92 Science and curating: lari Spikwetas “cooscosccsoocene $49,896.92 Specimens, supplies, etc... 6,549.71 ———__ 56,446.63 5,329.23 51,117.40 Library: Salaries) accessnckiebicces $ 7,784.61 New Books periodicals, etc. 2,371.42 — 10,156.03 2,388.09 7,767.94 Bea eue Salaries) ashasnae scree $ 8,804.40 Teed icon lectures, etc.. 2,930.74 —— 11,735.14 1,216.39 10,518.75 Publicaite tio Pri ne “ailing ete.. 12,223.44 8,973.85 3,249.59 Adminetcden SEVEIBIES aoocacaccccaa0000 $29,262.89 Stationery, telephone, post- AYE®, Gis coscaavac00000 10,331.55 ——— 39,594.44 39,594.44 Cake. gid ap leecy— Grounds: Suowia dana ators $34,699.59 Hears ore memes aetna 25,915.59 Srrailica, tease ananer 4,852.91 65,468.09 25.00 65,443.09 Cae and up-keep—Buildings : Splleietss Go00009000000000 $49,094.93 Fuel, light, power, etc.... 29,379.43 — _ 78,474.36 78,474.36 Improvements and equipment punchases| ..o.6.ss.d.0545 2,161.45 2,161.45 otals: ee ASSO ALS A $234,706.04 SEIT on Tae ,915. iter expenses ......... 76,230.30 $336,851.93 $ 19)844.99 $317,006.94 Excess of income for the year.. $ 30,096.46 $ 776.19 $ 29,320.27 EXHIBIT III Summary of Investments, December 31, 1936 Average yield Book value, | Accrued | per year on Par value representing | interest i (no par Approximate cost or an value stocks | quoted value | appraisal at | dividends | Quot- at book time of ecember ed |Book value) acquisition 31, 1936 | value | value % % General funds: onds ....... $ 513,800.00 | $ 560,080.43 | $ 523,096.87 |$ 4,529.37 | 4.06 4.34 Stocks : Preferred .. 144,505.00 181,746.88 159,962.50 1,225.00 | 4.70 5.34 28,923.80 15,082.00 28,923.80 2.65 1.38 $ 687,228.80 | $ 756,909.31 | $ 711,983.17 |$ 5,754.37 | 4.18 4.45 Sage fund: Bonds ....... $ 486,000.00 | $ 528,536.25 | $ 448,798.75 |$ 5,903.32 | 3.61 4.26 Stocks : Preferred .. 208,730.34 260,690.63 219,677.85 1,637.50 | 4.42 $.25 Common... 101,195.00 204,127.50 133,113.04 1,750.00 | 4.21 6.46 $ 795,925.34 | $ 993,354.38 | $ 801,589.64 |$ 9,290.82 | 3.95 4.89 Special endow- ment fund Bonds ....... $ 141,000.00 | $ 153,996.25 | $ 141,317.25 |$ 2,274.15 | 3.85 4.20 Stocks Preferred .. 281,437.50 402,418.75 337,656.88 2,537.50 | 4.42 5.27 19,000.00 36,371.25 46,245.16 300.00 3 2.59 $ 441,437.50 | $ 592,786.25 | $ 525,219.29 |$ 5,111.65 | 4.21 4.75 John D. Rocke- feller, Jr., und: onds ....... $ 245,000.00 | $ 279,214.50 | $ 247,913.55 |$ 2,285.03 | 3.65 4.11 Preferred tocks ..... 214,137.50 306,618.75 247,325.01 1,993.75 | 4,37 5.42 $ 459,137.50 | $ 585,833.25 | $ 495,238.56 |$ 4,278.78 | 4.03 4.76 Special trust fund: Common stock | $ 16,371.45 | $ 8496.00] $ 16,371.45 $2,400,100.59 | $2,937,379.19 | $2,550,402.11 |$24,435.62 | 4.07 4.68 INVESTMENTS Bonds Stocks Summary of Average Yields for Vi ear. CIO IOICICEO ICRC ICC ION CnC EC ICNONCICN NCNCHCHC in basis 0 Quoted value Book value Je ‘0 SCC nCnCECNCICECICICICNCECIONCEG A Je 3.81 4.26 4.45 5.32 3.86 4.54 4.07 468 96 EXHIBIT IV Statement of Permanent F ae Showing Changes During the Year Ending ecember 31, 1936 ) Balance Additions Balance January ecember 1, 1936 Deductions*| 31, 1936 Restricted endowments: Endowment for science and education..... $ 89,115.49 $ 89,115.49 ddison Bro Nttl| cooanccc00ca00000000 21,149.31 21,149.31 John Innes Kane Fund.............2+0+6- 35,347.63 35,347.63 Maria De Witt Jesup Fund.............. 25,000.0 000.00 Olivia E. and Craitine nae Stokes Fund 5,030.63 5,030, 63 Charles Budd Robinson Fund............. 755.0 755.04 The H. morial Fund..............- 5,000.00 5,000.00 ' Alexander P. Anderson and Lydia Ander- son Research and Fellowship Fund..... 10,000.00 10,000.00 students Hesearch TREN 5 c500000g0000006 10,162.00 | $ 175.00 10,337.00 Endow: for the publication of o a ide Ge ane ei oasauibic 2,000.00 2,500.00 4,500.00 Meee tera Britton and Elizabeth Ger- trude Britton Fund.................... 24,440.00 20,567.20 45,007.20 $ 228,000.10 | $23,242.20 |$ 251,242.30 Unrestricted endowments : é ndowment Fund ............22+0--+0e00 $ 241,692.18 | $26,529.66 |$ 268,221. 84 David Lydig dis Se neater Ne UTR re 34, 337.86 34, 337.86 William R. Sands Fund................. 10,000.00 10,000.00 Darius eden Mills ea SAC OSE ORE 48,099.17 48,099.17 Henry Iden Fund .................02000- ,000.00 10,000.00 Fann pate En Ils ooo0c0cc0000cnn000 000.00 30,000:00 ise Lynde Stetson Fund...........-- 25,000.00 25,000. Russell Sage and Margaret Olivia Sage Memorial Fund ..........:0.cceeeeeee 787,967.95 14,839.88 802,807.83 Frances Gtiscom Parsons Fund........... 2,304.67 2,304. 67 Special Endowment Fund................ 527, 445.99 25,198.87 552, 644.86 The John D. ‘Rockefeller, Jr., Fund....... 505,964.00 | —1,062.50 504, 901.50 The Charles Patrick Daly and Mona Lydig Dalyshunds aan asosiosacoe once: 19,636.34 19,636.34 The James aa Scrymser and Mary C. Scrymser Fund ...........0.ccee0e00+ 12,750.00 12,750.00 The George N. "Dad: INET, og Dooo00000000 3,000.00 3,000.00 $2,258,198.16 | $65,505.91 | $2,323,704.07 Special endowment: 2 Special Trust Fund...................00% $° 21,158.82 $ 21,158.82 $88,748.11 | $2,596, 105.19 * Indicated by minus sign (—). $2,507,357.08 97 EXHIBIT V SPECIAL Funps Statement of Application of Income from Restricted Be Funds and Special Funds Designated for Specific Purpose Balance Expendi- } Balance January t and | December 1, 1936 Additions | transfers | 31, 1936 Restricted permanent funds: Endowment for science end education: nstruction, research ong publications other than “Addisonia” ............ $ 1,262.87 | $ 3,875.30 | $ 5,138.17 Addison Brown Fund Publication of _"Addisonia” ai aiae 114.16 1,759.45 1,873.61 John Innes Kan lan ate uechases and expenses 5000 1,621.43 1,537.10 1,691.14 | $ 1,467.39 Maria De Witt und: Botanical eailecions and binding bookstern nana ror rin 262.72 1,087.25 1,219.05 130.92 Olivia E. and Caroline Phelps Stokes Fund: ee ae preservation of ative plants) ©. qseesceecesss ae 45.96 218.95 264.91 Giatles Budd Ropecce Fund: ape STB akahevalausjgpreteloisn ates 32.50 32.50 e H. H. Wace rial Fund: PiStiecaenk of model gardens 3.39 217.90 221.29 Alexan nderson and Lydi Anderson Research and Belowehin und nels oman Gina DONG mos nea BHO 616.90 434.70 300.00 751.60 Sine Research Fund: Scliolarships and WEES Soosvcgc0. 94.81 449.90 500.00 4471 Mycologia Pablieation of “Mycologia” wOGEEG 494.07 5,849.78 3,463.13) 380.72 o “Mycologia” Endow- : ) LEO AGO aE C eae oe 2,500.00) Nathaniel iteral Buiton rand Elizabeth Gertrude Britton Research, axlonition saiblieaton, purchase of plants, books, speci- TENS le CONS asain cion coe ne 120.99 1,957.70 2,078.69 $ 4,637.30 | $17,420.53 | $19,282.49 | $ 2,775.34 a funds contributed for specific purposes : 3 School for Gardeners ............. $ 1,463.57 | $ 466.45 |$ 492.67 | $ 1,437.35 Southern Appa lachian and Rocky Mountain expeditions ........... 185.08 2,174.20 2,193.16 166.12 Special steady of grapes sei cigeiae 56.7 100. 156.79 IResearchwiai diese eee ee een 400.00 337.92 62.08 Others* 3. eee ee ee ee 122.35 60.00 38.75 143.60 $ 1,827.79 | $ 3,200.65 |$ 3,062.50 | $ 1,965.94 $20,621.18 $ 4,741.28 $ 6,465.09 $22,344.99 98 AT THE NEW YORK FLOWER SHOW Among the outstanding exhibits staged by members of The New York Botanical Garden at the International Flower Show in New York, March 15-20, was the large rose garden shown on the main floor by Mr. and Mrs. Marshall Field. Pleasing in its sim-. plicity of design, with hybrid tea roses backed mainly by rhododen- drons, it was noteworthy also for the excellence of the plants, a quality which frequenters of the Flower Show have learned to expect from the Field exhibits. Daffodils were shown exceptionally well by Mr. J. P. Morgan, who staged a formal garden; he also displayed cut blooms for which a gold medal was awarded. Mr. Henry W. de Forest won first prize for a display of a dozen pots of blue freesias. The clematis shown by Col. J. E. Spingarn was awarded the gold medal of the Garden Club of America and also a gold medal and a special prize from the Flower Show Committee. The cita- tion announcing the medal from the Garden Club of America spoke of the educational value of the exhibit, its likelihood of stimulating other growers, and of its high standard of excellence. Col. Spingarn showed 150 plants, representing ten species native to the United States, seven native to Asia and Europe, thirty-two named varieties of large-flowered hybrids, and also unnamed seedlings of this group. Information about the species and the derivation of the principal hybrids was given on clearly printed placards, an additional one of which gave simple cultural direc- tions. One small placard made clear the pronunciation of the name, giving it as clem’-a-tis, with the admonition, “Don’t say clem-at’-is or clem-ay’-tis.” Col. Robert H. Montgomery of Cos Cob, Conn., and Coconut Grove, Fla., was awarded first prize for a garden consisting largely of Japanese primulas. He also won for this display the _ trophy of the International Exposition Company, presented for the finest of four exhibits in the class which called for a garden of seasonal material covering approximately 375 square feet of space. This was Col. Montgomery’s initial garden exhibit at the Flower Show, and his display was looked upon as an outstanding achieve- ment. Not only were his Japanese primulas of exceptional quality, but this was the first time that these plants have appeared in any quantity at a New York show. 99 EASTER DISPLAY AT THE GARDEN A record crowd of 20,000 visited the special display in Con- servatory Range No. 1 between Good Friday (March 26) and Easter Sunday, and throughout the following week several addi- tional thousand people came daily to view the flowers. To make room for the Easter plants, the large collection of begonias was moved into another section of the conservatory. More than 5,000 pots of plants at the height of their bloom comprised this early spring exhibit. The original show included more than 300 Easter lilies, several thousand tulips, many narcissi and hyacinths, more than 200 pots of flowering bulbs from South Africa, a similar number of showy South African annuals, about 250 cinerarias of many colors, and 500 primulas in variety, in addition to innumerable other species and varieties of flowering plants, many of which are rarely seen elsewhere in cultivation. Among several types of Easter lilies grown for the early spring show, by far the finest were the plants of Liliwm longiflorwm variety Americus, of which fifty bulbs were donated by William M. Hunt & Company of New York City. HONORARY SCROLL PRESENTED TO DR. SMALL One of the five honorary scrolls to be awarded this year by the Columbia Graduate School Alumni Association was presented to Dr. John K. Small of The New York Botanical Garden. The recipients were chosen in recognition of their “outstanding con- tributions to the human race.” Announcement of the awards was made March 2. Dr. Small’s scroll, which is signed by Marston T. Bogert, Chairman, and Charles J. Hoffmann, Secretary of the Association, speaks of Dr. Small “as having made an outstanding contribution as a botanist and by his plant collections and popular and scien- tific studies which have made life more tolerable; as an explorer and author concerning the flora of southeastern United States.” Other recipients of scrolls this year were William Crocker, Director of the Boyce Thompson Institute; Victor Emanuel Levine, Professor of Biological Chemistry at Creighton Uni- versity, Jesse Feiring Williams of Teachers’ College, and Blanche Colton Williams of Hunter College. 100 THE JAPANESE BEETLE AND IRIS RHIZOME ROT The bacteria causing the foul-smelling iris rhizome rot gain entrance into the plant tissues through wounds resulting from careless breaking of leaves and wounding of rhizomes and roots in cultivation. It is also well known that the iris borer, Macro- noctua onusta, is an important factor in spreading the disease. The young larvae bore into the leaves in the spring, affording an excellent opportunity for the entrance of the bacteria. The rot quickly spreads down the leaves and into the rhizomes. Another agent for the spread of the disease may be the larvae of the Japanese beetle. During the early part of October last year several plants in the new iris garden were found completely rotted. As this bed was on a slope where rain water from the infected plants could run down around the lower plants, the con- ditions were right for a rapid extension of the disease. While digging out the dead plants and treating others showing earlier stages of the rot, we often found larvae of the Japanese beetle feeding near the crowns and roots. As there were no iris borers present it seems very likely that the beetle larvae by their feeding were a prime factor in the original infections. The soil in this plot had been given a rather light surface application of arsenate of lead just before the grass seed was sown. This part of the old lawn had been infested with Japanese beetle larvae for several years past. Because the soil was very poor an additional two or three inches of untreated good soil was added in July in prepara- tion for the new iris planting. Whether the larvae found in October came from eggs laid after the irises were planted or whether the eggs had been laid in the old soil previously is un- certain. In an effort to stop the spread of the rot the dead plants were dug up and destroyed, and the soil was drenched with a solution of semesan. Plants that were only partially rotted were freed from the decayed parts and treated with semesan. All of the beds were then given a surface application of powdered arsenate of lead, 10 pounds to 1,000 square feet. The effect of this poison on irises is a question, but it was evident that the beetle infestation must be checked if control of the rot was to be obtained. B. O. Donpce. - 101 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT Speaking at the monthly conference of the scientific staff and registered students of the Garden on March 10, Ellys Butler Moldenke reviewed her experiences in studying the Patellariaceae in European herbaria. Robert Hagelstein told of his many ex- cursions made last year for the are of Myxomycetes in eastern United States * * A. E. Porsild, Botanist with the National Museum of Canada at Ottawa, Ontario, spent several days at The New York Botanical ne in March, studying plants of Yukon Territory by com- parison with our extensive (nein Raa males ial. Clement G. Bowers, ike a Oe of Hardiness in Ghent Hybrid Azaleas and their Allies,” which appears on page 73 this eer is a former student at The New York Botanical ar and the author of “Rhododendrons and Azaleas,”’ an im- eee work of 549 pages, published last year by Macmillan. In a future issue of the Journal, Dr. Bowers will write of the out- door culture of azaleas. * * The following visiting botanists registered in the library during the winter: Dr. E. D. Mer cll, Jamaica Plain, Mass.; Dr. Lyman B. Smith, Cambridge, Mass.; Mr. Stuart K, Harris, Boston, eee Mr. A. Gershoy, Siacion, Vt.; Miss Mildred T. Travis, F. W. Pennell, and Mr. Arthur N. ‘Leeds, Philadelphia, Pa.; Be Edward H. Graham, ey Pa.; Mr. Robert T. Clausen, Ithaca, N. Y.; C, ie Hylander, Hamilton, N. Y.; Mr. and Mrs. Voenear ey Royall Egyptian Legation, Washington, D. C.; Dr. William C. Grea and Dr. Carl D. LaRue, Ann Arbor, Mich.; Dr. D. T. MacDougal, Gael eee Mr. G. R. Bisby, Imperial Mycological Institute, Kew, England ; Mr. André ie Vilmorin, Paris, France, and Dr. Mel T. Cook, Rio. Piedras, Puerto Rico +k * K Dr. John inereley Barnhart has recently received a certificate of his election in May , to oe cue membership in the Academy of Natural hae: of Philadelphia. He has also been made a corresponding mremloee of the Philadelphia Botanical Club. Camp ee eh 21 after more than three months in 1 Mexico, where he collected extensively in the moun- tains of western, central, and eastern Oaxaca. In addition to several disifectc sets of herbarium specimens, in which the Vacciniaceae and Ericaceae, collected for special study, Oat nate, he brought back nearly a hundred different kinds of living plants, among them orchids, bromeliads, cacti, and other succulents. 102 REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS (All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) From Forest To FURNITURE Malcolm H. Sherwood’s recent contribution to the study of wood? pleasantly serves the desirable purpose of awakening the reader from a too frequent lethargic state in which, because he is - blinded to the romance that may be ee even with the commonplace, he accepts objects around him as things to be taken. ed. for grante In this study the object is wood, and the author shows how ample a scope the ee eye of the connois- seur and the esthetic taste of the artist have in furniture an cabinet-making—not merely as ae ee as forms of art Sixty different woods are described in as many chapters, and if there be any criticism it would concern the brevity of the accounts. Technicalities have been deliberately avoided and in their place appear through interesting anecdotes the personal experiences of an author whose extensive contacts with the subject lend them a piquancy that is an asset. For the student, a supplementary table, a bibliography, and an index give additional value to the book. Epmunp H. FuLLING. A MASTERPIECE ON TREES While ee has been written by many authors on trees and their relation to humanity, to Dr. Cross must go the palm for originality of presentation in his book on trees.2 The reader is ated and Aintbted with the author’s own enthusiasm and love for iis subject. a literary style that possesses force as well ds arresting charm Dr. Cio vividly portrays the part that trees have played in the welfare of nations and of peoples. Writing at a time when floods and dust storms are cae the people off the land and threatening to cut down our productive areas, he expounds with no uncertain force the story of the crimes that have been perpetrated against our forests, leeving us today a legacy that must be paid off in human suffering 1 Sherwood, Malcolm H., From Blonest & Furniture. 284 pages, illus- breeds ins ed. W. W. Norton & Co., w Yor , Our Friends the Hone "322 pages, illustrated, indexed. E, 'P. “Dation ae Gon Nee York, 1936. $5. | | ; | ! i EEE eee F 103 In a country that is fast approaching that fullness of nationhood which demands that all our natural resources should be jealously guarded against depletion, this book carries a message and a warning that no thinking American can afford to ignore, for it It is a reeek that can be profitably enjoyed not only by those who own trees, or those whose lives are “blissfully cast amongst them,” but particularly by every city dweller, for it will teach him the Ses of trees that really are the friends of man. For the tree owner, also, the book is a mine of information on the care, repair, and upkeep of trees. There is a long list of trees suitable for different situations as well as helpful advice on prun- ing, feeding, and planting. The author’s advice on the manage- ment of evergreens is sound, as is the way in which he treats the subject of hedges and windbreaks. Applying the sommes given, the tree owner cannot fail to get the most from his trees. n whatever phase of trees he treats, Dr. Cross Waites dynami- cally. His facts and information have been marshalled with Hie es and accuracy, yet given with simplicity and directness and the sincere conviction of a man who has a thorough grasp of his subject. Altogether “Our Friends the Trees’’ is a laudable work. P. J. McKenna. PLANT PROPAGATION, VINES, AND FRAGRANT PLANTS A concise treatment of most phases of plant propagation for the garden is offered in Dr. Fairburn’s well written little book.® Planned especially for beginners in ae this volume ex- plains in detail the various methods of propagation such as seeds, cuttings, layering, division, as well as budding and grafting. It the gardener. nae will be aoe to find no mention of mended to the garden catucinet for its eee contents. I find Miss Jenkins’ book on vines *# rather a brief treatment for airburn, Dr. David C. Plant Propagation for the Garden. 115 pages, Tide indexed. Doubleday, Doran & Company, New York. 1937. $1. 4 Jenkins, Dorothy H. ines For Every Ga Bice 95 pages, illustrated, indexed. Doubleday, Doran & ope New York. 1937. $1. 104 such a broad subject. However, the selection of annual vines is quite complete and should prove interesting to the novice. Many given for the planting and use of each subject mentioned. Anne Dorrance’s book® should prove interesting to those who like the fragrant gardens which of late have become quite popular. The author has divided the fragrance of flowers into three seasons: early, midsummer, and late. One third of her book has been devoted to a list of fragrant plants with brief descriptions as to their color, scent, and time of bloom. owever, an amateur would have to use this list with discretion, as many of the plants men- tioned are not hardy in the north. The last few pages are devoted to the making of perfumes by the novice from garden flowers. JosEpH TANSEY. GARDENING Tasks MontH spy Monto A little book that should prove useful to the amateur is Cecile Hulse Matschat’s Garden Calendar. It deals extensively with garden operations to be done month by month throughout the year. Its main fault is that it tells what to do rather than how, so that one must have some knowledge of gardening and considerable equipment before being able to put its suggestions into practice. Granted these means, beginners who do not know just how and wh heir work may be guided in the systematic arrangement of their gardening tasks. Even through the winter nonths, when most people think that gardening is at a standstill, this little book holds many suggestions, such as the care of house plants, spraying of trees and shrubs, proper cleaning of tools, and many other things to which time can not be devoted during the busy season. With a little common sense and sufficient study of plant materials, this garden calendar should be a practical guide for garden lovers in both temperate and sub-tropical regions. HILDEGARD SCHNEIDER. _ > Dorrance, Anne. Fragrance in the Garden. 96 pages, “illustrated, indexed. Doubleday, Doran & Company, New York. 1937. $1. 6 Matschat, Cecile Hulse, The Garden Calendar. 118 pages, illustrated. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 1936. $1. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE ns Until 1938: L. H. Battey, MarsHatt Fierp, Mrs. Eton Huntincton HOCKER Jean L. MERRILL Vee e Con Rosert H. Montcomery, H. Hopart Porter, and Ray™ A Until Cras ArTtHUR M. Ses RSON, Eee NRY W. ve Forest (President), CLARENCE LEwis, D. MerrriLt, ee Henry DE LA MontTAGNE (Secretary and Assistant Treasur er). Until 1940" Henry DE Forest BaLtpwin Wee: president), Crips BECK ApotpH LrEwisoHN, “Hesny Lockuart, Jr, D. T. MacDoveat, and JosEP R. Swan Corea II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York. epee Moses, Park Com mums sioner. y C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS es 2 Hazen, appointed ey Ge orny Botanical Club . Harver, Sam F. Trev Epmunp W. SINNOTT, and Marston T. oan appointed by Cohunbia Orns sity) GARDEN STAFF H. GrpAson,, PH, Dh oe. sseendadeseosee Deputy Director and eee Curator HENRY DELAY MONDAGNE MSpace: Assistant Director Joun K. ee rr, DY Sey Di. ssa. Chief Research Associate a Curator AL Be Stour) Pn. Dy vincjeusneie ems cole aeecsonk Director of the Laboratories Frep J. SEAVER, Dae D., ze IDE, Sa haecsea hie eae arate EEC eR Curator Bernarp O, Dovce, ELS tel Dee RARE Gans ORE hemo cb aroun Plant Pathologist ForMan T. EAN, ME Reondecee Supervisor of Public Education Joun Hanoi Teen ae M, one D...Bibliographer and Admin. Assistant ats WATSON eran sa eine SSRI OO ao aoe ssociate Curator. ALBERT C. ae i ers asl D Cees Pir Ie SEC R S eee cece eo Associate Curator. Sane H. Ha se TN INAS 25 Sr Poreae a Sia nce Nope SAS ae aa RTE Librari ae H. H. Bees Bel De neAGot Honorary Curator of ae peouonis Collections IVA GAUiMAiGIEt 5scacooccsavops0cncaceseuuboodacounD ast and Phalographer Rosert S. Wie Shh ATR ris Sea EES I ee Res vo esseate in Bryology E. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbariuwn Harotp N. Motpenke, Pu. D. ..............000. cee cseeees ssistant Curator Wie EL Caner) Ries) Simca taetadnie salen cine ao EE Assistant Curator CLYDE CARSIES: Ja Neral Regatta Crater Gin ache Rant etait bic eo o Technical Assistant Rosanin. Wrenn steer site gene te oe ee ee Technical Assistant Caro, H. Woopwarp, A. B. ...........0cce eee e neces ees ee ns Editorial Assista THomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. ...........0.00ccseeseeceees Horticultarist Ths WITTROCK PAG EM Ea ase a seaeicseceiciets cise ieieioe icici seers Orto DEcener, M. S. .............0.00+00:- Collaborator in Hawauan Botan RosBert HiAGEESTEIN ..........+22-.0eeee- Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes ETHEL BAN = EROREAM -Honorary Curator, Iris and Noreisss Colle ohio ons se UR J. CORBETT ..............--- Superintendent of Buildings and Grou . C. Pra oie BR ie are rR AN sme Cee Rr ssistant Ce eae MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN ee The New York Botanical Garden ae t for its ee prety upon ® ugh yo tani mbers g cal gardens go, it has become the ane largest institution of its kind, its library, herbarium ae eceeetae collections ranking among the finest and most complete in any countr Members ie in The New York Botanical Garden, therefore, means promotion tific research in piany an a os advan mcement of horticultural interests. CaS, the Garde able a clearing-house of information for students and botanists all over fhe. ne orticuleurall y, it often serves as a link between the plant explorer or breeder and the gardening public Through memberships and benefactions, provision -is made the Botanical arden for the training of young scientists and student gardeners; Roads of new (0) ry, W. search and reading; free exhibits are maintained in the museum, the greenhouses, and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free information in botany and gardening Pp lic. ch individual member of the Garden receives: (1) a of the Journal every month. (2) A of Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with eight colored plates of unusual pens Cesena by complete descrip- tions and other pertinent inform (3) A ie are of suules ae ae ki of interesting or new varieties whenever it is distribut (4) Announcer of special floral displays at the Garden from season to sea: a (5) Credit, to ae extent of the membership fee paid, toward! courses of study wee by the Garden. A limited number of ae clubs are accepted as affiliates. The privileges of affiliation are a subscription to ie ournal, announcem a of displays, a specia aly conducted tour of the grounds and’ greenhouses, and a lecture once a year by he etl = Fellowships or “scholarships for Piactical student-training in horticulture or for acicalk research may be established by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity o es a “Gertie period. The aye of rambershie: and types of benefaction are as follows: Annual Bes annual fee $ 10° Sustainin mber annual fee 25 Garden Chub Nisikession anual fee for club 25: Say Member nnual fee 100 Member for Life nel eoncinttion 250 Fellow for Life single con ntribution 1,000 atron single contribution x Benefactor single contribution 25,000 Cont tributions to. the Garden may bes eats from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved form of beq I hereby beatiea!t to le New York: Pana Gorden incorporated under the ih, of New York, Chapter 285 ‘of 1891, the aie SEA Conditi ae ae may be made with income payable to donor or any designated ene during his or her lifetim All requests, for further information shoul, be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Wo Wo eS 3) = e a) uv es @) 7 ms] i=] {(e) oO Oo u @) Gj Single copies 10) cents aes Bans CCU ie. Ws Free to members of the Garden Annual subscription $1.00 ge I 4 he o a be me A Ha) > i} ay 4 S o we {ea} | cS) iso) Sy oS) (Ss) ia oe} a G3 & ie) (=) 2 ie {-) bal 2 cy a co) 73 a > a ep g =3| ict () E Ge] cy = 4 ay 2 3 a Z, jaa = ec <— es) | ch Associa im ell J. Au DER...... Assistant Curator and Cones of the Herbarium Harotp N. MoLtpenKe, PH. D. ...........20.ceee eee eee sel nt Curator P Dy cel See cee are ase isenet trator CLypE CHANDLER, A. M. .........--02eeeeeetree resets Technical Assistant REV WI) WWAD0dOGY 55650000000000000000000000900000000000 Technical Assistant Carot H. Woopwarp, A. B. ........----eeeeeereee trees? litorial Assistant THomas H. Everett, N. D. HORT) 2 oe ene echoes orticulturtst ML. Wartrock, AL Me 3 Sense ease ieee Doce 0 DEGENER, ae Ren Toh nando DboE Collaborator in Hawaiian Botan: Rospert HAGELSTEIN ........--2-++0-++-2s EG orary Curator of M. cetes ETHEL SANSONE a Pron. .Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Goleeons nae HUR J. CORBETT .............---- Ss aes ah eas and Grounds . C. Prann: an Re eth Ron RSs Sy She Od OO 000000 stant Saperintendent PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books n Illustrated Flora of the No pthern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord cies and Addison Brown. Three volumes, giving descriptions and illustra- tions of 4,666 species. Second edition, erin $13 Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North jae by P. A. Rydberg. 969 ae and 601 figures. 1932. Price, $5.50 postpaid. Plants ot the Vicinity of New York, by H. iN anton 284 pages, illustrated. 1935. $1.6 Flor: = Specmuds by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 text igure. 1918. $3. Text-book of Gener Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 planks 1807, $2.5 Periodicals Addisonia, semi-annual, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volume. Now in its twentieth volume. Subscription price, a volume (two seats)! Not pias: in exchan Be. Free to members of the arden. Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, pont. containing notes, news and non-technical eecciee “Subscription, $1 a year; single copies 10 cents. Free to members of the Garden. Now in its itesechanin © ume : cologia, bimonthly, dita in color and ether devoted to fungi, faalidttng lichens, containing technical articles arse ws and notes of general in- terest. $6 a year; single copies $1.25 ea Now its twenty-ninth volume. Twenty-four Year Index volume $3 in aes tl 50 in feiyalieo id. Brittonia. A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. Now in its second volume. h American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Cen tral Amer: ee Planned to be com- pleted in 34 volumes, eal fo consist of fou more par parts now issued. Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a anced Tumnber of feeshds parts will be sold r $2 e Not Scala in eae ange. Beats tions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and eprintgd from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a volume. In the fourteenth Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. A collection of scientific papers. vaitintes L-VII. Titles on reques Direct all orders to The New Tae Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. * * * DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN York Botanical carden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of the Zooloxieal Park ae aoe Road, and at the south end of the Bronx River Parkwa may be d by Geel trains from Grand Central Terminal to the Deventer! agus stiuen’ Guat, et). To reach the Garden by eek Hlevated and Subway systems, take the Third Avenue Elevated to the end a the line (Bronx Park Station); from the East and West Side subways, transfer from mee exington or Sevent venue line to the Third Avenue Elevated at 149th Sueed and Third Avenue. By Eighth Avenue subway (Independent system) take or ee train to Bedford Park Boulevard (2000 Stree), then walk east ae ‘ihe oe r from the city, drive ate on Grand Concourse to Bedfor Park OMI “oot St ae are east there, and cross the railroad bridge into the Garden groun June, 1937 No. 450 JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroL H. Woopwarb, Editor June, 1937 A Forp oN THE Rio AToyAc NEAR OAXACA Front Cover WINTER IN OAXACA W.H. Camp 129 IN THE MIXTECA 140-141 THE SPRING MUSHROOM Fred J. Seaver 144 Tue Pusiic Display GARDEN OF DAYLILIES : A. B. Stout 147 REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS 149 A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE Carol H. Woodward 151 THE OUTDOOR FLORAL DISPLAYS Summer days bring with them a richness of garden bloom which is not spent until heavy frosts finally take the hardy chrysanthemums. On grounds that are carefully planned for all-season flowering, there may be. a perpetual pageantry of color. Such is the floral season at The New York Botanical Garden, where more than 6,000 roses of some 700 different varieties burst into splendid bloom in early June. They are seen in a second effulgence of flowering in October. Peonies—nearly 500 different kinds in labeled groups—join the roses with thousands of handsome flowers just as the Garden’s 200 choice varieties of bearded iris are concluding their brief gay season. Thompson Memorial Rock Garden at that time is brightly carpeted, with most of the pinks in bloom and hundreds of other flowers comple- menting them in their profusion. The special perennial border maintained by the women’s Advisory Council contains a wide selection of reliable garden plants which are at their best in the late spring and early fall, while another perennial border includes representatives of many other useful types of perennials carefully labeled. A display border of daylilies may be seen in bloom all summer long. In the annual borders there is a continuous flower display from the middle of summer until late in the fall. Meanwhile many waterlilies, both hardy and tender varieties, adorn the two pools in the court of Conserva- tory Range No. When August comes, the cannas start their parade of primitive and pastel hues in flowers of a size that were undreamed of two decades ago. September bring billowy clouds of garden varieties of those fine hardy native asters which the English, who have selected many of them for cul- ture, like to call Michaelmas daisies. Dahlias carry on the season from September until frost. Then in October, shortly before the indoor floral displays begin, the hardy chrysanthemums fling their autumn colors in the frosty air. Before many months are passed, the crocuses and daffodils start a new season of continuous bloom. Gardeners who wish more than merely to enjoy the sight of these many flowers will always find here new ideas for their own gardens and grounds. To grow a wide and representative selection of plants and to further the introduction of worth-while novelties are among the aims of The New York Botanical Garden. JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. XXXVIII vie. JUNE, 1937, oes No. 450 WINTER IN OAXACA A PAGE FROM A MEXICAN DIARY Evening. The bells in the old cathedral across the drowsy plaza are chiming and a soft breeze stirs the leaves of the mango trees. The last streaks of a red sunset linger on the heights of Monte Alban, throwing into bold relief its series of fortified temples used by at least three ancient civilizations. Below my balcony an ancient Indian woman sits beside a basket of oranges. She has been there since dawn and will remain until late tonight. They say she has been sitting in that same place for years—and will for many more; on the sunny side in the morning chill and, without moving, in the shade during the afternoon's heat. A few centavos each day; enough to tell the difference between life and death. And the dust of the street swirls around her. A few centavos; the sun in the morning; the shade in the afternoon ... . the timelessness of long forgotten yesterdays and utter disregard of all tomorrow's morrows. lor her, today is not the twilight of the past nor yet the dawn of any future. Today is nothing more than just today. And that is Mexico. ‘Into THE MIxTECA It all happened very suddenly, at least for Mexico, where time is not. It was heard that some commercial travelers were going into the Mixteca 1 and that they would stay for a day in Tlaxiaco, the most important town in the region. This would be time enough to collect a few plants as well as obtain a general view of the country to the west. So in a hurry I slammed enough collecting material for a day into the presses; at three a. M. the next morning the mozo woke me and by four we were on our eca” in ane Nahuatl means The place of mists. In this region “Mix it was so ie hat but few photographs could be taken in the morning before 10 or ii yeigek 129 130 way. It was the sixteenth of December and the pre-dawn chill of the Oaxacan plateau crept into my bones. There is a road—E/ Camino Real, The Royal Road—but it was worn out a century ago. Yet somehow, either through extreme carelessness—or hardiness—Mexican drivers on occasions during the dry season manage to push their automobiles over the mountains to Tlaxiaco. The travel companions turned out to be anything but com- mercial. There was, of course, Don Tomas, who was to act as interpreter; a young fellow going home to the mountains; an American ethnologist; the driver and his assistant. The ethnologist was dropped off at Nochixtlan. The rest of us went on to Tlaxiaco. ; If I were a surgeon I would set up in Tlaxiaco, if only to repair the livers shaken loose from those hardy souls who venture to ride El Camino Real in automobiles. The driver’s assistant was a necessity for it was his function to test the few bridges on the way, to examine the depth of the fords, to fill up the oxcart ruts where they were too deep, to jack up the car and insert logs or stones when the under parts hung up on large rocks, as well as help with the general repairs. We broke springs three times—and the last hour pieces were falling out of the worst one. No one cared, for we ‘were nearly there and the spring could be rebuilt. About a kilometer from town, the gear- shift lever pulled out of the transmission and the assistant held it in place the rest of the way by hand. Our souls arrived at Tlaxiaco at ten-thirty p.m. The bodies were not quite complete. Small chunks had been shed along the way. We stayed at the best hotel in the town, really a fine place— but if you ever stay there take along some chlorine tablets for the water. It is pumped from a well in limestone located between the open latrine and the burro stalls, and is stored in an un- covered tank in the horse stable. The horses apparently do not mind. The host is a most congenial fellow and charges only for his beer. The native drinks, mostly unpronounceable and, for that matter, scarcely potable, are free. I shall always feel a debt of gratitude to Don Carlos the host, for it was he who, somewhere out of the multitude of Tlaxiaco, dug up Guadelupe. I shall never forget ‘Lupe standing there in the early morning cold of the upland, his all too scant sarape 131 “There is a road—EI Camino Real—”’ Near Teposcolula. Centuries gle this Pie nway was a part of the early Spanish system of military roads in Mex tight around his spare shoulders and his knees shivering so that his once-white cotton pantaloons were waving like pennants in a stiff breeze. Yet his face was stretched in a grin that was as warm as the sun that soon drove away the mists and cleared the sky for one of those brilliant winter days in the Mixteca. The next morning the car was still being repaired and no one knew when it would return. It made no difference, for I had decided to walk back by a somewhat different route. On the way to Tlaxiaco several great ranges had been crossed and to the south and east of town another series of peaks was jostling against the clouds. It was the backbone of the Sierra Madre del Sur. The next several days were spent poking around the foot- hills and onto the upper slopes of these mountains It would be useless to mention the plants collected and besides, their identification is as yet incomplete. But the memory of some is still vivid. Great crimson penstemons and in a tiny seepage, high on the mountain-side, a gentian so purple that it was almost black. Nearby, the moist ground was pinky-lavender with the flowers of some dainty bladderwort, the plants so small that they had to be collected with forceps. 132 At these altitudes the madrofio (Arbutus sp.) became so com- mon that great forests of it were everywhere. The madrono is the largest of the Ericaceae (Heath family) and it makes such a hot fire that the early Indian craftsmen could not use the wood for tempering metal, but reserved it for their ancient smelters. It was in these forests that I came upon a curious thing: one mistletoe (its species are legion here) parasitic on another, which in turn was living on the juices of a madrofio. The combination was too much. The madrofio was dying. It was late in December and the dry season was taking its toll of the flowers, but in the deep barrancas where a little water seeped out of the rocks, great masses of fern were draped. While stretching for a particularly choice specimen, I unwittingly dis- lodged a beautiful blue and green lizard from a crevice. He slithered down my arm and dove into my open shirt. If he thought he was getting into a safe retreat he was fooled. That particular “crevice in the rocks” underwent a remarkable series of earthquakes in the next three seconds. Near this same place I heard a shout from "Lupe and hurrying along I found that the burro which was carrying the plants had slipped off the trail and fallen over the cliff. Fortunately, after several somersaults, Old Flop-ears had landed feet down on a narrow ledge and after much heaving and grunting, was pushed back onto the path. Along this same route the trees were festooned with bromeliads and orchids and looking into their tops for plants that might be in flower, I did the same as the burro. But I was more fortunate. A gnarled oak was planted solidly in the path of my descent. The market at Tlaxiaco is a gem, so oriental in character that it is difficult to believe one is anywhere in America while wander- ing in the plaza on a market day. By tacit understanding, the vendors are grouped according to their wares or products. Onions in one place; chilis in another ; great heaps of fragrant pineapples ; piles of ripe bananas; patate (palm-mat) merchants in a row; vendors of sarapes, each laying out his product close to the others of its kind. Only the hatters are perambulant, padding around the plaza with great stacks of sombreros on their heads. The blankets of Tlaxiaco are unique in all Mexico. The Mixteca is a high, cold country and the sarapes made here on hand looms are of wool, woven with triple thread and combed. 133 i . Another series OF peaks . . . jostling against the clouds.” vias _southeast of Tlaxiaco. Here the forests are mainly pine, oak and madrofio. The trees He the streams are the Mexican cypress. They are heavy, but soft as down. Their design, however, was a puzzle to me for many of them were not fashioned in a strictly Indian manner. Later I learned that some years ago a series of European lace patterns had been abandoned in this town by some traveler. The native weavers saw the possibilities in these strange designs and copied them faithfully, blowing them up to full blanket size. This explains. why the central figure of many of them is angular with a hint of cubism. Fantastic as they appear, they yet are fashioned with such art and harmony of color that many of them deserve to be museum pieces. Their weavers, curiously enough, have maintained the original Mixtecan designs on the borders of their product. I had come prepared for only one day’s collecting and my presses were already too crowded. It was therefore with a heavy heart that I turned my back on Tlaxiaco, the “Pearl of the Mixteca,” and headed eastward toward Canton Tomellin and the railroad. Early on the morning of the twentieth our little caravan, 134 consisting of Don Tomas, "Lupe, two burros, and me bringing up the rear, set out on the return journey. The route lay to the northeast, across barren eroded hills and flat-topped ranges covered with one of the most amazing and complex oak forests in the world. I often breathed a sigh of relief that the proper season was past, for, had there been acorns, I would have had to collect. I have no idea where I would have put the specimens. But that is one place I have marked and to which I shall return some September when the fruits are ripe. I know that many new species of the genus Quercus are still to be found on those mountains. From time to time the trail would dip into some deep barranca where, along the moist edges of the stream, great Mexican cypresses (Taxodium mucronatum) stood guard, sentinels against erosion. On the drier banks more scrophulariads—salmony red, crimson, and deep purple—as well as scarlet mints and gold composites, were common. The village of Huemelulpan was passed at noon and that evening with pungent alkali stinging our nostrils, we arrived at the town of Yolomecatl on the tail of a whirling dust storm. The burros were unpacked and cared for first. It was therefore dark before we found a place to eat. We were served most graciously in the light of a guttering wax taper by the younger members of the household whose faces shone, dark and coppery, in the circle of its feeble flame. Eating to me is a pleasure but, to enjoy a meal in this region, one must also become accustomed to dining in a low hut and often on the mud floor amid the smoke of the cooking-fire, to sniveling, squalling brats and hungry dogs around your fect, to the company of the unwashed, to fleas, sometimes to other things—very private little things that crawl, and always to assorted smells—the known and the unclassified, and pungent food, so fortified with potent native condiments that scalding coffee, strong enough to float an egg, is a comfort to the palate and a genuine relief. And too, one must learn to eat without knife, fork, or spoon, using the ubiquitous tortilla as well as fingers and teeth in each capacity. A meal in the back-country of Mexico has more than the elements of high humor. Long before the break of day, "Lupe was up and eager to be on his way. It may have been a brave new dawn we faced, but it 135 certainly was a chilly one and my hands were numb as I helped arrange the packs on the burros. “Lupe already had been out of his blankets for half an hour and was shivering so that he could scarce lift a basket. It took two great bowls apiece of steaming coffee sweetened with pamela, the native unrefined sugar, to drive out the cold. That day was much like the previous, save that the country was somewhat drier. We were now on the crest of the drainage divide where, in the rainy season, the water runs either to the north and the Gulf of Mexico, or to the south and the Pacific. Early in the afternoon we came to Teposcolula, an important town on the route. Stopping at a small cantina for a bit of refresh- ment, we found the host already four fingers deep in mezcal and, whether or no, we must join him. I made the fatal error of com- plimenting him on the quality of his hospitality and, not to be out- done in politeness, he requested—in fact, he required—me to sample each of his wares. It was not until after many more. compliments that I succeeded in propping my genial host in a corner so securely that I could continue on my way without further entreaty. Toward evening our little caravan worked its way up through a narrow canon whose walls were yellow with sedums more than a meter in height and where, among the rocks, such a host of lesser succulents were seen as would make the rock gardener green with envy. The trees were hung with great clots of moss and lichen and each branch supported a mass of bromeliads and orchids. Here is another place to which I shall return some time and spend a week collecting its rarities: But then, time was short and the trail was long, so only a few specimens were taken and these jammed into presses already too full of plants. It was dusk with purple shadow resting on the cwmbre when we made the pass and started the long tortuous descent to Tiltepec. We arrived there in the velvet blackness of night. Tiltepee is a sorry little collection of thatched huts and, I think, has a story all its own. Don Tomas and I threw our sarapes down in the house with the mail carriers who were taking the Christmas mail into the Mixteca. Personally, I did but little testing. I never sleep well when hungry fleas and bed-bugs and myself, equally hungry, but less able to find a meal, are rolled into the same blanket. 136 I was up at dawn the next morning, rearranging the plants collected the previous day and airing others which showed signs of mildew. I learned a trick on this trip that stood me in good stead later. When one is short of driers, open the presses at night and let them become cold, then, early in the morning, pack them tightly and wrap in several thicknesses of palm matting. In this way one often can get a large series of plants back to an adequate supply of drying materials—and in fairly good condition—days after they have been collected. Early in the afternoon we arrived at Nochixtlan, being wel- comed by our ethnologist friend of the journey out. It was nice again to have more than a cup of water for washing and to eat food’ served in a room separate from the smoke of the fire. Here a treat awaited us: a-pound can of my favorite vacuum-packed coffee. It was opened with due ceremony by the ethnologist and prepared with care over charcoal. The product, however, was unsatisfactory. It was exactly equal to the coffee I liked in the States, yet it lacked something of the pungent aromacity of the native brew. The tin was more useful than its contents, so the remainder was thrown out. It is curious how soon one can acquire a taste for coffee that has been burned black and almost charred in the roasting. At Nochixtlan we bade farewell to Lupe. A most genial fellow, deep in the understanding of the fundamentals of the life he led and somewhat of a philosopher. A man with few taboos and no psychoses. And that, perhaps, was the cause of his undoing at Nochixtlan—but that is "Lupe’s private story. I feel richer for having known him. Since the presses were full there was no point in walking, so I hired a riding horse. The plants were piled on a pack animal led by a mozo and on the morning of the twenty-third our little cara- van headed east toward Parian, Cafion Tomellin and the railroad. The horse was a short-coupled buckskin bangtail with blood in his eye and fire in his feet. Two men were holding him as I mounted and I rode him, tail first, out of Nochixtlan. He had a curious little corkscrew buck that jarred everything loose out of my pockets. But he had a stout heart for the climbs and was ex- cellent among rocks, being particularly efficient on the down- grade. Each time he stumbled or slipped on the loose rubble, he took a quick jump and squatted, thus catching his balance. For 137 ‘161 duredHM 12d L6l-9061 “MALNIM ‘ODIXS] |‘VIVXVG) 0] NOLLIGIdX NAGMVS TVOINVLOE MUOA WAN ‘apm seu. 096 02.96 oL6 T UPR] Sales = hii nf , SOMES = sepouegyp{ viieiy B719°R| aL 24 i eI 23dzy0f0g « WIND e ‘amnoy— es fo.230} S- —vaue paiddny C Wada WodWaz Se Beil oP UaP A ap 01199) PIV PiltAs 06 uered Wal | =| -E—Ji J Svoqouloli og Or of 0% Ol O 296 /O£.96 uednjaulangy J OU {qrUO|O} (9) VAN V2 Ll oL6 OF.L6 138 these reasons I forgave him when he aired his heels, as he did, at almost every village through which we passed. Early in the day I lost Don Tomas and the mozo, and so rode east alone through forests of pine and oak with numerous clumps of mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus of the Rosaceae) or zunu-ina as it is sometimes called in this region. During this ride I passed many a village and town not on the map, not even the large-scale map issued by the Mexican Government in 1932 or the later map of 1936. Toward evening I began the long descent into Canon Tomellin with its subtropical vegetation and rode into Parian after more than seven hours without ever having gotten out of the saddle. Considering the rough country and the weight carried, any normal horse would have been thoroughly chastened, but not this hill-bred buckskin. As we entered town, a piece of paper fluttered across the path. That was enough. For the next five minutes, to the delight of the population, we put on a private rodeo in the main and only street of Parian. I missed the train for Oaxaca by just fifteen minutes. It was the only Mexican conveyance I have ever known to be on time. The train next morning was scheduled to leave at 6:10. By 6:30 a mozo came to carry our packs to the station; it was 9:30 when the ticket-window opened and at exactly 10:42, with much blowing of whistles, the Mexico Narrow-gauge Night Express —better known as the Oaxaca Roller-coaster—chuffed into the station, We arrived in Oaxaca late that afternoon and that night I put the plants between driers. It was Christmas Eve. Ex Rio ZAVALETA I shall pass by sunny days along the Rio Atoyac and golden afternoons on Monte Alban amid the ruins of an ancient past. I shall skip the sleepy village of Santa Maria del Tule, where the greatest tree in all the world still grows, the largest of all the Mexican cypresses. I shall omit all mention of trips to the heights of Il Cerro de San Felipe. Here is a mountain. It stands serene, a great massif reared nearly two miles into the air, keeping watch over the valley of Oaxaca. Each of these is a chapter in itself. But far to the south and west, a great thumb of the Sierra Madre thrusts itself into the valley toward Zimatlan. As moun- tains go, it is not a great range and seems almost to be lost in that welter of peaks and deep barrancas of the Sierras of southern 139 Mexico. I doubt if you will find its name on any map; but visible from Monte Alban and far up on the slopes of that moun- tain, there is a great red scar. It is the village of San Pablo Cuatro Venados—Saint Paul of the Four Deer. I had read the story of this village, its people and the life they lead in a book as told by my friend Don Pablo ?—and I wanted to visit the region. So, with a mozo who was not afraid of the Cutikap tos —ti is death for a San Pablan to cross their country—I set out from Oaxaca on January twentieth with two horses and my duffle and headed for El Rio Zavaleta and the country of the San Pablefios by a back trail through the territory of Cuilapam. This feud between the people of San Pablo and Cuilapam is just another of the many in this region. It is a land war and has lasted for over six hundred years. It is as active as when it began and the causes of its being are, if anything, more acute than the day it started. The fact that Cuilapam is a Mixtec town and San Pablo an ancient military outpost of the Zapotecs, only adds fuel to the fires of hate. It was late in the afternoon when I arrived at the workings of the Zavaleta mine near the headwaters of the river of the same name. This mine, but recently abandoned, owing to certain un- settled conditions in the region, has been in operation since 1704. I unloaded hastily and the mozo returned to Oaxaca with the horses. There were several Zapotecs from Oaxaca at the mine dismantling the machinery and I was glad for their company. I established myself in what was once the kitchen of the old mine residence. Ordinarily I would prefer to camp in the open rather than around abandoned dwellings—there is something ghostly about them that I do not like—but the night winds are cold in these mountains, and I welcomed the protection of old walls. That evening, just as the shadows were turning purple in the hills, I went down to the river to get some water. Above the roar of the torrent I heard a stone clink, and turning, looked straight into the eyes of one of the inhabitants of San Pablo. He was 2“Don Pablo”: M. ae Van de Velde, cininent Belgian scholar, now resident in Oaxaca. The book: “Three Dollars a Year,’ by G. Russell Steininger and Paul Van de Velde. New Worle, 1935, cine Pablo owned nd ope the Zavaleta mine for some years and, living there, almost oO fe) = under the village of San Pablo Quatro Venados, knew it well. is an authentic account of life, stark and primitive, in a typical Zapotecan village. ty IN THR MIXTECA _1. Tlaxiaco in the morning mist. 2 & 3. The market at Tlaxiaco. 4. “Lupe, philosopher and guide, 5. Scrub oak and giant cypress near Dlaxiaco. "Lupe and the burtos. Te Taltepec, a Mixtec hill town 142 armed to the teeth and standing there, his knotty muscles bulging through the holes in his tattered clothes, he looked like one mean hombre—even meaner than the scoundrel whose photograph appears opposite page 39 of Don Pablo’s book. His weapons consisted of a very long and sharp machete slung handily in a sheath over his shoulder and an old muzzle-loaded rifle. These guns date from the time of the French intervention in Mexico and are so slow in firing that the San Pablenos refer to them as “esperame tantito”, which means “wait a moment”. I was on his land and so it was no more than right that he should demand my name and business. Here was a ticklish situation, for my name would have been mere gibberish to him since it contained neither Zapotec nor Spanish words. My nationality would have been unsatisfactory for, even if he had never seen one, he no doubt had heard that el gringo was a devil. My business would have been a mystery and therefore to be feared, for “botanist”, “herbarium”, and “plant-specimen” are words not in his vocabulary. And so I told him that I was “Don Colorado, a Swiss doctor collecting plants for medicine.’ The explanation was satisfactory. My name, “the colored one”, was most apt and had been given me by my friends of the market in Oaxaca, for to them my hair was mucho rojo, and my skin was burned a lobster hue by the Mexican sun. Since he had never heard of Switzerland, he could have heard nothing unpleasant about the people who live there, and I would have the benefit of any doubts he had. There was no lie in this, for once the name was Kampf and came from Canton Basel. As for the rest, I had no qualms, for many plants are used in their own materia medica. Here was a thing that he could fathom and appreciate, for he, being a mountain man and versed in the use of herbs, often did his own collecting. I hastened too, to assure him that I was a friend of Don Pablo. This was enough, for it was the speedy intervention of Don Pablo which had saved the inhabitants of his town from extinction by the Cuilapenos just a few years previous. I spent several pleasant days clambering alone over the cliffs of this wild country and wading the tumultuous rapids of the Rio Zavaleta for the few plants that might be in flower on its sandy bars. But one evening, on a low spur of the mountain, I was sud- denly surrounded by a group of these wild mountain men, all 143 ... A great thumb of the Sierra Madre thrusts sae into the valley . About an inch from the right margin and oe un the main mass of ‘the puff of cumulus cloud on the horizon is the BE erosion below the village of San Pablo uate Venados. The re a oi SECs in the valley marks the course of the Rio Zavaleta. The in ue forgeround are reeatiite Photo from the roof of the monastery ae Guin armed, who demanded in no uncertain terms that I state my busi- ness. Was I hunting minerals? (They have been exploited mercilessly and enslaved through the centuries by those who have sought gold in their mountains.) My explanation was easy to believe for I had a great pile of plants at my feet which were going into press. So to clinch my statements, I immediately took the pruning-shears out of the holster where I carried them and began cutting the specimens into suitable lengths. There was a shout and their women-folk, who had been hid in the barranca, came into view and they too crowded around to see the stranger and the new tool. Both men and women were jabbering in Zapotec, being more fluent in their own tongue than in Spanish. To me it sounded like a cage full of monkeys at feeding time. Being primitive children, they soon tired of the show and, gather- ing together a few twigs, made a fire and warmed a little food a few feet from where I was pressing my plants. They had been 144 on a visit to a neighboring town and one of the women had pur- chased a new waist. Like women all over the world, it must be passed among them and examined—and each one tried it on. I could understand no word of Zapotecan, but the inflections were unmistakable and compliments were passed between them. The vivid pink of the waist against their brown skins made a pleasing picture. It was dark when I returned to camp, where I found that my companions at the mine had left and I was all alone. That night the moon was full and in the stillness, above the whisper of the river far below, I heard an eerie chanting. Its wavering four-note tune seemed to come from out the sky—or nowhere. It was these primitive folk, far above me on the mountain, chanting at the altar of El Chaneque, their ancient Zapotecan god, a spirit so omni- potent that, among these people who worship many idols, no image of it is ever made. The next morning Erastro and the others returned with ox-carts and the specimens were loaded on them. That afternoon he and I walked the sixteen miles back to Oaxaca by the old trail over Monte Alban. The slow-plodding oxen arrived the next morning. W. H. Camp. Next month: “Tue Mountain wHicH HAS TWENTY PEAKS” —the story of Zempoaltepetl. THE SPRING MUSHROOM Many people are under the impression that there is one edible mushroom and the remainder are all poisonous “toadstools.” The reverse of this is actually true: there are many edible mushrooms and comparatively few that are poisonous. The question com- monly asked of the mycologist is, “How do you distinguish a mushroom from a toadstool?” To the botanist there is no dif- ference, the so-called “toadstool” being merely a poisonous mush- room. There is no definite rule by which the poisonous mush- rooms can be separated from the edible forms. One must learn to know them and distinguish them as they would distinguish their friends from their enemies. The form introduced in this article is one of which no one need to entertain any fear. It has so much personality that it cannot possibly be confused with any poisonous species, as 1s 145 true of many of the other forms. In the first place it occurs almost exclusively in the month of May in this region. It has a stout usually whitish stem and a honey-colored top which is filled with deep pits, giving it a sponge-like appearance. Of P course the plants should be collected while fresh and before they have begun to decay or turn dark. While this species, Morchella esculenta (Fic. 1), has frequently been collected by the writer about New York City, only rarely has it been found in large numbers. On May 23 while collecting near his home in Elmsford, the writer encountered an especially a y Ficure 1. Morchella esculenta, the edible morel, which appears in May. About two thirds natural size. Figure 2. A basketful of morels, an unusual quantity to be found in one spot in the woods. fine group of the fruiting bodies of this species. About 75 of them were collected, filling an entire basket (Fic. 2), and more might have been found had the time been taken. Professor Underwood once referred to this species as “a store- house of nitrogenous food as luscious as an oyster and for an equal weight containing even more nutritious matter,’ and lamented the fact that more of this material was not made use of in this country. It is truly a delicious fungus, which may be safely eaten by anyone who is fortunate enough to find it in quantity. Frep J. SEAVER. THE PUBLIC DISPLAY GARDEN OF DAYLILIES The Garden’s collection of daylilies (Hemerocallis), which is now located along the path to the northwest corner cf the museum building, reaches its climax in the display of flowers during late June and early July, though many plants may be seen there in bloom any time from early May until late in September. The name of each species and variety is embossed on a copper ribbon which is fastened to an upright stake. The collection contains (1) representatives of the known species of daylilies, (2) wild plants which exhibit variations in certain of the species, (3) typical hybrids obtained from cross-breeding vari- ous species, and (4) plants of many of the horiticultural clones. A special effort is being made to obtain at least one plant of each of the many hort%cultural clones that are introduced into garden culture. Most of these are donated by nurserymen with the under- standing that the Garden will not propagate them for distribution. The Garden does not propagate any daylilies either for sale or general distribution. Since the previous report* was published many new clones have been added and the collection is now the most complete and exten- sive in existence. It thus enables gardeners and nurserymen to become acquainted with the numerous daylilies and affords opper- tunity for the evaluation of the different kinds according to merit and class. This is a need which is strongly felt among growers today, because the horticultural group of daylilies is now in that stage of development which is characterized by a somewhat rapid and indiscriminate increase of clonal varieties, many of which have no distinctive merit. Since the list of 174 horticultural clones, representing the developments since 1890, was published in the book “Daylilies” in 1934, at least 99 new clones have been named and, judging from the persons who are raising large numbers of seedlings, many more will be introduced into culture very soon. With so many new plants on the market some are bound to be much alike and the average gardener is not always able to recog- nize their distinctive characters. The Botanical Garden’s collection is intended to aid those growers who wish to raise daylilies of the * Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 34: 135-139. 1933, 148 WUNISNUT dy} JO JSOMYIIOU ST YIM “UONDITJOI sy T, ‘Q9UD}SIXO Ul DAISUD}XO PUB d}o[CWIOd }sOUT oY} st “Surpyinq ‘A[n[ Ajrea pue ounf a7Z] ur uOseas stay} Jo Yead oy} ye ‘saryAecy 149 greatest charm and reliability to make a fair evaluation of the species, varieties, and horticultural clones in each class. A collection of early-flowering seedling daylilies from The New York Botanical Garden was exhibited at the show of the American Iris Society May 28-30 at Rockefeller Center, New York City. The group included the eyed, fulvous, reddish fulvous, yellow, and orange types in many forms of flower, and contained some selections which are being considered for propagation. A. B. Stour. REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS (All publications 3 gcvicwed here may be consulted in the Library of e New York Botanical Garden.) WEEK-END GARDENING ! “Friday-to-M onday Gardening” makes me thrill ue enjoy- ment with Margaret Goldsmith in all her efforts ov end to transform a neglected limestone quarry i ‘HVS: a garden of bloom. Rarely has a book described with such fascinating charm the transformation of disorganized rock and stone and a tumble- down building into a fascinating cottage, surrounded by nooks and every photograph is a revelation of romantic loveliness. The creation of beauty dhrough a vivid imagination is just what we all would like to accomplish in our summer homes. The book makes me think of Wordsworth’s lines: “ ’Tis a voice of oa wus what ails her? She sees a een ascending: a vision of tre All my garden friends must read i Emiuig B. Kettoce. DISEASE AND Pest CoNTROL FOR GARDENERS ” Home gardeners and others interested in growing ornamentals will he Be ased to learn that there is available a clearly written book on the control of insect pests and fungous diseases which are altogether too common in our gardens. For many years Prof. H. H. Whetzel, Plant Pathologist of Cornell University, has 1 Goldsmith, Margaret. Friday-to-Monday Gardening. Illustrated wy eg eo in half-tone; indexed. 195 pages. Whittlesey House, McGra Hill, Nev . 1937. $2.50. 2 We wee tt, Cynthia. The Plant Doctor. 228 Dee illustrated, indexed. Frederick A. Stokes Company, New York, 1937. $2.00 150 advocated the idea of “The Plant Doctor,” declaring that every eens: should have a plant doctor the same as a physician r consultation. Dr. Cynthia Westcott, a student and former ee of his, has proved the feasibility of such an idea. After She has arranged her suggestions to be carried out during suc- cessive months of the year, beginning with March and ending in November. Dr. Westcott claims that forty hours a year devoted to such work is sufficient in the average garden. For the last chapter she has arranged alphabetically a number of names and other terms, each with a few helpful sentences of Paper bag gardening”. will suffice to show the pleasing style which the author has adopte “Fortunately such troubles among, ornamentals do not affect the bread and butter of the home owner, only that of the nursery- man, but t e shudder ois ee hearer that I feel when I see some- one pull ao ick peony stalk by the soft, rotten, spore-covered p your rotting stalks by the tops, not the base, and drop them into your paper bag. you have occasion to cut them out at the base have a solution of bichloride of mercury nearby and wash off this is a virulent poison and do not get your fingers near your ” the professional, as well as the home gardener, this is a valuable book. B. O. Donce. Tue Names or Woopy PrLants 3 Mr. Makins has written a useful book for the grower and stu- dent of woody plants, couching in easily understood language a great deal of See aa not before pels together in one volume. While it is primarily ee for use in Great Britain, every plant Hensel can be grown at some place in the United States, so the use of the nase is not confined to any one area The fact that 21 percent of the rabies included are North American indicates that the European interest surpasses our own in our native plants. he scattered form of key used for identification is truly un- fortunate, as it represents a style now recognized as vaeeu nes ory. The illustrations, which account for most of the 32 species described, serve if one is familiar with the plants, ae are 3 Makins, F. K. The Identification of Trees and Shrubs. 326 pages, illustrated, indexed. E. P. Dutton & Company, New York, 1936. $4.00. 151 too diagrammatic to convey properly the appearance of the plants they represent. The North American ones are espe cially poor. The book, however, aaa be a useful addition to the libraries of those interested in the names and places of origin of their woody ae as it contains the majority of the plants they grow. BE. J. ALEXANDER. maecat: PHOTOGRAPHY *# Arthur C. Pillsbury, in writing about the work that has ab- 2 sorbed him during the ars and more, has produced a ry fascinating for anyone to read, but o pecial interes the photographer. He is the designer and maker of t re- volving lens panorama camera, and a great developer of lapse-time photography, by which many thousands of persons Bae been able to watch plants grow and flowers open on the scree The patience and eau which have gone into his life work are elements which help to make his story an engrossing one. The detailed information on cameras and equipment, however, is only for the experienced pace’ eraphes, especially the one who is contemplating similar work, for of the equipment which he has eee iS sO highly acralivel that its cost is upward of a thousand dol isa ae deal of scientific information in his book, but this is best left to the scientist to judge. The book is essentially a captivating story. FLepa GRIrriti. A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* The Garden Book a Thomas Jefferson kept for nearly sixty years, from 1766 to 1824, is described by Rodney H. True im the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Sutin No. 6 of Volume 76. After depicting the contents and character of this unique record of early gardening in America, he concludes: ‘As time passes, and the nation goes through its strenuous earlier years, the Garden Book of Jefferson continues to tell a quiet story of grapes and sea kale for the garden, of carp and nD or the fishpond, of plums and peaches, peas, radishes and squashes, and one can ERE his longing to leave the man- made tumult of pueden and Washington. The worn Garden ook seems to give a glimpse into the background of the life of ne 00. * All Shee Bh Be here—and many others—may be found in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building 152 In the same issue of the Sosa Ls E. D. Merrill writes on “Palisot de Beauv as an Overlooked American Botanist,” telling of the large coilections of eee. as well as African and Haitian plants, which this early explorer lost through a series of misfortunes at sea. Palisot de Beauvois resided for some time in Philadelphia, teaching French and music, Dr. Mer- rill says, though there are few records of his sojourn there. He was elected to the American “Hilocor sic Society in 1792. * Louise Beebe Wilder is the author of several outstanding articles in co issues of House and Garden. “The Alpine Lawn” ap- red in January, while in February and March there were Hee ptons of many varieties of pinks and zinnias for the garden. * * * Wild Flower, the quarterly publication of the Wild Flower Preservation Socie ety, appeare oe in January in a new form. It is under the editorship of P. Ricker, with Alice Earl Hyde, Robert S. Lemmon, E. Lucy BPA and E. T. Wherry as con- tributing editors. * * * Roots of trees spread with an average radius of one and one- third times the height of the tree, according to an article by A. F. eager, quoted in the April Garden Dis gest from Better Homes and Gardens. The study, which was carried on at the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, also showed that prac- tically all gees of trees and shrubs were to be found in the upper four feet of s * * * In the Botanical Museum Leaflets of Harvard University, Vol. 4, No. 8, Richard Evans Schultes describes the peyote- ae of the Indians of southwestern United States and Mexico hich is built around the narcotic cactus, Lophophora Williamsii. Rents of the article have been issued. * Among plants of special interest treated in the April number of The New Flora and Silva are species of Meconopsis and Lachen- alia, and varieties of Weigela and of the candelabra type of Primula, The gardening reminiscences of Compton Mackenzie are continued in this issue. Carot H. Woopwarp. A specimen of the largest known flower in the world, Amor- phophallus Titanum, came into bloom at The New York Botanical Garden June 8. A forthcoming issue of the Journal Uy August) will be largely devoted to this remarkable plant. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1938: L. H. Bamey, MarsHatt Fiery, Mrs. Eton Huntincton Hooker, JoHN L. MERRILL (Vice- -president), Cor. Rosert H. Montcomery, H. Hopart Porter, and RaymMonp H. Torrey. Until 1939: ArtHUR M. ANpeERSoN, HEeNRy W. be Forest (President), CiarENCcE Lewis, E. D. Merritt, aa HENRY DE LA MontTaAGNE (Secretary and Assistant Teaser er Until 1940: Henry ve Forest BALDWIN aces -president), CHILDS Ene pOLPH LEWISOHN, Henry LockuHart, Jr., MacDoveat, and Jose R. Swan (Treasurer). II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS FioreLto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. ROBERT Moses, Park Commissioner. Henry C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS RACY E. Hazen, Conon ed 20, ihe Hee) Botanical Club. A. Harper, Sam F. TRE Ep . Stnnott, and Marston T. iReetiinn appointed by Colwnbia Gey. GARDEN STAFF EE AM GLEASON, MP Be DS) cigs siepeicls s cevcisisieiaie Deputy Director an ee Curator ELENR YA DENA, MONTAGNE Scisctelictaicieie| telsiektacien eer oeninetieisiee Assistant aes Joun K. Smatt, Pu. D., Sc. D......... Chief Research “sonal fe bays ASBY STOUT PHD Visi csy ote oeleite ieee tie Director of the Mdvonat ona Frep J. SEAVER, Pu. IDA S\ond Dee aR Wer Ana duoO cou TOubRoNODDo UGOULA dO Curator BERNARD O. Donce, He Diss cidascutitjapetstg coke ate haoveine lease Plant Pathologist ForMAn T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. .......... Supervisor of Public Education OHN HENDLEY BARNHART, ae Nu i D...Bibliographer and Admin. Assistant PERCY. WILSON? stan chek bo hee ee eee Associate Curator ADRERT G4 SMLTH, OH) Si eeeieeeeobnicrereC Geer eerie Associate Curator Syren 16 IU, ZN, IMIG 5600600090000908000000000000000000900009 Librarian H Russy, M. D. .......... Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections GEDA’ GRIEFID MC tiyeccratacsinis toe eto ee one eee oo erecta Artist and Photographer Rosert S. WILLIAMS ............---+++s eee Research Gee: c in Bryolog ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium Harotp N. MoipenKE, Pu. D. ..............--- eee eee eees ee Curator ieee lDbisoobodadecdeogddGoousOdoagdbo00000000 assistant Curator CLYDE Given AN IMI, od000000090000900000090000900900 Technical Assistant ROSALIE IKERT.& ee tele hon een eGh ane eareeee ei Technical Assistant Carot H. Woopwarb, A. B. ..........---ee seer reece estes Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. .............--------+ es eee Horticulturist L. Wittrock, Hey Mane ae hd Per ianngtoodbloou00.0na0000.0006 Otto DEGENER, Mt ear RG nrc eer aD Pic sert ee in Hawatian Botany RoBert HAGELSTEIN ......------+++-+ ees: norary Curator of Myxomycetes ETHEL ANSON S. Prokiai. . Honorary Bee Tris and Newt Thy Golleehons ARTHUR J. CORBETT ...............-- Superintendent of Buildings and Gro A. ©. Pra DER shih ehe ays A ASR ee eet Assistant ee MEMBERS OF THE CORPORATION And The Advisory Council (*) With Its Officers Arthur M. Anderson *Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson George Arents, Jr. *Mrs. George Arents, Jr. *Mrs. Robert Bacon Prof. L. H. Bailey Mrs. James Baird Stephen Baker Henry de Forest Baldwin Sherman Baldwin Prof. Charles P. Berkey C. K. G. Billings Gcorge Blumenthal Prof. Marston T. Bogert Prof. William J. Bonisteel George P. Brett *Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Prof. Gary N. Calkins *Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Miss Mabel Choate *Miss E. Mabel Clark W.R., Coe Richard C, Colt *Mrs, Jerome W. Coombs Charles Curie *Mrs, C. I. DeBevoise Henry W., de Forest Edward C, Delafield Rev . M. Denslow Julian Detmer *Mrs. Charles D. Dickey *Mrs. John W. Draper Benjamin T. Fairchild Marshall Fie William B. O. Field *Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Harry Harkness Flagler *Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Childs Frick *Miss Helen C. Frick *Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Vice-Chairman *Mrs. Frederick A. Godley *Mrs. George McM. Godley Murry Guggenheim Edward S. Harkness Mrs. Christian R. Holmes *Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Chairman Archer M. Huntington Pierre Jay *Mrs. Walter Jennings *Mrs. F. Meese Kellogg Tre *Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel *Mrs. William A. apie Dr. D. T. MacDougal *Mrs. David Ives Mackie Mrs. H. Edward Manville Parker McCollester *Mrs. John R. McGinley Dr. E. D. Merrill John L. Merrill *Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. Ogden L. Mills George M. Moffett H de la Montagne Col. Robert H. Montgomery Barrington Moore Mrs. William H. Moore J. Pierpont Morgan Dr. Robert T. Morris B. Y. Morrison Charles Lathrop Pack *Mrs. Augustus G. Paine *Mrs. James R. Parsons Rufus L. Patterson Stanley G. Ranger Johnston L. Redmond Ogden Mills Reid Prof. H. H. Rusby *Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee Corresponding Secretary *Mrs. Samuel Seabury Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott *Mrs. Samuel Sloan Dr. John K. Small James Speyer Col. J. E. Spingarn Mrs. Charles H. Stout Nathan Straus, Jr. Frederick Strauss *Mrs. Theron G. Strong Joseph R. Swan Dr. William S. Thomas Raymond H. Torrey Prof. Sam F. Trelease *Mrs. Harold McL. Turner Felix M. Warburg Allen Wardwell *Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder *Mrs. Nelson B. Williams ecording Secretary Bronson Winthrop Grenville L. Winthrop John C. Wister *Mrs. William H. Woodin Richardson Wright Vor. XXXVIII Jury, 1937 JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN w % \ OND, 2? WES SAP Fost < PALS sem Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN GaroLt H. Woopwarpb, Editor JuLy, 1937 PALM-TREES (Brahea dulcis) IN FLOWER NEAR SAN LORENZO DE ALBARRADAS, STATE OF OAXACA Front Cover WINTER IN OAXACA W.H. Camp 153 IN THE COUNTRY OF THE MIHIS 164-165 A Dry-rot DIsEASE OF OPUNTIA B. O. Dodge 170 REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS 173 Nores, NEws, AND COMMENT 176 FORESTS OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN Cloaking the banks of the Bronx River where it flows through The New York Botanical Garden stand two magnificent woodlands, one a natural hemlock forest, the other a forty-acre tract of native deciduous trees. Thirty-seven acres are occupied by the hemlocks, chiefly between the rock garden and the west bank of the river. The trees extend to the gorge and overlook the waterfall. Most of the deciduous forest land lies directly south, though a narrow strip borders the hemlocks along the river on the beeches, and ash, sweet gum, sour gum, tulip, and sassafras trees. Some of the native deciduous trees grow too in the hemlock forest, but no other conifers are there and nothing exotic has or ever will be planted. According to the original grant by which this land was ceded to the Garden, this forest is to be kept forever in its natural state. Undesirable young hemlocks have been added, but no exotic material is deliberately set out. The unfamiliar plants which one sometimes observes have seeded themselves from the horticultural areas at the Garden. They furnish in- teresting examples of how much at home certain foreign plants, especially those coming from eastern Asia, can be in eastern America. Early in the season the woods will be found sheltering a number of the - wild flowers of the region—spring beauties, fawn lilies, jack-in-the-pulpits, : : ld ) i=} a ° co. =a Q a nal ie) 5 g =a -_ Q er ~ Se Q 2) (a) > E o o < ia’) s a Q ‘) a Q lop Q na ry) < =} = = ig) rs) Q a uo) ‘a S) i forth, here and there across bridges, sometimes along the river, other times deep among trees, and always within sight of native wild flowers and birds. The forests along the Bronx River, especially around the Boulder Bridge, are, in| fact, a mecca for bird students of New York City. : While the development of horticulture and botanical science are the two principal aims of the Botanical Garden, another Outstanding purpose is the preservation of the native trees and smaller plants of the region and making them accessible for the pleasure of the people. JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. XXXVI Pg, WW a ERGY aS WINTER IN OAXACA (Continued from the June issue) THe Mountain Wuicu Has Twenty Peaks It was the nineteenth of February when I again set out from Oaxaca. This time Don Pablo took me as far as the ancient city of Mitlat where the ruins are. The new automobile road goes no farther. JI was introduced to the head mozo who told me that Daniel would be my guide and would come for me at six the next morning. J had planned to spend the evening browsing around the ruins of Mictlan, the “House of the Dead” (Mitla is a corrup- tion of the older name). At times the Zapotecan kings lived here, but Mictlan never was a fortress. Its principal building is the Palace of the High Priest whose office it was to watch over the bodies of the royal dead. Its walls were red—the color of the Spirit world—and some of the original painted plaster may still be seen in its passageways and tombs. But the rain came down in torrents and I was forced to return to Casa La Sorpresa for the night. Entering this house is a genuine “surprise” for its patio is a jungle of bougainvillea, of tall, scarlet hibiscus bushes, of orange and lime trees, of great climbing aroids and other vines. Don Pablo has taught Maria, who is in charge, how to mix tangy habanero and pungent native fruit. The patio of La Sorpresa, therefore, is literally an oasis in a dry and hungry land. That night Mitla was anything but arid and I dined in solitary splendor. The meal began with sopa. Then came guajolote and heaps of snowy arroz mexicana followed by huevos rancheros and queso with frijoles fritos. Finally came great mounds of pan dulce and deep mugs of steaming café con leche. Maria is justly famous for her pungent soups, her turkey and Mexican rice, for her eggs with piquant chili sauce, her cheese and fried beans. Her sweetened TSee the map on page 137 of the preceding number of the JouRNAL. 153 154 cakes and coffee are the perfect ending to a gourmand’s dream. There are some who would find fault with such a meal, but they will also criticize the music and deep upholstery in their own—and lonely—heaven. As for me, my idea of a paradise would be to spend an eon not too far from plump Maria’s kitchen. I had made arrangements for an early breakfast the next morn- ing and so was up and packed before six. At 6:45 the cocinera sleepily stirred up the kitchen fire. Daniel arrived at 7:05, intro- duced himself and informed me that the mules were “waiting.” He carried out the boxes containing my collecting outfit and I hastily bolted my breakfast—only to sit on my heels while the brutes were caught, blindfolded, and loaded. Punctuality is a vice in Mexico. It was after eight o’clock when our string of mules left Mitla and headed east. We soon entered the mountains and started the long climb up- ward, reaching the cumbre at about ten-thirty. We paused for a while in the pass to catch our breath. Behind us was El Cerro de Mitla and at the foot of this mountain, drowsing in the sun, the town which gave it its name. Mitla lies at the head of a wide flat-bottomed valley which twists its way between high cliffs and barren hills to join another at Oaxaca. It was just a few kilometers up this valley on February 28, 1923, that the Federal Constabulary surrounded more than three hundred cerranos (mountain-men) and killed them. They were armed raiders from the hills on their way to Oaxaca to steal women. Across the valley the mass of El Cerro de San Bartolo y Magdalena raised its peak into the air. Far to the south and west, the great ranges of the Sierra Madre del Sur piled up until they lost themselves in the distant blue of the horizon. Looking the other way from the pass we saw more mountains. We were on a mountain surrounded by mountains. We had left the fat valleys with their abundance and were heading into a tumultuous wilderness of peaks. For a time Daniel pointed out the various places we could see and which he knew, mentioning others we would pass along the way. He talked at length of the towns of Yalalag and Villa Alta, where we hoped to visit. But all the while he talked, another thing was forming in my mind. Far to the east beyond our horizon— not shown on the map I had—I knew there was a mountain, the highest mountain in all the south of Mexico and so little known that its position has never been correctly marked. In ancient Nahuatl its full name is: The mountain which has twenty peaks. 1 . Mitla where the ruins are.’ Interior of a court in one of the temple hese intricate stonework designs were originally covered with a in ‘coating of plaster and painted a bright red. told Daniel I would like to go there instead of Yalalag and Villa Alta and asked him what he knew of it. “Nada, Patron,” he replied. “Nothing, Master. I have never been there, nor has any man of Mitla that I know. But we can find the place. It is beyond Ayutla in the country of the Mihis.” And that is how Daniel and I came to climb the mountain called Zempoaltepetl. It was noon when we passed through San Lorenzo de Aibarradas, a squalid little village on a barren hill. I asked Daniel if it were a Zapotec or Mihi town (the two great tribes of the region where we were). With scorn in his voice, he told me that the place was puro castillano. This puzzled me no end, for the town was not “pure Spanish” but Indian. Later I was to learn the pride these hill-men have in the heritage of their ancient habitations, some of them dating back a thousand years or more. Anything more recent than the Conquest is a “Spanish town,” a place without tradition and an interloper on the scene. Farther along we came to a famous landmark, a solitary palm perched on the top of a rock beside the trail. While resting here, a caravan of burros passed, carrying sacks of green coffee out of 156 the Mihi country. Later, this palm (Brahea dulcis) became com- mon on the barren slopes where it furnishes the raw material for almost the only industry of San Lorenzo. It is from the leaves that the patates (palm-mats) famous in Oaxaca are made. Toward evening we scrambled up the steep trail into Santa Maria de Albarradas and stopped with one of Daniel’s relatives. That night the neighbors dropped in to see the stranger and hear the gossip of the trail. Daniel was an excellent raconteur and basked in the glory of his new responsibilities. It was a pleasant evening, listening to the soft and fluid Spanish of these people interspersed with bits of crackling Zapotec; an evening rich in anecdote and the lore of mountain folk; an evening full of pleas- ant laughter and companionship. But the stars, wheeling high above the patio wall, told me that it was time to unroll my blanket for the night, so I bade them all buenas noches and blew out the candle. As I fell asleep I heard, deep in the house, the dull thump- ing of a pestle in an old mortar as someone ground the maize for the next day’s tortilla flour. * Out of Santa Maria, the trail swings abruptly upward and through a high pass. Behind us was the last of the ranges we had crossed the day before. Ahead were still higher ones which we yet must climb. Behind us was a barren land. Ahead, because the higher altitudes had brought more moisture, were forests full of oak and straight-boled pine. I had come to Mexico particularly to see the species of two families of plants, the Heath and Blueberry (Ericaceae and Vacciniaceae) and on these slopes they soon became more common. Species which up to that time had been to me but dried herbarium corpses I saw growing here beside the trail. It was a joy to find them with green leaves and growing twigs, and to my surprise, many were in flower. I had not hoped to be so fortunate. Just before noon, we crossed another high range and as we came out of the pass, a vast panorama of peaks and mountain valleys opened up before us. Far ahead near the horizon was a great cloud. I had been watching its top for two days but this was the first time I had seen the base. It was a tumbled mass of cumuli with long fluffy streamers sailing off to leeward and was exactly as I had suspected, a cloud snagged on some towering peak. The peak was Zempoaltepetl. At three that afternoon we drove the mules into Ayutla. 157 Since leaving Santa Maria we had been in Mihi country, but this was the first of their towns through which we passed. Ayutla was once the principal place of the Mihi tribe and still is an im- portant center of trade. It was market day and for the last hour we had been passing the people of this race going home along the trail. The men were dressed in white and the women mostly in gay skirts and vividly colored blouses. The houses of the Mihi towns of this region are not packed to- gether as are so many of those of the Zapotecs and Mixtecs that I know. The Mihis are a strictly agricultural people and feel the need of open space about them. From a distance their homes look neat, but in reality are little more than hovels and are dirty, as are mud-walled huts the world around. Travelers only occa- sionally come to Ayutla so the tourist trade is small. There is one large house and here Daniel and I found a place to sleep. Ayutla boasts a “restaurant”—the meanest hut in town, and it was already overcrowded with its three or four patrons who reeked with the odor of raw native liquor. A low mud wall divides the restaurant proper from the kitchen. The one table is scarcely three feet long and less than half as wide. From under it Daniel and I were forced to roll a stinking lump of humanity before we could sit down to eat. The cocinera soon appeared with a plate of carne and later with a stack of tortillas. The meat consisted of certain internal parts of a cow cut into convenient lengths; parts rich in vitamins and a necessity to a people whose diet is low in these important sub- stances. But even Daniel couldn’t stomach the foul mess until it was further fried out of all possible recognition; until its natural flavor and accumulated odor were killed with the hottest chili sauce she had. I had no great craving for vitamins so I dined on corn-cakes, eggs and coffee. But the eggs had a curious flavor. They had been fried in the same fat as the “vitamins.” Because of the occasion, the cocinera laid the table with a cloth. The thing was a sorry rag. It had not been washed in months and on its surface was written the story of many a previous meal. As a further distinction, she wiped the only eating utensil she had— a battered tablespoon—upon her greasy apron and handed it to me. I was duly honored by these gestures of her high esteem. I hope I said the proper words. The next morning Daniel and I left Ayutla with many a warm “Adios” ringing in our ears. 158 Beyond Ayutla the mountains become more rugged and the trail climbs upward to another pass. On the sides of the cafion out of which we toiled I found the natives planting maize. The line be- tween starvation and survival in these hills is finely drawn. The population is at a standstill, having forced the soil to its ultimate of production. If ten infants are born in a village in any year and only two adults die, eight of the children starve to death. A woman who raises three out of twelve of her children has done marvelously. I have been asked why these people do not move. The answer is easy. There is no place. They were driven into these hills by more dominant and warlike tribes, such as the Zapotecs, who have taken all the better lands. The Mihis have dug themselves in on the mountain sides and are literally clinging to the cliffs in their struggle to keep alive. This thing is true, for I saw them planting maize on slopes which my inclinometer said were more than 65° from the horizontal. They plow with oxen where a goat would hardly dare to graze, and where the oxen cannot go, the brush is cut and burned. Then, in the ashes of these fires, they clamber about with long pointed sticks, probing between the rocks for pockets of earth large enough to plant a few maize seeds. The wash of the summer rains takes such a toll on the scanty soil of these badly eroded lands that many of the plots must be “rested” for a period of five to fifteen years, or until the vegetation comes back and a little humus has again accumu- ated. Such are the agricultural methods of the Mihis. The cumbre held a surprise. As we ascended, various Ericaceae and Vacciniaceae became more common until in the pass, and spilling down over the other side, I found a typical heath-bald, much like those in the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina. The dominant shrubs, however, instead of being Rhododendron and Kalmia, were various species of Gaultheria.* In the northeastern United States, we are accustomed to think of the checkerberry (Gaultheria procumbens) as being representative ae Vaccinium and peso are genera found in the heath-balds of both the Great Smoky Mountains and the territory near Zempoalt oOo ee seldom become a domina Ae eae in this ecological association. r Tamazulapa, however, on an exceedingly dry and exposed slope, I did find a ae area covered mait Ba by Mons squamulosa, a species scarcely separable from fe ginea of our southern states. It is also interesting to note that the Heres “of both reqiois are post-climax and probably the result of clear- ing followed by fire or over-grazing and too, in both areas there are moist- ane days -site types 159 . Tamazulapa ... a Mihi town, scattered as are the rest .. .” of this group. When the genus was described by Linnaeus in 1753 this was the only species recognized. Today more than one hundred are listed, most of which are scattered up and down the mountains in the western parts of the Americas. In general they are taller shrubs, many of them several feet high, and on these slopes I found some up to six and eight feet. Here, they are gracefully arched, glossy, thick-leaved plants with large trusses of flowers—white, pink or red—and pendent masses of blackish- purple fruit, seedy, but honey-sweet. On the other side of the pass was the village of Tamazulapa. This Mihi town, scattered as are the rest, is perched beside a series of springs on the rim of the cafion of the Rio Tlahuitoltepec. From here, I got my first real view of Zempoaltepetl. On the other side of the cafion, above the level of Tamazulapa, a sharp- backed ridge winds its way upward to join the main mass of the mountain. We assumed—and later found it to be correct—that the trail to the top of Zempoaltepetl followed somewhat the crest of this ridge. But it was most discouraging to see an enormous yawning chasm stretched between us and our objective. We slid down the steep trail in a cloud of dust, reaching the bottom in about an hour. Since the mules had been going steadily since 160 morning, it was decided to give them a rest and time to graze on the grass along the river’s bank. This afforded a good opportunity to take a bath. It was an invigoratingly cool mountain stream, but the rocks were covered with myriads of leeches. When I came out of the water, I pulled off more than twenty of the thirsty creatures who were already using me for a filling station. Being refreshed, we tackled the other wall and after about two hours of lung-bursting climbing, came out on the rim and soon found ourselves in the village of Tlahuitoltepec. It was late in the afternoon, but after a little inquiry we learned that there was a rancho higher on the mountain and so, deciding to use as much of the daylight as possible, we pushed on, intending to stay there for the night. We had been told that the Mihi country was full of water and too, that we would have little trouble in getting enough to eat. So, to travel as lightly as possible, we carried neither canteens nor extra food. The water supply was contaminated at Tama- zulapa so Daniel and I drank from a pool along the stream in the cafion, and here we ate the last of the food which had been pre- pared by the cocinera at Ayutla. I did not like the dribble of water at Tlahuitoltepec, and we continued, assured that we could get both food and water at the rancho on the slopes above. In the twilight, we passed more heath-balds where several species of blueberries were common. The trail was becoming narrower and all the while more difficult and we were about ready to stop and spend the night on the first level spot we found. Then just before the darkness closed around us, we came to an open space where a little land had been cultivated and on the other side of it, perched on the edge of a black chasm, was the house we had been hunting ; the last rancho on the mountain. Inside the place there was a fire, and from around it came sounds of human habitation. Here would be shelter, food, and water. On closer examination, the ranch house proved to be a thatched hut scarcely five feet high at the comb of its low roof and so small that I doubt whether I could have stretched out in it at full length unless I had put one end of me in the fire. I decided to spend the night in the open, not because the place already had three people in it, but rather because, for the time being, I was fairly free from “inhabitants” and in no mood to play the role of host to a lot of little things which might relish the change from a dark-meat diet. Daniel began bargaining for food. 161 “Tortillas?” “We have none.” “Frijoles?” “We have no beans.” “Well, what do you have to eat?” “Nada, senor. Nothing, only a little unground maize for our- selves.” “Then give us coffee.” “There is none.” “No coffee? What do you have to drink?” “Only a little water in an olla.” Peering into the jar, I found a turbid fluid in the bottom. I offered fifty centavos for a drink and even then was refused. Fifty centavos is a fortune to these people so, had there been other water, I am sure they would have given it to me. It was the dry season when water must sometimes be carried miles over steep mountain trails. Daniel looked at me, shrugged his shoulders and said, “They are poor, Patron, and starving.” After a bit of haggling, we bought a handful of dried maize husks for the mules. We then found a level place nearby and rolled up in our blankets. We were tired and a little hungry and very, very thirsty. One does not sleep well when one’s stomach is flat and the juices of one’s body have run dry. But there was ample recom- pense for my wakefulness. Along the trail at dusk I had heard the sleepy twitter of a robin and too, the fluted, spiral notes of the veery, and in the stillness of the velvet night, I listened to the lonesome call of a whip-poor-will. These last two Daniel called the guilgero and the quer-por-wing, informing me that they were always in the higher mountains. Their notes were not exactly like those I was familiar with, but the songs were unmistakable and took me back to other twilights and to other trails in the Blue Ridge and the Smokies. But the skies were different, for a shoulder of the mountain hid the polar stars I knew. Zempoaltepetl is just seventeen degrees north of the equator, so the CenTauR rode the mountain tops that night. And I saw the great star ACHENAR, the spring whence flows the meandering constellation Ermanus, River of the Sky. There too, was Cerus splash- ing his broad tail in the silver wetness of a cloud. At midnight, Crux, the Cross, raised itself out of the mist and stood erect, | : 162 a flaming beacon in the skyways of the southern hemisphere. Toward dawn it toppled over and its fire was quenched in a thunderstorm—a storm whose rumblings were not heard but whose lightnings I could see far out where the broad Pacific lay. ... In the pass tall century-plants were in flower... .” Here Daniel climbed into the plant and stood on the upper leaves. 163 At dawn the mules were loaded. They still were tired and hungry and the way was steep. Most of the plants had passed the height of their flowering season but, on the shady slopes where the moisture had lingered a little longer, some were in bloom. Along the way we sought among the hollows of the rocks and in the dry beds of the streams for water, but the seeking was in vain. Just before noon the trail swung for a short distance along a rocky bench and the mules lifted their noses, testing the air. They quickened their steps and we soon came to a place where sweet water, dripping over a stone, formed a tiny pool. The mules drank deeply, then nibbled of the scant herbage around the margins of this damp spot. Daniel, digging in one of the cargo baskets, let out a shout. He had found a parcel we had forgotten ; a piece of bread and two hard-boiled eggs which had been left from the lunch packed at Mitla. They were crushed almost beyond recognition, but they were food. Rummaging in another, I found a small tin of sardines. It was a feast. Then, driving the leg-weary mules over the rocks ahead of us, we came to the cumbre which lies between two of the peaks of Zempoaltepetl. Here in the pass tall century-plants (Agave sp.) were in flower and we decided to unpack in the shelter of a rock and make camp for the night. Rugged talus slopes, half cliff, towered above us. There still were several hours of daylight, so we picketed the mules in the pine forest and tackled the nearer heights. As we came to the top of the first rise a strange sight met our eyes. I had heard about an altar on the top of Zempoaltepetl, but was not prepared to find it still in use. The thing was a crude affair, made with irregular stones piled into such a shape that one might suspect that it was a fire place. The entire top of this peak was covered with turkey feathers. There was no evidence of fire ever having been built at the altar, but the place was sprayed with blood. It was the altar where the primitive Mihis perform their ancient ritual of blood sacrifice. * * k Daniel and I decided that the next morning while I collected he was to go down the other side of the mountain until he came to the first rancho and there get food for the mules and ourselves. As soon as it was light enough to see the trail and to distinguish living from dead plants, we were up and at our respective tasks. Zempoaltepetl: 1. The higher peaks hidden in cloud. De The central and highest peak in a light rain. 3. View toward the north from the highest peak. 4, Landmark: a solitary palm perched on a rock near San Lorenzo. of her guests. 6. The expedition returns. Near Santa Maria. 5. The restaurant at Ayutla, with the cocinera and one 166 It was after eight o’clock when Daniel returned. He came over to where I was putting some gentians into press and sat down on the ground. The look in his eyes was sufficient. Finally he turned to me and with a weary voice said: “They were poor, Patrén, poorer than the others, for they even had no maize leaves for the animals.” It was evident that our stay on Zempoaltepetl would be short and imperative that we make a quick dash to the summit and return to the lower levels as soon as possible, if only to get the weakened mules to a place where they could forage for themselves. We therefore hastily packed the specimens I had already gathered and, putting fresh sheets into the press, started back up the cliff we had climbed the evening before. We crossed the first of the rises and passed the altar. From here a faint trail descended into a saddle and we followed it, only to climb another slope. Again the trail led downward into a gap and then again upward. As we continued, the pine forest through which we had been climbing became more sparse and stunted and each peak higher than the last, until finally we came out on a great promontory jutting into a rolling sea of mist where the ground fell away on every side. There was no higher place in all the south of Mexico. We were on the top of Zempoaltepetl. There was a momentary break in the clouds and we could see in all directions. Below us lay a great welter of rolling mists and crested mountain peaks. The view to the south was somewhat obscured by haze, but far to the north, a curious line shimmered on the horizon. It was the sun shining on the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Later we were to learn from one of the men of Ayutla that, had there been no clouds, we would have been able to see both the “northern” and the “southern” oceans. I can well believe that this is true, for there is a gap in the Sierra Madre through which the Pacific Ocean might be visible on clear days. Ours was only a fleeting glance for, as quickly as it had cleared, the clouds rolled in again, blotting out everything but the ground we stood upon. Even so, there was enough to occupy our eyes, for here on the very top of the backbone of the range which unites the two continents of the western hemisphere, was the main altar of the Mihi tribesmen. The other had been only the subsidiary place of worship. Here was the same crude arc of stones, but larger. Here were the same vessels, but of more intricate design, one 167 . The main altar of the Mihi tribesmen. The holder con ie ceremonial taper and the curious three-holed copal (incense) burner, om pe the ater during a “ceremony fave been placed on top for the photograph. On altar may be seen seve hand- rolled native ciyarel es a aBes ide foe Fa abanoned basket in ane the turkey for a previous sacrifice was transported. being a most curious three-holed copal (incense) burner. All around was a deep carpet of turkey feathers and over the altar were great splotches of blackened blood. Beside the altar I found the holder for the sacred tapers and on it cigarettes and bits of votive offerings. At various places on the top of the great rock I found other evidences of pagan ritual: proofs of recent worship in a religious ceremony of a people more ancient than the Aztecs or the Mayas. Zempoaltepetl is not so high as the volcanic cones to the north- west and, being closer to the equator, snow seldom falls on its summit. One might, therefore, expect that its top would be covered with a dense forest, but for two reasons the vegetation is sparse. One is that on certain rare occasions there is snow and the plants are for a short time frozen. This eliminates certain of the less hardy subtropical species. The main reason, however, lies in the agricultural methods of the Mihis. The fires on the lower slopes of the mountain, made to clear land for maize plant- ing, are set mainly in the dry season and it is no uncommon thing for these conflagrations to sweep over the summit of the mountain. Several days previously, while crossing a pass on the way to 168 Ayutla, I had seen toward the northwest the smoke of three large forest fires on as many different mountains. There were recent fire scars on the slopes of Zempoaltepetl and ample evidence of this forest scourge on many of the trees near the summit. Here a low shrubby madrofio, scarcely two feet in height, was in full bloom and I suspected that it was a new species. Closer examination, however, revealed that the shrubby stems were sprouts from basal portions which showed the scars of ancient fires. These burls were sometimes more than a foot in diameter. One who knows how variable the leaves of an individual of this plant can be, depending on the age of the sprout on which they are borne, might well question the validity of certain of the ten species of this genus in Mexico. This also accounts, in part, for the dozen or more synonyms carried by Arbutus wvalapensis, the most common and widespread of the Mexican madronos. But time was passing and so we hurriedly made a survey of the plants available near the altar. The most abundant was a coarse sedum which covered the rocks in the vicinity of the place of sacrifice. The plant was not in bloom but several cuttings were removed and they are now flourishing in propagating beds at The New York Botanical Garden. The specimens probably do not represent a particularly rare species but are interesting mainly because collected from the highest possible altitude in the state of Oaxaca. When we started back to the lower altar I found along the trail one plant which in itself made the whole trip worth while. It was a species of blueberry that had puzzled me for some time, partly because of the fact that it is so rarely collected. The few specimens which I have seen have been poorly annotated, and, on seeing this one my suspicions were confirmed. The species 1s most closely related to Vaccinium caespitosum, the dwarf bilberry, which I have collected in our own Rockies and Sierras and in the Yukon. Its name (Vaccinium geminiflorum) takes up almost as much space in print as a full-sized picture would of the plant itself. While Daniel and I were searching for a few flowering speci- mens of this rarity, we heard humans coming up the trail. It was a man and his wife on their way to the upper altar, carrying a few parcels and a basket in which was a live rooster. They were too poor to afford the sacred turkey and so they were offering the best they had. Daniel stopped them and talked for a while but they understood so little Spanish and he so little Mihi that the aa 169 conversation was brief. Daniel was all for returning so that I could photograph the ceremony, but I declined. The mountain cloud was swirling around us as we put our plants into press and it was not long before I heard a lusty crowing on the heights above us. Evidently the rooster was doing his best to make the ritual a successful one. Soon there was a gurgled squawk, then silence—and I knew his blood was trickling over the altar of an ancient god. We continued on our way, and as we neared the lower place of sacrifice, we heard voices speaking in the guttural tongue of the Mihis. The trail swung near, and through the dense mist we could discern two men armed with sharp machetes, holding their sacri- ficial turkey above the altar while its warm blood spattered over the stones. They were so intent that they did not immediately notice us, but as we approached to within a few yards they paused, looking puzzled and irritated, and glanced at us with impatient faces as though to watch our movements. Beside them were the containers for the sacred food and the specially prepared mezcal and tepache. They had already imbibed deeply of these potent alcoholics and were approaching a state of religious fervor during which it is well for a stranger not to be around. So after a hasty glance and mental cataloguing of the materials of the ceremony, Daniel and I quietly proceeded on our way. The Mihis, apparently relieved, continued their sacrifice. I am frankly sorry I have no photographic record of this cere- mony, but in my own way of thinking, there has been too little regard for the feelings of primitive peoples and their ancient rites. These men and their families were starving and theirs was a prayer for rain; for rain on the maize; a prayer for life itself. Therefore, had I interfered, violating the sanctity of their Mihi ritual by asking them in Spanish—only Mihi may be spoken at the altar—to hold a long pose while I worked, a panic might have seized them lest their crop should later fail as a consequence. I have seen the explosive anger of these hill men. Even when sober many of them resent being photographed, and their present emotional state was not one to be tampered with. They are quick with their machetes, and one seldom recovers from the wound, for the favorite thrust of these cerranos is a curving slash which disembowels the victim. F eeling as I did about intrusion in their ritual, I could scarcely blame them for an attack born of 170 fear, and I was in no mood to face, either a pair of intoxicated, angered Mihi tribesmen or their resentful friends, aroused in the countryside through which I must return. The blood of the sacrificial animal as it squirted and dribbled in crimson clots over that pagan altar was to me a thing symbolic: a part of the timelessness of those long-forgotten yesterdays; of hopes lost in the twilight of the past;—of pagan Mexico, stark and still primitive. I think that I am the only outsider ever to witness this ceremony. W. H. Camp. A DRY-ROT DISEASE OF OPUNTIA Among the many interesting plants brought back by members of the Botanical Garden’s 1936 Rocky Mountain Expedition were, under their number 76306, a few joints of an unnamed species of Opuntia, the prickly pear. These segments were used for propa- gation. Those in charge of the greenhouse reported that some weeks later a number of black spots appeared on both segments of the plant in one pot. The spots soon increased in size to such an extent that the plant was sent to the laboratory for examination. By this time both segments were entirely covered on one side by a tough black crust-like dry-rot. The segments also showed a few spots on the other side where some of them had already coalesced (Ficure 1, above). From a study of another plant which later also became badly infected it was seen that the spots, if not too far apart, eventually coalesce to cover the entire segment on one side. he excess of drying out and shriveling of the tissues on this side over that of the other side causes the segments to bend over and curve inward (Ficure 1, below). The rot does not necessarily extend com- pletely through the fleshy joint. Each black spot is surrounded by a beautiful brown zone about one sixteenth of an inch wide. Outside of this there is a pale yellowish band of about the same width. The black area of the spot is thickly studded with minute black pycnidia or asexual fructifications of the fungus. It is possible that they represent the so-called male bodies, spermogonia. The bulk of the mycelium ae eee 171 Fic. 1. Above: Two joints of an Opuntia showing a black dry-rot disease. The “inner” fa Bee of both pe was Saat Se ane drying d rl out and shulyeling of this side caused the s o bend over or cu inward. e left a Holt eave spots are lee on the ous side, and at one point ie or fou s have coalesced. Below: The r” face of the lower segment of t a shown above. The brown Bonen ae arcund ppepot is plainly Sasi BE the pale sellowish Sater zone is not clear in the pi i | It | oS ea ee 172 seems to be located in the epidermis, which it completely destroys so that the fungus appears to be subcuticular. The pale yellowish zone evidently represents the limits of extension of the mycelial hyphae of the parasite, and the brown zone an intermediate stage. With the finding of the second plant badly infected it was decided to remove all specimens of this variety as a safeguard, although it may well be that the fungus was already present on other varieties in the house, but only became virulent when a more susceptible variety was brought in. Under favorable con- ditions for its spread the disease can completely destroy plants of this variety from New Mexico. Dr. Fred J. Seaver has informed me that while collecting botanical specimens in Bermuda with Dr. N. L. Britton and Stewardson Brown, in 1912, they had found a black-spot disease which was very common on Opuntia and very destructive. Some years later, 1926, the Australian government sent investigators to the United States in search of insect pests and fungous and bacterial diseases that gave promise of being useful as parasites to check the spread of cacti and brambles which were taking possession of their pasture lands. Mr. H. K. Lewcock, one of the party who had established headquarters at Cornell University, accompanied Dr. Seaver and Professor H. H. Whetzel to Bermuda to study the fungus parasite of Opuntia originally collected by Dr. Seaver. Mr. Lewcock took back a quantity of this diseased material to Australia, but owing to a change in policy after he arrived the disease was evidently not tried out. Dr. J. IX. Small informs us that he has seen species of Opuntia in Florida badly infected with a rot disease. Dr. F. A. Wolf has also reported one in his studies of four fungous diseases of Opuntia in Texas (Ann. Myc. 10:113-134. 1912). It is interesting to contrast the viewpoints of the botanist, the horticulturist, and the cattleman, regarding diseases of the prickly pear. With whichever side one may sympathize, it is clear that a more thorough knowledge of such diseases is highly desirable. It is hoped that a comparative study of the diseases of the Opuntia from Bermuda, Texas and New Mexico will establish more definitely the identity of the fungi concerned in each case. B. O. DoncE. Le REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS (All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) GARDENING, CoMPLETE? Centuries have passed since it was written, “Of mares many books there is no end, and much study is a weariness of the flesh.’ Those of us who started gardening in infancy and will pursue try to ascertain what it has to tell us. Montague Free’s “com- plete guide to garden making” is not merely another book. It has t know. It is not simply complete because it has chapters, 550 pages, 73 pictures and more than 100 drawings. Though volu- minous it is not a hard book to hold in the hand. It is light in avoirdupois, but heavily freighted with those informative details the beginner needs to know and ae nich are rarely told by those who write books or talk on garden apter 1 ee with ee Cita and planning of the prop- erty, Hm or er 32 concludes with a month by month summary of must, may, oe should reminders of important details covering the entire year uch a space-limited review, this writer cannot even hint at mi he would like to commend to the reader’s favorable con- sideration, some of which as to planning ane other eatded ad- juncts may be a matter of personal predilecti But chapters 2 to 8 embrace the eee of all good gardening. “Read, mark, learn, and inwardly digest them.” Then the reward that crowns your efforts and the self-satisfaction you derive therefrom will be in direct ratio to the knowledge you have absorbed and are capable of putting into application. This reviewer can recall no book where all the essentials of good garden eae have been so completely and so under- standably set down that even one who never before tried to make Mother Earth produc Oars for edification, enjoyment, or sustenance, need not fail for want of having at hand information as to what to do ae how ah eh to do it. ARTHUR HERRINGTON, International Flower Show. Free, , Mont tague. Gardening. 550 pages, illustrated, indexed. Harcourt, rece New York, 1937. $3.50. = ee 174 A NON-TECHNICAL TREATISE ON CONIFERS? Hill’s Book of Evergreens will find a prominent place on the bookshelf of Hoe whose interests are in coniferous plants. Written by L. L. Kumlien, General Manager of the D. Hill Nursery eee and published by that firm, the text is admitted by the author to be a compilation of old material rather than an attempt 4 any new departures. This admission, which has been faithfully carried out, is full warrant for its hearty reception by the gardening public. The idea behind the book i is new only to this country. Beyond all doubt the author and publishers have taken their cue from several now famous publications written in Europe. As a result one cannot help but feel that during its pr paeiion the author referred, not once but many times, to that time-honored volume “Manual of the Coniferae,” pee almost a half century ago by the nursery firm of Veitch & Son of Surrey, pee ae If the Hill publication does ante else, it has made a worth contribution in bringing a valuable type of European forrente al literature to Am The book itself will find greatest favor in the hands of the amateur gardener, who will find in the text information on practically every problem which relates to conifers. Soil re- quirements, fertilization, watering, and pruning are thoroughly discussed in a practical fashion. Detailed and to-the-point in- structions on diseases, insect pests, and injuries are also included. Chapters on the use and adaptation of conifers in ornamental work are well developed and offer sound advice on the proper employment of evergreens. Lists of species are given under groupings arranged according to growth characteristic of information always welcome to the gardener who is ot well acquainted with plant materials. Subsequent chapters further develop this data by a series of discussions on foundation plant- ings, general plantings, evergreen screens and borders, and hedges. Shuffled generously among these sections are related chapters on farm plantings, reforestation, window-box plantings and garden lighting. One section of the book is valuable for its carefully pueees ed non-technical descriptions of the various epee and varieties of conifers available in this country. Not to be ‘cmon | are the cultural rene concerning the fagees of each variety which invariably include a statement as to where noteworthy specimens are to be found. Although sincere and accurate in development of subject nats the volume warrants one criticism which will not be overlooked by its readers. Offered to the public as a text on the subject “of 2 eaane en, L. L. Hill’s Book of Evergreens. 304 pages, Teer in 1986, $4 and in color; indexed. D. Hill Nursery Company, Dundee, 175 conifers, there is an undercurrent of salesmanship which is not pleasing to the reader. Several factors make this noticeable, among them the overabundance of photographs illustrating the publisher’s merchandise, and the too optimistic discussions con- tained in such chapters as The Home Nursery and Profits fr Christmas Trees. Profuse with photographs, a fair portion of which are colored, it is a well compiled reference designed, as the author states, “to meet the needs of persons not interested in the botanical or scientific study of evergreens.” om A. D. Stayin, Soil Conservation Service, U.S.D.A., Des Moines, Towa. CALIFORNIA PLAnts? Lester Rowntree has long been known as a collector and earnest student of California plants, and her recent book is filled with authoritative information regarding a large number of species indigenous to that state as she knows them in their native homes. The gardener whose prime interest is in plants rather than in such frills as color schemes, “arrangements” and the like will find this book a welcome addition to his (or her) library and will enjoy exploring its pages in search of information regarding little known but worth-while species. It is a book which will bear reading more than once besides having considerable value as a reference volume. T. H. Everett. 3 Rowntree, Lester. Hardy Californians. 255 pages, illustrated, indexed. Macmillan, New York, 1936. $2.50. 176 NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Returning late in June from ten days of research work o hardy seedless grapes at Geneva, N. Y., Dr. A. B. Stout repent Experiment Station there are in excellent condition and that an extra large crop of fruit is promised for the fall. Many new seedlings will be bearing for the first time this year. * * * Paul Pfitzer and Walter Heinemann of the firm of Wilhelm Pfitzer of Stuttgart, Germany, were visitors at the Botanical Garden June 28. * * * The State Institute of Agriculture at Farmingdale, Long Island, New York, has appointed T. H. Everett as a member of the Advisory Council for its new School of Horticulture which opens next September. * * Continuing his studies on the genus Helotiwm, one of the inoperculate discomycetes, for a monograph preparatory to work for North American F lora, W. Lawrence White, a graduate assistant at Cornell University, spent the month of june at The N ork Botanical Garden Dr. H. M. Fitzpatrick of Cornell also worked several days last month in the mycological herbarium. Among other visitors o the department were Dr. Charles Chupp of Cornell, Dr. Lawrence M. Ames of the Arnold Arboretum, and three Chinese students: C. T. Wei of the University of Nanking, who has been studying at Wisconsin; Lee Ling of Szechuan, who came here directly from the University of Minnesota; and S. Hsieh of Sun Yatsen University, Canton, China. * * * The following visiting botanists Hoes in the library Dr. E. D. M during pe spring: errill, Jamaica Plain, Mass. ; Messrs. Reed C. Sate and Alan A. ee Cambridge, Mass. ; Brotectars Alexander W. Evans and Samuel J. Record, Dr. Ernst J. Schreiner, “De Francis Drouet and Mr. Theodore T. ; Mrs. E. P. Gardner, Canandaigua, Ayers, Ney Haven, Conn. N. Y.; Prof. Bailey and Mr. Robert T. Clausen, Ithaca, No Woe By ofessors Erling Do and George H. Shull, Princeton, No JJo8 ‘Miss Mildred T. Travis, Philadelphia, Pa.; Prof. R. Kent Beattie and Mr. C. V. Morton, Washington, D. C: Mr. Robert . St. John, Floral City, Fla.; Dr. Bernard S. Meyer, Columbus, Ohio; Dr. William C. Steere and Mr. Frederick Aas ee Ann Arbor, Mich.; Pro . A. et McMinn, Oakland, Calif. ; E. Porsild, Ottawa, Cin r. G. E. Woolliams, PS anceet 1}, (58 Prof, yoshi cate Tokyo, Japan THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1938: L. H. Battey, Marswart Fiery, Mrs. Eton HUNTINGTON Hooker, JoHN L. MERRILL (Vice- -president), GR. Rosert H. Montcomery, H. Hoparr Porter, and RAYMOND) Hi TORREY. Until 1939: ARTHUR M. ANnperson, Henry W. ve Forest (President), Ciarence Lewis, E. D. Merritt, ae Henry DE ak MontacGne (Secretary and Assistant Treasurer). nit cae HENRY bE Forest BaLpWIn Wace: Present); CHILps wees ApotpH LewisoHN, Henry Locxuart, Jr, D. T. MacDoveat, and Jos: R. Swan (Tesaswree). II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Frioretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York. iopERs Moses, Park Commissioner. Henry C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS ae ae HAZEN, appointed By the Lorre Botanical Clu R. A PER, SAM RELEASE, EpMUND W. See and Marston T. Bocert, appointed. by Columbia loneieea ity. GARDEN STAFF T8l, Zh, (Guayysori, JPG ID), ooc0cgccounsooc0u0 Deputy Director Be fided ees ENE DE Lbs Monta (ch Sa aea an ommacedrad Gadvaasusuopda0n Assi t Direct n K. =m 7, lee DieSce Dies asck Chief iResearel amour oa Cur A. B. Sto TPE: ID aSetE ny Rom oeontn iisa odtaa ana o Director o Bite Laboral ties RED J. Sins PH. Dt Se Dinhr os aati ober ee Rice Caen Curator cee L Dopce, Bie ics ecoere cee ORE RE RODE EES Plant Pathologist ForMAN a McLean, M. F., Pu. D........... Supervisor of Public Education oHN HENDLEY BARNHART, ‘A. M., “he D...Bibliographer and fai gla IPERGY2: WAESON) Pars occa Gere Acne een eee eee Ass e Cura Avbert .C."SMite; Pra. Dyes. aan enone ene eee ae gehe Gisige Sanat Fie arvow,; “As IMac a aie sastee O aa eee Librarian H. Russpy, M. D........... Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections FLEDA GriFFITH SRN AD TTR Bn obo aU cuba aa aE TO rtist and Photographer IReoyaporuar SL, WV WEN 50000000nn00000000000000 } sociale in y XANDER...... Assistant Curator and Bae of the Local Herbarium Haroup N. Mor DEN 15) 5 (Gall D aie RR Ps (oe ene eS a Gri ec Aeetenit Curator W. MP, ia DRE Satta Ran ane ome ueE As AO To do Assistant Curator CLYDE Gahnrnn® AL SMO east twits ere chee cas oer Téchnical Assistant ROSALIE SWEDKERT 2.5: svg nsheheiocine ot tence Cen eRe Technical Assistant Caron 16 Wicoyva, AN 1B, oo0c00900000000900003000900000 E ssistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. FIORT 5 cchiytic oes toe ere Horticulturist G. L. Wittrock, A. Meso 5 eee hot ante eatin nan arn ete Docent Onn IDyxerarpR, WMI5 Ss sscoovosc0c00000000000 Collaborator in Hazwatian Botany Ropert HAGELSTEIN .......++.--++.0eeeeee norary Curator of Myxoimycetes EtHet Anson S. PeckKHAM..Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections ARTHUR J. CORBETT ...............-- SURAT of Buildings and Grounds ABC... PFANDER 3 2nc'vis hose een ee EE eee Assistant Ona tincantel * Ket . : ee ya ae ele Fj MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN Esta pusher as a privately endowed te aire partially by City appro- priations, The New York Bota nical Garden is dependent for its ae largely upon benefactions and Oe Throu ab 6 ‘ihe ese means, 5 Usouli e as botani- cal gardens go, it the third largest institution of its iG ah its ex, go. as be t herbarium, a horticultural aoillaestons ranking among the finest and most complete in any country Mem p in The New York Botanical Garden, therefore, means promot cientific research in botany and the advancement of bet ticultural interetea of s Scientifically, the Garden is able to serv a clearing-hous of information for students and botanists all over the volt horsculorally, it often serves as a link between the plant explorer or breeder and the gardening pu h memberships and benefactions, provision is Bae at the Botanical Garden for the Satara of young scientists and stu dent gardeners; hundreds of new books are added annually to the library, whieh is open daily to the =i for re- search and reading; free exhibits are maintai ned in the museum, the greenhouses, and gardens, ae ae tures courses, and free TatoReton in botany and gardening Be given to the Each nities eae of the Garden receives: A oe of the Journal every eee (2) A copy of Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with eight eslotedi Atte: of unusual Ba ae penne anied by complete descrip- d other pertinent inform 3) A share of surplus Hee ate of interesting or new varieties whenever it is distribute 4) AanstnenentS of special floral displays at the Garden from season to seaso (5) C esilt, to the ertene of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study Birered by the Gar A limited number of garde ath are accepted as afhliates. The privileges of affiliation are a su poseidon to ihe Journal, announcements of displays, a specia ally conducted tour of t Sree unds and greenhouses and a lecture once a year b selected member of th Fellowships or aay for praca, student-training in horticulture or fey botanical research may be Stead shed by bequest or other benefaction either perpetuity or for a definite period. The classes of seniberbin and types of benefaction are as follows: nnual Member annual fee $ 10 Saarinen Me ae: annual fee 25 Garden Club ‘Affiliation annual fee for club 25 Fellowship Member annual fee 100 ember for Life single contributio 250 Fellow for Life single BEATE BUCA 1,000 atron single contribution 5, Benefactor single contribution 25,000 Contributions to the Garden may Be peered from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved form of beq I hereby peda to The New York ae Garden incorporated under the tale of New York, Chapter 285 a 1891, the sum of ———————. Conditional bequests may be made with income payable to donor or any designated senshi atone his or her lifetime. All requests for further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. VoL. XXXVIII Aucust, 1937 JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden mA JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor AuGust, 1937 AMORPHOPHALLUS TITANUM AS IT APPEARED JUNE 9, WITH OME OF THE GARDENING STAFF LOOKING ON Front Cover “THE LARGEST FLOWER IN THE WORLD” Carol H. Woodward 177 THE CULTIVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF AMORPHOPHALLUS TITANUM T. H. Everett 181 From TROPICAL MOUNTAIN SLOPE TO NORTHERN CONSERVATORY Carol H. Woodward 185 AMORPHOPHALLUS TITANUM: THE STORY OF ITS INFLORESCENCE 188-189 NOTES ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF AMORPHOPHALLUS TITANUM W.H. Camp 190 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON FLOWER BEHAVIOR IN AMORPHOPHALLUS TITANUM A. B. Stout 197 PLANT PATHOLOGY To select plants judiciously for a particular situation and then provide e right soil and other cultural conditions is only part of the trick—or practice or science—of horticulture. On well-ordered public grounds as in private gardens, pests and diseases are bound to appear. It is the suc- cessful prevention or routing of these enemies, with the retarding of their spread to other plants and localities, which often marks the boundary between failure and success in a garden. The department of plant pathology at The New York Botanical Garden engages in a three-fold program: scientific, horticultural, and educat‘onal. It is through The New York Botanical Garden that numerous valuable scientific facts have been discovered, among them the capacity of different species of fungi to hybridize. This, for instance, offered a new and funda- mental clue for the work of breeding plants for disease immunity. Impor- ~ tant studies have be i i ducted on the diseases of ornamental plants: roses, hollyhocks, phlox, with attention to JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. XXXVI Nuss WY No, 5 “THE LARGEST FLOWER IN THE WORLD” The flowering of a specimen of Amorphophallus titanum for the first time in the Western Hemisphere on June 8 at The New York Botanical Garden brought to thousands of visitors and to millions of movie-goers a view of what is known as the largest flower in the world and of the largest specimen ever brought into bloom under cultivation. The gigantic aroid also broke another record by remaining in good condition for four days after it opened. Previous specimens which ‘have been raised have col- lapsed or closed at the most three days after opening. This was the second attempt at blooming made by this same corm—which apparently means that again it surpassed all other plants of its kind that have ever been cultivated. When the corm was being shipped to the United States from Sumatra in 1932, the plant was dormant, for it was the dry season. But in transit a flower bud started and became fairly well developed, though it was manifestly dwarfed and greatly etiolated, having been trying to grow inside of the crate in the dark. Apparently, just before the corm was delivered at the Botanical Garden, in handling the heavy crate the bud was broken off. When the first leaf bud appeared above the soil at The New York Botanical Garden a few months later, it was at first thought that a new inflorescence was being produced. By the time three leaves had developed and died over the course of five years, the gardeners and members of the staff had all become skeptics, so that when a fourth bud appeared above the soil on April 10, 1937, the fact that it might be an inflorescence this time was barely men- tioned. It was therefore not till the bud scales opened enough to reveal the ruffled spathe that a word was spoken aloud about 1 Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 33: 155. 1932. 177 178 the Amorphophallus. The growth was then (May 26) 3 feet 6 inches in height.” Within a week news photographers had begun their invasion of the tropical aquatic house where the plant was being grown. The daily press kept the public thoroughly informed of the progress of the gigantic bloom, which was increasing an average of four inches in height a day. When the first definite announcement was made that it was opening (about 3 p.m. on June 7), the invasion became a bombardment of the greenhouse, with photographers from half a dozen motion picture companies setting up apparatus on a platform built in the pool and around the margins, camera- men from nearly every newspaper and press service in town as well as from many magazines taking pictures from all angles, and reporters from the major papers and weekly magazines making observations and asking more questions than staff members had heard in all previous years together. In a steamy temperature of 96 degrees they all worked, the heat of the greenhouse accentuated by the powerful lights of the news- reel photographers. To erect lights in the conservatory, the movie men had to combine all of their long electric cords until they reached to the one electric outlet across the court and beyond, where Lord & Burnham, who courteously gave permission to use their power, were working on the reconstruction of the green- houses. The plan had been to take continuous motion pictures to show the speed of opening of the spathe of the Amorphophallus. But the first announcement proved to be a false alarm. Reporters, photographers, and members of the Botanical Garden’s staff stayed on hand till long after 11 p.m., but the ruffled edges of the spathe scarcely moved another inch. Many of the crew were back 2 rig total length of the peduncle was 6.6 decimeters, of which 2 dm. e below the surface of the soil. Since the bud-scales, or bracts, were te were not measured. he measurements Si hs ‘visible above-ground portions of the mcs A maturity were as follows: LENGTH GREATEST WIDTH First .6 dm. 5 ; Second 4.6 dm. ee am, Third 8.0 dm. m. Fourtl dm ance The spathe reached 12.7 dm. in height, with a marginal vaneanterente (the minor conyolutions being ignored) of 40.5 dm.—W. H. Camp. 179 before 6 of the next morning, some of them having watched the flower at intervals during the night, but if anything the cooled temperature caused the flower to close in a little. By noontime the movie men had all returned and left again, discouraged. But fifteen minutes after the last of them (the Paramount man) had departed, the spathe again began to pull away from the spadix. The sun burning through the morning’s clouds in an hour's time raised the temperature of the greenhouse about 12 degrees, and 8 more degrees shortly after, bringing the atmosphere up to its normal of nearly 96. By the time the staff members had returned from lunch it was evident that the day was at hand for the final opening of the largest “flower” in the world. How long it would last, nobody could predict. The first one to open at Kew Gardens in 1889 had remained for only a few hours. The Kew plant of 1926 had stayed open two days. There were records of prac- tically no others. While ours began to close slightly on the morn- ing of June 9, the spadix remained erect and the spathe fresh- looking three days longer until the spadix suddenly collapsed. Visitors by the hundreds thronged to the Garden day and night, having heard via newspaper, radio, and news-reel that the world’s largest flower was to be seen at The New York Botanical Garden. What they saw when the spathe was open was somewhat the form of a gigantic upturned morning-glory, 4 feet across and nearly 13 in circumference, the rim deeply fluted, the irregular edges ruffled, an enormous tall yellow spadix rising out of its center. This magnificent spathe was lined with deep maroon, which at close range (to be seen only by climbing a ladder and peering inside) seemed to run into the greenish-yellow area which lay below it as though one color had been washed into the other The dark maroon turned to a deep red as the flower grew older. Outside, the spathe was light green with irregular spots and occasional other markings of white. Just before opening, the fluted portion turned almost livid in hue. The peduncle, or stalk which bore the spathe and spadix, was a deép bluish-green with many white spots. The yellow of the spadix began to be lightly flushed with purple a few days before the spathe started to open, but this color faded as the inflorescence matured. 3 The plant in bloom was regularly referred to as a “flower,” even though it is technically an infloresce — 180 Those who were privileged to see the individual flowers which were borne around the base of the spadix, and on which several staff scientists worked through a window cut in the wall near the base of the spathe, saw an irregularly compact mass of ivory- colored male flowers beneath a wide bulge in the spadix, and beneath them, against a background of pale olive-green, spiral rows of colorful female flowers, each one a flask-shaped structure composed of a yellowish-orange ovary, a red style shading to carmine, then to a small zone of cobalt violet, and a stigma of dark olive-green capping the style.* These were the actual male and female flowers of the great inflorescence, which is popularly called a flower itself. They correspond to the similar flowers to be found on the spadix of a jack-in-the-pulpit, a calla-lily, or a skunk-cabbage, for the Amor- phophallus is a gigantic tropical relative of these familiar plants in the Araceae or Aroid fami Except for accredited Fowerters and photographers, and mem- bers of the Botanical Garden, the public was permitted to look at the “flower” only from outside the greenhouse—where, as a matter of fact, the view was most advantageous. When the ventilators were opened a trifle at night to keep down the tem- perature, in an effort to prolong the life of the bloom, enough of the widely publicized stench crept out into the atmosphere to satisfy the curious as to the quality of the sme From the time the bud was first asa Aelia as an inflorescence, Miss Fleda Griffith, staff photographer, made daily records of. the growth, and when it finally opened, she was on almost constant duty in the greenhouse for several days, recording its aspect from different angles, and assisting in the scientific work which accom- panied its blooming by photographing the various parts being studied. Her work went on, in fact, through the collapse of the spadix, the curious twisting of the spathe, which continued for several days, the collapse of the spathe itself, the digging up of the corm, and the final division of the corm for propagation. Miss Margaret Sorensen, meanwhile, made paintings in water- color of several stages of the plant and of individual flowers, to be published later in Addisonia. A special platform was built for Ms at the right side of the waterlily pool in the conservatory. 4 This ‘color description has been provided by Miss Meee Sorensen, the artist who painted the plant for the Botanical Garden ae 181 For many days after the plant had drooped and finally been re- moved, people continued to come to the Garden to see the “world’s largest flower.” But the best of the show was over the morning of Saturday, June 12, when the spadix toppled forward and the end came increasingly near. The following day there appeared in the New York Herald Tribune, as a culmination to more than a week of consistent, com- plete reporting in this paper, a summary of the development and flowering of Amorphophallus titanwn at The New York Botanical Garden, with a survey of the scientific work being undertaken, written by Lincoln Barnett, one of the Herald Tribune’s several staff men who had been covering the event. Carot H. Woopwarp. THE CULTIVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF AMORPHOPHALLUS TITANUM The sixty-pound corm of Amorphophallus titanwm, received from Sumatra in June, 1932,1 was planted in a large tub imme- diately upon arrival, and placed in a shaded position in the banana house in Conservatory Range No. 1. In September it was re- moved to the tropical waterlily house, the tub being placed on a stand with its base a few inches above the water-level in the pool. Here, in a sunny position, a humid atmosphere, and high temperature, the plant made thrifty growth. The first leaf ap- peared in January, 1933 (Fig. 1), the second in August, 1934, and a third late in 1935. Each leaf was larger than the preceding. The peduncle of the largest exceeded 6 feet in height and the diameter of the spread of the leaf was more than 10 feet. Between successive leaves a dormant period of a few weeks occurred, during which time water was withheld. The tuber was not removed from the soil, however, and as soon as evidence of growth became apparent again, some of the old surface soil was removed, replaced with a rich top-dressing, and watering was re- sumed. During periods of active growth generous quantities of water were supplied. By fall, 1936, the tuber had grown too large for its 30-inch square tub, and was replanted in another receptacle 36 inches square and of about the same depth. The estimated weight of the tuber at this time was in excess of 100 pounds. The “Tyne NE we ye Cordl, 293 IGS, OE Fic. 1. The first leaf of the Botanical ie den’s ae ee es allus Hert photographed in 1933. he stem-like more than 5 feet high and we jenre read of the maiden divided eer Ries was nearly 10 i In e bud of the inflorescence taken at 2 p.m. May 2 1937, just Sie the aes ie had parted enough to reveal the young spathe inside, The tallest bract measured 3 feet 6 aie in height. soil used for repotting was a good loam enriched with liberal amounts of cow-manure and bone-meal. The tuber was set on a cushion of clean sharp sand with the top two or three inches below the surface. The first signs of growth after retubbing were noticed on April 10 of the present year, and by May 26 the growth had at- tained a height of 3 feet 6 inches. Subsequent development, as 183 recorded by Mr. Patrick Connolly, foreman in Conservatory Range I, was as follows: HEIGHT OF TOP OF SPADIX FROM SOIL LEVEL At 2:30 p.m. on June 7 a small slit about three inches long appeared in the spadix, and a second slit developed about half an hour later, the slits gradually increasing in length until on the morning of the following day they reached from the tip of the spadix well down below the top of the spathe. The actual open- ing of the “flower” meanwhile had begun. At about 3:15 p.m. on June 7, the rim of the spathe commenced to pull away from the spadix. The temperature in the house at that time was 94 degrees The spathe continued gradually to expand until 9 p.m., by which time the temperature had dropped to 70 degrees, where it remained until morning. During the night the spathe closed in a little. The morning was cool and cloudy until about 11 a.m. when the sun appeared and the temperature within the greenhouse com- menced to rise. By 1 p.m. it had reached 90 degrees, and the spathe again began to expand. At 4 p.m. the temperature reached a high of 96 degrees, and development of the opening inflores- cence continued rapidly until 7:40 p.m., when it reached its maxi- mum. Measurements taken at that time were as follows: Height of spadix above soil 8’ 5” Greatest maximum spread Of Spathecmmmnnmn ay 14” Circumference of the rim of spathe 12’ 10” Length of spain, 4’ 14%" Height of pedunc 18” Circumference of cate 18” While at the height of its development a distinctly unpleasant odor was emitted by the plant, but this in no way compared with 184 the disgusting stench of the plant which flowered at Kew in 1926, At 9:15 on the evening of the eighth the temperature in the green- house was reduced to 70 degrees and was maintained at this level through the night and part of the next day. The inflorescence remained in good condition until June 12 and little change was noticed in its general appearance except that the spathe gradually closed inward and upward, so that its rim was raised from a height of 3 feet 2 inches to 4 feet 10 inches above ground level. On the morning of the twelfth the spadix collapsed in a forward direction without doing any material damage to the spathe, which continued to close and twisted itself together at the top in corkscrew fashion until it was completely closed. From this time on the plant slowly diminished in size. On June 29 it was Fic. 2. The 113'%4-pound corm of ee phophallus carte removed from tie soil at ee send of June, after gantic inflores eh ad v wither ed and r ise ae nene ferns may “ho he t from an area imme- diately Sumounding this ian ving. The eal Mice Fiacteres (cormlets) which nearly cover parts of the corm, are outgrowths from the parent body and all, operant, are notentialk new plants. When the corm was divided for prop: aga tion, a nape of these as well as at least one leaf-bud were included in each se eee 185 removed from the tub. The tuber (Fig. 2), which had begun to rot, then weighed 11314 ae | It measured 6 feet in circum- ference, at its widest part it was 2 feet 2 inches in diameter, and 1 foot thick. A large portion of its surface was covered with tiny adventitious buds and as it showed marked evidences of rotting it was decided to cut the tuber into portions and attempt to propagate it vegetatively. T. H. Everett. FROM TROPICAL MOUNTAIN SLOPE TO NORTHERN CONSERVATORY The steamy tropical atmosphere of the mountain slopes of Sumatra is the situation where Amorphophallus titanwm is found in the wild. Nowhere else in the world does this “bulky vege- table,’ as an early writer once described it, grow in nature. It was discovered there less than sixty years ago by an Italian ex- plorer and botanist, Dr. Odoardo Beccari, who at once described it as the “giant among flowers.” (More correctly, it is an in- florescence, not a flower, but even as such it retains its place as the largest of all.) Curiously, the largest true flower in the world, Rafflesia Arnoldi, whose perianth often attains a diameter of three feet, also finds its home in Sumatra, in the jungles. Dr. Beccari saw the two plants close enough together to be able to make comparisons between them. According to one of his Repos the natives refer to Amor- phophallus titamun as “krubi,” “grubi,” or “krubut,’ names which are used there, he says, for other aroids as well. Dr. Beccari first saw the leaves of this plant at Ajer Mantcior, Padang Province, Sumatra, on August 6, 1878. Shortly after, at Kajt' Tanam, nearby, he learned that it was common in the hills around, so he offered a large reward for a flower. On Septem- ber 5 it arrived, lashed to a pole and carried on the shoulders of two men. This scene was reproduced beneath a life-size drawing of a plant in leaf, which his patron, the Marchese Corsi-Salviati of Florence, had made under Beccari’s direction. A copy was presented to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, England, and placed on the ceiling of the large hall devoted to the timber collection. As soon as the plant was discovered, an attempt was made to 186 send tubers! and seeds to Italy to be grown in the Marchese’s conservatories. “The tuber of a plant that I dug up,” wrote Dr. Beccari, “is ._ nearly 5 feet in circumference. Two men could hardly carry it; they fell down, and the tuber was broken. I will secure some more, and I hope to be able to forward them to Florence in good state. Meanwhile, I send you some seeds. The corms which he eventually sent were detained so long in quarantine at Marseilles that they rotted. But of the seeds the Marchese received it was confidently reported: “Many have germinated, so that the species is secured to European collections.” Little did anyone think that the only seedling to live would be one of those which Beccari had asked to have sent to Kew. Ten years later, 1889, there came into bloom at Kew Gardens the first specimen of Amorphophallus titanum which had ever been seen in cultivation outside of the tropics. It towered to 6 feet 9 inches in total height and opened to a diameter of 4 feet. While the corm had weighed 57 pounds before the flowering, it lost 9 pounds during this vital period. The following year it produced another leaf, a bit smaller than the previous ones, but showed no further sign of life after this leaf died down. Each specimen of Amorphophallus titanwm which has since been flowered in cultivation has been grown from a new corm im- ported directly from Sumatra. Two small inflorescences appeared at Kew: 1901 and 1929, but few records were kept of these. The important Kew plant of the present century bloomed in August, 1926, and though it reached 1 foot less in height than the 1889 specimen, it lasted two days instead of only a few hours. In Calcutta a plant was raised which flowered in March, 1882. At the Botanical Garden of Buitenzorg, Java, a splendid specimen was brought into bloom outdoors in June, 1924. The behavior of this plant, as it came into flower, was surprisingly like that of the specimen at The New York Botanical Garden, even to the split- ting of the spadix shortly before the spathe opened. In the illus- tration which appeared in the Gardeners’ Chronicle for Novem- ber 1, 1924, it appears to be the giant of them all, for a Javanese boy who is standing beside it reaches scarcely two-thirds of the way to the top. But when the centimeters are translated into 1 Although technically a corm, the basal portion of the plant has fre- quently been erenred to as a tube {aes 187 inches, it is found that the Javanese specimen was exactly 6 feet high. In 1929 and 1930, two of the three corms acquired in 1927 by the Botanical Garden in Hamburg, Germany, came into bloom and excited much attention.* Though they remained in good condition about as long as the New York inflorescence, neither of them quite reached a height of six feet. This leaves the New York specimen, which was acquired through the efforts of Dr. E. D. Merrill when he was Director, to take the record as the largest known in cultivation. It stood 8% feet high. Ten days before ours opened, Dr. Hans Schafer of Lebong Tandai, Sumatra, visited the Botanical Garden just before sailing from New York for his former home in Gorlitz, Germany. He told about the specimen in Hamburg, and how a cordon of police was required outside the conservatory to keep the crowds of visi- tors in line. He had seen many examples of Amorphophallus titanwm also in the wild, he said, and showed several staff members photographs of them. Having come up to the Garden especially to see the specimen here, he predicted to within a day of the time of its opening. At the time, those who had been watching the plant day after day expected that it would come into flower much sooner. Dr. Schafer told also of other species of Amorphophallus with which he was familiar in Sumatra, and left as a memento a photograph he had taken of the long-peduncled A. Brooksit, which measured 3%4 meters (11% feet) in height, having grown to that size in 28 days. Amorphophallus gigas is also a native of Sumatra, but it can not compare in size with A. titanum, for while it has a peduncle 6% feet long, the spadix which stands in the center of the spathe is only 3% feet tall. Of greater dimensions is Godwinia gigas of Nicaragua, another aroid of similar habit, but not quite equal to Amorphophallus for height and bulk. In fact, it is said that A. titanum surpasses all other plants in the world, not only in size of inflorescence, but also in the rapidity of the development of tissue in a single leaf. Not even the bananas, it has been declared, can push forth so much new green tissue in a given time. Carot H. Woopwarp. r a complete description and record of growth of these two plants, see Hans Winkler in Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft 49: 87-102. T.VI. TX. 1931. ~~ y i ee erere.s Vee ta " June 9 | The morning after the spathe had | reached its full development. 3 p.m. May 27 The greenish spathe first showing. 4:30 p.m. June 8 A view from the front. | It took only 3 hours for the spathe to open this far from the spadix. | 10 a.m. June 1 So ane junent Already 6 feet high. In 6 days developed from 6 feet to 8 feet in height. ~ June 12 padix had collapsed. 11:30 a.m. Immediately after the s FF A “ j AMORPHOPHALLUS TITANU The story of its inflorescence as reves : by the camera of Miss Fleda Griffith se photographer. ‘The pictures above’ s ' the development of the ‘flower’ from time the bud scales first parted and exp the ruffled green spathe (the whole si ture then stood 3, feet high) unt reached its maximum development less two weeks later at a height of 8] The handsome maroon-lined spathe # -——+. bk r lapsed forward, and finally with thes Dh twisting spirally, forming the chamben i. anh a < June 15 : | “SF 5 eat 5 BENE) «The ribbed margin of the spathe twisting spirally which the seeds would normally eS a | and forming a closed chamber. ee 190 NOTES ON THE PHYSIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF AMORPHOPHALLUS TITANUM When the Botanical Garden’s specimen of Amorphophallus titanuwm had reached a stage at which it was thought that the individual flowers borne at the base of the spadix would be mature, preparations were made for scientific study of the floral as well as the vegetative parts of the great inflorescence. The writer, accordingly, on the morning of June 9, cut an oval window 5 x 6.5 centimeters in the wall of the spathe approximately 15 cm. from its base. At this point the wall was 3.2 cm. in thickness. Beyond it could be seen the basal portion of the spadix bearing the male and female flowers. FLORAL MEASUREMENTS When the window on June 10 was extended basally to the junction of the spathe with the peduncle and enlarged to a size of 10 x 23 cm. (Fig. 3), in order to facilitate the making of observations, taking of measurements!, and the removal of parts for future study, it was found that the male flowers occupied a zone around the spadix 8 cm. in height, while the female flowers occupied 15 cm. beneath them. At the line where the two zones met, the spadix was 49 cm. in circumference. Immediately above the area of the male flowers, the sterile portion of the spadix bulged to a circumference of 96 cm. At the base of the region of the female flowers, the circumference of the spadix was 64 cm. The peduncle was 46 cm. around. By carefully marking off segments of the floral zones and counting the number of flowers on several different radii, in con- A comparison of certain measurements for this species as given in dingler act IV. 23C: 86-87. 1911) with those of our a is as follov Hom ENG PLANT Diameter of corm 5 dm. (as eearinia) Ande Length of peduncle 5-10 dm 6.6 dm. ee dth of net uncle 0.8-1 afi: 1.46 dm. ngth o 7-8 dm. 12.7 dm. engi of iemale Ione caree: 1.5 dm Length of male . 0.6 0.8 dm Length of atecile: ‘portion of spadix......... 1.5 m. Be m. Length of “stamens” (male flowers)... 2 mm. 4.5-5 m Breadth and thickness of “stamens”... 2-2.5 mm. 2-2.5 naan x 3.5-4 mm. ength of ov ace (on female flowers) ; om mm. Length of styles 0-12 mm. 18- 22 mm. 19] Fic. 3. he flower sbeatineR pondon OL ie spadix of Binorphon aes eee: as ae through a w 10 x cm. cut near the approximately 800. sory. ae ed male flowers aaah ae Eacely massed beneath a wide bulge in the eitasin exuded chains of yellow pollen which fell on the stigmas a ovaries of the 700 female flowers below. 192 junction with the above measurements, it was calculated that the spadix bore approximately 700 female and 4,800 male flowers, No true hermaphroditic or bisexual flowers were found, although two dwarfed female flowers were discovered among the males near the juncture of the two zones. PROTECTION FROM RAIN During the maximum opening of the spathe, the writer wondered what would happen under natural conditions during a j ungle rain, for the overlap of the free margins of the spathe seemed so effectively closed that it appeared that water would drain out of the structure only with difficulty. When the larger window was made in the spathe, it was found that the attachment of the spathe to the spadix was about three centimeters higher on the side opposite the place where the spathe margins joined than its lowest point, which was at the lower margin of the inner lip. Any water, therefore, drained to this point. Viewed from the inside, the lateral margins of the spathe were overlapped and tightly appressed to each other throughout their entire length except at the base where the spathe was attached to the peduncle and where the marginal overlap was greatest. Here at the base there was a small channel slightly less than 1 cm. in width which led the water between the overlapped margins of the spathe to the outside. Water poured into the spathe-bell immediately ran out through this channel. After the spadix had toppled, the morning of June 12, the spiral twisting of the distal margin of the spathe, which continued for several days, effectively closed the chamber in which the seeds would have developed and made it apparently rain-tight (Fig. 4). ACTION OF DECAY ORGANISMS There was a certain amount of concern lest the incisions made in the spadix during the removal of the flowers might give access to decay organisms and cause the rapid disintegration of the whole structure, On June 12 it was noted that a small amount of a blue mold was forming where a few male flowers had been removed on the tenth. In the next several days this condition cleared up, the growth of the mold seemingly having been inhibited. At no time on the larger areas removed on the eleventh and twelfth was there any evidence of decay. After the final collapse of the Structure it was obvious that the decay organisms, which were 193 then attacking the spadix and flowers, had entered from the top by way of the collapsed spadix or through the stylar regions of the female flowers, for it was on the stigmatic surfaces of these struc- tures that the first real decay was noted on the fifteenth. In fact, when last examined on the twenty-ninth of June, the only female flowers which were not completely decayed were in the immediate region of the observation window and the places where specimens had been taken. Apparently the lower portion of the spadix of this plant contains some substance which normally inhibits the development of micro-organisms. Studies by the writer on the reactions of other Araceae, such as various species of Monstera, Alocasia and Arisaema, gave strong evidences of this for, without fertilization, the floral axes of the species studied soon underwent physiological breakdown and subsequent decay. How- ever, if fertilization of only a fair percentage of the flowers took place, no decay of the structure bearing the developing fruits was Fic. 4. Th of A. shown at the le it as it appeared about a week after the anise had collapsed. At the ri ene the in ailorescet nce is ae own shrunken to only a fraction of its former and nearly y for its own final collapse. Two days later the de Bhaved eeiins were FS, aioe ree the corm was removed from the tub. 194 evident although the organisms of decay were present and abundant in the collapsed portions of the spadix and adjacent spathe. This, in spite of the total absence of the formation of an isolating abscission layer or periderm. It may, therefore, be safe to assume that fertilization did not take place in our specimen. Recent notes on Amorphophallus variabilis, A. oncophyllus, A. titanum and A. campanulatus (particularly the first two) by Van der Pijl? in Java, indicate that certain species of this genus are self-sterile. THE CORM AND ITS STRUCTURE By June 29 it was obvious that no seed had been set, and since both spathe and spadix had completely collapsed it was decided to examine the remains of the corm. Much to our surprise, it showed but little deterioration after having produced so gigantic a bloom. Soft spots where the tissues had undergone a certain amount of physiological breakdown and decay were noted at various places on its surface. The presence also of deeply eroded pits, well healed and lined with a healthy layer of periderm, were evidence that this type of malady was not a new thing in the life of the plant. Though the corm had been previously injured, it had apparently recovered. Instead of being perfectly rounded, the corm was found to have a basal outgrowth of somewhat smaller dimensions. This is not an abnormality, but seems to be a fairly well defined specific character. The roots, as is usual with typical corms, were borne at the top and on (or rarely adjacent to) the basal parts of the leaf-bearing portion of the central axis. Already two large and about ten small leaf-buds were show- ing on the crown of the corm. The most remarkable thing, how- ever, was the several thousand small buds present in large areas on the surface of the corm. Sections revealed that they were outgrowths of the pericycle, a natural generative layer lying about one centimeter beneath the surface. Each of these buds was a potential new plant and there is no known reason why, if removed from the physiological dominance of the parent corm, each would not develop and eventually become an individual plant. For the peace of mind of gardeners everywhere, however, let it be said that the mortality of these cormlets must be extremely high, as no ? Biological and physiological observations on the inflorescence of Amor- phophallus. L. Van der Pijl. Rec. tray. bot. néerl. 34-1: 157-167. 1937. q \ \ I \ Fic. 5. A web-like tissue was revealed in pe interior nes me spadix of the giana aroid split. The thin-walled r of tl padix was found to be the so of the na useous odor of oe Ate This ae Bostik which was taken after the “flower” had begu 0 close, shows well the texture and fluting of nie margin of the ie authentic record is known of their ever having been successfully propagated in this species. THE ODOR OF THE INFLORESCENCE It has been mentioned elsewhere that the odor of our bloom was not so pronounced as that recorded for other plants. It surely was not so malodorous as intimated by the accounts in the press, but nevertheless was of sufficient strength to enable certain observations to be made. During the height of the flowering period the writer was almost continuously with the plant and —_ 196 conversed with several organic chemists, particularly Mr. Raoul Nadeau, who visited it at that time. It is certain that the odor was not continuous but came in waves of varying intensity. At the periods of greatest intensity, the writer wiped the surfaces of the flowers, spadix, and spathe with cotton swabs. These were removed from the immediate vicinity of the plant for testing, but at no time could any odor be detected on them as the result of noxious secretions. The various exudates from the cut surfaces of the spathe and fertile portion of the spadix, as well as the pieces removed from these structures for study, also were examined, with negative results. he several slits which were noted in the spadix wall on June 7, prior to the opening of the spathe, enlarged on subsequent days and in addition others appeared. Through these openings it was easily ascertained that the spadix was not a solid structure, but consisted of a thin rind 2—2.5 mm. in thickness, enclosing a spider-webby mass of collapsed parenchymatous tissue adhering to an anastomosing system of vascular bundles of great complexity fig. 5). This last tissue had practically no odor. It was found, however, that the stench came from the tissues of the thin-walled rind of the spadix. The odor emitted by the spadix wall was variable both in its intensity and quality, indicating that no simple chemical reactions were responsible for its formation. It is highly probable that the source of the odor may be found in the offensive amino-aldehydes such as 8 indole propionic acid, indole acetic acid, skatole, and indole. The highly diffusable nature of the odor is undoubtedly due to certain unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes such as acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and related compounds. These unsaturated aldehydes are extremely pungent and might easily act as carriers for the more offensive amino-aldehydes. The writer noted that various visitors during the periods of maximum odor were con- tinuously blinking their eyes, and, personally, noticed a burning sensation of his own eyes which might easily indicate that certain triple-bond unsaturated aldehydes, known to be lachrymators, were also present. It is suggested that future work on the odor of this plant should definitely ascertain whether or not some amino-acid is found in the outer tissues of the spadix which would give rise to the suspected skatolic and indolic derivatives which in turn would be carried by 197 the unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes, which undoubtedly were present. Butyric aldehyde, at least, was certainly detected. The hypodermis of the spadix rind was a compact tissue and its epidermis covered with a fairly thick layer of cutin. These would, under ordinary conditions, tend to cut down gaseous ex- change of this organ with the outside. The various large slits in the spadix of our plant, however, permitted free access of air to its interior, and since the majority of the various substances suspected as the source of the odor are easily oxidized to less- or non-odorous compounds, it is thought that the extreme odor possible chemically never was attained by our specimen simply because the malodorous substances were oxidized so rapidly that their concentration in the tissues of the spadix was less than that normally to be expected. W. H. Camp. SOME OBSERVATIONS ON FLOWER BEHAVIOR IN AMORPHOPHALLUS TITANUM Observations on the flowers of the Botanical Garden’s plant of Amorphophallus titanwm, which came into bloom on June 8, were made through a hole which was cut in the spathe of the inflor- escence the following day. Portions of the flowering parts were also removed from the region of the hole for study in the laboratory. POLLEN SHEDDING On the afternoon of June 9, after the hole had been cut in the spathe, the pistils appeared to be receptive although no pollen was yet being shed. This condition, which is frequent among plants, is technically known as protogen The next day at 8 a.m., slender threads of pollen, some of them as long as a centimeter, were being extruded from the two apical openings in the anthers. Some had already dropped, either as entire threads or as rod-shaped segments, and while a few were lying on the stigmas of the female flowers below, most of them were lying on the ovaries. The pollen was not abundant and nowhere was it floating in the air. A small amount of pollen was obtained for study by gently touching the end of a slender-pointed glass rod to the tips of the 198 anthers, then scraping the inner edge of a gelatine capsule along the rod, capping the capsule, and taking it at once to the labora- tory. The few pollen threads which were left on the rod and exposed to the air soon dried out and shriveled and apparently broke up into segments. MICROSCOPIC STUDY Examination of the fresh threads, mounted in 10 percent glycer- ine and placed under the microscope, revealed that they were com- posed of relatively few normal pollen grains interspersed among many aborted grains which adhered to each other as if they were coated with some mucilaginous material. The grains were not embedded in a matrix; there was only a capillary film which extended between grains that were close together. The small Fic. 6. At left: deecermicroe tap of pollen of anor oes titanwmn (x 120). Variation in size is noticeable in the large, full g s well as in the borted grains a few of which show sone eens nthe thin film ene substance aie aoe the grains together in chains is some- hee gra ra lucida drawing of part of a character- eee pollen chain bi ‘A Heaaie e 120), showing the linear arrangement of ne gra 199 aborted grains were mostly empty, though in some a yellowish granular material was present. While many of them were spheri- cal, some were more or less collapsed. The grains judged to be normal were spherical and filled with protoplasm. There was considerable variation in their size, the measurements showing a range in diameter from 110 to 150 up. The aborted grains varied from 30 to 70 p» in diameter. Counts which were made of all of the grains in fourteen entire segments of pollen threads selected at random showed that nearly 88 percent of all the pollen grains were aborted. That is, of the 591 grains counted, 519 were aborted and empty. ARTIFICIAL GERMINATION Germination of pollen on artificial media was attempted. Pollen which had been collected on the morning of June 10 and kept in a gelatine capsule for about two hours was placed on media made with 1 gram agar to 100 cubic centimeters of water, to which 5, 10, and 15 grams of cane sugar were added. The cultures were placed in a moist chamber and kept at room temperature. After 24 hours there were no changes in the appearance of the pollen except that one grain had germinated and a short pousn tube had formed. Another culture, which was kept at over night and then at room temperature for a time, showed hae pollen tubes about 900 » in length. The ends of the tubes were somewhat swollen. The very low percentage of germination obtained in these tests for pollen which appeared to be normal probably indicates that the methods or the media used were not adequate. OBSERVATIONS ON THE POLLEN Some of the cultures of the germination tests were stained with aceto-carmine, with lacmoid, and with cotton-blue and semi-perma- nent preparations were made. No pores were observed in the pollen grains. The outer layer or exine was thin, while the inner layer or intine was relatively thick in both normal and aborted grains. The exterior of the grains was smooth except that after the staining the film about the grains seemed to be somewhat granular and irregular in thickness. The stain revealed in the pollen tubes the two sperm nuclei near the apex and the vegetative nucleus slightly more removed from the tip of the tube. | 200 BEHAVIOR OF POLLEN ON PISTILS At the time the pollen was collected on June 10, a few pistils which showed pollen on their stigmas were carefully removed. The basal ends of these pistils were set in water and placed in a moist chamber. The next day examination showed that at least some of the normal pollen had germinated on the stigmas. But the tubes were short. One tube was folded or doubled on itself; one was arched in a loop that extended above the surface of the stigma; one tube extended into the air and thus held the pollen grain in the air. Careful dissection and staining of the inner tissues of the stigmas and styles showed that the pollen tubes did not extend into the conducting tissues. They remained on the surface or with the tips penetrating only a short distance into the layer of papillae. As the ends of the tubes could not be seen, it was concluded that they had burst. This behavior of pollen tubes on the stigma is characteristic of various cases of self-incompatibility. Possibly incompatibilities operate in the species and cross-pollination be- tween different self-incompatible individuals which are cross-com- patible is necessary for the formation of seeds. Although there appears to be some degree of protogeny in the one plant studied, the shedding of pollen soon follows and some pollen naturally drops onto many of the stigmas which are still apparently receptive. If a plant produces no seed this is further evidence of self incom- patibility. The pollen of certain other members of the Aroid family is also expelled from anthers in slender threads. This can readily be observed in the common calla-lily, but in the cases examined by us there was no abortion of pollen. It would hence appear that the abortion of pollen observed in this plant of Amorphophallus titaniun may not be necessary for the formation of the mucilaginous material which holds the pollen together during the extension and for a time thereafter. In the observations reported above the writer has been assisted by Dr. W. M. Porterfield, who made microscopic studies of pollen ‘threads and made the tests for germination of pollen, and by Miss Clyde Chandler, who made the studies of pollen-tube behavior on pistils and took the photomicrographs here reproduced. A. B. Stout THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1938: L. H. Battey, MarsHart Frerp, Mrs. Eton HuntincTon Hooxer, JoHn L. Merritt (Vice- dresden’); Cot. Rospert H. MontcoMery, H. Hosarr Porter, and Ron np H. Until 1939: ArTH AND ase oN W. ve Forest (President), CLARENCE Lewis, E. D. MerRILL, and Henry DE LA MontTAGNE (Secretary and Assistant Treasurer). Until 1940: HENRY DE Forest BALDWIN eee president), Cuitps Frick, ApnotpH LewisoHNn, Henry Lockuart, Jr., T. MacDoueat, and Joserx R. Swan (Treasurer). II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS FiorEtto H. LaGuaropia, Mayor BI the City of New York. OBERT Moses, Park Commissione y C. TURNER, President “OF the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E. Hazen, appointed ey uke Torrey Botanical Club. R. ARPER, SAM RE Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed. by Columbia Geet GARDEN STAFF lel, AX, GiBaAson, |i, ID, 55000000000v000000 Deputy Director and Head Curator Henny 1 DE LA MontaGNe spelaters Sate 'avs Sie csyeleus austere se EEE ssistant Director JoHN SMAL HD) SSG Dit oon cee Chief Research Associate ana Curator A. B. eee 2 Wopee. Meee chavs ieereie enhanc eC irector of the Laboratories Frep J. SEAVER, Pu. ae S6. Di Fea ERE ee urator Bernarp O. Dopce, 1h: el D ASN oa ar ot autaGyedinoGn6 Plant Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D. .......... Supervisor of Public Educ ation JOHN EUNDLEY BARNHART, ‘A. M., M. D...Bibliographer and Admin. Assistan PERCY WILSON 5 dictate oo dusts Hoe eee CELE ssociate ie ALBERT C. Sune Pa. D:. 22yie kh ee ee eee Associate Curator Saran Fl. ARLow, ARIMe i2.Sa hoes Aueetee eC er Eneeeeter Librari an H. H. Russy, M. Dea ae Honorary Curator of he. conor Collection ELEDA: GRIFFITH eh. .¢ Se ee ee ee ee and Photog Aas Rogsam S \WWVisHVIS oocc00c00000990000000000 ele “Assolae im Brae ERE ciscta Assistant Curator and Gee of the Herbariwn Harowp Ne Monpen Kes “PH Dy Seka ie eee rence eaten Curator \i Gals ea G).0 02) 2) - cel D eee OE Mine hiya Wogad cadosmuodads Assistant Curator CLypDE CHANDLER, OG enn Rid Olin n gosdbucrecsoaadod Technical Assistant ROSA DIEM WELKER TAA Te air hae cee ee ROR ELE Cec LE a Technical Assistant Carot H. Woopwarp, A. B. ........0.-ceeeeeere eset eevee Editorial Assistan Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. ............-.2200eeeeeeeeee lturist ih IL, Witwer, JA, INI 950000000000900000900000000000099000000009500 Otto DEGENER, me Shinccdn eo nsoncd punt Coro aiee in Hawattan Botany RoBert HIAGELSTEIN ............+-.--+ee-- Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes ErHEL ANSON = Prcia. . 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XXX VIII SEPTEMBER, 1937 JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 ingle copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro: H. Woopwarp, Editor SEPTEMBER, 1937 MuseuM BuILpING AT THE NEW York BOTANICAL GARDEN Front Cover THE BEEFSTEAK MUSHROOM William Sturgis Thomas 201 THE JUNGLES OF MANHATTAN IsLAND—II John K. Small 208 SOME PHASES OF THE JAPANESE BEETLE PROBLEM Carol H. Woodward 217 AUTUMN LECTURES AT THE GARDEN 219 Two NEw GARDENING CoursESs ANNOUNCED 220 PELARGONIUMS AND BEGONIAS FOR DISTRIBUTION 22] New EXPEDITION TO SOUTH AMERICA 222 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 222 REVIEWS OF RECENT Booxs 223 THE MUSEUM BUILDING An entire course in the fundamentals of botany can be acquired by persistent study oS the displays in the Museum Building at The New York Botanical Garde On the ag floor, the cee visitor can observe typical forms from the ae groups of pla e, beginning with fungi and algae, all the way to the flowering planes ee cetes (slime-molds) are shown, also liver aes mosses, ferns and their relatives, ae ne ee gym- nosperms, and fina lly the eens the highest ty sof p Microscopes such as scientists have used in ae a 950. years in dis- covering hitherto unknown facts in the lives of plants comprise an impor- tant historic display. ace drugs and medica poisons, gums, resins, Cae sugars, oils, fibers, and others—all described in a p so on the main floor are 760 examples of native a introduced plants which grow wild within 100 miles of New this ex pe herbarium specimens Fossils avian eee the plant life of the world from millions of years © down to the Ice Age are displayed in cases in the basement of the Vinee Building. There also can be seen a cross-section of the trunk of one of the greatest living trees of the present age, Sequoia See the Big Tree of California. This tree sprouted from its seed i 3 A.D When Columbus discovered America it was 8 feet in cae a when it fell in 1917 the trunk measured 10 feet from side to side and 33 fect in circumference. It was then 1,694 years o While visitors daily are studying ee ney museum displays, in the same building staff members are pursuing, offices, pone the library and A ara um, the actin ERe ata scientific work t h which the institution functions in the service of science and the rite JOURNAL ; of THe NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. XXXVIII SEPTEMBER, 1937 No. 453 THE BEEFSTEAK MUSHROOM A scattered army of mushroom collectors awaits the coming each year of the beefsteak fungus, which is a fleshy mushroom common in North America and Europe, unmistakable, and safely edible. It is of interest to everyone on account of its striking red color and to those who like to eat mushrooms because of its digestibility and its peculiar, slightly acid taste which is agreeable to many persons. In our vicinity it is found mostly upon chestnut stumps. The blight which obliterated that noble and predominating tree of our woodlands early in the present century brought with it one benefit: the scourge left in its wake millions of dead chestnut trees and stumps which, during the past three decades, have harbored beef- steak mushrooms—or chestnut tongues as they are also named. W. A. Murrill, mycologist formerly with The New York Botanical Garden, foresaw this and wrote in 1910: “Since the chestnut trees have all been killed by the canker, the beefsteak fungus should appear in great quantity.” It has. The botanical name universally assigned to the beefsteak mush- room at present is Fistulina hepatica, a Latin-Greek hybrid term. “Fistulina” (Lat.) or little pipe, applies to the tiny spore-bearing tubes on the under surface; “hepatica” derives from the Greek word “hepatikos” meaning liver-like and refers to the color and appearance of mature specimens. Former scientific names of this mushroom have been Boletos hepaticus, Buglossus quercinus, Fistulina buglossoides, Hypodrys hepaticus and Polyporus quercinus. Among the popular names of the beefsteak mushroom that are in present use are the following, in alphabetical order: beef tongue, beefsteak fungus, Blutzunge (Ger.), chestnut tongue, - fistulina foie (Fr.), foie de boeuf (Fr.), fungus pauperibus 201 oy ay 202 esculentus (Schaeffer), glu de chéne (Fr.), higado de buey (Sp.), langue de boeuf (Fr.), langue de chataignier (de), langue de chéne (Fr.), Leberpilz (Ger.), Leber Reischling (Ger.), lengua de buey (Sp.), lingua di castagne (Ital.), liver fungus, oak tongue, Ochsenzunge (Ger.), poor man’s mushroom, vegetable beefsteak. t is a stout, fleshy, lignatile, horizontal, shelf fungus, fan- shaped or semicircular, usually reaching the size of a human hand, dark red above and flesh-colored or whitish underneath. The meaty color and consistency, the moisture, and the streaky section are unmistakable guides in recognizing this species. The type known in this country is found in woods, on dead chestnut or rarely on oak stumps, and usually within one foot of the ground. Among the thousands of specimens which I have collected, only one grew as high as two and a quarter feet in elevation. Although this is, strictly speaking, a lignatile shelf fungus, I have collected a few specimens growing from the surface of the earth, with centrally implanted stem which made them resemble a boletus at first glance. On digging out the stem, however, this was found to proceed from a buried chestnut-root in each instance. The beefsteak mushroom is common in Canada and in the eastern United States and is probably widely distributed, though I have not found it reported further west than Minnesota. ‘The European type is abundant in Great Britain and on the continent, but seems to differ in some respects from the American form, as is mentioned hereafter. In the woodlands near New York City, where it appears from late July until the advent of frost, it is so assiduously sought by foreigners that paths are often found leading to chestnut stumps, vestiges of the blight of 1909. The beefsteak mushroom is usually of solitary habit but occasionally one sees two or three specimens growing from the same stump, either superimposed or at a distance from each other. On rare occasions I have found weather conditions so favorable as to afford a beefsteak mushroom on five per cent of all of the stumps visited. As a rule, however, in woodlands within fifty miles of New York City and at the season’s height, one is fortunate if he sees the desired red glow upon one chestnut 203 stump in each thirty or more inspected. But the chestnut stumps are many in our woodlands today, a generation after the blight’s fatal advent. | The appearance of a tiny crimson knob on the side of a stump announces the coming of the beefsteak mushroom. This THE BEEFSTEAK ee Fistulina hepatica Center: Three specimens ferow ng on a chestnut stump. From 5 ee graph i, the iu aos ee "Cross-section ot a cap as seen fro: side. Below, left: Pileus ste h has eme from a bent Suet oot, draw n from a atid Bite in na eee Right: Pileus with elongated Aenea ster as seen from abov 1 204 knob grows larger and develops into the complete shelf or fan- shaped fungus. The pileus or spore-bearing portion of the plant is crimson above when young, blood-red when mature, and deep liver-colored when decay is about to begin. The under or pore surface is flesh-colored or yellowish white. The edge where the upper and under surfaces meet is rounded and is sometimes lobed or notched. The red upper surface is moist and covered with a viscid skin or pellicle, enclosing a pink jelly-like layer an eighth of an inch or more in thickness over the firmer fibrous flesh. Variations are frequently found in this jelly-like layer in the different specimens collected. Some caps are but slightly viscid, and actually leathery above while within the hour other specimens may be found with their upper surfaces bright red and movable upon the flesh beneath like the skin on the back of one’s hand. When the jelly layer is present, it is thickest near the stem and thins out toward the free edge of the cap. It is easy to peel all specimens, whether moist or dry, young or old. The skin is picked up with a knife near the stem and peeled off ‘toward the free edge. The flesh, when uncovered, is found to be reddish with lighter colored fibres radiating away from the stem. Pinkish watery juice exudes from the flesh of young specimens or may be expressed by squeezing. A section of the cap, when cut across, reveals a marbled or streaked surface that somewhat resembles a section of boiled beef tongue and gives to the fungus the first of its many popular names, which are cited above. The tubes or spore-bearing portion of this mushroom extend over its whole under surface. They are whitish or flesh-colored when young and rusty-brown when old, and each one of all of the myriads of them is precisely vertical when the cap is in its normal horizontal position. It is in their lumens that the spores are formed and liberated. These then drop down through the short tubes and are thus set free to fall to the earth or to be dispersed by the wind. Those which alight upon another stump, when conditions are favorable, form a starting point from which fibres of new mycelium find their way through the substance of the dead wood and eventually send out a new pileus or fruiting body. 204 knob grows larger and develops into the complete shelf or fan- shaped fungus. The pileus or spore-bearing portion of the plant is crimson above when young, blood-red when mature, and deep liver-colored when decay is about to begin. The under or pore surface is flesh-colored or yellowish white. The edge where the upper and under surfaces meet is rounded and is sometimes lobed or notched. The red upper surface is moist and covered with a viscid skin or pellicle, enclosing a pink jelly-like layer an eighth of an inch or more in thickness over the firmer fibrous flesh. Variations are frequently found in this jelly-like layer in the different specimens collected. Some caps are but slightly viscid, and actually leathery above while within the hour other specimens may be found with their upper surfaces bright red and movable upon the flesh beneath like the skin on the back of one’s hand. When the jelly layer is present, it is thickest near the stem and thins out toward the free edge of the cap. It is easy to peel all specimens, whether moist or dry, young or old. The skin is picked up with a knife near the stem and peeled off ‘toward the free edge. The flesh, when uncovered, is found to be reddish with lighter colored fibres radiating away from the stem. Pinkish watery juice exudes from the flesh of young specimens or may be expressed by squeezing. A section of the cap, when cut across, reveals a marbled or streaked surface that somewhat resembles a section of boiled beef tongue and gives to the fungus the first of its many popular names, which are cited above. The tubes or spore-bearing portion of this mushroom extend over its whole under surface. They are whitish or flesh-colored when young and rusty-brown when old, and each one of all of the myriads of them is precisely vertical when the cap is in its normal horizontal position. It is in their lumens that the spores are formed and liberated. These then drop down through the short tubes and are thus set free to fall to the earth or to be dispersed by the wind. Those which alight upon another stump, when conditions are favorable, form a starting point from which fibres of new mycelium find their way through the substance of the dead wood and eventually send out a new pileus or fruiting body. | | | 205 The tiny tubes are crowded together and their apertures below are so small as not to be easily seen without the aid of a lens. They are about one-eighth of an inch or less in length and are fastened so firmly to the flesh above them that they cannot be torn away from it. Nor can they be easily cut, so tough are they. They are not attached to each other, however. In dry summer and autumn weather the beefsteak mushroom sometimes becomes dessicated when old but, true to the type of most of the fleshy fungi, it usually ends its existence in a state of repulsive putridity. At this stage its juice stains the fingers an unsightly red. The shelf-like pileus is but the fruiting body or spore-producing portion of the plant. Its vegetative portion, or mycelium, con- sisting of a network of fibres coursing through the dead wood of its host, has apparently been overlooked by the botanists. The size of the cap varies with its age and degree of develop- ment. When fully matured under favorable (damp) weather conditions, it reaches a diameter of six or eight inches and a thickness of one and a half inches. Dry weather appears to impede its full development so that during droughts beefsteak mushrooms of full size are not found. At times when damp weather, however, has persisted during the ten days or two weeks required for full growth of this fungus, I have collected speci- mens reaching a diameter of nine inches and weighing a pound. The thick tough stem is usually lateral, that is to say, it is attached to the margin of the cap. At its attachment thereto the stem is continuous with the flesh and though usually short, in some cases may be traced into and vertically down through the decayed wood of the host for a distance equal to the cap’s diameter. As thick as the cap at its attachment, the stem tapers downward to a blunt point below. It is less moist than the cap and is too tough to be eaten. In cross section, the stem reveals a marbled pattern of lighter red or yellowish fibres on a deep red surface. The stem is often furrowed longitudinally. The spores are elliptical, yellowish, and 5 to 6 microns long, that is to say, one five-thousandth to one four-thousandth of an inch in length. Single spores are visible, of course, only under the high-powered microscope. Spore masses of the beefsteak mushroom are seldom seen. This fact is doubtless partly due to their falling several inches before resting upon the ground so 206 that they become well scattered. Their color, too, blends with that of the dead leaves under them and tends to make their so-called natural spore prints invisible. The odor of the beefsteak mushroom is fruity or sometimes a little vinous and the species is unique among fungi in having a slightly acid flavor. Its esculent qualities are universally lauded by contributors to mycologic literature. Some of their statements appear somewhat extravagant. For example, M.. Cooke, a noted English mycologist late in the nineteenth century, wrote that “when young, if sliced and grilled, it would pass for a good beefsteak.” Actual experience and the expressed opinions of individuals, however, show that there is no disputing matters of taste. The slightly sour taste is disagreeable to some persons. Many others like it when it has been properly cooked or when sliced thin and eaten raw, properly dressed as a salad. It is edible up to the time of the setting in of decay. Dry specimens may still be found edible after soaking in water. In preparing it for the table, the upper peel is removed and with it the jelly-like layer, if present. The tiny skippers of larvae sometimes found on the spore surface need not cause rejection of the mushroom. They disappear when it is plunged into scalding water. The fleshy portion, with the tubes still attached, is sliced across the grain of the fibres and the slices are ready for cooking or eating raw. y own experience agrees with that of W. H. Gibson who, after experimenting with different methods, fell back upon the plebeian one of simply broiling the slices over coals or frying or roasting them in the pan with a little seasoning or butter, pepper and salt, and perhaps a little onion salt, relying upon the mushroom itself to furnish the dominant flavor. If one wishes to cook the mushroom with meat, the slices may be macerated in salt, putting the exuded juice in a dish with a little lemon juice and minced scallions, and using the whole as a dressing for broiled steal. It may also be stewed or fricaseed and affords a good soup with a taste suggesting that of beef broth or clear consommeé. * Examination of the literature makes it evident that our American Fistulina hepatica differs in several respects from the European mushroom which bears the same name. 207 may best be shown in parallel columns. CHARACTER Size Toughness Taste Mode of growth Host Height from ground Incidence Perhaps the dissimilarities Fistulina hepatica Eur Attaining: the diameter of one ae “ough oe be eaten Cereiity slightly sour. se etimes like tannin rid). Sometimes parasitic on iving rows aN ale chestnut, ash, beech, ho rnbeam, A hundredweight may be gathered in a short time. * * * at abundance. ‘A inches the largest t Edible at all steec be- ore decay Usually Siento Sao Never puckery (acrid). aluays growing on dead ood. Gani on See and on oak o Grows less than 3 feet from the ground. A e pound me considered a ese Bee noon’s harves It is possible that the host may influence certain characteristics of specimens of Fistulina hepatica. European writers allude to its toughness when old. Our American specimens are not tough at any period of their growth. European specimens are found growing upon several species of deciduous trees and upon living wood. Here, I have never seen or heard of their growing upon a living host or upon any dead wood except that of chestnut or oak trees. A certain experience with a form of this mushroom has helped me to appreciate the fact that its host may possibly influence one of its characteristics. A great piece of mahogany timber floating in salt water at a Staten Island lumber yard yielded a half-dozen specimens of the fungus identical with our American Fistulina hepatica except that the jelly-like subcuticular There was present a faint trace of the rather pleasant, slightly acid taste of the type familiar to us here. According to the English mycologist, Delisle Hay, it was Fistulina hepatica which the Druids cut from oak trees with golden sickles and much ceremony. Many a rare feast on its succulent flesh was celebrated by them in the mystic recesses of their forest temples. WiLiiam Sturcis THOMAS. 208 THE JUNGLES OF MANHATTAN ISLAND—II SHRUBS AND TREES oF INwWoop Hitt Park Human occupation, the white man’s style, has depopulated Manhattan Island of its native vegetation as efficiently, if not yet quite as thoroughly, as did the glaciers of the Ice Ages. Then all vegetation yielded its right to occupy the island to a solid mass of ice, assumed to have been at times hundreds or thousands of feet thick. : However, vegetation had more than the ice itself to contend with. As the glaciers advanced from the north, slowly but surely, floods of water must have heralded their coming. Regular Niagara whirlpools doubtless rushed ahead of the melting ice- front spreading out over the land far to the south. The action of the water is not very evident in the flat country, except in the detritus foreign to those parts, but in the exposed elevated rocky places the rush of the water made various sized potholes by the whirling or swirling of pebbles, cobble-stones, and rock fragments in depressions of the rock surface, or by the drilling with pebbles moved by water falling from the high front of the glacier. Good examples of these drilled cavities in the rock may be seen on the cliff-like sides of Inwood Hill at the northern end of Manhattan Island. Some of them are intact, while only half of others remain, indicating that the potholes made by one glacier were often partly destroyed by the severe grinding of a subsequent glacier. (See Ficure 2.) Inwood Hill Park, comprising more than 100 acres, is separated from the northern end of Fort Washington Park by a small valley and stream through which depression Dyckman Street now runs out to the Hudson River. A mass of rock naturally isolated at the northern end of Manhattan Island, Inwood Hill is bounded by the valley just referred to on the south, Spuyten Duyvil Creek on the north, the Hudson River on the west and lowland sloping off to the Harlem River on the east. Thus Inwood Hill is an entity, whereas Fort Washington Park is merely a slice cut by Riverside Drive off the western or Hudson side of a somewhat similar rocky hill of greater extent. Part of the hill was evi- dently the site of successive aboriginal villages and Indian fields. 209 In historic times it became a Dutch settlement, later a Revolu- 1. INwoop HILL PARK 2. FT. WASHINGTON PARK MANHATTAN _Ficure 1. Manhattan and its prin- cipal parks. tionary fort, next a farm, then apiary, a picnic ground, a rendezvous for and playground. Of this latest stage the present paper deals. Fortunately for the present generation, the extremely rocky structure of the hill with its steep sides has been instrumental in preserving the natural vegetation. After the Indians used the hill for village sites and a rendez- vous, the white-man scalped it, so to speak, removing the native vegetation on the top, thus making way for his various ac- tivities. Here is where the great- est numbers of the exotic shrubs and trees are to be found. The steep sides of the hill, useless in the white man’s occu- pation, is where the native plants now exist. As the rigors of the glaciers, which were the second major catastrophe! of this region, grad- ually waned, a great superstruc- ture of boulders, rock-fragments, and soil covered the polished rock structure of this hill. As in the case of Fort Washington Park, erosion—frost, rain, and wind— through subsequent ages removed much of this material. Some of it was naturally carried down to the Hudson River on the west, and an essentially similar amount A preceding catastrophe will be described | in a subsequent article on the ork. none and trees of the vicinity of New 210 was carried down to make the plain between the hill and the Harlem River on the east. These east and west flanks are along the axis of the hill, so they naturally relieved the top and slopes of the greater part of the superstructure. The north and south ends of the hill furnished the material which gradually filled the adjacent valleys. The top of the hill retained a good amount of soil, the sides retained some, according to the sloping and shelving of the rock- mass, but the perpendicular parts naturally are bare of soil. Much of the vegetation, therefore, rests securely on and about the summit and in the valley at the bottom of the depression between the two ridges, facing north. That growing on the rocky sides hangs on at its own risk, much of it falling away as the soil fails it, either dying or accidentally getting a foothold on another shelf of a cliff or in a crevice. Following is a list of the shrubs and trees growing naturally in Inwood Hill Park? and those planted and persisting or naturalized there. NATIVE NATURALIZED White pine—Strobus Strobus Black pine—Pimus nigra Hemlock—Tsiga canadensis Wine ey hamaecy paris thy iWetctanes tree—Ginkgo biloba Cottonwood—Populus deltoidea Large-toothed aspen—Populus grandidentata Quiver-leaf—Populus tremuloides Glaucous greenb tier-—Smilax glauca Catbrier—Siulax rotundifolia White poplar—Populus alba Black willow—Salix nigra Bay-leaved willow—Salix es Crack willow—. Salix frag White willow—Salix alba i Weeping illo Sill Thabylonica Diamond willow—Salix cordata 2 Tt has Been of both general and special inter est to record the vegetation Fort Washington Park see this Jouree for Sept. 1936. The list of shrubs and trees is printec complete as a matter of present iniopmanen and as a basis for future compar isons as. the vegetation shall have been modified, ney, cr artificially, in coming, generations. out 14,000 acres of City ar a Manhaten Island have been despoiled of their native vegeta- tion onl eit are or planted feet with exotic shrubs that means nothing, except so much foliage to catch the passing eye. pies Ficure 2. A shaded trail on the lower side (on the top) of Inwood Hill. Only deciduous trees are involved, so that in winter greenery is wanting. 212 NATIVE NATURALIZED B im a eee ine. Wal W Vallia nigra Beenie Tiare cimerea Bitternut—Hicoria CO ET Meee i sae 1a Pi areca 1C Hornbea oe ins Uocinana feenwoce™ sirya virginiana Bee Chk ee Merandifel 1a European beech—Fagus sylvatica Red oak—Quercus eae Pin oak—Quercus pah Black oak—Quercus Talisine S C t oak— White ie oncnann alba Ein linus americana H M Imus filv ackberry—Celltis Ba aeaiane ulberry—Morus rubra White mulberry—Morus alb i Osage-orange—T oxylon pomniferin umber-tree—Tulipastrium 3 é >, Cuc acwminatum Tulip-tree—Lirtodendron Tulipifera Thunberg’s barberry—Berberis Thunbergu Sassafras—Sassafras Sassafras Spice- elas Ue cee Ee -bower—Clen ana Witch. ae ae Tamameli. is virguviana Sweetgum—Liquidambar Styraciflua Mock- Ohans e en ea EIS coronarius Syr ae dadelpins grandiflorus te yaicommapse anes occidentalis Blackb es ostryifolians Island blackebe rry—Rubus hodinst Mignetet Backer ry—Rubius alleghen Dewberr jedi us flagellaris Sotto. dewberry—Rubus Enslenii European raspberry—Rubus idaeus Flowering raspberry—Rubacer odoratium Rowan-tree—Sorbus Aucuparia SUS cuelaelier ensis Pear—Pyrus conuumnis ret es Ficure 3. Three potholes ina eee ners exposure. The upper one con- taining a tree is eee ntact. The wer ones were partly gectreyed by the grinding of a euGer Sbseanene % ie one that first made the NATIVE Wild cherry—Padus virginiana Dwarf sumac—Rhus copallina sumac—lhus Poison ivy—Toxicodendron radicans Climbing bittersweet—Celastrus scandens Silver maple—Argentacer saccharinum Real ta ape ee rubrum Box elder egundo Negundo Fox grape—Vitis Labrus Silver gra ape—Vitis arge datifoh ginia Se eee quinquefolia New ey tea—Ceanothus americar American ‘tin den—Tilia aca Michaux linden—Tilia Michauxii Dogwood—Cynoxylon fen idan Sourgum—Nyssa_ sylvat eee Pep Beate Gilet ea ra Deetberry—Polyeodivn staminewum Blueberry—Cyanococcus vacil Black HeculeVeney_—Dorienaes na cala White ash—Fraxints american Green ash—Fraxints RenieteniNes Eile ambucus canadens Black-haw—Vibirnim rufous Arr San oe Se an dentatiuy Nannyberry—Viburnaean acerifoluun 214 NATURALIZED Apple—Malus Malus Sour cherry—Priunus Cerasus Plum—Prumuts Geese ig Tree- or Heaven—avant hus altiss Asiatic bittersweet—Celastrus articutan Horse-chestnut—Aesculus Hippocastamun : European linden—Tilia spectabilis Shrubby-althaea—Hibiscus syriacus Lilac—S pee vulgaris Privet—Ligust ia uae une i ulowina EnentosG CatatpaTncian- Chen Cut alpa alpa Snowberry—Symphoricarpos albus 215 The one outstanding product of the vegetable kingdom on the hill is the celebrated tulip-tree? whose trunk is about six feet in diameter, with an age assumed to be over two and a half cen- turies. All efforts to prolong the life of this tree have failed and at present it is essentially an almost lifeless trunk. It grew on an Indian kitchenmidden and village site, the fertility of the soil being augmented by the refuse from the aboriginal cuisine. Conifers are scarce, but an occasional hemlock may be en- countered on the upper and lower slopes. A lonesome white pine and an introduced black pine may be seen on the western slopes. In moist places on the lower edges of the hill there are willows. The native ones, the black willow and the diamond willow, occupy the depressions. This native growth is augmented by the natural- ized crack willow, the white willow, weeping willow and various hybrid willows. Two relatives of the willows, the quiver-leaf and the large-toothed aspen, may be found on the higher ground. Here too are to be seen tulip-trees, ashes (the white and the green), sweet birch, white birch, ironwood and hornbeam. Oaks are irregularly spaced about the hill. There are several different kinds—white, black, scarlet, pink, red, gray, and chestnut. But nowhere are the oak trees so well assembled to show their glorious individual shades of green as they are in Fort Washington Park. The hickory, that outstanding American genus, is represented on various parts of the hill by the mocker-nut, bitter-nut and pig-nut. As one ascends the eastern slope of the hill a scattered collection of the butternut or white walnut is an outstanding feature of the vegetation. Most of the genera that contain more than one species in the Local Flora Area are represented by a single species on Inwood Hill. Among these are: bayberry, smooth alder, shadbush, wild cherry, poison ivy, sugar maple, sour gum, black huckleberry, and blueberry. The trees are mostly spindly because of the rather thick growth. The shrubs are more densely placed and often form barriers. This is particularly true where the stems are bound together by grape-vines or brambles. In these cases all the force that one can command to push through fails, unless one resorts to some cutting of branches. 3 The botanical names ot the shrubs and trees mentioned here may be found in the preceding lis 216 These thickets form a refuge for birds that are accustomed to dwell in such places, while the open spaces and the shade of tall trees furnish haunts for other kinds of birds. Since it is an isolated spot hemmed in by modern civilization, migratory and other birds welcome this shelter. More than one hundred kinds of birds have been seen on and about Inwood Hill over a number of years by Erik Peterson, who has made a study of the park. We venture to say that no equal area in Manhattan can show such a large number and variety of kinds of birds. The bird-life is replenished by the migratory habits of many species. On the other hand, the native reptilian and mammalian life has been largely or wholly exterminated. ew of the native shrubs and trees are outstanding on account of their flowers, though the native tulip-tree, shadbush, wild cherry, linden, dogwood, sweet-pepperbush, elder, brambles and arrow-woods are exceptions. Among the introduced shrubs and trees we find the mock-orange, rowan-tree, pear, apple, cherry, plum, peach, clammy locust, horse-chestnut, shrubby-althaea, lilac, paulownia, and catalpa outstanding. So much for the esthetic. The economic is several-sided. More than a fourth of the shrubs and trees furnished food for birds and mammals. As for the Indian, much food grew right at his back door. He used many of the berry fruits that also fed the native animals. In addition to these he had the choice of more than a dozen nut-trees. Pass- ing over the various mechanical advantages which the vegetable growth of the hill offered the Indian, it should be said that the inner bark of the red mulberry afforded him substantial material for clothing. The vegetable product was such an important item that today we find the mulberry tree on all aboriginal village sites along the Atlantic Coast as far south as Cape Sable, Florida. Withal, Inwood Hill was an aboriginal paradise. Joun K. Smatt. 217 SOME PHASES OF THE JAPANESE BEETLE PROBLEM Ever since the New York Herald Tribune published an editorial, “Man Against Bugs,” on July 24, largely based on facts supplied by Dr. B. O. Dodge, there has been some protest over the use of poisonous chemicals which are assumed to be killing birds, squir- rels, dogs, and even poisoning fruit, all in the effort to. eliminate the Japanese beetles. The other side of the story has scarcely had a chance. It is quite true that arsenate of lead, which is spread on lawns and sprayed on trees, shrubs, and garden flowers to protect the green growing things against the beetles, is poisonous. But per- haps it is not as deadly dangerous as some have declared. It has been proved that lead arsenate, when properly applied and washed into the soil so that no lumps are left lying on the ground, does no damage to bird, pet, or child. People with their dogs have been seen, against the orders of the “keep off” signs, lounging on lawns that had recently been sprayed with lead arsenate and have suffered no known injury. Mr. R. S. Williams of the Garden’s scientific staff for years was suspicious of the policy of spraying the woodland trees, for the Botanical Garden is a haven for native birds. But in his frequent walks through the woods along the Bronx River, he has stated this year that he has not yet seen any evidence whatever of birds or squirrels having died from the effects of the spray. It is known that starlings and a few other birds are helpful in eliminating some of the beetles, for they pick the grubs out of the soil in spring; and the starlings, at least, feed the insides of the adult beetles to their young. But so far as is known, few Amer- ican birds will eat Japanese beetles. Perhaps that is because the diet is foreign to them. Possibly in Japan they devour them wholesale and thus help to keep their numbers down. But the greatest enemies of these beetles in the orient are the insect and fungous pests which prey upon them. Nobody knows how many hundreds or thousands of years it has taken for Japan to acquire a balance which keeps the destructive beetles in check. Biological control may someday be possible in this country, but meanwhile the citizens in the beetle-infested areas must unite and support all agencies which are working toward the destruction of this pest. Community mass meetings such as the one held the evening of 218 August 25 at Mount Kisco, N. Y., are helpful means of organ- izing proper control measures. If good sense is used, there need be no fear of poisoning living creatures which should be saved. Good sense, of course, dictates that poisonous sprays should not be used on fruit and vegetable crops. Instead, Dr. Dodge points out, a spray consisting of 4 pounds of hydrated lime, 1 pound of aluminum sulphate, and 20 gallons of water may be used. This will repel many beetles and will keep the food safe for eating, but it will not destroy the grubs which live in the lawn and from which every summer the beetles develop. That is why the lead arsenate is essential for complete control. Mushrooms and other crops which are growing in soil that has had an arsenate treatment should be avoided, although it has not yet been proved whether or not the plants absorb the poison into their tissues. At the Botanical Garden it has been estimated that three tons of arsenate of lead will treat 10 to 15 acres of lawn effectively if applied to that area once every five years. Bought in large quan- tities, the chemical costs around $200 a ton. If purchased by the pound for smaller areas, the cost is proportionately greater. One acre of lawn can be satisfactorily protected with 400 pounds of lead arsenate washed in thoroughly at any time of year. For absolute control, Dr. Dodge recommends using about three times as much. Though grubs are killed this way, the beetles which fly into the garden—perhaps from someone else’s grounds where no arsenate was used—must be fought in other ways. Contact spraying brings some protection, but is effective only against those beetles which are completely covered by the spray as it strikes the plants. Traps are the means of destroying the largest numbers, and here is where co-operation is especially necessary. One or two traps in a garden will merely attract the beetles from several hundred feet around, and on their way in following the scent of the geraniol bait they will eat more foliage than would have been destroyed if no traps had been erected. Therefore, over any infested area, enough traps should be used to catch all of the beetles around, without giving them a chance to pause and destroy on the way to their death. Traps can be purchased at prices ranging from 35 cents to two dollars. The geraniol mixture (10 parts geraniol to 1 part 219 eugenol) with which they are baited costs 25 to 50 cents a season for each trap. Many seed stores, hardware stores and department stores carry these materials. Lists of firms which handle the traps and bait may be obtained from C. H. Hadley of the Japanese Beetle Laboratory at Moorestown, New Jersey, where circulars describing the pest and the best methods of control may also be obtained free of charge. Similar information will be given out on request by the plant pathology department of The New York Botanical Garden. Protection of birds is a worthy ideal with which every plant pathologist is in sympathy, but if birds were to change their present diet and they alone were expected to rid the country of Japanese beetles, it would seem as though the sky might be black- ened by their wings as they flew from garden to garden for their feast of millions. Carot H. Woopwarn. AUTUMN LECTURES AT THE GARDEN The series of free illustrated lectures to be given on Saturday afternoons during September, October, and November in the museum building opens September 11 with G. L. Wittrock speak- ing on “Native Plants used for Dyes and Paints by the American Indians. All lectures start at 3:30 p.m. and the doors are promptly closed. Late-comers are admitted at 3:45, and the lectures end at 4:30. Other topics announced are as follows: September 18. “Autumn Wild Flowers,’ Dr. John Holey Barnhart, Bi Biomater and Adpinisrative Assist: September 25. oareen et tails,” Mr. A. C. Pfander, Nee Superin- enden October 2. CVs Edible, Poisonous and Otherwise Interesting,” EF rator October 9. “Autumn Coloration,” Dr. AS B. Stout, Director of the October 16. “Gardening Under Glass,’ Mr. T. H. Everett, cums October 23. “The Everglades, Past and Deeccat ” Dr. H. Beaman Doug- ass, heck tober 30. “Flower Arrangements,” Mrs. Roy M. Linco Neveater 6. “Trees in Winter,” Dr. Forman T. Nidtee Se aueaties of Public Education. November 13. “Winter in Oaxaca: Collecting Plane in Southern Mexico,” r. W. amp, istant November 20. “a Miseinectoi Collecting Experien ee fa BWieconsin " Dr. B. O. Dodge, Plant Path ologist. November 27. “Some Marvels in Adaptation Among our Local Plants,” Dr. Harold N. Moldenke, eaeent Curator. 220 TWO NEW GARDENING COURSES ANNOUNCED Study courses announced for the coming season at the Botanical Garden will include two new series of lectures in practical garden- ing. While they are designed as requirements for the student gardeners, they will be open to amateurs who have a serious in- terest in gardening. The first course of lectures, to deal with the Fundamentals of Gardening, will start on Thursday, September 30, and continue through December 23. For the first five weeks the class will meet at 5:15 p.m. in the museum building. From November 4 to the end of the course the group will assemble at 4:45 for the regular hour’s lecture. The course will be conducted by T. H. Everett, Horticulturist. Following this there will be a series of lectures in Outdoor Gardening by P. J. McKenna, Foreman Gardener, starting at 4:45 p.m., on January 6. This course will continue through March 28, meeting at 5:15 p.m. from March 3 to the end of the month. The fee is ten dollars for each course of 12 lectures. Members of the Garden, in these as in the courses described below, will receive the usual credit on their registration fee to the amount of their annual subscription to membership. Other courses to be given during the coming months include con- secutive studies of trees in autumn, winter, and spring, besides a short spring course on the identification of ferns. These are all given under the direction of Dr. Forman T. McLean. The first, Tree and Shrub Studies, is a field course in the identification of our native and commonly planted species of woody plants as seen at the Garden. Six weekly Saturday morning sessions will be held from 9:30 to 12:30, beginning September 25. Knowing Trees by their Buds, Bark, and Shape in Winter is the title of the second course, which will be given in two-hour sessions on ten Saturday mornings beginning November 13 and continuing through January, the Christmas vacation period being omitted. Starting on April 18, six three-hour sessions will be held on Leaves and Flowers of Trees and Shrubs in Spring. The fee for each of these courses is six dollars, with New York City teachers being admitted for half price. 221 The course on Our Native Ferns and their Allies will be cov- ered in six meetings on Tuesdays at 4 p.m. beginning April 19. The fee is five dollars. PELARGONIUMS AND BEGONIAS FOR DISTRIBUTION Members of The New York Botanical Garden this month will have the opportunity to share in the distribution of a thousand plants of a dozen different species and named varieties of Pelargoniwm and of a limited number of begonias. The first 100 members to call at the Garden after the receipt of this Journal will each be given up to ten specimens of pelargoniums in variety. Identification cards, to be presented at Conservatory Range No. 2, where the plants will be distributed, will be obtain- able at the office of T. H. Everett, Horticulturist, in the Museum Building. The plants are all healthy small specimens in 2¥4- or 3-inch pots, ready for transplanting into larger containers, and all are kinds which are suitable for indoor culture under sunny conditions. Many of these pelargoniums were specially imported from England two years ago. By arrangement with an outside agency, the Garden has made it possible for members who find it inconvenient to call for the plants in person to have them sent express collect. In this case, 25 cents must be sent to the Garden at once to cover the cost of packing. No plants, however, will be shipped outside of the Japanese beetle quarantine area, because of the necessity of re- moving the soil for inspection and thus endangering the life of the plants. Roughly, this area covers all of Massachusetts, Connecti- cut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware, and parts of the ad- joining states, including all of southeastern New York, most of Pennsylvania, the southern half of New Hampshire and Vermont, and the southern corner of Maine. The limited number of begonias which will be ready for dis- tribution at the same time as the pelargoniums are larger plants, and because of their fragile nature they will not be shipped. Not more than two begonias will be given to any applicant. 222 NEW EXPEDITION TO SOUTH AMERICA Dr. A. C. Smith left August 27 with the American Museum Terry-Holden expedition to spend four months or more explor- ing for plants in British Guiana. As botanist for the expedition, of which Dr. W. H. Holden is the leader, Dr. Smith will have three objectives to carry out: first, to learn from little known Indian tribes what plants they use for medicines and poisons and to get specimens of these;, second, to study the flora of the region, parts of which are certain to provide species and genera which are new to science; and third, to bring back seeds of plants which may have horticultural possibilities. The area to be covered will in large part be that which was seen a century ago by Robert Schomburgk, the discoverer there of the royal waterlily, Victoria regia, and up to date the sole botanical authority on the region. Several types of country will be tra- versed. Back of the coast there will be the thick rain forest drained by the Essequibo, where trees 200 feet high will not be unusual and where herbaceous plants will be few in number. In the Rupununi district will be found savannas, or natural grass- lands, containing mostly herbaceous plants interspersed with shrubby thickets. The party hopes to explore the Kanaku moun- tains near the Rupununi river, which are entirely unknown botanically. While the flora there is expected to bear some rela- tion to that of Mount Roraima to the northwest, it is certain that many new species and possibly new genera will be found. In the rain forest to the southeast and in the low mountains which separate Brazil from British Guiana, the trees are expected to reveal some new and distinct species. Specimens of wood as well as of flowers and leaves will be collected. This is Dr. Smith’s third expedition into South America, but his first into British Guiana. The progress of the explorers is expected to be reported weekly or oftener over radio station WJZ. NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Stephen G. Cutting sailed for England July 9 to spend a year as exchange. student gardener at Kew. Howard Swift, the first of The Ne tanical Garden’s exchange students, returned from IXew Gar ae early in July 223 . B. Stout attended ce ae meeting of the newly organized Lily Committee of the Ame an Horticultural Society REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS (All publications nevicWed here may be consulted in the Library of T New York Botanical Garden.) GROWING GRAPES FOR WINE-MAKING! Philip M. Wagner's book “Wine Grapes” is admirable in every respect. It is a book that can be read with pleasure and profit by amateur grape growers, professional vineyardists, and by lovers of ook takes up, ae y step, every operation in the growing are grapes. It tells how to choose the site for vine- gives explicit directions for planting, grafting, pruning, training, cultivating and harvesting. In it the grape grower is told how to protect the vines from frost, fungi and diseases. No detail of grape growing is omitted. Accompanying these specific instruc- tions are many observations concerning the natural history of vines which give the book charm for those interested in grapes and wines. Of the hundred or more books published on gr apes and wines in America, I do not recall one that is more readable. To one who has spent a lifetime in growing a ee ene there is ace that is new and all is accurate. Wag ee ewe to take a high place in the literature oF eee stolen U. P. Hepricx, Dino New York State Agricultural Experiment DD Geneva, N. Y Ratsinc Goop VEGETABLES I consider the “Vegetable Gardener's How Book” one of ae most practical which it ee een my privilege to read. author has gone into every detail of vegetable gardening, fal offers a carefully iced fist of see which aoe names as the best. Instead of giving a long list like a copy ou a catalogue, he has picked what I would call the fms of ee all 1 Wagner, Eee M. Wine Grapes. 298 pees. illustrated, indexed. peony ae e& Coins any, New York, 1937. $2.50 2 Sherl “Chesla C PThe Veuctavle 6 Gardener's How Book. 286 pages, ‘ineeatede ee New York, $3. 224 The cultural directions leave nothing to be added to them, and I feel safe in saying that anyone desiring to grow vegetables as a hobby—or, better still, for exhibition—will ae succeed if he grows them according to Mr. Sherlock’s ee BERT Scott, Superintendent, coal Farm, Mount Kisco, N. y. SHAKESPEARE'S FLOWERS? “Shakespeare Gardens” gives to us the value of carefully col- lected material, both quotations and flowers. These four-hundred- year-old flowers are today our own in mature and developed beauty. Sixty varieties of flowers mentioned by Shakespeare are here described in a complete and concentrated book. Shakespeare gardens are now developed in various public parks and private places and this book of reference and research will be of utmost value to special students. Here the reader will find the medical and folk-lore traditions, and the historical development of garden design with unique and fascinating descriptions difficult to find elsewhere. Mrs. Carter’s book is of value to the horticulturist and is important as a text or reference book. Emit B. Kexxoce. Mountain Liret* Mountains have always been a challenge both to the imagina- tion and physical stamina of humans, for life among them depends upon the successful ea en of the perimeter of a savage orbit of existence: man versus nature versus man. The interest we humans have in them, coupled with the knowl- edge that their multitude of different habitats invariably gives rise to a richer and more complex flora than that of the lowlands, has greatly stimulated — botanical Study of montane regions. communities. The classified and selected bibliography, unique in American studies of this subject, is unusually complete. W. EH. Camp. 8 Carter, Annie Burnham. Shakespeare ‘Gardens. 85 pages, indexed. 25, 4 Peattie, Roderick. Mountain cones 257 pages, illustrated, in- dexed. Harvard University Press, Ganbethe Mass. 1937. $4. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1938: L. H. Batrey, MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs. Eton Huntincron Hooker, JoHn L. Merritt (Vice- -president), Cot. Rosert H. MONTGOMERY, H. Hozsart Porter, and RaymMonp H. Torrey. Until 1939: bee M. ANperson, Henry W. ve Forest (President), Crarence Lewis, E. D. Merritt, and Henry pe LA MoNTAGNE (Secretary and Assistant Tr aoe rer ntt 40: HENRY ve Forest BALDwiNn (Yack -president), CHILDS noes ApotpH LrwisoHNn, Henry Locxuart, Jr, D. T. MacDoucat, and Jos R. Swan (Treasurer 3 Il. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS FroreLto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Ronee Moses, Park Commissioner. y C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E. Hazen, appointed be ue Tor nes) Botanical Club. R. SAM Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. BocErT, appointed by Calkins ners. GARDEN STAFF Isl, AG Gago, Ite ID, gsca00050000080005 Deputy Director ores Head cinaiet HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE. «.sj0ss.cuus cece dos Ua seaseaee Assistant Direct Joun K. Sma, Pu. D., Sc. D......... Chief ae eae e aa Cinata ‘ A. B. Stout, Pu. TD pian ss bio SOO MRO MG ee Director of the meee op J, Sanwa, IPsy IDS Sey !Do soocanng00000000n00000000000G00000000 yoy) ©); [DYoyNeio, Iie, ID), Goooc0gan0000a000000000000000000 Pla uty Forman T. McLean, M. F., Pu. D........... Supervisor of Public aie Joun HeEnDLEy BARNHART, ‘A. M., xe D.. .Bibliographer and Admin. Assistant Daey WANSON caoooccao0ccgacccaqueccccdocv0ue0000Ga000N0 ssociate Ciuator Nunya (C; Swat, 126 IDS G5000000000000000000000000000000 Associate Curator. GNUNise JER ISUNRIOK, AG IMIS Gococsn000cc00gn000005000090005000G00500 Librarian H. Rusby, M. D. .......... Honorary Curator of ue pornos Collections FLEDA (GRIFRIRE Gc hecce dean cae Ee and Photographer TRO) Fae Se NY OeVAIMES Gaooecqs0000000000000000 aS ees in Bryology E. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator woe) sae of the Local Herbari aun Haroitp N. MoLpenke, PH. D. 2... 22... eee eee ee ssistant Curator W. DD easoek ae aeRO amis Sameer ssistant Cnaatien Gtynr (GaaANpiER, AL Me jsgaece sone e ee on aaccieer ae Technical Assistant ROSALIE WEIKERT ......222 neces es ce ccs e eset eens snes Technical Assistant Carot H. Woonwarp, A. B. .......... 02s eee cee e reese eee Editorial ete Tuomas H. Everett, N. Di HORT 6 ae cee Hort ns WITTROCK, ie IRE EE eMC Hea) VME eso aoe os ent Orto Drcenrr, M. Ze Sica ed eS OO Collaborator in Hawaiian Botan RosBERT rice STEING sctiaancioteieon eee Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes THEL ANson S. PECCHAA .Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections ArtTHuR J. CorBETT ......-.----+0--- Suiectionlens of Eadie nd Grounds INCH RANDER) fos sec ode See Onneoern oe becca ccc stant Sepernibentent THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN The New the State of New York in a self-perpetuating body of Managers. _ They given hele ay visory Council consists of nae chai M ee Secret ary; and Arthur M. Anderson *Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson George Arents, Jr. *Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Vincent Astor John W. Auchincloss Mrs. James Baird Stephen Baker Henry de Forest Baldwin Sherman Baldwin Prof. Charles P. Berkey Prof. William J. Bonisteel George P. Brett “Mrs, Jonathan Bulkley *Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Miss Mabel Choate *Miss 7 Mabel Clark W.R. Richard C. Colt *Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs *Mrs, C. I, DeBevoise Henry W. de Forest Edward C. Delafield Rev. Dr. Hl. M. Denslow Julian Detmer Marshall Field Harry Harkness Flagler *Mrs. Mortimer J, Fox Childs Frick “Miss Helen C. Frick York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of th 1891. The Act of _incorpera tion provid incorporator: S, 12 or ected to the Corporati Their names are : Mrs. Elon Taneington Hooker, Chairman; Mrs Nelson ee ED Recording beste tary Mr. Mrs d Kellogg, Trea *Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Murry Guggenheim Edward S. Harkness Prof. R. A. Harper Prof. Tracy E. Hazen A. Heckscher *Mrs. William F. Hencken Archer M. Huntington *Mrs: Walter Jennings Adolph Lewisohn Henry Lockhart, Jr. *Mrs. William A. Lockwood *Mrs. David Ives Mackie Mrs. H. Edward Manville Parker McCollester *Mrs. John R. McGinley r. BE. D. Merrill John L. Merrill *Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. Ogden L. Mills Col). Robert H, Montgomery Barrington Moo Mrs. William H. Moore J. Pierpont Morgan Dr. Robert T. Morris B. Y. Morrison *Mrs. Augustus G. Paine *Mrs. James R. Parsons Rufus L, Patterson annually to elect members of the B a ol also elect new members St hele own body, the present e Lewislature of les, among other things, for roster of ae 5 ‘more women who) are elected by the Board. B marked with a asterisk a le Gers rs. Townsend Scudder, *Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham *Mrs. George W. Perkins ‘Stanley G. Ranger Johnston L. Redmond Ogden Mills Reid Prof. H. H. Rusby *Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee John M. Schiff *Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz *Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner *Mrs. Townsend Scudder . Samuel Seabury . Edmund W. Sinnott . Samuel Sloan Dr. John K. Small James Speyer Col. J. E. Spingarn Mrs. Charles H. Stout Nathan Straus, Jr. Frederick Strauss *Mrs. Theron G. Strong Joseph R. Swan Dr. William S. Thomas Raymond FH. Torrey Felix M. Warburg Allen Wardwell’ *Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder *Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Bronson Winthrop Grenville L. Winthrop John C. Wister *Mrs. William H. Woodin Richardson Wright No. 454 JOURNAL Wou, SOOO OcroseEr, 1937 f THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN | Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. tered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y¥., as second-class matter. Annual’ subscription $1.00 Single copies 1/0 cents Free to members of the Garden i ta JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor OcroBER, 1937 Mrs. SAM McGrepy, Hysrip TEA ROSE, PHOTOGRAPHED IN SEPTEMBER BY FLEDA GRIFFITH Cover Picture TRAINING oe STUDENT ae AT THE NEw YorRK BOTANICAL GAGE T. H. Everett 225 STUDENT eee ae 229 Some New Hysrip LILies oF PROMISE A. B. Stout 230 PLANT HUNTING AT HOME FOR FRUIT Growers NAB PREPARING ROSES FOR AN AUTUMN DISPLAY OF BLOOM P. J. McKenna 235 SOME OF THE BEST OF THE FALL BLOOMING ROSES AT THE BOTANICAL GARDEN 236-237 REPORT ON THE TABLE MOUNTAIN FIRE R. H. N. Smithers 239 A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE Carol H. Woodward 241 REVIEWS OF RECENT BooKs 243 Notes, News, AND CoMMENT 247 PERIODICALS In a scientific ee one of the oe functions of the staff is to publish technical papers which, distributed ov e world, make the results of their research eee to other scientists, Thus the work of professional workers everywhere is correlated. While staff members at an ee like The New York Botanical Garden frequently write for outside periodicals, both of a technical and a popular nature, certain of their God customarily appears in publications of their own organization. The Botanical Garden sponsors several scientific as well as two popular coe North American Flora, actually a set of books which will so y be complete in thirty-four large volumes, offers a purely a eee €, Or kere classification of North American plants with complete descriptions. Brittonia, which is published inter- mittently, cates technical articles on the classification and geographical distribution of plants and is world-wide in its scope As America’s principal technical publication ied to fungi, Mycolog a has now been published bi-monthly for twenty-nine years by The New York Botanical Garden, In Pear nities of its worth, the Mycological Society of America four years ago adopted Mycologia as its official organ. While the technical publications are directed only to scientists, ae Botanical Garden also issues two periodicals which are aimed to acquaint the people as a whole with the work of the institution, giving pertinent information through articles on botany and horticulture, and showing in- teresting plants which are raised at the Garden. Both of these magazines, ae Jowrnal and Addisonta, are distributed to all a of the Garden, they can be acquired by subscription. Each is of Addisonia, which ap See s twice a year, contains eight full-page ates: in color with popular dea tiont of the flowers illustrated. EC JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. XXXVIII __Ocroper, 1937, (NASA TRAINING OF STUDENT GARDENERS AT THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Horticulture is as much an expression of the cultural develop- ment of a civilization as is art, music, or literature, reaching its fullest development only among a people possessing wealth and leisure as well as a sense of security and stability. The arts of earlier civilizations have been passed on from generation to generation by writings and by personal instruction in the basic crafts. The continuity of personal instruction where- by the craftsman of one generation benefits from the accumulated knowledge and skill of preceding generations is at least as impor- tant as the preservation of the writings. In regions where a high standard of horticulture is maintained the vital need for a scatter- ing of skilled professional gardeners in the horticultural com- munity is evident. It is through these men that the traditions of the profession are handed on. America during its period of settlement and advancing culture first placed emphasis upon the growing of economic crops. Co- incident with the attainment of a measure of security and leisure was the development of landscape art, and America’s greatest con- tribution to education in horticulture (as distinguished from agriculture) has been in the provision of adequate training in landscape architecture. Little attention has been given in the United States to the production of professional gardeners. who possess a broad understanding of a wide range of plants and who are skilled in the maintenance of gardens. Hitherto Europe has been the chief source of supply of such men. For some years the desirability of training Americans in this field has been recognized and the enforcement of stricter immigration laws has stressed the urgency of this need. 225 226 Five years ago The New York Botanical Garden instituted a course of training for young American gardeners seeking to ex- tend their experience and their knowledge of growing plants. The course was designed to bridge the gap existing between theoretical horticulture and practice alone as it is acquired by working in a commercial or private establishment. That a botanic garden is well suited for undertaking work of this kind is amply borne out by European experience. There the value of a few years spent in a botanic garden as part of a gardener’s training has been long recognized and men graduated from these institutions fill major horticultural positions throughout the world. The New York Botanical Garden’s scheme of training is modeled after that in use at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, with modifications to meet American conditions. Young American gardeners are offered the opportunity of work- ing at the Garden for a period of from two to four years. During this time they receive compensation sufficient to meet ordinary living costs. They are required to work forty-eight hours a week and to perform all the tasks incident to the position of gardener. Evening courses of instruction covering a two-year period are obligatory. These are given chiefly by members of the Garden staff and embrace the following subjects: nt Culture Systematic Botany ae of Plant Growing Plant Morphology utdoor Gardening Plant Physiology Trees and Shrubs Plant Breeding Greenhouse Practice Plant Ce Enton Soils ae meeiivers In addition to these courses the student gardeners have organized among themselves a debating society which meets throughout the winter semi-monthly to discuss papers on gardening subjects read by the members. During the summer frequent excursions are organized to visit other gardens and to collect material to be used in studies of the native flora. Under the guidance of a staff botanist one evening a week is also devoted to the study of prac- tical dendrology. Men appointed as student gardeners must be American citizens between twenty-one and twenty-eight years of age. They must be unmarried and must have completed high school and have served 227 at least two years in approved gardens or nurseries. To meet the demand of younger men seeking the opportunity of working at the Garden, though lacking the required background of practical experience, a limited number of apprenticeships are offered. Ap- prentices receive less compensation than student gardeners and are appointed for one year only with the possibility of an extension. They participate in all the activities of the student body, but are not eligible for certificates. Since the inception of the scheme thirty-two men have been admitted as student gardeners and twelve as apprentices. Eight graduates of the student gardener course have been appointed to permanent positions at the Garden; three have left to take posi- tions on private estates; two to establish businesses of their own; two to enter public park work; two to join commercial organiza- tions, and two are at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. Among the apprentices, seven subsequently became student gar- deners, one entered Cornell University, and one accepted appoint- ment to a private estate position. Our present student personnel comprises thirteen student gardeners and three apprentices. n 1 our program was broadened to permit an international exchange of gardeners. A selected student was sent to England to spend a year at Kew while a young Kew gardener received reciprocal opportunities here. A similar exchange went into effect during the present year. These exchanges were made possible by the furnishing of transportation costs by outside organizations. In the first instance The English Speaking Union of the United States paid these expenses for the American student, while The English Speaking Union of the British Empire paid those of the Englishman. For the second exchange the National Association of Gardeners provided the necessary moneys for the American, and again The English Speaking Union of the British Empire met the expenses of the Kew man. The value of exchanges along these lines has long been recog- nized and at Kew no less than seventeen student gardeners are from abroad. In 1936 Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Holland, Italy, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Spain and weden as well as the United States were all represented on such exchanges by one or more men. ive years of experience with our own training scheme has abundantly proved the value of the program. It has resulted in ye ea te OD LR = ow i Re ey, Os PR Fw Dee ea eer ae ele eee ea 228 attracting to the Garden young, keen, intelligent men, skilled in various phases of gardening and hailing from eleven States of the Union as well as from England. The benefits derived by the gardener from a period of training here extend far beyond the mere acquisition of horticultural knowledge and experience. Of inestimable value is the close association with other men of like age, ambitions, and ability; the contact with men of science, and the opportunities afforded by proximity to a great metropolis. The gardener entering The New York Botanical Garden has the opportunity of becoming acquainted with a much greater variety of plants than 1s usually possible elsewhere. Often for the first time he begins to appreciate the significance of plant relationships and the importance of correct nomenclature. The processes by which the living plant grows and reproduces its kind are ex- plained and the important truths of ecology brought to his atten- tion. An understanding is gained of the methods followed by the plant-breeder, and a grounding is acquired in the sciences upon. which disease and pest control is based. .-The student’s horizon widens and he learns to approach his particular problems from a scientific viewpoint and to make use of the findings of science in his work. Yet throughout it all the supreme importance of per- forming efficiently and expeditiously the practical tasks connected with the care of a large garden must always receive his first attention. The exchange of students with other countries aids in strength- ening the bonds of international friendship and understanding. Benefits from such exchanges accrue not only to the men priv- ileged to spend a period abroad but also to those who, remaining at their home institutions, work and live in association with the foreign students. I believe that the success of the student-gardener training oper- ating here is directly due to certain basic provisions of the scheme. Limitation of appointment to men who are already practical gar- deners, coupled with the payment of a living wage, makes possible the rigorous selection of candidates. Removal of appointees who fail to maintain a high degree of efficiency ensures a consistently high standard. Acceptance of responsibility for, and day to day performance of, the work of the Garden increases ability and encourages resourcefulness. T. H. Everett. The following have served as student gardeners and have satis- 229 STUDENT GARDENER RECORD factorily completed their training period :-— The Name Thorlief Anderson Date of completion of student gardener training May 15, 1934 John Bori James Cahill & Collins Martin J. Crehan July 15, 1937 December 31, 1935 July 31, 1937 March 31, 1935 October 24, 1936 May 15, 1934 June 16, 1936 March 31, 1935 May 31, 1936 April 22, 1936 Soniamibar 30, 1935 August 31, 1937 Walter Wolney March 31, 1935 following now hold appointments as student gardeners :— Name John M. Bachmann Date of appointinent October 1, 1937 A. Bisaillon Edward J. Brennan July 12, 1937 April 1, 1936 Samuel Bridge July 1, 1937 Fraser MacCartney June 3, 1936 Francis George Mackaness April 20, 1937 George McGregor- May 1, 1937 Donald J. Moss. April 1, 1937 John T. Moss October 1, 1937 C. Nicholas A. Pecora Ralph Pinkus May 3, 1937 May 17, 1937 Donald Samson July 1, 1937 Ronald B. Townsend April 1, 1937 230 SOME NEW HYBRID LILIES OF PROMISE New hybrid lilies have recently been produced which seem to have considerable horticultural value. Their seed parent was a plant of the so-called “Lilium sulphurewm” and the pollen parent was evidently a plant of Liliwm Henry. The several hybrids of the first generation which were grown resemble L. Henryi strongly in habit of growth, and the general type of flower, as shown in the accompanying photograph, 1s also somewhat similar. But the flowers are larger than those of L. Henryi, the petals are broader, more spreading and more smooth, and the color is a buff or apricot with some tinges of orange. Bulbs of this first generation were offered to the trade in the 1937 catalogue of John Scheepers Inc., under the name Lilium Theodore A. Havemeyer. A photograph of a flower of one of these lilies has recently appeared in the Gardener’s Chronicle (August 28, 1937) with the statement in the previous issue that the plant had been given an Award of Merit by the Koval Horti- cultural Society. The flower is there described as “creamy old- ivory color with three or four buff longitudinal lines and marked with rosy amber on the basal half of the segments. There are green blotches at the base and the flowers have brown anthers.” During the present summer about a dozen plants which were grown from the seeds of the first generation hybrids flowered in the garden in which they originated. Several of these plants re- sembled Liluwm Henryi in the character of the foliage and in the habit of growth, but they were quite variable in respect to the shape, size, and coloring of the flowers. One plant had _ bell- shaped flowers that were almost white on the outside but yellowish in the throat. The others had widely open flowers with petals spreading or recurving. The prevailing colors were pale buff or pale orange but in some the orange shades of coloring were quite strong in the face of the petals and in addition some had delicate markings of darker colors distributed as penciled dashes rather than as dots. There were a few plants with flowers of almost clear shades of yellow. No two were exactly alike in the shape, size, and coloring of the flowers. Some plants of both the first and second generations made stem bulblets, which is a consistent character of Lilium sulphurewm. The plants are still young and hence one cannot now state what the habit eventually will be. 231 The history of these hybrids is as follows. In the summer of 1933 Mr. Tom Barry, a dairy farmer and plant grower living near Lambertsville, N. J., grew plants of several species of Lilium. He states that he placed pollen of a plant of Lilium tigrinwm on the stigma of a flower of Lilium sulphureum. A capsule developed and with the approach of freezing temperatures the stem was cut and the capsule was ripened in a greenhouse by Mr. A. C. McLean, who is the County Agent for Mercer County, N. J. The seeds which were obtained were divided between Mr. Barry and Mr. McLean and the latter gave his seeds to his brother, Dr. Forman T. McLean, who has reared one plant from this seed. In 1937 this plant stood about 7% feet tall and was very much like a robust plant of L. Henryi. But its flowers were very similar to those of the other first generation hybrids which Mr. Barry reared. None of these hybrids, either of the first or of the second gen- eration, has exhibited any convincing evidence in its appearance that a plant of Lilium tigrinwm was the pollen parent. On the other hand, the resemblance to L. Henryi is evident. Mr. Barry states that he had plants of L. Henryi in his collection in 1933, and it seems certain, at least to the writer, that an insect trans- ferred pollen from a flower of L. Henry: to the flower of L. -sulphurewm and that this pollen functioned rather than the pollen transferred by Mr. Barry. The seedlings obtained are cer- tainly to be considered true hybrids. The F, plants are rather uniform in character and very different from the seed parent. If there had been merely induced apogamy, which does occur in cer- tain lilies, these seedlings should resemble the seed parent. The F, plants show wide variations, a situation to be expected when there is fertilization in true hybrids. Further experimental tests are being made for hybridization be- tween types of Lilium tigrinum and L. Henryi with L. sulphureum. Dr. Forman T. McLean reports that in 1936 he applied pollen of L. tigrinum to pistils of L. sulphureum but obtained no capsules. In numerous fully controlled pollinations the writer has this year used pollen of L. sulphureum on plants of L. tigrinmm and L. Henryi, all of which failed to produce in the slightest degree any capsule development. Reciprocal pollinations have been made but the results are not yet fully indicated. Liliwm Henryi exists in numerous clones and in many individuals grown directly from seeds. In Lilium tigrinwm there are several distinct triploid clones The flowers of one of the hybrids called Lilinim Theodore A. Havemeyer. aes one-third natural size. From a photograph supplied by Mr. John T. Sche and also numerous seedlings of the diploid strain, all of which ee in the species. It is possible that only one clone of L. sulphwrewn is in general culture. Adequate tests are being made to determine whether any type of Liliwm tigrimumn will 233 hybridize with L. sulphurewm. Possibly Liliwm sulphurewm and L. Henryi will hybridize only when the former is the seed parent. The production of these hybrids by Mr. Barry will no doubt stimulate further hybridization between other members of the section with trumpet flowers (Leucolirion) and species which have nodding reflexed flowers (the Martagon section). The so- called L. myriophyllum, in which Wilson! placed L. sulphureum as designated by Baker (which is characterized by long, trumpet- shaped, pale yellow flowers), includes individuals in which great variation may be found. L. Henryi, whose reflexed perianth seg- ments are ordinarily of rich yellow spotted with brown, also is subject to variation, especially in color. Hybridizations between these somewhat different and diverse types may therefore be ex- pected to result in forms distinct from those already obtained. The members of both the first and the second generations raised by Mr. Barry seem able to produce seeds and hence may be utilized in breeding. These hybrids show many interesting intergradations and modi- fications in respect to form, shape, size, and color of flowers and at least several of them are so distinctly new and desirable that they deserve to be cultivated under individual clonal names. TOUT. PLANT HUNTING AT HOME FOR FRUIT GROWERS Any fruit grower can be a plant explorer at home, according to information sent out a year ago by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture. The improvement of fruit varieties by bud selection is passing out of the experimental stage, the Department reports, and what the fruit industry needs now is for thousands of growers, instead of a few, to be alert to the possibilities of their trees. In plant hunting by bud selection, the search is for superior strains that result from “sports” or mutations in the buds of bear- ing trees. These mutations may occur anywhere and in almost any kind of fruit. A. D. Shamel and C. S. Pomeroy of the S. D. A., who have done much experimental work in this line, 1 Wilson, Ernest H. The Lilies of Bastern Asia. 1925. 2 Baker, J. G. in Bot. Mag. epee ee , 1892). The name L. sulpharemn is in ear use for this type tod 234 have found sports in trees growing in both favorable and unfavor. able situations. Most cultivated fruits are kept true to variety by budding or grafting. In their work in the California orange groves, Shamel and Pomeroy noted that occasionally there were differences in the fruit produced on trees of the same variety, or even on a single tree. One branch might ripen its fruit earlier than other branches, or bear fruit larger or sweeter or thinner-skinned. If buds from such a branch are propagated and the budded trees show the same characters, it means that the original branch was a true “sport.” By selecting and propagating from the desirable mutations, it is possible to take advantage of strains having general resemblance to the standard, but differing im some respect that makes it a better fruit—hetter, at least, for some special purpose. The experimenters also discovered that some strains are highly stable, rarely throwing sports. If these strains are used for propagation it helps to stabilize and standardize a variety, and to the standard, but differing in some respect that makes it a better standard market fruit. To be a good bud hunter, the havestigators say, a grower needs to train his eye to recognize automatically the detailed characters of his fruit variety and then be alert to distinguish the unusual, which may be desirable or the reverse. If desirable, the next step is to mark the twig or branch. Choice quality or high production on a branch may be the result of favorable soil, light, or water supply. But it may also be the result of a true mutation. “To test this, bud or graft it on another tree, and if the superior quality reappears in the new growth, it is probable that the plant hunter has discovered a true mutation which may be valuable for propagation,’ says Mr. Shamel. He suggests a wise third step, which is to report it to the State Agricultural Experiment Station or to the U. S. D. A. for helpful assistance in further testing and in propagation if the new strain is a real improvement over exist- ing varieties. “This is a pioneer period of research along this line,” says Mr. Shamel, “and the greater the number of intelligent fruit growers who undertake some phase of this fascinating work, the more rapid and valuable will be the results for the fruit growers of this country.” ? 235 PREPARING ROSES FOR AN AUTUMN DISPLAY OF BLOOM Hardly has the first flush of June bloom spent itself when preparations are begun for the second display of hybrid tea roses, which begins about mid-September and continues until ended by frost. The difference between the June bloom and that of late more substance and better keeping qualities and retain their fresh- ness over a longer period. In preparing for a fall display, the task that immediately con- fronts the rose grower is that of maintaining his plants in health and vigor throughout the trying hot months of July and August. The heavy June crop of flowers which are forced to maturity so quickly, the subsequent and almost continuous production of bloom during the summer, and the attacks of insects and disease, are influences that place such an exacting drain upon rose plants that, unless measures are adopted to maintain their vitality, the roses will become so weakened from the struggle to survive that the fall crop of flowers will be almost negligible. In discussing methods designed to uphold the strength of the roses, no hard and fast rules can be laid down. Local conditions must of necessity govern the procedure. The measures here out- lined are those which obtain in our rose garden at The New York Botanical Garden and which have proved successful over a period of several years. ; One of the most important operations during the entire grow- ing season is the control of insects and disease. Incessant war- fare must be waged to keep injury down to a minimum and constant vigilance is necessary if pests are to be kept in check. In early summer and at intervals during the growing season aphids are the most troublesome. These can be effectively con- trolled, however, by applications of Black Leaf 40 and whale-oil soap. Since a large quantity of the mixture is used at a time here, the proportions are one-half pint of Black Leaf 40, two pounds — == A : an a 2" is Impenal Potentate, a single stalk. FALL BLOOMING ROSI AT THE BOTANICAL GARDEN & Innocence, one of the finest singles: W@ondesa de Sastago, Gn apncot-colored novelty) Southport, anew) ; EnumSon NOSE. t ES MN TR te on cath ame AN ng ee 238 of whale-oil soap, and fifty gallons of water. Used at this strength the mixture does not injure either flowers or foliage and it gives a most effective control. Fungous diseases are controlled by a prepared sulphur dust (Pomo-Green) applied methodically once a week. This is used principally to combat black-spot and mildew. Black-spot, that great enemy of the rose, makes its appearance approximately about mid-July. A short rainy spell, followed by a drop in temperature, ptovides the ideal conditions that pave the way for an initial in- fection. Once this has started, the war is on in real earnest. Every effort must be made to get the dust on the new growth before the spores of the disease are spread and have a chance to germinate. The most critical time for application is, if possible, just before a rain and again as soon as the foliage becomes dry; that is, immediately afterward, but mot while the foliage is still wet. Con- stant vigilance and persistent applications of protective materials must be continually practised if the roses are to be kept healthy condition. Immediately after the flowers of the June bloom have faded, the growths that have flowered are cut hard back. This is called by some “summer pruning.” Carried out to encourage the pro- duction of new growth from the base, this cutting back results in more uniform plants, more vigorous growth, and better flowers. About the beginning of July a program of summer feeding is launched. Alternate applications of tankage and liquid cow manure are given at weekly intervals. These have an almost instantaneous effect in inducing vigorous new growth. This feeding is con- tinued until the middle of August. About midseason, or toward the end of July, the plants receive one application of acid phos- phate to give the blooms good substance and color. This is usually applied to coincide with a rain, failing which it is necessary to water it in. Continuous cultivation and stirring of the soil are practised, and every effort is directed to keeping the roses in a thrifty growing condition. Not the least of the operations performed in the rose garden is the constant removal of all spent blooms, which is done not only from the standpoint of tidiness and for sanitary reasons, but also to prevent seed formation with the consequent drain upon the plants’ vitality. 239 All operations that tend toward the stimulation of growth cease about October 1. After this date, the plants are allowed to flower as they will. The more flowers produced at this season, the better are the chances for ripening of the canes before winter, thus insuring well matured wood for next year’s growth. ter a killing frost, plants that have grown tall during the season have their tops reduced to within about two feet of the ground. This prevents their being whipped about by wind and having their roots loosened in wet soil. The final operation con- sists of hilling up around the base of the plants with gritty soil as a protection against repeated freezing and thawing. Soil is by far the best material for this purpose. Excess water is allowed to drain away and is not held around the plants as would be the case were leaves, strawy manure or like material used. These latter, by retaining moisture, aid considerably in the spread of canker and other fungous diseases. Roses which are well cared for during the autumn months and given the proper protection for the winter have the best possible start for a heavy production of flowers the following year. P. J. McKenna. REPORT ON THE TABLE MOUNTAIN FIRE (In the Journal for January, 1936, appeared a brief note about the fre which had raged on Table Mountain, Capetown, South Africa, on December 26, 1935. Because of the number of rare and endemic plants known on this mountain, reports as to their fate have been keenly awaited by botanists. R. H. N. Smithers, Collaborator of The New York Botanical Garden, accordingly mterviewed Hugo Brunt, District Forest Officer at Capetown, and sent the information below for the readers of the Journal.) From an outsider’s point of view at the time of the conflagra- tion on Table Mountain, it seemed impossible that any of the trees in the direct path of the fire could survive. It is remarkable how many have recovered, and today,! some fourteen months after, large patches of green can be seen dotted at intervals on the blackened slopes of Devils Peak. Although it was reported in the Journal that the fire was ex- 1 Mr. Smithers’ letter is dated April 3, 1937. RO gm ge my OO DS PT Se eae ee ae ee ee i ae 240 tinguished by heavy rains, actually what did happen was that the wind changed and saved the situation. Had this not happened the fire would almost certainly have reached Groot Schuur, the Prime Minister’s house on the Rhodes Estate, if not as far as Kirstenbosch, where incalculable damage would have been done. The ordinary fire-fighting squad was ably assisted in stemming the blaze by the Civil Service Batallion and by many civilians. The Forestry Department has formulated a five-year plan to restore the greater part of the burnt-out area. The grove of Pinus Pinaster on the higher slopes has been removed to bring out the profile of the mountain. Planting of Pinws imsignis is proceeding and all kloofs (ravines) are being planted with broad- leaved species, some exotic, some indigenous, in such a way that by contrast of color the esthetic value of the forest against the rock peaks will be enhanced. To date some sixty acres have been planted, and considering the dryness of the year the work has been satisfactory. The main types being used are the keurboom (Vurgilia capensis), silvertree (Leucadendron argentewm), Kaffir plum (Harpephyllum caffrum), Cape chestnut (Calodendron capense), poplars (various species), oaks (principally Quercus palustris and Quercus Muir- beckii [lusitanica]), and flowering gums (Eucalyptus ficifolia). The indigenous flora burnt out is being replaced by color patches of Watsonias, Ericas, Leucadendrons, Leucospermums, Proteas, Cape Anemones, the blue flowers of Disa gramiuufolia and other herbaceous plants. During November, as is usual after a fire, the higher slopes of Devils, Peak were ablaze with masses of Watsonia rosea, a never- to-be-forgotten sight. In all, I think we are lucky to have escaped so lightly from what was certainly the worst fire ever experienced on Table Mountain. At the time, press estimates of the damage ran as high as $1,000,000; now that there has been time to survey the matter more fully probably $25,000 would be a closer estimate. The District Forest Officer is glad of the interest taken in this matter and would welcome correspondence from persons who are interested. R. H. N. SmirHers, Collaborator. 241 A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* “Clematis for the Northeastern States” is the title of a 16- -page contribution j pingarn in the Arnold Arboretum: S Bulletin of Popular Information for July 28. After a brief his- torical note, the genus, species, oe Thiet of Clematis are treated, then cultural dir ections and uses of different types are mentioned, with illustrations and fon conal lists of recommended sorts, and references to other lerapure’ on the genus. Is im St A preliminary guide to die Gane: Brushy Mountain Nature Trail in Great Smoky Mountains National Pa and published in mimeograph form under the auspices pie c trail is ahaa from ee and ecological a of view; ae * x The shipmast locust of Long Island and its superiority for erosion control are the subjects of two articles in the August Journal of Forestry. S. B. Detwiler deals largely with the history of the variety (Robinia pseudoacacia rectissima, often called “yellow” locust to distinguish it from the ee and Charles F. Swingle reports on Se in its es opagation Native shrubs of eastern United ines which are used in gardens are the subject of an excellently illustrated article by J. Horace esas a The tee Flora and Silva for July. ii the same issue, E. H. M. Cox provides a key and describes 15 western hae species of Brsthvoniun * Such Sele ee well- ced an as the waterlily, daylily, checkered lily and trout-lily, among others, are treated in House and Ce Ge renee by Louise Beebe Wilder under the title of “Lilies in Name Only.” A long list of these “courtesy lilies” is appended, with their common, botanical and family names. n the same number H. E. Downer writes on how to raise primroses. * * * Flowers of Austria’s Alps are pictured in a series of photo- graphs in Nature Magazine for August. Most of them are familiar as garden plants in America, particularly rock garden subjects * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be ee in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin 242 How a garden of succulent plants can best be planned and started is oe by H. M. Butterfield in Desert Plant Life for June. While the directions for culture apply to California, the principles of design and selection of types of plants as presented give useful information for any climatic region. * * * The Herb Journal, we has been ne ished monthly since last October by Mrs. Rosetta E. Clarkson of 69 Old Orchard Road, New Rochelle, N. v continues to give abundant material of interest to herb gardeners, users herbs in the kitchen, and readers who enjoy the flavor of ne writings of ae past. Two summer numbers include eight pages on angelica (June) and information on harvesting gos on is garden (July). The Arborist’s News, open is ye by the Sees sha shade trees and of studies on their many problems. The June issue, for instance, ons a résumé of “Some Thoughts on Soil Conditioning” by n Tyler of Pennsylvania, pointing to the need of preparing oat for forest planting as carefully as for agricultural crops. * * * Among recent numbers of Lewxing Dees Leaflets by Stephen F: Hamblin is one on numerous herbs e Rose family and one on native medicinal herbs. These reatlets twelve of which are published from April through September, are products of the Lexington (Mass.) Boer ae * An address which was Sean given by Professor A. E. Murneek of the University of Missouri on “Recent Advances in Physiology of Reproduction of Plants” appears in Science for July 16. * * * Wild flowers which grow to the north of us and all across oe to the Pacific coast are charmingly pictured by Viscountess of Vimy, under the title “Of Some Canadian Wildings” in io name Journal of the onal Florticultural Society. She writes of the flora as she observed it on going to Canada, when her hus- band was appointed Coens Corea That original American, ‘te vite potato, is the subject of one of the Masters Lectures printed in the Journal of the Royal Tor ticultural Society. Redcliffe N. Salaman concludes his study of “The Potato in Its ae Home and Its Introduction into Europe” in the June 1937 issue Caro, H. Woopwarp. 243 REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS (All publications reviewed here m may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden .) A GARDEN IN Wastesiasian a “Gardening on Nothing a Year” although a bit staccato in its tone. It tells, as Ms, overcame oe difficulties, . defeated the depieean and kept her gar on eilies ‘words, the author’s problem was not that of the week- end or suburban gardener who has to s on nothing a ee but the problem of a woman thing, that the reader (a about many ae a can oe covering. But I would like to know how she makes cedars of Lebanon flourish in Westchester. In my Dutchess County garden I have long dreamt of having one, but with a succession of failures I have given them up in des spai a author has an amusing Odiection for Sidalcea. I wonder Beclent photographs illustrate Mrs. Griffith’s text, while clever little drawings by Martha Powell Setchell bear witness to the rare sense of humor which the author possesses. The chapter on “Newcomers to Suburbia’, for instance, strikes a good fresh note. AMY SPINGARN. THE SECOND YEAR? When “The Gardener’s First Year” see in 1936, it was announced by the publishers as a book especially for young people, it was hailed by critics as a model of the sort of book that adults, as beginners in gardening, particularly nee With “The Gardener's Second Year” Alfred Bates introduces his readers—who might also be called his students—to perennials for the garden. A third volume on trees and shrubs is promised for another year. 1 GaHiRin, | Mary S. Gardening ee eens a Year. 231 pages, illustrated. 1.75. to A td AD x loa tes) @ fy a. @ 3 @ aS n a @ Q ates, e nd Year. 278 pages, illustrated, indexed. “Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1937. $2. 244 As in the first book, the author continues his practical advice on how to learn how to grow plants. As the subject is more com- plicated, the treatment is less simple than in the first book. The information seems directed toward minds that are more mature as the young gardener of his first volume acquires age and ex- perience. In addition to describing perennials and telling how to handle them in the garden, he begs the reader to insist on accur acy in plant names, and implores him, in getting new plants, to choose’ only those he has seen in bloom, and then to make sure that he is getting the exact variety he asks for With such sound advice as this, coupled with practical working directions and diagrams for the beginner, it is unfortunate that occasional slips have crept into the text. He refers to an herl as a plant which lives over from year to year (he has defined herb correctly in the ae book), and he speaks of the genus Narcissus as a group of plants in which the root is a bulb. A descriptive fee a some 200 attractive perennials is a valuable part of the book, because the author includes a number of worth- while, lesser-known plants, as well as the long familiar garden owers. Carot H. Woopwarp. New Botany Text Trrte Misiteapinc 3 Reading the recent text by E. E. Stanford, “General and Eco- nomic Botany”, leaves one with the feeling that the economic part of the title was an after-thought, although the author states in his introduction that he intended to emphasize the significance as well as the form and function of plants. His idea is admirable and would have been re to elementary students, but examina- tion of the text does not reveal sufficient divergence from pure morphology to fast by any aie other than “General Botany.” As such it is a commendable volume Although modern ee aegis concepts of sap flow (p. 203) and nitrogen metabolism ( p. 2 are mentioned, little or no sug- noted regarding absorption. Great detail is presented for root structure but the critical chemical composition and physiology of the root hair itself is restricted to one short paragraph Economic significance 1 1s stated 1 in too many instances as “impor- tant” without the “why or how” or interesting facts. For example, on page 538, we learn only that maple sugar is almost wholly made from Acer saccharum; whereas one short additional pa graph could have stated what sugars and described the method of Sa and pr eparation which is so stimulating to college fresh- men. Page 534 informs us that the castor oil plar ant is a medicinal, but fails to state what part is used. Page 547 gives the species of 8 Stanford; Ernest E. General and Economic Botany. get pages, illus- trated, indexed. D. Appleton-Century Co., New York, 1937 245 the cacao tree, but no statement of the part used, structure, or other information beyond the fact that it was cultivated by the Aztecs and Incas and its culture spread. Page 573 tells the cae of a major economic plant such as coffee in one and one-half sen- tences. I would not imply that any extensive discussion should of major medicinal, crop, amd beverage plants to fulfil the preface statement of stimulating the scientific curiosity of the Gee) student. Elimination of the many species mentioned by one or two sentences only—a style which gener un dampens the interest of the freshman—would more than ‘supply the necessary space for the stimulating development of the major economic plants without ee the size of the volume. e volume’s favor, may I emphasize ee the morphology is well iene and the illustrations are clear and critically fundamental. Excellent editorship is obvious in the absence of serious errors. The author should be congratulated upon writing a very readable exposition of the material presented. The publishers have pro- duced an attractive example of text book workmanshi oe . CHENEY, Professor of Botany, Long ie ‘Waki sity), Brooklyn, N. Y. STAPELIADS * Identification of a stapeliad has in the past been such a difficult and tedious task, Tonk ew were ever willing to under- fo) an authenticated oe could not be made. he more umique succulents have recently been coming so rapidly to the fore in horticultural interest that it was an obvious necessity or the literature to be compiled into an accessible form, in order that the usual confusion of names resultant from such a situation might be forestalled. This tremendous chore has been painstak- ingly performed by Alain ite and Boyd Sloane, a is done WV on Eos value to both ee and botanist hi better artificial key to the species than the one in this work is still to be cea the wealth of photographs and paintings and the careful descriptions of the taxonomic characters of the plants are so well done that identification is a greatly simplified matter. 4 White, Alain, & Sea Boyd L. The Stapelieae. Three volumes, 1184 pages, 39 colored plates, 1,250 photographs and drawings, indexed. Abbey San Bashne Press, Los eae 1937. $12.50. 246 It is very possible that one might find ‘disagreement with the generic concepts as presented, but on the whole so little is known in the United States is this group of plants that criticism on this point would be unfai The inclusion of orgie sketches of the men and women whose names are associated with these stapeliads, and the historical sketches as well as the ony suggestions are original and interesting additions to this type of work, as they have the effect of bringing the reader nearer to the understanding of the problems involved. All manner of credit is due to the authors ae their collabora- tors for the production of this work, which is a prime necessity upon the she anyone seriously erected in growing these curious succulents. hoped that in the near future someone will produce works of a similar nature upon mesembryan- themums and euphorbias, as they are also much needed. 1B, Mo Anca A Srupy or Gourps ® To pick up a new book by Dr. Bailey is always: a satisfac- tion, because it is bound to be He oe ee and clarity evident love for thing “The of Gourds” alle us in simple pee of ae morphology, the methods of cultivation, diseases and pests, how to deal with them, and pos a ne by which we may classify ne gourds of the various gener There are many oddities in this group which have a See appeal. The turban squash Dr. Bailey considers to be ind of “navel” squash. Ee also describes, among others, the aan cucumber, the bottle and dipper gourds, the dishcloth gourd, the finger and Maranka gourds, and the squirting cucumber, which when detached from the plant after ripening has the surprising faculty of forcibly eieeune its contents from the stem end on the slightest touch. Each type of ee described is illustrated with pen and ink ae Since the color of gourds is one o their most attractive features, it is se ertiaate that the plates could not have been colore Dr. Haley brings out the point that el oniee among the El. The Garden of yun 134 pages, illustrated, indexed. Maclin eb, New York, 1937. $2.50 247 t is a pleasure to find in a book for public circulation facts of a scientific nature, as well as practical, told in such a simple way and with such apparent relish. W. M. Porterriecp, NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT a before leaving Georgetow n, British Guiana, September 18, A. C. Smith, who is botanist with the American Miuseum he Holden Expedition, wrote of the party’s plans for starting ne eo interior. In a letter to Dr. H. A. Gleason he said: 0 boats a finished and have been duly launched and christened a Tone eae I and Schomburgk II. Each is about 36 ft. lone and ha n ie and will carry up to nds. They are similar to the balata boats and each has a Johnson 22-horsepower engine. Thes ha are being sent around to Bartica Saturday and we hope to Monday. Our supplies are all ordered and being packed. We hope ach Dadanawa in four weeks, as the rivers are said to be still ak eeu ae to give much trouble. Melville is arrangir ae our transport from that point, and we expect to fellow a route which was taken by the boundary com- ission le of years ago, as follows: from Dadanawa overland to the Kassikaityu river, oe h can be foll d down pper Essequibo, which is then navigable for corials to oint within two days of the height of land Akarais. Melville is getting together Indians and coria this part of th are taking from Georgetown twenty-eight Indians f the Maruka tribe of the Bomeroons, in addition TO Ca ans and bowsmen. With luck we should reach the proposed base cam p by the first D vember. Ws hope to broadcast once from the Rupununi Fegin. perhaps Boat Oct. * * * Professor Aaron J. Sharp of the University of Tennessee visited the Garden during August to pursue his studies of mosses. From Duke University during the month came Dr. Lewis E. Anderson, also working on mosses, and Dr. H. L. Bloc, for investigation of some grasses. # * Other end-of-the-summer visitors at the Garden included Dr. H. M. Jennison of the University of Tennessee and Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Dr. Theodor Just of Notre Dame University, Editor of The ‘American Midland Natur alist, and R. T. Wareham of Ohio State University, who came to work On mosses. Dr. Adriance Foster of the University of California spent several days at the Garden in July, as did Dr. Robert E. Wood North ae Lobeliaceae. Dr. George Goodman of the Uni- versity of Iowa spent a at the Garden studying certain genera of the Polygonacea 248 Other botanists who nee ed in the library during the sum- mer include: Dr. E. D. Merrill, Jamaica Plain, Mass., @ Wheeler, Cambridge, Since Dr. Ernst J. Schreiner New Haven, Conn., Prof. H. ca Fitzpatrick and W. Lawrence White, Ithaca, N. Y., Arthur N. Leeds, Philadelphia, Pa., Marie B. Knauz E. H. Ww Pittsburgh, ne R Kent Beattie and E. alker, eee. D. ohn V. Watkins, Gainesville Fla., Dr. Stanley A. Cain, Knoxville, eon, J. J. Ote an Juan, P. R. Diet a S. Jack- son, aRorone to, Out, Genter es spawn, Formosa, and Kogo Togashi, Morioka, ia je ee has been added to the Library of The New ork Botanical Garden sixteen volumes of Verkade’s Acne on natural aoe and landscape of Holland, all illustrated with many colored figures. hese were sent in exchange for the early volumes of Mycolo gia, aoa for which were started during Dr. eaver’s visit to Holland as delegate to the International are Cue held | in Amsterdam in the sum- mer of 1935. Twenty-two volumes of this work have been published, and it is expected that ite other six volumes will eventually be obtained. One of the volumes is devoted ex- clusively to mushrooms, and contains 136 excellent colored figures of species, most of which are common in Europe and America. ae other phases of the natural history of that country. This is a valuable acquisition since the volumes could not be purchased except by special ee neue The sixteen volumes received were obtained b . W. J. Lutjeharms, Assistant in Chief in the Tee laren zi Tago, le d. Dr. Fred J. Seaver attend he mycological foray at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New mpshire, on August 26-28. This was the annual summer get- fogetlies of the Mycological Society of America. The time was devoted mainly to field expeditions and laboratory study. # * 4 William Fitzpatrick, who for the past three years has been special motorcycle patrolman at The New York Botanical Garden, died September 25 from injuries oat two nights before in a re accident. Returning from an evening Be at Fordham rsity, he collided with a passenger car he foot Soe: River Parkway. He was 22 years old, aaa ihad been known for his effective work as patrolman in the park. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1938: L. H. Batmey, MarsHart Frerp, Mrs. Eton Huntincron Hooker, Joun L. Merritt (Vice-president), Cot. Rowe H. Monrcomery, H. Hosarr Porter, and RayMonpD Until 1939: ArtTHUR M. ANDE DERSON, EGR y W. bE Forest (President), Crarence Lewis, E. DL. MerrILL, and Henry a LA MontTAGNE (Secretary and ean Tr easurer). Unt TOs HENRY DE Forest BALDWIN (ice: -president), CHILDS BRIS eee LewisoHn, Henry Locxwart, Jr, a acDoucat, and Jos R. Swan (Tre easurer). II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuarota, Mayor of the City of New York. ann Moses, Park Commissioner. y C. TURNER, President of fie Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E. Hazen, appointed by oe Torr 2 Belanical Club. R. ARPER, SAM F, TRE Epmu . SINNOTT, and Marston T. BoceErrt, appointed by Columbia ‘Uninet ity. GARDEN STAFF Hi. A. |GreAson,, Pa. D) o55-542-sacensease Deputy Director he eiead Curator EUaRIeNy 15 SEN INLORAU GNIS, 555 o5ccoodancoacane sacdacooonceen Assistant Dir sae Joun K. Smatr, Pu. D., Sc. D......... Chief Research Associat i and Cir a By Stour, Pie Dy Gascsc oncgasGacadueeenoaee: rector of the La ae Frep J. SEAVER, Pu. D., Re 1D sis oat Rise SO eae urator. BERNARD O, Donce, Dig Ds Gan omacise tat Oa Plant Pathologist Forman T. McLean, M. F,, Sanita ts Supervisor of Public Education Joun Henpiey perce Ie M, ML. D.. .Bibliographer. alae ee Assistant PERCY | WALSON o andac neds scnaa ee nes GE ee eee Zope (Cy Siouwer, Jesse, ID), Gonaoasccscoucenuucosscduscoseds poe Cun ‘ator SARAH FIC HUARLOWw, AW IMG ©) iinrieese acne ce cean ecco coeeeeeoenee . H. Russy, M. D. .......... Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections PLEDA (GRIFFITH: y4)4556 non cen nes a He Soa tn Beco ner ree t and Photographer Robert S. WILLIAMS .........2..-.e00+0+e00% i Acoeats in Bryology . J. ALEXANDER...... sistant Curator and Bee of the Local Herbarium Haroip Ne MECC UE TPIS 1D econ ane aca te oa Ga ODE ssistant Curator. W. Ep Dec, Satta ei apie oe EE SS Aa ae ssistant Curat CLypE Coane TALIM aos arian ooo CET Ce Eee: Technical Assistant ROSALIE, WEEKERT 4% o.d000cises sedsumems seemed onmacaes Technical Assistant Carot Hl. Woonwarn, A. B. ........0. ees e cece e cece ee eees Editorial i ssistan Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr, ............0.0.000eeeeeeese Hor, cuts G. L. Wirrrocx, A. M. ....... Eat ey aT NAIC GS SORE ISIC Ra On IHS RISE Orto. DEGENER, M. S. ............000.000005 Collaborator in Hawatian Date Ropert HIAGELSTEIN .........00.000ees000- a Guer ary Curator of Myxomycetes Erne, Anson S. Peckuam..Honorary Curator, Iris an Medes 1s "Collectio ons ARTHUR J. CoRBETT ................- ae of Buildings and Grounds NG (Ca PRANIDER) oa: ¢ 6 diols cts os STE AC TT ee ssistant Superintendent MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN Established as a privately endowed ipsun ton, aided partially by City appro- eae 5 tlhe New York Botanical Garden s depe ndent for its progress largely on benefactions and mem mpc hip Through ines @ means, though young as botani- ell gardens go, it has bec third largest eee of its kind, its library, herbarium, and aT peice ranking among the finest and most c complete in a country. mbership in The nae Bee Botanical Garden, therefore, means Promotion of s atte reste arch in bet and the advancement of horticultural interes Scienticaly peGneden “ae to serve as a clear ing-house of information for tuden link oe ae plant Bate: or breeder aid. the garden Through memberships and benefactions, prouison ae ecb the Botanical Garden oe the training of young scientists and studen t gardeners nee of new books are added apeually, fe the library, which is open daily the alle for re- search andes eading; ibits are maintained in the mu ee the gr teenhouses, and gar TERE ie ieee courses, and free information in botany and gardening are given to the public Each sae member of the Garden receives: A oS of the Journal every month. (2) A copy of Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with een calcd eee: ort ynuey al pleat ts, accompanied by complete descrip- and other pertin information © A share of spl Se smaviortil of interesting or new varieties whenever it is distribut ee of special floral displays at the Garden from season to sea. ae (5) Credit, to the extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study Biered by the Garden A limited number of garden clube): are accepted as afhiliates. dhe privileges of afhliation are a subscription to ihe ournal, announcem me of displays, a specially conducted tour of the grounds and greenhouses, and a lecture ae a year by a the staff. Fellowships or scholerehips for practical student-training in horticulture or for botanical research may be esta tblished by bequest or other benefaction either i perpetuity or for a definite period. The eee of haath and types of benefaction are as follows: Annual Me ae nual fee $ 10 Sustaining M ie ual fee 25 Garden Club Afliation anneal pe for club 25 Fellowship Mt abe er annual 100 er for single aoc etstor 2 Fellow for Lie single contribution 1,000 Patron single contribution 5,000 Benefactor single contribution 25,000 Contributions to the Garden may be Geducted from taxable incomes. The pai, is a legally approved! form of bequ rebsy Beaueath to The New York Bitnta Garden incorporated under, the tiAbies ie New k, Chapter 285 of 1891, the of ——____.. Conditi el one may be -made vith income payable to donor or any. designated Bere during his or ines lifetim: All requests ie further jeronmation should be addressed to The New York Bolanieal Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. VoL. XXX VIII NovemBeEr, 1937 No. 455 JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as\ second-class matter. Annuall subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to) members of the Garden JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor NOVEMBER, 1937 A New Dauuis, “DirEcTOR MARSHALL A. Howe” Cover photograph WILLIAM J. RopBins COMES TO THE GARDEN AS DIRECTOR SARAH H. Hartow, LipraRIAN, RETIRES es ELIZABETH C. Hatt Becomes LIBRARIAN FOR THE GARDEN CHINESE VEGETABLE Foops IN NEw YORK W. M. Porterfield a New Danita Honors Dr. M. A. Howe 257 Ricz (ORYZA SATIVA) THE WorLp’s GREATEST Crop : W.M. Porterfield 258 GrowINnc RICE NEAR SoOCHOW, CHINA, IN THE YANGTSE VALLEY 260-261 AUTUMN IS THE TIME TO Dic THE GARDEN—AND Dic IT DEEPLY T. H. Everett 264 A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE Carol H. Woodward 270 Nores, News, AND COMMENT 271 THE BOTANICAL GARDEN’S BOOKS Professional botanists and amateur nature students are both served by the textbooks and manuals of The New York Botanical Garden. Few aoe for instance, have won such long-continued seal a members of both groups as the classic three-volume “Britton & Bro This ofluciraid Flora” was the first large American work to see an oes of every species of plant described. eginners in botany—those who are still in the class of nature stu- See on A. Gleason’s “Plants of the Vicinity of New York” special need, for by means of this book the most inexperienced amateur can identify in a few minutes’ time any common flower which grows wild within 100 miles of New York. For students of middle western plant life, The New York Botanical Garden ces P. A. Rydberg’s “Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central Nort erica”—a monumental work describing nearly 4,000 species of ferns avn | flowering plants of the prairie states. The plant life of Bermuda, from the fungi and algae to the a tlle, © x flowering pla nts, is described in the “Flora of Berm published in 1918 under the authorship of a group of experts heal by N. L. Britton. No work, either popular or technical, has yet superseded this large illustrated volume, The same is true of Albert Schneider’s “A Text-book of General Lichenology In addition to these books coiniah are nae directly by the Botanical Garden, members of the staff have made important independent con- tributions to botanical eae ae among them are Dr. John Small’s numerous volumes: “Manual of the Southeastern Flora,” “Ferns of the Vicinity of New York, # “Ferns of Florida,” and (now in press) “Ferns of the Southeastern Flora Results of some of Dr. A. B. S Stout’s research on Hemerocallis have ap- peared in a book entitled “Daylilies” published in 1934. “The North American Cup Fungi” by F. J. Seaver is the outstanding work on the Operculates, pena ee JOURNAL of THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. XXXVIII Novemper, 1937 No. 455 WILLIAM J. ROBBINS COMES TO THE GARDEN AS DIRECTOR Dr. William J. Robbins, Professor of Botany, Chairman of the Department of Botany, and Dean of the Graduate School of the University of Missouri, has been appointed Director of The New York Botanical Garden. In a career which has taken him into many American research and educational institutions and into the laboratories of nearly every country in Europe, Dr. Robbins has won a reputation as a plant physiologist as well as an executive. Born in North Platte, Nebraska, February 22, 1890, Dr. Robbins grew up in Pennsylvania, graduating from the Bethlehem, Pa., high school and attending Lehigh University in Bethlehem. After receiving an A.B. degree there in 1910, he remained to serve one year as teacher in biology. In 1911 he went to Cornell University for graduate study, beginning work for his doctorate under Dr. B. M. Duggar and completing it under Dr. Lewis Knudson, receiving his Doctor of Philosophy degree in June, 1915. From 1912 to 1916 he taught plant physiology at Cornell and assisted Dr. Duggar in a course at Woods Hole, Mass., during the summers of 1912 and 1913. ‘He left Cornell in 1916 to become Professor of Botany in the Alabama Polytechnic Institute and Plant Physi- ologist at the Experiment Station there. In 1918 he served as Second Lieutenant in the Sanitary Corps of the United States Army, spending three months of the time in the Army Laboratory School at Yale University. Upon leav- ing the army he accepted a position as Soil Biochemist in the 249 250 Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Department of Agri- culture, in the laboratory of Dr. Oswald Schreiner. He was appointed Professor of Botany and Chairman of the Department of Botany at Missouri in 1919. In the summer of 1924 he spent three months working with Dr. E. T. Bartholomew on internal decline, or endoxerosis, of lemons, at the Citrus Experiment Station of the University of California. Beginning in August, 1928, he was associated for two years with the European office of the Rockefeller Foundation, assisting in the fellowship program, a duty which took him into the sci- entific laboratories of all European countries, including Russia, with the exception of Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Turkey. He was appointed Dean of the Graduate School of the Univer- sity of Missouri in 1930 and served as Acting President of the institution from September 1933 to May 1934. He has been a member of the staff of the Marine Biological Laboratory for many years and was Chairman of the National Research Fellowship Board in the Biological Sciences from 1931 to 1937 Dr. Robbins is a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, Phi Kappa Phi, Gamma Alpha, and the honorary agricultural fra- ternity, Gamma Sigma Delta. He is also a Mason and a member of the Presbyterian church. This year the honorary degree of Doctor of Science was conferred upon him by Lehigh University. Mrs. Robbins, who was formerly Christine F. Chapman of Springfield, Mass., is also a botanist and a member of Phi Beta Kappa. At Wellesley, from where she was graduated in 1912, she majored in botany under Dr. Margaret Ferguson. In 1914 she received an M.A. degree from Cornell in plant physi- ology and then returned to Wellesley to teach in the Botany De- partment. The following year she was married to Dr. Robbins. They have three sons: Frederick Chapman, who received his A.B. from Missouri last year and is now completing his second year of medicine; William Clinton, who will graduate from the high school at Columbia, Missouri, next spring; and Daniel IWarvey, who will enter senior high school in the fall. The results of Dr. Robbins’ more than twenty years of research have been published in some forty articles which have appeared in the American Journal of Botany, Botanical Gazette, Science, Soil Science, and other periodicals. In collaboration with H. W SS ci | ene 251 Wirttam J. Rossins 252 Rickett he has written “Laboratory Instructions for General Botany” and “Botany, A Text-book for University. and College Students,” both of which were published by D. Van Nostrand & Company. During the current year nine articles have appeared under his authorship, including: “Effect of 3-indole Acetic Acid on Cell Walls of Stem and Root” with John R. Jackson in the American Journal of Botany; “Vitamin B, and the Growth of Excised Tomato Roots” with Mary A. Bartley in Science; “Plant Hormones” in School Science and Mathematics, and “The Assim- ilation by Plants of Various Forms of Nitrogen” in the American Journal of Botany. SARAH H. HARLOW, LIBRARIAN, RETIRES After twenty-five years of service as Librarian for The New York Botanical Garden, Miss Sarah H. Harlow retired from active duty the end of October. Trained first as a botanist, Miss Harlow came to the Garden to work ‘as library assistant in July 1911, then after studying at the Library School at the New York Public Library, she was appointed Librarian in January 1913. Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, who had been Librarian since 1907, was given the newly created post of Bibliographer. Born at Florida, New York, of English and Welsh ancestry, Miss Harlow prepared for college at Northfield Seminary, then studied at Wellesley College, majoring in botany, and was gradu- ated in 1891 with the degree of Bachelor of Science. The fol- lowing winter she went to Oregon to do private teaching on a ranch, remaining there until April 1893. In the fall she started for Turkey where for two and a half years she taught in the American Collegiate Institute in Smyrna. While there she traveled extensively across central Europe during vacation periods. Later, during the summer of 1931, she visited the Scandinavian countries. After her return from the American school in Turkey she taught in a private school in Tuxedo Park, New York, until she felt ready to begin work for a master’s degree. In the fall of 1899 she registered at Columbia and spent two years in concentrated study of botany, doing her research at The New York Botanical Garden. She studied especially mycorrhiza under Dr. D. T. MacDougal, a ed fee 253 who was then a member of the Garden’s staff, and Pteridophytes under Prof. L. M. Underwood, whose herbarium now is at the Botanical Garden. In 1901 Miss Harlow was granted an A.M. degree by Columbia University. Private teaching with occasional periods of traveling occupied the next few years, until Miss Harlow came to the Garden in 1911. Since her appointment to the staff the library has nearly doubled in size, increasing from 24,000 bound volumes at the beginning of 1913 to 45,000 at the present time, and overflowing its original quarters until it now occupies much of the adjoiming office and laboratory space as well as an entire room on the second floor. Miss Harlow has presided over this period of growth which has made the Garden’s library the largest combined horticultural and botanical reference library in the country. In her retirement, Miss Harlow plans to enjoy the many advantages of the metropolis—museums, concerts, theatres, parks, and stores—which she has found little time to visit during the years that she has been working. Her sister, Miss Martha Harlow, who has been employed in the library for a number of years, is retiring on December Ist. ELIZABETH C. HALL BECOMES LIBRARIAN FOR THE GARDEN Coming from the Horticultural Society of New York, where she has been Librarian for the past seven and a half years, Miss Elizabeth C. Hall became Librarian for The New York Botanical Garden on November 1, to succeed Miss Sarah H. Harlow, who retired October 30. Miss Hall received an A.B. degree from Radcliffe in 1921 and in 1924 a diploma from The School of Horticulture for Women at Ambler, Pa. After graduating from The School of Horticulture she obtained a position as horticultural occupational therapist at the Pennsyl- vania Hospital for Mental and Nervous Diseases, where her work consisted in teaching gardening, greenhouse culture, and nature study to the patients and to the nurses and attendants who accom- panied the patients. be 254 In November 1925 she began work as a substitute in the New York Public Library and in 1926 was appointed to the staff of the Riverside branch. Granted a leave of absence from September 1927 to June 1928, she took the one-year graduate course at the School of Library Service at Columbia University, there being granted a B.S. degree. Upon completion of this work she returned to the New York Public Library to remain until April 1930, when she resigned to become Librarian for the Horticultural Society of New York. She is a member of the Special Libraries Association and of the Society for the Libraries, New York University. CHINESE VEGETABLE FOODS IN NEW YORK The cosmopolitan nature of New York City is reflected not only in its many peoples but also in the food materials which inevitably follow them from their native lands. Not the least among these are the Chinese with their interesting array of fresh and dried foodstuffs. While bread and many other of our foods, including such confections as ice cream, today are being eaten by the Chinese, these people have never substituted our American vegetables for their own in their native cooking.. Perhaps their accustomed vegetables, in representing to them the products of their native soil, constitute their one touch with their homeland. The feel of the land permeates their lives and philosophy, and the foodstuffs from their native land seem an important part of that essential atmosphere. This may explain the presence of these vegetables wherever the Chinese people are to be found. During an investigation among the vegetable markets in New York’s Chinatown last August, nearly forty different kinds of food from plants were found. The list of these foods will serve to show that the Chinese diet while native is varied and adequate While this list is not exhaustive, it includes most of the vegetables on sale either fresh or dried. It should be noted here that these Chinese vegetables can be classified, according to Dr. Bailey,” into two groups with respect Bailey, L. H. Some recent qrinese vegetables. Cornell Univ. Agr. ot Sta, Bull. 67: 177, 178. 1894. 255 to their introduction into North America. The ‘first group com- prises those vegetables which, like the cabbages, have been bought and sold in the American markets for many years, and second, those which have only recently been introduced by Chinese gardeners near the great cities and are unknown to American planters. As to the suitability of these Chinese vegetables to American tastes there is considerable division of opinion. Meyer? in his last letter to the Department of Agriculture in W ashington before his death was quite doubtful and spoke thus: “It will take some time for the white race to acquire a taste for the very large majority of these products.” On the other hand, Dr. Bailey is enthusiastic in promoting the use of most of the Chinese vegetables in the United States. Not only are they palatable but many of ~ them are delicate enough to suit the most discriminating taste. Robert Fortune beginning with 1843 explored most of China for useful, especially edible, plants, and not only employed the knowledge he obtained for his own benefit and pleasure, but made it available to others. Europeans and Americans living in China find the native vegetables very good and use them all the time with their daily meals. The indigenous types of common vegetables are adequate in food value, and certainly are much cheaper than imports from America. Lettuce and asparagus, however, have been introduced into China because there is no native substitute for these two “foreign vegetables” which are so favored by the white population. Below is a list of common Chinese vegetable foods® found in late summer in the native shops on Mott and Pell streets, New York City. Roots, Tusers, Corms, AnD Buns Pachyrluzus angulatus, Rich. Yam bean tuber. Pueraria Thunbergiana, Benth. Kudzu tuber. Ipomoea Batatas, Poir. Sweet potato. Nelumbium speciosum, Willd. Lotus root. Sagittaria chinensis, Sims. rrowroot. 2U. S. D. A., B. P. I. Plant Immigrants, No. 142 (1918) p. 1286. 3 Beginning with an article on rice, which follows here, a series deserib- ing these food plants, their culture and their uses, will appear intermittently in this Journal. 256 Sagittaria sagittifolia, Linn. Arrowroot. Colocasia antiquorum, Schott. Taro. Scirpus tuberosus, Roxb. Chinese water-chestnut, Zingiber officinale, Roscoe. Ginger root Raphanus sativus, Linn. Chinese radish. Lilium Brown, Poit. Lily bulbs. SHooTS, STEMS, AND LEAVES Phyllostachys edulis, A. & C. Riv. Bamboo shoots. Brassica Pe-tsat, Bailey Chinese cabbage. Apiuim graveolens, Linn. Chinese celery. Portulaca oleracea, Linn. Purslane. Amaoarantus gangeticus, Linn. Amaranth. Thea sinensis, Linn. Tea. Cucursits, Fruits, anD FLloweErs Luffa acutangula, Roxb. Singkwa melon. Luffa cylindrica, Roem. Sua-kwa or dish-cloth gourd. Momordica Charantia, Linn. Leprosy gourd Benincasa cerifera, G. Savi. Chinese preserving melon. Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser. Bottle gourd. Piospyros Kaki, Linn, Dried persimmon. Prunus Mume, Sieb. & Zucc. Dried plum. Zizyphus Iujuba, Lam. Dried Chinese date. Canarinm album, Raeusch. Preserved Chinese olive. Litchi chinensis, Sonn. Lai-chi nuts. Hemerocallis futva, L. Dried “lily” flowers. SEEDS AND GRAINS Oryza sativa, Linn. Rice. Ginkgo biloba, Linn. Bak-koo, Ginkgo nuts. Trapa bicornis, Linn. Horned chestnut. Nelumbium speciosum, Willd. Lotus seeds. Citrullus vulgaris, Schrad. Watermelon seeds. Glycine hispida, Maxim. Soy bean. Phaseolus Mungo, Linn. Green Mung bean. Phaseolus radiatus, Linn. Red Mung bean. Arachis hypogaea, Linn. Canton peanut. Dolichos sesquipedalis, Linn. Yard bean. STs. | eee bo on Ni ALGAE AND FuNcrI Russula sp. Mushroom. Pesisa auricula. Dried wood-ear fungus. Lanunaria sp. Kelp. Nostoc flagelhforme, Burk & Curt. Alga. W. M. PortTerriexp. NEW DAHLIA HONORS DR. M. A. HOWE One of the seedling dahlias which was most greatly admired by Dr. M. A. Howe during the 1936 dahlia exhibition at The New York Botanical Garden has been named “Director Mar- shall A. Howe” in honor of him as Director of the Garden. His death on December 24, 1936, occurred scarcely two months after the close of the dahlia season, which he had watched with interest despite his serious illness. The newly named dahlia is of the formal decorative type, in its basic coloring a rich maroon which merges into violet at the tips of the rays. The blooms, which are prolific and long- lasting both on the plant and as cut flowers, are large and of great depth and are borne on stiff stems well above the foliage. The plant is of medium height, erect and sturdy, and the heavy darlx green foliage is insect-resistant. Raised by Albert Parrella of 3380 Ely Ave., The Bronx, New York City, the plant was donated by him to The New York Botanical Garden last year under the name of Seedling No. 500. Dr. Howe had watched its development admiringly. “Often when making a tour of the borders,” says Dr. William G. Howe, who at that time was working with the dahlias, “I recall how he would pause before this seedling wih its gorgeous bloom and say with a smile, “This is outstanding. It was after the flower had won a first prize at the New York Dahlia Show in September of this year that it was considered the one best fitted to name as a tribute to the late Director of the Garden. In October Mr. Parella received for this new flower a Certificate of Honor from the dahlia proving grounds at Experi- ment, Georgia, near Atlanta. 258 This is the second dahlia that has been named for Dr. Howe. In 1922 J. J. Broomall of the Eagle Rock Dahlia Farm in Cali- fornia announced a new pink decorative dahlia, “Dr. Marshall A. Howe,” which he introduced in 1923. RICE (ORYZA SATIVA)—THE WORLD'S | GREATEST CROP (No. 1 of a series on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York) Rice is the bread of the Chinese. It constitutes more than a third of their daily food and one half of the vegetable part of their diet if the menus of all classes are averaged. Moreover, it is the most ancient of agricultural crops. Rice is considered to be the world’s greatest crop; furthermore, it is the surest and most dependable of the grain crops. It is not a purely Chinese food but from China we have the earliest reports of it and its name is fundamentally embedded in the language. One of the original radicals, those elements of which all Chinese terms are compounded, is the character Mi, meaning rice, a picture of a divided plot of ground with a plant in each. Copeland * asserts that rice culture began in southeastern Asia. There is no direct historical evidence that it originated with the Chinese, but since rice was not a crop of the ancient Egyptians or ee it is not probable that rice culture developed in frica. Furthermore, the evidence of language points very ack to its birth in China. Since long forgotten times the cultivation and use of rice have spread all over the world and countless varieties are known. In China alone more than a thousand varieties exist and in India 8,000 varietal names have been recorded. Ssu Ma-ts’ien, a Chinese historian of the second century B. C., stated that the Emperor Shen-nung in 2700 B. C. sowed five kinds of “cereals”: rice, wheat, millet, sorghum, and the soy bean (the soy bean, of course, being a legume and not a cereal, but included 1 Copeland, E. B. Rice p. IX. 1924. ee | eee eT A ee 259 Housed rice cooked and served in the Chinese style. The chopsticks are of bambo ‘ in the Emperor’s list of “grains” because of the similar uses to which it was put). In the ceremonies annually commemorating this event at the Temple of Agriculture in the Peking of old, the emperor, the princes, and the members of the boards all took part but only the emperor sowed the rice? In the Chou-li, the book of ritual of the Chou dynasty written about 1100 B. C., it was stated that vegetable and animal food must be combined in specific ways and among these combinations it was postulated that rice is best suited to beef, while wheat goes with duck and millet with dog flesh. The general term for rice is Tao, the grain as eaten being called Mi. The Pen-tsao, which is the ancient Chinese authority on materia medica, distinguishes glutinous and non-glutinous rice, also water rice and dry rice. The best rice of Peiping was once considered to be the non-glutinous type. Its extreme white- 2 Bretschneider, E. On the study and value of Chinese botanical works with notes on the history of ERG and geographical botany from Chinese sources, p. 7. Foochow. 1870. GROWING RICE NEAR SOOCHOW, CHINA, IN THE YANGTSE VALLEY. aoe . uy. Oy, 4+ 7 : y n~ Dee Ussing try MIs ak} PANES ; . ety? “ba rat } : cre é in . im ges Gee re VETS i a eno) * 3 ene i. Harrowing the field. 2. Setting out young rice plants. _- 3, A stalk of tice in frut. 4. Tao, the! Chinese character for unhulled rice. 5. A modern improved variety of rice, unhulled. 6. Threshing: nice by hand. 7. Winnowing rice in the courtyard of a farmhouse: (Photographs) by, courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History and the United States Depart: ment of Agriculture 262 ness was a superior feature. The Chinese are very particular about their rice and when moving from one part of the country to another part they usually carry their own with them. When my amah went to Tsingtao in Shantung province with us in the summer she took along her rice from Shanghai. Marco Polo on his memorable travels through China in the latter part of the 13th century recorded wheat and rice from the provinces south of the Yellow River. In the lower Yangtse - Valley, particularly around Shanghai, a great deal of the land formerly occupied by rice paddies is now turned over to wheat and barley cultivation on account of the fact that there is an in- creasing demand for bread instead of rice. Beyond the metropolitan area, however, the customs and methods of centuries prevail. The lumbering water buffalo slowly drags the ancient wooden plow through the flooded fields, following it later with the harrow. Finally bunch by bunch the rice seedlings, sprouted in some far corner of the field, are rhythmically jammed into the muck in rows. In the south two weeks or more after the first planting another planting in alternate rows may be made and a second crop raised. Those who have been fortunate in see- ing the cinema production of “The Good Earth” saw all the pro- cesses of rice culture accurately depicted. The ancient flails are used to beat out the grains on the hard clay threshing floor and the wind is used to separate the chaff from the seed. The water from mountain streams is used to flood the paddy fields but is lifted from there to the upper terraces by water wheels turned by water buffalos who, wearing bamboo blinders, plod round and round all the day long. Rice is bought in the markets as polished or unpolished rice. According to Chinese custom only the former is fit to eat; the latter is only fit for coolies. Those strange unfathomable bar- barians from the west, to wit, the Americans and British, how- ever, find that the unpolished rice is a much more healthful food. The reason is that polished rice eaten in too great quantities with- out greens is the direct cause of beri-beri. Many workers of the lower classes living in the cities are afflicted with this dietary disease. It has been found that polished rice lacks the anti-neuritic vitamin B, Eaten with the green vegetables which supply this vitamin or with the bran which is usually rubbed off in the polishing process, no symptoms of beri-beri develop. Unpolished 263 rice possesses vitamin B and some of the fat soluble A, whereas the polished rice has no vitamin value whatever ?. This is of particular interest since the fuel value per pound (calorific) is 1.0 alories are of little avail if the vitamins are lacking. A further analysis shows that the polished rice contains 12.3 per cent water, 9.0 per cent protein, .4 per cent fat, 78.0 per cent carbohydrates and .3 per cent ash. In order to judge to what extent rice enters into the diet of the Chinese, M. E. Jaffa * in 1901 carried out an investigation of the foods eaten by three classes of San Francisco Chinese: the dentist representing the professional class; the laundryman repre- senting the light inside worker ; and finally the farmer representing the heavy outside laborer. By exact measure he was able to estimate the part rice played in these three classes of diet. His results were as follows: Of the total food by the dentist’s family 20.7 per cent was rice. Rice supplied 18.3 of the total protein, 0.8 per cent of the total fat, and 62.7 per cent of the total carbohydrate. In the group of laundrymen rice constituted 49.4 per cent of the total food; 48.8 per cent of the total protein was supplied by rice, 3.3 per cent of the total fat, and 93.9 per cent of the carbohydrates. The farmers’ food consisted of 34.2 per cent rice; 34.1 per cent of the total protein was furnished by rice, 2.7 per cent of the total fat and 70.2 per cent of the total carbohydrates. The average of all three classes showed that rice constituted 34.8 per cent of the total food eaten and was responsible for 33.7 per cent of the total protein, 2.3 per cent of the total fat, and 75.6 per cent of the total carbohydrates. While rice is the mainstay of Chinese diets, it does not appear at the wedding feast. It is a kind of Cinderella of foods. Some- times it is served at the close of a feast as a sign that the end is at hand. After a large feast of forty bowls of other foods, the mere sight of a bowl of rice is enough to precipitate one’s departure. W. M. PorvterrieLp. Adolph, Wm. H. Practicall dietetics or what to eat in 1924. Chin. Journ. Sci and ae 2: 79-90. 1924. 4 Jaffa E. Dietary studies of Chinese. U. S. D. A., O. E. S. Bull. 107 (2): ae, 1901. 264 AUTUMN IS THE TIME TO DIG THE GARDEN— AND DIG IT DEEPLY (Th is no gardening practice more beneficial to the plants than thor- ough Bagh of the ground. Those who have heard Mr. Everett speak are aware of the envphasts he wee ae the wnportance of this task. The article below is ae from o the lectures on “Fundamentals of Gardening ee 1S dalaoring this season to the student gardeners and a@ group o her serious: minded growers of plants. The fall of the year, he points bile is the most efficacious time to do deep digging.) Deep cultivation effected by the proper use of the spade and digging fork is perhaps the most important of garden tillage operations. The full possibilities of any piece of garden devoted to flowers or vegetables cannot be realized unless the soil is properly worked, and this implies thorough digging at periodic intervals. The operation of digging—when it is correctly done—permits of the incorporation with the soil of manures and other humus- forming materials, and ensures the various weathering agencies the opportunity to bring their ameliorating influences to bear upon portions of the soil which otherwise would remain un- changed over long periods. By such means in course of time the depth of good soil is increased and plants grown on such ground find more plant food available and are able to send their roots deeper into the earth so that in time of drought they are far less likely to suffer. a No amount of fertilizer or manure can possibly take the place of actually turning over the earth with a spade or fork. It is in- teresting to note in passing that our word manure actually orig- inated from the word maneuver, and maneuvering the soil in the process of digging certainly brings in its train many of the ad- vantages which we usually expect to result from the application of manure. I do not mean to suggest of course that manure or fertilizer should be dispensed with, but rather to point out that without adequate working of the soil the greatest benefits can not be obtained from the application of these materials. It has been my observation that, as a rule, far too little atten- tion is given to this important phase of garden work, partly perhaps because the value of periodic digging is not fully realized, especially by the beginner, and partly because the practice of leaving until the spring all tasks connected with soil preparation saa PRA ER LE MERA: Coe Se es 265 is too often followed, and in our climate the springtime is too short to permit of a thorough job being done. The right season to commence spading operations, particularly on heavy soil, is just as soon as the ground can be cleared of crops in the fall, and work can be continued until hard frost makes further progress impossible, which in the region of New York is usually from the middle to the end of December. An extra week or two of profitable work can be gained by taking the precaution of covering the area to the depth of a few inches with littery manure, straw, corn-stalks, or some similar material before it is hard frozen and then removing this and turning it under as the digging proceeds. It is surprising how much can be accomplished in the eight or ten weeks available, and every square foot turned over means just so much headway gained on the rush of spring work. The labor expended represents an investment which will pay dividends in healthier crops and greatly increased yields. It is no exaggeration to say that many of the cups and blue ribbons awarded at summer flower shows are actually won by virtue of the work carried out the previous fall. One important benefit of fall digging is that a greater portion of the winter rainfall is absorbed by the soil and is available for crops during the succeeding summer. This is of importance in regions (as New York) where water supply is one of the limit- ing factors of plant growth. SINGLE DIGGING In its most simple form digging consists of turning the soil over to a depth of ten or twelve inches. This operation is tech- nically distinguished as single digging, and it is one of the most important items of garden routine. Each year all ground which is vacant of plants should be treated in this way unless it is planned to do an even more thorough job by subjecting it to double digging or trenching. Except on a few soils the spade is a more suitable tool than the fork with which to dig for it per- mits of the bodily transference of soil from place to place, whereas with a fork little can be accomplished other than the breaking up of the soil in its place. The first thing to do is to stretch a line across the plot where the beginning is to be made, then cut along the side of the line 266 ' nu Hee 1 shows the correct way to use a spade in eee the eardee the trench which is ler fainting’ between the newly turne and Ae soil that ae not yet beer ved. Manure is epeedd on the Pot in the process of eine incor Bert ll the soil. ce 2 " u 4 267 by thrusting the spade vertically into the ground with the foot to almost its full depth. The cut so made will form one side of a trench twelve inches wide and almost as deep. The excavated soil is placed close to where the digging will be completed. The purpose of the trench is to permit of the turning over of each spadeful of earth in a clean and expeditious manner, to make easier the burying of weeds and manure, and to facilitate the evening of surface irregularities as the work proceeds. If the ground is being broken up for the first time and is covered with grass, or if weeds are abundant, the surface soil should be skimmed off and placed in the bottom of the trench with the grassy side of the sods always facing downward. Manure should also be spread along the bottom of each trench, and this can be used in a comparatively fresh condition if the work is performed in the fall. In digging, the handle of the spade is held in one hand, while the other is placed farther down the shaft. The left foot gener- ally is used to sink the blade almost vertically into the ground to its full depth. If the blade makes too great an angle with the vertical, shallow digging results, and although more ground may be covered in a given time the result is a poor job. It is like- wise a mistake to take over-large spadefuls, for this practice leaves untouched ridges which are really within the effective depth of the spade. A slice of earth the width of the spade and five or six inches back from the edge of the trench is an ample spadeful. As the blade reaches its maximum depth the handle is pressed backward and downward in the right hand while the left hand slides down the shaft to a point which permits of lifting the mass of soil carried on the blade with the least expenditure of effort. Then with a quick but easy turn of the wrists the soil- mass is turned upside down and deposited in its new position. A good digger will place every spadeful exactly where it is needed and will not find it necessary to shuffle the soil about, once it has been deposited in position. Such skill, however, is only attained after considerable practice and the beginner may find it difficult to maintain an even surface. It is always well to remember that under normal circumstances a trench which tends to become larger indicates that the surface of the completed digging is too high, while the reverse is true if the trench is gradually lost. 268 is wider (2! feet) and the gardener is forking over the low xing humus-for ming marerials with the subsoil. Note the large ene ae have been removed from the trench atl the line that is stretched between stakes as a aad in Gees : } ‘ ; ; Oe Nae, Ps a RAC Naas Sipe j 1; Woes SERS Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. ¥; Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro, H. Woopwarb, Editor DECEMBER, 1937 Brack Oak (Quercus velutina) IN THE THOMPSON MEMORIAL Rock GARDEN Cover Photograph, by Fleda Griffith JoszrH R. Swan CHOSEN AS PRESIDENT OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN 273 TREES IN PROFILE Forman T. McLean 2°74 Members TAKE Prizes AT FALL FLOWER SHOW 281 BROADCASTS FROM SOUTH AMERICA 282 LzecrureE Course IN OutTpoor GARDENING BEGINS NExT MONTH 283 A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE Carol H. Woodward 284 WINTER LECTURES AT THE GARDEN 285 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 286 REVIEWS OF RECENT Books 287 Some Faminiar NATIVE TREES IN WINTER ASP Bae eek iy Fleda Griffith 288-289 A NoveL MusHroom CELLAR Fred J. Seaver 292 INDEX TO VoLUME XXXVIII Compiled by Rosalie Weikert 294 LECTURES AND COURSES Every Saturday afternoon from September until June there is a free public lecture in the Museum Building at The New York Botanical Garden. Sometimes a travel talk is given, with emphasis on the plant life of foreign lands or distant parts of our own country; often the subject is horticultural, and the speaker tells, with the aid of colored cee es gardeners at work, how roses, perennials, bulbs, shrubs, and other plants are grown or how a garden is kept free from diseases and insec ae ests. The nature-lover is given special attention ea times each year with ee on the trees, flowers, and shrubs of the countryside. The results of scientific research told in simple language, good books for gardeners, edible and poisonous mushrooms, Indian lore, and ae gardening: oe are typical topics at the Saturday afternoon ta those who wish more sustained eee on horticulture and ae study, the Garden offers several courses, free to members up to the amount of their annual fee. A nominal eee is Slee of outsiders, and New York teachers are welcomed at half p These are direct public services, in a Hee with the countless questions which are answered daily by members of the staff in person, over th e ‘phone, and by correspondence. The Feo Garden Giese aims ie be of immediate help to people who loo this institution to satisfy their Ee a on subjects of eee NE study, and gardening. The influe t is broad as the effects of this work enter the streams of knowl: _ edge soaiteln tee out in many direct‘ons from their source. One of the farthest reaching influences of all is the indirect one which accrues from the training of professional gardeners. As more men wit sound knowledce of garden science and plant culture are sent out from the Botanical Garden to parks, estates, and nurseries, the standard of horti- culture in America is steadily being raised. JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. XXXVIII DEcEMBER, 1937 No. 456 JOSEPH R. SWAN CHOSEN AS PRESIDENT OF THE BOTANICAL GARDEN Joseph R. Swan was elected President of The New York Botanical Garden by the Board of Managers at its meeting Novem- ber 19. He succeeds Henry W. de Forest, who resigned after serving as President since 1928. Mr. Swan, who is President of Edward B. Smith & Company, bankers, at 31 Nassau Street, has been a member of the board of the Botanical Garden since 1934. At the annual meeting last January he was elected Treasurer. Like his predecessor, Mr. Swan maintains an intense and active personal interest in horticulture, as well as in the progress of the Botanical Garden, both as a scientific and public institution. 273 274 TREES IN PROFILE TreLtinc How to Ipentiry Some or our NATIVE TREES IN WINTER The sharp silhouettes of the leafless trees against the brillant blue of the winter sky reveal a wealth of varied detail. The deli- cate tracery of the twigs adds as much to the bold outlines of the trunk and branches as do the delicate brush strokes to the finish of a Van Eyck painting. Color is not wanting in the winter tree scene, but the dominant tones of dark gray, blue and white lend themselves better to pen and ink than oils. Yet, no etcher has ever done justice to even our commonest trees. So we turn here to photographs to set before our eyes one of the chief beauties of the winter landscape, Each tree has its individuality, and each kind of tree its distin- guishing features, many of which are easily seen at a distance. The clusters of winter buds at the ends of all of the slender twigs ‘and the persistence of last season’s dead leaves characterize the oaks. The position of the main branches relative to the trunk is distinctive in the elms, lindens, and also the different oaks. An opposite arrangement of the side twigs distinguishes ash and maple from all other common trees. The general outline of the crown, whether even as if clipped to shape or jagged and irregular, is an- other distinguishing character of some of our native trees which makes them easily recognized at a distance. There are many other individual traits, as outlined below. For winter photographs of the first ten trees described, see pages 284-285. American Elm. (Uliuwus americana). Our common native elm has several nearly erect branches, which spread in the crown into a broad vase shape. The numerous small twigs make a well filled top, moderately irregular in outline. Individual elms assume many forms, from tall and narrow to low and spreading, but the general effect is of a large ample tree whose branches and twigs nearly always arise at exactly the same angle throughout each tree. White Oak. (Quercus alba.) Of all of the American oaks —and there are many—the white oak takes first place here in the northeast. The broad spreading crown, with a width often one and a half times its height, and the heavy gnarled branches, the lower ones reaching out almost horizontally, distinguish this strik- ing tree as clearly as does its flaky ash-gray bark. 275 3. Pin Oak. (Quercus palustris). In sharp contrast to the heavy majesty of the white oak is the almost effeminate delicacy of the pin oak. Its narrow column of main trunk reaches far up into the elongated crown. The tapering lower side branches regu- larly droop downward and die early, leaving persistent dead “pins” projecting from the lower trunk. The successive branches up through the crown tilt progressively upward, from drooping to horizontal, then at sharper and sharper angles until they finally stand nearly erect toward the top of the tree. The individual tLe Cae eet eI \ 3, ; _ The white ash (11) is distinguishable by the trim pairs of pale gray branchlets which leave the main branch at an angle of 45 degrees. 276 slender tapering twigs are straight and shapely, unlike the gnarled ones of the white and black oaks. Like those of all of the other oaks, however, they terminate in stubby clusters of winter buds, in this species very diminutive and covered with soft dark gray down. 4. Silver Maple. (Acer saccharinum). One of the common- est of our quick-growing short-lived street trees, the silver maple has the typical opposite arrangement of the pairs of branchlets along the slender branches which is characteristic of all of the maples. The main branches reach out into strong terminal twigs, which give a rather pleasing irregularity to the general outline. The most characteristic feature of the silver maple in winter is a minor one. The lower branchlets often extend first a little upward from the trunk, then they curve down and reach upward again to the tip in a modified S-curve. In bright light the twigs have a tawny undertone to their gray color which is also distinctive. Buttonwood (Platanus occidentalis). Plane-tree and Syca- more are two of the other names for this unmistakable tree. Its pale patches of bare inner bark which appear where the older rough bark has been shed in irregular sheets from the upper trunk give it a somewhat ghostly appearance. The branches are twisted and gnarled, because the twigs develop no terminal winter buds. In- stead the branches continue their growth from side buds every year ; thus each season produces another kink in each br anch. The wide spread of the upper branches and the crowded clusters of twigs near their ends give the tree a rather jagged outline. 6. American Linden (Tilia americana). All of the side branches of the American linden seem to start at an acute angle of about thirty degrees from the rough black trunk. As the tree increases in size, the lower branches are forced downward and outward in search of light. The trim oval crown maintains its shapeliness even in late middle age, the twigs apparently holding a set pace in their growth outward. Dark red, lopsided, short winter buds on slightly zigzag terminal twigs characterize most lindens, if one gives them close enough inspection for such fine details. 7. Sour-gum (Nyssa sylvatica). Possessing one of the tough- est, most cross-grained of woods, the sour-gum bears rather coarse, smooth, straight, horizontal twigs which are correspondingly tough. The main branches are sometimes horizontal, sometimes ascending. The horizontal arrangement of the twigs is apt to give the whole Like an old-fashioned candelabrum is the sassafras tree (12), whose branches leave the trunk horizontally, then become almost vertical. tree a flat-topped, stubby appearance, which is belied by its straight trunk. The flat top is not revealed in the accompanying picture, for it was taken too close to the tree to show the upper branches in their true position. 8. Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum). Though similar in twig details to the silver maple, the general form of the sugar maple 278 is evener. The side branches, which are usually rather crowded, ascend at progressively steeper angles up the trunk, forming, with the stiff even brushlike twigs near their tips, a regular oval crown easily discerned against the winter sky. This clean-cut outline must have been a great help to the pioneer sugar gatherers in spotting producing trees in newly discovered sugar-maple groves. 9. Yellow Birch (Betula lutea). In its general silhouette the yellow is not easily told from the black birch. In both the slender, crowded, apparently interlacing twigs reach out into a ragged fringe in the broadly oval crown. But the yellow birch has rather coarser, heavier twigs than the black or river birch (B. migra), and the shreddy yellow bark which comes curling off the trunk in paper-thin sheets is a sure mark of distinction for this species. The white, gray, and paper birches are of course very different trees, easily known by their pale, almost white trunks, and further differentiated from each other by details of character in the bark. 10. Sweet-gum. (Ligqwidambar Styraciflua). With the spray- like upward sweep of its outer twigs from the main branches, which reach upward gently, the sweet-gum scarcely needs the per- sistent bur-like fruit-balls hanging from the rather coarse twigs to identify it. Some sweet-gums, but not all, develop corky wings in the young twigs. The broad spreading crown of bright ash- gray twigs contrasts with the almost black-gray main trunk of this swamp and wet-land tree. 11. White Ash (Frasxinus americana). The coarse blunt twigs of the white ash always occur in pairs, standing out at forty-five degree angles from the branches, which in turn form about the same angle with the main trunk. The reticulate-ridged bark of an old trunk is equally distinctive at close inspection. The occasional other species of ash have similar family traits, but differ in minor details, such as the downy, slender twigs which are found on the red ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). 12. Sassafras (Sassafras varvifolium). The vivid green, aro- matic twigs of the sassafras curl upward from the gnarled branches until their upthrust tips become nearly vertical. The main branches also curve up from a nearly horizontal position at the main trunk. The whole effect is of an old-fashioned cluster candelabrum, with myriads of tiny green candles on a many-branched upright stand. The soft dark bark of this frequently seen tree is deeply fissured. The durable wood of the sassafras is little appreciated because the trunk seldom attains enough size to make good lumber. 1d 279 Resembling the buttonwood in outline, the shagbark hickory (13) is oly recognized by the perpetual shedding of long strips of tough outer kx. 13. Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata). Valued alike for its delicious nuts and its tough strong wood for ball-bats and axe- handles, the shagbark hickory has much of the general contour of a buttonwood tree, but has even more twisted branchlets and twigs. The main branches reach upward and outward in a manner suggestive of an elm. But the shagbark is so easily told by its shaggy bark, shredding off in long, thick, tough strips, that few people pause to look for any other traits of tree form or details of bud and twig. BROADCASTS FROM SOUTH AMERICA Dr. A. C. Smith spoke briefly over the radio the night of November 17 in the first broadcast from the base camp of the Terry-Holden American Museum Expedition in the southern part of British Guiana. Describing the vegetation of the savannah region where he was located, he said it resembled that of the west- ern plains of North America, and contained shallow ponds filled with waterlilies, pickerel-weed, and bladderwort. e also men- tioned some of the common trees of the region, including the sandpaper-tree, whose leaves are so rough that the natives use them to smooth the wood on their harpoons. He had already spent one day in the forests to the south, where he would later do exten- sive exploring, and described the method of collecting specimens from trees with the aid of three or four Indians, getting not only leaves, flowers, and fruits of the tree itself, but also many epiphytes and parasites from the higher branches. When the second program was given on November 24, Dr. Smith was already pushing through the forest with the other scientists, so the broadcast was given entirely by Orison W. Hungerford, radio man, and Neil MacMillan, journalist for the expedition. They said they had journeyed 500 miles from George- town, and were located then near the border of Brazil. From their thatched house of palm leaves atop a small hill at the edge of the jungle they could look across to the Akarai range which stretches to the south along the Brazilian border, where the rest of the party were journeying in their attempt to get biological and botani- cal specimens and to learn some of the medicinal uses of the native plants. Mr. Hungerford said that by means of portable radio equip- ment contact would be maintained in the future with the scientific party, and that radio messages relayed from their jungle camp would be broadcast to America. The programs from the expedition are being heard in the United States through R.C.A. communication, and are being sent through the air by the National Broadcasting Company over stations WEAF and WJZ To reach the base camp from which the explorers sent their pro- gram, the party had traveled 300 miles up the Essequibo River, then turned westward up its tributary, the Rupununi, for 150 miles, 283 crossing the Kanaku range by boat, and stopping at John Mel- ville’s ranch near Dadanawa. From there, they journeyed by mule bullock, and foot across the savannah country until they reached the edge of the jungle on the south. A third broadcast, in which Dr. Smith participated, was heard the night of December 1. LECTURE COURSE IN OUTDOOR GARDENING BEGINS NEXT MONTH The second term of the new lecture course in practical garden- ing, which is designed for the student gardeners but opened to the public, will commence shortly after the new year. P. J. McKenna, Foreman Gardener, will conduct this series, which will deal with outdoor gardening. The first lecture will be on Janu- ary 6 at 4:45 p.m. in the Museum Building. , To non-members the fee for the series is ten dollars. Members who are not registered in other courses this year may attend these lectures without cost. Newcomers to the Garden may apply the ten-dollar fee for the course to a membership, and thus receive subscriptions to the Journal and Addisonia, a share in the dis- tribution of surplus plants, and other privileges which are offered to members. Colored slides picturing many of the plants and types of plant- ing to be discussed, also showing important operations in garden construction and maintenance, will be used to illustrate portions of each lecture. The subjects of the twelve lectures, which will be concluded March 24, will be: Hardy annuals and biennials, their selection and culture, in- cluding the time of sowing and general management. Half-hardy annuals, the same. Herbaceous perennials (1) for different situations, such as edging, ground-cover, shade, and difficult situations. Herbaceous perennials (2) for the hardy perennial border, with emphasis on the construction and maintenance of such a planting. Hardy bulbs (1) for naturalizing in grass, in woodlands, and in the rock garden Hardy. bulbs (2) including lilies, for formal planting. [Turn to page 286. A SX —— SOME FAMILIAR NATIVE TREES IN WINTER ASPECT — 1. The shapely American elm. 2. The white oak with gnarled branches. 3. The delicate pin oak. 4, aver maple, Note the Opposite branch: 5, Buttonwood, with peeling bark. soe 0 Ca "6, American. linden; its crown 4s oval. WeSour-gum, with twigs always horizontal. 8 The cherished sugar maple. 9) Yellow birch, with ragged fringe of twigs. 10), Sweet-gum,, whose main branches sweep upward. Photographs by Fleda Griffith. 286 Roses, year-around care for the production of abundant bloom on disease-free plants. Half-hardy bulbs and tubers such as dahlias, gladioli, and tuberous begonias, two lectures. Hardy aquatics, their propagation, culture, and care, with a discussion of the best varieties. Lawns, their construction and maintenance. Rock gardens, soil preparation, planting, and care. A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE* The scattered literature of the nineteenth century regarding the vegetative reproduction of the fern is assembled by Ilda McVeigh of the University of Missouri in the Botanical Review for September. Some hardy iris yt have been obtained by crossing the northern species, Iris versicolor and the southern J. virgumca with the Asiatic J. laevigata and its variety albopurpwrea. These are now ready for evaluation by growers, it is announced in the ee of the American a is Society for September in an article by Clyde Chandler and Dr. A. B. Stout, who describe their work in Be breeding of irises our ae past nine years. Dr. William C. Steere of the skege of I ee has con- tributed the Calymperaceae and Dr. C. T. Frye of the ee of Washington the Polytrichaceae in Pa rt 2 of Vol. £ A. Grout’s Moss Flora of North America, which appeared in te : k ok * Among recent publications of the Department of the Interior are bulletins giving complete descriptions of Death Valley National Monument and of Hot Springs, Acadia, Carlsbad Caverns, and Hawaii National Parks. * * “Agron nomy’s: Contribution to Flood Control and Drought Relief” is the title of an article by C. R. Enslow in the March number of S oil Conservation. A five-point program is outlined, covering the growth and storing of certain crops, along with the proper use and care to avoid misuse of the land. * 2 * A. check-list of plants of Grand Canyon National Park has appeared as Bulletin 6 of the Park’s Historical Association. * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 287 A new household palm, Neanthe bella, is described by @ Cook of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry in Science for August 6. A native of eastern Guatemala, discovered in 1902, this plant is considered desirable because it remains dwarf in stature and because it flowers frequently, starting at two or three years of age and producing inflorescences three or four times every year. The seedling leaves, instead of being grass-like as in other palms, are pinnate He om we very start * Breese Hill News tor jae fee an entire issue to daffodils oy ee types with descriptions and excellent photographs Oo * 3 * Characters which distinguish the Siberian from the Chinese elm (Ulinus parvifolia from U. pumila), both of which are in culti- vation but much confused in America, are outlined by Leon Croizat in the June 1 number of The American Nuwrseryman. Carot H. Woopwaro. WINTER LECTURES AT THE GARDEN Motion pictures and stills, both in color, illustrated the opening lecture of the winter season in the Museum Building at The New ork Botanical Garden. The subject was Bermuda and the speakers were Dr. Fred J. Seaver and Dr. Edmund J. Fulling, who presented their travel talk on December 4. Other lectures in the regular Saturday afternoon series, which take place at 3:30 p. m. and last one hour, are as follows: December 11. “Botanists, ee sane Otherwise,’ Dr. John Hendley Barn- hart, Bibliog: December 18. pace Tren in Rcardening Books,” Miss Elizabeth Hall, January 8. Indoor Gorin oe ames G. Esson, Superintendent, Mrs. Roswell Eldridge Est: January 15. “Exhibiting in Calor eles at Flower Shows,” Mr. T. H. Everett, Horticu January 22. “Seedless ee Dr. A. B. Stout, Director of the Labora- tories January 29. ool in the Rockies,’ Dr. W. H. Camp, Assistant urato February 5. Sphgaacas and Pests of Ornamentals,” Dr. B. O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist. February 12. “Landscaping,” Mr. A. C. Pfander, Assistant Superintendent. February 19. “The Romance of Plant Names,” Dr. H. A. Gleason, Assist- ant Director and Head Curator February 26. “Our National iBhydlag Dr. Harold N. Moldenke, Associate Curator. 288 NOTES, NEWS AND COMMENT Summer activities of scientific groups were described at the conference of the pee Garden’s staff and registered students Nona 10. Dr. H. Gleason reported on the meetings of the Botanical Society of pee while Dr. Fred J. Seaver told of the mycological foray which he attended at Hanover, New Hampshire, in August. In addition, Dr. A. B. Stout outlined Dr. William ii Robbins presided at the close of the meeting. The Botanical Garden has just received from the estate of Kenneth K. Mackenzie $8,000 from the bequest which was an- nounced in the Journal for December, 1934. Mr. Mackenzie was formerly a member of the Board of Managers and for many years was an enthusiastic amateur botanist, spending much of his spare time in research on the Cyperaceae, which he monographed for North American Flora. In addition to the bequest of money, there is a series of about 500 drawings of North American species of Carex. The use of the fund is restricted to the publication of these illustrations. * * Ornamental algae from the coasts of California, the Bahamas, the West Indies, Bermuda, Florida, and Long Sina ew York, will comprise a special exhibit in the main rotunda of the Museum Building from December 24 through January 7. The sixty num- bers to be shown are representative of the Garden’s growing algo- ical herbarium, which now contains about 80,000 specimens, including both marine and fresh-water groups. The exhibit is being arranged by Miss Rosalie Wiekert Dr. Forman T. McLean resigned as Supervisor of Public Edu- cation, effective December 1. Continuing his nee in Bronx- ville, N. Y., he plans a pendently to further his research on fr agit ance in 1 gladioli oe the breeding of lilies tor gardens. fe Dr. A. B. St ee assign nee the executive work of the former Supervisor of Pub c Education. Garden clubs which are ponte s f the Botanical a will del directly with Dr. Stout, es is particularly fitted for this work, since for years he has had extensive contacts with such organizations and with individual ee through his Wo! ki Ha pein breeding and in lecturing. During October Dr. A. 2 She: gave an address on “Incom patibilities in Flowering Plants” before members of the Ameniean Society of Plant Physiologists at Purdue University. This address was also given before an assembly of the various botanical semi- naries at the University of Wisconsin. During this period Dr. Stout visited the Morton Arboretum at Lyle, Illinois, the Univer- 289 sity of Wisconsin Arboretum and Wild Life Refuge, and various reforestation plantings near Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin. A trip was also made along the Miami River in western Ohio to collect fruits and seeds of papaw, walnut, hickory and beech. Several trees which produce fruits of large size were located and seeds were obtained for possible use by the United States Forest Service of which Dr. Stout is a collaborator. E. J. Alexander; the Eriocaulaceae (pipeworts) by Harold N. Moldenke; the Xyridaceae (yellow-eyed grass) by the late Swedish specialist in that group, Dr. G. O. A. Malme; and the Mayaceae (a group of subtropical aquatics) by A. C. Smith. REVIEWS OF RECENT BOOKS (All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) New Encranp! Full of nostalgic memories of childhood experiences with the wild flowers, Walter Prichard Eaton’s “Wild Gardens of New England” is an eloquent plea for conservation. Without this backdrop of memories painted on his subconscious- ness Mr. Eaton’s writing would not be what it is today, a prose so poetical that one feels heart and soul the appeal of the New England woods, the rocky hillsides softened by tender hepaticas and trailing arbutus, and the lush marsh growth made more alluring because of the presence of stately orchids and the strange pitcher-plants and the sundew. Before the intellectual comes the emotional appeal, and a book of this type will do more to awaken the public generally to the necessity of preserving our native growth before it has been entirely destroyed by the ruthless than dozens of botanical essays. 1 Eaton, Walter Prichard. Wild Gardens of New England. 124 pages, illustrated with photographs. W. A. Wilde, Boston, 1936. $1.50. 290 The oe quotation shows how keenly Mr. Eaton feels that the of wild flowers means much more than the joy of a ae hone “T still do believe that the child we hunts the first hepaticas in Spring, and comes with a glad surpr. ise on a stand of fringed gentian in ue golden autumn woods, is storing Ab ressionsy in his memory which will ie him a poppice if not a better man ... and I cannot help but believe nee a child who in all his early years sees Aetare only from the seat of a motor car, or is emai to appreciate wild flowers only as something to climb cue and pick and then throw away, will seldom grow up to be a conservation Will he become a Meir of gardens, a poet of Natre, an artist, eS fees with a passion for civic neatness and shade trees and parks? flowers, the speaking voice of Nature, after all so unimportant? Are they not worth saving where they still exist, worth bringing back to our road- s dwellings, where emliien of the new dispensation can see and touch and come to love them Marcaret McKenny For THE FUTURE OF THE LAND? Stuart Chase produced a best ee aes he wrote “Rich Land, Poor Land,’ and the book will continue to deserve that rank as long as America still has unsol al aes ms of conservation to tackle and still has lessons to learn to save the continent from destruction He describes the tragedy of the tremendous waste from reck- less lumbering operations, from too intensive grazing, improper farming (such as steep slopes, or river borders and swamps that should be left to serve as natural flood lands Through startling photographs he di: arimeval ee and dense grass, then reveals the effect of flood and drought on our land, picturing also how the government is at Tene aoe to alleviate the disastr ue conditions ; he explains further the con- sequence of floods on fisheries, mining, artesian water supply, preservation of wild if fe and other accompaniments of recreation, as well as on agriculture and such more obvious activities. In a series of graphic diagrams, he shows what becomes of water, from the time it falls from the clouds until it is drawn up again from the surface of the earth. A forceful piece of journalism, this bool tells a compelling tale of the tragedy of our land. if the whole nation takes heed and acts can the story, as it extends into the future, eventu- ally have a happy ending, Carot H. Woopwarp. 2 Chase, Stuart. Rich Land, Poor Land. aol pages, illustrated, in- dexed, Whittlesey Elouse, New York, 1936. $2.50, 291 Crops In Hawa? The new encyclopedia called “Hawaii’s Crop Parade” deals with a subject of great importance, and from his excellent treatment of the trade aspects, one is impressed with the author’s grasp of that phase ,of the subject. But his handling of the technical and botanical phases of his subject is decidedly superficial, and in some instances faulty. So, while his analysis of the commercial history is good, his predictions for coffee and fruits are oe optimistic when one recalls the history of the world’s coffee supply. As a catalogue of products of Hawaii, and of their commercial impor- tance, the book is interesting, and gives us a glimpse of the great diversity of tropical crops found in these islands. It is unfortu- nate that the botanical names of many plants mentioned are con- fused by errors in spelling ae typography and also in the determi- nation of a number of specie Forman T. McLean. BEGINNINGS IN CHEMIsTRY* Since all the world is fundamentally of chemical structure, a book entitled “Man in a Chemical World” is bound to deal to some extent with plants which are of concern to th botanist, the gardener, and the plant pathologist, as well as to the general scientist. It is appropriate that A. Cressy 1 Roa should be the author of this popular-style oe book, because through the New York Academy of Scier he has long encouraged the work of young scientific javestieato Discussing Nature as ae great chemist, he gives the growth tree as an illustration af the chemical balance in the world. In a later chapter, “Feeding Millions,” he writes oe exclusively about plants. He describes the sources and uses of nitrogen potassium, and hosmbet us as fertilizers, the uses of chemicals as insecticides and fungicides for the protection of growing plants, and the functions of chemicals in preserving foods ‘andj in creating other valuable products out of food pla The book merely skims the ees so W iden is the subject ne it attempts to treat, but it will serve as a sound oe introdu tion, promising stories “filled Tite wonder” to those who wish f delve further into the fascinating facts regarding the manifold uses of chemistry. Carot H. Woopwarp. 3 Crawford, David Livingston. Hawaii's Crop Parade. 305 pages, in- de aes Advertiser Publishi ing Co., Honolulu, 1937. ison, A. Cressy. Man in a Chemical World. 291 pages, illustrated ath Samnbolie Aiea indexed. Scribner, New York, 1937. $3. 292 A NOVEL MUSHROOM CELLAR For several seasons past a rather conspicuous mushroom has been observed growing in the bottom of the elevator shaft in the Museum Building of The New York Botanical Garden. Since fungi do not require sunlight, it is not unusual to find them grow- ing in such places as cellars, caves and abandoned mines, especially in mines since the temperature usually does not reach the freezing point, but just how this particular fungus became established in the bottom of the elevator shaft, it is difficult to surmise. Photographs which were recently made were sent with specimens to Dr. Alexander H. Smith of the University of Michigan, who is an outstanding specialist on this particular group. He determined the specimen as Hypholoma velutinum, also known under the name of Drosophila lacrymabunda. The name lacrymabunda means copious tears, and is suggested by the numerous droplets which collect on the sides and edges of the gills. The species is some- times placed in a special genus, Lacrimaria, for the same reason, and is commonly known as the “weeping mushroom’. As intimated, this is one of the gill fungi, so-called because of the gill-like structures, or lamellae, on the under side of the cap. These structures are a device for increasing the surface on which the spores are produced, the spores being microscopic reproductive structures which correspond to the seeds in the higher plants. The gill fungi are classified by the color of the spores. There are the white, rusty, purple-brown, and the black-spored forms, the color of which may be easily ascertained by placing a cap with the gills downward on a sheet of paper and noting the color of the spore print. The form considered here is one of the purple-brown-spored species, and is characterized by mottled gills, the mottling made up of groups of dark-colored spores being suspended in the tear- like drops which exude from the gills. he spores are so dark that by the average person they might be called black. The species has been frequently reported by mycophagists, but its edibility has apparently not been thoroughly tested, for it is usually placed on the doubtful list. The most deadly poisonous fungi belong to this same group, the gill fungi, but they are white-spored species. Some of the forms with colored spores are mildly poisonous. Frep J. SEAVER. _ ae ee | The “weeping mushroom” (Hypiholoma eee which grows) in the - bottom of the elevator shaft in the Museum Buildin: INDEX TO VOLUME XXxXVII* A.A.A.S., 43; Report from Atlantic a mee ting 18 Aberconway, ‘Lendl 79 Acer saccharinum 276; saccharum 277 Aconitum Bakeri 8, 41; columbianum Actinea simplex 112 Addisonia 18, 87, 90, 180 he secu ulus Hippocastanum 214 163 Metre altissima 214 Alexander, Edward J. 18, 19, 46, 82, 84, 87, 289 Report of the Rocky Mountain expedition—I, 1; 32 Algological herbarium’ 288 lium brevistylum 3; Geyeri 8 Alocasi Alyssum 105; sera 117 Amarantus gan 256 Amelanchier eee 212 American Home Himiceican Journal of Botany 250, 252 American Midland Natanalist 247 merican Nurser: ugust ; cultivation and de- velopment of 181; flower behavior ; physiology ane morphology 90; the story of its inflorescence Anemone occidentalis 12; in fruit, Glacier National Pats front cover, January ; Zephyra 9) 41 Antennaria Apium: graveolens 256 Aquilegia 38; oa 9 34, 112; flavescens 12; Jonesii 37; saxi- montana 6 Arabis 105 Arachis hypogaea 256 aucaria Bidwillii 281; gracilis 281 ; imbricata 281 * Compiled by Rosalie Weikert apeniee: News 242 s 132; realapensis 168 Arena globos 114 Arena Aicenene 3; hispida 2, 3; intermedia ena: saccharinum 214 ae a 193 eria Aanstcoae, John 123; [Jack] 229- Asclepias eee ae s 19; tuberosa 19 Aster Hay: At the ee Nod Flower Show 98 a se petite Botanico del’ Uni- a di Pav ies Orchid Revicws 66 Autumn roses 235—. Autumn is the time S ie the garden and dig it deeply 2 Azalea nudiflora 272; Schlippenbachii Azaleas, hardiness in 73 Bachmann, John Mi 229 Bailey, L. H. 43, Baldwin, Henry Dee ee Barnhart, we Hendley, & “45, 68, 101, 219, 2 287 Barry, Toe Beal, W. J. 42 Beauvois, Palisot de on Berberis canadensis 70; Thunbergii 212; vulgaris 70 Bey Giles E. 42 er Homes and Gaiven 152 Betula lenta 212; ea 278 - nigra opal 210 Bisaillon 229 oak (Quer cus velutina) in the THOR SeOn Memorial URe ck Garden, front cover, Decem Managers si, 273 Board o Bobbink and Atkin Boletus hepaticus 201 294 29 Book reviews (name of the reviewer in parentheses Aiken, George D. neering with ets and vee eae Beckett) 2 ailey, L. i, The garden of gourds (W. M. Porterfield) Bates, Alfred. Phe gardener’s second year (Carol H. Wood- ward) 243 Bennet J. M. eB oe tsicss front yard aa ann Ne Men sa 125 Braun-Blanquet, J., and Rubel, Eduard. Floza von Graubiin- den (H. A. Gleason) 71 Buchli, M. Oekologie der Ack- e krduter der Nordost- schweiz (H. A. Glesan) 7 Ca: ae Annie Burnham. Shake- are gardens (Emilie B. Kellog g)) 224 Chase, Steno Rich land, poor land (Carol H. Woodward) Coombs, Sarah V. South African plants for American gardens (T. H. Everett) 22 Coulter, Merle C. The story of Ga plant pede CW. H. an Gasca David Livingston. Hawaii's crop parade (Forman ‘Lean)) 29 Cross, P. G. Our friends the n the garden (Joseph Tansey ) 104 Banca Waltes pide’ id ard Eng! Fairburn, Davi C. Plant propa- pee for the garden (Joseph Tanse ree, Teatene Gardening (Arthur Herrington) Goldsmith, Margaret. Friday-to- Mo ae parcening: (Emilie B. Kellog: Good, Ronald. Bae and human economics ( a tout Griffith, Mary S. Gardening on suiting a year Amy Spin- 243 meres Alfred Carl. The book of shrubs (Henry E. Downer) 46 ee a H. Vines for ev arden (Joseph Tansey ) Kumlien, L. L. Hill’s book of f trees and ond 150 Matschat, Cecile Hulse. The garden calendar (Hildegard i 04 McFarland, J. Horace. Roses of the woul in color (P. J. McKenna) 72 Me Kany, veseatet and Sey aur, . D. Your city ae n (For rman T. ‘MieLen n) 126 Vee Lewis B. Rew ar- pes B. Y. (ed Hen) Ameri- n da heel year book (J. G. on) 24 ae Roderick tonne graphy (W amp) 224 Pillsbury, Arthur a ae miracles of plant oud fp life (Fleda Griffith) 1 Rowntree Lester. Harely Cali fornians (T. H. Everett) 175 quet, J. Flora von Graubunden (H. A. Gleason) 71 Seymour, E. L. D., and Mce- enny, Margaret. Your city garden (Forman T. McLean) 126 Sheckell, Thomas ©. Trees (Carol H. Woodward) 126 a Sloane, Bo yd LL. White, Alain. The Seieies (E. J. Alexander) 245 Stanford, Ernest ae General and eeonenue ee (R. Ho. Cheney. aes Metin, Plant physi- logy (Forman T. McLean) 48 Thomborough, Laura. The Great moky Mountains (W. H. ae p) 127 296 Book reviews (Contimted) Uist William H. The romance f tea (W. M. Porterfield) Wagner, Philip M. Wine grapes (U. P. Hedri Oe Waksman, Selm origin, chemical compos ton and impor in ure (Forman . Milk an) mt Westcott, Spa The plant doctor (B. ve Dodge) 149 hite, Alain, a I Ste pore L. The Senate (E. J. A ander 5 Wood, Jr., Allen H. Grow them indoors (Sarah V. Coombs) Borin, John 229 Botanical pauicus books, cover page , Novembe Botanica Crrdie 250 Botanical Museum Leaflets of vard University 152 Betenttel Review 286 Botanical Society of America 18, 20 Pea Tere of the Field Museum (6) tural Flistory Observations of hardiness in Ghent hybrid azaleas and their allies 73 e Thompson Institute 81 ‘Soeaie heucheriformis 36; Jamesii I rahea dulcis ee Buen cover, July 3rassica Pe-ts Broeys Lil New WS Oe brenn nan, os A 229 sridge, 29 Britton, Nadhaniél Lord 26, 28, 42, Me Sritton 87 sroadeasts fr om South America 282 Brooklyn Botanic Garden Leaflets 68 teeny Ja J. d Wal Addiso , Mrs. Mdlion 87 l rune. "Hugo 239 uglossus quercinus 201 Bulletinof Popular Information 241 3ulletin of iba American Iris Society Bulletin of the Connecticut Agricul- tural Experiment Station 43 ae i the Garden Club of Bulletin ot the Horticultural Society of New k 67 Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club Bush, Benjamin 69 Budden, Nicholas Murray 20 Cabrey, Jr. Will 123 Cact tus and Succulent Journal 67 Calochortus Gunnisonii 4 alodendron capense 24 Caltha rotundifolia 6, 8 Camp, Me H. 19, 44, 84, 101, 124, 178, Notes on the phys morphology of eee ee lus titanum Professor C. Conzatti: an ap- Catalpa Cata eanothus ee 214 Celastrus articulatus 214; scandens Celtis pccidentails 212 Cercoc 8 Caine carolinensis 212 1 Cham S Chandler, Clyde 85, 200, Chinese vegctible foods in New York Chionophila Jamesii 37 Chrysanthemums (os) oo ON Citrus aurantyoha 59; aurantium 59; Limonia 59; mee 59; nobilis 59 ; paradisi 59; sine Gass fits from Florida on exhibit 8 Clarkson, Mrs. Rosetta EF. 44 Claytonia megarrhiza Clematis 241; orientalis 36; vir- giniana 2 Clethra alnifolia 214 Collaborators Collecting excursions for Myxomy- Collins, Charles J. 79, 123, 229 Colocasia antiquorum 256 | | 297 Conference Hote 20, 46, 69, 101 Connolly, Patric 183 Conservatory a ange No. 45, 80- a 88, 99, 181, 183; No. a 80, 81, Ee lon and maintenance 80 eee ee u aboratoire ge e de l'Université de Mon nut. of pests and diseases 83 pb eereecs 1 118 8, 281 Co ae products shown in new exhibit 123 Corydalis aurea 3 Cotinus americanus 47 Coulter, Courses 221, 220, 283, cover page 2, ecem ele Freder ick V. 45 fartin James 1, 123, 229 25 Crocus chrysantha 69; Korolkowi ; asinianu Croizat, peeen 68, 287 Oriental planes in New York Ci ity 62 oe and development of hophallus eae 181 Cunninghamia lane Cupressus ErE.. TRAGER a Cerner literature 43, 65, 151, 2 Cutting, Stephen G. 1, 79, 222, 229 Cyanococcus vacillans 214 Cynoxylon floridum 214 Cyrtomium 70 Dahlia “Director Marshall A. Howe” 257, front cover, November Daylil: es, display garden of 147; new ; vegetative Dar of 13 de Forest, Henry W 3 ian caine eximia 110; formosa 110 Dicky mium anomalum 113 i 256 Disa graminifolia 240 Disease and pest control in gardens 10 Displays 99; 286; daylilies ae Easter 99, ‘front cover, Marc i 11 ; Peeler Boats Donald 229 ane n 8 Dedee 0. 19, 21, 4, 68, 83, 85, 86, 91, 115, 217, 219, 2 A ry-rot t disease of Opuntia 170 A simple program for disease and pest control in gardens ' The Jebenss beetle and iris rhizome rot 100 Dolichos eecuipaltie? Douglass, Drosophila lacrym 92 Dry-rot disease of Ones 170 Dryas octopetala Easter display at the Garden 99 Echinopanax horridus 11 Education and ean ures 87 Elizabeth C. Hall becomes Librarian for the Gar 253 Elizabeth Gertrude Britton Moss Herbarium Enkianthus campanulatus 47 Erigeron elatior 4; melanocephalus 4; simplex 4 Eriogonum 2;.depressum 12; Piperi 12; subalpinum 3; umbellatum 112; xanthum 4, 40 Eriophyllum c eaesbicesem 112 Eritrichium argenteu Eryngium Leavenwort 4) Bydnromum 241; ee 12 sson, James Sirenibyaline ficifolia Eustoma Rasselueoumn r aes 69, 79, 82, 87 Autumn is (ihe: time to dig the den—and dig: it deeply 264 The es and development of Amorphophallus titanum 181 Training aw iene gardeners at The New York Botanical 225 Every Garden member to receive Addisonia 18 Exhibits: algae 288; citrus fruits 58; corn products 123; daylilies 149; and exploration oe 7, 282, cover page 2, Januar gS and fancies about our royal Bats eiendione 212; Fallugia 4]: naradoxa 41 Field, Mr. & Wie Marshall 98, 281 sylvatica 212 SS ae se SESS lS —— 298 Fistulina buglossoides 201; hepatica 201-207 Fitzpatrick, William 248 Florists’ Exchange 66 Flower behavior in Amorphophallus titanum Flower shows 98, 281 Ford on the Rio Atoyac near Oaxaca fant cover, Jun Forests of the eaaratel Garden 2, July Fortunella Hindsii 59; margarita 59 Fossum Fraxinus americana 214, 278; penn- 8 From tropical mountain slope to 185 Bulling, Edmund J. 287 Fungi at Paris World’s Fair 115 Garden Digest 152 Gardeners’ Ch ae [British] 230 Gardeners’ Chronicle of America 66 Gaultheria 158; humifusa 35, 39 229 Gelasinospora 115; tetrasperma 19 Gentes Herbarum 44 Genetic Society of America 18 Gentiana 9; affinis 33; barbellata 34, 41; calycosa 11, 12, "37: elegans 4 6 Glance at current literature 43, 65, 151, 241, 270, 286 Gleason, KL. A. 18, 43, 45, 46, 68, 79; 84, 87, 123, 2 Rep. ort of the Deputy Director for 36, 8 leditsia triacanthos 214 aoe. SS fen iSe i773 ps) Mrs ehh, “lela 18 a, 89 roesheck, Vives . 124 at, A J. 67 QAQDANQMAQHAD re eS : j=5) mn = ee) rowing rice neat aa China ||photog Pea 260-261 Gypsophila repens 7 ‘ walls Robert 66, 101 Ilect We excursions for Myxo- s 112 Hall, Tisabeth C. 253, 287 Hamamelis virginiana 212 Hansell, Mrs. Dorothy E. 122 Heneroali ae 147; aurantiaca 60; flav: a 60, 256; multiflora 0: oa 60 Hem teichia abietina 113 Hemlock forest 80 Herb Journal, The 242 Herbalist, The 44 Herbal S cover page 2, March Herbertia Hibi eae ve 214 Hicoria alba 212; cordiformis 212; gla i a 212 Eteiode volumes deposited in library 42 olden, W. H. 222 Hollick, Arthur 43, 65 Holmes, M Mrs. en R. 281 Honorary scroll presented to Dr. Small 99 p ecculra! varieties of Ranunculus ront cover, April Howe and Garden 152, 241 House, H. 113 Houstonia serpy 116 Howe, Marshall A. 1, 20, 25-31, 42, 84, 90, 257, 258 Howe, William Hunt, William & Co ybrid' lilies Hymenobolina pavasitics 114 Hypholoma velut 2 - Hypodrys hoes "201 Iberis 105 In eee Marshall A. How In the of the Mihis 164. nes |pho In the ie 140-141 [photographs] Inwood Hill Park, Shrubs and trees oF 208 ne Ipomoea Batatas 255; leptophylla 2, ae aie 110; lacus is Eee igie a 286; versicolor 286; ginca 2 Iris garden 82 ris Sea rot 100 Jam ue bettle 83, 100, 217 299 Joseph R. sue Chosen as President cal gene vent al é “Forest ry 2 oor of the Roya Horticultural Kleistobolus usillus 114 Knight, Eliz Krukoff, Bee in 271 Lachenalia 152 Lacrimaria 292 agenaria vulgaris 256 Laminaria 257 Landscape Architecture 43 Largest flower in the world 177 Lawaetz, Bric 123 219; winter 287. spri Leucadendron eas 240 Lewisia pygmae Lexington Wenaee 242 Librarian 252, 253 Library, coven page 2, April 42, 253 Licea flexuosa 114 Ligustrum eval 214 Lilies, new hybrid 230 ilium 2. rownii 256; Henryi my , tiophyllum 233; sulphureum 230- Liquidambar Styrac iflua 212, 278 Liriodendron Tulipifera 212, 289 Litchi chinensis 2 Lloydia serotina 8 Lonchocarpus 69 Lophophora Williamsii 152 Lord Aberconway visits the Garden Luffa acutangula 256; cylindrica 256 Lupinus caespitosus Lupton, George H. 229 MacCartney, Fraser 229 MacDougal, D. T. 42 Mac ougall, MacMillan, ‘Neil 2 Macha ranthera inaction 35, 41 M Be Francis George 229 Mackenzie, ianatcih K. 288 Nae Aquifolium 111, 112; repens Malus Malus 214 Malvastrum coccineum 112 McGregor, George 229 MielKarer: P. J. 68, 122, 220, 229, 283 Preparing roses for an autumn display of bloom 235 McLean, A. C. 231 MeLean, Forman T. a 68, 88, 90, 123, 219, 220, 231, Trees in profile we Aelampediim cinereum 35, 4 mbers take prizes at Fall Flower Sh w 2 Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 67 Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Mentelis acuminata 36; decapetala Me errill, E. D. 43, 44, 79, 152, 187 Merrill, John L. 92 Mertensia alpina 6, 37 Mihis, In ite aacntTy of the 164-165 [photographs Mimulus guttatus 8, 12, 36; Lewisii Missteca 140-141 [photographs] Moldenke, Ellys Butler 101 Molde Harold N. 68, 69, 84, 219, 287, Momordica ane 256 Monstera fontagne, Tent de 98, 281 Monpheleey. of Amorphophallus ti- 190 Mo ane Seu Rutherfurd! 20 Morus alba 212; rubra 212 Moss, Donald 2 Moss Flora of North America 286 Moss, John T. 22! Mrs. ‘Sam McGredy, hybrid tea rose ront Soe ces ber Murrill, W. 300 Museum Bul ings one cover and cover Sep ‘UrecheeGrn eee 201; ee 144 Mycolog: ia 18, 64, 66, 87, 203, 248 Nie GaReCee collecting 112 National ‘Horticultural Magazine 66 Nature Neanthe bella 287 Negundo eee 214 Nelson, 10 Ne Jumbium speciosum 255, 256 Nelumbo lut EL Neurospor a 118: tetraspenma 19, 115 New dahlia honors Dr. M. A. Howe 257 New expedition to South America New Flora and Silva 152, 241 New York Botanical Garden 80 ard of Ma anagers “Bil 273 onde 44, Construction and maintenance 80 Control of pests and diseases 83, 06, 23 pene of plants 221 s 81, = S S 2) =a Wel a nN Laboratorie es 85 Library 42, 86, 248 Maiavenaiice and construction 80 Membership M ycologia He 64, 66, 87, 203, North sania Flora 84, 87, , 28: Pensions 90 Beenie bottles 80, 82, 99 nal honors 90, 257 P. ropagating house 80 Publicatio Re pe ort of TDeptity Director for 1936, Report a presse for 1936, 92 Rebbiag William J, 249 Ro oa “Mountain expedition 1, Swan, Es R. 273 Tra iglaing of student gardeners wes Progress Administration 85, 86, 91 see. ne ’ Conference notes, Con- servatory ranges, plays, Exhibits, Pxvetsens and ae Lectur s, Radio broa Nook “American Flora 84, 87, 176, aL flagelliforme 257 Notes, news, and comment 45, 69, 101, 124, 176, 222, 247, 271, 288 physi Novel mushroom cellar 292 Nyssa Se 214, 276 Oaxac 153 Observation of hardiness in Ghent hybrid eels and their allies 73 Regan, Franke 2 29 Oreodoxa oleracea 52; regia 55 Oryza sativa 256, 258 Ostrya virginiana 212 Outdoor floral displays, cover page 2, June Oxytropis 3; splendens 33 Pachyrhizus anew ates 255 Padus Mine inl a 214 Palm, ro Palm- tee (Brahea dulcis) in flower uly Papaver pyemaeum 12 Parnassia uae 12, 37 Parrella, Albe Baye thenocissus “auingnefola 214 Paulownia tom 14 Fedele crenulata 36; groen- landic: , 30 aerate 221; echinatum 45; in Heem in Range 1, front cover, Febr Pelasgoniuims and begonias for dis- tr on Pe we pane W. 44 Pensio Denon “David 123 aulis 10, 19; 36; alpinus 6; 36; Sansaene 36: oaeaes 301 32; ellipticus 12; Set ius 3; frutic coous 32; Hal ii 6; Lyallii ce ub glaber 39; saints 4; hippleanus 3 Perennial border 80, 82 Heicels: cover page 2, October Pest co 06 Petr enna Kacspitesum 38, 112 rel Er seolis Mun Philadelphus BE: 212; grandi- 212 5 Phlox caespitosa 32 Phyllodoce ee emp2triformis 12, 35; landuliflora 12, 35 Physaris didymoc carpa 6 Physarum ovisporum 114 Ehvsiology, of eee ti- num 190 a Smithiana 281 eee Ralph 22 Pinus 20 240; nigra 210; Pin- r 2 Pitto ope rat al 62 Pian _ tants at home for fruit Pisce _Pathology 83; cover page 2, Reece asciiol ia 62, 63; occiden- 212 talis , 276; orientalis 62, 63; oeetals lquidambaniiok ia 62 Pleu Bolemoaium pacluba dae 34, 35; carneum onfertum 32; folio- sissimu Polycodium stamineum 214 Polyporus cuercinus 2 1 Pomeroy, C. S. 233 Poncirus trifoliata 5 Populus alba 210; deltoidea 210: peranientat 210: tremuloides 210 te hinese vegetable foods in New York 254 Rice (Oryza sativa) — The world’s greatest crop 258 Portulaca oleracea 256 Potentilla fruticosa 4 att, Mrs. Harold I. 281 Pee roses es ee an autumn dis- of b roe 9 ee. Ree angustifolia 6, 37; Partyi 9 Proceedings of the American Ep uecepnical poe a Profess a C. atti: an eae ion Propagation of daylilies, Vegetative ae Serasus 214; domestica 214; Mum 256 eudonhocnie vinifera 55 Public display ae of daylilies 147 ‘wer 255 Purshia 3; ena 3 s communis 2 Quercus Se alba 212, 274; borealis ; lusita anica 240; LS) Q {e) Q 2. a sa 29) i) J nS yee 212, 280, front cover, De- Radio broadcasts 222, 282 Clu » 89 Ranger, Stanley G. : Ranunculus, front cover, April; 0 Raphanus sativus 256 Renort of the Deputy Director for 1936, 80 ‘ Report of the Rocky Mountain ex- pedition—I, J :—IJI, 3 Report of the Treasurer for 1936, 92 Report on the Table Mountain fire Reviews of recent books: See Book reviews Rhododendron 158; atlanticum 76; ca alendulaceum 76; catawbiense Ds naximum 75; mudi er um 272; a cidentale 78; roseum 76; speciosum ; Vasevi Rhus copalllir ae cotonoides 47; I 214 Ribes inebrians ae i a sativa) — The world’s reatest crop 258 Rispaud, Joseph Hi. 112 Robbins, Mrs. Williams J. 250. Robbins, William J. 249282 - 288 Robinia Pseudoacacia 214; pseudoaca- cia Se ma 241; viscosa 214 Robinson, Edwar Rage Cardin, see Thompson Mem- orial Rock Garden Rock Garden Week 105 Rocky Mountain expedition 1, 19, 32 Roses, autumn 235— Royal Botanic oe Kew 81 ne 55 12 Rubus BS eencnieree 212; Enslenii 212; flagellaris 212; idaeus 212; ostrvifolius 212; Phe inane 212 . 4. Citrus fruits from Florida on a 58 Russu 7 Ry ae P. A. 43, 87 iyelarrsea grandiflora 33 Saccharodendron hbarbatum 214 Sagittaria chinensis 255; sagittifolia Salix alba 210; babylonica 210; cas- cadensis 32, 35; cordata 21 Rawls 210; nigra 210; pentandra 210; petrophila 5 Sambucus canadensis 214 Samson, Donalc Sarah H. Harlow, Librarian, retires 25. Sassafras Sassafras 212; variifolium 2 Saxifraga austromontana 4; chry antha 5-7, 37; fla pellaris7, 83, 37 Hlirculus 8; Lya Wii School Science ane Terai 252 Schreiner, I. J. 1 Science 24 e aa ae 287 S oe cience co Scientific Month Scientific ae ae page 2, February Scirpus fais erosus 256 Scutellari ia Brittonii 3 S er, Berni 43, 46, 68, ue 87, A novel mushroom: ae Ap Mvcologia The spring mushroom 144 Sedum ; integrifolium 4; oreganum ae rhodanthum 6 Shamel, A, D. 233, 234 Shipman, Mrs. “ale en 272 Shru ubs and trees of Inwood Fill art Sideranthus pinnatifidus 41; spinu- losus Silene acaulis 6 Simple program for disease and pest control in gardens 302 Sinnott, Bdeind We 20, 69 Sloan, Mrs. Sam Smalls John K. 4s, oe 84, 99, 172 Facts ancies about our royal palm The jungles of Manhattan Island ZU8 Smilaae ete 210; rotundifolia 210 Smith, Albert C. 44, 46, 65, 68, 84, ts) Z 2 2 Smith, Jens Andrew 123 Smither H. N. Report on the ie untain fire 239 Soil Conservation 286 Soil Science 250) e new hybrid lilies of promise » =8 230 Some observations on flower behavior in Amorphophallus titanum 197 Some of our familiar native trees in winter aspect 284-285 [photo- graphs Some of aS pe of the fall bloom- ing rose the Botanical Garden 236-237 cise hs] Some of the plants to be seen in the mpson Memes 1 during May 116-117 [photographs] Some phases of the Japanese beetle problem orbus aucuparia ae sitchensis 12 Sorensen, Margar South America, Ned. expedition to Southwick, E. B. 43 Spingarn, J. E. 98 Spiraea 32 Spring mushroom 144 Springtime displav of Easter lilies in Consent Range No. 1, front cover, Mar Springtime scene in the Thompson orial Rock Garden, front cov- er, May Staff members speak at Atlantic city Steere, William C. 45, 286 key Cutting chosen for year at Stout, A 18, 21, 45, 68, 85. 91, 124, 176, Ho 223, ae, 286—289 Marshall A. Howe 2. Some oy hybrid lilies of promise 230 Some ‘observa ons on flower be- n Amorphophallus ti- Gaur : ; acacia 303 The public display garden of daylilies 147 oe das lilies 60 Vee uve propagation of day- Strobus Strobus 210 Strych 9 SEent reader record 229 Student gardeners, Tr Bae of 225 Syringa vulgaris 2 Table Mountain ane oe on 239 Talinum Okanoganense 112 Tansey, Joseph V W. 81, 229 Taxodium mucronatum 134 ro complete science course 121 Terry-Holden expedition 247, 282 coer lanigera 5, 40; simplex 11 Teuscher, Henry 81 8 efsteak mushroom 201 Thompson Memorial Rock Gamien 69, 79, 82. 83, 105, 116-117 [photo- graphs], 272, front cover and cover Tilia Seen "4, 276; Michauxii 214; spectabilis 214. Tana ©; pygmaeus 5, 40 raining of student gardeners at The York Botanical Garden 225 256 s in winter 284—285 ([photo- aphs] aes of Inwood Hill Park 208 Trichia cascadensis Trifolium dasyphyllum 4, 6; nanum Trollius apes 9 Tropical 7 Tsuga eieetetsis 210; caroliniana Tulipa biflora turkestanica 116 Tulipastrum acuminatum Two new daylilies 60 Imus americana ue fulva 212; parvifolia 28/7; pumila 287 Vaccinium 158; caespitosum 168; eminiflorum 168; scoparium 36 Van Melle, P. J. W estern plants in eastern rock gardens 109 Vegetative propagation of daylilies Viburnum acerifolium 214; Carlesii ae 176 Vitis ean 214; Labrusca 214 von Hagen, Wolfgang 46 Wallia cinerea 212; nigra 212 Wiashing.onia as rat atsonia ro-ea 2 Weidner, Hebert 729 Weige Weikert ‘Ros alie 288, 294 Wee plants in eastern rock gar- Wild eae 152 bbins comes to the or 249 185 the Japanese ble The largest ‘paras | in the world wee} Bhogress Administration 80, 8. Xerophyllum tenax 11 Xolisma 158; ferruginea 158; squa- aoe 158 Zingiber officinale 256 Zygadenus elegans 36 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS {. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1938: L. H. Baiwey, MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs. Eton Huntincton Hooker, Joun L. Merrite Cee estaeiit)> Cot. Ropert H. Mon tcoMmery, H. Hopart Bones R, and Ray» ORREY. Until 1939: Artuur M. Ne DERSON, Henry W. ve Forest (President), MER ‘Crarence Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry pE LA MontaGNE (Secretary and Assistant Treasurer), and WiIxLI am J. Ropsins. Until 19j0: Henry ve Forest BaLtpwin Gace president), CHiLps Bee Avotp Lewtsoun, Henry LockHart, Jr., . MacDoueat, and Jose R. Swan (Treasurer). Il. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York. Ronee ‘Mocks, Park Cominissione y C. TURNER, President of ihe Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS aes ee HAZEN, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. ae ARPER, SAM RELEASE, EnMuUN . SINNotT, and Marston T. BOGEnm te by C olumbia University. GARDEN STAFF Wauiate _ Rome: ae 1D sic] DE tater nrcte cin cto a CS alana career ESE SATE SOT Assistant Director gid Head ee hor Hexiy DE aR oT ee ONS AACR CISION dlota rd Sis CIC CEO cane Assista ect Jor SMAuL, Pia. D., Se. D......... Chief Research Associate a Curat Al STOUT, PE Deve aast es aca iomsctine sa saeOEne trector of the Laboratories Frep J. SEAVER, Pu. ID ApS ichp] Dees NSSeimon ale maincln CEIRCrICneIttEN: «0 0 0 d6e ator Bernarn O, Dona (oh baie] Ed( el D) Spiers aioe tiereic ciara acer mia meie pica cols CS en Plant Paiiielogiel Joun HenpLey BARNHART, JAIME Mis WD 2 seis a drocis 9 a0 ee Bibliographer Piercy WILSON) Gace Se asiceOOnte eRe eieinaeorerias co cae Associate ae tor ABER, & Smith, Pa. D. ......... AE SR RR SO IT og Associate Cunaion Ny Roe PD iis ae akeasa nk 6 eee Associate Curator» eae (GS ETAGE ABE Ss Ghinone aan aaa aioe « GARE eee = Sets Libra ey RUSBY, Nt Dige e ei Honorary Curator of oe ger tigaae Collectio BUENA IGRIBFIEH ¢.c06 ccc onssosecsetacslas vc... Me ist and Pho agen Ropert S. WiILLiAMS ....................005- a Lae te im Bryology) EB. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and cme of the Local Herbaruan FL, (CAMP RIG Ds siacecsccicae ses aciies & see mele se = Assistant Curator CLype CHANDLER, Noel Be ecigites Gann: o 0 00 hag eeeime Technical A, ssistan ut ROSALIE AIGERIL) 2) sie jeuovtele ovale cual oie S181 aie 3 ea oe «9 Si Technical Assistant CA WNVCOWNVAIRD), JANG 1 Goaccoo0dde00c0000s00080000d00 Editorial a sieles Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. ................----00- eee iltarist L ROGIG A. Mie dh cicina sac onsen a= + ca nepeeeeenemnlOcrme Orto DEGENER, a Bis tuisinin ao te gol laborator in Hawaiian Botan: RosBert Hicrusie delete ials scia aea eI pil rat Curator of/ M anes ErHEeL, Ans 7S Prciam, .Honorary Curat is and Narcissus Gollegehions ArTHUR J Co RBEDE: sisinia dienes ae Sa Fey renee oF Busleings and Ground (GS RRANDERU eens «cs SAO RORIIOEG = «= ss uae sistant SEED If oa Line eae OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL seis Manag ers given ibale ow. Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women who are elected by. the Board hey are also elected to the Gupecos Their names are marked Officers are: Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker, Chairman; Mrs. de Gers- Nelson B. Williams, Recording: Secretary; Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Mrs. F. Leonard Ke Hogg, Tre: yo. < a -O R Weal > mR. 2 3 2 R a rf, Corresponding Secretary: and Arthur M. Anderson *Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson George Arents, Jr *Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Vincent Astor John W. Auchincloss Dr. Raymond F. Bacon 4Mrs. Robert Bacon Prof. L. H. Bailey Stephen Baker Henry de Forest Baldwin Sherman Baldwin Prof. Charles P, Berkey George Blumenthal Prof. Marston T. Bogert Prof, William J, Bonisteel s = = ize} S § S as > a cos W. desRo yore cat Edward’, Delafield Rev, Dr. 1H. M. Denslow Julian Detmer Mrs. Charles D. Dickey) 4Mrs. John W. Draper Benjamin T. Fairchild \ Marshall Tield \ William B, ©, Field ee ll “Mrs, Flenry J. Fisher : Harry Harkness Flagler | *Mrs.\ Mortimer J. Fox 4 Childs Frick \ \ *Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff *Mrs. Frederick A. Godley *Mrs. George McM. Godley Murry Guggenheim Edward S. Harkness Prof. R. A. Harper Prof. Tracy E. Hazen A. Heckscher *Mrs. William F. Hencken *Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Archer M. Huntington Pierre Jay *Mrs. Walter Jennings *Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg *Mrs. Gustav E. Kissel Clarence McK. Lewis Adolph Lewisohn Henry Lockhart, Jr. *Mrs. William A, Lockwood Dr. D. T. MacDougal *Mrs. David Ives Mackie Mrs. H. Edward Manville Parker McCollester *Mrs. John R, McGinley *Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. George M. Moffett H_ de la Montagne Col. Robert H. Montgomery Barrington Moore » Mrs. William Hi. Moore ‘ ‘J. Pierpont Morgan D Dri Robert T. Morris i, Morrison "Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Mrs, Jamea)R. Parsons Rufus L. Patterson Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham James R. Pitcher H. Hobart Porter *Mrs. Harold I. Pratt *Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam Stanley G. Ranger Johnston L. Redmond Ogden Mills Reid H. H. Rusby *Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee John M. Schiff *Mrs. *Mrs. *Mrs. *Mrs. Samuel Seabury Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott *Mrs. Samuel Sloan Dr. John K. Small James Speyer Col. J. E. Spingarn Mrs. Charles H. Stout Nathan Straus, Jr. Henry F. Schwarz Arthur H. Scribner Townsend Scudder. Frederick Strauss *Mrs. Theron G. Strong Joseph R. Swan Dr. William 8. Thomas Raymond H. Torrey Prof. Sam F. Trelease *Mrs. Harold McL. Turner C. Turner nie Wardwell *Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder *Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Bronson Winthrop Grenville L. Winthrop John iC. Wister *Mrs. William H. Woodin Richardson Wright ists ; 4