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JOURNAL OF

THE NEw YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

CAROL H. WOODWARD EDITOR

VOLUME XXXIX

1938

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BOARD OF MANAGERS

I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS one 1939: rely he ANDERSON oe Crarence Lewis, PIERRE E. D. Mer HENRY DE LA NTAGN. = ae cretary and Assistant Tens), Wasa J. Ropsins, and Ie SPI Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BaLDwin (Vice president) CHILDS aescaet

Attyy R. Jennines, Henry Lockuart, Jr., MacDouseat, and Jos:

. SWAN (President).

Until 1941: E. C. Auc MarsHALL Fiery, Mrs. Eton Vala Hooker, Joun L. essa. eee president), Cov. Rosert H. Mon MERY,

and H. Hosart Porter.

II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H, LaGua Mayor of the City of New York. oe Meas Parks ranean JAMES MARSHALL, President of the Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS

Tracy E. Hazen, appointed by the Ee hiee Botanical Club. Oo. ARPER, Sam TRELEASE, EpmMunpd W. SINNOTT, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by Columbia Universit ey.

GARDEN STAFF

Wuuiam J. Rospins, Pu. D,, Sc. D. Director H. A. Greason, Pua. D. Assistant Director ae Head Curator Henry pE ta MoNntTAGNE Assistant Director A. B. Srout, Px. D. Curator of Education ad Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. wrator Bernarp ©. Doncr, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist Joun HeEnpteY Barnuart, A. M., M. D. Biblio Percy Wison Associate ae Avert C. Smita, Pu. D. Associate Curator Harotp N. sepa Pu. D. Associate Curator EvizasetH C. Hatt, B. S. ibrarian H. H. Russy, M. 'D. Seren ane Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections Fiepa GRirriri Artist and Photographer Ropert S. WILLIAMS Research A Associa in B ryology E, J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Her barium H , Po. D. t Curator LYDE CHaNno er, A. M. te chi eal Assistant Rosalie WEIKERT Technical Assistant FRreperick KavaNacH, ae Technical Assistant Caro. H. Woopwarp, A. ean Aion Tuomas H, Everett, N. B. Horr. Iturist G.L. Race A.M. Orto Dea M. S. Collaborator in Hawaiian ere Ropert Hic an Honorary Curator of Myxom ycetes Erne: Anson S, PeckHam..Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collectio tions ArtTHuR J. Corbett Superintendent oe, Beslaings and Groun

A. C. PFanner stant Superintedacnt

THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW eo pons GARDEN

qhe New the State of N

a ae “perpetuating bode of ecatbonatere who mect zhnvally 2 tie members a oF Board of ager. P is

given bel Tes aaa

cust

the “ise below. Officera are

dorff, Vice-chaitman; Mrs,

Arthur M. Ander:

“Mrs, Arthur M. Anderson

George Arent

*Mrs. ey sates Jr.

Vincent Astor

W. Auchincloss hi

nm > S 6. a S

a Ce 4 c

Prof. William i Bonisteel George P. Brett *Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey

8 Miss Mi *Miss E. Mabel Clark

W.R. Coe Richard C. Colt

Alfred J. Crane *Mrs. C. I. jevoise Edward C. Delafield Mrs. George B. de Long Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow Julian Detmer Mrs. Charles D. Dickey *Mrs. John t Benjamin T. Fairchild *Mrs. Moses Faitoute Marshall Field William B. O. Fiel *Mrs. Robert H. Fife *Mrs. Henry J.

Harry Harkness Flagler

"Advisor ty Council consists of 1 mor they are also elected to the Cove tion. : Mrs, Elon Huntington Hooker, Chairman: Mrs. Nelson B. ee Corresponding Secretary; and Mre. F. Leo

ew

einer Seen

Ke log;

*Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox

Childs Fric! *Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Dr. H. A. *Mrs, Frederick A. Godley *Mrs. George McM. Godley

Gleason

Pierre Jay

Allyn R. Jenn *Mrs. Walter Jennings *Mrs. F, Leonard Kellogg

J. Pierpont Morgan Dr. Robert T. Morris Y. Morrison

men who are elected by the Board. By ir names are marked with an asterisk in

Carl A. de oar ‘ary; Mrs. Townscnd Scudder ‘Mrs. Augustus G. Paine

*Mrs. James R. Parsons

John M. Schiff *Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz Mr: hur H. Scribner

Joseph R. Swan

Bronson Winthrop Grenville L. oo

John C. *Mrs. William H. Woodin Richardson Wright

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Books An IIlustrated dre of the Nor ee United States and Canada, by Nathaniel ord Britton and Addison Brown. volumes, giving descriptions and illustra- eae of 4,666 species. “Second edition Sepa ed. $13.50. lora of the Prairies and Plains of Central Naw America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and 601 figures. 1932. Price, $5. oa aid. Plants ot the Vicinity of New York, by A Cc: 284 pages, illustrated. 1935. $1.6 Flor: a Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 text fours 1918, $3.50. A Text-book a core Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 plates. 1897, $2.

Addisonia, semi-annual, devoted exe to colored biter accompanied by popular descaipaon s of flowering plants; ight plates in each number, rae -two in ic : "volume Subscription Hie ae volume (two years). Not offered ane ae Free to members of the Gar Journal of The New nal Soars onthly, eae aa news and non-technical articles. * Subsertion, $1 fs single 6 copies 10 cents. Fre: to rua of the Garden. ow in its as ak volum: logia, bimonthly, eee in color and pee ee devoted to fungi, ae “lichens, containing technical arti a and news and notes of general in- terest. a year; single copies $1.24 in its thirtieth volume. Twenty: four Year Index volume $3 in paper, 33. 50 in abil d. A series of eee papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume.

2 2 ion < ns Ss aa a o gs 8 o ei Q &

Zz le} g 5 aE = 8 Q fe] s a S.

orth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North aan nelu ding ets, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be co: a ted i olumes, each to consist “of four or more parts; 85 parts now iced. Subscription pace, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2 each. Not offered in exchange. Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by audena or members of the at and reprinted tee journals other than the above. e, 25 cents each, $5 volum: e fourteenth volum: Mem oirs of The New York oe Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Volumes J-VIT. Titles on requ Direct all orders to The New 2 Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New rk, N. Y

DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN The New York Botanical Garden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of the Zoological Park at Fordham Road, and at the south end of the Bronx River Parkway. It may be reached ty Lesa trains from Grand Central Terminal to the eras al Garden Station (200th Street). ach the Garden by eee and Subway systems, take the Third vente Elev ated to the end of the line (Bronx Park Station); from the East and Lexington or peu Av

€ he Third ‘Avene Elevated at 149th Street and Third Aven By Eighth Avenue subway (Independent system) take a C or CC train to Bedford Park Boulevard ue me then walk east ce the Garde r from the city, drive north on Grand Concourse to Bedford Park aaa "(Goots coy. en east there, and cross the railroad bridge into the Garden grou

MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN Established as a privately endowed pera: aided partially by City appro- priations, The New York Botanical Garden s dep endent for its progress largely upon benefactions and memberships. Throceht dine” means, though young as botani- cal gardens ee it has become the third largest Pir antar ee its kind, its library, ne

herbarium, and horticultural collections ranking ng th st and most complete in any country. lembership in The New York ee rede therefore, means promotion ientific research in eerie o ad the mene of horticultural interests. Scientifically, the Garden is able serv g-house of information for students and beeen all « over ne Petit fordculurally, - 7 serves as a link between the plant explorer or bre a oe the garden

Through m ae shi Aes ae ions, provision mae t the Botanical Garden oe ie training a3 young Gace and gece pereiese hoa eds of new books are added annually to the library, which is open daily to the public for re-

search and reas free exhibits are maintained in the museum, the greenhouses, and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free information in botany and gardening are given to the blic.

Each in

pu indi Saad ae of the Garden receives: 1) A y of the Journal every month.

(2) A yy of Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with eight Galera. nae of unusual le coeapined by complete descrip- tions and other pertinent informatio:

share of surplus Asad material of interesting or new varieties whenever it is distributed. 4) Announcements of special floral displays at the Garden from season to season. (5) Credit, to the extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study offered by the Garden.

A limited num of garden clubs are accepted as affiliates. The privileges of filiation are a subscription to the Journal, announcements of ee a specially conducted tour of the grounds and greenhouses, and a lecture once a year by a

selected member of the staff.

Fellowships or Sesuel gets for practical student-training in horticulture or for bears research m rey be established by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetu r for a definite perio

ai Y aanies of membership and types of benefaction are as follows:

Annual Member annual i $ 10 Sustaining Member sniiual fe 25 Garden Club alan annual fee for club 25 Fellowship Member annual fee 100 Member for Life angle contribution 250 Fellow for Life single Bee tees 1,000

atron single contribution 5,000 Benefactor single contribution 25,000

Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved form of bequest: I here by bequeath oy ane New York ee Caden incorporated under the fa —————_, Conditi bequi may be made ae income payable to donor or any designated ee ry Gone his or her lifetim Il requests for further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y.

Vv

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1938

No. 457. JANUARY Some Cultural Notes on Hardy Deciduous Azaleas 1 A Souvenir of 1937 6 Annual Report of the Acting Director for 1937 7 ce aval ta Bones 2 Fae at aie Potaical Garden 12-13 Staff Member: oe A.S. in Indianapolis 19 Medal to Dr. "sto 19 Myxomycete Coltectng 19 Notes, News, and Comment 20 Current Literature at a Glance 21 Reviews of Recent Books 22 58 Fes

Some Choice Coniferous Evergr reens for Ornamental Planting 25 The Chinese Water-chestnut, Scirpus tu 32 i liable Evergreens for the No ee oe 36-37

New Gardening Courses Begin in March 39 Hour Chanked™ to 3 p.m. for Spring Lecture Series 42 Reviews of Recent Books 43 Current Literature at a Glance 47 Notes, News, and Comment 48

No. 459 Mar

Hardy Azaleas for Beauty of a and Color in the Garden 49 Bark and Buds to Laci Some Native Trees in Winter 6) Reviews of Recent Bool 69 Cur Sole Literature at a Cine 70 Advisory Council Report 71 Notes. News and Comment 71

No, 460 Aprun The Passing of Dr. Sm 73 Bark and Buds to ident Some ae avi A Pig aa (continued } 80) Modern Study of Plants in Relation to Educ 8&8 Fliicki Ted. oe Dr. T° Teeby

uckinger Medal Awa 92 Student ieee Activiti 92 Reviews of Recent Books. 93 Current Literature at a Glance 95 Notes, News, and Comment 96

No. 461 May

Springtime in the Rock Garden 97

par ae oe Last of oath Preceded by Members Days an 98 $ Wilder—A Trib 100 Flowering Bulbs for the Ro den 101 Modern Study of Plants in Relation to Education (continued) 105 Late Spring Flowers in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden 108-109 Covina: Presented to Eight Students 113 Louise Beebe Wilder 114 News from South America 115 Notes, News, and Comment 115 Current Literature at a Glance 116 Reviews of Recent Books 119

Jun

New Varieties Feature the Rose Display fie Season 121 Propagation of the Native pee - Chimaphila 129 wering Behavior of Norway Maples 130 Trapa bicornis, a Water ace. Town a “lie Chinese as Ling Ko 134 Reviews of Recent Books 139

Current Literature at a Glance 142

‘

vii CONTENTS

Notes, News, and Comment 143 Myxomycete. Collection 144 Jur Results of Recent oe in ee ae ot Pests on Trees 145 A Plea for the Am 151 A Mother of en 154 The Recognition of Sat Common Native Trees by Their Leaves 156 Reviews of Recent Bo 164 Current Literature at a Glance 166 Notes, News, and Com 167

No. 464 Aus The ma ae Ca, in Warring heen the Dutch Elm Disease 169 Henry W. de Fore 78

The Recognition OF has Common Native Trees by Their Leaves 180 Raymond H. Torrey 188 Roe. of Recent Books 189 Current Literature at a Glance 191 Notes, News, and Comment 192 o. 465 SEPTEMBER Trees and Shrubs in New York City and Some Observations on Their Growth—I 193 The Professional’s Poi f View 1

20 Ko, the Kudzu ve Provides Food, Shade, Clothes and Medicine 203 Trees That Thrive Under the Trying Conditions of New York City 206-207 Two-year Coie: in Practical Gardening 20

aoe Course for Protesso78 ‘Gardeners 09 Schedules of Classes for Fall and Winter 210 ee for the Autumn Monte 211 A Gigantic Mushroom 212 Reviews of Recent Bool 213 Current Literature at a Cine 217 Notes, News, and Comment 220 vo. A OcToReR

Trees and Shrubs in New Y a City and Some Observations on

Their Growth—I! 221 Habitat Hunting in Mountains of the Southeast with Student

Gardeners

Woody Plants yore avn in New York's Less Congested Zones 234- 2s The Gardeners Forw tu:

er iterature a Glance a Xeviews of Recent Books 242 Notes, News, and Comment 246

No. 467 NoveMBER

The Contribution of Botanical ae to Community Life 249 ome Chronicles in aa us tory—I 254 Grapes of the ee ae Stal 260-261 Mushroom Poi 263 Rock Garden Award to Mrs. Schneider 264 Reviews of Recent Books 267 Current Lit ae at a Glance 270 otes, News, and Comment 272 8 Dec

Cae Range No. 1, Completely Peneaeiee is Re-opened 273 Some Chronicles tn Grape History—II 274 Winter Lectures at the Gidea 281 Bamboo <s it is Grown for Food in China 282 ter-chestnut B ng Establi 288 Reviews of Recent Books 289 Current Literature at a Cieiee 293 Notes, News, and Comment 294

Index to Volume NXNXIX 296

COVER ILLUSTRATIONS

Laboratory Scene in the Department of Plant Pathology January Winter in the Hemlock Grove February Begonia “President Carnot” March Spring Along the Bronx River April A Scene in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden May The Flower of the Tulip-tree June In the Waterlily Pool July Midsummer in the Deciduous Arboretum August Sunflowers of Early Autumn September

d Oak (Quercus rubra), f the Native ein - ill

ein iz ae alle noe Near 180th Str October Chrysanthemums in November at the Garden November

Conservatory Range No. 1 As It Appears After Rebuilding December

EDITORIALS 1938 Exploration and Horticulture January Evergreens February Begonias March Medicinal Plants April A Place in Which to Learn ay Flowers For All to See June The Library’s Services July Scholarships August Public Education September Periodicals and Books October The Amateur Botanist November 1938 December

viii

VoL. XXXIX N

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in Yo N. Y., as second-class matter. nnual subscription $1.00 Sane copies 10 cents to members. of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor

JANUARY, 1938

LaBORATORY oe IN THE DEPARTMENT OF PLANT HOLOGY Cover ae Fleda Griffith SOME pati Notes oN Harpy Decipuous Aza encne G. Bowers : A Souvenir oF 1937 (Photograph by Dr. Hans Schifer) AANNUAL REPORT OF THE — For 1937 H. A. Gleason : sae ene peeae

BoTANICcAL Gari oe ie "Fleda Griffith) 12-13 STAFF ee i A.A.A.S. In INDIANAPOLIS 19 MepaL To Dr. Stout 19 MyxomyceTEe CoLLEcTING Robert Hagelstein 19

OTES, NEws, AND COMMENT 20 CurrENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 21

REVIEWS OF RECENT Books

EXPLORATION AND HORTICULTURE

The pe ‘flowered rock-garden plant, eae tee ee appears among the photographs on pages 12 and 13, e of t subjects ie oc back from expeditions which are now eine i in den

ew ironm

Discovered near White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie in deg 903, and named by him the following year, it was thereupon cultivated by one or two interested people, but was later lost

n. are slated for use in the ae order or in groups of a ubbery—all of m plants which will add a new dis! stinctivenes ess to Amer og ae

t novelties are : members, on their vacations or on private collecting trips, habia y bring i uable. Collab: t

esti w subjects sometimes they send ae plants. The succulent collection, especially, ha ng e of collal rs.

Thus are sever ns of the Botanical Garden combined with a resulting enrichment of ine

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou.XNNIX ——sJawcary 1938 ~~ Sacisz

Cultural Notes On Hardy Deciduous

Azaleas By Clement G. Bowers

pore are finding it comparatively easy to grow azaleas in New York, New Jersey, New England and elsewhere.

ot mean all azaleas, all people, or all plac Ho E, a goodly number of these lovely shrubs have shown themselves to be sati ane dooryard and garden plants, succeeding with

of sfa r little more attention than careful planting and the observance a few npnerenen requirements.

It would be untrue to say that all azalea growers are in agree- ment concerning the details of culture, for even the most scientific

s to be dogma regard to such things, and it is very evident, further, that methods may vary with soils and climates. But within recent years we

have learned certain significant facie concerning the physiolog and the cultural needs of azaleas and their kin—such things, for

and harmful an our knowledge of azalea nutrition is ene that he is unable to keep aealeas at all, while the man from nearby i Lo

able to raise fine azaleas. I shall not hazard a conjecture as to

1

2

why these and other eae exist, except to say that certain obscure or infinitesimal factors in soil, water, or biological rela- tions, not yet isolated, may be nae fi here as in numerous other plants.

One rule to follow that is rales safe is this: Do not take too seriously the notions of various growers, good as these may be in

woodland plants, azaleas ly bloo ore abundantly when grown in a well ligh tuation, with a fair amount of sunshine, than when grown in the ot dry sites, however, such as

than if growing in complete shade or in the woodland, ae

h are in e large genus. Such winds injure the plants directly by accelerating their water loss and they leave an even more disastrous after- effect by checking the ae summer growth and thus predis- posing it to winter injury later on.

s noted in a previous paper* a uniform moisture supply during d

eas to consequence, makes them more susceptible to winter-killing. my trials, a heavy mulch of oak leaves, maintained throughout the summer, proved far superior to the garden hose in providing

* Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 38: 73-78, 1937.

3

uniformly good soil conditions for azaleas. This was reflected in better growth of the plants which were mulched. Although peat may not be needed for all azalea soils, and some

$ a similar peaty soil mixture, but, in alkaline regions especially, there is some advantage in grouping the acid-loving plants into good-sized beds. If fertilizers are desired, be sure to use only those that are for rh

ay ure of its alkalinity are suitable forms of nitrogen if judiciously used.

4

Other formulae are available. Most fertilizers should be applied in early spring and not later than the first of June. Lime or ra “i

oom r it may be stated that from April through early May is the most desirable time in which to transplant azaleas in the northeastern

nited States. After choosing the site, t bed a mentioned above or, if preferred, set the plants in individual posi- ions hen planted individually, dig each I e the size

of the root-ball and fill this hole with the mixture of peat and soil. Set the plant in this mixture. Do not bury it, but try to keep it at the same depth as it was formerly growing, since azaleas are shallow nee Plants should always be moved with

re e, elm, or other thin or rapidly- pn nintetals soon disintegrate and se alkaline, while oak leaves retain their acidity and their fibrous character for a long time. If, after long standing, the leaves become too tightly packed, they shoul: and shaken out. Peat makes a good mulch, but sho faced out with leaves, since it becom

it becomes ry on protected and tends to shed water rather than to absorb it. If a

o = iow o

, edged with low shrubs such as dwarf azaleas, Vaccinium pennsyl- vanicum, Juniperus horizontalis or numerous other low woody i i ill screen the mulch from view and keep the eaves from ‘blowing away. In many situations a mulch is not er and such treatment is unnecessary. are other ways of handling azaleas than those described here, a IT feel that the system of a peaty soil combined with a

constant mulch, over a porous subsoil, gives azaleas better grow

rought. Besides this, it has been truthfully said that azaleas and rhododendrons lik have their “feet” cool ng the w dry days idsummer, the peaty soil underneath the mulch will

, aty remain cool and slightly moist at all times. In winter, also, the mulch protects the soil from alternate freezing and thawing, with

resulting benefit to the azalea eam ese, then, are some of the fundamental factors concerned in the culture of hard. oe azalea: ore specifically, let u

say that these directions are intended mae for those species hich may be called the native azaleas of America, also for their

nd w mended as the best, I shall try to Hin later. I

d the removal of faded flowers from the plants after blooming.

A SOUVE 93 When Amorphophallus titanum was just coming into

bloo The New York Botanical Garden last year, ae Hans Schafer of

Lebong Tandai, Sumatra, en route to his former home in Gdrlitz, Germany, came to the Bronx especially te see the oe inflorescence. He was already familia is gi fo) lant world in its native habitat and with other species of Amorphophallus, and also he had witnessed the flowering of tae of amburg’s ime’ a souvenir of his visit he presented the ita with this photo. vaph of Amorphophallus Brooksii, sithe en by himself Oe Lebong on January 12, 1936. The plant, he said, d grown to its

Tandai mature height of 3.50 "meters (114 feet) in 28 day.

Annual Report of the

Acting Director

For 1937 By H. A. Gleason The summary of the year's activities, which follows, was pre-

sented at the annual mceting January 10 before the pie of

Managers and Members of the Corporation.

FINANCES As in previous years, the Garden has been operated along lines of strictest economy, and closes the year with a handsome unex- e s hasi

i en. have enabled us to function with considerably more efficiency than before.

ButLpincs AND GROUNDS Our employees have continued to maintain our buildings and

these have been included in our request to the City ic appropriations under the Capital Outlay Budget. In the Museum Building, weather stripping has been attached

8

to all basement windows, nerees repairs made to the roof over

w pair of outside doors built, parts of the heating system renewed, a new hot water heater in-

ma additional expansion joints were installed in the steam line ae the Museum Building, to replace the unsatisfactory ones used in the original construction. Contracts for the rebuilding of Conservatory Range 1, under a City appropriation of $350,000, were let partly to Lord and Burn-

ham Co. and partly to the Metropolitan Greenhouse Company. 0 an in the spring, is still in progress, and will not be leted until s t i A

t yet b rted. In general, the repairs consist in replacing all defective steel and in substituting steel U-bars for oden bars in the ro Id steel work hor-

oughly painted; new glass has Deen used aan tiare electricity is nee installed, and numerous minor improvements a In

ing made. connection with this work

heating system in other houses, and made various other minor ee

new t line has been laid to the eee Memorial Rock ie to increase the pressure availabl ink- ains on the unds were renewed. New drains were

installed in the Rose Garden, using about 1,850 feet of tile. Other repairs to the plumbing and sewer systems were made as necessary. e Works Progress Administration Cc lete a surfacing of footpaths west of th nx River and has made some progr e east sid ar grounds. The Works Progress Administration also provided most of the labor f nk-

or s visory Council Garden and installing the necessary curbing

HorticuLTURAL OPERATIONS From the viewpoint of the visitor to our institution, the year just closed comprises two distinct periods, the first a period of extraordinary success, and the second one of general turmoil. The

One a the newly resurfaced paths in the Hemlock Forest, aed eas past year with the aid of the Works Progress Administra

10

former was due to wise superintendence and efficient personnel ; the latter was caused entirely by the reconstruction under way at

and suspension of certain activities until after the completion of the building.

A notable success of the past winter was the continuous display of flowers and other ornamental plants in Range 1. Houses 5 and

material. is has involved a great deal of moving o

from house to house, including the temporary transfer of many plants to Range 2 or the Propagating House. In this process very few plants have been lost and of most of these we have living duplicates.

A noteworthy occurrence in June was the flowering of the giant Krubi, Amorphophalius ae for the first time in America. ea event rece: A ahaes re aan wide publicity. News-

in ee and some also in

-

reels in £ ; it was shows b in shop windows, for a ight or more it was literally the talk of the to The August number of our Journal was entirely de-

a

In Conservatory Range 2 the permanent collections are in satis- factory condition. The cae collection has been improved by many additional species and shows a eee improvement in

11

health. The installation of suitable benches would insure still

No appreciable expansion of the outdoor flower gardens has n, bu

d were exceptionally fine throughout the season. Because of

, usin: 650 plants in 285 varieties. The plantings of hardy chrysanthe- mums, hardy asters, cannas, and irises have been maintained as

In the Advisory Council border, the background has been im- proved by planting 19 large cedars. A quarter of the border has been lifted, double-dug, and replanted, following our four-year

s inuous from June to November, attracting many visitors An adequate system of drains was installed in November, consid- erably lowering the water-table. We confidently expect that it aes reduce the winter-killing which has been so prevalent in oe

year. The north end has been planted with 8,000 Ericas and

the southern portion has been well started and about a hundred

A new sunken path from which to enjoy the perennial border

of ie Advisory

Council

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIVITIES OF 1937 AT THE BOTANICAL GARDEN

Retaining walls i gia ig bases of tr

Immediate burning nm elm afflicted

mm eniare-

largest under

host to many botanists — en- gaged in taxo- nomic research

Beck Sos

enor hera argillicola, repres ing exploration and hortic

14

native species have been planted. In May a special Rock Garden

sulting in a large number of v The

grounds pora: femlode were pene in 2 hem of thinning and pruning have been done.

k was designated and the ee was freely advertised, re-

1tors,

arge Ik accomplished with trees and shrubs has been much

permanent collections 932

and 400 mo lock forest. Large amounts The entire collection of

conifers and many deciduous trees have been re-labeled

world, e received 1,786 pac The members

more than 2, kinds of plants

garden, a

s were distributed s of the s in exchang

of the Garden will be interested to aa that

now in

are ing ro nd that our collection of cacti Hes one Sick in-

cludes more than 2,500 species, many of them of great rarity.

Insect Pests anp Funcous Diseases

One ne of Dutch elm-disease was found on So grounds and the tree destroyed. Several other elms with dead

limbs were also either Savage boned or destroyed. | elm Fics beetle was kept under control by spraying, except on the tops of ae taller ie which our sprayer is unable to reach.

The gypsy moth has not been noted on our ps at any time during the ear.

Japanese beetle continues to be a c our gardening opera- During the year about 3

iris. is be

cordingly treated with areenate oe both the beetle and the soft rot kept under control.

For the first time in the experience i ur Dottie 4 ae white fly, a co mim

sprayi has in pe ee and plantations, and as a co x see hey a remes vably free from pest d dise:

HE Throughout the aa history of the Garden, the deve ent of the herbarium has been favored oe the prosecution of eon, peed upon it has been empha- sized. a result of both, the Garden posse i Cane of the really important herbaria of the world, rich in types, rich in historic material, and illustrative ina of tl of bo

or conti nent taxonomists at the Garden, it oie i eta rkably high reputation as a ee enter,

gr ie and utilization of the iene has continued during 1937 at

its ual The total additions aoa to ii B14, of which 2,442 are lgae, 283 hepatica, 3,145 fun; gi Peal s, 801 mo and 34,2

mens, making ment of p eecrmee at Wash aia

the Farlow Herbarium at Har se it is probably the ice in ie orld,

“The wth of the herbarium is not detected ne specimens only. Thousands of types or printed descriptions of plants have been mount ith th

Dr. M ibrary into the herbarium” and saving enormou amounts of time and r for students.

re tha: permanent preparations of minute pla

for mi opic study have also been corporate

Thousands of specimens have been re- paired, or remounted, or freshly treated

Small and Seaver, Associate Curators Wilson, Smith, and Moldenke, and Assi tant Curators Alexander and Thirty-one botanists from other institu- tions have spent from two days to two months with us in the prosecution of their own researc! o less than 16,562

. N specimens have been sent out on loan to none botanists to assist them in research in their own institutions, while slightly more a — specimens have been borrowed b: The

a csvailable¢ to the herbarium no ns s c

e y our specialis ceived about 17,000: ‘péeiiens in

15

chang os Be exchange more

than $50,000, iow have a credit

ae ae ei specimens | on us t bal: xchange relatio

RESEARCH AND EXPLORATIO:

It has

we 2

N always been the policy of The New York Botanical Garden to en- oe pecearch by qualified members of its staff. It has also been the policy of the on temporary merger ofthe ion to

employee devotes _his care time to search, but an effort has been made to increase the time available for research to those persons who are most skilled and most productive. (A)

ina The Acting Director has been unable to ay time to research during the y - g; . Small, Chief Research ssociate, has been greatl dicapped

the year. e has continued to collate his great store of information, acquired during nearly forty years of service at the Garden, into useful manuals for the general botanical public. Among the ay be mentioned a series of handbooks

ued his studie the cu p fun ngi, ‘shi ch oe fished ‘wit! be published in North American F

associate curator, megs, Ths work will be

ork pub-

$ Smith also pier thi Ss

needed. With the permission of this

Board, and with further financial support

font the Arnold Arboretum, Dr. mae 2 rica in Augu st,

left for South Amer:

member - the Terry-Holden Expedition. He is locate a in botanically unex- plored County noes the southern border of British Guian

16

- M. ee oe cura- ted ript on the

ue on the Vi

r. Mold a ee authority. His work is being prepared with a view to publication in North cdmerican Flora, so far as it per- tains to > a merican species, in the monumental Flora of Brazil, and in the ‘ora of ae an well as in a series of more det ve cae ray ie, Mr. E. J. Alex: ae assistant curator,

de Noted the oa part o

Flora. He completed tis work on the ich

ed, and his manuscript on eleven genera related to the hlia is now in the han rs D : Pp, nt curator, has continued tudies on the Nort «American representatives of the Heath family, especiall. he blueberries and their r es, preparation for pub lication o: is important family in our North American ra. e has also

ure he flowers the castor bean, which will shortly be read: r publica- ion, while a detai xonomic study of

id entirely

living plants.

Mr. Robert Hagelstein, honorary cura- tor, A continued his eur studies of the slime-molds and is rapidly mak- ing our collection oo ieee fo ie plants the largest and most valuable ay ntr:

eS Laboratory and Experimental Work

Dr. A. _ Stout, director_of the lab-

phe piadac are his studies of the lily and his improvement of hardy &

velopment of many Horiculuiral OM nd tributed greatly to the popularization .

lue 0 Ss entire cost uring ithe forty

tory. r. Stout's oe work in ny ai of poplars for pulpwood now been inc in a comprehensive project of tree-breeding organized by the United eres Forest Service, ainidee direct charge of Dr. E Schreiner, fo: ss assistant to Dr. Stout

t the Garder

ie Dodge, plant pathologist, has prosecute ted research on a number of mgous diseases a

ur du’ nderstand the life his- tory of the disease in order th a’ more easily controlled in green. uses, but the agricultural and botanical institutions of eles and South Africa anxi earching for diseases which ay hel: em aur cacti from their agricultural land. e has als continued h vell w searches into he pro : ee of heredity among fungi. A

ty

e display of some 70 enlarged pinto. graphs, iluctrating this work, was ex- hibited at the Paris World’s Fair by special invitation.

PHOTOGRAPHY Photographic work, used for our lec- tures, for recording the results of re- search, and for the eet records of the Garden, has occupied the time of Miss Griffith, staff photographer, and one assistant ir e Works ae Ad-

Mi ‘0 enlargement S, 895 original negatives, 4,360 prints, hese 540 lantern slides, most of which hand-colored

mi t m During the Griffith i produced 12

17

e Garden has no apparatus for mak- motion pictures, nor any facilities for oth are important de-

Gecasiodal: need of apna aratus Te color

photography.

ded condition of the library

y the condition more congested today

last report the library ies been increased by the addition of 594 u

bound books and pamphiets and by 85 bound volumes. The great majority of the latter represent the periodicals regu- larly received. hey bring the total con tent of the library to 45, volumes. plus a large and unknown number o pamphlets. uring the year 3,500 cata- 4 t

ere appears to 5 be an ever- increasing interest in the use of the library, so hat often in-

1S

floo: he present stack: which bee i. granted, provide space toe many a ands of volumes ae sone the u of pace in the labor

Pusticity, Lecrures, MEMBERSHIP, Epucation, Erc. Thirty-six public lec have been eye on Saturday Hemost chiefly by ers of the staff, with an average atendance of 80. It is noteworthy that

travelogs attract more than the average- sized audience, while horticultural and

otanical subjects fall below the Approximately 15,000 children, escorted

by thei: hers, have visited the build-

ings inspect our collections. e-

y our sta Visits high school students have fallen off, Pisce becuse of the closing of our greenhouses. There has been no ae Sane in the oe of garden

clubs sane organiz —.

ile urate cou a. ual visi- tors has our ee poss sible. it i is easy 2 = that their Each

; n of them visit the

d r to better smal alr fac: par: rtly i

Garden again

he in anaes of student gardeners continues to - successful. The Hosgeh

a plan of the work we scribed i recent issue of our Journal and ned be repeated here, except the brief statement that the course comp: s two years, with an optional extension in cer- ain circumstances, a consis

ou! grounds. peated lectures on botany and culture, with assigned reading and Gan

study of the local participation and of informal lec- es of the other lines the Ga T

of outside personal

oe

s at Kew i a ioenrs not only to the participants, but also to oo

resident gardeners with whom they come in contac

Volum the Journal was issued during the sa , wit! 3 pages. WV oluite

ie es.

and 36 winent fund of Myco- as been increased by $500, and

now amounts to $5,000. NNEL two

Only important changes in per- une have beer

n made during the year.

Miss Sarah arlow, librarian for 5 years, retired November 1, 1937, and was succeeded by Miss Elizabeth C. Hall.

Forman T. McLean, ee of public een: since 1928, ned i November, and was replaced r, A. B. Stout who te teken general Enercon of educational work.

Personar Honors

William J. Robbins

vice- president of the f a for 1

has bee: Botanical

1937 as “presen nt of the of Pla ax eros

ahs a a-

tional Research Council. lodge has served on the ask Ne “ork Academy of eee editor for the Torrey Botanical Cit as a member of the coun- cil of Mycological Society of

Feo >

18

Paul and as a member of the execu- tive committee of the Third International

ue ress for Microbiol Barnhart has been editor for rk Academy of Sciences

ae w Yo and Preckieat of the Torrey Botanical Club. N. Moldenke has been treas-

vitation in the symposium of cal Society of pean at its idtaspoll aia and delivered an invitation lec- ture before the Horticultural Club of ston:

Mr. : Everett bee president of the eames remere Society, Gal chairman of the ae meri- can - ck Garden Society, and a

two vpuenee a the National

A coca of Garden

Dr.

has

B out ee the Tho: Roland medal of the Me Hertiestaral Society in _recosnition of his work in plant breedin

Works Procress ADMINISTRATION employees of the

On January 1, 8 Admission were

uo) a

> ey raphers, microscopist, ennenne clerks, stenograph barium assistants, mounters of specimens, label writers, as general attendants. By emplo:

reason of the ment, most mem- bers of the staff e been enabled to carry on more rch an fore, ¥v.

hi special eh Prost which Uae fac pee, research, althou; not directly a e a r Se it has bee foscible under the ae eae net the Works Progress t! to

e greatly needed our eollecticns i kee our grounds in order, and comm ae of which we never have a cuticles

Staff Members Address A. A. A. S. n Indianapolis

leason Spee the trends

e

organization, which had its inception in

oe ra in ee and was formed a year oe ic City,

Se pec ge oben: n Vaccini ae the title of an addres before oe pan ion merica by Dr.

was

e€ taxo-

of the Botanical Society : W. H. Cam

took seer in a symposium with ye i. ject “Our ene Generic eer oO hi ted the questi

art- lett of the University of Michigan, Dr. Edgar Anderson and Dr. . Green-

man of the Missouri Beene "Garden, ae Dr. E. E. Sherff of Chicago Normal leg Dr. “B. O. Dodge spoke before the general session on “Combined Effects of beg tout and Coasts Lethals for is Abortion in Neurospora” and dem one his thesis betcre the Genetics Society. se setae the yea o the “yee

oficial cabliction in-chief of Mycolo:

logical ae iety to the Dr. m J. Rol bi E. J. ander, D Harcid N. Motdenice, we Chandler, and Dr. Edm ing also attended the seca

Medal to Dr. Stout

Dr. A. B. Stout is the 1937 roe is = the Thomas Roland medal of the Mas chusetts "Horticultural Society, it was announced in a letter from the a in early December. The award was made in special recognition of his work ee ea Deine of Hemerocallis and t

19

by friends and Baa Sie was the

n the medal “for unusual skill in the caltivat ion 7 fants.” The med:

nEpHee st year Elmer D. Smith, chrysant um gro and breeder, of Adrian, Michigan, was the winner.

The design of the medal, which is of gold, was created itd pe Be ee ae and shows a fro Roland’s own gar a

Spingarn was awarded son Dawson Mem ial Medal recognition of his seas with Clematis. Frederick Law Olmsted is me ae aoe

scape architect to receive e0 Robert Whitehead Medal of cae

the Massachusetts ee rae Society, Other medals Alfre

Lord Aberconway, Pigeeats of the Royal Eee ural Society Great Britain,

“distinctive ae in the field of horticulture.” He visited America in the spring of 1937.

Myxomycete Collecting

Every yearly season is different when collectin Myxomycetes. Sometimes there are lean years; ae prolific ones. We have seasons when a n

te)

lector—in that many

for ere found. Th

used “eatey as bake are not so many my ce

species of Myxom:

Our usual poe cna were continued on pone Island. hen I say we, I mean t

and pretty forms. ihe little pink which I had forever. iridescent Di

20

Foray of the Mycological Socie hea in pay Hampshire in ae and f a good half dozen forms ae ii caaice ite constant rain.

them was a green Fuligo peer who ever heard of that before? Always it has fas some shade of ee ane

(we saw fifte one time near our abo de), we are alw ae 2 “hitting it right.” Eight or nine for. which are seldom found, including the: scintillating blue Diachea splendens and the golden-yellow lumps of Fuligo nvuscorum fell to our lot. At all places, es, there were hundreds of other specimens. Av. to Mountain Lake, besiege - e old “friends and newer ones who the good work of collecting, ome things sent in here has brought to the dozen forms that are them having been found only once or ice in this oe Altogether about 25 extremely rar forms together with more than 700 other er specimens have been added to the co ollec- tion of Myxomycetes, which is rapidly becoming one of the ett in the vee T HAcELsT

Notes, News, and Comment

Vice - Bees dent Dr, William J. Robbins was elected Vi eernresiden it of the Botan ic Society of America at its neene in Indianapolis the last week of D

Annual Meeting. J. E. Spingarn of Amenia, N. Y., became a ng of the he New York

en the annual meeting

other newly elected mem of the Board is Allyn R. a, ae of Parks for the City of w York.

NSvith Josep Swan, newly chos

h President, a for the yea ethic asurer to

en

Ithaca, N. Y., whee three- “year term expired with the annual meeting this month, regretfully declined renomination to the Board of

age,

Managers because, he said, of his

nagt his dutarice from New York, sears . eer uch of third eden: of artis’ ork for his “Gentes Herbarum,” the latter studying particularly the palms.

his a

sitors. Dr. David Keck the Coun Tisai of Watnttont sta- tioned in California at Leland Stanford Jr. i th days at The New his studie'

. Chaney, paleobotanis, ° iversity of California; Dr. L. H. Bailey of Ithaca, N. nd Dr. Ivan M.

December visitors at the

etirement. Dr. U. P. Hedrick, since 1928 Director of the New York’ State

works, including ni the cherries, peaches, pear 1 small fruits of New York, a ‘A His-

tory of Agriculture in the State of New York” which was published in 1933.

ff Conference. The Verbenaceae

mily at the December conference of the scientific staff and registered students of the G: obert Hage

ae in searc pei to the Botanical Garden’s

ecture, On December 21, Dr. F. J

ee eave a le Wess a mus shrooms Horticultural Hall, ton, M:

request ©;

spent in the Farlow vard Universi wt Linder, comparing notes on the logical work of their respective ia tutions.

Current Literature*

At a Glance By Carol H. cgi

Beginning with Febru 938, Chronica Botanica, which is publsed 2

Leiden, Holland, will be ued monthly instead of annually, and oe

he speedy pu ablic san of Stor - , notes on the results of recent re- rch,

* * *

¢ original type specimen of Hicoria

are u ndoubte hickor

be foun in any specimen as - tree w sa is still living.

Propagation - - i ee found in Euaoes - £936" W. Ca f 193

ced the co year, Dr, Clement G. Bowers announces the ctob National Horticultural Maga- sine, Bowers and Hen . Skinner of Cornell brought in som ants from their mountain habitat |. summer and now have them under cultivation. The predict that pe ne I | hey re is in many ways superio ir the average ean of Rioteaeneey ie ie will soon be in nursery

Substa ances ent tee or the direction of growth in plants, for development and diffe rentiation, still offer an almost virgin

~ All publications mentioned here—and Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building.

a

field for research, James Bonner con- cludes in an article on “The Role of Vitamins in Plant ag aaa in The Botanical aha as ee ‘ember. Thi Riel trees i the state are Pee in a new Baier of the Jersey Departme f Con: Development of ae and Paria. It is entitled PN otew orc Trees of New e rsey ok a a aaa bone of the com- garden snapdragon, peat ne a2 e of goblin faces, which a mong th - a interesting photographs. anon in Nature Magazine for ae *

“Know the Evergreens” is the title of an Hoa article also in the Dec ber Nature Magazi The outstanding

of explained by E. E. Stanford ae means of drawings, ee —

Writing of aS towaways” (plants re- Pesee unex; pee in oa with other plants), Dr. iy d Stoker, he Nou: aibs and Silva for Orteber, notes that

ochetus connie will cover the pone completely beneath a pine tree where few he things will grow. His garden is in England.

A model of how a bibliography can be made “a guide without being a bore” ap- in the 32.

Taation: She. ist of eens periodicals on the subject is giv

many others—may be found in the Library of The

Rotenone-yielding plants of South America are the subject of a study by B. A. Krukoff aid r. A. C. Smith in the American Journal of tany for November. V; : nape oS for field workers are giv new species are described and seven other plants are discussed in full detail, Dr. A..

in

Panshin of itichigan State College wr

on the “Wood Anatomy of gee South

American potions Vette ae 'y

a fish Poison which is harmless 0 fae species of Lonchocarpus were found to ne, rris, the powdered ‘oot Oo ich also cae rotenone, is a closely related genus. Both are now being widely ust = ingecticndes: Vascular

ents ae Arctic North

One hundred ninety-four species

22

were collected. In an pppendi Draba is treated by aaa rs

Allegany coe ‘ rk, in the southern part of oe Coun nty, New nae a icc survey i

Museum Ha: ndbook No. 17. Veg etati a nal areas of the park and adjeiding territory are shown in a map in color. More than

1

York

survey, whick. i: published in Albany the University 2 a ae of New York.

The same type of ene fungus occurs in ni hod dendron as in Calluna, accinium, and other ericaceous oa H. D. Gordon declares in an article . a Rhodod

urgh show, he says, that the endophyte is confined to the roots, that it is not seed-borne, at : s not essential

and to the life of the plan

The New York

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of Botanical Garden.)

Travelogue on Roses A ROSE ODYSSE J. H. Nicolas, 238 Boece Geesea. “indexed. Double- cay ae Aca den City, New York, oo have no oo s: So quo .#wH. as in ne final book, an

lasting beauty a: . to the far corners of the world, and in his vivid way he introduces personally the great im-

of Pernet-Ducher, Mebonaer Pedro ‘Dot, Miss Ellen Will- mott, Rev. J. H. Pemberton, , and a host of others whose names are familiar to rose overs — ne accomplishments have made tory.

Thou, ee not intended as a work rose ailnike:

ing. copiously supplied wth much atcreiane Old World hist

A firm belie ir rue of alkaline soil ee roses, the f 7

23

Since the publication ie the book, Dr. Nicolas has died, and his passing is a loss

has e has left behind a record of his many first- main a lasting

is “Rose Odyssey" is a fitting ie his many written works on the P. J. McK

NA,

Manual for Westerners

RANGE PLANT HANDBOOK. Pre- pared by ite Forest ote of the United Department of Agri- numbered. Iiustrated

Office, W. saninetens D. c 2.50.

in the “Range Plant Handbook” issued the United States Department of Keticultiire, While the system Mise been

used before,

and fruiting es cay separa ately

otan,

sarily trai ry. ee ae augment:

tration clear-cut and self-explanatory.

ae book treats thoroughly 339 differ- plan vi

ants, and provides notes on 500 ational Beate Gaps in the number- ing system of the ae speevice for me later inelision of 173 m plants of

region covered. The hook was prepared under the supervision . W. A. Da Caro, H. Wi a

Local Flowers, Month by Month WERS OF FIEL ras Mathews. 310. +

da is a aera volume for the a

Ds Ss together with numerous poetic and liter- ary quotations and homely

of the author. Being an artist and illus- trator himself, the autho: i effort toward exac and nomenclature of colors. A systematic eae ue ah the scientific and com-

which i: appe tactics about 135 additional ‘species rar otherwise aaa d in the

Unfor this revise ee is practically. ee ie tt text with the orig eel edition of 1895. Some altera-

tion: een made the introduc- tion, ewor ery short “supplementary systematical index” have een added, but ot! ise the di

new edi- a pel eee the many inaccuracies of ple

the seventh edition ee Gray's ieee and so this is really a very importan

aera even here

new addition, mis es —for instance,

have

for the stabilization of p tween 1895 and 1937! repeate:

drawings by . MOLDENKE.

Five Small Useful Books THE GARDEN PRIMERS. Five little ‘s by. Cecile Hulse Matschat, Ilus- wi 3 indexed. Mough- ton-Mifflin, Boston, 1937. $1.00 each

w five more

ae Ue with short ecplanalory notes as color and height, time . planting, ine and thei control. He Ipful ane ans and shares such as Nar- cus are included. apters are devoted to house plants, window gardens, Neen and rcing of

=f

cas a

iz winter months ahead,

rdening at a stand-still,

there is ane = to plan the garden for

the ceo For this, valuable in- (e)

on ow to Make a Garden. e latter, much attention is given to one of the most important parts of gard-

preparation of gvod so‘l and alue of the ae cote Detailed di-

ening, the

the use and v:

and commercial a for

rections pane a other methods o Beene help to make his a handy erence ook.

“Planning the Home Grounds” will

1 fiv sho uld Das eater

parlent | and to some extent pr beneficial even to the eae gardener. HILDEGARD SCHNEIDER.

1 Woman Explorer NORTH

Aerts RINGED s

ur-

ae Hutchison’s. Alaskan jo r’s as-

the account of the au nto fonichide oe from England to herself, collect botanical for Kew. Gard lens a oe for vie Univers ris not a ne collector, but well, and a eed companion

a W.

by eee gical data

The an ae as

who : He ‘he interesting people where- ever and presents cn to the reader wey, leasa ly. Mor ae aa

journal is well written. Sce

adequately decubed: and oe ‘dans, or i are touched uw not intrusive for

to the inca * The ereatet can ia ches by ue lists at the wr am lume Poe eee

and experien aor = “Teal presented that the ‘book cannot fail to hold one’s interest and arouse Gaels admiration. Ju

tia T. Emerson.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BOARD OF MANAGERS

enn MANAGER

atil 19390: ARTHU - M. Anverson (Treasurer), H Forest, ea ee E. Voce “Henny DE LA Mowtaci | Gecretar oo Assistant Treasurer), Waa J. carn and J. E. Spinca

ntil 19. Hen © Forest Batpw (Vice- pesieny, “Chis ae

Autyn R. ques Ente Lge Henry Locxuart, Jr., E ‘ 4 )

Until 1947: MARSHALL Fietp, Mrs. Eton Huntincron Ho ooker, Joun L. MERRILL (Vice-president), Cot. Ropert H. Mon TGOMERY, H. Hopart Paes and Raymon II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York. atl Moses, Park Commissioner. Henry C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS y E. Hazen, pophonis by the pe Botanical Club. fe ARPER, mM F, TRELEASE, EpMUND W. SINNoTT, and Marston T. eed appointed ee Ciluitia Universi ity. oo STAFF ere eee Pu. D., Se. H. ’D.

A. GLE Pu. Assistant Director and Head Ce HENrRy DE PON EAERE sistant Director Joun K. Smart, Pu. D., Sc. D......... Chief Research De te and Curator A. B, Stout, Px. D. Curator of Education and Labo Kohden Frep J, Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curato Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. Plant ean Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D. Bibliographer Percy WiLson Associate Curator ALBERT C. Sara, Pu. D. Associate Curator Harotp N. Motpenxe, Pu. D. Associate Curator Exvizazetu C. Hatt, B. S. Librarian H. H. Russy, M. D. .......... Honorary Curator of the ee Collections Fiepa GRIFFITH t and Pho. a ats Rosert S. WILLIAMS per Aiscue in Bryology E. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Can of the Focal "Herbarium W. H. Camp, Pu. D. t Cu Ciype CHANoLER, A, M. ae cal Pie Rosatig. WEIKERT Technical Assistant Caro. H. Woovwarp, A. B. cs Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. ticulturist

. L. Wittrock, ‘A. : cent Otto ee - = Collaborator in Haw otany Ropert HaceEts Honorary Curator of eo ETHEL ANSON S. ens -Honorary Curator, Iris and peta ryan ARTHUR J. oe Superintendent a Buildings and Grounds A. C. Pra Assistant Supe alendcat

MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN

Established as a privately endowed ee oP aided partially ey City appro- priations, The N York Botanical Garden s_deper ndent for its progress largely h h

upon he one sad member nies Thro ee | ee eans, thoug a ung as botani- cal gardens s become the third largest istiution of its kind, its library, Re pagan and He Sen eeMeeaene ranking among the finest and most complete

TMeancanie in The New York Botanical Garden, therefore, means promotion ientific research in botany and be ay pacemen of horticultural interests.

of scient: i

Scientifically, the Garden is able to clearing-house of information for students and botanists all over the ened Horultraly, it often serves as a link between the plant explorer or breeder and the gardening public

Through memberships and benefactions, Saati is made at the Botanical n ae chek taining of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new e is i daily to t

n and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free nformaticd in botany and gardeni ng i e public.

ach individual member of the Garden receives: 1) A copy of the Journal every month. (2) A copy of Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated vee eight colored plates of unusual la a accompanied by complete descrip- ns and other n

(3) A share of surplus ae Bi et of interesting or new varieties whenever it is distributed. 4 onuncements of special floral displays at the Garden from season to is (5) Cre to the extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study ek ee the Garden A limited number of garden eibst' are accepted as afhliates. The privileges of afhliation are a subscription to the Journal, anne une of displays, a Lie ay conducted tour of the grounds and greenhouses, and a lecture once a yea’ the staff.

Fellowships or scholarships for practical student-training in horticulture or for botanical research may be scares by bequest or other benefaction either in PSP r for a definite period.

Se of Pee and types of benefaction are as follows:

Annual Member annual fee $ 10 Sustaining Member annual fee 25 Garden Club A fhliation annual fee for club 25 Fellowship Member annual fee 00 Member for Life single contribution 250 Eellow. for Life single contribution 1,000

single contribution 5,000 Beaten single contribution 25,000

Contributions to the Garden ney be deductce from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved form of beq I hereby begueath to The New York Betrcl angen incorporated under the

Laws of aie ork, Cha ed 7+ 285 of 1891, the s Con hea beque be made with income payable to donor or any aeieasterl beneficiary anne ae r her lifetime.

All requests for further apes soul be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York,

VoL. XXXIX Fepruary, 1938 PAGES No. 458 25—48

JOURNAL THE NEW YORK Hee GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. tered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents

Free to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor

FEBRUARY, 1938

WINTER IN THE HEMLOCK GROVE Cover Photograph by E. H. Fulling a cee oo oe FOR TAL PLA E. H. Fulling 25 THE on eae SCIRPUS TUBEROSUS W M. Porterfield 32 RELIABLE EVERGREENS FOR THE NORTHEASTERN STAT Photographs by E H. Fulling 36-37

New GarDENING Courses BEGIN IN MaRCH 39 Hour CHANGED TO 3 P.M. FOR SPRING LECTURE SERIES 42 REVIEWS OF RECENT Books 43 CuRRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 47

Notes, News, AND COMMENT

EVERGREENS ry genus of coniferous evergreen which is hardy in northeastern United States is represented in the New York Botanical: s large collections Pi hh

: u ne a d. i western boundary Conservatory Range No. 1 and the oT foneah ng S us plants.

w. ish to le hi oe of rgreens in cultivation, the 1 Gar ffers an exceptional opportunity for ere the prospective planter may see the evergreen trees rubs in suitable locations as re s the presence of other trees and the c ur and t f ! he planting of the members of each genus in close proximity eee that the diffe s between related trees, such, for instance, as the seful Asiat a Abies Veitchii and A. No rdmanniana, m

ic a ae by first-hand observation.

The planter who He to go further into the study of stan types of ee es his grounds will find in the library in the Museum Buildin indan

g

abu ce of mate: rial covering every phase of i eas eae

the conifers of all re world, informati se i Itiva- tion in America, ose material Ris i es zealous reader ca:

Q a oO : 3 Es

Ameri 8 re a living personality o actical eas in any as of books on oe selection ae cine den of evergre

ese services, including the use of the library for ae. are all eu free to the public.

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor.XXXIX —”~—SOWFrssrvary,19380— “No. 458

It is with deep regret that this Journal announces the d on January 20 of Dr. ohn K. Small, ie had been a member f£ the Botani n’ 898.

arden, will appear in a forthcoming issue of the Journal.

Some (/hoice (Coniferous Evergreens For Ornamental Planting By E. H. Fulling HE brilliant ane of annuals, the permanence of perennials.

sete olored fruits of berry-bearing shrubs, and the autumnal of aoe trees all have their places in those organized

of which there are many, various in size and habit. All of thos bed

r nurseries, Illustrations of some of the subjects will be found on pages 36 and 37.

25

26

PINES The pines, world-wide in natural distribution, offer many species worthy of cultivation and ornamental use. Unlike most of the spruces and firs, they do not hae oo with age, but gain in character and picturesque appe Swi ine (Pinus Cembra). Native to the cold moun- tainous regions of central Europe and to northern Asia, this hardy tree of formal pyramidal habit is valuable where limited space demands a compact tree that will not spread. Slow-growing, it is seldom observed in cultivation more than 20 feet tall. ayan White Pine (Pinus excelsa). Possessing the longest

rdly it is oS and forms the principal motif in many a peantitul landscap Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris). Irregular and spreading in habit, with attractive orange-colored bark, the Scots pine has long been a commonly cultivated and popular ornamental tree. In Europe, over large areas of which it is native, it is one of the principal sources of lumber

SPRUCES Among the spruces also we find excellent material when large he particular as to soil conditions so long as good drainage is vided

Norway Spruce (Picea Abies). This is one of the most com- monly planted evergreens but unfortunately it is often

quently suffers when the height of the tree exposes it to winds above surrounding vegetation.

27

Mai a ae forms of this species are known, marked by color or shape of leaves, by eaten or columnar habit, by ae nee or by dwarfed statur

Serbian Spruce (Picea Omorika). ae tree from southeastern

e bes

coarse foliage would not ye) Tiger-tail Spruce (Picea polita). The lustrous green needles

pan slow eas hardy tree and one of the most dis- tinctive a all the spruce: Spruce (Picea pungens). This tree of our western

years the lower branches die off and the handsome symmetry of the tree is destroye

Firs rs provide us with trees of softer foliage, in appearance as ear as texture, than the somewhat similar spruces, but only a few kinds are commonly and oie aie planted. White F: r (Abies concolor). A native of the relatively dr North A

alw:; add a pleasing tone to any large planting of darker-hued ifers.

28

Nikko Fir ( -lbies homote es The preferred place of the white fir among our native species of -/bies is shared by the Nikko and the following species among the exotic representatives of the group. Growing as tall as the white fir, but darker in foliage, the Nikko has proved itself one of our most valuable introduced evergreens

Feitch’s Fir (Abies Weitchii), Rivaling the Nikko fir popularity and success as an introduced species, Veitch’s fee rom the same land of Japan, is also a dependable subject throughout our ee states.

Nordmann’s Fir ( clbics Nordmanniana). Another popular and valuable introduced species, having very lustrous dark green foli-

i mid habi i i

age, given a little protectan while young, this tree is well suited to a specimen position on ie open areas. It hails from the Caucasus, Asia Minor and Gree Dovuctas Fir Fir ee taxifolia). This tree, attaining a

Douglas height of more than fifty feet in the eastern states, is particularly valuable for windbreaks and mass planting. As specimen trees

Juniperus squamata, forming a mat of gray-green foliage, is a select species for bedding purposes.

29

too it is suitable, and the cones are especially ornamental by virtue of their conspicuously projecting bracts.

Japanese Yew (Taxus cuspidata). There is probably no other coniferous evergreen more dependable, so far as vigor and hardi- ness are concerned, than the Japanese yew. Tree-like or a ing in habit, according to the particular form, it is one of t most valuable of our cultivated evergreens

English Yew (Taxus baccata). Tho fe not so hardy as the gas yew, this species too is valuable in a variety of forms

wel

and 1 if provided with some protection against winter a. HEMLOCK nadian Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). The native hemlock of our northeastern states is on e most hardy of ornamental trees, toler of shade, and an excellent species for windbre n lar elicate in foliage ar ide-

mass planting. e wide-spreading, t Canadian hemlock attains fifty feet in height ee rie a but almost twice as much in the wild.

Two useful junipers among the rocks in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden are the creeping juniper and the tamarix juniper, the latter in the corner at the right.

30

Carolina Hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana). A true aristocrat hem

relative in general appearance but a certain quality of its beautiful foliage bestows particular merit. JUNIPERS

Excellent material for rock gardens, for covering slopes, and for the forward areas of foundation plantings is offered by man

ing forms of j , which maintain their prostrate nature for | They are especially suitable for providing per- manently green aspects in bed herbaceous annuals and per-

C ie which otherwise are lifeless and drab during a portion of t

oe Juniper (Juniperus horizontalis). A native of sandy,

rocky, and exposed locations over wide areas in our norheasten states, the natural species is sometimes employed in ornamental uses, but variations of it whic ave been foun ave been propagated more extensively as clonal varieties. Among several such forms the following is the best known and certainly one of the choicest

egar i dine niper (Juniperus horizontalis Douglas). This sat trailing form is valued because of the steel-blue aspect which i i

i leaves bestow upon the entire plant, a hue which turns to nee purple in late autu In twenty years’ time it is reported to develop a low mass t e to fifteen feet across.

imalayan Juniper (Juniperus squamata). An introduction from the Himalayan region of Asia, this species has entered our trade ano valuable ground cover. Useful in covering slopes, it also s handsome flat conical mats four to six feet

across, a foot or so deep in the center. eyer’s Juniper (Juniperus squamata Meyeri). This form is upright, growing three feet tall, and is probably the bluest of all cultivated conifers, partials in spring, when its color sur- passes that of the bluest blue spruce Savin Juniper ne us Sabutiy; This commonly planted species may ale _ feet tall after a great many years but ordi-

ee t about two or three ee high. The following clonal variety of it is aie “desirabl e.

31

Tamarix-leaved Juniper (J. Sabina tamariscifolia). As a low spreading shrub rising above the ground scarcely more than a foot, this form is especially valuable where a low dense covering is desired. In habit and general appearance it is very similar to and easily confused with the creeping juniper and the latter’s

rms

ARBORVITAE n-shaped branchlets with flat scale- leaves distinguish the Psat at a glance from other coni American Arborvitae (Thuja Bare Probably the most commonly planted ornamental conifers in American gardens repre- of nati

e arious form: the native arborvitae, either as individual plants or closely s trimmed into f J ere are nu us horticultural varieties of this species, ma f doubtful ornamental distinction, and it is probably only the collector or connoisseur fo: om t possess any real value.

riental Arborvitae (Thuja orientalis) is species, mor formal in hal an the precedi Iso is abundantly employed and is said to uperior to t Tican for! indbreaks

and hedges because of its denser and more compact habit. It too is known in a variety of forms, most of which are distinguished

r planes. iant Arborvitae (Thuja plicata). Native to our cae very handsome and fast-growing tree, one of the most petit nifers. Japanese Arborvitae oe Standishii). This representative from Japan is the most distinct of its clan, for it possesses an

erect leader and droopin ranch ts which render it the most graceful of all forms of arbor

GoLpEN Lar Golden Larch Pega: amabilis). A handsome tree up to 30 feet and more in height, but seldom seen in cultivation, is the

the most striking spectacles a garden can possess

32

The (Chinese Water-chestnut, Scirpus tuberosus By W. M. Porterfield (No. 2 of a series on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York) HE Chinese at stnut being treated here is the ra

th flattish corm of a sedge, botanically known as Scirpus tuberosus Roxb. (or by the synonym Eleocharis tuberosa eae a hy her

no relation to the ot ater-chestnut, Trapa natans L.,

er ars in lists of plant nai gh an fo me in China, the plant that for a long time has had the name of water- chestnut in the western world is an attractive, hardy, aquatic plant which bears true nuts characterized by ur | sometimes k: as Jesuit’s nut or water caltrops.

everal different Chinese names have been ge to the Chinese water-chestnut which is our _ present subjec Maa-tai, Pi-tsi, Vu-yu, and sometimes Ma-ha s sold in markets the corm

is dark mahogany-brown in ie and ranges from four to five centimeters (two inches, more or less) in diameter. The meat,

hich is succulent like an apple, is of uniform consistency and is sweet to the taste. It is eaten either raw or cooked. During the winter all the Chinese vendors stock up on water-chestnuts, for they are very popular. They first pare them, then impale several on a bamboo stick, and sell them to the passer-by, who munches them raw. Many times have I also eaten them as they were cooked and served in the homes of foreigners in China as one of the vegetables of the meal. Their taste is es ee not unlike that of sweet corn although different in tex Sliced water- chestnuts enter as one of the ingredients iho suey, and

who take trouble to shop in the Chinese markets are findin: them ae in salads and s It is said that the Gee ees also possesses

ees virtue. Roxburgh? quotes parts of a letter from Mr. Duncan, who transmitted samples of the corm from Canton to the East India Company’s Botanical Garden at Calcutta.

“The children here often play with cash in their mouths,” he wrote, “which at times slip down into the stomach and bring on

1 Roxburgh, Wm. Plants of the Coast of Coromandel. 3: 25-26. 1819.

33

alarming See The nut is immediately given in quantities, either raw or boiled, and they say it never fails to give relief, and is always ee as specific; they allege it er the metal.”’

In respect to its nee it has been certified that the amounts of cane-sugar in water-free samples of the Chinese water-chest nut are very high, averaging 27.5 percent, while the protein is rather low, in the original material lower than in taro (Colocasia

Base of a plant 7 pale geese raised by the author at The ie Yo ee ae cal n, ing the original corm with the

ung c t the ends a ie ae The Chinese sees ae Ma hai.” one of the native names for the water-chestnut.

34

antiquorum), as Blasdale? points out. The starch content ranges between 7 an oe in the fresh corm. The amount of wate is about 77 per

The ues a ae the corms are obtained grows in stagnant

water and sends up cylindrical hollow leaves which project above nie water level. The time of maturity is September. In general, according to Meyer®, the plant miner t ure and are grown on a muck or clayey soil covered with 1 inch water very much as rice is grown. e plants are set in hillocks three feet apart in soil iche manure, then they are flooded and left submerged until the frost kil foliage, when e water is drained nd the hillocks are dug e corms the letter quoted oxburgh! ncan speaks of the

t flooded. The new crop is ready by September. [Turn to page 38.]

ve

A trio of Chinese water- aiinge eile size, as found in the Chinese

rkets in New

“2 Blasdale, W. C. A description of some Chinese vegetable food materials, U.S. D. A. O. E. S., Bull. 68: 16. 1899.

ae FN. US. D. A, B. P. I. Plant Immigrants (132): 1148. 19

aha aie Roxburgh's original illustration of ae tuberosus, to manner in which the corms are ced. This was publ in 1819 as Plate 231 in his “Pl eM the Coast of del.”

RELIABLE EVERGREENS - FOR THE NORTHEASTERN STATES

Nikko Fir, one of the choicest exotics for specimen planting

White Pine, a typical aged specimen. Japanese Yew, effective in wintertime ors

Cale time-honored variety in cere ork,

Austrian Pine, one of the best of the European conifers in America.

Another ee Pine, its branches burdened with fresh sn

Table Mountain Pine, in cultivation charac teristically broad-topped.

Pfitzer’s Juniper, Fd ga avec alike for its beauty and its thrifty growth

38

own as a useful edible plant. * (1685) i it ae the useful alls atten-

The water- chestnut ie all over China as far as Chihli h ni

a °

inese r-chestnuts bought in the Chinatown shops are ood to eat as a cooked vegetable as desc ow them the corms can be planted in submerged flower pots and kept in the greenhouse during the winter. hen planted in a pot con- taining leaf- and topsoil with a little sand and placed in a crock full of water they will ee readily. hen the leaves

reach the water level, the plant may be repotted with a cow r should then be vigorous, and corms

n ompost. should be mature in six mon

ioc at oats E,_ Early European Researches into the Flora of China.

Journ. N. Chin. Br. Roy. As. Soc. 15: 1-194. 1880. 5 Be hacde E. History of european Botanical Discoveries in China. p. 16. 1898,

6 Fortune, Robert. Three Years’ Wanderings in the Northern Provinces a China. 307. 1847. Henry, Augustine. Notes on Economic Botany of China, p. 27. See 1893.

39

New Gardening (ourses Begin In March

EY ENING and afternoon courses in practical gardening, one of a will be offere men exclus sively, will commence

in March at The New a Botanical Garden and continue rte two months or more of the spring season ne e prin-

. J. McKenr e the lec eight dollars. Established members of the Garden and persons subscribing to new memberships will be permitted to take the

eGabae ening Practice for the Home Grounds” is the title of a daytime course which wil cupy ten afternoons beginning Wednesday, March 23. On See the course will be repeated or a@ class to ae exclusively of men. None of these courses, however, will be given for less than ten students.

The afternoon course will include demonstrations and garden- ing practice outdoors as well as illustrated lectu n the Museum Building. Each session ‘vil open with an eee talk by P. J Mckenna, after which the class will adjourn to the grounds for a chance at actual work in digging, planting, pruning, and such essential tasks.

embers of the Garden will be given ae in registering for the ‘ Peel Gardening” course, the ae which is $15, u to the amount of their ae pdiae ene i

* That is, members wh e Garden an annual f f£ $10 will need to pay only $5 additional nies ae register. Sustai chine ea a whose annual fee is $25, may enroll in the course without making further payment

‘All members receive the. Jounal of the Garden every month as well a ciddisonia semi-annually, each number of which is cilgavated with ‘eight colored plates and descriptions . bps head plants. They also receive a share in the distribution of surplus plants, announcements of special dis- plays, and other privileges.

40

e the evening course is entitled an “introduction,” it is not a besa to the course in practical gardening. Both of these courses are especially designed for the home owner who does not

the oS may ae what they have learned in their own gardens at hor

The ice to be covered in the lectures are outlined below, although they will not necessarily be given in the order listed. The suitability of each topic for the state of the season will determine the order of arrangement.

INTRODUCTION TO GARDENING

Afuseum eae New York Botanical Garden, 8 p.m., starting Thurs- day, March 3, 1938. 1. The aati border, its sie arias and management: Which per to select and how to rrange them; soil A ae to Hae the garden’s succ ars to come; sum culture of the plants, foie Sane oi partes and fe ae ing. 2. Annuals and their culture: The planning of an annual border; raising he plants; selections of hardy and half-hardy annuals and aa for fall bloom.

3. Roses: General care for the production of sturdy plants and good flowers; summer culture and fall bloom; pruning of hybrid teas and hybrid perpetuals and of various types of climbing and rambler roses; pests and diseases and how to control them.

4. Summer bulbs and tubers and their uses: Gladioli, Dahlias, Tuberous Begonias, Theres Galtonias, etc.

5. sai shrubs: How to plant and maintain hedges, groups, and indi-

ual specimens ; soil preparation; propagation; varieties.

6. Lawns: Soil preparation; quantity of seed and methods of sowing; suitable seed mixtures; maintenance of established lawns.

7. Vegetative propagation: Methods of growing new plants from cuttings

stem, leaf, root; multiplication i division; new growth from suckers, layers, and by other method

8. Rock gardens: Placing of pie proper soil mixture; selection of plants; planting ; eee

GARDENING PRACTICE FOR THE HOME GROUNDS

Museum Building, New York Botanical eee 22-4230 p.m., en Wednesday, March 23; men only in uw special class Saturday, Ala: 26;

each session comprising £ hour of lecture Ae 4 hours of pete demonstrations.

1. saa ace i tate for planting: Digging and double digging, and the of treating the subsoil; drainage and the effect of surp i bor manures and fertilizers and their proper applica- tions; injurious soil practices

2. Pruning: Roses—hybrid teas and ae perpetuals, climbers, and ramblers; vines; shrubs; fruit t

3. Lawn making and maintenance: poate of the seed bed; grasses for special situations ; need a ixtures ; getting an even seed distribu- tion; quantity of seed; oo of the lawn—cutting, feeding, pest control

4, Planting: Trees and shrubs, including roses; planting distances and other rules for perennials, with attention to oo ? and shallow rooting kinds ; how to plant bulbs, tubers, and r

5, Seed sowing and raising of young plants: Treatment indoors in pans and flats; use of coldframes; outdoor methods; care of seedlings.

6. Potting and repotting: Methods of potting aes kinds of plants; importance of size of pot; repotting and wl o do it; handling of bulbs and bulbous bit in pots

7. Disease and pest control: The more common diseases and insects; materials used in controlling them; how to mix and apply spray material; dusts and dusting methods.

8. a eas propagation: Hardwood and softwood cuttings and when to e em; leaf cuttings; root cuttings; divisions; layering; naa budding.

9. Coldframes and hotbeds: Design ns aspect of coldframes and how to get maximum results from their use; wat ventilating ae hardening off of plants; ees to make and use a hotbed; materials

used for heating. 10. Maintenance of ornamental plantings: Feeding, cultivating, staking, atering, bana ne and pinching for increased bloom: winter protectio:

Hour Changed to 3 p.m. For Spring Lecture

Series

the spring series of Saturday afternoon oo at the en the hour will be 3 p.m. instead of the for: 3 Several new speakers will appear on the Parenti progra Nelson M. Wells, who is president of the City Gardens Club:

r

Superintendent of Parks for the City of New York and a member th den’s Board of Managers.

The eae schedule of lectures on oo afternoons during ia, April, and May is printed below

Mar. 5 Plants in the Modern City Nelson M. Wells, President, City Gardens Club Mar.12 Bulbs in the Rock Garden Ethel Anson S. Peckham, Honorary Curator Mar.19 The Miracle of Seeds Jessie G. Fiske, New Jersey State Seed Analyst Mar. 26 Edible teicher and How They Gro William S. Thomas, Author or Field Book of Mushrooms Apr. 2 ieee in the Garden Fleda Griffith, Artist and Photographer Apr. 9 The Garden’s First Year T. H. Everett, Horticulturist Apr. 16 Hayfever Plants of America R. P. horas Author of “Pollen Grains” Apr.23 Our City’s Parks and Playgro Allyn R. elite General Superintendent of Parks Apr. 30 Where Spring Flowers Grow About New Yor E, J. Alexander, Assistant Curator May 7 A Summer Program of Plant Protection B. O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist May 14 Traveling Through Switzerland H. N. Moldenke, Associate Curator May 21 Showy Flowers of ale . Beaman Douglass, M.D. (retired) Lecturer May 28 Lilies for Gardens A. B. Stout, Curator of Education and Laboratories

43

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of York Botanical Garden.)

The New

Open peg to an Aut: 1s tons Pee aul

: pages, illu: ea by the A _ Univers of Oklahoma Press,

Norman, Oklahoma, 1937. $2.50.

My dear Dr ee

i so long s e parted a During ‘the jong le of my return I recalled some of the things

d : Iked he

later around ne fs fies of the moun-

you ord: . sharply into nes I passed were not Hills t too steep os

tof raw silt: B

bare free ae and houses in disrepair. There are some who will think of these as tem- passing disruption Co} m1. but al a us who think of tie biologic beyond the i resent know that this is not i things are symptomatic of the acute diseases which, all too insidi-

into and ili-

zation—a civilization based upon the ruth- less eS olaetion and destruction of nat- ural resources.

Far to the south where Mexico nar- rows to an isthmus there was a once fat and laughing land. Not so many hun- dreds ar yen ago it was teeming with

people. I have seen the roads they con- structed ; ave ed the eets of cities they built, cities which held million people; I have gazed with won- de mples greater than those of the ile. But the roads are abandoned, the cities naught b mounds, — th

temples fallen to ruin and the people

lived and worshipped ther re and living in squalor. Aad: all of this in spite of ne ae fog aaa a know, as they kne' imes, the necessity oe ee ee the building of brush and log dams to stop the erosion of gullies; in ash . a fact that terraces have Hae and unplowed contour seis “teft in the fields. In spite of the fact that think

people sunk s far below their once ps level that they aia as opulent a standard of living based upon ten dollars per year per person. In some of the houses where I ane Rue dollars per year per adult andard,

I found I like it.

eo Scan

: your latest book on my desk.

It is a book

s a student of

more frontiers— no more wilder- ness, vues . be the wilderness of man’s

ie TT dusk of m

laboratory, 1 a ae fee of a great city blinking in fe frosty twilight. Is it @ fate of this

were to disappear, they ‘might constitute

44.

its only record. “The is far poe heer to man to it. arth has passing oe man

earth is

oa 28 Put

cautious in Giemandiie an abode so "0 aairabhy fitted C a ae in ae very nature of thin ne the

ave ie last wo " As you have so aptly pointed out, we im: are an ey yeean cof the biological cosmos | turn to the

Dp. es a cultura ttern leadi lasting and t: tly ‘abundant life. incerely sa . H. Camp.

On Greenhouses GREENHOUSE CULTURE FOR AMATEURS. Edith Grey Wheel- wright. 163 pages, index, photographs. Country Life, London, 1937, $2.50.

Upon reading Miss Wheelright’s

“Greenhouse Culture

i t tl

hom find ee book of its nature contain ing such a select and unusual list of the es of greenhouse plants and their

Especially pee eae is the ae on oe which covers a for- midable list of South African species and many others, with little mention of the more easily cultivated hybrid narcissi and tulips.

Since this book was written primarily

for English sere the a reader could hardly wi of the plants reationed unless vcultural modifications are considered. Eve a types of glasshouses ee i small home would rdly be practical where weather condnions are so

owever, if thi can no are than to sti mulate an interest in glass-

eee in this oe it has accomplished orthy

JosepH W. TANsEyY.

For the Rock Gardener AMER nN CAN ROCK ANTS. W. H. Preece. 204 pages, index, ohstne he. Macmillan, New York, 1937. $3.50. Random selections of plants, since t immemorial, pale nee brought, forth cs all kinds of gardene In

and

uch standards, Mr. Pr reece’s bundle

North Pieters Rock Plants, in an ap-

rimula, te)

Pi flee plant literature. a viewpoint of iene description and t factual value,

leaves much to be desired.

+

t is not quite portraiture to sa:

and filac Soae: white-flower ing form,” but white-flowering forms, es and without the yellow crest.

Distribution data are not always rect. ciliata (perhaps familiarly known as Saar ch iat) fas a re eas than is indicated. Vaccinium dae spitosin. The historical data under Shortia eauiere will bear aa ae plant

as discovered Michaux (not Michesix) in 1788 (not 89) =a first re- coeageon in 1877 (not 1886). More- over, the plant is not confined to any one locality and there is no Sapphire County

as oe

Se and er inaccuracies detract from he valde: the book as a record

cor-

done better justice to Yet in the

For the culture of Shortia galacifoli ia, well. ne git with sa ee is ae palate but acidity, which be requt: Ae

With all this, Mr. Preece’s book is. indeed, far superior to a great deal of popular plant literature.

he holds that American rock gardening is a thing of broader signific ee than the mere growing lan The revicwer admits et teougt his hetanical appetite was not satisfied, his outh was m: ter ose wouldn’t, before such a spread of western ic In fact, i

tude, and which no mere Sven acidity or alkalinity can era: P. vaN MELLE.

45

Much About House Plants GARDENING INDOORS. fF. F. Rockwell and Esther C. Grayson. 201 pages, index, photographs and draw- ings. Macmillan, New York, 1937.

2.50.

rdening Indoors” by Rock- an “with ee sponta ae ‘of win- dow gardens by Esther C. Gray is another faca helpful conibuuon. to this ni

fo}

ic)

cB a a oO

hat no one could fail

o be ul aving such a garden if al the iden directions are followed wl 0

a

artistic use

of auty

ree by the ““thiculties of its at-

tainment, will be a sel 2 a anneks p Ricuey SEA’

Authority on Herbs HERBS AND HERB GARDENING.

Eleanour Sinclair Rohde. 206 pages, index, drawings and __ photographs. Macmillan, New York, 1937. $3.

Having in my collection seven of Miss Rohde’s many books on eke both in

doe book, “Herbs ne Herb Garden- ig.” he jacket, repeated in the irontispiece, bath in dolore is a delight the eye; the fourteen halftones scat-

nae through the book show lovely spots of herb-gardens in England, helpful in f£ plants

have made to Sea correspondent bewildered ty the plants that hav . up 7

c

n for extensive grounds, to me somewhat too elaborate for ee to undertake.

Miss Rohde speaks in the preface of her treatment of the use of herbs for iv wer ga —

eart, growing herbs for

‘or ag

garden; but as Miss points out, Be he “introduced moe: He. lightfully among the bright showy flowers.

The of so many herbs ar eee a he because of old seo:

he several varieties, and advising some- what out ae peculiar cultural — this fro: nglish viewpo 7 ae erally cue in this cow One chapter is be to ee omeell culinary one taller herbs with which

ed in medicine and magic. Just a few recipes are found in the last chapter. - a oa iis oie ie: quotin Miss Rohde

in acne Sto ory of the Garden,” although in her work, “The English Cadeine “Books,” Pe cites Richard Surflet’s translation of “Maison Rustique” as the source. The Lawson book makes no such division of the gar- den. Then (page 9) there is a quotation

ut the elves’ preparing the seats of honor at Na! Castle. It comes Bees

but Miss Rohde ere : “Midsum- mer Night's w en less im- ra ‘misquotation is that. from John Josselyn’s “New England’s Rarities,”

“eaten with a

concerning anise being fly. iki

always been a

puzzling statement. But the ha of the book lies in its varied appeal, ee A ies recall of

memories of grandm s herb garden the practical Geeciae sas lane: herbs,

the identification of varieties, the vast amount of legend. Any reader of the book soi aes feels that it must have een written sas him

ata E. CLARKSON.

A pane eek on Ferns TO TEEN

fia Whe 220 drawings, ue tone frontispieve ae Press, Lan » Pa., 1937. $1.

There fae any books ferns in the las iw pee that one would es think et could be Ba fe This pocket-size manu:

ee will be tar only di stinct

eg anyone with a gives in cee

for the Peeinness

oo

not

acid- ener reaction, and stresses the importance Pas this fact in a excellent concluding arks on fer! ing ecies suited to various types 0 An Has adil contribution is the elie: ue as Segal names. False “local” and color fee personal names are derecerded, ei ones nae Massa- chusetts Fern g Fern, from Vir- ginia Chain Fecn 6 "int ‘Chain. Fern, som Goldie’s Fern to Giant Woodfern, and from Boott’s Fern to Glandular Swamp-fern should ae “heartily endorsed. The less usual com ames given are simple and appropria tes, Daisylest Grape- fern is obvious, exact, and therefore

47

gay oh it does not appear in other fer safe to say that the cane Bony hi seemed a ‘mis a ee

-shaped ; Bie Trane Grapefern given a ore descriptiv an the old Lan jeaged Grapefern.

Notable is the “all discussion of Cys: Sto p- teris fragilis; _variet ¥s mackayi hea designated. as Upland Brittle Fern, and ey protrusa as Lowland Brittle ean —the latter more ree on the Central Eastern States. The frequent confusion as oe of the Brittle ei with the

t-lobed Woodsia is cla: sae ennstaedtia

least as compared with the reflexed mar-

gins of Adiantum, oe and rea

Dennstaedtia, hav: cup-shap

or partial fidusia, Seen

ay ia Woodsia, ystopte

aes

Onoclea, and

D. T. WALDEN.

On the Rules of Nomenclature

CX A scomnentaty on the laws of botanical menclature. The ee fiche, Straits Settlements.

2 - pee saa: one nomenclature 937,

current revision of the Interna-

arious categories 83

H. A.

type specimens. GLEASON,

Current Literature*

At a Glance By Carol H. Woodward History. When pingarn writes

J. E. Sp

on “Henry Winthrop "Sargent and the arly Histary of Landscape Gardening and Ornamental Horticulture in Dutchess County, New York,” he is presenting a viral background to the coe of landscape architecture in America

The 35-page reprint from

Year Book of the Dutchess ca Head bees piped tells the story not only

tion to anny, cluding his cousin, Charles Surdeue eee in his _develop- ment of the Arnold Arboretum. He gives ae ma of Andrew Jackson Dewi

air ieae er pede bie ete ditions,

ae “SHyde Park”: “and, ae of Dr Hoa hn of Hans Jacob Ehlers,

. Spingarn says, he oo "of Dutchess County iney foun a golden opportunity, a ey

work and other events at the garden of the Red he? amily at Mount Gulian from 1829 to 1866.

Plants Without oe ae ture which he had n, J. W. Shive of Rutgers ieee tells in the January Poste i ne Horticultural Sorry of New Plants can be grown in

ing a fec-

ll publications mentioned hi

"A and m: others—may be found in the Library of. The Botanical 1 Garden, in the Museum Building.

48

and or water supplied with proper Sunricat solutions. Me gives two tested formulas for feedin ants thus raised,

Cs pla and says that sand : preferable to water as the supporting medium.

“These are the Ber-

ae Shrubs. M in the

under average Writing in oe a of the Garden same _ month, r D. r an ate: eties of decorative berried shrubs whic ww ate of Mrs. Hugh Auchin- ecticu nother Hist of plants to attract birds sopeats in Madison oo Garden- ng Magazine for Feb:

Writing of “Better Del-

Country alas for

R. O’Bri describes

fics aay n Jan

Delphiniums. phiniums” in an

y newest and

aking particu- r renee read

Four Europeans and fou oe figure in the brief ‘stan of the peak in research on virus diseases,

writ Melville Cook for the Scientife Monthly, where it appears in

viruses

robably on he | characters of the

ewnles forms of life

Noes News, and Comment Edue the invitation of the

President. “ot Dilgrd University, T. #H.

Eve

New Orleans in Janu- e apres relating to

le curriculum’ for the training of pro

sional gardeners at- Dillard. On his

eee to pd York Mr. ne stomped St. Louis and Chicago

portant ee roa

Publication. The American Rock Gar-

ati s of plant car plage iiistranione a oe notes on rock

of anding interest. e com-

whic descriptions, arden pla

van Melle, Montague

Free, “Cant Enis oe J. G. Esson have been asked to se

From South America. A ave radio sage received the middle of January fro Smith by Mrs.

elieve

Oo unexp ville, who has long ae oe a Brazil, turn, The New York Botanical Cates

rey Club. Raymond H. Tor: 7 Tal the Board of

b jeny Hendley eg Molde nke Pea Clyde Chai

been elected to the council of the

ooks. Supplementing the Pater Pr ele lectures at the Garden, a spe- of b n

_ dis ‘play ooks is now a rranged each week in the library by Mis Elizabeth Hall. Literature pertain to the subject of each lecture is pice on a rack in the reading room the afternoon preceding the progr d is

ar to consult e library’s eee calleruoe: on subjects in eee they are interested,

THE NEW YORK eine GARDEN

ARD OF MANAGER

I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS

Until 1939: Artuur M. ANpverson (Treasurer), Henry W. ve Forest, vine Lewis, E. D. Pe HENRY DE LA oe (Secretary and

Assistant Treasurer), WittiaM J. Roppins, and J. E. Spincarn.

Until 1940° HENRY DE Sanne BALDWIN Abe -president), Cuiips ae Autyn R, JENNINGS, age Lewisoun, Henry Locxuart, Jr., T. ree and Loe Swan (President

Until 19. ARS. ae Mrs. Eton Huntincton Hooker, Joun L. MERRILL (Hice-presiden Cor. Rosert H. Montcomery, H. Hopart Porter,

and Raymon

II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS

Fioretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor o the City of New York. aad Moses, Park Commissione: Henry C. Turner, President of ihe Board of Education.

III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E. Hazen, appointed by the Ae Botanical Club.

AL ARPER, Sam F, TRELEASE, EpMunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. Bocerr, appointed by Columbia Universi ity.

GARDEN STAFF

Lee J. Rossins, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director H. A. Gieason, PH ‘D. Assistant Director and Head Curator HENRY DE MONTAGNE Assistant Director A. B, Stout, Pu. D. Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator BERNARD ] Donce, Pu. D. a Pathologist oHN Henotey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. ibliographer PERCY Wilson pine te Curator Axvzert C. Smiru, Pu. D. ssociate Curator ARoLD N, Moivenxe, Pu. D. Associate Curator ELIZABETH - Hatt, B. S. Librarian ae H, Rus: ae D. oss reese Honorary Curator of a Pons Collections Eva Gal ist and Photo grapher bone Ss. Wins rch i Assoc — Bryology E. }, ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and ea of the Foc ¢ Herbarium W. Camp, Pu. re Curator Ciype CHANDLER, A.M. Technical Assistant Rosalie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Frederick KavaANnaGcH, M Technical Assistant AROL H. Woopwarp, A. B. euaie f espian Tuomas H. Everett, N. 1D. Hort. Horticulturist G. L. Wittrock, A. M. hates Otto DEGENER, ba S: ee ue borator in Hawaiian Botany Ropert HaGeELst vary Curator of Myxomycetes ETHEL ANSON 5. “Proiaar - Honorary eerie Iris and Narcissus Callettions ee J. nae Superintendent a ea ngs and Grounds A.C. stant Superintenacnt

PUBLICATIONS OF THE me YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ooks

An Illustrated Flora of the Nor fee United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown. Three ean Bivine Mescuiations and illustra- tions of 4,666 species. Second edition, reprinte $13.5

Flora of the Pearce: and Plains of Central Nord en, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and 601 figur 1932; elmice: $5. 50 postpaid.

Plants of the Vicinie) of New York, by H. A. ne 284 pages, illustrated. 1985 oe 65.

of Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 text fore 1918. $3.50. A. Text-book ot Genet Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 plates. 1897. $2. Periodicals Addisonia, semi-annual, devoted exclusively to colored plates Bee b popular eeecieacns of owennee Biaaee fight plates in cab number, thirty-two in each volum ow in its os th volume. Subscription price, a volume (two years). Not offered in exchange. ried o members of the Garden. The Botanical ae monthly, containing notes, news and ea echnical eee: Subscription, $1 a year; anale 6 copies 10 cents. Free Late 1

to tae ers of the Garden. ow in its thirty-ninth volume.

cologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and pee a devoted to fungi, eta lichens, containing technical ase and news and notes of general in- terest. a year; single copies : Now in ie thirtieth volume. 4

Twenty four Year Index volume $3 in paper, 33 50 in Pabaeaiel

Brittonia. A series Aa botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. Now in i second volum

No: 7 Bes ora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North Ane including Cece the West Indies, end ee ntral America. Hens ied to pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of or more parts; 85 p now ae rea Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a tinited amet of separate ae will be sold for $2 each. Not offered in exchan

Che ibutions from The New vee Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers pune by suleo or eRbee of the staff, ae pepHne ey from journals abov Pri 2 h,

other the ve. e, 25 cents eac $5 a me. In the fourteenth volume. Memoirs ae The New vor ae Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Volu LVII. Titics Direct sth ne to The Ne ew Naik Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. * *

DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN ork Botanical Garden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of he Zoolorical Park at Fordha m Road, and at the south end of the Bronx River arkway. It may be reached aS local trains from Grand Central Terminal to the Hane) Garden Station (200th Serceh ))o ach the Garden by the Hlevared and Subway systems, take the Third Avenue Blevaced to the end of the we onx Park Station); ae m the East and West Side subways, transfer from ngton or Seventh enue line to ng Thir a has peace at 149th. Street and Third Avenue. a th Ave’ subway (Independent system) take a r CC train to Bedford Park Bouleaed (20008 Ses then walk east to the ee en. ome by motor from the city, drive north on Grand Concourse to Bedford Hart Tere Coe Street), turn east there, and cross the railroad bridge into e Garden groun

VoL. XXXIX Marcu, 1938 PAGES No. 459 49—72

JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y.

Z 2

ntered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free

o members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor Marcu, 1938

BEcONIA “PRESIDENT CARNOT” Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith Harpy AZALEAS FoR BEAUTY OF ForM AND CoLor IN E GARDE Clement G. Bowers 49 Bark AND Bups To IDENTIFY SOME NATIVE TREES IN NTER E. J. Alexander 61 REVIEWS OF RECENT Books 69

Current LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 70

Apvisory CouNCIL REPORT

Notes, News, AND COMMENT 71 BEGONIAS

Am the functions of a Botanical Garden is the assembling of com- plete ines ms of plants, essentially for ee study but also aes for their nae when on public displa

Begonias are a group which serve this dual purpose admirably, and at The New York Botanical Garden there is one of the finest — of fibrous-rooted begonias in srr Roe e glasshouse which is given over to these plants, there are nearly pecies and varieties. Whi le there is always bloom in this house, "ding ebrary and March the aa taken over to Cone ory Rang ke an outs! eae floral displa

h

by exchan Seeds of wild species collected in Mexico and I ndia. hav been a to th Seaiaes eee additional ees age on sent by ae er botanical gardens, Plan s have come from growers, sometimes in return for surplus material, ae ne in appreciation for the identification of species submitted to the Botanical Garden for naming. In 1934 a large number of plants were brought from Kew and other g: ardens in England, greatly enriching a collection. The Garden co- operates with begonia growers far and near, and is always glad to receive new material in exchange.

There is a complete herbarium collection based on the plants being grown at the Garden

From the living collections surplus plants are distributed to members, and it is eee that larger numbers of named varieties will be available in the fut

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. XXXIX Marcy 1938 No. 459

Hardy -Azaleas for Beauty Of Form and Color In the Garden By Clement G. Bowers

DEN effects of considerable beauty may be obtained with i :

n fu shows, but the species exhibited are often of such cae nature—

here such wildlings as Rhododendron roseum and R. calendulaceum have proved quite as effective and almost as floriferous as the more tender sorts.

n the usual flower show material the colors are commonly re- stricted to the white-pink-rose-crimson-purple range, although some very fine reds of the R. Kaempferi sort are sometimes in- cluded. This is because such azaleas usually belong to the so-called

49

50

Obtusum subseries, originating in Japan and China, which have c ellow tru

Alan: ergreen ever or in milder climates. The habit of aan of these azaleas is

prime reasons why the Japanese and greenhouse azaleas make good material for flower shows, especially since some of the native azaleas are 2 difficult to force

There is no denying the ae that azaleas of the Obtusum sub-

c €

lectively called the section Pentanthera because they have only

five stamens, but more recently designated as the Luteum subseries oe of these hardy deciduous azaleas are among the siawict

of all flowering shrubs. Included in the group are forms o

ae all the colors to be found in the Obtusum subseries, with

ooh

S eee or greater hardiness bring in different types of flowers and plants. There are double and semi-double forms of the native eee species as well as among clonal varieties of Ghent and Mollis azaleas. Again, the flowers may be fragrant or scentless,

early or late, large or small. Among the hybrids, one may find all sorts of intermediate color tones, combinations and patterns, and some “ shades are particularly attractive. Crimson purple, however, are not present to any ae nor are their values, when found, the same as in the other subseries oe American species are generally coarser in habit than those

of the Obtusum te ee in Asia, and the plants are ne taller. Under proper culture, however, these hardy

51

sorts will become almost as floriferous as the others, pares quite e Id

uum. : the clonal variety called Amoena') the red flower colors fade

badly after exposu the sun, in the American azaleas and the t hybrids certain rose, red and scarlet forms of n t fade eve er severe ees re) full eases \ r

series, I do not know, but I can bear aes t6 the fact that a

Ghent azalea in my collection, having a lor inlike that of empferi (although far from being identical) retain its brilli of pigmentation without turning either brownish or

. roseum are similarly free from color distortion until the flowers wither, and I think I am correct in s that no faded flowers were observed in the wild collection i ae newly-found scarlet

Certain names re as Amoena and Daviesii are not ieee hee

1 since such plants are rely horticultural varieties (clones), her not entitled to Laan fe fence —C.G.B.

Hardy azaleas combined with rhododendrons along a drive at Highland Park, Rochester, N. Y.

52

flame azalea of Kentucky. Yellows, however, will sometimes fade to white ; this is true of the hybrid known as Daviesii, which is cream when the buds open and soon becomes white with pattern of golden yellow on the upper lobe. erhaps one reason why we do not pay more attention to our S think

ticultural treatment of the most sophisticated sort, under whi they m ecome quite different object h hal f- starved and scraggly wildlings ) s i that they are not beautiful in nature or that the naturalistic style is no od for the ut the plants one sees

e ofte wing r conditions of severe compet d hence are seldom the equal of the vigorous, floriferous ae mens that can be produced under the best conditions of garde culture

Few flowering shrubs are the equal of the hardy deciduous azaleas for general purposes, such as dooryard planting, borders, shrub gardens, specimens and points of interest where color is needed. The fact that they seldom become overgrown and the further fact that they possess an interesting branching habit when not in leaf makes them of great potential usefulness i in easels

eas e s against an evergreen background or intermingled with evergreen shrubs. They are entirely suitable and sometimes very effective when interplanted with true rhododendrons, some of which may

2Journ, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 38: 73-78. 1937, 39: 1-5. 1938.

53

bloom at ine same time. Yellow azaleas, blooming at the same b:

he light rays and refract them as through miniature stained glass

hey are gainst dark backgrounds, too, and are effective aaben interplanted with dwarfish conifers. In the woodland, also, azaleas are effective, especially if touched here and there by rays of sunlight which

make their flowers glow against the dark shadows of th es. A little patch of w may be rendered glorious by the mere addi- tion of a ee little path and half a dozen azalea plants en

1 ee a = always appear delightfully at tone among the trees. A situation often overlooked is the great beauty of a garden of turf and woody plants carefully designed, and the ease and a

economy with which s ing may be maintained. Not all woody plants are effecti ut azaleas and certain other - ing trees and shrubs are as showy as any herbaceous plants while in bloom and have the ad advantage of furnishing an ex- cellent green background for the rest of the garden whe e flowers are gone, which is something of ich few herbaceous plants are ¢ le. Gar of this general plan although the

a

excellent Colonial gardens now so popularly acclaimed at Wiilliams- burg. Gardens of similar but more modest plan are to be found among the old estates of the North. In southern gardens of this type there are many trees, and hedges enclose small areas of turf and flowering plants or shrubs. Now, azaleas were probably not

54

used in authentic Colonial gardens, because these plants were not cultivated in America in the early days, but the point I wish to

HT tion: engendered by t 2 Williamsburg Restoration and similar move- ments, plus the inherent beauty of this type of garden, which ¢

es a maximum of beauty with a minimum . labor, it is con- ceiv carte that a revival of interest in shady gardens and woody plant materials may occur. This brings to our attention the fact that azaleas are plants par excellence for such usage. O

r

display, without the trouble and expense of a large collection o plants.

he present time in this country it is almost necessary to buy the Pentanthera azaleas as seedlings or specimens collected from the wild. .\mong the azaleas of the Obtusum subseries, which are easily propagated from cuttings, one can find many clones or named” varieties, sou

e greatly superior to ordinary seedlings. But in the on subseries, plants of named varieties i teri

es a

which may be more satisfactory than grafting and which will a permit the rapid multiplication of superior forms. Some pr ihe along these lines is being reported through the use of pla hormones, but the practical gardener must ee a long time in waiting before he will be able to secure everything he wants. At the present moment, therefore, only the more bags may have collections of named hybrids, double forms and certain special

0 Bxcellche plants of various species are being raised commer- cially by certain nurserymen, Although one cannot always find

55

the items he most desires, such as Rhododendron japonicum, one may often pick up excellent seedling plants o best specie

want especially true of the species most subject to variation nge flowe cal

os nat. in assuming that seedlings of R. roseum, R. arborescens ROE

n of native plants classify their stock, so that one can often order a

Zz ? or a white form of R. Vascyi, or a similar specified sort, and be sure to get it. The equivalents of many Ghent and Mollis hybrids will be found among the mixed seedlings of the species I have mentioned

Below I am describing the Sa species of azalea (Rhododen-

more widely demonstrated in this country, I am not emphasizing them in the following descriptions.

Rhododendron roseumn, the Mayflower Azalea or Downy Pinx- terbloom, is one of the very best for general purposes and for hardiness. It is widely Rr usually aa and on hilltops from New England to the Carolinas, and has for many years been considered a variety of R. nudiflorum. In the trade, it frequently masquerades under the name of R. canescens, which is a tender and inferior species from Georgia and Florida, but the plants are really R. roscum from the Piedmont region of Virginia. This is how the name Piedmont Azalea became erroneously attached to re Florida species. Intermediate forms between R. rosewm and R. nudifiorum are not uncommon in the wild, but typical forms differ in that R. roseum is of a brighter, clearer pink color and

et.

56

has a strong spicy fragrance of cloves, while R. nudiflorum has merely an insipid sweet odor and is horticulturally very inferior re ar bf

here are other distinguishing characters, but these are of most horticultural poe nce. Fk. roseum blooms just befor’ ee tion Day an es an excellent dooryard and lan

ma. garden pla aleaateon calendulaceum is the brilliant Plame an Typically light orange in color, it has forms ranging from lemon- yellow to orange-vermilion, and now a bright scarlet form has been found. The latter was reported in 1936 from Kentucky by Dr. Ww

. Cat blooms about the middle of ae at New York and Boston. This is, in ee the ancestor of the Ghent hybrids, R. ee

ea. I hav

ododendron antic is a dwarf species from the Coastal Plain . Virginia and the Carolinas, which, however, is fairly hardy at New Yor! oi Boston. It is usually only eighteen inches a and it spreads by underground runners or stolons. This spreading character is not a ae however, and makes the species useful as a gro t blooms late in May and appears in both on ne Sor a the white form being the

57

most useful, in my opinion. Possessing abundant flowers with a aimee rose-like scent, this species deserves to be much better

yoke ee ee Vaseyi, the earliest to bloom among the Ameri- ML d c

can azaleas, is regarded as one of the azaleas in the orl vers differ in shape from t of the others here described and a delightful apple-blossom-pink color. seyt, native in North Carolina, blooms < in earl

: y May and is perhaps the ee vigorous grower of all. Plants are

in the e. hododendron ee the Rhodora, also blooms early,

is less attractive. It bears peculiarly shaped, slender, lilac ie and has a certain eat of its own, but is the least showy of any of o

foci on ea is certainly one of the most poten- tially useful species. It comes from Japan and, like the Flame Azalea, has great variation, ranging from the pure yellow form.

Rhododendron nudiflorum, native to woodlands and hilltops in the ie . — cast, under cultivation produces even more abundant flowers than are en here in the wild.

Photograph by L. W. Bi

58

var. aureun, to forms that are salmon and salmon-rose. The

y cultivation as good azalea seedlings, but are probably no more valuable than ordinary oe — gs, which they actually are. japonicum is one of the very hardy azaleas. Rhododendr on molle from Chiva is so closely allied to japonicum as to be ines identical, but is considered of doubt- di P

summer moisture, and hy both of them have

in the so-called Mollis hybrids, sometimes called R. Kosterianum, which include some excellent hardy azaleas with large flowers. The colors are mainly yellow, orange, and brick-red, and the plants of ody species and hybrids bloom at New York about mid- May.

is not

Nets rhododendron from Korea. It is notable for its very y bloom which sometimes comes as early as the first of April at oe York City. hough it is on ae this feature makes it susceptible to injury by spring frosts. The flowers are of bright magenta, not unattractive when blooming by themselves in early

see but not to be mixed with other colors. pepe pa eae the Royal Azalea, appears to be ut of a hardiness in

= 2 3 oe - Oo we N

flowered azalea of blush-pink color and distinctive foliage. Experi- ence indicates, however, that it is somewhat fastidious about its environment in a way tha ot yet entirely

Rhododendron ee appears to - a * headetl and promising large-flowered, early, rose-colored azalea for Long Island and places of similar mildness, but of doubtful hardiness northward. It blooms about the 20th of April. It is very rare

e now come to the azaleas belonging to the Obtusum sub-

59

series. We shall spend little time with these, not being particu- larly concerned with them in this article, since the majority are not reliably hardy north of the environs of New York City or

y are ass are tensively propagated and sold ine clonal names, because they are easy to multiply by cuttings and make attractive garden sub- jects in climates where they will survive

Rhododendron Kaempferi is one of the very few azaleas in this class that will grow outdoors at Boston and is the hardiest of its group. It is one of the most valuable garden azaleas we have and is perfectly hardy to —15° F., but is absolutely tender below this temperature and will kill to the ee at —20° F. if sus- tained for any length of time. This species 8 quite variable, but

ht or

vi

posure to the ee very garden that is not too cold should have R. Kaentpfe here are now some races of ee on the market. It is doubtful if they are as hardy as this , but several are of undisputed merit. The so- cad ere ee belong in this group.

Rhododendron mucronatum, the Snow Azalea, often miscalled dica Alba’’ and

, “Azalea Indica a” “Azalea ledifolia,” is a splendid white- ered species from Japan, about four feet high, with partly evergreen foliage as in mid-May and is lovely about v ity, but cannot be recommended for regions farther orth. a number of varieties under special names which a distinctive color patterns in rose or purple. Rhododendron ioe is somewhat hardy at Boston, but,

in the opinion of many gardeners, is not worth growing, because of its dull lilac color. It has a double form, called the Yodogawa Azalea, which 1s tice handsome and does well at The New York Botanical Garden, but which is of doubtful hardiness northward.

60 Rhododendron indicum comes from Japan, not India, and is represented by several forms which will grow outdoors at New rk 1 rs 0 P : ovett. nother is a as dwarf form with very double R. Ka

the called Ss balsai eal oak t Rhod

a supposed Re Afarwellii, is a splendid ace plant with arge flowers of deep rose, hardy at Boston with some protection

I ndrou obtusum is represent yew the familiar varietie moena and nodegiri and the less hardy Kurume azaleas nall of flower and act of habit, these azaleas are very beautiful and are favorites at fl @) uu

cannot be recommended north of New York City except in very warm spots.

There are many more varieties which might be mentioned, but since we are here interested mainly in azaleas of reliable hardi- ness and easy obtainment, it is time to bring this list to an end.

Bark and Buds to Identify Some “Native Trees In Winter By E. J. Alexander

EAVES are by no means essential to the nature student who

wishes to know and recognise trees. While in summer one’s tendency is to glance at a leaf to find a determining mark, this method is reliable only for gencralizations, for oak leaves have a confusing variety of outline on a single tree, the foliage of dif- ferent hickory species has a distressing sameness, and an elm can casily be mistaken for something else if only a leaf is seen.

Even the flowers of trees, while to the botanist they are a posi- tive clue to a species, can not be counted on by the average nature student, because their life is so short compared to the fifty weeks or more in which a irce must be identified by other means. For in winter, even if a tree has not grown to fit the sithouette ascribed to it by books, there are undeniable marks of identification. These lie in the dormant buds, lcaf-scars, and the bark.

In the December number of this magasine, Dr. Forman T. AlcLean told how to identify trees in winter by their outlines and branching habits. The same fiftcen trees, all of which are com- mon natives in the northeastern states, are now to be described in more detailed winter condition, with illustrations of the bark of each and of the twigs showing the winter buds. Only a portion of the trees will be treated in this issue of the Journal; the remainder will appear next month,

alll of the buds are shown magnified cxactly three times, while ithe pictures of the bark were all taken at approximately the same distance (about eight feet) from cach tree. The photographs were made by Afiss Fleda Griffith, Staff Photographer, with the assistance of Aliss Maisie Alilland —C.HWY.

62

American Elm (Ulinus ameri- cana). Rivaling the sugar-maple or st ee as a botanical landmark of the New scene, this most graceful trees, with true feminine oe in its form, is without peer as America’s supreme acne to treedom. Every inch a lady, solitary s specimen 1 in per rfect nite

even in the forest where only the trunk is visible. A distinctive additional character may be found in a cross-section of the bar ich is internally stratified by alteenatne wed and dark brown layers. he leaf-buds are ovoid-conical, light reddish brown, smooth and shining and ap- pressed to the reddish brown or yellowi brown twigs which are smooth or slightly downy. The terminal bud is usually bent at an angle to the twig. The obovoid flower buds, which are much larger and taper at the base, are usually below the end of the twig. They are easily aia against the sky even when ou ach.

Basswood (Tilia eee Among the statelier native trees the basswood or linden ranks high for, though when in the open it forms a broad rounded tree, in the forest

up tall oe trunk whic nee ae high abov

63

On young trees the dark gray bark is somewhat smooth or with a few furrows

dividing into flat-to ridges, but hese ridges become more numerous and more round-topped with increasing age

on the outsid wed against the sky, the twigs and smaller branches are seen to be arranged in an . m the outer periphery of which the smaller twigs are given off a angent, th e being spread eee tough and

rous inr r bark cannot e broken, but

y ae to reak a twig. The American d fibre

a basswood is said to have been originally bastwood, because of the many uses of the fibrous bast.

Basswood

64

ugar Maple (.tcer saccharum). Most loved and cherished for the memories it arouses is the sugar maple, whose rounded out-

Its value for timber and for its sap, from which maple ae aind sugar are made, as well as its ability for wresting a foothold from the rocky ribs of the New vee countryside, have won for it

have obtained

necessary to ascertain its identity. a distance the sugar maple might be confused with the Norway or sycamore maple, tit two trees have evenly furrowed bark ar rounded their twigs are much stouter, and the ovoid buds—brown on the Norway and green on the sycamore maple—are fewer in number.

65

Silver-Maple (cer saccharinum). Earliest of American trees to flower, and most rapidly growing, though short-lived, the silver maple is probably unique in its position. The first cee ward, then upward sweep of its branches is usually sure identi- fication, but even then it is easily confused with the red maple, which it also resembles in its gray, somewhat scaly bark. The bark of the silver ee how ever, is a bit more loose-appearing,

s. y opened, were thee in Po ughkeepsie, some seventy miles farther north

flower buds of the silver maple are dissected it will be found th e flowers have a ucanly united cuplike corolla, whereas

ne is similar in appearance ut has more wide- Spaatne branches, _buds

ae stalk. In the

G bark of the sycamore that remains on the tree is dark brown and is broken into thin small scales rather regular in form

67

White Ash (Fraxinus americana). Since the ashes and maples are our only common native trees with

fusior eee ever arise as to

heir : he ashes have rather stubby, black- dowr nter buds with the outer pair ales some-

maples have smooth buds with ee ear cai ne Grall ee scars. As is characteristic with trees of opposite branching halvit.

ash, which r ing fie meee e hollows, are so disune:

rs he black ash, r instance, has rather dark gray shallowly fissured and very scaly bark and is strictly a swamp tr

the red or green ash) has downy twigs and smooth, more pointed buds.

Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata). Most distinctive among our native trees is the shagbark hickory, which may al- ways be greeted as an old friend when-

er it is met, for the long, upwardly

ich ¢

shagging of bark whic er the runk unmistakably spell its name. The buds ly characteristic, for th

are large and ovoid with lowish wool, and the loose outer scales are ovate with long stalk-like tips. Like the ends of the

twigs, the outer scales are covered with blackish wool.

he other hickories of our region may be told by their non-scaling, rigid and furrowed bark, as well as by the different forms of their winter buds.

69

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.)

Design or History? nee t of gas les dust on a the lim- amount un in most roof gar-

BEE Te AND DESIGN, ae types of plants that will survive in

Harold pvenaes ee and Cor oof garden, what one may expect

Jan n Dy’ abbard, | 232 pag ne the length of life of such plants,

2h seams ae P. Lippincott, and many ie oes ms He come to

, he oof garden is

he real ig sie of ithe book, Suan eee ab See and Design,” is somewhat ¢

fusi ae to me. . the book is to be a historical work hould stick i. ‘histor ; if a guide to

ble it y;

to be a co Ss © structure and design it should stick to amount of history rewritten, and while it structure and design. If it is to concern is in an attractive simple style I cannot cuttural methods let them be handled in see quite its Pee ina aes of ae tg a simple honest manner : except that it may be used f :

Also one finds the ele oe at are very beautiful, though one There seems to be a mixture of historical to twist the big volume in three direc- subjects and present-day gar _ me tions from page to page in order to s

pies

: of the same them, and some of the writing is very If the writers are planning to con- pleasing, but I should like to see it re- anged,

Hucu Finpray.

which al professional From a Dirt Gardener landscape architect. The history is am E GARDENER TO AN. oe but complete, but one would hardly OTHER. Lucy M. Ellis. 279 pages, a comprehensive Bulees in ae a illustrated with. drawings. Thomas Y. hook: Even what there is seems some- Crowell, New York, 1937. $2.50. red. This book is aptly named, for Mrs. llis evidently is a real dirt gardener,

he writers have tried to put too ina ed space and have not reteacied rejoicing in impart what s ows to us very eanipleicly nm any one subjec er gardeners who are not so fortunate For ample, c ron Rock as to have been t periment in arde Ss y incomplete and three “active” garde one “passive” simply tells people what is fit ae nfit one, embracing lire? genes of the Uni ia for se ype of garden. ae States and one of Canada. She for example, the Een on City owned none of these gardens a feels af dene hae: Root Gardens. The prince least partly responsible for rimes involved in roof garden work are hardl Gainst nature she may <coninit "to uuched in the chapter except th refer- quote her own ord: This reviewer too ence to certain parts of the gardens i has always held that even if one owns Elements of the Composition. I doubt the land, one 1s ewe for very much whether any amateur gar- deformations in its dener would be able to carry out fully In addition to the Hace practical t oof garden suggestions and really knowledge, fe are cine into the know clearly what he was doing from enefits derived from ganderine and into

descriptions in the book. Very little is the intangible on es the life Biss by said about soil for the roof garden, con- gardeners, when t e able oO pene- tamination of soil by gas and dust, the trate, even rule ae the mysteries

70

of earth, birds, flowers and trees. Mrs. Ellis has done all rally, with ee — without oo She kno r+ English, tou ne on origins, end book with simple planting tables in two eon a

wes

knows her color rs, speaking of cyanic and

xanthic groups greene without refer. nce to he fn ary.

One wo ate she can use so much) of her wine ee asiaar eae = gardens she doesn’t own, but one feels er- haps she realizes ho ao a -

[ garden aiees will

s’ readers, even though

it might ae ‘somewhat discouraging to the trade.

courage, no garden” is her motto

s »

one Piva like to write to e oes one’s see and HELen SUZETTE DE Came Hormones SYMPOSIUM

ON HORMONES Sigma Xi Lectures for 1936-37. State University. Illustrated; indexed Reprint from Ohio Jour. 1937, (Obtainable from Dr. W. fon Fernelius, Dept. of Chemistry, Ohio State Univ., Colum- bus, Ohio. $1.00.)

This pole

only to title. Sei. 37: 315-463.

of ten m on ae

ns e stances i—are particular interest to Hotanical stude a

W. H. Can

Current Literature* t a Glance By Carol H. Woodw.

Greater horticultural u:

oring. nd the development i

Exploi native plants a

them new era ms is urged Ira N. Gabrielson, Chief e Un States Bureau o i log ical Survey an article, “Explor t Home,” in rohan eneee Gentlemon. The au cites the selec breeding donc the eee va ats nacve plants as as and phloxes, and points to the possi

ties latent in the violas, pentstemons,

Dry Ice. Transplanting of trees on expected! mild winter days with the of dry ice to er the oth ball. in

by Su Perea icae er °G the method has not yet ne has been eee ea Mr.

rangement” by Vaug in the January Buitetin. “of the Gar Club of America. Pleading for a < plified schedule of flower show class

Mrs. Vaughi cludes: “The 1 that a man should be tried by a j his peers. Is it too much to ask the s pees e for the : or exhibitor?” und Cov n The Amer Nursery for ae ary 1, L. C. Cl ick of Ohio State University gives r recult ’ trials of 32

Agricultural Experiment Statio the principles of soil microbiotog Soil Conservation for January

* All publications mentioned her athers—may be found in ‘the Library. of Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin

Westchester Countryside, a Pants publication of the Westchester County Co onservation Association,

mens and library ae at The New York Botanical Gar

hromosomes. A popular account of the work of Dr. A. F. Blakeslee in treating plants with colchicin to produce mutations is given by J. S hanel os in Country Gentleman for Februar

doubled. Chromosomes” is the title of Mr. Cates’ cle.

Plant Novelties. Many new and in- stage meus are described in the Janu- ree te ee and Sil me

va, including so: es, such as species 0: Paeeat “hich are still relatively new to a opeans. addition, stories of

plan xploration and descriptions of plants of horticultural value from foreign regions are am the worth while con- te s periodic al.

Mycorrhiza. Reginald F. Forbes in the January tied Monthly give: a sur- of p y knowl and

Al Xperime feder: ral unit housed on the campus of t University of Pennsylvania.

anes Council lee n presenting the ani Elon Huntington

ry, Mrs. Shane expressed ie ardent pape “Of Hae group for a Members’ Room at the den

thi nk it would be well,” she sa:

ve ne

Q O° Eg?

under hip

eps and side-posts installed, and a hedge of yew has been planted ies the perennial border. sory Council recently elected four new ener s, who became members also of the Corporation in ae. aes are: ve i B ae Mrs lement neha. and Mis Richard de Walks Brixey. Besides Mrs, Poa the of eed Coun ie : Mrs ff,

we

corresponding secre-

ae and "p Leonard Kelloge, treasurer.

Notes, News, and Comment

Heredity. Before a special meeti mg ae by the Torrey Botanical Cin, re

Sone

7 Wertin st some time at the Botanic Boe rden dur: his brief sojourn in New York. From Ireland. a an informal pe of Sees romans the Sixth Earl of Rosse w:; the midwinter visitors . the “Gar oes aed was shown

72

several places . a around New York by memt of the

Kings re Sothern elt a is oavicularls interested in forestr a At the monthly confer ence of he Scientific staff and registered f the G Feb. 9, Dr, B. O.

Dr. - Seaver on

Prol On 12 s mber of t ecu reported on ae Tedigesgolis necting 9 of the ALS.

Ear Floz Crocus Korolkowii, habit one eof the aioe Ay wers to blooi th on Memorial Rock

homps'

Can ie to open t ae or ebruary 7, and was at st around ebruary 25. This was three weeks later

by Jar Freezing weather which ar- rived a f days later did not seem to damage the plants.

Crocus chrysantha variety Bow

G. Elwesii. s

Lectures. Members of the staff who have aressed outside a during the ia include Dr. A. B. e the pat Science 4 on “Tn-

H. a or Botanical “Club F 1 on his travels in Mexico, then “Ohio dd t

State Univers ity roandieneee Feb. 3, one 2 omnia Drift and Plant Distribu- on on “Winter in Oaxaca,” followed on Feb. 5 by another lecture on Mexico before the ae Club at Brew- ster, Ohio; and H. haat who spoke on “Plant Hunting in the Rockies” be- fore the Flushing Garden Club Jan. 24, Towe 27

at Beekma: ers Jan , before the Nassau nty Horticultural Society Feb. 9, and re the Dutchess County Horticultural Society at ought hkeepsie March 2; on “Rock Gardens” before the

Woman's ie of Scarsdale Feb. 2 the Thom: Memorial Rock Ga be oat the ‘Connecti a ater

nt Hu cl a pi ore the Hudson River Club M ni Visitors. Among the botanists visited at the Garden during Febr were Professor Alexander Evans of University, who was consulting hep in the herbarium; Dr. Francis Dr m Yale, selecting loan mat

for his studies on the blue-green al

Dr. Ruth Patrick, Curator of the icroscopical Society at the A atural es in Phil ia,

was studying the collection of diat d Jose C. McDaniel, Assi orest Ra with the Tennessee V

tion to breeding Tones rees. Dr. Ir. Wiggins of Leland Stanford Jr. versity spent Novem at the Ga working on the flora of the Sor desert of Saar Mexico.

taff. Frederick Kavanagh, who ceived his master’s degree fr versity of Missouri, has beg under Dr. William J. Robbing a 1

yes ment. T. H. Everett has named an honorary director of the ‘Ai can Begonia Society, headquarters which are at Long Beach, Cal lif,

ol. “Virginia Trees Wi es amb. Preceding a chec of sp e 95 pages of text,

: there ar Dp. describing ae sae then the men f the e family.

ee ie monthly meeting o Horticultural aie of New Yor i im 2 es ae o jo Botanical

silver medal { collection oL peer ‘display ed. Azaleas, The three articles on az

weit Dr. ao G. Bowers is cluding in t ber of the Jou will Be se from the Botanical den in booklet ek m at the nominal cl of 25 cents apiec

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BOARD OF MANAGERS

I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS

Until 1939: ee M. ies So Ataahiee HENR DE Forest, Crarence Lewis, ERRILL, HENRY DE LA Mon TACK Geers and sea aS ae Winstan in ” RopBINs, and J. E. Spr

Un te HEN e Forest Batpwin (Vice- president), ‘Comoe Frick, ALL oe te ECS "Abate pH LewisoHn, HENRY » Jr, D. T. MacDovcaty and Josep - oe ene)

Until 1 MarsHAL Mrs. ~ Huntincron Hooker, JoHN

L. MERRILL (Vice- president), a "RogERT x Mouconeny, H. Hosart Porter, and Raymonp

II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York. Roneat Mess Park Commissioner. Henry C, Turner, President of the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS ao y E. Hazen, appointed by the ashe Botanical Club.

Harper, Sam F, TREL LEASE, EpMuNpd W. Sinnott, and Maxston T. ae ‘appointed by Columbia Universit ty.

GARDEN STAFF

Wiiam J. Rossins, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu. D. Assistant Director one ae ad Curator HENry DE LA MONTAGNE sissistant Director A. B, Srou7, Pu. D. Curator of Education na Laboratories Frep J. SEAVER, oe D., Se. D. Curator Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist Joun HEenpLey Bienen: A. M., M. D. Bibli her Percy WI1ison Associate mate sas ALBERT C. Smitu, Pu. D. Asso fate Curator Harotp N. Moupenxe, Pu. D. Associate als ExizasetH C, Hatt, B. S. Librar

H. H. Russy, M. Diteesoice Honorary Curator of the, economic Colle: ee Fiepa Grirrity t and Photographer a > vues MS sociate in Bryoloyy E. J. A DER...... Assistant Curator and ee by ce Ea ete W. H. Cai, Pu. D. Assistant Cura CLYDE ene A.M. Technical pees t Rosatig WEIKER Technical Assistant FREDERICK AVENACEE M.A Technical Assistant Carot. H. Woopwaro, A. B. Paitoniat assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. ocala G. L. Wirrrocx, A. M.

Otto Decener, M. Collaborator in Hawatian Boe Rosert HaGELSTEIN ......-.0s0.00 cesses ee Curator of Myxomycetes Erne, Anson S. Peckuam..Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections ArTHUR J. Mee BETT So's fia We Pee esate Ua aa of Buildings and Grounds A.C. Pra ssistant Superintendent

THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ihe! New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a e Legislature of the State of New York in 1891. Act of Inco hen oration pro: other "Board

The mong a eel -perpewtin body of incorporators, whe meet snaually to else members of the Man, They also elect new members of their own body, the present roster of which

special a et of t

The Advisory Council consists of =

ondine ea and Mrs.

Stephen Baker Henry de Forest Baldwin

Sherman Baldwin

al Pr ‘on T. Bogert Prof. William J. Bonisteel

orge P. Bre! ‘Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey Bulkley

*Miss E. Mabel Clark W. R. Coe

Richard C. Col *Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Ronee Crane

ne

Henry W. de Edward C. Delafield Mrs. George B. de Lon, Rey. Dr. H. M. Denslow Julian Detmer Mrs. Charles D. Dickey *Mrs. John W. Draper Benjamin T. its es W. Faitoute Id

ert H. Fife *Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Harry Harkness Flagler *Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox

C) elected to the Cor : Mrs. Elon ae Nelson B. "Williams

Childs Frick *Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff BPA

*Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Geo

Roswell Miller, Jr. *Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. George M. Moffet

H. de la Montagne Col. Robert H. Montgomery

ie] ° 5 = @

*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine

hg arked PuGhaTnan® Mrs. Rene "Secretary; Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer.

electes by the Board. By with an soil in

*Mrs. James Rufus L. Patterson

R. Parsons

y St. C. Putnam

Prof. H. usby

rea M. Schi

Frederick Strauss

Mrs. Theron G. Strong Joseph R. Swan

Dr. William S. Thomas Raymond H. Torrey

Prof. Sam F. Trelease *Mrs. Harold McL. Turner

ae) 9 4 S z 5

Bronson Winthrop Grenville L. Winthrop nC. Wister *Mrs. William H. Woodin Richardson Wright

Carl A. de Gers- Townsend Scudder,

Vou. XXXIX AprIL, 1938 PAGES No. 460

JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New 5 Meg aS ond-class matter. Annual subscription $1.0 eee copies 10 cents

Free to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor APRIL, 1938

Sprinc ALONG THE BRONX RIVER Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith

THE PassING OF Dr. SMALL John Hendley Barnhart 73 BaRK AND Bups To IDENTIFY SOME NATIVE TREES IN WINTER (continued) . J. Alexander 80

MobderRNn StTuDy OF PLANTS IN RELATION TO EDUCATION E. J. Salisbury 88 FLUCKINGER MEDAL AWARDED TO Dr. H. H. Russy 92

STUDENT GARDENER ACTIVITIES 92 Reviews OF RECENT Books 93 CurreENnT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 95 Notes, NEws, AND COMMENT 96

MEDICINAL PLANTS

Since taxonomic research was first undertaken by the staff of The ee York Botanical Garden some forty years ag 0, tae institution has been cerned with plants of importance in ane e, and its collections chide

e sources of all of the well known a

es ie H. aoe who is to be awarded the Fluckinger medal in Germany ne nth in recognition of his many years of productive research on herent plans initiated the Ga. re interest in this phase of botany,

rst by his early explorations in Bolivia, later by his studies of the plants he had collected ee and by his buildin up of the Garden's large economic museum.

In recent years, some confusion has existed in the pharmacopeia, as it has been realized that the sources of many drugs were botanically unknown. bers of : fF i i t

icinal value. L ar, wit! he completed a study of the iy agile Gases plants of that continent. Rotenone is fast becoming one of the most important insecticides. Dr. H. N. Moldenke, also working with Mr. Krukoft who has brought mee from erica hundreds of drug-plants, some heretofore unknown, is now

e known o with the basi pacing € the ee about them on a solid Goundeticn a3 scientific

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Vou. XX XIX Agerc1938° No. 460

The Passing of Doctor Small By John Hendley Barnhart

ITH the death of Dr. Small, which occurred at his home, 301 East 207th Street, in the morning of the 20th of Janu- ary, 1938, The New York Botanical Garden has lost one who was associated with its development from the beginning, and one whose ais oe taxononiic and floristic work has shed luster upon its n John Kunkel Small was of Pennsylvania-German stock and was born on the 31st of January, 1869, at Harrisburg, where he spent his early years. He never lost touch with his birthplace; im fact, was not many years ago that the failure of a Harrisburg bank in which he was a large stockholder seriously depleted his private fortune. In 1888 he entered Franklin and Marshall College at Lancaster, and soon gave evidence of his interest in that science to which he

o

activity, gave up his botanical work and retired to a farm at

ge

published. paper, “Classification of plants endowed with the habit of slee In February, 1892, several months before graduation. he published | in a form a ‘Preliminary list of the mosses of Lancaster Cour

73

74

In eee 1890, he joined the Torrey Botanical Club of New k Ci h

be nearly half a century. Before the end of t he had made his first contribution to s of the club’s Bulletin, some brief “Notes on Asplenium pinnati nn’ Thi t

0 ifidunt. is was the first of fifty-five of his papers that appeared in the Bulletin, the last in 1924. He was also a frequent contributor to Torreya from its estaishonent in 1901 until 1928.

ing the summer of 1891, he and Heller undertook a botani- we excursion to the mountains of western North Carolina, and

Britton at Columbia College, now Columbia University, and re- moved to New York City, where he lived for the rest of his life. Here he ee congenial surroundings: excellent herbarium and

library facilities, and association with a professor and fellow students having interests similar to hi n e upon problems of taxonomy and floristics, and published his results from time to time in the Bulletin of the Torrey Botan Clu

Soon he was building up a reputation as a keen eae a careful worker, and a convincing writer

For the topic of his doctorate he chose the genus a ai and this naturally took up most of his time; but he

ree 0 to chad anise in the Aeneriean Association for the Advancement of Science.

or three years longer he remained at Columbia as curator of the herbarium, continuing his studies in his chosen fields. Among his many papers contributed to the pages of the Bulletin of the Torrey Club was a series of fourteen ae the title, “Studies in

Photograph by Nation-wide News Service.

Joun KUNKEL SMALL 1869 — 1938

the botany of the southeastern United States’, and he was already gathering and arranging the materials for his monumental flora

t region. He also contributed the text of several families to Britton & Brown's “Illustrated Flora.” It was during this period that he married Elizabeth Wheeler, who survives him, as do their four children, two sons and two daughters.

76

The New York Botanical Garden had been incorporated in

museums. From that time he took an active part in building up new institution, until it became one of the greatest botanic gardens in the world. is administrative work in developing the scientific collections of the Garden consumed much of his time, although he

hours, at home, often sitti p until th all h the morning. is had no visi ffect upon his robust health, but may have shorten life

During his early years at tle Garden, his prime interest was i

ring his ea n the completion of his ‘Flora of the southeastern United States.” re i

m; ulky volume of nearly fourteen hundred pages, and in spite of inevitable defects could fairly characterized as a masterpie It tr t e the right of its author to a

place sainone the foremost taxonomic botanists of his day. t flora, like nearly all of Small’s books, was published by and at expense of the author. The New York Botanical 3 publication, and such

funds were wholly at d by the regular series, such he Bulletin, the ae the Memoirs, and h American Flora. t was ther

ore the settled policy of the Garden never to publish any eee written by members of the staff, even though most of

77

them paid for themselves, and some showed a small profit. There- hi

r of the southern states; these three groups being among those to the knowledge of whose occurrence and distribution he had made the greatest contributions. s has already been mentioned, he earned his degree of doctor er. His lat

of philosophy early in his ca s later degree, doctor o science, was an ry one, rred upon him by his alma mater, Franklin and Marshall College, in 19 936 he

was awarded, by the Alumni Association of the Graduate Schools

78

of Columbia University, an honorary scroll in recognition of his contributions to science as botanist, explorer, am thor

re bu t single very variable ee but he studied and knew them far better than his critics. these irises have been exterminated in a wild state, but eee nearly or quite all of the forms are still growing in southern gardens. A curious fact is that although their natural habitat is in wat ery wet places, they can be grow much climates, but only if kept in very dry ground are permanently as far north as } rk, even in Cats ountai

mall’s ue tae the revised edition of 1913, were inconv: iently fay nce—they were sometimes

e pass ae for a new “and paren edition. By a slight

flora”, after long delay, made its appearance in 1933. Even this was a volume of nearly 1,600 pages, not well adapted to field use; it was, however, much smaller than the earlier flora, because printed on thinner paper.

In his later years he devoted more and more attention to the

rns and their allies. me of his earlier ve concerned with these plants, and in 1918 he published two diminu- n the ferns of limited areas in s ern Florida, but it was not unti 2 that the volume entitled “F f Florida” made its appearance, wi n illustration of every species de- cribed. T fter he had many more drawings of ferns pre- red under his personal supervision, and his erns of the

pa vicinity of New York’, issued in 1935, and his “Ferns of the

79

southeastern states”, just off the press, are illustrated in the same manner. He also had all of the drawings finished for the illustra- tion of at least one other fern book. After nearly thirty-four years of active work as a member of he staff of the Garden, he was relieved of his administrative i i in

related to his own, he was not merely tolerant, but wholeheartedly cordial nd on his travels made ma: iends am with whom he had previously corresponded, o riends

of his friends. These always wrote urging him to return, and if he found an opportunity to do so they greeted him with open arms.

ome scientists build their caeuae upon quantity of out- put; this alone often inflates their repu utations among their con-

careful in his work that few of his spa shah can be questioned, and future studies will serve only to confirm them.

80

Bark and Buds to Identify Some Native Trees in Winter

(Continued from the March Journal)

Black Oak (Quercus velutina). With the much-lamented pass- ing of the American chestnut from the forest scene, the black oak has risen in value as a source of tannin, of which it possesses the

ighest percentage among deciduous trees. In general appearance it resembles both the red and scarlet oaks, but is most easily distinguished from them by its buds and bark. From both it may be readily told, on studying the bark, by the thick, deeply fur- rowed, but narrow and very rough-surfaced longitudinal ate

her oak possesses this

character

81

Yellow Birch (Betula lutea). The frayed and shredded ends hi

82

ulip-tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera). Loftiest of eastern trees and unmistakable in the majestic upsweep of its tall ie runk is the tulip-tree or yellow poplar, the bark of which is marked by long, evenly furrowed ridges which run a at distant ease Though it is light gray when dry, the bark be- comes brown when wet. The smooth, reddish brown or purplish twigs are shiny when the bloom is rubbed off, and the flattened two-edged buds, coupled

with the stipular scars which completely encircle the twigs, are an unfailing character in case of doubtful idet The persistent cones of fruit which stand erect at the tips of the bare twigs are

a further point of recognition on tulip-trees me hae ring age. e American species of tulip-tree having long been thought to be the sole remnant of its genus from bygone geological ages, ine

was described by Sargent as a distinct species, Liriodendron chinense. This added anotlier link to a long chain of parallel species in the flora of eastern Asia artd eastern North America.

ur-gum (Nyssa sylvatica). A most distinctive tree is the sour-gum or tupelo, with the rather oe trunk pede up through the flat-topped crown, and with the branches in hori- zontally layered form. The dark gray bark, ea rice and cross-ridged into roughly elongated hexagonal blocks, is easily recognized in the woods. While sour-gum trees in exposed situa- tions often are dwarfed in height, they always maintain their characteristic form, including what seems to be an excessive number of t

he con reddish brown twigs are of two types. On shoots r on young trees there are fast-growing ones which have several leaf-scars crowded near the end, whereas on trees of flowering age, the twigs and branches bear numerous short, slow-growing spurs which themselves are crowded with leaf-scars. These spurs usually bear the flowers. The twig in the illustration is of the fast- a type

The ovoid, sienely lopsided, shiny brown buds are somewhat

blunt, he me ral ones Aaa ding and raised on cushion-like bases. A vertical slit thro wig discloses thin woody partitions in the pith, another ree jean mark.

White Oak (Quercus alba). ee of the northern ae girth and sprea fee the white oak is at once the most common of them as well

thin scales which flake off easily, is not a safe character for iden- tification, as four other oaks are similar enough

more pointed buds. The post oak has greenish-downy twigs and smaller, more rounded buds. The swamp white oak also has smaller and rounder buds, and the young twigs have peeling bark

The large light brown winter ids of the white

oak are ovoid-conical in o ry

e twigs are or, in lowland regions near the

coast, gray in color

he slender twigs,

pointed, pee duil brown buds confirm one’s recognition of the pin oak

The clustering of the buds at the ends of the twigs is a mark of identity for all oaks, as well as the characteristic by which ve may be angie from their close relatives, th which have solitary terminal buds but otherwise are quite miles in appearance.

86

Sweet-gum (Liquidambar Stra. The bark of e trunk and old branches

branches it is rather smooth silver-gray, or im sap- lings entirely so. There is much variance in the tw igs, depending

section of the twigs are the surest marks of identification.

Sassafras (Sassafras variifolium). Who, among those not raised in the city, does not have fond memories of childhood stirred by the mention of sassafras, the bark of whose roots furnished the material for sassafras tea, used by Indian and White alike as a spring tonic? This eastern tree is possessed of one unfailing character in the odor of all parts when bruised or broken. The

ngular, bunchy manner of branching of : smooth green twigs, frequently with lateral branches of the firs

ng par around the en, divide fe ridges into

The three types of twigs on a sweet- enlarged three times.

gum. At right, a young twig

88 MModern Study of Plants In Relation To

Education By E. J. Salisbury

The following article, which rofessor eee te Selita address before ne British Pere is gies ted here by d permission of the author and of ne oe of Nature ao. ee it appeared in the issues of October and 23, 1937. The British style of spelling has

been retained wherever 4 differs from the American. L WE cast our minds back on the general attitude adopted towards botany in the latter part of the eighteenth century, we

cannot but be struc most apologetic phraseology of its votaries and the curious grounds upon which they rationalized its pursuit. Rousseau, for ample, ibed botany as rT ure curiosity that has no oth al use than that which a think- ing, sensible being may deduce from the observatior ure nd the wonders of the universe. I venture to think that m otherwise educated people today would expre r sentiments, though in more modern and probably less eee language. eaching of our subject has been nall degree to

a aim tent. For long regarded as a harmless and elegant occupation for the female sex, botany only survived as a study of practical utility because of the continued necessity for medical practitioners to acquire some knowledge of materia medica. How perfunctory was much of this teaching is indicated in that charming book, “Leaves from the Life of a Country Doctor”, where the late

unn describes how as a medical student in 1878 “the es class gave me a ‘scunner’ at the subject which has lasted ever since.’

The old technological significance for medicine has long since gone, but a newer and vastly more important significance remains, can cultural and vocational, which has rarely been stated, let alone stressed. Despite the vastly ptaiecd content of botanical

so

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w : an educational subject and indeed its a n any system of real cultural development are aspects which botanists have failed to present and emphasize.

he protagonists of compulsory Greek and Latin of the last century valued very highly, and rightly so, the cultural content

89

which a study of the humanities could provide. It is easy for us to be wise after the event, but now that the dust of that con-

But the monopoly of no one bes and that those brought up in the classical tradition may be as much philistines as any man of

professions themselves, it can only be by an increased concentra-

tion on more general aspects of culture in the scl fa as concerned, there is a widespread recognition for the need of greater attention to training in observation in the schools, allied to what may be termed the — study of natural his-

ory. o mu

the acquisition of mere oe oman if recent, too little rinciples which are involved.

This is not intended as a stricture upon the fe since, with

- 5 “8 2. a o < an iS) zz =I a 5 ct 4 = ack 5 fe) pp a S i) > fsb) an i) 2 p fa) S

tions at a stage in appreciate - educational content of the curricula. Thus the stu-

90

dent who has taken the intermediate examination from school is ze handicapped in comparison with those who would appear to be starting their university career in a less ee ed sta

ased demand for material things facilitated the

thing analogous to mass ‘aaa in the education of children and the training of t ers. Many there are ie aE e the examination system, which, how- ever, with all its faults, if rightly used, is in reality a fairly i i arati

cient s: or se nm where large ers are involved But the examination machine is often expected to effect a grading of the human material wi hich it di that can only be atta’ by more individual methods S§ a consequence, undue importance is attache examination results and a w 1- phasi ten laid on their significance. This leads to a premium

by Winston Churchill in one of his novels, edge is pre-

sented as a corpse which bit by bit we painfully dissect.” Furthermore, our educational metho I fear, too often divided in their allegiance; on one hand we oa at the provision of a liberal culture which will make for the greatest happiness of the individual, considered in terms of mental contentment and an abiding resource in | life ilst he other hand we aim he equipment of the student for the ning ]

is not merely good education but the apotheosis of worldly wis- dom to seek first the cultural background and to believe that the vocational proficiency will be added unto you

he universities cannot be held blameless for the lack of appre- ciation by the general public of the implications of our subject. May I, in this connexion, quote a passage from an American report on university education which loses none of its cogency on

91

this side of the Atlantic: “Appointing authorities too often oa undue stress on specialization, instead of placing uate phasis on scholarly beeen round, versatility af peietal ae and general culture.’

Whilst activity and distinction in research is a necessary quali-

7 o e =] a

Soe) 4 4 a 5

Lie} ona oO it) o a o iam Oo i=] ° + 2 ° a wn oO w a

~ =] 1

ut most of us have pe at one time or another from the investigator (2)

more, we must avoid the undue sacrifice of breadth for ee for other reasons.

e ee of data and the provision of information bear m the same relation to the advancement of knowledge as ae fertilizers to crop production. Just as our fertilizers

bal

ould be as much an obligatory part of a school curriculum as eel (To BE ContTINuED)

92

Fliickinger Medal Awarded To Dr. H. H. Rusby

From Sarasota, Florida, where Dr. resides, comes word that Fliick-

ry

sciences botany—6. drugs, discovered jungles of South Vaheries have been made available to the aeneey world, in or sad nae

Y: years in hich important new by Dr. Rusby in the

ractices in pharmacy

now nearly 83 years old, y responsible for the len

to ie Puintained activ affairs of the institution ee oe nce his work on this collection A ago he

more from Florida, an i

whicl ga

mtation of the Fluckinger

met will take ee in Frankfort-am-

Main, Germany, e fa eases of May 2 i the

ange to receive Rusby ved his medal a the Centennial Exposton in mete for his a of plants of Essex County, Y, J. In 1929 He a awarded in Lon- me the Daniel Hanbury medal for his “original research in the natural history of chemistry in drugs. m 1888, Dr.

Fro » Dr was professor of botany, physiology, and materia medica in the Department of Pharmacy at

Columbia aed and now is Dean Emeritus ther

Student Gardener

Activities penn who has been a

New York

coh about Ju ly ceive his ce Vere Botanical: (or den’s Scie! for Professional Gardeners this mont sone: who will soon be at Kew

England as the “1937 exchange student, plans pend the following twelve months at the Berlin-Dahlem tanic Gard hile Mr. Cutting has been studying at Kew this past year, Frank J. Madan a Kew student gardener,

ie oe at The New York Botanical

e herbariums of native plant r

identifieati an honors to be diniea ‘evenly accordingly awarded to Fraser ‘Macartney and Ralp i Pinkus, each o: hom had calleenans . nearly 300 specimens. The material was all gather ee on the oo gardeners’ own time, some of which w spent on organized field t =e

The es € presented at the ey ania inner a "the Gardeners

resses were giver

, William Macey ei Bo obbink

ae guests of honor, James

t Scott. Cher among

the 64 present included Dr. H. A. Glea T. H. Eve

ner, " George Lupton n, and Robert Weidner.

Each of the former students gave a brief talk, as did Mr. Mack ‘kaness, Mr, ae: and Ho ward Swift, who was the first exchange student to go to Kew.

The New

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of York Botanical Garden.)

Pioneer a ae

PIONEER Selected Kellar. ee realest sea: in- goatoucs Surve: ey,

LON AND AcKICE UEURIS un

Rey re is a Henne picture of Ameri- n life of a century ago; the story of a Connecticut bor man who

= o

experiments, and most o

states east of the Missiedipp? to observe

and erin on meres of agriculture. In oo

ee ais e than eleven hundred me ate page preface ae Pere A. Kellar has pre- sented 242 separate items of Sole Robin son's writings, covering the years fr 1827 to 1851. pias among eae items are ais ments, temperance songs and other p bee religious writings, political. eee cookery recipes, new plants, farm labor, many notes regarding gricult practices, and international ects of agriculture. The materia ol

the an lgricy ultur ist, the Farmers’ Cabin ‘and the ae Bi later He fae a on Robinson wrote extensively

f view. 4

ing items may be luded. It refers to rust in wheat. etc., and to an expected Sea bushel yield for Lake County,

“This at 50 cents per bushel, would have bout ae our county $200,000. val e liq u

of deb ut owing to the

ne arm worm, and rust, our wheat has been me rably moe eee . and we 1 e 100, and this will be

oubt the correct-

noting the opinion of some tha “the stalks grew so fast that they bursted a

nd let out the juice and that turned to red mould”, Robinson continues: “It is an important 4 iry, ‘what is the cause of rust in whea But a much more important inquiry, “What can be

done to prevent it? R. C. Benepict.

Agricultural Science

A.B.C. OF AGROB pean by . W. Willcox. 323 pages, index graphs, charts, tables. W. W. Norton & sone any, Inc., New York. 937.

$2.

Much space is devoted in Willcox’s new beak to the cumbersome pee ef a science which has never been com- prehensible - any. ‘ob: the most

obiologic methods un- doubted valuable to all pleat: -conscious individuals. Ath ae h

2 5 oO

the material is oe and ea tifica

ant growers oe not pee just r enough to be intelligently confused

94

book for an ordinary

rely it is not a d as

farmer, nor could it be recommen e for but a ieanial Adee ietres mig’

y of its principles ake more effic of the soil

p P. Watson.

jent ms

Some pi Facts About Legume

tte aes FORAGE PLANTS.

Robinson. 119 pages,

statistics,

a Compas

ested

structure, growth, and s ae history

P i lescription a the feeumes commonly grown in ie country, there have been included several that are less well bad Biss but that have with- . been introduced to

afford a ready reference

dents, agricultural workers, and farmers

interested in these increasingly ime Altogether, it presents

x

eae with the Miers of leguminous

L. M. Stepuens.

A Tree Manual for the Northeast TREES OF THEASTERN

UNITED STATES. ON ATIVE AND NATURALIZED. H. P. Brown, 490 pages, ilustrted, indexed. Christopher Publishing House, Boston, 1938. 7

In enlarging and revis his

ae ie New mae ‘State, Native Naturalized,” Dr. has given to the ee of the nor yikes states : most he ‘Ipful se ae manual. ticular interest to both beginning and ve

arli and

getati organs, together with sufficient drawings

to illustrate the text; the “Conspectus,” with family and generic descriptions and additional keys to the species; and th “Derivation of the N. of Trees” (contributed by C. th and

Rehder), contai ning a short discus- ion of the linguistic origin plant names follo

derivations. There is also a full technical

ossar-

Two pages being devoted ce s make the book particularly at The right hand page bears the text with its paragraphs under he bate ead- ings of Leaves, Flowers, Fruit, Winter cee Habitat, Range, and Uses, while the left hand page bears the ilustration and its legend. The plate

wers; the fru

“ particularly sa feature and one oe ae fate ooks of this type lead, in most : one ay ed one mice

eis (for se ake not 0 greatly censured) * isthe inclusion of only three of the ae which occur

of these intro- is He insistence in using an “obominably: dained system of English

95

measurements. The following fractions of an inch tae nie multiples have been

used in bot and text: 1/32, 1/24, 1/16, po rie 1/8, 1/6, 1/5, 1/4, 1/3, and 1/2. It is doubtful plas the metri oe would have been as con.

on ae si as three differen font type press the fractional parts of an ae. Owing to this lack

either Paulownia or Catalpa which key out on the basis o Arr iges eM ae long.” The line ald “Leave 5- 4 inches long. ”

Yet in spite of these minor items which

seem to detract a little from its general excellence, ce ai iewer unhesitatingly a ae va Brown's book as the best and m

sable work of its kind on the ee flora of the north-

eastern states. W. H. Camp.

Current Literature* At a Glance Carol H. W oodward

Tax ie 0 . Tn response . the tRereine ee and at The New York Botanical Garden for references to cur rent taxonomic and floristic Huse the Garden is issuing monthly mimeo- graphed index ie nas “distributed exclu-

the merican

Tax “Subjects tax floristics, chyoeograahy phylogeny, and, when titical and extensive “ort lists are gy. Only American ichens

nee nists. xononty,

tole) c bags are ing regularly

* All publications mentioned here—and m theese be found in the Library of "the Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building

consulted for the compilation of this in- dex, which is under Dr. eG)

Thia nT. : ns, por Gn a the Fel Procecdings a the National Academy of oe on the results of experiments with organisms re- quiring thiamin (vitamin B,), concludes

its Tate anedites su azol and petnidine) ee be detected by observ- ing co wth

Ae ves merican on ce Associa- tion in AVachington has issued an illus- n the Dutch elm-disease

ey ew Habs Federation of Sha Com Viabili ‘Studies of the rank iy tion which arose in the be do Aci ke h

quarter-century of use are offered as evi- at seed a

11 of the Cranbr we oe titute a Science, Bloomfield Hills, Mexic The mber issue of

iexican ‘dnales de Tustituto de Bio

is devoted to the geographico- botanical

Ae of that country. While the illu: rat

trati we are her foggy, th on con.

yey an idea of the types pis dominant ones of plants in the differ egions. eed: d Soi seri reports

n experiments with seed and potting composts from the John me Horti- cultural Institute in England has been running in the Gardeners’ Chronicle. o. 4, which appeared F 6, gave the

results of experiments on steri ilizing dif-

ferent soils under different conditions, by oe methods, and for different

ows. In the first number of Vol. 3 of yO which is alata by the Southern Appalachian Botanical “Club, Carleton R. Ball describes oe species of willows of the southern sta

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor May, 1938

A SCENE IN THE een MEMORIAL Rock GARDE Cover photograph by Fleda cia SPRINGTIME IN THE Rock GARDEN Rock GarpEN WEEK, Last oF MONTH, PRECEDED BY M 27

Louise BEEBE WILDER—A TRIBUTE Sarah V. Coombs 100 MopERN pe! OF PLANTs IN RELATION TO EDUCATION

(Continued) E. J. Salisbury 105 LaTE ee FLOWERS IN THE THOMPSON MEMORIAL Rock GARDEN

108-109 CERTIFICATES PRESENTED TO EIGHT STUDENTS 113 UISE BEEBE WILDER 114 News FROM SouTH AMERICA 115 Notes, News, anD CoMMENT 115 Current LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 116 Reviews OF RECENT Books 119 A PLACE IN WHICH TO LEARN

s the approach of summer brings into increasing bloom the flowers pits and woodlands, in intimate home gardens, on ie sige ie landscaped highways, and in par s, the er re-awakens e great beauty of growing plants a appreciates again the see on that

plant life plays on the earth.

atever one’s problem with living plants may be, The New York Botanical Garde! ers a solution. The natural pane encouraged in certain part the eS shelters many native wild fl . In the cultivated areas, plants of every type for small home gardens as well as for more elaborate handling on large estates may be seen in various beds,

borders, and special groups. Flowering bulbs, annuals, herbaceous per-

ennials, shrubs, native and exotic trees which are suited the climate Il may be enjoyed and studied at appropriate season hi ay: which wind through the grounds of th al Garden, eventually meeting the splendid highways of Westchester County, a the finest of trees and shrubs in effectively la ped sur. le one of the cultural purposes at the Botanical Garden is the creation of pleasing pictures f blic eye, because it is a botanic den rimary ai was m. different types, species,

and varieties of plants as can be suitably grown, and to carry out a clear and careful system of labelin s study of the plantings at es pace Garden will enable the ie

a pleasant place in which to give oneself outdoor lessons in horticulture.

JOURNAL

THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Vou. XXXIN ~ May, 1938 No. 461

Springtime in the Rock Garden

A shadowed path invites the lover of flowers to go wandering through the rock garden, where at this season are colorful masses of

i > brightening the wooded banks, bordering We stream, or reflected in the pool of t he new bog garden. Each week—in fact, every day—at this time of the year brings new buds to if and enhances the beauty of the flo 2 Raines Du ap - sigs ‘arden Week, which is announced o next page. ompson vena Rock Garden will be rea Z the height Hg re season of blo

7

97

98

Rock Garden Week, Last Of Month, Preceded By TMlembers Days TMlay 26 and 27

ITH the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden entering the most prolific period of bloom that it has known since its establishment five years ago, Rock Garden Week will be observed at The New York Botanical Garden May 28 t e two days preceding the public opening ae "Ro ck Garden Week have been designated as Members Days, on which mem- bers of the Garden will be admitted upon presentation of cards which have just been distributed. Rose Week is announced for June 12-18. On both occasions, information tables will be set up at the entrance to each garden

new Hybrid Teas and Polyanthas, and an entire bed devote new roses which will appear under numbers, as they have not yet been named. Several varieties are being shown at the Botanical Gar or the first time anywhere.

ince the last inventory was made of the species and varieties of flowering plants in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden, many new subjects have been added, so that it is estimated that this spring, with the trees and shrubs which form the background of the garden, there are ae 2,500 different kinds. Of some of the newer and ra , there are only single ee while others a esta blis hed pats and are increa

ith the completion last fall of construction of re bog garden

end, t ial

s which grew there naturally before the garden was made, but

99

most of which have been especially raised for that bank. Partridge- IT he ground beneath a tree, trailing arbutus, which flowered in April, is ae beginning to find a foot- there; violets, mertensias, woodland ferns, and other native plants appear there as though growing wild. Within the spray from the cascade are plants which enjoy con- r WwW I

stant moisture he air as well as near thei t ere th small stream runs along the floor of the glade, trollius blooms in summer on t ks and er are bluets. ond, wher

farth ey the bog garden has just been established, Japanese prraulas on the shore are now reflected rose-re e opposite end, a large area has been specially treated with a s and planted to varieties of heather, which will be in

eee or ane comosum—are placed in the special situa- ee demand. of p lants- from the souther n Appalachians, elsewhere

r 0 a g of bloom, they will be more noticeably displayed. Meanwhile, Lewisia Tweedyi, Lewisia rediviva, Lewisia Heckneri, and other species from the west, all acquired several years ago, are bloom- ing successfully every spring in the Thompson Memorial Rock

arden.

Among other plants expected to be prominently in bloom during Rock Garden Week are a number of saxifrages, including Sa+i- fraga Cotyledon of the encrusted group; Silene virginica, with crimson flowers, S. caroliniana, in varying tones of pink, and

appeninuin roseum, one of the finest varieties of the sunrose

100

Louise Beebe Wilder A Tribute by Sarah ¥'. Coombs

Base MED in the wide doorway of her home, Louise HW

garden Bi brilliant in the enue as fr Bae gathered, min -

realise that yo were the ere because her brig. deen iit onc on

somewhere. it youe? It to ich in Fae garden and home as ae had cver a cn. oe ae cdiicheu triumphant ne fe

oe near. Perhaps the garden that lics “eastward in Eden” i.

far away

ae who love as ae de a them acquire by that service ort of immortality are glorified by it and it is tin- possible a connect the ee a death th them. It is easy to think of them walking in flower-filled meadows and listening to the songs of celestial vide

We who knew Loutse Wilder will miss her greatly, What she did for horticulture is another story which will be well and isi told by others. We shall miss the friend whose place, we realise, cannot e filled. If we have worked with her, we shall feel doubly that a ued

soul has gone away, leaving behind many hs of the honest, earnest work she did in her chosen task and a i friendly, ne ek amusingly human outlook on the world and life.

(A brief biography of Murs. Wilder, whose death occurred April 20, will he found on page 114.)

In the moraine will be found Androsace lanuginosa, A. mentosa and its varieties, and a number of other choice ee which the rock-garden specialist will particularly enjoy. Allium from whose central ball of flowers smaller clusters ex-

end like shooting stars, and .4. Karataviense, with two exceed- Ree broad thick leaves and a heavy umbel of purplish flowers, with Allium roseum and A, unifolium, reveal interesting varia- ao eee the flowering onions

a also will be Aenilied tomentosa King Edward; ee little white crucifer known as Schivereckia Por muauleri ; Belin as s, a small pink composite ; Stwlophor unt diphyllum, the celandine poppy of the central states; and ie iiontaie ee an attractive variety of a silky- jeaven Alpine legume. These are of course only a fraction of the interesting plants

ong sea Each species and variety is clearly and carefully labeled. veto about the plants and the garden are invited

from visitors

101

Flowering Bulbs For The Rock Garden By Ethel Anson S. Peckham

A ary is much discussion as to the advisability of putting

ardens

r of too rank growth for the compari 1 oie oba: there are

also many which are entirely at home there

garden ns plants should be well placed where th

= = 3 a om 2 3 a g 3° 3 p 3

used ee oes if attention is oe them when ‘the bulb-

ly. planted with narcissi. grow ee ough to stand a little

nor must that of brodiaea; but both of these are much lighter and thinner and soon die away. For such things as brodiaea I have

Sar h hy Regi. A. Maltby & Co.

enetia is a ame variety of Narcissus which is especially suitable for culture in Bi garden.

found the juxtaposition of plants like rock-roses (Cistus) is a lan ese I

good pi re shrubby affairs afford protection in bad weather and they can be tidied back on the edges in springtime A the bulbs ear they spread nearly r the vacant

(e) : their among the mossy ete will be mneeey y lovely.

n S, dog-tooth violets (Erythroniuim), snowdrops (Galanthus) and snowflakes (Leucojum) may be used and indeed, snowdrops (single ones) will grow in what is full shade in summer. Hence combinations may be made with ferns, epimediums and rare, fine-

as a tall accent together with phloxes, candytufts, aethionemas,

103

etc. Such daffodils as Trewirgie, Cheerfulness, Golden Perfec-

tion, Moonshine, Thalia, and Harvest Moon should be carefully

aes so that they will not spoil the general design of the “high low.”

“Tei isa raniseaed in planting a rock garden to ignore the aesthetic, for when plants with the same style in habit of growth are spotted ect will be bad i

about, the final eff il ad. Things should be in masses whether of color or st Too many spear-shaped le: tand-

c they are of the same color tone. This may be peal planned for some places but would not be attractive all over the garden. Rock gardens are excellent ay to segregate plants that need cking of a Jar:

rosts. To achieve their best a to nie they need all their top growth. Several years of being killed back will cause them to give up the ghost. The destr uction of the tops by mice or rab- bits as they come up in spring is another re Naphtha flake,

up rare crocuses. especiaily during a drought in early summer

104

They love to dine on the nutty flavored kernels and always seem to enjoy most the species crocuses or the new hybrids or rare forms!

Then there are plants that like peaty ground, some of these being those tiny gems, Narcissus minimus, N. triandrus and its varieties, and the snake’s-head fritillaries (Fritillaria Meleagris). These can be tucked in under the edges of heather on the sunny side, for they love such a place

Do not try to put bulbs in ‘ne bog garden; they do not like t sit in water. However, damp positions in spring will oe do provided the water runs off rapidly. Watch out also that gas -rooted plants like ae and some of the phloxes do

no over into the bulb patches for their heavy roots will soir those sleeping below.

The rock garden is just the place for the smaller species a such as a ae with its various forms; i also f

ich S

varieties of Jf. botryoides and M. neglectuim together with Hya- cinthus asureus, often taken for a grape-hyacinth, and perhaps, if you are lucky, some old, real H. orientalis retrieved from an

nor eaten by predatory animals. By all means try then hes the plant that goes ae part of the season is always the one to give the most joy, j as the well-beloved friend is nearly always the one who appears more charming after each brief absence.

Modern Study of Plants

In Relation To

Education By E. J. Salisbury (Continued from the April issue)

E great merit of botanical study from the point of view of

vation consists essentiall two separate processes, namely, seeing the object or phenomenon and the apprehension o n The visual perception of the good and bad observer m e alike adequate, but it is in the degree of their apprehension that th

liff To train such powers it is essential t he accuracy of appreciation either by means of ver escription or graphic representation. he gr phic method is rly 0 more suit 1 to h

understanding a the nuances of meaning of words unduly re- stricts his verbal precision. Drawing, if regarded strictly as a

ing, and botanical material, because of its well-defined organiza- tion, is peculiarly suited for this purpos

From the cultural point of view, eal life and all that it implies s tl n

past. Even man’s industrial activities have been largely localized and in part determined by the geographical distribution of vegeta- tion, whether it be that of the forests, of perhaps 280 million years ago, which gave origin to our coal deposits, or the extent of grasslands that have determined the location of pastoral communities

A realization of the widespread demands made upon plant ve ucts would probably astonish many of those who,

106

Babbitt, find in the mechanistic devices of the age their chief elight. Yet it has been recently estimated that a thousan d

° h of fo uffs, of textile fibres, of timber, rubber tea, o, and innumerable other plant products, the plant re- mains perhap east known and appreciated of all man’s

1 ig a servants by those who lay claim to any cognizance of their environ- ment. the town dweller can scarcely fail to recognize the in- h

irect contacts of his everyday existence with the activities of agriculture, forestry and horticulture, and, if education is interpr means of enabling the individual to have an in-

telligent appreciation of and harmonious relations with his envi-

ronment, then a knowledge of plant life is manifestly essential to

that end. I should almost feel that an apology was necessary for

expressing sentiments so trite were I not sure that whatever

agreement there may be in theory, our educational curricula bear Tr

e. The increasing diversity of pursuits in a progressive science : ; h

in different fields. But we only come together for a short week in each year, and so it is to the universities that we must look mainly for the continuous fostering of a liberal outlook both on science as a whole and within the domains of each particular

arlier phases, botany was naturally concerned largely

escription, and in such branches as taxonomy, mo ogy, anatomy, cytology, mycology, palaeobotany and plan ography t iptive aspect must necessaril ay an important penn

ju cee aspects should predominate. But in all, the seal

107

value can only be maintained if form and function are closely

integrated. Each branch has its own contribution to make in this

respect not only to the pure science but also to its applied aspects

in agriculture, horticulture, pomology, sylviculture and plant path-

ology. The mere enumeration of these branches, whether pure or es the ri

ry woven into the warp and woot of a single fabric.

has saved us from the worst evils of the study of form unrelated

and not as different facets aE one and the same jewel. When we attempt to understand any plant community, the

to envisage that teeming population of bacteria, fungi and pro- tozoa in = soil which, by their proper balance, nee a healthy circulation of chemical products and are a necessity for the main- tenance of the supply of raw material for the higher plants and animals

Since the environment of the present is in some considerable degree the consequence of that of the immediate and sometimes of the remote past, the study of external conditions brings us

LATE SPRING FLOWERS | | IN THE THOMPSON MEMORI

ROCK.GARDEN

Midd See

Lewisia Heckneri

Cerastium tomentosum

Phyteuma comosum

Silene Zawad skii |

Allium Karataviense

Marshallia obovata

ea Plants at the

stream’s

edge

110

into contact with the ee of glaciologists and historians, whilst even the student of “place names” may materially assis n the reconstruction of those ee conditions that in part hav ea the present state. When we se from the study of the habitat to that of the vegetation which it supports, we are at once confronted with the question as to the extent to which one is in equilibrium with the

er, The morphologist and the anatomist furnish the data upon which we base our judgment as to the degree to which the external form and internal structure have contributed to render the organ- isms suited to the environments that they frequent. In so far as there is eaee whether passive or active, in this respect, to that extent the community is in equilibrium with its surround- ings ae presents a climax, subject, it is true, to secular change but of a ey table character The contribution - the systematist is to distinguish betw the more critical species and races which exhibit a eee c

that less meticulous examination might readily ignore and whi ften have an ecological importance far greate: e Linneans of which t ar segre: he experimental conclusions

P y the ecologist to the elucidation of problems in the field, al tees and often profoundly modified by the continual operation of t pees factor.

Finall owledge of the life- histories of the constituent ©

holds an honored place in our esteem. The clichés of the politician with regard to policies could be applied with far more than their usual significance to the ecologist, who might with some reason be described as “exploring every avenue” and “leaving no stone

unturned” in his attempt to reveal the causal naa underlying the social organization of plant life; but this all too brief résumé nts and contacts of a single branch _ botany has, I

ntac hope, sufficed to emphasize that the wide range of knowledge in- voked by the ecological approach, though constituting its chie

111

difficulty, is the very basis of its cultural value, since it weaves together into a comprehensive whole so many threads of knowl- edge spun by the specialists upon the wheels of research,

land surface under its various guises may be likened to a sponge which absorbs the divers forms of precipitation and allows the water with more or less rapidity to find its way into the streams and rivers. But the effectiveness of the land surface for holding back the water varies according to whether it is under high forests, scrub, grassland or is arable. Each type of plant cover has its

the former would produce ancillary assets of great ae the latter ould not.

Prof. F. W. Oliver pointed out, in reference to the reclamation of foreshores, that the plastic plant can and does meet the con- TC

stantly changing impact of the es of Nature in a w ich he dead mai of the engineer cann to emulate, and at a far lowe But such biological control demands not on

r cost. Bu ¥ a comprehensive knowledge of the life-histories of the species utilized, but also an appreciation of the environmental factors, dynamic as well as static, that is summed up in the phrase ecologi- cal foresight

112

Another matter is the much-discussed question of the preserva-

tion of natural are wing to tl idespread ignorance of biological knowledge, the dynamic character of vegetation is b no means widely realized. Ther d many educated people t who think that to preserve an area all you need to s to leave it alone. The that our nd, presented to the National Trust, may, if left unhindered, ultimately cease to be downland and becor oodland, e of the very features for bn served, i x most a novel t. n_ enlighte of such control of

ne y national reserves a all that this mee will only be possible if the rising generation has been inculcated into a biological mode of thought. It is probably true to say that no branch of botany could be cited that has not its important practical ee Botan:

y needs no defence in respect to the practical uti S$ pursuit, although it is probably true to say that the vale of t who reap the benefits of its achievements are unmindful of their source.

ul s, I feel, the contribution tanical knowledge can

make towards general culture and spiritual contentment that is its chief claim to rank high in our educational scheme

A sympathetic understanding of botanical thought ant progress is essential to a community which is to deal adequately with such

n the foundation of a plant life and its requirements can an educated public opinion be built up that will receive and give effect to well- considered leg: islative action. Moreover, it is

al to the continued effective operation of any policy however well conceived and enlightened.

113

(ertificates Presented To Eight Students

Certificates for the completion of the

two-year Science Course for professional gardeners at The New nical arden were awarded ight students at an informal ceremony conducted at the Beekman Tower Hotel the evening of April 26. Dr. William J. Robbins s gave

a brief opening adds eens the func ich 57 have

tions of the course, from a been graduated since the pel class com- pleted its work i 34. Later he made

rtificates.

the exercises. f the grad- uating class of 1938 were John Bier, Ernest Hoelle, Arthur Bergquist, and Norr ith, who are all employed or private estates, and John T. Moss, Fraser MacCartney, M. T an Fossum, and Edward Brennan, who have been em-

J. ployed as student gardeners at Garden.

trained here in the p nta

talk, “will, on in this es the fines traditions of garden ing.

Col. Spingarn’s Address

In speaking of the “ever- increasing dignit: eat ihe noble foes, of gar. dener, i

ichelangelo be of Rodin as works of immortal fame which m d from the craft of the stone-

e cutter of ancient cae es surgeon

of today was once, he ted, merel. a barber, while the tained ae has de- from a menial, a maid- orale

velo ed ore What really turned nursing into

dignified career,” he said, ‘

It training that gave the profess

mp he original type of work “Tn all professions,” he affirmed, “char- acter is important, but the amount of

training received, plus the training cy you, ue example, as gardeners must co tinue to give yourselves ae rest of Jour lives, is what makes — own callin profession of distinctio

Colonel apnea Realy expressed the

ish that the garden of today would delve into He history mol their profession, in order to give . its rightful place in the hist ae ae ee

ere arden for Dr, ace who ‘stalished the rat hota

cal garden New asked.

ny. ou can find out a mile the

ork

03rd Steet oe Fifth. you disc every garden

Cae dune certain years. You have to hunt for these historical facts, but the search is worth while.”

fi

professional gardeners in

tha that the responsi for the the southe ardens is due.

ional gardeners

€

years. The ot!

the Montgomery place,

dener there for 50 “They were oe ree the highest re- spect,” he said, “a when ey were

buried they were laid beside the heroes

of the perio

ie ie was no organ-

A. Do

and _ Germ; Man

th value of the trained over the untrained

114+

long as we could bce unepe there ial education

But as

gardener.

the 1 war, however, we have velop our own professional gardeners.

Utopia for a ae Colonel Spingarn declared, would be employer who really understood and to ea ardoane but understood it well enough not to inter- fer oy wi ue w of o em.

ploye Anothe Utop ill exist, he

p

as por

cally adde elle and scientists a my oun whe bey an gerated s oe leth of this ny other een deg: A scientist should be judged by his ecentife attain- ments and essential wisdom and not by his degre The earliest horticultural courses given this country, which were generally offered but were develop ae rather than or onal gardener.

In present-day ¢ rdener training in America, the system used in the Royal Botanic Gardens at adjusted to

a model, he “The Ne Oo pro-

vide fe t en an equivalent

for the work giv at Kew, so that

en eventually the certificate of graduation will stamp every man who possesses i just as an M. r an RN. physician or a nurs

stamps

1g, nified a past and as great a future as any eae in America today. me you to this profession,” Colonet ‘Soieai concluded, “which can fill the empty spaces of this great country with gardens that will ee it into the most beautiful place in the world.

Only with the help of you professional gardeners can we make America a fit Aebieden for our hopes and dreams.”

Louise Beebe Wilder

ha ae il of York BoE e| Garden since April 15,

36.

In ars it i: doubtful if any one individua had a greater influence on American horticulture dae me In 1936 she was ded

usively her own experiences n her small but remarkable garden in Bronxville she raised rare plants fro il over the world, and she was able to Il others how they too could develop nusual and suc 1 gardens. One of the early exponents of rock gardening in America, and continuously one of the remost, Mrs. Wilder contributed greatly to the knowledge of alpine plants, intro

ducing new oS into her own garde and writing not only with oun ele charm, but also with profound authority about them.

s Booxs

the ee of which ap- ber, a

Mrs. Her ten books, peared last Decem

My Garden s 916); Co rin my ne den (1918); Adventures in my Gar and Rock Garden (1923) ; Beablen td nee Rock n (1927) ; Lucius B iat Wakefield (a genealogy) oe Adventures ina rban Gar den (1934) ; 5 e Fra io a (1934) ; What Happens ia my len (1934) ; ee with Hardy Bulbs (1936) ; and The Garden in Color (1937).

During the ick few years much of her work was illustrated with photographs

by her son, Walter Beebe Wilder. oe sae Miss Harrison Wilder, is

cretary for the National Council of Pecmied coc Clubs.

Mrs. ler was a member of the Garden Clu of America, Pieris: Gar- deners of Bronxville, Federated Garden Clubs of New Yor d nue Horticul- tural Society of New York.

News from South America

yr first letter in many months from . C. Smith was written February b:

quarters tor of botanical collecting after Ter:

oO

bers of the y-Holden aay had returned to Geo Brees ‘own and New York. The letter was receive r.

Camp the middle of April. Robert

Snediar, herpetologist Museum of Natural History, also re- fs)

in the many — will teneport them down the co:

With Fe, Snedigar, Dr. Smith worked in the Shodikar region—Shodikar Creek is the last eastern affluent of the Upper

in Al i ins

ending a couple o

eeks, days on the 1 Brazilian | slopes in the Trom- betas basin.

First IN THE REGION

This means, accor sears to B. A. Kru koff, ‘that Dr, Smith the first man ever to make a botanical alletion i in the

io per mbet: River.

oO ist

on

%

‘apids of the river. Recently the country has been opened up by a ndary sur- vey of the Brazilian government.

“Th pper Essequibo,” wrote

he plants appear

strictly Amazonian in relationship.

up the

(strokes, I mean, not steps}, the Rup ununi Head. arriving da The

back via here at Wrichabai a esterday. Rupununi at ates _is a succession of

water holes depth, and it will, ne ae Socibl e to get a boat with a ae until the first rains at the end of M I am now going to aed a ee ‘weeks in the Kanakus near the Takutu River.”

Notes, News, and Comment

National Academy. An invitation ad- iven before the National

sistance of Frederick Kavanagh. Dr. Robbins was introduced by Dr oO lodge

Members of the Garden's Board of

ae who attended the A wo-day ses-

the ath were Dr. R. A.

Hoe Dr. Edm dW. Sinnott, and Dr.

E. i Dies "who read a biggraphical me: Britton. Dr. W. -

Setchel ‘a the University of Catforni

milar memoir on Dr. A.

oration. Mount

Auyan ear the re

ing Gleason, Head Curator. Several hitherto unknown plants have nee ae detected, includ- ing a fifth spec of South American pitcher-plant.

116

Senior at _

cology. Joh Stevenson, Mycologtt in the Boe of Plat dustry oa odian of the C. loy Mycol erica Collections, Smithsonian Ti stitution, Washington, recently spent two weeks in mycologica erbarium dying otanical Gar- den’s collection of woody i ngi, prin- cipally those forms from the tropics in which the herbarium is ae cially rich.

Lectui Dr. Joh ndley Barnhart spoke on “Spring wile Flouee! he the South S hole cae. Club at Greens Farms, Conn,

Tea. Dr. and ie J. Robbin were e guests of honor at an outdoor a iven by Board of Managers and the f The New York

guests went to view "the nd the Thompson Menara noc Garden.

Current Literature* At a Glance By Carol H. Woodward

eal Gardening. Robert S. Lemmon is

the serious gardener. It is the sort of pep hein a ee a need has long been felt he United States—one which can Ca ye in serving the gardener or which can Soeslenc other

s. S of format

g ning magazine mall

and simple in design, it is an e on toward the ideal, the editor says, “of a magazine that shall reflect the spirit of fact-finding, of directness, of helpfulness and clear sincerity which characterizes

25, a dozen expertly handed ee et ie from weeds to ” rhododendrons, from annuals to

1 , besides a number of shorter pieces giving helpful pointers to the gardener.

* All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found in phe eae of ae Botanical Garden, in the Mus utldin;

Rubber-tree. In the Harvard Museum Leaflets for March 31, a rt F. Hill points out the correctness of Castille rather than Castilloa as the name of the Central American rubber-tree.

Erosion. “What Is Soil Erosion?” is the title of a dramatically ThGwe booklet issued by the United e- partment of Agriculture = ea ete

28 par FE

v! B

few brief lin f text outside of th introductory pages, and these explain the pictures in easil derstood terms. e

e u booklet is available from the Superin-

tendent of Documents in Washington, D.C.

Spraying. = thorough program for the spraying of e ery i erent fruit crop f control

sprays and how t to use them is included. pples, It would appear that a person go could be healthy and that few diseases could be cured without an abun- dance of apples, aa and all, in the diet, according to a bulletin by E. M. Tod- hunter, recently published by the Agri- cultural Experiment Station at Pullman, Washington e skin o uthor points out, contains from 2 to 10 sine: as much vitamin C as the flesh alone

Cucurbits. In one of those outstanding aaa of the meet of New York which tell € d

uski with 00 Gull cee (05 x iat) inches): solored illustratior ns.

Another also appeared. ‘this spring. this one pro- acd by the J. C. It is a 1 page eae atalog, which contains much use- fal infonmatien about these plants.

117

Ros Colored plates from catalogs iusteate this year’s edition of the mer e the

rose gar- f roses, and disease control

Though espaliers are often where er

Espaliers. difficult to establish in a countr, n abundance of summ

wish

e April number (o} ee those who can _ not ready read the Geman text will find the drawings extremely helpful.

Biography. A chapter from the life of “a a rao Christiaan Hen- drik Per

ers is coi iS in the Octo- 1937 als te University of Stellenbosch Written i in ie fangiage f the Dutch settlers of So Africa, to those who can ei Afrikaans, it wise through 100 pages a baie and other personal pa pers , the story of poy the great myco ogist was Ae "of fro

his expected patrimony and how his life was affected by his prolonged legal and financial struggle.

Forestry. Definite ner eSS ad- vane ae training among British i foresters is ve : the ot Annual na

try

of Ara erial For Institu ot Ox Ost niversity, ae issued. re- port covers forestry work in all of the

British possessions.

The vegetable gardener - ie thersied in Leaflet No. 133 of tl

explain hat is chicory a endive, at

nd least Wen ae Satisfaction, oe the purchases of seeds for garden Snow Algae. es a of Szeged, Hungary, who t the Gar- den in

1936, investigating pak algae s yas hi the author of a article in t cbt uary 15 Journal he ane Academy of Sciences e describes some new snow

of t in which s

algae from North America. Miss Ki spent a year in America through the In- ternational Fellowship iad of the Am Aopee ion University ’ one The Journal of the Malayan Br sar a the Royal ee rue pub- He in peu gapore, dev its entire ue of D a i: (received some two years er) of the rae dialect opie in "Trengganu Rules pronunciation an La mple phrases a conversation are giv In Peeaen No. 19 of th

Hemlocks. Hema ck Arbor

Fr Jenkins plea me advanced stu- dent to undertake octor’s thesis th subject, “Mutations of Tsuga canadensis,” To an approved student he offers certain facilities for the work, as well as a grant toward publication of the thesis. Roadsides. Telling what property

owners, as well as highway commissions,

do to a ap- want ate trees, the United States Department of Aaricalture has issued a revised B

g 1, well as the S st

regarding the planting of roadside areas.

Abundant use of native material is rec- mended.

ind. Experiments Ries feet in the eee ay "yhte Missouri pas ay for February, show that basswood eben twice the norma he day Gee The tree wilted oe showed signs ae imminent dea

,O "Qe

h Africans. In the March issue of

Sout American Home, tells sodiuniad of what the catalogs and labels re end,”

Annuals. Descriptions of half a hun- dred cannals and the best dates for sow- ing each kind accompany a plan for an

118

in an article b

annual border T. House and Guden

H. Everett in for ebruary. Vegetables. In the Gardeners’ Chron-

of America om F oe Raymond

E. Smith descri sol novelties in

see inane he coe planting this ming

icle

A ee Auge es seedlings n found in Age ae Sir Arthur W.

e s Ba Ly. mentions plants in seven other fami- lies, he gives special attention to the Gesneriaceae.

Pet The twelfth in the series of mance phic studies of genera of the so aceae and Avicennaceae by D:

ald e n a nuary an ebruary numbers of

Fedde’s Repertorium with oes of

29 species of the genus Pet

esert Plants. A well illustrated guide the desert plant collection at the Huntington Botanical G: in n

Marino, Calif., under ne authorship . William Hert- rich, Cur:

Philately. The appearance of plan and flowers in the designs of stamps an in their watermarks is described a a Ss. eee under the title of “Horticulture and PI ee in the Cade Giese

icle for March 19. Uinta Basin. Edward H. Graham is thor of an Se report ita “Botanical Studies in the Uinta Basin of

tational zones, an id gives ai annotated list of plants, fesides plates, maps, and a bibliography. Key. “A Leaf Key the Flo ieee ag Trees” rrett Montelir New Jersey. This is third helpful handbook brought out by

ue panes of plant fife. While ms are omitted, more ve tose other a ie an yed, an ings of about ity reticent leaf are presented.

types

Garden Club Book. A program bulle- tin of exceptional usefulness has been is Club:

ir

As an aid in the 2 t identification, the book contains t nd

eg list of plant fam- ilies with familiar Ae eet of each, an extensive vocabul: fe pea names and their bas iptions of orchids of Arkansas a hee botanical a explained, definitions of descriptive

ms use ed in manuals, and a helpful bibliography on botany and plant iden- tion

From Holland c

stu subject of both weGentine one popular iene at the moment: those mee a ere which cause roots te. gro ntitled “On Factors Deter- mining aie et xin Content of the Root Tip,” the paper, written in English by M. H. van Raalte, is published by the Botanical Institute of the State Univer- sity at Utrecht.

Prospective ae wall enjoy th nei oo beautiful ty F, Lam in the Ree bee of tentific Monthly.

o

Janeir ieee

the Sci

Fruit. “Growing Fruit for Home Use is the antren or ae rae of the Abe eile Exper t Station at the Uni- versity of Tllinois.

n the Notes of Edinburgh

hododendron Buds.

that impor- tance in ‘the “Sassfcaton of Phododen- drons. Ther only tw he s convolw fe an a re er olut

are ‘directly related to the Tenidote and elepidote series in the genus.

119

The New York

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of

Botanical Garden.)

Florida Flowers, Revised

30 vee

LOWERS: ‘oduct. to the 2Flo rida Flora. Mary Francis Baker. 245 pages, illus-

trated with photographs. by the author;

indexed. Macmillan, New York. New edition, 1938, ee Mrs. Mary F in her ne

er w edi- tion “Florida Wad Flowers” has

per-

dex

e left out apie hee re-wording fe coherence and

€ al n of the book remains the sa The Introduction features the diversity of the ra. An Explanation define flower, fruit, and leaf chara sas b

plify the parts of a flower; corresp couling ones for flower Sea fruits, an nd leaves 1 AK

the book contains of fa

parts completes t description ch: ters

morphology, uses, etc., are Raat presente: an

vey of the volume proves a "assertion to the

e, Feweiti ing of keys as in the Orie the shifting of Lauraceae,

Loranthaceae, and Olacaceae forward in the arrangement of families; and such ellie as th i

a host

ry am

are Oscco? s ha for Tra reson ongust folius (cro and tl ee of Suibiigosie. coelestng, Te i The latter flow

t is

am made from 1 es one ee Florida’s best- known aan

Mary F. Barrett.

Plants of Economic Value

ECONOMIC BOTANY. Albert F. Hill. 592 pages, illustrated pas in- aed McGra we Ht It Book Company. New York. $5. As elementary Geiss to the useful Polaris "and Lee products of the world, “Econ ” b F.

¢ book is divided into comprehensive sections Sica: such titles as aa aie Plants and Plant Products,” “Dru;

120

Plants and Drugs” and “Food Plants.” Each section is Subdivi ded into chapters : “Fibers and

the spe- “information, e is a syste list of species that are discussed in ihe ee plus _ ae as to both Latin and com- na of plants, including the gen- ra e names of the products in present-da lay usage. The interesting subject of our economic plant pro stimulates an appreciation ° ants which civilization in

vast subject of economic

G. L. Wittrock.

g duction to the botany.

Rose-growing for All HOW TO GROW ROSES, 3 Horace McFarland and Robert = yle. 191 pages illustrated with drawin: phot ographs, and colored plates, Indexed. 18th edi- tion, revised and enlarged. Macmillan, ‘ew York, 1937. $1.

Into a compact volume of less than 200 pages entitled “How to Grow Roses” J. Horace McFarland and Robert Pyle have packed considerable elas on rose culture that will of g aly amateur or Thee Se ihe i rose growing. advice on rie “making of rose gar-

se beds, soil preparation, en

to the mo a

discussir the us of cli roses, iowever, the variety Mermaid een given for an examp do not thin!

ol oe are often foisted tipon the public. There

s also some good advice on disease and freee control as cl as on pruning and

winter protectio P. J. McKenna.

os a Leaves

VES, THEIR PLACE IN LIFE rea LEGEND. Vernon Quinn. 211 pages, ee with drawings by Marie wson, Indexed. Frederick

"Stokes Coe New York. 1937.

Seldom lea been giv uch exclusive Leen = in this Took by Vernon Quinn. Leaves, as such, con-

stitute a decorative phase: ‘of our earthly

fends ae which most of us fail to appre- ciate fully. Insofar as leaves have been h legen

e also

e style of tl the book is a bit mono onous, and smacks too much . a Eales if one reads for long at a time. The in- teresting Hage sae ealth of tacts seem

submerged by other. The Site ii sketches and chapter headings are a feature of the book. Artis-

ioaeee pe! are excellently done, though they often lacking in the accuracy of Feceenable details.

W. M. PortTERFIELD.

A Book on Bulbs

LBS FO UR GARDEN. Rie H. Wea, re 210 pages, illus- trated, indexed. Mifflin

Houghton, Co., Boston, 1936. $2.75.

sible and nicely put together, Mr. s bulb book seems thoroughly prac- Unfortunat ely,

than brevity ; tae t and publisher

me is well Sua “that it is fairly easy for the beginner to he is anxious to kr

fter an introductiot

w gardening, and growin bulbs from code ErHet Anson S. PeckHaM.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

BOARD OF MANAGERS

LECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1939: ee. “a ANDERSON eae ye ives Fore Crarence Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry LA TAGNE eter a Assistant Treasurer), Wuuiam J. A yrore and ie Sera ARN. Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BaLpwin Ge president), CHILDS aioe Pie R. ENNINGS, Henry Locxuarrt, Jr. . MacDoucat, and Jos

: ade

Until 1941: Mrs. ELon as Hooxer, Joun L. MERRILL (Vice- “regen, om "Rosert H. Mon , H. Hopart Porter, and Raymonn H

II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H, LaGuarnia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rosert Moses, Park fa OS Henry C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS

oe S Bee EN, appointed 2 the co Botanical Club. A. AM F. TRELEASE, EpmuNp W. Sinwort, and Marston T. Bocent, Gibainted: by Columbia Unies sity,

GARDEN STAFF

Wuuam J. hou Pu. D.,, Se. D. Director H. A. Grea Pu. D. Assistant Director and Head Curator HENRY DE i Moxsnene Assistant Director A. B. Stout, Px. D. Curator of Education and Labo matories Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator Bernarn O. Donvce, Pu. D. Plant Patholons st Joun Henptey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. Bibliographer Percy Witson Associate Curator AvBert C. Smitu, Pu. D. Associate Curator Harowy N. Mouvenxe, Pu. D Associate Curator ae - Hatt, S ibrarian .HR a Diriisecosee bie Honorary Curator of _ ee panae Collections FLEna Guiti and Photographer pores . Wie Ssociate in Br ‘yology E. J. ALEXANDER -Issistant Curator and Cae ty ae a Mesbaran W. HL Gas Pu. D. Assistant Curator Cuyne Caan ER, “ALM. ww. Technical Assistant Rosatie WEIKERT ‘ Technical Assistant Frepertck KavanaGH, M.A Technical Assistant Caro. H. Woonwarn, A. B. ean Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. orticullurist G. L. Wittrock, A. M. ocent Otto DEGENER, Me Ss. Pesan dagel tor in Hazeatian on Rorert Hacer st ary Curator of Ayxomycetes

ETHEL ANSON s. eagae - Honorary ae ne and Narcissus Collections oo af Arch T Superintendent of, Baling and Grounds A.C. nt Superintendent

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Books An Illustrated Flora of the Mosthers United States and Canada, by Viadneents| Lord Britton and Addison Brow: Three volumes, g: eine descriptions and illustra ions of 4,666 spec ec ae e ted. $13.5 lora of the Pears: and Plains of Central ae iinet by P. A. Rydberg. 969 Baas and 601 figu On, Ise, Yi. a postpaid.

area st the Gane A New York, by H. A. Gee 284 pages, illustrated. IOBH, Sil

Flora a Bede: oy Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 485 pages with 494 text figures. 1918.

A Text-book es Gene Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 plates. 1307. 25)

Periodicals mia, semi-annual, devoted exclusiv au He polars Plates accompanied by

Addiso popular deceaneon s of flowering plants; eiepUe in each number, thirty-two in each volume. Nie ow in its twentieth volum i i v

Journal of The New York Becca Garden, monthly, coven ing notes news

and non-technical articles. Subsc ription, $1 a year; single copies 10 cents. Fre , to members of the Garden. ow in its thirty-ninth volume. ycologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and ener: aie to fungi, including Ms hens, containing technical artic is and n and n of general in- rest. a year; single copies $1.25 in on "ie volume. pea Aout Ment Index volume $3 in see $3. 50 in “fabrikoid. Bri A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume.

Now in ae Pao aunts

North American Flora. ee of the wild jpuee of North Bi including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be co pleted in 34 v ahaa each to nee of four or more ea arts; 85 parts now i a

ts ssue Subscription price, $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold for $2 each. Not offered in exchange.

Contributions from The New York Pee ey Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, aud reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a volume. the fourteenth volume.

Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Wales LVII. Titles on req

Direct all orders to The New ae Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New ielig, INI5 Wo

eae FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN k Botanical Garden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of dj the Paeue ee at Fordham Road, and a nee south end of the Bronx River Parkway. It may be reached by Oe uae re Grand Central Terminal to th Botanical Garden Station (200th Street). each the Garden by the Elevated and Subway systems, take the Third Avenue, Elevated to the end of the line Fone ay oe tion ns oe the East and

West Side subways, transfer from the Lexington Seventh le ne to the Third Avenue Elevated at 149th Street and Third Avenue. ae Avenue subway (Independent system) take a r CC train to Bedford De *Bouleeeea ne St eet), then walk east Me se Garden

or from t ity, drive north on Grand Concourse to Bedfor: Park ee "oot ae sae east there, and cross the railroad bridge into the Garden groun

oL. XXXIX June, 1938

JOURNAL of

No. 462

THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free

to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor JUNE, 1938

THE FLOWER OF THE TULIP-TREE Cover photograph by Maizie Milland New VarieTIES FEATURE THE Rose DispLay THIS SEASON PROPAGATION OF THE NATIVE SPECIES OF CHIMAPHILA Robert S. Lemmon 129

THE FLOWERING BEHAVIOR OF Norway MAPLES A. B. Stout 130 TRAPA BICORNIS, A WATER-CHESTNUT KNOWN TO THE CHIN

as Linc Ko W.M. Porterfield 134 REVIEWS OF RECENT Booxs

Current LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 142 Notes, News, AND COMMENT Myxomycete CoLLEcTION 144

FLOWERS FOR ALL TO SEE

The tens of thousands of people who have visited the floral displays at

be New York Botanical ce during the past month prove by their

ery numbers the importance of one of the institution’s most apparent public services.

ile many of these people have come to observe and study the plants,

to take ee on them for reference for their own individual gardens, the

vast majority have come for _the sheer love of the beauty of the flowers.

their isp!

Others come weekly o ae ener to watch the change in the gardens from the nex -

For all of these people, the sight of well grown plants in full flower h

leasure at the sight of living a as respond to any one of the art: here mentione

To e it gouible for the public, without charge, to enjoy flower growing outdoors and under glass the year around is one of the fant of the Botanical Garden. By means of memberships and gifts, the Garden is enabled to present its displays of thousands a varieties fro ing thro’ and fall, a di i

service is privileged, for he is helping in a unique way to bring to the lives of many a joy that appears to be fundamental in nature

JOURNAL of ‘ THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Vou.XXXIX——~<C«*SrN, 9B” No. 462

New Varieties Feature The Rose Display This Season

N mid-June occurs at The New York Botanical Garden the flowering of eight thousand plants of the ae roses, which

Garden where questions about the plants and about the Botanical Garden's activities will be answered.

Connoisseurs of roses for some years have recognized the gar- den in Bronx Park as an example of fine culture and as a collec-

varieties, some of which, as yet unnamed, are n numbers. They will find the plants as a whole in exceptionally fine dition, ult of the new drainage syste

past many roses had been lost because ti the poor natural drain- age in the low area where ae are plan

Iti is the Garden’ s persisten work, ee with deep prepa-

oO nn oO =] a si 5 me > > fa} Me ot z ° f=) 8 an 3 5 wm cot fol ie) 7

ps es in su tinuously from June until November. The program of care and

121

= lo bo

Rog emyecnia is one of the new hybrid perpetual oe which may in een a ork Botanical Garden ‘year. e dark petals are eran borleed with scallops of white.

(All photographs from J. Horace McFarland Company, by courtesy of Bobbink & Atkins)

aronne Prevost is a new hybrid tea with large full aie of pure rose-color, topping a plant ik uniformly light green leaves

124

culture involves a heavy application of cow manure and bonemeal

mo proper pruning at - right oe for each type of plant; an dormant clean-up sprays when needed

While such reliable roses as Mime. Leon Pain, Charles K

a ions w other roses in the garden) have a contributed by Bobbink & Atkins, of Rutherford, N. J. t the end of this article are reference lists of some of the new roses of different types

In a special bed will be a group of seven numbered roses er

ven have sings largely of bedding types, which they considered espe- cially worth while.

ae entirely new rose, also a bedding type without a name, occupies the center of the rose garden this year, replacing Paul’s Scarlet Climber.

The rest of the climbing roses remain as before, with the addi- tion of two new varieties, Glen Dale and Doubloons. The collec- tion, which includes 97 different kinds, contains such outstanding names as Bloomfield Courage, Dr. Huey, Star of Persia, Evan-

The border of polyanthas is similarly complete, and contains such gems as Sunshine, which is golden-orange shading to pink ; le bri

Dorothy Howarth, with cup-shaped flowers of clear rosy-pink; Peach Blossom, of soft carmine-rose; Johanna Tantau, creamy

125

; Salmon Spray, with vigorous branches of rich aie co ieee ee ke which are carmine-red on the reverse, and t! remarkab oulsen roses. thirteen new polyanthas which were rit this year are listed on page 128. g the neoaily introduced hybrid teas at the Botanical

ene is oe o’Day, thi uct of the hybridizing skill of the Brownells of Rhode Island. Introduced by tkins in 1937, it is said to be the forerunner of a n ce of extremely

hardy, st rong, floriferous roses. Lily Pons, of this group, will be introduced 3 n 1939, n Fr: ills, which came out in 1936, is a sport of Feu Joseph UW in

e of 1936, and Baronne Prevost, a vigorous, hardy plant hearing large full flowers of pure rose-color, are some of the other novelties.

While the hybrid teas, with 220 varieties, make up the greatest part of the rose garden, the planting this year contains one o the most complete collections of hybrid perpetuals to be found in America. The 46 new varieties, three plants of each of which were added this spring, bring the total number of varieties to 105. More vigorous than the hybrid teas, with larger and heavier

owers which are more fragrant and, while they last, more eee the hybrid perpetuals have only recently become well known ough the vi ites 1

merica, alth have been favorites in Europ for many years Y the new introductions here, called Louise Crette, closely resembles Frau Karl Druschke, except that the inner side of the petals is yello er elin, another novelty among the hybrid perpetuals, has scalloped petals curiously e Ferdina: ic s alternate stripes of

fay tj

to the rose gard ve years ago and which has since produced an saben: able number of enormous, handsome pink flowers.

A number of newly patented hybrid teas were brought into the garden this year and placed in a separate bed. They include:

eak O'Day is a vigorous hybrid tea rose produced by the Brownells of Rhode blond a sea by Bobbink & Atkins in 1937 as a eae of a promising

Golden Frills is an attractive yellow hybrid tea, which is a sport of Feu Josepl oymans.

Lo:

128

Alice Harding Amelia Earhart Carillon Countess

Dorothy McGredy McGredy’s Triumph McGredy’s Pink McGredy’s S

Eclipse Gloami

Golden Main Signora

Rome oe Mrs. Francis King Saturni iss America

Mme. yea Gaujard Viscountess Charlemont

The new hybrid perpetuals include:

Felbergs Rosa Druschki tea bocce Ferdinand Pichard . M. Gustave V enera! Baron Berge = d ne Wood ae Aren s St. oe e Lyonni i Hii ‘Schuh Tho Mills Triomphe de 1’Exposition A ene Vic ugo Leonie Lambert Vis Verdi Louis van Houtte Cardinal Prituze Louise Crett Char Marchioness of Lorne Chot Pestitele Marie Baumann Coronati Mme. Elise de Vilmor:n Duke of Edinburgh Sebastes pu upuy Jamair Peony of Fra; Her Majes Pride of Waltha: Jear ickso: Prince Arthur Marchioness of Landers Princesse de Bearn Marquise de Caste Rembrandt Mile Verdi obert Duncan Mrs F. Redly ae Lambelin Anne Crawford Ruhm von Steinfurth Comtesse d’Oxford

The new polyanthas which have been added to the border on the west are

Betty Prio Pirk Charm

Distinction Dagmar Spath

Eva Dar

Feuerschein Gartendirektor O. Linne Fortschritt a Ate Caer Orange Triumph Peach Blo:

Trompeter von Sackingen

129

Propagation of the Native Species of (himaphila By Robert S. Lemmon

il Deas two species of edie gy native to our dryish eastern mbellata and C. mi ctive

a transplari

n my pe to germinate seeds a long series of experiments was tried with different sowing media, exposures, degrees of moisture and light, temperatures, age of seeds, and so on. The results were completely negative, and I next turned to runner divisions.

Here, again, little was accomplished, although a few weakly plants were eventually produced from tip sections laid flat in a sand-peat mixture and kept moderately damp in a closed shaded frame

130

e same time a series of top-growth cuttings, taken at two- week intervals from May 1 until November, was run in an wu heated outdoor oa frame, half in sand- “peat and half in

sand. e Id wo

o 80 percent was obtained, the higher figure being for

c ae ubsequent experience has confirmed those results of two years ago and provided some further details. For mple, the sand

nd 5, in peatmoss pots. They are then ie in peatmoss in practically full shade, kept moderately watered, and set out in their permanent places the following spring, pots and all.

The Flowering Behavior Of Norway Maples By A. B. Stout

flowers of the Norway maple (Acer platanoides) are rather small (about 14 inch in diameter) and of a subdued

d an absorbing story is revealed regarding a most fundamental law of reproduction.

131

e flowers which fall in great number from the trees of the

n rudimentary that the flower is not able to develop into a fruit ith seed

ie t the time when the male flowers have accumulated on the oa one will find other flowers in considerable number on the

n the Norway mae the two kinds of flowers do: not mature at the same time. By continuing the observations da ily for th he i i e wi nd tl

flowers will mature during a period of about a week. Thus there is a separate season of maturity for each of the two kinds of

some time during the flowering of trees of Acer platanoides many co fall and form a oe carpet cee a Sees These are male flowers

which are dropped a a le pollen is shed. Several thousand of these flowers are shown here, but are only a small portion of the total which had fallen from a single tree.

132

Tr rees this class possess what may be called

flowers on a tree. This condition limits

a male-female sequence in their flowering:

or even entirely pen ee pollination; that is, the pollination

of female flowers by pollen from male flowers of the same tree is bee ‘I :

e period of maleness of one overlaps the femaleness of ano

The maturity of the stamens and the pistils at different times in a single perfect flower was first definitely described by Sprengel in 1793 and he applied the term “‘dichogamie” to this condition. In the Norway maples the dichogamous development of the two sexes in the various unisexual flowers extends to a tree as a whole.

hen the observations are extended to several trees one soon notes that there are some trees whose flowers oS in the female-male sequence and some with male-female seque here are two main groups or classes of ade ina

i h t

from trees of the female-male sequence may function in the pol- lination of trees which have the male-female sequence. the Norway maples there is cross-

3 2

Thus in reproduction pollination between meee of two groups or classes that are different, at least in respect to the sequence of the flower behavior. Since these differences are inherent and hereditary the reproduc- tion may be termed bi-genotypic

There are several ee in both animals and plants which enforce or compel bi-genotypic reproduction en a species is composed of ee male and female menibees, as is the rule

133

Flowers of the Norway ee ee one- Sih ina size, taken from two trees at the same calendar d at mee in the entire period of flowering. At Tighe a ior clu stati with the male- jena sequence; the male Fags ae closed, The iene is already hie and

t,

are about to fall; t flowers are almost mature. left, a Boca cluster a Wace S$ i om a tree of female-male seq I fl are now ready to shed pollen but the aloed flowers have already

development ee vide for the ap aene. cross’ pollination nece: for reproduction

in animals, it is obvious that members of the two classes must n

llaborate in reproduction. Bu principle also operates i y plar re hermaphrodites through the actio - ditions which limit both self-re ion and intra-class repro- uction an h force inter-class repro ac- complished in hermaphrodites by incompatibilities in fertili- ion, aptations of heterostyly, is, the posses-

sio s different ler , ( evelopment

the pistils and the stamens in perfect flowers at erent times ) the seasonal alternation of sex with

seen in the Norway maples. The extent to

indicate that within a species nature revels in bi-genotypic

rious limitations to self-reproduction were much em- 00

pha ee some 75 to 100 years ago in the doctrine that nature abhors self-pollination and self-reproduction. But this view does

that cross-reproduction between individuals that are fully alike is

134

thus limited. The pa eae cross-reproduction which is most ctive and most fully provided for is that which is bi-genotypic. The main facts ae the reciprocation in the flowering sequences of the Norway maples may readily be observed. Male

Pp. s hal plants reproduction is often necessarily bi-genotypic

Trapa bicornis, a Water-chestnut

Known to the (hinese

cAs Ling Ko By W. M. Porterfield (No. 3 of a series on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York)

(@ esees day on Broadway I observed a small group of people interestedly looking at something a hawker was exhibiting.

a rface was floating a flower of Lilium speciosum to which was attached a slender curving stem that seemed to spring from a blackish two-horned object at the bottom of the glass From the curved stem a couple of finely divided leaves floated gracefully away into the r. They looked something like the d leaves of Trapa, but may have been those o yrio-

phyllum. Altogether this a wonderful plant and the man ex- open-mouthed spectators that anyone could have it

for twenty-five cents ed object at the botto f the glass, he told his onlookers s a “rare nut from China” which,

he urged them to believe, Ree this lily. As a matter of fact,

* The observations reported above were first completed by the writer in 928. A more detailed study of the variations in classes and in the recipro- cations in the flower behavior in _ pope eD Me oe maples has more recently been made by a research student of e New York Botanical Garden, but not yet prepared ee piblication. ee in ndividal variations further revealed by this study are not here reported or anticipated.

135

he two-horned object was a nut and it came from a Chinese

to produce such an effect

The nut had come from the plant commonly called the water-

chestnut or horn-chestnut, sometimes also o-head fruit,? and known botanically as Trapa bicornis? It is ein China. An- other species, Trapa bispinosa,® the Singhara nut which grows in Ceylon, has two (sometimes four) short slender spines i c of the pronounced horns of the Chinese pla: is extensively

eaten by the natives in that country, but does not seem to be as well known here as the Chinese species hinese name for this nut is Dink Ko. It can be bought

cheaply in Chinatown in New re it is commonly known as the water-chestnut. Dealers in aquatic plants also car e or another species of Trapa, as they are suitable for culture in

t : the nut germinates, the stem develops both floating and sub- d lea i

c with e

bispinosa. When ripe the nuts fall to the bottom of the pond where ie remain all winter, as they must be kept moist to retain their vita:

Robe c ortune* eae tells of the manner of collecting the aaa ts in the shallow waterways connected with the Tai

o Lake in Kiangsu province. Apparently women and boys eee in tubs resembling our ordinary wash-tubs and push their

“1 Williams, S. Wells. The Middle Kingdom I. 364. 1883.

2 Trapa bicornis, hh normally bears two horns, has been incorrectly reduced to synonymy w as T. natans, which has four spines, in the Index Kewensis.—E. lexan

3 Roxburgh, Wm, Flora Sereee 449, 1820.

4 Fortune, Robert. A journey to the tea countries of China. 27. 1852.

136

| |

Water. or horn-chestnuts (Trapa poe): natural size. The ee for the Chinese name, Ling Ko, appears in the upper corn

way among the masses of plants without hurting them. They

too far and his tub is turning Tr contained one of the first ie lerentes to the horn- or wa tenschestntit:

cornis. ere is also a

Trapa natans, which has become naturalized in a few places in

eastern United tates, apparently through its use as a decorative i le

aquatic ee i called water caltrops or Jesuit’s nut as well s water-che

The name see like the ae name Trapa, is abridged from

the mee “calcitrapa” which refers to the spreading ae on the

ru e term was applie a small bronze or iron ball on which projected sharp spikes, usually ne in number.

5 Bretschneider, E. Early European researches into the flora of China. Journ. N. China Br. Roy. As. Soc. 15:7. 1880.

137

Caltrops were used in ancient times in warfare when foot soldiers wished to slow up a cavalry charge. When caltrops were strewn

cal name under which this Chinese water-chestnut should be known today. Bo : “water-chestnuts” are well liked by the Chinese for os n fact, Trapa bicornis i is sometimes included among the five im- opl

people. hough in taste they remind one of the chestnut, my

that the corm of Eleocharis Vile is more prized than the nuts of Trapa.

The starchy content® of the fruit of Trapa bicornis in its dry state is 67.5 percent, with 12.1 percent protein and 11.6 percent albuminoids constituting the other chief compounds. The useful-

S chestnut for medical purposes was pointed out in

a t rit en Tsao ng Mu hi al of

medicinal plants, published in 1590 by Li Shi-chen, furnished a goo cription of the plant, its fruit, and the eo

Williams points out that the nuts are sold on the street after being

oile: he reason that boiling is always recommended for this

fruit is that if eaten raw, it is supposed to be harmful to the digestive tract. It is said also that it will produce worms and ~ 6 Journ. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 39:32

. 1938. 7 Scirpus ey osus is the botanical name which William Roxburgh used o publishing the first illustration - the plant in 1819. nm 1917, however,

. D. Merrill (An interpretation Rumphius’s Herbarium Amboinense. 104), revived the name Ele ee dulcis of Trinius, published in 1833 and based upon the name Mideopouen dulce of Burmann ae aes i 1 M rrill _was doubtful about t dentity E. dhl

1929 (Rhodora 31:158) accepted the identity of the two. species ey thou question.—. HL Barnhart.

8 Bretschneider, E. History of European botanical discoveries in China. 229. 1898.

® Blasdale, W. C. description of some Chinese vegetable food mate- rials. U.S.D.A.. OLE. - Bull. 68:40, 1899.

10 Stuart, G. A. Chinese materia medica. 440. Shanghai. 1928.

ls 4

rapa bispinosa, as illustrated in Plat 4 of William Roxburgh’s Plants of ie Coast of Coromandel, showing ae ean growth habit of members of this genus of useful aquatics.

intestinal disorders. Considering the filthy character of the ponds in which it is grown, it is no wonder that eating it raw inevitably brings digestive troubles. When boiled, however, it is nutritious

shells of the fruits can be used in making an astringent from which a dye for the whiskers is obtained.

139

The New York

Reviews of Recent Books

(Ail publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of Botanical Garden.)

The Plant os of Eastern Asi BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EASTERN ASIATI ic BOTANY. Elmer D. Mer- rill and Egbert H. Walker. 719 pages, indexed. Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Mass. $12.50. y ators ti student w

learning all oe he Teal about a others lone in his chosen field. Hence the importan good biblio; raphies in the equipment of every scien

u o columns to ae han 21,000 ma entries, under authors’ names, besides fe classified index: oe It comprises mplete record of the hocks and ee dealing with plants of China and Japan, and the important ones relatin, i

inese and ee ian. guages; for the special appendixes de- voted to the older poenel ae the oriental serials, and the orie ee eae

it was necessary to borrow om China, althou: the eae Hee in Baltimo Similar lists of Russias serials and ian authors was have

been desirable, and type for the Russian characters would have been ie difficult to secure

Although circumstances have. in ecessi-

len has con-

that time. inor errors in a work of this char- acter are unavoidable, and do not neces-

sarily interfere with its usefulnes

authors “crave a i

ars of devotion to this great J. H. Barnuart.

Modern Note in a Biological Text Book HIGH SCHOOL BIOL a Ralph & Pras te K. Stone. 723 “pages, illus- trated. indexed. Macmillan, New York. 1938. $2. ung student came to the desk tri- igh Sc

positions.

tioning bus driver an autom and the tribute deserves an There are many pictures in t excite the interest and satisfy the curi- osity of that young student and of others —for the illustrations in High School

inspecti on. he book to

m actual pee and photomicrographs, and of them timely and modern in

aoe ae is very sinning to ae a sou

stands as a contrast to an pane foot tree kale. Vitamin oe Shiva temple and Jimson-weed s o have moved fro

the front pages of biological news to the pages of this bo -

The text, whic’ greatly ae by a large "and eee type, ts excelle i reading. It is clear and direct, ahi without being roa The cha apters ae with few tions, not more than ten or he pages long and well-knit in content. The k is divided into ase units of study. I ae Die e

S28

old b g to concern them

with gence aberrations, ages teth faclors and inheritance mbe:

al

, to them “jeans” for “genes,” “fuss” f

“fuse” and “salvia” for “saliva.” e text seems in many places much too

much students of the ninth and tenth year. But it is an excellent book and I like fi

Y ORENSTEIN, aa Childs High School.

900 Pe ecrs in England HE

GARDEN. Ralph 3s, ilustra strated, indexed. $3.

< heok of 118 pages ‘of reading a. Be 158 ile the author re his story. The eae is made up in five saealy as follow: troduction.

: the search for sustenance oe 1500.

One does not look far into the book before reaching the conclusion that the

140

author is not a gardener or would Lave Bier in illustration No. % “Early a sheer impos-

sibi ility,_ Thi is * inuseation is of a fine

full-flowered specimen of Magnolia con-

spicua, which flowers in ae in aise in the U.S.A. Al

as in 80, introduction on page 6 it | is iguehable. : an a ee in Agia ae to

1

fowerbets and clumps of jaar Or ube. or pont ie

Eno aid t to disclose that the author lacked hoctcltral pate ac imple- ment himself to ig d As an nia has quali heations extraordinar

eeded a

hav

all writers who he trots out our i Se ei

hoice able. Li iMlusteations,. so often in other publi ognize them without captior 1 really read the book verehitly and thoughtfully from cover to cover, hoping eventually to come to some soul- satisiy- ing redeeming oe to justify the title f the book. Suppose the author had contented himself historically

been immensely beautified, a amaz- ing lopment of smaller gardens ap- propriate to smaller homes. Moreover, when is a garden not a garden? Since the last chapter's closing date is 1900, how t those tens of thousands of country-wide cottage gardens s

harm and interest, small in area, yet

not entirely flowerless. the year around? a period for Shee chapter whic

>

have been is sum up on p:

about 12 lines with . casual mention of the meee a better ee of the late Willia Rone and t e Miss Gertrude Je ac MN.

ArtuHur Herrincton.

Dianthus Descriptions

TH ARDEN OF PINKS. L. H.

Bailey. 142 pages, illustrated, indexed.

Macmillan, New $3. Gardeners have so eae, ete in need

of a guide as to the “which is which” of their pinks that this one is a veritable

godsend. It is the first since the publica- tion, some fifty years ago, of Williams’ studies, which seem never to have had a wide, popular distribution and are now

rather hard to come b

The G

oe of served up, not like ut as opstiliag wine, for which oe ane be ae nked.

Such things a ie might say, and not one ead t ook. But we have

and correct many of our parden labels, a reading about plants has developed a faculty pian which prompts S, pe now, to lea of our Ae unchanged. ne of them is that of Dianthus syl- vestris, which we mean to leave with the dwarf f out 3-5 in. high,” indi- ion under variety

certain

me: S (see Farrer’s itasiaon in his English Rock Garden), we take it to be tynica D. sylvestris,—the smaller of the forms creel described under the cific Hoare y Von Wulfen and illustrated

‘ee Jac ao ve no peace with the nam , oa ts Williams, either for this

a e invalid. It is not accompanied by a description, and s credited to Koch, we — published poets described the p red to by

arini, subseaucntg. ee ike name var. Csubecalis ae name which is em- ployed by Hegi, a s to us preferable ; and all the more a om the other has ae attached to the typical D. syl- vesttt.

Dr. “Bailey me var. frigidus is ey ee “Willams The made the double error of describing the

141

plant as a ee form, and of citing No such Dianthus

as an extremely dwarf, ih ost stemless pee wees on nee Seizer oe It ap- to een ted au- thentically es at ide of the oe dis- trict in the Tyrol. We have never met with the plant cme arden: Speaking of D. sloesti, it appears to us that, in the text, and in Plate 43, the petals ‘of this ee i a not happily

In our observation (support uin's plate), they are, typicall r barely contiguous. These detailed reservations do ae oar the aay y area value of this

promises to at- tain both these ends. P, J. vax MELE.

A Good Mushroom Guide

BOOK OF COMMON MUSHROOMS. William S. ie 369 pages, ules a d. Put- nam, New ¥ 19. $3.

an is sraine to al a siete y ds and

litle friends,

the “toadstools,” to_ fin ew edition of Dr. William S.

Thomas’

inne a number of genera of foie fleshy fungi. Th mong oth he polypores,

those spines, "the

cies and is of remark-

ably fine flavor Duin cooked,

142

handy little volume the ex- a

wor! ke d- ce keys a trations b fcc aton

es sided the book. The new ater

delicious food. Snedigar’s clear, Pole “line drawings ably llastrate Dr. Thomas’ simple, untechnical descrip- tions.

The collection of recipes for mushroom cookery will delight the gourmet as well as the discerning cook over the camp fire.

Marcaret McKEenny

Current Literature* At a Glance

By Carol H. Woodward For Garden Clubs. The National Coun-

cit of State Garden Clubs, Inc., at 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, has just published a 32-page booklet by Sarah

Hayfever. Plants which cause hayfever in the Middle West are illustrated and

described oe a _- planographed booklet by N c Oe of the ey a Wisconsin, Lester McGary, and Lau . Bates, all of Madison.

Wisconsin. Norman C. Fassett is also a nee pon manual of spring-flowering

ichens. One of the leading papers in the Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden issued in April is an socoune of the lichens and lichen Eas ee Paul A. Si the ‘ond

by iple on near ctic pea Carrell Ww. Dodge and pone

Baker, the authors, have f the 89

enum: pated a new species out o

* All publications mentioned h and m: others—may be found in ‘the Library of “The Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building.

aeae which were collected. In a table

the ve oe oe all the collec- tions a lichens made in the Antarctic since 1839.

Air Exploration. “Collecting Alpines by Air” is the title of an article by Warten C. Wilson in the Apr: eg oe cultural Magazine, in which a trip over the mountains of western ae America is described. The purpose ‘| the journey, the author states, was gain a knowledge of American cnn in the wild and to test their behavior under cultivation. He mentions 72 showy or ether wee: desirable species with horticul- tural possibilities.

Mushrooms. A useful tana as

in 386 b ies New York Sta aca is ise Poisonous” by Ray. are well Slicsecated with ahotoers phs.

The i of Brittonia be

e (the Nutmeg ate by A. C. Smith in cllaporatin with R. P. Wode-

His An attractively bound little poo ented “Dr. R

ae which

1811.

occupied that site from 1801

Photosynthesis. To select the right ex- esa Uae — reveal iis mechan- of phot esis is one of the tasks mae ane probably the most diffi- cult one—which the F. Foundation for the study and photosynthesis has From its headquarters at Antioch College, Yellow a rings, Ohio, comes a publ d report of the history and the general plan a or aie ae of ie scandalion: which is . Inm

Andes H. Goodspeed is reporting in recent aunbers of the Neu Flora and = va on the Andean ely expedition of

he University of California

Forests. “Green Gold” is the title used

y to erica’s fores sy thei the present attempt to restore writes in Natural Hates for May.

143

e Shrub. Attempts are being made to ene one of America’s little known de Sra shrubs into cultivation,

wie A. Knight of Biltmore Fo rest in ve Arnold Arbor Bulletin os "Po opular Titov ‘mation ne April 22. The shrub is Elliottia ee which is confined to a vee ted a eastern and southern Georg’

‘assion-flowers. American species

cent publication of the

eld Museum of Natural History in Ch icago. The 331 pages include a section on varying concepts of classification.

Fine gardens of E iaes pie Cleveland, elsewhere in nic one Island are pictured

spri erly number of Land.

scape Arch Descriptive text ac- companies most of the views.

Gardens. One oa:

Notes, News, and Comment

England. T. ae Everett, Horticulturist, left May 13 six weeks’ trip to England, during ‘which ve planned to at-

id the Che’ Flo

Gardeis. pedi tio: especially interested a A checking person ally the condition A plants acquired from the Garden’s Rocky Mountain expedition of 1936. hile ea he is lecturing on this ee before the ath and

ring back

a quantit new plant material.

Roc Course. A working course in al construction is planned a t the Botanical Garden to start

by for a total fee oe ian dollars.” Each person in the ae ae oe scale model of arden, foc. mixing soil, and pleeane tivns rents to cover an area of approximately 50 square feet.

Orleans. Frank J, Mackaness, Ny

d sow uu years of study which will lead to a

degree in horticulture.

Crowds. Following a week-end of ne usual crowds at the Poa) rio periodic count was made of the cole

visiting different parts of the erent on

no longer at their b , 2, ers vi e n May 30. With roses just beginning to come into flower, there were ars ee ed as re the as gar- en as they could Approximately

eople through the three succulent houses, which are the only sections of Conserv vatory Range “No. ‘L that are now open. The

perennial border of the Advisory Council, east of Range 1, was visited by 8,000 people, ae crowded the path in front of

the border during most of the day, Honors. Prof. Marston T. Bog of

Columbia Ga member ‘of ne

Board of Managers of The York

ard Nev Botanical Garden, has twice nae jrovored ly the field of chem On

A few days later word cam where Professor Bogert was attending two worldwide chemical meetings, that he a been elected P; lent

e hon Priestley, diecsven ot oxygen in 1774, and since then has been awarded trienn: ially.

Sigma Xi. Dr. wae iam J. Robbins w:

speakers Wiegand of Cornell on “A Taxonomist’s

Experience with Hybrids in the Wild” and Dr. Walter H. Snell of Brown Uni-

versity on research work in forest path- ology.

isiters. Two Swedish botanists from Uppsala were visitors at the Botan i) Garden Ma They were Dr. ‘uresson, irector of the Institute ot Plant Systematics and Genetics of ue Agricultural College of Sweden. Car Alm

tases af fas Sonic Gare os the pa ity t ye a rs ee Garin i in Pace « Count, Florida, Mrs. Robert H.

the place in his honor, gave the prin cipal address, speaking on “The Future f the Garden.” During the last fe

years of his life, Dr. John K. Small ha

tribute was paid to the work

Montgomery. Hepaticae. Continuing a series of aa ra The fh she has been cone the Botanical Garden at

Caroline C.

1893- 1804. These collections comprise a paar addition to the Garden’s herb- arium, to which Miss Haynes has already cantabuied much useful material and knowledge through hee age sae of the liverworts. This last gift pre- sented duriae a visit to the Carden with her sister, Miss Louise Haynes, May 12.

Meeting. Fifty members of the Ameri- can Rock eee Society held their an- a the al rden

nual meeting Botanic: May 16, enne the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden, then going b is to

he garden of Mr. and Blair. Mrs. Clement G. Houghton was re-elected president of the

144

Mycologist.

Dr. Lewis E. Wehmeyer, Ass

ociate | Professor of Botany, Univer- : at

ascomycetous prepaatory to a monograph of the ge nus Eutypella.

s. Arthur Herrington, who nglish Garden” in this ue E

author of “Mushrooms of Field Wood.”

Myxomycete Collection

a rk Botanical Garden has d by purchase the Snares

ginia an them also are abou a fea of the world Secls €

XC

pe col lections are rich in type m Hi

s and varieties, an

The entire collection “of i des also the

e

finest in rth America, and one of the

important Gollections of the ee It is atalogued and arra nged 30 that 3 par-

ticular Epeanien may be found.

a large amount of duplicate material— even in rare species—which is available for exchange with other institutions and students. Co epondene: regarding these specimens is invited.

THE NEW YORK rieeichig GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGER

I. ELECTIVE MANAGE Until 1939: ArtHuR M. ANvERson (Treasurer), ae ENCE E: Merritt, HENRY DE LA ae we iat and pets ie.

Until 1940: HENRY DE Fore Bae N (Vice-president), Cups Fricx, ALLYN R. Jawnines, Heuey eee co D. T. MacDoucat, and JosepH R. aes ae 2

Until Mrs. N Huntincton Hooker, Joun L. MERRILL "Dice resident, ce "Rosert x Mon TGOMERY, H. Hosarr es and Raymonp H.

II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGuarnia, Mayor o: vs the City of New York.

Rogert Moses, Park Caspian: Henry C. Turner, President of the Board of Education.

III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Yy E. Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. ‘A, ARPER, Sam F, TRE ELEASE, EpMUND W. SINNort, and Marston T. Bocerr, appointed by Columbia University.

GARDEN STAFF

WILLIAM J. Rogssins, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu D. Assistant Director and Head Curator HENRY DE a MONTAGNE Assistant Director A. B. Stout, Px. D. Curator of Education and Eaborai ores Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. uralor Bernarp O, Doves z, Pu. D. pane Pathologist JoHn Henotey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. ographer Percy W1 ceo Gora Curator ALBERT C. Sune Pu, D. Associate Curator Harotp N. Movpenke, Pu. D. Associate cua ELIZABETH ~ Hatt, B. S. Librari H. H. Rus: eae De sgtecvses Honorary Curator of the Economic Callen nS Fiepa Gri Artist and Photographer Rosert S. Vo h Associate in Bryology E, J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and eas of the Local Herbarium W. H. Camp, Pu. D. assistant Curator Crype CHANDLER, A. M Technical Assistant Rosatig WEIKERT Technical Assistant FREDERICK NAGH, Technical Assistan Carot H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assista Tuomas H, Everert, N. D. Horr. ulturist . L. Wittrock, A. M. ocen Otto DEGENER, Ss. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany Rogert Hacetste Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes ETHEL ANSON Ss. Perea. -Honorary Grater. it and Narcissus Collection: oe a oe Superintendent of, pulaings and Grounds A.C, istant Suse ak

THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

The N the State of Manauerah They also elec

© Advisory Council consists of 12 custom, neva are also lected we her ieorporation: Office

the list below d Wes Correspondi ng ae cretary; pal A Arthur M. Anderson *Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson

Dr. ce *Mrs. Robert Bacon ‘of. L. H. Bailey

Prof. L. H.

Stephen Baker

Henry de Forest Baldwin Sherman Baldw: *Mrs. James Barnes

Prof. Charles P. Berkey George Blumenthal

Prof. Marston T. Bogert Prof. William J. Bonisteel

eorge *Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey

‘Miss E. Mabel Clark

W. R. Coe Richard C. Colt

Rev. D. enslow

Julian Detmer

Mrs. Charles D. Dickey *Mrs. John W per

Benjamin T. Fairchild *Mrs. Mo: Faitoute

Marshall Field

William B iel

y Harry Harkness Flagler *Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox

New York Botanical Garden was incorporate New York in 1891. Pedy of pina

ted by a The Act of incorporation provides

Childs Frick *Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff

Dr. H. A. Gle *Mrs. aes DNe esa ey McM.

*Mrs. George Godley

Capt. Henry B. n Mrs. Christian R. Holmes *Mrs. Elon H

*M

*Mrs. David Ives Mackie Mrs. H. Edward Manville Parker McCollester

Roswell Miller, *Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr George M. Moffe:

*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine

pecial act of the Legislature of

among other Ebine den me: of the

acOEpOrStOTES who ually mbers bers on own bo ie ent roster of ee or more wo: who are elected by the Board. By Their feanes are marked sch an asterisk in n Huntington Hooker, Geamen Mrs. de Gers- aA He "Williams, eee Secret: Mrs. Townend Scudder, . F. Leonard Kel , Treasure}

*Mrs. James R. Parsons

*Mrs. Louise Beebe Wilder *Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Bronson Winthrop Grenville L. Winthrop John C. Wister

*Mrs. William H. Woodin Richardson Wright

VoL. XX XIX Jury, 1938 PAGES No. 463 145—168

ene

THE NEW YORK Parente GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. tered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. al subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor J 938

IN THE WATERLILY PooL Cover es os by Fleda Griffith RESULTS OF RECENT RESEARCH IN THE ConT:

Pests ON TREES E. Porter Felt 145 A PLEA FOR THE AMATEUR Sarah V. Coombs 151 A MoTHER oF IsLANDS H. H. Rusby 154 THE RECOGNITION OF SOME COMMON NATIVE TREES

By THeEm Leaves Harold N. Moldenke 156 Reviews oF RECENT Books 64 CurRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 166 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 167

THE LIBRARY’S SERVICES

High school and ee students, instructors, professors, research workers, specialists in mber of lines besides the growing of plant

= an io}

nt club members, and other gardeners, both amateur and professional —these are the types of people as are making regular use of the library

New Yor. nical Garden. Landscape architects come to consult the ae historic bere as well

as the numerous works on the culture of plan Lawyers attempting to settle cases by means of botanical facts; ee desiring to increase their knowledge of drug plants; engineers and contractors requiring, for instance, no weight of oom foot of soil; physicians eens

w the weig! technical details of such toxic plants as poison ivy a species which p duce hayfever, are not infrequent, visitors in the libra:

udents and workers preparing for civil service “examinations and

are sought-— ound—in the library; information on where rare or eae plan is come ie or can i obtained. There is scarcely a profes or rags ie or botanical interest which can not be ee in a es of The New York Botanical Garden

JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

VoL. XXXIX Jury, 1938 No. 463

Results of Recent Research

In the (Control of

Pests on Trees By E. Porter Felt Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories, Stamford, Conn.

HE satisfactory control of insect pests depends to a large an a

dissemination. as shown a num 0, for example, that although the female gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar, was un- able to fly, sa tensive dissemination by wind carriage

there were a number of puzzling situations of vital importance to those attempting to eradicate or control t est.

A somewhat analogous situation exists in relation to the European elm bark beetle, Scolytus ee iatus, now believed to be a most important agent in the dissemination of the Dutch elm

g. ° 5 o Q fo] tric} as <q o 3 ct Oo ct, ina o “] 5 wm iv % ion g Ge ae o n ° x is} an i=) an uo] = as ° —_

the fact that swarms of related species have been known to be carried considerable distances by wind currents

145

146

In an effort to throw light upon this problem the Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories started a balloon release project in 1936

New York Ci ere were nearly five hundred returns, and a number of drift records of thirty to forty-five miles an hour They showed idedly easterly drift, both northerly and south-

nearly to Hartford, with a iderable number landing along the south shore of Connecticut both in 193 37. T

concentration along the south shore agrees very closely with the extensi { th Cc isease infecte ea, the number o

=] Fh ane 38 we o ist) o sr 2 o ~ i= o Est} 5 =] fo) 4 a a o Za oO =

n have been lost at sea. This probability is further — by the hosts of Japanese beetles in midsummer drift on both New

use es and weakly trees throughout the infected area, thus greatly re- ducing opportunities for these beetles to multiply

Spruce Trees in Danger

ppearance of the Eur uropean spruce sawfly, Diprion poly- Ww

praying uce with arse ate of lead while the ae are small should give ee control

Saving the Holly

leaf miner, Phytomysa ilicis, Bae disfigures foliage of this beautiful evergreen, and r to last summe satisfactory method of contr nown x

7. as used al the rate of 5 pounds to 100 gallons of water with a suitable preader or sticker, such as .5., at the rate of 1 pound to 100

gallons of spray. Equally satisfactory results were secured by outdoor applications to badly infested plants.

148

Difficulties with Dogwood

Studies on the dogwood club gall were continued the past season and an unusual situation developed. Two gall midges were reared in almost t equal numbers from a large number of galls and neither

satisfactory control in small or somewhat isolated plantings. Azalea and Pine Borers

azalea stem borer, Oberea myops, hollows the tips of azalea branches and girdles rhododendron stems. The nearly grown grubs are yellowish, less than an inch long and distinctly swollen in the region just behind the head. Two years are required to eae the life cycle. The second summer the grubs work their

Tr eav t satis brosia beetle, Caine. punts produces similar condi- tions in rhododendron stems, except that the entire stem is affected ie the aa, placed series of oT blackened galleries causes it to break readily at the surface of the ground

Fe Scotch pine borer, Hylobius radicis, the grubs of which

at o a number of the weevils and i y effective in killin ae related black vine weevil, Bae ee so injurious to the roots of Taxus.

149

Scale Insects cale insects continue to attract notice. A new mealy bug, the

abundant on axUs pidata, at Greenwich, Cor a urrence and the e of infestation so far bee

limited. This mealy bug does not produce the masse

matter hanging in festoons and load h s haracteristic of stock’s m bug, Pseud C mistocki occurs on Ta’ species of Pulvinaria, beli new, h also been found upon Taxus and is reported as likely to become quite serious other al , an d species f Cerococcus, was found extremely abundant in a laurel planting at Haverford, Pennsylvani his brown, somewhat -

scale insect is related to the much more non Lecaniums. A

t t somewhat abundant infestation of locust trees by a species of Lecaniodiaspis was also found at Haverford, Penn.

The European beech scale, Ci cree fagi, has been abundant and injurious on beech at ae tford, Conn., for some years and is known to occur in relatively sparse numbers in several locali- ties in southern Wes ae ae ew York. This insect produces conditions on beec favorable to invasion by a nectria

gr Maine. Fortunately, this deadly alliance has not, to our knowledge, become established farther south. Forcible spraying in midsum- mer with nicotine at the usual strength with two percent of a white or summer oil to serve as a spreader appears to give reason- ably satisfactory control of the scale insect.

The abundant occurrence of the English walnut scale, Aspidiotus

oce consider. nut, cee locust, maple, and box-elder, as well as on most a rees.

An unusual infestation of the well known oyster-shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi, occurred on beech in a woodland at Stoc bri ‘

n midsummer by the somewhat general occurrence of twigs with dead leaves attached.

150

On Rhododendrons ropean white fly, Dialeurodes chittendenii, is becoming ne and destructive on rhododendron in the greater New “ork area. It was first found in a Long Island nursery in 1934

and is considered to oe builds up rapidly. A two percent summer oil spray is aid to give satisfactory control.

Tested Sprays

Experiments at the Laboratories the past two seasons with several colloidal arsenates of lead in which the arsenical was in a very fine suspension failed to indicate a markedly greater toxicity for these compounds as compared with the more usual arsenates

ctory re dosa; pace eee that recommended for the sendanl arsenates of lead

xtensive tests with derris powder or cubé powder in rosin

factory reports. hile the reports on scale insects and red spiders were contradictory, good results were obtained against the tent caterpillars, fall webworms, catalpa sphinx caterpillars, spiny elm caterpillars, pear slugs, European spruce sawfly larvae, and cur- rant worms, and fairly good results were obtained in the control of the larch case bearer, Japanese beetle, the Asiatic garden beetle and June bugs. Generally speaking, the results were reasonably good in the case of more susceptible species and not so favorable with pests possessing a higher resistance.

151

A Plea For the Amateur By Sarah V. Coombs

OME professional horticulturists think with moderately con-

ealed scorn of the amateur and his or —generally her—

eer to the science of gardening, as as shown in 0

It is true that the earn contribution to “straight” horti-

ishly. s scientiousness, over each exhibit carefully, even when the wh ass aed Paes be dismissed with a wave of the

are we going to raise the standard of growing and ex- biting in n this c ountry, never forgetting that amateurs are some- ar? The forwa

go

professionals are hopeful, but the amateurs must feel the urge themselves, must jack themselves up or we shall not get very far. Yet they can be helped

Though good horticulture is professedly the aim of gardening, it is often lost in the maze of other interests. To say that for many amateurs it rests on the shaky foundation of the ture Arrangements” in flower shows is pretty far-fetched, yet there is more than a grain of truth in this statement, for it is by means of such apparently unimportant and foolish lures that the person we want to influence is first attracted. The owner of a sinall garden is persuaded to put a miniature arrangement in a flower show. It looks easy. It isn't, for it is even more difficult to make a good design, with good color, in a tiny picture where everything is reduced to its simplest terms than in a large arrange- ment. It goes in, however, and perhaps because the exhibitor is something of an artist or because of the weirdness of much

152

“artistic” amateur judging, it gets a prize. Many clubs now have © novices in which they are pitted against those only

a cla who are as imi as they. In any case, the exhibitor is en- — to a some of the other classes in the next show. This goes on for ear or two when—it would seem suddenly—the aeons attention is held by the flowers themselves. Perhaps

she has taken a course in Judging for Amateur Shows in which a large share is given to straight horticulture. In any case, she compares her flowers with those grown by others and the start is made

Just here is where others can help. Perhaps the exhibitor’s eyes have been opened to the beauty and variety of daffodils in one - the big shows. The names of the classes mean nothing. Wha

Barrii or an incomparabilis cyclamineus hybrid? ie ;

flori

° the name | ee is the jonquil class filled with sweet-scented little clustered flowers?

Tost ae a $s now have horticultural chairmen whose duty it is to tell the members just such things, but botanic gardens, horticultural magazines and, above all, the scientists themselves

€

When daffodils are in seas y person who can be in- duced, beaten, bribed or aaa eat be taken to see one or more of the great glorious blooming spots and the different types should be pointed out. Once shown such a place, a springtime hereafter when those people miss that sight will be considered by them a springtime wasted. It is a rewarding task, for the ama- tcurs are on the whole a rather meek and ¢ otra lot. Will they not grow better da ffodile hereafter? They should be helped by classified lists of varieties suitable for the full and for the rather flat ae lf os grow one fine daffodil as a result, even that

ow 1 in our botanic gardens? Or the irises or the roses, the gladioli i he

botanists are over-busy with their research and their classifica- tion, the horticulturists are hard at work planting all these lovely things, but the amateur needs their help.

Wi e a literate race, yet most of us hark back to our remote ancestors in learning more quickly and easily by

153

seeing. Perhaps we have read about the beauty-bush or the Louisiana pene or the dove-tree. We may have seen colored illus- trations which are vivid and interesting but when we have once seen a glorious waterfall of the pink flowers of the Kolkwitzia or the strange tawny color of some of the irises, or ee if e s fluttering white “bird’’, shall never forget them. The more flowers the amateur can see, the

more likely he is to develop into a real horticulturist e mediaeval dimness of the early years ee the century,

Bailey’s “Cyclope of American Horticulture’ was, to t writer of this, ther eager but entirely ignorant gardener, the lamp which many midnight hours of ’s book: are standards still ere are ae others nowad

ne learn, in one way if not in another, and ae nae will s many a false step and many a time-wasting mistake A Word to the Amateur This has been a plea to the scientist to help the amateur. Now a few words to the amateur herself. There are men’s garden

foliage or the flowers are not as big as they should be for that variety, it will be just too bad.

154

Since the path to horticulture is strewn with flower shows, a hint or two about preparing for them may not be out of place. Cut your flowers the night before and set in deep water in a cool place over night. Wrap a paper about your dahlias, your poppies, your heliotrope and your mignonette and burn the ends of the stems over a flame till a porous carbon is formed which will let the water enter. Cut your roses in bud, your poppies also. Plants with a milky juice will be helped by salt or ashes in the water which keeps the sap from hardening. A pail half-filled with

cate the

the color, but let the sun bleach the white ones. When you get to the show, arrange your flowers if you have a chance. A collec tion may be made or spoiled by arrangement.

bove all, have good flowers. Have something those fine pro- fessional horticulturists will really tas to judge; and thus shall we who are amateurs win favor in their cyes, and whether our days are long in the land or ae we shall have had a grand time.

cA Mother of Islands By H.H. Rusby

HE mangrove, which may be found at the edge of salt water

in cal regions, has been well characterized as a “mother of islands.” It al owly extends the area of the land toward the ocean wherever it takes root. The principal mangrove of tt

S

Mangle L. Other species of essentially the same, though slightly

different habit, occupy similar regions in other parts of the world orn loose by the waves during a storm, a small native man-

grove shrub is carried away by the tide until it becomes stranded

at some place where the water is shallow. Here it takes root and

155

eee into a bs erect shrub or small tree. Eventually it bears flowers and fru

i flowering, the mature pod does not fall, neither does discharge its seed, but it remains closed and sometimes pee as long as a year, its stem continuing to grow indefinitely. The

from the under side of the branches, either vertically or at an angle. As these reach the water, and later the mud below, the branches, strengthened by this new support, and by others which develop later, extend themselves indefinitely, spreading outward in all ae ections. By continuation of this process, these adven- titious roots often branching, the original plant develops into a miniature forest with hundreds and finally thousands of stem-like roots standing thickly in the shallow water, and so firmly anchored that they safely resist the action of wind and wave.

any of the leaves which fall become entangled in the roots and decay, thus making continual additions to the soil at the bottom. This same network of stems and roots catches and holds other floating eS which comes its When storms

less at this ca material is caught in the network of vegeta- tion, and it in turn becomes a resting place for further additions of the same kind. As the years go by, this mangrove growth, at first oe Be) come to cover acres or even square miles, an t first barely showed above the surface at a daa e point ones an island or an extension of the shore, where ultimately human habitations may be established. is is no fancy sketch of a a cess that is merely possible, but an accurate description of one that is now in operation in hun- eds of places. It is not too ak to say that much of the land now constituting the southwestern portion of the peninsula of Florida and the adjacent islands originated in this way.

156

The Recognition of Some Common Native Trees By Their Leaves

hens escriptions of the leaves of eight of the fifteen common native Mes

By Harold N. Moldenke

°, is issue. Lea fa Pane. trees will be described by Dr. Moldenke ina w for thcoming number of the Journal. ries Wi c tinued with an illustrated presentation of the flowers and fruits of these sane trees by Dr, W. “ Camp. The photographs of the leaves in this and the next pe which have been made by Miss Fleda Griffith, have ao a taken at the same detanes from the subject, and are repro oduced her approximately one-fifth natural size — “CE. W.

t-gum (Liquidambar Styracifiua). The characteristic leaves of the sweet-gum render it one of the easiest of our native trees i i sesses sees

con- irregular in cate are equipped with long petioles, and arranged on the tw a

in Iternate fashion instead of opposite

in pairs. They are ee when bruised sad turn to a deep crimson color in the autumn. The blades, which are three to nine inches in diameter, are mostly broader than long, and they vary from almost truncate to slightly heart-shaped at the base. Smooth and shining above, the leaves are often pubescent beneath in the axils of the larger veins. The three to seven deeply cut, sharply pointed lobes are surprisingly uniform and regular. Their margins are evenly serrate with fine, sharp, gland-tipped teeth. The main venation is eae is, the principal veins issue from a single point at the base

leaf ee where they spread outward somewhat in i manner of

s of one’s hand.

inden (Tilia americana). Of the dozen or more oe Pe in the eastern United States, this one is perhaps the most common in our immediate region, where it is frequently called either basswood or whitewood. The leaves, which are com- paratively large, occur in alternate fashion on the twigs. Unlike

* Trees in Profile by Forman T, McLean, Dec. 1937; Bark and Buds Identify Some Native Trees in Winter by E. J. Alexander, March ee April

157

those of the sweet-gum, however, they are not arranged spirally, but are borne on directly opposite sides of the twigs in a distichous

The sweet-gum (above) is the only native tree with definitely star-shaped leaves. The base of each leaf of the American linden (below) is inequilateral.

158

or two-ranked fashion. A twig of sweet-gum will not lie flat on the table, because the leaves issue from all sides of it, but a twig ind. : : ie

the venation is eae is, like the branches eather, cept at the very base on -the longer Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum). "The maples cee in that comparatively on group of native trees ne leaves are ar- anged in pairs opposite each other on the twigs. The pairs, as can be plainly seen in the upper illustration, fie at right angles to each other, so that a perfect mosaic is formed when the branch

a fa =) GQ 3 S fa) > oy = ay a 4 + aa = B 2 is] as o ® 3° g a ® 4 w S o ® a x) < 3 wn ry c= o

= 3s o is 2 5 ® 3 2 o [ay h soy - = o > o wo

very The ot tobe usually has a small eee secondary lobe each side at about the middle. S Maple (Acer saccharwin). Of the dozen or more maples of the eastern see the sugar maple silver maple (described above) are perhaps the commonest in this area, although the red

159

and Carolina maples are also locally abundant. The individual lobes of the leaf of the sugar maple, shown in the upper left-

The twig at the right shows the typical arrangement of maple leaves, as engined by the silver maple. aie at the left, is a single leaf of the native sugar maple. Similar in form but different in texture are the leaves of the buttonwood, shown below at both ae left and right.

160

hand corner of the illustration, are much broader than those of the silver maple. The blades, which are palmately three- to five- veined and three- to five-lobed, are usually about three to six inches in both breadth and length. They are rather thin at maturity, smooth on both surfaces, dark green and dull above, paler beneath, and heart- -shaped or truncate at the base. The broad lobes are sparingly and irregularly sinuate-toothed, and both lobes and ae are sharply acuminate at the apex—that is, they are drawn out into an elongated point. The sinuses between the lobes are eee rounded, causing the leaf-surface to appear more or less wavy and the lobes to overlap when a leaf is laid flat for ees aphing.

Button d (Plat nus occidentalis). The leaves of the button-

cipal veins beneath. One lea the left in the illustration and a small one on the right are ce in reverse. The leaves vary greatly in shape, even on a single tree, though the lobes are always broad, mostly large, and acuminate at the apex. The mar- gins may be sinuate-dentate with rather remote acuminate teeth, as in the photograph, or entire and merely undulate.

Sassafras (Sassafras variifolinin). Unmistakable is the sassa- fras tree in leaf. No other tree in our local flora has leaves which vary so conspicuously on the same branch from entire-margined

161

to mitten-shaped and even plainly three-lobed! Also, none of our other trees has leaves which are mucilaginous when chewed, and

sassafras bears three types of leaves on a single branch—entire, mitten-

he re and. three-lobed.

162

these have the distinctive sassafras flavor. The leaves are spirally alternate in their arrangement on the twig, and their blades ar ovate or obovate in outline, four to six inches long, two to four inches wide, and plainly cuneate ee anne at the base. Smooth, bright green above, they are glaucescent and smooth or slightly pubescent beneath, eae oe pubescent in age. Their thin texture is revealed in the impression of the twig through

a e pri along the midrib, ne he veins leading to the lobes are et stronger a an oem than the r

Tuli

e ther tree in the region y from three to six inches in length and width and are borne on long petioles

ich a irally alternate on the twigs. At base they vary from slightly heart-shaped or wedge-sh (as in the picture) to truncate or rounded. Ordinarily four-lobed, the blades some- times have two small cieages basal lobes. At maturity the leaves are rather thin in textu hey are smooth and lustrous above

a paler dull green ee A few of them turn color as soon as the flowering season is over the last of June. so that by early autumn an entire tree is brilliant vello

Sour-gum (Nyssa sylvatica). This tree, ies is also known as tu os or pepperidge, is most common along streams and about the margin of ponds, although it may be found also on hillsides and in a corsa where its seeds have been dropped by passing birds. glossy leaves are eee smaller than any of those thus a discussed. ough they are ey alternate,

ve inches long, rather thick in texture at maturity, dark green and very lustrous above, and glaucescent and aoe beneath or more or less pubescent along the veins. At the x the leaves are rather abruptly acute, while they are cuneate at ae base. The

163

petioles are one-quarter to one and one-half inches long and are usually fringed on the margins. The’ leaves turn bright scarlet the upper surface in rather early autumn before they fall.

The tulip-tree (left) is known by the indentation at the tip a each leaf; the sour-gum (right) by its glossy, clustered, entire-margined lea

164

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.)

Good Reading for Gardeners

THE GARDENER’S NAY BOO] paeeat eee Wright, 384 Bases, in- xed. J. B. Lippincott Co. 1938, $2.50.

e question of what inveterate

it. con ma know a od e fact that, althor i

walk,

his own rich storeroom er 's, reminiscences and present-day

This Day Book follows the form and

with a daily reminder such as “Oil the mole traps . a e 4 eding them soon,” or “ ing water or Christmas oes aad het buds won't fall off.” At tl Mr.

end of each month k within bounds so i measure an extra 2,000-word hei Scnd calls it the Long Piece—“At the Tavern of the Old Tax

onomist” is his choice for the close ot eee s difficult to present a true pic- ture a ae oe Se ree this book as hat

1 not be disappointed when you read The Gardener’s Day Book.” LIZABETH C, HALL.

On Flower Shows FLOWER SHOWS AND HOW TO

STAGE THEM. Adele S. Fisher. Illustrated with photograplis. Richard R. Smith, New Yor! 938. $5.

This book has much t end i For che. ee it 3 ae i betes i the rst one to offer

na nu er tions. It is an agreeable book to look at, many of the pic s being reproductions of prize-winning flower arrangements, box groups, garden

on ones shows and was instrumental in starting the first ee center, that of Hackensack. She has been interested in civic ees and roadside improvement.

er influe is far-reaching. Bees a Ise of her go cn Sone I find ie dificult ae ungracious to say that I think her bool might have oe better.

Ther any good suggestions. One, peel. 4 is the use of a card cat- flower-comm

£ h an implication as to ne t is oe expected, so that departments will not over] nd epecaily. a the steeee clean-up chairman and for a flowe dsetution ania many flower Boal I know Geane up afte ral days of har work, with the ctement all past, is one

is =

of the dullest and most difficult sobs i and the idea of having fresh, in

How IC or the flowers would mean to people if they reached them carefully 1

ea the aid in suit- able boxes, neatly wrapped and tied.

ith Mrs. Fisher that

of flowers. Line, color, propor- tion are all most fapocant fe there is, in work with flowers, something further,

possible to be understood

but m He lg “of Vane with many delight. ful a

ie i am supposed to be horticultural watchdog for a sizeable Broup of garden club members, I shall have lo a little barking. With all its good ae T fin the book cece n one important et ticular. It all back t

Ss ie plan?

> 8

aS a oO = = oO

wers themselves, fa pene for specimens in the sched- ules, t in the dal hlia one and in

flower show there are gardens galore, but fae poner: importance has been given to

Now, ving barked rather fiercely, may re ae by saying that Mrs. Fisher's book wil any people in thei flower show pl: ans and that, if those peo. ple will give “straight” eee at least a fifty-fifty chance, all will be

HY. One

$8.

165

Ferns and Their

OUR_ FERNS, nik iene TS, HABITS AND FOLRLOR Willa: rd Neon Clute. 388 pages, iret index Stokes Co.

xed. Frederick A. $4.

Thi: welcome revision of the geccllent: pend “Our Ferns in Their Haunts,” which has been out of print for some

Eighty- cae species and their various forms found east of the Rockies and north of the Gulf States are included. In

le 10 vi ich ded, and t!

nomenclature has apie rought up t late. There are seve short, concise keys: two descriptive eae one for the genera and one for species in ao oe

We thankfully note that the ele Stabs lished common names have not been changed and that synonyms for the scien-

n. auth

tific are give The or has, how- ever, given a number oS ae less mon forms new popular

is conservative in diy isions of

species, as in Pellaca arab Le pee he does no Be a species, but rathe

The many Giotion. of ee ry and the references to the folklore and distribu- tion in other countries add much spice to the fine descriptions. “Our Ferns” will make a valuable addition to the reference library of the fern student or nepbys

Faripa A. WIu

The sid oad Care of Tre ACTICAL TREE coe Y. Mi

R ara F. Blair. 297 pages, ullustrated. indexed. Christopher Publishing How: Boston. 1938. $4.

ae ical Tree Surgery” by Millard F. B

pages deal hubba a wid

half of it ane devoted to brief discus- sions of many insects and pl. diseases. The au i me o tree surgery, using in its restricted and proper sense occupies less than 100 pages and dea with s bjects as tree struc- ture, os 1 nd pruning, bracing, cavit ork, feeding, moving, afting and budding, propagation by cuttin; and layering, ean of ae t un-

28 flowers, flower parts, and a usual chapte er on ropes aad ie

166

large number of subjects he brevity, in some cases at t te pense of clarity, The book appe

have been written with the needs OL ie mind and is obviously western in its discussions of insects and diseases in pane It is therefore of greatest service to tree men on the eae ae a

E. P.

S

i in

sila seca Garden. GAR

S AND GARDENING. Edi- ted id N A. Mercer. 132 pages, fae

trated with photographs and_ plan: The Studio, New York and Londo on 193 4.5!

Poles ritish flavor and continental! rare come to enter a gardening ae d, the

American photographs and suficient pry ete for any land, o be of decided interest and usefulness

_ Amerie. gardeners. Abundantly and beautifully ‘illustrated, the volume cludes, among its main topics, Planning

yee

and flower is super! AROL H. Woopwarp.

Picture Books GARDE. UL COLOR. Horace ‘MeFarland, x. Marion Hatton y. 296 pages, iss

trated i jor,” indexed. illan New York, 1938. ANNUALS. FOR GARDEN Daniel J. Foley. 96 pages, illustrated in color, indexed. Macmillan, New York,

When a ie collection of catalogs,

are— and one on pediess wae people seemed

to like the earlier one on garden flowers patch to induce a publisher to out out re. Their chief advantage is to en

re) entifications of plants which ing up without benefit of labels. Information and simple cultural directions are given r each plant illust: e book of annuals emphasizes t -America se- lection. The bulb boo

of several indoor hardy garden material. In view o gainst such tulips as wc are likely to virus disease through aes it seems a bit out of place Gyeaine of the ‘ folipe for the authors to remark: “Gardeners are mis: ing much pleasure by not o owing nore

f them.”

However, the books on the whole are se Hees ad no doubt serve a good pur in acquainting their purchasers pictorial with many colorful garden

Caro H. Woopwarp.

Current Literature* At a Glance Carol H. Woodward

The May-June issue of Torreya

for described the ferns to be found in that

City Trees. How a program for the planting of street trees in New York City wens carried out is explain E. Seymour in the City Gardens Club Butters we arrangement with Anthony V. Grande _in the Park Depart-

a suels tree may be planted at the re- quest n individual in metropolitan ew x for ost of about fifty dol- lars. In other Beas and for trees in quantity, the of each specimen be- comes

* All publications mentioned here—and many others—may

be found in the ey, of The Botanical Garden, in the Mus uildin;

167

Ornamental ahve of Fir he ate oa by Harold Mowry pete = of the Agricultural Experi- it Sta at Gainesville, Fla. pe of re-

ugh Gardening. A new ty:

to) 00 years, are us d a number of them at the os Flower Show in London this y

Phlox. Dwarf species and varieties of phlox are described in the May : num- ber of Lexington Leaflets. A s named color forms of Phlox cubulte: are listed.

ce

sila Brief, up-to-date directions

© commercial storage - fruits,

vesubles and florists’ ae ene

in the revised edition of Cir-

cular 278, which is Seine fae the

Superintendent of ner Washing- , D.C., for 10

Walls. use in

A series of articles a plants to ba gardens, written by C. W. Wood, pening in The dmerican Nur- serial * this summer.

Nuttall, The travels and the scientific collections of Thomas Nuttall are the subject

incorporated in the final work by Francis W. Pennell.

Franklinia. “A Supplementary Chapter on Franklinia oe. ea been written by Francis Har and Art . Leeds

disappearance from the wild remains a mystery. paper-

Australia andboo corerat and cheese in oe lists 86 common Australian wild flowers.

abe A new green vegetable for the table? is fete orane throug! the ig “selection and use of soybeans. A study of soybeans for = American

diet has been made by Sybil Woodruff. and He ne oe

at as a “Towctet source

’ of tulips. "etc Who:

dain or L. tigrinum, common cause for the disease in large plantings is the preence of the potato and peach aphids. The disease does not show until the year after as Bie Parker. tulips do not belong “broken” class, but Rembrandts do. This means that a grower who wishes to maintain healthy net should destroy all tulips of the Rembrandt and similar types, as they are diseased.

n.o

Gardeni: Three of the outstanding Presa aries in Real Gardening for June are “Sprays and Dusts for Garden oe by L. C. Chadwick, “What

rT month sedums, eriogonums, and vegetables. rington writes especially - or ioe club members 0 “Ju st How Organize a Flower Show.”

Notes, News, and Comment

land. Profess: bert C. oe a Ayoanat formerly Master of apes Colleg e and Vice-Chancellor .

for ticularly in this country re his “Plant Life Through the es.”

Scholarship Students. Working on scholar: ip: from the Unicity of Cincinnati, who is spending two months on the liverwort genus Bazcania; Edna Kobs of Boi k- burn College in Virginia, doing a month’s research on su ee Joseph Ailerion of New York Uni ity and Betty Water- bury of New ae oa a a Raa ae woe under out for month ; Josep ae ‘McAllister, a to lumbia graduate student, who is con- tinuing a studies on ‘diseases of Opuntia with a 1 work under Dr.

B jedge: During the spring, Oswaldo ropes spent a aie ith Dr. Dodg arship making illustrations and

schol cultures of the pink bread-mold, Neuro- Spor

Laboratory. Mrs. Mary Bartley Schmidt came to the Garden July i; from the Uni- versity of Missouri to do four months of epee! laboratory ae on the nutri- tion of ro ae the direction of Dr. William J. Robbin

Summer Studies. Dr. Ernest Nailor, Assistant Professor of Botany at the University of Missouri,

veget g

Middleton, a “graduate student at Mis-

souri, aie here in June do-

in Lies ork in mycology. Prize-winners. A group of daylily seed-

exhibited by The New York Botani-

prize

owl of cut clematis ae teem the gardens of J. E.

C. Smith ce

ee Garden earl. trip explorin ie

ring whi . he

Returned. Dr. ew

ther mens from unknown terri- tory i in the interior of British Gunes

Dr. H. ap Whetzel of Cor- aan Uneae spen' Botanical Garden tn identifying some fies hosts from Santo Domingo.

168

Dr. Frank Egler of Syracuse University worked for a day in the oriental herb,

New Books. Among the books which have recently been acquired by the

ibrary are eel from the Stanford Lee aee Press. “Alaska Wild Flow-

s” by Ada White Sharples fills a need arene northern travelers with many good Photos wes ee its 156 pages of d “No ocky Mow

now the methods, technique, styles, and codes to be used in lustating Poe works. “The Me of Yosemite”

er is illu: ie with

5 eee! ae are provided Pease ics. Professor Edmund W. Sin

a ege, a member of the

e to the bot: cal pl

Tre a ee Skottsberg, Direc- tor OL ie e Botanica Garden at connare: Dea stopped al e New York tan: Garden ae . on “his way me Hawai where he will do three months of research, reiueHing home to Sweden via New Zealand.

pes Flora. Dr. Eric Hultén of yu University, Sweden, spent two

eeks in June at the Botanical Garden hee worn on the flora of Alaska in the herbar:

Dr. Stout went to *N. Ys dae Bs to continue his work in the breeding of hardy seedless grapes.

THE NEW YORK cadres GARDEN ARD OF MANAGER

lL ELECTIVE MANAGE

Until 1939: ArTHUR M. ANpbERSON (Treasurer), ge CE E. Magee, ene DE La MoNnTAGNE ee aes and pres go wa ey = and J. E. Sprnca

Until 1 Henry pve Forest Bato See (Vice-president), Cuitps Frick, ALLYN R TeNHINcs, Henry Tocenaad. Jz., D. T. MacDouecal1, and JoszPH R. Swan (President

Until 1941: MARSHAL Mrs. Eron Huntinctron Hooxer, Joun L. MERRILL Vice-president, ca "Rosert H Moniek H. Hopart Pons. and Raymonp H. Tor

II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Frorecto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rove Moees, Park Comihiuones Henry C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS y E, Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club.

nee ARPER, Sam F. Tri RELEASE, EDMUND W. SINNoTT, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by Columbia Universit ty.

GARDEN STAFF

WILLIAM J. ROmNS) Pu. D., Sc. D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu D. Assistant Director on” hog Curator HENRY DE Pi MoNTAGNE t Director A. B, Stout, Px. D. Curator of Education fa Daborumnes Frev J. Seaver, Py, D., Sc. D. Curator Bernarp O, Dongs, Pu. D. elo i athologet Joun HENDLEY peer aes A. M., M. D. iographer Percy WILson Prt Curator Avgert C, Smitu, Pu. D. Associate Curator Harotp N. Movpenxe, Px. D. Associate Curator ExizaBetH C. Hatt, B. S. ibrarian H. H. Russ ins Devin aeuess Honorary Curator of a Economic Collections Fiepa GRIFF Artist and Photographer Rogert S. Wine h Associate in Brvology E. J, ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Cae of the Local Herbarium W. H. Camp, Pu. D. ssistant Curator Crype CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant Rosaume WEIKERT Technical Assistant FREDERICK VANAGH, M.A Te tse Assistant Caro, H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editor ator Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort. Hor culturist G. L. Wrrrrocx, A. M. Docent * Otto eee a Ss. Collaborator in Hawatian Botan Ropert HaGELs: Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes ErHEe, ANSON ‘S. "Peer nau: -Honorary Curator, Iris and i i oleae ‘Collections ea J. Foote Superintendent of _ idings and Grounds A.C. DER stant Gupte endent

MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN

Established as a privately endowed instiaeD aided partially ey City appro- priations, The New York Botanical Garden s dep ndent for its aren Thro h

progress largely ppelactions and meee hips u, ‘ ese means, though young as botani- gardens go, as third largest ees of its kind, its library, herbarium, ane are eeilecaene ranking a g the finest and most complete in ae in The New Yorks sonar Garcon therefore, means promoti

nae research in botany the advancement of horticultural interests Scientifically, the Gar i O serve as a cleat ne enoies of information for and pon ts all over the world; horticulturally, it often serves as a link

between the plant explorer or teen and the gardening public ro a hips and » provi is the Botanical Garden for the training of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new

xhibi and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free Toate in botany and garden public.

individual member the Garden receives: A copy of as Journal every month. y of ee twice a year, each number illustrated with Be tue accompanied by complete descrip- (3) ne is re ey surplus eee eae of interesting or new varieties whenever it is distributed. pncuncenens of special floral displays at the Garden from season to seaso (5) Credit, to the oe of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study Baeea by the Garden

A limited number of garden ae are Coes as afhliates.

Fellowships or ccholirahi ips for practical student-training in horticulture or fee ee eur research may b eat shed by bequest or other benefaction either r fo

perpetuity or for a definite The tee of reas a types of benefaction are as follows:

ual Member annua te $ 10 Sustaining Montes nnu DS Garden Club Affiliation a e for club 25 Fellowship Mem! annual fee 100 Member fo: single contribution 250 Belew f fi single cont ibution 1,000

tron

Reece single contribution 25, 000

Contributions to the Garden may Bee Seduced from taxable incomes. The pace is a legally eae form of beq ereby bequeath to The New York Batam Garden incorporated under the boas 3 New 7 York, Chapter bi . 1891, the of —————_—_—_.. Conditional bequests de with income payable to donor or any designated ener using ene or hee lifetim

requests for further information an be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y.

: 4 , :

VoL. XXXIX Aveust, 1938 PAGES No. 464 169—192

JOURNAL THE NEW YORK neal GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. ual subscription $1.0 Single copies 10 cents Fre

to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carov H. amas, Editor August, 1938 MIpsuMMER IN THE DECIDUOUS ARBORETUM Cover * Photograph by Fleda Griffith THE PEOPLE'S Se Aa eld IN WARRING AGAINST T DutcH Etm DIsEAsE Don Bloch 169 HENRY W. DE ForREsT THE oo oF SomE Common NATIVE pee TH ees rn ee Reviews oF Recent Booxs CurRRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Notgs, News, AND COMMENT

SCHOLARSHIPS

ee summer a number of botanists from other institutions come to The York ‘Boaaiel Garden for a month or more to pursue special : ate

wold - N. Moldenke 180 .

Carol H. Woodward ot 192

ot eeding or the of the cells and organs of plants for their oe stud

° Bp e purpose of the scholarship is a dual one: to aid

search. the o make a contribution to the progress of oe

research worker and t scienc Alexander P. Anderso on, Biles eee ae ago egniaias the breakfast soe in “exploded” of rice and w while he w:

research at the Botanical Garden, ran rae the Alexander P. and ydia

Anderson Research ear i e or more

mportant botanical projects. f regret that larger sums for these purposes are not at nica , because this institution is in

ae] ot wa c 5 @ Oo c = g a. 3 m = B yy ° isk =a ay is) a roe ° 5 tad 9 e e = a fa] oa ao ct ° ue} °

een bare for scholarships.

an much

ae. pos in bot nical r ae since TI e New York Botanical

arde ith i y, laboratories, and highly trained scien-

tific staff, offers el means for ement of the science which deals with the fundamental living things of the earth.

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

VoL. XX XIX Aucust, 1938 No. 464

The People’s Responsibility In Warring Against the Dutch Elm Disease By Don Bloch

While Me ess has been definitely made during the past five years toward the cradication of the so-called Dutch elm disease, dangers still lie ahead unless persistent efforts are made to destroy every weakened elm which might become a carricr. This means

ron pHINE 1 ad h

the story of the Dutch elin disease and describes the campaign for its climination.—c.H.W

DAY, in this country, a billion elms grow in wooded valleys,

n hillsides, and along the highways of the nation. Twenty-

five ‘nillion of these are counted as of special shade and orna-

mental value, nourished for bey ane or sentimental qualities.

ould you u have them al

The question is a i one. There is danger—imminent danger, that they will go, and that in no great space of years.

n 1930, i i i

cut, that a real epidemic was recognized. Immediately, our scien- tists began systematic lease to discover its method of entry

169

170

into this country and to control its further sprea ad. A gr of

‘ent Beattie of the oral Burea lant Industr.

“The first Graphium-infected elms cut down in Ne ey revealed,” M ie continued in his report, “that live beetles and larvae were abundant in tunnels bet wood and the bark. These were determined as Scolytus mutltistriatu ut e€

though the beetle was carrying the fungus Graphium Ulmi from elm tree to elm tree in New Jersey, how did the beetle and the fungus get from Europe to America?

“On Monday, August 7, 1933, L. M. Scott: Piant Inspector of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine in charge of the port of Baltimore, examined in his port ten elm burl logs which had just arrived from France. He had read the night before an account of the Dutch elm disease. The burls, he found, were destined for a veneer manufacturing plant in Kentucky. In these logs he found some bark beetles which were determined shortly by Dr. M. W. Blackman, of the Bureau of Entomology, as Scolytus Scolytus, the vector in Europe, and a species not known here.

“Representatives of the Division of Forest Pathology were notified at once. They examined the logs and found an abundance of fungous growth in and around the insect tunnels between the bark and the wood and, in the young wood, characteristic brown streaks such as are produced by Graphinm Ulmni. From specimens then taken, a considerable number of colonies of Graphium Ulimi

were soon isolated by Curtis May and M. E. Fowler, thus con- firming that these elm burls were carriers across the Atlantic of the dread Dutch elm disease.”

About this time Scolytus muiltistriatus was determined as the

isease t

o nh 3 a 4 3 a > o wn = i) Resi 4 g

0 " . hundred or more eggs laid close together along both sides of a tunnel, tiny larvae or grubs

This double-comb pattern, which is

just beneath the bark of elms, indicates the presence of the elm bark beetle, principal carrier of the Dutch

allel to the grain is the tunnel in which eggs ave laid. The wavy “teeth” of the

the burrowing of the newly hatched grubs to the points at which they emerge by digging holes through the bark. If a tree is diseased, they carry the spores with them to other trees upon which they feed when ma-

ture.

hatch and burrow across the grain to form a characteristically wavy “double-comb" pattern.

Shedding its skin from time to time as it grows and eats its way to the end of its larval tunnel, each is transformed into a reddish black, ane nee Then as a beetle, it digs out through the bark leaving a tiny shot-hole-like opening in the bark about one-sixteenth of an inch long. Thousands of such beetles may

172

emerge from a single tree. Should their tree host be affected with the Dutch elm disease, the beetles may carry its spores on their bodies and in their digestive tracts.

Then flying—actually swarming in bright weather—to nearby

times innoculated with the fungus under laboratory conditions in this country and in Europe, with definite conclusion that no elm which grows naturally anywhere in the United States is safe.

The fact that the bark beetle of European origin, Scolytus mul- tistriatus, has been established as the chief carrier of Dutch elm disease, gives little or no sense of security, for we have a native bark boring beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes, with similar habits. The American beetle is found in practically all places where the elm is native. Should these beetles begin feeding on diseased elms,

tributed there. So far, beetle and fungus have been miraculously ep pee in these latter areas; but when the fatal affinity may take place, no on te, federal, and ioe authorities agree that we need w

c ed

wn +

time he place, t ae could be eradicate Increasing es 820 cases in the three most heavily infested i t

se in number of Dutch elm diseased trees to ate. The total number of i i 0, w

from latent <lisease. But in addition to ee trees, there have been

173

abies vast numbers of elms—dead, dying, or of non-commer- infected areas. Altogether, 4,532,043 elms have been Hee - a variety of sanitary measures. This has been found

< an

Phot rah ne courtesy of G. a Baetzhold. The American elm, shown here, and every other asi of Ulm which is native to the ae ted Sie is ee Dutch ne disease unless government and citizens unite in ee efforts to

keep the ae ae oe control.

174

— to a the spread of the disease: since every devitalized low is a potential breeding place for the beetle, ntly, it has b

the parasite may lie darn

cent sus figures estimating the e of sh and ornamental elms in the United On the basis of an age 26.50 for each orna-

e

jected eradication program embodies anes major fea-

tures: he outlying infections, prompt employment of meas-

es to cian the disease by felling infected trees and burning

ae or the New Jersey, New York, and Connecticut areas— 1

ee and methodical scouting for diseased and devitalized elms and t h

ater removal and destruction, (2) the rendering

egardless : the condition of the elms therein, so that the total

‘a can be progressively contracted from without and re-

duced ‘from ery T d

men who climb and examine each elm to discover its

It is called the “protective zone”. Trees showing wilted foliage and discoloration of the wood are tagged and quarantined. However, since a number of other fungi cause similar symptoms

175

in elms, laboratory culture and diagnosis comprise the only reliable

danger asa ee Hae is eee nullified.

+ ww B

+

o

=

oO

=} a2)

convenience the wood for fuel or other purposes at eradication costs may be reduced by increasing the speed { the wor in scouting to find infe trees and cutting them out, two new forms of equipment have been introduced me is a power. fit so mounted that it can be taken to rela- tively rough or inaccessible place ith it, ten men can cv and make ready a tree twenty-one inches in eter at

breast height, in just twenty-one minutes. Another is a use of aut ss planes for scouting.

: observer traveling in an autogyro scouted 12,000 miles i ian rights-of-way over which the original imported elm b ingi i had been

url logs bringing the infection from abroad | hauled in- I o the veneer factories. A fo. up g crew visited points marked on a map checked by the aerial observer. Othe:

yy r gyro. rrying observers hovered close above the tree tes over inaccessible regions in and around the centers of infectio

Photograph by Rothstein,

eo are used for aes heavily joeste areas and other out-

of-the-way places in search of tr ae w the characteristic wilt- ing or a. of the Dutch aa ae

All aes becomes seetine difficult as the ee he men on this wor

) fungi borne on the backs and in the bo ies of tiny, pai

he , New York ae 1,740 diseased trees; in 1937, only 1274-3 total of 7,776 since 1933. These have been destroyed. The crews which cut and destroyed them worked also on all dead

177

and dying elms—the potential breeding spots of the future. More than three-quarters of a million such elms were destroyed in West- chester and Rockland counties last year.

State authorities in New York have so conducted their cam- paign that community and even private citizen “scouting”, to re- port suspicious elms or possible new insect carriers, is a regular part of the general fight against the disease. Eradication has been thoroughly ‘‘sold” to the people of that state. Of course, once in- fected with the Dutch elm disease, there is no hope for saving the tree. However, without complete agreement among pathologists, all concede that spread of the disease is at least not so rapid where

ealthy elm trees predominate. Dead and dying elms are attrac-

ni around the protective zone fringing it, countless elm trees are in nditi no law o i i

poor condition. By ature is the disease bound to re- main wl i i ently cor A combination of circumstances, climatological or pathological, may easily present i cause the disease oss its present

to prese

vague bar riers, spread rapidly through New York into contiguous areas to the west, leaving a waste of stricken elms in its wake.

Thus it threatens every elm in the country unless checked with- in its present region of heaviest infestation. erein, in a man- ner, lies the responsibility, particularly of Westchester and Rock- land counties. Of the almost 100,000 elms which — examined during the late foliar months of last year, no less than 75 per cent were locally or generally wilted, Caaairas ha yellowed or dropped-off leaves--a at paradise, an egion eminently suited to serve as a natu “pathological” bridge to healthy elms

j i t ctions

0 ould urge co tinuance of funds to wage the t being saree je the Federal and State Governments to oe out the Dutch elm disease

178

Henry W. de Forest

FOR ten years, until he resigned last November, Henry W.

de Forest was President of The New York Botanical Garden.

When he died on May 28 at the age of 82, the Garden as well as

the numerous corporations which he had headed lost a leader who

had been endowed with a rare ability to perceive and plan for the

future, whether ae future demanded immediate attention or a elopm

dence in his leadership of the Botanical Garden. A man with an

up y P gressive change thtaugh which he could see a greater future for he Garde:

that the Botanical Garden’s herbarium collections were increased until, with 1,800,000 specimens, they ranked as one of the great collections of the world.

Mr. de Forest’s own estate at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, was proof of his capabil

is ment resulted there, as in those parts of the Botanical Garden in i e = special interest, in harmonious, satisfying, land- — effect t was ae that when Mr. de Forest addressed a board of directors, whether in the railroad, banking, oil, or insurance

pro- fessional gardeners, they too gave their attention, for here was a man from whom they knew ee could learn lawyer by profession, Mr. de Forest was also a railroad executive ie had held, ainonig other posts, the ee of the board of the Southern Pacific), and had dir at various times the affairs of such diverse corporations as ee Pacific Oil ompany, Bank of Commerce, and several insurance companies.

i f New York Herald-Tribune

eTap!

Henry W. ve Forest

Deeply concerned with civic affairs, and the preservation of wild life, he had been a leader in several national movements to save the birds, mammals, fish, and plant life of America, while

human welfare led him to take part in the eablen:

S f all his interests, one of ns keenest was The New Yo:

Botanical Garden. To its welfare he devoted unstintingly his

remarkable energies.

180

The Recognition of Some Common NNative Trees By Their Leaves By Harold N. Moldenke (Continued from the July issue) Black Oak (Quercus velutina). There are some fifty different

kinds of oaks in the eastern states, constituting an extremely difficult group for the amateur. In the black oak, as in all of them,

a young tree is shown in the upper left of the Sue opposite.

n Oak (Quercus palustris). This tree, often known as swainp

lobes on each leaf and the lobes are oblong, lanceolate, or triangu-

Bre

oaks are a i eae group if ae rae ee considered, but the three re bea are all distinctive forms. In the er left is the black oak; at the right, with deeply ae pas tipped tee is ni . in oak; below, with blunt lobes pointing toward the apex of the leaf, is the white oak, one leaf turned to show the whitish under-surface.

182

— divergent, one- to four-toothed or entire, and sepa by broad rounded sinuses which sometimes extend almost to ae midrib itself. The petiole is slender and only one-half to two inches long. A typical branchlet is seen on the right-hand side of the photograph on page 181. White Oak (Quercus alba). The white oak differs from both

idrib.

usually irregular, often with small secondary lobes toward their

apex. The petioles are stout and only one-half to one inch in th

Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata). The hickories and ashes differ from all the other trees mentioned in this series in having i € i leaf is

are arranged in pairs along a stout, smooth or hairy, slightly grooved rachis (‘“‘midvein”) the lowest pair being the smallest.

hagbark hickory bears compound leaves, each one consisting of five

The seven fle ts. These leaves, like others in this series, are reproduced one- fifth

184

The single terminal leaflet is borne on a short stalk. The leaflets

vary from oblong to oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, or the terminal o ay be o oa are six inches long, acuminate ee -pointed) at the apex, inequilateral at the base,

ve, pa a glaucous beneath. Leaves with five and seven leaflets are shown at the bottom of the picture.

American Elm (Ulinus americana). This tree is certainly one of the best-known and best-loved of all eastern American trees. Although we have several kinds of elms in the eastern states, it is the American or ae elm which is the outstanding and most

beautiful one. The leaves are simple and are borne in distichous, or two-ranked ee like those of the American li The blades, as seen at the left of the photograph on page 18 e€

an to three inches wide, acuminate at the apex, and obtuse or rounded

185

~

The white te re all of its oe ee pinnately compound leaves which

are borne opposite each other on the s. They ave smaller than those of the hickory and ae a ee different ee

186

and inequilateral at the base. At maturity they are dark green

and slightly rou: ed or almost smooth above, aler and either softly hairy or smooth beneat I rgins are regularly

rather coarsely serrate and each tooth is again serrate with smaller teeth along its margins I erous parallel veins, which are arranged in pinnate fashion, are usually, like t - rib, impressed o en above and quite prominently raised be- n ach vein continues directly to the poin me of the

teeth. The short petioles are stout and only about one-quarter inch in length. Two individual elm leaves with different types of leaf-blades are shown at the lower right. The related slippery elm ee fulva) is also common here, but may be distinguished by its leaf-blades being extremely rough-papillose above and white- a. beneath

Yellow Birch (Betula ee At the right of - pare of the comm

greatly ee id or “spurs” on the naa where they e

spur bears two ee The leaf-blades OF the acs birch, a sepa-

mon as a p spicuously ings to narrowly rhombic-ovate, with a long- attenuate t

187

The Tease rough- ae leaves of the American elm are shown at the left, with two individua s be low, while the thinner, smoother leaves of ey th v i

the pana of th ie tee the feel of the leaves, they may be dis- tinguished by aa of the tips of the veins.

188

Raymond H. Torrey

“A valiant fighter for the preservation of the wilderness

areas of the United States and for their jae develop- ment for enjoyment by those He could appreciate them

Thus did the New York Herald Tribune on Jul 16% appro-

ately describe Raymond H. Tor rrey, whose death on his fifty-

nest birthday had occurred the preceding day. Mr. Torrey had been a member of the Corporation of the New th

ca a

on eae the Bible of thousands of nature love ho li to tramp the woods and climb the hills pa mountains near the metropolis.

ways eager for others to share in his enjoyment of life out of doors, Mr. Torrey pursued his interests through many associa- i i iendshi

tions, in which he developed a host o long frier S a member of the board of managers o lachian Trail Con- ference, he wa factor in the development of the alachian rail, ch now extends for 2,050 miles along the crest of t mountains from Maine to Georgia also cha: n of the - Jersey Trail Conference, which maintains marked paths for hikers in the ad oat area. ad be rious times a secretary for the New York State Council of Parks,

National Conference on State Barks and the American Scenic

189

and Historic Preservation Society, for which he had marked many with

spots in New York wi death he was secretary of the Adirondacks. He wa.

At the time of his

Natural History, and the Appala-

chian, Green and Adirondack Mountain Clubs, and the Fresh Air ubs.

and Tramp and Trail Cl

The New

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of York Botanical Garden.)

le Years of

Garden: meee YEARS OF GARDENING, Anna Gilman Hill. 301 pages, illustrations from photographs, ace “_— A. Stokes, New York, 1938.

If e a gardener-author took a fel- low i ie by the hand and walked out into — flowered knowledge, it is Anna Gilman Hill, who has expressed the very

e of generosity and personal kno ledge in her book, Forty Years of Gar dening. For t

her is so uisite a one wishes every little girl could begin where she aes le ee en in that of a gardener-m the other hand holding 2 a little t tro ill’s pai oe heart finds an

in love of

can appre- ciate a deli eae ent, Mar

HA Benen eee

Complete, Compact Notes On the Iris piace

BULBS IRIDACEAE, ae ae Sey Grey. 403 pages. Tilustrated with drawing:

s and colored plates by Cecily hee (Glossary. E. P, Co. ew 1938. $8. Lt. Co ‘Gre m Kent, Eng: oo eee amis “that “he ie Tee his boo ries him because

lum,

he Crocus and Iris crera are of greatest interest to me and I read of

many species with a very definite sense oi covetousness. It is a it to find that h ncluded

in certain cas e author has i species that even he Painable a - cu or ex ifoli

had thou,

e as elu-

me Be — istata onym for

ace errone- a ce

23 fare} oF

resumptive to discuss tl Sule a to aes that for the s would annear

taxonomy

plants as nature

ieee volum

way the

. I look forward to the pleas-

e of becoming acquainted with them all. J. G. Esson

On Home Grounds and Plant Materials PLANNING AND PLANTING YOUR OWN PLACE. Louis Van de pages, illustrated with half- 938. that discuss ornamental p ant —that is, tell how i—there are legion. rily with the ar- ome grounds, in which plan ae are freated bijective: if at all,

Sti

there are also quite a number. Those that attempt : - ne are comparatively few —an le Boe’s ne of them, Condering ‘the. size and complexity o: the subjects, let alor ulty of combining two styles of treatment, he has done ood job. He has covered a re- markable amount of ground in a simple, commonsense, constructive manner; he

stood and he gives evidence of

190

having done many of the things he wri ju

also of having thoughtfu

e alway cultural ma The

whether wners Or prospecti owners ok aie ill buy such book are likely to really do much of t

ctual wor eals with: grading t lawns and terraces, constructing wal and “tives dead by the , are mentioned), making lawns and flow

eds, planting the larger trees and shrul and as ag care of the hea tenance tasks.

man oe. Tew

em don t by he plo: or e reason, the nero t of space the author gives to c scriptions of all kinds of plants—especia] woody ones—and their ae valu and requirements, is > oe ende even when one gives ee cai a

blanche it is Giiereotog. Seay ying, while

worth to be able intelligently appeal provides. Much of tl information is offered compactly in tabl or lists (Mr. Van de Boe calls the Fen as me in the readable te: And i recommendations for partic

he

n home land commercial Horticulturist especially these day 2 nee eir customers com Gas heir business than ee themselves a E. L. UR.

. SEY

Guatemalan Tale THE E IN ANTIGUA. Lo illustrated w Harper & Brothers, N While L s Guatemalan “ venture in beauty” is ei a botani nor a horticultural book, it contains j1

di

he reader will never on to

of the cena which it ¢ pleasan'

and ho: eawaaly reviewed ese pages. Car fats Woopwarp,

The Care of Trees in Quantity

FOREST PROTECTION. Ralph C. Hawley. 262 pages. Glossary ao in- ae John Wiley & Sons, New York,

937, ees in the lumber and pulp i dustries, members of conservation com- h t dec

chapters. Tw short chapters on protection against fungous parasites and insect pests illustrate the author's en he says that is ok is devoted to underlying principles rather than detailed instruc- tions for carrying on specific types of wor!

opinion that pplying fungi- to forest sere

The author gives as his o no practical methods for a ie and insecticide:

N ‘or rseries Only three or four fungous diseases of trees an many insect n-

tains, should recognize

each and leave 7 “Hleatication a

Parasites and pests to olo ists and entomologis ae i aca of he details _with Saale - the life his

author is at of seven pages de- fining t terms used i in ae control work is given in the appendix

B. O. Dooce.

191

Current Literature™ At a Glance a Carol H. Woodward

Psa oe Magaz _ An unusual vol-

su has been maintained by th more than a century a bade a ost of the 57 plant subjects which are treated fae Neen ag saa to the desire from the Royal Botanic Garden at Ed abar Sempervivums. : 7 loyd Praeger’s im- portant treatment of the genus Sempervi- ee a shed by the Ro ot fe rticultural Soc: of ee hae recently been oaied to the librar This work is an ou for aes atcapune to cy mber of this greatly confused g

e Stu A complete set of the

Peis series - leaflets Lee by the

chool Nature League o ork is

now in the ete of the Botanica Gar- den. The a er give: i

by Arthu

Srawings by Maud H. Ey os se es

and fruits of ten com Quick SD atest Albert G. Sn now, Jr, of the Northeastern Fores periment

selected st rains, of ee fe ees. is re- ane of extensive eaierimicne with trem- ae and large-toothed aspen trees is en in the Jo es of es for June.

Color. eekly itorial in the aA Lae Tor ao oe a points the “brilliant researches” on the dis

aot publications mentioned here—and ot! here may be found in the Library of The Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building.

192

ery of “both the nature and the way

of inheritance of the colors of flowers done Rose Scott-Moncrieff of the Joh Innes Horticultural Institution,

ult and pub- lished in the Journal of the enicultueal ela m Association for the current

Islands. Two volumes by Eric cently spent ne ee at

aie

min; . a world's most popular vacation esort

Bie Ws Names. In the section of the July Gardeners’ Chronicle of -imerica devoted to the American Roc! arden Society, P. J. van Melle contributes some ae

ich he pigs

e has growr his 1 den and c with original botanical citations. He oe ‘| ith those t ch are commo: own as Ajuga ckbanki and Narcis- sus Pseudo-Narcissus minimus, and gives pera bet n <lnemone apennina al. blanda and ae bags Con-

ooklet for reference, especially at thi season. Prepare E. Britton and J. P. Johnson, it rela e history of this devastating pest in erica, the life his

dra s and photographs,

and ae ee eare is “directions for control on all types of plan

Mushrooms. The January-February

number of the Philippine ae of

Science devotes its 128 pages and 79 full-

page ania to a presentation of Philippine mus José Miguel Mendoza. While m oat ar the illustrations are repro-

ae of photo

ee several are rong intings in water-color.

Notes, News, and Comme

Dr, Willia

Community Life.

sity, July on Botanical Gardens to Community Life

Kew Student. The third exchange s dent to come to is Ee ne : aes cal Garden from tl yal Botanic dens at Kew, eet : Phinp Cha ler, who arrived in New York July Te as a sud

ra year of work gardener. Fraser MacCartney, who The Ae York Botanical Garden's « change dt id

tudent, sailed toward the en June for his year at Kew.

Daylilies. Gardeners and nurseryn in exceptional numbers have visited di garden of daylilies this ye

hich now contains more th: ‘00: horticultural clones besides many spec { Hemerocallis. The display enables th o make their own cisions regard: the relative merits of the many clo

which are now being offered in the tra

Vis Dr. H. S. Jackson, profes: of mycology at oa oe of Toror spent tl

uly oo on the Aheishocce. I

Stan A. Cain of the University

Teanese ve most of July working e Garden

Lilies. Around 75 enthusiasts and ¢ perts in lily culture gathered at The N York Botanical Garden July 2 for an

pn done at the Garden under the rection of Dr. A. B, Stout, who v chairman of the committee in charge the dav’s trip, the group poe to

Boyce Thompson Institute Plant J search if Yonkers, r

ee aes

d an effort to tain plants free os

mosaic disease.

THE NEW ane speci pamcas GARDEN RD OF MANAGER

IL poe Hanan

Until 1939: ArtTHUR M. ANDERSO urer), or £ Lewis, E. Merritt, HENRY DE LA Montage (Secretary and Assident ess Wi1aMm J. Rossins, and J. E. Spr

Until 19g0: Henry DE Forest ape oa (Vice-president), CHitps Frick, ALLyn R. Jennincs, Henry Lockuart, Jr., D, T. MacDoucat, and JosEPH R. Swan A geen

Until rz MarsuHatt Fietp, Mrs. Eton Hunrincton Hooxer, Joun L. ee ite. paRrn Ts Can Roverr H. Montcomery, and H. Hosart

II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Ropert Moses, Park Commi aonee Henry C. Turner, President of the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS

Tracy E, Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. R. x ARPER, Soa F. Trevease, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. BocErt, appointed by Columbia University.

Rais EN STAFF

Wuiam J. Rospins, Pu. D., Sc. Director H. A. Gieason, Pu. Dz Assistant Director and _ ad Curator HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE ssistant Director A. B. Strout, Px, D. Curator of ene and ae Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. urator Bernarp O, Dooce, Pu. D. Plant pahalogsst Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D. Biblio. Percy WILSon Associate Cou Avgert C. Smitu, Pu. D, Associate Curator Harowp N, rela Pu. Dz Associate Cureior Euizabete C. Hatt, B. S. Libraria ussy, M. D. eave Honorary Curator of the Economic Collechons FLeva GRIFFITH ae tist and Photographer Ropert S. WILLIAMS arch Associate in Bryology E. J, ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and a ieee i the _ al Herbarium W. H. Camp, Pu. D. ssistant Curator Crype CHANDLER, A. M. ait Assistant ROSALIE ee en Assistant Freperick Kav. echnical Assistant Caro. H. Wosswe. ve - ‘Ealtoril pene Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. Horticulturist G. L. Wittrock, A. M. Docent Orto Decenser, M. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany Rosert HAGELsTEIN . Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes EtHe. Anson S, Peckuam..Honorery Curator, Iris and Narcissus ‘Collections vas: J. oe Superintendent of Buildings and Ground. A.C. Assistant Superint fenders

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Boo An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and Addison Brown. Three volumes, eine descriptions and illustra- tions o ei species. Second edition, reprinted. $13.

Flora of the erage: and Plains of Central North es by P. A. Rydberg. 969 aces and 601 figu 932. Price, $5. es postpaid. Plants of the Vighisy a New York, by H. A. Gleason. 284 pages, illustrated.

TENS SUS, Flora of Bee: Py Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 text eae 1918. xt-book a Gener Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 plates. ot 80, $2.5

Periodicals nia, semi- pontlaly cas exnevely to colored plates peer by ners aes ns of flow plants; aay plates in each number, thirty-two in each volume. ow in its Ge Breil ata Sates cri i (two eae Not offered in exchange. es to members of the Garden Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news and non- Aechaical articles. Subscription, $1 a year; Bee Bae 10 cents. Free to Spree the Garden. ow in its ae See ee bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, ues lichens, coneiniae technical ar ticles Ae news and notes of general in- terest. a year; single copies 3 ow in its thirtieth volume. ie Year Index volume $3 in p noe 33. 50 in fabrikoid. Britton: series pet botanical papers. Sikes eee price, $5 a volume. Now in a sea volum h American Flora, Descriptions of the wild ae of North Ame realuatine Greenland, the West Indies, and ae tral Am vice Planned to be pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more ae parts now issue sea Seeger price, $1.50 per part; a Limited aanaee of one parts will be sold for $2 each. Not offered in exchan oa ibutions from The New — Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, ands fein from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a the fourteenth volume. Memoirs of The New vere ies Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Volumes I-VII. Titles Direct all orders to The Ne ew Sark Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y.

* * *

DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN ork Botanical Garden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of the Zoological Park a coe Road, and at the south end of the Bronx River Parkway. It may by local trains from Grand Central Terminal to the Botanical Garden Scene O08 Street). each m e Garden by the levered and Subway systems, take the Thi rd venue Elevated to the end of the line (Bronx Park Station); from the East “ral West Side subways, transfer from the Lexin Ae or Seventh A hind Avenue Elevated at 149th Street and Third Avenue. ey Eighth Avenu subway (Independent system) take a C or CC train to Bedfor Haya Boulevard (20008 Suet), eee walk east to the Garden motor from the city, drive aorth on Grand Concourse to Bedford ay TBostevard “(2008 Street), turn east there, and cross the railroad bridge into e Gar

ES

Voi. XX XIX SEPTEMBER, 1938 PAGE No. 465 193—220

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y Entered ost Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. nnual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents

Free to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor SEPTEMBER, 1938

SUNFLOWERS OF EaRLY AUTUMN Cover Photograph by ae Griffith TRE a AND SHRUBS IN NEW YorK CITY AND SOME OBSERVAT N THER GrowTH—I. Ne Iso n Miller Wells 193 THE AER s Point oF VIE J. G. Esson 201 Ko, THE Kupzu VINE, oe ae SHADE, CLOTHES, AND MED W. M. Porterfield 203 TREES me — ee THE TRYING CONDITIONS OF New x City 206-207 Two-YEAR hen IN PRACTICAL GARDENING 208 ScIENCE COURSE FOR PROFESSIONAL GARDENERS 209 SCHEDULES OF CLASSES FOR FALL AND WINTER 210 LECTURES FOR THE AUTU Mon 211 A GicanTic MusHRooM F. J. Seaver 212 Reviews OF RECENT Books 213 CurrenT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 217 220

Notes, NEws, AND COMMENT

PUBLIC Sa One of the functions of The New York Botanical Garden, according to the Articles ie Src is to a instruction in the botanical sciences. A phase of thi he informal information service in which e¢: member o he es paticipate in - own 7 without cost to the able

nother phas t g Sed beled aie of living ae others occur in the services of th h of bo

e library with its wealt! oks, in the provision of leaflets to serve as guides through different parts of the grounds and bu eae pone ae appointment of staff members to conduct special groups of visitor

The publications issued by the aeration and the aid giv nee oe w jae on special problems, all are related, at least in part, fa the Botani- cal Garden’s program of public a ation.

x those persons who wish to take their learning casually, the Garden offers free lectures on Saturday = onan

For those who ha erious ee t in gardening, either iia tas or amat e ffers special opportunities through it: ses in the sciences underlying horticulture and practical gardeni con cerni th these courses wil ound in tl ber of the Journal.

uote Professor Salisbury in the issue of last May: “From ee cultural oe of ¥ ere plant life and all that it implies may be regar as the foundation of a ae extent of human activity a and the basis of a nen and essential part of every human envir ronment.”

more, both ee: and ecaeally ly, of. the eed world of plant life. The Botanical Garden offers its services, and with them its exhibits and its well Bere courses.

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. XX XIX SEPTEMBER, 1938 No. 465

Trees and Shrubs In New York (ity cAnd Some Observations

7 By Nelson Miller Wells On Their Growth L Landscape Architect

AN-MADE structures in a city and — of the plant kingdom are not congenial neighbors. Certainly in a city like New York there are numerous onaieions which are un- favorable as well as unnatural for the growth of plants. Acres of

—as if these were not enough—a deficiency of good soil: all con-

succeed while others fail in this situation and it is interesting and important to note which are the more tolerant.

uxuriant vegetation unique in its geographic location orig- inally covered the area we now know as New York City. A northern flora reached its southern limits here and a southern

on half of the vascular plants eae to the northeastern United

193

194

States and Canada, reached their distribution outposts within the short radius of a few miles of this center. But with the steady increase in the development of the city,

city land which has not yet been developed (mostly coastal wastes) or in the iaieee and cemeteries where they have been preserved or re-establish

any str actares in the city lie below the surface of the ground.

mi the poisonous effects on plants are very definite and persist for a ime.

f course new soils have been brought into the city from the neighboring country. Some of these are sandy, some clayey, while r

9 ° a oO 4 a i=] a p 3 = _ isg

a’ oO 5 ch w Q =

a w i 3 oO q [o} 5

ing an o- duce odgepodge i a ee variety and spotty distribu-

n offer little promise in supporting vegeta ae oO fa

2 5 ra =a oO

< ne: ba 2 3 = oO ies oO 2 cE:

soil. nother, and no means the least, of the handicaps for decctatia. is the ae air of the city. Gas from automobiles

wa! : Photograph by Nelson M. Wells.

The English elm, as shown by this rugged tree in Washington Square, has proved more satisfactory for city culture than any other elm.

(For further illustrations, turn to the center of the book.)

196

and dust are Berlepe not so damaging as the ever present smoke.

and reduces the power of the ae to ie food from the

subsoil waters constantly er humus and plant foods c ter collected and div

on treatments given to plants under normal conditions are neede here tenfold.

The best results become merely the semblance of plantings with no hope of ripe and picturesque maturity. The sprawling growth of the city has caused almost as complete an annihilation of vegetation as the glacier cause ut if we will take the necessary pains and precautions some Ge the most tolerant growth may restore:

Sirancely enough, several of the kinds of plants which grow best under the most trying conditions are o origin. Here we find the tree-of-heaven and the maidenhair-tree. Next in im- portance are certain of our native woody plants. Among these it

=A wn me Es . a

te) many of the plants ee succeed are those which grow naturally in partial shade.

So far as the writer knows there has been no actual survey of vegetation in New York Cit a to determine the degree of tolerance possessed by different plants. Such surveys have been conducted

elsewhere usually in connection with damage claims against factory

197

districts. With the wealth of new plant material added to our city parks since the spring of 1934 there would appear to be an unusual opportunity for such observations within the next few years.

In 1913 a survey of Des Moines, Iowa, was made and a zone map prepared showing seven belts of varying intensities of smoke amage. In the first belt, a narrow 500-foot strip nearest the factories and known as the general elimination belt belt o restricted annuals, there were three pies ntative ae ts, old- witch grass (Panicum capillare), crab-grass ( — sanguin- alis) and prostrate pigweed ee ‘bitoi ides). In each suc- ceeding zone there was a marked increase of plant varieties with the first woody plants, willows and poplars, appearing in the third belt. This was in the business section of the cit

The lists of aie which follow in these pages are not based

ut

The lists of plants for the three zones are therefore tentative.

The First Zone

The areas of the city referred to as belonging to the first zone

western parts of the mx. The smoke from the factories alon: e hore is supplemented by smoke f e factories and heating plants within the city. is is carried revail-

ant smoke, wind, shade, dust, heat, or lack of moisture that spells the 0 ° 1 or i i e@ most conspicuous growth in the first zone is the tree-of- heaven. Undoubtedly many specimens have been planted but most

wind-spread seeds. Heavy shade and gusty winds which tear the brittle wood may account for the irregularity of growth. Young

198

Photograph by Fleda Griffith,

One of the oldest of the ginkgo, or maidenhair, trees in New York is a eg specimen which overhangs a steep bank on Broad wa. 212th §

199

trees up to twenty feet in height are usually quite symmetrical but larger trees are apt to lean sideways and they usually have irregular crowns. The reason why large or mature trees are seldom found is more likely because building improvements call for their removal rather than because they have been killed pre-

he trees whic e been planted, poplars, willows, black locusts, catalpas, ees and English elms and London planes are next in importa: the maidenhair-tree is probably as

tolerant as the tree-of-heaven there are fewer examples and these are mostly street trees.

Poplars and willows are prohibited by City ordinance from being planted in public places. Nevertheless, many poplars have been planted as street trees in different parts of the city. There

roots work havoc with sidewalks and underground utilities. Their soft wood is susceptible to breakage in wind storms and in spite of their thrifty growth they are really troublesome trees.

Black locusts have frequently been planted in congested city areas and it would appear that they are less troubled by borers than in aa districts. Perhaps the rs cannot stand the polluted atmosphere. From one shipment a locusts about 1 nd

oO os a

r bo same seasons. he downtown trees are still practically ae while the nursery trees became so riddled with orers that they have since been cut down.

The London, or European plane, as it is commonly called, is generally considered the best tree 2 street planting in “deep”

g @ + wm far = B + o> o

ably straight trunk, a well s crown, branch structure adap- tabl pruning and shaping, and a considerable tolerance to drought, refle heat, and smoky ai 1 sloughing off

ca ° rh o a (] (sy i) ie o 4 “ 20 go io) asi =y o Me os 5

Pp nearly as tolerant but g anthracnose, a fungous disease of the leaves, and its freer branch- ing fone it is less commonly plante the American elm is not actually credited with being able to survive under severe city conditions, it seems to be nents tolerant. However, in various park plots in congested areas wher:

200

several kinds of elms have been planted there are a number of instances where forms of the English elm have attained a greater size and appearance of thrift than their American cousin. Al-

ough there are no large Chinese elms, because of their more

recent introduction, it Id ap that these strains may pr o be even more tolerant than the oth a general class, however, the elms be considered to be as resistant to

c mong the shrubs, fer fornia privet appears to be the mo enduring. The severe winters of 1934-35 and 1935-36 caused He

y. ur to the cold and may prove to oe better than California pri rivet when

8 in the first zone include the Siberian pea-tree, fringe-tree, cock- spur-thorn, five-leaved aralia and devil’s walkingstick.

Trees and Shrubs of the First Zone

Five-leaved Aralia -lcanthopanax Sicbaldianus Tree- ai Ailanthus oe Rose-of-S Althea ro. Devil’s Watkins clralia coe oe Caragana arborescens talpa Catalpa spp.

en Chionanthus virginica Cockspur Thorn Crataegus Crusgalli Maidenhair-tree Ginkgo Amur Privet Ligustrum amurense Ibolium Privet Ligustrum boli Ibota Privet Ligustrum Ibot

egel Privet Ligustrum Eeegdinn California Privet Ligustris si Fe American Plane Platanus occidentali London Pl. Platanus acer Poplar Populus Black Locust Robinia psendoacacia

ill Salix s American Elm Ulinus dinehitane English Elm Ulnus procera Chinese Elm Ulmus parvifolia

(To be continued)

201

The Professional’s Point Of View By J, G. Esson

RS. COOMBS’ remarks in the July issue of the Journal d me to recall my oe on eating my first tomato!

ness in tomatoes just as In case of amateur gardeners

I believe that the professional gardener, more so today than ever before, aids the ur to scribe his work. Indeed, it would be difficult t r other profession or line of

point to any ot life where the skilled practitioner has shown such eagerness encourage the amateur and to explain to him fully the innermost ec f hi r cra

It is very true that the professional does think “with uncon- b

e€ r oni personal success will ae out of all proportion the value of their work as well as the scope of their ability. is is not the trait of the true Bardener oa knows that ‘a little knowledge is a dangerous thing. he professional gardener or r scientist can help the amateur the

a great deal of serious thought. It would rofessional’s advantage if it cou one. But, unless one has the urge, will lower shi a diffusion of daffodils be th th of n

$ or gardeners any more than an introduction to logic will convince men - spiritual truths?

our people are becoming more garden- and tree-minded i ean from the garden cities that have grown like aes on all sides of New York these last few years. However, altho

appeal. For them we can almost repeat what was written England one hundred years ago:

202 “When lavish art her costly work had done

Was a . arden from the Palace

If one will take heed of what may be 8 in the records of our arene magazines and books, amateurs have blazed the trail in many of the most difficult phases of gardeni

Dean Hole’s “Book of the Roe Guaent by Eden Phil- tts, or Susan Delano J MeKelvey’s lilac monograph. When consider purely scientific work by an amateur, the most appeal-

ing might be Mendel’s theo We are blessed today with three definitely distinct types of

sgie for through many years of bitter pilin s the ie ais ay: “The c

whether he does oO win prizes at the shows not every gardener who has he or even cares for competition. It will, however, be greatly his advantage to discuss problems

with other gardeners, isath Seer amateur. He will be assisted stil more if he becomes an active member of the Botanical

arden or joins a horticultural society that has a good library, where information garnered by scientists and gardeners the world over will be at his disposal

203

Ko, the Kudzu Vine, Provides Food, Shade, (lothes, And Medicine By W. M. Porterfield

(No. 4 of a series on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York) DZU, the common name by which Pucraria Thunbergiana is known to hor ticulturists, is a word of Japanese origin. Ko i

Nv ad and definitely from the provinces of Chihli, Shantung, Kiangsi, Kwang- tung, Chekiang and Hupeh. The occurrence and use of the kudzu vine in China was firs reported, according to Bretschneider,? by Martinus Martini in i ee I tes a

Atlas Sinensis published in n that account he o fac t the natives in the Liping in the prov Kweichow weave a from i. fiber, which they ae ae garments most suitable for summer wear

ater Voisin,* a French missiona ent to China in 1824, obtained therefrom several economic ee among which was the

e History in Paris through Stan. Julien and the plants raised from ee seeds were examined by Prof. Jussieu who found that it s a leguminous plant near Dolichos bulbosus. It was later iden- tified as Pucraria. In Japan this plant is also cultivated and it is from there that E e. C

it eventually found its way into Europ arriére® in the Rezne orticole for 1 quotes a letter written to him by Paul

Mortillet describing this plant, which was first sent to him from

Japan in 8. In this letter its value a: nental plant, its

se as a source of starch, and its eee. sociales for paper

1 Henry, A. Notes on Economic Botany of China. pp. 57-59. Shanghai. 1893.

2 Read, B. E. and Liu, J. C. Plantae Medicinalis Sinensis. Flora Sinensis, A.1: #372. “Pueraria hirsuta Schneid.” 1927.

3 pence, . Early European Researches into the flora of China. Jour. h. oy. As. Soc. 15: 1-194, 1880. : t'Bretschneder, E. History of European Botanical Discoveries in China.

45. 1898.

5 Carriére, E. A. Revue Horticole 63: 31-32. 1891.

204

manufacture were all mentioned. One of its remarkable traits is d

wall space. In two years it had covered an area of 28 square eters

From France the kudzu was introduced into Germany in 1895 and was heralded as a new ornamental vine for that country. An account in Gartenflora for 1896 by L. Wittmack® expands the account that appeared earlier in France and extols its useful characteristics.

The useful tuber of the kudzu vine, sod two-thirds natural size, with the character for Ko, its Chinese n

n New York’s Chinatown the kudzu appears on sale i e form of long potato-like tubers which are trimmed at both ends i hi

S : s age or - fine starch it yields. These fleshy roots may branch grow to great length (over a meter) assuming grotesque aes in es growth. In brief the uses of this plant are four in number: ornamental, nutritional, industrial, and medicinal. Its value as a rapidly grow- ing trellis vine for ornament and shade is important to gardeners.

8 6 Wittmack, L. Gartenflora 45: 401-404. 1896.

205

s a source of food the roots as such do not make a suitable

er and no amount of ill e them so an therefore only be used for starch which they yield in the f a flour called by the Chinese Ko- Carriére noted the

spoonful was sufficient to make a large dish of soup. He described the starch as sweet, fine, and without odor.

In Japan the vine is also used as a forage plant for cattle.

The industrial uses arise from the fact that the best fibers from

I as a_ binding een in much the same way in which osier branches are used. As a source of beneficial as well as harmful hc all parts of this plant have been used both in China and Japan. Stuart? brings

e

as the root : thirst relieving, antifebrile, anti-emetic, and counter-poisonous.” Ko-hua, a drug coming from Canton and Ningpo, is hae os mm the flowers. Colds, ae influenza sen-

rom the root. It is also taken as an antidote for poi rugs such as croton oil and is applied in cases of dog bite. The seeds are used a e flowers in cases of alcoholic excess. Th

oils. Flowers, leaves, stem, roots, and seeds are used to o come skin rashes.

7 Stuart, G. A. Chinese Materia Medica. Shanghai. 1928.

‘TREES . WHICH . TI

UNDER THE TE

CONDITIONS: OF

NEW YORK CITY

ee)

; . ie Li(acaey es witiends “

3

ntly on Ban tt

Greenwich Village.

3. Willows * surviving di- rectly be ae Hs elevated highway at Eleventh Ave.

nd 22nd —

=

Treés-of-heaven, black locus nish-trees in the Schiff Park: the approach to Manhattan

6. A black aie on Sedgwi ick A v Kingsbridge Ro.

5. Weeping willow near the George Washington bridge.

Photographs by [i Nelson M. Wells mand Fleda Griffith

7. A double row e ona Tendon planes on Morminesde Ave. from 113th St. north.

R Plane-tree surrounded hy havement ave

208

Two-Year Course In Practical Gardening

“A: HIS course is intended to meet the needs of professional and amateur

gardeners who desire to know more o ‘why’, ‘how’ and ‘when’ of many operations concerned with plant growing and. e nintenance of garde! t treat of garden design hi i se covers two years’ rk and consists of four classroom subjects and two laboratory sub- jects, any of c! e taken separately without obligation to complete the entire cours The laboratory subjects are nhouse d garden and afford students practice in actual wo ssroom bject occupies twelve one-hour lectures and each laboratory subject eight meetings of from one to two hours duration. New s oO the course at the beginning of pe fall, winter and spring sessions. ie lectures are given at a convenient meeting place in York City

g Thursday evenings from pee the beanie of ‘Odieher to Christ. mas and from a in the New Year to the Pests of April. The labora- tory meetings are held at ee New York Botanical Garden on Thursda:

evenings during May and Upon the soutien completion of the full course a certificate is granted by The New York elon, re: en. ation fee n dollars for each classroom subje id fifteen

on nnouncement of the exact date and place of these lectures and any other details concerning the course may be obtained by eupiceticn to The New York Botanical Earden, “Bronx ls New York City.

Fundamentals of Gardening

A study of the basic principles which underlie good gardening. Considera- tion is given to a structure and py eee ister ae of the plant and to the environment in which it gro ae e factors affect garden practice, particularly in Coatiorenip to soils and eir Ninproremen: ceed sowing and vegetative means of propagation, ee pruning, watering, feeding, mulch- ing, shading, ventilating, and disease and pest control.

Outdoor F lower Gardening sed here oe the planning, preparation, planting, and

Problem maintenance a Cea flower gardens and lawns. Plant m, aterial con- sidered will include rae biennials, perennials, aquatics, bulbs, vines, roses, and rock garden plan

The Cultivation of Trees and Shrubs

ly plants are dealt with from the standpoint of their usefulness i a garden ae their a e soils and environmental factors. Con-

eir b fi

Eee, “The lectures will jeclude a general omen one oice and lesser known oF vat as well as of the more commo eh Par- ticular emphasis will be placed on propagation, planting, fora: Be training, feeding and Ghee pperatiods connected with their culture. The Cultivation of Greenhouse Plant the culture of shea poinsettias, cyclam ae tlae: eine Dalbs, ete.

natio beg: ‘Attention. ‘will ale ef directed to a selection oe the more unusual green- house subjects.

209

Indoor Gardening crags Actual practice in work connected with the growing of plants in cold- pies hotbeds, and ene is aden ed. The student va be called on to prepare seed flats, sow seeds, transplant seedlings, Hes and insert aon types of cuttings, and pot and repot growing “plan ant prepare sprays as well as perform other work incidental to the ee and care of plants indoors.

Outdoor Gardening (Laboratory)

The student will here given an opportunity to gain experience the correct handli f tools and in carrying out the various operations of the outdoor garden. e will ne alled asda to prepare oa or seed sowin

tine plants

Science Course For Professional Gardeners

NROLLMENT in this care cus : restricted to professional gar- deners, nurserymen and co ial flower growers who have had appro- priate experience and hae qualifications are abpro ved by a committee of professional horticulturists. cti deni 4 : :

day evening from approximately the oe Onicber to Christmas and from Bee in the New Year ito the beginning of April. The full course covers two an work but is so arranged that the subjects may be taken student may, if he wishes, ee fewer than four subjects the satisfactory completion of the eouie a certificate is granted by

Ww arden. The lectures are given at a convenient meeting place in New Yo ue City and a nominal registration fee of five dollars per cane ect is charge An- nouncement of exact date and place of these lectures and any ee ‘details concerning the course may be oes by euulication to The New York Botanical Carden, Bronx Park, New York City ee pies a and Systematic Botany B a discussion of the general principles of plant

cassification, a ae and_ scope of ithe. species, ae and family,

al and horticu and m f th

‘am. in horti in detail, including their structural eee recognition marks, ae eeceeohicl distritiation.

Plant Morphology A study of the structure and development of the root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit and seed.

210 Plant Physiolo,

iology

Discussions of the synthesis and utilization of organic food substances by ae their growth, development and reproduction; and the environmental factors which influence these processes, particular attention being paid to a basic eae of the manner in which these processes are related to the various horticultural practices. Plant pat

of t - aims, methods, and results of plant breeding, of the

physical ae of heredity, of Seta and 7 ae of ae sve attention will be directed to horticultural pla n discussing such m: as the role of bud seen polyploidy, fperaeaeon and Sicceuis in mes improvement of plan Ecology and a Geography

The lectures include an elementary presentation of the whole field, in- cluding the nature of the environment and the reaction of plant life to it, vegetative forms of plants, the organization and behavior of plant com- eres and the discribution of the principal types of vegetation over the

orld.

Plant Pathology

A study fei ee caused by fungi, Laie slime moulds, viruses, shainuteition, and faulty cultural practices. nature, structure, life his- tory a ae classification of fungi, ue of artical cas and inoculation : : ’ he @ ‘cease control throueh sanitary measures, soil pestnicnt ad fungicides. Economic Botany

An introduction to the useful plants as applied in industry, medicine and food for man, with a discussion on the origin, history and the by-products of the plants used. Soils and Fertiliz

The constitution of as the manner in which their physical and chemical composition affects plants, and how they are affected by ee cultural treatment; and fertilizers, their origin, use and effects on plant growth will be treated. Entom

ology The insect pests of plants, their classification, ve histories, and the con- trol measures for them will be treated in this co

Schedules Of (lasses For Fall and Winter

Science Course for Professional Gardeners

The classes will be held evenings in the Museum Building, oe

October 3. Lectures will begin promptly. Applications for admission to the course may mailed any time prior to the beginning of a ae io may be made in person at the building between 7 ane - m on 2 pening ight. The professional qualifications ppli are

g wed by oa of professional horticulturists who ae the nehP te “reject ae

pplication. A nominal registration fee of five dollars per subject is charged. ae Session

to cums: October 3 to December 19, inclusive. gv and Plant ees oe oun H. A. Glea' m. to 8:40 p.m. Plant ee . O. Dodge, 8:50 p.m. to 9:45 p.m.

211

Winter Session eae evenings, January 9 to April 3 inclusive, but excluding March 13.

Plant Breeding Dr. A. B. Stout, 7:45 p.m. to 8:40 p.m. Economic Botany Mr. G. L. Wittrock, 8:50 p.m. to 9:45 p.m.

Lecture Course in Practical Gardening

The classes will be held evenings in the Museum Building, beginning a ciae 29. aaa will ace promptly. Application for admission

the course may be made any time prior to the beginning of the session a on the cuenine night between 7 and 7:40 pm. <A fee of ten dollars per subject is charged. Fall Session

Thursday evenings, September 29 to December 22 inclusive, but exclud-

ing November 24.

Cultivation a Trees and Shrubs r. J. G. Esson, 7:45 p.m. to 8:45 p.m.

Winter Session

ae wir evenings, January 5 to March 30 inclusive, but excluding

Greenhouse Practic Mr. Joseph Te nee 7:45 p.m. to 8:45 p.m.

Lectures For the Autumn TMonths

The free lectures given each Saturday afternoon in the Museum Building will be resumed September 10. They will ao start at 3 p.m. and ae _ 01

display in the library each week. Publicadons of the a an pencils those which contain material dealing with the topic of the aay. will be placed on sale at the ee desk at the el of the lecture hall.

The schedule of the ai lectures follow

Sept. 10 EXH HIBITING AND JUDGING OF le OWERS THEL A. S. HAM, Honorary Curator Sept. oe ON cn THE AUTUMN ‘WOODS m S. Tuomas, Autho: ee ee Mushroom Book Sept. 24-AUTUMN FLOWERS eeOUNY NEW Y ALEXANDER, nee Curator Oct. 1—ROCK GARDEN CONSTRUCTION C. Pranper, Assistant Superintendent Oct. 8-HUMORING THE GARDEN ee H. Everett, Horticulturist

Oct. IS—BOTANISTS AND HUMAN PROGRESS J. H. Barnuart, Bibliographer Oct. 22—WINTER IN OAXACA

Oct. 29—GARDEN WORK WITH SHRUBS ae M. Koster, Nurseryman Nov. 5—SOME ade ee DRUG PLANTS Wm. J. ee Poet University Nov. ee FLOWERS OF ee eee GRE F. CLARENCE H. Col Davee: a Mrs. Younc Noy. 19— PORIGIN "AND IMPROVEMENT OF PLANT B. ey Res of Education and Laboratories Nov. 26—THE ROMANCE OF PLANT NAMES A. Gu oe “Head Curator and Assistant Director

. Camp, Assistant Curator

212 cA Gigantic Mushroom By F, J, Seaver ECENTLY there was brought to the Mycological Herbarium

wD ° th p best 2 a io} A i] g. 5 73) e Q

e€ ncerned, was a recor It was obtained on Staten Island by two italian boys who collected it purely out of curiosity.

This grayish fungus produces its fruiting bodies in a dense clump, all springing from a single base. In this instance the clump was nearly 3 feet in diameter and weuned 36 pounds.

= om

A single specimen of Polyporus giganteus weighing 36 pounds.

hile the mushroom belongs to the pore- producing group of

ar woody, Mcllvaine, the old authority on mycophagy, states: “When young and fresh it stews to a pleasant, edible consistency, but is tough if not well See or too old. The flavor of a gravy from it is at all times goo he Ae and figures on diameter and weight were re- ferred to Dr. L. O. Overholts of Pennsylvania State College, who is the leading authority on this group, and he reports that it must be close to an all-time record for this specie.

213

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.)

What is Ecology? PLANT_ECOLOGY. J. and F, E, Clements. 2nd edition. 601 pages, ie we 271 figures and colored. xed. McGraw-Hill, i938" “se

ork The a igs of Ecology can be counted on the fingers of one hand, and mo: th i

E, Weaver

p r is it merely a art, as old as Whesphrasie?

Their book should be the answer, and it wil ose who o not know that "Ecol-

the present volume will certainly be. But : ae pole apart, and illustrat better wilderness of discussion the won-

derment of the public, and especially the garden public as to ‘What is Ecology?

Te i is perhaps a little odd that nowhere

in the present volume is Ecology defined, does the word o d

nor ccur in the index. Plant geography alco. lacks eeomition or mention in the index. The ht k, then, is apparently meant for thos who aed that Ecology is still the iyo tide an

ster es a

The s have produced a standard text- mon an "physiographic ecology and no one should be astonished at this for

G the

ecley merely illustrates what Professor Cowles said twenty-five years ago, when he did exactly the reverse: coos

to fun al

ie reduced to its bare essen-

rises the “relationship of oa i thei environ Response to that environment is oe of all the Ddulea-

‘al adjustment that a bias aa and its organs must ke to survive, When enough of them ae made it we get groups of plants srw ne together—

h se vou be n fac s bee sed, in a text- aeek: ented ea erie erin of North ecology, as

the limits of plant

lately on what they think is ecology, should make it required readin ‘or

ere, in far greater detail than can even be mentioned in a brief review, one finds the fundamental principles that control plant societies. There is perhaps no other phase o ee aoe so aio nor

so practical to

growth o

authors are to be congratulated upon the

production of so lucid and book upo

initiated ‘and most of the public the right to “What is y??

Ecology? sane TAYLOR,

Phytohormones—A New Field

P ORMONES - W. Went

and Kenneth V. Thimann. 294 pages,

illustrated, indexed. Macmillan, New ork, 1937. $4,

This text is an exten: summary and a of a ee new and most interesting field. The authors trace the history of the development of the hor.

mone concept and discuss the neue ique

tween auxins and growth, the chemistry of auxins and ism of their action, auxin and the th of roots and th relation of au. to ious tropisms, the formation ae er inhibition of buds, to cell division, cambial growth, swell- ings and other phenomena. A_ bibli

00 references is in

Jensen; some will claim that the book overemphasizes t' of xins in certain henomena discuss

n qualified to

k by their own pear 4 a a W. J. R

Cell rae ka the ee aaeatacad

DVANCES IN - bey" ‘t Darlingt 2nd Mit ion, 671 pages, ‘illustrated with 160 text figures and 81 tables. Glossary, bibli-

Seer ee index. Blakiston, Philadelphia, 1937.

The ed "edit on of Darl uate

“Recent Advances in Cytology” i

do and ignores all cytoplasmic constitu- ents except the a osom itosis, with its constancies and variations in chromosomes, d meiosis in diploids polyploids, and various hybrids are de- cribed as si as is consistent with the complexity @ processes and with- out emphasis on divergent views he $

iza- se for a relatively ie group of se nts At animals. The A telat and gon ms of steps i curring occasion- ally. pe # character tically are made to strengthen the general thesis of c mosomal importance r; tract it. In tl mechanics, Darlingt ee of peti apd ae to the roblems of nuclear behavior; and spiral

214

, PH’s, isoelectric points, liqui ielectric constants, attraction

molecules crystals, di repulsions,

tor tions, sonar ae an magnetics mingle th the centrosome: centromeres, Cheong ones ae mati

nd sp indles i in an impressive a

aren cry

nally, I liked the summary obser pears in tables, the Roan bib th ti

ography, the evolutionary o: ization oO the subject matter, and ca use ph unify I disliker

ing concepts and assumptions. the almost complete omission of conflict ing interpretations, the use of unlabelec photographs and 2. fee and table without text refer the unnecessarih complicated coe on the eagle oe in the present Pine of our kno edge, deductions over observations, et ee many observations less reliable tha area does. was disappointed no any discussion of recent advance: in f techie or of observations on living material. I would recommend th - anyone working in or ¢ review "de velopmen pales cytology. V. KavanacH.

Plants and Their Life Sp Lee LONGEVITY OF PLANTS Dr. Han i Molisch. Authorized Englis! edition Edmund ‘ulling. es atrations tables, One apter index. Published he translator New York. 1938. ss

At last—an English presentation of the

ks of Hans Molisch on Die Lebens-

dauer der Pflanzen. The subject of longevity of living organisms is one ol the important aia propicms anc Molisch has presented t r

hensive consideration of the Thick fror oe coe point of v: Many zoolo- gists hav orked on this problem anc an exectent: summary is given by Kor- schelt in his well kno lumes _or Regeneration and Transplantation. We have now a companion text which is

more generally available since it is

215

English, thanks to the translator, Edmund Fulling.

erhaps the most outstanding contri- n of the entire book is that scattered ich for the most part i

upon different authorities. It is arrange according to the great orde nd f ilies and is excellent for references to one int in certain speci ‘ables in which the maximum ages various plants have tea Aeneas are wsfu ee are good but not

reque

Several chapters follow on the long- evity of various organs of the plant and also on different tissues. nh ae as of the text is devoted un mental considerations of ihe Bible of

The-

old age, death and reju enescence.

ories of leading biologists are present and critically reviewed, and Molisch adds sol his own interpretations. Old ag

on whether n ei with pe 1 life, and thi a

cuttings brings about weaknesses of old age,

A good bibliography is to be found. and the. translator has made still! more useful ee ae clude ce more ent exp Nae x those interested in nthe

ci

ed w ioe ae an been neglected by speie writ RNST elssistant Professor of Botan University of Mascot

Of Herbaceous Plants r Use

And Thei HERBACEOUS BORDERS. Richard Sudell 297 Pages, eeaeeeg: aot illus- Scribner, New York, 1938.

Mr. Sudeil’s Herbaceous Borders has In its favor excellent photography, com-

mendable planting plans, and well organ- ized subject-matter. On the other hand,

gligence is frequent in his lists ot herbaceous flowers. For le, the orth American ee extmia is bracketed as synonymous wi e Asiatic pecies, D. formosa; ihe oriental poppy s the only name ao ae eae ae aha a

gen Pela goat. Spey ie oe a Gen dealt with incompletely or under trade names not always acceptable according to interna- ‘ie! rules of botanical nomenclature.

otwithstanding this ee in regard to

lection of plants of one genus. He also vides some valu notes on water- loving materials and ir S list

Henry E. Dowr ere are a iad selections for various purposes and an alphabetical list of herbaceous flow

Th “chapter on cultivation contain.

Herbaceous oa material “employed 2 its best advantag a States.

or nfor: ants, his gardening anaes eg ae based upon

the best traditions of England, and we can learn much, fundamentally, if we heed his sound working advice. Howarp W. Swirt. i ak Wild Flowers MAN'S WILD LOWERS AND TREES: Miles Had field. 184 pages, illustrated with Dae and colored plates; indexed. Dutton, New Y¥ 1938.

ol

Any traveler who h as wandered over Enaland’s hills trying to eer the un- familiar wild flowers with of the less ctehae handbooks of the British flora whic! ae he can pe up at Foyle’s or Meggs’ will welcome Mr. Hadfield’s compact little book. The descriptions are not detailed enough to enable a botanist to distinguish one species from another

n the same sents, a a no at-

men af floral oe Sue accompanied as most of them are by pictures of the flowers, they will serve the beginner in

pene most

er: learning the identity of the onl ravines, which ributed,

een. ee line elf h

which have been adapted from Sowerby’s eee ies Flowers.

xplanations of the meanings of the henel names are a commendable feature of the book, and its size and ae pasha type make it convenient

r field u Carot H. Woopwarp.

ondon irteeid C fae Plan

s Ae a reel

EUR. Thom 180 pages, illustrated with, Peeeiaahe by Ro:

Hay, indexed: Macmillan, New York, Characteristic of Mr. Thomas Hay

was an incident which eccuried’ ne the

Chelsea Flower Show this year. Though the meeting was accidental and I had _ seen him for about four

years he me than he said abruptly

You are just the man I wanted to see! I want you to get some seeds of Ar tomecon f fod

a is by makin

and maintaining such

le with fecale yy ean of the world m London t the genial Su- peritendent of ee Royal Parks has succeeded in gathering fon distant

hee numerous rare and useful pian many of whi have since proved thei value in ga

Ir. Hay is c Hee as well, of rare old books on gardening and botany ae when in one these he finds mention of a worthy plant unknown today in cul- tivation he exerts every e ae ‘brite about its introduction. Suc’ rk neces- sitates considerable correspondence and effort but pays high dividends in satis- faction in which all who garden may share.

Having a Satis ao in all kinds Mr.

plants, sents a type of gardener all ae cence i < aaa = in America. Although this book, he has fe ears on ae eae

les mber of his published articles. It

216

shows great restraint in a man of Hay’s years and ex tera cat t

previously put into bo knowledge of plants. ture would benef

ae infor b

or e rare re plants ei ‘choaid = timulate intere in these and_ perhaps cadace others follow Mr Hay’s example in searchii out the unusual.

T. H. Evererr.

Dehlia Growing and Exhibiting

MODERN DAHLIAS. J. _ Lot Roberts. 211 pages, illustrated w drawings, eee Doubleday, Dora New York, $2. the ever-increasing interest of rger number of gardeners each_year dahlias, a new book “ mm Dahlia y J. Lo rts is opportune. Havii grown dahlias himself for a numb

m7

the autumn flower shows and g

217

gardens during the season and make his

election with a owe . their be- h The f ty at he end of in aaah:

ly from a

ae eolantin ng thr a pont oe c

produce large, soot oe eS r ile ue

A few years ago

insects and di ee - " frouble th a ili,

what these are today them makes

sixty

gives a detailed analysis of the various in- sects and Sean a dahlia is eet to and prescribes the remedy for

ropagat ion plait Gn cultu gar- den and vais eloth nesses ae eee over winter are covered in such detail that the ee novice can unders' a and the experienced grower can oe uate

ost helpful those interested i

hibits their toc are Chapters 16 and 17 which treat very fully every step in

rowing for the Exhibition ak and ne any can ood find that hey fuck

p to make the best erecta on ihe jules All these pouits ne well set forth and

should bear fru uch better ex- hibits by some ol a all as by new exhibitors at our shows this fall. Mrs. H. D. Tuomas,

aterson, N. J.

Current Literature*

At a Glance

es H. Woodward . In a pap

7 Mary ey Schmidt conclude that a medium

composed of pure cane sugar, mineral solution, and vitamin Bi a ee : adequat : fring oe d growth of ex tomato teri is cfedive. . very great dilution] ee ie 40,000,000,- 000,000 gives a visible

‘amous Trees. In Miscellaneous Pub- oe No. 295 of the ena ay ie partment of Agriculture, associated ane noted places, and trees their size or en or fr scribed. The publication, w! nti 115 pages, including a bibliography, is available from the Superi fe) Documents in Washington for 15 cents

hi ork in pa on estates, around housing projects, and

ee ths. Three dozen a and ate

oy alt as ee species are ainila rly des:

tilbe. A recent issue of the etn Leaflets is devoted to Astilbe, a plan too He seen in America. A decorati

: investigate id wood products and ‘thei adapta- n to different fields of u:

Okra is mentioned as hav-

ing had a oli

reception at a dinner of the

Food Society” in an article on unusual * All publications mentioned here—and many

others—may he found in the Library oe as

Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildi:

218

vegetables by André L. Simon in the June Journal of the Royal Horticultural Socicty, The au

ki

he speaks of pumpkin pie, his greatest

regret is that a soup is not better ciated in Eng’

In an oversized volume Gein ac No. 287), E. Munns of t D. A. gives maps showing the dimebation of 170 species of forest trees of the United States. The book is available for 35 cents from the Superintendent of Documents, Washing- ton, D. C.

Ze

Bronx Park Spring. In a posthumous

book by James Reuel Smith, printed for

Historical Society, a e

i ° a

m the s supply, the original "spring having been diverted into a culve

“Tt is at about Eas t 201st Street, or

bi t, or aps near the projected Mosholu Parkway South, and at thi f{ a strip of land devoted by

hr

rsh in the Botanical Gardens. It is cirrounded by some clumps of red clover ee oe that make it as attrac- ie the near-by spots that ne painstalingty Hented with carefully- cultiva ee The book, “Springs and ral a Mantatan and the Bronx,’ is iMtustrated with 54 ee hen

by the author between 1897 and 1901.

Editor. The Flower Grower,

re continuing publication under the editor- ship of Paul F. Frese, who comes to New York from Better Homes and Gardens in Des Moines,

New Jersey Soil. The new y ee ond edition of Save New Jersey si published by the State Soil Conservati Committee at New Brunswick, N. tells graphically what happens wh rains, floods, and winds attack the lar and ve an equally clear picture of wl fa be done to keep the soil from was and blowing away. Photographs Se eroded areas are followed w ae of land with good forest cov ith hay, pasture, small grain, and gre manure crops, of grassed waterways a etc deep mulches a crops orchard:

armi venting ol erosion. The earth wash away 19 times as fast on a hill whe

planted across, the bulletin says.

A rather unusual boo let ae oo pee ae appeared, written oe A. Bonet and sree “Forest R

and its Garden he backwoo on ‘Mahlenberg cae es miles sou of Greenville, Kentucky, and fifty mil from his home in Louisville, Mr. Rothe has turned the heart of a 2,000-acre ti a tract into a five-acre garden. mh he has many evergreens, herbaceous pe nni and a well- greatest interest is in plants with var: gated foliage, of which he has collect 125 varieties. He is desirous of acquirh w and rare types of variegated plant:

Native. Cucurbita moschata proves be a native eae food plant, accor i i tanic

ng to Pauw Vestal in the Botani Museum lane 's of Harvard Universit A carbonized peduncle which de

nitely identified as this species was fou in some Guatemalan ruins dating frc 900 A.D.

G. S. Cansdale is t

plars.

thor on: “The Black Poplars and their ae Sante in Britain” which has

characters are described and attention is drawn to the different 1 types on the long and short shoots each tree,

219

Herbertia. The tig eae of the year- book of the American Amaryllis Society,

of Narcis-

anthes, and are aa gen-

era hich af are ened in this number. The 1937 volume (No. 4) is dedicated to the memory of William Herbert, who pub- lished ed “Amaryllidaceae” just a cen- The volume contains, besides

t

erbert’s on plant breeding and a paper on the place

of Herbert in the history of face writ- ten by C, D. Da en - the John Innes Horticultural Ins An_ introduc- tion to the book ie ie written by Sir Arthur W. Hill, Director of the Royal

Botanic Gardens at Kew. The subjects in the book include descr iption s and phy- logeny of the amaryllids; cytology, gen- etics, and breeding ; gy S production; culture, notes on the

society’s progress, which in so short a pied 2 time can be said to be out- andin,

Shr a in Flushing. The 1938 Garden edie of he Flushing eres Club on

ong Islan aie a a of about 200 rine whic M4 in Mrs. E

and its exact

Chile. “Endemic Pla f Chile” is the translated le aie a a acquired book which gives descriptions, distributions, o nd uses, as well as illustrations of a arge number of Chilean plants. Otto Green is the author.

Microscopes. The presidential address : Reginald S. Clay of the Royal Micro- copic Society, published in ihe March issue of the Society’s Journal, reveals the marvels of moder: mm econ in high-

portant is a cylindrical lfens-cap which be applied on a mi being used by a se es afflicted with astigmatism.

Germination. What is called “A Rapid Method of Determining the Viability ol Dormant Seeds” is given Florence

actual germination tests in cultiva

iza. A note in Nature fo

Myc a ly 9 ete that M.

us, Phlo. Deane mdii, Ver. bene Cpe aie Clerodendron i inerme Baie: developed endotrophic my-

when in goin and of a low humus conten

Fossil Pollen. The beginning of a study of the fossil pollens in New Zealand has been made by Lucy M. Cramwell of Auckland ee A ay repor! subtitled “The Key to the Vegetation ot the Past,” is published { in the New erin Journal of ua and ae palate fro which a t has bee ved.

North American Flora. Par rn ume 29 of North pene ican Flora oo a resunek t of the Apocynaceae oe Roker Eve rard Woodso ae

offee the

Cc t of the Bota Leaflets. (NS. (22) eon

the Field Mu

eudotsuga. A revision of the genus Poewdorsuga is ave by Mile. F, Flous n Nos 2 .

1 The same author treats the igo le in the following two number: that

a Ro ck Forest. Botanical studies in the Black Rock Forest of Pale ae sb State comprise the seventh

ea and the thi

this ar on svat research. has taken th i 1 i rt

nd a list of lichens is is given by Lucy up.

220

Perit In the Quarterly Review of

tology for June, Addison Gulick of the tae rit of Missouri concludes a highly overs pee entitled “What Are the Genes?” In the first instalment he gave the a and evolutionary picture; in the second, the physio-chemical picture.

Citrus Fruits. Japan and India, and per- haps New Zealand too, may soon be rivals of the United States in

Zeal r devs. a special section to citrus culture.

Notes, News, and Comment

Old Books. When the New York Secs Boone which is one of the old- est library organizations in New Yor! City, recently moved its headquarters from University Place to 53 East 79th Street, it offered at pri

velopment of the library by exchange.

olog ae conference on plant and imal communities arranged by the Bio- Cael Laboratory of tl the Lone Island Bio- logical A d Sp pring ee

n r . Cain, Secretary, who has spent con- id i The New York Botani-

cal Garden this past summer.

Summer Visitors. A. J. Sharp, oa preteeece "of botany . ne Oa Spite 2 worked

mon scholarship last Siniiee ef ihe Garden studying the mosses south of the United

States—in Mexico, Central Amer South Am . ca, and the West Indies. Dr. J. Carabia, a student - rene Experiment Statio Havana, Cuba, has come to the Un States for the winter months. hile ing some taxonomic work at the Unix sity of Pennsylvania, he will suppler his studies by spendi

lufioz, engineer oo

vil hs is " visiting this country ona Guggenh: fellowship.

Chris G. Schmitt, University of ) souri eranuete student, has been do research on smuts at the New Y. Botanical Garden, in preparation for ao thesis.

Walter

F. Loehwing, poe botany at or Univers sity of Iowa, visi e Garden August 30 in search of

Pie ced to ad in the oe a new foe arden a a City. Dr. Hen Ss. Con of Grinr Towa, apenie Aupact 8 ab The New Botanical preted studying South Am can

Ree ae late summer visitors w dgrove oi London, Mrs. R

ureau 2 Plant Indus istry, (On Gladys Warner of the Prue Service, Winnipeg, Manit.

Flower Show. About thirty kinds ve wild flowers and fruits are be ex

‘ounty Center,

Pl September 14-17, oe variet being oe with both co scientific nam

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ARD OF MANAGER

I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS

Until 1939: ARTHUR vg ANDERSON ee). Crarence Lewis, E. MErRiLL, ages ra LA MOoNTAGNE Ai ecretary and Assistant ene Wiuram J. Rossins, and J. E. Sprncarn.

Until 1940: Hiewey pE Forest Balwik ( Ate Aen iae Cuitps Frick, ALLYN R. Dae Henry Locxuart, Jr., D. T. MacDoucat, and JosEPH R. Swan (President

Until 1941: Marsu HALL Freip, Mrs. Eton Huntincton to oN L. anareg (Vice-president), Cot. Rorerr H. Montcomery, an ART

II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGE Fioretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor ne the City of ae York. pied ee Park Commissio Henry C, Turner, President of Oe Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS

Tracy E. Hazen, apnenied by the Torrey Botanical Club. A, Harper, Sam F TRELEASE, Epmunp W. SInNotr, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by Columbia Universi ty.

GARDEN STAFF

Wiu11am J. Rozsins, Px. D., Sc. D Director . A. Greason, Pu, D. Assistant Director and Head Curator HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director A. B, Stout, Px. D. Curator of Education and Laboratories RED J, SEAVER, Pu, D., Sc. D Curator Bernarp O. Dongs, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist Joun Henptey Barnuart, A. M., M. D, Bibliographer Percy WILSON Associate Curator cee C. Smit, Px. D. Associate Curator Harotp N. Morpenxe, Pu. D. Associate Curator eee Cc. ane B. S, L yieehiie H. H. Ruspy, M. Dicisicacecs Honorary Curator of the Economic Collec: FLEDA Ginn Sigal and Pholsgrathe Ropert S, WILLIAMS cee in Bryology E. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and es of the Loc i Herbarion W. H. Camp, Pu, D. Mea Curator Ciype CHANDLER, A. M. eee eee RosaLigE WEIKERT Technical Assis FREDERICK KAVANAGH, M.A Technical pres Carot H. Woopwarp, ‘A.B Edi lore ton Tuomas H. Everett. nD D. Horr. sida . L. Wittrock, A. M Deer Otro Decener, M. S. Collaborator in Haw Be Roserr HaAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of M mycetes ETHEL ANSon > Paaiiaes ‘Honorary Muikaral Tris and ee “Collections ee uur J. — perintendent of B idings and Ground. . C, Pra eae Gubesin Gident

THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

he New York Botanical Garden the State of New York ip 1891. bod in orp orator

he custom,

the list below

Advi y Council consists of 12 or more Ghsy el are yale elected fo the (Corssmation’ flice Elo!

was incorporated by

‘s, who ually t

mbers of ein awa bathe ae

n Huntington Hooker, Chet

dorff, Niceechaieman We, BNE te B. Williams. Recording Sec: Corresponding Secretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasure tM. Ander: Childs Frick *Mrs. Art . Anderson *Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff eorge Arents, leas *Mrs. George Arents, Jr. *Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Vincent Astor Mr: odley

fis Ths Stephen Henry de Forest Baldwin Sherman Baldwin *Mrs. James Barnes Prof. Charles P. Berkey George Blumenthal Prof. Marston T. Bogert Prof. William J. Bonisteel

corge P. Brett *Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey

Edward C. Delafield Mrs. Bea B. de Long .M.

Rev . Denslow Tule Detmer Mrs. Charles D. Dickey *Mrs. John W per Benjamin T. Fairchild “Mrs. Moses W. Faitoute Marshall Fiel William B. O. Fi *Mrs. Robert H. Fife *Mrs. Henry J. Fisher

Harry Harkness Flagler *Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox

Pierre Jay

Parker McCollester

*Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. George M. Moffett H. de la Montagne Col. Robert H. Montgomery

*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine

a special act The Act of aneorporation Provides, among) other things, ser em of the of

of the Legislature of

roster of ote a is

cted by the

who are ard. By Their « names are ¢ marked with an Pea in

Mrs. Carl A. de Gers- ae Nes, Townsend Scudder, *Mrs. James R. Parsons

Rufus L. Patterson

Mrs. Wheeler.H. Peckham *Mrs. George W. Perkins

Dr. William J. Robbins Prof. H. H. Rusby *Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee

*Mrs. Townsend Scudder *Mrs. Samuel Seabury Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott

*Mrs. Samuel Sloan

*Mrs. Theron G. Strong Joseph R. Swan

Richardson Wright

Vor. XX XIX OcroseEr, 1938 PAGES No. 466 221—248

JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Ent at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents

to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor TOBER, 1938 Rep Oak (Quercus rubra), ONE OF THE ea ge STILL STANDING ALONG Pe Drive Near 1 St. Cover Phas by Fleda Griffith TREES AND Ses IN New York City AND SOME OBSERVATI on THEIR GROWTH Nelson Miller Wells 221 HaBitraT Howie GIN ee OF THE eee WITH STUDENT GARDEN E. J. Alexander 228 Woopy Puawr a Tukie IN NEw Yorx’s LEss ee 'GESTED ZON Photographs by Fleda Griff Nelson Miller Wells 234-235 THE GARDENERS FoRUM 240

CurRRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Carol H. Woodward 241 REviews OF RECENT Booxs 242 Notes, NEws, AND COMMENT 246

PERIODICALS AND BOOKS Scientists and laymen alike are served by the publications of The t

York Botanical Garden. Wi rth American Flora, which care will tain a monograph of every plant family of this continent, taxo mists are kept informed of the identification of ay nown plan of the United States, Mexico, Central America and the adjacent dinsde

he n en fad vittonia, named in honor of the founder and first director of tl

new S. sonia, i r of B , Dr Britton’ s collaborator in preparing the famous Britton & Br volumes oi the flora of North America, gives complete descriptions and full-page

colored plates of flowering plants of oo interest which have been ee at sted at The New York Botanical Garden or which are native to

Mycologia is ce official organ of the Mycological Society of America.

Issued every ae month, it contains technical material, illustrated, on all orms and phases of the fungi

Gar a Journal, on the other hand, is meant to be popular, and

vet to present in paneeee manner to its readers articles of interest on

ie yee and botany, nature study, and kindred subjects, besides a

urvey of the c i n.

r ‘Plants of the Vicinity of New York” by H. A. Gleason is poe intended for the people. This convenient volume dealing with flowering plants which grow within 100 miles of New York, is a simple guide oe flowers of woods and fields usable by anyone who can distinguish a petal from a lea While _Rydbere’s “Flora of the Prairies and Plains of Central North merica” is a botanist’s handbook, like Britton & Brown’s ey ed Flora of the ae - ited States and Canada”, it can be used t advantage by the ama uch works, which a are uel representative of the Botanical Garden’s productions, are on the institution’s major services to the world of science and to ae education.

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. XXXIX Ocrozer, 1938 No. 466

Trees and Shrubs In New York (ity cAnd Some Observations

On Their vowth By Nelson Miller Wells G Landscape Architect

The Second Zone I.

HE exact boundaries of the 7 zone of plant tolerance in New York City are not clearly defined. From the edge o the first zone, where the paramount ieee are ieee which limit the successful growth of plants, the second zone xtends | thro

cient to support plant life exists in only see quantities ; natu-

nd i re number of others which will grow here although they vary in the degree of their success

Among the trees, Norway maples and pin oaks have been con- sidered appropriate and each kind has been quite freely planted over a period of years. The pin oak appears to have been the more successful of the two, although it usually loses its excurrent habit and assumes a stunted appearance. Very likely if they were

221

222

tried, the red, scarlet, and | oaks would be as good as or etter than the pin oaks. Even the Turkey and mossy-cup oaks are reasonably good in Cale Par!

Pin oaks, having a fibrous root system, transplant easily, even when they have not been nursery grown. The roots of red oak: are coarse and are seldom kept adequately pruned in nurseries

nt. y lea stand up well during summer ne while pin oak leaves fre- quently appear shriveled. ther trees which are reasonably thrifty under these conditions include the eee a honey-locusts and mulberries. Hack-

it has a picturesque habit of growth, the foliage is g di will app ppy eve en growing on thin dry s he Chinese scholar-tree, though rarely seen, is an excellent

y for this zone. Several specimens have been planted here inden:

nge it is found to be exceptionally pee If this tree were no

it aoe in the larger parks, it has endured for many years These all such luxuriant trees that the species might be ex- pected : aaa even greater adversities.

Among the small-growing trees and large shrubs there are a number of good representatives. Hawthorn, witch-hazel, mag-

223

nolia, and cork-trees are about the best, although two of the small aearen English hedge maple and the Amur maple—as well as buckthorns and flowering cherries can each be found in ae pane

Il of the common kinds of hawthorn, such as the Washington

city but a number of junds ach are surprisingly successful Tw viburnums also are good. One, the native blackhaw wil n , thin soil and straggle up to a small tree,

hi Manhattan, it will reach a height of twelve feet and appear ee thrifty. Several vines make their appearance in this zone. English ivy is fairly good, especially as a ground-cover. Wisterias will grow ries hi i i

an covering the ground. Some of the woodbines are also occasionally found here The Third Zone

The third zone of plant tolerance covers a very large portion of the city. It extends from the second zone through the less

intensively developed portions of the unrestricted busi zones, including the areas of three-story atta and semi-detached houses in residential areas. It has its outer limits se por-

uburbs, where houses are spaced on at least 60-foot lots, there is a gr ncreased amount of undevelope nd; air an oisture conditions better, and ther an opportunity for

The line between the second and third zones is quite fjadefuite. Some of the plants mentioned for the third zone may survive in

224 zone two, and many from that zone are likely to be a great deal more successful here. It is noteworthy that the largest part of the trees and shrubs which appear for the first time in this list are native to this region. They include the American ash, sassa- fras, sour-gum, sweet-gum, persimmon, and American larch.

street trees in this ae _ the others are usually found in parks or as lawn shade

ver: These include the goldenrain-tree, the eran (both native an uropean species), cornelian cherry, silverbell, snowbell,

Among the native shrubs are the chokeberries, cornels, sumacs,

sq bs e seen, su quinces, bush honeysuckles, hydrangeas, forsythias, rose acacias iri id 0 he

n survived for many years in the heat aad dust of that busy thoroughfare.

Notes on Special Plants Evergrcens We all seem to have a longing to use a certain amount of ever- green material in our plantations. Even though we know they are not going to be entirely successful in the a we cannot resist

ustrian pine is about the best of the evergreen conifers, al- though it soon languishes if the air is bad. The yews, mene

raph by co sy of Mrs, Andrew Carnegie

ity garden like this, in which broad-leaved evergreens are a rine feature, must be dead ed with fresh material every four or five years. The scene is in the private garden of Mrs. Andrew Coreg, as Copal Park from Fifth Avenue, in New York C

226

the various forms of Japanese yew, are being sed extensively.

ome will endure possibly for several ye e best planta- tions are those which have their sickly plants replaced each year

o =) iio} 4 ° = = ra a fa} < oO ot nm i Oo 2 od dd. x Rg S a=] 0) o ® wa us} co ind Lisl oO s A.

i evergreen bittersweet are not generally dependable. Plants that are Not Successful Some plants seen around the city are invariably in a weakened

and sickly condition. Such kinds should always be avoided where i rf

e. vergreen trees are the most conspicuous failures. Hemlock,

survive in New York City are red and sugar maples. Even the ir

e they do not do well in oo Park or in situations where the conditions are more adve

Excepting for the evergreen trees the range of plants is quite extensive for city planting. Trial and error afford the surest test.

second and third zones are Ree

gh . unaccountable oversight, the doe aa oon eda last ont! th | ist of plants for the first zone wa: ven the botanical name of the i tehotk instead of its rightful name, Hibisens ae

The Second Zone

pom vais Maple ae

ae apig nae chestnut

Hackb Carriére a horn

Matrim

-tre Ch ines — -vine Black Che Flow ve “Chervis

k Mossy-cup or Bur Oak Red Oak

Buckthorn Chinese Scholar-tree Bald Cypress

Small- i European Linden

Weeping Linden Silver Linden

Blackhaw ered Ay

The Third

Bottleb an Buckeye Shadblov

d Choke Try Black Chokeberry picebush Japanese Barber uropean Hornbeam American Hornbea mmers

ue Cher: Gra:

Russian Olive or Oleaster

Winged Euonymus

European Spindle-tree or Burning Bush

Acer campestre Acer Ginnala

‘rataegus Crus-galli ee triacanthos

era Helix and varieties Howmet sp, 0; nicera ja On “yeti ali aioli daclura pomifera

nolia spp.

[eae Pe

SS of8 KI

C uercus rt hamaus spp. ophora

Japon eau atic ilia cor Filia pean Pilia ea

Filia iaipon “protium Ae aan i

clesculus par ee

Cornus ea and similar

Pee Corylus Chaenomeles Japonica ospyros virginiana ER aeagnus angustifolia Euonymus alatus Euonymus europaeus

Evrorae Beech Fagus sylvatica Forsythia Forsythia spp.

White Ash Fraxinus americana Silverbell Talesia carolina Hydrangea dydrangea spp. and vars. Winterberr: lex vertici

oldenrain-tree Koelr oe ia paniculata American Larch ari

eee aaa arix Rae i note

vi Le ld teach

nh elle Lonic. fee.

our-gum

orrel-tree beatae hes um. ar arlonate

umac Rhus

ose-acacia Robinia hispida

ugosa Rose Rosa rugosa

rairie ag Rosa setiger

assafra: Sassafras variation Japanese Snowbell said japon

Blu el Cini Hie pe

iba num cassinoides

Nanny- etry Viburnum Lentago Vibur Viburnum molle

Habitat Hunting In PMountains Of the Southeast With Student Gardeners By E. J. Alexander

lhen four of the student gardeners of The New York ae fanical Garden chose to spend their vacations this es by making a collecting trip through or.

i D

ortion - vires had been collected on itt f while

2 s independent trips. Spice on the ihe er hand, were cies

vated, but oncs which the students had formerly not associate ith the wild state. In addition, they observed many plants entirely new to them and brought back seed or living specimens of a number of subjects which may be new to horticulture.

Part of their usual outside es as le gardeners consists in making ene collections of the local flora. To their specimens gathered on previous jaunts 7 the vicinity of New York, cach of them added about 160 new subjects, all representing plants which do not grow north of central saci

tr San Bridge, atton, and Donald <a IS Tene acquainted

eg U collections of plants ie sty and reference, and added nearly a thousand plants y fifty or more ee ous species, besides a number of woody ones, to the Botanical Garde hirough digs collections of seeds an rial, eiy guide on the trip was E. J. Alexander, who took them over much of the region covered foe aoe oe on the Garden's official expedition in search of plants —C.H.W.

229

Into the Southern Appalachians

HE shale-barren a along and around the Virginia-West in di

e ragwort, Senccio antennal was past flowering, but its seeds were ripe and s hoped yet to introduce this plant to rock

One of the greatest rarities of the region, the little purplish- flowered Astragalus distortus, which had proved most unamenable to cultivation, was sought and found in both flower and fruit. ce as it does in a dry hardpan mixture of shale tia

nd their evan ie it will probably still prove a ata ough pee subject. Trifolinm wirginicuim, the mless endemic

over of the region, was found also in flow oe fruit.

The shale-barren region is not continuous, 80 we found a dif-

in: oO pes rby w colonies of Linum saa: aaturalized eae the eases as we know, this is the first record of this European species in

n. Near the headwaters of the Pot tomac river, we came across d

e a wor’ cultivation. On the mountains east of Monterey, Va., we stopped to look at plants of Menziesia pilosa, an ericaceous. shrub -with

230

dull yellowish-orange flowers, and in searching through a nei igh-

in ecu: mountains, the southern Aileghenies, and i the only plant known with zone of three continents

ce B 5 =

astern As is a natural ge abilion. in the temperate

In damp hollows nea were attractive colonies of the filmy- flowered Heuchera villosa and the white heads of Clintonia unibellulata.

ne more aes was visited where, in August and Sep- tember great drifts of Eriegonum Alleni cover the steep unstable slopes with a i glow.’ Here also are colonies of the s Clematis ovata, with dull purple nodding bells. The Giic fone Sedum Nevii? is common throughout the southern Appalachians, but nowhere does it reach better development than in the shale- barren area

trip was made in West Virginia to visit a colony of the

qu buried under avalanche of mountain laurel, one

more et the typical tee saounEaiE n hich are ither confined to or reach their best aaa in the higher altitu T hich t became ntiful were nolia acuminata vt, Oxvdendrum ane m, alta acuminata,

Za lendulacea, Gal phylla, Silene virginica® unt ternatuni e been long in cultivation, but it was of great

e stands.

n northwestern North Carolina and northeastern Tennessee, it was of botanical interest to note frequent occurrences of FHieracium pratense, w ic is not listed in the manuals as occurring south of Virgi

1 For a description of eis cilleni see Cae 20: No. :

2 Sedum Nevii is now established in the Thompson Memorial Rock

Garden, where it is mal king an increasingly splendid show of eg bloom 3 Though a difficult s apie ect in the north, Silene virginica now se

be holding its own with its flery blossoms in. the Sua Memorial Rock Garden. For a description, see 4ddisonia 19: No. 1935.

231

Photograph by A. J. Bisaillon

The upper portion of Mount Pisgah, 5,749 Ae in altitude, heath-bald in an advanced stage. The middle s s of this on landmark f Asheville are covered with a Piopel southern

Appalachian forest. The saxifrage shown on page 238 was photo- graphed on its upper slope.

Traveling on steep grades and long winding and twisting roads ;

through whose effor ‘s many rare native plants are being brought into cultivation. Accompanied by our friends we visited the

232 famous swamp at Flat Rock where in its type locality we saw Sarracenia Jonesii. Associated together in this same swamp is a and Pogonia divaricata from the coastal one Anianthium mus-

0 tains; Myrica Gale an zalea discos: which are distinctly

named are in exce furnished the best oes for study. e nearby warm valley region, we saw a fine colony of the hetay native passion-flower,

as a fine heathebald development, maki an area es ane worth visiting. forests on the middle slopes are great f ns of Aristolochia ats and fine thickets of Azalea calendulac 1 vations, Saxifraga leucantheinifolia and Houstonia purpurea om the great mass of cliff-face plants, the woo und being well supplied with Hugeria erythrocarpa, Ilex montic ar nsicsia pilosa ermost areas Hypericum Buckleyi and Potentilla tridentata form heavy s in open stret : 1 odendron carolinianiin ar atat- tense form the heavy thickets just bel the summit. On the summit itsel one of the most finely developed stands known fo) ieris floribunda, where a trail runs for a mile or so ee its gnarled, headtopping growth. Off the western handsome colonies of Phlox carolina and Eryngium ae and i ntahala Gorge we had a long-drawn- a r

so eximia. Crossing into the Tennessee River valley we saw the only bit of southern lowland flora of the trip, where along the river-

233

banks were heavy thickets of Ulenus alata and Quercus nigra and

scrambli em Vitis rotundifolia, Bignonia crucigera and Cocculus carolinus. Ascending the Great Smokies from the west, we admi great forests and the thicke endron and laurel, and on t mmit ridge made several side trips into the heavy — of Abies Frascri and Picea rubens. The more interesting things handsome purple-flowered form of Hydrophyllum virginianum, occasional patches of Claytonia caro- intana an arnassia asarifolia and quantities of Solidago glomerata and that interesting endemic of the Smokies, Senecio Rugeliat. Back in North Carolina we along t ank of

Alarka creek a nice stand of Rhodo ie minus.

maxtinun and Kalinia latifolia 25-30 feet high were seen, and ; e

of emic ae ty, Gaylussacia ursina, . with Ind ain Castilleja coccine f ~ Cae oe the latter eful plant for shady wooded planting. On the summit of the mountain, the fine stand of Azalea arborescens Richardsonti was j om into flower, the yellow blotch on its upper petal easily distinguish- ing it from the species. N summit was n nt we

00 some of the deep ravines e lower slopes were frequent colonies of Diphylleia cymosa, a relative of the May-apple, with leaves a foot in diameter.

Near Highlands, we went to see one of the finest known colonies of Stewartia pentagyna and near it the velvet-leaved, dwarf holly, flex Beadlei.

ut now our oe started. It was decided after a council-

meeting to go into the Whitewater country in South Carolina to see Shortia elect in its natural habitat. It would probably mi interesting afternoon trip o or 30 miles and we

an 01 could easily — Asheville again by dark. So we went blithely

4 Senecio Rugelia is described in Addisonia 20: No. 2. 1937.

WOODY PLANTS Wi

THRIVE IN NEW. YO

LESS CONGESTED ZC

7 i Wisteria ee to. the roof on‘one the. early houses :-at- Wathingion _ Square :

2: An American holly. 28 feet wah Brow gin Owl's Head ean in Brookly Ls

“3: A row of yo ung pin oaks, ‘recently » planted, Gee promise of a fine : nue one te St. between ‘and Res

4 oe shingle oak often. assumes a a! flit. opped appearance inthe. city.” It: hal ie folate well durin

Se On the grounds. of -Mother. Cabrini. =

American. pla me, ackberry, ptaba rdy a all bortered

and by:

briv

6. The c lage glossy leaves of Crataegus. appear luxuriant even after ~

: yedrs on Br baraae in one of

: the bls ned? 80th ;

Paulownia,

the - empre. resstvee, it

ew York, an even within the city into an ap- propriately tnajestic tree.

This one is in Central Park.

Photograph by A. J. Bisailton

Galax aphylla is one of the a asngie of woodland cover plants in the southern Appalachians. 7 was found on Mount Mitchell. Ralph roe is shown examining one of the candle: ‘like’ spires of white bloom above t glossy evergreen leaves.

down into Horse Cove, from nae we turned into a side road winding down one mountain other. We knew that our

§ many of them. Of course we were not in thé Whitewater valley and we knew it, but why should Shortia not grow in other valleys where the habitat was similar? We did find beautiful colo of the large-flowered wild ginger, Asarum Shuttleworthit and one patch of the rare Ophrys Small, a tiny orchid with rather

237

drab-colored flowers, and many a beautiful woodland stand of Amianthinin muscaetoxicum. Black clouds rolled up and rumbles of thunder came nearer and nearer. a head- — thicket of Leucothoé Catesbaei,’ in most per- fect eae we see, but no Shortia; neither could we

miles fror e line. nally we crossed the — Sou at

t ? ie ” He then stated that it grew 15 or 20 miles away in h Carolina, and recommended that we go to Salem, for any- one a could direct us to it. To Salem we went, finding it only after ata the hit-and-miss

water Falls was and directed us to the Tae The road twiste rkle finally started to ascend the mountaits. It heaine Anos im-

quent rolls of thunder, until we heard the roar Te fall. There in a deep gorge was the 300-foot ree ()

° te iy + Th 3 BD = oO 7

description of Amianthinum muscaetoxicum will appear in the next

5A des number of Addisonia. aoe southeastern plants mentioned here which have been ica din A 1. 1;

ribe cree are: Rhododendron carolinianum, Vo : Compra Fraseri 1. ; Oxvdendrum arboreum 4. No. 2; a Pe Catesbaei 4. No. 4; Caulucace brachycera : No. 2: Shortie (Sherwoodia) galacifolia en No. 1; a viscosa glauca 11. No. 3; Eryngium qucet- foliune (aguaticum) UL. No. ; a calendulacee 13. No. edum terna- an Ae icentra (Bicuculla) eximia 14, No. 4; Oenothera argilli-

. No. ; Pogo aia (Cleistes) divaricata 18. No. 3; Stewartia Ce ea ee grandiflora 19. No. 1; Azalea ar borescens 19. No.

es AND PLANTS FROM HE 7 UDENT ee as ACATION TR

Photograph by Samuel Bridge

Whitewater Falls in South Carolina is in a

Ss stands in the foreground

: aie Photographs by E. J

axifraga leucanthemifolia, ae stands about a foot high, frequents wet cliffs and oe in the southeastern mountains, but it is not well known in cultivation. From which the student gardeners brough it back from their trip it is hoped to — i oe “ saxifrage in gardens. Shor 2 acon ie oe a weed” in its native haw in the Whitewater countr He in

239

Whitewater River, the cliffs all around covered with Rhedoden- dron minus in full flower, truly a glorious sight. Still no Shortia.

we were looking for. Again we drew a picture. “Oh, that eed? he said, “it grows around the spring right over here.” We fol-

mi. re sarum virginicum, Viola hirsutula, 1’. hastata, V pallens, 1 rotundifolia, Viburnum nudum, and the climbing hydrangea rela- tive, Decumaria barbara. The habitat was exactly what we had

thou Pa wet rhododendron thickets. tchell, highest point in the eastern states, was our next

say nothing of the gr reat carpe of Houstonia serpyllifolia and H, purpurea which fairly swale ee At one place a colony of pure albino H. serpyllifolia was found. Above 5,000 feet

240

Rhododendron catawhbiense ran riot, in all shades of magenta,

rosy-purple, and even rose.

The last day was spent in a highly educational trip through

the famous Biltmore Estate, where we saw many surpassingly ng:

fine plant of both common and rare plants, native and exotic. On the way out of North ae we found good colonies of

Symplocos tinctoria Ashei, an early se ait shru ic

is to be tes ed for hardiness At Blowing Roc revices wer

n the northwestern corner of state and in adjacent Ten- nessee we found Crepts capillaris, pg gs efore sa ie far south. On the way back through Virginia, stops w to see the rather rare Pachistima Canbyi and Cena “Addisonii, as well as the more common Anemone lancifolia, Phlox ovata, Allium cernuum and eye eee

York Botanical Garden, but a fair number still re- main to be placed in cultivation or to have their eae possibilities werk out. Practically all are being tried out at this institution, for their hardiness and ornamental value.

Of equal ae was the pele in the Nik-Nar Nursery and in the private nursery of . D. Beadle, Superintendent of the Biltmore Estate, of a ne of native rarities which we did not have time to seek out in the wild. These were ha their first steps along the road leading to American garden:

The Gardeners Forum

AN unofficial see eae among the student snes and other members of the gardening staff of The New York Botanical Garden, the Gardeners eae began its fe year of activity at the annual meeting held Sept. 19. P. J. McKenna was re-elected pe for the year; es Tansey was chosen vice-chairman to succeed Franklin C. ore and Wilbur Wright was made secretary-treasurer, ener

. Moss.

241

Assisting Mr. Wright in planning the subjects

n for diecdssion during the year will be George McGregor and

Samuel Bridge.

wice a month during the autumn and wi

nter, the

s the following subjects were presented by the gardeners named:

Lives Sorts AND FErRTILIzers

pada eerie

ard A a eens or TREES AND SHRUBS as Mess NotewortHy TREES AND SHRUBS a Moss

OME “Consent Metops ee IN THE PROPAGATION AND Cu E OF PLA Ronald B. Townsend THE TRE - Horncore rE sae G. eae GREENHOUSE INSECTS pep Tan eae Ge

C p Cap THe Deva eraene oF Goes

Current Literature* At a Glance By Carol H. Woodward Mushroom Cultur wide a peal, scientific, practical and popular—

pop the principles and problems of mushroom culture. Besides the common 4

er of othe ushr: whi ay be subjected cultivation, though he he into greatest detail in treating the field mushroom of the American market

alapagos. The ve: aia of the i- ous island which for

goal of both scientists ad explorers is treated in anish in a recent paper- covered volume entitled (in translation) ‘Gal: ae eae ees : Hes Solis the author t

k, erriee is published ie the Central a of Quito, Ecuador. ations menti

ublic: ioned and sie ae he found in ne Tingare He "The Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin

E GROUND

eorge McGrego GC. Nichole A, Belo Ralph Pinkus A. E. McKay Donald eaaison

FLoRICULTURE Samuel Bridge

Plant Influence. The possibility that Shoe ra from fruits hav. urpose or usefulness not yet d

apples promoted

eaten : plies and Willow a stimu- lated r ormation on willow Small Bulbs. which flowe

Crocuses in aaa ar i io.

ho shows fee to die bulbs of many species in natural size

House Plants. What to do with potted plants seo they are brought indoors the end of the summer is told by Esther iC. Gr rayson in the September pike of the American Home.

242

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.)

wing Plants

Chania Solut s LESS H OF PLAN Carleton Ellis and Mea W. Swaney. 155 pages, illustrated, indexed. Rein- hold, Ne ‘k, 1938. $2.7 CHEMI GARDENS AND TO CARE FOR THEM. evis Edition. Anonymous. 19 pages. 1938. Chemical Garden Co., Evanston, III. 25¢. GR NG__ PLANTS THOUT

oO

SOIL BY THE WATER COLEORE METHOD. i R. Hoagland and D. I. 16 ges, mimeographed, 1938. Oalversity i California, College of

Agri , Berkeley, Calif. Popular eee in | growth = oo without soil has

ously called water culture, tray agricul- ture, tank far nine, hydroponics, foe gardecie. and s The ahs lees ti mentioned above were W ner in r sponse to this interest

The book by Ellis and Swaney is t mos bitious of the three. Its presen-

io: 2 ae Pics ure

Cee and heavy water— which rae

recently attracted cae ee fey attention from the aut cuss their own ex clei ents inducing Nhe on

rocking troughs simulating the conditions a Hees are grown in soilless cultures on ps at sea, as well as experiments by alee The pamphlet by the Chemical ae ompany gives a straightforward des

ture method and procedures for growing plants by the water canine method. They

do not believe the water culture methoc offers advantages over soil. ey say

at of plants grown it

W. J. Rogsins.

water culture.”

Forests in Germany GERMAN FORESTRY. Franz Hes! 342 pages, illustrated Aan ‘holographs charts, and maps; index le Uni ersity Press, New foe tere $3 The one of forests in German

acer » ar make its technique more available to foresters ir ther countries. i to

University anc . collaborat

especially inter res to note ie

sot poe forest

was the concern

S an organiza ae developed comparable to the n Forest Service in its scope and cen:

243

tralizing objective. A year later, private forests, W! Lara have long played an im- portant role he sum total of Ger! forestry, came Sande national ree ih

not by way of confiscation, but by tech- fital puidsace coupled with se

ae LE

wo reste: and each state counterpart. In addition to these sell ove aves agencies, the Nat oa as its own forest ae Sree rd ata of ae z HH to he coordin of the entire German fovetiny str oe

ith respect to the resources of that

natural woodland eminded

the primeval stands and th a in many cases seriously altered the asso- ciation of t today is

of vegetation, namely, the heath region o northwestern Germany, the western Baltic beech region, the broadleaf and pine re- gion of Pomerania, the spruce region of East Prussia, the north German pine re- gion, the pine-spruce-fir region of Upper Silesia, the spruce-beech-fr region of central and southern Germany, Pp

he a as broadleaf exon of southern

addition to these items, culled fro this. interesting volume, there are chapters lealing forestr cati the

i= s a om

heritages in the United States E. H. Fe

Five Pounds on Gardening RS OMNIBUS.

THE GARDENE Edited for the Massachusetts Horti-

cultural Society by Edwar Farring- ton. 886 pages, illustrated, indexed. Hal le, Cushman & Flint, Boston, 1938. $3.

“Thirty-nine books in one” is the an- nouncement which accompanies "The Gar- dener’s Omnibus of the 109-

ticultural quarters up in fs ston. The subjects of the “books” va rom the

appeared each wi many years, to rock g:

a special Eon on each of tant groups of plants, such as ee oa flowers, hedge plants, bulbs, and trees, besides discussions of garden pests, labels,

pruning; greenhouses, and many other

topic

Mos of the material has appeared ii Homiaulivre ae the whole book is ee ‘yle eek

up in the st; of that weekly eet which means that its 886 large pages wit heavy covers ‘h fe nn

h weigl Nearly every page contains at least one

photograph of a plant subject being dis- cussed. While m experts appear at the ends of articles, the bulk of the book is admittedly written by and

r amateur: suet any statements are made with gland conditions in mind, the aries Cae = untry in

alice’ ion from coa e Gulf beyond the border cae Canada. Caro. H.

Woopw

A Fungus-Insect Relationship

THE GENUS SEPTOBASIDIUM, ohn N. Couch. 480 pages, indexed. Tilustrated with text-: peures: and plates carers -_ ONG th Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, "35.

ee ee “The

Genus Sep-

rn

University

This

The introduction presents a description of the life histories of some of the typical

244

species of this genus, and the account

and intimate correlation of ¢ ungus with its insect host is almost apa able. All of the species of this genus are parasitic on scale insects, which, ir tur c] ir nourishment fromthe plant host on which live. The fun-

able to live with-

the author points ae Al is not a leat case of parasitism where the fungus lives purely at the detriment of its insect host. In qed is its enforce y generously wtich the mn

ee live and by which they are pro

in them

selves to the well-be'ng of the. fungus,

e not so sacrificed re t nd

otector.

is to be ile ted’ on his salable contribution to science F. J. SEAVER.

Exploring in Burma And Tibet

PLANT HUNTER’S PARADISE. F. .. illustrated appendix; index. Macmillan, New ae 1938. - 3.50. down the

list of been introduced ait the expl

ar

vides). And itis t

species of onnaei en

and where cer

ter, one

would find many more names that in

recent years have anne catalogs, gar dens, and flower show

writes hapter (the story o his fourteenth expedition into is running in the Gardeners’ Chronich f£ London), he mentions newly discov ered pla offer possibilities fo:

vel ir “the wer s to be grown in tomorrow’: arder

Caro, H. Woopwarp.

Tree Care for the Amateur

OUR SHADE _ TREES. | Ephrain Porter Felt. 187 pages, illustratec with photographs, indexed. Orang: Judd, New York, 1938.

Of the many books and periodical s pub- lished on the care a trees col

RPS

a tion as this popular-priced boo well known entomologist and pe aur hor ee Dr. E. P. Felt. Little

aid in as simple se undersea a seaiiee on such a subj ers is outlinec a Felt ther

hims iranmnentel. ‘factor: rs affecting hee tre: wound id cavitie e selecti

planting of Hebe st

93 oO Ba

at we. graphs. The whol

ing the captions to the phot how

ogra, admirably readable, and th

245

author’s keen sense of tree problems and of the important place of trees in the it

y.

ghout there is a gene ae ine

Ly oe ite capable

aging the various Alifialties ‘encounter true ther

is no on problems of Iture than the expert, but it ld be more gratifying to th

After all, the analysis of symptoms is the pri me requisite for any successful diagnosis.

JosepH W. TANSEY.

Auxins and Other eg cetiees PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES. Hugh Nicol. 108 pages. Indioes of substances, authors, and plants. Leonard Hill Limite d, London, 1938.

This the fourth book on plant growth substances ‘which hee come a the reviewer's attention; the others are the

Be ‘

of Boysen- Jensen's books and the text by Went and Thimann. gh entitled “Plant Growth Substances” this book i largely limited to a discussion of th “auxins” and compounds having similar effects Pas reference is made to vita- min a growth substance, to pan thenic acd: thyroxin, male and female hormones, Bottomley’s auximones and other substances, but rather sur

prisingly no mention is made , ni or

of the eae ae B.) s The first thapters are res sed to the lay oo but the hesestion of the author in ve chemical aspects of the € and origin of the

book heavy reading fo

y. Ss apparent pon the author’s dis-

he substitution of magnesium 2-pyrrole-carboxylate for iron

in the NA of plants. Altogether the book a stimulating discussion, i it should

interested in plant alee substanices. Wit

M J. Rosin Darwin—A New Portrait Of the Nasecua As a Man RLES DARWIN. Geoffrey West. oe cee ijlustrated, indexed. Yale Unive: Press, New Haven, 1938. $3.50. rely as the great naturalist form lated the theory of n al se- lection as the basic mechanics of organic

ed with

han any previous

S z nF g Qo p

ry begins, as must all tales of ries Darwin, two generations before

his birth, for at a the pee its_incep-

was so eased aes later by a. grandson Char

many years eer, before the ay M the Great Work, as Charles Dar-

win regarded it. In the meantime we read of Charles’ happy ne at Shrews- ury, at a time wh Europe was

e heed.

to please his forbear. however, an ee “where any man, ous or Sporn. cou cording to his talents.’

Soon, however, his ee terests wandered into natural science, into collecting, and

a niche ac-

246

particularly into geology And then came the gr reat, cpeaoa. Charles’

Teneriffe, Cap ds, cance. the Rie er Patagonia, Tierra

and New Z

periods of time. He was only twenty- oe at the time when the voyage be-

gan, but his earlier excursions into nat- ural histo d alrea for him

lecting mania have since ma

age memorable in the annals of science. Finally he returned England with a

diary of so 189,000 words and a con-

stitution so impoverished that for nearly

forty years, it was said, “he never knew

mach that wrought such

ery during the remainder of his days oud er him so phbelieae ae for at a time he

year: ork more than a jew hours a a Had it not been ne chose an ideal wife in

in. ening ex- ni lustry despite iit health. By

| to studying t ogy, coral refs

ace ee ane Sapien of plan and animals under domestication, as well as sexual selection. earthworms and other phases of natural history. The culmina-

tion of it all was the announcement i 1858 of the Theory of ea by Nat ural Selection, and

gin

d last edi tion one despite Hike inevitable criticisn o all ian works it had ene i

est a tablished as a great tributio

Darwin frequently feared lest publica tion of his ideas offend people. Thi: angle of his nature bothered him par ticularl hen he was led a con siderati f himself. Finally, hi. convictions prevailed ai “The Descen of Man” appeared. But i

lations of this man was ect te Alfred Se ae his contemporary In the mid f Darwin ors

ceived : from this scolleseae whick contained si nee essence of Darwin's long pon di and which seemed tc take all originality foi is own worl But Dar no malice and passec the pie on ae publication. His ward lay oe the greater fame attached to his own work later and e friend- ship heoenticn which came from

Wallac Epmunp H, Futtine.

Notes, News, and Comment

Storm Damage i heavy storm which struc .

a few elm

oken from which were just b :

entering a pro mising season of bloom

247

and the hardy asters, just beginning to a0 were whipped almost beyond recog- n, both plantin h

a hardy chrysanthemu did ni m to feel the effects of the storm

the Arnold Arboretum D. Merrill reported the damage from the storm to have been the worst in the his- tory of the institution. “A hu ried sur- vey made the next morning,” he wrote,

“shows that sooty 1,500 trees were either w ed

Arbor oe

year

Michaelm: occupy a border poral Sone plants. expecte

go oun nd ‘ e middle of Octo- ber. Of these there are 3,000 eae in 72 varieties. The hardy and _ tropical waterlilies have been Oe aie nae this year and ase Eigomine has been continued well i the

re Je. President of

meeting of the Board

In Chic Dr. W. H. Cam as in vited to lectire - ae Field Meseum in “Winter in

a

ouis Oo faves from the Ozark Mountains at Missouri Botanic Garden,

neva. Dr. A. B. Stout spent a week at ieee N. Y., the middle of pee valuate the

on the new seedless grapes.

Visi Dr. David Crawford, Pre: dent a the University of H hi

mer home

ohn

to th Eigi gin ‘Botan Cris oF Bae ‘he was the “founde Manda, peared grower iw West Orange, N. a Garden during September, ber of fine orchids wit!

oo

bringing

lege; E. Research Labor. atories, accompanied by na he fe ce Ey D. Merrill of Har-

ity; A. oy

ore ell Psa eia rennet Honolulu; Arthur ternational Flower how: Marga r i Thomas Herbarium; F.

ee a ie University of Henry Teuscher of the

F Raymond Fi Pennsylvania ;

eal Botanic Garden; Leon Croizat He “ihe cee Arbo retum; Ernest Rou- of U y

niversit: ‘of Montreal ;

anda K Meare of the Boyce Thompson Institute; Clyde Fisher of the American Museum of Dies : e,

an aux, France, who is doing pathalegiell Hasty at Louisiana State peas this

ures, Openin; e first of a series of lectures ay eatiged ee patrons o the flower sho Greenwich, ;

by Horticultural Society, with t of the Greenwich, Ri = side, Hor tulus Garden lee the Little Garden Club of Rye, The Green Fingers, and the 5 Club cae leners. Mr. aay ar

h Africa. it: oldenke recite to the to)

as guests 18 on “Growing Healthy Higa at The New

York Botanical Gar Mycological For. uchesnay, northwest of Oues Rie = the Forest Rangers School acted 3 as ace Dr. ede e, Dr. F. J. Seaver, and ) gelstein were am th 70 persons who attended the annual foray of the Mycological Society of Americ: beginning August 23 and oo 2

d € the royal erieieasnieah hout the ses

which was offered throug! - sion, made the foray an unusually suc- cessful one. Mr. Hagelstein address

excursions to country and motion pictures of Canadian scenery and life.

e Gardening Staff. Donald Dodds, z rt, who wa:

J.

Eldridge estate at Great Nee. fae ie ing the Ga rden. has been assistant

Fe s being transferrec as sien foreman. , formerly assistant ; nes enrolled this

work at

ahlem Botanic Garden, but ref

after little more than nae months there.

After a season sp orking : a nursery in Suiceand pice Geber

former gardener at the Bot: tanical Carden

and a graduate of the science i also returned to this country in September.

To Yal John T. Moss, a student eis! who received his certificate from

organize depart t for the propagating of plant material for ale University’s

255

mental pees The come ler man agement of Bureau “of Planting, will chiefly be don in the greenhouse which

B a apprentice, and shortly hee was ap- pointed a student gardener.

Mex Hay: tracted ness = while collecting oe ig 1

phere from Alaska i outh America

THE NEW YORK shpat GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGER

I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS res 1939: Pals M. goes hea haa CrareNceE Lewis, Pierre D. Merritt, Henry bE LA Saks Paton) and Assistant 1 carer) We AM J. Rossins, and Until 1940: Hee DE Forest Brusvow" Vice-president, oe FRIcK, ALLYN R° pers Incs, Henry Locxuart, Jr., L, and JosEPH

. ident

Until 1941: MarsuaLt Fievp D, Mrs, Eton Huntineton Hooker, ae oe ME _ ia (Vice-president), Cot. Ropert H. Montcomery, and H. Hos Por’

II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS FrorELto H, LaGuaropra, Mayor a the City of New York. Ropert Moses, Park Commission JAMES MarsHALL, President of ihe Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Soe E. Hazen, arncnied by the Torrey Botanical Club. ARPER, Sam F. TRELEASE, EpmMuND W. SINNotT, and Marston T. rete appointed by Columbia University,

GARDEN STAFF

Liam J BBINS, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director . A. Grzason, Pu. D. Assistant Director ie coped ad Curator HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director A. B. Stout, Px, D. Curator of Education ae Laboratories Frep J, Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator eee O. Dongs, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist N HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M.D. Bibliog Pace WiLson Associate sie A Cc. Sais, Pu, D. Associate Curat. Harotp N. Motpenxe, Pu. D. Associate Curator Exizazetu C. Hatt, B. S. LE iia H. H. Russy, M. D. .......... Honorary Curator of the Economic Collec: Fiepa GRIFFITH Artist and he Ropert S. WILLIAMS search evans in Bryology E, J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and atti of the ie i Herbarium Camp, Pu, eae urator CLYDE trae A. M e. pra OSALI Technical Assistant FREDERICK nea M.A Technical Assistant Carot H. Woopwarp, "A. B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort Horticulturist G. L. Wirtrrocx, A. M. ‘ocent TTO DEGENER, M. S. Collaborator in Hawatian Botan Ropert HAacELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Mt. pieces ETHEL eae = ee Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections eae jJ.c Superintendent a dune lings and Grounds Ce PEANDES Assistant Gupericadent

MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN

tablished as a spuvete tely endowed institutions aided Panally oy City appro- een The New York Boma MGarden s dependent for progress largely upon benefactions ad mem pence oug 4 ey means, nuh young as botani- cal gardens go, it has bec the th: a araest seutnicn of its kind, its library, pera ats orcas reoleecans ranking among the finest and most complete any c

A eee al in The New York Botanical arden: therefore, means promotion of scientific research in botany and the advancement of horticultural inten Scientifically, the Garden is able to serve as a chssiny haw: ° ness n for students an i it s vie

[op ® S cI o o 5 c 5 i) ° * By iS a) La] ° (a3 eR ot a. e 5 p is) a mp G aq QP lal [oy is} uv oo.

emberships enefactions is made at den fee the ¢ training of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new ; aes F :

r nn ot Y, ic r arch and rea sdice: free exhibits are maintained in the museum, the greenhouses, and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free TAtgEA Gen in botany and gardening are given to the public. ac

individual member of the Garden receives: copy of ie Journal every month. (2) A copy of Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with eight colored plates of unusual aes ceeea ated by complete descrip- tions and other pertinent Pa enee

(3) A share of surplus plant ee of interesting or new varieties whenever it is distributed. 4) Announcements of special floral displays at the Garden from season to season 5) Credit, to ne extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study offered by the Garden. 5 A limited number of oe clubs are accepted as afhliates. The privileges of afhliation are a subscription to the Journal, announcements of displays, a specially conducted tour of the grounds and greenhouses, and a lecture once a year by a —S selected member of the staff. : Fellowships or sehen for practical student-training in horticulture or for botanical research may be ee a shed by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a eae The ee of ae te a types of benefaction are as follows:

Annual Member $ 10

SuEETETAe Member annual fee 25

Garden Club Affiliation annual fee for club 25

Fellowship Member annual fee 100

Member for Life single contribution 250

Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 atron single contribution 5,000

Benefactor single contribution 25,000

Contributions to the Garden may Be Seducted from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved form of beq

I hereby peaueaels to The New York Bene Garden incorporated under the Laws of New ork, Chapter 285 a 1891, the ——______..

Conditi me bequests may made Sie income payable to donor or any designated pene ficiary duane ane or hos lifetime.

All requests for further information shoal be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York,

Vou. XX XIX Novemeer, 1938 PAGES No

SCORN SE

THE NEW YORK bree GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical ae Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.0 Single copies 10 c Fre

e to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor NoveMBER, 1938 CHRYSANTHEMUMS IN NOVEMBER AT THE Gar Cover Phooeaoh by Fleda Griffith THE CONTRIBUTION OF BOTANICAL GARDENS TO Community LiF William J. Robbins 249 SoME CHRONICLES IN GRAPE Hisrory—I B. Stout 254 GRAPES OF THE EASTERN STATES 1 MusHroom PoIsonINc Rock GarDEN AWARD TO Mrs. SCHNEIDER Reviews OF RECENT Books CurreENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 270 Notes, NEws, AND COMMENT 272 THE AMATEUR BOTANIST na search is made in the annals of the biological sciences, there are

When found, beside the names of professors and institutional research worker. y persons not engaged by any organiz zed body whose contributions . : pige

Fred J. pee 263 264

These are the amateurs in the scientific world—men and wom te) make well ordered collections of natural objects, who classify en. per-

E Darwin was an amateur. He studied sl oe gases but gave . Whe ate

it up for a hazardous expedition n he returned he fortunately was om! a te not ne to i rr is scientific studies an engro ae pastim oe n earned a

oO was an am He worked out the basis of ca att of inheritance which is i today while serving as a mo us a

r own d right here in New Yor ie en ehenced botanical ma

yer

orld authority on the sedges. Raymon orrey, a newspaperman,

became an authority on the lichens. Addison Brown, one of the founders f the Garden and the collaborator of Dr. N. en ge was a New

judge who was absorbed in his avocation of bot:

of amateur bee ists now living ee names will go down in the history of th ce is ost endless. Their is ntly as important as that o professionals. And every painstaking collector of

plants or logical experimenter in this field is making a proportional con- tribution to science. ‘o these ee The New York Botanical Garden opens its doors and s them, so far as its palit permit, the co-operation of the staff and i pee a use of the equipment, the library, and the collections.

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. XXXIX NovemBer, 1938 No. 467

The (Contribution Of Botanical Gardens To Community Life

By William J. Robbins

(Adapted from an address given before a joint conference of educators

and other community workers at Teachers College, Columbia University, 1938. )

July 22,

! [ ‘HAT botanical gardens contribute materially to community life is self-evident from their persistence as parts of our

of Aristotle and Theophrastus (340 )} to the present and many of the gardens of today are old as human institutions go he Jardin des Plantes in Paris was founde ; the

New York Botanical Garden were founded in 1889 and 1895 respectively.

Why are there botanical gardens

Fundamentally, the existence of el gardens is because of the importance of plants. Plants in the last analysis are the

U1 ei hairs are used for cordage and clothing, aba ae the cellulose of

249

250

their bodies chemists make cellophane, artificial silk, powerful her products nt

sibl mercial fermentations. The economic value of plants is of the a ss hi

as

as ina pene but as individuals. Some pare frequently their

flowers, leaves or seeds, is often the motif from which a formal

artistic design is developed. The beauty of form and color of ad

tanical gardens are museums of ha life, in which some exhibits are living, changing from day to day and year after year, and others are preserved for ae reference and display. otanical gardens are necessarily roan by whatever conditions affect cone museums. What I have to say, therefore, on the con- tribution of botanical gardens to ne life applies, in the main, to the contributions made by other types of museums; modi- ed, of course, by the differences in the type of material dealt ith.

First. Botanical gardens, if located in cities, are bound to be places of recreation. ey are antidotes for the artificiality of

offere ) men ae private means or adjuncts to royal courts. In accordance with the progress of the times they have become the common re of all.

Not long ago a visitor to The New York Botanical Garden said to me after inquiring for some directions: “You see, I’m out of a job, and I sit at home for hours sometimes bert what the ie holds. I get so J can’t stand it any lon e after tramping the streets some more, trying again to find some

ie) 4

251

work, I get on the Elevated and come out here to the Garden.

garden I the impression tha h an institu-

tion is to b rded as a park or playgroun should parks and playgrounds—they have their place in community life, it is an import one; but any botani ed primaril a. a playground misses, in my opinion, the unique contrib to rec no i is capable or th h its ordered plantings outdoors and under glass, with the 1 labeling of spe ns oups, and through its museum

exhibits, library services, and lectures, a botanical garden can provide educational as well as merely pleasurable forms of recreation.

Second. Going further, a botanical garden contributes to com- munity life by acting as a reliable center of information on plants.

n which a plan for introduction into ene ee aes where to get cow manure; what books to read on gardening; why there are no blue roses; what information exists on chemical gardens; where to secure large quantities of ragweed pollen for studies on hay-

be those of a wore included by a housewife in her jelly it inedible. large botanical garden with its world-wide contacts, its

, herbarium, and its trained staff, is peculiarly aule of fading reliable information on plants

252

Third. Its function as a demonstration area is important.

A fine sod, a well-grown tree, a model garden, a pla of flowers x shrubs is not only a pleasant, it is an inspiring sight: it shows

courages them to achieve fine results in their own gardens. Much s we value the passive enjoyme { flowers, shrubs, and trees. we

e who wish to have gardens or are otherwise con- cerned with cre Fourth. From what I have said it is clear that a botanical gar-

e the interest of an individual in a subject ying the interest aroused. Again

colleges is my opinion tha ile h programs are of value, they r the danger of duplicating educational agencies fe y provi r of taki

ed aking over functions which an organized ee already existing can perform. Th

are, however, some oes educational efforts which by en:

e. xtend ov or tl rovide training ee to secure elsewhere. In

eae fitted the education of gardeners. tai ducati

fe, ar with some guidance and with facilities for their work. No botani-

253

cal garden with which I am acquainted is at present equipped to

not enough merely to maintain a museum and a garden, even though both are of the v best quality. There must be oppor tunity for individuals one ves to become active.

Finally, a botanical garden contributes to community life

r facts and processes are discovered and disseminated by an insti tution like a botanical garden to that part of the ae which can use the Peace mn.

There is not space to discuss in detail an ideal scientific pro- gram for a botanical es but its guiding principles should these :

1, The questions investigated will vary with the location and resources of the garden. ram should be fundamental and not superfici

N 3 a)

City should Bate world- wie interest and be concerned with investi- gations of world-wide imp In summary I may say that a botanical garden contributes to community life by providing recreation, by fostering scientific advancement, and by serving the public as a source of informa- tion and inspiration and as an educational agency.

254

Some Chronicles In

Grape History By A. B. Stout I. HE Grape meee ee includes about ten genera and a total of near] 0 different species. l these are woody plants with fae semi- climbing, or somewhat bushy habits of 1 cases t

ee by selection within a species or by hybridization between species followed by selective breeding.

The species of itis, now recognized by botanists, number between 40 and 50; bad 2 these about 30 are native to the area

nd semi-tropical regions of both the New and the Old Worlds, but exclusively in the northern hemisphere.

Vitis Vinifera in the Old World

the wild grapes of the Old World evidently only one type, Vitis vinifera, became important in early cultivation. The culture of this grape began at a remote prehistoric date, and in time ex-

plant that appears may be multiplied for culture as a clonal variety. The numerous variations in these grapes are indeed noteworthy ae their diversity. But it is not unusual for such differences to

rise within a single species, especially after long cultivation with ee tion of diverse ce ates s which then cross rather freely in the production of t

The vinifera grapes ae table, wine and raisin grapes. Usu ally the fruit has a high sugar content, rather solid or meaty an

and a rich flavor called ous”. In the quality of their fruit the best of the vinifera grapes undoubtedly surpass all grapes of ther types now in cultt B vinifera grapes have rather

fleshy and tender roots ae a constitution not suited to the colder parts of the temperate zone.

Vinifera Experiments in the New World e attempts to establish the culture of vinifera grapes in rth Ame

by colonial assemblies and later by both state and national gov- ernments. Experienced grape growers or “vine dressers’ were

y y from

to Kentucky, Ohio, and Indiana, attempts were made to establish the culture of the European grapes. Everywhere there was dismal failure.*

eae for these failures are now evident. The vinifera grapes are unsuited to outdoor culture in the United States except on the Pacific Coast where they thrive in a culture that is now ex-

E to n to give the fatal weakness that dooms these grapes for commer- cial culture anvwhere in eastern United States.

Those who may wish to read in more detail interesting accounts of this epoch of age ltural failure are referred to the volumes “T grapes of New York” by Hedrick and “The evolution of our native fruits” by Bailey.

t a rot of grapes (Guignardia bidwellii) ; powdery ft (Uncinula necator) ; and downy mildew (Plasimopara viticola ).

256

Grapes and Botanical History t was destined that grapes suitable for culture in eastern United

knowledge during the period from early colonial days to the Civil ar in the United States. Belief in acclima tion. oo of this period shared in the rather universal belief of the time that the character of a plant

ap' gradually gave way during the first half of the 19th century to hybridization and selective breeding. Knowledge of sexual reproduction in plants, At the beginning it

o sions were recorded in a letter published in 1694 and again in 1696 in volumes that are among the rarest of botanical publica- tions. Various aspects of sexual reproduction, especially in re- spect to the necessity of pollination for fruit and seed formation, had long been eas but not understood, in the culture of suc

ew In as published in seven editions between 1717 and 9. This some- what widely distributed book — the functions of the pistils and stamens of flowers in seed formation, discussed variation among seed progenies as due . cross-fertilization and emphasized

257

the value of selecting the best plants as parents in the efforts to ants

improve cultivated plar hus the importance considering the poll arent as well as the seed par selection was emphasized and clearly presented. Eventually this eles was

plied and extended in the work of breedi a

Selective breeding within species. The famous ae breeding firm of Vile nasa ieee in France was established in 1727, and among the outstanding contributions of this firm e the r s selection by hich culminated more than 100 years later in the breeding of the sugar 0.

S nt aes In Hiceaal Knight nea working with inter-

a segregation of characters. Van ns in cere tudied the seed pro; arious fruits (especially pears) and published a valuable monograph (1835) on the results which he obtain

Le Co and others ma rted extensive

to t the most valuable strains and to keep them pure preventing inter-breeding of different varieties and cross-pollina-

ur much attention. This was in the years between 1760 and ee In Germany, Koelreuter (publications from 1761 to 1766) a Gaertner (1849) reported extensive experimental oe which a resulted a several hundred different hybrids. But

ome ¢ cerned with practical results in ae new types a ens of value to horticulture. Several of these earlier hybridists and plant breeders held views r time. M f the methods of

and thee hee between true species are necessarily sterile, un- fruitful, and of no value. Also in the popular mind and in

258

ecclesiastical circles, it was widely held and advocated that hybridi-

zation must be a sacrilege and an abnormal if not pervertive TOCeS: ut these views gradual ve way before the accumu- lation of evidence, which was summarized and presented in the publications of C Darwint, that hybridization is a natural

and effective means of aroduene variation and is of much prac- tical value in breeding plants

Hybridization in Grapes Natural crosses. Dame Nature herself played an active and im- by chance hybridizations of new i n Uni State

rapes of merit. At many p! ° a peri f about 200 years, vinifera grapes were grown in the vicinity il s of nati aaa This prance oppor-

of v oe for ae nce hybr

Pos in the ae f vinifera grapes and recommended certain grapes believed to be native were those of Thomas Mease i Domes- tic Encyclopedia (1804). Mease praised certain “native” grapes hich were ime being grown with considerable su e of these, known as the Alexander Grape, illustrates how these grapes origi nate

dener for William Penn, growing ite of an old vi

yard of European grapes. The fruits ha acteristic of the wild Vitis Labrusca; the pulp was firm, juicy, and quite sweet, and a good wine of the claret type could be made 1 berries were oval in sha It is now be- hybrid. ee Jefferson

a han he wine made from the pes nder Gra worthy of

in existence in 1826, Certain over-enthusiastic vineyardists and

£1859, On the Origin of Species. 1868, The Variation of Animals and Plants under Done ein. Pe The Effects of Cross and Self. “fertiliza- tion in the Vegetable Kingdon

259

nurserymen distributed this grape under the names Tokay and ape and claimed it to be a vinifera type. This grape was the first hybrid of a native American grape which was generally grown with commercial success. The Isabella Grape appeared in 1816 and soon became an im-

teristics are strongly like those a, but the flowers are perfect, the berries are oval, the vine is susceptible to mildew, all of which indicate nas hee is V. vinifera in the parenta; om

The Catawba Grape was first noted in 1823 and it soon be- came _ most popular commercial grape in America. Even now after more than a century in culture it a the chief wine grape grown in New York State is grape strongly resembles th wild V. Labrusca but its rs are perfect, the fr are vinous in flavor, the plant suffers from attacks of mildew, and many of

which seeds may have been planted. But evidently no attempts

GRAPI

OF THI

EASTE]

STATI

1. Panorama at Naples, N. Y., of the aa grape: ue regions in the

2: i main trunk of one of the

3, a ine aoe vineyard of the uth, at Southern Pines, N. C.

acre a -U. S. Bureau of Plant Industry Courtesy of Garre

Wild grapes

5. Vitis argentifolia,

ive grape

BSE which is abundant in the vicinity of New York.

6. Typical vineyard in the Finger ria district of New York Sta

Yor

262

were made to control pes or to compare the progenies of different parents. Yet definite recommendations were made that the best of the species ee in America be used in hybridization with vinifera grapes

g : Planned breeding. The first deliberate hybridization in grapes

; the vine was vigorous and hardy. as a ine on plant Ada

The Concord Grape and its origin are of special interest in this

etts Horticultural Society the fruit of a seedling which was destined to ma ri istory under the name Cone Grape According to his statement Mr. Bull transplanted

r a Grape. Late he collected seeds from the wild vine, planted them, and thus obta: Bae the original Sahat which was prop

Cone Grape. The s of wild grapes which bear fruit have ae stamens, ane it seems certain that the Catawba vine was the pollen parent of this seedling. The Catawba itself is believed to be a hybrid with vinifera ancestry. Hence the Concord Grape is to be regarded as a plant which has a vinifera parent in its ancestry.

ruit of a definitely known hybrid was exhibited in 1854 in

siderable promise was grown and distributed under AL

n’s Hybrid. This grape had various characteristics which

263 plainly indicated a vinifera parent and it proved to be not hardy. or some reason this grape attracted more attention than did Dr. Valk’s hybrid of earlier origin and it was widely publicized as a demonstration of what may be accomplished by hybridization in Tapes.

(To be continued)

SMushroom Poisoning By Fred J. Seaver

ECENTLY a practising physician called at the writer’s home bag n

2 ES) 2 to) 4 ms S oq ° M< fc) 3.3 o G a 5 3 fe) 3 a on o p ing 3 teas}

The physician wished to know the name and nature of the sus- pected offender

The fungus was readily identified as Clitocybe illudens, com- monly known as the Jack-o’-lantern fungus because of its phos- phorescent glow in the dark. Though considered poisonous, it is not « one of the deadly forms, and there is some difference of

Photograph by Fleda Griffith

Clitocybe sar re a saffron-yellow mushroom with a phosphorescent low in the dark. It is a poisonous species.

264 the individual. oe the old authority on mushrooms, states:

“This fungus is so inviting in quantity and beauty that one turns from it with a regret that lingers. Eaten in quantity it acts upon

ve ar authority on mushrooms, states: “I have known people to eat it without harm, ete the chances are that it will make most persons os alt ought to be good, since it is so abundant and looks so

This fungus occurs in | large clumps in very late summer and any other mushroom be so used until its identity has been learned and its qualities are known

nee oe aes to Mrs. enna

Schneider has been in charge of planting in the one Gard

Second honors went to Donald Samson, a student gardener; third to Ned Irish of Bronxville, N. Y.; and fourth to Dorothea i i e G

oO cs) Lar} is}

and at prese ent in t gardening. Fifth place was shared by pson

uilt two models, and Philip Spear, both of whor are student gardeners.

Special mention was given to Philip Chandler, exchange stu- dent gardener from Kew, for a formal composition which the

C did not consider competitive. Two members of the course constructed models to be copied on their own home grounds. The highest rank given was 79%, on a basis of 90 possible points:

The ‘mal composition made by Philip oe in the Ca rden’s course rock garden construction. Beneath it, one a the gardens pee by Hildegard Schneider. For phot oeeple Pie the other panels which were awarded honors in the course, see pag

Abou for

30 each for principles of construction, for scenic value, and for grading. The judges were Es h °

a wn i= us) oO a > oO 3 a 2 oO is! o ° ch a > oO

the Poughkeepsie Nurseries ; and Joseph Tansey, greenhouse fore- man at the Garden. The models were built to scale to cover approximately 50 square feet and were made of stratified rocks and a composition soil. There were 18 people in the course, which was given under the direction of A. C. Pfander.

During the judging, each of the model rock gardens was desig- nated only by a number. Each judge inspected the work of the class at a different time, so that the scoring of each was inde- pendent of the others. The gardens receiving honors are illus- trated here.

67

The New

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of York Botanical Garden.)

Bearer a the Pacific OF eee s 7 ages, illustrated Frederick $3.50.

Ms ate mess uc

with phstagrapks, jeanne

A, Stokes Co., New York, 1938. Probably no other writer has been so ceteilently, equipped to record the saga of the Polynesians as Te Rangi Hiroa, the son of a fiaey ri mother and a father from a_nortl of Ireland family. Te

Bisho Sun: re abe ‘rom, his alae See the hich his rnal

ge. Few human migrations have the ro- of th a ted and ET tr riguing an oPae ific when

r Dr. Buck's ancestors fest ened their eyes to the eastern horizon. “Viki of th Sanree? tells of igrations in readable and often beautiful language, and the author has not sao ate ously to intersperse his sc facts

with legends, mythology, end “state chants. The work contains fine photographs.

pas: e is no doubt in the author’s mind

on

all Pee a in fairl and the main body of the book deals. with their dispersal iroteh out the oven triangle” from ‘the original center the Society Islands. From this point, Bree bly from the island $

remote groups as Marquesas, Easter Island, New Ze ala nd, Samo

"Oe gre feateut interest to those concerned with plants is the chapter on “The Trail of Plants and Animals,” which the author concedes must have been across Melanesia

ather than the Micronesian atolls. From e eastern extremity of Melanesia (the iji Islands), such fo nts as the

was to America

came to be w long before the advent of the first whites. He makes a voyag c from the

to the Peruvian coast §

and indeed the

farther east in search of new land, and found Ameri h kn en- aD who led hs Pee is credited

fuck a: g indivi oe to the records of e Polynesians. A. C. Sita.

Wine From The Hills BUBBLING WATERS. Cla B. Firestone, 296 pages, thstrated in- dexet Robert Oy ale Bride and Com- , New Moe From the land a erokees along the oo to ie nent “licks” of

ndiana, and thence through the hill- country to the Tuscarawas: re are he boundaries of a region where life still follows the tempo of that past our fathers knew. Into th se, the las Ider- nesses, Clark irestone went in search of that magic whieh Pliny said “doth lie in bubbling waters.” It is a multitude of things were there: Spring in the Blue- grass i -

ture; the trail of ¢ raider Morgan; stories of ol an’l Boone: the laughter of Kentucky folk; an pace on ee

tain tops. These thin many more—and now fe hse we to us in a series of yarns as refreshing as

that sparkling wine drawn from the cool springs which feed the swift- Sanne streams region dominated by ou Southern Appalachians where, sometimes, there is n r sound “save the phoebe’s ery . the sighing a a wind fra- grant with balsam.” If like

Scaiheen Highlands (and we doesn’ 2, this is a book you will want to read

W. H. Came.

Correvon on the Flowers a eee Marshes, Fields, and Woo

UR, DES EAUX ET E MARAIS. H. Correvon. 243 pages, rates with drawings and colored

Neuchatel and Paris. 1938. 12 Swiss Francs.

CHAMPS ET BOIS FLEURIS. H. Correvon. 201 pages, illustrated with

drawings and colored Deloehay ux & ree Paris. 1937 2 Sw

plates, indexed, Neuchatel and s Francs.

the a botanical ae in the seri utés

ful flowers grow

ater in the mountains rland.

ig the aquatic and palus-

of his

in ad near and pales af Suite er describin:

on an enchanting tour, everywhere closely studying the flowering plants of the onds, the marshes, the dam lines,

oO ag

and season to

subject, you recog it that you could find it next time yourself you wi alone flower-hunting

f Careead nes long been known

for his ark with alpine plants, his book on aquatic plants, pie: ntly a newer study, has more of an immediate appeal than his Champs et Bois Fleuris, in the same series, of which the second edition appeared in 193 This is largely be- cause the colored aah of the moisture-loving eae ttered through the book, sad of being

bunched at the back ayneee they el each other’s effect, and partly because

268

the captions in the more recent work are descriptive instead of being appended as mere labels.

But in both books there is plenty of good reading matter: scenic and botani- cal descriptions, ckground of bio- i 1

his country to find plants that are suit- able for cultivation In both books there is a ap ful choice

and drawings by S. Rivier and nee Rene oa walle and pleasure o both v

AROL H. Woopwarp.

’Way Down Upon .

SUWANNEE RIVER. Cecile Hulse Matschat. 296 pages, illustrated, in- dexed. Glossary and bibliography.

Farrar one Rhinehar'! 1938. $2.

While the hee river may not be one of America’s great streams as to

t:

the river. itself, however, which is a typi- cal southern stream, interest lies in the people of the land through which it flows. ittle gi their early history and gend, b te = about the present abiGnE of the region, their ustoms and superstitions, thee . nee and their. reminiscences of e or the cases i td by the old Pie

schat describes her trip from the tittle explored ane of the Okefe- nokee, dow to the Gulf of

Se ee Pei giving as much of the. onl history as could be obtained in so short

269

atime. There may be those whose appe- tites are so jaded as to ee ne a stream so historically insignificant in the

but

s to have no space for adverse cities E, J. ALEXANDER.

The ee of Many Waters ‘AE. The Grass of Many Wat

Tans Hanford Tiffany. tel pezes:

illustrated with 41 plates (colored, half-

tone, and line drawings) and 12 dia-

grams; indexed. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1938. $3.50.

busy ae

and rarely for the layman—the re- sls of Hie iboes. It is ie often that the who does fu eh ee what it is tet othe . wal o know, or is able to present it in an nteteitie pes heen Dr. pda is such a An authorit

that matter, hich live even in our o alimentary tracts, W. H. Camp.

Exploring the Mad Mountains Of Equatorial Africa MOUNTAINS OF aE Pate Patrick M. Synge. 221 eS, dexed, illustrated with Suoterabhe: cotored plates, and sketches. BPs New York. 1938. $4. Would your read of the Mountains of the Moon, that snow-capped central

African range which lies so near the equator and possesses, besides the snow- peaks, those fantastic forests of heat

in whose depths there is such weird, dank silence? Here lobelias, to us such low! d

y herbs, go mad and run u odes foot columns, while groundsels, en more lowly weeds to us, eat gnarle wisted trees, givii

d and t d i ae Fandseape an aspect Picea oad

ne hes region a British Museum Ex- mgasani

with their strange and he

the senate is

this regio den possibilities of the plants E

ALEXANDER.

poe a ae Rock Garden

SENSE _IN TH. CK CRRDEN. James H. Bissland. 217 pages, illustrat ed ae anor d. De La M rd Boo! New ork.

ar len 1938. $2.50. Although a mber of good boo

on the ee of Tocke gardens he been

imple rules and instructions for vari- ous kinds of gardening with rocks are

given, including the natural outcrop,

dens, and pavements, all with helpful sketches and illustrations for the setting and grouping of ston r lants.

mene is of these various kinds of plant. Common Sened a clearly etna solve many begin

the Rock Garden is sep, poe it will

EGARD hae,

pia Trees in ae ORTRAIT

OGWOODS.

Aol Miller. a nae illustrated in

‘olor. pee by the author, Nor- own, Pa. 1937, $1,

men ve ae a greater Sea

full flow duced in color, and the text “tells of sence dogwood trees and of American and world-wide interest in this species.

Carot H. Woopwarp.

Fifty American Trees KNOWING YOUR TREES. G. Collingwood. 109 pages, hilstate, pea “Bibtiogranhy American For- estr’ ciation, Washin ton, Dd. 1937 i.

exceedingly praiseworthy

An projec has been started by

the aaa Fon hat to publish i

can trees ith such general sta- tistics as an would wi know. The frst foal eens fi brings

fty trees, together the information concerning Bi as it was printed in American Forest.

It is a beautiful work, with phelcecarte

e entire tree, and of leaves, fruit

ever ry tree- and nature-lovers’ shelf. E. J. ALEXANDER,

Current Literature* At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh

my. A new taxonomic journal,

ora

has excellent eerenn many in color. Sea Life. The Journal He ce rine Re-

search, Vol. I, No. 1, has

the infor: aiinine ihe distribution are marine forms

e use of trees without trunks

nas a as hibits the use c eae aoe ‘Agricalra i pecan Station, Farg

Mt. Rar A check list of plants in Mt. Rane ee Park with descrip- ions Bae e popularly called flowers the mimeographed bulletin of U . 5. Dz. National Park Service Vol. 24, No, 1-2,

The ten most bg a trees

al Sherman Bot od con taining the greatest volume lumber e ) the Nattonal Community Christmas Tree, a spruce on the lawn e i

House, (5) Mother’s Day Tree, a white

“Ally publications mentioned he and m; others—may be found in the Library ae The Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin,

birch planted at Reading, Pa.;

Jefferson Pecans planted b

Washington at Mt. Vernon m

(6) the George

ie the land_ an eaves fund ne its care: e Dueling Oak, a con- ei Trees, Sept., 193 8, a new aeacine Tbene pub- lished in Santa Monica, Calif.

Succulents. Descriptions and exception-

ally good colored photographs of the sere f four species ae succulents ap-

Blihende Kakteen und ee ¥ fuklente ae by Dr. Erich Werder

Teaching. Lack of porns seems to be the outstanding feature of botan: Te ob-

marized in bulletin Pla a plants

ahi i ree oo ae or have been made are a and described briefly by Lena Artz in Claytonia for July 1938. Teas

berries : Sone of the common sumacs. Plant Tum In one pone veceived from Dr. Dontelion oo nsti 2 Penis US.S.R

well as of cancerous grov

Ind. The December 1936 index num- ber of Bislooial Abstracts has appeared.

New Mulch. Glass wool has many ad- vantages for st

n Real Gardening, Glae

Plant Breeding. Sweden has long been recognized as a leading vation in metho: ds of plant breedin, A view of the country’s work a appears in a bulletin form as “Swedish Contributions to the De- velopment of Plant Breeding.” Stock- holm, 1938.

e Gardens. The 1938-39 Members’ Halos of ue este nee Society lists rose gardens throughout the ony which may be seen iy Pen and a the public rose gardens of America.

Disease Control. Unusual methods of

iy

number of The Botanical see of the methods mentioned are the use of ee aes wraps for fr

acidity, and

que: trenching to check soil fung

Insects Color. Excellent ein illustrations ie the com 8

Circulars No. 162-177 of the York State Experiment Station,

Nectarines and Peaches. A romantic story is told in brief in a continued fi

P

egins

who pr ied the EN last year before the Society, follows these fruits from their origin in a thr their intro- te into other countries i any parts

apie

H. oe reviews historic writ- ings on te

272

Notes, News, and Comment onfer:

The first Eastern Shae Tree Conference will ie ce at ‘w York Botanical Garden Dec. 8

$

Felt of the us Laboratories ; ; and

in the cultivation and serving trees. National A Dr. B. O. gave a paper gorues “the National pak emy of Sciences in October on “Further Experiments ibe the ‘Dominant’ ee Cre R. A. Harper

Ey

ae a8

& “3 i} Pad os

cid 4 eting, he was

held at Chapel ui, NV. C. with the Uni-

sabes of ey h Carolina ‘and Duke Uni- ity a

Addre. Dr. William J. Robbin spoke oe the Journal Club of the esate ment 0: th Insti-

“GOs aod. aes lo}

3

S$50-

“Plan

ent Corn r ao celebration.

Visitor. Dr. Samuel J. Record of the School of Forestr ry at Yale University visited the Botanical Garden, Oct. 26.

Collabor red J. Seaver has rand eee favited Doctors P. Reda- d R. Ci

diseases in ie human body.

splays. The 3,000 plants . hardy

FL cious which pri

ae outdoor display this Mee were in full bloom the last week in October

and promised to remain in fine condition, barring killing bh well into Novem- ber. The 72 number at the new K The dahlias o1 i ta!

Ww: und: sil attracting many Gas during the early par November,

ne indoor floral display for

h a new entrance to the g house near the western end of the ea age border. The disp sisted chiefly of n begonias, ao pints the banyan tree in House No. 4, and unoaa s with orange les whose fruit was ju turning ne Since then the floral tis play has been extended into an adjoining house.

une a vacation trip in ‘oul

loweri

ollege, Oct. 11, and at Ohio State Uni- ersity, Oct. 25. He inspected the plant- ings of hybrid poplars made by the Dow hemical Co. in the area about Midland,

ich., and also made observations on the distribution of wild species of gra

i parts Jer: Eee et Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohi Hlinois, and West Virginia.

Hon Dr. F. J. Seaver was recently elected 2 an honorary ies of the Cali- fornia Mycological Soc

ibits. Recent exhibits in the Mus

nth of Nov is a special exhibit of dae pets.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BO

ARD OF MANAGERS

L ECTIVE MANAGERS phi 1939: ARTHUR M. eae Cae); Ciarence Lewis, PIERRE E. D. Merritt, Henry pe LA Montacn: i bs cretary and Assistant Geueeh) Wituiam J. Rogsrns, and J. E. Spr Until 1940: Henry ve Forest Batpwin Vice-residen), Cups Frick, Autyn R. Jennincs, Henry Locxuart, Jr., ACDouGAL, and JosePH

' t). Until 194r: Marsu. Fretp, Mrs. Eton Huntineton Hooker, aa i ean RILL ice preeu), Cot. Rorerr H. Montcomery, and H. Hos.

II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS ipsa H. ma Maree Mayor of the City of New York. T Moses, Park Commissioner ae Mansnacn President of the Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Paes E. sander apenee Py the leas Botanical Club. R. Harrer, Sam LEASE, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. Anon Tepe by es Universi sity. GARDEN STAFF

Wi1AMm J. Roppins, aie D., Sc. D

H. A. Greason, Pu. D Assistant Director and Head rae Henry ve La MONTAGNE Assistant Director A. B. Stout, Px, D. Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J, Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator Bernarp O. Doncz, Pu. D. Plant t athologss: Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D. Bibliographer Percy WILson Associate Cirater Axpert C. Smitu, Pu. D. Associate Curator Harotp N. Morpenke, Px. D. Associate Curator EizaseTz C. Hatt, B. S. Librarian H. Russy, M. Dy a2iaaste Honorary Curator of ihe Economic Collections FLEvA GRIFFITH Rate Peeper ae Rozert S. WILLIAMS are: ciate in Bryology E. J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and pbaniel : aig ee Herbarium W. H. Camp, Pu, D. sistant Curator E acres A. M. To ical Assistant Rosatiz WEIKER’ Technical Assistant FREDERICK AAG, A Technical Assistant Carot H. Woonwaro, A. B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. orticulturist G. L. Wirtrocx, A. M. Docent Otto Decener, M. S. Collaborator in Hawatian Botany RogERT Haceisrein Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Eruer Anson S. Peckuam..Honorary Curator, Iris and Ne. ae Collections ArtTHuR J. Cone: Superintendent of, Buildings and Grounds

A. C, PFANDER ssistant Superintendent

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Books n Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord ia and Addison Brown. Three valeeen cee descriptions and illustra- tions of ee species. Second edition, reprinted. $13.5 Flora of the Eranice and gee of Central ae eee by P. A. Rydberg. aid.

969 Bees and 601 figu 932) Prices bo). Hay? Plants a the Peat. é New York, by H. ix cms 284 pages, illustrated. 1935. $1.6

Flora a Bommads, By Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 text pie 1918. Text-book ny Gene Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 Bee 1397, $2.5 eriodicals Addisonia, semi-annual, devoted exclusively eS ole plates accompanied by popular deanae ons of flowering Blane Ss eee lates in each number, thirty-two in eth ‘sity ipti i a volum

Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news and non-technical articles. Subscription, $1 a year; single copies 10 cents. Free me.

to members of the Garden. ow in its thirty-ninth volu

Mycologia, cme illustrated in color and nee pee to fungi, including lichens, containing technical articles and n and n of general in- terest. $6 a year; anal aes 1.25 each. Now in fee aieseen volume. Twenty four Year Index volume $3 in paper, $3.50 in fabrikoid.

Britto: eries of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume.

Now in its Seo wales rth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plans of North Anne

inclu uding Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more oa rts; 85 a rts now ‘eae pub caption Ease $1.50 per part; a limited number of separate parts will be sold

fe 6) @ offered in exchange.

pea oes from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and Lepeineed from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a volume. In the fourteenth olume.

Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Volumes I-VII. Titles on request.

Dire all orders to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.

DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN The New York Botanical Garden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of the Zoological Park at Fordham Road, and at the south end of the Bronx River Parkway. It may be reached by local trains from Grand Central Terminal to the Botanical Garden Station (200th Street). h the Gar ie by the Hee and Subway systems, take the bees

Avenue Elevated to the end of the line (Bronx Park Station); from the East and West Side subways, transfer from Ke xington or Se a venue line to the

Third Avenue Elevated at 149th Street ad Thir By th Avenue subway (Independent system) take a C train ie PBedtord Park Boulevard

ee were then walk so to the Caen

r from the city, drive pouk on Grand Concourse to Bedford Park "Boulevard "(aooeh Street), turn east there, and cross the railroad bridge into the Garden gro

Vor. XX XIX DEcEMBER, 1938 PAGES No. 468 273—304

JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. E ly

ntered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. An 0

— r=)

nual subscription ingle copies 10 cents

¢ to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ROL H. Woopwarp, Editor DECEMBER, 1938

Conservatory Rance No. 1 As Ir Appears AFTER REBUILDI Cov ieee y Eric J. Baker, courtesy Lord & Boras Co. Gio RAN . 1, COMPLETELY REMODELED, 1s RE-OPENED 273 Some CHRONICLES IN GRAPE History—lIl A. B. Stout 274 N

81 BamsBoo AS IT Is GROWN FoR Foop in CHINA W. M. Porterfield 282

CuRRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 293 294 INDEX: TO VoLuMe XXXIX Rosalie Weikert 296

NINETEEN THIRTY-EIGHT One of the most significant achievements of the year at The New York Botanical Se has been the resumption of dee ys in Conservatory Range No. 1 as a result of Re near completion of as remodeling which was begun in oe spring 0 With this as a climax, be year now passing may be said to have been horticulturally successful. Record numbers of people visited the Thompson

come to study the ie and the familiar Here which are being grown at the Garden As these pe eee come to Bronx Park in ever greater numbers, they ar learning more of other services of the Garden—the use of the library, te Saturday aera eee ae horticultural courses, the publications, such as the Journal, t willin: of staff members to answer their ques a ne

thou an accurate record having been kep' ere is good r to hie that the Garden has ey a larger aes of people in x through its displays and its efforts toward giving information and ed tion aan in any previous year. It is anticipated that its services ‘will continue to be used and their value increasingly appreciated.

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. XXXIX DecemBer, 1938 No. 468

(Conservatory Range No. 1 Completely Remodeled, Is Re-opened

INCE early November, visitors to Conservatory Range No. 1 have been able to see the new tropical rain-forest house which has just been completed, as well as two houses devoted to seasonal floral cee and other features in the newly remodeled range of Sum three ae devoted to cacti and to other succulents of the Ww

Old a Ne orlds have been o ublic since last spr bu was not until October that any other portion of the new building was r to e seen. an he pla ia

so that people may readily pass from the west end of the range, where the succulents and flowering plants are shown, to the east end, with its aaaie rain-forest house. In the new tropical fern ouse, which adjoins the rain-forest, 300 species of ferns are already planted out naturalistically on improvised banks, along a mall stream, and around a pool. The benches around the walls remain to he planted later.

Economic plants of temperate and tropical regions, aroids, and decorative flowering plants of the tropics are among the oS groups which are to be developed in the conservatory. New palm are occupying the domed house in the center.

The opening display of flowering plants consisted of several thousand pots of chrysanthemums, begonias, and many other oka mi

or early summer. The conservatory is open every day in the week from 10 am. to 4p.m

273

274

Some (Chronicles In

Grape History By 4. B. Stout IL.

The Golden Age of Grape History in Eastern America The introduction of the Concord Grape and the ans by deliberate hybridization of Dr. Valk’s hybrid, Ada, and of Allen’s ybrid came at an opportune time to provide the final stage set- ting for the “golden age” of viticulture in eastern United States. It had become generally recognized that the European grapes were not suited for culture in this area. That plants have sexual means of reproduction which permits hybridizations had become rather common knowledge. That hybridizations had already played an paporan Tole in the osu of ay cultivated plants was ha best in cultivation were

a ce i= cS 4 8 py y oO

=

a wD ag - 8 =] & w e

1 be obtained by deliberate breeding had been demonstrated in

a

manner that “awakened the slumbering hopes of the horticulturists a continent” (Hedrick, rapes New York, page 165). ere were three important developments during this period.

(1) A large number of seedlings were obtained by hybridization and breeding, and t st of thes propagated as named clonal varieties Many of the new varieties ly planted and thu diay were the rigid and practical tests necessary for their evaluation. (3) The main areas most favorable for the

commercial culture of these new grapes were determined by rience

The growth of commercial viticulture. A survey of viticulture in eastern United States which was made in 1859 by E. M. Erskine ? (summarized by Hedrick in The Grapes of New York) pane that there were about 7,000 acres of vineyards scatter ed

s ‘ine

,000 acres of vineyards. Erskine did not mention grape growing

in New York State, and at that date there were probably no more than 500 acres of vineyards in the entire state

1 British Parliamentary Papers (Library of Congress) Vol. 30, 1859.

275

The rapid expansion during the “golden nae of viticulture in the northeastern states, including New York, was checked abou 0 lar;

very successful rapes ome type are now gro state of the union, though less than 1,500 vines are reported for yoming a re are less than 7,000 vines in each of the states of Montana, North Dakota, and Mai cording to the latest published reports of the United States Department of Agri- culture (Agricultural Statistics, 1937), the production of grap in Califo 1 as 1,699, short tons and that for all other states was 179,790 short tons. There have been fluctuations in the annual pro nd in the prices o . with iods of sectional expansion and depression. Yet the ro-

which seems to indicate that viticulture in the United States has, in general, been rather stable during the past twenty years.

The Present Status of Viticulture in New York

New York State now leads all other states except Sones in the extent of viticulture. About 50. r

(11,200 acres), Arkansas (7,400 acres), Missouri (6,600 a

Illinois (3,200 acres), Kansas, Iowa, and Oklahoma (about 3,000 acres each), and Indiana and New Jersey (about 2,300 acres each). In all these states the so-called “bunch” American a of hybrid origin ae Commercial Pal of grapes

New York is now centered in four areas aah district bordering Lake Erie in which 24,000 acres are devoted

Or ‘Oo various SG varieties. out 2,000 acres of which 56% is Gao and 38% is Niagara.

276

The most important factor involved in the culture of grapes is 0

e€ oday are not suited for wide ae throughout the area of New York State

An Evaluation of Grape Breeding

The value of native wild species. Not until wild species were used in hybridization were grapes highly suitable for culture ob- _ In The Grapes of New York Hedrick mentions by name eee oe clones of grapes that can be classed as

many of these grapes are lacking but usually the ancestry of a clone is revealed by its characters or by the character of its offspring

The majority of the clones produced or grown in the north- eastern states have at least some of the characters of the northern

ox grape, V. Labrusca. At least 30 of t best varieties are decidedly like plants of this species and some of these have been regarded as pure for this species. bout 75 clones show bot V Labrusca and V. vinifera qualities

(2) The species Vitis witlpina L. (V riparia Michx.), the Riverbank or Frost grape, is more widely distributed than any other American species of grape. Its fruits are maually one their flavor is decidedly acid but free of “foxiness,” an is melting. It would seem that this species should be of oe in hybridization but pe clones thus derived are of value Worthington Grape, of some importance in the early aera of viticulture in Aeris and the Clinton Grape show character- istics of this species. About 15 of the more important named clones appear to . hybrids of V. eulpina and V. Labrusca. ere nee to be few, if any, varieties that are obviously hybrids be-

ween V. vulpina and V. vinifera.

On the opposite page, an arbor a igi eae ata home in Westchester County, New York, showing how ca mbine a pleasant garden spot with the production of good fruit.

278

the e I’. vulpina plays a very important part in Euro-

pean er tur Vhen the grape root-louse (Phylloxera) was

introduced eae into France it spread rapidly and did

such damage that the extensive grape industry of France faced : : dt , 3

ke excellent rootstock for the grafting of viniferas; so by this method most grapes are now grown in Fra

(3) The rather variable species i itis aestiwalis (the eaten

New York to Florida and westward ir ‘ € black, juicy, and rather tart; they make a wine of rich color. There are several botanical varieties of this wild species which differ in

es size and quality of the fruit. One horticultural defect of this species is that the cuttings root orly. About 10 of “ major varieties of American grapes are I”. Labrusca x I’. aestivalis; the orton Grape, a leading aoe grape for areas south of New York State, is of this parentage. About 35 clones have I” Labrusca, I’, aestivalis and I” winifera m their ancestry, and of these the Delaware Grape is to be noted as the best of the commercial grapes for quality of fruit.

=

Pinewoods or Post Oak grape of Téxas and adjacent states

g V. Munson in the development of clonal varieties of S he bunch type suitable for culture in the h. Munson devoted much to the study of the wild grapes of the Texas area and to the breeding — testing of grapes. Iti said that he originated more varieties hybrid grapes than any her person in the United States. In a volume of 252 pages

ot!

published in 1909, Munson summarizes his life work with grapes. It may be noted that the best of Munson’s grapes were usually complex hybrids which had in their ancestry more than two wild species.

Sore Vitis candicans and V. ee is were, it is h

Beene involved in the parentage of a very few varieties. ) The sale grape (I7itis rotundifo olia) is the most

dro when ripe. The skin of the berries is tough, the flavor strongly

279

"been ns

e Te Photograph by Edward Steichen

New York grapes in baskets, ready for the market.

musky. The most ames clones in cultivation have been de- rived from wild p hese some, as the James Grape, have black eg an as the Seuppernong, have greenish- She fruit.

This species and the still more southern [”. Afunsoniana are

280

very distinct from all other grapes in respect to several characters.

Considerable rt is now being directed to breeding which in- volves the ies. i orted that hybrids have recently been obtained between ’ rotundifolia and varieties of ” vinifera an ith several of the clones cultivated in the orth, ocang Ca a, Delaw Concor nchell and Cam me of these hybrids have the sterility char- acteristics ae ‘pybridlity and are hence unfruitful; others are of no value; but sor the selections are now being studied for

; but some possible value in further breeding. he present extent of grape breeding. All over the world

than a revious date. In the Old rld grape breedi in progress i ce, Germany, Italy, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and in A li n the United States breeding of grapes is now being done at State A, ural Experiment Sta-

a

Industry is eoaie ae grape breeding at Beltsville in Maryland, at Fresno in California, at Meridan in Mississippi and at Willard in North Ca pohns

€ program in grape breeding and comprehensive

e Experiment Station at Geneva, N. Y., since 2. Various new grapes of promise, as Seneca, Sheridan, Ontario, Portland,

The breeding for the development of hardy seedless grapes has been a special project in which the writer has co-operated since 1919.

In general the methods in breeding grapes include selective breeding within the grapes already in cultivation, studies of native wild species, and further hybridizations. The aims are to develop grapes of quality that are fully hardy in the more northern regions, more resistant to diseases, and better, at least for certain regions, than are the varieties of the present time.

al century of grape breeding. Almost a hundred years have h

w elapsed the pollen parent and the seed parent in the breeding of grapes. The main effort has been to combine the productiveness and the

281

excellent ane of fruit possessed by vinifera grapes with the rdiness i

is still opportunity for the development of better grapes.

Winter Lectures at the Garden

E winter series of free Saturday afternoon lectures in the useum Building at the Botanical Garden started Dec. 3 ith an address by Dr. A. C. Smith describing his South American collecting ene of 1929. In the spring he will give a talk on s trip 0 t year into British Guiana. The complete schedule

of winter ee is given below

Dee. 3 From the Andes Down the Amazon A. C. Smith, Associate Curator Dec. 10 Indian Food, Drink and Drug Plants G. L. Wittrock, Docent Dec. 17 Garden Books for Gifts Elizabeth C, Hall, Librarian Jan. 7 Bamboo—The Universal Provi M. Po da U. S. Soil Conservation Service Jan. 14 A Naturalist in Florida Harold N. Moldenke, Associate Curator Jan. 21 Bermuda—tIts Scenery and Gardens Fred J. Seaver, Curator Jan. 28 New Autumn Chrysanthemums Alexander Cumming, Bristol Nurseries Feb. 4 Gardening with Native Plants Rober ef Lemmon, Editor, “Real Gardening” Feb. 11 Some Chronicles in Grape History tout, Pa of Education and Laboratories Feb. 18 The Role of Shrubs in Planti Henry F. Downer, Vassar College Feb. 25 Spring Cleaning in the Garden B. O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist

282

Bamboo As It Is Grown For Food In China By W. M. Porterfield

(No. 5 of a serics on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York)

AMBOO as such needs no formal introduction, for its gen- appearance and the numberless uses to which it is put -

are known to nearly everyone. - role as a vegetable food product is an important one among the Chinese. Roughly speaking, bamboos, oe include several gene f

ra o the Grass pe may occur in any one of three habits: (1) the

es sprea the climbing and vine-like habit, which is not considered here as it is not important to the present discussion.

‘The clump bamboos such as Bambusa and Dendrocalamus are mostly tropical, while the spreading type (Phyllostachys and some species of .4rundinaria) push up into 2 subtropic and temperate

t ground in all directions, and (3)

ac found them being ce generally and e. who a Sapaes the French embassy to China in 1843 was responsible for sending the edible bamboo Sen mitis - Algiers where it os now established. Foreigners in China regularly have them served at

be preserved in pickle. ow, canned bamboo ho bought. For faacporeden bamboo shoots may be a fresh by packing them in mud, but for long-distance shipping they are

oO

1 Fortune, R. A residence eal the Chinese. p. 1857. Also Bretschneider, E. History of early botanical discoveries in cf attr pp. 513- 516.

2 Bretschneider, E. foc. cit. p. 537.

of bamboo shoots and its contents, purchased in a Chinese grocery

Rea in Nee York.

dried. Of this I shall speak later. In Chinatown only dried and

canned bamboo shoots can be bought. In East China and in Japan Pi slisstdels edulis Lehaie, P- bambusoides Sieb.

(P. Quiliot A. & C. Riv.) and P. mitis A. & Riv. are the species which furnish the best shoots, the first being the largest

ge

and the third mentioned producing the tenderest, most delicate-

tasting shoots. In the south of China* the shoots of Bambusa ~ 4 a ;

i :

about 30 minutes or more ner tender. They never ica mealy like a potato but remain firm and crisp. For three early recipes for cooking aes shoots let me refer the aay to Fairchild’s brochure “Japanese Bamboos” (U. 2 Buran of Plant ice Bulletin 43, p. 25. 1903), bag to an way’s amboos: Their Culture and Uses in the United States” U.S °D. A. ane of Plant Industry, Bulletin 1329, p. 21. 1925).

8 Wilson, E. H. A naturalist in western China, IT. p. 62. 1913.

284

For the more elaborate recipes the Chinese Cook Book compiled by Mr. M. Sing Au (1936) and published by the a Arts Press in Readi Pa., and similar publications should b n- the book Sapa . be aid that

ey sake anes

ng, an sulted. These may be obtained in large department stores in New York and New when Fortune was in China he was in the hi a. shoots as a vegetable almost every day, sometimes boiled by them- selves, at other ee ~~ in on: an nd o on one occasion Mr,

an excellent omelette ne bamboo shoots included.

ae ion of

10 € nd the The fr shoots are dug out of the eae washed in boiled i

in a closed chamber where t are dri ver a steady fire fo out four hours. The partially dried shoots are then taken out he oven and rolled between the hands, after which they are pounded flat with a hammer. In the south and elsewhere the shoots are a sliced lengthwise and dried as shown the photograph. Once more they are put back in the oven and dried fc) out one and a half hours. When the drying process i

for the market. The entire process lasts about two days. From 200 catties of fresh shoots only 20 catties of dried shoots are

obtained because of the high water content. The business of nalne the dried shoots is carried on by many

are two chief kinds of workers, namely, “driers” who do the

4 Chinese Economic Bulletin, 16: 315-317. 1930,

285

inside work and the ‘diggers’ who are engaged on the “bamboo hills” to dig the shoots, wash them, take off the sheath-leaves, ; : “drier”

Sliced, dried bamboo shoots as sold in the Chinese food shops.

Chekiang province through ee the collection place, amount to about 300,000 Chinese dol $s per annum. Sixty percent of

remaining 10 percent goes to Hongkong, Singapore and southern ports.

According to one authority? on bamboo growing in China, from an eight-year-old eae forty Seals of shoots per mow (one mow = 7, sq. ft. of an acre) can be cut annua

A bamboo grove eee is ae a for its shoots must not be allowed to age. On the other hand, too many of the shoots must

5 Meyer, H. F. and Ekelund, B. Tests on the mechanical — of bamboo. The Engineering Society of China, 22 (paper no. 7): 1923,

286

t be cut since this will affect the general vigor of the plant and al the shoots will tend to remain small and of inferior quality. Since a grove may be but one plant in which the canes are con- nected by an extensively interlaced system of horizontal under- ground stems or rhizomes, the rules of careful pruning must be observed. All canes are dated. On coming up from the ground the most vigorous shoots are left to grow and carry on the life

parts of the rhizome), because they are likely to be more tender, are culled for sale either fresh or dried. No cane is allowed to

Bamboo shoots as they c up from the ground. This photograph, taken near Hangchow, in Chekiang Province, China, shows Phyllostachys bam- busoides, which is widely grown there for the trade.

stand longer than from five tu ten years, and each year ee mately the same number of canes will be cut in the fall as the were shoots left to grow in the spring. In order to divert the

en ve ’ of the grove is eal raised three or four inches. This oe proper nourishment for the roots and protects the shoots as they come up through the soil so that they will be

287

tender and succulent. It is the practice in some parts of east

ginnin the soil. Exposure to Heat make them bitter, therefore they are kept in the dark until c

While I have not heard ne particular belief expressed by the Chinese there is in British India a saying that the bamboos will not put up their shoots until the thunder comes. Kurz® incident told by a certain Captain W. H. Sleeman. In the rains

£ 1835 the Captain discovered that his bamboos at Jubbalpore had not produced their shoots at what he considered the usual time, so he asked his gardener the cause. He replied, “We have had no thunder yet; as soon as the thunder comes you will get shoots.” The Captain inquired what possible connection there could be between claps of thunder and the shooting of bamboos. “God only knows,’ said the gardener, “but we know that until the thunder comes, the bamboos never shoot well.’ The thunder came and certainly the gardener’s theory seemed confirmed for the bamboos began and continued to produce abundant shoots.

In Japan, according to Sir Ernest Satow’s account,’ fixed rules have been applied to the cultivation and harvesting of bamboo shoots. The Japanese Encyclopaedia informs us that a bamboo plant may be of either sex, and that the sex can be detected from

while yet raw, they lose their tender ness. They must be boiled a long time, for eaten raw they are ede unwholesome. Such as have an irritating taste are bad for the throat they must be thoroughly boiled with wood ae over nae over again to remove this wens quality.

10 9 shoot are good food. In a series of pe ae car- ae with Dr. Eugene in China, but aide we definitely established . fact i fresh bamboo

6 “Bamboo and its Use”. 32. 1876. 7 The Cultivation of Hanbos in ees p. 16. 1899.

288

shoots contain vitamin C. They are known also to have a fuel value o calories per pound. A gross analysis puts their water content at 90 percent; they also contain 3.2 percent protein, 0.2 po fat, 6.2 aera carbohy aie and 0.4 faa ash.

in boos: most ba nliog s flower very we and a alter , 30, 35,

oO ‘ears, according to the species. Since bamboo is ‘ but a tree-grass, tl owers are like ‘ ley, etc., when they ar However, since the e , it is di t

ppear. Ho to identify a bamboo except by certain morphological characters. akenouchi® in 1931 in an able paper analyzed these and before him Kurz® in 1876 suggested certain characters by which bamboos could be identified. Aly own observations have led me to niles wit the suggestions made by these men that among other constant char acters the shoots constitute de Renae criteria ae tenting

specics. The sheaths that envelope the shoot are very characte tic as regards texture, sur ae color, markings, margin, and ae form of pseudophyll, ligule, oad auricles. A classification based

on the sheath characters would, I believe, be very reliable.

OP eiouehe Y. Syst ae i Morphologie und Anatomie der Vegetations Organe der ae Ba mis Arten. Mem. Fac. Sci and ete (Tathoieu peer Chivers) 3: 1-60. 1931.

®* Kurz, S. Bamboo and its Uses. Caleutta. 1876,

Water-(hestnuts nape Established

Referring to the third of Dr. W. MI. DPorterfield’s articles on Chinese food plants in New ae . Robert T. Morris of Stam- ford, Conn., writes to the Journal, saying that the water-chestnut, Trapa, would grow well in the stream at the foot of his lawn, excepting that nasa and wild ducks eat it as eagerly as hey

eat the leaves Nuttall’s pondweed which he has tried to estab-

lish there. oe chestnut, he remarks, is said to be estab- lished in the ce ie to such an extent that predators can not eat all of it. species is presumably FT. natans, which comes mainly from tee and has become naturalized in Massa- chusetts, New York, and near Washington, D. C., though Dr. Morris speaks of the plant on his property as Tr fie bicornts, the Asiatic species.

289

The New York

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of Botanical Garden.)

“Come In and Learn

About Life” BIOLOGY—THE STORY OF LIV- XG THINGS. George William Hun- evbert ihe Iter, George _ Hunter, Jr. 670 pages, illus- American ‘Be ole Com- 937. $3. The bir nding or cover is the a im- seni which a new book leaves a tudent’s mind, os oo ee this

ft

hich he enters into t lume’s con tents. iology—~The of Living Things is fortunate i i ct. T!

cover is oa dis-

a ren of the donate a has sty a a the outline and preview of each cl and a brief study of the ieee redine lists— left me with a very favorable impression. and critical reading of the

g >

sed of

raphs; then the gradual and normal in- troduction and deciopine t of the other phases and facts of the sul i ct. Second,

which id telive choad be presented in detail to every student. And, third, the roll c a

fifty-five page roll call with its Seconipaivice glossary of terms is, in it- self, not only a textbook, but also an

open door into the whole living world, aid an ee ee to each stu- to

“Come ae i about Life.”

The illustrations, ae anying the de- aed gees pertaining a each phylum section, well done and ne ee

AI ee wadece will be the aden cae will not find at least one of these illus- trations intriguin, The factual matter of the book is we jireenred: accurate, and not obs cured is much-wordiness. On the who

chapters and pages are cited as applic ae to supplement ie preceding ae he text, here is a real yea

me y and a lifetime of investigation ‘and contemplation between the covers of this

Again considering the volume from the mechanical viewpoint, it is a pleasure to ead. The t

ontent of the next sever paragraphs; and italics, in the stressing i nt facts an olatior terms and parts of the object under im- neither mis-

eda study, hav ace nor overworke

ae of

ve been bs

one more thing ost ah that I were . te field of Sas sty so cota Mins grand book

ould be first ir oe to the

a ane ect and my first invitatio

fa a n to “Come in and jeer about Life.”

Cartes GILLy.

290

Chromosomes in Simple Terms MOSOMES. M. J. D. . 128 pages, 20 illustrations, glossary, index oe Publishing

Co: ew York, 1 $1.50.

This a pocket-size volume which cae Sie and nee the extensive researches hro’ ie be-

fundamentals of relation to reproduction, aed evolution.

cytology heredity A. B. Srourt.

A College Text and Manual

A TEXTBOOK GENERAL ee E. Grace White. 2nd_edi- tion, 667 pages, 33 illustrations, glossary Laan index. C. V.

Mosby & Co., St. Louis, 1937. $3.50.

Freshmen in ae ee are re-

quired take in genera

biology ; oneueny : fertile field is

provided for writers of general a (ce)

vary ‘ttle with respect to their subject- te content. They differ widely in th anner in whic! h the material

s been Tid as include,

he been amplified with new material on plant

tation.

The i i s divided into three sections. The firs an The Unity of Life, gives a Brees detailed uae ret o certain type forms: the ssho green plant, a paramecium, an sae i- ceo ore Included in this sec- ons of cellular organiza- the green plant, ogen, and sulphur cycles, and

= he second

tion, Progressive Development, describes various types of plant and animal

ganizatior 1S. Many type organisms are described in detail. A separate chapter

volume a. ne ne en-

on cae adaptations is included in this seci

t is co-ordinated with panion laboratory manual which, topether room discussion and lecture

terial is discussed in th sroom an

that the morphol 1 material i ndled in t The initial

intensive study i i

not symoathe

The lang

is ce eae and direct. M

trations ue e to clarify the

feels that the topics within the ook are

arranged in too heterogeneous a fash

no opportunity is provided i peeve

thinking; no problems are ed; many of the aspects of modern biology are not

mentioned at a The usefulness of the text de lepends

a aie. extent upon its sae with

other activities. €

Department of Biology, Morris High School.

New Plant Names by the Thousand To Tempt Rock Gardeners

Sumpson Clay. 679 pages,

with ane eae indexed. Thomas Nelsot & Son: New York. 1938. $12.30.

What Ae, going still far from

with mooth over s original clearing, ee in Dr. cia i ground a ee ‘broken. Rae of us who do not mind the clod-ho;

hauling from viewpoints eable description, taxonomy, and no- awe we have here, instead, sev-

eral thousand new plant names intro-

is, ¢ has shaky (ine Goa y. bea ee a these a nam h

e have nol red ae ie iolieenly so pee fmdiede ot old pas ones, all the way from Arabis to Yuci

ie annot refrain from evaluating the setulae of a Pielanatital ' : aecapae

in

g& p is utilitarian viewpoint the book would n to imited usefulness,

upon our lingo, alrea grievously n fact, this book does not impress

one as _a serious els of Paes cae t is ay atte ond aon the

robable desrabiity as ge garden mu ue tude

ening deserrien, all this is of very lim- ited worth. One appreciates . oS of comm an adjunct to iae

ent as scr: eae “But hesitates to acce f

Si

‘or

olana. on Ne Piss ae . finally ie for

eran to. the much Hats seful,

brief, text in Bailey’s Hor

resent ere not materia ee up-to-date revisi in

acceptable plem out more revision and ameltisenon than Dr. Clay has undertaken

291

_ We are still far from having, in this ce at all we

mparable in quality wit may say, Rehder’s Manual ir Aa realm of ros plants, Yet, that is the petent work, well: fuenished “with ‘otani cal data and references, eady horticultural usage, by w: wt a structure for all manner of literary and popular side-shows to lean to. Such a job would be beyond the scope of any one individual. It might be a worthy ee for a botanical institution. Be

need ata

hazy comment on unknown ood ace

dated subjects.

would take Sr literary ae in so large ook as Clay

rid has ever forgiven Farrer his hortcomings. Heaven send ore such smners. But, lacking such - ey will be judged by the usefulness of their plant description ae ae eir tax- ol

omic and nomenclatural p

demonstration criticism here e

and fibr

ben oinitied in many instances; ; as ha also, eel a erence is made to C Mold : both of which, in the original work, stand in — iM elaboration and revis pen eral s e likened t

eed jason er, peculiar merits or stance, C, listings of terest) rien as mat?

ma

wo . white Mowered: Sicilian densiflora might have ra ted praise.

terial ea cultivated as such, or as var. densiflora, represents one or another

292

solida form from south of the Alps, re-

lated or belonging to C. sonae Sw., var. australis ron (C. stralis in arrer’s inade a variety which cultivation, does sar manta its distinguishing floral character gives i inc igh, as anne 6 inches (or less) r solida, ile, in ‘act, this southern “australis” relation- ship averages han the more northerly solid

Sev of the Corydalis texts are so instinctive ae ey would fit one sort well a other,

of mere coer

as a viewpoint hee 6 one yoke if C. Se ae should not supersede C. solid

The bes 2 a book i“ bee es mall number of genera, including Pr pals and Gentiana

and upon a selection of ae aie h fey ens to be of | in the greater le of ing United Stat

e illustrations are mostly very good,

the rock-garden-

and of considerable interest. The spiri of thi goe mainly toward the new ntried. arrer’s, it essentially that of the explorer—not that systematic worker. ence, per- ; interesting expression, in the introduction, of contempt for pile om cal, nomenclatural research as uch clerks’ labor, unworthy of the epeatihe worker, e that as it may, it will still

th

themselves, a commendable aid good compilation. It may not be pu science, but it is extremely useful in the cause of clear understanding. A little

of it i r. Clay’s might have smoothed as a - rough spots But rough spots will found in the best of books, aad one ee not hold

a

them particularly ieee this wor! interest and

with- ‘h re of this eae | ae n: To what ex-

i. in this is which amon} g our thousands o rock garden plants?

P. J. van MELLE.

Herbs for the North

OLD-TIME HERBS FOR NORTH- ERN GARDENS. Minnie Watson am. 256 ALES, peta with drawings, indexed; 32 ges of photo- graphs. Little, B as Company, Boston. 1938.

Minnie Watson Kamm’s book, Old-time Herbs for Northern Gardens, is very timely with the awakened interest in herb

dens. from o q

mete ed. A mplete Gelerest Hae on youl

their use Si present-day cooking would be valuable to the Haat C TH

. GLEASON.

Viruses Brought Up-to-date A_ TEXTBOOK OF PLANT VIRUS Bee ae Kenneth M. Smith. justrated with photographs and Fawings: appendix, page: Blakiston, ares 1937,

Tn ook Smith presents briefly a dey a rather com meee account at t known plant vir ties, Gi tliods of transmission, hock ranges, and

sea Th

symptoms of di are described. The viruses are arran ie in the order heir plant hosts, oe Hutchinson’s sys- tem of classification. The classification and naming wot viruses are based on a scheme suggested by James Johnson, but Johnson's _ syste r of numbers

uames of ho: ar or English popular names. Smith’s classification is doubtless s good as an iou: used, but his doption of new

lant pathologists.

chap on insects that ae virus diseaee and one on maladies su pected of being due to viruses add fa to the value of the book.

Ze

of vario ’ important Tock plants is a convenient aid in identifying diseases. Ilfustrations are,

The book entitled F Plant Viruses,” published by the same author in ee

on the whole, seca Pt

Rockefeller Tainie Princeton, N. J.

Curious Insects THE BOOK OF _INSECT ODDI- eee and L. Ditmars, illus- ted color by Helene Carter. ey pages, indexed. Lippincott, Phila- delphia. 1938. $2.

book, in which

ture is just bei

magnification o

Jee abee teristics is mi when

e able t

shi ju

cational cand aeretae o outstanding

facts about insects of a large portion of

the world are mentioned in simple ean

ae numerous hints are given for further tudy,

Rate Pinkus.

Biology, Cartoon Style BIG FLEAS HAVE LITTLE FLEAS, OR WHO'S WHO AMONG THE mer, 285 drawings, cartoons; slossary . Willia &

aleiclies ‘of protozoa, the few pho’ graphs, a i plata! oo are ex- cellent, yet ‘ontains ast amount of accurate ie ogy

suit- “Recent

293

With malaria far from eliminated in the aes eine pia amoebic dysentery m the inc

aiting ee Nene bor rt tourist, it would seem to be time to tell you and me and the rest of us about the protozo hat it can be done so pain- lessly is gratifying. “Big Fleas have Little ” sho m your “must 3

VirGENE KavANAGH.

Current Literature* At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh

N. L. Britton. ee ay of the biographi- cal memoir of N. Britton, prepared ented

the oe den.

tains 42-page

ritton's work prepar' art.

bibliography fo) Dr Barnhi

ed by

r-book of ety lists nd enumerates

ck Garden. 938 ¥ merican Rock veering: Sock gardens open to ea a books on rock gardening. Chlorine. Geraniums and begonias are often killed or

suffer. Th ¢ of rain water for water ing the plants is the only certain cu Patani, New 1

Blueberries. Several varieties of blue- Es

ave en.—Horticulture,

Lincoln Garden. The

Garden Club o lllinois, ue eos brah.

f this, fall an Garden on southwest

ee ou naturalistic planting scheme, ck he All publications mentioned here—and m: she nee be found in_the Library ne The Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin:

294

old farm-land, forest, the lake, and two ee

Fardes devoted to a deenption Gf this oe garden project.

Children’s Books. A descriptive list of science books suitable for the elementary school library almost fills the Cornell School Leaflet for Rives interested in books children would find the list useful.

Flushing. A list of trees which are isto Paine in oe ng appears

n Vol. 1, No. 1 of the little magazine, FH lushing, October, tose

me

Useful Plant. Red clover, the state flower of Vermont, is probably the most veges plant selected by any state as its symbol—/adison ee Gardening Alag eee for Octobe

Soil. “To Hold This Soil” is nating account of land-savi that ee ed, in ‘Miscellancous Publications o, 321 of the U.S.D.A. Algae. Several reprints dealing with

the algae of the ceived from Dr.

Americas have been _re- ay~ lor and from Dr.

William Randolp ph Frances Droue “Alice in

dan vs. Virus.

Virusland” is

spirochaete, ay popes of their clan weigh n in the balance ees Judge Limulus

and find him scarcely worth living

Journal of Bacteriology. Scateniber 1938.

In the Air. A stud. isms in the upper air ca at the sachusetts

ly micro-orgar rid on since 1932 ech-

rv S nel ‘molds ae at 16,500 feet altitude. Six species have ecently been recorded from that heig’

of investig m Se in the August Journal of Bacteriology

ee News, and Comment

ard Member. Dr. C. Auchter of Washington D. C., was tected Nov. 18 ie Boa

e to devote to his . Au chter, who is Chief of the Plant Industry of the nite od rtment 2 Agriculture, has in Hae ae A di of

fi doctor’s cee

Assistant year Chief of the bureau. ne Pea interest is in Reta fruits, their breeding and cultu

Through arrangement with rig praia which handles the books for the Botanical Garden's library, reade of the ae ibe of Basa ‘th

year may heir volumes ae at special cas a set o. he 12 monthly ee of “the ao cal ihe price for binding is $1 p stage. ae a

Po: volume of Aiea cousistne of ea, the price s $1.60 he binding will be of Ae d, pe quality. board: full ie cloth, lettered in pennies gold. To have a volume bound, the entire set should be wrapped ne corrugated boards and mailed directly Dess & T. Con

y t he entire set shoul bindery in one package. of Addisonia can also be ane at the regular price of $2.50.

Con rett has been ee ie oe perce committee of Hortus, Inc., the oratieation eae has charge of the horticultural exhi the World’s Fair. tee he has been assigned to the schedule

295

committee, on which he will work with G. Esson on plant novelties to be exhibited,

. The second term of the course

place either aa night between a pm classes are he e Museum Building. The Cultivati an He Geeeilicise “Plants will oe | subject 1 se e course i

tical ening, to Tht evening, “asiar y 5. sce will

oseph

advaaee or on the 2 nd 7: he

SEE

the Carte Ay an culture of ieee plants.

i the raising of wering plants as begonias, carnati One Moinectias, primulas, rie else and bulbs, at- tention will be iv to some novelties for greenhouse cu!

This

his subject wil oh followed in the spring : a laboratory course in indoor gardening, in whi number of green- house plants will be raised by the class

tudent gardeners and others taking

ar for classes in Plant Dr. A. - Stout and er G. Wittrock. new tery will be

ni he given on Monday evening, Jan.

aie bequest from the late Ken- neth Machete for several years a the ae Board o

th ic Carex, together with. a sum of money for

their publication. Th

e drawings illustrate in great detail every th American species of this great s except four. These are now being illustrated by original artist, and editorial work preliminary to pub lication is in progres hi rawings ill be accompanied by bot al descrip tions and ott appropriate information and wi published in large quarto

form, probably in two volumes of about 540 pages each.

try. Dr, A. Stout attended the asite eine of the Be eaieeas Forest Research Council at New Haven, Dec. 1

and 2. There were discussions and re- ee on such matters as timber salvage and forest restoration in relation to the lamage done by the r the dulieation of forest products, flo

ae oo the scope and progress of the work in eas genetics, in which Dr. Stout is a collab

Alexander gave

Lectures. E. J illustrated lecture on

the Roc Mountains” before “he le partment of botany of the Brooklyn In- stitute of Arts and jences e Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Oct. 1

0: and before the botany students of Caanecteut ee New London, Oct. 20. Dr.

ae Loldenke lectured to the Summit N. J.) Nature Club, Oct. 28, on “Treas- oF of the Watchur ng Hills.

Mycologist. Dr. Alexander Smith of the University of Mea spent the Phanksgiving week-end ai Botanical

arden doing some ne research. e€ was accompanied by Mrs. Smith, who is working in palaeobotany.

Dr. J. T. Roi esa of ral Dae oni in several days at the

From Cuba. the Agricultu Havana, Cuba, spe us Garden in Novembe

her Visitors, Dr. Philip A. Munz of cali in

O Noveniber 8.

haere other visitors a the month were Arthur ilisbury of Berkeley, Calif, famed for his develop-

of slow-motion photographs of growing plants; Mar. wes of New- gland, paint of gardens

cnomie work in the herbarium

Lec ae tional Parks” wa the Uibiee at Dr. N. Moldenke ina lecture before the Toba Burroughs den and Community Club of A oiikers November

5 a s

Conference. At the first fall confer- ence of the scientific staff and Riis students of the Garden, Noven

r sumr i given octor: ae ins, Gleason, Dodge, Cave and Sto

INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIXx*

2 concolor 27; Fraseri 233; homole eee is 28; Nordmanniana 28;

uw

ee ww ft a

Addisonia 18, 230

Advisory Canal 96, 116; border 8, 11, 12, 143; report t71

Aesculus Hippocastanum 227; parvi-

ora Ag aricus aes 241 ssima ed

Is to "identify some rees in winter 61, 80 Habitat fae in mountains of the ne with student gar- deners 228 AtwélonieL herbarom 15, 96 All ie Jos 168 Alli cerca 240; Karataviense 100, > roseum 100; Schuberti ; untfolium 100 ee blitoides 197 oa 227 American Fos rests 270 Rain Home 48, 117, 241 American Journal of Botany 22 American Nurseryman 70, 167 erie Rock Garden Seces 48, n Rose Society 117, 271 paar Hees una 232, 237 ee i 6; tita-

fae del Instituto de Biologia 95 nderson, Arthur M. 20 pripopoees dulce 13 An nT e lanuginosa 100; sarmen- ee Fae hacen blanda 192; if ae ia 229 2 ‘Tis a ac Museum 118 nnual meeting Annual report vol the oe Direc- tor for 1937 A. Gleason) 7 Anthyllis monte Jacaaint Antirr a 21

st -Og

ytia insignis clispersa 19 renaria stricta 229

Aristolochia macrophylla 232 Arnold Arboretum 247

pone arbutifolia 227; melanocarpa

Ar re de Botanica do Estado do S. o 270

* Compiled by Rosalie Weikert

Arundinaria 282 Asarum Shuttleworthit 236; virgini- cum 2. Asplenium pinnatifidum 74 Astilbe 217 Astragalus distortus 229 , EL C. 295

7; arbor- alendu-

232; viscosa glauca 237 (See also Rhododendron )

Azaleas, hardy deciduous 1, 49

Bailey, L. H. - ae

Bamboo as it i in China (W. M. Donctheldy. 282

Bambusa 282; arundinacea 283; vul-

buds to identify some na- tive trees in winter (E, J. Alex

ander) Barahat, John Hendley 18, 48, 95, 116,

the ae of Doctor Small 73

a Beg 143 Bellies pelltdieates Yoo Benedict, R. C. 96

omes and Gardens 218

Betula lenta 186; lutea 81, 186; popu- lifolia 186 ignonia crucigera 233

Binding 294

Biol ogical es 271

Eisaillon, A. ie

Blair, Mr. & Mrs. Walter D. 144

Bleptilia, ciliata 3 : Bloc The people’s responsi- Pity in warring against the Dutch

Blithende. *Kaktteen und andere suk- kulente Pflanzen Boehmeria fake 205 ogert, Marston T. Bonisteel, William 13 Book reviews (name a he reviewer in fee

Adamic, Louis. The house in

Antigua (Carol H. Wood-

1)

Anonymous, Chemical gardens a how to care for them (W. J. Robbins) 24

Arnon, D. I. and D. ea i . oe plants without

he water culture

ried Ww. J. Robbins) 242

296

Deae. TOT Te tandtan af nial, 297

Bailey, L. H. The ai of pinks (P. J. van Melle) 141 Baker, Mary ee pile wild flowers (Mary F, Bar- rett) 119 vere Ralph C., Warren W. Knox and Georg eK. coe

High aa fo (Lucy oe ) ne

Blair, Millard F. Practical tree ee (E. P, Felt) 165

Brow P: rees of north- ogee United States, a

and naturalized (W. H. Camp)

of i see oddities (Rains Pinkus) 293

ed ae The present-day arden (P. J. van Melle)

Clements, F. E. and J. E. Wea ver. Plant ole (Norman 213

elson. Our ferns

, G. H. Knowing (E. J. Alexander) Correyon, H. Champs et bois ae (Carol H. ere dd)

oe H. Fleurs des eaux TO.

Darlington, Dz a

and ter, He ee ial of iescel ddities (Raph ‘Pik 29. ries Ralph. h gar-

Fin oe eles and Swaney, Mil- W. Soilless growth of i nts (W. pe ty s) 2: Ellis, Lucy M e gardener to another ‘leten Siete de rsdorff) 6!

Farrin, ngton, Bie ware The gar- dener’s pearly ‘canal H. , Woodward) 243

. dener’s eoaaibi (Carol H.

Felt, Ephraim Porter. Our shade trees (Joseph W. ae 2a

Firestone, Clark B. Bu waters (W. ay Camp) ae

Fis se Adele S rica shows

how to stage them (Sarah

v. Coombs) 1

Foley, Daniel ie Annuals for your garden (Carol H. Wood- ward) 166

Foley, Daniel J., McFarland, J. Horace and Hatton, R

Department of culture. Range noe Handi Pei H. Woody my 7.

Furtado, C3 entary on the laws ] eee ye

Grayson, Esther C. and Rock-

well, F. F,

(Mau

Grey, Charles Hervey. ieedy

Iridaceae (J. G. Es. 8

Hadkield, Miles. oe wild flowers and t (Carol H.

Hegner, Robert. Big fleas have little fleas (Virgene Kava- ) 293

eske, Franz. German forestry E. i

Hill, Anna ilies Forty yea

Hutcheson)

Hoagland, D. - and Arn

D. I. Growing plants neat by the culture

Find lay) 6!

so Kamm, nnie Watson, Old- time hee for northern gar- dens (Thea M. Gleason) 292

298

ar, H. A. [editor a on

rren W., Ston nd ete Ralph C. iology (Lucy Mathews, Schuyler. Far miliar flowers

(ALN. Matschat, Cecile Hulse. Suwan- iver (E. J. Alexander)

Matschat, Cecile arden primers Schneider) 24

Men J. ns ae ihe

R

Hulse. The (Hildegard

¢P: J: McKenna) 20" McFarland, ; Hat R. Foley, Danit Gar en pelbe in color (Ca H odward) 166

3 [editor] Sides and gardening (Ca H. Woodward) Merrill, Elmer D. and Egbert H. alke A_ bibliography of stern oe botany (J. H.

Pamihae)

Molisch, The longevity of niente (Es EK. Naylor) 214 Miiller. Se Pontaite of dog-

woods a 1 H. Woodward)

270

Nicol, Hugh. Plant growth sub- stances (\Villiam J. Robbins) 245

Nichols, J rose odyssey (P.

Preece, W. H. A. North cule can rock plants (P. J. il

yle, Robert, and McFarland, J. Hor

race. How to grow roses J. aa Quinn, Ver their

place i an life ae raed CW. M. eis field) 120

lias (Mrs. H D. Thomas) 216 Leauminens forage ieee an M, Stephens)

Recall F. F. and Grayso:

Esther C. Gardening indoors (Maud Richey Seah 45 Rohde, Eleanour Sinclai erbs and herb gardening (Rosetta E. Clarkson) 45

Sears, Paul B This is our world W. H. Camp) 43

Sigma Xi Lectures for 1936-37. Ohio State University, Sympo- sium on Hormones (W. H.

Bins oe ge Kx., Ralph C. Bene-

Ore enstein) 139 oe ee ciaers bor- s ( ard W. Swift) 215 Seng: Mil Ellis,

“ihe moon (E. J. Alexander)

Tima, Kenneth V. and Went, Ph orcrniones CW. J. 2

m S$. Sa a of common mushrooms (Mar 0

Tiffany, Lewis Hanford. Algae, the grass of many waters CW. H. Camp) 269

Van de Boe, Loui Planning and planting your own place

DD.

Seymour) 1 Walker, Egbert H. and Mer rD A ene 3 nen Asiatic botany (J. 139

living (hines (Chace ‘Gity) 289 Ward, Kingdon. Plant hun- cae $ ae (Carol H. Wood- ard) 244

eaver, J. E. and Clements, F. E. Plant ecology (Norman Taylor) 213 Went, F. W. and Thimann, Ken- neth Vv. Phy tohormones (W. i 2 3

arles es Darwin

cul (Jos no W. Tansey) a Wherr ry, Edgar T. Gui eastern tne (D. T. ‘Wisltien) ai

White, E. Grace, A textbook of general biology (Jerome Metz- 290

D. The pe s (A 'B. Sto ut) 290 Willeox, O. W. A.B.C. of agro-

biology (Donald P. Watson)

Wood, n H. Jr. Bulbs for your garden, (thet Anson §. Peckham) 1

Wright, eae son. dener's day book CBtizabete *C. Hall) 164

Borin, John 248 Botanical gardens (their contribution

to community He Ea

Botanical Gazette

Can Smith, *caneth M. A er Botanical Museurt, Teas 218

Diant virus diseases (L, O. or ie

Rawere Clement @ 71 79

Bowers, Clement G, 21, 72

deciduous

zalea Hardy ae for poet of form color in the garden 49

vd d J. 92, 113, 241 Bridge, Saruel "28, 241

Britton, N. L. 74, 76, 115, 294 Prittonia 15, 142 onx Artists’ Guild 272

: 101

le la Socele d'Histoire Naturelle de poo 219

et of the Garden Club of Amer-

Bulletin of of vue Horticultural Society

oO 47

Bulletin of ee Micsouri Botanic Gar- den 11

Bulletin of Popular Information 143

ue 22

Camp, W. H. 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 56, 72 ’95, 115, 156, 211, 247

Caragana arborescens 200

Carex 295

ou pee 227 ; caroliniana 227

arya o~ 182

Castanea: 08

Castilla 116

Castilleja coccinea 233

ule 116

ie)

talpa 200 Cetin cae alis re)

Certificates presented to eight stu- dents 11 Chaenomeles japonica 227

Chandler, Clyde 16, 19, 48 Chandler, Philip 192, 264, 265 Chimaphila Pee maculata 129; um- bellat hinese “vate emu Scirpus pai s (W. M. Porterfield) 32; see Grosanthus virginica 200 Chionodoxa 104 Chronica Botanica 21 ee 102 y Gardens Club letin 166 Caytenia 71 : ne 3 1 tis 19; oy a ovata 230

Clement, Mr. C

ia Sut ulat:

Fhnservatory Range No. 1: 8 10.116.

299

spat Ldear of botanical gardens to y life (William J. Rob- Contributors fro Boyce Thompson institute Convolvulus i ie nus tpt Tate 192 Cook, Melville T. 48 Co ombs, Sa ok Vv. A plea for the amateur 151 Louise Beebee Wilder—a tribute 100 Cornel! Rural School Leaflet 294 Cornus mS 227; paniculata 227

Corylus 2.

County gaan 48, 70, 7

Crataegus Crus-galli 200, eer in- tricata 227; Lavallei 227, 235 Phaenopyrum 227 rehan, rtin

Crepis capillaris ocus 24; biflorus 104; chrysanthus

72, 104; Korolkowii 72; Salzmanni 104; Sieberi 104 Cucurbita esha 218 Cultural notes on hardy oe owers) 1

a a a.

Cale Pe seni 232, 237 Cytisus albus 109

de Forest, Henry W. 178 Decum: maria barbara

fe im 247 Di nae jeucopodi globosa 19; splen-

Ditias 14, 141, 144 Di

aie

‘oses 121; Bes Exhibits. 2. 248

D a 9 Dodge, 19, 96,

115, 168, 210, 248, oi. 281, 295 Douglass, H. man Dawier Henry = ane

raba 22; Dutch elm ne 2 ie OS, 169

Eastern Shade Tree Conference 272 E 227

leni 230 fa ycetoliar 232, 237 esthronim 102

300

Esson, J. G. 48, 211, 248, 265, 294 The professional’s point of view

Euonymus alatus 227; europaeus 227

Eutypella 144

Ean T. A 18, 42, 48, 72, 92, 143, 211, 248, 295

Exhibits in Museum Building 272; of ea of fungi 16. See also

Displays Exploration 15

Fagus sylvatica 228 Farchild Tropica Garden 144 Felt, E. Porter 272; Results of recent pee in rite contro! of pest on trees 145 Filley W. O, 272 Finances - Fiske, Jessie G. 4. Flora of Brazil 6: oe Surinam 16 Florists’ nity Gro

Flower Grower 218 Flower show (eo. o ies ra havior Norway

Maple B. Sto a Flowering f ibs for the rock garden Ethel Anson S. Peckham) 101

ae ae medal awarded to Dr. H.H. ry 92

Flushing (eens) 294

Forsythia 228

Fossum, M. Truman 113, 248

Fox, Mr

a ris Margaret 16 Fuligo muscorum 20; aie 20 Pulling, ae H. 19, Some choice een us ever: grees s for ornamental plant-

x APs fe]

eB

ne ee diseases 14

aes 72, 102; byzantinus 72; wesli 72: nivalis 72; plicatus 72 Ga i ax aphylla 230, 236, 239 Garden Bulletin of the Flushing Gar- den Club cae

Garden Glorie:

Gardeners’ Chranilé (British) 95, 118, 191, 244

Gardeners’ Chronicle of America 48, 118, 192

Gardeners’ Forum 240

Gardening courses 39, 208

Gardening ey 167

Gartenschonhe

Gaylussacia es 230, 237;

ir

Gebert, Albert 248

Gigantic mushroom (F. J. Seaver) 212

oe biloba 200

Gleason, H. A, 19, 92, 95, 115, 210, 21, 220, 295 Annual report of the Acting Director for 1937 7 Gleditsia triacanthos 227 Grape hist 25

4, 274 Grapes of the eastern states 260-261 Graphium Uimi 169, 170 Griffith, Fleda ve ae A 156, 263, hs Jan. - Mar.,

Guignardia bidwellii 255 Guntner, Charles F. 92

Habitat hunting in mountains of the southeast with student gardeners Alexander) 228 Hagelstein, Robert 16, 20, 96, 144, 248

&

Myxomycete collecting 19 Halesia ole 228 Hall, 0. a C. 18, 48, 281 donde lis ardy oe for bea form and ecu in thie a ees 49

Haynes, Caroline Ms and Louise 144 Hedera Hel

Hedrick Uz ”. 2, 96

Helenium brevifolium 232

Heli anthensam appeninam ae 99

Hep 5,1 Herbarium 15- Me 96, 115, 144 ee Herringto we thur Heuchera ‘parviflora 232; villosa 230 Hibiscus syriacus 22 Hicoria Panemians 21; ao mis 2 Hieracium - ratense 230 Hill, Anna ae 272 ee Ernest 1 Mrs. Chistian R. 168 Honors i, 143, 272 Horticultural operations 8 Horticulture 243, 293

myristicae-

erythrocarpa 232 a acinthus azureus 104; orientalis ydrange:

H. 228 Hydrophylam virginianum 233 Hydrangea

“DeAVIE ~Z5u 5

wrnetinMnde 190

Tlex Beadlei

THUOMLICULA ae monticola 232; n Agricultural Experiment Station Cire eed 118

eet pests and fungous diseases 14 Tris 190; peer erey 102; reticulata 104 Irish, Ned 264, 266

Japanese beetle 14

ae of Agriculture (New Zea- lan Journal of Bacteriology 294

Journal of Forestry 21, 191

Journal of Horticultural Education Association 192

Jenene! of Malayan Branch of the

117

Journal - Gecnnet Academy of Sciences 117

Juniperus horizontalis 4, 30; horizon-

talis Douglasii 30; S abina 30; abina tamarisc ifolia 31; : squamata 28, 30; squamata Meyeri 30

amie carolina 232; latifolia 233 agh, lee 72, 1

i Virgene. Current litera- 270

provides food, st hade, clothes, and medicine CW. M. Porterfield) 203 Kobs, Edna 16 i olrouteria paniculata 228 Koster, P. M. 211 Kri ukoff, Boris A. 15, 22, 115 Kudzu vine 203

Laboratory and Lear e) work 16 e ite 217

8 Late spring Howes in a Thompson M ock Garden 108-109 nm

mon, Robert S. 281 Propagation of the native species of Chimaphila 129 Leucojum 1 Leucothoé serge 237 Lewisia i 99, 108; rediviva 99; nee Lexington Leatets 167, 217 Liatris Helleri 2 Library 17, 48, 168, 220 Lichens 15, 142 Ligustrum amur lium

200; Ibo! 200; Ibota 200; re Regelianum 200; ovalifoliu m 20! Lilium speciosum 134; tigrinum 192 Lily pilgrimage 192 Lincoin Garden 293

eer) tee T inealn Garden 203

Linum perenne 229 Liquidambar Styraciflua 86, 156, 228 Liriodendron chinense 82 ; Tali pifera 82, 162 Lonchocar rpus Lonicera 228 ; ae 227 Li Wilder —a_ tribute 100

Lupton, George 92 Lycium halimifolium 227

aatelaned Fraser 92, 113, 192, 241 Ma nae G. os 14, 13, 241 295

zine 48,

OF acuminata 230; con- spicua 140; Fraseri 230 Marshallia obovata 109

azus rugosus 101 McAllister, een) 96, 168 McGreg e 241 McKay, pues McKenna, P. f "0 240 McKenny, Margaret 144 McLean, Fouman T 18, 61, 156 eee ig eae Garden 72, 168; y 9, . Stout 19

Mee, ‘atifolians

Menziesia pilosa 229, 232 Merrill, E. D, 15, 92, 115, 144, 220, we ee

Mexia 248 eer "Dorothea 264, 266 ae He Maizie 61; cover photograph,

Mien Fh of plants in relation to education (E. J. Salisbury) 88,

Moldenke, Harold N. 15, 16, 18-20, 42, 96, 118, 248, 272, 281, 295 The recognition of some common iv ees ir leaves

0

Montague, Mrs. Gilbert H. 96 Montgomery, Robert H. 144 Montr fal Botanical oe 96 Moore, Franklin C. 2:

Morus

Moss, Donald 241

Moss, John T. 113, 241, 248

Mosses 15

other of islands (H. H. Rusby) 54

comosum

m 92 104; ae

212

(Fred j. a 18, 19

{oro} en foray 248

Mycopatho logia 272

Myrica Gale 232

Myriophyllum 134

Myxomycete collection 19, 144

Mw

vue

Narcissus 102; minimus 104; Pseudo- Narcissus minimus 192; ‘triandrus

National Academy of Sciences 95, 115, 272, 293 National Horticultural Magazine 21,

New von Botanic

Courses 39,

s 19 Dine: 10, 11, 121, 247, 272 Educati vere 17 Exhibits 220, 272 Expedition 15, 48, 115 Fin: ve

Gifts, Ce and buildings 7

Laborat and. experimental work 16, 168

oe 42, 211, 281

Library 17, 48, 168, 220

Lic] a 1

Membership 1

Mycologia 18, 19

Myx hades collection 144 orth American Flora 15, 16,

Personal honors 18-20, 72, 92, 96, 143, 264, 272

Photography 16

Publicity 17

Report of Acting Director 7 Research and exploration 15 Rose garden 8, 11, 98, 121 Scholarship students 168 Student Gardeners 92, 113, 228,

Thom mps son Memorial Rock Gar-

= rs Pend = “I oO

Works Progress Administration 8, 9, 16-18, 96 New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology 219

North America Flora 15, 16, 2

Notes, news and comment 20, ‘a 71, 96, 115, 143, 167, 192, 220, 246, 272, 295

Nyssa sylvatica 83, 162, 228

Oenothera argillicola 13, 229, 237 Oph hrys Smallii 236

Oxydendrum arboreum 228, 230, 237

Pachistima Canbyi 2: Panicum capillare rie Papaver 215

‘arks and Recreation 70 Parnassia asarifolia ar arochetus communis Powe argyrocoma ‘240 Parrott P. J. 96 Parthenocissus 254 Passiflora incarnata 2. Passing of Doctor eae Barnhart) 7. Pa clowns 235 Peckham, Ethel Anson S. 42, 211 Flowering bulbs for the rock garden 101 ee C. Nicholas A, 241 Penstemon canescens 232 People’s responsibility in war: against the Dutch elm disease (pee

Bloch) 169 Pests on trees, Control of 145 Petrea

43, 211, 265

Pfander, C1

Phacelia ocuanede y99 Phellodendron 22 Philadetphus hirsutus 232; 232 Philippine Journal Phlox oe 230;

*Swall (John

inodorus

of Science 192 carolina 232; Drummondii 219; ovata 240

Phyllostachys 282; bambusoides 283 ; edulis 283; mitis 282, 283; Quilioi

Phyteuma comosum 99, 108

Picea Abies 26; Omorika 27; orien- talis az, ae ita 27: pungens 27; rubens

ierz, John Pinkus, Raph 92, 228, me 241 Pinus Cembra_ 26; celsa 26;

pungens B38 Strobus 26; sylvestris

lasmopara viticola 255 Platanus a cite 200 ; 160,

occidentalis 66, Platt, rea 272 Plea for the amateur (Sarah V. Coombs) 151

Pogonia divaricata 232 Polygonum 74; Aubertii 2: Bie giganteus 212 opulus 2 eae giganteus 212

N ™“

eee ice owes OU

Pongal “WM Bamboo as it is ae for food

in China 2 Ko, the tee vine, provides food, shade, clothes and medicine 203

The Chinese water-chestnut Scirpus tuberosts 32 Trapa bicornis, a water-chestnut

known to the icine as Ling

Potentilla tridentata 232

Practical gardening aaa 208, 211

Professional’s point of v w (J. G. Esson) 2

Propagation of the native species of

ce aphila (Robert S. Lemmon)

Aca tina 227

Pyr watt ia pubera 233 Phin Butleri 115

Quarterly Review of Biology 2 ae es 84, i ee ‘itloba 182; 22 27 ;

imbricaria in) baste ae nigra 233; poles 85, 180, 227; rubra 227 ; velutina 80, 180

Ramondia pyrenaica 99

common native - trees i cee “eaves (Harold N. Moldenke) 156, 180 Reliable evergreens for the north- eastern United States (E. H. i 6-37

Fulling) 36-

Repertoriu

Representat activities of 1937 at the Botanical Ce 12-13

E. Porter Baas Ay recent books: See Book

view: Rianne 227

Rhizopho 54

Rhodedendron 22, 55; arborescens 55, 56; atlanticum 56; calendula- ceui , 49, 55, 56; canadense 5

carolinianum 232, 237; catawbiense 232, ee gandavense 56; Kaempferi 5, 51, 55, 59, 60: Kosterianam 8: indicum 60; indicum balsaminae- florum 60; japonicum oo 50, 55, 57, 58; japonicum aureum 58; maxi- 233; minus 233, 238, 239; ; mucronatum 59;

nam 49; Setligweabecka 58:

BUILT Un grax wert UU, LUSEUIIL 47, ef. Ont co.

Vaseyi 55, 57; viscosum 56 Rhus 228 Robbins, William J. 18-20, 48, 72, 92, a 96, 113, 115, 116, 143, 168, "192, 272, 295 eed contribution of botanical gardens to oe ae, life 249 Robinia Ree 228;

eudoacacia a 3 viscosa 239 arden award to Mrs, Sch eae 264 se eacden buibs 101; course 143; eek 14, 98. See also Thompson

92 A mother of islands 154

Salisbury, E. J., Modern study of plants in relation to education 88, 105

Salix 200 Samson, Donald 228, 241, 264, 266

Saitraga ‘Cotyledon 99 ; leucanthemi- folia Scener.: an ae os from the student gardens’ vacation trip 238 chafer, Dr. Hans 6 Schivereckia ian 100, 109 ey Mrs. Mary Bartley 168, 217 Schneider, Hildegard 264 Scholarship students 168 chreiner, 16 Science course for professional gar- deners 20 10 Scientific M

a 104; biflora 104; sibirica 104 Scirpus plantagin ; tuberosus 32, 33, 35, 137

S obert 92 Scutellaria integrifolia 232 eaver, Fred J. 15, 19, 20, 72, 248, 272, 281, 295 A gigantic sliniele

212 263 Sed N telephioides 229; ternatum 23! Selaginella Sherwoodii 232 Sempervivum 191 Senecio antennariifolius 229; Rugelia 233 Septobasidium 243 Setchell, W. A. 115 Shortia Sapa 233, 236-238 Shrubs a: n New York City 193,

Silene caroliniana 99; virginica 99, 230, 233; Zaswadski 99, 108 264, 21

304

Smith, Norman 113

Soil Conservation 70

Solidago glomerata 233

Some choice coniferous ae or ornamental planting (E. Fulling) 25

none ee in grape history (A. B. Stout) 254, hs

eee japonica 227

South America, news from 48, 115

Spear, Philip 264, 266

Spingarn, J. E. 19; 20, 47, 113, 114, 168

Spine lecture series

Springtime in the Rock Garden 97

Stephens,

Stewartia pentagyna 233; pentagyna

23

grandifl Storm damage 246 Stout, A. B. 16, 18, 42, 72, 168, 192, 211, 247, 272, 281, 295 Some chro icles in grape history 254, 274 The flowering behavior of Nor- way maples 130 Stuart, Tae Student gardener activities 92, 113, 228. 2 Sturgis, Wi

R. 20 Swift, Howard 92, 241 Symplocos tinctoria Ashei 240

Talinum teretifolium 232 nae Joseph se 265 11

Tate, G Taxodium ees 227 Taxono Index 95

Xl Taxus baccata 29; cuspidata 29, 149 Terry-Holden expedition 15; 48, 115 Teuscher, Henry 96 Thermopsis eins 233; fraxini- folia 2. Thomas William

S. 42, 211 a homree Memorial Rock Garden

8, 29, 72, Pe 99, 108-109, 116, ha 78, 230, 2 ae ‘huja occi

s 31; orientalis 31; i 31

aris

Torr

241 Trapa eure. 134- 7; bispinosa 135, 137, 138; — 32, 135-137 Trapa_bicornis, ater-chestnut known to a ‘Chines as Ling Ko ( M. field) 134 Trautvetteria nent 232 Trees [magazine] 7 and shrubs in New Yo ity

York Ci some observations on_ thei own (Nelson Miller We ils) 193, 221

bark and buds of 61, 80; of 156, 180; pests on 145;

Trees, leaves

conference on Trees ene oe under the trying f New York City 206-

Trifolium Meats 22' Tropaeolum majus 219 Tsuga canadensis 29, J17 ; caroliniana 30, 232 Tulipa biflora 104; dasystemon 104; aufmanniana 104

Ulmus 173; alata 233; americana 62, in ae fulva 186; parvifolia 200;

pro a 200 ncinala necator 255 U.S.D.A. publications 117, 294

Vaccinium 19, 22, ae ie arboreum

Munsoni

ie Voislawsky, Mrs. Antonie Von Wettstein, Dr, F. 71

Water-chestnut ae pres 32 yee ase mee Donald P

g £3 B

ells, Nelson i rees and shrubs in New York ity and some cbresvations on growth 193, Westchester Countryside a Weikert, Rosalie Wiegand, K.

Wilder, Louise Beebe 700, 114

Wilson, Percy 15

Winter fectares at the Garden 281

Wisteria 227, 234

Wittrock, G. L. 96, on 281

Wor nae R. P. 4

Woodward, Carol H Current litera- me at ‘4 ce al 47, 70, 95, 116,

thrive in New Works sae te snes 213 8, Pe Wilbur 240, 241

roe © Prof. and Mrs. Clarence H.

A Wen Cn:

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS

a ELECTIVE MANAGERS pee 1939: ARTHUR Anperson (Treasurer), CLARENCE Lewis, PIE ERRILL, oe DE LA cures io cretary and iciten ve “Wim J. Rossins, and J. E. Spx

Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BaLpwin (Vicecpresident, Cups Frick, R. Jennines, Henry Lockuart, JR, JUGAL, and JosEPH

R. Swan, A hake nt), Until 1 E. C. Au LL Frecp, Mrs. Eron Hunrtincton

OOKER, ane L. Meme ee: ead Cov. Rozert H. Montcomery, and H. Hopart Porrer. Il. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rogert MosEs, Pe Coyne ner. JAMES MarsHALt, President of the Board of Education. Ill, APPOINTIVE MANAGERS y E, Hazen, ca A the done Botanical Club.

ARPER, Sam F. Tre ASE, EpMuND W. SINNoTT, and Marston T. ons appointed by Columbia: Unica so:

GARDEN STAFF

ee J. Sgn Pu. D., Sc. D. Director H. A. Gueason, Pu. D. Assistant Director and Head Curator Henry DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director A. B, Srout, Pu. D. Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator Bernard O. Donge, Pa. D. Plant Pathologist Joun Henpiey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. Bib Haake Percy WILson Associate Cura Avpert C, Smitn, Pu. D. Associate a Harotp N. Movpenxe, Pu. D. Associate Curator ExizaperH C, Hatt, B. S. Librarian H. H. Ruspy, M. D. ......... Honorary Curator of ie Economic Collections Fiepa GRIFFITH on ie Photographer Ropert S. WILLIAMS Asso in Bryology . J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and ities i the Tocal Viesbaran W. H. Camp, Pu. D. ssistant Curator LYDE CHANDLER, A, M. pa Assistant Rosatig WEIKERT Technical Assistant Hoa KavanacuH, M.A, Technical Assistant Caro H. vo A. B. Editorial Assistant Trou mas H. Everett, a D. Hort. Horticulturist G. L. Wirrrocx, A. Docent a DEGENER, M. oo Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany Tt HAGELS Honorary partis of Ms ysomipeetes Era ANSON S. "Packtan. .Honorary Curator, Iris Nee va ollections ARTHUR J. Cor Superintendent of B uildings and Grounds

ASG Bae. coat Superintendent

THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK Saini GARDEN

piane cre They

he PAdticom Council consists of ore custom, they are also elected t t bel Offi

cers are: dorff, Vice-chairman; Mrs. Corresponding Secretary; and M Arthur M. Anderson

*Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson

P. . Bogert

hat es ek

George P, Brett

*Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey ley

* vss te Zo x a ol =) F) 3 o E}

fred J. e - C. I. DeBevoise Edward C. Delafield rs B. de Lo

Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow

Julian Detmer

Mrs. Charles D. Dickey *Mrs. John W. Draper

Benjamin T. Fairchild *Mrs. Moses W. Faitoute

Marshall Field

illi

ie t . . Fife i Harry Harkness Flagler ( )

to the eae rs. Elon Huntington Hooker, Chairman; Williams. Recordin ‘Secretary; Mrs . F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer

Nelson B.

*Mrs. nea Fox

Childs Fric

*Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff . A. Gle

*Mrs. Sean ds Garis *Mrs. George McM. Godley

Barton Hepburn

*Mrs. William A. Lockwood r. D. T. MacDougal *Mrs. David Ives Mackie

*Mrs. Jot McGinley Dr. E. D. Merrill ohn L, Merrill

Roswell Miller, Jr. *Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. George M. Moffett H. de la Montagne Col. Robert H. Montgomery

Y. Morrison

women who are glected by the Board. e

the present sane r of which is

r. . Townsend Scudder,

*Mrs. Augustus G. Paine

Dr. William J. Robbins Prof. H. H. Rusby *Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee

*Mrs. Samuel Sloan

*Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Bronson Winthrop Grenville L. Winthrop

ohn C. Wister

*Mrs. William H. Woodin Richardson Wright

4

JOURNAL OF

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

CAROL H. WOODWARD EDITOR

VOLUME XL

1939

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden BRONX PARK, NEW YORK, N. Y.

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1939

No. 469 Jan

Discovery of Circular of 1889 Marks Flee ae of Garden's Conception 1

Sturdier, Healthier Trees the Aim of Eastern Shade Tree ‘onference at Botanical Garden 5 Program of the Conference 8 Plant Collecting in British Guiana 10 Exploring for Plants in British Guiana (Photographs) 14-15 Question of the Month 22 ercy Wilson Retired 23 Reviews of Recent 23 Current Literature at a Glanc 26 otes, News, and Comment 27

No. 452) Frenrvary

Pointers for Exhibitors at Flower Shows 29 Three New Daylilies 32 Plant Collecting j in British Guiana—] 35 Outdoor Flower Displays at the ene April— November (Photographs) 4-4 Hurricane Damage to Trees in New York C 4 Dealing with Storm mere a: in a oe 4 Studies of Root Syete ms 4 Questions of — ar a 4 Reviews of nt ks 4 ee: Literatue re ee a Cah , News, and Comment fe 0. 471) Marci The oe . Begonias Grace at the New York otanical Garden 53 Brit Not i on Their Culture and History 53 e Species and Varieties 5 Beg onias From the ee on Collection (Photographs) 64-65 Conipast sing a Border of Anr 8 Spring Lectures at the i 71 Reviews of Recent Book. 7? Current Literature at a Glance 75 s, News, and Comment 76, No. 4 APRIL The Japanese Art of Arranging Flowers For the Home 77 . New Propagation Method for Hybrid Rhododendrons 83 Begonias Bring Three Awards to ae Garden 89 Sir William Wright Smith a Visito: 90 ee ogists Coming to New York in September 92 Southwick 92 bea nge Student Gardeners 93 een Forum 93 es, News, and Comment 93 ner of Recent Books 95 Current Literature at a Glance 100 No. 473 Mav Botanical Garden Represented in Two Exhihits at World's Fair 101 ee rece ue oe ation 103 The Yam-Bean a Source of Food in China 107

Cacti in the Nort the ast 109 Cacti Under Cultivation in the West and Ne Coley 112-113 Peeliminary Program of the Rose Conference at the Nev

Botanical Garden 116

Plants for Distribution to Garden Members

Clarence Lewis Addresses Graduating Class of Gardeners 118 Reviews of Recent Books , 120 Current pee ata opus 122 Notes, News, and Comment 123 No. 474 June . Fundamentals of Rose-Growing 125 betas Se New = the Garden This Year 129 itional Roses of Not 129 Oe od ‘Roses tive Again at the Botanical Garden 130 List of Old-Fashioned Roses Pla anted at the oe Garden 134 C. Bobbink Honored by the Botanical Garden 134

Some Suggestions for ne oe of Common Diseases and Pests of Garden Ro: 136 William Hebert Medal / A wailed to Dr. Stout 144 144

Dr. Rickett Appointed New Staff Member Reviews of Recent B ae otes, News, and Com 148

No. Jur Pearl Buck Unveils Bronze ae eee to L. C. Bobbink 149 Japanese Beetle Time is Here Again 152 Japanese Beetle (Picture Sheet No. 4 from the ie of Entomology an Quarantine, U.S.D.A.) nsert opposite page 152 Weeping or Pendulous Hemlocks 153 Weeping Hemlocks and Their Branching Habits (Photographs) 160-161, 163 Reviews of Recent Books 166 Current Literature at a Glance 170 Notes, News, and Comment 171 No, 476 AvGcust Roses 173 Folklore and Fact of Medicinal Plants in Rural Mexico 176 aniother Krubi from Sumatra Blooms at the Garden 179

182

American Wild Flowers for the American Garder (Photographs) 184-185 Capt. F. ea Ward Visits New York, The Fair, and the Garden 189 190

J. Spi Delghinm Fellows ship 190 Notes, News, and Caninient 191 Cat Literature at a Glance 192 Reviews of Recent Books 193 No. 477 Sae Tuberous Begonia Hybrids a Gardening Hobby 197 Begonia oe rana—Its Progen and Their Culture 201 Chinese Gin 208 Evening Cou rses Garden: 212 Lectures for the Autumn Months 212 re eee Collected 213 Reviews of Recent Book: 214 urrent Literature at a Glance 218 Notes, News, and Comnient 219 No. 478 Ocroper The Making of a Flower Master 22] Propagating Tropical thee by Leaf-Bud Cuttings 229 ae ae Hemlock Tre 233 Recent Mushroom Benois 236 Revi iews Recent Books 237 Current Literature at a Gl 242 Notes, News, and Comment 243

Microbiologists Meet in New York for International Congress 244

ili

NoveMBER

The Modern Role of Ancient Herbs in Industry and Home 245 Tropical Flower Garden Opened with Ceremony and Tea in Conservatory 253 Bae Begonia Nages Clarified 256 ooks for the Practical Gardener 259 Reviews of Recent Books 260 of Doctor Small Honored in Louisiana 265 Now News: and Comment 265 Current Literature at a Glance 268 o. 480 DEcEMBER The Leaf of Victoria Regi 269 Tuberous ahi Species ‘Native to the Americas 274 Plant Novelties from M 278 Courses fe ‘or Gardeners 286 Reviews of Recent Books 287 Current Literature at a Chas 290 Notes, News, and Com 291 Index to Volume 40 293

COVER ILLUSTRATIONS

ae Into the Central res of the Main Conservatory January Hemerocallis aoe ust Pio February erode “Pose , “Rate Species From Tropical Africa March Awakening: ‘Span “A Composition in the Moribana Style

According to the Ohara School April The Graceful Paloverde Entwined Among the Sahuaro

Growth in Sahuaro } National Monument, Arizona May Rosa pone ae Flowering in May June Weeping ock in Front of the Tcseun Building July Borders of Aanisle and the Dome of the Main Conservatories August Begonia Emily Clibran September

rion, One of the Hardy Chrysanthemums in the New York

Botanical Garden’s Border October Scene in the New Tropical Flower Garden November Victoria Regia—A Portion of the Underside of the Leaf December

EDITORIALS 1939 After Half a Centu January For the Coming Sasi February Flower Show March For Nature Students April New Friends for the Garden May The Rose Garden June “For Beauty and for Service” July peace a. ae ug utumn Displays

A Specialized Macca mepiemibes

Labeling ov

In the Library oe

Vor. XL January, 1939 PAGES No. 469 1—28

JOURNAL of THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Oh \\(

2X\ \ | SS

\\

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y

Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. ual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 c

Free to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor January, 1939

Looxine Into THE CENTRAL DoME OF THE MAIN CONSERVATORY Cover eines o Eric J. Baker, courtesy a a & Burnham Co.

DES oe CIRCULAR 0 OF 1889 Marxs FirtigeTH ANNIV

F GARDEN’S CONCE ae 1

Srunpien, “eatin TREES THE fee . EASTERN SHADE TREE Con NCE AT BOTANICAL GaRl Carol H. Woodward 5 PROGRAM OF THE CONFERENCE 8 PLANT CoLLectING IN BritisH G A. C. Smith 10 EXPLORING FOR PLANTS IN bare ee Photographs 14-15 UESTION OF THE Mo 22 Percy Witson RETIRED 23 Reviews or RECENT 23 CurRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 26 TES, NEws, AND COMMENT 27

AFTER HALF A CENTURY

ifty years — when the idea of a great botanical garden in New York City was

first proposed, there was an enthusiasm among foresighted men which made ii possible in a f ee years to offer the public the pleasure of walking among well- cared-for gai on spacious grounds, of observing shrubs and trees such as the ad never seen before, and of visiting new conservatories where living plants from afar were b: t before their marvelin es. To the student and the scientist

re was opportunity in America’s greatest city to study living plants, to ect plants and place them in a safe and useful repository, and collections hs others in the herbarium, besides the opportunity of learning fro ever-growing library all that others had learned and recorded in the past ae plant ie

The generosity of these men who made the establishment of The New York Botanical Garden possible is qeneebered today; the money which they gave is still being used for part of the institution’ es are

service—a program which, if funds are provided for carrying it out, can mean as much in additional enlightenment and pleasure for the oo of today as the establishment of the Garden meant nearly two generations back. Few of the early donors are here today. Many securities purchased with their gifts i i di

inadequate funds. For an example fae are the magnanimous gifts for public service which were tendered fifty years ago.

Be PAI. CAL Qe riiy JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Vou. XL January, 1939 No. 469

Discovery Of Circular Of 1889 Marks Fiftieth Anniversary Of Garden’s (Conception

YELLOWED piece of paper which had spent a cae

in the back of a drawer in an old desk came to light r ently

just before ye ae? anniversary of its ale ee in 1889. Headed ‘ eal for a Public Botanic Gar nm New York City”, the a “se circ eae bordered in now sa tad of red, states: “At a regular meeting of the Torrey Botanical Club, held January 8,1 the subjoined appe: s unanimously adopted and ordered to be printed general circulation.” No name is

signed, and there is doubt to the author's identity, though it may have been E. E. ei or perhaps the leaflet was a com- ite pi :

In reviewing the life of are Lord Britton in this Journal for August 1934, Dr. Marshall A. Howe recorded the story of how the idea of a great ores ‘arden in New York was first proposed to the Torrey Botanical Clu

“Dr. Britton himself,” he wrote, “is Sor for the statement that the Lah of the history of The w York Botanical ct ay be traced to : sak made to him by ne Britton

ae summer 7 1888, n they were on a visit to the Royal Bot c Garde: eee Mrs. Britton, ‘i ressed by the cane and scent interest of the plant exhibits at Kew and y the importance of the Royal Gardens’ numerous contributions to the literature . plant ae aoe in effect: ‘Why couldn’t : S

w York? the Torrey Botanical Club held on oo 24, 1888, Mrs. Brit-

]

2

ton gave a description of the ae Gardens at Kew. At the next meeting of the Club, a committee was appointed, consisting of E. E. Sterns, Arthur Hollick, Thomas Hogg, H. H. Rusby, T.

Allen, N. L. Britton, S. Newberry, and Addison Bro. a Sead the. idea of establish hing a botanical garden in the City v York. At a meeting of the Club on January 8, 1889, an

eal

a or such a garden, prepared by the committee, was adopted

ie ordered printed.” Beginnings of the Garden

The eventual results of this patie are evident today. Within two years The New York Botanical Garden was incorporated under the laws of New York sores Judge Addison Brown began

e campaign for funds by contributing $25,000 toward the estab- lishment of The New York Botanical Garden. This sum was Neale by J. Pierpont Morgan, John D. Rockefeller. and D. O. Mills, as well as by Columbia: College. ae additional funds subscribed by W illiam E, Dodge, J. A. Serymser, William C. Schermerhorn, Hon. Charles P. Daly, Oswald ee fer, Samuel Sloan, George J. Gould, Helen M. Gould, ae S. Kennedy. William Rockefeller, Arnold-Constable & Co., Morris K. Jesup, Mrs. Melissa P. Dodge, Tiffany & Co., and Hu ae 'v. Camp, the endowment reached $250,00 000 = ve 1895. The following ea the institution was granted th right to occupy a tract of 250 a in an undeveloped portion of "Br ronx Park.

In recognition of the eee. of the endowment. the City

provided $500 requir I lature, and the work on the grounds and buildings commenced al ce he bee h ie ioe ba largest public greenhouses the world had

to the public in 1901. Meanwhile the museum, oe = nee to house a herbaria and library of hen undreamed-of magnitude, was started in 1898 and partially occupied late the fo piloe year. The aan PY plants and their products, the need for which was especially mentioned in the Torrey Club's appeal, were assembled as part of the gre collection of economic plants by Dr. Rusby. Trees and none were planted outdoors and extensive gardens were developed. A modest appeal it was, yet it marked the beginning of an over- reas ee from patrons of horticulture and botany who for the s of a large botanical garden in the metropolis. pi text = a Torrey Club’s appeal is given on the following pages

The Appeal of Fifty Years Ago

The accumulation of wealth and the growth of public spirit in ae metropolis make it reasonably certain that we shall have, aon or later,

jr aa seems to be uae le shall have it very ‘shortly, or wait another genera- tion for its establishm

Strictly speaking, a garden of this sort is a scientific and educational in- stitution, ile as much so as a library or a colts ee bak its eee and main‘ ‘ope: O s fro: ich

so many ~ our eae and libraries eee been erived. Ean ages

New York City of to have, would fully equal in tale such fre tineuiahed institutions Be ‘Comel nee Vassar College, or the Asto and Lenox libraries. e it would even surpass them in pes for it would occupy an " eucational wand scientific field at present very in- adequately cultivated in this

Such a garden might be xt d maintained by one man of wealth or by a corporation of c An institution on the latter b:

ed by y a - vided wit cient maintenance fund, would form the nucleus of an in- id. in its incepti but sus:

ceptible, under se direction, of ultimately attaining a high degree of

scientific aeetulncee A third "method of securing sheer rae would

be by municipal appropriation and under municipa al a anagem The city

might, at least, afford Renae aid to the project bys ening a ae from the

ae appropriated for park purposes; and an annual subsidy of fixed a y (or Stat te) treasury would als so be an important assistan

The uses of a botanic garden may be reckoned as of four sorts. First and inant) is the purely scientific and one use. Subsidiary to this, ‘but

till of a marked degree of importance, the pharmaceutical and horti- etal ee ae nely, the general ie as a place of agreeable resort for the ee

It vious that a considerable collection of living plants, arranged with scientific pera and Agee ue tolerable ee ia various om. t be

classes and orders of the table kingd mus interest and value every piactieal” ie nist. Such a garden a’ w wor might have would speedily become a Mec ‘or the botanists of America, and

t Old World also if due attention were paid, as it should be,

making the representation of distinctively Am n plants as full as possible To students of botany in tl Is and ! ges within a hundred miles of us, s arden would be the greatest benefit. Courses of instruction, vividly illustrated by living specimens, Toad be provided for pupils from New York and its vicinity and thus a great and desirable

impetus might be given to the pursuit of one of the most useful and interest- ing of sciences.

Students in eae and peace, approach the subject of palany with a particular object in view. Plants of medicinal value have for them a special importance. Wit ample means. ‘at Cota it wold be easy to bean an abundant representation of pla of this nature, without prejudice to the purely scientific character of the pe ths securing for the depuis the highest degree of pharmaceutic usefulness, and making it an invaluable auxiliary to our admirable medical school is

4

The horticultural uses of a great botanic garden are more or less indirect, and yet of the utmost consequence . all practical ‘gardeners. The hot-houses

of such an institution should be models of construction and management ; the eee of pei ns shoul - best that science and experience can dictate; the dire and his dep should be of highest ability in ou calling. a follows, therefore, “that stich a garden becomes, of necessity,

sort of e of Horticu Iture, service in ahd or a reasonable term v woul ie aes ible pr ation for practising the gardener’s art. Moreover, the pam. abject of a botanic garden inc the introduction and cultivation of new and untried plants, and consequently the florist would find gathered there a multitud ie rare species, many of which might prove

desirable for ornamental cultiv:

The remaining use of a botanic garden, as a place of agreeable and profit- able resort for the general public, is by no means to be lightly ee —_ large attendance at our orchid and chrysanthemum shows, the

ns

to prove beyond a doubt that the public at large would keenly appreciate a public erica where, thanks to systematic grouping and a liberal use of labels, a considerable acquaintance with plants might be readily and pleas- antly ‘acquired. It is aside from the true purpose a ae one garden to give

plants, | of the showy

‘or even the most indifferent v

erve Racy os ee various uses pee indicated a botanic Paginas ciol .

S re in the suburbs, special care being taken to select a place easily accessible at all seasons of the year. The question of site, howerey. is secondary to the etion of funds, and can be readily solved whenever the money is forthcoming.

More than one of our wealthy citizens enjoys public repute as a generous patron of horticulture. Scarcely any are ie iit to it. Suey the elf to all.

scheme of a public botanic garden should mend its: oa ne ren erican institutions of kindred na os Shas aw Garden at St. Louis and the Arnold Arboretum at Brookline, Mas already in successful ere tion, Haat oie ating the names ‘of their respective originators, and ben efting at e the student and the general public. tas i modest affairs, remote ay a Heal eee situ tuated but a bot: of the highest es, cstablist hed in New Yor ity or its amediate Pac

would be placed at the best imaginable point to win a lasting reputation for itself and its founder, both in this country and abroad.

Sturdier, Healthier Trees The Aim Of Eastern Conference At Botanical Garden By Carol H. Woodward

EPEATING their conviction that tree capi Bee go on,

but declaring that sturdier trees must be used in the future

and that vigorous ee must be made to keep ee aa insect

troubles in check, twenty-six experts on trees addressed the Eastern

Shade Tree ee at The New York Reena Garden December 8 and 9.

The meeting, which was attended by about persons, was

>

called by Dr. oe J. oo at request of a committee consisting o on . O. Filley, For the Comes Agricul- tural Experi Os Station: Dr. a P i ‘lt, ector 1 Chief

Entomologist a the Bartlett Tree Research gn oratories; and . B. O. Do Plant Pathologist at the Garden. Mr. Filley served as rnc of the pe the purpose of which, as announced in 2 ae gram, was to present a “broad discus sion of hurricane dama shad. trees, with aa reference to re- habilitation and “lt problems.” It was an emergency confer- ence, called because of the damage reves by trees in New York and the New rae states during the hurricane of September 21. Although no permanent organization was formed, the proceedings will be published and di istributed at cost. It is planned to publish in the Nata of this Journal excerpts from several of the papers. While iar toll of a million or more good trees with eet ge to many millions more was on deplored, the spe men eee that the tropical storm had left in its wake some useful lessons. Dr. D. T. MacDougal, who has spent years in the ire 7 the Delonge pee of trees, even pees the a bo

uprooting of lordly t to science, beca of the opportunity it offered ee the tas "of aes without iy digging up healthy mature specimens. A pap Ir

er by ac- Dougal, who has recently retired from his post with the Desert eon of the Carnegie Institution at Tucson, was read at the meeting by Dr. Robbins. lyn R. Jennings, General Superintendent of Parks in New York City, and Carl Bannwart, Superintendent of the Newark Pee Tree eas both ce the fact that the damage ould have been less if in the past large numbers of poplars and silv er maples had not been planted in the two cities by property

6

owners. In New York there is now a law against the planting of these two trees, because their brittleness makes them susceptible to the = a Anes ta akes them hazards a ng the street. Em as placed by a number of speakers on the need for cnt lating Ls t at the same time for the selection - only hich

thos es Ww e best suited for the ee “The eee must go on, come what es ai a hn L. Wright, State Director of aces Developm in Conneeiaie “Gf this generation is to pass on to future ener their just heritage of tree-lined roads.” While the tree crews of the Connecticut highway department are now, he said, concentrating all effort on repairing the trees worth nee a shade-tree ae ie drat

n uegeed been doing some outstanding woe in the © provision of

shade tre nae country highways and city streets. m New Haven, winch s the country's old ne st bureau ie none to shade-tree care, Fred S. Eaton, City Fo rester, brought the news of a new ae a linden ch the city is propagating because it does not shed its leaves in oe ele mer Or become un- sightly from rel Ee ca of plane , the bureau hopes, will not frost-crack or wint Li e an ae “better than

Ulmus ane bearing dense, deep green foliage which is un- attractive to aphids and elm-leaf beetles but most attractive to the human eye from the time the leaves appear in very early spring until they fall at Thanksgiving time; of a good Chinese eee

several lesser known oaks: a new cork-tree (Phellodendron) ; a of a grafte . perenne a ee It is with these

that will b t t ight, e other work bei ing d re toward the improvement a: tree varieties.

on in this country, the better, Dr.

Graves said, Pecnmenine | a disease-resistant eepeties like

Gina pana, the Siberian Ln should be ed wit: ne the

ai elm. “The object in view should be, in ae opinion, ated, “to produce an elm of large size and beautiful vase

ou ae like our cherished American species, and at the same

resistant to the Dutch elm disease.

7

Wherever there were sugar maples there was hurricane dam- age which will have a severe economic effec H. L. Bailey, Entomologist with the Ve t Departme nt - Agriculture, re- ported 20 percent of the sugar ae a in his state dang = M. A. Mackenzie of Mass ae etts State College told of a

loss of sugar maples also in his ste Mr. Bailey pointed ee that in Vermont the sugar maple is the tree most serious! affected by the forest tent Rela which in different regions f of s

Fallen maple trees, he en will give the larvae a chance to hatch and eventually infest the ane ae trees. Increased vigilance will be r Heats do next sumy yatching for egg masses, spraying wherever c: aad eh have ade and iraine all brush

r

question of Hee insect injury to trees as a direct result of the hurricane nee a large portion of the conference. One entire morning v devoted to papers on the Dutch elm

ne srorslogel problems discussed e insect in- ae was held to be a aielene cause of storm damage, ie sc of its ia effect, the greatest danger to trees, the —

indicated, lay in the epee increase of insect pests 7 tre ae a ay nerease also in ees or fatal fimenuc disea The broken limbs, the strained and weakened trunks, the i “fo sliati ion by wind when that occ be the fa es ae and standing stumps are all an invitation to s toc and fee and build their homes and create a ee of oe ae out and infect a healthy tr

aoe

a ne and care to eon an to develop more ade- root systems ‘for their pla was another factor considered of oe ee by the tree experts.

“Neglect of this may be costly,” said Dr. Felt. “A recently published item stated that $100,000 is needed to repair abet broken by uprooted trees in Queens Co ounty, New York. It is well known that deep roo ial is Hees in a shallow soil, on ede and in a soil where the water table or a heavy c clay o a ia an is near the surface. Th jane ane is oO recognize nddi- tions and use low-growing trees in such areas. or ree a ‘pack to offset to some extent the manifest root limitations. It is known that the roots of most trees reach out after plant food, and even in areas where deep rootage is impossible, it is believed that judicious feeding may result in a material expansion of the root system, thus giving the trees a firmer hold upon the soil.”

8

The eee inadequate development roots beneath pave- ment was pointed out during the Saas

various ee especially the ae froin: attack by insect pest d fungous diseases and the trunk and branches from invasion by orers, shade tree ae care throughout its existence in much the same a as the fru For New York especial ee as any other large city—Nelso M. Wells ‘olen a seven-point program of tree planting. Tn este

1, That leg: eo uate xities should be cleared away so that ilies authority and Tresyous iG rest with the Commissioner of Parks other responsible agency.

. That adequate funds be provided to plan a street tree program properly and intelligent hs

3. That the eons of trees with respect to curbs and property lines be carefully consi

. That the “tree cee shall be of the finest quality and of types which are adaptable to the prevailing soils and exposures and the esthetic

ects att: 4

5. That provisions be made in the matter of ample soils and fertilizers, drai nage, guying and sures of young trees, and paving blocks or iron

gratings to prevent the compacting of surface soils. 6. at a mainten. a iad be provided which is capable of practising the best lenowi ‘irineip iples of forestry service.

‘hat to rid our city ee of the poisonous gas and soot which now pollute it, smoke abatement ordinances be enforced.

Program Of the (onference

Opening with an address of welcome hy Dr. Wilham J. Robbins, the program for the Eastern Shade Tree Conference proceeded as follows:

Tuurspay, Decemeer 8, 1938

The a aac of the Conference W. O. Filley, Forester, cee cata Experiment Station

The Storm at Nena? k, N. J, and Rec uction arl Bannwart, gotten, Newark Shade Tree Bureau Hurricane ven to Park ai treet Trees in City

R Jennings. "Gener al Superisiterident’ Denar nea of Parks Shade Trees and Future in New Haven, Conn. Fred S. Eaton, City Forester, New Haven The Shade Tree Policy of Rhode Island . Ste State Entomologist The Cemetery Trees ne Ulustrations of S 2 Dama; Oscar Burbank, Gupcantendcat. of Hope Cemetery, Worcester Storm Damage in eae and the Forest Tent Caterpillar H. L. Bailey, Entomologist, Vermont Department of Agriculture

Other Factors Affecting Storin Damage and Tree H'elfare

Dealing with Storm Damage in Central ieee us Prof.

.M. = McKen Massachusetts State College Food Rots as a sens Before and After es Storm Perley Spaulding, “vied States Bureau of Plant Industry

The Relation of ae Work te Sed e Dam S. W. ley Ba rtlett Tre Research Laboratories

The Future of the Japanese bo le and Its Con C. H. Hadley, ies States Bureau of Enmcigy and Plant oo

Two Introduced Insects of Evergreens, the nm Spruce Saw; and the European iced Shoot Mot R. B Friend, Entomologist, Connecticut Pas Experiment Station

The Gipsy Moth as i: Anprowkes the Barrier Zon . F. Burgess, United States Moth Control

Fripay, DecEMBER 9, 1938 Dutch Eli Disease and Other Problems

The Present Status of the pute Elm Disease -G. Bre ue ee Elm Disease Eradication Dutch Elm Disease Control in New York State . H. Rankin, Sree Hie eee New York State Dutch Elm Disease Work i ati ersey E. . Re New Jersey Department of Agriculture Dutch Elm Disease Work in ees tic WO. aa Forester, Conmeedeuk Agricultural Experiment Station Importance of the Study of Root Systems of Trees D. 7 MacDougal, Desert pee ea Institution The Broader Aspects of Hurricane Damage to Shade I. P. Felt. Bartlett Tree Roe Laboratories

Rehabilitation and Restoration

Soil Fertility and Root Development Carl . Deuber, Yale University Trees on City ee Village Streets . E. Van Fleet, as Municipal Signal Association The Shade ac of New York ¢ Ne on . Wel . President, City Gardens Club The Better Trees Me Street and Oraame a eorge H. Hollister, Superintendent of Parks, Hartford The Shade Tree Perky on Masachuset tts Highways J. V. MceMa Ee Roadside Development, s Department of Public Works The Shade Tree Program of Corned John L. Wright, Dee Roadside Development, Connecticut Breeding Trees for Disease Resistance Arthur H. Graves, Brooklyn Botanic Garden

10

Plant (Collecting In British Guiana By A.C. Smith

F THE countries of northern South America, British nee must _ considered one of the most attractive from a bota

wpoint. To the traveling scientist its 90,000 square miles

ae ea ave s of country, including coastal forest, interior rair forest, savanna, upland grass country, and a fine series of sand- stone hills culminating in the famous ae a Our botanical knowledge of British Guiana lent back nen provided by the work of the cee: Seen whose chief books (6, 7, 8)* are known to ates one inter aaa in South

American travel. Another famous collec in the region was G. S. Jenman, Superintendent of the Tacde Gardens a George- town for many years. With np work of these early collectors as a basis, as many as a dozen more recent collectors have sub- stantially ene our — oe the flora (2,

On August 27, 1937, rry-Holder eens sponsbt red by the renee Museum i poe al ae with the ee tion of the New York Botanical Garden, left New York for Georgetown. The Cea was made possible | py the generosity

f Mrs. Franklin P. Terry, and was organized by Dr. William

cas ewer Staff Surgeon of the American Museum. In addi- tion to Dr. Holden. the Paso! consisted of Alr. R. P. Snedigar, events Mr. W. G. Hassler na W m- gerford, oe cena Alr. Nei writer as botanist objectives of a nee were to ae oe head

of the Es Mee R iver, to study the Indians of tha: on with special a for their Roth pees and their us a plants,

d lect the fauna and flora of a hitherto essentially un- collected area. Enroute to Georgetown, we had time to spend a day Caracas, where T had the great pleasure of visiting Prof.

ro) 3 +

Henri Pittier, the distinguished authority on Venezuelan Lae and i“ examine parts of his herbarium. In Port-of-Spain, Trini- dad, an interesting day was ae in the eae Gar . en.

Ai ving at Georgetown on September 12. we immediately sct to work Lae pe ue ial into ie ae erior. It is an interesting ee ce tha ed in British Guiana:on precisely the one- -hundredth anniversary of the departure from Georgetown of

fe) t : Mountains, our own geographical objective. Georgetown, with its

*The numbers in parentheses refer to the list of reference works given at the end of thts instalment.

1

attractive Botanic Gardens, has been so Petcee described that ry reader

y i of travel is acquainted wi s historic situation, its interesting Bet its ae ae avenues, anil its modern business hou Her received every assistance from officials

and a oe sede ee - whom ‘the expedition is much

indebt 8 boats having been built and duly christened Schomburgk | and Schomburg i, we aes ed to Bartica, a Lee of ea the

for travelers the erior, situated at the

ee ‘Maz zaruni Rivers. .\ third boat was hired oe and we took our final departure on Bree i pate ner with nae ae ae The crew consisted 28 Araw Indians fror e ee eee the Northwest a. Ee 14 negro boninnes . act as captains, oe and engince uch

boat on these rivers is paqiiel to carry lee: pares oy howmen, without whom a passage iia the rapids would be impossible. ee are also certain hee regulations concerning he size and draught of boats. The ‘Bri ish Guiana government, by Sie ae these eae ae enous cut down the num- ber of serious ae ents on the rivers, but still several Gara occur yearly ¢ ) ees or over-confidence. Travel ¢ these rivers ne be perfectly safe and comfortable. if boats are A by good crews and sean captains. It is due to

ur good fortune in these respects that the entire trip was accon- plished without a mishap, through many hundred imiles of river travel.

The two ee ee were excellently constructed hy George- town hoat-builders, and were of the type hest suited to the country. Each boat was abn out 38 feet long and seven {eet broad, with a draught when loaded of about two feet. In constructing such hoats, the most ea of the colony's fine timbers are used. For

he keel, bottom Niet gunwale, and “bends”, the well-known

greenheart (Oco Rodioei) is preferred. The ribs, bow, and stern are of the a mora ae excelsa). The s ides are gen-

tally constr a of some lana wood such as_ silverball ees ies of Nectandra or Oco

= ©

Dep: ee eee Bartica, one ae es for a time most evidences of European influence. The Essequibo, a magnificent dark-water river often several milzs = ea (inclusive of islands), is eer by | one of the most impressive rain-forests of the world, typically Amazonian in ers ance. The components

of this for es ate ie nearly every ay of ue trees being represented. Particula ce impressive to the t ee er

e the great buttressed ae “of Mo ee ee silk -cott

12 (species of Boimbax or of the related ee Ceiba), and numerous attractive flowering legumes such as species of Eperua. Orchids, aroids, and other ep: phy tes are eae a pteridophytes, the ia plants, except for a few common species, are not conspicuous. aoe the Most interesting flowering plants of the region arc everal spe of Podostemonaceae which characteristically cover a sath Todas: near water level. In this family the mag- nificent Afourera fluviatilis, with sprawling frond-like leaves and arge ae -flowered spikes, is arresting in its colorful water- moved bea Collecting along the ee was ati by age travel,

but a few plants were obta of t any rapids which pede our Lea we ce ries a oe i beginning of the short dry s the rivers were far below their high-

water ts but nevert ee were quite navigable. An extensive rapids begins about 20 miles above Bartica, just above

Mora ot Creek, on which the Oxford Expedition of 1929 (1, 3), vith Mr. N. Y. Sandwith as botanist, made such thorough and ae collections. Two days were consumed in ara g through these r. eee eee which is Itaballi Falls, ie Robert Shon

burgk, o of his descents, lost the collections hich re sented mn months of pain ta ing labor (8:5 The m a use outboard and inboard er s has greatly increased the speed and safety a vel. On viewing the w se rushing a new admiration for the work of the

cataracts, one conceive

Schomburgk beatae ae had only small ae oe unaided man- use to make their many ascents and descents. Some o the rapids can be ascended with the aid of po al engines and

River, pea we reached on dale . see laboriou tages were necessary

Two of travel up ae prin, since i low: er reaches of he Hee are free of rapids, brought us to Karenambo, the ranch of Mr. E. McTurk, whose hospitality we enjoyed for week. From this point, our transport was under the direction of Mr. John Melville, to whose ae Rage the further suc-

xpedition was due Melville was adequately

assisted by his brother Charles, ae we must also express the greatest appreciation of the kind co-operation of many other Saas, in the pate he notably Mr. T. Orella and Mr. Teddy Melville, as well as the hospitality of the Jesuit oe at St. Hao Mission on ce Takutu River, Father Mather and Father Kea

13

Ug agit and Yupukari, a nearby a aa on the Rupu- nuni, [ was able to settle down to collecting for a short while. The river a this point flows through a savanna vee but for several miles on each side of the river are extensive stretches of forest and transitional ao The actual ie of the river is lined by thickets of the wa ete muka-muka (Montrichardia arborescens) and the aie e- sidium aromaticum and P. parvifloruin. The forest does ee ne in height and luxuri- ance to that of the oo there are many swamps and lagoons of great interest. In some of these lagoons are ae the vast leaves and fragrant blooms c Victoria regia, the sensational waterlily first discovered by Robert Schomburgk and since intro- duced into many well-known haa gardens, The lagoons

= y W.(. Hassler Mourera fluviatilis growing on rocks in the renee rapids.

abound in ee a earns ean ae a fish. obtain the lat h bow and arrow vith the harpoon is a picturesque oe of oe Maca a YW pe Indians of the region. About the lagoons, in trees bright witl howy orchid Cattleya violacca, nm nt attractive egre aa cranes ee inhabit their nests. he er itself is often

ter eat fields of the water- eae Bichhor nia asurea, a co little a ing fern-relative, Salvinia auriculata

Botanical education of the Wai-wais.

mna oasis in a stand . oe ité nae es Mauritia

-EXPLORING FOR PLANTS ‘IN 7

BRITISH .

GUIANA

Photographs by A, C. Smith Forest of the ae Essequibo, bide ee granite vs along the

*he a saat ascending the ars t far from its source..

Flowers of Gustavia ies a tree of the Brazil-nut family.

16

Farther inland, and sometimes in a narrow belt along ae river f “bus and sa a.

ee height seldom reaches 20 meters. Beautiful yellow Sdoweted trees of the families mate ae and Vochysiaceae give color to the aereee ne ost ¢ oe feature of - ie pununi region s the which extends southw: or many miles paieee ie Rupununi and Takutu Rivers fe into ae Brazil. This savanna is Aiea nly by the magnificent forested Kanuku Mountains, an isolated mass of extreme botanical in- terest, and by a few pena smaller peaks, On the savanna are

plant associations worth detailed ecological study, because of t variation fro’ ieee areas of a meee to small lakes and lagoons. The only tre many par he savanna is the widespread ee oe (Curatella Soren which forms dense orchard- like groves and which provides rough leaves used as sandpaper. Beneath these trees and in swamps are smaller woody plants which appear to have ye into the savanna from the transition belt. Watercourses and swamps are invariably irae vy — ae the ae ité palm, ae itia Lae On the avanna most ody growth is supplanted by pei eee a ie eae ae which grasses aa sedges are eee The area provides good oe for cattle, ae raising of which is the

Color is ot

. e pl the bright flowers of Byrsoniima verbascifolia, Desmocelis villosa, ee a pee Sowvagesin Sprengelti, species of Xyris, and many lan

ea the ae leita features of the savanna are small rie:

shallow ponds, the borders of which an interesting s . associations is ne In this habitat such era as Mayac Aubleti, the iridaceous Cipura paludosa, species of Her pestis, an the sundew, Drosera ses. oe va are abundant, ann others of the families Erioc aulaceae, Butomaceae, and Cyperaceae. The sl aed water of the eas is bright with the flowers of the bla a Ut ricularia mi. the primrose-willow, Jussiaca sedoides; and i water-hyaci oh ae diversifolia.

The ae problem of the causes of savannas cannot be a

e ee pease savannas in many places are underlaid by a of clay

laye: hardpan which explain the apeence : large Le Fires 4 by Indians me nae ers may be a factor ae tenance of savanna, but they hardly seem a ae caus

The dry season in this region lasts about eight months and ae

17

total sau . . course much less than that of the forest, but whether a Iry season is a cause or an effect of savanna is still a etal snes Leaving the Rupununi ie a short while, the party vari around the ie n extremity of the Kanuku Mountains cae ned to the river at Wichabai, Mr. John Melville’s ranch. So to an see from Yupukari, about 100 miles was covered in eck by g horses and bullock carts. The crews, with exception ee few Arawaks, were sent a ‘a i. - during the ran ndet of the trip our laborers were 20 to 30 Wapisianas. This is one of the finest tribes of British Guiana, its as pene excellent woodsmen and hunters, and at the same time sufficient contact with Europeans to have acquired the cee - foreign civilization. The Wapisianas occupy the ex- tensive savanna region drained by the Rupununi and Rivers south of the Kanuku Mountains, while to ie north of these mountains are ens the Macusis, a tribe of completely different o The savanna area is well po aed, not only by Indians, me es by Parone settlers who extend every assistance to scientific travelers. Except for a few staples, one can depend upon te country for food Te This long we across the savanna gave us a good sas to ae the a, but collecting was impo ossible enro ever, at Wi ea oa other points south on the ene I con- tinued collecting, finding the sav anna and its fomeiiig forest similar

- oO oe, > a a ae ee a S oy 5 ®

savanna near the Rupununi head which had previo usly served as a bas p for the British Guiana-Brazil Boundary Ona - rom ce o oint we hoes wed the route one by this commission

‘o the Essequibo h head ; their work a fev ago in ee = - region oe a our suheeduenr a At Ishe

a few miles from the edge of the extensive forest which covers the ely ae of the colony, a base radio station was set up, and A . Hungerford and Mae\ila remained there, return- ig to oe York via Georgetown in February and March, 1 TI st of the party ae southward he Kuyuwini ver, traveling two days through the forest foot, with pack- bullocks for tran his trail passes through the isolated

ansport. Parabaru Savanna, which would be well worth detailed st The existence of a few such patches of savanna deep in an other- wise forested area seems to indicate that ee conditions, - than rainfall, the important cause of the Guiana savanna: From this ae we followed the route ia by Robert chm

Is

burgk in 1837, a route still used = Ww re aes in their trade with Wai-wai Indians of the Akarai region. Ten days were spent at the end of the trail on the Kuyuwini Rh ver, while a large “halla- hoo" and several “corials” or dugout canoes were built. The hallahoo is a local craft well suited to shallow rivers, built of strong ribs = an ae with square 5 abs

a keel makes such a vessel easy to manage on rivers where fre a ase with rocks and Pease ogs are inevitable. nstructed of a single log and are often more than 30 i re “Sites the log has been eae by the use of axes and adzes, it is spread by a manipulation of wedges and the use of fire. The pie craft may carry as a as a ton of freight

ac vera ia

The a area drained eS tl he FE ssequibo and its tributaries south of t aan mouth t present uninhabited save for two small ci g Wai-wai aaa Taruma Indians, with a tota of perhaps Bele See This is certainly one of - most sparsely inhabited areas of tropical America, as well as one of the least known from a biological viewpoint. A large par of this densely forested region is only slightly above river level, but be- tween the streams ee the Praia eu are ae up to 1,000 or perhap 300. meters elevat

Co ilecting near - Kyu ini River g gave a fair ee of the flora of the entire region. The forest is nearly as high as that of the lower Essequbo, ‘ut eee to be even richer in its components. The large trees are of diverse families, nee which he a Sree Rosacee, “Annonacee, Lecythidac Euphor- hiaceae, Moraceae, and Lauraceae are predomina ant. ‘The surface

of the Kw fete is often ne by dense mats of the flowers of a species of Caryocar, fallen - rom overar vehi hing trees. Important elements of the undergrowth, elsewhere in tropical America, are species of Piper and ae of the Melastome family. Bry a and pteridophytes are not common in this lowland forest. Epiphytic plants are only occasionally

river trip from our camp on the nee River to its

ng six crafts. JExtremely slow progress was made along the upper river, which is frequently only a few meters broad and very 8 shallow. Across it have fallen innumerable trees, and progress is ae only by the es use of axes. Here we passed through a belt of “pimpler bush”, so named because of the abundance of a vict ee armed palm, oe ocaryum Jauari. Where these palms have sprawled across the river, leaving their spiny petiole bases

19

hidden in the sand, slags care must be used, as the spines cause flesh wounds easily in

The Ku tyuwi nl ie “Tike other parts of the upper Essequibo basin, is rich in game. Peccaries, capybaras, agoutis, other small i plenty of m i

and trumpet bird, are abundant. For food one may also depend 1 fish of many sorts, among eg we Ree enjoyed the

carnivorous haimara, although t his fish and the equally vici

ae are not eer ated by serch It may be seen that the ion f food t

So o 77)

offers serious difficulties 2 ie matter of food to a ie property “sorte w ith sta) Snedigar and Mr. Hassler e pleased to find a a faitly crn Se Boe ie the

Kuyuwini. os a anacondas were seen and two were collected for mounting, . Rael being nearly = feet oa Other ee life consists of otter, occasional “tigers”, as ja aa oc ce and other cats are bale known, yc many species of monkey: The pleasantly awe-inspiring roar of red howler nes perhaps the most characteristic sound of his forest, is heard every evening ee mor, ning.

a coincidence worthy of note that we passed into the a ibo on December 8, one hundred years to the day after a Ra reached the same point on his historic trip.

an trav the Essequibo brought us to the ee of oe we oe na ail eastern affluent, where nearly three weeks ve spent. Dering this ees an outboard motor was ee the e ballal owi ing a ser corials in a ete ee Sub- ve ae our aS in the ee region I vy able spend a cek near one of the Wai-wai cee where ae regard- ing medicinal plants was sought. I was particularly interested in ascer’ taining what plants the Wai-wais use in preparing their arrow-poison. Sfrychnos guianensis seems to be the chief in- Jee while S. toxifera, the important component of Macusi

o

ra not known to the Wai-wais, nor was it observed in their territory.

Continuing | ee ard progress, we reached the mouth of eee Creek, the last eastern affluent of the Essequibo. At this point the main river is ape hae in size to the creek; all the nents maps are seriously in error in indicating the source of the een far south of its ac fal location. That this region

nee supported a large dined suai is Beery: ed by great bers of axe-sharpening he the bed rocks and by oes aes where the ee are cover oe i ancient inscrip-

Even in Schomburgk's time there were many populous

20

villages which have since disappeared. At present, wee is deeply impressed by the atmosphere of peace and solitude which hangs over the qui i

the voices of eli and monkeys “chanting faint hymns to the cold fruitless moo

Our last sn in 2 this area was made several days’ travel up Shodikar Cre ek, a narrow tortuous stream which has its sources

i Mouse ns. T of the eee paler sions in this area was a great gale to u in evidence. Along parts of the of ae fae "Mountains

ry good re cently as ae 1937, On January 8, 1938, ee Holden and

yr. Ha Wa acting as ca riers, began a trip of several days o So. to the

assler traveled via Georgetown to New York, arriving there April.

Mr. Snedigar _ cae seat as a ue the Shodikar Creek camp as From this I was able work in the low mountains w es Ee sely are the a he aH The lower elevations in this are ae essentially ne same oo at least as to genera, as a e Kuyuwini region. How of the eas trees is the stately brazil- Ae Ber oleae ‘vel.

hich appeai ans (> De found) 1p nts) Gu aie and in a oa areas - htly to - north. A trip was made © the crest of the Akarai Mountains, the fesse Tounday aa oF Brazil. The higher clevations of ‘these mountains support a flora for the most part specifically distinct ala that of the area fowls An Amazonian cee nent appea o predominate. a ae se erns and erage ae are fairly aa e under: ae sts of plants of diverse fa ae ee a ae pial white. ie d Tachia ee ee The maintain oe - lofty cena of the lowland Ga cee them may be r tioned a spec ae Hevea, a bie rant Acrodi clidiunn, and ne species of Sa nae eae. It seemed that nearly one tree in every three, in this ee yielded aba a te or yellow latex when cut. It was difficult for us to agre pana s descrip- tion (8:116) of the Akarai Monee as a region reigned over “the silence of Death.” We found that Routes ete and

21

numerous birds cheerfully kept the forest noisy. The insane yelping of toucans and the discordant cries of macaws were

ear Toward the end of Janu uary the remaining members of the i M vi

party, includi ssrs. Melville, star ownstream, our supply of ate being exhausted and collecting equipment in po hi Nearly continuous rains during January greatly

hampered our work. We had intended to descend the Essequibo to the Ripe mouth, as the middle stretch of Guiana’s largest river is essen shai unknown. The geologist Barrington Brown is the only scientist who has traveled this stretch. sae of the heavy rainfall, ae ever, the Essequibo was so high t i to descend

ve b eref we retraced our route up the Kuyuwini River, the hee part of which was dry enough to offer great difficulties, In one place the entire flow of the river a be stepped across. After stops of a few days at our Kuyuwini oe and Parabaru ae we

It is through the generous ce and the co-operation of the American Museum of Natural History, Mrs. ie vi Holden that botanical work in this area was made pos

During the Terry-Ho 1 Expedition I was able to erie ie Hinks numbers in sets of 10 or 11, and! 323 wood specimen Although somewhat fe in volume, this collection will doubtless add much to our knowledge of the flora of an almost unknown area.

(To be continued)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ms

Davis, T. A. W. and Richards, P. W. The Vegetation of Moraballi Creek, British Guiana: an Ecological Study of a Limited Area of Tropical Rain Forest. Jour. Ecol. 21: 350-384. 1933; 22: 106-155. 1934. poe in British Guiana. Jour. N. Y. Bot, Gard.

Ww

a

we 2 id 8 ay

Hingston, R. W. G. A Naturalist in the Guiana Forest. London, 1932.

Hitchcock, A. S. Floral aspects of British Guiana. Smithsonian Re-

port for 1919: 293-305. 1921.

Peuieuy, a oe of the vegetation. fos the Suriname savannahs and yamps. led. Bot. Rijks as ae 823-851. 1936.

coe eee ar ard, vels Guiana during the years

1840-1844. Leipzig, ies. English peeiaae by W. E. Roth, George-

town, 192:

Schomburgk, Richard, and collaborators. Versuch einer Fauna und

Flora von Britisch-Guiana. Leipzig, 1848.

Schomburgk, Robert. Travels in Guiana and on the Orinoco during

the years 183. Pe a Leipzig, 1841. English translation by W. E. Roth,

Georgetown

be

own

fon

oN

Question Of The Month

Poinsettias In The House

t Chr we purchased three poinsettias in a ae each one in bloom. ane a pl were ek blooming, we cut them back to within six inches of the sotl, then placed them in the cellar for a posting period. About a " a Ki a; e

'e the. : a t going to bloom. What can be aie to Hike these plants ee again, or are they through bloomin re

he poinsettia cannot be regarded as a satisfactory house plant, although occasionally people succeed with it. Providing the shoots shea aa a cut back plant were ae ae ise neo leaves,

there is rea why they should not flow t Christmas time. lia a pla | “oe not bloom, I can oa spe that es shoots pe ecg re thin and weak, in which ¢ either n

flowers will appear or if a are i i will be el and of poor quality.

The best method of handling old poinsettias is to start them into growth after the resting period, sometime between May and August, and ai that time to repot them in a rich porous soil. As growth develops they should be afforded full unlike and receive careful attention with r regard to watering. One of the chief diffi-

culties experienced in house cultivation is that of oS uniform temperatures, for the poins settia resents wide fluctu

gr

. the lack of humidity in the atmosphere, a cause which is fre- ently Soo eae for the sheddi a a leaves ter the Ane are reioved indoors and subjected to artificial he: In the green- house this is Poison by fre ea ree down the floors nee eee on which the plants stand. This cannot, of course, be done under house conditions but a broad shallow tray of moist gravel or sand placed beneath the pots will be of some

nce. If your plants do not make satisfactory aes oe year it would raed = worth while keeping them another Strong plants, how after they have completed bloo ae can a partly ut back ae pe for a while in ae cellar before being started into ol again T. H. Everett.

23

Percy Wilson Retired

ae forty years of service, chiefly on the scientific staff

The New York Bo of Dr. N. L.

Indies, aera ove ity o

Upon his eee the B Garden presented Mr resolution,

a ne and happy life” ince the early years Wilson ages been

sian s.

tanical ciate oe was Nes ired the first Bri

oard of . Wilson with the ae him at the same time “the best of health and

of The New York Botanical yee Mr. one of its trusted and efficient employ

and the honor oe authorship of the Flo d:

Garden, a > ilson, Asso- of January. A rly associate

on, he accompanied him on

of his tri 1 the Laas collected there, ae

the flora ‘of tha

vee of the Botanical following testimonial

Rane

ora of

ilson wil continue his connection with the Garden as

Mr. Wilk Research Associat

(All publications reviewed here The New York

Reviews of Recent Books

may be consulted in the Library of Botanical Garden.)

The Herbal as a oo To Modern B

Henuale: THEIR ORIGIN AND Arber. 326

To the pe tanist, Mrs. Arber’s ‘book i a prelude to Linnaeus, “A Chapter in the History of Botany”. The author, in the preface, clearly limits her field of research: “The main object of the present book is to trace in outline the evolution of the

The the ket is eatin: a that Herbelist’s Gaiden and Store from “Das Kreuterbuch oder

Herbarius”, e see lovely ladies

ture is not a forerunner of the contents of Mrs. Arber’s book.

m the other a the book is a mas- terpiece of compe study of the old herbals in

tion, and illustration. 1912, it now has been rewritten and ex- pan nded by a section on botany in Spain and Portugal, and one on the origin of herbaria; by an increase of bibliographical

&

sources and a helpful subject index to

them. Chronologically ananeet is a list of the principal herbals printed between 1470 1670. Mrs. hee points out

that after that period we hear less o: herbalists since noe ie taken an in- dependent place in the rid.

In Chapter I is an interesting discus- sion of the early canes herbals. The importance of t Dioscoride es, revere me ee to he Saas day, is shown ironically enough, to be not he- cause is worth as an herb tee, but real e the constant effort to eluci-

er en to characteristic illustrations, ithe nen a the ae herbalists

e 80 books sed

mat three capiers presuppose the reader o have a clear ae of all the herbals

eae previously, reference being made to thos books by way of examp

The result is that eac the principal herbals is discussed four times, each tim

oO 8 <

ie up ie sub-

ect of plant descr tion The author teen ses that a kno wwled dge of the actual plants must have been transmitted hy word of mouth.

“The pictures in the herbals

and the tleserinions Eo) inaderiuate, “that Hen:

tification must have been practically im-

possible.” The herbals, reference healing appearar amilia

she thinks, were merely books from which to learn the amet of Ae herbs with whose nce eader was already

Chapter VI sets forth the confused state

of plant classification in the early days.

Gradually during the 16th and 17th cen-

turies was developing the idea of natural ig plants

affinities amon: , and in Caspar Bauhin’s “Pinax”, 1623, order from cha res Fro ime Linnaeus re- eived a copy of this book, ae read it constantly — and to en the

botanical world In Chapter VII, it is sie pe that the art of plant illustration was not

24

pr ogressiv ely better in each age, many of

“te & s

ir book a quality, ‘of the early fo orts at botanical il There ar alf of fo) gur e story of the woodcuts is most interesting. The author has Tierney ee on ate erbal and shows how the oodcu'

hi Lai appea ered again aad a ain, lareely. b oe f the fact that between 1530 and 1590,

there were only five important collections of woodcuts. Chapter VIII is devoted to the Doctrine

of Signat a astrological botar any ; “backwaters, connected with the main channel, but leading nowhere.”

rigina’

aph v which s Ir

8, to abs any influential power ; and thou; the

Pp t and influenc ce on the created Vegetables’ In the dates of editions, there are two discrepancies. One relating to Askham’s “\ Lytel Herball” which Mrs. Arber states was printed by Jhon King in oF os date of oon “ the title bein orrect since ad not then Bers to print, the reference is probabl. date of the les niet ~ pe a rang - ee did ition. Mrs Arber apparently has ee the 1 of 1550, printed by Wyllyam Powell, an original copy of which this ewer owns, Then, in ae ve ~ herbal of Mon- ardes, issued i Mrs. Arb

ook, as bei rt 1 illustration taken from the herbal is iden- ed as “Monardes, Segunda parte del libro, 71”.

To those to whom “Old Herbals” is synonymous with still-rooms, sirops and

25

electuaries, remedies for the * ‘bitings of

of. Ss, project then € lives of the | herbalists, shat ey ate, Be tools they had, what be- lieh and ag they ¢ cherished, Mrs. Arber mal eal, ook is for

et ecenracy in plant. deer ption: botani- cal ee dn the romance of the earl oodcuts, in the comparison of the old herbals from the botanical point of view. Rosetta E, Crarkson,

Garden Record Books A YEAR IN MY GARDEN, .\_Day- by-day Guide and Record for the Home tinrdener. Compiled by Pan! \. Dem

The Stardard Cam 8

di aur

g3

iAT A ; Clippings vi In- Ni

‘ten baer eee

edition. Plann ned and arranged hy jail A. pater ‘Mamaroneck, N.Y., $1.60. vith celluloid indes fas. a

she edit jon in leather, $

Her e two aun dfterent types of garden fecord bo

Professor Paul ‘Det mpsey of the of oh ce ollege offers a tw lve aie Sew in any sl with a brief cultural hint on every e.

Mrs. Li

rs. Latimer, Feil oe n garden con-

plant ords, They: are arr. et Ponder tlassife od aubjec s and the = Rae re- veal the various sections Roc

Garde lants, Annuals a Wienniske

und Covers, we rk of the , Color, and

koa %

other similarly. useful top’ ELIZABETH rC. Hatt.

Up-to-date Propagation PROPAGATION OF PLANTS. M. G. Kains and 1. Me, MeQuesten,’ 5s pages, indexed and illustrated. Oran Judd, New York, 1938. $3.50.

Messrs. Kains and McQue sten 7

all pronesion. They have compiled a Rook

of 555 pages, illustrated with some 3U

oa whic

o the studen' ar

Reproduction of plant material has been carefully saa from nature’s method of se dage to the lat ee practical applica- ae growth substances for use upon cuttings. . mere establishment a

mers man-

The latter portion o fide jak contains several condensed icles tables which deal with all the major types of plant material. These should prove very useful to gardeners in general.

Should this book bet ised as a it is well equipped with 33 pages ut oa ticums and notes for teacher

The original edition of Propagation a Plants, publish ed 22 years ago, has hee completely modernized cake totich new material which nee come to light in the

This new edition should therefore he 8 as S wsefl and popular as was its predecess Joun T. Mo

Yale Unease. More on elie see HA ol. 2. (Amaryl

RD Vv daceae, ‘commeline inaceae, cdoracese: Orchidaceae, eee > ale baie

Cecily a Ss y. E, P. Dutton Co., New 1938. $8.

ain, as in his first volume of

of the “bulbs berous fibrous rooted plants” in the various families noted above. This treatment, of course, as in the case his i kor e Tridaceae (Vol. 1) covers those subjects which the author regards “half-ha . as ose strictly hardly like the oe cissus, ucojum, Ixiolir a and v: rres-

Le vari erre:

trial orchid species treated toward the close of the Hook. peak of the more

tropical items are not touched.

Although it occupies only the first 115

pages, the section on the Amaryllidaceae

will be of pr rincipal pnporan ice to the

average gardener. Commelinaceae,

a inclu the jemi Tradescantia, about 18

ver! pages. e Haemo- dorice ae, s, Orchi e no less than 163 pages, and Scitamineae 30 pages.

cusses many subjects which are only safe as eros plants in the United States, th as around the

This is "the only inconsistency of Lt. Col.

The ‘author ‘apparently missed Mr. revision of the Zephyranthes-

Lt. Col. ‘ollows the r out-

admits 0’ 135 that it would hav ate ae i ees eae ” to have based his work on Dr. v inson’s ne

The Cecily Grey Pee are deli-

cate and artistic, and usually attractive, especially so the color plates of Nerine Sarnicnsis ie =©Chilean — rarity

sis, an t Tecophilaca cyanocrocus. robably the author could have abridged his technical descriptions and diagnoses without lessening the utility of his work.

26

nce the value of the volume as hotan ical or taxonomic reference Wore is a oa by its planned narrowness of se within the particular fields cme

Nevertheless, if the book, while written

things so a amef

ully neglect horticultw

ed by western Wynpuam Haywakri

D, Secretary, American Amaryllis Society.

Current Literature* ta By Virgene Kavanagh

Repository. Type specimens should be

placed ina central repository oe a place readily accessible to those who need them, but far from probable military ob ectives,

Congress.—Journal of Botany, November 1938,

and Mycology. Human allergy has fe aus teed | in identifying species of Clado- sporium. In addition to providing a new ee technique, perhaps this re- oe the old saying that everything has es.—Guba an ackemann, in Wrenn November-December 1938.

Weed Pictures. Do you recognize the common weeds as they show above the snow? The phetderaphe by E. L. Palmer in ee Ucar: December 1938, should help y

Argentina. MM. i the somewhat oeing ate ce orial publication the Ministry of ee réulture of the Ateeutiie Nation devoted - scenes re- lated to sali industri Cacti as Art. In Mexico where they have ae cultivated for food and beauty ublications me! —and many

“+A pi d her Bier nae be found an othe Libr Botanical Garden, in the Muse! _ Build ne: The

27

for many centuries, cacti are named among the art treasures of the country. of them are d

Some cribed as “silken

wers ze stems” in an article in Mexican Art and Life for ly, a ne publication of the publicity bureau of Mexico, publishe d at Bucareli 12 ‘o City

arks, Volume 1 of the Re- je ‘Review earn by the National Park Ser Reg: One, Richmond,

ake

and historica pps ines s, and developments of the

ie ee number has an are the Great Smokies

area. on ae a. of H. M. Jennison.

Cactus Ter Cactus is eee ne a guide to the ecient and m of pent ae and botanical teins with ee actus lovers should be none and the eae = “F” appeared in a November numbe A contributor to The Ameri- a ee “Mapas inc, a ember-December 1938, reports tha we es aes were badly wilted ni reci ved and looked as if t a een w Greshly. cut atten they were Me ina ete of the root- inducing us kno hormodin A. ao none oF th Re flowers were water ee fone A to see ae ould also - term “board feet”, or’

Th

which j is entcnis to North America, was originally applied ee vith “superficial feet” to indicate the space which boards would cover. It supplanted a simple linear measurement of pee ie He n the Boa ‘cot

rement aie ; Teuenal re For- cee a "Octo ber

e Buffalo Society of Nat- published a history of pansion of its museum , which comprises

Mus ural en ae the growth and 6 in «Seventy. five Years" Vol. 18 of its Bulleti the person who feels is research a commercial basis, Dr. A. he Usefulness of Useless

Knowledge” should provide comfort, at

least, if not ways of Sidestepping the at-

ve nal of Pharmacy, era eee 1938.

Notes, News, and Comment

-A.A.S. Two papers were given by Dr. William J. Robbins at the 103rd meeting of the American Association for the Advenceuent of ae = Aenea ae during the week Chri.

Before a general dessicil ‘he oole” on “Thiamin a Vitamin Bi) and Plant Growth” and before the section on plant

physiology he spoke on ‘Recent Observa-

tions on Plant Growth Substances”

Dr. H. A. Gleason spoke before the plant taxonomists on ‘The Concept of the pee Dr. addressed the group on * A

tag aed an t . C. Sm x pediti on in Brith sh Guiana, Others from the Garden who bus the botanical a pt B. Do Sea’ Molde ike Clyde 7 J. ander, ” besides duat a ‘Chere a J. wyer, ea Ellys But . P. Carabi vi

*N.

rst ye g paper before the systematic section and the plant iconomint: in which he briefly described the flora of Cuba. orts

rts on the Richmond meeting: were given by those who attended at the monthly conference of the staff and

registered students Jan. 1

bit. Watercolors showing scenes Sa eat life in Korea, done by Florence Hedleston Crane, who as the ‘wife of a ae eg spent 25 years in that ry, shown

: dividual flower Paltings collection have appeare lowers and Fi

but all of represented reccat work. plans to complete her flower eae by. ithesteatng, ae her retu to Kor the

z

ese? will appear in a nea num- er of the Journal.

28

Holiday Display. Many out- ae people were among the four thousand o

e who left their holiday cesbrations

t

on "Christmas and the day a ne visi

the floral display at The York Botanical Garden. About twice “as many ppeared over the New Year week-end.

rly ing and

Nea 2,000 pots foliage plants of 77 species ‘and. varieties were the special erat a arden

attractively on the benches si Poinsettia in n whit and pink as well of the features of the

an yz including Pl: iibage riparia. Maluavisets: “penduliflorns, (the “stevia”

trinervia of

the rest of the range, includ-

e flo amr display will onfer Dr, "Bam nd H. Fulling

showed colored slides and’ motion pete

taken in ion and Chile and spoke on his to

visit ose countries at a fee of he and registered students on

Visitors, The holidays brought a num- ber - ota to the oe au most ‘m stopping here on t way to Rie ae Among them were Dr. William C. Steere, University of Michi- gan; Dr. Ralph W. Chaney, Berkeley, Calif.; Dr. F. ymond Fosberg, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania; and Dr. David

R. Sumstine, Carnegie Museum, Pitts- burgh. Others were Robert T. Clausen, Bailey

Hortorium, heer: and Frank E. Egler, k Sta Ite

Fasters Shade Tree Gonterenes earlier

inter visitors eee D. Merrill, ‘Arnold Arboret Keck, ores Tnstitition, altorig Rodney P: se Dir

ector, Morris Arboretum; George 1, ritz, a of Montana : Earl A oadman, President of Morning- side Cath Sio City; Luzern Livingston and Be Wood, Swarth- more Colles e5 ee

Geo Ciudad Bolivar, Vene:

; Lewis Hebbs, David Calthorpe, ead Nei Balls from England; Hiroshi Hara, Tokyo Imperial University; a uelles, Director

iy ae the Bureau of Science, Mar nila.

Moldenke oan

City” Park Nature Club on “Pian Life in the

Watchung:

Addisonia. Beginning with 1939,

sonia will be issued only on This rae which t ith

tion, which was established

through a bequest from Judge Addison Rrown, this magazine appeared four times a year. From the beginning, the income from the bequest was supple- le d from the pea general funds, but as demands ae grew ae le “tones remiaine r less sta- tion: it becai to

me increasingly "Gi fficul upport: a ae poe

Bad the neans aaa ns duced t a aah = Gerands

upon oe Gdns “Funds have made i a

necessary ag: to restrict the magazine With its colored plates and popular de- riptions of nts, there no other

mber Seginning with Volume a oe on 2 aoa ume Gmiple at a oak years. The subscriition hice per soln will remain taehat nged,

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS

I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BaLtpwin ae president), CuiLos Frick,

Artyn R. Jennincs, Henry Locxuart, Jr, D MacDoucat, Mrs. Harotp 1. Pratt, and JosepH R. Swan (President).

Until 1941: E. C. Aucuter, MarsHALy Bee Mrs. Eton ale Hooker, JoHN oe (Vice-president), Cox. ROBERT H. Mow’ aay, and H. Hopart Porte

Until ao Aarues ue os Rson (Treasurer), PIERRE Jay, CLARENCE Lewis, E. MERRILL DE LA ee _(Secretary and Assistant Tr casurer), Wik J. See and J. E. Sri

Il EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS RELLO of the City of New York. Rosen ees Park | Con asnissa ‘oriet James MarsHAa_t, President of the Board of Education. III]. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS

Tracy E. Hazen, appointed by the Eades Botanical Club.

R. “A. Harper SA Mm F. Trerease, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by Calin Onesie.

GARDEN STAFF

ree eg a Pu. D., Se. D. rector H. A. Ge. PH: Dy sehr en deeaceeas Assistant Director and. Hea rae ator HENRY DE a UMenTaGuE og Director .. B: Srout, PHe Dieses ieee, Curator of Education ia ‘Labo ratories RED J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. ‘uralor ERNARD ©. Dopce, Pu. Flan. Fathologist Joun Henpiey ‘Bannan, A.M, M.D, Bibliographer LBERT C, SMITH, Pei rator oLD N. co Pa. D. Associate Curator LIZABETH c Hatt, S Librarian H. Ruspy, M. D. ......... Honorary Curator of the Econamic Collections 'LEDA Gane Artist and Photographer ERCY WILSON Research Associ OBERT S. WILLIAM search Associate in Br

8 ‘yology XANDER...... Assistant Curator and Ge of the ree "Herbarium .D. t Cur

E FREDERICK KaAvANAGH, Technical Assistant ‘AROL FH. Woopwarp, A. B. ditorial Assistant HOMAS He a N. D. Horr. Horticulturist

. L. Wirtrock, A. M. Docent TO Deceues a Ss. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany Ropert HaGELSTE Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes

EtHet Anson S. Pee cane. -Honorary Curator, Iris and ‘Narcissus Taleo? ae e ee Superintendent ot Buildings and Grounds “C. Assistant Superintendent

MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN

ed institution, aided partially by City appro- progress largely though young as botani- e the third largest span of its kind, its library, g the finest and most complete

Established as a privately endow priations, The New York Botanical raat is depen dent for its upon benefactions and memberships. Through these means, h cal gardens go, it has bec mee

and the ay van ncement of soe ae interests serv ing-hous: i the world; force it Sr serves as a tween the plant Bale orer or breeder and the arden g publi

° De

ee

)

5

3

Pp 1 £.

io)

5}

os

3

5

the Botanical

and gardens, and iene oes: and o the publi

y of Adcisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with pla ne acco Meat by complete descrip- tions and other pertinent Fatoeine (3) A share of surplus plant seed of interesting or new varieties sige it is distributed. An ene of special floral displays at the Garden from season as seaso (5) C , to the extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses of aed wees by the Garden

A limited number of garden clube are accepted as afhliates. The privileges of afhliation are a de eon to Ae Journal, announcements of displays, a specia ey conducted tour of the grounds and greenhouses, and a lecture once a year by selected member of the staff.

Fellowships or Sat for practical student-training in horticulture or for bo tanical research may be Bene hed by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for pane period.

The aes of a ane and types of benefaction are as follows:

Annual Member annual fee $ 10 Sustaining Member annual fee 25 Garden Club Affhliation anaual fee for club 25 Fellowship Member annual fee 100 Member for Life Saale contribution 250 Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000

atron single contribution 5,000 Benefactor single contribution 25,000

Contributions to the den may be deducted from taxable incomes. The est

me is a legally at form of beques' hereby beneath The w York Boralieal Garden incorporated under the ah of New York, Ch ter ae a 1891, the sum of ——————_—., Conditional bequ e mad vale income payable to donor or any designated beeheae GAS ik or her lifet All requests for further information shodld be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y.

Fepruary, 1939

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. red at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents d

e to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor February, 1939

HeEMEROCALLIS ““AuGusT PIONEER™ Cover aes POINTERS FOR Cea! AT FLower SHows Ethel Anson S. Peckham

THREE New YLILIES . Stout - PLANT Ghee In BritisH Gurana—II. 6. Smith 35

Outpoor Flower DispLays At THE GARDEN APRIL - NOVEMBER (Photographs) 40-4

Hurricane DamMace To Trees IN New York Cit Allyn R. Jennings 5 DEALING WITH Storm DamacE IN CENTRAL oes i A. McKenzie 43 Srupigs oF Root Systems oF TREES D. T. MacDougal 2 QUESTIONS OF THE MONTH

es CurRENT LivzraTURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 51 ores, News, AND COMMENT 52

FOR THE COMING SEASON

While several thousand people week are enjoying the ever-changing floral display in the main conservatory, Bunny ae for the coming season outdoors are

for the Thompson Memoria ct Rock Garden. Their winter ele demands careful attention to light and moisture, temperature and ventilation, to insure strong, a plants.

or spring bedding, 3,500 wallflowers, seeds of which were sown last June, are being ee through the winter in seat which are made comfortable with

O

In warm parts of the greenhouse, es ropes and ene are being t eats as standards with every side-shoot assiduously pinched o Thousands of hunne- mannias are being grown in individual pots for summer be din;

n a tank of water kept at an even temperature of 90 ees checked several times each day, five young plants of ska regia are being grown. e other tender waterlilies for the conservatory court and for the World's Fair are also being

ampered over the winter in the ake

Through the long cold months, young days ie outdoor display are developing like slender blades of grass in the greenhouse. bruary 1 saw the stock plants of chrysanthemums moved in from the coldframes for the production of 4,00 ca The fleshy dahlia roots, dug at the onset of frost last November, have been split u dusted with sulphur, and carefully stored snl late May.

Outdoors, all of the heavy groundwork was finished late in the fall. Most of the

d. s were double-dug, manured, and left rough so that the soil, with but tele extra t handling, will be in condition for planting in be spring.

arde: be improvised; it must be planned pean Preparations

for a single season’s displays are carried on for many months, sometimes for several years, before the public sees the results.

ne

THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Vor. XL Fepsruary, 1939 co 432

Pointers For Exhibitors

At Flower Shows By Ethel Anson S. Peckham

ae aes a ae given by Mrs. Peckham at ork Botanical Garden.)

EW people realize how pee the ooo and judging of

flower shows are knit hs To be either a good exhibitor or judge one has to know a great deal ok tier material and it is bes’ n - the principles of design, the demands of good current and historical taste in the art of livin and th ce ce arden clubs and horticultural societies are trying to fur w is supposed to be edu arene and the awards are mene oe to the visiting public as to what the experts have found to be best. Published rene of prize- inner y tell in detail why a particular exhibit merited the attention it received, and f some ab i hat is more

s than beautiful receives so much attention that great harm done. The ignorant then delight in rushing to copy some stunt” that has no definite value from either the horticultural or artistic point of view. Confusion exists also in that the horticul- tural eee are e often judged in quite a different manner from the artist: ae we come to consider rules, : feel that the general run of people connected with shows are very slack about the proper use this word. One ibi j

0

I hope they do not mean—to disobey the rules of the flower show.

Exhibitors hee see) the rules of te show they are ae in or they run risk of being disqualified—and rightly The ules are pees My point boils down to this: ne aie

29

30

and speakers should use the words “rules” and “principles” their proper places and, while rue ae spectacular statements likely to catch the eye or ear of ae ore careless-t ee oe weigh well how some foolish or ni exhibitor may misunder stand and thus ei an a an it will take ee time and effort to eradic:

Because in a flower show better horticulture is being eee the standard must be Vite er than for the flowers, fruits tables normally seen. a should show only the finest arieties—those andar

e well. esides ae: much needs to be learned abo . the cutting, handlin g, keeping, cane and transpo: nine of material. Flowers and pene reserved for the show need protect ion aie winds, bad

her mat rial has to be retarded or even cut and put in cold-storage.

ld be and written about such details. When it comes to staging the exhibit, not only must the rules and class specifications be carefully . bee aaa nee

but the selection of the material is vital. wher

hibitor can exercise his judgment. Ping ne ‘the peek, 3 re- moving dead leaves or broken petals, termed Baines ” is allowed within reason, provided the character the variety i t change Wiring and other aie aids are prohibited in Horta classes, ee tying is sometimes done in artistic

vided it does not show or it c ibe made part of the

Ae When ae the ae the Laowledee of the ee for exhibiting certain sorts is ine Tulips should we awaits with the stem- ‘leaves on, therefore the stems are cut the

t not too crowded, so that each floweret may be clearly en Climbing roses are generally cut by takin ng a sect ion of the ful flowering branch of the length specified in the schedule; = roses are cut in smaller bud than ee are aes to be in the show, for they open tap idly. In types of roses, buds are

wn in classes where go be practised by disbudding, buds are prohibited. ways to be remembered is the fact that the judges consider whether the ex-

31

hibit is good according to its — or, in the esthetic classes, ae to its prescribed style or period or use. In staging horticultural exhibits for the ee classes, ae

the very best are chosen. A as cimen cae one: one flower, stalk, one spike, one plant, An exhibitor selects an entry a eens cinietieg one ne ae until the specimen re- ing has everything necessary in the way of length of stem, aie and health os foliage, quality, color, form, size of flower,

and condition of t e whole. All these attributes go into the judg- ing, and a the novelty of a plant or its correct peak:

ill a tw ition is important because the judges will pass by exhibits “not in flower show condition.” For the classes callin ng for two or more of the same variety, uniformity

The same applies to vegetables, fruits, pot-plants, and ot ther subjects.

In cutting plant — use ae pelea put the stalks at once into deep receptacles filled with cold wate a cool, well- ventilated eee ee re rk, ie ve sur ee is no draught or sudden change of pa aatele Some flowers need to be treated by en the ends o ms or tg ne m.

The packing a sii ae experience s travel ae Ae heed placed in so they cannot ae ek fe they

t be so crowde ae get crushed. Each variety should

be scone and legibly labeled. ne easiest way to do this is to ach kind while cutting and to check the names again when betas Damp cotton placed cai the ends of stem ith

wax paper pinned around

the flowers to hold the petals in place even before ae are cut in the garden. Stalks of iris with the terminal bud just ready to open downward may be laid lon:

very we try flow or plants exposed in an open car is fatal. ne take more material nee is eis by the sents Let e that every exhibitor reads the rules and schedule carefully, nee a classes early and experiment ing and w ork- ad beforehand over the exhibits. Let each also emphas: @ purpose of the class and thus Sverihslis re judge with oe ora that these exhibitors knew what they were abou

32

Three New Daylilies

By 4. B. Stout

IIE daylilies described below were developed at The New

York Botanical Garden, two of them by hybridization ie selective breeding and the third by ail on many plan the same species pea were a o the Garden directly on the Orient. The dugust Pioneer, Festival, and Hankow ee will make their aa bow to ie habe ne year through the Far: Nurseries, where these new clones have been propagated for i trade.

August Pioneer

The general habit of this plant, an illustration of the flowers of

is more robust and the flowers are larger and they have a flush of fulvous coloring. The scapes are about 34 inc an as eae ed and mostly extending above the lea e foliage becomes brown, wiry, and fully dormant in Feet on ae plant 2 to be very hardy. The open flower has a spread of about

¥Y% inches; the coloring is chrome-orange with a tole flush of reddish especially over the outer half of the petals. The flowers

this plant has bloomed with conspicuous profusion during late August and its period of bloom has pore into September. Festival

This daylily has a vigorous and robust vane - growth with coarse, erect, and much- dpranche dl scapes that rise to a height of about four feet. The foliage is medium coarse fund it remains green until ‘- first freezes of autumn. The flowers are about five inches in jee teas ee oe = folded. Th throat of the flov ich sep € orange with slight reddish- brown t ae re ‘bia - i . ane are nearly

is throughout most of July with the climax about the 15th. The owers are day-blooming ee some fading when exposed to full sunlight in hei dry weath

33

Of many selections in good bloom together at The Nev eos Botanical eae this seedling was especially admired as a a and gold | * by Reverend John Allan Blair who has wu i this noe . propagated for ” gar eden culture, and has a that it be named the Festival daylily

34

his plant is a ae of the species aed i pias which is extensively cultivated near Hankow, Chin seas roduction - the flowers whi ie are a ted and used . ee 7 The flowers are rather large (about 5 vs pare across), wide- spreading, and rich yellowish-orange in color with a bold fe zone

in - aes that is near jasper-red or scarlet. The period of bloom at New York has been from the middle of July ell into ily, her of the

te a Compared

clones cultivated in China, the flower is more spreading, the gen- ral color is more yellowish-orange and the scapes are lee Of the numerous eae and eines ma of Hemerocallis fulva obtained from the Orient by The New York Botanical Garden, this is ener by many visitors to ay one of the most attractive.

35

Plant Collecting In British Guiana UL. By A.C. Smith

HE remaining months of my stay in British Guiana were spent in making collections nae the joint pala s of The

New York Bota ea Garden, the - oe Arbor and the Yale oe ol of Fore ee peti this period I woke in the Kanuku Mountains and the adjacent savannas, making use of a

es but a crew s ue Arawaks, a Wapisiana, a Macusi,

nda Brazilia

ae ke uae: are a belt of hills, with a maximum elevati f less than 1,300 meters, stretching across the colony from ae Takut tu to - Corantyn Rivers slightly north of latitude 3° N. The eastern part of the range is low, and its flora pea approximates that of fae middle Ess equibo region. We Rupununi, however, the terrain is more broken, with ae eee and paged cliffs. Because of the fact that this forested mountain mass is for the most part surrounded a savanna, a

nsiderable percentage Me endemism may baat The existing forest is constituted of the same generic eler s as that of the upper Essequibo mee and - Akarai can re since the area has hardly been touched botanically, future work must decide ae other geographical areas have contributed to the Kanuku flor

n its ee aiarsinaes the western mass of the Kanuku

a Mositains bears a striking resemblance to a aes v oleanic |

e undulating savanna takin the place of the sea. During e a my trips along the southern face of the am y was sat by the similarity of the terrain to that of the Fijian isla Vanua Levu; the same types of peaks a ridges, the same pte ments and deep creek valleys ee the illusion.

Tw o princi ipal camp sites were used as bases during we work in the region, one near the v oo. tip of the range, distant only a few miles from the Takutu River, and one in the one of Moku-moku Creek, a more northerly Takutu affluent. The transi-

AGS

n from savanna to forest is very abrupt, only a narrow belt of such woody plants as Aleph occidentalis, Casearia ee nS, Piptadenia percgrina, ospermum vitifolium, and Vites

sue ates Seite Near the western extremity of i range the lower elevations, in March, were comparativ ely dry in appearance. Teiauy one is reminded of autumn in our northern

Savannas of the ea region, with the Pacaraima Mountains the distance.

Bi as the foliage is not thick and the ground is covered with

w-fallen leaves. To add an imitation of autumn leaves to the pie there are ee species of deciduous trees which at this season are covered with a ellow, orange, or blue flowers. These rees appear to belong the families ene ninosae and Big- sana At middle elevations (500-700 meters), the are rc) ora en ocky 8 : ee interrupt t e forest numerous pee are found, s Anemia La

oryopteris palmata, and a species of = nella. Also character- istic of these ledges are cacti of the genera lee cus, Cephalocereus, nd Cactus. The forest itself is lower than that nearer the base o wth one

PS

ch

melastomes as J/ficonia prasina, Al. pterapoda, and Clidemia

aphanantha. Among several passion flowers, Passiflora securiclata ves a dees touch to the shady forest with its long repent

racemes = Ss! ns

aay

t flov ee vy ee forest industries in the Kanuku The first of these, which engages the attention of many eee and ee uring the rainy season, is the collecting of fro . i

latex from the well-kn balata tree (AMimusops balata Schom- burgkit and perhaps other speci Stringent rules are eine 1 by the Forestry pains to prevent excessive bleeding of trees, The eceal oe use of balata is the insulation of undersea cables The othe of some cnet mportance is the tonka bean (Comnar hee ee ata), the seeds of ae oo celled and dried by Indians, evenly find t for

market w alee they are used primarily in ae er

37

The savanna in the Takutu region hardly differs from that near the Rupununi. But having more leisure to become Soa si it, I found the grassy a fe fale ful as sli vers be

the Ta

lowered Girlie scorsoneracfo olia. Smal ee bane oe among them being Grimaldia hispidula, Chamaccrista leruosa, Indigofera pascnorum, Eriosema ne and oad cinerca,

y most interesting trip in the Kanuku region was made in the pleasant company of Father H. C. Mather, who guided me on an nies of Mount Tramaikpang, a prominent cliff-marked peak of about 975 meters elevation, on the northwestern face of the ane ‘Richard Schomburgk had made a brief ascent of ae ee y: 345-349) *, and Father are was able to lead me - Xx fi ic

wife wide! owr : es a fr a Ae of our eu ae we ascended from the savanna through beautiful thick fore sing an inconspicuou ridge at about 600 meters and ae slight ly to Komu Creek, which eventually reaches the Takutu. Beside ihe swift cold-water stream we pitched a camp. From this point the summit can be Teaehett in an hour, so the second day we collected intensively and

* The” figures refer to the bibliography in the first instalment, which appeared in January.

A shallow pond on the Rupununi savannas.

38

spent several hours on the peak, as enraptured by the view as was Schomburgk, whose oe description need not be enhanced The summit itself i e mass of granite, fallin y on thr

extensive tangle of Pteridiuin arachnoidenm. On more exposed rock surfaces the moss a nti savannaruimn is the pre- dominant plant. We were fortunate in fir oe g nearly ly every species on the summit in good eerie . collec Th he area is aaa typical of expose ed rocky — t higher cksations in the a kus, and it is apparent that the flora of such areas is very dis from that of the ee Slope The eee *Piteair nia oe eer ae red inflor nees, is abundant. Other characteristic plants are Clea iginosus with exquisit e blue flowers, the ae forming J/yrcia sylvatica, Clidemia dependcns, and the orchid pace um decipicns. The | oe slopes of ohoui — eae support a dense wet forest of diverse character. Col ns were 1 a this forest on the return from the co ot ae ne ease oes in our camp on Komu Creek, returned to the

The rainy season ae 1938 began a few weeks earlier than usual in the Rupununi District. During the dry season the savanna

mi than 15 feet, and the following d cei ace cs the oe direction of Mr. John \ ‘Velvitle. a fast trip wi

made to Rockstone, on the Essequibo River, ion os point an old eed leads to Wismar on the Demerara Riv Our collec- tions were transported along this line on flat cars ae b

region (2), which M Mr. Snedigar ao obser ved by the lig! g

forest wa e only — 2 of e entire trip i er boat makes frequent trips to Georgetown, which we reached on Ma luxuries of the ci e

: s vere a welco hange, although at first I found a hotel bed unprovocative of slumber, after 234 consecutive se in a eee ock. Although Mr. Snedigar remained in Georg: n for several weeks, I left on May 22, and after a pleasant ae with ee ae at the Lesser Antilles and Windward Islands, arrived at Boston on ae 6.

My work in - Seite Mountains was necessarily very cursory, and it is to be hoped that some Paes will spend at least an entire season in ce area, which is of considerable im- portance in a study of the British cane ye and at the same

A forest camp in the Kanuku Mountains.

e quite accessible. By ordinary has of transportation, the

Keanu region can be reached in less than two weeks from Geo ron 1 on the savanna is not difficult, and thus a col ae 1s er to work oe numerous streams toward t terior summits Danke hae f m , 602 herbarium numbers, in 1 , were collected, in addition to 2. wood oa The woo ood epg will be deposited at the Yale Scho a of pas the firs of herbarium aaa $

aken on entire trip will be ie ted at The New Botanical ea n, and copie te v Gonboed to the a tant American and Eur n he han

In uae I wish to expre reciation for the assistance given by the co- oneratng ee which made possible ee “subsea ent to the Terry-Holden expedition.

Althou; n this a to British Guiana only the most super- fee ae could be done in a vast and pr aay uncollected area,

is the writer’s a that ee collecting may be stimulated as a oor of the

OUTDOOR

FLOWER DISPLAYS

AT THE GARDEN:

APRIL - NOVEMBER #

is in more tha 00 varieties, late fay and early une,

Spring and early

iummer,the Thomp- ‘on Memorial Rock Barden.

Borders of annual and perennial flowers in brilliant array all summer.

5. Waterlilies of the finest throughout sum- mer and fall in the outside court of the conseruatory and also at the World's

6. Model gardens showing a succession of bloom from spring to fall.

7. Dahlias in an autumn display containing 400 varieties.

8. Hardy chrysanthemums, following the hardy asters, and lasting until heavy frost.

Throughout the winter and until the first of June, there is a continuous ae display of seasonal mate- rial in the conservator:

42

Hurricane Damage To Trees In New York City By Allyn R. Jennings, General prea oli iE of Parks

(Excerpts from Mr. Jennings’ address at the Eastern Shade Tree Conference at The New York Botanical Garden December 8 and 9)

N GOING over the records and analyzing ae vee 2 trees

t ich the most damage occurred duri hurricane of last September 21, I find that out of a eel . 3,181,421 trees in parks, pa y d city streets, our

2,319. Silver maples and poplars accounted for the larges majority; the Park Department is not responsible for the planting

on city streets were planted by priva ate real = developers years .

ago, and when these private streets were turned over to the City

the trees ain a part of the care of the ‘Par Department. There w ae silver ea and ras poplars mole

i ee ie he varietie: the larger bracket

follows: 651 Seep. 605 linden ns, ee Norway maple S, "400

Seas 360 planes, 169 American elms, 157 ne en oa one

and 30 ashes. There are at least 30 varieties of t ee

our streets. If silver maples and poplars, iar. de 33

t

or street trees and their use should be discouraged as much as ossible.

The Park Department ae and is a en an intensive eer f the better trees for par and street usage, ted by the staff a

a in and red oak, linden, Norway maple, honey-locust, London plane, American elm, tulip, and ginkgo.

every effor t to foster street tree planting not only by

in inter- esting and helping various property owners and large real estate holdings with their street tree eas This activity has met with gratifying success throughout the cc. nd IT have no doubt but that the hurricane has brought re realty owners ae ees of planting any but sturdy growing trees in front their property.

43 As a result of the storm, the Commissioner of Parks has made

a re t oar 2. to re ee destroyed and for surgery on the damaged trees. We realize that if work on the damaged trees is not pushed ahead, these trees with open wounds, broken branches, and te tissue will be i

ore S bility the Park Department has in the planting and maintenance

acres, and 980,750 are street trees sc: attered over 5,521 miles of

eets. To this total - added 67,773 trees this year which, based on average mortality of 50 years means over 50 percent more than are needed for ae replacements.

The Park Department’s work involves spraying, removal of dead and dan ngerous trees, pr uning, Lees tree surgery and other activities in connection with the care of t Of course, we cannot begin to s olve a problem which calls, a instance, for 150,000 His pruning jobs each year, with such inadequate forces, but by s rstematic geographic Y haidlin g of our work,

tree divisions, he City’s budge’ authorities the need for a more adequate appropriation io orestry work in the City.

Dealing With Storm Damage In (Central Massachusetts

By M. A. McKenzie, Massachusetts State College (Excerpts from the paper presented by Prof. McKensie at the Eastern Shade Tree Conference. The entive paper will be published as Contribution No. 328 of the Massachusetts Agricultural ae iment Station, in the Proceedings

he Conference, t to be publishe ed.) URVEYS of the effects of ile recent eee on shade an tal trees in on England have aroused co alee ning the e i

- verse ai arently conflicting oe of specific tree injuries. How- ever, all r reports agree t that the number of trees destroyed by the hurricane is unprecedente: | na the staternent in the press that 00,000,000 trees were down in Massachusetts appears to be a

44

reasonable estimate. Not all of these trees were shade trees by any means since the forest plantings sulfcred heavily ; but the loss of street trees as well as ornamental trees on private property was a major catastrophe. central Massachusetts trees were partially or completely a rooted a Sita rather wide but not unbroken area. In the town of Amber. ee <ample, approximately 1,000 trees on pub- - Lae were uprooted or otherwise ers while in the of South Hadley ten miles of Amberst rela- el few trees were destroyed, but ce tos included the eG we: ane ones which stood out so prominently on the ee li ching Mount Holyoke Colleg ge from Am- herst. In the of Sun de aa: ie collapse of two huge and vigorous elms lng known as landmarks on the east side of the main street left a gap to mar . tranquil beauty of this quaint New aan nd v vile str Less than a half a mile north of these elms the renowned err ee ed to be the largest tree of its nee in Massachusetts, escaped serious injury. The de- struction of sugar maples in Sunderland was sufficiently extensive o indicate a curtailn

a ae

ndicate urtal ent of maple svrup products next spring

n the west a the Connecticut River just across the Sunder- ne aes the historic town as Deerfield, locale of the early iar ssa nd n mecca for tourists, with its eae eigenen eee pees picturesquely framed by stately elms, considerable damage resulte trees and buiklings but

ilted to fortunately the damage is not even’ pee Vhen the

stage well set for an a dae record of t e destruction. The thoroughly soaked ground freely gave ot sy oe S

posedly anchored tenaciously by functional and physical laws Rather close ob n of ral larg s preceding and during the process of uprooting revealed no ee crash but rather so relatively ce and measured a fall t a trees fre-

quently fell with almost no audible indicatior leaned over to a

on fa in some cases 0 rest against structures with a minimum Of damage

o

~

orly developed roots, es the ou of severe pruning dur- ing ee constru poor site, or inadequate water food Suede material in w feleaina the mechanical support of trees. Hov er, inconsistencies san the theory tl i

3

i today of n of trees i the path ‘of the eee which were ok Se at

45

some time in the past by root cutting and mutilation is evidence that a cons of factors was frequently active in the destruc- the

tion or val of trees during the hurricane.

for t ie ae ak a since the hurricane have facilitated tree restoration work in Massachusetts. fee PE anting to replace irreparable losses has rested i aah We s toward reh abilita tion although a remains e dor ie vay of tree repair. ae optimism with which eee a ae faced the in-

scapable responsiblity 0 of repairing and replacing trees is a most encouraging s of tree- ues ies on the part of the public Unrecorded ae a nuine appreciation of pleasant experiences an trees in the past has stimulated oe interest in a sincere desire for tree welfare in the future

Studies Of Root Systems Of seh By ", MacDougal Coastal Laboratory, a California (Read by Dr. William J. Robbins at the Eastern Shade Tree Conference) YSTEMATIZED Pa aee as to stature and —. 7 roots of trees beyond the seedling and nursery fragmentary. The ney oy crown are under con as - ee = tion and much is known as t oe changes which are im portant in the physiology the tre ee iculture, timber production, and ornamental planting. Similar tno or measurements of the development a maturity of r are extremely scanty and very few generalizations 17 oe . ne " 1 upon them.

In my own studies of the Monterey pine, measurements of root-systems could be sie ae ie excavations, at a cost of $15 to $25 per tree of an age o nty A dozen ae trees were ee ca ae out cand a se w ‘hich had been eae by storms also available. The arrangement of the results made it pee : ee that of the woody material ey from the leaf-products of this pine tree as much as one-fourth or as little as one-seventh of the total amount in ea and branches was used in ne construction of the root-syster

Taken in connection with dengan ome it became a parent that the flaring bases of trunks and the abruptedly eee hasal portions of attached roots cottated a distinct physiological

7 He e Carnegie Institution of Washington OED Life History of a Pine Tree. Chapter VIII. Tree Gack Leiden. 1938.

46 unit, or well-defined region so far as period of seasonal growth, tivity of the cambium oe concentration of growth-promoting

ace ances were concern Its ee ae more marked with age and it is f

d is this mass of woody material which anes maximum one from the flexion of ees swayed by the wind Sor ese features are refle in esults f

cle: specific c gr avity, ied strength and ee of rupture in the engineering labora Of the esti se million trees reputed to have fallen in the great storm in New England it seems highly probable that a few eee red or a few thousa ond representing several species have ah ted in ae manner as to render ee studies of t

proo decepmnent of root-systems with respect a. panes ng stage of the b. Nature of the oe or eee eee c. Character of stand and associations d. Extent and volume of root-sys stem.

Systematized information as to the above features would con- stitute a contribution of permanent value in the physiology of trees, in forestry, horticulture and in all kinds of silviculture and

n

ornamental planti Definite schemes a: measurement should be for mulated in which ul e field. What-

n the a in aa w <a pathological w A commi cae to make orking plan and to supervis se a execution should be ms o as a necessary first step in the

movement.

Questions of the MMonth As asked and answered at The New York Botanical Garden

until it eventually exists a a ise re

Clone and Variety ber of separate member: ae ich, What ts to. f ; k er, no matter how nae eae sery practice and in garden cul- agation has be riormed, "actually a

“4 a » 72 + 3 =) ° = S Bo iS] a = a » a iy a 2 3 a &.

the plant itself is divided, or cuttings are made it thus

from it, and it is multiplied group of plants of a species or a true

47

variety, each plant of which has arisen

the hlox th come true from seed a examples of true horticultural varieties. These are usually en a dis- tinguishing ele such as Apricot, Ford- is an Crim or Splendens. At the

ent ti ae cannot tell from horti- cultural erature a ae name refers

clone.

pe—an ould be desirable. The daylilies, for ich havi

instanice, and 6 r perennials whic ve been developed ae 2 bridization and selective breedin as ports” or ely ies ae Abies: each one may bi

reproduc e to type only by vegeta- tive eee The name by which they ai known

name—for ee : Hemerocallis (Day-

lily) eas term clon from the Greek word neanite a twig or slip was suggested for this Herbert J. We in 1

ebprce es the status of a proper imple

hi Garden je February 1929.

A. B. Stout.

Olives in -tncient ae what season the ancient

Baybvis se eee oe oil? e literature on the cal seasons for pickin would be as

If olives are ie be ‘preserved or pickled they are picked before they are ripe, that is, in Se nae or earl If they are to be of oil—oil of iuality rather than quan- tity to be used for culinary and table ser- Coane are picked in November or December. If they are to be used for

poor grade of oil in which quantity is

wanted eas of erik Look are Eee February and Mar This = ee

as i bo $

ack o ve therefore, have more oi ipe ones, 00

ecole for what pu:

o be used, and so with ance were able to date the ology of their papyrus.

chron-

. N. MoLpenke.

Flowers in Victoria’s Time

What flowers could be bought in ade ae in London during Queen

tctoria’s

lf we may indge Pe a brief account in R. P. Brother: “Book of Cut

a in "the Lon. ictoria’s day “Brotherstoi says?

“We are indebted to Mr. Mayhew for an account of the flower trade in pains in 1850-51, from which it Vv

not

“The introduction of Russ methods

of dining, which dispen: vith carving n the table, brought with it a change in the domestic employment of flowers. Pre- viously, only a4 Rane aie was placed on the table; then, hov T, number of glass vases were ot € The flowers in use include er , pel- argoniums, cinerarias, fuchsias, an ‘a- iums, the wealth of floral treasure among hard: nts having been seemingly un- ecognized at this date.”

Evizapetu C. Hate.

48

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.)

Dr. Small’s Southeastern Ferns

FERNS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN STAT John. Kunkel Small. 517 pages,

illustrated, indexed. Science ancas ‘a. 1938. $3.50. Dr. Small’s monumental general floras of southeastern tee States will always be sor ribute to his encyclopaedic

°o = o a a a 5 74 a a = 7 5 gs « rad ry ve 4 Gi us 5 a & a i=} = a

botanical vee and his enthusiasm in the study of th ia:

of the Southeastern States, is the most ensive. In his general floras, Dr. Small was dealing with thousands of species. In i ted :

fe im: o that fern stu- dents of northern eae will fee hss tically all the ne ie fer manuals he norther:

e with ce

iz is, erly his fotanicer work - he rec

tral mean, and the > pdivision i larger, polymorphic genera into ee He Lea The validity of such sive

consensus of opinion which later mono-

graphic studies andemic basis, may develop. ’ Historically, —— division of ete widesp ae nd gener rely in in wi

objecti will come from the general tani the amateur student wh may fi replacing those

ni new lames

which are familiar, and who, defensively, not scientifically, ma ir Ze Eventually, whatever the point

The ae - of all fern eee ne tee Gin tl old sense), is split up into generic ine which have been as AB Haare proposed before.

( b

he field of s : the segregations fade. will fall as a result of later inten-

The most interesting example of species treatment is found in the recognition of genera, and the

th as ary- interest to possible addi-

a collect roved § 50 “infectious that he!

here separated a Thelypteris. They

49

ribe as new four species in Ophtio-

desc

glossum and six in Thelypteris and pis port several ego neta ne Tri- chomanes — o Flor: hau

work of St Sicene - al inceesting illustration of the possibilities

search in natural history and taxonomic fields f biology. Retiring fro: Au e in unrelated nroteésions to take

dence in Cas their ee aid help enli ri

sted se . Sm all, e become

expert in their knowle he ie the classi-

ae i eli Florida ae In appearance,

e boo Slit ‘oth as to on Me illustration nd

ig general c ry.

Knight contsibites a eee on he cultural habits of the more com- spec Al S-

mon so appended a gl sary of te as besides a tabulation of dis- tribution ranges ‘or the included species

by Dr. Baral art. subje

fact, to correction, will be dis- cov: vered, Th e only one to be cited here is the illustration of 4 , which seems unrepresentative, both ae vegetative

and reproductive character.

NEDICT, Br ookiyn Collen and Brooklyn Botanic Garden

500 Plants for Hedge Use HEDGES, SCREENS, AND WIN

KS! ~ Donald’ Wyman. "249

ages, illustrated, tat Pa ey House, McGraw-Hill,

8. $2.75.

Str. it ma: em, there has not,

until the. Sipearance of this volume, been

available to nurserymen, landscapers, and

gardeners, a boo! dealing with plant ma-

ae wpecliarly ae ae ee mak-

and windbre: work,

ore than a dozen subjects suit- able for h ee Bane ally for northern secti the extensive a tion of plants that will meet winter con

om 5 to 50 below zero will doubtless prove surprisi

Until comparatively recent experimental test plots of hedge plants be found in the United S $

years, no

were to d States, although one such plot has been in exist- ence at awa, Canada, for 30 years. Dr. Donald Wyman of the Arnold ee has at that institution as well

s clsewher en able to collect much

coupled w his sea “Knowledge of hardwood plants, he produc: a volume fulfilling a ong want.

In its 250 pages, exclusive of nur 11S full-page illustrations in halftone, the work, in three sone deals with hedges and screens and their uses, with planting and after-care instructions; a general selection of plants listed according to their suitability for v as purposes formal, informal, flowering, fruiting, ever- green, otective, topiary, , tall, and so forth; followed by oq e list in alphabetical order. This list affords

ill information as to hardiness vith the zone limit indicate orth Ame colored to indie ate he in zones recog! the United States Weather

ure ave average mini t peratures as given, enables one at a glance to as cin ‘whether any particu sub- Da is like eae cceed 1 "s er-

! here alee te “index which enables one to find any i ssed in the text, in

ate estimate oe taling more than

500 species and varie A, WESTON, Associate le :

The Florists’ E.rchay

Art of Two Hemispheres

FLOWERS: EAST-WE:! By J. 3 Conway in cullebaration with

4 Elinor Wallace - Hiatt. Photographs by Julian Hiatt a ill Coane 336 pages, indexe ed A. Kno New York. 1938.

Here is a beautiful book—a noteworthy addition to the growing literature on

actis S. aymbobein, nd part, Flowers: est, is cohcemned with ar- rangements as practised in the Occident, with the more or less recent’ aoa here of Japanese principles. The is

enriched by one hundred magnilicent illus- trations. The masterful flower composi-

i tell

or the florist and for those who are ears owets: ue Ais eine of Some critics t ith

Sy The publisher has pro great distinction, which oe classify fe ase among the “fifty best books of

Harriet K. Morse, Brief Notes on Varied Books

England HISTORIC GARDENS OF ENG.

LAND. The Lady Rockley (Alicia mherst). 260 pages, 96 plates.

Scribner, New York, 1938. 3. der her maiden name of Alicia Am- herst, The — ns fee a sae familiar to en-

land.” She has also appeared in print under the name of Lady "Evelyn Cecil

] volume she attempts t isitor’s handbo: but

beet Historia “peide. wi hich shows how

in England fave developed from

ale sei hed es of several centuries back to the floriferous gardens of toda’

lands. A few brief chapters of text which trace the changes through enturies rly a h d -

hs, each one with a desrition of the estate on the opposite

Wild Life

FEATHERS AND FUR ON ane TURNPIKE. James Sim:

148 pages, illustrated with tables and photog: taphs. Christopher, Boston, 1938.

Speed “of ‘automobiles plays an impor- tant part in this small volume on the

50

conservation of feathered and furred ani- mals. T

‘he author makes an impassioned plea to motorists to learn to appreciate the wild life that borders on the high-

when it enters the open space of the road, I ond half of the book Mr. Si s forestry and conserva-

relation among these branches of work hich deal with the natural wild life of the Plant Lore an S. Their Place in Life and Legend. Vernon Quinn. 230 pages, illustrated with drawings by Marie Lawson, indexed. Stokes, New York,

1938, $2.

Replete with lore and superstition in the quaint ante of an earlier day, the third mber in Vernon Quinn’s series—first nse eds,

oots and their p'

—tells of the aideus uses of close to 300 ifferent roots. Tales have been drawn from American Indian lore and from the ear on every other continent. Stories are given of edible roots, poison- ous roots, roots used as drugs, and other topics, all illustrated with pictu ue line drawings. Hawaii FLORA HAWAIIENSIS, tto De- gener, Third century. 310 pages, 123 full-page plates, loose-leaf, in board covers. Published ren athe vat at 2220 University nolulu, fawaii, 38. $3. EM T indefatigable ork of Otto Degener entice as ie proceels in his original loose- leaf style of manu ual, to illustrate and describe every fern and flowering plant that grow: ild Hawaii. The third

which are to be the place as- igned, accordin; i ‘ among the plates and descriptions already ublis us no temati i

as scientists to om the de- scriptions and synonymy are significant, ill find Mr. Degener’s work of value

oO! them. The present volume, in which $

t it- ney collaborated, contains 27 species and

2 varieties or forms which are are

combinations.”

Ecology AN ECOLOGICAL GLOSSA J. Richard Carpenter. 306 err Ys ibil ography, and appendix of maps and Aables pre _ oor homa Press, Norman, Okt: $4.

From ig meaning “ "to sufallige ning “accidental species,” Dr Carpenter gives a bewilderi: Paes tion of terms which have been ed up in forty years o oe. Treratre mee in ea some articles

in Germa: tt are expetle ed t nces are given, A list of the p torical bibliogta approximately ia term

nda batons ‘Sted oy : is. The book contains rms. ot H. Woopwarp.

Current Literature* At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh

Flower Prints. New books that are very welcome in an library are “Flower uit Prints” by Dunthorne

be :

ie a ave an opportunity of the ean anc

oks flowers ai

which informal garde: fing

developed. Laws. Ric oe ite discusses sev- eral oo “th a ten and inconveni- ences of the | existing regulation for plant ng’ id suggest: int St tate-

interference.— ate Bee: Florists Exchange, Dec. 31, Jan. 7, 1939,

1938,

* All publications mentione —and m others— eteay be found in the Library of Botanicat Garden, in the Museum Building.

many The

Copeland

sification. rt OF, S os be arranged

Herbe aoe that “organism:

8 e

Quarterly Rey a Biolog gy, Dec 1938.

Tropical. The Seventh International Congress of Tropical and Subtropicat Agriculture will be held March 13-17, 1939, in Tripoli. pee Deer ae of Stine ene as a project for 1938. Static. To overcome static when sec- tioning With a raga ee the te after it has been ted 0 the

gether so t! ibbon is mot bro y the static me —The aching Biolo gist, Jan

Mississippi. Southern travelers who are interested in the plants they see will find valuable reference in Bulletin 32 of the Mississi pi State Geological

Director of the

Conservation. Designed to fit

th an introduction by Harold L. le ae Unit 6 of the conservation bab:

aa of the Emergency Conservation Com of New York at 734 Lexing- ton ace, rograms for forest conserva-

tion and replacement are emphasized and a bibliography of available publications 1s presented.

52

Notes, News, and Comment

International Flower Show. Begonias in cee it a ae will be a by The re tanical at the I

Gand Cer a Palace, New York. These will represent th arden’s collection of some 300 species and ieties, one of the

ournal for March will feature begoni jas and will give a brief ee ot ery variety and specie:

t the flower shoe

For Flower Show Exhibitors. The open-

bila deal w

s has

be i ee ret Bee i ry years at the International Flower Show in New York. Cut fl s and specimen

the main floor of the show, have prouel him the highest honors year after year. The lecture will be given in

d will in suggestions table decorations, for which he has atso been awarded many rizes.

The rest of the spring program will be eae in the Journal for March. Annual Meeting. New

names were

added to the Board of Managers, the le and the Advisory Council The New Y¥ en

Harold I. Pratt was elected to the board in the class of 1940. All members in the class of were elected to succeed

themselves for a period of three years. Mrs. Warren Kinney, Mrs. Gilbert Montague, and Mrs. Antonie P. Voislaw- sky, who were chosen last spring to the ‘Advisory. Council, peas ee of ie

elt were elected to both the Advisory caret

and the Corporation during the meeting. Mrs. Arthur H. Be pee as Nelson M. Wells were mbers of the Corporation,

Service. Curious are t which The New age ‘Botanical Cardeais is called into service when pane, geen is needed. On the Sunday in December following the suicide of the man ‘ino own as F, Donald Coster, a police reporter brought to the Ga rden a small fragment of a plant which had been found in the pecker of the late pre cident of McKesson- ees a a pany. Dr. H. N. Mol- ee nke, mn duty that day, identi-

fied te sien othe cout English ivy, Hedera Helte, anid ded the reporter with numerous eee from the ae 4 oti pharmaceutical uses for

he Co- operating with

e New

Librarian, has been appointed as “one oak the judges A ee eg of garden literatu bookst which sponsors of aelen eek awarding prizes. The yale of building up a eae ee will be stressed dur- ing the we

Journal Binding. Subscribers who wish

to preserve their Journals for the past year may have ee bound, by Sai arrangement, for nominal sum—on

dollar plus toctaee” The binding will be of the hi hest

rk Cit The work will be promptly e and a bill will sent before the bound volume is returned to the owner Missing copies of the Journal will supplied by the Garden at ten cents apiece. I ire ould be mailed to the bindery in one package

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS

I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1940: Henry ve Forest Bacowin (Vice-president), CHivps Paes Attyn R. Jen ae evar Lock HART, Jr, D. T. MacDoucat, Mrs. Har I. Pratt, and Josepp R. Swan ccna 1941: E. C. Aucnter, Marsnwatt Friern, Mrs, Eton Huntincron Hooxer, Jonn L, Merrit (Viee- president), Cov. Rosert H. MonrTGoMERY,

and H. Honart Porter.

Until 1942: ArtHur M. ANDERSON (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry DE La eae ey and Assistant Treasurer), Wiiiiam J. Ropsins, and J. E. Spi

X-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. even. Mayor of the City of New York. Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner. James MarsHALt, President of the Board of Education. APPOINTIVE MANAGE Tracy E, Hazen, annealed by the aed Botanical Club. R. A. Harper, Sam F Tretease, EpmunpD W. Sinnort, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by Columbia Univer. rity,

GARDEN STAFF

Wi.uiaM J. Rossins, Pu. D., Sc. D. ect: H. A. Gieason, Pu. D. Eoaiiseee Ne Bint od, cence Assistant Director and Head rakes ae DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director A. Bo Stout, Pa: Di cece. akias ces cas Curator of Education and Laboratories TRED. J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator ERNARI Dovcz, P Plant Pathologist OHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D. Bibliograph LBERT C. Smita, Pu. D. Associate Curator {aro.p N. MoLveNn gE, Pu. Dee desaciale: Cees LIZABETH C, Hatt, A. B., B. rar . H. Ruspy, M. D. ......... pee Curator of -_ Economic Cole pre LEDA GRIFFITH tist ee Photographer ERCY WILSON rch Associate OBERT S. WILLIA Research pees in Bryology

4g MS . J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium _D.

Edi a Assistant

RIC H

Homas H, Everett, N. D. Horr. risculturist Wi ck, A. M. Docent Tro DrcENer, M. S. i cou aneraior in Hawaiian Botany OBERT HAGELSTEIN norary Curator ae ae omycetes THEL ANSON S. PeckHAM. -Honorary Bey Iris and Narcissus Collections ARTHUR J. CorBETT ‘uperintendent of | Buildings: ‘ond Grounds . C. PFANDER ssistant Superintendent

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Books ated Flora of the No: porate United States and Canada, by Nai inane

An ItIlustr. Lord Britton a Addison Brown. Three volumes, ene descriptions and illustra tions a 4,666 species. Second edition, Peart ed. $1325 ora of the Prairies and Plains of Central Nene RATS by P. A. Rydberg. 969 ae and 601 figur: 1932. Price, $5. a postpaid.

Plants of the Vane of New Siete, by H. A. oe 284 pages, illustrated. 1935. $1.65. Flora of Bermuda, Py Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 text igure 1918. $3. Text-book of Gener Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 eae 1897, $2.5

Periodicals Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of Henier de plants: ate p-ates in each number, cree in each volume. Now in its twenty-first volu Subscription price, $10 a volume (four ye) pe offered es ee nge. eee to members of the Garden.

e New anical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news and non’ techn ice "Subsepaon, a a year; sna copies 10 cents. Free to members of the Garden ow in its ecto

Meee bimonthly, ee in ee and Saat ase ed to fungi,

including peace containing technical articles and news and notes of general in- terest. $6 eae copies $1.25 aad. Now in its sets eee volume. Twenty- sie yew Sader volume $3 in paper, $3.50 in fabrikoid.

Brit A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. phe in ts third volume. nn. Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North An ining “Greenand, the West Indies, and ae ntral America. Planned to be c pleted i volumes, each to eee of four or more parts parts now seat Seen price, $1.50 per part; a limited porate ni separate parts will be sold each. oe

Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and rebiioesd from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a volume. In the fourteenth volume.

Memoirs of The New York Boric Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Volante: TVIL. Titles on reque

pues all orders to The New ae Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York,

* * *

DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN

The New York Botanical Garden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of

the Zoclon pints ag ne itham Road, and at the south end of the Bronx River

Parkway. y be d by ical trains from Grand Central Terminal to the one Carden seuee Cost Street).

ach the Garden by ope ated and Subway systems, take the Third

wae Elected 0 the end ae Ae tine (Bronx Park Sen aD from the East and

en

West Side subways, transfer from the Lexington or Sev nue line to th Third Panic Elevated at 149th Street a Third Aven Nas Eighth Avenue subway (Independent system) take a t CC train to Bedford Park Boulevard ie sect snes walk east ts the Goan

from city, drive north on Grand Concourse to Bedford

Park Bovieaed * Goth ee genet east there, and cross the railroad bridge into the Garden

Marcu, 1939

apis

THE NEW YORK OEE GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.0! Single copies 10 c

Free to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF — NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

RoL H. Woopwarp, Editor Mar

ch, 1939 sae Poccei, A Rare Species FROM TROPICAL AFRIC. Cover Photograph aba eo sa OF peo Grown aT THE New Yor NICAL GARD’ T.H. Everett 53 ee TES 0 EIR ere AND HIsTory 53 HE SPECIES AND VARIETIES 55 BEGONIAS FROM THE BOTANICAL ee 's CoLLECTION earl ar ne

Composinc a BorDER OF ANNU. ard W. Swif

i CurrenT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 75 Notes, News, anD CoMMENT 76

FLOWER SHOW the International Flower Show in Grand Central Palace this month, The New ee) Botanical Garden is eee one of the largest collections of begonias that has ever been assembled for such an occasion. The beauty of these plants and the awakening of interest in hee Seca uses have been factors in the choice of begonias for the display.

the species and varieties which will be seen at the Flower Show are

e ly rare in cultivati and re n one has bee ised from seeds re- ceived directly from the wi p have been acquir: private or ra cial gro and others from institutions which thus co-operate with the Botanical Gi n in i is thorough study of begonias, including

i spirit in which they oe an art exhibition or opera—as an esthetic, perhaps an emotional, experience. Others will be there for such a practical reason as interest in better gardening, whether it be a business or a hobby or whether carried on i e open, in a greenhouse, or on a windowsill. Some will attend mainly to

3 2 ae a a Q. e EB 9 = ras ° lam 4 8 = a

The Botanical Garden's exhibit should have something of value to offer to every one of these p

he ee as ersi vo in begonias will be s in the selected gro magnificent plant specimen: shown. Coverin re than 400 square feet of space, with each plant ay labeled, this large collection will offer an opportunity for tl nd different be The lay will serve, it is as a pleasant introducti een the peopl he Botanical Garden. In representing one o institution's activities, it exemplifies the effort t the intere lower lover, the amateu

ardener, commercial grower, plant specialist, pane Ga the general public

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Vor. XL Marcu, 1939 No. 471

The (ollection Of Begonias Grown At The New York

Botanical Garden By T. H. Everett

Because of the wide interest in begonias at present and because of the large collection vie the ase oe ‘al Garden is exhibiting this month at the Inter- national Flower Show, this special material on begonias has been prepared. Visitors to the. : ee Show will find here, besides directions for culture, a brief description and record a origin, so far as known, of each kind in the exhibit and of others now bet own at the Garden. Other readers should

nd these descriptive hates a “aseful guide to the begonias which they ee a interested im growing. ee ites on a types of begor will appear in this Journal later in the —C.

Brief Notes On Their Culture And History

For any years there has been a pe horticultural aaah in rains the New York Botanical Garden has accu ted

m ie glasshouses a large ie ae many ae which will be arene the International Flower Show in New York City March 13

. 18. _ This display pen consi hie of the fibrous- rooted kinds

r somewhat arid conditions, as in a house, are those having thick rhiz r stout, erect stems and fleshy leaves as Bunchii, caro- linjacfolia, Feastii, Gilsoni, heracleifolia, incana, manicata, Mrs.

53

54

Mary Peace, Mrs. Townsend, nelumbiifolia, Paul Bruant, phyllo- maniaca, ricinifolia, speculata, Templinii, venosa, and Verschaf- feltiar These kinds also like a rather heavier soil than is pcommendsd f

the rate of a pint to a bushel of soil. For newly rooted cutt

the fe et should be omitted and extra sand hae: The soil must be made ae moderately firm, not packed hard. Gost: drain- age is pase, Repotting should receive ae at the beginning

of the growing season and as often thereafter as te plants fll their receptacles with roots until about a month before flowering time, when feeding with see li as - rtilizer is ate ed.

Vith the exception of the erflorens varieties, all fibrous- rooted begonias should be afforded ne ee st rong : summer sun- shine, a most of them respond to full exposure from late Oc to Febru ee ose we oe leaves and thos ae vary grow in fe shade, such as “braziliensis,”’ ere ayana, Engler goegoensis, eee. ate a Rex-cultorum are more eee to sunburn than others.

The watering of begonias requires care, for the soil must be maintained alway s ina plea asantly moist condition but must not be alee ed to stagna’ Sufficient water should be applied at one

to pee thorough the whole ball of soil and it should

at room temperature. Begonias are particularly impatient of

a a sudden ee of temperature

vege etative pr aces of these p lants is very sim ee Stem

cu a ngs, afforded mospheric conditions, root readily in moist sand oe some inde n be easily heed by means of lea

uttings. Seed is in some cases available. It is fee a sh oe

be sown on a surface of carefully pr epared 5 ed pans without

any covering of soil. A sheet of glass is place "i over the pan to

1

gE ao

er ure to strong sunlight is fatal. Begonias are not par aly subject to disease or insect pests. The most common enemie mealy bugs, aphids and mites. These are controlled by ny or spray- ing periodica cally with an approved nicotine insecticide.

A Franciscan ae and botanist, Charles Plumier, first applied the name Begonia to this genus. He named it in honor of his traveling companion, ae Begon. The genus was first de- scribed by Tournefort in 1700, Since that time more than 1,300 species have been ka as a in nature but some = these

55

‘onias &

names undoubtedly are eae Beg ost O

atic. in the mountains. Their ae centers of distribution are India and the warmer p: of Amer:

Only a small minority of the ee al species have ever been ae ed i

lene 2,500 na

00 n e been used in horticultural oe The names which are ae ive ee aralied to cultivated be: = during the last century or more are greatly confused, and o Sal x eae that the New ie Botanical cee collection serves an aid in untangling some of this confusion. Research of this ae is car ‘ried on conanasuely at the Garden

The Species And Varieties

HE following descriptions of begonias raised at The New

York Botanical Garden are of species and varieties from which will ae sae a the plants exhibited at the International Flower Sho Every effort has been Bvn to preser is information securely a I am indebted to Mrs xton, Mr. C. 2 Kelly, Mr. Theodore Gruenbaum, M obinson and Res Tie for assistance in securing information re- arding rigin of ican-raised varie Mr gard Schneider has ca 7

Amer rried out much of the

e ty ype. The wor c Raise ed

of the es to whi ch it it refers. The numbers in parentheses indi- cate the dates of introduction a cultivation.

B enone Descriptions

Abel Carriére—(B, Rev x B. Evans. Of French origin. Received from Kew ana) Seo ee stems and “branches ‘eh 1935. swollen oe ; leaves broad-o very; ep pine Ae oad oe ne andi oo ia) — whole ae es 1 covered with a brown s stems er hybrid of rench origin. eak; leaves ovate, pointed, fleshy, dull

acutangula—similar to B. oo is but with lar. tis and broader se-toothed leaves, pale on ve ins. ae ed from Kew 1937. Listed as “acutangularis.”

Alle ryt ( B. medium, val regularly toothed, veins be. neath purple; flowers pale pike: summer.

meta ica x B. oigantea)

Dee by a New York Bot cal Garden in 1902

angularis—( Brazil) medium, smooth; branches many, cape ate or drooping ; ovate-ac cidulate: 6

$e be small aid white, Listed as UZebtina. 2

Argentea-guttata——(B. albo-picta x B. olbia) medium, much branched; leaves ovate-acuminate, slightly lobed, green heavily sp tted ni flowers am tinged pink, partly hidden in foliage. A

French hybrid, Well area ot of easy culture. e “Trout” be

ne x a nedium, fre ely brane! hed 1 hits es ovate metallic purple Pact young, bec ag

Siena Ww ith

‘alle-—(B

‘O-

= Bs

ery disti netive. Received from 37.

stems dentate,

ushy, glabrous ; Neares ovate, flowers many in Similar to Sachsen with ee ts ed of German ori

—low,

and Preusse leaves. Probably

Bellagio—(Lucerna seedling) medium, oe oe ms cane-like Hee ovate, dark red peieate flow pink. Rael | in fr Galitoraie. (1934)

“braziliens unidentified species which is comm brasiliensi

—an

in bud: Requires at tempera

Bunchii—a sport of Feastii with crested leaf- oe Originated in Fredonia, Kan

caroliniacfolia. — (Mexico) medium; oe, very thick, ene rarely branched ; leave ae te; leafle to 8 elliptic, desi. ; flowers oe pink in long cpeonne Gnflorescone eS

cathayana—(China) low, softly hairy;

stems erect, red; leaves ovate, long- pointed. olive- “green with silver hand flowers

re ae veins crimson ; range-vermilio

i¢ela—tall: stems and under sides of leaves hairy: leaves ovate, toothed, dark green, red benea ‘A Has not a jomed at trden. Raised in Califor: (1930) ccinea— (Bra tall. smooth: stems ton hase cane ie ea ace weake leaves sh late, ovate-oblone, light green: flowers large, numerous in Jarg

Cc drooping cae bright coral-red. This

56

the B. rwhra of gardens and is the type of the “Angel Wing” begonias of which se ps named varieties are in culti-

oe oe ee medi-

ooth ; attenuate, es oe en.

ver, toothed; inflorescences drooping ;

flowers large, pink. Raised in California. 1934)

an

a —Presumably a seedling of mars, oo in having narrower

es veins much more silvery i surface bright reid A of ‘this name is listed in Index

B. ie

the opens Kewens

de Feu—(B. se miperflorens x x

Be “hhsioides) tall, oa

“Ascotiensis”

Credneri—(B. Scharffiana x B. metal- lica) medium, bushy, softly hairy; leaves ova olive- -green, reddish ee a flo

ink, hairy without. Sum

ow-

Cy praea— (anetallica eons) medium, white pilose; leaves ova’ olive-green ith darker veins, Pee lobed and Slightly toothed; flowers large, white or pale we pink-| bearded without. Summer.

dia —(Borneo) tall; stems erect, Swi ee a base; branches upright leaves deeply irregular] ma’ lobed

drooping ; : owen, ti

dichotoima — (Venezuela) tall; stems o

d erect inflo srescences stems spread- glossy ; flowers la arge. fail aiid: winter, A slow

one orange, grower. (1906)

ytra—a coccinea variety with blush- Fite ie (1930)

ent

scarlet;

Raised in Eyeland and “Sander:

soni”

gon

R ER na ROS Es eo ae =

arge,

o deep red; ore scences ee

flowers

flor

ricalts

a—(B. fuchsioides x B. sem-

eee medium ; 7 ov: ate , the ie Ae een | mar- : aforecennce com-

erous

othy Grit

Va’

white

dark

or

? low, freely branched; leaves

, elliptic-ovate, mle ly aa

serrate, shining, es oo flower: a

long period.

is sted as “Sander

; cae

very small greenis

he

—tall, vigorous, p! ladee

Dor cent; pele many, ee branched ; jeave: glo:

gree

Fght pail with

a

57 heard without. Summer. Raired in Cali- fornia. (1928)

Dregei—(South Africa) medium, gla- bro tuberous: stems annual, much i . shal

purple veins; inflores cences about 5-floy ered; flowers white. (1836)

Druryi— (Cy pra x B. sanguinea)? tall, branched: leaves ovate, poi gies dark green, red and hairy beneath. not

bloomed at Ga. Raised in Caitternia ( )

echinosepala — (Brazil) medium, hir-

sute; stems ee a branched ; leaves i hee ovate, arscly toothed, glossy veins dar ker, pur ine beneath ;

Abel Carriére, an outstanding begonia hybrid from France, characterized by the silver coloring of its pointed leaves.

flowers delicate pink, pink-bearded with- out. Summer. Easy and decorative. (1870) Received from Kew 1935.

smoot

Elui s cane-like with de ene leaves lanceolate-oblong, concave, undu-

late, serrulate, black-green, ee. spotted silver, palin a red: flowers pink. Origin, Califor. (1928)

Engleri—(Tropical Africa) tall; stems succulent, ae eae a with spots ; coarsely scabrous, nee: veins purplish ; in arching flat panicles, clear pink. A delicate species requiring a warm temperature. (1904) Received from Kew 1931.

Evansiana — (Orient) tuberous, low, smooth ; stems annual, . acute

Hardy

or so vat New ¥) ‘ork. (1804) Listed as “ lo

aurea (Brazil) tall, glabro stems erect few ex raced smuch thickened at base: branches lea Jar; deeply palmately ine ee “stlashed with a flowers large, white. (1892)

Fea —(B. manicata x B. hydrocotyli- jolia). ff stems rhizomatous; Jeaves fleshy, rbicular, smooth, green, red b neath; inflorescences ere pyramidal ; owers numerou: ng, clear pin Com: k the “Beecfsteak hegoni: to grow and very decora- tive.

rida Species” —an unidentified plant Pee listed — ee name. Me oe um ;

r osottly ue ok aree : flowers large, white. Hand-

a -~ (Colombia) medium, smooth,

; stems arching or drooping ; leaves small, ovate, bronzy-g: ave inflorescences eer flowers small, white

‘AN. distinctive “plant of fern- Excellent for baskets.

pale pin like appea rance.

Frieda Grant—medium, bushy, pubes- oe : ee eeate ovate, dark g green, beneath; margins undulate inflo jores- once: few, flowers pink, hairy without. attractive ee plant. Raised in California, (1928)

58

fuchsivides — (Mexico) tall, smooth; stems erect, branched ; leaves small, ovate, glossy green; flowers drooping, crimson- scarlet, decorative Gilsoni—medium ; s stout, erect, branched; leaves ovate atenvats shal- lowly lobed, dentate, en, glossy; petioles ise ay beneath thay inarest cences ; flow male double, oak Originated in New York about 1880. glaucophylla—scandent ; stems slender ; leaves

w ‘ood basket subje ect. Listed ‘as alaucophiylla scandens.”

Gloi de Jouy—tow, bushy; leaves ovate, ‘slightly lobed, aN densely cov-

ered with o ue gray: n spots, rough- hairy; flow soft Sot leepening at “Siow -growing. Received from

center. Kew 193

yocgoensis—( Sumatra) low, rhizom: tous; leaves Sibicuer. peltate with quae: rangular petioles, dark olive-green with pa alee veins; inflorescences loos ase, site an) pink, Requires tropical temper. (1882)

ae — (Brazil) medium, softly hairy, bushy; leaves large, ovate, oe olive-green, red bene eath ; flowers ii He cove peseaaa pale pink, hairy

vithou Sum A good decorative eat

Helen—medium; stems erect; lea ovate-acuminate, green; margins Gees crinkled; flowers in droop cymes, greenish-white. (1928)

Hel. ise os —(Lucerna secdling) tall, cng cane-like; leaves ovate-! eee with large Ge lobe,

red-olive-green,

neath ; flowers clear p pi ink. Raised i in Cali- fornia. (1920) heracleifolia — (Mexico) rhizomatous,

hairy; leaves large, deeply lobed to more than half their diameter, green; inflores- cences tall, erect; flowers numerous, pink, ee tive. The “type” of the “Star” be:

on nigricans—a variety with black-green leaves and paler veins.

da eaie ego low, bushy, hairy; mall, broad- ovate, green;

S ; flowers ; greets white. Of no decorative importan

im perialis—( Mexico) rhizomatous, low, hairy; leaves pola brownish sa green veins, velvety; hades a flowered; flowers sal, hite. Choi Requires warm conditi

imperialis ees variety with emerald-green lea

incana—(Mexic 0) medium, whole plant oo”, ae scurfy ; stems thick,

eaves fleshy, peltate c ing; flowers numerous, drooping. white. Very distinctive. Listed as ‘peltata.’

in. ata—(Mexico) low; stems erect, fuch.. “iyranched : eaves small, ovate, toothed, light green; inflorescences few- flowered ; flowers pink. (1827)

Ing —(B. nitida x B. tall, Sn leaves small, ovate, et sparsely hairy, ara 2 es green; flow pink. grown as “B. Englis ie origin (1849)

fuchsioides)

rlaken — ucerna ae x) tall,

rs dull cd: browit Raed in Califarnia (1934)

pag eee a a) low, smooth; stems erect, branches spreading; leaves ovate- onions: convex, shining green; margins red, toothe inflorescences _ terminal: ae greenish edged pink ; an sainastial species for the collector. Received from Kew 1935.

Jinnie May—low. bushy, smooth; re- sembling Bavers Sachsen and Preussen but with to. ‘salmon flowers. Leaves not spotted. Originated in Califor (1925)

Ker tall; stems cane-like, branches Seti ing; leaves ovate-acumin-

ve ate, green; aflbrescences pendulous, flow- ers greenish-white. English origin.

Lady — (coccinea smooth ; ee erect ; late, green; margins undulate: flowers 1

d

seedling) tall, leaves ovate-lanceo- ele ee large, blush-pink, in ny-flowered cymes. Rais re * Cali-

(1934)

ma fornia.

(Lucerna scling) medium ; ect with aud branches ; leaves

Al ing pink, Origin, PGaliforaie:

obulata— oa stems erect,

a ag : +o oO a eae ye a 7 8 BPs Q z.5 » i] po 5 s o : oO

y York Botanical Garden by T. Ma ac- gall.

mygipes petiolata—stems stout, er succulent; leaves with long red de ovate, green, bristly-hairy ; flowers small, white, in oe many-flowered inflore cences. Received from Kew 1938.

S-

— ( Lucerna ade medium, s weaker

wers large, pink;

w Raised in California. srid) tall, smooth, vigor- cane-like, with weaker ova

Ww with sae wings. grown as “Cor: Switzerland

alline Lucerne.” Raised i

gano a ucerna Ree

ae a shar,

tall,

yellowish pink. “Rais 0)

California. (1921 lixurians stems

— (Brazil) tall, aaa

leaves large, compound, palmate, ‘Teafiets to 16, narrow- “lite, yreen, serrate; flowers inconspicuous, white in erect inflorescences, Ver: ey dis- acne. (1846)

Macbethii—° of Dregei of more compact habit “and with smaller, more deeply lobed lea

“Machu Picchw An undetermined plant aa Hon seed outa at i ruins of Machu Picchu, Per Mediu

60

: anched, smooth; leaves broad- ovate, ; Howers lavender-pink in dense in-

fiocescence superlicially res: ie aaa ni-

tida but malic flowers dipeta Very

floriferous, (1936) maculata—(razil) tall, smooth, with

habit of B. etka a leaves plainly marked with silve Flowers =

maculata 1 pe distinet var-et concave Ivaves ee spotted silv s greenish white. Received fon Kew in 1935.

e de Less aT aera freely

: ‘aitia) tall, ae branc hed; leaves large, ovate, ed and toothed, olive- -green chatted wines red Haas flowers greenish, flushed pink. Sun Madame Fanny Giren—(incarnata hy- brid) low; stems branched; leaves ovate-

aiemate toathe d, green: flowers brig n. sed in France. (1875) Maggio. (Lucerna seedling) very similar to rLauceraa ae with rather smaller and unspotted leaves. Origin, Calif. (193:

ee a ant ee bushy, a ent oe

&

a fac small, too the fl

enecs

drooping, n plush. pink, Received from Botanic Garden, Hamburg, 1935.

Drea bell _ — medium; stem

oat erect; lea

green, toothed with collar of | ee jarse airs

at top of peti ; ae ces i - erect, : ieee s pink,

droop! ing. Very fe i 1837)

manicata aureo-macitlata. — a variety

with yellow-blotched leaves.

manicata crispa—a variety with crested leaf-margins.

Margaritacea—related to Arthur Mallet which it closely resembles, but differs in that the Jeaves are duller and of more leaden appearance. Flowers pink.

Margueritae—-(B. echinoscpala x moti ? medium, bushy, softly hai leaves ovate, slightly lobed and tothe live. green; veins purple beneath. Flov pink, sere without, summer. France. (1883)

Racal

Marjorie Daw--(B. coccinea x B. glau-

cophylla) smooth; stems many, lax; leaves tr pavenlar ovate, bright green, slightls inuate; influrescences many- a “Undoping flowers large. clear

pink. an good hasket variety. Raised in c al for: (1900)

Mar pink-flowered coccinea variety with fod Sorne petioles and leaves some- times silver-spotted. Raised in California. (1930)

Queen—a_ coccinea

a “grectsh white flowers. Cal fornia

variety with Raised in

Medora—medium, bushy; stems ae der, ae Pie Mee angular. lanceolate, ae he avi ly “0 ee oan ind waved ; inflorescence drooping, few-

ilewen ed; flow pin vary wings on pink. Not free- flowering. Origi- ed in Medora, Ill. (1926)

metallica Bah medium, bushy, hairy; leaves ovate-pointed, shallowly Jobed = and thed, glossy oll STERN ;

ins metallic-purple, depressed, red be- neath; flowers pale pink, red-hairy with- out. A well-! known plant of easy ‘culture. (186!

Mrs. Fred Seripps—tall, hairy, bushy stems red; es ovate, distinctly 5- to -lobed wi the basal lobe sometimes wrming a separate | t, olive-green, often with one or more rudimentary leaf- lets from the sinus; scences loose, eee -flowere: + flowers white. hand-

variety " originated in California.

Mary Peace—(Ricinifolia x caroline ? a oe Hes! ale green, deeply 7- 9

ae ‘the termi Tobe large: . glos: ree undulate, toothed ; flowers numerous in erect, - amidal cymes, pink. Raised

n Califor. (1920)

end—In habit and Icaf tex

re eamlae to Feastii: but with lees vhallowly 7-lobed and toothed and = in- florescences stiffer and more crowded and

stightly deeper in color

flowers stiffly with ade eccnee: flowers soft pink.

WeoS. Ki ae a 's pointed-o green brist] y hairs:

drooping oe 3)

w crea =

Likes warmth. (191

Below: Begonia scandens used effec:

tively as a specimen plant

“Multiflora —This

Rosea”. flowered One It is not related to the species B. muditiflora.

is a pink-

Neely Geddis—tall, densely hairy; leaves ovate, dail olive- -green, red be- neath ; flowers large, creamy hairy without, summer; like runifolia but with a Adinciaes green leaf at th inflorescence fork. Raised in California.

Nelly Bly—medium, bushy, _ hairy; leaves pointed- a coarsely toothed, very dark gre red beneath; flowers

pink. Originated ‘in "California,

white, white- . .

stems erect; glos:

Above: Verschaffeldtiana, one of the excellent hy- oe developed in Switzer- land

nelumbtifolia— (Mexico) medium, rhiz- omatous ; leaves very large, ovate-orbicu- lar, ee green; Howes ae many, ll, erect cymes, white or tin: ink, euchatel — (Lucerns smooth; shoots cane-like branches; leaves i base, olive-green with faint

flowers oe cots pink tinged yellow. Not very attractive. Raised in California.

(1934) nitida — (Jamaica) medium, smooth; leaves broad-ovate, fleshy,

sy green, convex ; inflorescences many-

62

flowered; lowers large, white or delicate plantlets; stem erect, stout; leaves ova’ pink, handso me. This was probably Ais one _Slos ssy green, veal dao waved ae

first species of Begonia introduced in ‘oothed; inflorescence bra Ney early cultivation. (1777) eee lowers pink, var’ pink. (1840) Listed as “Jessie.” olbia—( Brazil) low, bushy; lea : ovate, iehed, a toothed, noe brownish Pogyci—(Tropicat Africa) low, ster olive-green with darker ve and scat- erect; leaves ovate-acute, piatiately tered stiff whi - irs, red. oer in- veined, dull green; inflorescences very florescence drooping ; flowers Short: flowers greeni ish; ovaries red,

escences § Ae é ¢ aaa Hae Not too easy but good cylindrical, wingless. oe leaves said when well-gro (1883) to edible.

foal o & > a) a a i= = 3 18 wo 28 fi iz} Oo B

Slow growing. Received fon Kew 1937.

Orrell — (Lucerna seedling) medium 4 : smooth; stems cane-like with weaker Evcsiden! Car not—(B. coccinea x B. branches ; leaves ovate, undulate, light albia)? tall, vigorous; stems cane-like n, silver-spotted; margins to thed With weaker side-branches; leaves oe

green, spi 01 and crinkled; flowers bright coral-red. OVate. somewhat lobed, coarsely toot Very decorative. Originated | in California, and crinkled; green ty faintly silver- a9 30) spotted, —— beneath; inflorescences ee droopi oe large, carmine: “Palmifolie’—very similar to dichof- ovary and win ame color. French oma, but having short style eis origin. (1891) Hie sees a aes ae Ha an nd Preussen—almost identical with Bayern rounded at the apex rather than sharply but silver spots, evident only on the triangular. young leaves. Said to be of German origin. wl Bruant — medium; stems erect, bearing many tiny ady entitions

Prunifolia— (VF iaude seedling ) resembles stout, a shoots as in B, phlonaniacn; leaves

Viaude; leaves shorter and more distinctly egg-shaped, lighter green, more toothed,

r 8 arsely purple-red beneath; inflorescences long, hairy, green; inflores Gees vith pa ee coping; flowers large, cream, white- persistent pink-brown bracts; flov hairy without. Very Horie rig- ey ae ovaries green. ehcelletit in i fc

ated in California. (1920 e plant. Raised in France. (1888) (

: Rex-cultorum—Here belong the numer- Perle Lorraine—(B. polyantha x B. ous Treat fliege plants commonly daedaica) low, bushy; leaves pointed- grown as B. Rev. They include hybrids ovate, dark green freely marbled with and chocolate; flowers soft pink, darker in a B. ae bud. A very beautiful variety, Raised cultivat -cultor is repre mm France, (1902 ) Listed as “Bertha ccnted in ie ‘New York Botanical Gar- von Lothri den collections by the following varieties : phyllomaniaca—(Brazil) medium, stems Chretien, Emperor, Glory of St. aed and leaves freely producing adventitious King Edward, Lucy Closson, and Rajah.

See pages 64-65 BEGONIAS FROM THE BOTANICAL GARDEN’S COLLECTION

Begonia dichotoma, from Venezuela, nearly 6 feet tall. 2. oe git a_ similarly albodine species from Brazil. 3. Speculata, known as the “Grape Leaf” begonia. 4. Begonia glaucophylla, in a shaaine basher. 5. Feastii, an re grown poled known as the “Beefs ia begonia Fred Scripps, a large handsom 7. Mrs. Town- send, similar to OF ‘astii in te habit, but distinct. onia imperialis, a rhizomatous species from Mexico. 9. “Machu Picchu oe undetermined

begonia of exceptional beauty, raised from seed eer in Peru,

Ricinifolia—(B. _ heracleifolia B. ee ere rhizomatous, hatiy be) - I> . he ad ia se ed eter S: cences tall, erect, en merous, pink, "4 oe a persistent pe pressed bract occu e base of each ovary. Probably the Ae hybrid, Raised in England. (1847)

va — (So

Africa) small, to Macbethii, finely an white. Listed

Richardsiar

ee cut ; small,

“Richardso (B.

oseu- ‘gigant eu— sem perflorens

stems y

s ‘orn with a bright red spot at sinus; ‘inflores. ences stoi ng pee many, bright coral-

red, bloo: ver a long pe mae One of the mo: tf decorative and easily grown begonias, Much taller. and more Migros than semperflorens. A French hybrid. (1883 )

'—tall, smooth; stems erect, cane nk? ves ovate, light green; margins red; inflorescences “droonin flowers large, pink. Decorativ (1920)

“Rubra Odorata”—a vigorous coccinea variety with deep rose-pink flowers

Sachsen—very similar to Preussen but of looser habit and decidedly darker (bronzy olive-green) foliage. The female

ers of Sachsen are larger. Probably Germar gin.

sanguinea—( Brazil) medium, smooth, loosely branched ; a red; leaves ovate, subpeltate, fleshy. en ab ve, crimson beneath ; Distine-

flowe Serie white tive and decorative. (1823) scabr ze (Venezuela) tall, hairy erect, stout, branching; leaves eee green, toothed ; cymes

rect; flowers many, small, white, Re- cei ved from Kew 1935.

rough-

scandens—(Brazil) smooth, _Stems scan-

owers white. en

ven support forms a very attractive tall decorative plant or may be used to good effect in a basket.

Schunidtiana Ac caves small,

— (Brazil) low, hairy, ovate, olive-green, n, tinged pink, small, red i inflorescences. (1878) bee nenn te of this species are popularly known as “Wax” see or 0. d

S varieties exist aud

dens. ‘ou ew ones appear each Pie The plants are low and bushy, blo cee continuously and range in telor ot ee r from white

to deep crimson. ple foliage are grown. tinct varieties al

ightness,

Br ily, Gustav Lind, Indianerin an

nd Loveline. y with green- ee small sil- Originated in

Shas coccinea varie

nee wh ie | Goce and sca

er spots on the leave:

California. (1930)

Shrimp—a coccinea variety ; leaves nar-

oe Pie flowers soft pink. Orig: in California. (1930)

rhiz zomatous, hairy ;

icuouUs,

The

subvillosa: —

Ss ae eae pe Leaf” beg zil) medium, s succulent ;

wing, the r two represente nere ridges. as “Scotch lux- urians.” (1841) Raised from seed re-

ceived from Edinburgh Botanic Garden.

sire tall, we Fae

Pie eagion

AZ!

a onl,

er: on va inside of he large cipal were a and clear pink. Raise

Calito:

Superba-kenzii mbles asells but with rae les dee sharply lobed and Pane ae spotted with silver. Has r the Garden. Raised j in California,

a rba-

(1925)

oe ay

4 ¢ ot i es.

ar at seedling) medium, leaves resembling those of Madame 2 Lesseps but smaller and more

ao oe “4s

heavily spotted in a ver; inflorescences

short; flowers lar; elicate pink to

white. Originated a Gators: (1934 sutherlandtt low, tuberous

fe bright green with us veins, serrate ; wers many, red-o' Attractive and distinet (1867)

Sylvia — (incarnata seedling) Wty loosely “biauched : leaves ovate, shallow lobed and toot! hed, ght green;

pink. ee in California,

es nii—(phyllomantaca sport) s ilar alomontice a with "lw Hatched leav Originated at Cal Ohio. (191 OL)

fee

ed

Teusch a Se alaya) medium, pilose S ovate acuminate, shal-

e-green; margins ; flowers deep pink. Plants received from Kew in 1937. (1877)

Thurstonii—(B. smetallica B, guinea) tall, bushy ; Hee ae lossy olive-green, ot beneath; flowers small, pink, summer. An easily ‘grown and pop- ular variety. ‘Grint d in Paterson, New Jersey. (1887)

ulmifolia — (Colombia) tall, hairy ; stems erect, |

=]

rou ugh-

m-li = green; inflorescences dens: Bowers small, white. Very distinctive

Undine—low, branched; leaves small, of curled. and distorted appearance, broad- ovate, eshy, glossy green, irregularly- toothed ; flowers delicate pink, in few- flowered cymes. Originated in California. (1900)

uadilata—( Brazil) medium, similar to

Kewensis but with smaller pele which are eae ey undulate, and pure whit flov very decorative species, (182

medium ; whole plant seurt ;

venosa—( Brazil)

e 0

at center, not peltate, very thick mene inflorescences long; flowers white. Our plants raised from Feed from Berlin- Dahlem 1933, (1898)

66

erschaffeldtiana—(8. caroliniacfolia x B. ears east stems sea erect ; leaves fleshy, -petiola te, vate-orbicu- lar, shallowly 6. “lobe ect toothed, ich shining en; inflorescences long, many-flowere wers drooping, clea pink. Very Tetcorne: (1853) Originated in Switzerland.

Fiaude — (Duchartrei x Pictavensis) medi, hairy ;

hallowly toothed ; stipules persisten nt: pects one red; flowers large, white, hai witho Decorative. Raised in

r

A adei— ( Philippines ) low ; stems ai

York Botanical Garden in 1932, Grows eens on coralline limestone near the

(1932)

Waite’s Red Argentea—tall, very sim- erna ee with tay ves lighter tted e distinctly more distinctly lobed ; ee pink, large, in pendul Te clusters. Originated in California. (1927)

WF allow—medium bushy, bristly-hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, olive-green, bright s Soe ae not

red beneath, coars te -

flow ee = at The anical

Garden. Originated in beniers “(1928) ¥ tall, freely branched ;

‘a €1 stems semi Succulent leaves ovate-acute,

a California garden. aved” begonia.

ber mes Sutherlandii x B. dt us, medium , bushy, smooth ; of i bE ences much swollen; leaves ovate-acumi inate, shallowly lobe d and toothed, pale green with pukplish Seis:

s pink, profuse. Raised in England.

70)

Weltoniensis Alba—a_ white-flowered mM.

form

wanthina — (India) low, rhizomatous, allied to B. Rex; leaves cordate-ovate, dark green; flowers butter-yell co

low, petals pper-red beneath. (1850)

67

In addition to the species. varieties, ea a — above,

the ee listed below are gro either because ae P or because ee

applicati f{ the names they be:

re also grown. The bees ALBO-PICTA GRANT'S PUCHARTREL ALICE MANNING GUINEAS AL! i HAAGA ALZASC HAAGEANA DROSTI AUDRE HAWATIAN SEEDLING BENNE HO BOLIVIENSIS SUPERBA HUGELII CARMINATA ILLUST! CASTANEAEFOLIA INCARNATA SANDERSIL CHIA JOSEPHIT CLEMENTA LADY MAC

Ts. "Ss RED LADY WATERLOW CONCHAEFO! LEPIDOTA CORINTHIAN PINK LETONICA CORAL RUBRA LINPLEYANA

ATA LORATA VARIEGATA CROFTONII LOM. AL’ CYPRAEA SEEDLING MACRBETHIL PINK CORA MARGARET E. ITARM DUCHARTRET MARIETTA NUKE OF CAMBRIDGE MARION ECUA MARTHA ITHE MARTIANA

EMILY CLIBRAN MAYBELLE E. ETHEL CALLOWAY MEDIA PICTA EVANSIANA ALBA MEGAPTERA FLAMBEA a FROEBELIT MORGANO FRUTI M. E. HAM FRUTICOSA SEEDLING MRS. SCHINKEL

FRUTISCARIA

a

Ax MULTIFLORA “COPPERY

GENEVA GIGANTEA GOLD” GLARRA NITIDA ODORATA

GLOIRE DE LORRAINE GLORY OF CINCINNATI GRACE

GRACILIS HETEROSIS

DORATA ROSEA

the Gar

en are - chs time suit-

Descri

tions

mheincae o the aber of unnaned ‘ants lis

ee are not

PERFECTIFLORA

PLAGIONEURA

PRU A PINK RE MPTA RICINIFOLIA FISIIERT RIGIDA

ROBINSON'S RO ROBUSTA DECKERS ROXBURGHILT

RU

RUBELLA

RUBRA ODORATA RUBRA PINK

S FRUTICOSA

VAN-E

(Composing a Border Of Annuals By Howard W. Swift

LANTS which may be grown from seed to maturity in one season have adva ei Possessed few oe oe of garden material Tisted | in the elabo seed catalogs of 19.

For use in window en ren a. fe = newly de- veloped suburban homes, for children’s ee nd for situations where masses of color are - ired during a ie ular part of the summer or es no ae of ee w 7 as more aca)

oh “3 < g =f o wu =] ia a ez) aw o a ei =e °o a is} a g a 2 ey gt. a aa 7) 4 o p a iat a is

a

composition of an annual border is undertaken. In the first place,

ara need full sun. Secondly, preparation of the ground should tho

be thorough, the ideal ae including cultivation to a depth of eighteen inches and incorporation of a ous of manure. As a substitute for the manure, sue ss and a complete com- mercial fertilizer may be used—peat for a ility t ae water and nutrients, fert a izer to ae ree ee of plant food. Thirdly a roper | an a oe uld be Laie ed. W see it, maximum ctsfaction ne e achieved. In some cases, a may make a perfectly good ee but a more jee asing fs

is aly a ed it | Seeiee by the us Eve green or decidudus ae furnish excellent ieee ieee ne in ia vas where a temporary planting is desired, annual vines nay be effectively trained upon a well proportioned and well eee el trellis everal fiers govern the choice of annuals for border plant- ing. Length of iloontine period, ease of culture, and oan to the attacks of insects and diseases are important, but not to be ov a feed is the eae which enables ae plants to withstand the roughness of s nds nan he ees With Ri ene - r ae ve fa ctor the following annuals, grouped according to their fee are aa recommended : Four To Six Feet Hick Telianthus (Sun

Cosmos A the flow Ipomoca (Movning Glory) Polygonum ortentale “Prince's Feather) Quamocht (Cardinal Climber) Hibiscus Manihot

69

Two To Rove pie Hicu

Tagetes (Marigold) ‘anthis caudatus (Love-lies-| Meéding}

opeaase EGaigencne trrvolor (Joseph’s Coat Zinnia ect alata

Salvia farinacea (Mealy-cup Sage) FN. tris

S. splendens (Scarlet Sage) *N. uate (Crimson King)

“Euphorbia marginata (Snow-on-the-mountain}

NE TO Two Feet HicuH

ratio Houstonianum *Mirabilis Jalapa (Four o'clock) Sei rignde | *Celosia plumosa (Feathery Cockscomb ) Beis hy. {Centaurea Cyauus (Bachelor's Buttan) ae “C. moschata’ (Sweet Sultan)

*Hunnemannia fumariaefolia (Santa Barbara or Tulip Poppy) 5 Cou Hiei

eratum Houstonianum ‘Fraseri”* *Lob. Erinus f erbena eerie he Sehacholeea culitoruice (California Poppy) *Lobularia maritima (Sweet Alyssum) *Torenia Fourut

With a selection of annuals aes promise to be most depend-

able, a plan ea awn to scale will help greatly in placing them effectively. In composition of fat ail, logic dictates starting at the back of the ie and progressing toward the front, and cosmos

ane excellent material with which to start. Groups of six or eight plants (later to be thinned to Hes or four), oe group representing a single color, are ideal for the back. To these may be added groups of the smaller eee such as a Stella hybrids, a groups of hibiscus which will supply late summer. Polly; saa is ee for its foliage effect and feather pink flowers but, bec of its massiveness, it must be used with care. As eae Sees grows to eight feet, it is unsuit- able for a narrow space.

Climbing al may be included in the border itself, not neces- sarily used as a background only, by letting them clamber over aa made af ae branches. aor this purpose beech or birch

the preceding winter into five- or six-foot lengths to be thrust into the ground to form an inverted cone, or tepee, as sup- port haan vines ike the cardinal climber and morning glory. in this , these ee add distinct character to a garden of ee.

Color arrangement offers the first Lael in developing a planting scheme from groups of larger plants. It is well to re- oe that ae each color is ee ina prow of comprehensib! ¢

the effect will be most striking. The newer marigolds and zinnias are oe erb for this purpose, ov the Tee hpeetles Cee our regard and relish them for feeding. These (aa in their eorbeos colors, have no substitutes, nfortu nately, so there is little to do but use them and keep the onrush of eae at a

‘Annua als not attacked seriously by Japanese beetles. + Common known as Herbena venosa. * Strictly a trade name.

70

minimum, With both of these flowers, individual colors rather than mixtures will be found most effective, and much depends eee a caret sete ion of vari

Fo r hight, effect t ae Hs masses of coarser material,

Seabtosa, in i ‘umerous to ones of pin k, purple, and blue, Euphor- te marginata in green and white, and Salvia farinacea with its soft blue ses all possess merit, and will bloom from early sum- mer unti

Salvia sendens, oe) scarlet, and dimaranthus caudatus, red of a different natu ach has its admirers, but in using them neighboring cae mu e be considered w ith” care as their colors re difficult to combine with others

With Nicotiana alata and NV’. sy ue stris, favorites with all wi like the swect fragra nee of their white eae at night, a ee or even third period of eat may be enjoyed if the stems are cut back after i e first flow g. A red a .N. Sanderae “Crim-

n King” is another ae ee of this genus.

“G oup within a foot or two of the front of the border—or all the way forward here on there—so that the heights of plants will not become monotonous. Bey soft blue coloring of Ageratum i is beau-

tiful with the yellow of bas Hu aie the stiff triteness of er zinnias or the y depth of purple petunias. Here too may be used those os oo. — are so oe onal

in sturdiness, in flower production, and

ies rigida and Tinea rosea alba. The ery ae a “this erbena may seem difficult, but if is well used with several of

the marigold varieties. Centaurea Cyanus, Centaurea moschata and

Mirabilis Jala Ve were favorites of our eae rae and are no

less favorites tod Celosia plumosa too is an old standby which

many find woth “roving for its a plumes of straw-

one ans edging, or continuing the group effect all the way for-

. In the 1 t a edging is attractive, but in extensive borders, groups of plants varying in height and character intensify the effect of an entire composition.

Plants suitable for the front of the border include Ageratiui

w f

in | orms; T"erbena hybrida, in a variety of irable colors; et alyssum, California poppy, and the two-toned bl d

ah fl $ : enia ae All of these blend easily wi of larger plants and, with the oo of the California

oups nts ane will ae ee ie summer

71

With the ee planned on paper, the next problem is acquiring of plants. Annuals are of simple culture and, v seeds are pers: from a reliable firm, even the amateur a be well rewarded for his efforts in making an annual border Among the plants listed here, the Polygonum, Serra Euphorbia. Nicotiana, and sen iaegi may be sown directly in the ground, whereas the others are more successfully started indoors . set ee aw flats after dar nger of frost is past. In the vicinity of

ew York, late March is the usual time for sowing ate - these ae indoors.

One of the greatest advantages of an annual border is its challenge to ve imagination. Color schemes which alter the entire character of a border may be changed each year and, by using the

plants listed pees as a foundation for new introduc fae and novelties, the possibilities for composition of successful annual borders is practically without limit.

Spring Lectures at the Garden

seas is the program for the spring series of free lectures e given in the lecture hall in the Museum Building every eee through May at 3 p.m Mar. + Preparing Flower Show Exhibits George Gillies, Supt., Marshall Field Estate Mar. 11 Timberline Trails to the Yukon W. H. Camp, Assistant Curator Mar. 18 Composing a Border of Annuals Howard W. Swift, Gardener Mar. 25 Raising Flowers For ne Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs, Author and Lecturer Apr. 1 Gardens of Today and Tomorrow E. L. D. Seymour, Horticultural Editor, American Home Apr. 8 Trees for City Gardens Nelson M. Weils, President, City Gardens Club Apr. 15 Our National Parks H. N. Moldenke, Associate Curator Apr. 22 English Parks and Gardens T. H. Everett, Horticulturist Apr. 29 Plant Exploring in British Guiana A.C. Smith, Associate Curator May 6 Some Seaweeds and Their Companions H. Beaman Douglass, M.D. (Retired) May 13 Springtime Flowers About New York E. J. Alexander, Assistant Curator May 20 Raising Healthy Plants Outdoors B. O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist May 27 Rose-Growing For the Beginner P. J. McKenna, Foreman Gardener

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.)

Plant Explorer’s Autobiography THE WORLD WAS MY GARDEN. David Fairchild. 494 pages, indexed, iMusts ated, Scribner, New York, 193 $304 Deli git era reading for the botanist as well as the layman sore i ided by t thi

icity the romance of d hi

other important matters merit notice

a family of intellectual pioneers, 7

Pa scientific agri-

course of his hife’s

its ae ‘which he still enjoys,

in At merica has ee into a “ditterprise: epitomized by the developed United States Depart- t i Fairchild became

cel year President's Cal He Sdaatil se oe Gea "before from the Kansas ae College of eos and aged

ned and went s during this voy-

abroad udy.

age that there occurred - ould: life e of those fortuito incidents which so often determine men’s lives. It involved his st Vv ir of Pajamas—nightshirts were still the rage

—and in the pajamas was one who was

later to become Fairchild’s benefactor woe many years and a life-long friend. of the Ban

e Fairchild in search of valu- able economic plants which might be in- troduced i - America.

The gre yrva of the book with its inter esting ‘bo ae and

00 Oh Ras ac

arper, whom we of sauhee er generation are also privileged to know.

LING,

E. H. Fur Editor, The Botanical Review.

Plant Physiology, del PLANT Hee ae C. Miller. 2nd edition Fs figures, author and. subject des: Hull, New York “and London,

EP 3 er g Fi} 3

The new edition of this valuable refer-

as is an enlargement of the first edition; some 300 pages have Lea added. The ee headings include the plant cell, solutions and meobrans, ‘the roots f tak

= ey = & 7 a

no pehapier on tepro oduction, - Bact that word te not au contained in the index. The hook is neither planned for nor

adapted to the amateur or the peeinnue student ; fs special value is for the stigator advanced student. the ane i

the Ree Eee Stations is iF:

a debt oH erattade for us compilation of this tal volum: asm ve end various criti- e made of such a text. It is unortnat te ny the author found it nec- ‘o limit the Be = higher eae ae de which p i ar

and less like a collection of abstracts The author and subject indic e exten- sive yet there are curious omi: ns fro

the latter, for e je—toxicity, distilled water, plant movement, irritability, repro- duction, and a: sted in the sub lex. a a eg of

e one canno

i this gai im- pression that a complete Bere Dh cicieey of advanced crane is probably beyond the power of any single individual. J. Ronerns.

Artistic Tropical Bloo: FLOWERS OF HAWAIL McLean and Mary D, Frear. oe flowers in ‘Horie

d Compar : Yor Th Sas to con: ee cant accion: . the actin: on Hawn botany, this book is eminent as an artistic ore a Howetiana, tf ee be wel- col both a ries of s er

Olive Gale

30 “plates

Dodd, Mead .

McLean ee pa inted thirty

the most fokne a ue Rea orna- entals of Honolulu r bot artistic and realistic, doce! as that be. These have been reproduced

73

unusually well, the only fault being, per- fees, a slight over-vividness of some of e greens. "Fort tunately the plates are well a speak for themselves, as t

additional information about plants. he foreword explains the conspicuous bsence from the book of any real, in- digenous “flo { Hawaii” and brings ut the unfortunate fact that the visitor to the islands is likely ee onl: immigrant members o e flora. Ss

matter of fact, the pictures could be equally well labeled flowers of Havana, or of Rio, f Singapo:

pinta (Plates

ana late , and in the foreword to the pore pal hich is Rovstonea regia.

r the visitor merely a casual catered: the bor Ok F may serve a useful guide, tho: eh - pensive one, to a few of the most conspicuous and beau- tiful plants to be seen in Honolulu. For

oe lover of fine aes ey or of hand made boo! will be a

Hawaiian tee the book has little to offer.

F, R. Fosserc,

University of Pennsylvania.

New Facts Revealed About

Poisonous Plants Ned PLANT: OF THE

ST TES. Wea Iter Conrad

Be pages, illustrated, in-

Macmillan, New York, 1939.

Since ear! rliest times people have en interested in poisonous plants, and more recent years, with advances in chem

es of plants and their con- the toxic elements isolated. These

cal analys secnts,

mous plants, namely that : ae ee poisonous e so, while

decid: eae

r in his preface some of these interesting and vary-

- Dra tgie as has b'

“the

the research in this e-

where concerning the Sawa bane

which occur in n the United Sta

arranged - tanically according to fami- lies. Ther one! index, and the literary feter eS comprehensive. The aumerone “tustrations will assist the reader in recognizing the plants described, and they finet! emphasize in general the particular portion of the plant in which

the toxic substances may be locate author has brought to date an important subje s listed and de- ik the species of plants which are

pecies o H

ost poisonous to animals he work oo be found timely and useful, in addition to being interesting and read-

able,

Jessie G. Fis New Jersey eealeaal Experiment Station.

Autobiographical History SIXTY YEARS OF BOT IN Bae eae Boca ae impression - Eye- xit112 ges, W wich filustrations. London, 1938

Canis: ‘and 3 other _ Macmillan, New York and $3

growing complexity of the becoming incre

4 ie Pea was in a positio to say, with

Ulysses, “Tam a part of all that I have

net.” Bower has realized that he is the last

survivor of those who shane in the

introduction into England of the labora- ry methods of b

ae botany, in plant phy: sil. Bowe

b vances in id

ogy, an n plant morphology, presents in cone detail the events lead ing to the ee of the nals

lel . 5 8 7 3 os 6 -. >

du is of particula: e botanists of the United States “that one of the edi-

tors of the Annals has always been an American. Among the as sketches a par-

ticularly “noteworthy one is that of Thisel-

ton-Dyer thos

ates

him high as a botanist. He emphasizes

ane fact that Dyer was the first Ce

n England to give a laboratory course

n botany. Attention has been called this before, but i ina less SU Nag Sere

a movement in botan ny,” al nd the same writer remarked his deep sae in ae work

of the Jodrell Lal fe Wade at Ww. This book of les n 125 p is a model of accuracy, pen ee read-

75

ability, and mple of the author's par fees ei ae English language. It may be commended to the attention of all botanists.

oHN HenbLEY BarNHART.

A Pig aCe eet Botany

OOK OF PHARMACEUTI-

EOTANY, , Oth edition Heber ages, index, araw

Young ones: wt pateiere ’Blakis ton, Philadelphia, 1938. $4.75. e th edition of this well knowr ook de) s from previous “editions in that the text i provides a cul-

der ane thor elle, and eel inclusions,

not sufficiel covered the average college-grade ws A i {th of illustra: tive material is provided that could w be introdu i ses bota

a ope ‘O- schirch, wh pears n the fr ontipiee, while little Acrigwn in this country, pioneered many ode es that le ane to the eaacnene o ue e pure food and in the Uni oe J: Bow NISTEEL, Fordham University.

rug laws

For Hybridizers eae eed PLANT _ BREEDING. J. C, Lawrence. 155 pages, faure tate indexed. Unw: Ltd. London, Pistibed in ceeery by A, T. De La

This ee ae volume aims “to out- simple terms” scientific back- or the

id and nurseryman, or for the student who is beginning to specialize.” There are chapters on (1) The Structure of

Flowers, (2) Pollination and Fertiliza- tion, (3) The Technique of Breeding, (4) The s of Inheritance, (5) The

Mechanism of Inheritance, (6) St terility, Plant I amp? yen and (8) Results of Plant I

oem

Current Literature*

At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh Saxiflora. The first eight descriptions

of rock garden ee to be published by

the American Rock Garden Society have oa i oe leaf form under the ame Sa. - full-page drawing show wing ue and leaves and the abit of the pla oe Pacompanies each de- scription, which is mtended “to present a careful study of an individual kind plant ith particular attention to identi- Ht lature, and cul ” Mem-

ao e itial fial ber are Chr anoaanin virgianum, Epimedium macranthun, Alys- sum scardicum, Saxifraga cortusacfolia, laphne Genkwa, Primula vulgaris, and Scilla sinensis.

Plant Cartoons. Colored plates of flower paintings interspersed with oo ee ad Rata ips ee enmities differ

ermany. ei n chiefly from Volume I of the company’s “Lehrbuch der biologischen Heilmittel.”

Collec Monkeys can be trained to a “olanis am pation as well as cor

dition t e di —Journal of Bo stdin P yaauary

Giant Forests. The redwood forests of California have been photographed in color for the National Geographic Maga- sine, February 1939, to illustrate an article by J. R. Hildebrai nd.

West Africa, “The Usef o We st Tropical Africa,” an appendix to the “Flora of West Tropical Africa” by J. M. Dalziel, records the common and

ul Plants

* AIL publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found in ‘the Library ae The Botanical Garden, in the Museum Build

76

vernacular names, commercial uses, medi- ed “The Background of Horticulture.”

cinal uses among the natives, and other Robbins was elected a Director of interesting eae about the plants ne Society on January 11. described in the It is published The Little Gardens Club of Greenwich by the Crown Agents for the Colonies, Village heard an illustrated lecture at its 4, Millbank, Westminster, London. Garden Center at New York University on January y P. J. McKenna, who als. Mrs. Rosetta E, Clai spoke on “Around the Year at The New son, edit f the Herb Journal, is a York Botanical Garden.” Among other tempting to locate old herbal: and sim- eae recently given by staff mem ilar books in existence in private ands “Sout ri Plants” by today. Her request _is to send to the Everett before the South Oniige Garden Herb Journal, 412 Gulf Street, Milford, CJyb, an affiliate of the Botanical Gar- onn., title, author, edition, publisher, dey bruary 13, and “Exploring for date and place published, whether illus- Pfants in Br. Aish Guiana” by Dr.

r uUs- Dr. trated, w on original or reprint, Smith aie the Torrey Botanical Club, if you own or know someone who owns — Febr: 7. an old I otha 1 (da ted before 1700) or an old ain book (before 1700) or an old-time still-room book (before 1800). yrd Antarctic Expedition” niontaly conference of the staff and i Notes, News, and Comment istered students on February 10. Follow- ing her talk, Dr. F. Seaver spoke on Colloquium. Dr. William J. Robbins “Botanizing in Bermuda.

spoke at the zoology colloquium at aa Columbia University January 31 on Competition. The City Gardens Club, “Growth Substances for Plants.” 598 mn Ave., announces a_competi- tion in design of a garden for Greenwich Lectures. The Horticultural Society of _ House Music School, 46 Barrow St, New York aah a lecture by Dr. N. Y. The contest closes at noon

William J. Robbins on February 15, en- March 30.

Some Forthcoming Horticultural Features of this Journal in 193

More on Begoni mea tic I Infor rmation by a Group of sca A New Method of Propagating Rhododendro . ides of the aig and selected articles on Plant Exploration, eNeture Study, and other topics of intere: ONE DOLLAR WILL BRING ¥ E JOURNAL FOR AN ENTIRE YEAR. An extra ee a anes a subscription for a friend Name Address

Mail to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, Fordham nch P. O., New York City.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS

I, ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BALDWIN ae ce CuHILDs Hear Attyn R. eee Henry LocxuHart, Jr. D. acDouca.t, Mrs. Har : President). Until 1941: E. C. Aucuter, MarsHatt Frerp, Mrs. Eton Huntincron Hooxer, JouN S MERRILL (Vice- president), Cou. Rozerr H. Montcomery, and H. Hozsarr Porter.

Until 1942: Artuur M. ANpbeErson (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE Lewis D. Merritt, HENRY DE LA ae ies eee and Assistant Treasurer), Wruam J. Ropsins, and J. E. Spi

X-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGuarnpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner. James Marsuatt, President of the Board of Education. APPOINTIVE MANAGE oe E. Hazen, appoinied by the Torr 2 Botanical Club. R. A. Harper, Sam F. F, Trevease, Epmunp W. Sinnort, and Marston T. oes appointed by Columbia Universit ity. GARDEN STAFF Age wiiaM J. Rossins, Pu. D., Sc. D.

H. A. GLEASON, PEED ccegitigs saree danse assistant Director and Head Caan Henry pe LA MonTAGNE Assistant Director . Bi Srout, PH. Dewi eciveeeeeecn bins Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D, Curator Bernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist oHN Henptey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. Biblio. re C. Smirx, Pu. D. Associate rah ‘ator Harotp N. Morpenxe, Px. Dee Associate. asus Buea C. Hau, A. ss B. Librarian H. H. Ruspy, M. ‘D. 2 ec Curator of the Economic Collections FLEDA Grirrity cod ho piesa Percy WILson h Ass Rosert S. WILLIAMS esearch Ageeae in Briley E, J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and ae of the pets al Herbarium , Px. D. ssistant Curator Ciype CHANDLER, A, M. Tene Assistant Rosalie WEIKER’ Technical Assistant Freperick Kavanac Technical Assistant ‘AROL H. Woopwarp, Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. Jturist G. L. Wittrock, A. M. 0 Orto DEcENER, a Ss. Collaborator 2 ete an Botany Ropert HacELs' Honorary Curat. r of M. mycetes EtHe. ANson S. apres aa. “Honorary Curator, Iris and Ni is CISSUS “Cotetions ArTHuR J. CoRBETT uperintendent a Buildings and Grow

T A, C. PFANDER Assistant Supe: antendeni

THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the Legislature of

The New the State of iNew York in 1891.

The Act

a self-perpetuating body of incorporators, Sih meet annually on bo aay

Managers. They also elect new

members of their o'

of Incorporation provides among other things, for ele f the Board of

ct members o present roster

dvisory Council consists of 12 or more women who are elected by the Board. By

elo" The x custom, they are also elected to the Corporation.

Chairman; Mrs. Carl A. de G Secretary; Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Treasurer

Mrs. William Felton Barrett Prof. Charles P. Berkey George Blumenthal

rof. Mar. . Bog Prof. Cae ae

eorge P. Brett Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey

. Jo raper Benjamin es Pichi Mrs. Moses Faitoute Marshall Field William B. O. Field Mrs. Robert H. Fife Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Harry Harkness Flagler

Officers are: ersdorff, Vice-chairman; Garreasondine Seneca

Mrs. Morigen), Fox

- Hecksche Mrs. William F. Hencken s. A. Barton Hepburn ea crs Heylman rs. Christian R. Holmes

Mrs. Elon Hooker rs. Clement Houghton Archer M. Huntington

val Walter Jenning:

Mrs. William A. Lockwood 61D)5 105 MacDougsl!

Mrs. David Ives Mac!

Edward eit

Parker McColles

Mrs. John R. ne

Dr. E. D. Merrill

7

John L. Merrill

Roswell Miller, Jr.

Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. eorge M. Moffett

n Mrs. Gilbert Montague Col. Robert H. Montgomery Banged) Moo!

B. Y. Morrison

ue Elon Huntington Hooker, Ison B. di Mrs

n. leonerd Kellogg,

Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Mrs. James R. Parsons

tterson heeler H. Peckham orge W. Perkins

il . William ie Robbins Prof. H. H. Rusby Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee hn M. Schiff

C. Turner s. Antonie P. Voislawsky + is Wardwell Nelson M. Wells Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Bronson Winthro} Grenville L. Winn John C. Wi

iste Mrs. William H. Woodin Reces Wright

VoL. XL ApRIL, 1939 PAGES No. 472 77—100

JOURNAL f THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y Entered at the Post Office in New York, Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents

Fre

o members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H, Woopwarp, Editor April, 1939

“AWAKENING SPRING’—A — OMPOSITION IN THE MoriBANA STYLE RDING TO THE RA SCHOOL over oS

THE JAPANESE ART 0: ay ena FLOWERS FOR THE vin §. Ferry 77 EW PROPAGATION METHOD FoR Hyprip ee Henry T. nee 83 Beconias Brinc THREE Awarps TO BOTANICAL G Sin Wi WricHt SMITH A VISITOR 90 MicrosioLocists Cominc To New York In SEPTEMBER 92 . Sou I 92 EXCHANGE STUDENT GARDENERS 93 GarDENERS ForuM 93 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 93 REVIEWS 0 NT Booxs

CE. 95 Current LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 100

FOR NATURE STUDENTS a famous actor of about two decades back spoke his peenani lines about “the little “bode = ces on eee bushes,” he was expressing the sentimentality which seizes nearly every per: n the spring, when balmy air and cau sap tie plant life into ae again. At the Botanical Garden the revival of interest in growing things is seen eac’ ear in the pe hee people who write, telephone, or call to ask, “What is ne plant that I found the woods yesterday? This casual, nl interest not infrequently translates itself into an intelligent ‘or reater knowledge of plants. The week-end collections of amateurs, im |

Pp for the region, a new form, or the extension of the range of a plant. At other times the contribution of an amateur is the result of definite and serious stu a pearl around New York—and some who are far away—have learned to use The New York Botanical Garden to ae them a their identifications and other studies of plants. In the library they find illustrated books on ferns, sh- h ts of the wild,

“

plant life, such as the lichens, algae, liverworts, and m eric all of which ee their devotees among nature students. There are also volumes on other phases of botany—plant ‘physiology, re pathology, and such. Some of the publications issued by the Botanical Garden are of definite help to the beginner, as well the long-experienced or ee bo! : n the main floor in the Museum Building ae is a a mo inds o i ants

a a

ical Garden who are making the stu dy of plant life their avocation. hi owledge of the staff and he institution's facilities are at the service of the botanically minded public.

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. XL ‘Apri, 1939 No. 472

The Japanese Art Of Arranging

Flowers For the Home By Ervin S. Ferry

Master of the Ikenobo, the Misho, the Saga, and the Senkei Schools of Japanese Flower Arrangement LANTS and flowers in Japan are held in such ee esteem bee they have been given souls and on ies and godde Thus y play an important part in the life of the people. A Japanese Soh ah contain very little ial but there will ae always be a flower composition n the alco a the pr incipal room. Though done in apparently simple

ae it will L ey feature. e feeling for the decorative value of plants, and t

,

o best advantage when selected so as to be i y

her and with ha surroundings. Flowers that naturally ae : the same environment agree better with one another than flowers

thrive in noe e different en ations. A mountain oe would he as aa

ina eee of water-loving plants as would a Bedouin in a

2 oO ‘oom

out o group FS debt In Japan, the sys conte ue. of the flower art is more common than a or Europe. Most women and many men

the study music in take lessons regularly and practise conscientiously for a time ne re to become proficient in designing compositions for home eae rati For pictures, statu nd flower mit as nents alike. there are t o great types of compo: Peaks ae and line. Many occidental paintings are pri- marily compositions of massed oe g other hand, depend for their appeal upon beauty 2 line. i of . ri Europe, masses receives the chief attention. whereas ne fade fon of line is

angement of color

77

A composition in the Nageire style suggesting abundance, according to the Saga school.

neglected. In fact, in many of them, only flowers and foliage are visible.

apanese painters and flower masters, on the other hand, emphasize a

for their beauty. In all of their compositions, branches, stems and flow

stalks are given primary consideration.

nother important difference between an occidental and a Japan

flower composition is that the former is frankly a group of plant See

separated from their roots and thrust into a vase, whereas the latter is of pla all

plant material in a Japane se flower arrangement are hidden below a broad water surface representing the earth. Transparent vases are not used. All flowers, buds and branch tips are directed upward as they were while growing

ome anaine works of art are designed for no purpose other than for decoration. Others not only satisfy the esthetic judgment but also evoke

The buoyant joy of strength, virility, and dynamic beauty is expressed in the thythm, dissymetry of balance, and the unity and harmony of lines, masses and space of this Kakka composition according to the Senkei school.

80

in the mind of the beholder some sentiment, emotion or idea. y Japa- nese flower c ompositions are of this latter class. To an anemre viewer, ta uae on may y exes welcome : a friend returning from a Another “Go a = eed,” congratulations, condo- lence, oe for various ie ao or it 1 s a familiar tradition, poem or precept. For ex eee a es consisting of a toy hatchet ee an pate yas a eee cherry tree ees exhibited on Feb- y 22, would sugges y American a familiar story, which would pee ce sone ee as a symbol o af eurdinee Ther

@

w

re are many systems or “schools” of principles, methods and tech- nique that are accepted and practised by large bodies of adherents. The t

Throw a a. of these centuries men endowed with love of Nator

eae ay Levee a numerous ‘sugges These are not manda- y but, ed, will result in faultless oe Anyone who eo ice cate ae . a them with respect and ape should at hae of these idea Within this Hees ork of pr oe and suggestions, ee is latitude for much variety of styles and designs. ee ee that have been ae veloped, ere are He . vich at the present tin of especial nage nce. The simplest and the one most like that enon practised in ee countries is called the Nageire (thrown ae e. An sangeet in ie Nageire style represents a group of plan ee might other at the same ite and ee The ene of a ee oie dis this

he oribane (piled up) style ner a bit of landscape or a scene such as one oe find beside a pond, ina field or on a mountainsid:

ae icone style, which is the most highly developed

of ee ae is the o nost esteemed by art lovers. The name indicates

the thoroughness with w which this style has been organized and the great

On the opposite page ave two compositions in the Kakka style according to the Ikenobo Welc

school. come home after a long voyage is expressed in the upper picture. The

boat model directed toward the left indi a homeward bound. The overhanging

branch suggests the steering oar of the boa he deep curvature of the sail ee ved :

due to strong wind. Success and ce are expressed by the arrangement the iris and the evergreen in the lower illustration.

82

age and definiteness of its rules. The experience and taste of genera- tions of eminent masters have offered these many precepts for the guidance of oh ba of their su alas relate to such esthetic principles as

Oth such natura

yth r :

phenomena a as changes of plant form ah changes of season, the develop- flowe lage wi ct e direction of inci peculiarities of certain species as we as the sey of z tngividual speci- i ty] u w

To learn the fundamentals of even oe first two styles of ee aa eee a prolong cd Bae ot study in Japan; to become profici i]

flower composition i to ce able to play ina one In an organized course ot aie ie design of compositions for pure

decoration is practised first. During the early lessons, the master speaks little while he arranges the composition in one of the simple styles according tu his school. The pupils make sketches and try to copy the model. The

second criticism. Then the pupils take the material home for further practice.

In some schools a pupil on completing a unit of the course, say fiit nec. receives a certificate of progress and a textbook covering . work already done. Later, the master explains how the esthetic principles are attained in flower arrangements designed for decoration.

Many wie do not progress further than decorative composition, ceasing their formal instruction after having completed about one hundred and fifty ee in ais Nageire and Moribana styles. Those who do See eee e lay { plant grow ee and ae styles or variants of the a ies d. Tho who aspire to the degree of Flower a ae up the study - sy ce mal for the expression of ideas in compositions for vari es of occasions. They also familiarize themselves with a ies io ations which are Pee symbolically sug- ie ey flower compositions

nderstand this symbolism and to be able to make it speak ia brane os leaves and flowers is. to Japanese men and women, a neces cultural accomplishment. Plants are an element of artistic cone in their lives

rry has written for a Jorn a number of the Journal an are called “The

yeas of a Flower Master.” is he depicts, in terms of his experience while

studying in Japan, the method of oo of Japanese women 4 men in the national of flower arrangement.

83

cA New Propagation Method For Hybrid Rhododendrons By Henry T. Ski

ell Uueiy

eae! DRONS and azaleas rank among the ee decorative of all garden plants. Popular usage of many of the best of them, how-

ever, rie remain limited so long as costly pro ae nee raise their price beyond a means of many gardeners who greatly admire this out-

a Q5 oo 5 B& 9

rou

nal nee. of the hybrid rhododendrons can only be reproduced by Biers ropagation. In commercial practice grafting and layerage are most commonly employed. Both of these methods are not only slow but also expensive. In grafting, the question ees arises as to whether the plant will be as long-lived and vigorous as upon its own roots. With aleas the grafted plant is eae Suny “nfeto, but with rhododen-

drons this ‘gestion cannot be so definitely answered. A number of rhodode ees cara va ps rea ly propagated by stem cuttings, a ularly when treated w: synthetic growth sub- nees. This atl has alread ee eee in considerable detail in an earlier paper. In a series of tests made by the writer, ordinary stem very fai

produced, within a year, quite satisfactory plants. But during these tests a different kind of cutting was also coe the leaf-bud cutting. Wi a: — new type of cutting, results have been so superior that after three years of testing it has seemed worthy of Introduction as a new and worth- while method for the nurseryman or for the amateur grower to try out.” The Kind of Cutting. It has been ae for many years that the leaves certain plants will root een easily while stem cuttings of the

same plants prod s poorly o all. If such a leaf cutting con- sists only of lamina and petiole, eee the development of a | d egetative shoot may | ee ng delayed, if it occ 1. Stoutemeyer and others have used a modified leaf cutting and have found it to 1

oth edar fi successful in the ae of blackberries. This is the “leaf-bud” cut- ing. It consists not only of lamina and petiole, but of these with axillary ae and a portion of stem attached. This new type of cutting suggested itself for trial w a ericaceous sae Rhododendrons have many leaves to a growth-shoot: if each, b table treatment, would root easily and produce a new ae the Teac in conservation of material and

1 ine response of azaleas and other ericaceous plants to auxin treatments. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 35 :830-838 (1937) 1938.

2 Re ults of Mr. Skinner's experiments were first announced at the Short Course for Nurserymen at Rutgers University on Feb. 16. This is the initial publication of the method.

84

in quantity Cas would be obvious. The suggestion has worked out urprisingly wi ke of Taking Cuttings. e best time to take leaf-bud cuttings of catawhbiense hybrids and such ee rhododendrons as have been tried seems to be about the last week of June or in early July. At this time aes aa ee formed upon the current season's growth and the young aes ull veloped and partially hardened. Bearing this in mind,

inter. The perce ooti however, seems some- t higher and the time required for rooting shorter when cuttings are ke in summer. November cuttings are being tried for the first time this the time of writing, a month later, they are well callused but

i not yet ve ing the Cut When the young shoots are in proper condition any ie sized nai nes es which bear dormant but visible axillary buds

A strong shoot of Rhododendron catawbiense provides five or six leaf-bud cuttings. A single cuttin ne is shown at ue le in a Pere in which it is placed in the anda fram

md-peatmoss medium € propagating

3 By February the percentage ae was found to be porn lower than that of comparable summer cuttings, but during March shoot growth was unusually rapid.

€:

opment a few weeks

A leaf-bud cut- of Rhododendron cum. Right: Its root

k

ater,

At right: Root-ball and shoot of R. decorum approximately elas months after a ing had b

can be taken from them as cuttings. Each leaf is removed ce ca stem

wit harp knife so that the axillary bud and a portion of w ‘ bout 34 inch long, remain attache th f f tl oot leaves are often so closely clustered that only ae

other one can be conveniently used. A normally vigorous shoot of

variety such as R. catawbicnse Roseum Elegans will aa as many as six or more cuttings. Ordinary Saaenialey to prevent undue water loss during handling pace of course be taken: it is well to wrap the shoots in moist burlap as soon as they are gathered aa keep the leaves themselves

Rooting. Close d grafting frames within the greenhouse have oe a satisfactory for rooting. Outdoor frames would doubtless serve the pose, provided that the sashes ft tightly, for a moist atnoephere show a cuttings is very necessar} A bottom temperat of 70-75° is

r 1 of 3 parts New y Jersey quartz sand to 2 parts of peatmoss. In all c this has proved decidedly better than either ee or sand alone

The cuttings are set in the normal way in rows aaa 2 inches apart, with the leaves upright and just touching in the row, though not overlap- ping. for plenty of light must be allowed to Hee a leaf. The cutting

85

86

is buried to about he ee of the petiole. The rooting ea ae be just firmed, but sed hard, Ae as soon as an area is filled t ia can be ne as ae by w

‘reatments. Many leaf- bad cuttings will root entirely satis- Basip wine chemical treatments. It has been found, however, that the growth substances do gi ees a rather «betes root system and certainly reduce the rooti = time by tw thr eeks. If indo. aaah acid is used, a treatment of about 6 railtier ams sof per 1 water is recomr putes = cuttings bi being s oaked i n the norr re way for 8 to 24 hours before placing ae m in the rating ne This is equivalent to a 60 BTL. unit applica of Hor

ee oe ra i not, up ee ae present time, proved quite as effec e liquid treatments, but they are ees simpler to use and materials reduce the usual time required for rooti

If properly handled, haan whether sae treated or not, it has been eine that 80 to 100 percent of the taken from such varieties as

ule de Neige and Rae Elegans ai ene root well. are During Rooting. The care of leaf-bud cuttings is no different from that accorded to any ordinary softwood cuttings. Shading will be al

vuttings set in | e June and treated with indolebutyric acid usually make good root ae in about ten weeks; untreated cuttings will require about three weeks longer.

ted plants of R. ponticum and of the cue hybrids Boule de Neige and oe Elegans, from left ght. as they appeared in early December tings had been taken on June

87

After Handling. As soon as the cuttings have made a sizeable root ball it ae been found practical to pot them in 2%4-inch rose pots in a soi mixture composed of acid wood soil, peatmoss and quartz sand. In potting it is well to keep the basal bud as close to the soil surface as conveniently apa: The rooted cuttings are then placed on the greenhouse bench and kept at a fairly high temperature (75 to 80° F.) to induce breaking of the basal buds.

ome difficulty was at first experienced in securing satisfactgry shoot grow ‘ aon the rooted cuttings. Various light and temperatur re yeatments were bee and it was found that temperature is apparently the¥¢tntrolling

factor ; o is too low to induce proper breaking of the buds. -\n 18-hour day, om ed - is use of 75-watt bulbs suspended 3 feet above the en: in addition to ae high temperature, will induce rather more

rapid shoot grow a ik at 75° F. the buds will break quite satisfactorily without this additional light. The ease w . which shoot oes can be as fr om: the axillary ee variable with different species. Rhododendron ponticuim breaks eadily sae in fact, cuttings this plant ie fr equently produce oo an inch or two long while still in the propagating frame. The catawbiense is early.

An occasional liquid ae he a suas pea of sulphate of ammonia ia (1 tablespoonful to 3 g s of water) or a small amount of an organic nitrogenous fertilizer aa ete or pee a added to the potting mixture ee encourage more rapid vegetative growth.

Cuttings made in late June and potted the second week in See aber if immediately carried on - a warm temperature will usually have developed shoots 3 or 4 inches long by early November. The 1 to 15 percent which have not star aie ae ms time will prob: an be found to have had their buds

ae and may better be discarded.

The tea anne S eS i be kept in Saaevais growth by ee them at a warm ane ure. eee be more practical, however, to harden them as at ree stage and se in a cool a until they can . planed in

red a ree in vay pring. With proper care and the provision

ee od g a conditio he dodendron plants from 12 to 18 inches

high can be produced ae a ce leaf within a year.

riter has rooted lea of R. po a fata July and secured

ee a sufficient size in aoe months for t to be used quite success-

fully as understocks for grafting in March. — h plants were of course maintained in a state of more or less continuous growth.

Varietal Response. It will remain a much wider eee

se) been possible at this early date to determine what species and

of rhododendrons can be sat a orily propagated by Teat -bud

he In the tests upon which this report is based, R. ponticum has

Plants of poe Species ees Rhododendron sixteen months old from a oe poe, mm left to right: R. catawbiense, R. dec and R. pon

ae ae most bois response of any plant so far tried. With due care uttir

e hybrids of Rhododendron catawbiense, three only have been

bance but all ee them with very fair success. These three were:

le de Purpureum Elegans and Rose ie aaa be aia sates ine gave the most sae oS while Pur, Eleg

was the slowest. On an average, t 80-85 percent we all leaf- Shad

plants . decorum responds ododendrons crainian i minus, on the poe hand, rove very slow to root; they may take sixteen weeks or longer. One ed, they produce plants ae cal cae eiaae of the ee involved, See on of these plants by leaf-bud cuttings is no at present peat nite to be practical. The same is true of R. a and may sibly be found to apply to other small-leaved plants. lactevir ie can be propagated much more readily by stem cuttings. maximum has given the poorest response of any. The difficulty again is in rooting. The rooting percentages an this plant may ultimately be

eoks) =

88

89

as high as 90 pleat a not ee a 16 or 20 weeks in the propagating bench, which is a v ong time Among related he Pieris ae nica and Leucothoé Catesbaei have

no response at all. But the eae were taken rather late in summer and for oe reason it should not, perhaps, be considered a fair test.

r those ae nts with which it is successful the leaf-bud

method sone to te both an economical and rapid system of propagation.

which, i oe will make only one cion and provide

will produ ce an se fully as large as the grafted planes in about one- a oO the aed prc ae the chief interest of this ee centers und i value of quickly acne such forms of the fee ay cee ee as at pe nly be oe re propagated by Lines or layering. Of these orien the horticultural varieties of R. whiense are of first nroeie to those who happen to have their oe in the northeastern United States. At least some forms appear to respond quite well. It will be interesting to discover just how many species and varieties ean peau) be handled by this method; it will be equally interesting to find how practical the a of rhododen- drons by leaf-bud cuttings a ultimately prove to be.

Begonias Bring Three Awards To Botanical Garden

begonias in a hundred ae which The New ae Botanical

Cae displayed Jast month at the International Flower Show won for the Garden two gold medals ee a pea prize. One a medal was h Tod Bulkley award of the Ga rden Club oe America, given in

and the

beauty of the displa It was presented at the annual luncheon of the organization March 15 at the Waldorf-Astoria by Mrs. Samuel Seabury, President of the Garden Club of America, and was eer ea on behalf of the Garden by Dr. William J. Robbins, Director. Both Mrs. Seabury and Mrs. Bulkley are members of the Corporation and the hag Council

of The a York Botanical Garden.

Anu ected feature of the Flower Show collection was a plant which began & tee for the first time just before the show opened. A piece of

art of the exhibit of a hundred different kinds of fibrous-rooted begonias which won aa honors for The New York i: So aia at the International Flower Show

the sia se been sent oe year by lee prey we while he was collecting for te fe n the mountains of Oax southern Mexico. So Ce ne is es a ae plant r repr esents an unidentified oeauat While

it i er decorative specimen and a parent for some interest i rms.

hes, large, green, and marked with silvery the ois the

there were only a few flowers on the plant at the time of the show, there seemed i he more than a indeed buds arising beneath the lea

The nias which. comprised the display ranged from brilliant tly flowered tae plants, only a few inches high, to specimens standing ten feet and more above their pots in the € Backgrond - se ile ne a every specimen was exhibited in full oe a few were noteworthy for their He decorative leaves. In color of flower they baer pee pure white through ne and orange to oe They were effectively shown against a backdro a of plum- Sap a - ue with three oe ge ae ed cards above describing begonias in gen the culture of begonias, and begonias at The. New York Botanical en Stay tio ae Garden’s Slave col- lection serves as a basis for horticultural and scientific research.

Sir William Wright Smith a Visitor HE British flag flew beside the American at the Museum Building on Wedne pee March 15, when Sir William Wright Smith, Regius Keeper of the Royal Botanic Garden at Edinburgh, paid an official visit

to The New oe, Botanical Garden 90

91

Sir Wilham, er Wright Smith, and Dr. Alexander Nelson of the rd

Botanic Garden’s staff in Edinburgh were in America as guests of the Horticultural ae of New Yo rk, Boston, a Philade elphia . the time of the three great spring flower shows. Sir William’s visit to the

Garden preceded the annual luncheon of the a. Club of ee at which he and his oe were guests of honor and he was principal speaker. In his tour of the ands and conservatories at the Botanical Garden padi the morning, Sit Ww illiam showed special interest in the topography

e park, including the gorge of the Bronx River, and in the general re In Range I he remarked particularly about the naturalistic plantings of the a and other page the ferns, aaa espe cially the

ropical rain-forest, and expressed the opinion that the banyan tree in the aol display house was the finest one he ha dl ever seen in a ivation.

Before leaving for the luncheon, he conversed with members of the staff in the Director’s office

TH SIR WILLIAM WRIGHT SMITH IN THE meee HOUSE es to sees a a re Dodge, Sir William, H. de la Montagne, T. H. Everett, . A. Gleason, and Dr. William J. Robb me

Microbiologists Coming To New York In

nail from . every continent

So CEN

Ne = at the Third Inter Hae tional (Congress for Microbiologists, which will take place in New York oo 2to 9 Dr. BO. poke of the New York Botanical Gard a member of the executive camimittee a of the local group soe his govrke plans for the Mrs. Dodge is crepes at plans ‘or “the entertainment of the women who end. The 5 rogram, ve ch will be in nine

pivsology ; viruses and viral (III); rickettsiae and Fekettsial

aiseace dv); protozoology and para-

itolgy (V); fungi ba fang us diseases

(VI); medical and veteri acteriol- ogy (VII); agricultural aaa industrial microbiology (VIII); and immunology (IX)

D arper, Professor Emeritus

ia University and a

Tr. W

Fred J. Seer New Yor red D. Weidman, Philadelphia

ae ie é Karling of Columbia Uni-

corder and Dr. Gardner Hopkeng, College of Physicians and Sur- geons, is secretary of the section.

The tentative program of Section VI will consist of a group of papers com- panne ashes infections of plants and

mals in their host-parasite relations;

a series on gro ona substances for fungi, an is being oe and will be led Robbin micro-organ-

ae homie substances on a typi-

cal growth in plants, in which Professor C. Y. Chiao a ae — uae the summer of 1934 New York

Botanical cea is scheduled to give a ion and gene! etics of the

consider Velssfcation ao some higher fun;

Officer: oo the Congress are T. M. Rivers, M.D., President; M. H. Dawson, M.D., General Secretary ; Kenneth Good- ner, Ph.D, General Treasurer.

E. B. Southwick DMUND BRONK SOUTHWICK,

34) Gatcdine of the Herbac of The New Yor

died at his home in the borough of Man- hattan, New York City, December 18, 1938.

He claimed direct descent from Jonas Bronck, the early Danish settler in Dutch New Amsterdam, from whom

in Greene Cou interest in nature date rom his early years, and was centered Les in y entomology. Most of his earlier insect collections can to the abies a of Natural soe ie was housed in the Man:

“and

e Carden that attracted much gtention

He was in his seventieth year when er

during t le

nnection wth ‘this, institution.

From or ‘bee! ae of the year 1924 he

was list mber of the scientific

staff.

His published papers were not numer- y

ous. The earlier ones were chiefly en- tomological, the later ones ie O- anical and horticultur: He

quiet gentleman, exactly bashful or

reticent,

This probably accounts for the limited

product of his pen, as well as for the fact that his re will be hes ni th works of as

vain in suc rerer American Men ae Science and t 1- ous Who's Who books.

His society memberships included the New York Entomological Society, the Torrey Botanical Club, the New Yor

cademy of Sciences, the New Yor Historical See d the ela eeasy Society of . In the days of the old New ork “State Forestry Asso. ciation, nearly thirty years before the

establishment in 1913 of the later organi- uae earing the same fame. he was its recording secretary.

Exchange Student Gardeners HE fi exchange of student gar- deners den in Edinburgh goes into effect this month. Do Samson, who has been tanical pay

y from Edinburgh for six

ly been awa: k garden for

months constructing a roc an Indian veer

Samuel Bridge ‘3 been chosen the 1939 exchange student gardener for Gardens at Kew. He tion

was the final sele applicants, of wl three i

ed by a committee from the National Association of G; s at ni

at Cos Cob, Conn., be before becoming a

student at the hal

* hen G, ae who was exchange

land that year eC head gardener on the estate of J. Hale Steinman, newspaper publisher, at Lan- caster, Pa.

Gardeners Forum duled activities of

eason’s sched the Garde : pata the unofficial organization of student gardeners,

ee on April tte with a program of

each member pre

sat of ae tise ol- rs and

Bisaillon; “Oppor-

enc “Compos ting ore Some the Sterilization of Soil,” en ler; “Plants in New York arry Ford; “Native Plants Preece %» Rober Simpson; and “Lawns,” Raymond Ewing.

Notes, News, and Comment

Daylily Week. Gardeners, garden club ne sie ubiarey growers, and others te invited

e

e public without charge.

Rose Conference. Plans for a two-day conference on roses are now being made and will be announced in next month’s Journal, It will take place at The New

aid he open t

York Botanical Garden early in June,

when the roses are ee the peo of their

bloom. A conducted tour of the rose gar-

den and of other horicaaral teatures of

oe grounds will be included in the pro- ni.

Shade Tree Papers. The Ce of the or tern Shade Tree re which took pl ee ies The New Yo tanical Ganlen 8-9, have now been published and deco to those subscribed. The 27 papers, coveriiie chietly the damaxe to shad

September hurricane af

by si ng a che r ed do ce oO E. Ti Roaniey. New York Botanical cee who has been mad

custodian of the Conference funds.

Display. Following a succession of alent displays of flowering plants in alae oo in two “houses of Rang e New Y oe eae eae is ee a special Easter display which

will be open to the oie daly, including Sund day, at the usual hours, from 10 a p.m. Information oe membersh rses, and ‘publications of now available every Sunday servator.

ips, the ae i at the

additi ition to 109 pots of Easter lifies, the new display he include many pri- mulas, stocks, clivias ; euch "shr y genistas, and astibes narcissi, hie of the

is, cand ee will be pla: aed ina

natural istic arraieenient. and there will be other decorative plants which are sel- outside of a Bota nical Garden

oe More

than forty

his work in Vane logeny.

first to see and correctly jnterpret the

osis a division in Of late his

ss of meio:

ersa Se ivehation: mically, did outstanding ee an. Bguisctin. Visito Pro: Regi Buller OF Winning and London spent a week at the Ga’

ig other recent visitors at the ae A. Chrysl

wae

ee se : Cuatr reca sas, Madrid: oS ngton; and E. D. Meo “Jamaica van te Bull ler was invited to give a special lecture at Columbia University Feb. 21 to botanists in the vicinity of New York. poke on sex mechanism in the rusts, jally to what he calls

Confer Motion pictures of Terry- “Holden Expedition to British cut of 1937-38 were

shown b wit m7 sler, expedition photographer, the meeting of the staff and registered students of the Garden March 10. C. Smith, who was a

aa of ie “expedition, introduced Mr.

Has

aa : ee J. Robbins ad- nee ed rnard Botanical Club of s id i

March 100 on i subject the IR

of the the American a Eliz die th C. Halt lectured Jan. The Flus ae Raa Club on Chair ee r. W. 3oston ton Massa ac

cience Engineering Fair American Institute, held a Museum of Natural His

aa

vation Soe iety on “Hunting Wild Mex ica" Assistant, Nicholas Pecora, who com- pleted a = aug for the student gardene o, has been trans-

95

ferred from the gardening staff to become Half a Century. At the time The N

an assistant to Dr. B. Dodge, with York Botanical was just beginning "iB

whom he Hee ps on the control of take form in the minds of its eee fo

diseases and p nders, the region around “tl ne : Bronx Park” was being eee as a Radio. wae fae Flower Show eek, chandcome suburban quarter.” Today the H. described the Ga ae park is surrounded by apartments. hegonia une assisted by Miss Lillian A copy of The World for Sunday. Bostock (Mrs. W. E. Weber) over sta~ March 10, 1889, which recently came to

tion WMCA, Questions and answers light around some old herbarium see were used to bring out the highlights of mens, contains ue hee item in its the display and explain begonia cul- real estate colum

th ar ch

special e jeties which ie eran as een bi a Spee aitie For Sale, rom $16 o $25,000;

Japanese Alg Am the herbarium : : BU ae L Spcciniens “of ‘patietar rinterest which the in the Garden h ved by exchange during HANDSOME SUBURBAN QUARTER, the past ee are 137 aarie algae from edford Park, a - t_ by uae ee IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK; of the Institute . Algological Research, : : Hokkaido Imperial University at Sap- eee rom ee ea bokat pora, Japan. to Bedford Park station, on the prem-

ses eid five minutes’ walk of the

The se imens sent to the Garden, Garied ‘styles’ of which are all in exceptionally fine con-

archit' : a dition, are in many cases newly described combi reple ith a rm con- veniences; cabinet trimmed, plate-glass windows ric bells. Croto: & r i

Ba

species, while many others represent new ton, baths localities. s : Duilt on beauti- Ninety specimens received are from the oa chi ahh id avenues, and bemarium the ! te Doctor Kintaré surrooded: ive houses have “al Tready Okamura, who w Professor Emeritus been sold in this delightful places m Wich of the Imperial Fisheries Institute. Some are occuied by, their owners: I ae gers ae or ark is adjacent to the new from Yoon kuni and t middle Kurile Park and the Meshal, Parkway, and ie is Island are especially feieeeGne material. also within easy ng distance of oo g) Pal er Serom ay A club stable has been erected in a suit Committee. H. Everett has been able distance of the park for the ¢x- appointed to ae “Labeling Committee of clusive use of the residents. Watch- Hortus, Inc., which will “have charge of meh on the baie a for i par- . fieulars, pl lotograp his, &c.. apply to the -_ the labeling of al mans exhibited at the oveners, 11 Broadway (Trinity Build: kK ‘ ing), room 90.

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.)

For — pecan own review of the book which appeared in his own magazine, He Cactus and Suc- THE AMATEUR. AN ” aed 1 pases, indexed ae Journal. (“After all, he asks, oa ‘uhustrated, Abbey -_ is len Pre who knows aaa than the author what Pasadena, $1 in $1. his aims in publishing such a in D -

With its ee cut text and helpfu * he writes, ai aa illustrations, this is such a thoroughly beens ‘tenn id of “requests practical book on cactus culture that w oe men on growers possessing “only are tempted to quote the author in his a few How can I grow

. Which kinds are most desirable?

I graft cacti? oH cacti grow in cold climates? I is book we have tried to answer these quesuans and many more. e have endeavored to show in pictures an t that can b

The e S than cacti a oles ‘wil paueay withstand moves from plac place or He of ne ie t. This new book has aimed to bring the experiences of many row wers to thos se who are just be- ginne:

e agree with the autho or that

a useful one as well to experience Ow- ers. It is attractively printed and it sells ata t actus enthusiast can ff

Caro H. Woopwarp.

Maximov in a New

Revised Edition

LANT YSIOLOGY. Nicolai A. Maximov. Edite R. B. Harvey d A. E. Murneek, 2nd English edi. i evised from the

473 pages, 144 wll New York and 1938. ie

Lond: The aceon from he Russian was €

made by Irene V. Krassovsky, and the book as edited and revised by Harvey and M k is better than the earli

English translation from the first and second Russian editions. The material in the book has been rearranged and igh up to date. The chapter headings in this e cover physicochemical organiza- tion, chemical composition and metabol ism, respiration, growth, carbon acl

tion, assimilation of nitrogen, absorption of mineral elements relations,

vegetative oe ction, physi pe » flowering and ripening,

ity. The patie tor and editors made fewer errors i: edition than in the earlier e English is improved, though

S Ww xpressions commonty used by scientists

are a kind of scientific slang, the elimina-

tion of which would be desirable, though

pe gue unattainable. i

ents.

resent translation,

in the opinion of the reviewer, will prove o be one of the most useful books on

pain physiology for student use.

W. J. Rospins.

A New Type of Gardening BIO- DYNAMIC FARMING

AND GARDENING. Ehrenfried Pfeiffer. 220 pages, illustrated; bibliography. sj auhronosephie Press, New York. 1938. ‘82.

io-Dyn and Gardening byt Bhrenfried te fe an unusual book. ot ma:

Its unusualness lies not inly in the ae presented—soil scientists in gener: ccept most of these facts. But the in-

terpretation of these facts is made the basis of a system of soil management quite different from that in vogue in this country

All erienced growers know that plants a ee organisms which require for thei h ny ¢ i

understood and oe of even be known. is idea the author ore cultivated field ing organism, a living entity in

the totality of its nee If t er or gardener can neither understand nor adjust nor “supply all of ie essential factors of optim

wth P

Gaoreaic fertilizers or . The plant nutrients sup- the

plied grower are all in or-

nic ey are carried by farm manures which are prepared in a special manner and b ther plant nimal

which cause the right kind of fermentation,

Spray materials recommended are also all cae These

organic mate which ar sed for controlled as of es and compost, for sprays to Pro-

and insect pests and for growth tion effects on the plants are ca iled “plant preparations.” These ee Pa ese preparations” are made, for ar from selected wild pl: nts an Ss. The book rovok- and concise

Bio-Dynamic Farming an he autho r is a cultured gentleman une presente his thesis, in the book and n lectures, in a conservative manner. He shows he eae a oe to Ls who may not agree with him. . HERSMAN, Long Island Institute of alpplied Agriculture.

North American akin Lis

INDEX FERNS.

=

TO NOR AM

Ca fue edit Broun. 217 pages, ied exe compiler, Orleans,

As poi ted out in Mr. Charles A. Weatherby's foreword and in the com- piler’s preface, the need of an i N al as

the

cum de not include the names o specific a Ups. The present volume, therefore, has

definite ne in the fern student's a

and smaller groups, with synonyms. In regard to taxonomy, Mr. Broun has fol- lowed Christensen as much as_ possible

terpret generic and specific limits. brief state: he habitat and nge of most speci as been contrib- Dr. Edg: . Wherry, and ¢ portion of the work should be of especial val eld rkers. A total of 356

species, 223 forms, and 110 varieties are

97

agate A useful list of authorities cited, . H. Barnhart, and a complete ume easy to c sult consider: number of new names appears in the volume, because of changes in status. Although it is doubtless sirable hi H

mig! have first appeared to better advantage in lg botanical journal of wide circu- tiol

Bs

A. C. Situ.

Textbook on Physiology THE PILYSIOLOGY OF PLANTS William ace als Paes, : indexed. W ee $3.50. ee ae on plan’ Ww

sis and entran and_ stoi

mple, a fe) nt tissue culture, of the more pecent knowledge. 2 1 oe of the cell wall, of h nd

ing is not disct ssed ;

1 of cla ity at times perhaps pei of the brev ity of treatment; for instance, the dis-

cussion of translocation. It is encourag- ing to note, however, that texts on a ae by ‘American authors appearing.

W. J. Rogarns.

ace oe te pipers VARY. Ed- oe 888 pages, peuehien Mifflin, Boston 1938. re 50. So much has been ‘said about this book

ho ee zones of hardiness merica s the outstand-

Oth alphabetical aa of common a horticultural Hi otanical names, the key to pion neciation, mention of the family and origin of e D pe

seful informa- its

ae enumerates garden tasks month b: nth.

Caro, H. Woopwarp.

Landscape Gardening For The Home

THE ART OF HOME LANDSCAPE. M. E._ Bottomley.

ality of mu ce that aide debe it natural for so

Pp t out even more of value For the author,

h a fluent and logical style, has the

98

t of transferring his vast experience to the reader’s imagination, so that ah formed in the ileus mind as he foe throug! The practical oa ee values of pee styles of planting ae presented a manner that makes study of this volume an adventure. The eck oughness Y the treatment makes the book of oe . aaa and amateurs alike. It ork which should not be missed by anyone who is even remotely iaterested in landscaping. A. C. PFANDER.

Diatoms DIATOMACEAE, Robert Hagelstein. ouney of Porto Rico and is. Volume VIII, Paper covered. Pages 313- 450. Indexed ard illustrated. Pub- lithed hy the “ew var ae se of Sciences, New York, $2. As part poem survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, the New Y

ea. ing with the Diatomace: The author is Robert Hagelstein, and much of the research material, bo! argue and writings, s tom his own pri-

kes more than 900 index lists =

ynonyms her incidental nam

Forty-two new species and varieties are described and _ illustrate ith p = graphs, which are reprodu y 1

‘plants being enlarged

names and d: of authors have been supplied by Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, erving in the double capacity of editor for the Academy and as bibliographer for The New York Botanical Gar

which Mr gelstein is an hono rary ates

entire paper is an impressive i. daniel piece of work, from the parent completeness of the research and accuracy of its presentation: to the re- markably clear typography and illustra- tions.

Caro. H. Woopwanrn.

Brief Notes on Varied Books

Bibliography SCIENTIAE NATURALIS BIB- LIOGRAPHIA. Dr. W. Junk, The cake e $1.60 a year. A useful—in fact, an almost indispen- sable period a those who need to keep abre; of

pub-

lished in The Hag 1s is fhe second year of this periodical, the t volume of which, in two numbers, contained about 1,200 titles in many languages, including avic. The present number con-

s not in general circulation.

ide phe TO NEW

YORK. Rosalie Slocum and Ann Todd. Paper covered. 312 iiwess indexed and ue a ee Modern Age Books, Inc 39, 708

t corners where he can frequently most aes ne of all. A good of the style of the caer in oie o the paragraphs der

Ss we “thei diseases, and prescribes for t hen they are vue And that a eauenty an pet aa is sen

to some plac ‘o hunt foe i ae bring es

very great h o be permitted to accompany one of thes pediti

Bugs INSECT ALLIES. Eleanor King and bees hana i Pages, eras Harper, New Yor! $1.

good i bby and Jane demand Insect Allies And Bobby and Jane will be lucky if they get glimpse the before Da has turned the last pa: nd re-inspected all of the photographs. A large part of the (which can be read within an

book a hour) is devoted to the story of al governments are fighting crop-destro

insects with other insects which prey

ard, paving cheme pron ure and help ca ou k tem of balances work for us instead of ayainst

Ohio wiED FLOWERS OF OHIO. Harold Madison. 190 pages, illustrated; aes and glossary. Museum of Nat: ural History, Cleveland, Ohio, 1938. $1.50. Eight hundred twenty-five wild flow of Ohio are ee in three lines cach € opposit

and illustrated on cuts little more ie one inch square But I brevity, the descriptions and the pictures, each of which is clearly labeled with name an umber, are amazingly clear, Common and _ botanical Names are given for each yer, an many of the genera and families are de- scribed. The book fits handily into a small coat pocket. Verses

MORE GREEN FINGERS. Reginald

Arkell. 96 pages. en tel

Mead, New York, 1938.

Mr. Arkell likes 2 Re car a

gardener’s life. This is his second volume,

the first one being ‘called just “Green Fingers.” “Compensation” is the title of one of his poems:

A gardener’s lif

e Ts full ef sweets and sours;

When he needs the showers. But, don't forget— He’s always. growing flowers. asa — Hone FES IN ae GARDEN AND tig Y IN THE LARDER. Mary Louise Galena. ae Dees: illustrated: Doubleday-Duran, Yo 1939 $1.75.

A rare little book is Mrs. Cole eman’s

tim a gives enough prac- ia cae ib - tivate bees Successfully and sul to have a finer garden, by following. the eas, of the author through yea

Caro. H. Woopwarp.

100

Current Literature* At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh

Mushrooms. If you insist on ae wal

in-

Fire. The United ste Forest Ser- vice Library has bublishe da eee on the effects of fire on orests. A very brief ae of the titles is included. it oil, If you want to cat fresh tomatoes S ee your own Svindow box, the bulletin by rie Hoagland and Arnon

ing Bea te ar a California, Berk

Lloydia. Iss of biological

ssu ae ae ee, science, Tide Seared as

All publications mentioned here—-and many Betonie Garden, in the Museum Building,

a single, four-number volume in Dec

ber 1938. It is published es the lieid Library of Natural History. uae Ohio. Theodor “Tost ae Toh oskins are the editors, ust iefly taxonomic.

National Parks. “What Are National

Parks?" is a booklet issued by the ae

upplement to Planning and Civic qt ment, to point out th ue beauty 74 national parks created since 06 and to urge the protection offered the park for other areas w migh’ well belong to the people as a whole stead of pans subjected to private ploitatior les ue Planning and Civic Comm a is a useful i a anyone interested in public bea

Colonial Gardens. V. R. ae gional Tandscsoe “Archi tect for

0

ae of the oe writes briefly on the garde s of the early American colonists in the January number of The Regional Review, accompanying r with drawings of the types of enclosures used at different Pg for gardens, fields, and properties.

others—may be found in the Library of The

ae ation a Water OSe,

Some Forthcoming Horticultural Features of this Journal

lilie. s—Practical hee . a aiies sh Experts ae + Begonias and How to Grow T s reviews of the newest oe and selected acticles on aus bi pai Nature Study, and other topics of int ONE DOLLAR WILL BRING YOU THE JOURNAL FOR AN ENTIRE YEAR. An extra oe will ee a subscription for a friend. Name Address

Branch P. O., New York City.

Mail to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, Fordham

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS

I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BaLtpwin ae president), CHILps ease Attywn R. Jennincs, Henry Locxuarr, Jr., MacDovuecat, Mrs. Har

(P: lent). R, MARSHALL Fierp, Mrs, Eron HuNnrTInGTON Hooxer, JoHN L. Merritt (Vice-president), Cor, Rozert H. MonTGoMERY, and H. Hopart Porter. Until 1942: ArtHurR M. Awnperson (Treasurer), Pirrre Jay, CLARENCE Lewis, D. Merritt, Henry ve LA MONTAGNE “Secretary and Assistant Treasurer), Wiiam J. Rossins, and J. E. Spinca

q & be ica] a z> aq m a fat

II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuarpta, Mayor of the City of New York. Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner. James MarSHALL, President of the Board of Education. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS

Tracy E. Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. “A, ARPER, SAM F, Tretease, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. Bocsar, appointed by Columbia Universit ity.

GARDEN STAFF

Wuiam J. Ropeins, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director H. A. Greason, Px. D. Assistant Director and Head Curator Henry pe LA MONTAGNE. Assistant Director 4. B. Stout, Po. D. ......... 2 eee Curator of Education and cree hunaded RED J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. ator ERNARD QO. Doncr, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist oHN HeENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D. Bibliogri Bert C. SmitH, Pu. D. Associate Coe Tarotp N. MoLpENKE, Pu. Dae Associate Curator LizaBeTH C, Hatt, A. B., B. Librarian 1. H. Russpy, M. D. ......... ere Curator of ve Economic Collections LEDA GRIFFITH Artist ame Soe ERCY WILSON rch Associa OBERT S. WILLIAMS Research pega in Base. . J. ALEXANDER. ..... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium p, Pu. D. ssistant Curator LYDE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant 'REDERI KavanacH, M.A Technical Assistant R oopwarp, A. B. ditorial Assistant Homas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. orticulturist . L. Wirrrocx, A. M. cent Tro Drcener, M. S. ace laborator in Hawatian Botany cea HAGELSTEIN onorary gue of Myxomycetes THEL ANSON S, PECKHAM. “Honorary | Ce Iris and Narcissus “Collections enon J. Corsert perintendent of Buildings and Grounds . C. PFANDER Assistant Superintendent

MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN

tablished fe a pusatey ends wed ApeHeHoR ied parnly 2 City app:

TO-

i eee ans, fist voane as botani-

cal gardens go, it has become the third largest institution of its kind, its library,

ae ey and horticultural eeeseaee ranking among the finest and most complete ountr

ember: ae in The New York Botanical Garden, therefore, means promotion entific research in botany and the n

fi Scientifically, the Gar i le a clea dents and botanists all over the world orcs, it often serves as a link between the plant explorer or breeder an ublic emberships and ae : : oe ion the Botanical rden for the training of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new books are added annually to the library, which is open daily he pub! rr re- search and reading; free exhibits are mentees in the museum, the ae

sbi and gardens, and lectures, courses, and e information in botany and garden h individual Pe nbee of the Garden receives:

(1) Ac a a i Journal every month.

(Dy A Py © Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with eight coloted® le sa of unusual ee accompanied by complete descrip- tions and other pertinent information.

(3) A share of aed Be material of interesting or new varieties whenever it is distribut

seo of special floral displays at the Garden from season to seaso

(5) ean to ihe extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses

f study offered by the Garden

A limited number of gar in faba are accepted as afhliates. The ppalenee fa fhliation a subscription to the Journal, apne nen of displays, a speci condu r a the grounds and greenhou and a lecture once a yea’ ae selected member of the sta

ships or “scholarships for practical student-training in horticulture or for

eae researc hee 2 established d by bequest or other benefaction either in perpet or fora iod.

Tie Yeats of ieee and types of benefaction are as follows:

Annual Member annual fee $ 10 Sustaining Member annual fee 25 Garden Club A fhliation annual fee for club 25 Fellowship Member annual fee 100

ember for Life single contribution 50 Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 Patron single contribution 5,000 Benefactor single contribution 25,000

Contributions to the Garden may oa ered from taxable incomes. The

ae is a legally approved form of beq hereby besa to The New York Patan Garden incorporated under the

a of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the ———

Condit cal ener may be de at income payable to donor or any designated beneficiary during his or Ber lifetime.

All ete ee further information ou be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.

Vor. XL May, 1939 PAGES No. 473 101-124

JOURNAL THE NEW YORK Ba TANIOsT GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical ee Bronx Park, New York, N. Y tered at the Post Office in New Yoi Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Fre

to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor lay, 1939 THE feet PaLoveRDE ENTWINED stay eiae THE SAHUARO GROWTH

N SAHUARO NATIONAL MONUMENT, ARI eee by Martha Prentice Strong

BoTaNicaL GarDEN REPRESENTED IN ae Exuipirs at Wor p's Fair 101 WATERLILIES—THEIR CULTURE AND PROPAGATION George H. Pring 103 Tue Yam-BEAN as A SoURCE OF Foop IN CHINA .M. Porterfield 10 Cacti IN THE NoRTHEA Martha Prentice Strong 109

Cactr UNDER aes IN THE WEST AND SOUTH (Photographs by Ma: ae ee pa 112-113 PRELIMINARY PROGRAM OF THE Rosr CONFERENCE AT THE NEW

BoranicaL GARDEN 116 PLANTS FOR DisTRIBUTION TO GARDEN MEMBERS 117 CLaRENCE Lewis ADDRESSES GRADUATING CLass OF GARDENERS 118 Reviews oF RECENT Books 120 CURRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 122

oTes, News, AND COMMENT 123

NEW FRIENDS FOR THE GARDEN hrough the World’s Fair many thousands, probably hundreds of thousands, of

people ‘will be making their re acquaintance with e New York Botanical rden. The waterlily pools in “ s on Rar ade™ will represent to them tl flower displays which may be seen here . The activated

“krubi” (Amorphophallus titanum), with the photographs which frame the demon- stration, will represent such activities as horticulture, science, exploration, educa- tion, and displays for the public’s SS and informatio

With new friends being made for the Garden, this is es ideal time for the old friends—-members, Journal ee and others—to play a part which man heretofore overlooked: that of telling others about The New York Boi Ga Garden, what it stands for, what it does, how it serves scientists, students, gardeners. other institutions, and how its work affects the citizen and the visitor.

resident Joseph R. Swan exhorted the student garden their graduation last month by saying: ‘When you go out into the world, creat ee gospel of the n rin: tl le a new appreciation of the place where you have

both to the Garden and to their aa. a letting oe know about the horti- i i of

e Garden’s role in the progress of science, education, and public service.

AY 13 1989

Nitsa maar’ BOTANIC ab erne. in

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN

VoL. XL May, 1939 No. 473

Botanical Garden Represented In Two Exhibits At World’s Fair

ATERLILIES which have been planted in three outdoor pools

facing one of the entrances of the ees aie “Gardens on Parade” at She New 4 tk World’s Fair, compri e of two attractions at which The New York Botanical Garden will ie represented to hundreds

of reeees of feonle during the coming months in what used to be Flushing Meadows.

ibit is an activated, life-sized model of the “krubi” (Amorphophallus titanum) which bloomed for the first time in the western hemisphere two years ago at the Botanical Garden. This ex ae ns is, housed in the New York City building, is provided by the City of New York. It is accompanied by a series of photographs shoving ie stages in the development of the gigantic inflorescence and by another group of enlarged photographs depicting some of the Botanical Garden’ n’s functions in the public interest— horticultural displays, botanical research, reference work in the library, and exploration for plants.

The wat pallies of which 28 hardy varieties have been planted in the three pools, surrounded by a narrow border of tulips for an erty display, are expected to come into bloom about the middle of June. und the end of Taly these hardy sorts will be replaced with choice eeter ones selected, like the hardy ones, from those which the Garden has previously grown for display in the two outdoor pools in the conservatory court The usual displays of hardy and tender varieties will be continued all summer at the Garden. At the Fair, other tropical flowering aquatics will be shown during the latter part of the summer while the tender waterlilies are in flower.

“Gardens on Parade,” is being presented at the Fair under the manage- ment of Hortus, Incorporated, a non-profit organization of which Mrs

101

102

arold I. Pratt, a member - the Botanical Garden’s Board is president and Dr. Willia

of Managers, includes 50 horticultural e

vice- presidents. It

a continuous series of competitions in flower arrangement and plant exhibition.

Photograph by Donald U. Beck Sunrise, one of the largest of the hardy waterlilies, is on.

€ a the ie varieties which will be ae in the Botanical Garden's pools in ardens on Parade” this summer at the New York World's Fair. It is a recently kanal yellow variety.

Rose Conference June 6-7

Rose Conference of which a ee A Cn al made in last month's Journal will a ee e New Yor Botanical Garden June 6 and 7, The

jo-day v progres m aul ee

a clinic on culture

il seases

and insect pests. he conference will be a en he to members of

re New York Botanical Garden and to TSO% Special

invitation, The ae ney to ie Hee by dedication bronse plaque hor

. C. Bobbink of Bobbink & Atkins, is ee on ae - THe.

103

Waterlilies—Their Culture And ‘Propagation

With a oy of Choice Varieties of

oth Hardy and Tropical Sorts

By Geor, Pring,

Superintendent of the Missouri Botanical Garden

bas the beginner in gardening, armed with the parties should

have success with a waterlily pool, for the culture of the plants is

aatvey simple

Waterlilies, both hardy and tropical, are rank feeders, and need large

chews of cow manure to produce Sects ed flowers. This fertilizer ma: m

your “ily bed”; or placed at the eae of the boxes, if you prefer to grow them that way. Pest Control

eee — ae Seer in the pool, the water should be left stand-

ing for and efforts should be made to ne trol the algal growt th which is oe a me while i plants are still 1. If your pool is large and has no fish, you can fill a little cheesecloth "ae ith ee sulphate, suspend it from the end of a stick, and drag it slowly along the es .

the pool until the water turns blue. After an ay or two, a an

your tie but if you are putting in a a of fish, don’t es os loose - i is water for a week.

If y s small or if it is already iis with fish, a safer method of eee : ae use of adie aes of p Put some of this chemical a ee filled with water. Stir it ce a a and let it stand until the r has absorbed all it can take up, and there is still a slight residue in ue bot ttom of the container. This system gives you a ties cients of permang ste of potash, and this mixture is what you will u on- trolling the alga Approximately one teaspoon of the Eason | is ee d for each gallon Os water in your pool, and this may be done not only ae the ct are gt eee ut at different ne ete the growing n if n Only the youngest of baby fish will suffer any ill

the amateur gardener, and c t be applied during the growing season

the fis i hoosing methods of insect control aye the summer, it is anes wise to consider the fish before spraying. erever possible, ort to hand-picking for large pests like the larva a ne delta eit, faa ay proprialis, and use forceful water sprays for aphis, rather than risk killing

104

those invaluable little mosquito-eaters who will find arsenic or nicotine uprre W ele have so few pests cee ia that you can afford

‘o be charitable to the fish . . . and you’d miss the fish a great deal more a you would a ae leaves from your lilies,

Setting Out Plants

Hardy w waterlilies may be set out as soon as you can get into the pools. Their only care is page of cow manure, and a thorough division every

three or four year ne overcrowding. They grow sees like a common iris, and r e left out-of- ee with a foot of w above them, or eee w | leaves and s ; or brought ion in in

i and wrapped in damp burlap all w ae Tropical ee are another thing altogether. Their winter care is

so difficult from an amateur's standpoint that it is much simpler to buy your stock fresh each s n any case, they cannot = planted onside until the ter arias of the water stays above 70° . they will go

ee eep and may stay thai In the Middle Vest, we can ay set out our w peti by the imide of May, but in Ae East and the Great Lakes region, the first of June is more likely to provide a safe dat

fifty percent of es waterlily’s beauty will ‘be lost if it cannot spread it leaves to make an open - tern of foliage and water ... and you will hee get nearly as ia bloo

A Lesson in pains

The pro tion of tropical waterlilies eles the use . an easy trick, which ee only a little ingenuity and practice and some heated tanks of water in full sun over the winter. The ee oe hi ae the current growth are practically eles to store .. but most of these large tubers will ey e formed a propagating tuber at their one : time summer is ov When you dig oe ee ae the first frost, thes

mall, -shaped oe aead be removed ai ored in ois. weit

a in noe containers, until early spring, ae i sunlight begins to grow stron Then a or in sandy soil, with the tuber very deep in the pot to

induce a long radical growth. Place the pots in water above 70°

sunny window, and the young leaves will appear in about ie weeks Now comes the interesting ieee ae soon as — floating leaves are devel- oped, locate the radicle, whicl em-like growth connecting a young plant to the tuber. W ith ier a forefinger, fo rae this growth down to the ea ay carefully pinch it off just abov. tuber, ae ng the

young plant with its attached roots, a ie - propagating tuber in its pot.

105

Photograph by Donald U. Beck

St. Louis is said to be the only yellow variety known among the tropical water- lilies. It is expected to be among the varieties to be shown by The New York Botanical Garden in ‘‘Gardens on *parade™ at the World's Fair later in the summer.

Pot up the young plant immediately, to prevent its a. out, and place it to grow in the far end of the same heated tank in which you are raising your propagat ing stock. In another two weeks or so, fe propagating tuber will again a up a new plant, which can removed and potted in the same fashio: . and this process may be eated two or three times before th aie should be allowed to ae its i plant. Your oa will then be flied with infant waterlilies to carry on next season’s bloo The Viviparous Habit

Some few of the tropical waterlilies have a very obliging habit of for ing baby plants in their leaf sinuses during the summer. These w aterlilies are known as viviparous, and their offspring should be removed with phe roots and ies = just as the other ee lease are handled

the winter a ood viviparous lilies the s Panama Pac ‘acific nw) ugi + Ko o in different “shad des ae blue. “They are worth having both for hee beauty and their ease of culture

106

Tropical Varieties Recommended Among other good tropical ae are sauna oe and Castlifora, ape ee Henry Shaw and Jup fine blues. still the best white in ie day ane rou, while

ne on a ete is ae ae that amazing offspring of the “Lost Yellow Lily of Africa,” N. Burtt Mrs. Edwards Whitaker is an au nene

lavender-blue, which develops a white-and-blue combination the third da: In care to the day- blooming tropical w: stone ae is a large class of tropicals blooming at night. They do much to make the garden ee ee on summer dvehines: since they ae th

heat of the ) Leading this list is a handsome white waterlily which SS ania have proved more popular if i - n listed as a night-bloo This is the variety Missouri, w e broad, lotus- like petals and Pineapp ple a typical of these loosing members of the genus Nympha Quite untypical, however, is its ex

tremely early ees and late ie which keeps it in bloom most of

brings it out again late in the es rnoon. Considered by some to be the: a waterlily in commerce, Missouri should be ool.

t » A. and Frank Trelease, The Mrs. George Hitchcock and Emil : a :

rev a different shade from the original type, so don’t blame your a ie if ‘this b appens. However, they are all ae things ... and Missour: De fee never been known to change color from its eae wh

Good bid Varieties

Am the hardies are unsiaes good ones. The new Sunrise icadie ice almost a! as some of the ere ‘while the oie variety Gladst tone is we eee n form. Another fine white is Gonnere,

e an

while te dark pink of James Brydon and the orange of Comanch d atare are excellent colors.

Even if you have a very tiny pool, no bi igger than a oe barrel, you can an have waterlilies. Two charming pigmies are N. vola in yellow, d N. ste in white. Obviously any water area any suggest the

use of waterlilies, Bara miles alee it ae ee sun and has suffi- cient a depth. The y types w and have the more ey colors, eee a Rese ic one he ae ‘antic in size and c n lovely pastel shades. Nothing co en ie more aa in he of mmer ay he fra agrance and color of a wa y pool,

the he su reflecting the blue

an t sky between the leaves, and dane an ae depth and beauty to your garden

107

The Yam-Bean As a Source Of Food In (hina By HW’. M. Porterfield (No. 6 of a@ series on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York)

HE yam-bean vine has achieved a place among Chinese vegetable ee because of the superior quality of starch which is yielded by tuberous roots.

Fan-ko is the name by which the native Chinese distinguish ips pee plant. Botanists know it today as Pachyrhisus erosus (L.) Urb. It formerly called P angulatus Ric h.

The yam-bean has a tropical distribution around the world. De Candolle? reported it from the Moluccas, India and Mauritius; Dr. Trimen? oa

The tuber of Pachyrhizus erosus, three fourths natural size, with the character for its Chinese name, Fan pe pute a ot edible starch is derived om m-bea

“1 De oo Pyramo. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 2: 402. 1825. 2Dr. Trimen in Kew Bulletin 25: 121. 1889.

108

Java and Ceylon; Henry? from Canton, China; Bentham* ae Brazil ; and ae and Collins’ from Porto Rico. But the land of its rigin is obscu Henry is a the opinion that it originated somewhere in ae Bena said th at probably Central America was its native aos

angular ee homes give this species the two a s by stuck it nee been nee n and distinguish it from its ae ‘est Indian ie P tuberosus (Lam.) Spre ng., whose leaflets are The leguminous character of the Baar is evident in its ia ae and flat pods, which are shorter and more hairy on P erosus than on P tuberosus. Dr.

= a

hi : hey had be c ee - pods of P tuberosus, which had been introduced into Ceylon a few rs earlier and which had proved a to ordinary French ios ee they were stringless and nearly smooth.

The fleshy root of the yam-bean : nearly globular a shape, though broader tha n long, and it varies from 1 to a pape in diameter. shape it is somewhat lobed, a: SS figure shows. The flesh is of firm con- eas and is sweet to the taste, but i eee a disa pia in accepting

a desirable vegetable cee palates. Generally, the young rot ita are eaten, while the older ones are principally ee as a source of starch. In some countries, while the yam-bean tubers are not es source of food, the people oe upon them to carry ae over times of scarcity when the usu ie rops fai

An analysis of yam-bean tubers shows they have an abundance of nutritive eaieonee In water-free material the following proportions are found: 9.8 cals protein, 6.5 percent pv aedan 38.5 percent starch, 16.9 percent cane sugar . percent fat, 6.5 p t crude fiber, and 3.6

WW s

percent ash. The starch s present in nearly Pene grains, appearing

singly or in compound aa and, according to Blasdale®, there is no indi-

cation of their occurri ing in a layer-like structure. This ‘absence of strati-

ee of the grains is a diagnostic character by which the starch of the am-bean can be identified.

as medical uses are wn. for this plant. The me however, contain a a amount of poisonous resin which is found to be a very active fish

In P tu ae the poison exists in ote amounts in as ee ht 3 is presen also in the tubers.

From the tw aes stem the natives of Fiji derive a ae ay which is used in Peaune fishing nets. Other than this no special u the upper a of the olan are ae and no particular cer ve is attrib-

ted to the

3 Henry, A. Notes on Economic Botany of Chit 57-59, Shanghai. 1893.

4 Bentham, G. in Meuntins Flora Brasiliensis 13. (Papilionaceae): 199. 1859- oa

5 Cook, O. F., and Collins, G. N. Economic Plants of Porto Rico, Contrib. fro:

J. S. 8 (2 oy 1903.

6 Bla: asdale, Walter. Cc. ‘A description of some Chinese vegetable food materials.

U.S. DA, O. E. S., Bull. 68; 23-25. 1899,

(acti in the Wortheast By Martha Prentice Strong

The story ee an Widalaas by air in search of cacti in the Southwest, ii how these ert plants were later cultivated at a Long Island hom:

VIVID aes i my childhood was Me beauty of a great cactu

flower. In the terraced garden of our home on Brooklyn Heights, covering the western il of the camellia pathos the thorny green joints of a cactus plant were trained. The night the magnificent flowers of this “Reina de la Noche’ bloomed, our neighborhood was en féte. It was a rare sight to watch the rae o he a ae and satiny white petals, until the myriad golden ealed in their radiant beauty, to the glorious die ae aoe anded flowers ; n, as gradually, one watched the passing cr this “Queen of the Night

t was necessary for me to go to Arizona, April 29, 1936, at 8:30 P.M. I flew from the Newark Airport. Early the following morning, flying

Photograph by courtesy of W ilham Hertrii Hylocereus undatus, the “Reina de la Noche” which Mrs. Strong saw blo a

3 OOM: child at her home in Bookivn and with which ae again became gavonuee oe oes 70 years later at the Huntington Botanic Garden

The satiny yellow flower of the native cactus found among the Long Island dunes.

over Bs oe bea glimpses of gears mene: — cae

fields oon obscured by fog. Rising, n of blue

panics ere over ede oe ene oh yee down ak ti

s s

Britton & Rose; studied the ava ne literature of the Sahuaro, Opuntia,

Bisnaga and other cactus groups; learned of their oe pone and

ada, sone nee centuries, to ne : arid desert nvironment ; a fo

sage field trips to the Sahuaro Monument. With a letter of introduction from the late Dr. Marshall A. Howe, former Diretor of The New York Botanical Hee i motored 240 ae to visit the Boyce-Thompson sees western Arbor , devoted to the wth of sub- se climates, and w kindly ee: ie Mr. Francis Gibson, the director; and Mr. Jack Whi . head assisted me in making many photographs of the cacti growing there in beautiful natural surroundings

ill

As the Huntington Garden of San Marino has the most comprehensive ee of a in the world today, growing out-of-doors, my Mec

that ree nl si 1937, a eo T started on another lap of my air odyssey. m t

t sahuaros beneath wu

long blue-black shadows r the desert; the giant were m ation oe to the left, five mountain ranges came ae

ere exclam view as we ascen Flying over mone tipped with jagged, fantastic aaa we saw the Colorado River, later the azure-blue Salton Sea in the white desert, and then through t 7: San Gorgonio Pass of aS cee Nena Moantains with their glistening ae snow peaks towering 1,200 feet above us either s seni flew a’ unions of 1,000 feet eee them. Behold, Ge arid desert was a mem Before us, chaparral-covered green ioe aene green felds, groves a ae palms, oranges, almonds, figs, and my Mec San Marino! rt. William Hertrich, Director the Garden, kindly permitted me in the morning when the Garden was not opened to the public, to make photo- graphs of this unique cae plant collection. From he I learned that the wondrous cactus of my childhood memory was one ae ne most beautiful ge i the night- boomine ate s, Hylocereus undat

ing to my Long Island summer home in East oe three cee wail from the ‘Aflaite oo IT brought w Ariocarpus fissuratus metas pane micromeris

Deamia testudo Lemaireocerus Thurberi

Lophophora Williamsti olor Cepha. —— senilis

ae bicol Opuntia Coville Opun Ferocactus able Morita MacDougall Astrophytiin ornatum cus peruvianus Mamimillaria prolifera

Peniocereus Greggit

To these were added, through the kindness ne Mrs. Jerome W. member of our Advisory Council of The

succulents she had brought oe South ae

Mi esembryanthemum* Zeyhe

Coombs, w York Botanical Garden,

Crassula arborescens

ccineum oles ies arinata aureunt Senecio aizoides Hawor thia rugosa Klenioe tubi, cuspidata Adromischus clavifolius a denticulata

* These species are now classed by botanists under Lampranthus.

CACTI UNDER oo IN THE WEST AND WEST

ie

4

3.

4.

5.

9

SOU

Echinocereus ees the yellow-spined hedgeho.

Opuntia fda. a cholla’ with small rose- purple flowers.

Ferocactus Wishzent, the candy-barrel or fish- hook cactus, growing nearly seven feet tall.

Cereus peruvianus at the Huntington Botanic Garden

A young three- headed specimen of Ferocactus

islizeni.

Us, Opuntia linguiformis, cow’s-tongue cactus, A group of cacti at the Huntington Botanic! Garden consisting chiefly ue eae :

Grusonii and Ferocactus no One of the many species of oe in a garden, :

114

The glass frame on the porch of her home at East Hampton in which Mrs. Strong has

culnonted the cacti which ae brought back from her southwestern trip. Exposed to

full sun on the south and qe ected from wind and rain, these desert plants here have ade al situation for their growth.

I established a desert nana having a southern exposure on the piazza. As the cacti and succulents must have full sunlight, plenty of air, and protection from rain, - arranged a glass frame of simple construction, easy adjustment, and o ras ends for ae circulation of a

To cultivate the ie ae species native in the East, Oniilia com- pressa, | made a dune rock garden. In this were planted many of the

Evo view Stale Tee _

Plan of the frame which Mrs, Strong devised for the outdoor culture of her cacti.

cactus plants from a near-by dune. There in our hot summer sun they ich t

isnagas, and other cactus forms make unique and never-to-be forgotten he I may now delight in my realistic cactus landscape in miniature—

ee our beautiful native Opuntia compressa bloom, = recall the ee ta) a childhood memory, the wonderful “Reina de la Noche,” Hyloce undatus.

116 Preliminary Program OF THE ROSE eee The New York Botanical Garden June 6 and

Tuespay, JUNE 6 Mornine 10-12 :30

Address of Welcome Dr. William J. Rob Director,

The New York Be Garden.

History of the Rose . ........ Mr. Bee Wright, Chairman, Board of mr he Horticultural at of New York. 20m

Public Rose Gardens and ee Beautification . Dr. J. eee McFarland,

Pa: Tree ae The American Rose Society. , The a Rose Annual. 20min. Soilless Rose Culture .......Dr. H. ue Bi Ass e Orn Rec rearg New y Acree: ee ae Sate n. 15m

Contributions of the United States Does of Agriculture to Rose Culture Dr. E. C. ne Chief, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, D.C. 20 min. My Favorite Ros. Mrs Charles Doscher, representing the Federated Garden Clubs of New

York Sta , 5 min. Mrs. oe C. Hill, representing the City Gardens ee 5 min. Mrs, Francis King, representing The Garden Club of Am in.

m: Mrs. H. Edward Manville, representing the International eae Club. 5 mi Mrs. rotete W. Perkins, representing the Advisory Council of The New York

Botanical Garden. 5 min. A Reece hey of the Woman's Auxiliary of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 5 min. uNCcH 12:30 pein 2-4:30 Greenhouse Roses . Mr. Charles Totty, Past President, The Society of American Florists and Ornamental ie ae 20 min. Roses for City Parks

lyn R. Joes neral Superintendent of Parks, ae co City.

Old Frederick L — noe Great Neck, N. Y. oe min. Done of ‘Bronze “Plague in the Rose Gar in Honor of Mr. L. C. Bobbink

Presiding, Mr. Joseph R. Swan,

President, Board of vest of The New York Botanical Garden.

Inspection of Rose Garden Led by Messrs. Everett, Dodge, and McKenna.

Wervene is UNE 7 forninc 10-12:30

Importance of Soil Preparation for Roses .... .Mr. T. H. Everett, ares The New York ponies Garden, 15 min. Experiments on Roses ee .Dr. P. W. Zimmerman, Thyaenent

Boy e Thompson Institute for Plant PResear ch. 20 min. Use of Roses in Floral rein (with demonstration) Mr. Max Schling, Florist, New York Cit Books for the Rose Grower. ...... ... .Miss Elizabeth C. Hall, Librarian, “The New York Botanical Garden

117

Roses for the Home Garden Mr. Arthur Herrington, Secretary and Manager, International Flower mp 20 min. Species Roses for the Garden r cGinnes, Readin; ‘a. in. Design in the Rose Garden. .. Annette Hoyt Flanders: Landscape eee 15 min. H 12:30 ema 2-4:30 Care of the Rose Garden through the Mr. George Gillies, Head arenes Marshall Fiela “Restate, Huntington, Long Island. 20m The Rose Midge and Its Control C. A. Weigel, Entomol United States Desertnent of Agricultu peice of Equipment for Control of Diseases and Insect Pests of eae

lemonstration will be followed by an informal clinic on the diseases, pests, aa culture of roses. Home gardeners and ie . a invited to bring their personal nae ee to the clinic for individual a

D O. Dedge, Plant Pathologist, The oe an Botanical Garden

Dr. C. oe Hamilton, Entomologist, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment

Statio

Dr. Louis ‘i Ma , Professur of Plant Pathology, Cornell University

Mr. P. J. a nee Gardener, The New York T'otanical Garden

Plants For Distribution use a in the rock garden a aaa

To Garden Members mens to introduce into other eas

4 ee choice varieties of herbaceous up numerous stems, each of which bears plants which are ae for the rock a flat-topped corymb of lemon-yellow garden or border will be available for flowers. The fine fern-like leaves beneath istribution to r ers of The ew re gray-tomentose. The odor is of camo- York Botanical Garden during M mile. This plant likes full sun and fai long as the supply lasts, one young plant moisture but is fairly indifferent as to each ronica spic rosea anil soil, seeming to do equally well in a limey Achillea tomentosa variety King ward or neu _ ae ml and form will be given out. make it ate well in rock garden or To Shean the ee a member or a horder ‘with See ied Teuerinmn ee resentative © member may call It usua’ on blooms around May Conservatory Range No. 2, near rae The other plant heing offered. 7 eronica Avenue on the east side of the grounds. spicafa rosea, grows slightly Iess than 1 -di on ng May between 10 two ea Hi igh an has many erect stems a. nd 4 pm. No “plants ” ill be given bearing bec. set spires of pink flowers quithout presentation f the membership around June 30. hile there is a slightly card of The New York Botanical Garden. ae cast to the pin nk, it is not Giples For members who wish the plants s long as it is kept away from reds mailed to them, arrangements have been oi ‘gene made with an outside agency to handle a een of the a aa the wrapping and postage for 25 cents, dur: e@ past two years with the sent to the Garden in advance. Plants seq piece and comic 6 will not, however, be ee a a of — plant oe op ta it impossible the Japanese beetle bar for the Gar offer lant novel- Th arden’s original ae cr Atchillea ties to its eae for the past year and tomentosa variety A ‘dward was ac- : Ue i More plants are now being propa- quired in 1933 fro: the garden of F. K. however, for distribution to mem

Bulley in sanherh eaeed and has been ey at future dates

Clarence Lewis Addresses Graduating Class

Gardeners

ERTIFICATES were eee to

fifteen men, most of whom have been serving as dent gardeners, for the completion of the two-year science course of The New York Pe nical Garden i exercises conducted eekman Tower

the

Hote Monday hing April 17. his class, which is the sixth to the young men have the Garden, while the are professional gardeners working elsewhere.

The work of the past two ar s has covered the subjects of systemat Cheon plant morphology, physiology, breeding.

and pathology, economic botany, and eaek

Cla McK. Lewis, a member of the Garde len’s Board of Managers, ad-

rd dressed the students at oy zradvating offering them tions for

penin: the definition aa oes

the British hacia W. J C.

rence, that a gardener is 0 ne

a wide variety of conditions can grow ni well, Mr. Lewis pointed to ‘o addi tional requirements for a a. responsible job as gardener.

‘Can you keep accounts?” he asked.

ae ‘submit reports a ae wt have men under fe ‘handling ane multiplicity = ‘adiinistra tive Hs which are required in such a pos

know how to exhibit plants

1 nen er, oe is a fine test of any gardener’s skill

eo to fe pe y obs is a necessity

a wh pes a career

ae Sardcning, o “the sreatest attribute of all comes from experi

In England, Mr. mented, gardeners may take einen to keep ao of developments in their pro- fessio

tk dene the desirability of a position or line of work, he pointed out that there

special value in a job when it offers

ield a sense of

gardeners start looking

r the a successful ae you will do well to consider,” he sai Rie ae the Hace odie possibilities

et poke bri M opportunities

1. ae ie

2. Public parks.

3. Cemeteries.

4. Botanic ga

5. Government test gardens

6. County agent Posts “(in counties

where commercial growing under glass is important)

7. Nurseries

8. aries work.

There is a multiplicity of vase and poe in nurseries, Lewis

gator

ong commercial jobs, he continued, there’ are such possibies as eae Taising for and p

f{ material ot-plants, the raising of gh “the od indus- ry, tere growing of fruits and

essary as

pide Sint

sporeticeship 0 Men

sing of orn: namental work—either

Ww

are oka helps them to a greater suc- ess in later life.

e “ the “present decline a large

Giving examples sho names : ave become ie fon fhe work in ecific horticultural fields, i ial ee the Veitch England, John Veitch, bork

a etaey of the Veitch nursery is incorpor-

119

in the interesting book “Hortus Veitch poplicaes in nas Mr. Lewis then told

m with tthe Thomas Lobb ere Gu Maries—whos' lg ane also come down to pottery. the wi es oe ie (great French and ae

em a

rin, the pla nt explorat ion don Robert Fortune, Reginald Farrer, George

Forrest, and Kin gdon Ward, as well as E. H. Wilson, hie rev ally came to

He spoke of “J: pple- seed” Chapman) (1768-1847)

have seedlings on which to graft the apples, peaches, and grapes they wanted to raise.

an example of a gardener who be- me a famous architect, he mentioned “Capability” (Lancelot) Brown of early eae century fame. He told the of Thomas Blaikie, the Scottish 0 went to France and lived he

great gardens Blaikie laid out ‘a telle garden i aris. His story ‘s given in “The Diary of a Scotch Gardener of

the French Court at the Eighteenth Century,” published in New York in 1932.

The speaker also lauded the gardener Jee aay ho owas. a made Sir Jo: oseph—for his accomplishmen at in de- Tete in 1851 the agli Palace at Sydenham, which cost £1,500,000 to ee oe ha

magrihcent Pes

d an of about o m square feet. It was 1,608 feet teas ee 312 feet wide. Joseph Paxton was not only

knighted for this outstanding service, but also served as a member of Parliament for jee until his death in 1865.

ong American plant explorers who ee as gardeners, and whose chief in-

terest remained in gardening, a oe noted André aes and on, Francois ux, Wil iat Bar.

André Micha am tram, Constantine Rafinesque, and ae rich "Trangott Pursh. Trained as a

ee i a .

of "the men ‘Botanical eer here in

New York, which was on the site where Rockefeller Center now stands and which was, in a way, t ae historic precursor of our gots “lew ‘ork Botanical Garden.

Other ee larly peri were Sargent of the Arnold Arboretum, Frank N

culture, a with his test garden at Tela, nduras, his resi- ic t Antigua, Guatemala, and his

extensive and va United States Goverment and now for the United Fruit Compan

Mention was also made the interest- ing career of Dr. J.

ne cres under cultivation ee the growing at garden seeds.

After his address of ate Ja coon Dow

Mr. Lewis spoke also ning of New-

bur; o in his brief span of ne Years “casiga 1852) o eo ot e greatest influence o: n Am ican el ng and ee e did not mention Dr. David Fairchild, he ex- plained, beca Dr. Fairchild could not

in igins or equent inter. ts. e other men of he were fundamentally Speman rs. Joseph R. Swan, President of the New

Yorke Botanical Garden, the certificates, first said ates, “When a man knows what he w:

a eed here to work, to

John Bachmann, Adelard Bisaillon, Samuel Bridge, awrence Connolly, Geor; regor, Donald J. Moss, Charles Pecora, Ralph Pi Donald

Wright, at as ee ae a Garden; and, William Reoeslond, ta ae an and Paul H. Jacoby, professional mardenee: who are employed elsewhere.

120

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.)

Good News for aoe Gardens

GARDENING THE SH H. K. ee ts pages, finer: dexed. Seri , New York, 1939. $3.

The question of 3 to plant in that aad plies ae aia ee a troublesome e for garden tu

r gar common attitude

fi 11 anne a - ane author in this raph: “ shade sp a sunny garden is the problem which faces most gardeners. They try their luck h sun lovers, hoping for miracles ich just do - t hi The plants languish and die

liv uch nostalgic lives, they

better dese:

patience aru gives up, a

the shady spots—just bare.

Ras this oe 2 he guide there can be for

i=} iam

eaves

pro groups of . Seasonal Plant combinations for varying degrees of shade

yard—even into the sunless window ust

A classified and detailed list of some 500 nae estat plants is given, which proves ther as a of ae eee

to add 4 e of vines for a shady place. It is a good twiner for fences and arbors or to sprawl around rocks, and makes a good billowy ground cover.

The very good illustrations from pho graphs show pais ee a for

arious conditions and speak well for mselves and the olatiters.

is is a ae and timely book, that

ul much to change uw sightly bar-

should do un! ren spots into well Zach scenes of real beauty and inter enry E. Downer, Vassar College.

Forestry in America AN INTRODUCTION TO AMERI- CAN FORESTRY. Shirley W. Allen, 402 pages, ilustrated and indexed. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1938. $3.50.

This text is one o:

es 4 editorship of Professor Mulford of the

on its way to fulfillm k must therefore e light the

study mer viewpoint that the present. re- viewer re qualified to comment. here s the danger in Sten pt: rge a he Ida as that of

By

2388

n one creep in, and the coverage ea so thin that depth = utterly lacking. Professor Allen has happily ae this ue ae) stopping again and ag. in the

sweep of the canvas he is S puntas me give arresting details re stimulate the re eader to peruse the subject further i

cific texts. his | is a rea “introduction”

at tat: Shed “without considerable though ie nea an the of tl utho might

reat will be intrigued te: peruse those

To the layman, forestry usually means reforestation. Even though it is in truth only a part of the whole picture, it is, nevertheless, a very important part, and

it is to be regretted that Professor Allen has hie reforestation such a small place ext (a bar at me

both as ; reflect Professor Allen's fess ea in the 8

ally saying so.

aeons Pea Allen’s failure to gi ry hatsoever to the splendi

wore in a dvancement of private for-

estry that been accomplished since

working with bes of the’ country—the an Palin and the re- sults both in education and accomplish- are corre i significant. It is not desi detract in any om the intrinsic merit of this book,

i practised or

taught in this great nation of ours cannot lightly be passed by.

J. A. Cope,

Extension Forester,

Cornell University.

Herb Primer

WHAT TO DO WITH HERBS. Mary Cable Dennis. 91 pases, appen-

dix “of Jecipes, index. nm, New York, 1939. $1.50. Miss De ha: andy at her place Rie eda Tout’ aa ere she grows herbs, a few each of a short list.

a

asts with the herbs from her gard A bouquet of hyssop, rue and wormwood k the flies and for her the

ay; borage grew so ae she had to chop it ax

down with an

e book is well written but it is scant

least original. these days when so many gardeners are interested in growing ine ae a will ve stimulat- ing, for it tells a sprightly fashion

ways of usie these ena plants with their ancient family t * Heve M. Fox.

State Flowers STATE NAMES, FLAGS, SEALS, SONGS, BIRDS, FLOW ERS AND OTHER SYMBOLS. George Earlie Shankle. Revised edition. 522 pages, indexed, illustrated. W. Wilson, New York, 1938. $3 Here is a most useful source of authen- i ‘information oe on ea docu- The 1 th

of particular value in a nature library. Er tH C. Har

Plants in Solution. PLANT C

ICULTUR. Guid to Peperiments in Growing Plants Ay ithour aol ane D. wson and M. V. d Edition. 130 pages, Dastratoa” ath photographs. Pacihé

Carbon & Pri ing Co., Los Angele

Calif. 1939. aL

aes pular aiseascian of tank farm- ing, w frcaltare, hydro} oponics or chemi-

cure amend a wa culture method. ice ent,

y develop, instructions on planting anid ee pages ie : pale a which supplies ma: cured and to various general tex ts:

The a rae a enthusiasts, not scien-

mistake various chemical “aymbole (Sb for arsenic, Po for phosphorus). The and Arnon on the same subject

W. J. Rogsrns,

Genetics for Students PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS. mund W. Sinnott ead L, Cc. Dunk

XIV 408 pages, 147

: McGraw ue New

don, 1939.

ds ie of thi Cat known

s the high sender of ex-

cy. earlier editio: i

unaltered. It still a_ boo Titten primarily for the beginning student of genetics and is not specifically designed for popular consumption. As in previous editions, its style is clear oncise and its organization logical.

In general, the te-

ich the following may section on statistical methods no

longer appears as an appendix, ee -

broken up and distributed in aa ch a

fulness of the statistical treatment is eee nhan a

The chapter Genes and Chromo- somes is = rearranged and brought up Au date er Daas to recent work, ‘Dineen ay ‘land

A new cha apt er on Cytoplasmic Inheri- tance is introduced, an indication of the Tee spirit in which the book is

he Origin of Hereditary Genetics pe Se and

In spite of added material, total Jength of the book is decidedly less than that Buy Ss : id edition.

mber illustrations have

A new oo introduced, and copy of Bridges’ of the salivary gland cromoscmes in " Drosophit nie lanogaster now appea as te fro pr alee te which this text has

s been

mewhat enlarg iy placing them at the ends of ue cone ters instead of the end of the bool

122

aerate citations still remain The bo

rs of genetics will The: Feta id ar this “excellent text ae been reviced brought to oe By occupy the sam in the field of pode textt-bo oks was held by previous editi Rareu E, CreLann, Indiana Universi: Current Literature* At a Glance By ae iad Kavanagh ping chore

Desert Garden. Ari Dee Botanic Garden and A nix and Succulent Tae

a at Phoen me nal, Februa ary, 1939.

New Pina Microentomology is

one of the newer publications added to the library. Published at Feat Uni- n Volume 3,

versity, California, it is no Part 3.

oe “Eaters, The stories back of the orts of “man-eating trees” are told, in "Carnivore Plant and the Man-eati:

e” by Sophia Prior in Botany Left 3 the Field Museum of Natu

Hist Ca — Virus.

considerable dam

of wint =

Black ring has caused mage to poe crops eae lee cauliflow In greenhou the francmitted by abbas ge and @ en pea aphids infected a serous other

viras was

and it species of plants.—Journal nee cloricltural Research, December 15,

Hay-Fever Plants. We eds, Waste, Hay Fever”

and presents a loud and heartfelt

plea for conservation and restoration of Am suas natural vegetation, which con- tail y few s i

ine ae hay fen am

a ane ae hich spread by the reduction in soil fertility which prevents less harm-

ful plants from holding their own—

R. Mi house in Natural History, March, 939.

* All publications mentioned here—and many ed aamen ares be found in the Library oe. The Botanical Garden, in the Museum

Lists of recommended and other ae chiefly k , with ad-

Pennsylvania.

shrubs, bulbs,

Arc suggested are such shrubs as palais oe es wlenta and Parrotia and peony originations of Mrs. Ho oe t Scott, who is a member of the Cor- oration: oe the Advisory Council of the 1

National Park.

ae ‘hur

upport for the pro-

as a memorial s the “Father of the Na-

tional Parks” in Publication No. 74 of

the Emergency Conservation Committee, ity.

New York City.

Insecticide. Basic copper arsenate, Cu (CuOHAs on is as toxic to the insects on Pala it n tried as is acid lea

cid lea

nate, bu he it ess more slowly so that the. seeks eat a ee = aie they stop feedin an 2 prey t plants than other ands = Jovi of Economic Gets February, 1939,

Plants in Sand. Sand cultures may be a practical pare of many problems for both a r and professi

ill a

lar

n be kept in various kinds of con- faners can be used again oo again if : s free gi, and can be used t

ed from fungi stait seedlings or to 2 lan a tha turity if the proper fertilizers are ae a Sen euler of Seedling.

e Plan unlap, "Connecti Aescanel Experiment Stati Cir-

cular 129, February, 1939.

Bamboo. The Rhode Island Experi- ment Station has grown bamboo for eight years now, promises to al slanae a6 ful as holder and a of plant Paes and it has possibilities “algo as a windbreak and as mental background plant, 1A. E. Ste ten aay mer- ican Bars ryman, March,

Eco. pers. The Aiea tcan Mid- land etwas 1939 con-

° ihe conference on plant ana animal communities held at the Biological Laboratories at Cold

for January ings

123

Spring Harbor, L. I., August 20-Septem- 2, 1938

ing. How and when to mow ai more vigorous turf ore

lished by O. M. Scott Company, Ma rys-

ville, Ohio.

Notes, — and Comment

ock Roc rden Weel aie ke Res is year at The York Botanical Gard n May 21-28,

ew wih hae and 23 set aside as members’ day Wallflowers. A feature of the spring a pheensrout the month of May at e New York Botanica’

(bright i ire King (flame), and Vulcan elvety red) will be shown with deep red Darwin tulips.

wds. Easter Sunday brought mo oe ee thowsand ‘visitors to the Sofie ie ee to see ee displays,

ua ich ind pleas re Si eg ithe

ich filed with ceasoual Aoeeine plants. Most the visitors also went through the

capplenient

of ten guards si Popke ene hout the ay, The

arger crow

Art Exhibits. Beginning April 22, three art exhibits have been scheduled ae ee He own in the rotunda and on the za- nine in the Museum oe pera one in connection wit! ae one of the Saturday

afternoon lectur

Mar’ es, English artist, lent the Botanical gone a group of her paint- ings of Eee gardens to be shown from April 22 to May

Under: ae life off the coast of the Ber-

ly S wild flowers for ae wll be howe in the Museum Building beginning May 20. Children’s Show. New York young- sters ese in oo ee vee are dom

sel ere treated on March 21 and 22 ar i third annual free flow show in Germania Hall on Second Ave nue. hirty-five hundr girls

and continues under the personal manage-

ment of ne Ji McKenna of The New

York Botanical Garden.

the Tens tional Flower Sho

hibitors contributed plants for the “Child, exhibit. In addition, Bobbink &

At ae ae is

on some of the large estates. Rae f plants in the a pa as one of s taug! ani Has were

the lesson P’

awarded to the Bee writing down the

ae siete eee the show and hat it meant t

oth. Complete Relea

letter to Dr. B. O. Dodge. In July 1985

the Journal in which he told of the State’s campaign against this pest and begged the people to

writes, “that we m search in this same focality a year ago,

124

without finding any sign of the insect, we feel justified in stating that complete extermination has been achieved.”

Lily Com . Stout in _Philade ae reat 45 a a the ae Committee of the cult fural Sard and attend oe Philadelp hia Flower Sho

Sta mbers who have re- es cra! we eee platforms in- ee a a ae Everett,

Memorial eet mn ne Asal eS hela re ae garden

“Cultivated Trees and w Yo rk City’ March 30,

ures of the Watchu Hills” April 20, G oe Club of Morristown, J25 enna, “Roses” arch 7, Englewood

Garden Club; “Hardy Bulbs” April 17, . Vernon Garden Club.

Conference. “Rare Myxomycetes Col- eae alee was pan on of Rob- t H al

nus Central ek and Dr. on “The Genus Rochefortia.” “Hortus

Early Bot of Americans” 1794, by Dr. Henry Barham the

the li y. Others in tl up are “ amily Herbal” by ard Brook, “Medical Botany” by A. I. Coffin, M.D.

and ae nea of Botanical Drugs and Pre

(Mar

Author. Mrs. Ther G. Prentice) Strong, was ‘elected a epee hi

ge of she ctive association with Her article, Cae in the Northeast, ” begins on page

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS

I. ELECTIVE MANAG Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BaLpwin Wie freien ne Frick,

Attyn R. Jennines, Henry Lockuart, Jr., AcDoucaL, Mrs. Harotp I. Pratt, and ee R. Swan (President). Ke til 1941 C. AucutTer, MarsHart Fiero, Mrs. Eton HuntincTon ER, Joun ‘a MERRILL (Pice- president), Cov. Rogert H. MOoNTGOMERY, ars H. Hozart Porter. Until 1942: ArtHur M. Annerson (Treasurer), PIERRE JAy, CLARENCE

Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry DE La MoNntTAGNE UScevelars and Assistant Treasurer), WILLIAM J. Rossins, and J. E. Sprncarn. II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner. JAME! 5 MARSHALL, President of the Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS

y E. Hazen, appointed by the ay Botanical Club. ah RPER, Sam F. TELEASE. Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by Columbia University

GARDEN STAFF

Wiutiam J. Rogsins, Pu. D., Se. D. Director H. A. Gieason, Pu. D. ............-2-- Assistant Director and Head Curator Henry DE LA MoNTAGNE Assistant Director A. B. STout, Pie Dy cao ee ia ets vs Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J. SEAVER, ie D., Sc. D. Curator Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. Plant Pathologis Joun HENDLEY Baenuaei: A. M., M. D. Bibliographer Avpert C. Smirn, Pu. D. Associate Cordier Hazotp N. Mowvenxs, Pu. Ds Associate Curator ExizaBeTH C, Hatt, A. B., B. Librarian H. H. Russy, M.D. ......... ee Curator of the Economic Collection. Fiepa GRIFFITH tist sane "Photographer Percy WILSON rch Associa Ropert S. WILLIAMS Research ee in Br clay E, J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium , D Ss. Curator CiypE CHanopier, A. M. Technical Assistant RosaALiE WEIKERT Technical Assistant Fre KavanacH, M.A, Technical Assi Caro, H. pwarD, A. B. ditorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Horr. Hortie: ae WL. re A. M. Doc Otto Decener, Collaborator in Haw 3 Botan: ny Rosert HacELste Honorary 5 Curator of Mya romycetes Erne. Anson S. PEcsiaM. .Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections Artuur J. Corpetr Superintendent of | Buildings and Grounds

A. C. PFANDER Assistant Superintendent

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

OOKS ustrated Flora of the Medien United States and Canada, by Nathaniel

n Ill Lord peas a pe on Brown. ree volumes, pine de austere and illustra- tions of 4,666 s Second edition, Sunt cel, Glsa5 Flora of ie Prairies and ons oe Seagal Nore eee by P. A. Rydberg. 969 sages and 601 figu 1932. , $5. ee aid.

Plants of the ccna of New ve by Ae ones 284 pages, illustrated. 1935. $1.65. Flora of Bermuda, Pe Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 text aares: 1918. $3. Text-book of Gener Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 plates. 1897. $2. Periodicals Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in 1 N vol

each volume. ow in ‘ts tatehiey fret volume. Subscription price, $10 a volume (four years). Not rey in exchange. Free to members of the Garden.

Journal of The New York Botanical carden, monthly, containing notes, news and non-technical articles. Weer $1 ear: anole copies 10 cents. Free to aoe ers of the Garden. ow in its onsen volume.

cologia, bimonthly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, indi lichens, “containing ee arcicles phe ews and notes of general in-

$7 ingle $1. Now in its thirty-first volume. Taihity- four Wee fades sialon ee $3.

Brittonia. A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. Now in i third volume.

North American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plans of North Ancey including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central Amer ss Planned to be pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more part ee arts now satel

ot offe in exchan rices 0 cae

ributions from The New York Botanical Garden. eG series of tech nical e sta other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a volume. In the fourteenth volume.

Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Volumes I-VII. Titles on req

Direct all orders to The New oe Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y.

DIRECTIONS FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN

The New York Botanical Garden is locates in the Bronx, immediately north of the ie Park at Fordham Road, at the south end of the Bronx River Par t may be reached by a eas from Grand Central Terminal to the Botanical ue Station (200th Street).

To reach t arden by ee ‘Bitated and Subway systems, take the Third Avenue eed ue is ahs end of the line (Bronx Park Station); from the East and i es gh

ways, tr the ine to the Third Avenue Elevated at 149th Street and Thir By Eighth Avenue subway (Independent ee) take a r CC train is "Bedfo rd Park Boulevard oe Str ) then walk east to the Gar den r from the city, drive nek on Grand Concourse to Bedford Park seed * aooeh Street), turn east there, and cross the railroad bridge into the Garden groun

PaGES /

Vor, XIE June, 1939 125-148

No. 474 JOURNAL THE NEW YORK erent GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y tered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. ual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 c

to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor

June, 1939 Rosa SPINOSISSIMA, FLOWERING IN May Cover ene by Fleda Griffith FUNDAMENTALS OF Rose-GRrowING P. J. McKenna 125 QuTSTANDING Roses New To THE GARDEN THIS YEAR 129 ADDITIONAL RosEs oF NoTE 129

OLp-FasHIONED Roses Live AGAIN AT THE BOTANICAL GaRD: Mrs ee L. Keays 130 134

me: oF OLD-FasHIONED Rosts PLANTED AT THE BOTANICAL GARDEN

L. C. Bopsink HoNorED BY THE BOTANICAL GARDEN 134 oe een FOR THE CONTROL OF Common DISEASES D Pests OF GaRDEN Roses B. O. Dodge 136 WILLIAM HERBERT MepaL AWARDED TO Dr. Stout Dr. RickeTt APPOINTED NEw STAFF MEMBER 144 Reviews OF RECENT Books 145 Notes, News AND COMMENT 148

THE ROSE GARDEN

members of The New York Botanical Garden and others attend the Rose

roses, but t will also see in a natural rose bowl nearly 600 different kinds of

in testing and makin, wn the an roses of all periods, this garden, the plants i hich are largely the gift this firm, contain wi election of ros many types. In this way it fulfills one of the primary horticultural purposes of the Botani arden, which is to grow and exhibit as ny different kinds of plants as urrent horticultural practice and future possibilities make desi A nical Garden thus differs a or a pri arden, in which the aim is mo

Beauty in planting is by no means neglected here, however, and ie entire garden in the rose bowl has been arranged to create a delightful view from every vantage point at its margin or within, But in this garden completeness is never sacrificed to appearances. The one is made to complement the other.

Many gardens are larger, and many have greater representations of each kind of rose that is shown, but few gardens in America can compare with that at The New York Botanical Garden for the number of varieties of roses on display outdoors from May until November

JUN 6 1939

JOURNAL oe of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vow. XL June, 1939 No. 474

Fundamentals Of Rose-Growing 4 Guide for the Beginner By P. J. McKenna

HE art of rose eae ae be said to consist of two phas The rst consists of the of the initial Pi abern One: funda- mentals that should be de closely adhered to, while the second con- aie certain ae es which vary ee local conditions and the wishe ee on T.

The — course, distinct correlation between the two phases, for it can i eedy said that the ana or methods used in the actual grow-

ing of roses are ee an extension of those used in the initial preparation and planting. We will approach the sabied therefore with a discussion of a. piaetaen ae a the

e those needs?

Drainage. Perhaps the most important from a sare of healthy roses is the question of proper drainage. It is true tha ses require oe moisture during their growing season, lut iene approach- ing a waterlo ae See of the soil is a detriment to healthy growth

in summer, while ich a conden is the chief cause of winter killin A ss ee sh aud have some means of draining la the hides used depening upon the nature of the soil and of the

A soil Waar h a sandy or gravelly subsoil affords oer te 1 drainage, as doe that is sloping. A hard impervious subsoil, how-

opir

ever, need s ae eee times it merely requires to be broken up to a depth of 3 feet to Laan : necessary drainage and permit of the excess water being carried a

Dra e can be still fe er "side = d ae He beds 3 feet ee dees in ee bottom some co material s s broken bricks, je or even cinders to a ae of 9 - 12 et On top of he He

ial place some hae grass-side down; these will prevent the soil fro a washed down through the drainage material. Extreme instances of stiff clay soil or a low-lying site may require the installation of agricul-

125

126

tural drains, but this job should be undertaken only by someone who thoroughly understands the problems involved.

he Soil. Good root action and vigorous growth are possible only in a soil of good tilth, particularly in the region immediately surrounding the roots. This is obtained mainly by soil preparation at 2 feet depth, with - a ered of manure or old compost that will lighten the soil,

ender it friable, and assist in forming that loose granular structure that ole free te action ae i

In this region also should ie distributed - essential food materials.

ues ae other aes buried more than 2 feet d are of little

ual use to rose plant: oe ey should be ee ae the a 2 feet of

en a i roots are usually confined. If this work can be performed

some time in advance a ae nting to 1G. for aeac settling and

amelioration of the soil it will add still further to the ultimate success of the ae

Planting. The actual operation of aavaiee ae a few details that ea co eee strongly. Briefly, the

1. Dig the hole wide enough to eal of roots being spread out, the better to insure contact with the soil.

2. Keep the roots ecu ee during the process of planting to prevent them from a ng out. Immerse them in a pail of water or cover them eee rlap.

ns the soil i is friable, not wet and soggy when planting. The

proper aac of the soil is one of the prime essentials, yet it is all too

amen nee cted

Work the soil thoroughly among the roots and set the plants in a.

a

Water well after planting to settle the soil around the roots. To attempt to work a soil when it is wet and sticky is pare sae Even though it may incur a delay in getting the plants into the und,

it will injure the

that purpose chi we fly had in Ae the maintenance of a good granular condition to encourage free roo

Depth t ie ail depend on the al of soil ns a light soil one can aa much deeper t than in a heavy soil. A good general rule to follow in planting roses is to have the junction of the stock a bud about 2 inches ee normal soil level.

With soil preparation and planting considered, we now approach the second phase of the subject.

Pruning. Of all the operations consequent upon rose growing, that of eee seems to offer the greatest difficulty to the beginner. All pruning

Photograph by J. Horace McFarland, courtesy of Bobbink & Atkins

President Macia, a Hybrid Tea, is reputed to stand up well year after year.

is based upon one cardinal principle—the habit of flowering ; that is, whether a ee produces flowers on the current season's growth or on growth of the previous year.

Hybrid . nd Hybrid Perpetual roses bloom on the current season's growth, hence are pruned after the same fashion each spring, w ares

ing and Rambler roses bloom on growth produced the previous yt fore they are pruned after booming = cutting back during rae summer. Hybrid Perpetuals, because of their more eae growth, are usually not cut back as much as Hybr id ‘ . good method to use in pruning is first to remove a thin eros ee just the several main canes e the t back to a length commensurate with their vigor. In

Thes Hybrid Denies ae may he from 18 inches or more in length to as low

128

as 6 inches in hybrid teas. If the canes are killed back, as paiue in ae past wi a er, o there is no choice left but to prune bi ba e firs live bud. is work should all be performed in spring se e bu ue ieee enough to be tens select them. All cuts oud - nn

one-quarter to ete inch above the bud selected.

The pruning of ‘Climbing ne Ra ae r roses Weis a different problem ; these are pruned mae flowering, usually in July arly August. There are two main types. In one, numerous “tin canes are produced in great profusion from oe base each . It is on these canes that the ow ers of next year = be borne. ee in ae case consists of merely re- moving the canes that have already flowered and ae in the new canes

for bloom the toile ne year

Plants of the second t ae require a somewhat different method of treatment, for they blcom ‘best on wood that is two, three, or four years old and not so much on one-year-old wood. They are best recognized by their having 7 canes and large wicked thorns. As a rule they do not produce a great rofusion of new canes each year. Pruning therefore consists not re et the main canes but in cutting back the side growths that have sprung from the main canes. se year, too, it will be s and t ve us same ie

ne

All climbing an rambler roses when newly oo a have all growths cut bac the base a given a fresh and General Maintenance. To ha a oes prepared the 1 and inc n it old cow manure oa bonemeal in sufficient ea to supply the initial needs of the plants is sound practice, but, rder to mene in the pe ts in health and vigor, some form of supple- el feeding will be sary. Established roses teat ee a top-dressing of cow manure and fine bonemeal each phe ce is ete forked into the surface of the bed, taking care not to inju

w = 5

33 ° »

should he applied at ne rate car 3 pounds per square gard, and watered in with a hose at ten-day intervals until the end of — Aes all feeding should cease to permit of the canes saute before the of winter. All fertilizers should be ae hen the soil is — . an should be watered in Sea ea afterward.

Clean cultivation of the ae ee be practised throughout the growing season a al spent flowers should 2 removed to conserve the vigor of the plants as well as for sanitary reasons.

Winter Protection. The last oe consists of hilling up around the bane winter protection. This is done after frost has stopped al

wth. Tall plants are reduced in gh by shearing of the tops. The Ge are then hilled up around their base with soil or a mixture of soil

129

and coal ashes. With this covering, water drains away and the canes are kept dry, which would not happen were any oth leaves or strawy manure, used for their winter prote

Roses require attention all during their growing season. Practical ways of keeping them free from diseases and pests are given by Dr O Dodge in another part of this Journal.

mn aa. such as ol

Outstanding Roses New to the Rose Garden This Year” PHYLLIS GOLD. Hybrid Tea. - Gold Medal ae of the National te Society ie nd). <A rose of fine shape ie Selb promising fu ae K DAWN. Hybrid iam Not exactly new, Fit : finest pink int oe ed in ae four aes - combines good growth, color, form, and dee ae QUEE TY. "Hybeid Tea. Like Golden Dawn, from which it came, it is remarkable te sor foliage and its ability to keep on flowering when others are past their bes PICTURE. cae aoe - lovely rose which has been neglected for some unkno agua Its p possibilities ha have ees been realized and Bobbink & Atkins cHtead to make it o yf in

last eee oe ws S 1207 a ar). A new type of rose developed by

itman Cro: ‘or ees raihiee than pon of flower, it has

‘kably ane Hea foliage, produces large clusters of flowers continuously,

and is is in oe a strong growing, fool-proof, shrubby rose adaptable to almost any situat

GOLDEN DRUSCHKL Hybrid Perpetual

A golden yellow counterpart of the en Avent Frau Karl Druschki. class.

welcome addition, as yellows are scarce in N KING. Rugosa Hybrid. Although classed as a Rugosa, the foliage and

flower are of Hybrid Tea form, similar to Dr. Eckener.

segs rere a STELLA POLARIS. Two very fine improvements on the true

LADY B BOUNTIFUL. Climber. A seedling of American Pillar with remarkable Rugosa-like foliage, which looks as if it might develop into a first-rate creeper. Additional Roses of Note Hybrid Teas

ATROPURPUREA YY ANNE LANDON AMI QUINARD BENEDIKT ROEZL ee eee VON MRS, PIERRE S. DU PONT CARMEN ENCHANTRESS HILDENBRAN ‘ Polyanthas now pWaee Hybrid Perpetuals parent SOUV, DE PHILEMON EMPEREUR DU MAROC COCHET ECLAIR SHANTIE STERN VON PRAG AN’ BATTLES HYTHE CLUSTER TEUSHEEDE BING “GEORGE V. R VANG PHILIBERT BOUTIGNY HaOoE®: : REINE DES VIOLETTES AGNES Climbers TOM WooD AGNES EMILY CARMAN APRICOT URDH LAR BEAR GOLDEN ORANGE CLIMBER VICTOR TESCHENDORFF ROSERAIE DE L'HAY NETS EVEREST SANGUINAIRE Nu.

IRE DE MARGOTTIN

* These lists were prepared by the late William Murray of Bobbink & Atkins, whose untimely death occurred late in April, in the midst of preparations for The een York Botanical Garden’s Rose Conference, in which he was to have played an important part

130

Old-Fashioned Roses Live Again At The Botanical Garden By Mrs. Frederick L. Keays

HE planting of a border of old-fashioned roses this year at The New York Botanical Garden, pee the courtesy of Bobbink & Atkins,

will bring these worthy flov to the attention of thousands of people who for the first time will pestis how lovely and distinctive are favorites of former days. ther persons, remembering them from

past, will be surprised to learn how many have survived through ne years of neglect. Interest in the preservation of old roses never really died out. Senti-

mental ioc oe to perserve certain ones. Families have kept them through ral generations. Migrations carried them over the country we i cee are found almost everywhere

1 . Oo late, appreciation of their beauty, fragrance, and hardiness has been steadily mounting. The movement for their preservation has been stimulated by the co a ae pace of forgotten roses by Mr. L. C. Bobbink and other lovers of e sturdy, faithful types.

At oe che cae settlers coe roses in ba ay eis dens, choic y limited. Ther the fou species, Ros gallica, Re cent ae ae "R. alba, and R. dnmascon es ancient Maiden’s Blush and Celestial, forms of alba: and Lancaster, a form of eae a few aerate variants ; ae Sicee tbrier, Cinnamon, and such other sorts as we find noted in the books of the herbalists, By 1785, time of William nei “Planting and Rural Ornament, al hyb ao and vigorous s ae planting had brought forth a small list

of varieties of the four great s' of Sweetbrier, and a Scotch roses. Climbing 1 roses at that time add oe ‘d R. sempervirens, R. oe (now known as R. pendulina), and both single and double ae

vo everblooming roses from China, Old Blush China aa Red China were iotrodaced in 1789 and hailed with delight. Soon there came a series of crosses ees » Fe bloomers or ae et ever-bloomers— probably one cr ing in a class called Hybrid Chinas: roses w ith ane ey splendid ie oe song blooms in a range of colors, with a blooming period of five or six weeks but showing no ten dency to repeat. One variety and an pana one is placed in the border planting, River’s George the Fourth. The class was ay nea a hundred years ago and more; now it is almost lost. So far only five viving varieties have been ee to our knowledge

Early in the 19th century rose interest was stimated by two events: the fitese nation of the ae and the yellow Tea roses; and the creation of

131

a rose ae at Malmaison by the Empress Josephine, in which every and pro ners was planted. New varieties of the as booing roses, including Moss roses, un - Pe and Tea roses wed this wide view of the an on Noisettes came in. had its experimental st ar

s known as Bou aes i new Hens heh so the Hybrid itl It was an ex 7 ime, ieties Ae now been lost forever. Naturally the surviving old roses are the most self-sufficient kinds, are of holding their own against neglect, eae uaauiseeg grass and bi oe and bad weather. Fragrant, they of fine rose form, of te rank color, distinctive foliage ; roses os oe structure aie a will t ah — ance cannot be dis:

Countless

o liv ted from a an rose. In most old

most

is i licious: Rie old-timey scent of Rosa cain ola. sharp a stating the rich deep scent of damascena, suggesting wi Pp en a

warmth and erma: : clean, healthy, honest scent of gallica, and the tender Se Beauty in rose 2 teen

is not restricted to one long-budded, high-centered form. Far from it. Cupped, globular, expanded, imbricated forms are among ae ers forms in old roses, with the outline often a perfectly flowing curve of the

win circle. Folia ne “prickles oe growth present the eee ae however, and are largely the basis of classifying old r . The

form of Rosa gallica, for instance, = thi Kish tough ue number, pubescent beneath a smooth prickles, standing about three rose- a sais with a b r threes,

n proportion, als, a rnd ee tube

feet high, bearing semi- -do wae ey rilliant ring 7 stamens, singly o fragrant, with short sepal

iter a fo number o

_

e

ssible to date them. lors - from the pale Belle Isis and ae white with pink center of Louise Méhul to the on “pore of Cardinal Richelieu. Others are ee marbled or spo

ee centifolia has broad, down-dropping,

sometimes quite wrinkled leaflets, the edges deeply serrated and glanded: handsome foliage on stalks with unequal prickles, some strong, some weak; the plant eis and rising to five feet and more. The eae eee are very full, very fragrant, good clea: eee ay eta ong stem, “coming ee from ends and along the stalk. As aiboine open the “cabbage” form is shown with stamens hidden

Sep: a in the type oe 7 not ae developing into an oval hip. Varieties of R cas will be aie lacking or reversing typical details, but on the

The calyx tube

132

large count car a ees Seana Varieties in the Scams

planive jeg = fro undated Red Provence and Ros des Peintres, to Konig n Dain ark and Variegata di Bologna sf quite eee pue Sone ete ies Sie not kept the cabbage form of bloom. Some e foliated sepals and reflex them. Mme. d’Hebray hi

hem. aire so sce that it appears blistery and rusty red. n the common Moss rose the w Me = fees characteristics of R. oe of which it is considered t sport, ch exagge- 5 :

g E “ry po dur arl Victorian decades. The named varieties in the pas date between 1840 and 1860. Crested Moss, a charming rose, seems more like R. centi- folia than Moss, as the little bunches of bristles are not eer It g ae a He name Chapeau de Napoleon and dates back to 1827, Ir Mos SS wide range of color from soft flesh- fon to deep purple,

maroon, wee nea aw The general opinion seems to be that when a

ariety shows these deep colors Rosa gallica i eis: into its connor.

Rosa damascena, like R. gallica and R. — in its merge forms goes back to oS - me of Pliny, Virgil and ue It i be the

ose of the Crusaders; it was eS rose of the early Sek se in oe, quite oe tely. she of R. ne are paler, moderately large, five to seven in number iE athery, and the young foliage is quite downy. Stalks are fiercely ee with prickles; they rise to about four feet, and carry fragrant pink blooms sot w hich Parkinson says, ‘The flowers are of a fine deep blush colour, as all know, with some pale yellow threads in the middle, of most eee sweete sent far surpassing all

e often prettily winged and long pointed. The calyx tube is longer ee the others; the hip bright red and rather soft.

Rosa damascena ne ed a repea ting tendency as early as the time of Virgil, who wrote about its “two springs In her book of plates of 1797 Miss Mary Lawrence shows white, pink and red pe Peas, called also ‘Roses of Four Seasons.” ieecics is not to

ntly ti ob e nam Da “Da amask roses ee in the a very highly perfumed, with a wide range of color. The Hybrid a roses remarked about above, crossed with Damask Perpetuals, provided the greater part of the new

e site o R. centifolia, R. alba, R. dae and China, conan ready but unused for years, for the crossing in of the Tea rose to make the great modern class, Hybrid Tea.

Two typical old-fashioned roses

Photographs by courtesy of Bobbink & Atkins

Such es survivors as are planted in the old rose border tell that they

are roses of easy ae that, ae they can Oe without culture. How-

hey will give the grower a welcome answer to his kind attention, Aoaishing reer when given ee aes ha some fer ul

. because too much may push them into an stalk and

flag at the expense of bloo Otherwise they be ee pen

o bloom when expected.

They can take hard ae but seem more rewarding when eae where oe can go their n gait, being merely cleaned of dead wood a shortened for protection ee rocking wind. In general Mee sun ae air, the Mosses, especially, ee 2 a sunny airy loc: Old

es gather up tl g n th foliage and worms like to chew their ds. They ey sould therefore be sprayed ; but they can take the blights. “They have endured mildew and worms for generations, or we would not be ae them today.

When growing on their own roots these June-flowering old roses car: on propagation by root suckering. sending up stalks away from the main center. These can oS cut off and planted. As a rule they will not strike from cuttings. The asional exception is in R. damasccna. It and its fory n be vlereacea by budding but, judging by their — thrifty and healthy performance ee grown on their own roots, i uld seem that nature intended that such old roses as these should grow ihe own thickets of suckers and insure their own self preservation

. At left, Rosa damascena; right, Rosa gallica in the single form.

134 List of Old-Fashioned Roses Planted at the Botanical Garden

Rosa gallica and hybrids Rosa centifolia and hybrids

A GALLICA MARMORATA ROSA CENTIF ROSA M KONIGIN VON DANEMARK ROSA GALLICA ROSE DES PEINTRES BELLE ISIS VARIEGATA DI BOLOGNA neue NELOULE VIERGE DE CLERY ADIEU DE: RORDIOR PETITE ORLEANAISE c DE RICHELIEU RED EROVENCE

a, , LOUISE MEHUL NOUVELLE TRANSPARENTE TEN TIE,

REE PARM DUMORTIER DUC D’ANGOULEME DUCHESSE DE BUCCLEUGH MME. D'HEBRAY DUC DE GUICHE PRESIDENT DE SEZE

eeire Rosa centifolia muscosa LA COURONNE TENDRE MUSCOSA JAPONICA JEANNETTE MALVINA MERCEDES a ME. SAPORTAS pHoRBUS QUATRE SAISONS OVAL SikRBRER CAPITAINE JOHN ING ROSE PONCHEAUX CATHERINE DE WURTEMBERG TRI R JEANNE DE MON

ANEII MARIE DE BLOIS OLD PINK MOSS (COMMUNIS)

OSA DAMASCENA

JACOBUS VARIETY CELINA

KAZANLIK CRESTED M

IARIE LOUISE DUCHESSE D’1STRIE ME. HARDY NUITS DE YOUN

OF. EMILE PERROT KING GEORGE IV (CHINA HYBRID)

L. C. Bobbink Honored By Botanical Garden

N gone ee C. Bobbink by a oo a a bronze plaque in the rden, The New York Botanical Garden is bringing recog-

nition to die man Taio more tha

ae) 2 0 ie) ” > c &. & 8 a i fs) 5 a. Zz ° o oO 4 oO 2 = as 7B i g

plaque : to be unveiled by t 3 p.m., with Jo eph R, ae oe iH fe ha at ing. n for of Holland

8 ing to America in 1895 a eae Mr. Bobbink fund in use ave ae a nn nies of

135

shrubs, scarcely half a dozen kinds of Hybrid Perpetual roses. and almost no well grown Hybrid Teas. Moreover, there was little appreciation for the ee variety of fine woody plants which he had to offer. After he had passed a successful apprenticeship in Holland, spent three years at work in nurseries in Germany, ae as long in France including a year at the Jardin des Plantes, and three years more with nurseries oe “outside of London, his first American venture appeared to be a failur But the following year he came back, bringing some ae of his own, and with this he set himself up ia business at Rutherford. New Jersey. Before the end of the century, the Lei of Bobbink & .\tkins was adie and the business grew, as Am s learned of the beauty of these new types of nursery aia Bobbi : & Atkins became the pioneer norte in quantity of box “an ie trees, many coniferous evergreens, ododendrons, azaleas, se paln and were the origina al introducers of ae of our choicest ornamental ee material which is in use today. ways a pile plantsman, with an almost instinctive knowledge of plants, their varieties, their culture, and their future possibilities, Mr. Bobbink soon ane specializing in ro’ Until about 1914, most nursery- men believed that the a jon a “fe eld-grown roses on a commercial scale in America was impossible. Their canes a ae been due to the use of unsuitable ee for the under: o Mr. Bobbink deter- mined to find the right sort. Pas astern ae “St tates, he discovered, the most enn stock was the Japanese strain of Rosa multiflora. His use of this stock, plus his pegs of many new varieties : ae

2 72 a ae, 5 ° a aa a5 a 3 ° > a i=] >

ea r his all, oe knowledge of roses and his er rsistent Senicae on them, Ameri- an gardens tay bn be nearly barren of one of their loveliest and ae reliable flov Not only did Mr. Bobbink oo many new varieties. but he also sought out ee finest of the old roses. To him great credit is due for the re-introduction of the charming old- fashioned roses into the gardens of today.

Mr. Bobbink’s uncanny instinct for what is best in plants has Atte de great horticultural riches to America. His popularization of the rose has had far-reaching effects. a ee of oe plants to fniporis e rose gardens in -\merica have served to acquaint the public with the many roses that can be grown succesfully in this ae While many gardens have benefited from his generosi eae New York Botanical Garden is especially indebted to him, for s 1923, the rose garden. which now

contains more than 6,000 plants in ee 600 choice varieties and natural species, has been largely the gift of the firm of Bobbink & Atkins; espe- cially, since Mr. Atkins’ death, of Mr. Bobbink personally.

136

Some Suggestions For The Control Of Common Diseases And Pests Of Garden Roses By B. O. Dodge

[* previous issues of this Journal? the writer has discussed some of the common practices nO im use in the control of fungous diseases and insect pests of ros \s these numbers are no longer generally available to our Toadens it may ie timely to review some of the principles involved

rowing he ealthy roses. Mildew and black-spot are still our most ee enemies,

Rose Mildew

Every rose grower is familiar with early sv uae of cies by the powdery mildew fungus, — re the younger . es tend to curl, exposi the lower surface. Such aves are ap ow a more sr es green color than usual. Where oe tip-ends of i. canes of pole roses ar

ected, leaves are dw ne and — Young canes te cieee downward from the tip for a of a foot or more. In cases of serious infection, the es of canes wi ‘ll be killed. When flower-buds are infected they do not

ae

The celium of the fungus a rasite is entirely superficial. On the canes, espe- cially, there are several layers of the fungus threads forming a mat over the surface (Fig. 1). Sections of the infected cane or leaf will show no thread actually penetrat-

the cortex he cane. But

ing eae epidermis, the palisade cells of leaves, or of the car

practically every epid: 1 cell will show the prese of ucking organ called a haustorium. Fro il of a superficial thread or hypha, a very fine tube is put out a this penetrates the cuticle and outer cellulose wall of the epidermal cell, and tilarges in the cell ca (Fig his sucking organ is surround nass

1 cell « ig. 1,5). organ is surrounded by a m of material which is probably composed of some cellulose-like substance developed by the host, possibly as a protective measure. These haustorial structures of the rose of ae iderm

mildew have never been studied sufficiently. With every ar epi is in- vaded, the effects on further growth eee aa a A serious. e is one case where aene or bordeaux mixture or other c mpounds a ctitall y ill the fungus

ium; therefore they may be rleseas s " then as true fungicides. In case of

Hackese and most other fungi these compounds merely prevent the germination of

Control. As so jon as hybrid teas and hybrid perpetuals have been

pruned in early ing, the dormant plants should he ruses ee com-

mercial lime- Gh using 1 gallon of the liquid with 15 or 20 gallons o

water. Full-strength reer te may injure the more ae canes of m0

g . Later on one should begin dusting the plants with sulphur as soon as the first leaves are out. Two or three applications a few days

“1 Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 30:105-124, 1929. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 33 :45-53. 1932.

“

eta Q

N

al

ES

™) ‘t

A

aK

Xe

( } Ne

ee @

yas oe ee

ye erg

a,

s

3. Cuticle of leaf. §. Feeding organs or haustoria invading upper

6. Mass of cellulose-like substance surrounding the

Green cell layers of the leaf.

a = 3 o 2 & 3S as) z i=} = as] u xv 5 % Saeed Boe so Sagan EEES & sc = & Geese 33 35 a5 & °° ea 3 Soo ee oes ner = S38 f ty ei FOR 2 Sa. £288 8 gS235 agg g BO: 3 Bow Gs

(Drawings were made with the assistance of Miss Bass Guttman, a W.P.A. employee.)

Fig. 2. eat of — stages a. infection of rose leaf by the black- spot fungus. L ae . 2. Fun oe ten or ere ; . Cuticle of leaf. idermal Cells: mpervious cross-wal infection

ee ie tube. 6, 7. Hanstoria or feeding organs a oe 8. Beginning ‘of the strands of brown fungus threads that give black-spot its color and fringed margin. (After Aronescu.)

apart ones be all that will - ee Later on in the season mildew

will appear again unless the roses have been regularly dusted in controlling black a Infection by ie occurs most readily when the air is saturated with moisture, but the spores of the parasite do not germinate

well when the leaves are wet ry dew or rain. This probably accounts for the fact that mildew, unlike black spot, is not favored by continuous rains

oe

There are a number of ne ee diseases of roses caused by fungi. in- sects, re other agents. Black-spot can > ese an spots a e darker ee and ae toe the The ur either

e ns erside or the upperside of the in . W ne a hand re 3 small

Probably no rose variety is immune to oe but ae ordinary garden conditions certain varieties are more susceptible than others. Some ike Golden Ophelia, lose their leaves very soon after i

roses, like Go fia, lose th 1 after infection. Others like Grange Colombe, do not easily ne aah leaves, but the spots continue to grow and often become as laces a dim

The first einen aoe in early summer, the spores brought to the under- side of the lea sult of dashing of rain which causes the particles of soil carrying spor ee te os sticte d upward to become attached to the lower side of the

leaves. Later “oh, as the black-spot Gane matures, spores are carried from leaf to

139

leaf by insects, artificial watering, and the dashing of rain. Most pease occur on the upper surfaces then. As a rule spores germinate in films of water on the leaves. The infection tube penetrates the leaf cuticle, after which it develops in tl the ore bie of the seem ole just beneath the cuticle (Fig. 2). ey fe mee hour i pervious wall (Fig. 2, 5) is laid down ee e fungus near of catianee 7b that no matter how soon afterward the sun may dry t the eat, = nee much sprayin; is then done, further penetration of the eee is not preven

Within ten or fifteen hours after spore germination the ae sends out haustorial feeding organs into the epidermal cells and proceeds invade the epidermis of the

ir ing many toria. Th i

The branching is rather irregular and this gives the spot its siebaceiios “appearance with a fringed margin. Fig. 3 gives further details of black-spot infec! ontrol. While the powdery mildew fungus threads are a super- ficial, the mycelium of black-spot, as noted above, is mostly under the protecting cuticle, so that the application of fungicides can 10 t kill the s withou

good grade of ene eee the ae ae granules prevent the Sao ee of the ores. Giv ight hours de eau for the leaf, the fung fou oe aes and . further progres not be halted without ee the leaf. Cor of black- ae sh oe Begin with the gathering and burning of all oie fee at the end of the grow- ing season. The fungus overwinters in these old leaves and the — are

. ray

(? ws

i" cafe:

a8)

Fig. 3. Diagram of section of leaf infected with the black-spot fung i. Cuticle. 2. Cushion Au two-celled spores. 3. Subcuticular threads of the pas 4+. Haus- toria or feeding organs. 3%. Epidermis of the leaf. 6, 7. Green cell layers of the leaf.

140

scattered to mix with the soil, which, as noted above, may be ae upward by early rains to ae ae to ie lower side of the Dusting shoul begin as s s the lea well out and ce aaae ail summer. s forme: ey our er ee liso ntinue our dusting by the 15th of panne but we have found that many new infections occur later, as we have a @ lone ae season in m Sew York

Pro tection of the roses on surance of good growth the next year. That half of a ee wh ne as wae protected while the other a not ae protect will show a effect the following season; the protected plants will make a much more v net ous growth.

Certain dusting adobe are dyed gre that the foliage does not

ly discolored. The addi

a pois g possible when the folia nee is ee “A light pape more frequently i is oe ae ome roses oe two applications a week es the season. It is not necessary © put on so eens that it shows on oliage. In the cold weather of ae or fall, a ar is not ver eae aedinet black-spot ; and as copper sprays are o be injurious one way or another to roses in this area, we are still in eae of the ideal fungicide for roses

Fig. 4. Two stages of gray mold, Botrytis, showing how it prevents the opening of th flower-buds of roses. At left, gray mold on a winter-killed cane, from where t will infect the living plant, unless the cane is cut and burned before the spores are released.

Gray Mold or Botrytis Blight

Certain hybrid tea roses are susceptible to attacks by the fungus a is le which fro he

efor tainly prove less destructive and no doubt as effective as a fungicide.

Brown Canker

e are several fungi that cause cank- The m i

area, eae nee oa ite.

of the

I eg wl ae larly di h As to oatrol black-spot, we now h eth teats dif- ficulty ir Chiang: spect ms of this disease, whereas originally it was very common and ioe

growers usually hesitate to cut

out a cane of epi rose bearing a canker of this type, especially if it is go- ng loo: ch a will die a way an destruction in tim it e

ny nes

many other canes. y p particularly subject to brown canker. every case es canes should be cut out and bur

«The figures stand for 4 pounds bluestone 50 gallons of water.

Fig.5. Crown gall on Hybrid Tea rose.

Crown G i

soil may be sterilized with formalin and aiged i remain a week or two before planting new Firus Dise ent years, certain cases of vi Tus

mottling leaf discoloration. ing ut of the infected canes did not eee the development of the disease on ne nes springing up from mG the plant was in a vig aud about eight feet high. Pewer blooms id less growth developed each aes ios w bee

inte he ailing plant has cut almost to the groun AY ee hy brid tea roses in the same garden showing

East, but rose growers should inspect their plants with a w to destroying plants that appear to be infected with a virus,

(copper sulphate), 4 pounds hydrated lime, and

usually appear on roses with . The flower stalks become in- fested v rly. The a has oe contact spray com pound on the mar, de found that 40 per- ia - af 40 and a very ec tive, although certain pepe and der- a products are i less fa ectionable as ae app ned. Ni

phids

e the

nay be eee a repeat “the Spraying be ecause of new infestations. oe there are usually The first or early

arden two infestations by ee aisle the lat X

the

i " Thorough spraying of the s of the nike with a strong ontact spray, repeat after 2 a few days, will kill the young le; ath oppers. If spray- ing is delayed until the wsects have ma- tured, cont is very difficult.

rol by contact sprays

Rose Chafer

senate of lead, to 4 lev

reatn nai , not very se er and the Japanese beetle. ee roses in full bloom it is “vious inadvisable t senate of lead

un apott ing of the

foliage. The Pt in which the rose chafer does its damage is very short and

the most practical method of coor oine these ene is 2 pk ck them off bus! into a can of ker

Japanese Beetle t satisfactory method y

this way

son is ov S oliage damage ‘ollow if the plants are not sprayed wit aaa of lead or with a es prepa-

um sulphate hi

rains wash the Thi xtu:

‘ood r repellent cue while

vented

stomach poison ie formula is ta

Tf the 1 ther grass plots in é vicinity of gardens are protected ete the larvae or grubs of the Japa-

OWL rose yee here treatment of all grass plots with 10 pounds of arsenate of ead 1,000 s. ware oe has not only

nee served to nae .

aep li ed ae ae The. of year o the app plication is ciimetedat as long the ground is A frozen. This will be effective for at least Where the stilphiie dust appli ed in the écntrot “of fungous diseases. contains 10 per cent arsenate of lead, the soil in the

143

rose beds will eventually be impregnated with sufficient pleas — lead to prevent — from feeding on the roots of the a rule, how. wever, the adult beetles lay. their eggs in lawns

Other Chewing Insects

a sulphur dust to which has be a 10 per cent as of lead is regu: larly applied to in the control of

ger n Dp ) the arsenate to 100 aoa of water and one aes of fish oil, or some other eader,

Miscellaneous Diseases and Pests Anthracnose, rust, various leaf-spots, cankers and other fungous diseases are as destru d

y not apt to be tr . The spiral ae cane-borer infre- a Hugonis, and

ane-borers sities

emer;

dentally . the calohur. dust used against black-spot. The ia

stershell scale vege and

The old ens of vari- ties of the Dorothy Perkins type are ordinarily cut out each year er the looming son to make ro for the

e dormant “anplica tion “S pee sulphur as strong as 1:9 9 be nece

S a4 pt Se =

Equipm A one-quart brass or copper atomizer is one of the most useful pieces of equip- a small home

Most home nee Ts acaure or 4- gallo: ss pressure sprayer. Some pre- fer a 3-gallon knapsack sprayer. ia ae

Angle one: are

For the lage garden or estate, the 10- gallon hand-pump spray outht would Hie able. There are also now market 50-gallon power sprayers, ped with two rubber-tired wheels. ca! ved about in a

o up to iT ‘e pressure,

A one-pint or one-~ adil hand duster, operated by a piston compressor, is more

z Rose cane- ‘borer ina Hybrid

Perpetua

144

reliable than the bellows types; at least

it is more easily repaired.

‘oses The piston type of duster is better ior high pole rose quipment commonly lacking but very essential would include: measuring spoons, pint, quart, and sures, a spring scales, one grad other

uated t ae ounces, anothe we nds.

to eh

one uses the 50-gallon paws ie.

e cut down very much for spra: brid Tea roses. Damage can be done to tender leaves by too for 1 spraying, as

jent, and that is mor one uses the patios! hand ie pressure sprayer. possession and use of the right equipment for applying pete and dusts is ee Las battle in combatting diseases and pests of roses.

William Herbert Medal Awarded to Dr. Stout

The American Amaryltis Society has announced the awarding of one o

A.B oe recognition his “out standing ork i reeding, logy, genetics, introducti tion of new wild type:

ages show of Dea wil Herbert ‘778. is) who in 1837 rblened his great on the Amaryllidaceae—a_ study whic HN renaine fee book for horticulturists and bot- On th

. t aie taken from Leopold uy ttin- ick’s “Thesaurus Botanicus” (181

Established by the American halo 1936, the medal was first

in ‘urd ; Fred H. Howard of Mon iJ. Ba of the Royal otanic Garden at ites ile nd ; a S. Percy-Lanca See of tl yal Ses So sai at nee Trias besides . Sto Winners in te Kre = oo Houdyshel, ae bert Damn . du Pont, and Jar

resent year, the society has

3 Eo 8 a.°

2

a announ

Dr. Rickett 4 ppointed New Staff Member Dr. Harold William Rickett, Associate Professor “ot Botany at ne ee of Missouri, has been appoi ted Assistant Bibliographer at The New Bot i den.

ae Ga He will assume his dut out July 1. orn in Se Dr. Rickett took his

ork at tanta after study- ity. He hi

Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew : in Hae ee = in 1920, an h.D. in 1922, s assistant in the botany department during his last three pear’ = the Uni of Wisconsin. He

then apne int ae an instructor. From 1924 to 1928, he was assistant _ the ive! of

professor of botany Assur: since then he has been asso- ciate professor bas In 1937- 38 he

taught as Me professor of botany at Reed Colleg n Or ae

Ri ae . orked in plant mor. and eee and is the aut thor f

Dr. phology papers, especially in the

of a munber ° er a

tt the Garden will consist in

. Gleason a

rth

eee ican Flora

145

The New

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of York Botanical Garden.)

Plant Chemistry for the Specialist THE CHEMISTRY OF PLANT eaten alee eas Ole Gisvold and Charles H. 309 pages, index. Burgess: Bablishing Co punneapelis,

Minn. edition. $3.50.

an excellent book ie the spe-

the carbohydrates, ae

noids, fan-

ne: Sota mee menia He It is with s and the

pounds discussed is very useful. oo! s t

o the advanced student and investigator. W. J. Roppins.

Biology for the Young In Wo. sd They Can Understand ENTURES WITH LIVING THINGS. Elsbeth Kroeber and Wal- Jolff, 798 apaess 7 pee heures, bend. D.C. ath & ny, 1938. st 96.

putable

ittle or no compr ion of -b materials.* High school text books offer © some students a maze of verbal com-

save and difficulty which they never

“* English Monograph No. 6 of the National Counc of Teachers of English. D. Appleton—

Elsbeth ica and Walter H. Wolff, widely recognized as inspiring teachers and euRCestul ‘ini

traversed Yerbal. b ri lee and subject. Tea hav e had to forget iniveceal truths, basic principles dele attitudes and habits of scientific thinking in an effort to over- come students! language handicaps, now have an invaluable tool in Adventures With Living Thing: No biology text book has been written

of biology who

comes e cane nt’s

the text, i rst-hand

relation en Ot Gia” hence the need caaneene all ie tou having to wade thro ugh a we of involved ter. miney I, How Plants and Animals Live, ee a ay . ae way in which plants and animals out mer ee functions Ehaconmere relatio stressed. A wealth of iistrtions of sacptations ‘of living things to thei: vironments makes the more meantnetal Part III presents - z B

ng pater

Great Generali-

tines of Biology: that there is unity in all living things; a balance of life on the planet; and con: change on the

these concepts, with a picture of ‘the S-

146

sible future of mankind, are arrived

at

logically and _ . most appropriate psy- chological procedure.

While the quantity of illustrations is

that the subject matter dealing with Genetics, Selection and scars and Cel lular Division might a fuller, more enriched presen ry io:

e for

biology, and economic factors that affect the bo: and girl in a pea world, we feel

aches a new achievement. JEROME METZNER, Bronx High ae of Science AM PENZER, ee “High School,

Gardens To See in America THE GARDENER'S TRAVEL BO

trated. Hale, man & Fli int, Boston, 1938. $2.50.

The idea behind The Gardener’s Travel Book is definitely a good one. Nobod: thought of it before, yet nothing has bee: needed m than a guide book for gar-

are oa excellent graphs, besides ae and city maps. book s serve two puroosees Reet to ee pas uide book, and second to be good reading. This is an im- for it results in

oO 1 op

ill eventu- ily h i : for ev in the U.S. oO write an 1M

Fareington ‘what he fas left o His firs may ig ‘have ey 1

from os Wha en. The Nev World’s Fair is not Fagan Catite nians have seen

more a senite then at any previous one, as the

The main scheme I by a central board ign ach

area is much lar

which has passed on the design of e exhibitor. An entire eaate “Gardens | on ay garden: ns,

> es aS on = p

the pie

ve acres will become a public park. Tore suggestions for the travel book

are:

Hotel gs ardens of California.

Visiting days for enreg gardens. Trees of Flushin: N. Y., especially the great eeping beech.

New York City, Long Island, and Westchester County open days for famous sardens: (West-

The Smith College Graduate School of ache tecture ai — Landscape Architecture at Cam. bridge, Ma:

Narcissus fields bylon Tey Ne

Island semen ay in apreeais and ne iy under Hicksville).

Library, herbariim, museum of

The New York Botenical Garde

Sta Institute BE Agriculture, Farmingdale, L. LN. ¥%

Iore names of designers, as ‘Enfant for Washington, D. C. ation of s:

lower shows, whe plantings neve been made (as in Frente). ane e on oe as to how to reach the

Daionsl “tis ts for special interests would be appreciated, such as garden pres

ook. “Visitors to New

York,” it says, “will naturally spend much me in Central Park.” Granted that they will, a have my , it might help them ell where it is, who designed it,

when, oad what to look for besides gen- eral plantings ae wisteria. to locate the Elgi

in New ¥ ity. At Rockefeller Cen- rt ay it lies between the two buildings on Fifth Avenue on the block

aroun em. Or n the physicke gar- cd in ae Take your on whether you go

mer’s Eve

ep rrington m den that disappeare choice, depending to see it on Midsum Also how sure are our welconies in all these “places? There is little value in saying that “Mt. Vernon is one of the country’s most in-

147

ots” and the Arnold Arbor

Hai sp um point of horticultural waters

which a6 gardener or tree lover should fail to see.” Their ear in this book presupposes as much, of a blue

could then i ae nd awa:

a

garden fro ee r, no seasone

gardener is ever ecg to do his traveling

between the covers of a book. Mary ae M.LA.,

Trees From Alaska To Oregon FOREST TREES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. Willard Ayres Eliot. 565 pages, wdenc and illustrated. Putnam, New York, 1938. $5.

Under the title “Forest Trees of the

Pacific Coast” Willard Ayres is ae

ed by G. giv

sist ry B. McLean, has a particularly interesting oe helpful book ipon the trees shrubs native from ae

uthor, this book

In the words o the a has og written to meet the increasing to

demand for a popular field book be used by amateurs, outdoor clubs, elemen- tary forestry s nts, nature teachers, forest rangers, all have need or desire to learn what they see when

are outdoors in that iehly interesting region. The bock is the re: ae ral years of extensive travel dad's y by the author and its primary purpo: o fur-

'Y purpose He identifying the ae

nish a means of

described by the appearance of average mature leaves. This identification is greatly facilitated by the splendid photo- graphs, inly made cae Ste- phenson, Bes show the trees in their entiret, typical situations, ai

‘y i ad also by

scale photoeraphe and drawings of leaves,

i s. More than 90 species ion.

been taken to combine ine results of “personal beer tion with the carried i ig list of Reblieons siseerthy Forest Servic,

and others, upon the same sub- ject, to which full credit is ie For eac ecies described in the

h of the s book there are in oy arranged para- graphs the latest cepted scientific

names,

notes as to former nomenclature, list i

of common names, a detailed dis- 1 and local

and the part which pe ch Glave tore makeup

est Tee of the Pacific Coast” should bi aie ae eee of every person nterested in the diver- hed ond “abundant flora of the last vir- gin timber region of ‘Am nerica, oyaL S, KELLogc.

Grass Plants and Legumes COMMON ay es arktaety AND LEGUMES. J. O. Thomas and L.

Davies. 124 pages indexed, illus-

a bongmans: Green, New Yor rk,

icated by the baa species which are

This book, as indi deals with the

e key on a this group, and 26 are e deserbed in “deta 15 are well know: pa: a

Eighteen legumes are covered in ie key on this group, 16 of which are in detail. Eight of thee are grow: widely in the oy ae for agricultural purposes. As of ie the ce sketches are wee in obtai ine @ picture of the habits the pla

. B. AGUE, New Jersey State College of Agriculture.

148

ee News, and Comment

In Fashin At meeting of the National renee of ‘Seine in Wash-

ington April 26, Dr. O. Dodge spoke on a new ow ian in New pls which effec abortion her-

in mon growth substances in relation to fungi.

Eight representatives of

From Italy the aan “Hortcultaral Society, who had come New York attend the World’s Fair, visited w York

Botanical Garden

alae Clubs. ie Mortimer J. Fox, who is Corporation and the Advisor of The New York Botanical Garden: oa ht 40 inembers of the Garden ee 2 ae oo Heights, and Fee the Gar afternoon of

Thirty mi oe of the aaa a of Dobbs Ferry visited the Tho: oe morial Rock Garden May 2. The Sul

Deb group os ne ane Club of Larch mont made a e Garden April 13. t Visitor.

Studen. dents (corn New Brunswick, N. J., under re direction of Prof. J. Harold Clark of Agricu im: a

s. Ten horticultural stu-

a n about plant breeding being done here and to see the Thomp: a Memorial Rock Garden.

Dr. enedict of Brooklyn Col- me hou pa a ae botany students ‘o the Garden 14. the past

and a kindergarten in the

Gardeners Foru At the annual din- ner of the Gardeners ron April 30 at the ee Hotel, Samuel Bridge w set of Britton & Brown's Tete a Flora for having made the finest hecheumn collection of

local plants among student gardeners dur-

ing the past y H. Everett was ee vad perp were oper Py ed Sparks, John “a

ridge, so will go to England foee: a year in Jul

Student Gardeners. Fraser MacCar' ney, who has spent the past year as ex- en ee eae = Hee has ac-

ted a a Istar ey.

g

completing his student gardener taming at the Botanical Garden, has been ap- pointed greenhouse foreman on the eau of Mrs. B. Schlotman at Grosse Point Shores, Detroit Visitor Am the botanists have recently “registered in the library M.A. Chr New : F. A. Var: Elias, Yale University’ F. R. Fosberg, Univer- sity of ele er A. Fredholm, Jack- ville Li

sony iang Hwang, Liuchow, China ; — Ri erby, Cambridge, Eng- land; Joseph H. Pyron, Athens, Ga.; and

Eee T. Wherry, University af Pennsyl- vania

Dr. William J. Robbins spoke at a "Oard annual meeting of the New York State Association of ars Health Laboratories on May 8 Grasslands Hospital, Valhalla,

Tulip Dr. W. Cam es Poke ‘New York Botanial Garden Tudor

City May speaking on the ne tory of the tulip. Birthday. The 80th birthday anniver- sary of Robert S. Williams, Research ssociate in Bryology the Botanical garden, was observed a day in advance, May 5, by members of the staff who gathered in the Director’s office. Among ay s = steers him during the day Theron G. Strong, 88. Mr. Williams “has been associated with the

Garden since December 1899.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS

L ECTIVE MANAGER Until 1940; HENRY DE oe EST BaLpwin (Vice-president), CHiLps ee T.

1940; Attyn R, Jennincs, Henry Locxnart, Jr, D. T. MacDoucat, Mrs. Har I. Pratt, and Josern R. plied ae > Until 1941: E. C. Auc Frecp, Mrs. Eton oo Hooker, Joun L. Mesa, ice. piesdene. Cot, Ropert H. Mon MERY,

Until ae ARTHUR M. ANDERSON (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE Lew: Merritt, HENRY DE LA es ge eoeeaey and Assistant ne Wittam J. Ropsrns, and J. E. Spr

II]. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS

Fyoretto H. LaGua Mayor of the City of New York.

Rozert Moses, Pa a Connon

James Marsua tl, President of the Board of Education.

III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS

Tracy E, Hazen, appointed aes figs Torrey Botanical Club.

R. A. Harper, Sam F. Tre Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by Colonia Uae,

ea STAFF

oe J. Rogzins, ae D., Sc. Director A. Greason, Pu. D. ...... 2. eee ee Assistant Director ise Head ee eee DE LA cee Assistant Direc. An BY Sroure Pa Dress hae saaeten acieate Curator of Education aid seein Frep J. SEA Pu. D., Se. D. Curator BERNARD o Dover, Pu. ee Pathologist Joun Hen y BARNHART, A. M., M. D. grapher ALBERT Sine, Pu. D. coe “Curator Harotp N. MoOLDENKE, Pu Associ ae Seas Exizazetu C. Hatt, A. B., as rar H. H. Ruszy, M. B* A tecdn ee Dee Curator of the. panei Colton Fiepa GriFFITH and P rapher Percy WILSON sd Aon Rosert S, WILLIAMS esearch Associate in Bryology E, J, ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and one : the god Herbariin W. H. Camp, Pu. D. istant Cur Ciype CuHanpier, A. M. Feehoual Pines Rosalie WEIKERT Technical Assistant Frepertck KavanacH, M.A. Technical Assistant Carnot H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H, Everett, N. D. Horr. Horticulturist G. L. Wirrrock, A. M. Docent Otto Decener, M. S, Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany Ropert HaGe.sTeIn Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes ee ANSON = an Honorary Curator, Iris ge Narcissus Collections G

Artuur J. Cor uperintendent of B uildings and Grounds A. C. SP EANUE A sistant Superintendent

THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

© New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the Legislat of the State of New York in 1891. The Act of Incorporation provides, among other Sineay teh a self-perpetuating body of incorporators, he meet annually to elect somber of the Bo: ardhe Managers. They also elect new members of their own Bee the present roster of whic given below.

The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women who are elected by the Board. By customs: ithe are also elected to the Corporation. Oar fs are: Mrs. Elon pantine?an Hooker, Chai Mrs. Carl de Gersdorff, First Vice-chair: ; Mrs. William A. Lockwoo eas Bee con, Vice- eainaan: ‘Mrs. Nelson B. Williams, Recording Secretary; Mrs. Townsend Scu ae

responding Secretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasur

Arthur M. Anderson Harry Harkness Flagler B. Y. Morrison Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. Augustus G. Paine George Arents, Jr. Childs Frick Mrs. James R. Parsons Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Rufus L. Patterson Vincent Astor Dr. H. A. G Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham E. C. Auchter Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Mrs. George W. Perkins Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. George McM. Godley Howard Phipps Mrs. Robert Bacon urry Guggenhei James R. Pi Prof H. Bailey Edward S. Harkness obart Porter Stephen Bak. Prof. R. A. Harpe Mrs. Harold I tt ry de Forest Baldwin Prof nee E. Hazen Mrs. Hen t. C. Putnam Sher Idwin A Stanley G nge Mrs. William F. Hencken Johnston L. Redmond Mrs. William Felton Barrett Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn den Mill id Prof. Charles P. Berkey Capt. Henry B. Meylman Dr. William Es Robbins George Blumenthal Mrs. Christian R. Holmes Prof. H usby Prof. Marston ert Mrs. n H. Hooker Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee Prof. William J. eee rs. Clement Houghton John M. Schiff eorge P. Brett cher M. Huntington Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey Pierre Jay Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley Allyn R. Jennings Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Mrs. Walter Jennings Mrs. Townsend Scudder Prof. Gary N. Calkins Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg Mrs. Samuel Seabury Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Mrs. Warren Kinney Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Miss Mabel Choate Clarence McK. Lewis Mrs. Samuel Sloan Miss E. Mabel Clark Henry Lockhart, Jr. James Speyer W. R. Coe Mrs. William A. Lockwood Sol. J. E. Spingarn Richard C. Colt Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. Charles H. Stout Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Mrs. David Ives Mackie Nathan Straus, Jr. Alfred J. Crane Mrs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Theron G. Strong Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise Parker McColle: Mrs. Arthur H. ae Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise Mrs. John R. ai Joseph R. Sw: Edward C. Delafield Dr. E. D. Merrill Dr. William S. Thomas Mrs. George B. de Long John L. Merrill Prof, Sam F. Trelease Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow Roswell Miller, Jr. Mrs. Harold McL. Turner Julian Detm Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky Mrs. Charles D. Dickey George M. Moffett Allen Wardwell Mrs. John W. Draper H. de la Montagne Nelson M. Wells Ne ceemWanraieoute Mrs. Gilbert Montague Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Col. Robert H. Montgomery Bronson Winthrop Marshall Field Barrington Moor Grenville L. Winthrop William B. O. Field Mrs. William a Moore John C. Wister

Mrs. Robert H. Fife J. Pierpont Morgan Mrs. William H. Woodin Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Dr. Robert T. Morris Richardson Wright

Jury, 1939 PAGES

149-172 JOU we

THE NEw YorK PP RICAL GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter nnual subscription $1.00 Loa copies 10 cents Fr

¢ to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor July, 1939

WEEPING HEMLOCK IN FRONT OF THE MUSEUM BUILDING Cover Photograph by Fleda i Peart Buck Unvelts Bronze TaBLET DEDICATED TO L. C. ee BIN Japanese BEETLE Time Is Here Acal . O. Dodge 152 JAPANESE BEETLE (Picture vee No. 4, ois the Bureau - Entom oe logy and Plant Quarantine, U.S.D.A.) ert opposite page 152 WEEPING OR PENDULOUS are A. B. Stou WEEPING HEMLOCKS AND THEIR BRANCHING Hasit (Photographs ik B. Stout) 160-161, 163 166

it 153

Reviews oF RecENT Booxs CurRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 170 Notes, News, aND COMMENT 171

“FOR BEAUTY AND FOR SERVICE”

In speaking of the often quoted diag for which The New York Botanical Garden was incorporated, President Sw: aid to the aes gathered for the dedication of the plaque in ee of L. Cc. Bo obbi nk on June 6:

“This is a fine objective toward which, during the past almost fifty years, oe Ga has constantly set its aim. Its grounds, greenhouses and plantings y see about you. Each year they devel op and improve. Its herbarium of nearly two

gies poo increases at t ae rate ot nearly ples thousand a year. Its library

- sa lts arch work i me: major import- a re its pu public All of ae activities are carried on with moet means a are ‘capable oe ‘great development a nd much greater usefulness. ehalf.

Pearl Buck tr to unveil th is another sign of the hig! rde: OS acquainted with it entation of valuable books, herbarium colle: 8, rar d unusual living plants, are oth endly acts which the Garden cherishes as it does the objects given. Time an ice of experts in fields outside the den’s immediate

scope are similarly appreciated i f m . far in increasing the usefulness

of the Botanical Garden to the public and to scien

Wi thout friendship such as this, ae Garden scale be unable o function according to its pledge of half a century o t behooves every ease ho now regards the institution with friendly interest ae d new friends add to the great circle of those who are already promoting ae mie ee aislide fee beauty and for service which are here at hand.”

Wye

JUL LO

JOURNAL of THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN Voi, SL Jury, 1939 No. 475

Pearl Buck Unveils Bronze Tablet Dedicated To 2. (. Bobbink

Ceremony is Focal Point Of Two-Day Conference on Roses

i (ee appr coe for Le a af aes ited of eke ae during the xteen yea

nd for the wise counsel that has fostered the collection a dea oe ale roses at The New ae ae al Gar- de: bronze plaque was dedicated by the institution the afternoon of Juve 6 to honor Lambertus C. Bobbin

arl S. Buck, author of “The Good Earth.” “Suns,” and other works

a x Nobel prize-winner, unveiled the tablet after oe an informal adc

am here because of my gratitude for roses,” she said in opening.

“When so many speeches must i made today for many causes—Spanist

The rose garden on the day of the dedication and conference.

150

and German refugees, starving Chinese babies, and other uae

ee of life in a warring world, it is a joyous thing to be able pealx

about aa — inuing, she told of her long association vik ce >

I know that the rose is my own eas rorite

ower, for all my life roses have been nee me whereve r I have been, e Ven NOk, of Mr. Bobbink’s roses are blooming in my garden in Pennsyloa

I have found ae roses will grow alniost

eis sometimes under the most trying circumstanc and wherever they are, they always ae joy. For that reason IT never

ve a feel badly when a rosebush is taken away, for I know that in its new home it will bring pleasure ie sonicone else,

The sight of these roses here soa a ros on . my childhood, beside

ebt

aianes mom qwall in China; then oe beside ie oak

Pearl Buck ing xellow waters the Yangtse River ai

hanghai. I seem to have grown up under

a great bush of fragrant roses—probably pelea Then in 1911

came the et and still there were roses ever aw Giz. all through the war, dr arden was something to go into to fo orget.

We ie ee the north of China, and there in ae ary oe dreary he we found Chines se roses to grow in this most difficu ce. Upon return we found, in the midst of the eee de ie roses had piled through and were piesa sil for us after two years of war and ae ct.

Ro oses take the mind away from trouble ad ae a

Tam glad to ee a a to one who has given his life to roses. Tork

ree _boug

ie ‘Max “Schling. was

John Dive of ne gar- dening ae The Plaque

151

Joseph R. Swan, the Garden's President, directed the ceremonies, an Charles Totty, long a cis ee Mr. Bobbink’s, spoke briefly on the guest of honor’s prowess n all-around plantsman—"“a eset of He first water,” he called. hi Before the program and afterward, while

guests inspected the rose etek the City’s Park Department Band nigel a he outside the garden

This cerem i served as a foc: al point around which was built a conference on roses which brought to the Garden representatives of ee one cultural aes Reaeg cles schools, hortic ae ae nae an Ln clubs, as well a ry

vate lar, = ale growers an leners. 00 people, ‘neluding those came bot h days, attended the Sessions. on Tu a ‘and bitin June 6 and 7.

The Proceedings of the Rose Conference, including ae complete address : Miss Buck, will be published by the Sticnes Press, accordin plans ow under wa:

A feature of the pro vhich brought ae applause during the first morning session w: description of “My Favorite ’ by re precentative: of fiv

as major atin fos with horticulture. The favorite roses and the women io chose them

Charles Pe Mrs. Charles Doscher, Federated Garden Club of a ya - site! dare Blush, Mrs. Robert C. Hill, City Spay, Club; Gruss

ancis King, Garden Club of America ; Prem Mrs. H. Edward "sdaevite

Tateraaroral Garden Club; Moss, Miss Elizabeth Remsen Van Brunt, Wom

Mr. Bobbink and Miss Buck with the plaque which was anaes ae 6. Photograph by courtesy of the Flower Grower Mag.

152

ley of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden; Silver Moon, Mrs. George W. Perkins, Advisory Council of The New toes Botanical G arden. Dr. ae O. Kunkel, who c k from Princeton for the oo

vas aske speak on Friday aiternoon on iaitus diseases of roses. Par of the he rose clinic at the lose of the session on Friday i ses 5,

. ri roses by Dr. Anna Jenkins; spraying and dusting equipment display derson & Company. and owe of an a and pests and the means of trolling them, arranged by Dr. B. O. Dod,

Japanese Beetle Time Is Here Again And All Must Co-operate If the Pest is to be Controlled pono ee as to the ways of controlling the Japanese beetle will a be in great demand. We are therefore availing ourselves of the opportanity = oie ribute through this Journal the accompanying illustra- ion of the life history of the insect, obtained through the courtesy of the Bureau of “Ento sae and Plant ¢ Onarain of the United States

Reena of Agricu On the reverse side will be found information as to the most ee “yeliods of oer that have so far been work oan of in this country.

No tion is made on the leaflet : the use . Mi which have been ied. Mh geraniol aie nie opl rate, me smell of the geraniol will draw more beetles ee one’s ne sagibor ardens than will

wi be caught in the traps. W ith neighborly co- re ee trapping would certainly be helpful. Natural enemies of this insect, such as species of eelworms and the parasitic Tip ee Alar ae are ioe ae ed by Federal i investigato Ts = ch methods of kno “biological control,” are pro helpful, but as nee ee eye ee be used. For the small ae

iol Sy ya! fan @ 5 - > o 2 2 a is} a a. 5 ia) + an

ficial to the flower garden because, by killing the grubs which otherwise, as a would become leaf and flower feeders. much later destruction nted.

ne e Garden we have tried out the four methods of control listed on the ee of the illustration and have found them all helpful, though the Naan aan are by no means yet eliminated. Much work remains to be

ors eee containing py fae and derris now heing advertised effective contact sprays merely . a etles for a time without killing them. To make sure that vor really effective poison,

you may try — products by aoe a ee ed beetles under a jar for a few ho If everyone ee his utmost, using ie en methods against the Japanese beetles in July and August each year, there is hope that someday this worst-of-all nes pest will be role: if not exterminate O. Dooce.

dult Insert, eer beetle, about nee wice natural size. Fi bee s below ound represent i (I g);

Left t pupa; beetle laying a one aecinpine. ci fea summer pad fall); a about twice natural si

(See other side for life history and control)

Bureau of f Entomology ae Plant Qu Quarantine Picture Sheet No. 4

ae : co. re

no as BMaszaesan JAPANESE BEETLE (Popillia japonica Newman) Life History Japanese adie Ab tans as grubs, or larvae, in the soil at e ur

and cause serious Su Control of the Beetle tective or repellent sprays.—The foliage of fruit, shade, and

e made as needed to maintain a protective coating on all portions of the plant apes to attack as long as the beetles are present. The most useful sprays are as follows:

1. ee lead arsenate, 10 ounces; wheat flour, 6 ounces; water, 10

gallons (for ornamental Hak and shrubs).

2. Powdered lea senate, 1 el ea bra ay oil, 2% ounces; water, 10 gallons (for ornamentel trees and s

3. eras euphe Y% poe hydra ea lime! 2p wands; water, 10 gal- lons ornamenta: s and shrubs, beanie apple, plum, and cherry tress, seeatevinies eral fruits, and flowering plants).

4. Powdered derris (4 percent rotenone), 5 ee nces; water, 10 gallons sa

Heine apple, plum, cherry, ant peach trees: bearing gr grapes ands fruits, and flowering plants).

Con sprays.—Contact sprays are of value in eames beetles

if care is pate to actually ne them with the fauid, bat they may not

afford satisfa pt protection of foliage. e act sine in-

clude: Spray 4, listed ae commercial fish-oil soap or a good

gra ade of household soap, 3 pounds to 10 gallons of water; and

the Eee 1 pyrethrum sprays, at rates recommended by the manufacture

Control of Grubs

Lawns can be protected from injury by Japanese pee grubs fora Eeie period by ney one application = ad a senate at the rate of 10 yeti per 1 vee square feet o ee oison

should be es its ool me of mois “sand, Aa or other suitable patecial and Tbeeaden st by hand. Cautions in the Use of Lead Arsenate

Lead arsenate is poisonous to man and oo and children or animals should not be allowed access to i Great care should be

16) stic animals should not be allowed to feed on treated rass or on or under sprayed trees or shrubbery while any poisonous idues is visible. 8—12618

October 1938 U.S. Government Printing Office

Weeping Or Pendulous Hemlocks

Some Notes on Their History, Propagation, And Peculiar Habit of Branching By A. B. Stout

ry three-quarters of a century, since the first weeping hemlocks were Pst near the village of Fishkill, N. ¥., just cast of the ees River, there has a considerable interest in this as form of Tsuga canadensis. What causes the pendulous effect? Can it be ee - seed, or must the trecs be propagated poe Sie in ae r to reproduce their own kind? VVhat is the history of He te specimens which, arc known bo be in the wild and in cultivatio

Dr. Stout has been Haas this form . _ eee fe nearly a quarter of a . Recently he found in the wild what appears to be the largest specimen of a eee hemlock in existence anywhere. Here he records his observations of this, which he calls the Horton ee and ve as some of which he has raised himself from seed. C.H

HILE most of the weeping hemlocks of the Sargent type eae today have been derived from a few plants discovered aaa the 1860's, the ie and ea ae specin men of this type (Tsuga canadensis var. pendula) i that stands in stately one in its original wild ee on the ee overlooking ae hamlet of

Hortontown, close to the northern border of Putnam County, N. Y.

The Horton Hemlock Tree

Designated here as the Horton hemlock, this great tree has long been known to persons who reside in the vicinity. Mr. Joseph Hor baie now the owner of the land on lea it stands, states that he has — it's

65 years ago and that it was then i least one half as large a now Apparently this tree has age ee mentioned in (en ie or ‘brane iterate a oa e present writin My first knowledge of this tree wa

during 1937 when it came into aa as I pa a by auto along a Tey Een ue State Parkw

his tree is about 16 feet in ae height measuring from the ground

de of the trunk but it stands on sloping ground and the projected

serial in from the tips of the lowermost branches to the level of the

highest point of the top is perhaps 20 feet. The trunk is + feet 10 inches

in “circumference at a height of 4% feet. At first it is somewhat leaning,

154

a is sharply bent at a divergent — pean which it soon age into the

o large-sized divergent units in which there is rther ee characteristic of the eere oe (See Figures + a o The present branches begin at 5 feet, but below this and close to the base

re is a noticeable scar where a branch of sor Ze W d

the: e size was long ago she or removed. At the first sharp bend in the main axis several branches of some size have died, one of wick was a a eee In the view shown in Figure 6 the top of this tree is a flattened dome but at right pails to this view the top is noticeably Pee in the middle

This tree produces cones in cons ma number i it stands aes to Sane. ed a ae e has been little chance for seedlings to acs and survive. At only _ seedlings fae recen a grown to noti recaps size in ae ie ie ees Mr, oe states one of Gene which was pendulous, was ae a it five when it s several feet tall, and that it died Exere) As fede now

aati 7 feet tall seems to have the habit a ee a is normal for hemlocks. Another young hemlock tree in the yard is a normal wil seedling transplanted ts om some distance away. No other hemlocks are now growing nearby es scatterin oe rees are in view on the surrounding ae tien Hemlock t ce abundant in the region but were

mostly ¢ t both for tamber oe the bark which was of commercial

value in ae tanning industry

=

The Fishkill Seedlings of Tsuga canadensis. var. pendula

The “discovery” of four wild plants, evidently the first to be known { the “pendula” form of the Canadian hemlock, has been credited to

General Joseph Howlan pr ee regarding who first observed only ed the pendulous pee of a se ; ae tions se pa fay they were e, ae

time. It was ae in 1897* that “several of a plants were orig: a found together about forty years ago on the Fishkill Mo ne ains in Nev York.” But Mr. Char [ nkins r

a by Prof. Charles S. Beis states that ae oa ee Mees seedlings e found was between Ben 1870. It is ted that the Hort ae tree stands only about i: ve miles in a nee a ine from village of Fishkill, The further history and ae ae of these four

individual plants may be Ere as follow:

* Charles S. Sargent. Notes on Cultivated Conifers. —-NI. Garden and Forest. a 490-491. 1897. * Charles F. Jenkins. Sargent’s Weeping Hemlock. The Hemlock Arboretum Bu sltetin No. 4, 1933.

155

he Tioronda Hemlock. One of the four wild plants was Lia a tu the country r Bea Yo

T. r estate (named oie of General Joseph Howland nea on, New rk. This property is no by the Tioronda Company and is the | location of the Craig House Sani pana ela is still alive and ae oe ae now about 11 feet in greatest height and Air 35 feet in greatest spread. in Figure 9, the trunk is much-branched Ge wide-spreading. The dome of foliage is 5 relatively low and flat. Th fou , main, ch-crooked and angled trunk-like branches which arise from below the ore t level he ground and ee entirely separated at that level ee ich ae soon divided. side branches, some of several inches diameter,

have od en i plant now stands. close to a large normal hemlock

ed a e emoved. Thi which shades and ted overtops it aad ey there is abundant opportunity for cross- pollination in the pro of its cones and seeds.

The Wodenethe ae eee ie locks. One of the original wild seedlings was fan p ented an the country home (called Wodenethe) of Henry Winthrop Sargent, whic e@ present town of Beacon, N. Y., and another was taken to the estate Be H. TL Hunnewell at Wellesley, Mass. The death of these two trees was recorded in a by an unnamed writer in the Gardeners’ Chronicle (London). There appear to be lata on the precise character and size of these two trees other than that ey eat a ira form and there is no specific record regarding propagations from thes ndividuals.

ce Ho - a Hemlock. One of the four wild seedlings found near Fishkill was transplanted to the estate (Holm Lea) of the late Professor Charles S. Sargent at Brookline, Massachusetts. iy the present time this plant is cae i Bis a ae its highest point and the greatest width is about 27 feet. The form, in Fi is widely spreading and low- Me anched and very similar to the Tiorende henilock, ‘pul the lowermost outer branches are retained and sweep to the ground.

The Habit of Growth in These Pendulous Hemlocks

In the “normal” growth of plants of the Canadian hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), the main or terminal bud of the se ae cae maintains the lead over its laterals and a trunk develops that and dominant, making the frame noticeably of the excurr ac : pe ntly, however, trees v ave in the main fram < more ree tee.

ng s levels, in each of which the branching is ex

eral aspects of growth eee i . ce branches of hem ocks com- ne to give unusual beauty and grac e system of branching. The

bi fn vs of branches are weak and dro oping ond the pret on the SS Lee branches are noticeably flattened i wo ranks. Thus, although the primary framework is excurrent w ith ae ae laterals radially disposed, the secondary lines are feathery and drooping.

In plants of the ea pean hemlock a single main axis and Series are not pre The mework, in contrast to the excurrent form of the normal Teale nae is deliquescent. or much branched, and ets thai bush, and the drooping branches are rather closely

rlapping SO that en ees to form a dome, the outermost lower i ee a which rea the ground in a nearly circular outline. In respect to the cn 7 ee acter of the base of the main framework two

The divergent ne of the stem Cae arise close to the ground or, transplanted plants, from below the level of the ground. (See Fi igs *D The development of a plant with this habit and form is as follow

Two seedlings at the Ran Wilton Nurseries, showing difference in stature at the same age. Between ue ands W. A. Van Heiningen, son of J. C. Van Heiningen, owner of the nurserie.

The initial aa or main axis of a seedling, a grafted scion, or a cutting does not become erect but instead it leans decidedly from the ee position. ae a Inter : boa ese in a divergent direction to form a fork

xXpai i e

to the top a mo :

growth of the oe oe some laterals arise either directly above

their own aah or in divergent and diverse aaa Also various

of the ascending later: rals Decom e dominant i in vi of growth to a degree i st

K g or two

laterals that are nearly opposite ee develop to almost the same extent.

Thus the stem-units eo rather sharply ne a . requently forked.

The habit of growth in these pendulous hemlocks is well shown in Figure i i i show dir

n which the ee ed

of the branches. This is of a seedling that has been under observation oie a period of 23 y The branches were parted for this photograph which hee. te several features of special growth: (a) no branches are erect; (0) th oe are sn aae a! overtopped by some of their own laterals; (c) the axi test growth is diverted to the interals- and (d) the laterals are so To that they fill in and round out

the dome of foliage within the circumference of the outermost reaches

157 Beneath and ee the een of ae foliage that arises, the ae of many shaded branches of various sizes occurs and in time many of the are naturally shed. ii sone cases t ee death of lower branches may ie so general ae oe that the green foliage does not reach to the ground.

This co: on is seen in the trees at Fairmount hak Philadelphia ( Figur 7 from eae dead lower branche uch as several ‘fees in diameter ha ae time to time, a Pien i pruning. In

large trees of this type the g n foliage may reach to the ground, but one may walk oon beneath ne sie Bt foliage in the ie once occupied by branche

So far as ste writer has observed there is no sprouting of shoots from roots or from the base of older portions of the main trunk in any of these plants.

Phe eal ae described above is characteristic (a) of the twa w oS are still | of the four original pendulous plants first found: (0) 0 many, ie oe on propagations that have been grown from their Tee and (¢) of all but one of the known te grown from the seeds of these Waa

4

The standard form differs from that nies pee . coe the is a main ore of rather uniform diameter which rises to a height of sever: ‘ feet before it breaks into pendulous branches of cnaaerile S size. ee ae a peau the lower lateral branches about the main axis are re small and are likely to die and be shed. The framework is hence faa umbrella-li ke.

Bes Horton hemlock tree has a high- pecmaa See he s oe is not fully erect. It is angled and bent and near the base scar oe a oe al that has been lost. ae =) Con nspicuous ane ot th standard fone exist in trees that a ae either of graftage or oo — the ie Fishkill pea The tre ene ] Fig. 3 is ne The standard form in grafted pr eet may, it seems, i: oo ‘by eee in nursery practice when the main leader of a grafted plant i is staked and ti ied ji in an upright position and the lower lat-

erals are removed while they are small.

ae from the Fishkill Seedlings

Soon after the discovery of the first four “The We ceping Hema pee erie a ‘arsons writes to us trom ash wild slant s of the Sargent hemlo aE pro: praising: the beauty of the Weepin pagations were undertaken in the nursery (Abies canadensis var. pendula), The of Parsons and Sons at Flushing, Long form of the Hemlock is a very reehe “wee,

< J and this one will prove a welcome addition to Island, and also by a Mr. Gaines who ai rounds:

lived at Beacon, N. Y. It appears

the first mention in print of a of the: At this date the botanical distinction weeping hemlocks refer: oe e of ee Haare “he firs (the genus -tbies) and propagations. This is 2 publication in ate (the genus Tsuga) had not 1875 of the Ea oan by the ae fully established. This publication

editor of an English journal, The Garden app plies the botanical name poe to this (in Vol. 8, page 310): pe of pendulous hemlock a true

158

varietal name. This name was accepted eri are credited to Mr. Samuel B.

y Beissner Cea h der Nadetholz- Parsor kunde, 1891 n beth hi ne and “Its habit of growth is so decidedly weeping botanical a the common name and the leaves ray branches fs Hick that twas ” at once suggested to graft it upon high 51 Sy Peco hemlock” has been applied to all like a Kilmarnock Willow, for example. But the individuals which are to be included the great expectations of securing an evergreen in Tsuga canadensis var. pendula. These tree form of unique and incomparable grace thus designations are perhap adequate unless Teesonaby Beebe ey: neve not Peet fale “ t may ily grafted on hig] Dae ata clonal propagations fon different indi- does not thrive as well, the naked steam cracks viduals show noteworthy and distinguish- and suffers, and the massive foliage, like that ing differences in habits of growth, in af peste vergreens pe oled upon high stems | is . ‘at mn, an which case clonal names of horticultural arial caer by oe ae eet will ae Se le. f pla f Her s definite record that some e first catalog listing of plants of of the eaters ons had been made “upon these propagations was evidently by Par- high stocks.” Although this method was sons & Sons in 1879 and this is as follows: found less esha than low-grafting “ad ees Sn nana sarge) “ ti i, Sargent’s it was without do uubt responsible for cer- weepin: emlock, the most graceful an eli- ie ately beautiful evergreen known. When the tain of the plants with the standard-form leader is trained ta a stake it can be carried to Which are now to be found in culture.

n oO ke it ¢; any reasonable height, each tier af branches It appears, also, thet in nursery treatment drooping gracefully: to the ground, like an ever- certain plants that had been grown from tain. t was

green fountain. au it sent ay from ms “ Flushing, having been received from WwW low grafts or from layers were stake r » of Fishkill-on-Hudson,” nae — laterals pruned and thus forced a main erect oa distance of Further mention of the methods em- eae feet. Thi hod is: n .

ployed in propagating ea sar fee ployed by a nurserymen ie noe 5 : Bulleti peste age nee me iste Garden 1939) in forcing propagations i peronie : taller. eee oe oe Sent: ‘by rther Heat regarding the early is hows

propagations of these hemlocks has been muel B. Parsons which show. plant supplied by Mr, Tac ob C. van Heiningen, which was then growing Parsons ue tor e South Wilton Nur. nursery and which was, without a doubt, "OW Sars ha ilton, Cee The fol- one of the earliest of the plants grown by f hich h raftage. This illustration clearl OWS lowing i is anes tome a letter which he a plant with pendulous branches reaching ities a ig La vane as Son to the ground, but the top is oe Nuveen Cs, “Pheard that Mr. pr ae Trimpy. tall and rounded, as are other propaga- the famous propagator who was brought over

tions now known, rather than broad and ona failing vessel hy ae Samuel, Bowne ae <= 4 sons trom ugh Low & o., London. ngland, flat-topped as are the Tioronda and the hetore the Civil War, was sent to Fishkill-on- Holm Lea specimens. Hudson to get scions of the original plants j ompanying this illus aw as far as 7 understand the first, plants

shown were at the great exhibition in Phitadel-

tration includes the following statements phia, Pa. in 1876 and the Parsons were the regarding the propagation of this variety, first'to introduce these Hemlocks in the trade.”

o p a i]

Specimens of Sargent Hemlock

Plants obtained by the early propaga- nial Exposition in 1876. These are all, tions e ae Ronit pene are now presumably, early Po hy graft. to be poi abo fr

ut New age from scions of some r more of York, Pt Miladelvhia. and Be Many the four original ceedlinigg. noted above of these ao taller than either of the two They are now from 12 to 1 t tall. survivors the four originals. Several One. (Figure S - much branched close of ee plants may here be mentioned and s o ground ; are low-branched but illustrated, 8 somewha t oe level; and one has In SF pions Park, Philadelphia, ine 3 sone main nan to a height of ear ur members of Tsuga canadensis va ane any the lower branches ea which were planted near the Hor. hese plants iage died and been reitoved

ticultural Hall at the time of the Centen- pruning. The stubs of branches rather

159

recently sawed off and the scars of

earlier dates a

arge or a vigorous as are many other propagelion about Philadelphia that are at lea older.

On the grounds of Bryn Mawr College there is a ae nine individuals whose tops m One is a large plant about 18 ee in iy duiineier and about 12 as ey

with a trunk which forks abi foo above the grow ae next in size have t'

im There re ve

n of these have a d form wi e main stems without (at present) side deus 3 ae ve least . feet. Sev- eral ns wil lous peaches that reach { to ee and. One other plant has a trunk that low- branchir A smalt plant that is regarded $ ed rowing

hich was formerly g¢ derbrus

ha ect main trunk about tall which is then divided into drooping branches. At the Morris Arboretum near Phila- athe there are two splendid specimens the Sargent hemilee i ae is of which

a is gee weet “tall and < at he greatest diame ter (spr ead).

at breast hei ght i z

The other of ie se two ie s is 11 fee tall and 16 feet in spread. $s main fk has a diameter of 714 ee breast height; it is erect to a height about seven feet but has several fe the

largest of which is about three inches in diameter, and in the crown it breaks abr rut iptly into several divergent Sale

ns of the en lock. Al e of the low-branching shrub form with a height of about 12 feet and a spread 25 feet,

a spacious area of lawn. (The Flemlock er Bulletin Ne.

21, Jan. 1, 1938) “at one tim: dealer had s A six o i remarkable trees to a an in

n Long Island f 200.0 ich eae d and a anted.” but

$12 that difficulties arose in regard to the Paaplaaa and sale and the order was finally celled.

In immediate vicinity of New York, especially in _Westehester County, on

in ay Jersey a id Secniens the Sar; he lock. some of considerable size, which ob came from the early propag: tions rsons 1s Nursery.

one of these, now grow-

ing on the estate of Mr. R. Coe, is ported by Mr. P. D. V’ ussberg of Hicks Nurseries, Inc., as follows: “This plant was Srowing in a_ neglected lot

letween Flushing and College “point, When

apatted by hg uuyer children were playing in

the bran a cow was tethered to the

tral TR i ikely HC s

It snitered some from moving and still shows

ge Cor.

umerous lower branches and much like the weeping hemlocks at Fair- mount Park.

At Fishkill, + on a property owned by Mr. iran Berta there is a large miock

Mr. Gaines who lived in Beacon. tree is 13 feet and about 25 feet in spread, A single sh ain trunk is four

m feet six inches in circumference and it

7EEPING HEMLOCKS AND THEIR BRANCHING HABITS (Photographs by A. B. Stout. All the plants are reproduced at approximately the same scale.) The Holm Lea hemlock. Specimens in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. A tree of aaron cage at the Arbore oe , with a j. of the ade staff. his tree

as one of he any propagations from i original Fishkill seedlings,

4and 5.

162

n forks into two large branches each have died and been removed, especially on more than three feet around. Both of the north ae facing i street; but on these and the main stem are flattened and the other the gre n branches reach decidedly ribbon-shaped. Many branches to the gro eon (See Fig e 8)

Seedlings of Sargent Hemlock Seedlings in considerable number have is flattened; the other is 4M feet tall and

been grown from seeds obtained from 12 feet wide and the top is more rounded. plants which are propa nigHe but it is os the ay stration on page ee f

net known how many of the four wild the South Wilton Nurseries are also plants were propagated and which one or several ‘handed propagations by. layering more of them are involved in the parent- from of the seedlings oe nes age of these seedlings. ‘he record for : n voy I } pas Heininge’

Tro"

ese seedlings Ow in 5 eve!

given by Charies F. Jenkins (The Hem- low-branc hed ramey ‘ork and the pendu- eck Arboretum Bulletin No. 11, 1935). lous aa characteristic of the Sargent Additional information regarding these hemlock. The y some sae in es seedlings has been supplied to the writer hut are oth fierwise. wery unifori cha:

in a letter fom r. Jacob van Heiningen acter.

and from this letter the following is Seedlings obtained at The New York quoted : Botanical Garden. 3 several Daa f Sargent hemlock The New Yo f beg ce a" © inform anes aries ae aie eke otanical Ga en ae 7 is b lieve , ‘of jn 1906 from two Sargent weepmg hemlocks HUrsery propagation. All have the shrub- i ar- i

Holland and they’ 3 they grew of t branches have di he largest of these were sold in ee quantities, in Europe and the

In 1916

trees Ss air wt 918, the last year : port ty the U. S.A. Treceived 150 the writer collected seeds from one of

o > a 2 a2: ° a @r 4 ° R w = o 3 7 z » a ° <q = NI mm a a a + =a

left, of which I enclose ‘herewith on picture ef tal], exac

e t dimensions of the plants, which will give you an All but one were “pendulous and six years idea of the difference of size and hit of

i h 7 ize and } the later i oie in a from 10 inches two plants of exactly the same age. In the to 2 Sor ather flattened in meantime we grew a lot of young plants Uayers) F : of the original import: lants, which we will form oh chen vee more erect and be glad to show you any time. We have a nice rounded in profile. ive of these plants lot of t The other original p! sold to are still under the observation of the customers of mine, like Col. Montgomer: 8. * Thi 1 hick Walter C, Teagle, Mrs. Stillman wckefeller, writer. e€ on ae ee which is not pen- etc. I grafted a number of hemloc - fitter dulous has a ain stem and one cnt varieties but do not recommend tha smaller one ar ane i rom the ground and growing them; they unite O. K. in the. ee both and. h a habit bator, ‘but the trouble starts after they are Doth are erect excurrent with a habit planted in the nursery for they keep on dying of growth that i is normal. The largest of the errs eae pana nf Sore bat do a the others is now almost 4 feet tall (see propaga m that way a ut use the + Old-fashioned way of layering which is aturally Figure 10) and ae ee is 3 feet tall. perfect, as they are on their own roots. During the 23 years of the’ growth under ve in ‘avorable Conditions "the rate of in- Of the two seedlings still retained i height for the largest oecmne the nursery at South Wilton one is 2 feet has. “been arey less than two inches

tall and 7 fect in spread with a top that each yea’

The Kelsey Weeping Hemlock Tree

A form of weeping hemlock somewhat information regarding its history by Mr. ae oe Hi ot ig Sarreiit hem- Ha rlan P, Kelsey. This ae wes ob- sae n Figure 7. The writer BabA about 1911 we the edge woods this tree - the "Kelsey- Highland als he an rty of the Kelsey- Higa Nursery in April 1936 and was given Nur Mr. Kelsey considers that s

7. ‘The Kelsey hemlock, a different form ‘from the Sargent type; Mr. Harlan P. Kelsey beside st.

9. Branching habit of the shrub:form Tioronda hemlock,

8. Low branching in a weeping hem- lock tree of the Sargent type. This tree was propagated from one of the four original seedlings.

10.. One of the seedlings raised by the author, who is standing behind it.

of another seedling raised The dominance of. laterals

164

A propagation of the Sargent hemlock at

Charles H. Jenkins ay has a of the Canadian hemlock.

eral young seedlings grew under or near

ig

afte being ae by fee eae seedlings a ln toa ae toa the nursery i Ki

e een given to

the - te) ue of such a plant was foun in the re s by . Judd when I visi ed ie a later. At any rate, the fine

igure 7 is the only

few day Specimen shown in Fi he original seedlings definitely

one 0

known today. This plant has two main and peas

trunks which 7 from the esa se. One is ou ee peak

eral branches Be hot acai ee dominate ae rks 0

he

a dome- ae ate compact crown chavactedatic of the members of Sargent hemlock. “grafted”

1° plants from scions of lateral branches ig o :

ant are an

s is Ce “Ot the pronadation at tthe Arnold Arboretum, one has several main

“Far Country,” with large collection there of the torn

branches ied from close to the ground, ae at all others have only one single n main which is almost vine-like. ‘Tn

the stem wa

cases

tion. Mr. C J é lock Arboretum Bulletin No. 10, 1935), in speakir tion of the Kelsey

though it ne never. throw up a leader with — eno backbone to stand up straight The as yet no evidence ies this particular fre uy that Hae will ber of otanical y

cultral name suc

th ‘lone from this individual. Mr. F. A ' io has collected yrown variations of wild hemlocks in Vermont, states in a 1 r to the write that a large tree of weeping habit which grows near his farm is more like the Kelsey hemlock than like any of the mem- ne of the Seo aie k. Possibly pee ns

ti nee in horticulture. wlan might be known ck.

will i in which case the the Abbott hemlo

as

165

The So-Called “Tsuga canadensis var. milfordensis”

In addition to the type of Tsuga cana- that are shorter than ae for the spe-

densis var. pendula (Sargent hemlock) cies, But evidently only one individual of and that seen in the Kelsey hemlock, one this type was known. It : stated* that ae Rese a ise sng been recognized this plant was growing in aa in litera a cana- . :

densis var. ‘nifordens This was de- ae ark, He see a the time of = scribed a globular in form, and entennial Expos jut its origin al

with ee vee shoots and leaves fate seem not to be known. Other Types of Weeping Hemlock There are now growing in the Sou main framework and the habit 2 aus Wilton Nurseries numerous ane ing are essentially the same a’

the Canadian hemlo ich exhi a Sargent hemlock but

most remarkable series of variations. Sev- branches are compact in growth and a

e f are to or stiffly drooping rather than fully pendu-

pendulous than the no 1 o is lous. The re, among these seedlings, i Tr = of these the main frame- nt combinations of variations in the ork is erect and excurrent but more characters of the main axis, in the a

Bening a compact than is usual. In position of the terminal branches

mp: others se ‘ramework sn sists of several 7 aes of the twigs as to diameter. whos' b and t ize and the disposition

of several shapes. In some of the seed- t uo i. that com

lings the ends of the branches slen- sive survey @ <ariations en the Cana. der and elongated; in others the twigs dian hettileck ae prepared by John C. are thickened and the leaves compacted Swartley, a consideration of the weeping and short. In several of these plants ie forms will be included.

Concluding Remarks The pendulous habit of growth in the erect position as one or more laterals main framework and lateral branches of usually do when a leader with a strongly

plants of the Sargent hemloc ‘suga excurrent grow emoved. ut so pau cities ee Rie la) is a eae or of these sub-terminal branches rise higher characte Only — thi heir own terminals er 3 t dive

muta us nl an tl i either in posi- five i individu als an this particulate typ ti bove them or ivergent angles, have been found wild and the numerous and also the axis of oe & wth i plants of the type now in culture are either diameter is “shi fted to them form

em propagations o seedlings derived from nae ae ie eo axis or is cebu f thes: oer a for!

certain o e divergent peor This mation is essentially a change a he numerous ae and droo

iv irection of the growth of the branches combine to form by iome of a ees S. ee main axis of a - ling, a foliage that often extends to the ground scior tting is unal assum: in a nearly circular outline. The charac- ae ‘aintain the fully erect en char- ter of the end branches in respect to a the negatively geotropic re- growth in diameter and to the size and ac on in the growth of a normal excur- disposition eaves s to be quite rent trunk. It leans away from the erect like that which is normal fo: e aes posture and is from the start more hike a Evidently the framework is u: ly low- lateral bra is This habit of growth ex- — branc' hed | but a pean form ee develop tends to the successive branches, none of either natur ay r under nursery treat- which are able to assume a dominant ment when the fain growth is somewhat

*Tohn C. Swartley. The Eastern Hemlock and its Varieties. Arborist’s News 3: No. 4. April 1938.

166

continued in a single aot before it breaks into major divisions. In other pendulous mutations, now wn in the species Tsuga canadensis, somewhat different fea- tures of growth are to be recognized, either in the main axis or in ve ae

acter of Is of branches and the leav a

It of special interest that the pen: du ious. peaiga! of peices hemlock Of appro tely 2,000 s far grow! ey peri pok: linated as v obtained from plants grown

as propagations, all but one ne

aeoaee habit of growth tativ

ygous” for

A. well- -grown plant of the Sargent hemlock is indeed a specimen plant that is to be rated among the most capa and graceful of the many excellent e greens in cultivation

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.)

G. M. Smith’s Tiwo Volumes on d

Gilbert M. Smith. 99 figures, index. Mec- w York’ and Londo:

senting ex:

ee facilities for weighing ence to rea

d t ch his own or the same con- clusions.

Smith’s classification is exemplary for its clarity and convenience. Among the

algae the eeaabinin ing of the Chrysophyceae, Heterokontae, and Bacillariophyceae into

ngle division, the Chrysophyta, and Pp.

cetes.

having its most recent backing Clem- ents and Shear, The Genera of the Fungi) and a monophyletic origin from either an algal ancestr: colorless flagellates, is not clearly r Some legitimate dis- sension mi b sed over the exclu- ion of the Myxothallophyta from the fungi pro Particularly it might be oted that certain Phytomyxinae—Spon- ospora and Plasimodiophora, here allo- cated t

OSS nequal length n the mycetes the position of, the Exoascales might be ques- coe on the oe of the author’s

fe) ships of its members, the author has over- looked a frequently proposed hy pothesis

ound amor

di

oregoing remarks should not be allowed to detract non the fundamental importance of this It is beyond doubt a noteworthy addition to the t book world. Guiapys E. Baker,

ITunter College.

Volume IT ChYES OGAMIC BOTANY. Volume

and Pteridophytes. i380 pages, 244 fig- w-Hill, New York

and London. 1938. 3. The a gr owth of ‘botanical science within the last two oe — ie iterature make

e <eep abreast is published,

in a measure at least, eC

volume under consideration will tak e its place as of t f rought together

olar. elf drawn and practically al gad

oS according

ryophyta, t robable se

smith, had as their the rks — ee series of the Chlor phyceae,’ into three pee the “Hepatic, the Anthocerotae, ne the

The sugge of Howe that the ¥

“so -e

the anethene theory of alternation of dis- similar generations in the Bryophytes and

explains their dissimilarity, in least, by the ecko tis of the eens ed generation up: sexual generation.” It is not Cea Sneretore to tind the naa ie considered before the Antho-

The Pt ridophyta are divided into ea

te classes: the Psilophytinae, i Lyco dinae, the Equisetinae, and the Filcmae, iven in this sequence. e importance f the fi of these four is duly empha-

t e classes is discussed in considerable eal: ther authors may disagree with some

f the tenets presented or defended; more advanced nts may wish that. Pro- fessor divul them re

conclusions. this Id have en- rged the vee and decreased its value a usable

Epwin B Columbia Oi.

Botany for the Beginner AN INTRODUCTION TO BOT. Arthur a , Haupt: 396 pages, Indexed ani ae ate McGraw-Hill, Vor c

As ae ee its “Bile this book is epee dae = eens as an as the f botany. It

e first year of colle; fe

hensive—and ot. probably. es ite "hie : ak y far ipre-

pene 1 year

=

heneis ive bo eed p Botany or able, cach ae cover a fi or mo college work. The present book, however, will fill a long-felt need nstitu se

in n stich in tions where a one-semester cours tany is desired in “the cur- riculum. It does not mal ny mp’

€ a attempt to cover the subject in an exhaustive manner, but strives merely to furnish a — a of fundamentals upon which more advanced studies may be base After an introductory chapter outlining the festves common to plants and ani- disti a ae acti stics of

plants, and the otany, no author takes up, in T caceesdine chap the vegetative organs, the protoplasm pe

the cell, the vegetative tissues, functions

168

of living plants, such as absorption, con-

duction, transpiration, metabolism, and irritability, anc environmental relations or ecolo; me is i wed by chapters

y. on the flow and P Acad F evoluten and pollination, ede and oe and, finally, heredity and plant breedin; at may be regarded as the second part of the es : pees up with on on the plants 1

of each. group So briefly pages and vid hi

ters the alk ae,

2 3

tion 278 text- aauires | are epee aid ‘yell chosen to illustrate the salient ae of t

. MoLpenke,

A Se Book

r Layme TION'S FORESTS. William with an introduction x. 264 pages, illustrated, aemillan, New York, 1939.

ooks on co naturally, are ee by techni who sometimes find it d i

‘hence his book is is more ord read, though it i: one the less factual.

Te ling ns soy of the ee the m the day iv fir: -

a 4 a = B 3 faa > o a ° 5 i Bw a @

which is the center of today’s lumber in dustry, op he doe os Site ous species o ortance in each their manner of growth, their wasect Pand fun Les enemies and the like. en: apter, Everyman’s For

pictures pete the extent and loca-

tion of the 175 million acres of National

s ic i 8 states, Alaska, and Puerto Rico, and makes ae reader really feel that he owns an acr

and a half of forest land containing cer- tain kinds of trees, The book deals at Jength with the ani of a Forest Service in building cut-ov. Hae planting and “ailvieulta

ange de ational facilities ee the co-operation es A owns 70 per cen

private industry, of the nation’s forest land. In one chapter Di

oods and g mpoverishment. Tn the “following ages the author attempts to “eel as t care i selecting the trees to be will ras the forest Sa uee! ae and will even improve its condition. eae es eal with the tragic tol

e the slit ude of a world undis- y man.

Like many conservationists, the author ints rather a harsh picture of the lum- ho “cut out and

e 1 —to say nothing of the bea which has enabled us - su i: r people f low income with schoolhooks: news- papers, faanacines: “and moving picture an cl a are the envy of most other co tri

The book is eae illustrated with ig ost of . It is be espe- ople who wish to acquire a “speaking a. we our most important renewable

Recinatp T. Titus, M.F.

169

Woody Plants of California CONSPICUOUS CALIFORN PLANTS with notes on their caer uses. Raiph D. Cornell. 192 pages,

36 plates. San Pasqual Press, Pasa-

lena, $4,

The author of this very attractive vol- ume has gone up and down the length of California, has lived in the mountains and the deserts. He has taken many pictures of trees and shrubs, toy -six of these be-

duced in this volume.

ing beautifully reprodu is volur

plants described are al woody an ative to California. Appropriately, he begins with the sequoias, 4 i with eight other trees; then follo ec tions on the chaparral and the desert, and e concludes wi hort section on con- servation. ae is a short appendix— Garden Notes— ow best to use the plants described, and related forms, for

rden and lar

criptions are tten in a non-tech- nical manner, often almost poetic in phrasing, for the author loves the plants of the mountain slopes and alee He

of trees and shrubs in leaely

ree by the Pee ee dae of the

many seeds and fru ound ne ia te

aaah is ion fecce not

by mber of edible p i as oy “the

necessity that forced the Indians to make of ther

ee oe a landscape artist a: well as a pla

used to the Nag of desert life.

nfortunately, few will found, ae as the ere aca ‘that th rified forest of S

submer;

erence to sycamore as dioec‘ous and to yucca fruits as elled.

hh pleasure California

southwest who a having native plants about their hom Ca T. Hastincs.

Mrs. Comstock Lives Again

In a Revised Handboo HANDBOOK OF NATURE STUDY. Anna Botsford Comstock. 24th edi- tion. 937 pages, illustrated; index; bibl ography. Comstock Publishing’ Co. Aner 1939. $4.

of oe Botstord C

ae $ wae stock’s eee as a teacher } with her wide and thorough

ries vinrouetout athe. country will want the new H tere)

Many experts in various fields of n. tural history contributed to the revision nol the book. Approximately 300 separate

nature sue are antes covering bla nts anda mals, the earth and the sky. An ececlicnt: annotated bi ibiogranhy is in- cluded, a very valuable additio

School Nature League. Brief Notes on Varied Books

Garden fee of the Year

RDG pe GARDENING— 1939. ted F. A. Mercer. 1 ao pages of ae etion’ with a brief a

companying text. Index to illustrations. Studio Publications, New York, 1939. $4.50,

The Studio annual, Gard and dening, is a welcome volume when it ap- pears for it is a hook t the garden lover can browse over profitably for in- numerable hours during the ye It is packe ith designs and i for gardens of many types—peaceful v ardens

jooth lawns with lantings,

ound houses. nal arrangements, ornaments, gates, and each furniture, and portraits of new

170

and ee sne floral subjects for out- door While the body of the

p otographs, it is

book is erica ane ae a by

n Gar w aes a leading laadeane

architects from six ‘differ nt countries,

Out of the Sixteenth Century

THE FIRST GARDEN BOOK, by Thomas Hyll, 1563. Edited by Violet and “Hal, W. “Troviltion. Ponition Private Press, Herrin, Illinois, 1938. 2.50.

In what is reputed to be the first garden book ever printed in English, we sa ie Garden which lieth v

mall instructions four the sowying ; e might never have learned this —or many another bit of ade Sie He

ipelling. via fo: Pranately not in the inal Sa type-face) the “First Garden ook” of Th

(sometimes spelled Hill) are reproduce dd.

Animal Life in the Garden GARDEN CREATURES. Eleanor King and Wellmer Po 64 pages, illustrated. Harper, New York, 1939. $1.25. Eleanor King

and Wellmer _Pessels,

ely illustrations eal the ves familiar Gate spout which most ioe eally know so little and wish now more. Caro. H. Woonwarn,

For Designers DECORA MS. Herhert W ieee he aie ara red. Harper, New York, 1939. $1.50.

In ine Hay at the Gar den ne person

es how 1 e there ery day in search o + use in design will appreciate the value

of a sketch-book suc oe a the one which Herbert W. Faulkner has prepared for the use of desionees craftsmen, teachers, and others. The poo consists of thirty pla ates, each show: pore and-ink draw- ings of flowers aid ‘eaves which might be useful in decoration.

Current Literature* At a Glance By ! irgene Kavanagh Chart. Volume I of the Color

Col oa being aa Be oo Flor ticultural Soc

epertoire

ide ndards.” for each tone a h given, including ecieties hybridized plants as lilies Lichens and Leaves. Two articles of special interest - amateur botanists have ared School Nature League

is of such ‘widely and r

of m maples ~ with excellent descriptions of the tree: ay).

Fritillaria. In the March issue of the ee retin of the Alpine Garden

Soc: ars an interesting study o ae Actes of the genus Fritillaria. Both this article and ‘“ es ait from

the Eastern Medeor: eral useful ideas to persons making rock gi pa nS

+ Capa: Plans for a 10 by 10-foot

eal es of the bro; aie by the. Extension Service of of New Jersey at New Brunswic * All publications mentioned h others—may be found in the Library. “the Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building.

W7i

Notes, News, and Comment

Tea. The President, the Managers, ahd the Advisory cal i the Botanical Gard

the rock garden were on view. was sewed in one of the model garden:

Herbarium. <A collection of 8,257 he barium sheets, consisting of plants from England, western continental turope, Peal United States and adjacent se of ee has been presented to

e New York Botanical Garden by Mrs. Sdmondson. They are the ‘ollec. tions made by her nusband during vaca- tions over many years. Dr. Edmondson was ar of inathematics and physics and, befor ae eath last fall, pro- fessor emeritus, at New Y eh Unix eae His collections a ain a walable of about 300 ferns fr Ae central Europe, oe about 200 published sheets of species of Hicracium from England, besides an addi- tional ee “representatives of this genus from Ger

a Gard 11 ae also acquired about 100

of botanical books from Dr. Hmondson's library. These include a complete set of Hegi’s Flora von Mittel- ea a other reference works which will be placed in the herbarium.

Medal. oup of s specimen begonias ene "hue 6 in. "Gardens on oat "at the

me ar collection in clude d Begonia echinosepala, i prunifli, Ra maculata Hightii, and rothy Gra

Krukoff, wh

ing the past for a six months’ eS pediion 1 _ Am the recipients of Sune: at The ae mn are Miss Selm: doing nee ork a’ Tiss Elizabeth erbury, of ersey Colle ge for ne omen, both of v hort began their work on prepen in Hemerocallis Belseior in Jun

Scholarships.

me 22

Dr. Margaret Fulford from the Univer- sity of ee is ae Hae etd e Hepati atw ar:

scrley . niversity of. Tennessee is pected for one ionth to aa sue some special work in plant ecolog

Pega ab ae e Dr, . C. Smith and ae W. HL

_and . Mrs.

3 ‘| e as

se v rica,

iosieal Station of the si - 2 Vir- ene, with Dr. I. F. -ewis as chairman, the d iolo: ie of Virginia

Polytechnic Institute, with i

Massey as chairman. The i cluded field trips in the mountains on Friday and Saturday, with a Sund: ip the Peaks of Otter, 80 miles away. At

r

Lucy Br Biomanee H. R. Tot and Earl L. Core.

, ML. Fernald,

rch. Miss ae Kobs of Ran- doit ‘Macon. Colle 1 Dr. E

summer to continue their respectively on sugar and vegetative agatio

Tvisory Council. Mrs. Roswell Miller. oA was elected a member of the Advis sory Council of The New York [otanical Garden at a meeting of the Board of Managers May 18.

mists and other visitors Rae ren Pees in the library during the past few weeks include George H. Shull of Princeton University; T. C. Tack of Kenya Colony, East Africa; K. Wada of Numazu-shi, Japan: F. Gertrude

1

South ausen,

Williamson, Occidental College, Pasadena, Calif. ; Robert Le Cornell University ; Arboretum; F. Posbers, ee aerate Th mes Walters of California ; B. M. Duegar, Ca Vi SCO: Bie a F. and J. Har Colum f Chi

gz lle P Vath, niversit ; Mrs. Ralph Bogart, Geanbe Mo.; Le Mrs. R. A. Silow, Cotton Sta- indad; Frank {ackaness, Ditlard University: and A. Wetherby of Gray Herbarium, Cambridge, was erroneously reported last

aac Talo month to have come from Cambridge, England.

nt i Gardener: Two of The ical Garden's student oe at the Mo:

he Ke ae Ae been aad outdoor foreman at

eal. who. also

eae was

necticut Hege, New London.

Samuel Bridge sailed on June 28 f

ar as exchange s t gardener at Kew, and J. W. E. Stott, who has been appointed by Kew for a year at The Ne York eit Garden on exchange, arrives July 3

Travelers. Professor T. H. Go oe of the “University of California, with Mrs Goodspeed, stopping in w York o1 their retarn from a year in South America, ae ey e a. be me ies lat tained evening by ‘the “Columbia Faculty Club ae dinr Goodspeed spoke on some or es "bible i his sojourn south of the

Argentina fe companying Mrs. T. H. oo on es return

W She visiting ae oy fast htione Tee out this country, studying, ll ong other things, scicntific achieveme: in the improve- ment of pens over Fe natural eae ments. She is working to win official recognition in the Argentine of the im- portance of scientific investigation in ad-

“I

iia

vancing horticulture in her country, an nd hopes to establish there a well cause school of - rticulture which will serv as a nucleus for ee ms, through which she foresees a new ine in international understanding. Garden Clubs ey May, members of the garden clubs aurelton, Mount Ver i "Plessanile, Nyack, and Glen the garden departments of Ridgewood and ted special per

Glen Ridge gs enor

N. J. at the: Beteieat Gade. f a member of the Students. George T. Has s brought 360 peleey students from R bee welt High chool the main conservatories h a lecture in

ge

class from rson High

City, New Te visited the r

and the main Rarer iar with t

instructor June 8, and the fol a gro m Hi

up fro' aaihonie chool, Teaneck, N. J. nade a similar tour o nds under the leadership of a er,

Photographers. The Biter Photo- graphic ‘Acsociation ens have its Pas annual convention Sep’ at Mellon Institute for Frstial Rear in Pittsburgh. Inform: y_be ob- tained from the secretary

Office,

el Magee Hospital, Pittsburgh,

rom Montreal. Stephen Vincent, direc- the horticultural training course nned at the Montreal at the New York Botanical Ga summer to study the m the training of student gardeners len’s specimen of lhuaro of the

in May and flower r about two weeks. The plant, which stands as a single, - branched column about 8 feet tall, was

name of this tree- ee derived from an Aztecan Indian tongue.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS

I. ECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1940: Henry DE oe BaLpwin ag president), Cuitos Frick, Attyn R, Jennines, Henry Locxuart, Jr., T. MacDoucat, Mrs. Haroun I. Pratr, and JosepH Sw (P. esident). Until 1941: E. C. Aucuter, Mars Fierp, Mrs. Eron Huntineto

Hooker, Joan L. a (Vice- peeddeut), Cor. Rosert H. Wouieou ae and H. Hosart Por’

Until 3 Axratn a elute Rael PrerRE JAy, CLARENCE Lewis, MErRIL ENRY DE LA _ TAG Ake, and Assistant Tee, WILuiaM 7. oe and J. E. Se bes

II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS RELLO H. La’ Mayor of the City of New York. Rosser Mosss, Pak Co snission ner. James Marsua tt, President of the Board of Education. III APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E. Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. R. ‘A, Harper, SAM F, Trerease, EpMuND W. SINNoTT, and Marston T. Bocerrt, appointed by Columbia Universi ity. GARDEN STAFF Rs . J ag Pu. D., Sc. D.

, PH SDs iene etkee Assistant Director ond Head rohan oe A ae “Mentha Assistant Director A. B. St00t,..PH., De ceca sendeceisah. Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D, Curato BERNARD oa Doncz, Pu. D. Plant Patholog ist JoHN ee LEY BARNHART, As Ma Ms. De ics-ciciecicvenesan tute Bibliogri oe H. W. RICKETT, Pu dssistant Bibliographer Apert C, SMITH, Pe Associate Curator Harotp N. MoLpENKE, pe —_ Associate esheets Evizazetu C. Hatz, A. B., B. Libraria: H. H. Russy, M. 3. ese sien Hos Curator of -_ Economic Collections Frepa GriFFITH rtist Pes Photographer Percy WILSON esearch Associate Rosert S. WILLIAMS search pres iate in Bryology E. J. prea ore Assistant Curator and ee of the Local Herbarium

p, Pu. D. ssistant Curator LYDE. Coe A. Technical Assistant Rosauie Wetkert Technical Assistant Frep KavanacuH, M.A. Technical A pe ‘AROL pwarD, A. B. Editorial raed t THOMAS Everett, N. D. Hort. vlturist Trrock, A. M. ocent Orro Dives M. S. Collaborator - Hawaiian Botany Rosert HaGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of ivavinsceie: Eruet Anson S. PecKHAM. Honorary | Curator, Iris and ieee Collections ae J. CorBetT perintendent of Buildings and Grou

S A. C. PFANDER Assistant Superintendent

MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN

stablished i a pute y endowed ypstiiuaen, aided partially by City appro- Sey The ork Botanical Garden is dependent for its progress largely ae benefacions va memberships Th ious h the ese means, oie young as Poa

t has bec the third 1 heron um, card Roeaculeaeal eolleecons alee among the finest and most caalere in any co’ if

lembership in The New York Botanical Garden, therefore, means promotion of scientific research in botany and oe aayence mene of horticultural interests. Scientifically, the Garden is able to clearing-house of information for students and botanists all over the aie horculurally, it often serves as a link

ning

ae 6 rough memberships and benefactions, provision is made at the Botanical

u and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free information in botany faa fadene are given to the public

h individual merber of the Garden receives:

(1) A copy of the Journal every month.

(2) A pt of Addisonia twice a year, each number illustrated with eight colored plates of unusual pla ae accompanied by complete descrip- tions and other pertinent informatio:

(3) A share of surplus plant ea of interesting or new varieties whenever it is distributed.

(4) Announcements of special floral displays at the Garden from season to season

(5) Cr edits to the extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study offered by the Garden

A limited number of garden Suber are accepted as affiliates. The privileges of afhliation are a subscription to the Journal, announcements of displays, a special ally conducted ites of the grounds and greenhouses, and a lecture once a year by selected member of the staff.

Fello se ips or aoe ips for practical student-training in horticulture or for botanical Resear y be esta able ished by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a aeunie peri

The classes of Saale ae types of benefaction are as follows: Annual Member annual fee $ 10 sate Member ual fee

arden Club {MihengD annual fee for club 2 Fellowehin M mber annual fee 100 Member for “fe single contribution 250 Fellow for Life single contr: ae 1,000 Patron single contributio 5,000 Benefactor single ceutripatien 25,000

Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved form of bequest:

I hereby beausate to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285° a eer ee Sie Of —$—$—$$———

Condit cal sheduet may be mai ate income payable to donor or any designated bene y during his or i “lifetim

All Aiea fe further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.

Wot, 2IL, Aucust, 1939

No. 476 JOURNAL

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y NG

ntered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter.

ual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cen

tee to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor August, 1939 Borders OF ANNUALS AND THE DoME OF THE MAIN CONSERVATORIES Cover Photograph by ie Griffith Ros Pearl S. Buck 173 See AND Fact oF MEDICINAL PLants IN Rurat Mexico Ira L. Wiggins 176 ANOTHER Krusi FROM SUMATRA BLOOMS AT THE GARDEN 179 PLANTS AND PLANTING METHODS FOR THE Native GARDEN Robert §. Lemmon 182 AMERICAN WILD FLOWERS FOR THE AMERICAN GARDEN Photographs by Robes S. Lemmon 184-185 Capt. F. Kincbon Warp Visits New York, THE Fain, AND THE GARDEN 189 . E. SPINGARN Ruan Pee Oe OTES, M. CuRRENT ee AT A Guanes Reviews oF Recent Boo

190 190

191 Virgene Kavanagh 192 193

SERVICE TO VISITORS York Botanical Garden

obably half a million people i come to The New Wwers, the trees and shr ubs, and the con-

Pr just for the joy of seeing the Sitds oor “how

mic wha

poisonous, where go to school, what eee tend food-plants grow in some far-off country, a ‘e Renta the plants the Garden is asked to identify and the garden troubles it is requested to ead Quite outside of its own scientific research and its direct assistance to other botanists and students, the institution thas has fee its ala Be! services, some esthetic, others eta practical. And besides the dally of visitors, there a he een d in courses, those who attend the a and all who keep en’ il and teephone busy with replies to questions which staff members

Ss

a Es 3

— ° ot c a

It is ee the mem ony of many peop'e active today when there was no botanical garde w York. There were no vast rolling acres planted with trees from ! und the world; no fine collections of shrubs and flowering erbaceous plants; no large conservatories where ¢ xotic plan nts ae ie se on the

nd: litt the plant-lover could go to learn a = have his questions answered bout y years ago, Lea York Botanical Garden began to be developed on the west side of Bronx Park. It is refreshing to look about the aa and buildings today, then to look back upon the vision of the founders, who decreed that The New York Chae ae eae oe eres a the p a ee of: °

jects, f i or ibi ornamental aod. decorative Fa aie and gardening, and for the entertainment, recreation, and instruction of t eople.”

nua ©. 13g

Site aw mid

JOURNAL 4RDgy

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. XL Aucust, 1939 No. 476

R OSES By Pearl S. Buck Address given at The New York Botanical Garden, June 6, 1939, at the unveiling of o plaque to Mr. Lambertus C. Bobbink.) (Copyright 1939 by Pearl S. Buck)

I AM here today primarily as a token of gratitude for roses. It is folly for nd yet I mu:

is pies more than just a flower. It has become a symbol of beauty and eelin,

y when one must speak for so many who are in trouble

tute and exiled from Germany and Italy, for all those suffer as the result of man’s brutality and madness, it restores the s ‘o come and speak for roses. It is well in the midst of orld like ours to remember that in places such as this, where we gather today, there are roses. I a ay I hav ‘ose of my own, neit: rge nor so beautiful as this one, and yet satisfying to me, because my roses like to gr nd am proud of that. Roses will not grow for ever ere is a pa which

J have more than present gratitude for roses. They ie a peculiar place in my memory. Indeed, my very first memory is of roses and my mother among them in a little garden she had in a Chinese courtyard in a

i *t know:

out of it all but drowned, yet so enchanted by the pened that I til remember it.

next strong memory of roses is of a white climbing rosebush, old and ae that sprawled over the end of the porch of the bungalow where I spent

173

174

my childhood. Beyond that bungalow was the great Yangtse River and a crowded city. But our little house stood on a hill outside the city wall, and the rose was fragrant—a tiny, spice: smelling little white rose, one of the

ell, the years passed with their troubled times of the Boxer Rebellion and ee into the First ee dificult years, full of wars and threats

own first rose garden was in a little country town in Noah China, in a soil so dry and barren that only the hardiest rose would grow there. I

175

was the soil ee made famine for the people who tried to live upon it— war-torn soil, too. My rose garden grew in the shade of a city wall cen- turies old a more than once bullets flew over it when bandits attacked

r ber only two roses grew willingly in that soil—one a bi pink rose from Shantung, which ha handsome opened looked as big as a peony, the other a al leaved climbing rose that put out sprays of lemon-yellow flowers, half ble and half single Neither rose had fragrance, only color. Strangely enough, I e yellow rose blooming also upon many an farm in Pennsylvania, and it grows in

my own rose garden there, its yellow blossoms against a wall built before the Revolution. nd then for a dozen years and more I had all the roses heart could wish, et

Y vated English and American varieties, to the commonest small fragrant red i Chi di

O s not sure I should be there to see them bloom, so disturbed were shoes times yy wars. But roses have always been to me comfort and peace and refreshment. They are now. In a world such as ours it is well to take time to think about -

them, t tend them and persuade them to bloom hey belong to an essential realm, and when we co e, as we do today, to give honor to a man has spent so much o fe upon roses, we do

those who make music and painting and books and poetry and sculpture, is part of all that work which makes human beings better and more civilized

Folklore And Fact Of

Medicinal Plants

In Rural Mexico By . Wiggins, hehe University

alee ina utilize their

HE ingenuity with which some of the only by their ability mes

ative plants for remedies and cures is surpas

to distinguish between those that are “good” o: badd” and to apply nar t hose with which they come in contact.

Often, while collecting herbarium spa in Mexico, I have been een upon with unconcea aled suspicion and wonder; but when the natives

told that I was ing plants ht mi yield new or more effective medicines their uneasiness vanished a A man putting weeds and

s eee then became freshets of “facts,” and no

Spec fur thee aheie « was il Doubtless wa Guece! . contain no small amount of misinformation the oe beneficial effects of various native plants when rubbed on, or made into poultices, plasters, or tea On the other band, rte medicinal ‘ore of the Mexican a ae — is based on generations of experience, handed down from father and ily mo ee to dave hter. Though intimately intertw eae with. ce arkable wel of truth runs through the fabric. Not a few of the ae oe a e pagon today as homely but ‘tet renee - i ne time used also by ae ae ae with refined aces cbaiabl a oe corner srg See not one w hit from their effec Texicans in us walks of life have ee me on the leaves of one plant oa: bead ot ices for a wound that fails to heal readily; that ark from another bak steep es in water yields an e Action medicine for the treatment of sore eyes; Boge be of a delic. ne ttle h ae ellent ae for . a of a rattlesnake or ie ing 0 e root of another see eee as a eesti ee from still pees ae a potent remedy for malaria! eee the ves or flower: of Tsomeris arbor rea is a powerful Ae purgative: re, for an overdose is pisonons! 1 ion of the rush-like stems of Ephedra californic to the Mexicans as Bee otilla,” is used to coma a ‘os ongestion in the chest and as a remedy for varicose veins. <A stronger t nee from the roots of the same aa is noe as a are for ae

177

disease and Scone The juice of Jatropha cinerea, * oe " of the Mexicans, is r o be the most effective medicine known for healing chapped or ieee ie ut it must not be swallowed as He is a violent

Quaking aspens, whose a and leaves Sg to set the broken leg of a Mexican vaque

178

ae The herbage of an evil-smelling Porophyllitin is used to m a taken as a “blood purifier.” ee ee ee me that this is ate as palatable as our sassafras The tic gum of several species of Bursera is burned, much as he Chines ese me urn incense, and the ee oe inhaled to relieve catarrhal congestion in the head. The same a e used also for packing cavities in decayed, aching teeth. Artemisia Brace called “dragon sagewort” in parts of the United States ona erb’ anis” by the Mexicans, is used for a half dozen ailments. A strong ae made from the leaves is used as a hair tonic, or t Te leaves are crushed and rubbed through ie hair and over the scalp. The

the leaves Pures stem taken in s a doses to cure stomach ulcers and other digestive ae made from the fresh or dried roots a the plant is supposed to cure poate and relieve the pain of severe burns

his list of medicinal eae to which some of the native plants are put is but a beginning. t be extended to include several hundred native lants. Some of cos pate dealing with these plants and remedies

sible wo

careful study and checking to iia ee raat of some and the uselessness of other: t each new trip i e back country of Mexico brings to light some eine 8 vit we mi a ine The es intriguing of these was recounted for me by a sixteen- shies old boy of Scandinavian parentage who now lives in L ower Calif During a pack and saddle

this boy, Phil Meling, who accompanied the party as packer and guide, told me the eee story.

ago summer one of Meling’s vaqueros was caught under a falling, fe Be chasing wi cattle a his leg was broken just below the knee. He was carried to the ‘ae mer cabin by the other riders who rendered aid—first, second, and final The y first spas hee the eae was a simple one, then dis ete one of ye number of the meadow a half ae away to hack a quantity i a pe me

S al

water added, and the mass boiled for a half hour. The injured leg was carefully washed with the hot liquid. A couple of quarts of the fluid was drained aes the macerated ee and bark, a similar quantity of strained wild honey added, and the mess boiled until it ones the siigneeo of thick a Probably the a Sco: ise dur the process in spite of constant stirring, and the juice may have undergone some oxidation, i ey the time it had boiled down sdncearly the ae was black a

179

ie o uae were torn aly a blanket and thoroughly smeared with t, viscous The hile three cae held the patient, a ae ae thet Been leg eee and held i iti as judged by his ideas of human anatomy and a . the assis he hot, honey-daubed strips of cloth were wound around the injured = ee ankle to above the knee. The patient, ae ae ae the hot band was sea in the bunk until the mass of cloth,

a irly rigi

2

honey, and pron

made by surgeons cloth impregnated w he plaster of paris and dipped i in Bee nae ae application. A splin ee from a dry piece of aspen wood, was padded with fibers ae a ‘native yucca and bound in place outside the ca During = month the Mexican dey was confined to his bunk n weight was attached to the injured leg, nor were any mechanical ae other than. the cast and s plint used. At the eid - that time the chap became ie a Ravana to leave the cast alone for a 1, he ork on it with his knife and removed i ae ne “He Gerplsined eee tout the minor scars arg ed by the burns peer when the hot band re placed on his leg! For r weeks after the removal of ae cast he hobbled. about . cabin hon

on ee crutches, a i g from his ankle upward and around his k t the See mem 2 off the ground.

Crude these measures seem to thos Qo are eae to modern n ae practices, they were effective still rides. He walks (when he m

on e walk) without a limp. Cattle-camp surgery, wild honey and aspen juice ae it possible.

cAnother Krubi From Sumatra Blooms At The Garden

which has come to be pop pularly came into flower in the ee Dates n Sunday a uheooe July 2 It started to open at 1 o and it Pape so rapidly t that by the time

the conservatories were ae for the day, the rim of the spathe had already begun howev

to dro The infl oe ae for ne many hundreds 0

to see on ponse to newspaper notices and radio broadcasts. But by Af foue th of Taly the oe was practically closed

eee Botanical Garden's second sce of dead Hanan ve the n: e of ‘“‘krubi,

180

ead of heing set in a tub, like the ae eee ie Amor- ae had ue out in a bed i re oid ho 0 give it a better Ate to dev According to B. Krukott ; oie Near this cor e Garden its native ee in en the plant is largely aa in the wild by the Raldeata of corms at the ase ae runners which extend about ten feet y from the e parent plant. As plant has ever been successfully oe in cultivation, the Be el oa n Aes on that its method of culture might induce propagation by nat-

ral 1

ae aching New York in 1935, the present plant has borne two leaves, one a uring 1936 and ri second late in 1937. ee one died down during the winter of 1938 and the corm was allowed to

When planted out in the spring, corm weighed only a en barely a quarter as aie as the corm of the enormous plant which flowered : June, 1937. : therefore not expected that flowering would occur

The new prow began May 5. Six weeks later it became evident that

the bud scales contained an inflorescence. md June 20 the bud stood 20 inches high. en grew an average of about 2 inches a until it fluwered at a height of + feet—less than half the size of the former

”

ieee at the Botanical Garden, but a striking “flower ee in color, form, and odor.

he spadix of this specimen was : a purplish slate color, instead o yellovy as in the former ‘flower.’ id not tee down the side, instead emitted its putrid odor ee a pore at t ery tip. The Fae of the fluted spathe was rich maroon, like the ee Pee a greenish yellow spotted with ivory, aboye a thick, dull green stalk with ivory spots.

Official Flower Since the blooming of the second krubi at the Garden. the Borough President has designated -lmorphophallus titanum as the official flower of the Bronx. In an announcement made July 7, President James J. Lyons rt:

P The only place in the Western anaes cee this a ie has i Bronx. TJ, therefore, feel it proper that the Bronx should adopt it as its official flower. I, therefore. proclaim the morpho- phallus titanum (giant krubi) as the official flower of the Bronx, as its tremendous size shall be symbolic of the large and fastest growing borough of City of New York. There are many other sweeter- -smelling flowers, but none as large and distinctive.”

z. us

7 wal Photograph by Fieda Griffith.

A a titanum, Sumatra’s giant krubi, the second aaa of ich (shown above) bloomed at the Botanical Garden n July

Plants And Planting Methods For The “Native Garden By Robert S. Lemmon,

Editor of ae Gardening” a very considerable extent, success in the growing of native plants na more or less cultivated state hinges on the application of plain common sense, plus the realization that the great majority of the more desirable species have definite likes and dislikes to which one must defer. Granted these Say on the part of the planter, the rest becomes largely a matter of

At the very ou utset a eae make a thorough study of the place you propose to ee ith. Obvious ens to be determined are the extent and location of the shaded and sunlit the conditions of soil moisture in various spots, the presence or oe of rock, and the character of the soil itself. The last of aaa is especially important and eee a para-

r two of it . ow:

Both the physic: ee the chemical character of the soil may vary sharply in dif poe of even a decidedly small area, and the only way of esa them is by taking numerous samples. Look especially for the p of heavy clay, em or grav vl consistency, abundant leatmold or one humus, ordinary loam, and so on me any one of these conditions is found in excess i it can be aiered ; ae des red, by incorporating with the s ng it up t

absence of ei ime side of the soil chemistry picture which coun nts, ous a others, which

be satisfactory except in the case of an eae arren ee on. Cert: of our really pee native Lae are indifferent as to whether a soil is alka- line or acid; some definitely prefer the presence of co able lime,

nsider:

and many oe species ey natives of the East) require clearly eae oo

ere is al one sure way of determining = renee or came of your ae and that is by testing samples of it with o reliable sets which can 7 — at - ice gerden supoly : S from the manufactur Such tests had bet made in paver different spots, for ne hentcl as a as t ne etude character of soil

he en es or dire

Once the existing alkaline or acid en is known, steps can be taken to alter it if the plants that you wish to grow call for such ae

183

A limey soil can be made neutral hil actually acid by the addition of acid- carrying materials such as oak leafmold, peatmoss, rotted hemlock or pine needles, or by the cautious use ane — ate. An acid soil, on the ot! ther hand, can be neutri sce or thrown over on the alkaline by igging in crushed sal estone or, as a substitute, ee slaked lim Turning now to matters of shade and sunlight, it is well to neste that few of our on worthwhile native plants will do their best if sub- jected to conditions which are much different oe those under which they grow in the wild. Woodland rant simply cannot stand the full blaze of the summer sun, and conversely the open sorts dwellers will become but ghosts of their true selves Yi obliged to submit to deep shade. Similarly, too, plants that normally are found in wet or sou oe will be unhappy or even die in dry situations, and vice versa. There are but few clear exceptions to this s principle, notably the cardinal eae “(Lobeli ta cardinalis) and the marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris), two of our best eastern wildflowers, both of oni ch ae very fi indeed in locations vee drier than those in which they are ever found naturally. The se

and often conservation, other: n be bought from dealers who ialise is such material, ae in ae many See ee ee which involve ri i i s whi ve bee

es e difficult pagated and grown under cultivation will not only give you better results than can be expected from collected ones, but also conform to perfect con- servation a actice. A few of the nurseries offer propagated specimens of some of our ae plants, but - eu are looking for mel ee ie ae will find it mo ore certai and far more interesting—to e you n from

s follow the same general r rules by which our ordinary garden plants are produced, and the e es spt: required is so simple that no real gardener need hesitate a moment about the undertaking. A small coldframe a a regular sash and a slat screen for shade is the sential for raising native plants from seed, for many kinds ger-

minate slowly and must a rane ected from full exposure to

he winter as weil hrough the rest of t soil mixture of one part leafmold, o loam and art sand is a good standard to dea and i rains should be done in shallow wooden boxes, o “flats,” rather clay containers, as they will not crack during cold winter w a In see see sow 10 1 - less of the time of les ; the wisest policy is to follow Nature’s lead,

mer emoving he storm damage, ae by other plants, and so on

Houstonia caerulea

a * ES

. awa AS , Gentiana Porphyrio

erpyllifolia ay

:

¥ '

Cypripedium Reginae -

| AMERICAN

WILD FLOWERS

Claytonia virginica

FOR THE AMERICAN

GARDEN

186

many cases, shrubs and other woody plants ee a] pro

In a good

ni cuttings in a similar frame if and. fiv

wides t the

the background of suc

your particular property come:

“bottom heat” which is genera

ch general oae

we et ras ee the question of what kin

s next in cabelas o kn

ed

oduc it contains a bed of rather coarse

on nursery ve the

the sete serge will not ha’

ven a certain now which a will do

set of ae and other conditions, are you best for you?

Of eo the ideal answer to this all-important matter is long experi- ence with and observation of native plant their natural habitats, but that takes time. A very satisfactory short-cut exists in Herbert Durand’ “Wildflowers and Ferns” which ig. very recent book, is still the best one on the cultivation of our eastern native plants that I know of. If you supplement it with the following notes certain species you will

have a workin real success. There is no space

g knowledge of native plant gardening that will lead to

here for anything like a comprehensive list of the

ble hich are yw

described, howev re amo le best, a ide variety of cultural npr Al ae oe perfectly hardy and satisfactory in the New York region, and ev as defini nd dis-

ew York re; tinctive appeal of blossom, form, or py ia oe it to first-rank

consideration. For Full or Nearly

Low Growing (Under 18 inches)

artridge-berr Mitchella repens).

ish places, neutral or acid soil. Exquisite though tiny fragrant flowers in la

June follow yy persistent scarlet ber- ries. Not a rapid gr Propagated

by cuttings or layer Gaywings (Potyoala ne) ly forms a scatter ou sao

Slow- r2to4 S16 qui uite

Incline to be sulky, but pot-grown pla from roo division are not too difficult to establish. Good-sized ese

sods will usually succeed in the right place.

Full Summer Shade

indflower or Rue Anemone (Ane eee thalictr aoe p hernely dainty little woodlander 6 inches high, white to pale orchi fa flowers in early May; ; leaves resembling those of meadow- ue. Very acid soil and ae drainage. Proves by root division.

Ane: hence quingue- fol hme ere always white and leaflets pointed, but general A earance ate to the foregoing a ood compan for it. Root ye alee is S prohatly the het

means of propagat

patica (H. t - lue, white or occasionally pink flowers furry stems in early spring. Altogether delightful in wel Star it d

187

established. Propagate by fresh seed (uncertain) or division of large plants.

mp : flower well, The easter (EZ. amerieaviin): < ion fe e-undergrourid to form large coe chiefly of foliage. Sev - ral West Coast species are less fae pant and oe ans Owy, ‘with differ Dolor,

Trailing Arbutus (Epigaea repens). eae gt dgaee with intensely fra-

ae white pink blossoms in early i Ver y add, well drained, leaf- moldy. sandy Oil Only pot-grown plants

from seed or Sasa should be used, as d.

collected clumps rarely succee

Canada ae Neen cana- dense). Splendid low and fast-spreading ground cover for vei ry anges oly ither dry or damp. Tiny sp of c white

flowers in May. Hasily, “teaiisplarited, or propagated ie division of horizontal roots.

Oconee-bel. (Shortia Choice cae. ‘broad.

fringy blossoms Intensely acid leafmold t is never allowed to become really dry. Difficult to establish but fine. Propagate by stolon divisio

air Fern (Adiantum pedatum).

nches tall, depending on * condits

a man’s Breeches (Dicentra oui lar ee Mas: ae cae ee a ided foliage and ly flow ugges- tive of the related ‘bleeding-heart i in 7 nape Well ve nas stony slopes and neutri al to cid s Pisgica ate by divi- sion 2 small bulb a sters. bean trans- planted after leaves die dow

(Sanguin waria cana. update ery ea

soil, dry or damp, Pagate by division of root-stock gust, or transplant at th Ss

Spring Beauty ee virginica). A rather inconspicuous, straggly little plant

as it grows among the fallen leaves of fe - ae spring, but really choice when yy itself in deep, rich, damp leafmald. e Ned neal or acid soil. Eas ily transplanted after foliage dies down.

eae rene (Saxifraga egies

transplanted and does not seem to care whether the soil is neutral or moderately

showy Ladyslipper (Cypripedium Re- sinc) Safer to transplant and easier to

gro an its eee ljeafmold or

they are old ee have formed eae eyes, or buds. alled C. spec

aU very é d dw ently. per an alkaline soil listed here don't seem to care a ropaga pea ty fresh fa oe or trans- lant from the wild ii Virgin ae or ee (Mer- tensia tac Handsome, pink- tinged blue flowers on leafy sta Iks, in rich, dampish, neutral woods soil. by fresh seed or Se of large

Foam-flower low psn -cover leathery evergreen leaves and small spikes of creamy blossoms. Give it a dampish

and rich soil, neutral or acid. Readily transplant d from the wild or propagated by divisi

Tall (18 inches to 6 feet)

ardinal-flower (Lobelia Ce

he reddest of all reds, in Augu: eet high in rich, heavy re on ground plant in the wi ild, vet lives longer

ia cultivation under only moderately damp a Easily grown from see " Great Lobelia (Lobelia syphilitica). handsome es ee of the pie er owine. well w ordinary garden con- dition: Pri seeing readily from seed.

188

Black Snakeroot (Cimicifuga race- that eventually form large clumps in rich,

ee pa white i ue in well watered soil. Moderate sized ones to 6 fee A can be transplanted in me summer, stately, graceft aa in rch rather “danip new ones raised from spor oods soil, ral or som Ae Royal Fern Olas: ‘oak ). A

Cinnamon ie ee truly, Bees species for baie munda cinnamomea and O, Cat) location, sometimes 4 feet hi igh and p Two stately and tropical-looking species portionately broad.

Native Plants for Half Sunny Locations

Low for three weeks in May. Acid, well drained soil. Propagates easily by division.

Eastern Columbine (Aquilegia cana-

ee Beautifully graceful and attrac- Quaker Lady (Houstonia caerulea).

ie in dryish locations an ae lean, neutral Similar in general ote the bluet pre- oil. Avoid rich soil, as it leads to over- ceding, but much clumps. Not

erat and coarseness. Bate from fresh — long- lived, Be sett ae “rey when well

seed. situated. Same conditions for HA. Mountain. Cranberry (Vaccinium Vitis- a

idaca minus). Very choice, very low, ergreen eae jesse

woody evergreen alpine for gritty, peaty, Solent evergreen ground

acid soil and pea moisture. Slow- inches high with persistent ccarlet ve

growing. Cranberry-red eae Propa- ries. vin acid. dry location. Propa-

gate by dincon or seed (slow and un- gated by cuttings or division. aes

tolet Iris (Iris verna). Dainty oxen Tall spreader, Light blue and ne flowers

May. Acid soil. Divides easily. Cardinal-flower and Great Lobelia.

ae Myrtle (Leiophyllum buxifolium described.

b. prostratum). Two forms of a os

ottle Gentian (Gentiana Andrewsii).

tiny- leaved ond ines n_sub-shrub, the for- oat but effective when a good deep blue

a orm is selected. eee 2 feet h igh

white fons in May. Acid, peaty, well

drained s plant edi’ dee

Pics Hc Se sy blue species Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia).

truly perennial, not ov a foot tall. Ve ry Too well known to need cere a acid, sandy peaty soil, Nurse ery plants Ineier i ople are not familiar wit

fromoeeed Ce hese. ia ence on a ee acid soil. Thy Ss,

of those other most

Bluet (Houstonia serpylli- desirable shrubs pias Carolina Rhadoder:

ja Pat, ‘igne spreading cushions of dron, Pink-shell and Flame Azaleas, and tiny leaves hidden by china-blue blossoms Rhododendron tater.

Wildlings to Plant in Full Sun

Low A ay location tends to increase com- actnes: Birdsfoo (Viola pedata). Re- : putedly Sthcale Sat really Fete sim- Bristed Ast CAster linariifolius). ple if given full sun, perfect drainage, Splendid show of lavender, gold-centered anda ‘very acid? sandy roll P opagate Aegean in Septe en Dense growth c igh in acid, perfectly drained by division. of large plants, or by seed. soil. Propagate by division Crested Iris (Iris cristata). Attractive Bearberry Mciaieniaies Uva-urst).

spreading dwarf plant for almost any soil. Outstanding evergreen ground-cover for

189

exposures.

but not acidity. y nursery-grown e.

Perfect drainage essen- i Plenty of es potted ole nts

Eastern Columbine. Already described.

Tall

New England and New York Asters (Aster rare es ae af. novi- ae and the! ms). Both tall and v

in ee ich lo: ani:

or showy, at their best

Should be divided every two or three years.

Marsh Mallow (Hibiscus ee: Great crépe-paper pink blos: Au- gust on stalks up . 6 feet tall. ‘Dampish cae and heavy soil preferred. Easy To

Meadow Rue ae . SAE Hone summer cloud: my us blossoms. eee eee aaywhe ere and transplants readily,

With Captain F. Kingdon Ward (center) in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden

are, left to right: J. J. Elliott, T. H. Eu Captain F. ee Ward Visits New York, the Fai

And the Garden United

Coming to the States - ae

Ss are grown Asia. of honor at ns on Parade’ The eae gar- a Ne sta ff

Bo den conducted a clinic at wich

erett, H. A. Gleason and L. W. McCaskill.

members answered the public’s questions on gardening and botany.

days afterward ae y

Captain Ward, | Robbin and ae

Boa

rathered Tr. Robbing’ home a onial noo Yonkers, to meet him the evening of July 19.

J. E. Spingarn

Spingarn, a member of the Board of anager of The New York Botanical Gar died at his New York Home ae 2% after a prolonged ilines ss. He was 64 years old.

Famed eee Hg agrees for as even more id of eg

and wherever Negro rights we cerne: Until 1911 he s fiend. - the Department omparative Literature i

on the staff since 1899. - number of works o

well volumes oetry conceibited A oot hortinltal works, including Gari ary and E 37

t me

Winthrop

negro slave med James hope ed to have the entire diary, people and deni in

ional gardener in Du oe ae ed

vei “awarded oo to the of Afri e deeon and rae

‘outbeck, Hie ae Amenia, ae he raised probably every sp s that

did more than anyone else to re-estab- lish ae oe favorite in American gar- dens lecturing, exhibiting, and

talking Pe everywhere until he felt

that he had made satisfactory progress ith the appreciation of this flower. In July 1936 he contributed to this Journal “The Hybri f Clematis texrensis.” He was recipient of i Fierce son Dawson Memorial Medal the Massachusetts Horticultural Soci ay i

In cae of his work with the genus len

uating exercises were held 26, 1938,

tellectual achievement “A jentist uld be judged,” he said, “by his oe tific attainments ae essen ntial wisdon and not by his degrees. Mr. Spingarn’s boaearanes before the tudent gardeners was typical of the nes ee he displayed in the titution

an active conseneve assoc ciate. Delphinium Fellowship

For the study of root and crown rot ie _delphinium, one of the most trouble- dis

plant diseases, a fellowship has heen estal tablished by the oe Del- phinium iety, of which Col. d

Soc a ae is president. Tho Las askaris, a graduate a S

at the. “Unive ity of Minnesota,

chosen for fellowship, and began

work August 1 under Dr. B. Dodge The New York Botanical Garden

At the Uni a Delaware, where r. Laskaris w raduated in 1937, he specialized in hortieultue and botany ae adie both field and laboratory work of his courses. entering the Unie sic of Minnesota in 1937, he ee in ay pathology. From 1937 938 he was a Caleb Dorr fellow at Minnesota and in Septem 1938 he was the recipient of the Shevlin fellowship in pl hology and botany. His Master i

gree was awar a bse Minn sota in Navenbe r 1938. a mem- ber of Sigm: Xi

Notes, News, and Comment

Shade Tree Conferen The Fifteenth pagent Ae Tree “Conference takes place in New York Aug. 22-24, with headquarters at the Hotel tor In addi. tion to the 25 papers to be given on shad tree problems, there will be eis

. Boner gardens all o

Europe. Dr. A. B. Stout is i two months in ‘Europe t this sues trav- eling for al ae, of ugh the Scan- dinavian tries, ending the Inter- national Geneties Chere in Eee

g. and visiting re eek in

September, jist before

Medal. The third anes ever to receive the award, Dr. D. Merrill has medal of me Lien Society of nferre this sum- recognition

of. tes Director of The New York Botan der

ew Orleans. G. oes

N Marcel representing the P. N

nN

others on the staff regarding the estab- eno ae a botanical garden in his hom

neh August 28 at 11:45 am..

e Ri will “ sisted by Mrs eber. the botanists visiting the Lanes in rely are Dr. H. Lam, Curator of the Herbarium at the Uni-

ific Congress at San ncisco ; Prof, W. McCaskill of Christchurch Col- lege, New Zealand, en route to England

‘a, ou his way to g at the University of Calif Lakela of Duluth, Minn., going to Fin-

191

land; T. B rooks of Kansas Agricul- tural Co liege; George E. Wheeler of the University ‘ot Pittsburgh; C. V. "Morton of the National Herbarium at Washing- ton; jobbs, an amateur botanist of Illinois ; Ashby, perial Institute. London ; lan A. Beetle, University o California; Mrs. Walter Do iglas, Mexico

ward, Harv.

of Iowa; Dr. rry, University of Penn-

Dr. Laura J. Nahm of t Plat River, Mo

i Elements. ae oe College

Botani den preparing a pa for the Bot. aed Review on the Golgi ele- ments of plant cells.

Habitat-bunting in the object of the

Vas n Trip. southeast Tn states wai io

Joseph John Elliott, exchange student rdeners, under the leadership of E. J. lexander the last of June. They cov-

ered Pilot, ndfather, and Roan un-

tains and the Craggies and also pent a week along the North Carolina coast.

s the culmination of

gral eum | uilding the afternoon of June 30, with Col. Edward Steichen, Chairman of th ay- lily Committe the American Ama- ryllis Society, presiding and giving an dress. Dr. A. B. Stout gave an ill trated lecture on daylilies, showing som f the wild forms ae som the new- est developments in color, size, and

blooming quality.

Pancngs of daylilies were shown in the c e hall.

orridor outside the

lectur

Correction. In the article on the “Fundamentals of Rose Growing” by P. McKe a, in this Journal for June

suggestions un Maintenance. ie statement advising the use tankage or dried blood should be cor- rected to rea pply at the rate of 1 pound per 3 square vards,

ler Feeding and General

of

192

Current Literature* At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh

Proceedings of the

Chemicals. Hortic re Sci-

The American Society for

lanolin,

especially when applied ir erg and

soe pecan trees (Rom Sm

seedling was found s being ie mutant, tetraploid: diploid, treated w

ne loid peach

nd in a group

chicine (Dermen and Scott i 16-p ’ strawberries a “cathe treatment

Tetraploid cheese followed colchicine Bens The ve nts have considerable jal promis (Thompson and pon

effect of “auxilin” on the ee

- feats of shrubs varied with the ag he cutting as well as with species. of f- tir of

The rooting leaf-bud cuttings

Syringa japonica, Prunus Padus, P. tri- loba plena and Rubus deliciosus was not affect P. hybrida, Newport plum,

ew. P tomentosa, Rhodotwpos bertoides rooted and S

tter ambucus racemosa laciniata

goted_ much more easily with ‘“auxilin.”

Sten cuttings of P. Padus, Ribes alpinum

oe and P. Meee showed in- sed re g. (Longley).

cs - watermelons, cucumbers, and Peppers were formed pig es eet s the sti

he

a

oe flowers in aol ae) calle ber of fruits and the quality of the fruit was abo same ith self-pollina- tion except for the absence of seeds. A alchicine-treated elon failed to develop fruits after self-pollination but did develop with the naphthalene acetic

acid treatment, (Cheong-yin Wong)

* All publications mentioned here—and many Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building.

Some of the other ported. ‘ast Seed by the member oe the for Horticultural Sci-

solution.

(king and

he ascorbic aid (vitamin C) content

of Florida pienec ae varies pani with the se@son; it as great i ure as in aatute € overripe ones, and

Wee ee per 100 milliliters,

sed to the sun contained

se 8 ‘own j

rding

he University of Illinois has kept saat on ee erformance of three trees se rieties of appl or 21

ars. ese varieties, th udley ewan bearing first; the Autu -

ae bore 50 pounds firs id

TI yields, Dudley, aries and Tigran: sho wed no injury due fire blight or wintering. (Mc- Manin

1).

Orchids. Mrs. Marjorie T. Bingham has just written ; a charmin brochure on the orchids of Michigan, which will be of

interest to

one kinds, illustrates five in r and hirty-one in half-tone and eovide a key, a glossary, a ap iaien a gen- eral discussion of the family, Gneluding notes on the dcleivaton of ive species ; he gee cupying well printed p It had for a dollar ne ue “pbishers “the “Crantirdok Insti- of cience, Bloomfield Hilts Michiga ar

Dwarf Fruits. The uses of dwarf fruit

trees, which some aaa growers prefer to the standard tre described in U.S.D.A. Leaflet 178. by HF. Gould

Tn this country t te arfs are usually made grafting the suandard varieties onto slow-growing rootstock. These trees are frequently develope for decorative

into fan shapes against a garden wall.

others—may be found in the Library of The

193

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.)

How New York City’s Parkways Pay Bee AND LAND VALUES.

John Nolen and Henry Vincent Hub- bard. 135 pages, illustrated; appen- dices. — Harvard Sune sity Pre: Cambri dee, 1937. $1.

It would 1 ssible book avithout ene pane ‘influenced iis the rapidly growing par!

ment of New York City “aad using the See papi froma of this syst uy eck on the Gadings of the autho

ag ho vol, which is complete and in- terestingly informative, deals with three

€ t of park

different types systems: the Metropolitan system of Boston, which more or less parallels — ee

municipal and county own metropolitan eee ae Muniinal ystem of Kansas City, and the Cou

enities ; all stressed. The authors also discuss the accepted parkway pattern: elimination of grades s

on sting tangents of way en- r. The esthetics of the older sys- tems are noted as well: parkway margins

developed to provide pleasing offscapes to the pe gute and the planning ey

idges, tions, lighting struc- tures, and 1 ie o be harmonious with he lands

it of view, th

71: as evidenced mie title o

the community “for cats

ing and misting the parkway. That w York City has pro

the Stee, parkway patterns there c no doubt. That is now taking the lead in providing a nest modern pat- tern, which will become, fir

a 2" ®

the rights. ay, the plans being drawn either by the City Park Department or y an age of State G nment, and the construction undertaken by State tr case pies with Fe

0 cases ra ori ties. have pro- arose sizable portions these parkway

ache

examples studied by the au- New York City’s system has ae fee purpose of providing traffic

LAS in the

lief arteries, preservation of natural scenery, ae Stabilenee of land usage.

ion and n

Huds arkw hattan and along it to Broadway at Va Cortlan ark in the Bronx. The areas considered wer nein vile two

was by comes drawn petivecin e assessed valuations in ve and those ealed b: assessment

essed three-year oe s 'y over $1,000,000 per Sear

. the effect of this new parkway t only in ee of ed build- ted in in-

e it is reasonable to expect that these tax- able values will undergo a fu ise so mai factors involved that it is difficult to decide on how mu more ular value than is indicated in thes gible figures is added by the park stead of. a provable total

of set formulae, there values wild an incontestable

er, fac an parka pave Hee only Tees He of sed

margin: levine inlet able t tra!

from a_ business Sandpoint

effect on the gene dae ae neial structure

of the local govern

n R. Jennies,

General << inlendent of Parks,

New York City.

194

A Fine Wild Flower Book For Young People

BOOK OF WILD_ FLOWERS. Margaret McKenny and Edith F. John- ston. aS full- pase slustrations in color. Macmillan, New York, 1939. $2.

nny ae aa

ee knows exquisitely. Anna B. McKenna.

Soil Study for the eee MOTHER

Robinson 202 pages Gtinstrated with

photographs and maps. Thomas Murby

& Co. London, 1937.

Unique in its ae is the little book ous Earth” by G. W. Robin- n En,

son, lish Professor of agricultural cherishes. Containing some 200 pages, it is composed of a seri f letters, each

ome

and other parts of world and a chap- ter on the struggle the United States to conserve its soils round out a rather

useful little work. P. J. McKenna.

Research on id sera

Brought Up to Dat

FERTILIZERS. Gil- Second edition. 456 Biakis-

ERCIA Col ee

The author sive ienoeledue of the receateh i in nthe eld of ona fertilizers. Throughout the book, this

195

ance ed by constant reference to, and oncise résumé of, the work of investi- gators connec it iment sta- ons and ertilizer industry.

The second edition, under d: £1 has brought the analysis of this research lown t te. “Thus,” as author states in the preface, “this repre-

sents a composite of the opinions rand con- clusions of authorities within the fertilizer industry, as ae s the conclusions of experiment sta agronomists, espe- cially in the frie ~using territory of the United Sta

The content, ter art, : ce technical. In or

try, geology and s ae

ources, and uses of the e

beth organic and inorganic, phosphorus, and potassium.

Considerable space is devoted to a dis- ‘ussion the constantly ee im- portance of certain other e ents, me- times called “minor elements,” — which some of our soils are now becoming a ficient. wn cluded in phe cat Bay ar

sulphur, magnesium, anganese,

m

oa copper, sodium, diilovine and salts carrying ee

soe are devoted to t

ciples ee ler ne the pur ae use,

ae nethods of application of fertilizers.

ERSMAN,

State Institute of Applied

Agriculture on Long Island.

Plant pie ins ogy ERIMENTS IN PLANT PHYST. BLOGY Walter E.” Loomis and Charles ‘A. Shull. -

nes pertorming a one oo which

commonly in plan phystolegy. References i in some iiistatices questions at the end

pecific papers, r

tae which is new or unique in the ex-

periments selected, the book should prove

useful to teachers of courses in plant physiology. W. J. Ropsins. Inducement for Traveling To Our National Parks ROMANCE OF THE NATIONAL PARKS Harlean James. Pages i- xiv, 1-240. Hustrated with 123 phe tographs; in Macmillan, k, 1939, oe

Yor! Several fine books have been published

this year on our national pales including the one here reviewed, which is appro- priately dedicated to Dr. Hota. Mc- Farland, “who, iden er-

bilities and firs system; whi duienang the Nati S ns selfish aggression and who has never Ey heen for anting when the National Parks friend. a

ant is. presented of

ice oun Ramer, “Crate a tae: pioneer

wester’ arks (L: Yosemite, Se- quoia, "General Grant, Death lley) ; ae ‘ ae Pace (Glacier, Yellow- ston Rocky ount: ail) ; 3 over ihe seas Pan eae Hawai), in the old

ene (Grand Canyon, Zion, Bryce

allowed to drop whatever he

pack up, and leave on a ae

at once—and for an indefini H. N.

is doing, ae he parks

Peco

Brief Notes on Varied Books

A passctire for Gardeners

GARDENER’S BRARY.

Belted by Edward I. Farrington for

the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Published by Hale, Cushman and Flint, ston, 1939, Ae each.

Bo %

xpens Ae books Ze “issued fod ale hman & Flint for the Massachusetts Horicultaral So-

ciety covers a variety of 's of imp ance, especially for the novice in gar-

dening.

GARDENER'S ALMANAC. Harrington: 141 pages,

Edward I, illus rated. indexes The Gar 's Almanac, compiled by ie sages ecreaty: wtellg briefly what do with flowers, bg see fruits, ee fees and shrubs, how to get rid of aes ae and what odd jobs need ‘attention = ie

THE VEGETABLE GARDEN. _ Ed- d Q pes 139 pages, illus- ted, index

tables, with suggestions for vegetables

for a family of five.

HE Rea ree

es, illustrated, in

Charles W. Par eealares Gaels and

practical rules fer building a lawn in

ook of the series. Drawin operations and

lawn, obtained from the Chicago Park

Pies are an attractive and practical addition to the text.

BA Parker.

HERBS. Helen Noyes ies 156 pages, illustrated. Rai

Helen ate vast amount of neu into “the alae of the book on herbs. This volum: to a second edition of a six sevear: ‘ok Ibu ¥ letin issued by the Maseachinve s Horti- cultural Society, and contains Digcceal botanical, cultural, culinary, le; gendary, and poe mapa ae sae is authen- tica ted by tl neu arch,

THE RO a ARDEN pe Bissland and others. 128 pages, ‘hus: trated, indexes

James H. Bisoland ‘has written a special volume on rock gardens for The Gar- denen’ s Library. The ‘longest chapter er,

gardens, consists of xtensi selection of plants for use ock gar- by F. Cleveland Morgan

of Botanical ‘Garden for the American Rock Garden Society.

196

Botanical Terms in German

GERMAN-ENGLISH BOTANICAL TERMINOLOGY, Helen Ashby, Eric

Ashby, Dr. Harald Richter, and Dr. Johannes Barner. 195 pages. English and German text and imdex. Norde- mann, New York, 19.

One of the most aes of ‘bilingual glossari ies ever to reach the eu arden’s kk of German-

physiology, ecolo; genetics, and plant patnoloes, as w gen der each subject, si

aph iven in th

ou set in italics

Exploring in Persia

TO PERSIA FOR FLOWERS. Alice

Fullerton. 195 pages, illustrated. Ox- ford University Press, New York, 1938. $3.

tanist and gardener, the last

ntion, Most of the dusty travel from Pp

a a ° zt = b oC 3 w =I A . > Oo

of plan s went to

h Museum

The Year in New York ALMANAC FOR NEW YORKERS— 1939, Federal nitets Hroject, 153 pages, illustrated. odern Age Books, w York, 1939. Am the guides ne almanacs es have beh published for this crowded of 1939,

he Fe ome choice -bits of and coming — eee ee benween aa Led of all-night drug stores and t! cea i hi fon New York, a a Pa ge is ce cal Garden rst specimen af morphophallas Aa iahich bloomed and which, incidentally, may be a life-siz ed mo ming every 8 minutes this sunnmer - “the World’s Fair.

Caro. H. Woopwarp,

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS

I, ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1940: Henry pe Forest BALDWIN Bias Hoe Cuitps Frick, AR

oe R. Jennines, Henry Lock wart, Jr, . MacDoucat, Mrs. Harotp I. Pratt, and JoserH ie es (President).

Until 1941; E. Fretp, Mrs. Eton Feehan se OOKER, aoy L. Megs” ion bee iden, Cot. Ropert H. Montcomery,

. Hopart Porter. an at il we ne oe M. ee ue) Pierre Jay, CLARENCE Lewis, HENRY DE ONTAGNE (Secretary and Assistant ees and Wilts J. Ropsins. II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGu Mayor fe the City of New York. Rosert Moses, Par. oan SiO JAMES MARSHALL, President of the Board of Education. Ill APPOINTIVE MANAGERS y E. Hazen, appointed by the Hedbte Botanical Club. x “A. Harper, Sam F. Trevease, Eomunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by Columbia Universit ae

GARDEN STAFF

ee a Da D., Sc. D. Director H. A. GL. PHS DD) es cgseivzai gr cistete alate 4 8% Assistant Director and ee ag Curator HENRY DE tA eee As. t Director A. B. Stout, Pu. D. ......... 002 eee Curator of Education a Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Px. D., Sc. D. Curator Bernarp O. Donce, Px. D. Plant Pathologist JoHNn HENDLEY Banwuans, A. M., M. D. Bibliographer

Wz. ire Pu Assistant bibliourapher ALBERT C, SMITH, Associate Curator

ate

: ITH. Pa D. Haroip N. ahaa Pu. ie ur, A. B., B. ibrarian Cine ee Curator of the anes ee rd,

ae: h Associate are = Wats MS esearch Associate in Bryology E, J. Au DER....-+ Assistant Curator and ae of the pai Herbarium 2 De Assistant Curator

ista

Assistan.

Technical Assistant Edit pual Ls nt Tuomas H. EVERETT, N. D. Horr. iculturist L. ae, A. M. Docent

Collaborator in Hawatian Botany

Orto DEGENE ROBERT Hiacrt zens Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Erne. ANson S, pee Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections

uperintendent ot Buildings and Grounds ssistant ‘Superintendent

ARTHUR I. Cone A. C. PrANvER

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ks

00. n Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Na nae

na ae an pi ison Brown. Three volumes, giving descriptions and illustra tions of 4,666 s Second edition, reprinted. $13.50.

Flora of A Poirie and ee of fennel a sAmperics) by P. A. Rydberg. 969 i ee and 601 fi ES oad

Plants of the vee " ae vie by ih igen 284 pages, illustrated. 1935. $1.65.

Flora of Bermuda, By Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 4585 pages with 494 text eee TOMS Siar

A_ Text-book of Gene Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 plates. 1397, $2.5

eriodicals

Addisonia, annually, devoted SPUN ED, to colored plates acorn by popular descriptions of dewering plants; e a um i each volume. Now in its tw age Metis Subscription iced "510 a volume (four years). Not offered in eee Free to members of the Garden.

ournal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, containing notes, news

. Subscription, $1 a year; sng copies 10 cents. Free

en. he in its fortieth volum

to member

Mycologia, bimonthly, i rated in color and cee cold to fungi, including lichens, containing pee articles and news and notes of general in- terest. a year; single copies $1.25 each. Now in its chinks volum

Twenty-four Year Index volume $3. Brittonia. A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, Now in its thi rd volume

$5 a volume.

aelora’ Descriptions of (eee wie ee of North America,

North Ameri including ees the West Indies, and Cen tica. Planned to be com- d ee oat now issued.

w York Botanical Garden. A cide of technical the sat and repripte ss aon ane other than the abov: Price, 25 cents each, $5 volume. In the fourteenth volume. Memoirs of The New York Bommel Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Volumes VII. Titles on requ Duce all orders to The New ce Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N.

Se an FOR REACHING THE BOTANICAL GARDEN

The New York Botanical Gouden is located in the Bronx, immediately north of the Zoological Park at be cena oad, and at the south end of the Broai' River Parkway. It may b d by oe trains from Grand Central Terminal to the Botanical Garden Seiiont aps et).

To reach Garden b evated h Avenue Elevated to the end ot the line (Bronx pee Station); from the East ne West Side subways, transfer from the Lexington or Seve’ a Avenue line ie

hird Avenue Elevated at 149th Street and eThir _Aven i bway (Inde a (2000 rsa then walk east to the Gard en. y motor from the city, drive north on Grand Concourse to Bedford Park Tones ae oe th Street), turn east there, and cross the railroad bridge toward the Garden groun

WOOL, XL, SEPTEMBER, 1939

No. 477 JOURNAL f

THE NEw York BOTANICAL GARDEN”

%

¥ a ,

gh a

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y

ntered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. A

nnual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents

ree to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carnot H. Woopwarp, Editor

September, 1939

Brconia Emity CLigRAN Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith Tuperous BeconiA Hysrips as a GarDENING Hossy John Watts 197 BEGONIA SOCOTRANA—ITS PROGENY AND THEIR CULTURE James G. Esson 201 CHINESE GINGER W.M. Porterfield 208 EvEeNnING Courses FoR GARDENERS 212 Lectures FoR THE AUTUMN MONTHS 212 Rare MyxomycETEes COLLECTED 213

214 Current Lirerature AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 218 oTES. News, AND COMMENT 219

AUTUMN DISPLAYS From the time the first flowers appear on the hardy asters (‘““Michaelmas daisies”) during the waning days of summer until, some we later, the chrysan- themum is blackened by frost, the Botanical Garden’s ot collections near the main conservatories present a succession of colorful climaxe:

co e t ues baie will continue pene the et with their flowers until tl uccumb to fro

here are few other places in this country where there are amassed, fer example, nearly 70 ees of hardy asters: where well gro lants of 350 selected varieties of dahlias may be found; or w a is plants of splendid chrysantl ums in

70 varieties are exhibited; and s ne ee ny of these

may be seen in cne assemblage, each different nay plainly label

s and their friends who come to enjoy the autumn flowe to ta. tes ab them for reference in their own gardens will appreciate doubly the Botanical Garden's purpose in growing thousands of plants for dis; hey e the pleasure the flowers provide for the public and observe the attention given

to them by experienced gardeners as they study and compare the many varieties.

we IY

EW y, BUT ANA JOURNAL mene of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. XL SEPTEMBER, 1939 No. 77

Tuberous Begonia Hybrids cAs a Gardening Hobby By John Watts

IVED from species that are native in Bolivia and other Andean countries, the tuberous begonias of horticulture, in their 1 numerous forms, are known by the gr oup name of oe tuberhybrida.’

The original species—B. boliviensis, B. Peareci, B. Veitchti, and te others—are seldom seen except in botanical aie ae eae be worthy plants for any discerning garder e. Ns eir ae however, have acquired such divested cS s in rm and

of flower that the culture of tuberous begonias is ne the atten- tion ee many gardeners i in search of sauive oe Especially if o

me has facilities for raising seedlings doe culture of tuberous — hybrids ey a fascinating occupation, ae one never knows what treas- ure will come forth with the opening of the first flower. T

we e effect of waxen roses. T gle flow re attractive too, and some have fringed petals. Another is the camellia-flowered typ

As se begonias are extremely ea ollina d , free ir bearin . the rai of

AS DY; gratifying one, for a large collection can be acquired within a short time. Sowing the Seeds

The dust-like seeds of tuberous begonias should be sown during Feb- ruary or March in a temperature of about 65 degrees if one wishes to fall.

The compost, or mixture, to be used in sowing seed should contain 2 parts loam, 114 parts pee or een and % part sand. The sand keeps the mixture open, or porous, an prevents the

ed from g , a factor which is important to the young plants, as in their early fe e delicate, ae = ae of growth.

If one is sowing only small mr ity of s Ta the use

small si or ae -pots oa as pans; these are more Et are than boxes or flat

197

198

Tn preparing the receptacle for seed- ~sowing, , the pot or pan is half- ie

2 fa) ty 5 z pam La 5 a. ay @ wo a o — cat 2. = Rg 8 aS ° oO tal : ae wm wm lo} al Oo i= Be OQ fa) hh lo} g,

f 0 with a small wooden presser or the base of a small pot. After this is done, a light dressing of the same mixture should be sifted over the top through a sieve made of window- screen nae ae ees aaa then be thoroughly w fae and allowed to drain befor eed should be even caer and ‘should not be scattered too thickly. It is so fine that eeds no covering with soil. The containers must go in a shady place, ae of them ae ith a piece of glass. This in turn is covered with paper to prevent the moisture from evaporating a quickly : rom the soil. The less one has to water seed during germina- tion, the bet Every a oe paper and glass are removed, and the condensed moisture is wiped from the under side of the glass before replacing. § soon as Seas commences the entire covering is taken off so that the tiny seedlings can have light and air. They must, oe remain in the shade. at any fae it ao hace to water the seed containers, they are ae placed in er to within one inch of the top, where they nay soak u a ae ee soil appears wet. During this stage ne must never be red from overhead, as this method only invites trouble by pean a ae -off, a disease caused by a es which soon finishes a batch of begonia seedlings.

Handling the Seedlings As soon as the first tiny pair of true leaves has appeared the seedlings should 1 ee immediate attention, as a crowded condition will also e: e

n early stage. A mixture similar to the seedling mixture should be used, allowing for ey . of drainage as before but omitting the top ee a finely screened

oil, he oe this time should be pans or shallow flats into which ae soil is leveled and gently pressed as for seeding.

As the seedlings are too minute to be handled with the fingers, the pointed end - a wooden label may be employed for aie them out of the seed-hed, yeu are not to disturb the tiniest ones, as these may perhaps turn aa to be the best plants of all. The pointed end of a label will also serve to ee a slight depression for the reception of each tiny

plant. The seedlings are so very small that they can do little more ieee sit on 1 the re of the soil, hence if only gently pressed in they soo

199

take hold and start to grow. From now on, if conditions are suitable, they

will make fairly fast growth, and will need careful attention as regards

ventilation. Althou: gh they require plenty of air they will not, up to this stage, tolerate being in a draft.

y the time = arrives they are ready for a shift, either into pots kept fie in a cooler temperature, or planted in a shaded frame outdoors : like aie Veiga seedlings in a frame on the north side of a building

r hedge mixture hte a liberal amount of humus. The trae should some sort of overhead protection, either a glass sash ing a cheseloth to prevent damage ae heavy rains and winds. Bro ow s the weather begins to get warm, one may expect to Sie an Ae of eon mite. When this happens the tips of the young gr turn black and become hard. As a ay entive measure I dust the eae with flowers of sulphur. In fact, at this period it is a good practice to keep a light dust on all the a I have cae more success with this

ungicide. Seedlings planted in a frame for the first season oe velop mee ee than those grown in pots. They should a to grow hee will, that is, until the approach of cold y es ‘killing fro’ Then the tubers should be lifted eae dried off for a week or ae he placed in boxes, covered with dry pene ee stored in a

200

fairly airy place with a aaa of about 50 degrees. It is important to cover the tubers before they start to get soft, oy their preliminary drying, for they are otherwise lable to attack by dry-r Growing Plants from Tubers I have dwelt considerably on the culture of tuberous begonias from seed, as so much pleasur e may be eae from this method. e eine give one a variety of forms and colors, and while some may not be worth anes the greater portion will be a joy to the acres who raises a Begonias of this class also be grown from tuber Whether ordering seeds or tubers, the ine shai specify a of the different types of A ower he oe or whether he wishes the right or ay hanging-basket type of plar u an be obtained at any s a ae during the spring, and for early nee ne should . aol early indoors. When the weather has

he ransp. 1 d As tuberous eae do not like aes sunshine, they make ideal plants for shady places, where they produce a profusion of bloom un a = In pots os are desira bees plants for perce or north windows. n I am ee ean tuberous begonias in first ee to start fan in flats in ea oe spring ee ata cennperature of 60 de I rate! put a a two inches of peatmoss in a sae lay the ae on ie keep the re oe re moist, and when growth of a couple of inches has made, pot them off into pots two fae larger than the ball of roots a peatmoss that lifts out with te tuber. When the pots are filled with roots, I shift the plants to larger pots. A good mixture for them consists a loam, humus, and sand, with the ston an a 4-inch pot of shredded cow manure, one of bonemeal, and of Scotch soot to each bushel of compost. I am not a believer in oS much a ilizer at first, but prefer feeding later as the plants require additional ee One important thing in aa tuberous be- gonias in pots is not to use too large a pot. It is be use a smaller size and kee ie regularly. When the first fae ny shows is about the i time to start a a little diluted cow-manure water, ie repeat the feeding at least on we I

> Ow pots as soon as danger of ae if dormant tubers can be

n fl d po s not only the dec me one ms and nee. colar = ii

make a them, b also their adaptability, when given the proper care, to Sanat: of te which few other showy plants will tolerate.

201 Begonia socotrana— Its Progeny and Their Culture By James G. Esson

HEN Begonia socotrana is in bloom it is among the most colorful and free-flowering of all Read species.

T on the island of Socotra in the Indian Ocean, far from the vege- tative haunts of most of its family, ie Professor Isaac Bailey Balfour found the first irae ay it in 1880. In the “Bot otany . Socotra” we find these words of A plant of the higher regions of the Haghier are a the shade of granitoid boulders.”

t Balfour's flair for rock plants, so evident in later years, that inspired tis are on? Who ould associate a begonia with boulders! Ye i t was, found in such a habit tat ; this species that was destined to be Sane r of a race that every year fills thousands of square feet of prec ouse space a in winter gives seis to thousands of homes.

otrana has further distinctions. It is th = fe that has been Ge as “developing bulbs or bulbils. Thes e formed in a cluster and some writers have referred to Ve as Rae or bud clusters while others have described then as aa a ieee or suppressed leaves. [ ee — aaa es it is not surprising fe the season of growth of this

also unique, commencing in September ae flowering from late Decent ee a he end of February. this was a remarkable eee was quickly fae In the Gardeners’

Ch rn Janay 1, 1881, Hooker writes of it as having flowered in Regie In Hortus V citchii we are told ae the stock passed into Ve ee an re and was distributed in 1882. As a flowering potted

ch’s i plant a was considered of much value

Culture of the Species

As far as cultivation is concerned no begonia needs less care when its particular needs are understood and provided for. A minimum winter nasa ta grees Fahrenheit will necessary. Well drained loam and leaf-mold make a good potting soil mixture. Small clusters of bulbils Ba a planted near the surface of the soil no later than Sep tember 1. Until the bulbils become established and show signs of growth, should be watered only when the soil is very dry. Afterward, how-

are b

er, they may be watered freely. . a hae where the atmosphere is ae

\fter ee season the leaves begin to assume a yellow appea ance a ce the ne $s must = jena dried and thus kept ae until the grow ing s m retur

Propagation is ae Perer by division at planting time. New clusters should consist of not less than five or six bulbils.

202 The Hybrids of Begonia socotrana X Begonia hicmalis (Fotsch) suspect it was the proclivity for winter blooming that impressed the ardener of the early eighties with B. irana. John Heal, a famous plantsman of the time, employed by ao a of Veitch, was ie first hybridist into whose hands our species fell. In 1882 he used B. incarnata as the seed-bearing parent and crossed it with B. socotrana. The resulting ene was named Autumn Rose, but it does not seem to ha isted 1 ko

many varieties of what ow know as B. tuberhybrida. With such a apa oe it was ne ta Heal to see the possibility of eae cotrana with these summer- et Aa aes producing = pen race with the colors and size of flowers of the summer ee

ccording to Hortus seh ete iebidite conned work about the same time and in 1883 a new kind of hybrid w ved by Heal and

(vermilion red). This and ie others that were named Adonis (a ‘hybrid of the second generation) and Winter Gem were among the earlier - Heal’s successes. All are said to have been carmine or rosy pink. He tells

ae ae of the Gardeners’ ey ce he had less success with £ otrana as a seed parent than he had when using the tuber ee as such a few ae ae i ie this from some of te he arket.

fine varieties that Vi ak placed on the About 1912 the firm of Clibran in nga Biase to the public eve some varieties that were considered | a distinct improvement. hey were described as “eye openers’ a ae were perfectly double and of different shades and with greater vigor. During late ieti

land. I think that they in turn are an improvement in vee and feeds m flower.

n 1933, Fotsch, in “Die Begonien,” grouped all forms of ae Die case eae aoa ee a basis of the two varieties Ensign and Elat

The bug t per n the loss of the eee varieties, deterred many from proceeding further.

, 203

pean ion by means of leaf cuttings, which is so simple with the Gloire de Lorraine type, has led to failure with many varieties. The lack of ieowled ge of cultural needs, especially in = control of begonia mite has minon reason for disappointme:

It would appear that in the last few years, nurserymen and gardeners have ne studied the cultural needs and have experimented more per- sistently, so that today B. hiemalis is grown with a larger degree of success.

Culiure of Begonia hiemalis

During the first two weeks of November the main batch of cuttings should be cna tit sand, While it is true that some varieties ee respond to the leaf- oe ethod, I would recommend eliminating such practice when propagating this type. Many leaf cuttings that may make roots are too slow in forming bud gr ani

of ial a I have not had sufficient observation of this to recommend o

tem cuttings, made by using terminal growth 2 to 3 inches long, seem to give the best results. It may be necessary to sacrifice a few are plants of each variety for propagation. That will depend on the quantity needed. a general rule a sufficient number of cuttings can be obtained without seriously doneeine good flowering

Cut uttings must appear healthy and free from disease or insect pests. They will root readily in sand on a bench, in flats or in other on in a temperature dropping to 60 or 62 degrees at night. When rooted, they be potted in Ge oe pots, Loe the base of the stem . rae to ak sriace as possible, and u: a soil mixture that is Vea e es and on er sam he pots may be lunged rather closely ir n the Eek and shared poe bright sunshine.

By March the te cae will show signs of growth and a shoots a appear at the base from a small tuber that will have formed. If t roots, upon e amina-

using

ery she m, a 7-inc of finely eerie dry ay manure 5-inch potful of jake he size it is not necessary to plunge, hut simply . po meee = ha oe i

ped nch o} growth. This i encourage the formation of a branching: Bea These ne ae may be used at this time as cuttings soe make small flowering plants for ie fall.

potting must be done from tim time up to the end of August as

eae to the grower. The final shift will re nto an 8-inch size pot for ne best ns of November plants. For the last potting a soil that has incorporated in “it 3 a fttge quantity of humus in the shape of eee or peat seerns to be best. I believe in placing enough drainage material in the bottom of the pot to assure a free passage a hen potting, the soil should not be packed firmly. It is better to pound n the bench hard enough to settle the soil around the roots. inching or stopping of terminal growth be done as required, with the

an of obtaining a pl ith from o ten leading shoots ith the exceptio: ie red varie at have a tendency to oe er early, pinching should be discon-

havi nden tinned after ee 15. Varieties that run to flower early, however, may be pinched for a month long It is necessary . shade the plants throughout the growing season. Red-flowered varieties seem to require a heavier shading than do any of the others. It is a mistake however to shade too heavily. Although the broad peltate structure of the lea

ene of Begonia hiemalis in one of the greenhouses on the estate of Mrs. Roswell Eldridge at oo a ae ck, where Mr. Esson is soe The leaves he foreground are those of Begon

als lees that prefer to grow in shade, we must yet remember that Balfour. says that B. secotrana was shaded only by rocks, and we may presume that a fairly

strong ‘as avail: r with humidit: Ily means dankness, no matter how carefully the pots have been drained, and the result may be an unhealthy condition of the soil. Shad at can be lowered or raised as occasion demands are ideal, yet it is p excell esults by shading th f glass with white lead mixed with gasoline to the consistency of thin paint. When the latter plan is

ch row of p 4 glass while the shade is being applied. Strips will thus be left where sufficient light ay enter the house at all time

hs, walls, and every bare surface in the house should be moistened several times

ly, depending a upon the drying conditions of ve spraying should not be u ‘rom June S ber liberal ventilation is required, but draughts must always be rigorously avoided. uring the summer, top ventilators must be left open ie Tighe but bata oie aes ae it aah be necessary to close the house to maintain a temperature of 55 deg When flowering season comes the sauna may drop to

As demands it, stakes must be used, and it is ork of floral art to stake a heecnia + all These stakes may be of gal vanized wire, spl i bamboos, or thin wood. They should on no consideration be seen when the plant has completed its growth.

205

a with weak liquid farmyard manure or with one of the many recogniz zed moplet greentiouse fertilizers will give cpeslient results ‘tf applied after the roots have penetrated the soil in the final potting. Nitraphoska, ue no scones dilution than 1 ounce to 1% gallons of water is used, has auch Hs recommend i ing is more important in ee culture than i ae of disease and e

very bad. I pests are more troublesome. M. gardeners have had disappoint- ments with these plants by failing to control thrips, mite and nematodes. gns of mite or thrips are crinkled leaves and a general unhealthy condition of the

hey are easily d using every ten days during April, May and June, Cyanogas fumigant specially prepared for greenhouse us Im evening it

ay be sprinkled or an ouse closed for the n: important to apply no more than is recomm y the m a r, and also to have the foliage thoroughly dry; otherwise much damage may r Humidity in July and August makes the use of Cyanogas a dangerous “practice—at weer this is eid on Long Island. At this time pes e tobacco ous wder may be used to control thri

Nematodes times feed on begonia oe causing the hae to wilt and die Sterilization of ‘the soil may be necessary. Sometimes control can be effected by sate ue roots in a soil disinfectant as soon as symptoms of their presence are obse

lesired to carry over plants for a second or third year, it will be essential resting period that a house be provided where the temperature can be i ater oft

ay aken a fresh start in a smaller pot can be made. Growth will soon conimence ad cuttings of scarce varieties au e secured. ee a plants may be grown into specimens 3% feet and more acr at flowerin

Selected Varieties

au oie that have been recorded are now, if not out of cultiva- a, difficult to procure. -A selection, all grown commercially today, would ae the ae sorts:

Emily Clibran—double, rose-pink, free palais a a grower. The Pearl—similar to Emily Clibran in every way, but flowers creamy white. He S

ering. Orange King—fine var ae 5 ar orange-pink flowers, single. Eaguie sin pay it to preceding, but flowers rose-pink. ir

Opti ie sieorous grower and popular t ange-pink, single, freely borne. Baardse’s Orange— ee : degre but flowers large . Dix—similar to las , flowers more brightly pone

Boko—the finest of the oe a

206

Schweden—habit of growth similar to Optima; flowers single, purple-rose, freely borne. mee haps the choicest of all, glowing orange color, might be described s gol ae tae C, Mensing—dwarf and compact grower, orange. Perhaps the most useful in the orange group. Elatior—rosy- -carmine, semi-double flowers; one of the best older varieties. rour imile ioi

Fred Muniz—improved form of Snowdrop. Baardse’s Wonder—finest of all red varieties; free-flowering, single, deep red, with effective black staminodes

X Gloire de Lorraine Series.

The Gloire es bance race of hybrids was first eS ae Lemoine of Nancy, Fra when 891 he crossed B. socotrana with B. Dregei and named the resulting hybrid Gloire de Lorraine. This was ae original cross of the series now commonly known as Christmas begonias.

e

parent B. socotrana with the exception of an occasional white sport, prov- ing no doubt, that the white flowers of B. Dregei could be segregated. Rarely are they as large in any variety as in B. socotrana.

New varieties or uate were penta from time to time but it is doubtful if any n the original Gloire de loners was found ntl the series came to the ae f A

States aes up to that date it proved itself to be less easily affected by the ee a nee -room. This was crossed back on B. socotrana by Pet nd at that e he obtained Glory of Cincinnati, which bie chine a its ei better than any of - redecessors. More-

er t owers were larger. nes varieties have since been intro- fea an time to time. The variety Melior, raised in 1914, has had

pularity. The most highly iran varieties of the ie day are Lady ich has very pleasing pink and Marjorie Gibbs, with a larger flow er than the aie but not ae ai a Bae ee of pink. An

207

ariety, Lucille, is on the market this year. The flov wers are bright red

mation is that this ori ted fron ung g discarded plant ofa eget begonia that was left below the bench of a greenhouse some- where in New England.

Culture ie, Gloire de Lorraine

any years after its ee on this series was propagated in April from 7 c

oeday. Although excelent cpecine were grown, yet they were not easily induced ake bushy, nching plan

It is probably ae thirty years since growers first adopted the present method ropagation from leaf uae ; that i _ from leaves that are healthy ae sa gale lea

been packed wn moderately firm. pe tee drainage should be provided. he temperature of the sand where the. roots are to f be ag ir es by bottom heat at 70-75 degrees. The overhead temperature may drop to 60 at night, rising by day with the heat of the sun. I have not found it ee to use hoviirories in the vegetative propagation of begonias. About November 1 the leaves are removed from the parent plant and the petioles inserted a 2or3i s deep in the sand, set so that the lamina is standing at an angle of legrees to the row ae i Bes

: hey s be spaced eee distant so that light may reach ¢ ; with enough room left betweeri t sprinkle ae se aa by means of a watering can. oi ead cae S to be ee exc sre the cuttings

only when it ie “obviously needed, Jt is not pane to u eae case as this ie cause condensation which may be the beginning of nich ‘roubl . raughts such as might occur by direct line of contact with ventilators must be avoided, and a rather moist atmosphere should be maintained in the house or Comin: so that evaporation from these leaves will be reduced to a minimum.

na month enough roots s ce oS . the base of the petiole to warrant the first potting into a 213-inch ae in of leafmold and sand. The pots may be plunged in peat as is recommend ie: hiemalis. This will assist in providing

a more even fcraperceine pas the plantlets in the formation of new growth fro e callus at the base of the petiole. Abou et later young shoots should begin O appear, an p ee when necessary, never allowing the to bi potbound until they have r ached. "the final and flowering pot, which

This series may be planted from or nch size pots into hanging baskets in which they grow to be e very attractive epecimene: Cuttings rooted in July aaa useful little plants to flower in 4-inch pots for Christmas table or room decoratio

Gloire de Sceaux The Sere ae have so far carried the banner for B. soco- trana. In fact, no others have ever received any has share Ot Lees Worthy . ee paren is Gloire de Sceaux, which i ubpeltata si ee ‘ith B. otrana, and obi in 1881 fe Thibaut ee eee ee is amie to that of B. hiemalis. Very ch specimens may eet er etite if the plants are grown on for a second y

Chinese Ginger By W. M. Porterfield

(No. 7 of a series on Chinese nas Foods in ute ork)

_ DIED ginger, powdered ginger, ginger ale, and gi nger preserved

n stone jars are the Hes in hie Zingiber officiate i is known to

the American public. We like a confection, for seasoning, and in a drin

The great bulk of the ginger rhizomes that are candied and preserved

are eee from China, though the plant is also grown in the West

Indies. where it was introduced so early that ex lading to Europe began

in the see century. The c preference 2 aces from China lies in

the fact tha is more succulent than Wes Tndian variety. The

oe - ne tion are held r espon ae since oe same species when

untainous districts remains a much smaller plant than when

wn in lowlands such as the rich alluvial sas of the Canton delta ae and Hong Kong are hs chief exporters of preserve i The native ee of ginger is not positively known, as it no longer occurs in the ee but is sn nt is spect ted of bei ear a origin. It is cultivated in Chi s far s Shantung? an the West Indies it can be ee ms to an ae of 3,500 ns ian 7 oe pane

Great Britain imported more than five ie nen States Sn of the raw root alone as early as ie eee if 6, res

petits ae -like rhizomes are the part of the plant used. ee when crushed are ae aromatic and even under normal conn

give off an odor, a feature which makes them often desirable to horticul- turists. The plant grows to about 2 or 3 feet in height aa wie it flowers produces a dense cone-like inflorescence. The Chinese Aas

this plant never flowers, and Hance rep ee the same, ae

us that he has seen it flower. An nee of the ae nt as a a: whole can be s in os 26 of The Garden, page

seen

Beginning in 1878 a long controversy took places as to the identity of Chine ae 2 layfair, British oa at Swatow, China, sent a specimen of rhizome to Kew be identifi owe ere © available so a gr 1 of es nsued was thought at

: a ; eat deal correspondence er - It wa 0

first to be what was then called Alpinia Galanga Willd. v recognized as nae! nee (L.) Merrill), but it was not eee ait Mr. Ford? while identifying the specimen sent by Mr. Playfair as “d/pinia’, gee

proved . Chinese ginger as such is Zingiber ofiiale Roscoe. It ¥

er. Plant Immigrants. U.S.D.A., Bureau of Plant Industry. No.

IF, N. 110; 897. 2 Kew Bulletin 28: 16, 1892.

Chinese ginger root, with the character for “‘chiang,”’ its Chinese name.

found that a ginger for local use in cooking and - medicine is ape in the mountainous districts near Swatow. This is a Languas and Mr.

ord explains that since Swatow is only 200 miles fon Canton and since the same ae name for ginger : used for both (although the one is known to galingale), it is most probable that a poe who brought the spesine sinwvittingly ieeive d ma Playfair, who thought he vas getting the true Chinese ginger. Not e flowers eventually

was : nly wer flo obtained and the ae abits of the two ve compared, but charac- i re rains in th <i

rhiz

Fresh ginge r, according to om 3 stimulates the digestive organs, quiets nausea, ees coughs, and acts as a carminative and astringent remedy in dysentery. It also is ee an antidote oe mushroom poisoning.

3 Stuart, G. A. Chinese Materia Medica, p. 465. 1928.

210

ae ginger skin is used to clear opacity of the cornea, and the juice from e leaves is drunk as a digestive eae and as a local application in

eee Oil of inger is made in Kuantang and used as a condiment. Li Shi-Chen described ginger very well in the Pen-tsao, ancient Chinese medical book, but chose to separate the accounts of dry and fresh ginger root. In the appendix of th re are list . sences and among these is e f{ ginger (CHIANG-LU ich nade by a process of distillation. It is co ene to be eee sina and is ctorant. In pie there is a tincture of ginger (c u) which is notin

more than ginger root ce in alcohol or ginger juice fermented with east. This is used as a stimulant in colds and indigestion.

Candied ginger as it is sold in New York’s Chinese shops.

a Chinese name for ginger is CHIANG, fresh ginger being termed NG CHIANG; Languas i is ccna LEUNG KEUNG ( Swatow dialect for LIANG cand Curcuma (turmeric), also of

N ci) & °° ca

GK “The name cole ols comes from the reek name ZINGIBERIS, the term which Dioscorides 0 a spice- bearing herb used by the Asis n the Sanskrit ies ee means “antler-

shaped,” referring of course to the branching rhizo Marco Polot found bor ginger and aie in areal agi in Fukien province as did also Robert Fortune at a later d It is said

ea that Szechuan and southern Shensi were famed for their ginger in ancient times, and the product ts still exported from Hankow. Around Ning-yuan

+ Bretschneider, E. History of European Botanical Discoveries in China, pp. 2, 8, 508, 709. 1898.

211

in Szechuan and also in eg hills back of Soochow in Kiangsu province, ginger is plentiful. ne word of explanation, galingale. the lesser or Chinese reia ab Orta,* on medicines and n 1563 differentiated between the galanga pia of China and the glanga major of Java, the latter of which is the sou

of the lan know Dr. Abel,* ne was the doctor fa naturalist on Lord eae s staff mpe ourt of China pene

rent places. At Nankin i. _ he

ite across muc ing er in ea oad found it on the eee near Amoy, also in Japar i noted the fact that ginger was exten- sively ee in cen nip China a prepared for ub ae and that pre- served in ar it is exported in ie (see aph). Finally, Meyer! on one collecting ue nm to China eee inger and suggesting that because

in oe ‘e oo ince ting with or without irrigation it is suitable in ivation.

er the south of our country should be rofitable nd of great aid in boosting our national eel inser as a Crop is not grown any- the United States i of the ease with ibiek it can be

ted. Propa: fos is entre by division of a ee Rox: burgh wrote that he oe See nd we do not have any deserip- i t the nature a the esl is that ry.

ousewi I i c) their own He are warned to cover their hands while working with it Niagra - the ele properties of the volatile subs oe emanating from the rhizome. According

to analyses recorded by Read and ae the ter iene ne oil, 3.7% ; ; 1 As of detecting ex-

an essential oil, 1.35%; gingerol and re hausted (a type of adulterated) g ee ee eae in | suggested ae ee of Winton, Oede n, and Mit a for Se c ater extract.2 Four grams of ginger are pla in a graduated 200 ce. flask, filled with water, which is then sake at half hour intervals for 8 hours and all — to stand for a further 16 hou eee and evaporating 50 residue is obtained hich when dried

a 5 constant weight at 100° Centigrade represents a complete extraction.

3 Fortune, Robert. Wanderings in China, pp. 29, 381, 384. 1847; also Yedo and Peking. P. 58. 1863. * Wi soi 59. 1

E. H. A naturalist in western China. 913. 'B. E. and Liu, J. E. Plantae Medicinalis eee Flora Sinensis, A. I:

mg H. W., editor 1902.

ead, No i 1927. Provisional Methods for the Analysis of Foods. U.S.D.A. Bureau of Chemistry, Bull. 65: 59.

212

Evening (Courses For Gardeners

HE fall term of the Botanical Garden’s evening course in hears

gardening, which is designed for both professional and amateur gar-

deners, cae cae ne 28 and will continue for twelve ue am ae rsday ning t for Thanksgiving da

ee ament fale of Gardening” is the ee for the term. T. H. Everett

will fe the lecturer. Registration may be made in advance or between 7

and 7:40 p.m. on the opening night. The lesson ‘will begin each week at

gh satisfactorily will be aligible for Etrolnent3 in the laboratory course in the spring, at which the principles learned during the winter term will be put into practice outdoors

Upon the satisfactory completion of two years of study, members of the course will be awarded certificates by the Botanical Garden. A circular giving a complete description of the course will be mailed to those who

at

reque: Th rse is limited to 60 students. T ence Course for Professional Gardeners, organized for the st t gardeners at The New York Botanical Gard t n to a lim-

ited number of professional gardeners from outside, is beginning its sev- enth year this fall. Application for enrolment in this course may also be nade in advance or in the anes eum Building at the Botanical Garden the

: t. nee ubjects to be taught this as eee ara Botany—A” Dr. H. N. Moldenke and “Plant vee by D H. W. Rickett. The complete outline of this course, as published in this Journal last Septem- ber, will be sent upon request by mail or telephone.

Lectures For the Autumn TMMonths

HE free lectures on Saturday afternoons at The New Ae nae three ad-

nt oe Yo World’s Fair. Dr. chai Ashby of the Imperial an. London, oo. = series September 9 with a talk on tea, coffee, and cocoa as they are produced in various parts of the British Empire. He is speaking again Sent. 30 on “Spices from the Colonies. n Oct. 21 Mr, Findlay, who has been recently retired from the "Colonial Agricultural

213

Service, will speak on “Rubber Production in Malaya.” The entire sched- ule, which includes nature study, gardening, travel, and explo oration, as well as talks on plants which are Vseful or harmful to man, is given below

Sept. 9-BEVERAGE PLANTS ge eres EM E ASHBY, fatal eee London Sept. 16—MUSHROOMS TO ae THE FALL m S. Tuomas, Author of Mushroom Book Sept. 23—ROCK GARDEN CONSTRUCTION A.C. Pranper, Assistant Superintendent Sept. 30—SPICES FROM THE cua re Maurice Asusy, Imperial Institute, London Oct. 7—BULBS FOR NATURALIZING Erne. Anson S. PeckuHam, Honorary Curator Oct. 14-SHRUBS FOR AUTUMN EFFECTS James G. Esson, Supt. Eldridge Estate Oct. 2I—RUBBER PRODUCTION 1N MALAY A. G. Finpiay, Late at Colonial Agricultural Service Oct. 28—FUNGI AND HUMAN BEINGS . Garpner Hopkins, M.D., Columbia University Nov. 4-SUCCESS WITH AZALEA AND Ba Sacra ac . M. Kosrer, Bagatelle Nursery Nov. 1l—A TRIP THROUGH THE CONT eee . H. Everett, Horticulturist Nov. 18—-PLANT HUNTING IN SOUTHERN age . H. Camp, Assistant Curator Nov. 25—DYE PLANTS OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS G. L. Wrirtrockx, Docent Dec. 2—-CULTURE AND AGRICULTURE OF THE MAYAS Victor W. von Hacen, Explorer and Lecturer Dec. a a oa: IN CRE . CLARENCE i. Foc NG, Columbia University, and Mrs. YounG

Rare Myxomycetes Collected Ie the Dae os ie Pacific Coast. t is comm Ret f 5 gee rom. the coe Myco logical i species a see mt Great Smoky Mountains Aug. 17-20, Mr. brought "back from the Smokie Hagelstein, are Calonema a ecun Bhysa. rum Listeri, Cribraria splenden s, Di ae ma

lected 80 ies xomycetes, includ ing several rare f ms. He ined rugosum, and Didymium Paaige new record astern North America All will be added to The aa York

with Zpeciinens mor “Prototrichia oe oe Garden’s already large collec- formerly known in North only of the mycetozoa, or myxomycetes

214

(All publications reviewed here

Reviews of Recent Books

may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.)

Food Plants From Forest and Field EDIBLE WILD PLANTS. Oliver very. Medsger: 323 pages, illustrated, millan, New York, 1939, When a * Beak such as this is lished, the ere is the sudden wonder a it has not been done before. A knowl cde of the possibilities of surviving i re lost in the wild

we ev fr y nature-lov a certain real, if unacknowledged fear. Having tried many kinds of wild fodder when pla

huntiny ith a botanically-minded father and having acquired lat k ledge of mushroom oe this writer has not had that fea But it exists, and often, wl e nd th

rked, or many people what would etieaige be full enjoyment.

ild food such ribed her would not as a rule induce any but th most confirmed ni e-idolators to for- sak: e abundant offerings of the local bute! and grocer, but when one can add to such home nourishment a handful of wintergreen or pa dea berries, black birch twigs ot ssafras leaves, dewber- ries, raspberries, rykdebereies or wil strawberries, there in finding them which Sa Dae . he beauty of

Ou. nside or ley or woodland. I have to admit that many of the plants

hav dmi h are “amea T shoul

whi id never want to ea to be pretty nea starvation before trying skunk cabbage or stinging nettle. h IT kno: t nar row-leaved dock and purslane (pusley), commo wee nd pokeweed (tl young stems, not t isonous ts) are edible, I have never been tempted by them here are y attractive and useft es, how the wild b Cl pios tuberoca), the Jerusalem As ae feli- anthus tuberosus), the passion- ower (Passiflora incar iB asad ‘and many,

many nuts and berries, mints, and other

The is long. This book them.

wild herbs. will induce many to I shiver at the t Role of anyone’s eat- ing a Calochortus, the exquisite mariposa ne (Cc. Nuttallii). lk be as much sacrilege as to ea! trailing arbutus

. a fringed gentian. Only Fiomee ie vation would excuse it.

ould

are on the author's list.

r. Medsger gives only a page and half ushrooms, thou: the frontis- piec ws the delicious rel (Mor-

e shows mo: chella esculenta var. conica), one of the best we oS ae gi, when stuffed and baked. ven Fae rt warning arin Ss

m cially when enthusiasm mien i a souls

adventures 0 o try e old a lish eed is ” scmiy red in eany inds concerning the sil- spoon

hat "does not discolor, the pleasant ae etc., when th oe is aes e dead ook a

pracielly: "certain and agonizing Mushrooms should be avoided, unless oa e studies them carefully and learns which ar

diser etion, for “exceedingly painful Tae ilar not dangero

pecutte follow an o’ All in all, in the include as

e. he matter an

it would be the amateur experi- menter to pri ith caution. Yet the book is valuable and interesting in indi- cating to many people the amount of possible food we may find in our fields and forests and the pleasure : be gained by knowing these useful plan

Saran V. Coomss.

A Manual on Vegetab.

les THE VEGETABLE: GROWING BUSINESS. LC. Watts & Gilbert Watts. ane pages, illustrated; index appendices. Orange-Judd, New » 1939, $3.50.

t is seldom possible for a vegetable

vegetable grower. It is also a rare occ sion when a college man and a farmer join forces to write a book. The Vege- table Gro Business is such ok. The senior author is R. L ts, Dean meritus of the School of Agriculture at Pennsylvani tate, and the jur alt- thor, Gilb atts, i ner and man-

ing some 20- different vegetables.

The farm is locat t Bellwood, Penn. The book is presented by the publishers

as an wp-to-da olume t persede

Vegetable Gardening, whic een

used as a standard text and reference on

vegetable growing for so yea s e name o i . b . impli he

tatio att

ses the business he “of venetable production much mo: ng in reoy text to dat

Some reader feel wiclined

ng, ane Weed Control, Trrigation, oe aud Diseases, Harvest- i ane g, and as

on the fact tha Ty goo must be a good business man and. 3 g ae ex- ecutive. T of the nae

chapter covers el the’ ne of vegetabl os as carried on in the United State

of vegetables have a eit! new meth- f£ disea: n

covered; new types of irri a

S Cc) &

as well as the commercial

W. V. Cutter, State Institute of Applied Agriculture on Long Island,

England’s Native Plants IN BRITAIN.

WILD LOWERS

Robert Gathorne-Hardy 120 pages, illustrated, indexed. Scribner, New York, 1938.

been written on the but there is adequate room for this ee yy Gathorne-Hardy in that the author, instead of attempting to gi a tecneal description of each plant, sets forth charming literary style the

ee a “ from the

Many books have English flora

s of plant Te f the book are devoted to ds, meadows, moor- ani other areas; also a most ae esting a account of the native orchi ids is to ‘ou

ne ti hese instead of olor drawings, which give the

c drawings, e inipe ession of artificial flowers

Puri CHANDLER.

ae oe Food Plants

RUC ee OF ECONOMIC P EA ts Herman E. Hayward. 674 pages, illustrations, glossary, index. Macmillan, New York, 1938: $4.90.

ic Pl b;

ts, the first consisting of a thorough

216

S

review of anatomical structure, discussing cells, roots, shoots, flowers, it: 0

plants : Pialfa, pea, flax, cotton, celery, sweet po- tato, white potato, mato, squash, lettuce. e book i scarcely suitable as an ele- ry text for class vole but cer- as a reference of Gastomical structure as eee above examples of economic plant:

G. L. Wittrock.

Ecology in Naren

OF__SILVICUL- FECOLQGICAL

The “tate

ae. pages, 22 fiedres. tadex:

ames Ww. Korstian, New York and

pba mats & Ee

onde 1937. $4.50.

Professor Korstian’s close association

with the development of aie for-

with teachi id h re

pasced peewee

tl $s important text

and ae book i sire Lae to th

materials of the ee logical and bette emphasized tr eat

mh 1 substitution . a bibliography at the k pro

end of the bool es to be more satis- ee than the original ee cita- The inclus forest eae by both their, technical and stand- ardized common names is likew to be ey Between silviculture and ecology, both geadeniic and applied, i a impossible to draw a line, even if i e desirable to do so fuch of the. ol y had its origin i yee a oO resters, and today, muc of the best

tising foreste It is good that this so, and it is Sond sae there is a in “forest ecology’ ich is of such

importance both to acalemic men and to those with field boots A. CAIN,

Sta ANLEY ? University af ee

For Herb Lovers HERBAL DELIGHTS. Cc. Leyel. 429 pages, illgstrated’ and. in! dexed. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston, 1938.

erbal ‘Delights by Mrs. C. F. Leyel : lindeed a book full of delights for ‘al n the hi

who are interested ir story a “ses of herbs. It is an essentially glish e great

discusses according to in th

e oe fe)

and cosmetic of cour

occasionally to at e over-extensive

icinal powers to the nts, but that is atter of individual opinion. Cer- tainly this book is outstanding in its field and should e lib i everyone interested in herbs. is well indexed

and bursting with oe Mrs. Arrrep G. Kay.

Floriculture for the Experience. ot

RCIAL FLOWER FORC- Melee Laurie & G, H. Poesch. Second ome ion. 557 pages, indexed and ate ated, Blakiston, Philadelphia,

$3.

of Commerciai predecessor, has en desig nee ‘essentially for the experi-

enced gardener. Yr readi

The seco od edition Flower For like its

viewer, their boo! overed one more subject and filled one ae vacancy in an

imaginary list of ideal American horti- cultural works, The eis 2 arranged in text-book fashion, comprehensive list of end of a chapter. dd charts have also Se ened interesting : — it ¢

Supplementing this

thei ne lists and “ble les Sof plants with recom- ende: til

td een decd” e

of greenhouse crops.

aa ae are wed to show the effec oe ons treatm

oe ess eine an tare place

mo: cultural on soilles

B 6 &

ooks of this nature with such a — of information presented in such clear concise fashion should find their pia ace in the library of every gardener and student of floriculture JosepH W. Tansey.

aa ngs and Their History

GARDEN! T. WORLD [C. Stuart Gager.] Second edition. Brooklyn Bota Gard ecors $1-406. 193: .

In of ong-felt want, it strange ‘that he cae world has Been obliged to wait so long for a full e meration of all of its gardens, with, ei oe eis ion of e and sum- mar: s hi : Yet m no Such record

immer of No. 3, of ae Brook- lyn ‘Botanic Garden Record (26: 149- 353) devoted

As might a effort of abe iad ¢ he Gat. edition 4 was marred by nana errors of variot kinds, some of them glaring ones. For

217

instance, ain classification was

aud } g St. Biers Vane! in cae a Sad Svea, and Valetta h Ma pe

Malay Stat wher ong, and with A vee fines ae de pees Settlements, where it would naturally be sought.

The a edition followed t

ear; it contains some atiditional gare, at the paca and historical ma’ been expanded from 206 to 25. ees Many of the worst errors have been corrected, but ans all. Disko still figures under Denmark {as well might e To a 1- ee? be listed under Great Britain) finds “Dutch East Ind: ec

Neth erlands East Indies”; but when one oe this up, he finds “Netherlands East In

dies. See Java and Sumatra. ( here is no such heading as “Java an ene each isl: is separately en-

and is

t alphabetic sequence. ) Es:

tially ential peeii tion, wi istenc vey:

but i cons: S, by the last two lin ee and. the first two of page

S| be favored with third edition of this very useful work, there will be plenty of ro further cor- rection of errors. But far more impor- tant is the provision of a table of con-

nts, or an index of places, or both, for

e search for an le gi nvolves considerable waste ime. A judicious se of ing-he: t the tops of the

Bota: Chr Botanica

1938 ’; but none oa. these. ran any

descriptive or historical data, an a

last two do not even Lee the n

the puskige f each institution

The ent ag thewione is of

eran alte as a reference hands ae

of botanic gardens.

J. H. Barwuarr.

218

For the Home Gardener

YOUR GARDEN THIS WEEK. Blackburn. 230 pages, iy pee dexed. Rutgers ees Brunswick, N. J. 339.

Ben in- , New

Week by week, through an entire yea: in this volume Mr. Blackburn arenee to guide the amateur gardener logically, offering a wealth of sees suggestions and much sound advi His ae upon oan pH factor @

yard stress upon what telling just how . ‘ ee seer tend to throw some of the subjec ee ter of balance. eaenae ons fe of heavy mu Iches, the introduc of a elaborate pieyire ee ‘he “printing of dahlia roots ge induce new

r the, use

s ith ye msound suggestions for ginner in gardening. contains so much good, useful Reale that it is regrettable that it a epted with even these reser- satio

Howarp W. Swit.

Genetics Brought Up to Date RECENT ADVANCES IN PLANT GENETICS. | Second, edition. FW. Sansome “and J. Phi 41 Hiuctrated. Bittiography, key fo fitera” ture, and index. | Blaloston, Philadel phia. = $5.50 in

econd pada of R t Advances

lished in 19 ce that d.

tions on important investigations in plan

gi ics have continued at a truly phen- i marizes

ie of genetic lants chap have beer titten, others: have sae “evised and a chapter on

Variegation and Chimaeras has been added. There is an extensive pple ue oe pages of a key to the lit-

A. B. Stout,

Epimedium and Its Relatives EPIMEDIUM AND VANCOUVERIA (Berberidaceae), a monograph. William

Fg Stearn. Paper covered. From

the Linnean Society’s Journal— Botany: vol. li, (No. 340), Pages tease:

eee a: 31. Indexed. 28 Novem- 19.

a remarkable

and able acc of a horticulturally important group of plants. Epimedium, in its various species, is increasing! grown in our gardens and often und erroneous specific names

Aceranthus is here division of Epimedium, but Vi abel ee with three species, is presented a:

. Stearn enable any- names of his plants ene a ubtedly encourage thei wider cultivation.

H. A. Greason.

Current Literature* At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh

Trees in Connecticut. “Practical For- estry gi Forest Tre f issued the Connecticut Forest an Park Association. oe simple des- and as drawings lea i oie as they are needed for denufieation of ee common es in the eastern United Sta

of the

For Poi Tvy. Calcium chlorate sprayed or mR onto the leaves of poison ivy is supposed to kill the vine; a eae a veral weeks later may

be necessary to finish the destruction.— Real Gardening, sy 1939,

he “Conservation Guide”

Con compile od Oral ae by The Garden Club of America, 598 Madison Ave., New York City, is a valuable source book for material on conservation.

fs All my te mentioned h and om: others—may be cane in the L Botanical Garden the Mus Ss eLibrary of "the

For Sne fever victims will be iiterested ir ina eran oe the Squibb laboratory. It is a geographical and bo- tanical survey on hay fever with sugges- tions for treatment with pollen allergen

solutions

n be trans- a most of and they will than

s planting. slanted more Satisfactory eaickly fro in The Aneritai. Boon July 1

Midwestern Flora. “Flower Pageant

of the Midwest” by E. S. and F. E. Clements and “Floral Garlands : Prairie, cee and ween. by E. S. vege titute a ud

covered in r literature 125 eee uiustradons in the Nala Geographic Magazine, August 1939.

Foundation Planting. E. L. D, Seymour, writing in the American Home for Sep- tember, strikes at the type of plants which are frequently used for foundation plant- ing the customary bad practice is teeta and higher stan- ssional service. Another

i=

nurserymen. Early Tools. The July number of t Herb pie has a picture of the ea — by the ae ae gardeners and an

ount of the w which some of these aides were Hone et t Names. “Horticultural Nomen-

ude Aouthly "Bulletin of lor ‘cultural Selene and Practice, July 193!

Bulletins. The library is completing its files on the bulletins e the State " Sj

Insect pests. rieties are numerous

and will he of catbrest to gardeners.

219

aie: News, and Comment

ce. The pai eit of the ning and Civic

Third National American Plan- ees = take place Park officials at La Fonda 8-10.

ill be a thou- sand- aa motor tour, ‘sting a week, to the southwestern national parks ‘and monuments.

Visitors. Among the August visitors o The New York Botanical Garden were Ge eorge E, Wheeler of the University of ee Do oris W. Hayes, U. S. For. Ser Mary Elizabeth | Bierce Brooklon ‘Beenie Garden; Carl Skotts- Goth Sweden; Clair

Faculté de “Sciences, Iida McVeig! ue eee it:

University yster, riiversity of Seat “Dakota Willard N. P

Mrs. Perineylvania State Fe ao aid of Harva uly Norman W. To dd a ghee College was a visitor. Scouts. Forty-three children from as oe en hagas c a nee the len

utdoors

ech. The Federal Writers’ Project,

in preparing material for the recently

p York City Guide” dis-

covered the fam i

ig ae bende ve lan

i ngland by

enry Parsons in 1845 ‘47. “The

220

tree's foliage is now 340 feet in circum- fe 92 feet in diameter and 69 feet igh, and almost perfectly aes -

a news release from the Project states

tree a

now cared for by “the City Park Department.

Lec and T’ Cc. Sm sade the Matinecol ‘Ge Che which is an Affiliate of The New Yor Botanical “Garden, ‘Sept 8, speaking .

Rae ao ative Ferns.” During the sum- me . H. N. Moldenke has led fiel ee rrey Botanical Club an

w

W. Bromley) and to the N estate at Valhalla, cane) the courtesy of Mr. Straus, with Ernst Hoelle as co- aa ler. “Funda Geile of Gardening actices” was the subject of T. H. eee “before the Garden

Club July

Scholarship. Dr. Anna E. Jenkins of Industry in Wash-

Yorktown

Robbins and Dr. B.

f the giant krubi ( Amorphophlns “rani pic indow:

the nklin Cae r me rice and Savings on Broadway and Vesey Street for two weeks during July. lesson in thrift which was posted beside the display of photographs said in part: “Like the krubi, you i grow to a surprising

your vill no t die away, leaving only a rotted root and nals oo Le will Sean ae Ak 1 for as long period as you ish.”

Orchids. According to a recent check in the our New York Botanical Garden collection at present includes 97 genera, “426 species and natural varieties, and 142 horticul-

tural varieties. In addition to thes labeled plants, there are 382 nudetarmined - ants, of which 150 are no a ae La d ‘genus. Most of thes recent acquisitions which will be Sdentified as soon as they can be studied after blooming.

re rbals. A means of makin of he old herbals aera to neonle who, ae if they could pay the

demanded, could aon eee obtain most of these ra : volumes, has been launched this yea Rosetta E. Clarkson,

Mrs. who publishes the Herb Journal at Mil- ford, Conn., has an ae Book Club, ae dues for which bri ach member up to three reprints of rare “old slg gariening books, or sttll-room books ae -

The phe repri as Coles’ The Art of Satine” el rea Last month Hyil’s The Gardeners Labyrinth

ger herbals r future production,

are in min

Addre. Book. Worker: plant eononi. geography, and see are to be listed in a new address oe hens Pp 2 i The

actively carry Questionnaire cards fo: names may be obtained without charge from the editor of Cheoaa Botanica, P. O. Box 8, Leiden, Holland.

Fern Personality. There has to be a

“first” ood ever ! As Treasurer of

the Torrey Botanical Club, Dr. H. rec

'y $1.50 from the

ayable to the order of Lanuginosum.” The address given fo Mr. Bot oo Lanuginostm was “Tor- rey Botanical Club, N.

The check. was du S

treasurer (acting as attorney for Botry- chium Lanuginosum) a nd deposited! Jt represented payment for a Torrey Club oP lication on the fern whose name was

ed.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS IVE MANAGERS

I ELECT i 1940: Henry DE Forest ee ee ale Cups Frick, : R., MacDouaat, Mrs. Haror

Pane and JoserH R. Swa resident).

Until 1941: E. C. Aucnter, MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs. Eton HuntincTon Hooker, Joun L. Merrtry (Vice-president), Cor. Ropert H. Montcomery, and H. Hopart Porter.

RT

Until 1942: ArtHuR M. Awnperson (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLA Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry pe ta Montacne (Secretary and Aepstant Treasurer), and Wit.1am J. Rossins.

EX-OFFICIO MANAGE

RS Fioretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Sad Moszs, Park Commissioner, James MarsHALt, President of the Board of Education.

Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E, Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club

A. Harper, Sam F, TRE RELEASE, EpMuND W. SINNOTT, ‘and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by Columbia University.

GARDEN STAFF WUiLLL ae J. Hage ie D., Sc. D. A,

Deine wate.cis es: Assistant Director and Head oe Assistant oe tor

cparhatala. Sua lecuraites coretieg Curator of Education and L ries Ss F aoe D. nt Patholog ist Ae IM Mis De at eaarinscar eats ‘ee sac 'Bibliographer

Assistant pois Sed ssociate Curat ssociate Curat for

Librarian

ae Curator of the Economic Collections

Artist and Photographer

0 Has

esearch Assi a are. tate in Bry NDI a eee Assistant Curator and oe - a Tol "Herbarium t Curator hotles cal I Assistant Technical Assistant GH, M.A. Technical Assistant A. B. Edit torial Assistant Tuomas H. EveRer?, N. D. Horr. Horticulturist . ’M. ‘ocent a S. ‘ollaborator in

ce ae Botany orary Curator of Myxomycetes ETHEL ANSON ‘S. DPeee eae. . Honorary Cane Tris and Nose Collections ArrHur J. CorpBettT Superintendent ot Buildings and Grounds A, C. Pranner stant Superintendent

THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

The New Y

Managers. They also elect new members of their own body, given below

The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women ustom, tl are also elected to the Corporation. Ohikes Chairman; Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff, First Vice-chairman; Mr. Is. Vice-chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. W ilies, Recording “Secretary espondin cretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasur Arthur M. Anderso Harry Harkness Flagler Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox George Childs Frick

8, Jr. . George Arents, Jr. Ast

Vincent

Stephen Hen:

Sherman Baldwin

. Bogert Prof. William J. Bonisteel P. Brett ichard de Wolfe Brixey kley

€ iss E. Mabel Clark

W. R. Coe Richard C. C

Alfred J. Crane

Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise

Mrs. Tho: M. Debevoise Edward C. Delafield

Mrs. George B. de Long Rey. Dr. enslow Julian Detm:

Mrs. Henry J. Fisher

Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Dr. H.

Roswell Miller, Jr.

Mrs. Roswell Miller, Ir. cane M. Moffett

. de la Montag

Mrs. Gilbert Montague Col. Rober: Barrington Moo! M illiam H. Moore

H. Montgomery

Dr. Robert T. ce

2 MED,

the

present roster of wl are elected by the Board. By Elon i8t untington Hooker.

William A. Lockwood, Second Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Cor-

. Y. Morrison Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Mrs. James R. Parsons Rufus L. Patterso: Mrs. Wheeler H. peso

Dr. Mine Pay Prof. H. Mrs. Herbert L. ate

Mrs. Theron G. Strong Mrs. Arthur H. Sulzberger

Jos Swa

Dr. William S. Thomas

Prof. Sam F. Trelease

Mrs. Harold McL. Turner

Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky

Allen Wardwell

Nelson

Mrs. Nelso: ‘ ae onson Winthrop

Grenville L. Winthrop

Tohn C. Wister

Richardson Wright

Ocroper, 1939

JOURNAL of

THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GAR

: Ga) Ee OY Fae Eo, Ve » lee i

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents

Free to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroLt H. Woopwarp, Editor

October, 1939

Orion, ONE OF THE Harpy ae IN THE New Y

Botanica Garden's Bor Cover Piaceipk: is Fleda Griffith

F A FLowerR MAsTE Ervin S. Ferry 221

PROPAGATING TROPICAL ie BY oo Bup Cuttincs John V. Watkins 229 THe Reppinc HeMtockx TREE A. B. Stout 233 RECENT MusHrRoom PoIsonincs Fred J. Seaver 236 Reviews of Recent Books 237 Current LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 242 Notes, News, aND CoMMENT 243 MicrosioLocists MEET in New York FOR INTERNATIONAL CoNnGRESS 244

A SPECIALIZED MUSEUM ame sometimes comes from afar, and an institution may learn of its unique eae away from home. It is in an impressve three-volume publication coming from Washington, entitled e@ seum in America,” that we learn that, because o e@ ew York Botanical Garden, New York stands at the top of all American cities for its collec- tions of recent plants (recent as opposed to fossil), and that it apparently contains co y public museum ot ‘0 plant ively.

the ntry’s onl blic museum devoted to plant life exclus:

aurence Vail Coleman, Director of the American ee of Museums, says that though in th ience field one might expect to find special museums of geology, palaeontology, ornithology, and entomology, and museums for erent

regions of the earth, except for herbariums and museums of anthropology, the only specal public museums of science are at The New York Botanical Garden and in California, where there ts an African museum.

Later he comments: ‘For the field of science as a whole, the top cities are Wash- ington, New York, Cambridge, and Chicago. Washington is first for rocks and minerals, fossil plants, fossil inv pears: recent invertebrates, fishes, and mammals. New York is first for fossil vertebrates and recent plants and Sede Two museums. the National and the American, hold all these records except the one for recent

ical Gard

The story might go further. An investigation reveals that, so far as is known, there is no other public institution in New York City, outside of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, which maintains a plant ated on its staff or a mycologist who is concerned with the higher fungi, such as the mushrooms and their relatives.

f) ; N rk B. ical Garden for authoritative information on fungi, which are only one of the forms of plant life falling within the scope of the Garden's work.

OCT 24 1939

LIBRARY

NEW Y 4 JOURNAL BOTANICAL of GARDEN THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. XL Octozer, 1939 No. 4 478

The PMaking of a Flower Master By Ervin S. Ferry* N Kyoto, a ancient capital of Japan, the flower masters are still pur art of flower arrangement and teaching it to aie e ig’

lateness

the season or for special ees occasions. Some of he copitions

represent a cas poem or sto others are more personal, suggesting

welcome,” “a happy journey,” or ‘that nee popular wish in ev ed land, “prosperity on oe life.

> ge ery ne g Japanese woman and many men learn the

a ss th allel “ladies . te Mee are mostly girls of

s and w ee a ee time befor mar- the pursuit of the cultural arts. In cases their in

something of the various schools of the art and can readily select that one which most se fills Lee need. (This use of the w ol” is that with which e familiar in expressions such as the school of ee he pre- Rapa “shoo ee There are ees ds of schools of flov arrangement in Japan, some of which started centuries ago in Buildhist ples, but i Bare: number are a off-shoots of these ancient institutions. The oldest and largest of the schools is the Ikenobo, which dates back to the seventh century and now numbers about a mullion Hae a half 2 Sis ae living devotees. Another large school is the two ¢ es vounger than the Tkenobo. The policies and oe of m a the ancient schools are controlled by temples, those of modern origin ie a headmaster w aes succession is either hereditary or by appoint- ment from his predec

* Professor Ferry, who is a master of the Ikenobo, the Saga-onryu, the Misho- onryu oe the Kado-Senkei ane of Japanese Flower Arrangement and an honorary member of the Japan Flower Artists Association, is the aut thor of “The Japanese Art of Arranging Flowers for the: Home,” which appeared in this Journal in April, 1939.

221

A group of young women in a Japanese schoul for flower arrangement examining an exhibition by one of their fellow students.

A aan is Visited

arrives at the gate of the master’s house the recently ae ae syed ee stunes from the gate to ho ouse indicat: te that ¢g

Xp wide-open entrance ing mai ee an bisa, Jeneting and note her head to ee a hand’ s aed of the floo e bids the visitors enter. After having removed their shoes aad Fence them on ve step the guests are ushered up a oe flight of polished stairs into a ate room, where they atte are erected in the ae cerenionious manner by : The room is without tse or ee and the fluor is covered with mats called “tatami,” in shape like rectangular planks six feet long by three feet wide and an inch a a half thick, made of tightly weal and stitched straw covered with a fine matting material, the edges hound with figured

cotton or silk braid. he corner es na the entrance is a small recess or ase e Asi the size of ee mats. n the rear ks i this Bane har ey enih ae in front of which isa single vas ie an appropriate ae ye On the floor around the sides of the room extends a row of flower vases. In front of each

& us, A @ ta = 7 wh ch

223

vase thin cushion and a tray containing a bundle of flowers and an a ‘of rubberized cloth. couple of young women enter, dressed in light-colored kimonos and beautiful obi. After gc the master with the formal obeisance, they repair to the tokonoma to vie the flow T arrangement w which is the m model hey

Then the eyes move upward along oF te lines of the arrangement, neue the unity, the r eee an ae har . of the curves and colors. This done, the kakemono i ed w ith a to the harmony of its lines, colors and sentiment in = ne to the flower arrangem

The pupils now repair to their places, adjust eens comfortably on their heels, cover their laps with the small aprons and set to work to repro- duce the model. Are they not afraid they may soil their ieee lore

o

dresses while kneeling or wees ae the [eee fea hat. The

mats in their own homes and in the homes of all their friends never have

been Se d by shoes. Mor reover, the mats are rae and wiped with

a damp cloth several times a day. Th hey are clea r than baling clea : The

Japanese students attending a seminar in flower art.

224

tunity to work on their own initiative. He then moves from one student to another, making suggestions about the work done. In his second round wi is ands Ww '

2 ~~ i) 8 =] oq ia 2 = om i] = sy S aa 3 =) s) x oO wa 7 ct, a oO 5 D 72 o ici 4 =] a oa

After some ye or nee jessons the student has learned something of the aondaid forms of the two simpler basic styles, the Nageire and the Moribana. This pure ne inductive method or “lear rning y doing” is com monly employed in the elementary classes. For most schools there are no ext books or written ections aoe a course of study extending over several yea: There a few schools, however, with many advanced aaa w hich oe a me ar upon the as of each stage in the In all cases the ea comes only after the student has com- ee an work covered by the book.

A Class for Teachers

Sometimes a group of school teachers will arrange to have a master give them a lesson each week in their school building. This master uses a method which combines induction and deduction. The lesson starts with a half-hour lecture on art forms ues in some one style of arrange- ment or, perhaps, on te variations in the form of some variety of plant in successive seasons. The master mal kes diagrams and sketches on the black- board. He then ee an arrangement in which the forms and prin- ciples previously outlined are illustrated. The students take notes on the lecture, make sketches of the ee be oe them and then return to their places to copy the model. Twice dur the period the master examines on work. This inductive Heaneie edigd 1 ie eer ially popu- lar with foreign students as well as with more advanced Japanese students.

Symbolism and Technique

There are three basic styles aueen taught—the Nageire, t the bana and the Kakkwa. This last requires much more time and ve It fan either of the others and is either omni or treated briefly by mo t modern

growth number of species > plants ; coy the Ikenobo school has issued a book illustrating fifty ways to arrange different varieties of iris according to their forms of jee a boson = different season mbolism is an impor pas ture in the Pee of some schools, ether the arrangement is aie gned to express different emotions, suggest Hee ideas, or to be nie in ese, ere for different occa-

225 sions. This study is so detailed that one finds even entire books of designs for arrangements expressly adapted, for example, to the celebration of New Year’s Day.

The advanced student sia methods to delay the wilting of plants, the aia for bending branches and manipulating foliage, the method to be employed for clipping and finishing a composition to exhibit balance eG a, m. There are many unusual details of design big may be employed to produce certain effects nae es h the advanced student is expected to familiarize himself. Such the masters S call “secrets because they are not given to the oes ey i. e is well advanced in his studies. All of these so-called secrets are freely disclosed to anyone whom the master considers qualified to use them.

Becoming a Flower Master

student who continues with a school that practises a! three of the b: as I less than 250 co) SU may become a candidate for the degree of hove Master of that school. Less than half of this amount of work is required to obtain

the same degree from some of the modern schools that do little with the more difficult ci style. On the completion of the requirements for

The chief oe of the Daikakuji temple at Kyoto conferring upon the author the vee of Master of Flower Art, according to the Saga. school.

226

the degree it is ae for the candidate to Le a public ae the compositions of the tyles —- ie All of the student’s friends those of the master are ted. Young lady fe i w students, trained in t re graceful tea ceremony, add eae to fe beauty and interest of the function ca bee ey manners — eros us as they serve thick tea the gues If the master of a ool is not connected with a pl the ee of the dislona of ee er is usually the occasion of a party at the house of either the headmaster of the school or of the master who prepared the student. At one of these delightful parties there Hee be classical vocal and instrumental Japanese music as well as exhibi- i of the beautiful posturing dancing according to various classical sétioale, followed by a collation.

aster’s een oe a sew Se is sometimes given at the temp The candida acher who has prepared him sit on ae facing te ere a . chief priest of the temple. In

hi

cases, the latter is the Me editary headmaster of the school. Agee . € te acher has made a short speech introducing and sponsoring the candidate, t t gives an address of welcome full of courteous phrases admonitions as to the duties of a flo aster. “Before beginning to arrange flowers, set Agi a . nan Bring only the purest icc s to = work. One t have a calm and gentle mind. As the mirror nes s the face, so our Genrer ee ere the soul. Let the art ce arran, eee teach you to revere and cherish the life and growth of es nee as well as that of plants. Be min ndfu 1 not only of the bea auty of nature, also of the ween es spirit.” He closes with expressions of hope that the candidat a long, active and useful life. An assis a then brings in a geeks a ray aes the diploma, together with scrolls and books of secrets of the school. The diploma is read and a gift from the chief priest is presented to the newly made master. Thus the ceremony is e

n

Occasionally, a newly made master of the Tena school, Reon if he be a foreigner, is given the honor of what is d the Classical Flower Arranging Ceremony, which is i rae med in one i the buildings of the Rokkaku temple at ed oto. A sliding te = is removed between two large rooms, each having a tokonoma, or rec: Around the sides of the room are seated all a one’s fellow stu cet as wel as the friends among the flower masters of the school. The master of ceremonies recounts the history of the ancient ceremony and announces that the purpose of t!

cou 8, ene aloft a lacquered tray on which is a kakemono (scroll), carries it to one of the tokonoma, unrolls it, hangs it on the rear wall of the alcove

A student fetches flowers and instruments for making a composition in the Classical Flower Arranging Ceremony given by the masters of the Ikenobo school.

and retires. She is followed by another participant oe on a tray

graceful stand a incense burner containing a live She oe we

stand at one side of the hanging scroll, sets the incense ee on top o

and deposits a bit of incense on the live coal. The next participant eee

a bronze vase of anci Bk desig, rae it before i picture and retires.

After a pause, the master of ceremonies approaches the tokononia, kneels, t

@

we have a proper kakemono se an incense sans of classic design.

incense is sending out its fragr: A bronze vase of ancient design is in

position. Only one thing is ae to tine a connie ae We

eee a ater arrangement. Who will supply it?” The ry bows

accep of the invitation. The master of ceremonies ask a. flo wers

and ea These are brought and placed on the ee in front of i i d

e flow ; - ceeds, wah the ae of the prescribed ritual, to construct an arrange- ment of flowering branches expressive of good omen and wishes for all

After he retires to - former aes the master of ceremonies ase ion and continuing s. “We observe a duality in all aspects of natu These aspects may be Getneachee by an terms as positive and feos

228

light and ) masculine ne feminine. The arrangement of branches in bronze vas ha: if S

ae fe) e flowers in a lighter porcelain vase which will typify the feminine aspect. Who will ae it?” A lady master bows aes e of the invitation The same ritual just enacted is repeated at the second tokonoma. Thi srangenent consists of chrysanthemums pes expresses dignity and nobility

one in whose honor the ceremony has — performed now kneels

in turn before each ae eres examines it carefu a according to the

prescribed etiquette and, as opportunity presents itself, or esses

to each composer his appreciation ‘of He he peer the good wishes 5 i fi :

this formal, stately ceremony, everyone relaxes, talks to his neighbor, and soon is in a mood to enjoy the collation and Cee spe eechies which follow.

A qualified student canneries examines a flower composition

229

Propagating Tropical Shrubs By Leaf-Bud (-uttings Wat

Assistant rar ea of on culture University of Flo

A Bi leaf-bud cutting epee of propagation for rhododendrons, described and illustrated in the April issue of this Journal by Mr. 4 inner i

uly 1938 s for the ee cero of certain tropical shrubs that sed in Blonde bi eualels to ey the possibility of eee i pe to less easily propagated material.

I will be soca that fe. elie Bete the cutting of bud: leaves attached, exactly as though they were to be ae in shield banding f i i e ig | e buds are dipped immersed for a time in the solution, following na on the pac oe A. table penn with this article shows that leaf-bud cuttings of the tropical plants that were treated with solutions of indolebutyric acid de- veloped heavy root systems ee more quickly than nn con Hei cut-

ta

a os 4 i=) oO faa 4 So a ae 5

2 ge fa] ay @ 5 = ta) oy e a ae 2)

has been found best ecgan an sels species. While pean or dipping

in indolebutyric acid is se accelerate the rooting of the leaf-bud

cuttings, it must be borne in ae that the tapwater checks all lived and

that from one to several weeks later than the treated material, they all rme r ystems.

To determine the best rooting medium to use, leaf-bud ae were

set in many different mixtu ults showed that, for most of the ropical species studied, a une of ha Pee an nee and f local el white sand (by volume) was satisfactory. Careful deter-

hal minations of composite samples showed that rs pone as used in these trials, ae an asin of pH 445.

In order to put the trials on a par vs die common to many of the sn nal commer ne nurseries, all of the tests were co! sae in ie ground benches in a standard half- mae “ath house. The benches e

of cheesecloth, and these were used in lieu of glass sash. The cloth frames were ee daily for syringing and the cloth was lightly sprinkled each afternoon to maintain a high humidity. No wilting has been observed and the a with this simple equipment are highly gratifying. In t¢

230

Some typical leaf-bud cut tings and rooting responses lected gro of

uel nae UPPER LEFT: odiaeum; CENTER: Bugin- villaed; LOWER LEFT: Hibis-

cus, all shown just as they

bench. Li GHT: Hibiscus, six weeks ne pot

A

northern Florida dis- trict, this Shai is most efficiently used from nee viele oe but on the nd

of i pe eae year ‘round use of this type of propagating frame is the rule. When cuttings are e

just barely co , and - ee Teal ies flat, allowing the s'

mata to b close proximity to on

t : It has been shown ae ets root systems are produced much more rapidly on eae whose leaf area has not been reduced. It is important, be with most pans ne oF leaves be left intact and the environ- ent be so cnn Seiad will be kept at a minimum. As a res wilting w: ee ii climate irely, With very large-leaved plants, owe such as so croton hybrids, propagators will be oe to ae ae ie ies ie. if they are to get the greatest value from their propagating benches

231

Table showing response of certain tropical plants to the leaf-bud cutting method of propagation’

Name of plant and Rooting Bg ties weeks aia for Chemical No. heavy rooting treatment Good Fair Rowted Dead

Azalea Ne fT apwater 0 0 10 0 varie ety ore 5mg/g tale 6 4 0 0 4 we Popes aaatig T: apwater 3 4 3 0

aries nee ae imson Lake 20 ppm 7 2 1 0 a Cocculus laurifolius Tapwater 1 0 9 0 3 weeks 40 ppm 8 2 0 0 Codiaeum variegatum Tapwater 2 8 0 0 ae Torttlis 5meg/g tale 8 2 0 0 1 Ay Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Tapwater 0 1 9 0 variety Single Red 5mg/g talc 5 2 3 weeks Hydrangea macrophylla Tapwat 0 6 4 0 variety Otaksa S$meg/g tale 7 3 0 0 3 weeks Thunbergia grandiflora Tapwater 0 0 10 0 variety Alba 5mg/g talc 8 2 0 0 2w cele

cientific en ae me repeatedly that tissues of many ae in

the r

hormones, These tissues, eee ore, should make seed propagating ae

rial even though the amount of wood used is — small as compared 8 ng with lon; es. It is rstood, of course

to the ee cuttin: h long internod I nde : urse, ie he environment must be wholly congenial i a high percentage of ng plants is to be obtained. It is worth noting that there were no nee cuttings ie in the treated or the check lots that were a part of his trial. An carly investigator in the field of plant propagation showed that the ‘enper ture that is most suitable for the normal growth of the mature

plant is a very congenial ea: for the rooting of its De as cu ittings. Such a temperature was used in these experiments. that is react for a leaf-bud nc of a tropical plant to on a sae root

1—The rooting medium was half European peatmoss and half lecal sharp white sand by volume. Ten cuttings and ten checks were used in each trial,

2—Five miligrams of indolebutyric acid to the gram of talc, applied as a dust to the cut surface of the lea: cutting.

3—Twenty parts of indolebutyric acid to a million parts of water. The leaf-bud cuttings were soaked for 24 hours before being inserted in the cutting bench.

TYPICAL LEAF-BUD CUTTINGS OF CODIAEUM (CROTON) ci a re Root development after three weeks rooting medium of peatmoss and sharp sand. he same cuttings demonstrating six bee te growth, UPPER RIGHT: The same plant as ee on the right of the two groups after it had grown in a five-inch pot for six months. nd the environ-

system depends ae he season, the species and variety, ar The table indicates that several

ment into which the cutting is introduced. sorts formed hea’ a systems in less than a ca under the conditions of our reinnty: pee nent.

233

With the ae that the technique would be of little value to nursery- men if the a y buds failed to make adequate shoot growth, roote d leaf- bud cuttings oe eral eae of tropical ee were pot ted up in the regular compost used in the Department of Horticulture. Two of the ee attest to ihe fact that in these trials penis ee species off i shoes a manner. In fact, “ pre- ae trials { ailed t adequate shoot ert ee eve ry one de- veloped into a normal cee The callus tissue which surrounds the cut surface in activel iia ates resulted, in these ae iments, in a rounded stem being formed exactly as in Paes This leaf-bud carting ae fee given gratifying he w with certain ae of Azalea, Buginvillaea Co diaeum Cree and Hibiscus in the 39 al orid

n eighteen-inch cane from a croton or ne plant might give but f gular c gs, whereas the same shoot might yield twenty or mo leaf-bud cuttings. Generally speaking, it has beer j tests

t is | t n shoots that hav become firm after the first flush of growth. This preagating eee should be neither succulent, nor yet, ee ee Nites The nN propa- gator will soon learn to know his wood at ice.

Jé there is a distinctly limited amount ae pr ss aeane aa available, as is usually the case with rare plants, it seems that this technique should have a rather definite application in tropical horticulture as well as with the ericaceous plants i in the ast. Its use would be restricted ae en- tirely to nurseries that wish to work up a large stock of plants from a small quantity of hard-to-get propagating wood.

The Redding Hemlock Tree By A. B. Stout

HE wild tree of the northern eae (Tsuga canadensis) which is here called the Redding hem ulo ck is a splendid specimen of a variatio i the

sp noticeably enlarg: in dia as ich ¢ a acted, a upright rather than 1 ng I ye

ticula broadly rounded with the ends of the branches upstanding, as shown in the illustration. The ance main trunk is 6 feet 8 inches in ee at breast height, but it soon ne pie seed and at different levels into a nearly upright ian ae of which are fully fused or naturally arch-grafted. The lateral eae arising on the central units of the framework are numerous, rather close together, and not especially large in

The broad mound dome of the Redding hemlock in Connecticut. In front and slightly the left stands one of the largest a its probable seedlings.

diameter. No doubt the “poor-lumber” quality of the trunk saved this tree t the present time aes are oe: — and catered in ha

locality. In the immediate vicinity of the t there several

sate hemlocks a various sizes and ages. Nine of ae ba a

abit of uite like t ne hai st tree; six have a | somewhat mere nd ae 0 be nal. It i hat one or more oung trees of the pees ee have: oe angles! from the his Re sine hemlock tree is well known to various persons ; on

- do not know of any mention or illustration of it in botanical or hortialtutal publications. It stands close to highway 107 near its junctur re with rout 53 near Redding, pai Danbury and Georgetown, Conn.

Since hemlocks may readily be grown from . uttings oe are treated with root-promot ie chet He tree will no doubt be propagated. It produces numerou es and seeds, so pr ona ee poe will be obtained. But these may not : ° e precise dae ter the parent j abou

ral other ones of ie eae hemfock — have a — ant ee ct habit of growth a Some of these are, at least at the present time, decidedly fo ; pie are of ie ger size. Among ce

235

there are decided individual differences in color of foliage and disposition of branches in th cla:

e crown. <A list of 1 has r tly been compiled.* It is to be noted that in

SS this Ii various writers have assigned Latin botanical names - eae alin rank t ate idee and that several individuals oken named varieties. Appropriate studies te without aout, determine a classify the precise combinations of characters — d in these different variations or mutations; but the ee botanical aren names to the individuals is not justified. Such names may he apple when there is lid evider ae oe exl can . obtained from seed deni n; as, mple, is the case for the weeping type which is k as Tsuga ae var. pee la. (Th he vegetative eae of any one of these individuals merely constitut clone, and the fa oe sadiptay name will ict identity ate puree a indicate

their true status all concerned. is here suggested that the clone

ich m: es i indiv idual wild tree here noted and described be known as He are g hemlock and that any propagations from its seedlings should b ae e and their character and horti- cultural values be ane pe comparisons.

* The Eastern Hemlock and its Varieties

, by John C. Swartley in Arborist's News. 3: No. 4. April 1938.

One-foot feng of branch from a normal hemlock (left) and from the aa tree, wing the slow growth and compact habit of the latter

236

Recent Mushroom Potsonings

By Fred J. Seaver OISONOUS mushrooms may roughly be ee into two categories, the deadly forms, or those which are likely to cause death unless an antidote is administered immediately, and those ae are mildly poisonous . that t o not cause death, but may give rise to severe illness of long short vee tion, of the chief offenders in the latter class seems to be the Ja eee fungus, Clitocybe illt Se S, a ean aes in the Journal of The New York ie Garden for Novem- r 1938. The reason dou ae lies in the fact that the fungus occurs in sch profusion, is so beautifully sre and oe so good, it is not sur- prising that unso’ opiisticated collect sho uld w as I m

ck-o’- and oe of which

ant to feast upon it, and,

e following experiences. Within the ast year two cases involving the Pai of four individuals have been called to te deco of the

eliminary accoun

Cas A pr ecorded in the ee Mae aber a later 1

‘6 this was re report ae the physician i in charge was as follow

tt one whole mushroom was eaten by the pati jent and immediately after

of same she felt a heavy sensation in. the stomach, ae she induced vomiting by the usual household ms joc eee aaat lf after four or five attempts of all the soap “she had eatén. At the e I saw her, patient was up and about but still nauseous and one at ex! ted. most likely from the strain of ves but pulse aad respiration weré auite or The vomitus t the time o xamination was clear. ‘Throughout the day she felt sae what ite and sleepy, but the following ae felt aes well and has bee well s 7 n September 27, 9, a ae. referred to the writer » the Mctoaaly of the Departme a of Hea h in New ‘Yo

Itt York Cit identified as our old offender, Clitocybe illudens. The following Hees ed :

report on oy case was later receive

“The mushrooms were picked on Sunday morning, Sept. 17, 1939, by Mr. F., an Ttalian resident of the Bronx, at Kensico Dam. He shared half o: about 3 Ba s, with Mr. A., his tenant.. Mrs. A. prepared them for supper at about 6 P. M. Pea Mrs. A. consumed but a few spoonfuls because the taste was not as it ic,

On a of 1939, A. Hels = at aes) a about 9:00 A.M. "they aan “had diar = pais was called in

, and Mr. at and w a weak condition and they were “oth “taken ie a = Heel Mr. A. ho case was not a severe However Mrs. A. was kept he series ‘ott Sent 20, 1939, and then nie eee sed, Mr. had intended t t his mushrooms for lunch on Monday, Sept. 18, 1939, was y ietermed of the oe of Mr. & Mrs. A. But he doubted that

237

© mushrooms were the cause, and as an experiment he tried three and con- sured them: He vomited within five mittee and then took a large glass of epsom salts. He required no medical attention.” ee i are published as a warning to over- faa mush- to allow their a “6 ecu over heir better od.

room collector jem in ote en to be used as foc “Wher A aibdie throw

is a good slogan to he followed by either the ce or profes-

an mycophagist.

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.)

A Tribute to the House of Perry has managed to run the whole gamut of WAtER) GARDEN Fra water gardening. Here is an account of

Vets “353 Gages, illustrated, indersd, its early history and peeinnings: every glossary. Scribner, New York. 1938. detail of a a ee make an artificial an essing

Up to the present the literature of stream; fu it a ‘leary STasied as aquatic ae has aa ae scat- tions of all the plan in or tered and, Mrs. ry in the wear the water, ho m ae and propa- preface to her book, . acl Saieena gat em af to t them i tion had to be ae. in ponderous tome ee : apter on aquaria in the li st ” o it timely and n the fish to keep and the that there should be a book to cover this caves those dustmen of the pool omission an ting that it should be whose lot it is to live on the foulness of done by one bearing the name of Perry. the water and keep it clear. The ms It would i It to imagir better othing left out and there are many en- ite to that father of water gardemg tertaining suggestions such as growing

Amos Perry, to whom the book is dedi- the baby ao in a bowl in the cated, for he must have done more than house ee making a water garden in any living person to further this fascinat- the face ard by sinking tubs in the ing form of gardening. As an instance ground.

f his enterprise a “indefatigable epi The plans, and photographs are copious here is the st of how he and as is a charming foreword by watching a iaowie in which zone Por the E. A. wles. scenes took place in the African jungle. Josepu J. Exxiorr, In one of the shots he notic I b aterside a plant he could not

ng y the w. i recognize and which seemed to him a Shrubs for ddornment really worth-while garden subject. He 4nd Ease of Culture wrote to the producer of the film, found

out exactly where the shots were taken, ane eae priest tee on and after a welter of correspondence man- pages, illustrated with photo, earn Le aged to find someone in the district to dexed. Scribner, New Yor collect seeds and send them home to him. #2:

he gap which his daughter-in-law h For the person who wants to

as have filled in the gardener’s bookshelf is wide ey Sea giving them the care re- ive and she may well red b: uals

inundated with an avalanche of grateful plants he hru is tha ue oe on her by all who lay an excellent book. It is full ot sugges- eyes 1 book. In the 353 pages she tions for the selection and arrangement

238

of flowering — ase will acorn the cre - ee of the yea aiceusces the plaanine: con- sinicton: cme an care of the oe garden and tells in which month to lool for flowels. fruits, and colore We The photographs have an added value because they all were taken in a garden instead of in a studi Though the plants.

there are some v

a trial from ome south where they would no doubt pro

_

uthor is a Wade whose exnerience comes from of trial and error, and he admit aa mistakes of the

Liaeauel any rs

benefit of the reader who Bee is seving 0 learn a is unfortunate that he has been so careless in the spelling and capitalization of s ee fe) By Neat names. theless, this orth-

while book for the peta who ariee to

know about more anteaesting flowering shrubs for his garden.

Ratex Prxxus, Aine Foreman.

-n Invaluable Work on Lilies LILIES FOR AMERICAN. GAR- DENS. George L. Slate, eee ie Vonks aos indexed, Scribner, New York, 1939. $3.50.

This ue comes nearest to fulhlling ss ae of American lily grower: $ of any book yet pu ct.

his interesting genus. s in an gates on ch

of these plants. and purchase of bulbs, methods of planting, types of soil, loca- tion of planting site and subsequent care : ma

plants—all these subjects are

in a way that bespeaks ue se first-hand experience as well a his thorough training in horticultural science.

Few gardeners can resist the impulse to attempt Tabridication ce “vith the species of lilies which they may have Mr. Slate recognizes this fact when 7 states, as the opening sentence to a cha

ter de Ae to breeding, “Lilies

haps the

plants awe

nee oe ised in natural group nd those crosses which neve been indi a d, thus ing

are per-

ee essful are direction to the peat ie our has not “helene to call!

spade a lst when it comes to is question 9: isease in lilies. Thos ies Batemanniae and ia speciosum album and hybrids such as inceps and George C. Creelman, which believed to be 100 percent infected th virus disease are so lal ee Like- rise, ee as Har L

nd Henryi ey orvastly edited with ae nearly always virus-

All thi material is presented with

cation. experience, has ha led advanta: of association with his fathers -in- eee

ate E. H. Wilson, wh se

reaale into authority on bs genus STi, icith its sple ndid illustrations invaluable by the amateur specialist alike.

and

E. P. Boyce ea fone a nt Research, Inc.

Ideas for the Small Home Owner GARDEN PLANNING AND BUILD- ING. . Stuart Ortloff ani) Henry B. Rayon. 244 pages, illustrated with photographs, sketches, and plans, in-

dexed. 1939. $3.

n Planning and Building is just

S grading, dri alks, fences or walls, drainace: and soil—all problems that should be’ solved before selection of plant ma teria 1 or color schemes,

In the first chapter the authors discuss the election o 2 one and oa ae tion of the ie graph is ra tee er “tis scon owner of a small suburba home, ‘for it states: “No home should be built on

design,

239

less than half an acre, and an acre or two acres would be better about the n there is na small eine ee practical ideas ae inspira The last chapter brief

something of the probable cost of his ork,

Frepa GrirFiItH.

Lectures on Proteins RO’

TEIN METABOLISM HE 06

PLANT. Albert Cincles “Chibnall pages, 21 figures, 3 plates ee nde: Yale Daiversity Press, New 1939,

This volume is based on the Silliman Memorial eee deere at Yale Uni- ty by i he:

ersity author, se lectures are given ae in ee of Mrs, Hepsa Ely Silliman on the income from nd of $80,000 left in trust by her children. Each annual course of lectures is the basis of lume to a series constituting a memori t rs. Sill aes are now 27 volumes mal u notable contribution chiefly

ip a chemistry, and astronomy. he aos ie ae een

ich chose to perpetrat y of ed on rough acl i: pee

he present volume is a scholarly and

exhaustive Hast atea of the subject.

Much spac given to the author’s own

researches, ‘but due a to eae of others.

otographs of nine notable ee in ne field ag to the interest of the book. firs apters ged) with protein metabolism in 1 seedling These are fol- lowed _by chapters on asparagine and glut: formation in seedlings, the mechanism of amino acid and p ba syn- thesis in plants, preparation pro-

the io teins fai leaves, the proteins of ‘pasttre plants, protein metabolism in leaves, the

role of proteins in the respiration of de- tached leaves, a the regulation of pro- tein metabolism in leaves. \fter

marizing Hig ject, wera is likely to find te ee ailed erecenuition somewhat confusing and tedious.

', J. Roperns.

mane rine in,

oLANTS W ou

R Matlin, 137 bigest 14

- isnt mical Publishing

$2.

Thi k is a bri 7 pou senta- tion Ge a methods of grow: solution or sand culture. pages divided into 22 chapters, besides ay

of 70 50 p

ar pre

ae pendix pages. Less than

are devoted to the subject given in the title eae is Anat S - the book a page on how make cuttings, 3 pages on grain Some “information es auxins, 3 e con: on Ta- tion of hee a ol satin calendar, ae ee Pe. ; - ef discussion e vitam: emical tests

warigte eee. a a ist of state fevers . list of the agriculture experiment sta- tions, and num her items of in-

formation fae ae ree related to the subject discussed. W. J. Rossrns Fertilizers and Their Functions HAN K FERTILIZERS. AL RB afson. Third edition. 172 pages, illustrated, inde Orange- Judd, New York, 1939, $

A highly technical subject is pete ed here, primacy to farmers, in ‘actical and useful “handbook” styl thor’s aos zed technical ing the of soils and fertilizers assure the {then of the bo ae ee own

Maran

=o

plicab! . and needed scientific facts in this and to present them clearly and es

Y. When necessary to use technical terms they are explained either in the tex footn

gardens. Rates of application of fer til

\

240

izers are given a wee 100 square feet as well as per The first ne gives a general re- view of all of the Eequiren cate for good plant growth. It then takes up in some detail the essential plant nutrients, in- cluding mar copper, boron and ich nm added to the list ts in recent years.

lar functions briefly and clearly. inciple: id ices. in- volved in selecting, buying and applying factory-r mmercial fer rs are given, as well as specific directi for the home-mixing of fertil Se rs on lime ar e

thet use of “ertilizers are of tance to an: who grows een This concise "nie book of less thar acked with authentic aad id

their us the direct styl f ee 9 excellent set-up of the t, t hotographic illustrations and the deisiled index al contribute to the use-

fulness of the bool F, ERSMAN, State ie : ‘Applied Agriculture ou Long Island,

On Scale se AT nD OF THE SCALE INSECTS

ore RTH AMERICA. Series II. G, F. eerie 132 numbers. Stanford University Press, ane rd University, California. umphrey re

i A Sa Reese ren ity Press. $7.75, bound $8.75.

23

The plan adie for the rie: of this monumental work on tee ee

which includes the four tr: (Diaspi- dini, Odonaspidini, Xanthophthalmini and Aspidiotini) of the subfamily Diaspidinae. Some 130 species under thirty-four differ ent gene: € scribed in technical terms and the important specific r- ences af 1 illustrated his i

contro! of scale insects nm ornamental plants would not be able

Ae ee much practical information from this source. When the work is com- plet ted, however, it will be indispensable for the specialists.

B. O, Dopce.

Mushrooms SOME EDIBLE MUSHROOMS. Nina Lane Faubion. 127 pages, indexed and Binfords ane Mort, Port- 1938. $1.. The object of the See primer ata issued cy ee Lane Faubion is apparently m het th

Hieree Saas land, Ore.

ae room pee hoping that throug! $s oe soe be oon te ue mort extensiv orks the subje The

iad auite ‘etna intradace the work e begi

the

llustrated. iscussion of a few of the

edible species follows, Skee p> J. Seaver.

A Sentimental Journey In “Evergreenia” SAGAS oC

ERGRE B64 ee 70 Tike

Frank H. mb,

trations, “pbhiograny mdex: Norton,

New Yo: 938. $3.5 eas ‘or the ee uable, if for nothing cee “Sor : on ions The famous big trees of the world are herein portrayed in Me ly excellent photographs. uman interest, story, ‘ sie travel, ind . with

Ginkgo is introduced

coniferous evergreen t so-called. Much more of general interest could

have been told the reader out gin han was vou chsafed by the thor, and we felt a distinct jar after the pired ele n which we had been raised by the author’s recital of the ginkgo’s impressive past, ml we were old that aside from the demand

mi

i=) ge

is a drawn ntenient fo

lowed by the story of ‘the, oe 1 ae chs” —old_ trees New Zealand to you!—in which the kauri tree fea- tures. Then in stately sequence come

241

hi sequoias and our “Japanese cousins” yptomeria), the

hinoki amaecy paris}, n others toget with “Asiati deauaiiiance” fr s the Yellow Sea he rela- tionships indicated do not quite give the pict the bi eens from ut of the ancient lands of the Asiatic mainland are of arental stock Vase dates its royal lineage from earliest tiquity, of which the Japanese tons themselves but descendants

Next consideration come the “Comely Cedars” oe Sea of the Snows.” At this nt we be

a ae to say that th he eatobiog aphy of bies as told by Hes as totally Why a

ait aD Misses). Radiata carpa “(sirname Pinus), as

pitorescuel designated oy ne euler “Orphans of S Sur

y i very interesting story; and then follow all of the ae is Bes cpearenly there are ial class distin

ing I aoa “Tike make my feelings clear: that earnishing these grand old trees with Ak of whipped-up sentiment is like ne ng to make a sissy out ¢ a hundred ‘percent

boy. ve natural appeal which nothing say wilt add a jot. and pie cok for them selves, but

not audibly. Why ond ofl a

On the ae hat wieli to call attention very worth: while ist of own on page

a the most en trees, kni as “The Evergreen ‘Grove "of Fam S co ut the fourteen of the world are

lic set forth i final chapter. He Hea us to e y all means to prevent forest fires and in so doing help to

S preseiie our forests and our big trees.

M. PorverFietp.

Brief Notes on Varied Books

Country Living EDEN ON A COUNTRY HIL

Ruth Cross. 244 pages. bier

H.C. Kinsey Co., New York, 1938, $2.

The day-by-day pute A those many city folk who s mo’

place in the country. i ideas which others may wish to i) low

en they too purchase an old New Eng- ve farm.

For Children ADVENTURES IN GARDENING FOR are AND GIRLS. Kains. pages, indexed is ates trated. ‘Garden Rae Publishing Co. New York, 1938. $1.

Grownups have long - een following Mr. Kains’ sound directions for gardening, as

given agazine articles. The children now com into his fold, and rites for them a entertaining story base n the garden e made for himself every year from the time he was five years old. If “empirical” were not too long a w r the boys d girls, we would like to apply it to the

of understanding thie” iene of garden tasks.

The Desert in Pictures ERTS. Gayle Pickwell. 174 rages, indexed. 6a full-page illustra- tions, with frontispiece in color. Mc- Graw-Hill, New York, 1939. $3.50.

people who ha

lands have felt an cue fe)

siastic traveler in America could wish for.

242

The book would make an appropriate ies i anyone who from a train indow, airplane, or an automobile ee Mee gazed entranced across the desert.

CaroL H. Woopwarn

Current Literature* At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh

Lightning. Report of a study of iene ning injury to Arencan elm the June es IS. The damage e trunk to the very tne rot i ce ee Aa photo- oe sh oh the wood is in- jured in s to give ready e: trance to ndisease- preducae fungi.

Walking Trips. Through the auspices of the Hiking Trips Bureau at Ho-ho- a schedule of “woodland trail e autumn and = winter p until March 31 has been The trips cover <3 Connections adjacent sections of N ork.

a Pee mA thern Gar, len,” by Dai ADI of Minnesota isa valuable tae books Sor amateur gar- deners, be or not, discussing what to do about the garden each week in the year, what — lant, where to plant it, how to ca or it, when to transplant. how and when to spray and numerous other bits of information.

‘d Flowers. Among

ic wild flowers a

Flowers of North Dakota” E. J.

Circular 164, North. Dakota n, F;

the recent pub- “Wild

illustrated

of Mis by chet Rgveaoal lan Sc eae i

I rbar a for nek co nection and. presee vatio

* All publications mentioned here—-and many Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building.

A. J. Grout has Re ate 1 of his “Moss Flora vot North oe with Part 4 on the Pottia

For en eners. The July number of Flouse and Garden is devote d chiefly to

gardening and has articles on lilies, tulips, faffodils roses, a and shrubs, window plants, and law

Teaching. eer Tests in Re- lation to ‘Teaching Objectives in General

B he Com

stimulating r to ‘anyone interest ae in the teachi botany and deserves ext der: tion by oa wot necessarily inter- ested in bot

Compost. i the Digest of the Radio Garden Club address of Sept. 1 over WOR, Richard Walter, Supervisor of

arks at al i 0:

method whi as be orked out by the Maplewood Park Department. The yearly gi of rgreens nearly doubled after use of the coarser part of

e compost as a ch, he ts, and many herbaceous plants ha shown definite improvement with the compost incorporated into the soil. The Digest is

obtainable free from the Club of the New Jersey College of Agriculture, New Brunswick, N. J. Park Sur The Regional Review, ase monty ‘at Richmond, eae by e Nai = ree ae = See: esses the ed he existing panera: ‘parks throughout ie world and the pr ogress being made in their develop-

tive iat - as their bi

and to the they are nee na and safeguarded against destruction exploitation. Altogether e ti should be invitin, ig to some fear ess Te- searcher favored with am ple leisure, tire- less eyes and strong constitution.”

others—may be

tional trusts or ask

found in the Library of The

243

Noe News, and Comment

sitors. Eric Walther, Botanist of etree Gate Park, San Francisco, paid Gar

several visits to the Botanical der oe as fall. While here he checked succulent collectiow. notably

species of Echeveria “fot their nomen-

clat

Dr. “Walls am H. Schopfer of Bern was a visitor at the Bo be nical os den in ae ee: er. was cheduled

2 3 Pee Bo

at he New York that outbreak of the oo o Switzerland a the address

give m Fri Feri hiologieal ‘Congress in week, but upon i he was called bac! reserve on ern take plac eine "other visitors at the Garden in September were Franklin o Se a

could

ster Botanic

Ray Ber tall, "Uni rego Ve

Sfekee Tame le Gardens, Vero Beach, "Flor tuder ae r Activities. fovmtcnal eines has brought ie o New York Samuel Bridge, who had been in England since Tuly as exchange stu- eee : Ww E “Sto tt, Kew on a 3 for a ed to return

r W right, pare ga rac who Bi

had ee employ Salary Garden for a yea anda al, Teh Sep 30 to ae Cor nel Unive

ha as an pres garnets + for an 37, has ri

+ § oh 28

ee ‘Clare, coe intendent of Grotinds Since his work at the Botanical Garden

he has attended Cornell and also been employed by “Gardens on Parade” at the World’s Fair.

Beq ae $s ene Scott Hoyt, who ee hom o

at oa York

ee 27, left a “Beau est of $2,500 to The

w York Bo brio Garden The sun) wi be added to the endowment.

J. Manda. The id-grower of Ligwallyn Park, WwW nge, N. J., Joseph A. Manda, died at his home Sept. 23 at the age of 6. he had

the orchid. hybrids which ae eon age y many nal

pra TOGneTL ‘Carden oi ne birthday bringing gifts hids with hin of the rare spe oe now in the Garden's collection were presented by Mr. Manda. Ret Dr. A. B, Stout returned to New Vor on Se Sept. a after a summer spent abro: The entire trip thi

a

uled to give before the er Horticultural Society in Lon- don was canceled by the Society.

yxoniycetes. A unique reference col- ie al Myxo inycetes fear The New

consists of

t is_ the material

roblems distribution Bad suba: merica. he trip made hy airplane railroad, steamer, canal, and on foot.

244

Microbiologists nih “ New York For Internatio

including rent coun- luring the tember to attend hole Third niernational ee iad biology the Wal Astoria Ho atel, The ee number . for eigners came

Meron a e

Even with ma my papers omitted be-

se of the nor of delegates leave

their countries d ke erna- onal uph

tional eaval, te am oved i bear ensive se well rounde Dr. . Rivers a ee “net tute for Medical rch, opened the ngress “Saturda ‘ Sep t. e was oe Hes by Mayo - La- ae ave an address of wel- come, wed ao iy the honorary vice- aresislerits: Sir G. ingham of ndon and Dr. L. me Tones < Madison, s An address by Dr. John L. Rice, New Yo City’s” Commissioner of Health, concluded the evening's opening

ceremonie ee B.

. Dodge 1 VI arra nged Fungous ievial diseases of Pie). was headed jointly by Dr.

oe) VI R. A. Harper

of Columbia and Dr. F. A. Weidman of the nivel) of oe Medical College, who presided. . Wi

was one

Th

VI included Dr.

oe Dr. a Mic

oe and ive

sree pee session

ge of the Cougress Se “Some Prob- lems in the Genetics ,

the ae at ae Waldorf the evening af Sept. 7. r. River as toast aster, ee. a by Prof. E. G. a Murray ar Mo real; Dr. Karl F, Meye Gan Francisco, Prof . Orla- Jensen, Denn ark ; W. Bigger, ublin; Prof. nio “Hiocmaeche: Mon- tevide ge 4

0; rdam rof. André Prof. Ch. Onis Se and Sit John C. G. Ledingham, London.

A scene in the new Tropical Flower Garden in the main

York Botanical Caden a

conservatories at The New

es will soon receive cards announcing

opening of this house.

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS

1 ECTIVE MANAGERS

Until 1940: HENRY DE pie BaLpwin tee president), CHILDS Piece Attyn R. Jennincs, Henry Lockuart, Jr., . MacDoucat, Mrs. I. Pratt, and JosepH R. Swan (Pr esident 1).

Until 1941: E. C. Aucuter, MarsHaty Fiero, Mrs. Eon HuNntTiNGToN Hue Joun L. Merrtty (Vice- president), Cov. Rosert H. MontcomERy,

id H. Hopart Porter.

“ntl 1942; ArtHur M. Anperson (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLA Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry pe ra MontacGne (Secretary and Acastant Treasurer), and WILLIAM J. Ropsins.

Il. EX-OFFICIO MANAGER Froretto H. LaGuarosa, Mayor of the City of New York. oe Mosss, Park Commissioner. James MarsHa tl, President of the Board of Education. III]. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E, Hazen, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. A, ARPER, SAM F. TRELEASE, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. Bocerr, appointed by Columbia University. GARDEN STAFF Wittiam J. Roggins, Pu. D., Sc. D.

Director HH. vs? Gieason, Pu. D. .........-....-- Assistant Director a He ad ae HENRY DE LA Mowtacne t Direct A.B. Stout, PH. Di cio. sacmeigee b. Curator of Education a Meaborateries FRED J, SEAVER, Pe. D., ag D. Curator ERNARD 2 ete Pu Plant Pathologist Joun Hen eee A. M., M. D. Bibliographer 1. W. cere Pu. v, clssistant bibliagraper LBERT C. Smitu, Pu. D. Associate Cur Jarotp N. MoiLvenxeE, Pu. De Associa : Ges LIZABET Hatt, A. B., B. Librarian . Ruspy, M. D. ......... pee Curator of he Peouanie Collection. LEDA GRIFFITH pang CsA ERCY WILSON h Associ OBERT WILLIAMS Research As. ished in Bryo. Ane de XANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local aoe ip, Pu. ssistan

ator Technical pee Technical Assista a Technical Assistar

'AROL Woopwarb, ditorial Assi a HoMAS H. Everett, N. b. Horr. Horticulturist x L. Ma, A. M. Docent ITO DEGENER, ilaborator ie ie m Botany

ee oBeRT HaGELst! orary Cur of mycetes <THEL ANSON S. Soren -Honorary es Iris and Nee “Collections ARTHUR J. CoRBETT Superintendent 1 Buildings and Grounds \. C. PrANDER nt Super

intendent

MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN

hed as a privately endowed institution, aided partially by City appro- or.

01 os ber: ugh ani cal gardens i ecom t ier gest Pen of its kind, its library, pe Daas and peceicaiteeal colleeuonee eae among the finest and most complete

sabe yi

ae ae in The New York Botanical, Siete therefore, means promotion

of sci ane recat in pee ge nd the ncement of horticultural interests.

Scientia the Garden able to serve as a clearing-house of information for

tudents and hoe all over the world; horiculurally, it often serves as a link i ues the plant explorer or breeder and the garden ae ublic.

Through memberships and benefactions, provision made at the Botanical Garden for the frauning © of young scientists and student gardeners hundreds of n books are added annually to the library, which is open daily the public for re search and sei Hee exhibits are meee d in the museum, the greenhouses, and gardens, and | ne courses, and free information in botany and gardening

individual member of the Garden receives:

(1) A copy of the Journal every month.

(2D) z\ a eae) ddisoni ce a year, each number illustrated with eight colored plates of unusual pane ont by complete descrip- tions and other pertinent informat

(3) A share of surplus plant ae of interesting or new varieties whenever it is distributed.

(4) gnonncemene of special floral displays at the Garden from season to seaso

(5) Credit, to the extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses study offered by the Garden

A ieee number of garden alee are accepted as afhliates. The privi ileges of affiliation are a subscription to the Journal, annonce of displays, a ee ally conducted tour of ite eras and greenhouses, and a lecture once a r by

of t ips or schelships for Pracdedl student-training in horticulture or for bocce resear be ee abli shed by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a definite iod.

The classes of Bie et and types of benefaction are as follows:

Annual Mem ey aud He $ 10 ane mber 25 Garden Club Agiliation cna te for club 25 Fellowship Member annual fee 100 Member for Life single contribution 250 Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 Patron single contribution 5,000 Benefactor single contribution 25,000

Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved form of beque

I hereby Beaueath to The New York aie Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of ft Whe She oj, —$——

Conditional bequests may be with income payable to donor or any desighated beneficiary during his or te Hifane

All requests for further information should be addressed to The New York

Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y.

MBER, 1939

XI

ae JOURNAL THE NEw YORK Patan GARDEN

by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N the Post Office in } York, Y., as second-class matter. Sir copies 10 cents

Published monthly En at

tered Annual + obo $1.0 Free to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroLt H. Woopwarp, Editor

November, 1939

SCENE IN THE New Tropica, FLOWER GARDEN , Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith THE Mopern Rove oF ANCIENT Heres IN INpustRY AND Hom Rosetta Clarkson 245 TROPICAL FLowER GARDEN OPENED WITH CEREMONY AND TEA IN CONSERVATORY

Two Breconta NAMES CLARIFIED T. H. Everett 256 Books FOR THE PRACTICAL GARDENER Elizabeth C. Hall 259 Reviews oF Recent Booxs

Memory oF Dr. SmaL~t Honorep IN LOUISIANA 265 Notes, News, AND COMMEN’ 265 CurRRENT LITERATURE AT A ae 268

LABELING

Someone has said that a museum is a collection of labels illustrated by exhibits. These words mate also be ea to a gre ies viene re living plants at The New York Botanical . rden, which is a of liv se hibits

Pla: ug, + fo or esthetic aa a ne bei ae need no labels; but to lend educetonel vale to donee labels are neeeae not only to anes the

Tt

ender wir ¢ as the cactus collection, Other irae: ae ete as $ those in the economic houses and outdoors on the dahlias and roses, are painted on wood. Metal labels of zinc cr ied are often attached to tree-trunks:

‘or the thousands of plants being grown in our propagating houses, much smaller labels of wood or zinc are used to show the name of the plant and, for Garden m ri

urce.

t is no small task to prepare the several thousand labels that must be made every year. Each one requires accurate, often involved work, in fees the true identification of the specimen, for always the name used must be the one accepted in i ature

When ee is doubt about the proper name for a the flowers are exam ined, compared with we in the herbarium, and eae in the library with bs lished decctiptions: t may be necessary to correspond with distant botanists and borrow herbarium specimens from other institutions before the plant can be posi- tively identified. ane useum exhibit has value only as names are applied to the objects shown

d itor ation about them is given. A label ean an insignificant part of a plant display, yet its eee the infor a ion which it bears, and even the making

of it involve more judgment, technical information, and labor than the people realize.

NOV 29 1939

JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

VoL. XL

Novemser, 1939 No. 479

The PModern Role Of Ancient Herbs In Industry and Home

By Rosetta E. Clarkso Editor of the Herb Journal DAY in a spacious a in Wall Street six bottles stand on a r.

and in those crystal c have most pro little berries

mtainers are samples of the six pro ee affe ie the world of commerce.

ducts that ofow s, just a ha ndful of pepper, one of the sp

One is a jar o ces to which histor wo * It ae a ‘ola ce of honor ee

$ past, it can never be dislodged. America itself owe

its disco j e

r activities s till on these same ancient plants © pr

oportion of what was once food and medicine,

= ea ni brought ae es eae industry. Most of the subjects our r border .. ir , larkspur, calendula, peony, foxglove,

a ae more. . are nee oe fe gs of i

of today’s huge botanical pes industry. They

since set apart for their beauty, but for thousa as of years grown as crops

for the ae of - sme of man, as they still are grown today in

me io he:

the mints, the eit ee the orld o

too are ae and ie es of enormous eesti pace with soaps, perfumes, gargles, oe extracts, che and a multiude of liquors and liqueurs and othe

There are the herbs of the field . . boneset, tansy, dandelion, milkweed . and the savory seeds such as anise, cumin, coriander, mustard, sesame,

*TImports of pepper in the United States in recent times have oiled 33,000,000 pounds of unground black and nearly 5,000,000 pounds of white a yea’

245

246

caraway and dill. These are herbs, some ea some culinary, all

with innumerable technical and industrial use: well and some a

the basis for a world-wide trade in spices and continents Lastly, the i etables* i

a uleius become the basis for an important branch of the sugar industry. It is bard to ncaa ze tha as late as Elizabethan times, Gerard was timidly sug-

ges that the roots of beets, as well as the leaves then used in salads, sae i ibly ae good wholesome food

No chart of small propor rtions can more than suggest how these various

e

a. si 2 7 ° oh ° im 4 3 a 2 a @ 4 3 3 od 2a a ae o wu a) 3 i=) oh o a a 4. =; =] ne 9 3 a a] a 9

eae when the discovery of pr: herbalists available to all who could read. It helps to show how . aus the farmer, cu — botanist are one with the doctor, t the brewer and the symbolic that the story of Bible

bein and ends in a gee. the garden and the herbs grown there loom ge in all recorded his

a the Chinese es { Ching-Nong we learn, among other herbs, of ephedra, which was used in .\sia 5,000 years ago - is eee again today in this country in sinus troubles; we read . hubarb, of sesame seeds, the first oil seeds, which now a i has * and candy-makers, and in a multitude of nse ae from foo The black of the finest Chinese drawing ink, for instance, comes fon burnt sesame; thus herbs enter into the drafting rooms of every factory as well

i studios of ists S i

a

The very code of oe eee coe brewing, perfumery, and tobacco industries is due to he o based on herbs are many of our food industries a muc i a ae a husbandry. Surgery, medicine, botany, household science, part of chemistry, can be credited to the study

her fore i SS we

invented, the findings were laboriously entered on parchment manuscripts,

copied one at a time over a period of years, and kept in the possession of a few scholars and in monasteries. Many of these Hien still exist. Some were reproduced among the first of printed boo Then, as the ee of a aoe known, new authors ae In Elizabethar ars some rote of the garden, taking over the description ei culture af oc. fon the her pies At about the same

* The word vegetable, denoting a food, has been in use less than 200 years.

HOUSEHOLD Lpny SENLY MEDICINE _ Mary Dooserr SUSANNA AVERY MARY CHOLMELEY

THE PRINTED

1B) PRINTING 1440

HERBR mS 318 .4| SAXON TRANSLATIUNS

Ee PROPRIETATIBUS RERUM THE MONKS MACE R

ALBERTUS MAGNUS (a56~ LEECH BOOK OF BALD 1900 AD

SCHOOLS OF HERBALISTS

3000 B.C.

CUPTNGT TRY BY ROIETTAE CLARIGON

met's ‘Compleat History of Druggs,”

of which several editions were printed in London

ie middle of the Base eee aa of tobacco as ‘“Holy Herb” because of peat virtues. Many 1 a tobacco are suggested, and snuff is mentioned, only indirectly, oe o "ther are 5 see ee The us: i

inferred in

though Parkinson in his “Theatrum Botanicum” a century earlier Speke oF ‘Sit Walter’ Reaigh "and the kind of "tabaeee he enn while he was a prisoner in the Tower. The illustration above is Hs Pomet’s book, which

was ae written in nach.

time the casting off of superstition and the rise of medicine as a profession away with the popular treatises on the medical uses of herbs. Thus oe was gone and after 1700 there appeared no

e gardening ae continued eventually the science of botany was

oo in the search for methods of classification and identification. But the — books to direct ts was ane medical

eee to prescribe the ieee n of them, there was need for urce ca of materi oO us a ria medic d_ the old salen

were paler for the an of a pharmacopoeia, printed in

Great was the hubbub when Nicholas

Culpeper, a btaining a copy, et ub. lished an English translation with comments of his own. However, the

SESAMVM.

Sesame has been used in cooking, medi- cine, arts, and trade for more thousands of years than books and manuscripts record. The Chinese, it is known, have used it since 5000 B.C. The illustration here was published in 1565 in Matthioli’s “Commentarii Dioscoridis,” and accom- panies a description of the plant and list of its uses. In 1935 the United States imported 146,394,158 pounds of sesame

acco, early ar ee ie ing a narcoti on tnedigce. ae edicts, law but it persisted as a snuff throu; the centuries to emerge in the last generation as a giant industry in i New World. Coinc cidentally with the decline ] he old herbals, a new type of book rked t

came into being and it ma trance of woman into the role of author. Since) enough, it too oS out of ancient eee ely soe and unconsciously aie up a whole new field for industry. It to

become as powerful an influence in am life as the herbalhad i before it. This was the * ‘still-room book

250

IX. The Preparations. You may make there- from, 1. A Liquid Fuice of the Hee 2. ASyrup of the fame. a The Seed. 4. An Ointment. 5. A A Pouder of :

the Leaves and Stalks. 6. The whole Leaves. 7. A lafm of the Leaves. Diftiiled Water. 9. iguor. 10. A Decolfion | Tobacco, once it was intro-

of Leaves and Stalks. it. The Afbes. 12. The duced from America into cut Leaves for Smoaking.

ject The Virtues cially in herbals. icin.

as can be seen b e few X. The Liguid Fuice. ia ay fays that i i is | tines reproduced here from

effeftual to cure the » by takin she econ elinseee Sale Ounces of the Juice fafting inhi will Rronaly : . pee urge oth upw nd downwar ce 0 experience e it, but *tis very proba. | (London 1711). Under the ble that it may cure the Dropfy, if given by a wife { heading. “A Powder of the Hand and in ad ofe. i thoita se a Leaves and Stalks” occurs 4 ors Ouncesat a time, ¥ reafo ts Viole: the only reference known to ut it is a continued ufe innin sith a the use of tobacco as snuff fmall quantity, and gradually increafing it, th lely. for medicinal. pur mutt much ma afel: en ata i i time. Monardus fays itis an ttl a- pe peg eens Sees aoe be Stinging or Biting any Venomous sed as a sternutatory, it Creature, being immediately Gopal to the hurt | opens the Head, and Ee cleanses it of the Recre-

XI. The Syrup pias bade It is found by good | ments of the Brain; Strewed Experience to aes rate ugh Fie cgm out of the upon old Ulcers, it disposes un mach and Belly, eafes ste I Head-ach and Megrim, aye ; oe edy — he as alfo the Cholick and Griping pains in the Bow- | °° kills Lice in the

o & a “oO

ae uble ect ti Vv Saute for thofe a fave the stone 6 a Gav: in

From early times there was no question about woman’s place being

n the home. The business of men was war. TI s no industry and little trade eaten was made on the premises lad : the house not only ted the meals but in the “still-r a place set apart, she ae “sil of the herbs, ae pn gies ele, jams, household preparations, and preserved foods. All this was from

formulas and recipes handed down from generation to generation, mother

251 The . photograph on this CH AP. DCXCIX. almon’ of to- 5 bacco, and gives the various Of T oO B A Cc Cc oO Englifb. ibed to

7 7 Arabick nor Greek worthy that the references aa ace Dinan tesa os eee ‘e a Plant un- uch 4 M hi

me to such names as Hyosc’ kn to the ients; but ne ave cal- aus. ana (which Jed it in Latine Petum (which is faid to be the pro- lates gave us the n & pet Indian Name) and , (from one Nicot

a i same family as Nicotiana it to the Queen of France, from whence it was alfo ed =

Hi ee °F 4s firft coming to us nd my) boiuener Jgveoum sient he Weft-Indies Lobe! accounts it a 1 - y different account of the pyamys or Henb ef and therefore called it Hyo/cy- geographic origins of the aus Laan a lyofcyamus dui aoe as being a

plant now in common use, vcllow rub | aie of He We in Erg a it Tobec 7 Kinds. Tt ‘is either 1. Englifh, called i i oe ee Nicotiana Anglica, Englith To- ee bacco, of which in this Chapter. 2. Or Pets rapa used Indicum, Petum Dogar Petum Hifpanicum, by the natives of the Antilles. Ha ‘Mexica vel Peruviana, Nicotiana Virginiana, Indian a + American ee of which n the fecond Book of this War

to eldest daughter, in a “still-room book”, many preserved unto this mee with changing handwriting, hee a notes along the argins, certain favored rules marked with a denoting good. Such are books of Lady Sedly, Mary Doggett, eae | Mary Cae. and a others not known to fame. Here are the beginnings of many of our modern industries, the formulas for all manner of cosmetics, soaps, es tinctures, ga: rgles, lotions, powders. Here are the ways to

The: mae ioe Ss WI nly agi 1 tw mon in b

ae eee ‘00 our beauty seg which today we buy in the drugstore, still made with herbs by the old formulas familiar to Elizabethan ladies. Furniture oil still has the scent of lemon balm, as their books advise; thymol is

252

still the oil in bronchitis remedies; the root of alkanet still gives us its red coloring matter with ve ae ladies hs their lips and gave to the plant its symbolism of dec is ee: sed to ae rosewood and mahogany and to color cane eon

Our aaa today, as then, are flavor = ith anise, pout sage, caraw thyme, as are our chewing gur Our ar scented ith rsemary, lavender, dill and fennel. in any ee ie the land, n buy “Hungary water”, a lotion scented with rosemary, rst made - ie 14th century by the ” Countes s of Hainault and the recipe sent to her daughter, the wife of Edward TIL caia for more than

as this simple ae water has appealed to wome

Of great age also, and full of herbs, are ree of our ia leurs, particu- larly oe which took their names from the monasteries where the originated. Chartreuse, for example, oe tansy and angelica; bene- dictine is amazingly herby with tips of hyssop, cardamom seeds, angelica, is the basi i

elder flowers and added to Rhenish wines to convert them into muscatel wines.

Innumerable are the age in Riles herbs give the fragrance . . .

asil in ee in uil’; celery seed in the perfume called “sweet pea” oe in sly? perfume and, with cumin, furnish- ing the flavoring for the American “hot dog” as wel !

Lastly, the true art of cookery, so little practised now-a-days, asa upon the use of ancient herbs, for with a refrigeration we longer need the oriental spices to mummify our food or hide the ae - ia cay. The seer, ha a know the savour of home grown

and marjo nel, mint and parsley, of ee au ues Salad lovers ee more ee ae ever ee Sie sea for poe French tarragon, that eiqais plant that has ead ie ae ‘the world by root divicion: no bein available, El hour the Ria tarragon, which grows from seed, often foisted on an unsuspecting purchaser. The pickle pee ews the wis ue of the ancient dill and Th

ry in sausage

coriander in frankfurters, caraway and poppy seeds in breads and rolls Beverages, lege oe and snuffs; tobaccos, fixatives and dyes;

ere tinctures, acts and lotions; insecticides, medicines, sugar

and drawin ink pee is no end to the importance of ancient herbs

in bee nada y Sud home.

253

Tropical Flower Garden Opened With (Ceremony and Tea In Conservatory

Naceremony which was attended by more than 150 ees and guests

of The New York Botanical Garden, the new Tropical Flower Garden,

ae aes 13 of the see Conserva aturies, was formally opened oe after-

f Nov. 3. Curtains shielding the house from view were drawn

ae by Mrs. Elon Huntington fare President of the Advisory Coun-

cil, after a brief address in which she urged closer pasce ntanceship with

the geen plantings at th ea Fee: because, she empha- sized, appreciation becomes here with familiarit

1 C

advocated that the people of New York t the Garden S)

and suggested that the hobby - a stu ee ould add years ier hen lives. Declaring that today he was 15 years younger Hee ae ee began the study of plants 15 years ago, he opened his address by

Tn these highly emotional de se need distractions whi ch are sad enough to

add 10 years to their lives. We can’t av rate should we avoid, participation in national vand international affairs, but too much nerve-racking and unfruitful specu- ae al what may ng will shorten our lives.

veryone in the w York area who loves or even likes trees and flowers and plas ets take a thence and pay one visit to our tropical houses. Those who hav stood under a palm tree have missed a thrill which can be had in no

: r m i s

E ° ie ria ae of miles to know the tropics. I here in our own Garden flowers which lave never seen in their native epiintries. Tourists usually miss the best ey the tropics have to sie!

I suggest that ee in the New York area pay a trial visit to our tropical houses and I know t all a be repaid ue ose who Beconie. specially interested are cor rdially invited in become members and thus obtain the advantages of many privileges ae I know will add pleasure sd profit and sweet relief in these troublesome tim

Reviewing history of Range No. 1, which was first opened to the public in 1901 and is now commonly ion as the Main Conservatories, Col. Montgomery continued :

The Sasa e ot ork Botanical Garden was originally built in 1898. It was reconstructed by the ee in a and is being replanted as rapidly as the _ and labor Sala. to The ork porn cal Garden permit. The Con-

hich is 90 Agee o the highest point of the roof. Nine of the 1 15 mnoikee or units, of the Con- servatory have” now been comp feted and the tenth will be opened to the public today. Those previously completed include three succulent houses, a begonia house, a house

254

for winter one idea ae epee nine a tropical rain forest, and houses of fern

and of a Jt that the other units will be completed before a cad of anolier year The Ca ‘Of The New York Botanical aide n is the extensive range of greenhouses open to the public in New York City

The New Style of Planting Then he called attention to the style of planting, in contrast to the plan of former years. He said:

In the past, the Conservatories of the Bae gece ae primarily concerne with exhibiting as many kinds of plants as pos: ble. These were usually arranged i 0. ions as a

) fence Brae is in ae ath ne ener but ay recent tendency of museums to arrange their materials in a natural setting for the aoe not ou of the scientific public but for those also whose interest is more gene In ordance with this

Garden _ for some a

are displayed i ina ae setting peers traced to be a Sopular feature of the Conservatory, attract ing ious ie of visitors during the winter months when the outdoor plantings are n flow

In conclusion he mentioned fe bronze statue entitled “Wildflower,” by Edward Berge, which has been lent to the ee by the Cae Central Art carta and, ees forthe . the planting in the erv tories, said, o those who are faiiliar with es oe ee onan garden will prove a reve aed and to who are familiar with tropical gardens, we hope this garden will be a eee of pleasant days spent in a milder clime.

Mr. Jennings’ Address

As a representative of the Park oe of the City of New York, Allyn R. Jennings, General Superintendent, was to have spoken, but was e to come, so asked that Dr. Robbins a his address, which follow

unab

January of this year marked the copes anaes of the ground-breaking for ee hoe group in which v re now engaged in opening a reconstructed

ae great glass houses oe ae doubt, _the ne ocean buildings of their so

d 0, 6 oe a

Garden, Wh hen jooks back to the forts years of servic eth rat these houses have given to the lay atte and to the botanist, it is a source * of great etic taction to the present park eererauon that the ground was originally broken by the Commis- sioner of Par ‘ks of the Bronx.

The Park Departnent has been the landlord and the eee poles ae Aiea for more than these forty years. This relationship has alw: and, during the Jast few years, the spirit of co-operation that "the Beane ae has evidenced in relinquishing for the general recreational use of the public a con-

e ton of their grow ee appreciated.

When another forty years have passed, we hope that this old glass-house will still be Sanding and providing genuine educational value to New Yor! rk’s citizens and

255

that the rest of the Garden will have achieved its present objective of becoming the sete ae ne in the world. A

s lor it keeps on providing genuine service to New York's millions, we wish it every succes iis Pill continue to help it el on ay have j in peas fd ing accom- plished the part of the present reconstru of this serva

In his eee ry address, Dr. W ie J. a ins, nae spoke of the opening of the new Tropica al Flower Garden as the result of a ae See enterprise. “The development of a display such as you

ill see,” he said, “involves many people and represents in a oe and a way the co-operation of numerous persons and agencie

Those Who Worked Together

Within the Garden Mr. Montagne, Dr. Gleason, and Mr. Corbett were intimately associated with He Afr anmenents hich resulte din the recent reconstruction of the Conservatory. Everett and his assistants, especially Mr. Connolly, planned a installed the, blbalings Mr. ander is mainly responsible for the rock Aor sleason and his associates, especially Mr. Alexander, are responsible for checking the labels on the pla

The unit was reconstructed by Lord & Burnham, and I take pieeuts in acknowledg- ing a considerate and able way in which they carried their work under difficult

and at times trying circumstances. Especial credit is due Mr. Boden President of Tord ‘e Pune Mr. James Monro, Superintendent of Coustruciion, and Mr.

Lastly, faye T say that the reconstruction of the range was the result of the co- aa of the Board of Managers of The New Yor! k Botanical Garden and the

i rk D

Es Zw a Q 2 a 2s i} oe 3 a b a 4 3 3 3 3 ry PS] 5 a 2 a 2 =) ‘SB B ad

Robbin: spoke a of the gees to be expected in the appearance of the ones oups from oe to month. “In offering this garden for your inept and, I 2 your approval, ee I nee that it is not a affair which will remain as it is wv.” he said “Plants grow i a ge, and we add to their number a aa nge thei arrangement. The Tropical Garden, like the others which I hope you wil see after the exercises are over, change from month to month and will be different a month or two pee from now. I call this obvious fact to your attention for two rea : first because I hope I may thus encourage you to come back regent to see our fie and second because I wis you to realize that the Tropical Flower Gar den is newly planted and has not yet had time to reach a “h ill development.”

Dr. Robbins called particular attention to the Christmas and Easter floral displays in House +, the Floral Display House. but emphasized that on any day from November through May, there is an attractive garden arrangement of flowering plants worth visiting there. He mentioned also

256

- peered ana of such displays, as well as the pleasure they give to who

oe ns ceremonies, the Advisory Council served tea at the edge of the Tropical Flow + Garden, while the members and guests Palais ote unit soniode: They visited especially the ical Rain Forest, where the: able to see some of the same types of plants as

ere shown in the Tropical Flo Garden wing in a naturalistic environment, and t Display House, filled with the first of th season’ or chrysanthemums arra as ir rden. The day marked

the opening of the indoor floral sel ei for the season, as well as the opening of the Tropical Flower Garden

Two Begonia Names (larified

By T. H. Everett Begonia acida

yagi A of es ascend which has been cultivated 2 many years in American gardens as Begonia brasiliensis and sow times as B. ecuadoriensis : ey wron: a labeled ine either designa: tion for the trivial ce brasiliensis belongs rightly to a slender, torent growing. pink-flowered plant os pee a Kote in 1854, while the binomial B. soni iia botanical standin;

The plant commonly <8. asilie ensis ig aaa ally Begonia acida, a native of Brazil ae originally ils by De Candolle in 1864. In cultivation this a enjoys a higher ae than do most begonias and seems to thrive best nce ane ee ouse conditions when accorded a night ese oi 60 to 65 degre

Beyor cida has more or less Ag rhizomes and bright green,

r ly orbicular, an asure to

conspicuously 1 hich are near. icular, and me

nine inches in diameter. The upper leaf surface -is furnished with shor! bristly hairs, and on the under surface the leaves, like h ioles, are densely covered with thick white or pink hairs ie are often laciniate. From December to April the inflorescences are bo the flowers being carried high above the foliage on Leena w vi are : two Pres or more long. In the bud stage the inflor nodding, but they become

upright as they mature. The flowers are al es ae 5/8 0 of an inch i in es creamy-white or sometimes ied Bee ee the males four-petaled and the females five-petaled. The ovary wings ae ite, and one of them

is egg-shaped and very ited arger tery the ae Except for the fact that the hairs on the rhizomes are depicted in a Foomalz style so that they more resemble divided scales the illustration of B. acida in Vellozo’s “Florae Fluminensis” Vol. X. plate 49, ee depicts our plant.

257

A specimen of Begonia acida grown at The New York Botanical Garden.

Begonia xanthi

e pbltion in Horticulture for March 1, 1931, of a note by Mary Gib enry referring to a degonia from India identified as peat Cadi has led to some confusion in begonia-growing circles.

258

Mrs. Henry says that several ie a ae See the seed directly ae * Sikekion Bengal, India, “wher She mentions that tl d germinated readily eee Ga ae ny ie as “having beau-

s a aving tifully variegated fo aan She says, “It is a dwarf, compact growing plant with clusters of inch-wide butter-yellow flowers ee a very slight ere shading ene these held well above the lea the droop-

ge nearly hiding the pan, and the entire height is Digs than a foot.” ie Mrs. Henry states that her plant “resembles the Ker type of begonia with aie stem and a fibrous root system.” She says

= E

f of the United States eis of Agriculture, for propagation and distribution. Plants Pecoed at the New York Botanical Garden in a and 1938 astern b th

from e egonia growers are probably of this stoc n any cas they agree ores ith the description given and others raised from seed ante ee Captain Kingdon Ward in the same Himalayan region have proved to be identical.

An examination . the literature aaa shows, ay ever, that the plant in question is not Cathcarti, which differs fro r plant in being caulescent, in ee solitary flower: oh are winte to pink in color and

h I tsides of the petals, and in other important f

eatures. Cat is well illustrated in color in Hooker's ‘‘INustrations of ae ee Plants” (plate 13). The plant described a Mrs, Henry and now often grown as B. Cathea is, in fact, one of the forms of B. xanthina, a species which inhabits ie same Benet geogra hical region. This species was first described by Hooker r (Botai tical Magazine, as 4683) ir eee 1852, a a good oe eas in color accompanies the il desc nthina is related to B. a Tt ae short, on ee izontal rhizomes a ewe shaped oe which are green to purple and variously marked above and red beneath. The petioles and peduncles are hairy as also are the main veins ee th. The inflorescences rise well above the foliage and are many-flo ee the flowers being e right yellow with the petals smooth but tinged red on the reverse. The fe inale flowers are smaller than the Nie and are age cea a the possession of one ovary wing which is enta eee elongated horizontally. ee e 1935 supplen ee: under B. Cathcarti there is briefly tse the plant eee by Mrs. Henry under that name, but it is eally B. xanthina.

259

Books for the Practical Gardener Compiled by Elizabeth C. Hall

ACKERMAN, ISABEL and others. Harmony in Flow esign. Dodd, Mead, $3. ee ow and Brison, F. R. Propagation of Goede Plate Me- ay i Baues, L. H. Garden of Larkspurs. Macmilian, $3. Bawsy, L. H. Garden ae - inks. Macmillan, $3. Bai L. H. and E mpilers, ies is once Dictionary of Gardening; new rev. ed. with ca pple ement. Macmillan,

Bamsy, L. H., ed. Standard Cyclopedia “of ‘Horticulture. 3 vol. Macmillan, $15. BIppie, Dororiry and Brom, Dorotnea. Creative Flower Arrangement. Double- day,

Bisstan, [ and others. Rock Gardens and What to Grow in Them. Hale, Cushman ve Bhat a)

Brackpurn, Ben. x Garden This Week. Rutgers Univ. Press, $1.

Bore, Jounx. Cacti ‘A. Gardener's Handbook for Their Identification and Culti- vation. Macmillan, $7.50.

Bowers, C. G. Rhododendrons and Azaleas. ea ee $10.

Brown, J. R. and otliers: Succulents for the Am: ir, Abbey Ga rden Press, $1.50.

BusuH-Brown, Louise and James. America’s Ga: ane “Book. Scribner, $3.50.

UXTON, BESSIE. Begonias and How to Grow Them. Hale, Cushman & Flint, $1.

Crarkson, Rk. E. Magic Gardens: A Modern Chronicle of Herbs and Savory Seeds. Macmillan, $3.

CLay, Sampson. Present- day R ock Garden; being a complementary volume to Farrer’s English co Carden. Nelson, eae Cute, W. N. Second Book of Plant Names and Their Meanings. Clute, $3.

Connors, C. H. and Tizpyens, V. A. Chemical Gardeine for the Amateur. Wise, $1.

Conways ‘y. G. Flow bag s: East-west. Knopf, $6.

Coo S. V. South African Plan ie for American Gardens. Stokes, $4.50

Cuan M. B. and mes W. J.C. Genetics of Garden Plants. Macmillan,

te ALex, Hardy pas tap es aig McGraw-Hill, $2.75.

Dempsey, P. W. A Year in My Garden. oe Diary os a

Farrincton, E. I. Gardener’s Almanac. Hal oe man & F

Farrincton, E, I. Gardener’s Travel Book. ale, Cushman . Hint $2.50. + $1.

Farrincton, E. I. Vegetable Garden. Hale, een & Flint

FE P. Our Shade Trees. Orange Judd, $2.

Pare, Mont, Acur. Gardening: A Complete Guide to Garden Making. Harcourt- 2.95.

Gri nee on H. Trees of the aan Univ. of N.C. P: ag 50.

C. H. Hardy Bulbs. vol. Ditee $8 per vo luni HaseLton, Si E. Vaan gg e Amateur. cae Garden “Dress, $1.50. Hawort-Boors, Micwaet. Flower ting Shrub Garden. Scribner, $5.

Hunt, A. G. Forty Years of Gardening. Sto kes Karns, M. G. and McQuesten, L. M. Pro opagation of Plants. Orange Judd, $3.50. s, E, E. Old R

AMB, F, aoe or i the Broadleaf Trees. Norton, $3.75. Latimer, J. ‘or ny Garden. (Garden Record Book.) Latimer, $1.60; with Liitioid eee ta Lawrence, W. J. C. Practical Piant Breeding. Allen & Unwin, $2.50. LeveL, Hivpa. ‘Herbal De ae ghts. Hoventon. eee $4. ELL. D.

a oe and Sry MoUR r City Garden. Appleton-Cen- Bee MER A ‘ed. Gardens and Gardening. Studio, $4.50

Meritt, i G. Practical Lawn Care. De La Mare, $75. Morse, H. K. Gardening in the Shade. Scribner, $3.

260 Nicotas, J. H. Rose Manual; revised edition. Doubleday, $2.50. Nicotas, J. H. Ro oe Odyssey. ated $2.50. Ortiorr, H. S. and Raymore, H. B, Garden Planning and Building. McGraw- i 3.

Parker, C. W. La ibe Ha i Cushman & Flint, $1. PB

ERRY, Frances. Water Gar oe Scribner, $8.

Quinn, Vernon. Stories and Legends of Garden Flowers. Stokes, $2.50. Roserts, J. L. Modern Dahlias. Soubleday, ae

Rocxwet., F. F. and Grayson, E. C. Gardening Indoors. Macmillan, $2.50.

Rouopg, E. S$. Herbs and Herb Gardening. Macmill an, $3. Lester. Flowering Shrubs of California. Stanford Univ. Press, $3. dia, | V

Storm, Katuertne and ArtHur, The Small Garden. Stokes, $2 50. Taytor, Norman, editor. Garden Dictionary; new edition. Houghton, $7.50.

n Van ve Bog, Louis. Planning and Planting von Own Place. Macmillan, $4.50, Wesster, H. N. erbs. Hale, oo ae lint, ae Westcorr, Cyntara. The Plant D: Stokes, $2. Wuitz, E. A. American Orchid Culture, De La Ma $5. Wiper, L. B. Adventures with Hardy Bulbs. Macmillan $5. Wiper, L. B. Garden in Color. Macfln, $2.95. WistTer, JouHn. Four Seasons in Your Garden; revised edition. ga pence $2.95. Waricut, RicHarpson. Sialaanrs: Day Book. ae incott, $2. Wricut, RicHarpson. Story of Gardening. Garden City a $1.79, Wyman, Donatv. Hedges, Gereciie and Winch. gees Hi $2.75.

Reviews of Recent Books

(All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.)

Plant Life in see still like to browse in books and pre- serve a perspective of the plant world

For Those Who a Brae

To Browse In 636 I ages of text and illus-

and trations ie bool surveys ae satire a

THE YORLD OF

Clarence J. Hylander.

itustrated ae appen

millan, 1939. 50.

ee somewhat bot anic-

ally trained and intcrested in as ee a

the hnical

pate al of Lee et eeiae oe uld constitute a well ae ified fib

guy World Plant ite on ‘lant life.

with plants, The of Plant Lif

should have appe 1 basically is regrettable that in a book so taxonomic in plan, the taxouomist would el written and otherwise beautifully bemoan | tl eihce: ot det an executed, the photographic reproductions : at c rehensiveness, while which should put an attractive finishing

™m fe) “plant lover” y touch to a volume of this nature, are

the se and significan nee of classifica- mediocre, to say the least, but the draw- the det a contained would be ings, ae diagrammatic In part, are

pees It to the aaa well done, serve their purpose, and are class, therefore, that the book has at pleacinely fprodi luce od est appeal, to those “who know what it’s . E. H. Furuno,

all about” but who at the same time Editor, The Botanical Review.

261

nry Correvon’s on

urth Editi e

FLORE ALPINE. 173 pages, indexed, colored Plates. | Delachaw

Ss. a Neucha Paris, fran ay

y Cor itastated with, ‘30 “ jon ae

Whe es ee rrevon sent th oa proote of bie final eg be his siblcher , in

“4

5 a zm g =

a it will be popular.” (1n 19. Univer- sity of Geneva had given h honor- ary degree of Doctor of Science in recog- nition his popularization of the study of plants, especiaily the dora e Alps.)

The pro had been spell at to him

by his grandson, Aymon Correvon, for

finished this last w ‘o have an operation in a bee 4 th hope of having his eyesight restored. started the trip to the oculist in a distan city but the operation never was per- formed. At the age of 85, Henry Corre: von died, the fourth ition of his Fl Alpine just complete

Since 5 Correv d a n writing books about_ plants, stly ench, but some in English, Halian, Danis, and

erman. was still producing a = ie Fleurs. s Eaux et des eae i. was r in

this Journal las mber lore Aline first focret about 30 ye: ae) It has i enlarged since then, and some chapters have been rewritten, especially in the fourth edition, with the 2 of popularization. book gives le

picture not only of flowers which carpet the slopes of the Alps and cling precarious ae aoa aee a also

ant life ain regions

ent rope. . ae climbed a few o the text

Fo 2 thes

and the illustrations et aie a pleasant wistiulness the treasures in flowers found along the trail.

Caro: H. Woopwaro.

Del, eae Manual

THE ARDEN OF LARKSPURS. L. H. Briley, 116 nages, indexed he illustrated. Maemillan, New York, 1939. $3.

L. H. Bailey's book, The Garden of Larkspurs, is the first book to cover the

subject of delphinium adequately from both the botanical and the garden stand- e botanical

worth- Mees ee will be

what is k late com ae in ees digas and p sts. ook ne S distinctly a “must have” in the library ofS as interested in growing delphini DWARD STEICHEN.

Collateral Reading on Flower Structure

INTRODUCTION TO FLORAL MECHANISM. 5. G ai oom cal Publishing Co. Ne York, 1939, xi + 274 pages, frontispiece: 7 figs.,

bibliography,

2 pls. 4 tables, 1 chart, glossary, index. $4. Today the flower is often studied as a structural and functional unit, as is own by e

it ic iiportance

these fel in “hybrdiaion and plant

eeding.” Consequently, we se ls

with the: se in-

nan One cereal

f the structure sea factions other

g

concerned cluded dischssions

ing plants und in Grea

Whereas the material included in Part One aoe not geri oe Pere) Two offer:

aa Part uid find i nuals or in tiger iccrip e works, at least ras thi pollination are concerned.

trations, i rawn the author, who is of the opinion “that the student should see more of the

262

developmental and anatomical aspect of supplied in

ok.” Moreover, “even ie

rable though difficult to ae ee the beginning ae will get their ae benefit without first having ae tau the fundamentals of plant structure. Whi book is _not likely to. be

c ove of considerable inter: : collateral ne for beginning courses botan: gardless of their

particular Tcliava ‘acter. R Just, University of Neh Dame.

Explorer in Peru A FC

ER ges, inastrated

299 pa with photographs and map: ety Ox: iversity re: 12 s. In this book of travel es. Mr. Sandeman has given an aie: picture

of a portion of Peru infrequently ue i

by foreigners. The account, the gre

art of which is in the form of a diary, describes a trip from Lima u laga River, the descent of that river by raft,

popul ooks of th American travel Readers acquainte ith wo n writings of Spruce, Poeppig, and ot botanists will enjoy comparing their descriptions of the same general regio with that of the prescnt writer.

The book i ol not so mucl description of d iption o Mr. Sandeman in Peru; this approach has much of the personal touch to recom- mend it, but, at the wer, it is Pie oie an more objective

erhaps often

ho oe tea land " oth the ie 2 of a Strang we ot natives”

Sand the ae Piles: so many

A. C. Sirs.

obstacles, specime

Genetics for Gardener And poe tist HE GENETICS OF GARDEN ae M. B. Crane and W. oe & ore Second edition. 287 p: et ena illustrated by ohotostapls, maps, charts. illan, New 8.

The first edition of this title which appeared four years earlier (1934) was a ce. siti

t ¢ genetics and cytology of Tris species, a discussion e hybrid igor, (e) dat: the chemistry and genetics of feet colors, an ) addi- onal ation regar bud sports chimaeras, polyploid plants, and sterilities in plants. The more technically trained eee botanist: ts will fin this volume the practical applicati ” of principles; the average gardener, seedsman, tant der will

plants with which he works . B. Staur.

Backdrop for a Dra

AMERICAN EARTH. Carleton Beals.

500 pages, bibliography, index. J. B. pee nee ae 3.

It cely nece resent

date to alt attention o dianneee much

crete nod “The Grapes of Wrath.”

ver, a little unfortunate that Ss es fave approached it only as a piece of fiction. For tho nd others ho ha offed, saying that it was

77 + i"

can 3 B a a i) <

1

ne ° Mc-

oF of mi te atory far: mie bor in California, “Factories in the Field. 7 Tt is a stark and realistic documentation of “Tl es of ae ae

he Gra But then, if ther who feel that the present si cone i: on che a pass-

ing phase; that “California is far oe ay and its troubles all its own,” let the

263

read Carleton Beals’ “American Earth.”

Here is oo oe aphy of a oe ” An account, written of the wars which histories He - prone to relate, but the fees = the aoe and bone Ree ‘has gone nto building of Am

try and gre the. priceless patrimony of this, our het In the first part of “American Earth,” Ave — sometimes with a lays are forever again with the stronger pigments oe cibald. laughter and ae pe and always S ie ftly— a backdrop to the drama of p -

a whi 0. think that the plight of

nd; a “he neatt of Tighening rnd of necessity, tet ae the aoe lem of a va

important and far reaching re-e luntinn of the human Goce i oie national econom s he remarks, “ i lies ahead on rte rail no yet discerns. That it will be more significant

rn and important than anything in the past, no man doubts.’

W. H. Camp.

Queen a Autumn Flowers

ARDY By Sane EMUMS. Alex a g pages, indexed and illustrated. witty Houze, Me-

Bane Book Co., New York, 1939.

rs Giyanienine by Alex Gucue is a very complete works well da credit to the author. It at deal of data most inter- who are deeply interested

clas: ants. The results of Mr. Cumming’s work, sie ae aduction of the Korean pla is ee one and no doubt

- interested should avail Saas of an “opportunity to peruse this work.

MER D, SMITH

EL 5 Chr. see eats otanies Adrian, Michigan.

Now You Can Grow Resianea

SUCCULENTS FOR THE MA- [J. R. Brown, a Ane

TEUR.

Boyd L, Sloane, G. W. Reynolds.} Edited by Scott C. Haselton, 167 pages. Illustrated by photographs and colored plates, indexed. Abbey Gar- den yi sa ,» Calif. 1939. Hered $1.50; cloth bow

f suc- Suleats in American horticulture, it has be e

en a Ae mtinued disappointment that

ih Be ue k giving cult infor- tio mateurs in this co’ Siesta for the Amateur, whil

eles: come horticultural

event, an ee 4 A of t val: - the beginn growing of thes fascinating a aes furthering their popular:

The eee ations are 1 chosen and

cellent, well calc to ar terest in both amateur and professional growers, T nly unfortunate thing i:

at too little information is given as to culture 1 glass, wh reason of our moi-ter climate, is the only satis-

in the East. Altogether, however, there is such a wealt od description an illustration coupled wit! low p' ce as

he “‘must” ae of all interested in growing succulen E. J. ALEXANDER.

Every Plant a Hero

WONDER ares AND PLANT att Verrill. 296

WONDERS. pages, iastated; suleed. D. Apple- mm Century Co., New York, 1939. $3.

This is a book not recommended for man ‘with a timid soul to read before

him, trees that h mill, or oF lant wah nape pala har

them o drop on him chi: He re reste d.

Many botanica’ : facts are to be found,

tower y teet with stems six inches thick that form in- pen metrable jungles. However, the author 1s describing some of the bamboos, among

264

which such large eed are not u Such a description catches the raters: oi a eae but is very misleading concern ing the actual facts. A aes ter on the ial Solas of ae

is most unusual and inter

plant:

ree and industr €!

reading about plants that will not be lacking in thrills.

Ernst NAyior, University of Missouri.

Brief Notes on Varied Books

Gift ice ee the Desert

OF SUN ND AND.

47 pages, dfawings

The Print Room, 9. $1.

ook as one could

4 < 5 ba Shine er 3 7 oad

= = Oo wo

ask for is the plywood- caveral Plants of Sun and It contains 16 wash draw- i icately executed, showing plant: in the southwestern dese Iso ma:

t is brief, informa- tive, and pleasan

All ae the Big City ue aos CITY GUIDE. Guilds’ ee pene Writers’ Publi- catenac 708 pages, indexed, and Feeres b with dence: photographs, and maps. andom House, New York, 1939. $3. Scarcely an inch of New York

ie New York City Sas one can oe how and where to

nae entertained or instructed, wher

live, dine, send the capa Shop, atend

pe ch, ie travel in the

of what Pe ed once ae en is time on

almost any given spot i polis

ae New York rete aides has alloted he

the 648 paces “ot despre and more than 200 pictures and map

Useful eae of Woody Plants PILING A NEW NURSERY L. oF Chadwick. 96 pages, redex key American Nursery- , Chicagi ifs fio 1939. $.40.

Of Rees value to all growers of woody plants, a:

me’ wh

ew ur

s di sh nbs

trees, trees, ade sta ndard trees. Of special ee. are the lists of plants to discard, following a list of first and a n i A 27-pa,

oe fequirements of site, soil, climate,

eens is ieee from ee many

e oo i the name and address of any nur- sery which can supply the plant.

How to Pronounce NEW PO Nonneine DICTION- ARY OF PLANT NAMES, Compiled by E. R. Robinson. 64 pages. ca Publishing Co., Chicago, 2.

is sensible vest-pocket volum ‘i hich ne ae the corre

cation of near y 3,000 generic and specific

-sounding com:

on aa es, and bot and horticul- tural terms, each with a definition or description in the fe possibl or for adequacy. The Cass indi-

cated reveal an unbiased stud ties. The key to the sound of cae letter is exceptionally oS ae follow. An ear- lier edition, smaller content, lacked the definitions which give this vol- ume special value,

© H. Woopwarp.

265

Memory of Doctor Sia Honored in Lou S_a tribute to the work of the la Dr. John K. aoa . the seared and preservation of m. of the native irises : the southern states, the Louis an

S o

at ana Iris Conse ee m1 Pas held a me- ofial. tieeting University, New oe to ine Small, until

er:

: ll, u a 0, 1938, was Chief Recah Assoc and Curator at The New York Bo ia Garden

The daa

memorial ae Sm Pe

the society at the cette ie uy a

eaelling ie ork ter A. “horist spol oke anizgtion OF the Louisiana which Dr.

0. ‘son,

ome wee ore orial, the society called on all parishies i in nthe state hich d an

a @ grow- n people were gathered for the ‘Another i planting also flourishes 7 New Orlea This one is in xe tow. once waste ‘Tand around City Park, an nd is devoted to the culture of the native

irises which have been planted there by peo:

g

a ibe them when cutting

e individual growers then ca ne ‘irises ‘om the City Park area, whic a ils on hed through the in- flue May Wilkenson Mount,

Founder and ‘Presiden of the Iris Con- servation Soci he lar; le memoria committee for the meeting in ss te = was headed by Mr. ae Nee! Mount, and s. J. J. chairman “ot the Tris Study F i General E. A. le, a $ id

ew Orleans published the

society’s bulletin for the occasion

Notes, News, and Comment

Rhododendrons. About 400 rhododen-

drons have been eae The New fork nical Garden by the Hicks Nurseries of thury, Long Island hey consist chiefly o. cles Waxt- mum, catawbicnse, and carolinianunt and hybrid seedlings, and all of t! ofa siz it They

plants, have also ks.

me ie aie ins ye eae

ord, N. ait of 80 thododeadrons. in 40 aries. while the pasate ue Nurseries, an tin; ton L. I, enter pla

Thompso n Me-

hi motial Rock Garden en,

Conifers. Clarence McK. Lew

member of the Ber of Manag on ie given the Garden 49 pine trees, 16 firs, and 11 spruces, salng nae Fa species, several of which a collec- tion, from his esta‘ These mo: ong the ‘other coniferous trees in the Pinet

266

Lilies. Among recent gifts of herba- ceous olants to The ee York Botani- cal Garden were 114 specimens of Lilium wegiale and ae hybrid ‘ies aon Dr. L.

Horsford Abel of White Orchids. William du Pont of Wilmington, ee has rece es Garden with 1 he : jm eee Most

ha are species, and they form a salable. addition to the oe oe increasing col- lection of tropic: rchids.

bed Bs cae Ad students have red t rse_in Practical Gardening being giv en oe Thursday even- ings eee " Pease Pea the end of wo tuder who have soccesfully eet ee w ork —

aw certifcate. This ect is Hada entele of Gidea? given by T. H. Everett. The course will continue woe me first. ae i year with a similar series of 12 s by McKenna oat “Outdoor Cue , Je

students will be admitted to the course this time.

‘ience Course for Profes

Gardene 6 are regist scat att ‘half of whom are student eae and ap- The New

ae pa ae €

Garden are from Pe

Cit: ar sees The subjects this tem are Systematic —A, tau r. HN. Munleike and Plant

ght Meigen, by Dr. H. W. Ricke Medal. Cos es Mian

Col. Robert H. Montgomery of Conn., and Coconut Grov

i rida, is the recipient this year of tl ea medal . ne Aaesachee Hora Soc arded articularly

f warm in the Fairchild a opical Garden at Coc Grove, Florida.

Men \ membership in The New York Srianical ae has been es A lished by Dr. ee eT. Semken of N ee in me ot his wife. For en years, until, Aas death, this fall, eel

mken had been a member and friend Ga rden

a itumn Flower. The day that w York news napers announced that we dablias at the Botanical Garden would be i ce) 8,000

people came to visit this outdoor

display, meanwhile seeing the last of the season's hardy ae and the first few flowers on the early se nthemums,

ich came into full bloom the fo! [lowing

he night of a frost

nipped some of the lea of the dahlias, and a second the following night black. ned the remainder. The plants kept on ooming, however, but liage was

dead. The blossoms were taken Nov. 3.

ossible, finer than ever this year, and have attracted a great many visitors. It is estimated that x a 5,000 saw them the afternoon of lay, Oct. and

approximately the came group also’ went through the main conservatories Gardeners.

Student pa an a situation has

mson returned to The Ne ork Bot- anical Garden from Edinburgh the last of October, and 28 J hh John Elliott, who com xchange from the Royal Botanic Garden in Edin- burgh, return mn th phattan t ie British Isles. had been in this coun- try since April

Girl Scouts. Six hu Bronx. iGoanel of

mdred members a

snide the pecans near 200th St.

R. Skipworth of Dunedit "New Zeal vice The New Yo 2.

e suming his new position as superiiitend: ent of Thotanical een parks and reserves of New Zea

Other eee Sonne October included mall ys

cal edicine, ‘San uan, uerto

03 ae uel, ‘Appalachian Forest pee Betis Asheville, N. C.; Alain White, oe Conn. Carl T. Ramsey, Dorset, Vt.; Did- dens, Baarn, Holland ; ae Me Wister, Philadelphia; Mr. and” Mrs. Claud L!

267

Horn, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, and Wi ini- fred Walker, artist for the

cultural Society in London and a elected Fellow of the Linnean ccey of

Visiting Groups. Two large classes

from Our Lady of as Boys School made mi trips the Garden in September and Guba were con- ducted around porti of flo borders, the t collections, and the main conservatoric: do. rls from New Rochelle, with ‘two , were

orted on a tree walk Oct. 28. Lectures. Among addresses recently given by snares of the Botanical oe den’ 's staff are “Shady Gardens” by T. H th

(botany and “A Naturalist in Florida,” Riverdale n Club

Conference. At a special conference of the scientific staff and registered stu- dents of the Garden on October 10, Dr. A B.S na :

different grape seedlings which bear seed- less or nearly less berries, and h summarized the twenty years of his work on seedlessness in grapes. <A total of t 215 individual grape seedlings

ich bear seedless fruits have git ob-

fo)

€ possible use in vineyard cultu is project is one of co- operation “between The New York Botanical nee and The New York Se “Agric ural Ex- periment Station at Gen ews

Mycological Herbarium. One of t Myelegicl ay

recent accessions to the erbarium is a series of exsiccati — under the title “Fungi Latvici Exsicc J. an of Latvia. at series

iy

contains 800 specimens, put up

umes of BY specimens ods at ‘the ta bound in boa: :

a printed iabel Conan "all the ssary data. This is considered an excesdinely valuable addition to the collection.

B. Stout spent two res ‘ate in Poche at the Hopkins Memorial Experimental Forest at

raga ore in consultation with a Schreiner regarding plar ae for He é-br eeding” =e now bein de- sloped Oy the U. S. Forest Narvice” Dr. Stout is a collaborator in this project.

nae oks. Among recent gifts to the

ary are two ae volumes, one a

id history of Italian aot ure, other a contribution to. si Back moth the fig, i

ai s gardening by F. m Sckell, ishe in Munich in 1858 ate lihstrated with woodcuts showing planting plan

Field Bo ats . A group of high-school teachers o ogy is cae olled in a new course in Field Botany given at The New

otanical Gard -operation

h the Association of Biolog eachers of New York City. he c e covers iden aheavon co a Helen about the pla - Yor Alert- ness eed ‘ill. “be given to teachers who complete the v ogame torily. The fee is five dollars. eorge T. Hastings, chairman of the Biology department of

cosevelt High School, is co- ti witl r. W. amp, ‘who i is in charge

Authors and Reviewers. Mrs. Rosetta E. Clarkson, who is contributing the ee article this month, is

the author

“Magic Gardens,” being published Noe 21 ‘by Macmillan.

as ). Smith, lle eo

reviey Alex Cumming’s ‘Hardy

a Chrysanthemsims" apneare: on page 263, died of heart attack Nov. aie “the ne of the and exhibition of the C mum "Society of America i 5 joni been of chrysanthemum growers Hy os merica. ar

otographer, Edwar Steichen. who reviews ae H. Bailey’s The Garden of Larkspurs,” ranks as one of the coun- try’s leading ‘breeders of oe mm

He ies n

Wils son of prehensive

“The Morphology of the Flower” Shieh een the February Botanical eee

nst Naylor is co-author wit W. tae of a laboratory manual in a

268

Correctio - mmercial periei

the raeet is i at $4.50. It is pub- lished by Blakiston. pea: of Food Plants” by erat

E. is published by the McGraw- Hill Book Co., Inc.

Current Literature* At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh

Forests.“ i atio orests” published by Fores Service, U.S.D.A., contains descriptions of the velopment and use of the national forests as experime plots, as timber and naval stores r , as game refuges, and a: recreation centers. The Florida reserves

re in the northern part of the state, the largest near Tallahass A jef de- scription of twenty | most interesting

and Ocala National Forests is include

Rock Gardens. Since not every plant rock desired can be included in a 1 i

nae —? te

All publications mentioned here—and many Batanied Garden, in the Museum Building,

ree Pests. Since insects do so muc - dine to trees, anyone trying to m: tain shade trees or a wood lot should see “Leaf-feeding Insects of Se Trees,” Bulletin 353, Mass. A; Sta., Am. herst, Mass. 1938. It includes pictures, descriptions, and life histories of the sects oy methods of control.

nother recent vie on shade tree ae is “Control of Shade Tree Borers.” —Circular 84, Oklahoma Agri. Exper. Sta., Stillwater, Okla.

Inse 4-H Club Insect Man- ual” a a ee guide for tae col- Ain and identification of some of the

mon insects and gives a a of - cal life isores —-Miscellaneous Pub- Te deus 318, U.S.D.A., Washington, DC.

Oxford. “Forestry Abstracts” is a 1939 era of the Imperial Forest Bureau, Oxford. It should me ara is service to those eee in

Coastal Flora. The plants of the salt marshes are a familiar sight to most e living in the coastal areas, but

f lo not know them by name. Descriptions and pictures of some of these plants are given in a of the At- lantic Coast Salt hes” by L. McAtee.—Circular 326 U S.D. ‘A, Wash- ington, D. C

Apples. To produce bigger and better apples it is somata oe . ies the number of fruits a tre ven to prevent ee 4 m ge

Once it was necessary to remove the young apples by hand-picking them. Now abstanc ve n discovered

so Me fruit wiil too ae ee aed Ws of the ee of ec stances that th have been tried.—Circular , Missouri cee Fruit Exper. Sta., Mou

tain Grove, Mo.

Naturalists. The names of Americ ee with their dates, fields, and biograph ee pve been assembled by Paul

ehser in “A Handlist of American Naturalists, Based on the ee ary of American Biography.” It is issued as a reprint from "he American Nowe, Nov.-Dec. 1938,

others—may be found in the Library of The

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS

I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1940: Henry ne Forest Batpwin (Vice- aa Aes ee Attyn R. Jennincs, Henry Locxkuart, Jr. D. T. Mac , Mrs. Har

. AN ei

Until 1941: E. C. AUCHTER, MARSHALL Fretp, Mrs. Eroxn Huntincton Hooxer, Joun L. Merritt (Vice-president), Cor. Rosert H. Montcomery, an Hopar’ iS

Until oo ArtHUR M. ANvEeRSON (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry pe LA MontaGNne (Secretary and Assistant Treasurer), and WituiaM J. Ronrins.,

-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGua Ma of the City of New York. Rosert Mosss, Pie Coane JAMES MarsHALt, President of the Board of Education. II. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS TRACY 7 Hazen, appointed by the fone Botanical Club.

R. A. Harper, Sam F, Trevease, Epmunp W. Sinnott, and Marston T. Bocerrt, appointed by Columbia University.

GARDEN STAFF

ILLIAM J. Pig Pu. D., Se. D. Director H, A. Gueason, Pa SD aaa Assistant Director me He ‘ad Curator HENRY DE a PMONTAGHE Assistant Director A. B. Stout, Pa. D. ..... 2 eee eee Curator of Education a Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator BERNARD O. Dopce, Px. D. Plant Pathologist oN HenpLEY Barnuart, A. M., M. D. Bibliographer

. W. Ricxett, Px. D, 4s.istant bibliographer

LBERT C. SmitH, Pu. D. Associate Cura:

LAR LDENKE, Pu. ssociat rato

ZABE' , A.B, ibraria:

. H. Russy, M. D. ......... a Curator of the Economic Collections LEDA GRIFFITH Artist ane Ry aaa ERCY WILSON Ass OBERT S. WILLIAMS Research Uae in Br nae . J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium

iP, PH. D. ssistant Curator LYDE CHANDLER, A. M. Technical Assistant OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant REDERICK KavANAGH, Technical Assistant ‘AROL H. Woopwaro, Edit 1 Assistant HomaAsS H, Everett, N. D. Horr. orticulturist . L. Wirrrock, A. M ent TTO DEGENER, nee Collaborator in Hawaiian Born ny OBERT HAGELSTI Honorary Curator a ee romycetes THEL ANSON S. PECK HAM, -Honorary Curator, Iris and Nar 1s Collections ARTHUR J. CORBETT tperintendent oF, Buildings a Reifel . C. PrANDER istant Superintendent

PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Books n Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Add

ord caetn and ison Brown. Three volumes, giving de escriptions and illustra- tions of 4, 66 species. Second edition, reprin Bap), Flora of the Peaees and ani of. oe per America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 Baked and 601 figures. 1932. , $5.50 postpaid.

oa es the Vict of New ae by H. a ree 284 pages, illustrated. OOo SIL Flora ae Bermuda, BY Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pages with 494 text aoe IONS $3" Text-book of Pas Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 716 a 1897. $2.50. eriodicals

Addisonia, annualy, devoted exciusively to colored plates accompanied by opular descriptions of flowering plants; eight p.ates in each number, thirty-two in $

each volume. ow in its twenty-tirst volume eee: price, $10 a volume (four years). Not offered in exchange. Free to member the Garden.

Journal of The New York Botanical Garden, monthly, COMMIS | poe news and ae ay articles. eubseeP bon: $1 a year; ee copies 10 ¢ Free to Sean the Garden in its fortieth este

ee bimonthly, ieee ed in color and ae w:se; devoted to fungi, sachae pence s, contai echnical aries and news and notes of general in- terest. year; angie reece $l. Now in its thirty-first volume.

Twenty- oe ee Index volume $3.

Brit eries of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. re in ie sattird volume,

orth A Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America,

aie eniane the West Indies, and Central America. Planned to be com- pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more parts; ae arts now issued. N Aes in exchange. Prices of the separate paris on reque

Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. nA eries of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, an reprinted from journals other than the ARs ove. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a volume. the fone

volume.

Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. A collection of scientific papers. eVoninies L-VII. itles on request.

Direct all orders to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York Nee

>

erence FOR REACTUNG THE BOTANICAL GARDEN

The New otanical Garden secre in the Bronx, immediately north of the Eociga Park at Fordham Rea at the south end of the Bronx River Parkway. It may reached by eal wane from Grand Central Terminal to the Botanical Garden Sites (200th et).

To reach the Garden by the “Flevated and Subway py het the Third Avenue ner ted to the end of the line (Bronx Park Station): m the East and West Side aches transfer from me attestation or Seventh Avenue line to the Third Avenue Elevated at 149th one f ad Third Avenue. By Eighth Avenue subway (Indepe ndent system) take r CC train to ieeor d Park Boulevard (200th ae ther er ci to He chee en.

To ity. drive north on Grand Concourse to Bedford Hee Baulee ae “cote aay ‘BUH east there, and cross the railbeed bridge toward gro

e Garden

ER, 1939

JOURNAL THE NEW YorK Wenn GARDEN

New York, N. Y

Bronx Park, matter,

ond-cla 10 cents

Published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, fice in New York S seco: isan copies

ntered at the Post nual subecripeion. $1.0 ee to members of the Garden

JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor December, 1939

Victoria Recia—A Portion oF THE UNDERSIDE OF THE LEA Cover Phoourph . Fleda Griffith Ricket!

HE Lear oF Victoria REGIA 269 Tuserous Beconia Species NATIVE TO THE AMERICAS a Schneider 274 PLanT Nove.tigs FROM Mexico T. H. Everett 278 Courses FOR GARD s

EVIEWS OF RECENT Booxs 287 Current LITERATURE aT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 290

loTEs, News Co 291 InpeEx To VOLUME 40 293

IN THE LIBRARY The motion picture industry is one of the most persistent users of the library at The New York Botanical Garden. It is ofte Som scientific studies of plants of distant as sometimes made by ‘botanists of an earner ae ry baal illustrated in care folio ee that the foods and flowers ands the s ee kgrounds erences films which show a region unfamilia ioe

‘Man ure of innumerable ee a retail stores, explorers, sed pro- mere tee ee are a few of the organizations and persons that find in the library at the Bol as ‘Garden information which is not otherwise available— at least not within 200 miles of New York, and if a rare book is involved, possibly nowhere else in the ae

Readers would be surprised to learn how many novels have been set against a background dug out a “books at ae Botanical Garden, and how many magazine illustrations have the

Many a flower or nee design v on a textile or other example of craftsmanship has come from a book at the Gar

ome show exhibitor: iH arden club members preparing programs and paper: of their exential cpt mation here. A portion of the audience at tlie ee aoe lectures always visits the library to delve into books on the eae of the day, and some of them frequently return for further reading the = Prof essional and amateur cae: alike depend on the vast store of information in the pptee 48, volumes on horticulture and botany in their search

000 0 bou for new plants, identification oe those t! ey have, and for cultural directions and facts of interest about the plants they gro’ orkers on a projects : the WPA. use the Page bea age ce Le of cudesing. trandlating, and research, in one instance botanical manuscripts which are in the possession of the a he use of the library regularly by scientists and students and the influx of udents and Nach at ony the period are taken for granted in a scientific B ibrar

d ch a peop in a which no other type of institution is specifically

PERU «¥ 199m

4 tee - a a

Gag THE NEW YORK SNCs GARDEN VoL. XL DecemBer, 1939 No. 480

The Leaf Of Victoria Regia By H. W. Rickett

Engineering Takes a Cue From a Waterlily

HEN Joseph Paxton began to build aianee more than hundred years ago, he was impressed by aNy construction ick

roofs m. construction was not conducive to the best growth of plants, especially in the scanty sunshine of England.

Paxton anes le ane ae carried larger sheets of glass, and, partly of the application of such ieee succeeded in building ee lighter greases than had been seen before

While i: was manager of the estate a = Duke if D evonshire 4 at Chatsworth in Derbyshire he des and erected a group of greenhou

which faites world-famous. The princip ies su successfully spied were used also in the cons fraction of te great Crystal Palace erected Hyde Park for the exhibition of 1851.

The Crystal Palace

his famous building, which Paxton — was nearly 2,000 f long and more than 400 feet wide. Some 19 a were enclosed. Its great transept rose 108 feet and enclosed Boel “full-sized living trees Through the long wings, 66 feet high, ran two stories . gall wh ast framework was roofed with glass: 18.392 es were us

ch 49 inches ne was a al st glass house ever erected, and probably e been equa

The meee Sane oe galleries and the roof was o Hollo n columns, which extended in several rows a the

great length of the building, carried a system of horizontal iron ew of the now nai type known as I-beams. Weight was kept at minimum and light at a maximum by perforating the web between e flanges of the ee so that from the side they aes a lattice-effec

269

270

The ese depth of the eee enabled them to resist bending, and the were preve ted from toppling over by meeting each other at right angles.

his creations. Paxton (who was a gardener before he was a builder) described his inspiration in a meeting of the Society of Arts, to which he exhibited a leaf of Victoria regia, the great Nas of eae ae

with longitudinal and transverse girders and es that eae rom it, have adopted in this building.”

Discovery of Victoria regia

This plant had been discovered nearly fifty years before by Haenke and LaCueva as they traveled down the Mamoré Sets through what is now Bolivia. It is a ae Haenke, when he first saw the enormous hap leaves floating on those quiet Hae water: “tell on his kne transport of ere a gratitude to the Cam of all ne ” They eal at that ee = left it a an regret. Sere the water- lily - by other explorers in ae of South America ; bu tor ars the —. rm world knew it only ae sie accounts which | bee ceht back, and from shipments of seeds, ne and portions of leaves and flowers which arrived-—always dead—in various centers of botanic learning. J.iving seeds were finally cael into England in 1849, and grown to maturity in several gardens. The first plant to bloom was in the greenhouse specially built for it by Paxton at Chatsworth

Strength of the Leaf

One who sees for the first time a leaf of Victoria ig gs on the water is apt to ask himself: “Would it hold me up?” It is said that he Indians, when they gathered the edible seeds (‘ uaibauie ”) of the

dressed white eae sitting aan on these novel rafts attests the plausibility of t end. It is only necessar ae to place a board on the leaf to dist ee ps ee enly r the surface. Indeed, if this precaution is taken, a large teat ill support aman w nae 150 pounds. One He as reported pouring sand o o the amount of 400 pounds before it sank. Considering the ne a ae ancy which this peas it is eee more aes ble that the texture of "the leaf is very delica It is easily punctured hy a Filan a falling from a small aoe This deli ae "bla de floats as gently a film of oil on t water, yet resists the depredations of en ne impacts of wav

a oO

Under side of a leaf of Victoria regia, with reflections ron the dome of the aquatic house in which it was grow’

and wind, and can support weights of more than a hundred a pro- viding only that the load is distributed evenly over the surfac Design for Engineers The clue to ee curious Smee of aca is seen on the lower itiace. Her find the icture to which Paxton referred in the ee quoted ae The ee flat es is spread over a system of arge ribs, Paxton’s “gi i 7

i ied oro na oO

—

nv

ch ith the

thin. The main ribs of a comparatively small leaf are more than 2 inches high at the center of the leaf, a their ken wd are less than an inch et Half ie to the circumfer they are 1 inch high and the edges only 4 i vide. The ese Boe are ae rted in a vertical position — cross- oe w ane run parallel t o the circumference of the leaf and thrust a an = — . ae main ae many of them are an inc high. These tur. ted by sloping narrow buttresses firmly anchored in the ee ‘blade, Bee fhodive the cross-ribs upright.

272

This is the structure, a product of nature in a remote wilderness, which aie the design for a great aunean aes in a civilized country

n the other side of the world. Eve Paxton’s day, the construction a greenhouses has ii eived similar ie

Under the Microscope Structural design does not cease with the gross arrangement of parts, but extends to minute internal details; the microscope is necessary to said understanding eve this enormous lea e ribs which appea solid and massive are ee structures of great ace They hollow air-filled tu sae a side by side, separated by their ighbors and es upted longitudinally

ribs are lightly sujaced with pink. Into their cavities project curious and delicate hairs, ae composed of several rigid and pointed arms spreading like the ace ofa a ch tube is a oe unit which resists bending far more than ould ne same amount of solid material disposed in a solid strand; this

is ay hollow iron columns, rather than solid iron rods, are used as sup-

The buttressed structure of a portion of the under side of a leaf of South America’s royal waterlily, approximately natural size.

* . %

A typical leaf of Victoria regia, revealing its bilateral, as than radial, construction; this leaf was about 4 feet a

ports in such buildings as the Crystal Palace. The rib, which is a bundle of such tubes arranged in a vertical plate, possesses great strength com- bined with light weight.

The air-filled passages are of value to the waterlily not only for the tee which they sat to the leaf, but because they provide a means hy which gases can circulat e throughout the plant. The gases of the air enter the leaf t ae minute openings in its upper suriace, and can thus reach - immersed parts; they can move also to the leaf-stalk, which begins where the ribs converge, and i ee the large air-passages of this to i ee parts of the

The ribs and the leaf-stalk are ne an long sharp spines. There seems to he no foundation for the belief held by the mare that these are ve! however, sharp enough to make handling the leaf canta and aidoubrealy save it from being eee hy fish.

The Structural Pattern

The main ae of the leaf were seein above (as in most writings that refer to im) as radiating from the center. Actually this is not acc f is a bilateral, oe a a structure. The midr ue or

urate. The | ea main vein continues the line of the leaf-stalk, as it does in most leav

274

From it several lateral branches extend to either side, arranged roughly not quite

(but ) in pairs; the lateral veins fork repeatedly, so that they give ae that part of the blade which lies t either si ie midv: The lowest laterals (those nearest the leaf-stalk) are ee oe k immediately after leaving the midvein; their again, and tl ess is continued so that each of these ene alee e of about ird of the entire disc. (The veins of ot dl :

The vein that extends straight back from the point of attachment re s ti i

lowest branches of the lowest pair of laterals, which swing around sr grow together ee this line, com mpleti ting the circle of the bas This

familiar species of hia li nae the stalk is attached between the tw spreading ‘barbs of arrow, the midrib extends an ie stalk to the i nd fina

the mature form, in which the two backward-pointi - wi — are united along a line extending back from the stalk; this line may be clearly seen on the upper surface of a mature leaf.

Tuberous Begonia Species Native To The Americas By Hildegard Schneider

OST of the summer flowering tuberous begonias that are grown today have been derived from seven wild species, all of which are native to the Andes of Bolivia and Peru. Of these seven, five were intro- duced and distributed by James Veitch & Son of London, England. These five are oe boliviensis, B. Pearcei, B. Veitchti, B. rosaeflora and B. Dav E. G. Her adlevsou also of weeds n, was responsible for - ae m of B. Clarkei and B. cinnabarin Thro ugh alineren of these jee inked numerous beautiful

forms. For convenience the group name Begonia Sealed is ee to ee ih Although eee tuber ee varietie ers e varied in color range and immensely larger than ieee a ‘wild hee ee latter ee an sopeal of their o own and are of particular interest to the collecto In addition to the seven mentioned above, many other tuberous- = species are worth growing. Those marked with an asterisk the

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following alphabetical list of New World species are in cultivation at The New York Botanical Garden. The citations in parentheses indicate where illustrations of these species may be found.

B. Balmisiana (Me cee en by Ruiz in 1795, grows on cool mountainsides at an altitude of about 8,000 feet. Flowers small, pale pink, in tins racemes. — all bulbils in say leaf axils.

*B. Baumanni (Bolivia), was named in honor of E. Su coe of Ca. ae received seed from the es Dr. Sacc, of Cocha- bamba, Bolivia, in 1886. Grows very abundantly in moist eile eys of the northern Cordilleras. The tops are liked as food by animals. It is short- stemmed ; leaves are green and ae Bae TS oe rosy-red. In its native habitat the tubers grow to oe small melon. (Bot. Mag. tab. 7540. 1897) Distributed fro on Lemoine, around 1890.

*B. boliviensis (Bolivia), with eee ape scarlet has ers, was orig- pases ga iain in 1857 by Weddell — introduced to gardens by Pearce

1865. Fir 867 in Par The

t exhibited 1 first iuberhybrida begonia raised was he vest of coming B. Pons with an unnamed Andean species an the na (Bo tab

bor Seden Mag. 5657. 1867) The an : The N ew York Boal Gar fia which has not yet bloomed, came as B. eet Super:

B. bulbifer cies a was “brought into cultivation with the soil of an orchid, beside it was growing. Sent to the Berlin Botanic Garden by M “Scvte around 1828. (Link & Otto, Ic. Plant. Rar. 83

B, cali Piety ee ete which has pink or purple flowers, grows to about 18 inches in height B. cinnabarina (Bolivia) was first raised from seed sent from Bolivia by Mr. Bridges to See in London, who distributed . first plants . Of erect habit. Flowers large, ‘bright cinnabar-red (Bot. Mag. ae 9483. 49) . Clarkei (Bolivia and Peru) was named in honor of Major Trevor a an ea oe eee rey Henderson and grew it for several years before flowerin; Introduced a around 1867. Stems een flow wers ple rose-red — . tab. 5675, 1867) B. a (Peru or Bolivia a) was he peed d by R. Pearce 7 his aa: ie the Andes. Introduced by Veitch & Son, 1866. Plants and branching. Stems and branches red, leaves green, Aner ovate. Flowers a ane oes Mag. tab. a 1871

levation of 0,000 feet near ‘Chorpe, Peru. a isa ee plant with broad-ovate. dark green foliage and bright orange-scarlet flowers. First bloomed for Veitch in 1876. Used extensively for hybridizing by John Seden. (Bot Mag. tab. 6252. 1876)

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*B. Froebelti (Ecua dor ) came into cultivation through B. Roezl, who disor it in 1872 in the high plateaus of the Ecuadorian at 8,000 to 10,000 feet elevation. He collected snes there for Fruebel & Co, in ee Sieerlent, for whom it bloomed in 1874, ieaae oe crimson flow ers on short erect stems and green cee -shaped leaves with long petioles. This species was not used to any great extent for hybridi- zation. Gartenflora. tab. 1.

*B. fulgens eae was eee in the mountains of ole near the Peruvian border, in company with B. Baumanni, not far from where B. Davisii is native. Intro ay . ee ens by Lemoine & Son of eos in he Plants eae compact, ileus with brilliant red flov

gracilis (Mex ae a as described in 1825 in Humboldt &

Ban ola nd, Nova Gen nera et Species Plantarum, is one of the oldest

eee species known. Sins "hin, erect, spar > branching with small

reen leaves: flowers pink. Tiny bulbils form in the axils of the leaves. gape to Sue ua in oe in 1829.

a (New Granada) i species with few leaves and flowers.

all. Flowers p: ae B. Martiana (Mexico) Tubers of this pink-flowered begonia were sent by Mr. a eppe ae Mexico to the Botanic Garden in Berlin around

1828 ee to B. gracilis, with which it is often confused. (Link & Otto, Icor = Pentru Rariorum tab. 25. 1828-31 B. oct pe Peru) was ene in cultivation as far back as 1780. Live plants were brought the Paris Botanic ee ‘ Dombey who ets ae in the Adie near Lima. First described by L’Héritier n 1784. In 1835 tubers of this plant were sen the Botanic Garden in Glasg nm Lima, Peru, by John McLean. There they bloomed the

8 petals. It is a stemless variety, leaves and flowers arising directly from the tuber. Lemoine developed new ee from this hegonia hy crossing it with eae other tuberous varie

wert (Mexi co) was am oe a number of plants ya by Dr. Edward ee in 1885 in southwestern Chihuahua, Mexico. He found it at ae ae a a mile from the mining town of Batopilas at an altitude 400 fee

B. ee a eee was the first yellow-flowered Lea found and

was named in honor of Richard Pearce, who discovered it in La Paz Introduced to gardens in 1866 through Veitch & Son. Lar: a a sible f gin of yellow and ie tones, Re! had previously been absent from ewe begonias. . Mag. tab. 5545. 1865

olypetala (Peru) was nrc by ae el & Co. of Zurich in 87 size and shape the of this plant resemble those of B. ed but are red oe pe Some lovely varieties have

ae =o oO io) a

Begonia Froebelii, a crimson-flowered tuberous species being grown at the Botanical Garden.

been obtained a Froebel, who crossed this begonia with improved forms

of B. octopet.

i rosac ie (Peru) was cee by Richard Pearce, who collected tubers for tch & Son. He came upon this begonia in the Andes at an a of 12,000 feet. The plants are stemless; leaves green, reni- form, with SS impressed veins. The flowers ae in shades of rose-red. John Seden made free use of this species, which has probably been one of the most prolific plants in the production of tuberous garden hybrids. Introduced to gardens in crossing light-colored forms the first

name Queen of the Whites. Some years later a white-flowered form was found in the wild 2 Walter Davis, which was a ered deiueal with eae of the Whit (Bot. Mag. tab. 5680.

. rubricaiulis (pend: ) presents considerable ne as to its nati ae and its introduction to cultivation. Klotzch says it bloomed re

278

in 1837 in the Botanic Garden in Glasgow where it had been received from Cammeron of Birmingham without description. The plant oe in the Bot. Mag in 1844 (tab. 4131) was recei ived a t Kew fro

h lea and inflor Pp the tuber. Leaves green, ee ae eee at base. Peduncles and pedicels deep red. Flowers large, rose and white.

Bo un sifolig (Mexico), a most curious begonia, produces only one Sere rounded leaf with a deeply cut sinus ae ugh which a few-flow floresence arises. The leaf lies flat on the ground, the basal lo ie es over- lapping. Its native habitat is the aoaineee of the State of Guerrero in the Iguala canyon where it grows on dry calcareous slopes and ledges and in rock crevices. Dr. William Trelease, then of the Missouri Botanic Garden, found it there in 1904. Herbarium ane ns of B. unifolia had been collected two years previously in the same locality by C. G. Pringle. (Rep. Missouri Bot. Gard. 104

- ise (Peru) is another of Richard a. uae found plan eas Bene at an elevation of 12,000 to 12,500 feet, in rd Bloomed a following year for Veitch & Son. Stems short and thick, leaves deep green. "Flowers large, vermilion. (Bot. Mag. tab. 5663. 1867)

B. Weddelliana (Bolivia) comes from the province of Jungas at 6,000 feet elevation. A small plant with red flowers.

oe

Plant Novelties From TMexico

A Collaborator’s Work Provides New Decorative Subjects

For the Enrichment of Horticulture By T. H. Everett URING the past several years the greenhouse collections at the Garden have been considerably enriched as a result of the activities

in Mexico of Mr. Thomas MacDougall of ne York City. s a col-

Yo

laborator of New r nical Garde has sent or brought seeds or plants of many worth-while subjects a now find a perma- nent ee in our displays and which, in many instances, ae aber!

enjoy deservedly fee distribution throughout the country. The eer collected by Mr. MacDougall includes numerous suc re as well as several begonias ae other plants of a definitely boar char- acter. Not all of these have yet been identified but the work of making determinations receives mea attention and the ante are reflected on the plant labels.

Begonia Liebmanni, which was exhibited by the Garden at the last International Flower Show.

sc Liebmanni

n March of the present year an unnamed begonia exhibited by the Cue at the Teen Flower Show received considerable publicity. Tt differed markedly in ee Ga from any begonia known to be in Sree oe was aa oe 0 be entirely new species. The plant was raised fro e rhiz zome collecte d by Mr. et ee in January,

1938. He f n ‘ on the ne slope ‘of Vo = n Tac: a be ae villages Talquian “hia 5 i

ultivation, In our greenhouses this plant is now being pro oie with the intention of making it available later to members of the Gar Begonia Liebmanni has partly buried rhizomes which are crowded together and a sy with short hairs. The leaves, which stand erect, have white-pilose ecu r pinkish petioles, up to 7 inches long, and blades which are orbicular, measure to 6 inches across, and have five or six prominent lobes of irregular size. The main lobes are sometimes again shallowly lobed and the margins have repand teeth. At

280

the sinus the Nou lobes overlap. Above, the blade is sparsely pilose and green with

a few irregu silver areas os g@ the veins; the under surface is lightly purple- Gree the veins distinctly ae

Equalin foliage in height, the numerous inflorescences Pe terete, green, pilose neces and short branches, Each aes has five six flowers which at first are pale aie ae which at maturity are pure white within an haere on the Ganges The nate flowers measure more than 114 inches and have four segments, the. au Sale large and ovate, the io inner narrow ae eobovate

g abou’ eter, a pistillate flowers have two large reniform segments and one small segment which elliptic or ovate. he two- etch d style has fuzzy stigmas which are creesat. shaped. The leaf-green ovary has three shortly pilose, fleshy wing: gs ee the same color, one of which is broader and shorter than the others so that ovary is distinctly unsymmetrical.

Begonia lobulata, bearing many hundreds of white or pinkish flowers.

Begonia lobulata

Although ee lobulata is listed as being in cultivation, plants re ceived at the Garden both from American sources and from abroad have all proved to be cae identified and we did not a this species repre-

281

sented in our collections until plants were raised from seed sent in by Mr. MacDougall in 1935. This seed was found at rine In the following year he again collected er “of this species in a garden in Comitan, Chiapas, though he commented that almost certainly fie plants had been brought there from the wild. Other seed numbers from the same collector have proved to be of this same species.

An unidentified species of Begonia, among the lade raised at the Garden from Mr. MacDougall's collections

282

Beyonia lobulata is a handsome, vigorous, tall-growing plant requiring some por ae The many stems are erect, semi-succulent, bie sparsely branched and on the

younger portions have a n tomentum as also have the 6-inch-long petioles. The le ai blades are obliquely proad-ovate, shallowly 5- to 7-lobed and measure to 9%4 inches long by two-thirds as wide he glabrous above co for a few hairs t eins and ri n with usually small red areas at the point of attachment

t the main fork: t ins. eneath they are paler and evenly brown- tomentose. T rgins are red, finely toothed, and ciliate. The inflorescences are decorative, each consisting o more white elicate pink flowers and meas-

uring to 8 inches across. Almost equaling their subtending (eaves the peduncles at first are crect but droop as the flowers develop. The gene of the inflorescence are pink. The flowers are dipetalous, the eouuin more tha inch in diameter and a pistillate pila ed smaller. The petals of the lornicr are ovate, those o he he ovary is about % ‘Sf an inch long and has one ‘prominent rounded ae cn in breadth equals the length of the petal and two much nar- rowe an

as a g Zs) a oe fe] or o id

pene lobat The plan nee many botanists now know as Quamioclit lobata is oe known in ree ure as Mina lobata. Specimens which commen ey bloo ing in November of the present oe in the Tropical Flower Gar en en ry u

ye They wn t out the seaso and by blooming i formed nandsone species six feet igh and ompeey hiding the stakes whic orded them sup- writing (late November) they ene ory a that

i w in ee to be attractive for many weeks t According to tious writers ie relative of e morning glories is much cul Itivated in ie It own by the name “bandera esparfiola r Spanish fla: ee (Bheia. was first grown in Europe in 1841. he ce perished oS baa without setting fertile a and seemingly was not wh again in Europe for nearly half a century. About 1886 H oe ‘Schmidt A ‘Eri urt, Germ nay. alana it and e find a reference in the Gar den ners’ Ch hronic cle for that year (vol. 26.

Our plants show, every evidence of forming perennial stems but it may well . tat in garded it is better treated as an annual.

Quamoclit lobata a ‘tall-growing twining vine with green, heart-shaped, thin textured, Hee tri- “lobed lea aves and petioles somewhat oe ue n the blades,

which on our slants measure to 5 pace long by nearly as a he ne are arching, many-flowered, forked racemes to 7 inches or mere long. Buds and flowers tubular, slightly curved, prominently a and narrowed toward ‘the apex. The buds are bright red but as they age they assume a creamy hue, deepening to yellow toward the base. Stamens and stigma are protnided at maturity.

se. mens he

pleasing combination of red buds and yellow flowers in the same allen ara forms

a happy contrast with the rich green of the foliage, per the beauty of the plant is increased by the fact that the flowers remain attractive for a long time.

Quamoclit lobata, an attractive Mexican climber with red buds and yellow flowers in the same cluster.

284

Dalechampia scandens, an unusual member of the Euphorbia family, in a form with ivory-colored bracts.

ie ai scandens

us member of the Euphorbiaceae is Dalechampia scandens, with a diab ion extending throughout the West Indies, southern and western Mexico, and South America except in Chile and the Argentine

0 to 4,000 feet a 39 ded the first specimens adavie at the Garden and possibly the first

a in been any pictorial representation of the species other than some based on wild material collected in the Wes t Indies and published by Jacquin during the latter part of the ei eee century.

Dalechampia scandens is a twining woody vine. The entire oe is softly pilose; the leaf-blades are deeply tri-lobed and abet a the petioles in length. On our plants blade and petiole together measure about 614 inches in jeneth but on older specimens this measurement would probably be increased. The leaves are green, the margins serrated. At the basal sinus are two short erect horn-like appendages. Our

Tradescantia Warscewicziana, a novelty which gives promise as a satisfactory house plant.

286

plants bear inflorescences which are attractive by reason of a pair of large tri-lobed

bracts which subtend the flowers, and which close at night. In outline these ae

are orbicular-ovate and they measure to 1% inches across, They are creamy-wh

tipped green at the points of the lobes, which extend to *seaely half the feosthe of la

the brac The true flowers, lilee those of the Christmas poinsettia, are nd are arranged in a cluster at the center of the inflores hey are € ir lor an da striking contrast to the creamy bracts. uin’s illustration

plan: tl that in nature most plants are of this eae nd Dr. H. A. Gleason, who knows the plant in the wild, has met only the green form. This is much less attractive than our plants with cream-color ed. bracts. Tradescantia Warscewicziana

ai any visitors see a seeing Tradescantia IWarscewicsiana in bloom believe th:

refuse to that it is closely related to the trailing species which are more parents grown, yet nists assure us that it rightly belongs in th s { the most handsome and satisfac of as for greenhouse culture and should also have great arene asa ae e plant. It w bei eae gated at the Garden

sufficient su say is secured plants will be offered to mer pee

Sel stock of our plants was Soba at San Cristobal, Chiapas, me Mr. MacDougall and was received here in the spring of 1936. Although it has been in cultivation in the past, the latest edition of the Plant Buyers Index lists no available source of supply.

Tradescantia ari vicsiana has a stout erect stem which in old plants is branched. When your ng this species forms symmetrical specimens which are readily

ju branches and these provide a ready and simple means of propagation. Tradescantia Warscewicsiana will be illustrated in color in the next issue of Addisonia.

* Courses for i day, January 4. Those who complete the winter term successfully will be ae The Sci to enroll in the laboratory sessio

Course te eaten ee ae offered in the spring. the Course in Practical Gardening will Ga ee in the “Science Course will begin immediately after the first of the commence their new aes on Monday year in the Museum Building. evening, Jan, 8, Dr. H. Camp will In the Practical Course there will be a teach _ class in Plant Physiology beeie series of twelve lectures on Outdoor Gar- ning p.m. and Dr. LN. Me 1- dening, to be aa by P. J. McKenna of dente veil cont the work o System-

he carding. taff. New students will atic Botany at 8:50 p h Me ay be admitted fe aoe second term of work, evening. ‘New students 4 anes “aooly only registration bling place at 7 p.m. Thurs- for the class in Plant Physiology

287

(All publications reviewed here

Reviews of Recent Books

may be c The New York Botanical Garden.)

consulted in the Library of

A Book That Lives Up To Its Title AMERICA’S GA RDEN BOOK James Bush- ne 1,191 paces, aso illustrations, which include half-tones, sketches, dia” na

ribner,

ollowing request : “My children ond. they want to know everything at once. What book shall I buy for them?

oe Sia, Bush-Br tour

all.

wild ga ardens, herb gardens, “fruit ad vegetable and city gardens, coldframes, hotbeds and green-

houses. Roses, lilies, house plants, feed- ing, pruning, ‘plant diseases and pests, tools, various types of propagation — all

ef ¢ of plants in nutrient solution has | its place in the book ; very properly, seh some of the most inte eresting experiments of i have

this Wael nethod a carried out at ler.

mber of subjects adequately treate ey is so great that one finds oneself

eas on possible omissions. Only a an be produced: hybridi

planning in the garden, and weed ae which is not discussed except in its relation to lawns. One i is not com-

ae mind you (one has one’s money’s ). This is merely cu

d Nothin: than ee Fne help important bo

ook —

Horticatturel Chena Garden Club of America.

A College i of Botany

Wilfred W. obbins Fourth Edition 664 pages, 482 figu Wiley, Ne York, 1

The fourth eiton 2 - polls textboo k in botany testifies classroom. As in eo ns the text material is concise and the arrange- ment ag flexibility in teaching. T hapt

oe, added to this en b While this t

ing with the flowe e subject of

mosses tight be curtailed. For after

i, many students have but course in

botany and flow ill be under observa n

way OF example in nS as in economic products.

Not only is this an excellent book for the college student but for the garden

288

lover as well, since it supplants the prac- i with the basic a facts that seem enue in the field of gardening The text are ex lic and well chosen to illustrate the salient features of the book.

Wittiam J. BonistTeer Fordham University,

The Smokies in Photographs VALHALLA IN THE SM DRIES: accompanying ends. George A. Exline, Cleveland, 38. $5. Although not en botanical in

nature, this volume on the Great ma kies should eainlate. 1

legends, as well as the excellent photo graphs, r ae the history and spirit of the peoples who have inhabited this area.

plants in creating and picturesqueness of the

A. J. Suarp, University ‘of Tennessee,

Monument To The Lily Family

HARDY BULBS, including Half. hardy Bull and Teberous Sand Fi. brous-rooted Plants. Vol. 3. Liliaceae. Charles Hervey Grey. 664 pages; glossary. Ulsrated “by, cecily Grey.

E. P. Dutton & Co. $11 In the introduction to this, the third of his great volumes on hardy bulbs Lt.-Col. Grey admits that he thinks his

stead of transferring the lidaceae, where most People plac today, and he leaves t ees and ee groups with ahe Amaryllids.

o he omits entire

ne ie last anda) for the reason, he says,

that he “has no personal knowledge of the genera and mistrusts thei eir coe fleshy rh: wil e

bu He says also that they “unsuitable for aes cultivation, ‘ool house

Great Britain, it is cer ine not the “United States, for Le vow nm abundance of them and ma the 1 pet northeastern todee es and iouses, oked forward eagerly to the

D that, with all its virtues I woe ittle a cae tag in i Grey ha: tag these plants yey at Beer the “worl ban I had expecte: uch mi of

Bo

and easily

Be hade,” are all that a plant caper! would ask i ee way of cultural Sea? oS amateu need a Hittle proportion of peat? What

neaporiian ei ee etc. I do not find the istatons ee Lien the ihe rates

shows two rather sickly-looking stems ith only 4 or S$ an on each , neither with this flower nor ith O. thyrsoides, does h mention their

t in South

Faults could

i experime: ki cae of liliaceous plants have resulted in a publication of great value. The large

289

numbers of species brought together (and notwithstanding certain omissions )

ould he “dificult nly whet one’s aes

er my atane may he, they

alter the fact that I consider this

three: ie work an ae oa valuable contribution to horticultu

Sarat V. Coons.

A Drug Problem MARIHU. 223 pages, sive bibliogr York,

NA. Robert Walton,

Hdbeed sal witha Coens aphy. Lippincott, New $3.

the smoking of Marihuana (the Oriental Uae

to P for

study the hear of the well as its clinical manifestation and ‘peychiatrie implications Came.

Ardea eel re

ir ikon CHEMICAL GARDENING FOR THE AMATEUR. C, H. Connors and V. A, Tiedjens. 255 pages, illustrated, in- dexed. | Win, H, Wise and Co., New for 939. $1.

This is a ed i for anyone in- terested in chemiculture, tank culture, water, sand or gravel culture. There is a delightful chapter on the, art of gro which ev a ner should re

soil, sand, gravel or water is the medium in which the plant is grown W. Rogerns.

Java's Five Hundred Ferns

VARENFLORA VOOR J- 2

Backer and O. Posthumu Pages

i Sivii, “1-370, iMlustrated with 81

Higures "amd | maps indexed and bibli-

ography. Van ‘s eat aamtentiin Buitenzorg, Java, 1939

The publication of a ieee - Java

will be welcomed hy students of the

group, and the present treatment is es-

pecially luable becau of the long

ux ae e au nd the care

with ork is presented

Although ‘wteen in Dutch, the bool is

for the t part intelligible tu readers

who ace Gained with English or

German fern t ai ee Boca

figures help ure oO

g id i “this, aon nie work should e useful to es ose interested in the alayan f

cultivation of Ma erns.

For its size, Java must be ranked among the richest parts of the world iu ferns, possessing, according to this treat- ment, 15 families, 104 genera, and 515

pecies. After "itroduct ry notes morphology and 1 ay

oO

m of estended keys, i

: erbarium s lack full eynoiiy iy. ae citations, but this would scarcely have heen Teele without greatly enlarging the ee concluding section dealing with phic distribution and ecology will ‘be “Oi more general interest to botanists who are not fern specialists. A.C. Smirn.

oe Illustrated ral Book

a New Louw HE GARDEN IN COLOR. Louise Be ebe Wilder. 327 pages, alustrated ed. Mac.

with 320 colored, alates a

millan, New $2. able to announce

s last book (1937)

It is gratifying to be bouie Beebe Wilder at a price which will readers an opportunity fine writing on gardening neat

The Garden in Color, SS co ae

colored plates from Ger oe i horticultural magazine, Cartenschonhet, with an accompanying text for each pi

pared by Mrs. Wilder, is this author’s accustomed

not oe oe in manner. For

290

Mrs. Wilder always took pains to. write

when she es to

quaintance, "aa her background a long

years of growing things, observing them them with 4 ore-

wisdom, not be sup-

sed. To one who has been familiar

or Mrs. ilder fee ‘boat oe subject which ee the book its value. The original price of it was Pe : 50. Caro. H. Woopwaro.

Garden Flowers WHER

E DID YOUR GARDEN GROW? Jannette May Lucas. Illus. trations by Helene Carter. 65 pages. index: ippincott, Philadel, phia, 1939. $2.

Y ople who have gardens of their own enjoy the stories about the continental ori of some of ti flowers they grow, as presented by J: nette May Lucas ook is illustrated in the now familiar style of ne -

t ter, who superimposes the subjects being discussed upon a oe map to show the gion from whi ue! came. w. H. Woopwarp.

Tropical Tale of a City Man THE ORCHLD HUNTERS. A Jungle

Adventure. Norman MacDonald. 294 pages, illustrated with photographs. Farrar & Rinehart, New York, 1939.

Orchid Hunters is a tale of two

oo of the elusive orchid.

n by Norman MacDonald, one ae ae is an ara of their atazing in those remote regions

hardl Te the work an

the story ngly ee he re gions and the n s and tl odes of living are graphically ea and their nen ntures vividly portrayed. It i s indeed tale of courage, carpe a en

durance and through it all there weaves

s with interest

ent: and not incidently a tittle education.

P. J. McKenna.

Current Literature* At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh e City. “Plant ela ene in the

apartments and expensive s to start them from seed and cui

ly pores. oe a i of ve Pennsylv: ania” by L K. Henry is illustrated, nontec! pie ae to twe ae common polypores ue a key and a bibliography, issu Botany Pamphlet No. ee _ ttsburgh, Pa.

d Flot The weeds of

Sa penis are often the highly nee flowers of the rest of the world,

publication on this

up, but it serves oS tally as a guide else

to gardeners a ring Wild Sacaes Te

mimeogr scriptions and pictures of some of the common wild flowers. It has been made available for use as a 4-H Club manual.

Floral Genetics. Gen or ctober, Tames and Groene de Hasan

=

a e ray flore ey have studied the genetics of the white florets among colored one an especially of the vermilion-edged fl

All publications mentione and mi Pre sueln be found in the Pigare o The Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin

291

the same number, Tone Seana n ue factors in the one eee the rT recessive ie. aa ire yel-

colors that had n ailable

Rhododendrons. All ‘ ies the construction of the errant ‘fr Tames to setting out the young plants, seem to be included in “Rhododendrons from Cut.

ublished

ot been a

tings,” shed by the Ne sey gri. Exper. Sta, as Bulletin 666, 1939 Species and varieties ich ar

Journals like “The “The Tree k

New sor ie

us re t jot the only land with beautiful forests and serious con- servation problems. ing is made part of the educational program for the children there and il n: coura, at fn.

erb Annual. The current issue . “The Herbarist,” a is published ai nually in Boston by the Hers Societ: a

merica, is packe id ES ith interesting arti- cles which are easy to read. Snuff, indigo, woad. and colchicine are among the subjects presented there by experts.

Wax for Vegetables. How carrots and cucumbers oe te market are

bene- ted by waxing old in a recent bul- Ietin (No. 723 3) e ent! tithed “Wax Emulsions for Vegetables,” published by the Cornell Agri. Exper. Sta. sparagus, summer and winter squash, pumpkins, husked eet corn, eggplants, peppers, and tomatoes also eit d, but leaf: egetables are harmed by waxing. The cost of waxing is abou to 4 cents per bushel

Hedge Plants. How to select a place a hedge what plants ie chose how hem t mie

bedi ‘by N. R. Elliott in aia 337

the Kentucky College of Agriculture. Brie Seay of some of the aage ost e for he with notes

ri oie. highbush Oa Opulus), hemlock, and dwarf euony:

hoe News, and Comment

of Journals. The firm of Des & sed ee handles the binding of books for the tanic - = re en, i o Garde eh ate eibscuibiers, to bind the year's s de of ae Journal for one dollar plus

ae nding will be of the highest Sana good qu: s covered in

New Yor! ity. work w e promptly done and a bill will be sent be- bake fa bound volume is returned to the

ae ee the same arrangement, volumes of Addisonia aie numbers) will be bound for Ss postage.

he New York Pe Garden at a ting Dec. the lat Raymond H che amilton

: ris "Societies of America and a fellow = the Royal Horticultural Society in London.

Torrey Club. Dr. B. O. les d the Torrey Botanical Ce Nov. the American Museum of Natural History on Mendelian inheritance in the fungi.

292

Speaker. P. J. van Melle of Pough- <eepsie, N. Y., addressed the Saturday

ule had orig- Koster y S

Gardener. _ Nicholas Pecora, who had

left the Garden to become a gardener at La Guardia Airport at North Beach, Long Island, Dec.

services of the Ga as an apprent ice and wa: a student gardener in July of tht

Visiters. Dr. M. Demerec and Dr. 3. P. Kaufman, geneticists at the Car- egie Institution at Co Id, Spring Harbor, vr, vane the Garden Dec. 2 with Dr. Alcx hohe t

ge materia al for eriments on the genetic i _ohysologial effects of ultra-violet

J. Se Oe who came to the in ee November, accompanied r. A. B. Stout on a ae ‘to trathglass Farm near Port hester to survey the poplar breeding work in which they are co-operatin

aay Garden

dwin Os, Grover, Vice-president The New na mis- Botanical age in \ Park, Florida, of which he : President. This new project, ae it expected will be opened to the ne the first of the year, is a 55-acre t of feud ae the city, being develo a in ory r. Theodore L. Mead recognition ia his half-century of service to hortic

3

f the Institut

B a a oO 2 a7 = 3 ne Se 5 R

is spending a year in

Harvard ee rsity,

Console ulac R.

g specializing in the

_ Wood. paleobotanist with the ie 7 ological Gane: spent a week- end at ie Garden last month, studying in the herbarium

Among other ‘November visitors we M. L. Fernald and C. A. Nes of the Gray Herbarium, M. A. Chrysler of

Rutgers University, Roland W. Brown ot a U. S. National Museum, Arthur of the Tr re: ras, Pu Frances J. Clark of the Connecticut Ag- ricultural Experiment Station, and Jane Craighead of the Boyce Thompson 1In- stitute.

Confer. Sun and autumn pees ‘metings attend by staff mem- bers the subject of the November confers ntific staff and reg-

Dr. Fred

. Stout on botanical casnutions in Eu- ee and the Seventh International Con- ress of Genetics in Edinburgh.

Lectures. Addresses eve recently by members of He staff include “Mush- rooms of Forest an before the Connecticut Tecucaieaet Society and “Bermuda: Its Gardens and Scenery” be- fore the Fai arden Club, both by r. FE. ; “Arro s and Fish Poisons of the South American In- dians” by Dr. A. C. Smith befor e

of the . H. N. Mo ae before e Watchung Nature Club.

Visiting Groups. Three groups to ing more than 150 students from ae

College of New Rochelle visited the Garden in mid-Nover ie er in connection with their courses in botany. One group

t ecology. On Nov. udying botany with the Soil Conserva- tion Service of the W.P.A., under ae

U.S. Department of Agriculture, made tour of the main conservatories.

A collection of gourds, Indian , which won a a

5 a. 38 5 2a 6 5

"of 3 B 9 3 ‘og 2 5 s a Pe 4

re ose

beet on exhibit in the rotunda of the

museum building at the Botanical Garden. d an

The material was raised and exhibited by Miss Vielen M. Tillinghast of Vernon, Conn

293

INDEX TO VOLUME 40

Monthly features, such as Notes, News,

Sy and Comment and Cu will be found in the Table of ie (page ti) but not in the i

rrent Literature at a Glance, ndex below. Such items as

lists of visitors and lectures by staff members, also eit regilory, are not listed here.

er the authors’ names in

abbre: April and reas bie reports ee historical data, the rest of the volume

Abbott, F. L. 164 A nari rae 188

Abel, L. Horsford 266

Achillea tomentosa 117 novae-angtiae Acrodiclidium 20 novi-belgi

Adan R. 160 sters (

220 a M1 chus clavifolius 111

Adromis Aue hter, E. C. 1

Advisory Council 52, 171, 253 Azalea indica at

Ageratn Houstonianum 69

Alexander, E. J. 27, 71, 75, 191, es Grvw) 263, Sup. 10, 14,

7, Bachman, John 93, 119, 172

Algae Cran 95 Bagatelle Nurseries 265

Allen, T. Bailey, H. L. 7, 8

Allophylus ieee 35 Baker, Gladys E. 76, (rvw) 166

Alpinia S Gal alanga 208 Bamboo 123

Alyssum aes 75 oe Car!

Amaranthus Barn as ae ndley (ryws) audatus 69 74, a Sup. 12, 13, 20 gangeticus tricolor 69 Barrett, Mrs. on Felton 52

‘Amarytiiiceds 25 eck, Donald U. 102, 105

Amaryllis Society (American) 191 Beck, Mrs. Walter 189

cis un Association for the Ad- Beckett, Edwin 1

Yancenent of Science 27 eae Cinkeical lists of spe-

American Wild Flowers for the and varieties) 55-67,275-279 peer Garden (Phot mia graphs) 184-185 acida Amorphophatlus titanum 101, 179, boliviensis 87, 274, 275 af 1, 221 brasiliensi: erson, Arthur M. Sup 24 Cathearti 2 a - Ni ena tomentosa 36 cinnabarina 274, 275 Anemone quinguefolia 1 a kei 274

Anemonella tha Annuals 68-71, Aphids 14

siete ane Sup.

scores 2 Gloir = Loran 206-207

Apples (Exper: iments eon 268 benatis _ Aquilegia canaden: o Arboretum Sap. Eitan fi oe "oreur 188 lobulata

carpus ati s 111 Pearcei ae 274, 276

- old Arbor "8 Arnold-Cons be -" Co. resaeAota 274, 277 Artemisia seen od ocotran: Cae Asclepias aaa

einai rad teria 7, oe 274-278

tuber Veitchii

Ashby, ee 212, 213 xanthina oe

which was paged sepa

issue Ir ately fas

Begonia ee as 6 ee Exhibit Be

egon Socotran: ae rogeny ea “their Culture ja G. Esson) 201-207

Begonia eee

Begoni w York aul Garde n “

Begonias Bring Three Awards to Botanical Garden 89

Begonias (Culture and History) 53-55

Begonias (Tuberous) 197-200, 274-27 Alphabetical list 275-

Benedict, R. C. (r vw) a

» Dr. Rhoda

mnie 043

Berge, Edward 2

ertholletia excelsa 20

Biekart, M. 11 ennials Sup. 3

Bigger, J. W. 244

Binding 52, 291

Bingham, Ma arjorie

Biological Ente Sess: tion 172

Biology - Teachers (Association) 267

Bisaillon, A.

Bitancourt, A. A. 220

Black-spot (Rose) 138, Sup. 8

uae H. L, 171

se ee £ Managers 52, 171, 253,

2 291

Saget & Atkins 265

Bobbink, L. C. 102, 116, 130, 134, 149, 173

. 93, 119

Bombax 12

Bonisteel, William J. (rvw) 75, 28

Book Reviews. of index. jooks acquired 1 Books for the ea Gardener (Elizabeth C. Hall) 259-260 Bostelmann, Else 124

Botanical Conference 171

See list at end

Botanical Garden aes in we Exhibits at World’s

10: ere lanuginosum 220 Botrytis 140, 141 Braun, E. Lucy as pai E. G. ae 93, 119, 148, 172,

ae British Guiana, Plant Collecting rae 10- ie a 39

itton cat ie 1 ee ee Lord Brittonia S:

Buildings and Gro b: .

1 Burgess, A. F. Burns, Ada ak (rvw) 169 Bursera Butler, ae 27 Butler, june Rainsford 51 Byrsonima verbascifolia 16

the Northeast (Martha 109-115

Cacti in

Cacti under Cultivation in the West Southwest (Photo- graphs) 112-113

Cactus :

Cain, Stanley A. 171, (rvw) 216

Saas aureum 213

Caltha palu

Camp, Hugh

Camp, W. H. on 94, 124, 148, 171, (rvw) 262, 267, 286, (rvw) 289, Sup. 10, 17, 20 ‘amp:

Carex Sup.

Carnegiea as 172 Caryocar 18

Casearia spinescens 35 Cattleya violacea 13 Ceiba 12

pentandra 14 Celosia plumosa 69

294

Centaurea Cyanu:

moschata 69 Cephalocereus 36 aaa Wi

Cereus 36 Shiela ene 112 peruvianus a, oh

Chafer (Rose) 1 bea ta eG pare Florence ae 27, Sup.

ches, Philip A. 93, 148, 172, 191, (rvw) 215, Py p. 15

Chai Ye. Chetonanthus wines Chemical Treatment of oe 192

Chiao, C. Y. oe

Chinch Bugs Sup. &

Ca Ginger CW. M. Porter- Id) 208-211

Psi eet Foods in New York 107, Chapa e Sup.

Display 266, a up. 5 Chrysogonam virginianum 75 Cimicifuga racemosa 185, 188

ery

Clark, J. Harold 1 Clarkson, Rosetta E. (rvw) 23, 76, 220, 267 Modern Role of Ancient Herbs in Industry and ome 245. ce Classification of P s 51

Cleland, Ralph e iim ) 122 Clema texen: Clidemia 12:

iphanantha 36

um vitifolium 35 Codiacum variegatum 230-232

+ 189 Callahan 278 Collection of Begonias Grown at The New York. Botanical Gar- n (T. H. Everett} 53-67

oe 76 Columbia College 2

Composing 2 Border of oe (Howard W. Swift) 6

Compost

Conferences 124, ee

oa 28, 76, 94,

os

nally , Lawrence 93, 119

Con nelly, Patrick 255

Conservation 51, 123, ian

Conservatories Sup.

Coombs, ieee oe ‘ie. ae W.)7

s 68

. Sup. e Hedleston 27 rassula entire 111 rt ceienaens oi Rose) 141

reuligo ee 36 uma, ay

ler, W (rvw) 215 ‘utting, ea G. 93

185, 187 Cyrtopodium cristatum 37

Daboecia cantabriea 75 Dahlia variabilis 290 Dahlias (display) 266

Dalechampia Se 284 Daly, Charles Dalziel, M. ae

aphne Genkwa 75 Dawson, H. 92 Daylilies, Three aa 32 Daylily Week 93,

19 h Storm hae in ral Massachusetts (M. A. Me oo 43- oe Deamia ee aes M. 52 6 Sa: 10, 17 Le akin Fellows 190 (American)

le Saint, Mrs. a B. 172 oo as villosa 1 Deuber, Carl G. 9 Dicentra Cucullaria 187 Diderma rugosum 213

Didymium crustaceum 213

Director’: Report for 193% Sup. 1-2.

Discover: cular of

Cir 1889 Marks ee Aniveraey of Garden’s - conception

a ae eran

Gourds 292

Krubi - Franklin Society 220

Orchi

Oauee (oheoeraphs) 40-41 Spring 12.

Divers, Jo! i. & Margaret 150

Dixon, Mary (rvw) 146

Dodge, fe}

Some eee fi thi Control of Co Dis- eases ond a of Garden

s 3 er a

Dwyer, J. D. 27

Easter Display 9 ari Shade a Conference » 42, 46

Tae, eedin: ae 94

Eaton, Pred S. 6,8 Echinocactus Saae 11 Behincceress Boater 112 Ecology 123

Edge, Rosalie Edmondson, Mrs, a W. 171 canna Sup. eis

are 16

295

Elective Managers and Office: The ae den 5-1938

Eltott, eee 93

Elliott, J. ae ie 148, 189, (rvw) 2

ae Mar) i

» Carl Sede sh. Speaking Union Sup. 15 Eperna 1 Ephedra californica 176 Epidendrum decipiens 38 Epigaea iene ns 185, 187 tythr' rina 171

Euphorbia marginata 69 i ourses for Gardeners 212 Everett, a H. 71, 75, 76, 91,

n $3-67 Plant t Novelties from Mexico

278-286 pane in the House 22 Begonia Names Clari- ie ae

Ewing, Ray Exchange bane nt aoe 93

Exhibits (See also Displays) Begonias 52 Books Labels Museu up. 12 Paintings 123 orld’s Fair oe Exploring fe mts in British

Guiana eee 14-15 F. Nurseries 265

F. & Fagus Hee pendula 21 Sear Tro

The Making of a Flower Mas. ter 221-228

of York Potanical ‘Ca Sup.

191,

Field Botany (Course) 267 Fiftieth Anniversary (of Gar- den) 1

, H. ers, Annette ue ne ea 2 ae Fort 268 lower Arrangement (Japanese)

"Show aes

Shows (Pointers ie Ex- Victoria’s Time (EL. th nC. Hall) 47

Eintine Garden Club 51

Folkl Fact of Medicinal

Plants i in Raa aes (ra L.

Fox, Helen M. f Mortimer J.) (rvw) 121, 1 Hie ade » RB. 9 Petra 170 Fruits le rf 192 xperiments on Roce Maree oe Futlling, und H, 28, (rvw) 72, te . “360 Fundamentals of Gardening (Course) 212 Bp eat Rose-' ee

of McKe ee 125-1 Fungi (pore ) 2

Garden ies Weel

Careing Cn) ao 266, aes Garden: » 105, 17 Casters a inata a

Gaultheria procumbens 188 Genetica 290

Genetics of Fungi Sup. 17

Geneva Experiment Station 267

Gifts 265, 266, 267

Gillies, ee

Gilly, Char

Ginger (Chinese) oe 211

Girl Scouts

Gleason, if in 4, 189, (rv "28, “86 ne at

i 71, 117

harles F. = 3

Gri Giintrer,. Cl

Gypsy Mo th on “Sup. 6

aay oe 119 Hadley, C. H. Heres eee 26 gelstein, Rol a nae 213, 243, Sup. 9, 10, ae Blea c ee 25, $2, (rvw) 121, i "189 St a 12, 21 cooks for the Practical Gav- eee 259-260 Flowers in Victoria’s Time 47 milton, C. C. 117 Hania of American Naturalists 26

Harper, R. - 92,2

Hassler, W. G. 10,

Hastings, George (rvw) 169, 172, 267

Hedera Tl

edgi Helianthus 6 He ei an Sup. 16 fulva aia 32 August pean Festival, Han- ow 32

Hemlock (Eastern) 235

296

Hemlock (Redding) 2.

oo pn 53 166 Henry, 7 2 ri io

k Club 220 1 Society of Mineicn 291 one ils ie ee Herbariw Herl hert, wv ii gras 144 Herbert

Herb:

Herpestis 16

Herrington, Arthur 117

Te oan F.C. (rvw) 96, (rvw) 4, (rvw) 239

Pete William 109, 112

Hae rR. Hilt, Mrs. Robert e 116, 151 Hippeastr nim

solandri oe 36

vittatum

Toelle, oe rst

omas

dace Win pi 10

Ioltick,

rane ee

Hooker, Mrs, te Cane 253, 255

Hopkins, ardner 92, 213, 244

Hormacche, Estenio 244

Horticultural aes (American Society for) 1

oe tee

Houstonia

ngerford, O. W. 10 Wunnemannia fumariacfolia Hurricane ites to Ties in

New y (Allyn R. Jen-

nit es) ty .

Hydrangea macrophylla 231 Hylocereus undatus 109, 111

Iboza riparia 28 Ickes, Harold T.. 51 0

le, - (rw isa ea of he eee 247 Indigofera pascuorum 37

Information Te Sup, 15 nsect Manual 268 Eaeratona Come ess for Micro- iolo, ie

ee aa nae Show 52, 89,

be 68 cristata re 188 verna

Tris Plar ngs Sup. 3, 8

176 Horticultural Society 148

Jacoby, Paul H 112

Japanese Algae

Japanese Art of ee Flow- ihe. Home (Ervin 5.

n Jesup, Morris K. 2

os K. Small Louisiana State

Tris Study Field 2

Jonstens Edith F.

Jones, L. a 244

Journal 14

Jussiaca ae

Just, Theodor 100, ae 261, 267

Kakka ene ae i 224

Kalmia latifolia 89, ue Karting, J. S. 9 44 Kavanagh, F. W. Sup. 21 Kavanagh, Virgene Current Literature at a Glance 26, 51, 75, 100, 122, 170, 192, 218, 242, 268, 290 Mrs. Alfred G. (rvw) 216 . ry, Father 12 Fr

at the Botanical Garden

130-134 Kellogg, Royal S. (rvw) 147 Kelsey, Harlan . oo 163 Kennedy, John

King, Mrs. Francis 116, 151 Kinney, Mrs. Warren 52 171

Kobs,

Kojan, Selma 171 Korea (Paintings of) 27 Koster, P. M. 213, 292 Kramer, mald Krogslund, William 119 Krubi '» 220

Krukoff, Baris A. 171, Sup. 17 Kunkel, L. O. 1

Labeling Labels ‘coi, 191 Labor: eae . 244 oe, us ‘(epecies) lll s 210

2 BR 2

Hart

as 190 Laws for plant exchange 51 £ heats “Regi (H. W.

is Ledingham, Sir John C. G. 244

lanting Methods e Na tive Garden 182-189

ia

cardinalis 183, 187, Sup. 16 Erinus 69 syphilitica a See 16 butari

aad Wilasi 111 ord & Burnham

ae IF

297

Louisiana Iris Conservation So- ciety 265 Lupton, George 148

MacCartney, Fraser 148, Sup. 15 MacDougal, D. T. 5, 9

eas of Root Systems of rees 45-46 re oe 90, 278- an

Hl,

Mackenzie, Kenneth K. Sup. ac ie, M. er 7,8

im ere 187 Main Conservatories 253 ee of a Flower Master (Er- nS. Ferry) 221-228 Malvvie ee ftorus 28

millar’

sci Sup Ip. of the nee Central 17

Mauritia flexu 5 Mayaca rare

eae L. McFarlai

eee Cc. McG

vw) 194 McKenna, J. 17, 124, (rvw) i, 212, aes. (rvw) 290, Sup. 3, Foamenss of Rose-Grow- 129 Mekenmy, sear 124 MeKen:

Deal ing inn on orm Damage in Central paae 43-45 ae ae Be rk, E.

‘der to E, D. ey 19 : R. Ls Mo: aa 266 A. B. Stout 144 Mode plants 176

Melastomataccae aoe 17 Melville, Charles 1

sl ns mbership Souk Sup. sti rrill, E. ertensia virginica 187 eae species 111 Metzner, a rvw) 145

Mexi Plant Novelties from) a oe

Meyer, Karl F. 244

becaie prasix

ter op Merida Congress in New 92,

nics static 51

Midwestern Flora 219

Mildew (Rose) 136, Sup. 8 Miller, Mrs, aa ell 171

Mills, D, O.

Mimusops lta Schomburgkii 36 Mina Jobata

irabilis J; Mississippi Plants $1 itchella repens 186 Modern of Ancient He:

ths Industry rane Home (Rosetta E Clarkson) 245- ee Baia H. N. (rv prt ew). 195, a 8, Sup.

15, i ot ooh in Ancient Egypt 2 Ge plant cles) a . Gilber

, A. de la 91, ee Montgomery, Robert H. 253, 255, , Sup. 5 Seed. Marcel G. 191 Montrichardia ea 13

urray, E.G. D. oe Murray, William 12 XN and re Sup. tf

ing ushroom Poisoning 236 aioe ee Mycologia 26, Mycological ae 267

Myrcia sylvatica 38

Myxomycetes 124, 213, 243, Sup. 9

Naj ageire 78, 80,

N ational pees of Sciences 148 National Parks 100 National Shade Tree Conference es est ee e Pla x Gardens 182 Norra ae 268 , Ernst 171, (rvw) 263, 267 sea 11 isis he hee Sup. 19 Nellis, ce 11 Nelso

1 S Eropestion Method for = oa Rhododendrons (Henry Skinner) 83-89 New South Wales (Conservation) 1

otanical itis (An- nual Reports) Supplement Sup. 7

an sylve: resins ek eae fg North American

Nymphaea species ae

Ober! aa Ch.

Opuntia ees 220, ve 17 220.

Orch ae 266 sae

ja, T. 12 jones S. 244

298

Osmunda cinnamomea 188 Clay’ a 188

rega

Ottend are Oswald 2 Our Botanical Garden Sup. 47 Outdoor Flower Desviazs @ at the

Caries ae mel

(pho hs) 40~ Oanioue “Gardening (ous 286 Oystershell Scale

Pachyrhizus species 107 Park Conference 219

255, Sup. 2 Passiflora securiclata 36 Paxton, le eph 269 Pearl Bi Unveils Bronze Tablet

Dedicated to L. C. Gages 149 Peckham, Ethel Anson 213 Sup. 21

Exhibitors at 29-31

wer E , Charles 119

Pecora, Nicholas 94, 292

Pe i Greggii 111

Pe 4 m (rvw) 145

(rvw) 98, 213,

ae Ralph a 191, (rvw) 237

iper 18

Piptadenia nee 35

Piqueria trinervia 28

nu nda 38

Plant Collecting in ne Guiana A.C. Smith) 10-21, 35-39

Plant Pea ons Displays

Sup.

Plant ee s Plant Yor aloey one 212 ae ee Mexico (T.

itcairnia

a

tudie: 17 tiie ty Planting Methods for the oO Ae (Rohert S$

"Ditton to Garden Members

Plaque (to L. C. Bobhink) 116, 173 Plum abage indica coccinea 28 Poinsettias in aie House (T. H. Everett) 2. bss for ee at Flower s (Ethel Anson S. Peck- h ny 31 Poison I y Destiuction. ot) 218 toate ‘ava be 186 Polygon: Polypores ere Poplars anes Sup. 16 ee Porterfield, ee 7: (rvw) 240 Gane Ginger 208-211 Yam-Bean as a ne of Food in China Potassium one 268 Pratt, Mrs. Harold I. 52, 102 Primula vulgaris 75 Princeton Nurseries 265 Pring, George H. Water Jilies—Their Culture and Propagation 103 Professional a Sup ical shrabs y ss (Joh

oF 23

Propae ation of 83-89, 291 sPrototrichia metallica 213

Rhododendrons

Pteridium ‘aractindidelany 38 bee tions

e Garden ae 13

e Staff Sup.

Quamoclit . lobata 2. Questions the Month 22, 46

o Broadcasts 1

faa ate Club hs 242 See in, W. H. 9

Raup, Lucy C. and Hugh M. a eating oe Tree (A

Stout) 2

ed -dwaod ee .

Reed, George M. 9: Research Sup. 16 Rex, E. G. 9 Rhododendro

care imine

Fini vt oo: 188

dec

jay um tevin a8

maximum 88 minus fe ponti Rlododendons ce 89, 265, 291 Rice, he L. Ricket ea 212, 267 tate Vie toria Regia 269-274 Ri T. M. 92, 244 oe William J. 5, 8, 27, 45, 76, 92, 94, 102, 116, 121, 148, a ma 244, 255, 292, Sup. 17. Reviews 72 96, 98, 145, 195,

Roche’ ie

Rock eee uses Memo- rial) Sup. 5

Rock Garden Week 123

Rock Gardens 268

Rockefeller, yo hn D.

Rockefeller, William

Rosa alba, alpina, Here dam-

cena, gallica, 130; Hugonis ta, multiflora 135, pendulina, _, Sempervi

102, 116, 149

Rose Garden Sup. 3, 8

Roses 125-144

ts 125-129, 191 sease and Pest Control

i 6-144

teworthy Varieties 129

‘Id-Fashioned 130-134

Roses (Pearl S. anna na 175

Rusby, H. H. 2, Sup.

Salvia farinacea 69 lendens 69 Salvinia cette

13 Samson, Donald 93, 119, 266 and Culture of Plots 123

Saxiflora

Saxif. cortusaefolia 75 virginiensis

etho mm, cine Cc. 2 Schlin, 116, 150 Schnee, i Idegard eal ous Begonia Species Na- e to the irae 274-278 ie 171,

299

ae Robert and Richard 37

0, 12, 13, 17,

: fer, William H. 243 Schreiner, E. J. 267, 292 Schwarten, Mrs. L. D. Sup, 12

cience Course 212. 266, 286 Scientific Directors 33 Scilla sinensis 75

ee VDelphinii Sup. & Mrs. wee Tloyt 52, 123 uae Seabury, Mrs. nae 89 Seaver, F. 27, 76, a 240, 244, 292, Sup. 1 oo Recent Mushroom as _ 237 Seed Exchange Sup. Selaginella 35 S.

Sharp J. 171, (rvw) 288 Shortia sll a Simpson, Robert

Skinner, H. ie ae 268 _ Provan Method for

en

97, 100, 171, 220, (rv w) 289, 292, Sup. 9-23 Plant Collecting ia Iritish Guiana 10-21, 35-39 Smith, Elmer D. (rvw) 263, 267 Smith, eas Hi. 124 Smith, Sir and Lady William

Wrig : Snedigar, er 38 e Suggestions = the Control

s (B. Dodge)

South Aan Plants Sup. 6 290

Tks, Spear, Philip ecial E

Sprague, oe w) 147 ely iva 190, 191 (rvw)

ete ene, a

Sterns, E. ae room Boks “nH9- 452

Pee Tree ne ies bre ew Daylilies 32-34 i mana or Pendulous Heim- locks -166

What mu a ie 46 a Nathan 20. ng, Ma ae Prentice eon G.) 124, 148 Cacti in the Northeast 109-115 Strychnos oo oe oxifera 1 Stud lent ence 148, 172, 243, 266

(Mrs.

Graduation 118

Studies of Root Sys of Trees (D. MacDougal) 45-46

Sturdier, Healthier Trees the Aim of Eastern Conference at Botanical Garde ure Woodw: oe 7

Sturgis, W.

Se Mrs ‘Sth Hf, 52

Sw: a i 114, 119, I

Sw. hn 165, 235

Swale, 244

Swift, How; Ww. 7 ae oe Ceapeeie: a

Is 68-71

nual Systematic Botany (Course) 212, 286

Tachia guianensis 20

Tagetes 69

Tansey, a Me fw) 216

Tate, G.

Tea (savior, aunt

Teach Be of ny nes on )2

mie eyanocrocus 26 Te Laan cine: ae Terry, Mr ae ranklin P, Terry Hola len muerte ae fears

, Emma E. (rvw) 287 ee paleanncnt 189 Pieinaes ‘us bicolor ae hei mas, William S,

Re a 1 ae Garden

New Daylilies (A. B.

out) 32-34 Thunbergia grandiflora 230, 231 Tiarella cordifolia 187 Tiffany and Co. an Tillingh. Titus, Regin: ae (Early enia Bee eri rrey ee aa 1, 291

ast, Helen M, 292 ald 7: en 168 » 2

adesca: 286 Treasurer's Report for 1938 Sup. 24 Tree-planting 266 rees Conference Damage 5-8, Disease-resistant For Highways Streets 6 Pests of Root Systems of 45 Trillium erectum, grandiflorum,

nivale, stylosum 187 Tropical Agriculture (Seventh In- ternational Congress) $1 Tropical Flower Garden Opened with Ceremony and Tea in Con- servatory 253-256 Tropical Rain-Forest Sup. 41 Tsuga canadensis 23

i Hobby ( ohn wv. ay

7-200 raberom Begonia Species Native the Americas (Hildegard 74-278

Begonia Names Clarified T. H. Everett) 256-258

Ulmus pumila 6 Utricularia mixta 16

Vacciniaceae Sup. v7

Vaccinium Vitis-idae

Van Brunt, Elna Renisen i Van Fleet,

“ “Heninge, A C. 156,

58,

es “Mette, P. J. 75, 292

rigida 69 Verbenaceae Sup. 17

300

Veronica spicata rosea 117 ictoria regia, 13, 269-274

agen, Victor

Vouberg, Pr D. 159

Wallflowers 123

Walsh, John 189

Walther, Eric 243

Ward, F. Kingdon 189, 258

Waterbury, Elizabeth 171

Wate: ae (at the Garden) 101, Su

Waters thei Culture and Propagation (G. H. Pring)

John Pane 3 ical Shrubs hy Leaf-Bud Cuttings 229-233 Watts, John 148 Tuberous Begonia Hybrids Gardening Hobby 197-200 Wax Emulsions for Vegetables 291 ee Mrs. W. EL.

ceping Fiemlocks oad Their

61, 163 Weeping or Pendulous Hemlocks . B. Stout) ee on

aes F.D

Weigel, - A. ee

Weikert, Rosalie Sup.

ae ey M. 8, a on 71 Vest Day Camp

Re st Tropical ‘Afrion at of) 5

7 Westcott, Cynthia 152 We:

V

J and oct a ee et Mexico

W al ae (Publications on) » 219, 242, 290 ne of Atlantic Coast Salt Marshes 268 Williams, R. S. 148, Sup. 10 Vi

Wilson, rl 267

Wilson, Perey 23, Sup. 10, 17

Wittrock, G. L. 213, Ca) 215, Sup. 10, 23

Wodehouse, R. P.

. Sup. 7 ee 50, 8, 99, 1. 170, 196, 241, 261, 254, 289, 291 up, 14 ees Healthier Trees the Aim pee ence t Bo stanica [ “Gar World's Fair 101, 105, a Progress Administration 14, 15, ht, John L. - right, Richardson te Wright, Wilbur 93, 119, 243

Xyris 16

a oe of ua 35, an ce of ae “China ow. an Porterfield)

Jen se

io 95 nee ‘rote and Mrs. Clar-

Zimmerman, P. W. Zine ee a Zinni

BOOK REVIEWS

Abbott, Daisy T. Garden 242

er eae

Northern

pane ee 0

ald. More Green Fingers oe Ashby, Eric; ; elen; Richter, are and

acker, C. dias oO.

Barner, Johannes, and other:

German - English Botanical Terminology 196

Beals, SH ree American Earth 262

Bissland, James H., and others. Rock Garden 196

Blackburn, Ben. Your Garden This Week 218

Bottomley, M. - Art of Home Landscape 9

Bower, F. O. Sixty Years of Botany in Britain 74

L; reise for the

Bush- Dee a and James.

Cc. C

w Nursery List 264

scent ee Charles. ie in Metabolism in the Plan

os Coleman, Mary ise. Bees in the Garden oe Honey in

e Larder 99

Gee Gilbeart H. Commer- cial Fertilizers 194

Comstock, Anna Botsford. Handbook of Nature cae 169

Connors, C. H. & Tiedjens, V.

A. co Gardening for the Amateur 289

Conway, J. Gregory, and mee Elinor Wallace. Flow East-West 49

Cornell, Ralph D. Conspicuous California Plants 169

Correvon, Henry. Flore Alpine 261

Crane, M. B. & Lawrence, W. a Pa Or Genetics of (Gard Plants 262

Cross, Ruth. Eden on a Coun- try Hill 241

Cumming, Alex. Hardy Chrys- anthemums

Davies, Thomas, J. Common Pet Grasses = Legume:

Dawson, c. ne n, MLV.

Plan iy es Dr Degener, Otto. lora Hawaii- sis 50 A Year in oe Mary Cable. What to ata Herhs 121 4 M. V. & D. es Cc. D. Plant ann Dunn, L. C. & Sinnott, oer W. Principles of Genetics 122 Du Puy, William Atherton. Nation's Forests 168

301

Eliot, Willard Ayers. Fores’ Trees of the uenea — 7 Ex rae EE.&M |, P.H. halla in ae sia 288 er en World Was My Garden Farrington, Gardene:

To Persia

wart, Botanic Gar- World 21

ae Ole, & Rogers, Charles Chemistry of Plant Con- stituents 145 Grey, ee les Hervey

afson, A. F. Fertilizers 239 te ee Robert. Diatoma- E. Cacti for

r 95 ate Se for the

Haupt, eee . tion to Botany 167

Tntroduac-

E. ‘Sthictize af Economic ae 215, 268 Hiatt, Elinor Wallace. & Con- way, J. ce egory. Flowers t- West 49 he ied M, & bins, Wilfred W. ee of eek Botany 287 Hubbard, Henry Vincent & No- len, John, Ee ys and

and Values 193 Rees Clarence J. World of Plant Life 260 Hyll, Thomas, First Garden Book 170 James, Harlean. Romance of th National Parks 195

e

= ae oe F. & McKenny. X Book of Wild ale cc

ones, ntroduction to Floral ae

Junk, W. Scie: pe Naturalis Bibliographia

Kains, M. G. ie tures in one for Boys and Girls

ee M. G. & McQuesten, L. M. Propagation of Plants 25 King, Eleanor & Pessels, Well-

rden Creatures 170 t Allies 99

Kobe, Elsbeth & Wolff, Wal- Adventures with Liv- ngs 145

La a H. Evergreens 240

Sagas of the

Latimer, Julia A. Garden Gate 25 Laurie, Alex & Poesch, G. H. Commercial Flower Forcing 216, pie Lawrence, W. J. C. Practical Plant oe 75 oes Ww. C. & Crane, B. enetics of Garden

Inside My

er E. and Shull, Experiments in lant Physiology 195

Lucas, Jannette Ma Vhe: Did Your Garden Grow? 290

MacDonald, Norm 1 Hunters

Madison, Haro'd L. Wild

Maximov, Nicolai A. Plant rsiol ea 96

Maxwell. P. H. & E: fol cialis in the oe as

McKenny, Margaret & John- ston, Edith F. - Book of ild Flowers 19:

McLean, Olive eae Flowers Hawaii 73

McQuesten, L. M Kains,

q. pagution of Plan 5

Mercer, (Editor) Garden

Miller, E. C. lant Physiol- ogy 72 Morse, H. K. Gardening in

1 mscher, Walter Conrad. Plants of

Uni States 73 Nolen, John & Hubbard, Henry Vincent. Parkways and Land

Values 1

Ortloff, H. Stuart & Raymore,

Hane . Garden Planning ding 238

ead ae ae rset 196

Perry, Frances. Gar. dening 237

Pessels, Wellmer & King, Eleanor

Garden Lo 170 Insect "allies ee, Ehrenfri a Bio-Dy- ae Farming and Garden- ng 9

ore a & Sansome, F. W. Recent Advances in Plant Genetics 218

Pickwell, Gayle. Desert. 1

Poesch, G. H. & Laurie, Alex. Co mmereial Flower Forcing 216

pean: O. & Backer, C. A.

Ortloff, . Stuart. Garden Planning and Building

302

Reynolds, G. W. Succulents for 263

Richter, Harald, German - English Terminology 196

Itethins, Wilfred . ot hope: Richard M. ook of General Botan pe

Robinson, E. R (Compiler) New VPronouncing Dictionary

nes 264

and others.

and others. Botanical

storic Gar-

ents 145 Christopher. For- River 262

Sansome, F. W. &

Philip, J ecent Advances in Plant Genetics 218 Seifriz, ais Physiology of Plants 97 Shankle, pai aoe State Names, Flags, S Sones, irds, Flowers ana Other ubols 12 Shull, Charles A. and Loomis, Walter E, Experiments in Plant Physiology 195

al at

Simmons, James R. Feathers

anil Fur on the Turnpike 50

nott, cies W. & Dunn,

Cc. nciples of Genetics

late, Geo L. Lilies for Arierieatt canes 238 Sloane, Boyd L., an

id others. Succulents for the Amateur 63

ae Rosalie & Todd, Ann. A Key to New York 99

the Amateur

Small, John Kunkel. Ferns of the Southeastern States 48 Smith, Gilbert M. Cryptogamic Botany (Volume I--A

Cryptogamic Botany (Volume Bere’ i-

IIl— ytes and Pteri.

dophytes. 7

Stearn, Waom ees Epi- medium ancouveria 218

Stevens, Stanford. Plants of Sun and Sand 264 Taylor, Norman oo Garden Dictionar

Thomas, J. O. & Davies, L. J.

common ee Cae and

LoD @

Tiedjens,

* Hf

ee Ch any fence

fo or the Amateur 289 Toumey, Jam: ee & Korstian, vlarene F. undations of in Eco-

‘ yatt. Wonder

ans and Plant Wonders

Walia: Robert P. Marihuana 289

Watts, R, L. & Watts, aa 2 ne ee ness

Wel ne oun Noyes, 196

White, Alain, and others. Suc ee for the Amateur 263

Wilder, Louise Beebe. Gard: ey Color 289

Wolf, Walter H. & Eisbeth. Living Thin,

ee D

Herbs

Kroeber, Adventure with 45

neh Scre an onthe Heber W. of Pharmaceutical aa 75

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS

I, ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1940: Henry ve Forest BaLpwin ee president), CHILDS aa yw R, Jennines, Henry Locxuart, Jr. D, T. MacDoucaL, Mrs, Har - n

Until 1941: E. C. Aucuter, MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs. Eon Hunrtincton Hooker, Jonn L, Merrie (Vice. president), Cov. Rosert H. MontTcoMeEry, H. Hosart Ponies: and A, cY SAUNDERS.

Until 1942: ArtHuR M. pence (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry tae Montacne (Secretary and Assistani Tr easurer), and Wittram J. Roe

Il. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS fom H. LaGuarpia, Mayor ah the City of New York. ome Moses, Park Commissione: Ss MARSHALL, President of the Board of Education. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS Tracy E. Hazen, Ga aoeda by the Torrey Botanical Club.

R. A. Harper, Sam F TRELEASE, EpmMuND W. SINNOTT, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by Columbia Universit ity.

GARDEN STAFF

WittiamM J. Rossins, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director H. A. GLeason, tes Dear cheney, Assistant Director and Head Curator aa DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director A. B. Stout, rh Dintcls sie orks Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D, Curaior ERNARD Q. Dopcr, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist ae ieee BARNHART, Ay Ma oM. Dig ccc teeta wer ta ins Bibliographer IT. W. Rickert, Pu. D. Assistant Bibliographer LBERT e Sina. Pu. D. Associate Curator AROLD N. MoLpENKE, Pu eer Associate Curator LIzABETH C, Hatt, A. B., B. Librarian . H. Russy, M. Di cokes rae, Curator of the Economic ae ns LEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Pho Aacitedl ERCY WILSON Research. pt

OBERT S. WILLIAMS are: ssociate in Bryolo, se . J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and paalbed ie ae Local "Herbarium

. H. Camp, Pu. D. ssistant Curator LYDE CHANDLER, M. ae a ‘Assistan! LIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant 'REDERICK VANAGH, M.A. Technical Assistant ARoL H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Faas we D. Hort. Horticulturist . L. Wrrrrs A. Custodian of the Herbarium To Dec: “ML se = uallaborator in Howaiin Botany Ropert HAGEL ere IN ary Curator of mycetes E eat ANSON = pg aa - Honorary Pe "Tite and Naretasu “Collection ARTHUR J. Cor Superintendent of ie ildings Grounds A. C PEANTER | Assistant Su ee rintendent

pie CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK sahisaic rai GARDEN

the ne of N ww York in 1891. The et of Incorporation Aen oe other things, for

a eelepermereation body of incorporators, who meet anvally to elect members of the Board of

Managers. They also elect new members of thei n body, the present roster of which i below

The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women who are elected by the Board. B custom, they are also zlecieal to the Comoration. Officer He are: Mrs. Elon Huntington Hooker, Chairman; Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff, First Vice-chai Mrs. William A. Lockwood, Second Vice-chairman; Mrs. Nelson B. Williams, “Recording “Secretaty “Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Cor- responding Secretary; and Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treasurer

Arthur M. Anderson Harry Harkness Flagler B. Y. Morrison hur M. Anderson Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. Augustus G. Paine George Arents, Jr. Childs Frick Mrs. James R. Parsons Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Rufus L. Patterson Vincent Astor r. H. A. Glea Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham C. Auchter Mrs. Frederick A. ene: Mrs. George W. Perkins Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. George McM. Godley Howard Phipps Mrs. Robert Bacon Murry Guggenheim James R. Pi Pr i Edward S. Harkness H bart Porter Steph Prof. R. A. Harper Mrs. Harold I Henry de Forest Baldwin Prof. Tracy E. Hazen He C. Putnam Sherman Baldwin A. Heckscher Stanley yer r mes Barne Mrs. William F. Hencken Johnston L. Redmond Mrs. William Felton Barrett Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Ogden Mills Reid Prof. Charles P. Berkey Capt. Henry B. Heylman Dr. William a Robbins George Blumenthal Mrs. Christian R. Holmes rof. H. Prof. Marston T. Bogert Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mrs. Herbert L. Satterlee Prof. William J. Bonisteel Mrs. Clement Houghton John M. Schiff George P. Archer M. Huntington Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey Pierre Jay Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott Mr: eae Bulkley Allyn R. Jenni Mrs Scribner Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Mrs. Walter Jenni rs. Townsend Scudd Prof. Gary . F. Leonard in Mrs. Samuel Seabu: M rew Carnegie rs. Warren Kinney Prof. Edmund W. il Miss Mabel C! Clarence Mc wis Mrs. Samuel Sloan Miss E. Mabel Clark Henry Lockhart, Jr. James Speyer W. R. Coe rs. William A. Lockwood Col. J. E. Spingarn Richard C. Colt Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. Charles H. Stout Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Mrs. David Ives Nathan Straus, Alfred J. Crane Mrs. H. Edward Manville ron G. Strong Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise Parker McCollester Mrs. Arthur H. Sulzberger Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise Mrs. John R. McGinley Joseph wan Edward C. Delafield Dr. erril Dr. William S. Thomas Mrs B. de Long John L. Merrill f F ease Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow ec Miller, Jr. Mrs. Harold McL. Turner NulisneDepmen Mr: well Miller, Jr. Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky Mrs. Charles D. Dickey. George M. Allen Wardwell Mrs. John W. Draper IR pe ma NC Ree Wells ; Mrs. Gilbert Montague rs. Nelson B. Williams Bacco ee Col. Robert H. Montgomery Bronson Winthro) Marshall Field BarringeoniNtcy Grenvillen 1 Wino William B. O. Field Mrs. William H. Moore John Mrs. Robert H. Fife J. Pierpont Morgan Mrs. wie H. Woodin Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Dr. Robert T. Morris Richardson Wright

) Vou. XL SUPPLEMENT May 19389 JOURNAL

of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Published monthly by The New York Botanical ee Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in w Yor! +, as second-class matter nnual subscription $1.00 ‘ ar copies 10 cents F

ree to members of the Garden

JOURNAL o

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Vor. XL SUPPLEMENT May 1939

REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR FOR 1938

HE activities of The New York Botanical Garden are so diverse that it o review within ee limits and yet with ace

detail ‘the accomplishments of the pas' Many subjects which be discussed in a report of this ae fae been omitted and — pre-

orm. uring the past year distinct advance has been made in certain features of the material aspects of the Garden

Buildings and Grounds

Under the supervision of Mr. A. J. Corbett, Huey and Mr. . Pfander, Assistant Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds, many improvements have been initiated or completed. he reconstruction of the main conservatory at a total cost of appro:

of some ae 4 the terra cotta. The repair of the cornice will cost approxi- — $50.

ork on ae ng the comfort stations for men and women in the ee of the Museum and Administration Building was begun Septem-

1

2 YO OUT ANIC,

2

er 19th. These rest rooms have received little attention since the con- struction of the building some 40 years ago, and the rehabilitation now under adly needed. The expense of these repairs will approximate

A laboratory for investigation of the importance and function of growth b

f Rockefeller Foundation.

The lecture room in the Administration and Museum Building was improved by a minor change in the lighting system, ae cl ing of floor runners to deaden noise, and the purchase of a new scre

I ordance with an agreement between the Garden and the City an exchange ies been fer whereby the Garden turns over to the Park 120 acre

use as plivercunds and for general recreational purposes. In addition manure pits, a propagating house, cold frames, and other structures on this ill be the Ga: The ini

0 1 of hich ar proceeding through the interest and cope anon of the Park Department and under its supervision, will be o t for the future develop- ment of the Garden. year or more will be necessary for the completion of this program, and much work will be placed on the Garden staff and con- siderable expense a in installation and changes of planting required under the new condition

In addition many minor items involved in maintenance of buildings and grounds were completed during the past year. These include enlarging the steam trench in the basement of the Museum and Administration Buildin Mov: i i $i i

ange, P ventilators and glass in the propagating houses, repairs to drinking foun- tains, and the installation of water pipe to the dahlia border, installation

3

of cies in the old iris garden, id the main sewer at Power House 1, and many other similar items. Som ,000 linear feet of 10-foot paths were eee during the year, the ey being done by the Works Progress Administration.

Living Plant Collections and Displays

Under the direction of Horticulturist T. H. Everett and with the able assistance of P. J. McKenna and others the living plant collections and displays have been extended and improved.

utdoor Plantings. aie somewhat unfavorable climatic conditions during the early part of the season and excessive heat du uring August, the outdoor flower displays have om uniformly good. mer displays of annuals and ae involved the use of 34,350 SiGe set out from pots and flats in addition to many items sown in situ. In preparation for a 1939 seu foe 2,500 sae bulbs have been

planted in the Conservatory Court and 7,600 biennial raisi is Garden made a parti ee fine display in May a early June. This garden was enlarged during the the accion of 600 plants of

nts 220 plants of Siberian Iris in 40 varieties, 800 bulbous Iris in all varieties, d 150 plants representing 15 natural species. installation of land drains in the Rose Garden mater: ae reduced g. t winter

winter killi 11, less than 100 plants were lost las erthe- less, in orde improve the plantings and to maintain as of e is as possible 862 plants in 173 varieties were re i r

kind of rose in the United Sta Following the elimination a the old Dahlia Borders incident to the alienation of land to the City, new borders were established near the Iris d

ssure ms number 1,200 piants were raised, 700 of these from ane ing the spring 2,700 plants of 66 varieties of Hardy Asters were p ae ed and set out from pots to form a border which created a goo display during late September.

“unploL JONUNIOT YO X MINT 34], f4sty q q f , ?

5

The display of Hardy Chrysanthemums during 1938 was the best o recent years and attracted much favorable comment. Some 3,500 ate were used in the SH eee Border.

viso

1 included the setting out of more than 1,300 as propagated at the Gar de and 450 received from other sources as well as the planting 5,000 bulbs of Seilla, Chionodoxa, Galanthus, Crocus, Patligna, aie G

Nearly 2,000 Cams were propagated and planted near the Fordham Hospital Entrance

The Perennial Borie at the west end of Conservatory Range 1 has been maintained as usual.

The Hardy and Tropical Waterlilies provided satisfactory summer

e past several years the Narcissus plantings have been m eracually: it sui

742 plants were transferred to a new nursery and 4,683 plants were set out in the nursery from beds and frames.

A considerable extension of th he Arboretum is desirable. A beginning has been made, and the preparation of a planting plan is receiving attention.

6

The new accessions to our permanent plant collections pas the year numbered 1,945. Labeling receives constant attention, but vandalism makes it difficult to maintain signs and labels in many parts of ee re In ad dition to many thousands of small record labels 2,550 show labels were

eds totaling 4,819 packets were distributed to 282 botanical gardens

hout the world and to 38 private individuals. From the exchange lists of others 359 packets were requested and received. eds have been collected and a 1938-39 seed list of 489 items has been

Indoor Plantings. Reference has already been made to the plantings in the reconstructed Conservatory. So far as practicable, it is planned t

eliminate the growing of specimens in individual po $s and instead o plant them in ground beds in a naturalistic fashion. This arrangement does not detract from the scientific aspects e collections, ae them more pleasin: d provides better cultural conditions. he continuous flower show initiated in 1932 but atte during the reconstructi f the conservatory has been reinstituted because of the T

terial. Range 2 is largely devoted to the production of ainaee plants for

ry Ra 1 and outdoor ai he Begonia Collection, the Sou th African arte material and some large temperate-house woody mate

: 8

Plant Diseases

Under the able nea of the saclay Dr. B. O. Dodge, .N

ed Jast year. treated with lead arsenate using 10 pounds per 1,000 square feet. he repellent, aluminum sulfate and hydrated lime, was used with good results.

apok Cazaa

8

Treatment of the Iris plantings with lead arsenate two years ago has largely eliminated soft rot and removal of diseased plants and sterilizing the soil with Semesan has controlled the rhizome rot caused by Sclerotium Delphinii.

Black spot and mildew were more serious in the Rose Garden than at any time in the past ten years, probably because of ad rainy weather which prevailed during a good part of the season. Nev ane the roses were maintained in good condition by constant ean

Chinch bugs appeared in several spots in the Garden and were con- trolled by one per cent nicotine tobacco-dust, using fifty pounds per thousand square feet.

Herbarium

erbarium is in effect a panes pie, of correctly identified plants sible A

ee! in convenient and acce A suitably organized her- bari which is sufficiently meet a serves com nt botanists as a means of identifying unknown specimens qui and accurat t

ddi is the b for research in the taxonomy, distribution, evolution, variation, and e ca. the chemical comp: an her proper- ties of plants. The herbarium of The New k Botanical Garden serves in all these ways, and the more complete it is and the more efficiently and

conveniently organized it is the more satisfactory it becomes as a source of information and as a research tool. The herbarium of The New York Botanical Garden is the largest under

y r a total of 1,933, 506. It contains one of the three major collections of

n e groups of the fungi. 0 accurate statement can be made of the monetary value of such a herbarium, since much of its contents could not be replaced. To develop a herbarium of similar size and representing the same regions would probably cost five hundred thousand dollars. To apply the same critical study to such plants as has been applied to the present herbarium and to make the s sai available in printed form would easily require a million dollars mo

Extraordi ie seited funds make it impossible for the herbarium to develop equally in all its branches or to secure material from all parts of the

9

world. While desirable material from every region is added as opportunity offers and funds are available, it is frequently necessary to limit the scope of its collections and the activities of its staff. Among the numerous additions during the past year, which represent all six continents and all parts of the Americas, certain collections enumerated are especially noteworthy. he collections of Dr. A. C. Smith in southern British Guiana, 1,583 sheets, most of which were from regions never before visited by a botanist. The collections of G. H. H. Tate from Mount Auyan- Tepui, Venezuela, sio:

of which only a part have as yet been acce: mountain, before ascended, is a part of the genera which includes Mount Roraima and Mo Duida. Although the collection made by Mr. as necessarily small and incomplete, it tains many species new to science or hitherto not represented in o The i herbarium of Myxomycetes. Mr. W. C. Sturgis devoted any y o the study of this vnteresing group of minute plants, and see a vealleetion of 3,200 specimens, aude many cn specimens.

The Hagelstein herbarium i Myxoimycetes presented to the Botanical Garden by Honorary Curator Robert Hagelstein. This ieaa of 4,80 i bl ial

a 3 > io] mn o Z = io} Q on a ° es ° o oP. 2 Qa fay “S oq ” is) ae} 5 ° wn a = = 8 og = 5

serve ed to ou eal aie us sahe largest and most representative collection of Myxomycetes in ca.

of the Herbarium. The utilization of the herbarium for research nd = general information to the public is unabated. Four general types of service may be distinguished. 1. General and miscellaneous information to the public. Numerous specimens, ae fragments of cultivated plants, are submitted for identifi-

2. Identification of plants for botanists and botanical institutions. Dur-

na to our permanent collections. It scarcely nee be added that a similar

10

service is given us by numerous botanical institutions, both American and foreign.

3. Use of the herbarium by visiting botanists. The botanists who have

y University of Puerto , Experiment Station of Cuba, University of Munchen, Lund ( Seedeny Gunes: rsity.

1s of her barium specimens. Herbarium material is loaned freely di

mo nging a single specimen Ir 1,822 sheets, to 63 different institutions or individuals, located in twenty-one

different states, the District of Columbia, Argentina, Brazil, Cuba, Englan

Germany, Holland, and Sweden, The herbarium is in characte of Head Curator H. A. Gleason. Curator Fred J. Seaver and assistants supervise the fungus collections; Associate Wi C. Smith, . Moldenke, and Assistant Curator W. amp, assist with the cellections of higher plants, Assistant Curator E. J. Meander is in charge of the local herbarium, Research Asso- hni

9 ne ° 4 a a aa) fo 4 3 “< oO

Rosalie Weikert has charge of the herbarium of ae a aticae, Honorary Curator Robert Hagelstein is active i e development and organization of the collection of Myxomycetes ; Collaborator ener continues his studies of Hawaiian Flora ; rock is respon-

ble for the records and supervises the sical care of the general her- barium; Miss Margare heeler continues in charge of the Mounting

oom. In addition to funds for desirable material and increased staff, the

outstanding need of the herbarium is suitable cases for filing the collections. At present nearly one quarter of the herbarium is filed in temporary paper cases which constitute a fire hazard and are not insect-proof or dust-proof.

9 9, : li i ae q umogs st PH ss fos

SEMOPHIS ‘SISTANENITLIOY

12

Library The library of The New York Botanical Garden is one of the most

U1 nd the periodicals and continuations regularly received number wel r 600.

The library of The New York Botanical Garden is not only of service to botanists and horticulturists of New York City but to professionals an all parts of t i ibra

leges, universities, botanical gardens, museums, academies, and other similar institutions are included in this group.

During the past year 14,828 catalogue cards were added to the library consisting of 4,851 typewritten cards, 4,244 cards of the Torrey Botanical Club and 5,733 ek Botee res cards. Three units of catalogue

ard files and b purchased adding 225 additional drawers.

In addition to eccee fe the library staff, ie Librarian Elizabeth e

and assistant librarian Mrs D. Schwarten, has prepared reference car files on ingen iy and he officers and addresses of various pla societies, lists s on special subjects of current interest, aided in initiat-

Chronicle (London) an prepared 36 exhibits of books a eee of importance in connection with the Saturday afternoon lec

The growth of the library ae increase in its use make readin: om epee and more eae npc aie e in the near future. Additional aa files the lighting of the library are also needed.

Museum Exhibits

No material change has been made in increase the value of these exhibits for ae exhibits in the Museum and Adminis- as peblic should be made as soon as funds ration Building. Changes designed to purpose can be found.

13

Publications

The publications of The New York Bo- tanical Garden concern chiefly taxonomy, mycology, horticulture, and popular sub-

ft ical and horticul 1 interest

In conception re a shear Gane ca 1895) and ay ue most monumental work is North A:meri- can Fl ich is planned to be om. pleted in ee ied of four or more parts each, c Se me North a I ca

jacluding.| Graal West Indie: Central oe Oe the first published part, which appeared i in 1905, eig! ee seven

rth American Flora is edt ted by

ane H. A.

for numero rma: species in culti- vatiot e 29, f Ha ing the Apocynaceae, is ae wor Dr.

Woodson, of tl e Miscour: Botanical

Garden, the aes authority on the American species. itor.

Editorial work o: other parts, deal- ing with ace and “with rasses, is in an advanced state, and their publication

y be expected in the frst hai of 1939. Haitorial pile has beg nother part dealing 2 portion a "hes Combos ite Family.

The jount of scholarly effort neces-

ry roduce an authoritative taxo- nomic study of any group of plants i

great, and the completion of such a hug work as Nor erican ee will be the a fe) Lo years to co’ That

the staff New TB

Yor

Garden is ee insufficient to produce ao alee Flora is at once obvious. of plants ao Ene ueGticn contribut Pe aioe time every taxo’ moist ta ff The New York Botanical

Garden is ean at work on American ae or is engaged 3 in research applicable

M

9 as

minent botanists

regular official duties. hey ex- in a most striking way the spirit

of cooperation which exists among the botanists of the world.

The following table shows the location and number of botanists now engaged in this work:

Nuan-

tion Taslitution ber Ps Peal and: Royal Botanic Gardens Kent, Englai —— Utrecht, iotisad Botanisch Museum

im, Sweden Royal Museum Poronty, “Canada University Puerto Rico University College of! Agriculture

Massachusetts at

Pennsylvania

Maryland District of Columbia Burcu of Plant Industry

tional Herbarium atholic Universit West Virginia niversity Ohio State University Michigan University, bei iw University in Fe a Mus seurT Wisconsin Universit: North Carolina University Missouri Missouri Botanical Garden University a State C pawyeraity Arizona Unive: Oregon Agricultural College California University (Berkeley) Universi y (Los Angeles) eland Stanford Jr., Uni- nity ona College New York Botanicat Garden 6 Institutions 37 Private Investigator 1 Number of Investigators at work, local 6 Collaborators 60 Plant Groups in preparation 61 Mycologia. Established in 1908 a Meo to the Jou urn nal of M’ lean

in- vchiel a. lume 30 for 1938 contained 707 pages and 64 signed articles. Addisonia. Established in 1916 by

oo a

suitable descriptions in popular language and any desirable notes and synonymy

14

ai brief pana of the known prop- wider distribution and leaves little doubt erties and wu: the plants illustrated. that there is a place for a larger magazine Unde the editorship oe Assistant Curator of this type. E. J. ee ander two numbers completing on Car Work h: Voium ae di in 1938. i ore paidod for publication late

nogr. tinued on the

ae ttonia. Edited by Associate Cura- of an atlas of plates on Carex by the

. Smith, Britionio is devoted to Kenneth K. Mackenzie, for many years

technical papers in plant taxonomy and a member of the Board of Managers of geography. Two ai were published The New York poate! Garden. A in 1938, the final number of Volume 2 and bequest left by ackenzie will be the first number of Volume 3. These two used to publis! h this authoritative work, numbers total 229 pages. which should appear in aes in pe quarto Journal, ‘The 39th volume of the Jour- Volumes of about 540 pages each.

nal of The New York Botanical Garden P

was completed in nie ilies aioe He special articles by pri of the “staf fo sistant Sane ard in a variety of subjects of Race and The nal is “devoted 6 popular vet horticultural interest have appe eared in

A change in style of the magazi e has published by the Garden, "others not. These resulted in greater interest in it Pe nd a are listed on pages 20 to 23.

Photogra The pana department | under the colored. In addition through the co- oper-

1,410 negatives, develo ed 2,204 negatives, tration a photographic index of the Gar- i nd d ative:

made 4,880 prints, 270 enlargements, ani len negatives and lantern slides is being 920 lantern slides, 463 of which were prepare Education

One of the purposes of The New York of public lectures were given on Saturday Botanic Garden, stated in the Act of afternoons from September until June, a Incorporation, is instruction of the people total of 37 lectures. The average attend- in the culture of plants, flowers, te ae Ae the spring session is 139 and

and trees, in botanical science and kno ioe e fall session 106. Last year the edge and in kindred subjects. Within ce ee attendance was 80. Members of limitations of its facilities and resources the staff and lecturers from the outside the Garden has carried out this purpose particiated in this from the date of its establishment under Courses in ioe ny. Three courses in 4 feed consistent ee It has been the botany were offered, ae concerned with of The New York Botanical Garden the eee a nae shrubs, flowers, * es its eee program chiefly and f Very few students registered

for adults, although freely offering its for hese courses which will probably not facilities and cooperation for the instruc- be offered another ren. gi- n

hon Sin o hee policy aaer Fee Course in Boiewie Exploration. A ff an A ere not available course of four ale on Botanical Ex- for an extensi ering the Ploration was in cooperation with entire field of educati d other agencies the American fastit ute to a special class were available and ac for younger of 12 selected high school students. ople, In accordance with this policy the Course in Rock Garden Construction. followine formal and informal Paes A course in rock garden construction con- was given during the past year under the sisting of 12 periods in July, August, and ipervision Carator f Edu September was given by M ‘an- cation and Lal oratories, Everett, der and taken by 18 ple. In addition

Horticulturist, with the ‘assistance of Car- to lectures the course included the con- ol H. Woodward and other members of — struction of miniature rock gardens.

the staff. Two-Year Science Course for Profes- Free Public Lectures. Three series sional Gardeners. Under the supervision

15

of Mr. Everett and with the cooperation of the oa staff the two- er — for

course rofessional garden continued.

Beginning in January a of 12 ectares i systematic bo Penis was taught by oldenke and a course of 12 lec: tures a ant physiology by Dr. _ Camp. The register average

In April graduation exercises held for 8 students who had Beale completed the two-year course.

In October, Dr. Gleason began a course of 12 lectures in ecology and plant geog- raphy, and Dr. ih e g oO 12 lectures in plant patho! alate students eine for each of these

r Sekt se in Practical Gar. ear course in practi ical

incding a subjects, was

the year. ate

- At

gardening dur certifica

orks Progress Administration. I addition facilities hase nina for al pr: under

tion, known as the “Wes t Da: ay Camp”.

from public schools of te boroughs of

the Bronx, ee ttan, oe oo rooklyn v: ited the Garde

instruct et | fe project.

sio supervisors of these children. G be iaimeonraol ed instructio terial were supplied also for teachers with

nat these groups.

children es included i

Other groups which have visited the Gar den aad

clubs a groups of colle; tudents ;

ege no ie numbers rele in these

staff wre the past yea:

oe ng of Professional Gardeners.

of trees and shr e registration for nce shoul e le to thie this series was 59. In oie ition, a special training of gardeners at T ork rse of 8 evening lectures was given by rt arden. A two-year training r. P. J. McKenna on “Tn troduction to course in gardening for suitably prepared Gardening”, registration 18, and one of young men was initiated seven years ago. = vanes lectures onstrations During the past year 13 student gardeners Gar rde ning cna nd 3 apprentice gardeners were enrolled Gr rounds”, registratio this pre Arrangements were Graduate Work. In Aleriaes with completed whereby a third exchange of +h ; with Colum- student garde with the Royal Botanic bia University and For Me m age Gardens, Kew, England, went into effect, graduate students in bot, take nd in June Mr. Fraser MacCartney left work at ork Bonet Garden to sp in England, and Mr under the dieection of members of our Philip A. Chandler arrived from Kew to staff. g the past year 11 gr: remain wi is u une 1939. The students were registered. In addition two transportation exp s of these exchange teachers in the high schools of New tudents we id by the National Asso- City wor ed under the a of mem- ciation of Gardeners and the English bers of the staff, and 8 s were in peaking Union of the British Empire residence oe 1938 for. one of one respectively. ; mths. Th ctivities noted Jans are being completed to effect an ee ‘constituted the organized educa- oe ieee nge with the Royal ae O- tional work of the Garden. c Garden at Edinburgh neat yea’ Information

The service of the Garden as a sou of dependable information on botanical and horticu Itural matters has continued. Saas thousand requests by mail, tele. e, and in person have been answered

during the past year. All members ne on a cone in this raveee each res

ac g to his r her special Infor. tiation onde training. Tt i is not possible to detail the information supplied in this

k of The New York Botanical Garden. Dr, Stout

fashion or to estimate its aula but

1 fragment found in the po socket of the late

€ Although no one can deny the signifi- cance of the Garden for the display of

plants, = recreation, informa ain n, and educate the maintenance of ¢ arden and its staff could not be une unless it al by rch to our ge o plants. Research activities of the Garden, which are limited only by its staff and

ene: fall into several divisions as follow.

Studies on reproduction of flo we Tin: Dr. Stow

mercial 1. Experi sisi studies to determine the Were of self and cross incom- patibility. A culture of Rosy Morn tunia an nd certain cultures of Heme rocallie are being utilize 2. iu dies. of sterilities in hybrids be- syphi-

“F. Donald Coster” » questions on plan

t: sta e Garden peculiarly fitted for Hae re aa tion.

litica. Some of the hybrids, which are of wide color range, may prove to be of horticultural v a

udies 0: less hardy grapes t New York Ag

BB!

ress has been made ping new varieties by cross pol- which show promise for

tion in develo) lination, some of commercial purpose Study in the eee eres and ‘eybrid. breeding, sterility and fertility, and the record ah evaluation of hoerticul- iival clones of the daylily. folio illus- trated with colored plates is in prepara- a Rescarch on poplars. This work ha, beh included in a compre! ehensive project tree breeding ee in a United Sue Forest Ser ith ean) in charge. “Dr, Stout i Ae serving im an advisory capacity as collaborator.

17

Studies in plant pathology and genet- monograph of the American species of the — of fungi by Dr. Dodge and assistants, utmeg family was completed by Dr. . Studies of plant diseases. Progress Smith and is an important addition to a been made on the studies of ae of taxonomic literature. Opuntia and a septoria spot disease of _, Associate Curator H. N. Mo Idenke con- Chrysanthemums. tinued his monographic studies of the we Genetics of fungi. Other demands erbenaceae and in cooperation with Mr. ave necessitated a curtailment of the : : pao ae se oe nda apd inpren te whch Te rear although some progress has been made on been , cneae ue arati of = the inheritance of lethals. manuscript for Vonk VAinericait. Flora, Studies in taxonomy Dr. A. dealing with certain genera of the Compo- Gleason and assistants. v peal ee sitae. att in this field falls into thre Assistant Curator W. H. Camp has con- gro tinued the identification of his oun collec:

tion from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico,

one of pri ae for pub- and is completing a monograph on the tion in North American Flora. Vacciniaceae.

€ completion a “Small’s “Manual _ Collaborator Otto Degener has con-

of “the ‘South Comral Hen ra” nued his exploration and stud of the

3, ‘ sele a Hawaiian flora. Book III of his “Flora

lies Be genera se ea pie Hawaiiensis or New Illustrated Flora of the gene Islands” was completed, and

The d Curator, H. A. Gleason, has progress s made on Book WV. Many Satnied studies on the ‘Melastomataceae, isolated alleys and mountains y ain partly for North American Flora, a nd a oe oe , and agy ive study of partly for ‘ora of Yucatan seems desirable before the en-

ored, ar ess or the Flora now ti course of publication by the Carnegie In- fae “plaiits a oe reduced by settle- stitution in poop taron with the Univer- ment of this sity of Michi

ichigan. He has also been en Honorary Can nator Robert Hagelstein gaged in the idequneauon of plants from has continued his studies mae coed Ms Mount Auyan-Tepui, Venezuela. Myxomycetes. Reference made Curator F. J. Se eaver has continued his where to these collection: tudi th

extra- with Dr. H. H. we etzel in a sur vey of ordinarily limited funds little progress ae fungus flora of Bermuda and with has been made on the completion of Dr. C. E. Chardon in a survey of the Small’s tas o the South Central ngi of Venezuela. Flora” Expen or exploration in the "keseciate Curator Percy Wilson con- southwest and — secretarial help are Se his work on the flora of the West ee ee this project can be pushed Indie.

As secuie Curator A. C. Smith made Studies in plant physiology by W. J. an extended trip to the coca an of Robbins and assistants. ith the in- British Guiana asa member of the - stallation of a 1 , work has been

e: Try: ta: aborator. hi

Holden Expedition. He collected ae initiated on the importance and function

sively along the boundary between British of growth substances for plants. A bio-

Guiana and Brazil, heretofore unknown logic method for determining the growth i er i Kanuku u i as been devise

botanically, and later in the Kanuk substance biotin h d d, and a Mountains, an isolated group rising above new material, vitamin Bo, has been found the ae as A southwestern British to be important for the growth of ne pe Guia He been engaged in the of ae. A grant o

een a his large collections, ceived from the Rae ‘Philosophical amounting to about 17,000 specimens. A Society to “stipport this work.

Garden Membership e total membership of the Garden is tron, 108; Garden Clubs, 20; Garden

1.180 “classified as follows: Annual, 928; Courses 62. A complete list of members Sustaining, 62; Life, Benefactor or Pa: appended.

18

ks Progress Administration

Wor . report for the year 1938 would not

omplete without ai ee ney of aecsaiee from the Works Pro, s Ad- ministration, ticularly he mena and Professional Division, etween sev- enty and si five individuals under the Women’s and ofessional Division a iven valuable assistance activi- ties w Garden would unable otherwise to support adequately. It is not sible st in detail the assistance given, t We aes i

especialy Docent "Wittrock, have been as follo

Mow unting, labeling, repairing and fil- ing “herbarium ‘collections. 2. Preparation of a bibliography of the

food cae used by the Indians. paration ee an index fT e Gar deni ners’ "Chronicle a lon). This’ maga- zine 100 volumes but no Be ee ee ate of an index and file of the negatives and lantern slides of The New York Botanical Garden. 5. Rep: et ar eeem as oks. 6. Preparation of an index of the plants of North Carolina. 7. Assistance in research work and the prepa aration of ee and manu ripts on plant dis plait breeding, the dist fication of ae the ae of growtl substances and bibliographies.

ecial Events

In addition to the usual activities of the one a number of special events may be meni on 0 7: Exhibit in the rotunda and Museum and Adminis- f ornamental algae se-

ich now

te contains "30, 000 specim . 6: Exhibit of Cees Horticul- tural Society of New York, silver medal

‘26: Graduation exercises for 8 deat eee at the Beekman Tower, Col. J. E. Spingarn, speaker.

May 5: Outdoor Tea of the Advisory Council.

May 16: Annual meeting of the Ameri- an Rock arden pore slows by a visit to the Rock Garden; 50 members of the S aa in

ny o Jun ee k Garden Week dur. i the” meee of 2,200 pads a sates in an teu por Memorial Roc

Jun ne during which most of tl he e600 rose plants were at the height is — Ji hibit of daylily seedlings, Hrtcultral a Scie ty of New York, gold nedal a’ ly 2: vk of the Lily Investigation Cnt of the ae Eo tural oak 75 people in atten ept. 14: Exhibit va a hanes ca Horticultural, cy of native

flowers and fruits; special Drize awarded, Sept. 30 Sarre: invi announcing the

in 400 d

e Biology Teachers of cience Association of New cae in attendance.

Tea rs. Jerome W. Cnc oe Garden Club members at The New Yo re Be tanical Garden.

the Gen pee -

on Fo eet ool Art League;

m and Adminis-

ene in tration Bing

Z

Exhibit of orchids in waterlo 40° ie by Jane Daven- f Harris; ial AG De ated collected by

the artist in Central Am

Dec. 8 and 9: ariel “Shag He nee. A ney. meeting otten d by 250 people to consider the hurricane ‘Ga to trees in the eas Aca ais and to suggest means of rehabilita

Dec. 10: Inspection visit of a adey ee il. o Jan, 1: Exhibit of 148 paint- ings el ‘edited flowers and rages of Korea by Mrs. Florence H. Cra:

19

Needs of the Garden During the past year strict economy has been practised because of the reduction of income from invested funds and the decrease in gifts from public-spirited benefactors. Nevertheless, the needs of the Garden are numerous and pressing, if it is to attain its full possibilities. These may be _ listed as follows: . Extensive modermzation of Museum and Administration Building. Addition of wings to the Museum and Administration Building comfort station and shelter west of the Bronx River 4. Reconstruction of the propagating range taken over frome the Park Department. 5. Development of the stables as a service building. 6. Reconstruction of snuff mill as a center for adult educ . A large temperate greenhouse near Range I for ee a comeue plant. 3 ‘Ss teel cases for the herbarium. . Modernization of museum exhibits in the Museum and Adminisira- tion Balding: 10. Additional endowment for Addis di al funds for iasee ae ication, library books, her- aroun paid scholarships or fellowships, and scientific research. 12. A pe system.

8 a = =

13. Increase in staff, which is smaller in numbers now than previously but should be oe to keep pace with the growth of the Garden and its responsibilities.

14. An area ou of New York City, which can be used for the propagation of ee a for the Garden, for testing perennial material for this region, and for long-time experiments on shrubs and trees. This area should have its own endowment.

t will doubtless be many years before all of these desiderata materialize. In the meantime, the staff of the Garden will continue to do its best with the facilities at h

In ae He) report may I express my aac - the considera-

Swan, and other members of Executive Co: e. I must acknowl- edge also the sympathetic interest and material assistance o; TS of the isory Cow nd lastly nowledge indebtedness to the members of th and other employees of T k Botanical

ye arden for their active and intelligent cooperation in the program of the rden.

20

PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 1938

Alexander, Edward Johnston (Editor : Addisonia. Bark and buds to ee) some native Sp in winter. r. N. Y. Bot. Gard. : 61-68. ee Ae Mr 1938; 80-87. hus. io JA L

ilium aaccnd a n’s Addi- sonia oe 33, 34. pl. 657. 20 Je 1938. Kunzea ambigua. Addisonia 20: 39, 60. 20 Je 8.

Eriogonum Alleni. Yellow buckwheat. Addisonia 20:43, 44, pl. 662, 20 Je

Habitat hunting in mountains of the south- ots with student pele Jour. N. Bot. Ga a : 228-233, 236-240.

illust. [26] O 1 938,

Barnhart, John Hen

° cS) = ae > 8 uae a a p

coca n Flora. Edi- New York Academy of Sciences.)

John Kunkel Smali. Science IT. 87: 129- 131. 11 F 1938.

The passing of Doctor Small. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 39:73-79. portr. [20] Ap 1938.

Taxonomic list, with citations, In SmaLL, JoHN KunxeL. Ferns of the southeastern ae oe [4 9} see

Author: cited oe Rie Sven OHN southeastern eee Nr 403 th OD oar PIRSA, os Sane es ee oe Bio

Mem 0 Me a N Bibliography. a

Index to North American ferns. 179. [8 D] “1938, Ca amp, Wendell H nee

onomic Index.) the Eric: ales III. The genus Leiophyllum. Bull. Torrey Club 65: 99-104. 1 F 1938

Chandler, Florence Clyde A C

n appre uv ion of Raymond H. Torrey. Torreya 38 :108, 109. 3 = With Haroip ae N Motp E and Jou

SIDNEY KaRING

odge, Bernard Ogilv: (Associate Editor: Taney Botanical Club. A further study of the dry-rot disease of a Mycologia 30: 82-96. f. 1-5. 1938.

Thee combined effects of ae Saree and the recessive lethals for abortion in Neurospora. Am. jour: “Bot. 25: 156-166. f. 1-7. 21 Mr 1938. (With BERNICE SEAVE

Material for demensuatin ng the essential

features of a basidiomycete. Mycologia 30:133-136. 7. 1,2. 1 Ap 1938.

Everett, Thomas Henry

Plant portrait C . Am, 42:9, 10. allust. [1] Ja 19, 73, 74. illust. [1] Mr 1938; 155, 156. <dlust. [1] Je 1938; 241, 242. illust. [1] S 8.

Planning the annual border. House & Garden 737: 48, 49, 62, 78, 79, 81. illust. “PF” [Ja] 1938.

Your indoor desert garden. Nat. Hist. 41: 93-102 lust. E 1938.

Plants from s

and from cuttings. 1938.

ine Titanenwurz bliht auf. arten~ schénheit 19:47-50. illust, F 1938. [Uebersetzt von Camillo Karl Schnei-

er.

Begonia le eae var. Gustav Lind. Gard. Chron. IIT. 103: 160, 161. f. 65. 5 Mr 1938.

N

culture 16: 180. se es Ap. Sowing san s in the open pe Gard. 17: 28-32.

eal “My” [25 Ap] 198

mums wid y used, Y Tim 7 (29324): D 7. My 1938. Lotus Berthelotii. Pelican’s beak, disonia 20:41, 42. pl. 661. 20 Je 1058. Convolvulus Cneorum. Silver-bush. Ad- disonia 20:45, 46. pl. 663. 20 Je Begonia speculata. Gard. Chron. ITI. 103: a was 180. 25 Je 1938,

way to grow a ea 87 (29401): 7 D. illust. i ¥

Begonia Poggei. Gard. Chron. III. 104: 114. f. 56 13 Au 1938. For real success with herbaceous borders.

Real Gard. 1°:66-72, “S” [25 Au] 1938.

Searching for lawn grass _ substitutes. Horticulture 16: 344. 1S 1938.

A begonia eae cleared up. Horticul- ture 16:350. 1 S$ 1938.

ee palm for the window.

‘imes 88 (29464): 9 D. illust. Ns % 1938. Building the garden soil. Real Gard. 1°: 82-86. “O” [26 S] 1938.

Dig now ete deeply — a pays dividends. N.Y. orld-Telegram 71 (78): 14.

1 Gardens of eats heaths and heathers.

Real ee ®: 78-84. illust. “D”

[25 N] 1938. Begonia semperflorens var. Calla Lily. 104: 402. f, 169.

Gard. Chron. III, 3D 1938.

Gleason, Henry

Sie editor : Phyologa, a editor : North American Flora. ciate Editor Torrey Botanical cin

Annual Teport of the ‘Acting Director for

r. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 39: 7-18. a 1938.

ot melastomes, including

new species. Bull. Torrey Club

65: “STI 580. 1 N 1938.

Hagelstein, Rober’ Myxomycete eaters Jour. N. Y. Gard. 39: 19, 20. ;

Bot.

Tor- I, 2. (=33, 34), Notes on the “Mycetozoa—II. 30: 336-353. 1 Je 1938. Hall, Elizabeth Cornelia

in garden books. kly 133:817, 818.

Mycologia Publishers’ dlust. 12 F

Books pertaining to rock gardens. Year Book Am. Rock Gard. Soc. 1938: 36- e

43. [J 1938, Soin eee for Christmas gifts. Flower wer 497-499. illust. “N” [O]

ee trips of the ae Botanical Club.] Sunday, May 15, to pg wn, Island. Torreya 38: 240

Kavanagh, aa Suse Oasis bins, William Jac

Moldenke, Harold Norman

See Rob-

et! Re- pert. Sp. Regni Veg. ee 1-48. 10 Ja 1938; 161-221. 1 F 1938.

21

res ny . the Torrey Botanical Club.] ust 29 to Washington

tik trips of the Torrey Botanical Club.]

the Green Mountains, orien

Torreya 38:11, 12.

and noteworthy tropical

Phytologia 1: 8.

the genus Aegiphila Phytologia 1: 289-304. [17] 1938. A. seventh supplement to edition 3 of H. N. Moldenke’s The observed flora chung, N. *. and its immediate 2. 13 Je 1938. [Mimeo-

oe ee 104.

se Plains, N. I Torreya 38: 104, 105. 3S 1938.

An ey of Raymond H. Torr Torreya

38:108, 109. 3 - nas (With Frouence Crype C and Jon Swney Kartine.

Life as Prorat Curator for the New York Botanical Garden. Susquehanna Alumnus II, 2*:7, 9, 13. ust. (30] S 1938.

Cultivated plants. 1938. [Mimeographed ; 100 copies.]

Studies of American Menispermaceae, with special reference to species used in preparation of arrow- ao Brit- tonia Pea cas N i (With Borts ALEx

Kru monograph on the genus Chascanum. I. Repert. Sp. Nov. Regni Veg. 45:113— ie 6 D 1938; II. ae 300-319. > 46:1-12. 31 D 1938. Pec a Ethel Anson (Steel) Against eon eradaon a ae Hor- ticulturs 130. 15 Mr 1938. Floweri are for the pet garden. . Gard. 39:101-104, 22] My 1938. sbulbs for rock gardening. Real 3-86. bee ie rial c Roane from Jour. N. ard. be 101-104].) Crocus species worth knowing. Sun 106 (20): 42. tllust.

ng

(N. Y.) 24S 1938.

22

Pfander, August Charles Rock ic construction. Gard. Chron.

Am. 78. iliust. [1] Mr 1938. . Y¥. Tim

N MN

Rock 1 (29268 G. illus) 13 Mr

Rock garden construction. YearBook Am. Rock Gard, Soc. 1938:18, 19. [Je

Robbins, William Jacob Organisms requiring vitamin Bi, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 24: 15 F 1938.

8 Mt 1938. ER

i, 24:141-145. Fi Kava-

DERICK WAL!

thiazole for Phycomyce: Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci 15 Mr re ALKER

rowth of certain fungi Bot, 25: 229-236. f. Le ee ith FREDERICK WALKER

“13 Ap 1938, Kava-

Thiamin and growth of Pythium Butleri. Science II. 87: cn 13 My 1938. [Ab- a oor ae REDERICK WALKER

wth of species of Phyto-

Than ‘and ‘grow 1936 65: 267—

. Torrey a ]

an

2a: 08 230, 5. BF 1938. (With Freperick WALKER KavA- NAGH.

Growth of excised roots Bot. Gaz. 99 : 671-728. bese ie Mar

of the tomato. f. 1-20. 15 Jl MELIA (Bal

amin B, and

the Pl. Physiol. 13: (With Paepkice

EY) SCHMIDT. Intermediates "of vita: wth of Torula.

i De

Wat Thiam Bul. "rere Club 65: 453-461.

1938. (With FrepertcK Wat.

nani a ‘oath of Pythium Butleri. f. 2 =

Koon AGH

7 “contribution of botanical ia to

munity life. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard.

30: 249. 283. [23] N 1938.

rt and plant growth.] Torreya

8:160. 17 D 1938. [Abstract.]

Rusby, Henry

A ees of fea Gard. 39:154, 155.

Jour. N. ¥. Bot. [11] Jl 1938,

Seaver, Fred Jay (Editor, Mycologia. American Flora.)

Co-editor: North

Photographs and descriptions of cup- fungi — eee A new poo Mycologia 30:79-81. 7. 1. 1 F 1938.

[Notes and brief articles.] ycologia 30: ea 109. 1F aa 243, 244. 1 Ap 1938; 334. 1 Je

Ssccleea Sree (193°). Mycologia 30: 110. 1 F 193 he acess collection of the New re ee Garden. Mycologia 30: A gigantic mushro Jour, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 39: 212, [26] S 1938. Photograp XXIX. ee aT Mycologia 30: HI = cea

“ust

Jou Pallas “B31 N 1658 Photographs and descriptions of cup-fungi —XXX. Arachnopeziza. Mycologia : 659-663. i. 1D 1938. Fungi of the human ear. Mycologia 30: 692-694, 1D 1938.

Small, ae Kun

Ferns of t ees states. 1-517. [40] 1 1938,

Smith, Albert Charles

Editor, Brittonia)

The ‘Arn merican species of Myristicaceae. Brittonia 2: 293-510, f. 19. 2 My

1938. (With Rocer PuHitie Wope- OUSE.

Myristicaceae [of Peru]. Field Mus. Publ. Bot. 13: 766-784. 31 O 1938. Sciadophyllum chartaceum. Field Mus.

Publ. Bot. 18: 1562, 1563. 30 N 1938.

Stout, Arlow Burdette

Daylilies with rosy pink coloring. Horti- See 16: 226. 15 My 1938.

The Sune behavi

a iilus ‘i [15 oe genetics of cieompaubiliies in Le orphic Ae plants. Bot. Rev. 9, 21. Je 1938.

Taglilien, scher Forschungs- Gartenachonhet 19 : 268- i ‘Ue bersetzt von TINEIDER. ) Real Gar u] 193 3. The new Boutonniere eauly. Horticul- ture 16: 380. illust. 1 O 1938. Ss and

1B.

incompatibilities

ndidum. Roy. i Year-book 7: 108-122. nee oe Wittarp Merritr Por- TERF:

Some chronicles

in grape history. I.

‘ a Bot. Gard. 39: 254-263. N_ 1938; II. 39: 274-281.

23] D 1938.

a kare eo Yeld. Herbertia

our,

Wittrock, Gustave Lud

Erythronium ireeaed eum. Sierra fawn-lily. iowa 20:37, 38. pi. 659. 20 Je

vost aula rd, Carol Hel Edi : Journal of the. New York Bo- nel Garden. Mantle of flowers on the mountainous BS hlossberg. wear Sci. Monitor 0 (33): Mag. 2 15. lest. Ja 1938. Wishbone flower. ae Gentleman 108 : 79, “F” [18 Ja] 1 Boar in horticulture. ae 25th Inter- Fl. Show 154, 155. dust. [14] T1938, [A A onmote'| ee sulphur, Fl. Exch. 90%: 36. 16 Ap 1938.

Alorco cryolite as an insecticide. FI. Exch, 90°: oe 16 Ap 1938. A wax emulsion for woody plants. Fl.

Exch, 90": 20. 30 Ap 1938.

Mecca of rock gardeners. N. Y. Times 87 (29338):7 D. illust. 22 My 1938. Two thousand rock plants. m. Nursery-

man 25, 6. illust. 1 Je 1938. Park celebrates rose week. N. Y. World- Telegram 70 (291):11. illust. 11 Je

1938.

Annual rose week at Botanical Garden.

ne Y. Times 87 (29359): D 9. illust.

e 1938.

Lily devotees on pilgrimage. Sun 105 (262) : a a “Little gardens” in fn Eur

: 28) : Mag

(N. Y.) 2 JI 1938. pe. Chris-

. Sect.

einen Model steingarten. Gartenschénheit 19: 337-. “339. 2. 1938.

DER.) New tropical and

in pares under nee 88 (29548):12 D. illust.

N. Y. Times 18 D 1938.

24

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR 1938 ARTHUR M. ANDERSON, Treasurer

EXHIBIT I BALANCE SHEET December 31, 1938 ASSETS Permanent Fund es nae Investments a or appraisal at time of acquisition (bahibit a ype stte Goce Fe cee Mae $2,559,882.24 Cash awaiting investment.............-..-+ 7,044.58 ——_—_—— $2, 566,926.82 Current and Working Assets: Cash in banks and on hand: For general purpose: . 2. $31,649.72 For special purposes .... 14,338.65

$ 45,988.37 Accounts receivable

on maintenance..............0.000 eee $22,655.55

Oo 87.11

———— 22,742.66

ed and dividends wrcveyye (Exhibit ITI) 23,493.51 aid insurance premiums, etc............ 1,458.88 —————— 93,683.42

$2,660,610.24

To THE BoarD or MANAGERS OF EW York BoTaNIcaL ee

We have made an examination of the balance sheet of The New York Botanical Gar den as ie December 1, 1938, and os the statement of sea ‘or the et = oe ing on that date. In connection ‘ therewit h, we ex: caimiited 6 sted accounti

CO! of the Garden and other pee evidence and obtained Pigeea tion and eS peaie from its officers and employee also made a general review of the accounting

TI BALANCE SHEET December 31, 1938 LIABILITIES Permanent Funds (Exhibit IV): Restricted endowment: $ 254,479.80 Unrestricted endowments, including as set aside by the Board of M: nent fun 2,291,288.20 Special Siena with life i t i t of income therefrom...............2.005- 21,158.82 $2,566 ,926.82

Current Liabilities gad Special Funds:

Curr an i 7. He able he Broce eye a Mads $ 12,956.20 Special finde “(Cexhib it V): ended income from restricted funds.. $ 4,084.68 nexpensted contributions set aside by the f Managers for specific purposes.. 10,253.97 ——— 14,338.65 Deferred income credit: in advance 1,390.92 orking fund: Balance at. December 31, 1987............ $65,000.00 De seat Bai of snresisieted expenditures income for © year ending Decem- be "31. 1938 Eetibe tT 2.35 64,997.65 —_—— ————___ 98,683.42 $2,660,610.24 ethods and of the rating and income accounts for the year, but we did not make - Geuiled audit o: he transaction:

S.

In our opinion, based upon such examination, the attached balance sheet (Exhibit I) and related statements (Exits II to V, a fairly beet the Pesticn of The New ue Botanical Garden oo ecember 31, 1938, and the result of its actions for the year ending on that dat

Price, WATERHOUSE & Co. 56 Pine Street, New York, April 17, 1939.

26

Statement of Operations ja ae Year Ending December 31, 1938 Re

Total Incom Tacone from investment of per- manent funds................ $105,706.55 $ Contributions: City maintenance............. 246,250.46 HOE os ei secesirsie vals Seatecen een 3,095.00 Membership dues: 8,570.00 lub 1,875.00 Su: oye ry sales, fees, etc 1,829.51 Subscriptions and sales of publi- 8,342.15

Total income............. $375,668.67 $

Expenses: Hor cules Salari $ 66,368.90 Plants, recede supplies, etc...... 7,692.67 ——————_ $ 74,061.57 $ Science and curating: Salaries $ 52,423.29 Specimens, supplies, research, etc 6,530.12 ————— 58,953.41 Library: Salaries $ 9,139.92 New books, periodicals, etc... .. 3,008.53 ————_ 12,148.45 Educ pene oy Salar $ 5,499.96 Tastructions, lectures, etc. ..... 2,943.49 —— 8,443.45 Publications Printing, mailing, SUC cer tataets 12,810.38 ministratio Salaries 27,051.39 Stationery, telephone, postage, etc 10,937.34 ——— 37,988.73 Care and up-keep—grounds: Salarie $ 54,918.55 Wage: Be 734.37 Supplies 4,677.16 ———— __ 86,330.08 buildings: Cage lari $ 53,412.23 Fuel Tight power, etc 26,759.68 a ———- __ 80,171.91 chases ae : 2,600.21 Totals: Salaries $268,814.24 ages 26,734.37 Other expenses... ........0.00. 77,959.58

Total expenses........... $373,508.19 $ per of income or expenses for the

$ 2,160.48 $

funds

2,162.83 $

estricte d special Unre-

stricted

9,832.23 $ 95,874.32

246,250.46

2,125.00 970.00 70.00

1875.00

402.00 1,427.51 4,542.74 3,799.41

16,901.97 $358,766.70

2,170.91 $ 71,890.66

4,369.85 54,583.56 12,148.45 900.72 7,542.73 7,102.98 5,707.40 37,988.73 194.68 86,135.40 80,171.91 2,600.21

14,739.14 $358,769.05

—2.85

27

EXHIBIT II Summary of Investments, December 31, 1938

Book value,

Accrued in-

Average vield

for year on alana terest and basis of Par value (no | Approximate | cost dividends — par value quoted value praisal at December | Quot- stocks a date of 31, 1938 ed ook book value) acquisition alue | value % % General funds: Bonds...... . $ 556,500.00 | % 562,216.40) $ 572,291.20| $ 4,632.51 | 3.82 | 3.75 Stocks: Preferred. . 99,505.00 111,376.87 103,637.50 1,162.50 | 4.69 | 5.04 Common .. 26,103.80 12,886.75 27,573.63 90.00 | 3.49 | 1.63 $ 682,108.80 | $ 686,480.02 | $ 703,502.33 | $ 5,885.01 | 3.95 | 3.86 Sage fund: Bonds. ...... $ 535,000.00 | $ 520,772.82 | $ 500,183.44 | $ 6,254.67 | 3.12 | 3,25 Stocks: Preferred. . 178,730.34 211,423.12 183,587.85 1,106.25 | 4.51 | 5.19 Common .. 75,140.00 136,180.00 107,058.04 1,885.00 | 5.64 | 7.17 $ 788,870.34 | $ 868,375.94 | $ 790,829.33 | $ 9,245.92 | 3.85 | 4.23 Special endow- ent fund: Bon: as Ee Nath $ 357,000.00 | $ 377,408.69 | $ 368,277.58 | $ 3,125.80 | 3.19 | 3.27 Stocks: Preferred. . 126,437.50 179,187.50 147,454.88 1,187.50 | 4.27 | 5.19 Common .. 10,000.00 23,400.00 36,345.16 300.00 | 5.13 | 3.30 $ 493,437.50 | $ 579,996.19 | $ 552,077.62 | $ 4,563.30 | 3.60 | 3.78 John D. Rocke- ‘a eller, Jr., nd! onds....... $ 290,000.00 | $ 327,303.44 | $ 296,845.25 | $ 2,638.87 | 3.18 | 3.51 Stocks pre ferred. .... 167,068.75 249,487.50 200,256.26 1,160.41 | 4.37 | 5.44 $ 457,068.75 | $ 576,790.94 | $ 497,101.51 | $ 3,799.28 | 3.70 | 4.29 Special trust fund: Stock—com- ON... se. $ 16,3871.45/$ 6,549.00/$ 16,371.45 $ 2,437,856.84 | $2,718,192.09 | $2,559,882.24 | $23,493.51 | 3.78 | 4.01 Recapitulation by types of securities: onds....... $1,738,500.00 | $1,787,701.35 | $1,737,597.47 | $16,651.85 | 3.36 | 3.46 Stocks: Preferred. . 571,741.59 751,474.99 634,936.49 4,566.66 | 4.43 | 5.24 Common . . 127,615.25 179,015.75 187,348.28 2,275.00 | 5.21 | 4.98 $2,437,856.84 | $2,718,192.09 | $2,559,882.24 | $23,493.51 | 3.78 | 4.01

28

Statement of Permanent Funds Showing Changes During the Year Ending December 31, 1988

Balance Additions Balance January 1, an December 31, 1938 deductions 1938 Re tricted endowments: 1d educati ...{|$ 89,115.49 $ 89,115.49 Addison Brown Fund. Baa ua mer cain eaten’ 21,149.31 21.149. 31 ohn I 35,347.63 35,347.63 Maria De Witt Jesup maa renee oon aed 25,000.00 25,000.00 livia E Phelps Stokes Fund 5,030.63 5,030.63 fharles Budd Robinson Fund 755.04 755.04 ‘he H.H Menor Fund 5,000.00 5,000.00 Alexander P. Anderson and Lydia Ander- son Research and Fellowship Fund 10,000.00 10,000.00 Students’ Research Fund 10,412.00 | $ 312.50 10,724.50 Endowment for the publication of ‘“My- cologi 5,000.00 1,000.00 6,000.00 N athaniel Lord Britton and Elizabeth Gertrude Britton Fund.............. 45,007.20 1,350.00 46,357.20

$ 251,817.30} $ 2,662.50 | $ 254,479.80

Un estricied L endowments;

ndow: Fun $ 278,809. Ba —$27,062.08 | $ 251,747.26 avid ee u 34,337.8 34,337.86 William R. Sands Fund 10,000. o0 10,000.00 arius Ogden Mills Fund : 48,099.17 ao una as } el Iden Fund 10,000.00 000.00 m Fun ae 30,000.00 30, 000.00 25,000.00 25,000.00 Russell oe and oe Olivia Sage Memorial Fund 804,650.83 | —13,875.94 791,274.89 Frances Griscom Parsons Fund 2,304.67 2,304. 67 Special End Fund 3459s) heen 572,500.11 | —20,107.82 552,392.29 The John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Fund....... 504, ‘901.50 | — 7,672.78 497,228.72 The Charles Patrick Daly and Maria Lydig Daly Fund..............-.... 19,636.34 19,636.34 The James A. Scrymser and Mary C. Scrymser Fund.........0..0..0.0..0. 12,750.00 12,750.00 The George N. Best Fund 3,000.00 3,000.00 The Mary t k Fund........ 3,517.00 3,517.00

$2,355,989.82 | —$64,701.62 | $2,291,288.20

Special endowment: __ Special Trust Fund $ 21,158.82 $ 21,158.82

$2,628,965.94 | —862,039.12 | $2,566,926.82

29

EXHIBIT V SPECIAL Funps

Statement of Application of eons from Restricted Pome Funds and Special Funds Designated for Specific Purpos

For the Year Ending December 31, “ar

Bala: Expendi- alance January 1, | Additions | tures and | December 19. transfers 31, 1938 Endowaent for science a educa- Public lectures and instruction, “Addisonia’............ $ 3,457.01 $ 3,457.01 ddison Brown Fund: Publication of “Addisonia”’ ‘eed beets 1,480.54 | $ 1,480.54 John ae Kane Fund Purchases of plants “and related expense: $ 646.52 1,871.59 1,954.79 63.32 Maria De Witt Jesup Fund: eee collections and bind- g of books................. 973.39 973.39 Olivia” E. and Caroline Phelps __ Stokes Fund: native plants................ 195.66 195.66 Charles Budd Robinson Fund: Exploration 28.51 28.51 The H. H. Me ‘und Develo opment ‘of ene Te 194.68 194.68 ‘Alexander P. Anderson and’ Lydia Anderson ‘aaa and Fel- lowship F. Research ce ins ka se eee ss 948.75 389.36 1,838.11 Students’ ieee Fund: Scholar: ps and PTIZES chs ego ax 165.48 415.90 466.50 114.88 Mycologia me Publication of "Myc ologia’’..... 979.41 4,077.88 3,636.33 ) 420.96 Transfer to ‘‘Mycologia”’ "Badow: ) ment: Fund. 3s: re kie nee te vuied 1,000.00 } N: ae Lord Britton and Eliza- beth Gertrude Britton Fund: Research, explor: ration, pubic tio: specimens, CtC ras eset 1,790.45 1,790.45 $ 2,740.16 | $14,374.97 | $13,030.45 | $ 4,084.68 Special sean contributed for specific pur School a Gaon MOPS igh Ss ot $ 1,606.28 | $ 402.00 | $ 484.22 | $ 1,574.06 Southern ee and Rocky Mountain expeditions.......... 216.12 216.12 Sp 57.49 57.49 Contribution from The American Philosophical | Society: 1,500.00 1,400.86 99.14 ne tof Kk %M Completion and ae aek of scientific drawings........... 8,426.95 8,426.95 Others. 128.82 625.00 600.00 1538.82 $10,485.66 | $ 2,527.00 | $ 2,708.69 | $10,253.97 | $13,175.82 | $16,901.97 | $15,739.14 | $14,388.65

30

ELECTIVE MANAGERS AND OFFICERS f

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

1895-1938

Adams, | tena oy (Manager)

n. 8, 1912—May 20, 1931

Me (Manager)

a "2, ere 21, 1921 Jan, 9, 1933—

(Treasurer)

9 18S

Auchter, E. C. (Manager) Paley, L. H. (Manager)

Jan. 10, 1938— Noy, 18, 1938— rch A

eo Henry oe (Manager) ian 1 , 192 17,46) Vice- presiden Jan. 9, 192 aa Ge} < Baldwin, Sherman eS June 21, 1929. 3, 1930

Pee weit Goons S. (Manager) y)

Britton, J NLL (Secretary

(Director-in-Ch ief)

es Redtson (Manager)

Catieeie, yee (Manager) Feb, 12, 1895—Au: , 1919 (Vice-president) March 21, 1895—Aug. 11, 1919 Cox, Charles F. (Manager) Feb. 12, 1895—April 28, 1903 (Treasurer) March 2 o—Jan. 24 1912 Cravath, Paul D. (Afar Jan. 12, 1920—Jan. 9, 1928 Cutting, W. Bayard (Manager) March 4, 1896—March 1, 1912 Daly, Charles P. (Manager) Feb. 12, 1895—Sept. 19, 1899 de Forest, Ty Manager) Jan. 13, 1913—May 28, 1938 (Vice-president) Jan. 10, 1921—Jan. 9, 1928 (President) Jan. 9, 1928—Nov. 19, 1937 de Forest, Robert W. (AMfanager) Jan. 11, 1904—May 6, 1931 ge, William E. (Afana. ager) Feb. 12, 1895— , 1903 Dolen, Thomas J Jan. 11, 1932—Jan. 14, 1935 Jan. 13, 1930—Oct. 18, 1

9 4—Jan. 14, 192: Jan. 14, 1918—Jan. 9, 1922

Jan 9 1922—-Jan. 12, 1931

Hen Hooker, Mrs. Bion ‘Huntington (Manager)

Non 50,” 3—Oct. 1, 1935

Howe, Marshall A. CAssistant Director) (Assi cr

Nov. 15, 1935—Dec. 24, 1936 Jan 9, a oe 19, we ques t. 16, 1938— a ¥ “4 3} & Ger

Lee, Rrederic s (Vice-president) (Pr

e McK. (Manager)

eee ‘Kenneth K. (Mana

Matheson, W. J. (Afanager)

9, 1911—Jan. 11, 1926

McAn ee Georee (Manager)

Jan. 10, 1916—Jan. 14, 1918

McColle: Parker

(Manager)

Jan. 21, 1929—Nov. 21,1930

)

Jan 1, 1930—Oct. 1, 1935

7 ecretary)

Merri = "dD. (Director (

Jan. 13, 1930—Oct. 1, 1935

nager)

Jan 13,

( mee John | t (Assistant Treasurer)

Jan. 14, 1918—Oct. 10, 1918

Oct. 10, 1918—Jan. 11, 1937 0, foe

‘tes we sident )

11, Feb. ne , 1895, 3, 1910

vant (Manager)

Feb. Los Jan. 3, 1910

(President

de la Montagne, Henry (Assistant Treasurer) (Manager

(Business Manager) (Assistant a tor)

ee ee

Moore, Barrington Morg gan, John Pierpo

Treasurer)

(Manager)

H. (Manager)

nt (Manager)

Jan b. 12 180s Mace at 1913

Mo mee J. Pierpon'

t (Manage

rv) Morris, Lewis Ratheriurd (Manager)

Neill, Hugh (Manager) eric

Robbins, William

(Manager)

. (Director)

Schiff, Mortimer L.

Scribner, Mrs. eae H Cae

A. (Manager)

(Trea. fier)

Jan. 8, 1, 1932 Jan

Jan. 11, 1987—Jan 10, 1938

Nov. 19, 1

(President) Thompson, William Boyce (Manager)

Thompson, W,. Gilm:

% Preaden)

man (Manager)

Thorne, Robert (Manager)

Ti Vanderbilt, Cornelius (Manager)

sees

~

Pre Webster, William H. (Manager)

3, 1931 Tan, 8, 1934

32

THE NEW pees BOTANICAL ae EX-OFFICIO MANAGER

Berolzheimer, Philip (The President of the Department of —— Parks)

ov. 1918—Jan. 1919, incl.

Clausen, Geo. C. (The President of the aaa of Public NO bes 1898— 1901, a

Cruger, S$. V. R. (The President of the Department of Public Parks Gallatin, Francis Dawson (The President of the Department. of Public Parks

) b. 1919—May 1926, incl.

Gaynor, William J. (The Mayor of the City of New York). ee n. 1910—Sept. 1913, incl,

Grell, William F. (The President of the Department of page Parks)

Jan. 1918—Oct. 1918, incl.

Herrick, Walter R. (President of the Department of Public Parks)

June ee 1933, incl.

Herrman, Moses (The President of the Department of public Parks)

Feb. 1906—Sept. 1906, incl.

n, John F. (TA ir of th ‘y of Ni ork)...... Jan. 1918—Dec. 1925, incl. ie ” Adolph L. ls Mayor of te o. of Nea ork)....Oct. 1913—Dec. 1913, incl.

LaGuardia, Fiorello H. (Mayor of the City of New Yi La Roche, Louis F. (The President of the Department of Public aes) ec.

pS a

2 eee Ja n. 1934 Seer TES

ioe ec. 1913

Low, Seth (The Mayor of the ERY ceendoe ie eaternece fe a 02—-Dec. 1903 MacMillan, Samuel (The ene Pi the Depart of aes Bara .1897—1898 Bee . F

eae James a a the Board of Educa McCle’ B. (M

of the City of New VY. ae 1904—Dec. 1909, incl.

McKee. ite oe Vv. (deting Mayor of the City a pad) : wrk). 1932—Dec.

pt. Mitchell, John Purroy (Mayor of the City of New York) .. aco ‘1914 Dec. in incl,

Moses, Robert (Park Commtissioner) O'Brien, Jo

incl.

hn P. (Mayor of the City of New York)........ Jan. Te oe 1933, incl.

‘Pallas, Jol hn J. (The President of the te of ecu Parks)

Jan. 1904—Jan. 1906, inc! Ryan, George J. (President of Board of Educatio April 29 1933—May 13, 1356

Sheehy, John E. (President of the Department a pubic ie }

Smith, Henry (The President of the Department of Public "Pork

y 1933—Dec. 1933, incl.

Dec. 1907—Dec. 1909, incl.

Stover, Charles B. (The President of the Depariment of cae Parks) an

Strong, William L. (Mayor of the City of New

1910—Nov. ee incl,

rk) : Turner, aoe C. (President of the Board of Beatin). ..May 13, 1936 May 1938 189

Van Wyck, R. A. (Mayor of the City of New York) Volenting, “Robert F. (The President of the pees of ale Parks)

1917—Dec. 1917, incl.

Walker, James J. (The Mayor of the City of New York). Nev. 1926—Aug. 1932, incl.

Ward, George Cabot (The President of the Department 7 Public Parks)

Jan. 1914—Oct. 1917, incl.

Wilcox, William R. (The President of the Department of Fublic Parks)

APPOINTIVE MANAGERS

1902—Dec. 1903, incl.

Biakesles, A oR y “April PO ese 1934 ._ Bogert, Mars ton T : pri , 1933.

Heres i. ee April 29, 1933 Aarvs 24, 12er 7 Ben, ‘Tracy poe Nov. ar wae 1G4O Sas Eaund WwW. oe April 29, 1933— Gey. 3, 1942

T. e, Sam Bene April 29, 1933—

* BAe ALAC Wenn pew & ey 6/7 Lh peruse s : Bok: fut Land

33

THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS

(Since 1933 the duties of the panel Directors have been taken over by the Bo

Bacon, Raymond F

ard of Managers.

s.)

Berkey, Charles P.

Jan Bee 29, 1933

icknell, Eugene P

labesles, A. F

ert, Marston T Nate

re urges,

crhgiam yoann

utler, Nicholas Murray handler

hurchill, Thomas Ww a ox, Charles April 28, 1903—Jan. 24, 1912 enslow, H June 1928—Dec. 1929, incl. jes, a J July 1911—Oct. 1928, incl. rper, July 1911—April 29, 1933 ubbell, “Charis tal Cy ese cea rate iste eit es gh igen en oer gee tees ele ag sen mack GOT elo acey he em Mates 13, 1894_Nov. 17, 1926 ee, Hederic § pril 28, aun ag Nov. 17, 1927 Little, J. J 8—May “1900, incl. ow, Seth March 13, prrarand 1901, incl. {faclay, Robert 1895-1896 {acDougal, ly 8, 1929—April 29, 1933 Acore, Barrington ay 8, 1929— Jan. 12, 1931 ’Brien, ane June 1900—F eb. "1902, incl. rall, ‘Ann Nov. 1919—March 1922, incl. ichards, Hest M 1917—Jan. 9, 1928 ‘eb. 1903—Oct. 1904

Winthrop, bes Teton I

Fel rs 1906—Feb. 1913, incl,

gel ao 34

Azaleas and primulas played an important part throughour many weeks in the floral displays in the main conservatories.

35

NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN MEMBERSHIP

*Edward D. Adams

*Mrs.

*Andrew Carnegie Columbia University *Charles P. Daly

kes Ames Texand der P. And *Mrs. Alexander P. “Anderson Ar: ee een a

* i ee ce oa atharine re ‘Bis *Emil *

*

*

C. Bon ae oe “white Collard a Com

obert W. de Forest lary A. Dill

. E. Aldred *John Pe Ate i H. ae *

tabi Cae . Bowdoin

+

& ¢

*

el ee | B a

ngton

*Felix Adler - a Agnew . James Herman Aldrich aie H. ie *Bernard G. Am *Constant A. ‘Andiewis

— Deceased.

*James B. Ford

*Daniel Guggenheim

Murry Guggenheim

Edward S. Harkness

ee doe Innes Kane . O. Mills

Pierpont Morgan, Sr.

s R. Morris

omens FOR LIFE

John Stewart at ard V. Z. Lan sch oo

ee Re ee 2 s

an ae R. McGinley

ames McLean *William ai Coe *Ogden Mil

old Mrs. Hugh D. hn *Samuel P. Ave:

J. P. Morgan

*John D. Rockefeller

John D. Rockefeller, Jr. :

*Francis *Cornelius Vanderbilt

*Oswald rae weg

turgi is

Gilman Thoribeon

* s B el acs > Bos 3 ts 4 c=) x a a

ee ee a 2 = 3 & a AguH 3G * a3 5 B LJ B 3 3

kk ed of

x mil Wol Irs. William H. Woodin

*Samuel P. Avery, Jr.

*Samuel D. Beanies

*George V. N. Bal

Paes ae Fore pane Cora

ohn He ses cata

Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss *Mrs, William T. Blodgett *J. O. Bloss

ors ae eee ee ink eorge cs ean

F.

. Bonner obert S. Brewster

ee ee

*Joseph Bushne ‘am is M. Carnegie farion Roby Case R. Cha: *Hugh J. Chisholm ‘ugh J. Chisholm, Jr. *E. Dwight Church rs. Alfred C. Clark eorge C. Clark *Banyer Clarkson *James B. Clemens * Willi Cochra:

raat rd

oe Cc. Day . John Ress eens

aioe L. Delafi *Maturin L. a eld Rev. M. De *Anthony Dey W. B. Dickerman ames Douglass Josephine W. Drexel *Isaac W. Drummond Ethel DuBois *Katharine DuBois “William A. DuBois

* — Deceased.

36

LIFE MEMBERS (Continued)

George E. Dunscombe Mrs. “William ee oe *Mrs. John Dwig’

Thomas mars

*Newbold Edgar *George Ehret David

John F. “Erdmann

J. Far: eiteh C.. pitas Marshall Fi mae Mrs. H. J. Fis) Harry ee "Flag! Mrs. Harry “Haris Piakice

“Henry C. Frick

*Mrs, Theodore Kane Gibbs Mrs. William Ree fam — - Goo *J. ce oe GC. Gunther *Franklin L. Gunther

Robert Hagelstein *Frederic R. Halsey Charles J. Harrah *D wis Haupt

kin: *Mrs. A. Sherman * Hoyt *Samuel N. Hoy *John Hubbard Mrs. Edward E. Hughes *Frank D. Hurtt s H. Hyde

*Adrian Iselin *Mrs. Columbus O’D. Iselin

*Theodore | eee + B.

*Walte:

*E. G. "Jan

Annie B. Jennings *Walter R. T. Jon

*Mrs. Delancey Kane Mrs. David J. Kelley

*“W. B. Kunhardt *H. R. Kunhardt

oe praaeil Ww.

*Josey *David L:; vite

* . te ee Guy R. Lane

“Emerson Hie Man

- pine ie Mac:

*Mrs. Wil * *Francis - Mar *Louis ee *Edgar L. Marston *Bradley Marti fohn L. ee a *George N. Mirs. Roswell aie Jr. *A. G. Mi

vewbold Moris *Levi P. Mor

igmund Newstadt *A. Lanfear Norrie *Gordon Norrie

*George M. Olcott Mrs. Charles Tyler Olmsted William Church Osborn

“Henry Parish

*George Foster Peabody

*William Hall Penfold Perkins

M. Taylor Pyne

37

LIFE MEMBERS (Continued)

Florence E. Quinlan *Isaac N. Seligman ee Murray Vail

*George W. Quintard George Sherman F. T. Van Beuren *James Shewan *Mrs. Vanderbilt

Stanley G. Ranger Marion Smith

*Jacob Monroe Rich *Nelson Smith *Henry Freeman Walker

*John J. Riker James Spe *John I. Waterbury

*H. H. Rogers aie Phelps Stokes *Emily A. Watson

John Rogers n J. Stor S. D. Webb

J. C. Rogers W.

Jacob Rubino Albert Tag *George Peabody Wetmore

*T F. Ry: Paul G. Thebau *Mrs. Joseph M hi Robert M. Thompson *Miss Violette S. White

Mrs. Herbert L. Satece *Phoebe Anna Thorne ‘ohn D. Wing

*Reginald H. Say *William Thorne *Mrs. Anna Woerishoffer

*Edward C. Scha *William Stewart Todd

*F. August Sehermertora *Spencer Tras! *Charles T. Yerkes

*Jacob H. S ao *Susan Travers

*Grant B. Sch *Jeremiah L. Zabriskie

*Mrs. I. Blair ae Oswald W. Uhl

SUSTAINING MEMBERS

(rs. John F. Archbold n t Hewi Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. te ae Baker a Ga R "Ho lm John M. Schiff . Lawrence _ Bayne Mrs. Elon ear rece ‘Hooker ie Scoville atch aoeA Mrs. Clement Houghto . Arthur H. Scribner dl Browa Mrs. Thomas Hunt Fie J. Shepard ei y Jami Mrs. Willia harles T. Chure Mrs. Alfred Mrs. Charles H. Sto’ Mabel € [rs. Blake La rthur Hays Sulzberger {rs. Robert J. Collier Mrs. Charles F. MacLean Robert aine aul D. Cravat! Mrs. Allan Mar Willi: Cc. Terry rs. Suydam Cutt eorge Grant Masi Samuel Thorne Irs. Henry W. de Forest illiam Maxwell Mrs. Carll Tucker (rs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Anne Morgan Carll Tucker ertrude Dodd illiam Church Osborn Barend Van Gerbig . Cleveland H. Dodge Irs. F. A. Park Mrs. James M. piss arie Girard H. Hobart Porter Miriam Dwigh rs. Hugh J. Grant irs. Harold I. Pratt Mrs. Hamilton ie nie Ts. see H. Hall, Jr. fary Stuart Pullman Alain White . V. C. Hawkes Irs. Stanley Resor Mrs. William H. Woodin ila ele Ivine Richard

GARDEN CLUB AFFILIATES

Bronxville Women’s Club Inc. Garden Club, Matinecock he Plainfield Garden Club Connecticut test Soc. Hudson oe er Garden Club The Ridgefield ae Club The Englewood Garden Club Morristown Garden Club erdale-on-Hudson Garden Fairfield Garden Club New Canaan Garden Club oes

The Garden Club of Mt. Vernon New Rochelle Garden Club South Orange Garden Club The Laurel Garden Club North Country Garden Club Staten Island Garden Club

Garden Circle of New Rochelle NNU. MEMBERS

Mrs. T. es Abestt Mrs. Winthrop W. Aldrich Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Cc. EL A Mrs. W. H. Aldri ar A. M, Andrews F. B. ee nee Alexander Charles Sperry Andrews Mrs. H. M. “Addin . O. P. Amend Charo a cha Mrs, George B. Agni one M. Anderson . Ans

* — Deceased.

uogsspagx? uepzoHT d. PYF FFE 4

L[ “umouy ung rf

Francis

ANNUAL a . (Continued)

ia Babco . "Francia ie. Bacon

joris A. Bakhmete eorge N. Baldwin, Jr. tenry DeForest Baldwin Mrs. Roger S. i unyon Baldwi: herman Baldwin . Edward L. Ballard is Bamberge: TS. Bancroft ae B

rs. B. G.

rs. a hia D. ae

rs. James ane nes . M. va

a

rs. ary F. Bari William, Pike Barrett

ell alter Beinecke lexander Benecke runo Benziger rs. Charles F. Berger . G. Ber Mrs. Alice R. rnheii Urs. Henry J. Bernheim Mrs. Isaac J. Bernheim hilip Berolzheimer (rs. Sylvan Bier

se Biggs . William Richardson Biggs uel H. Bij

eal Billington

*— Deceased 1939

2

39

Blun radford Boardman Boardman

Breitenba ch

ay . . a “Wolfe Brixey eee es ae tee arlo

rs Ts. eo Ha

* Be us! . FLA. Burlingame . Robert Byfield

Otis W. Caldwell Mrs. Ina ines

z 3 : 2 < i] Eo 5

S

Wilmer Chandler

rs. Chamberlain Chanler ioe es Merrill Chapin

Fa 2

. Childs ae ee . O. Choate

Cla George oe Clark Clark

rs. rs. J. William illiam Clark ee pmeuan rgh

me pee aie

. Coffi rs. falas Henry Cohen rs. Rufus Col

Jes B. Colebrook

Mrs. ce. Crystal

Frederic A. Dallett Joseph N. D’Amour A. M. Dauernheim Arthur V. Davis

Mrs, Ora Harkness Davis

i Pierpont V. Davis Mrs. Henry P. Davison Dearborn, Jr.

Mrs. George Bowen DeLong Edwin H. Denby

irs. Charles W. ene ‘homas C. Desm

ulian F. Detmer Mrs. W. B. re Jr. Joseph C.

aya nick

firs. + G. Dominick

firs. F. Dominick

lexander L. Dommerich mm

.G iabeth nes Ars ae

per 7 Dr Hees a g C. Dunlop Mrs. ‘Chichester du Pont H. F. du Pont

Mrs. Donald Dur: Mrs, pales Haas Deine S. . Dye

Mrs. David Earle

— Deceased 1939

40

Mrs. ie Edson

Mrs. J. S. Ehrich

Mrs. Ernest Ehrmann

Mrs. Ernest F. Eidlitz ugust Eimer

rs. A. Elder Mrs. Roswell Eldridge drs. H. Elias ohn H, Emanuel ulia T. ane nm in C. on ae cen rs. ‘Aether a "Emons . F. PL Sead A . W. Erickson Howard Erskine rs. Justine B. Erving Thomas Ewing

ee Faber

rs. L. Fis! . J. Fitzgerald a Udo a leischmann

. William Fleming he a oe Club erbert Fordh:

ober! Foxier, Jr.

frs, Leopold Frederick

Irs. Mary E. G. Freeborn ick

ibbs Dow Gibson . Wal cto Gillespie

ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued)

ay William P. Gilmour

Me Isaac Gi sel Mrs. John L. Given S. R. Glassford

1 S. Glazier

ee M.

Mrs. Henry W. Godda rd

Grinnell E. S. Griswold iS

J. J. Grulleman: William C. Gruner Mrs, » Guild A. A. Gulick

Mrs. R. M. Gunnison

Edith Haa

Jerome J. Hanau eorge F. nde] Ferdinand eae

8. Pati

Mrs. mory Haskell Louis Hauswir th

Horace Havem

Mrs. Horace Havemeyer

LGU UF 714 4 t dat taale la ? TE €pfO7TSH BE6E 4 ri

ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued)

Mrs. Theodore Havemeyer Mrs. Forbes Hawkes Mrs. Wm. Van ee Hayes avid S. Haye ‘aroline C. Hay ouise a Fovaae Haynes Mildred M. Hazelto

Heide, Jr.

Henry :

ob H a

Mrs. W. F. Hencken

Henderson

harles Henderson Mrs. Henderson August Henniger Mrs. J. Norman iT Mrs. A. Barton Hepbur: Mrs. Robert W. sey Andrew oe asl

Arth

ag Bg we & 8 £2 te ae me 5 =

a oes ny g oe a B bof the me i) # z

Ma Hoffman

B. Hopkins Mann Elementary

Ht te bp = a a Y oO e a 8 - og o

Ss Frederick Housman

Mrs. Sydney R. Inch

42

. George H. Ingalls Pcie a Ingersoll bette Iselin Georg

ate tick W. Jackson

M Pierr e Jay Mrs.

ql thar Van Evrie Kilpat ‘ick fus Kin;

Witla A: soe

ne - Knobloch ae ‘och Mra a io B.

de Lancey "Soot

Mrs. ‘Fol hn L. Ku ‘user, ao

Arthur F. Lafrentz

rancis “ pein rs, E.

va A c oie

Alice ae Laughlin

ev. . J. Lavelle

ee al Laboratories Frederic S. Mrs. Ge

8. Lem Mage Bispham Levey George Levi

Mrs. E, J. Li

Mrs. Alfred Sen B. E. Levy

Mrs. Louis S. Levy Louis is Levy

Mrs Ss. na Frank yee

Alfred F. Fichenstein

Charles C. E. K. Li Arthur H. Lippincott Lucius N. tauer rs. George K. Livermore nne P. vingston

Ss. ris Ts. Pierre a Eiht Tr

Sol m Loven Tbert ownes E. 1. es G. Lu Thatcher T a

r . Ly Mrs. ” Henry M. Lyons

Lee McCanliss

Nelson G. cCrea Mary McK. McCreery Mrs. Alfred McEwen Mrs. Paul wen Louis E. ‘a Edward A.

Mrs. Susan an "MeKelvey Mrs. Irving McKes.

E N

43

ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued)

thelyn McKinney Harold Nathan irs. Scott McLanahan National Asscn., Board of lexander McLeod Pharmacy ames B on Mrs. Elsie M. B. Naumberg fred B. Maclay Mrs. S. Neusta ‘arleton cy Mrs. Russell H. Nevins Irs. Maed Hf Moses Newborg . Rol Jager . J. R. Newton dwa: Mallinckrodt, Jr. sata T. Nicholas forris Manges Mrs. Acosta Nichols rs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. William G, a elia W. Marble Mrs. Francis L. rancis H. Markoe Art D. Nor hn B. Mars! Mrs. Flora L. Nordlinger hn A. Mathison Mrs. A or eorge O. May Fanny N Mrs. T. M. Randolph Meikle- ham Dorothy Oak Mrs. Morton H. Meinhard John B. O'Reilly Irs. William R. Mercer Mrs. Van S. Merle-Smith rs. H. Paddock Mrs. Cyrus W. Merrell Deas: G Paine Mrs, F. oe Merrill rs. Augustus G. Paine Imer D. Mer enry Parish fohn L. M a rs. Willard Parker, Jr. Isie Merz ton Parks Ifred Meyer rs. Edgerton Parsons harle: Meye: ts. James Russell Parsons (rs. Cord Meyer, Sr. Ts. eph sons ugene Meyer iss Katherine de B. Parsons jorothea Mierisi ufus tterson eremiah Milbank s S. Payson frs. H. Strongman Miller Ive, nate A. oe fade Mi ea Pennington Pearson Miller firs T. B. Penfi sd i. . * Milikan ‘omtesse de Perigny Irs. G. Milliken Anna L, Perkins Mrs. Charles R. Moese: eorge W. Perkins Irs. Gilbert H. Montague Mrs. F. A. C. Perrine ‘obert Montgomery dolf Persson er | Botanical Garden Irs. Carl S. Petrasch inj ifliam C. Peyton oor arl H. Pforzheimer Irs. William H. Moo foe Pforzheimer Irs. Charles D. Morgan Mrs. Sheffield Phelps Liss L. Morgan rs. A. Phin ev. . S. Morr . Paul Pickhardi Irs. e Hennen Morris . Stuyvesant Pierrepont fr: Nelson eth L. Pierrepont ewis Spencer Morri: Irs. Cornelia Bryce Pinchot obert T. Morris Irs. J. O. Pi ictor Morawetz Irs. Herman G. arriet M ‘rank L. Polk dna Mosher frs. Arthur Poillon s. A. Henry Mosle Toward A. Poillon harles R. Motak Irs. Wine Pollak rs. John B. M rs. m C. Popper rank J. Muhlfel Abram a "Post rank A. Muschenheim Blanche Potter ulian S. Myrick Mrs. R. Burnside Potter

{rs. George D. Pratt rs. Clarence Price

rs. E. Price

Ars. Julius Prince

rinceton Garden Club

Irs. Robert C. Pr

Irs. Henry St. Clair Putnam Ars. Per Mrs. Richard Quaintance Mrs. L. M. enrages

ne F. F, Ran Ro

t C. Re ie Ones ‘Mills oe amuel W. Reybur: ee C. Richar a sca: Be Paee ne ae fr 3. Chars ‘ ass

bin: . John D. Boccceuee 3d. rs. Nelson A. Rockefeller is ker

. William r aes

Georgina W. Sar; hae L Sater

Hewlett Seudder

“Cy Bury) 537 f qs 4 f , ge, ae Rs

rs. Samuel Seabury . K. Seifert

obert E. ped Skell, Tr . Sloan

rs. ” Samuel Sloan jamuel aoe

iss C. Slochow:

ae Cranford ‘Smith . A. B. Smith

. T. Sta ae les ‘ ere i oward W. Starr

fohn R. Strong rs. Theron G. Strong joseph Stroock Mrs. David 5: t Mrs. Wal unzi S.

Henry W. Taft Moses Tanenbaum

45

ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued

ay! Dani ‘enney Mrs. T. D. Thacher Irs. I. 7 Ss

Christin Vail

dartha ail Marguerite E, Valentine

rs. J in Alstyne Jeremiah R. Va oe a Augustus Van Cor! Mrs. Augustus ae eee W. T. Vanderlip Mrs. Stephen G. Van Hoesen Louise Van Inge

W. Austin Wadsworth eee Walker

Mrs. “Thomas J. Watson

)

frs. Samuel H. Watts

ouise Wicke s. Frank Griswold Wild ra S. Wi

. W is y H. Williams rs. Alfred ats fargaret B.

rme eon iT:

frs. Morgan Wing, Jr. ronson Winthrop renville i "Winton ‘ohn C.

ook ‘wet

ees hou:

7 re cai D. ao eorge R. Woo eorge C. Weal Mrs. Park M. Woolle: "ore

wee Mrs. h G. Wright Richardson pels Mrs. . Wyle

Mrs. A. Murray Young ni

Mrs. C. H. Young Mrs. Henry Young Owen D. Young

George A. Zabri:

Mrs. Arthur L. tae ey William Ziegler, Jr. August Zinsser

Mrs. Frida Zinsser Mrs. A. A. Zucker

‘cester eae Horticultural

THE STAFF OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN

Wit.iaMm J. Rospins, Px. D., Sc. D. Dire. HA Assistant Director and Head Curator

SON,

Henry DE LA MonTAGNE sistant Director A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Curator of Education and Laboratories ED J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. rator Bernarp O. D ; Plant Pathologist ibliographer

Associate Curator ‘ H. D, Associate Curator ExizaBetH C. Hatt, A. B., B. S. Librarian Russy, M. D. Honorary Curator of ie eae pels ee ae rapher

rch Associate in aes E. J. Ave Road vheceantee aes Assistant Curator and ete of the Local Herbarium

Assistant Curator Technical Assistant Technical Assistant

FrepericK KavanaGH, M. A, echnical Assistant H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Everert, os D. Horr. Horticulturist Decent

7) oe 6 8 n

laborator in Hawaiian

Honora ;

ANSON S. PECKHAM ........ Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections Superintendent a Buildings aud Grounds

A. C. PFANDER ssistant Superintendent

OUR BOTANICAL GARDEN (From The New York Times, Monday, January 23, 1939.)

d Bacs average New Yorker, or even those brought up on “Swiss Family

Robinson” or “Robinson Crusoe,” would not expect to find the bread- fruit tree and coco palms growing in this city. Yet here they are and doing very well, together with the banyan, the agave, the papyrus and rare Himalayan orchids. These and thousands more are flourishing in the New York Botanical Garden, where all who care to may walk amid tropical luxuriance or pause among specimens of fossil forests long vanished from

the earth.

Fifty years ago this month [January] the first appeal for funds to open a “public botanic garden” was issued by citizens here who had admired the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. Ten years later the Museum Building was occupied. The institution has been growing ever since. The herbarium, which numbers 1,933,506 plant specimens, is now one of the outstanding collections in the world. The beautiful floral displays, among them the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden, which alone contains 2,500 different kinds of flowering plants, is an inspiration to amateur gardeners. The scien- tific research and classification by members of the staff, done in collaboration with similar institutions in all civilized countries, is important work which

must not be checked.

Our Botanical Garden prospered on early endowments. But these have dwindled, and the ever-widening activity of the institution in new service to the public, despite rigid economy in administration, requires additional donations. Surely there are nature-loving souls today as generous as those

who made the Botanical Garden possible a half-century ago.

oe en ee el

Fn NE