JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CAROL H. WOODWARD EDITOR VOLUME 41 LIBRaRy NEW Yo. BOTANICA, GARDE 1940 Published monthly by the New York Botanical Garden BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY TABLE OF CONTENTS 1940 o. 481 Jan The Pare of Begonias Ae at the Ned York a Garden H. Everett 1 Fr ie Lee Carol i. Woodward 12 Year- rae Scenes in the Main Conservatories at the . Botanical Garden (Photographs by Fleda Griffith) 14-15 Study Course on Local Flor 18 Winter Lectures at the Garden 19 Current Literature, - a Glance Virgene Kavanagh 20 Research in Hepatii asa of he Mikado Daylily A. B, Stout 21 on Tower Overook ks the Puerto Rican Scene 21 enn ‘Sf Recent Boo! 23 Notes, News, and Cee 27 No. 482 Fepruary Coe in the Gard Virginia aed Vandivert 29 Guadeloupe—Emerald a aie Antilles Henri Stehlé 36 Scenes i te French Antilles cera Ad Kervégant) 40-41 The Arrowhead as a a Food among the Chinese . M. Porterfield 45 Reviews of Recent Books 48 Current Literature at a Change Virgene Kavanagh 50 Notes, News, and Comment 51 No. 483 Marcu Life Sto a Fer H. W. Rickett 53 Neves on the Panes or Hardy Native Ferns Isaac Langley US 39 Hardy Ferns of Exotic and Horticultural Origin Stuart Lon ied 64 Crested Hartstongue Ferns 69 Ferns for the Monae Garden (Ph otograpis) 70. 71 Fern Literature for ce Srmdlent and Gardener Elizabeth C. H. 73 Ferns of Antiquity Harold N. Mice 75 Ferns meee at ee a Flower Show 76 Reviews ecent 78 Notes, tae and ae 79 Edward S. Harknes 80 Spingarn Material on Clematis Deposited at Garden 89 Festival of Bloom 80 Educational Program of the New York Botanical Garden 1940-1942 Supplement No. 484 Apri pe The Blood .Tree Victor Wolfgang von Hag — 81 Ground-Covers for Difficult Places Mabel Choate 86 Hardy Ferns for Shaded Gardens (Photographs by Fleda Grit) 92 Two Serious Diseases of Shade Trees B. O. D 93 A Greeting from Holland J. A. Scams 95 Holland Bulbs Bring Crowds to Botanical Garden 96 Ice Storm Takes Heavy Toll 98 Gold Medal and Deca ie Awarded for Fern Exhibit 99 Notes, News, and Com 100 Reviews of Recent Hooks” 102 No. be May Section One Tulips in the Netherlands ene ind Today Rea Herbst 105 Forcing Ferns for Display oseph W. Toney 109 Western Ferns for Eastern Growers (Photographs by Fleda Griffith) 111 Spring Lectures at the Garden 113 Raising Ferns from Spores a Everett 114 Fern Die and Pests O. Dodge 116 New Name Proposed for “Garganica” Group of Campgnuls Two Volumes on Cariceae Appear This Month W.P.A, Exhibit May 20-25 in Museum Building ii P. J. van Melle 118 120 Magazine Produced by Gardeners Appears at Forum Dinner Reviews of Recent Book: Current Literature at a ae Virgene Kavanagh Notes, News, and Commen Program at the New vork Botanical Garden May 9 Section Two ual Report of The Director for 1939 William J. Robbins Publeton of oS Staff, 1939 List 0 i aff Members 1896 to 1939 New York Bot side Garden Membership 4 No. 486 JuNE Mrs, Britton Honored in Dedication of Plaque by New York Bird and Tree ee in ve aus a Carol H. Woodware Elizabeth G, nee and The Movemen e Preservation o Native rican Wild Blowers C. Stuart Gage: Elizabeth ak Knight Britton as a Scientist John Hendley Barnhart Botanical Lore From Kor Florence Hedlestun Crane 15,000 Diatoms Deposited o ia Dr. Smith Named ae at ‘Amoid Arboretum Reviews of Recent Boo Notes, News, and Comment Current Liter rie re at a Gla Virgene Kavanagh . A. Sherman Hoyt Active | in Desert ronad ation League °. Pest-Proof, Fool-Proof, All-Purpose Rass. CR: eee The Strange ieee se of Coles vs. Culpep Albert E. Lo’ African Violets for The Window Gar cen EL. E. Nay ce Certificates ie to Students in Two-Year Practical Gardening Course Membership Pamphlet Issued Reviews of Recent Books Notes, News, and Comment No. 488 August Sugar hen J. Robbins Some Horticultural oral Eleanor C. Marquand Seeds of The Gink Ww. M. Porterfield The Devil- Aika ee oe Monsoon Forest of Malay H. W. Rickett ae Titeeure ata Gla Virgene Kavanagh A. Krukoff Named Honorary Curator Nees News, and Commien 0. 489 SEPTEMBER Bizarre Trees and Other Sere Plants from Lower California ra L. Wiggins Growing Alpines in Sphagnum with Nutrient aur 122. 122 124 126 150 151 152 “ eoleaan Berwick 208 A House-Plant Which Propagates Itself E. J. Alexander aks Dey Short Course in Practical Gans Announced n New Edition of Educational Program he Garden ea Gere 5 Completed Notes, New: ene . 490 Ocr Korean Chrysanthemums oe H. Wood ard and Natalie Gomez Syrup and Sugar from Maples Edmund H. Fulling Injury to Daylilies by ae Stout 2 Current Literature at a Glan Virgene Kav: anagh Sensitive Plant Demonstrated: During October Reviews of oot Books Notes, News, and Comment oo 491 NovemBer Autumn in the Pin Eleanor C. Marquand Members Granted Free oan of Lantern Slides ili 245 246 248 251 253 256 Growing Ferns from — on Se Nutrient Media pag S. Hires 257 First Motion Picture of Ga as o New Members’ Roo : ake Initial Appearan 266 ceot poe Display Onn io the Season 266 Yellow Pines and Other Conifers Observed in Lower Patan a L. Wiggins ooh Reviews of Recent Books Notes, News, and Comment No. 492 DecemBer Study Room for Diatoms and Myxomycetes to be Formally Opened Jan, 11, 194 277 The Diatom Collections at the New York Botanical Garden oseph F. Burke 278 Gravelle Photomicrographs A Gift to The Garden Carol H. Woodward 281 ene and the Microscope oseph F. Burke 282 Fruiting Forms and Variegations in the Wintercreeper George Graves 285 Living and Fossil Diatoms of the World Photomicrographs by Philip O. Gravelle 288-289 Winter ee - the Garden 290 Reviews o t Books 291 Current ae - a Glance Virgene Kavanagh 293 Notes, News, and Comment 294 Index to Volume 41 296 COVER sre ala Calathea lutea, in the Tropical Rain Forest Fleda Griffith January Advance View of Spring in the Floral Display os ouse Fleda Griffith February A “Fairy Ring” of Cinnamon Ferns Un- furling Their Tall Fronds in Early pring . W. Brownell March Passion- Flow. er Fleda Griffith April Tulip Fields. Near Haarlem, Holland Courtesy of Netherlands ee May Hybrid Tea Rose “Star of Pi Fleda Griffith June The Wafer-Ash or Hop-Tr a * (Ptele trifoliata} in Fruit in July at ihe ot July n Lotus in Conservatory Court Fleda Griffith August Hoy "Asters in September’ at the Botanical Garden Fleda Griffith September Autumn on te Bronx River in the Botanical Garden Charles Weiss October November Scene in the Floral Display , Hous Fleda Griffith November Arranged Diatoms (Arachnoidiscus and Triceratium) Philip ©, Gravelle December EDITORIALS 1940 Three Great Needs January Reaching The World February Enrichment of Garden Ma Seana Instruction April Wild Flow May Practical dee June Toward A Perpetual Garden Jul Free to the Public Au nnovattion Hoe a September Economic October See in Winter November ry a Botanical Garden? December JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JANUARY 1 od 0 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroL H, Woopwarp, Editor January, 1940 CALATHEA LUTEA, IN THE TROPICAL RAIN FOREST Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith Tue CoLLectTiION oF Becontas Grown aT THE New Yo! BoTaNICAL GARDEN T. H. Eve 1 Freperic §. LEE Carol H. edad 12 EAR-ROUND SCENES IN THE MAIN CONSERVATORIES AT THE BoTANICAL GARDEN (Photographs by Fleda Griffith) 14-15 Stupy Course on LocAL FLORA 18 WInTER LECT AT THE GARDEN 19 CurRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 20 SEARCH IN H cs 2 DisTRIBUTIONS OF THE Mixapo DayLity A. B. Stout 21 Mr. Britton Tower eee KS THE Puerto RICAN SCENE 21 Reviews OF RECENT Book 23 Notes, News, AND eee 27 THREE GREAT NEEDS ‘o meet the need for beauty, especially in the heart of a great city where brick ae instead a Ges line most of the streets, is one of the functions of a place like The New York Botanical Garden. That is one reason why the conservatory displays, one by one, are being rearranged in garden effects or as natural forested areas; that is why the outdoor ee of ae and shrubs, though placed more r less in taxonomic sequence the student, are also grouped to please the eye ck the passer-by. In a booklet about the Botanical Garden issued by. Dr. Frederic §. Lee during the period of his presidency, three “ever-present needs” which, he said, the Botanical Garden must meet if it is to play its part adequately in the great city to which it belongs, were: he need of bea The need of ee lucation in the appreciation of growing things d of scientific research into th blems of plant life. e spoke of the value” of close acquaintance with plants at home away from the earth, man cou | nger exist. Pi re so fundamental in the life and deeds of man that to try to explain their significance means discoursing on life itself. The New York Botanical Garden exists in order that people may, partly through familiarity, partly uae reudy rese! oh e isa learn more about these plants that have so profound effec t otaiiieal Garden invites the public to participate in its endeavors by en- jing the plant displays; peepee the lectures and courses of study; evincing a the scientific h and showing an ap n of its significance; by. e fin ree to call coe nie Garden when questions arise which memb f the staff are especially equipped to answer; by using the library, which is open an free to lic; for ho are able contributing through member- ship, gift, or bequest to those funds which make it possible for the Garden to fulfill these three great needs of beauty, education, and scientific research. The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. aa at the Post Office in nen oon N. Y., as cna class matter. Annual subscription $1. Single copies 10 cents, to members of the Garde JOURNAL of THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 51 January 1940 No. 481 The (llection Of Begonias Grown At The New York Botanical Garden By T. H. Everett ONTINUING the article of the same A which appeared in this Journal for March 1939 (Vol. XL, p. 53), additional begonias are the names ‘acida, aconitifolia, angularis, Chiala, glabra, Heracleicotyle, Marian, Ricinifolia, and Schar ffii. a use of the great confusion which exists in begonia Hae cea I ane been reluctant to create new names, but where plan e being grown under names which by right of priority Las to her ‘gona this remains the only logical course. In oth : w names proposed are preceded by an asterisk. As in the previous article all descriptions have been prepared from living saa and specimens are or will be deposited in the Cultivated Herbarium at the Garden. As opportunity affords duplicate specimens will ae sent to the Bailey Hoertorian, Ithaca, New York, and to Kew, England. Mrs Hildegard Schneider has aided in = 7, O o ct. a fa) fare Fr] beg oO wn 3 a) oS 4 o p= = =H o wn fa") a a a ios fe} i] i o : € year of introduction a cultivation. Names of plants accepted as i species appear in light- face tales: names of plants of horticultural or uncertain origin are in boldface 2 Begonia Descriptions acida—(Brazil). This is the plant lowe as “braziliensis” (Journ. N. Y. B. G. March 1939, p. 56 and Nov. 1939, p. 256). aconitifolia—(Brazil), described by A pce = ae Nat. Ser. IV. XI. (1859) 1 of es is ae ton appeared Journal N. for ‘March 1939 under te name BP "Faureai aren ole var. Hildegard Schneider. This ne ame is given to a distinct variety of B. aconitifolia often misnamed B. Faureana and s ug t (Begonias and Gro hem, p. 58, 1939). Its origin is unknown It may one of the eral B. . Paurcana variations mention “by Garnier Am may be a later seedling. It differ. the type of Faureana in that the ae ing of the leaves is deeper, the segments narrower, an lobe is much 1 r if smeared on with a paint Hildegard Schneider is imedium height aed smooth; stems pad. thanehée erect from a uch thickened base, first gr ‘een, becoming brown with age; leaves asym: ovate, to 10 in Jong by two-thirds as broad. deeply four-lob e sinuses extending two-thirds the distance fri the margins to the base, one lobe dis! longer than the others, the major lobes again ivided. margins finely serrate, veins depressed underside reddish, upper surface gre i: Cnatied with silver spots an streaks, uni surface jeeaai tinged pink; inflorescence slightly endulou: peduncles short; staminate flawers about 12 “irichos across ith two b oad. ovate; pink-tinged petals and sometimes See petal, stamens er- ous, yello’ pistiliat ‘owers fivepetaled, petals cunped, of une aan Ne tinged pink on the outside, style cream-colored with three cres- cent-shaped stigmas, ovary about % inch long with one wing larger and more pointe ed than the other 1wo, wings to 3 inch b . Winter bloat albo-picta (Brazil) low, compact, glabrous ; leaves sail aa wanese short-petiolate, glossy-green, silver-spot- ted; in a aad few- flos owered, Bowe ers greenish whit lza co— (Lucerna seedling) medium, glabrous. stems stiff, erect, sparsely Benched leaves oblong-lanceolate, black- green, silver- or pink-spotted when young, aroon- le benea ue margins undulate ; flow brownis Originated in California (1934), angularis—-To the description appear- ing a ie Jornal of the N. Y. B. G, for 55, Marcel add: Male flowers ae one eet across, white, margined pink. Bennett Rubra—(B. coccinea seedling) medium, smooth; stems erect, branches oan drooping ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, above, green, faintly silver- ~spot- a margins thick, red, undulat te; in- florescences drooping, flowers soft salmon- pink. Originated in California (1932). io} e Buxton—The e Flambe oe. ‘which this begonia is sometimes grown be ie is variet: 1 longs to a mali. y. Al though quite distinct from Feastii, Bessie B is often referred to as the up- right Feastii Bes. Buxton is of medium stature, pilose faculty on “the younger. parts; stems stout, erect, with yy short t branches; petioles to 4 inches” ane, terete. ioening on Deatiite leaves, ie ie des broad-ovate, to 7 inches Jong by wide, ihe short flowering vers much smaller, cordate at hase, basal lobes overlapping, margins finely doothet iliate, eupper surface ahve: “green, low ranches ices many “Rover branches stam: dipetal- ous, 1 inch in diameter, petals “orbieular cordate: soft ae Fem flow: ved, nae the—In proposing ee shige p- t Cloir e-de- Lorraine Glory of Cincinnati, ce Mac, and Melio Chiala—To the ae appearing in ite mee of the N. Y. B. G. for March 1939, p. 56, add: One inflorescence has appeared on our plant but the flowers did not expand ; staminate flowers dipetal- ous, hairy without, greenish-white. Chiala Rosea—medium, bushy; stems uch branched, with scattered bristly hairs; leaves lanceolate, slightly ee and toothed, above smooth, deen oliv The begonia above is undetermined botanically. It is grown as green, beneath red, veins hairy. Differ from Chiala in being much lower cae 49 . From Wallow it differs i in having smalle er and narrower leaves which are less intensely blood- ee geneath, Has not bloomed at Garden. “Originated in California. “ecuadoriensis.”” Corinthian Pink—(a ccinea var y Flowers elie a with pink- winged red o Originated in Cali- fornia Davisii—(Peru) low, tuberous; stems erect, : siehed: hairy ; leaves broad- ovate, crenate, dark-green, pale h red, petioles pik, ee inflorescences bare ly exceed- foliage, flowers Pponee scarlet within, yellowish pink without. Summer bloom- ing. (1876) Pras gag Carriere seedling) low ovate: flow- Ongineied 4 in : Calforiiia ow ered at Garden. 1 (about 1928). *Decker’s Select—This is the plant com- monly grown as robusta Decker’s and Decker’s robusta. It is not related to the Tu robusta of Blume. Similar to Ingramii but with darker foliage and owers. eker’s Select is tall, bushy, smooth; stems arising jfrom a thickened base, erect. Move. aler ben cea tin nged z tt é@ carmine-pink and t narrower obovate paler petals, stamens beight yellow in a loose circular bunch; pistillate flov ers ai inches in diameter, petals five, narrow, ovary ows with carmine gS. ee 3" —an phy anian ties aid to heen raised in California from aca Clee in Ecua he ecuad- or, oriensis of Buxto 0 1 Begonias and. How Th synonym a r vs inflorescences erect, flowers whi te ale pink. —(B. coccinea seedling) Leen slender, erect; leaves dark green, lightly sil- Elithe. smooth; stems ovate- lanceolate. r-spotted, beneath wine-red except at margins; flowers pink. Originated in California (1934) alba—identical with Evan- the flowers are almost Evansiana siana except that re white. 2 = 's Ricinifolia— Cala seed- O escences are more crowded and the flow- ink, ers paler Froe dor) low, tuberous, pilose; stems ea ae ves obliquely cord- te, bright green; inflorescences exceed- ing foliage; flowers brilliant scarlet- crimson, outer segments pilose without, i gold. Attractive. ae e this Journal for December 1939, pp. 276-7.) 1e dee seedling) tall, vig- G orous, ; stems cane-like, freely branchir leaves ovate, dark green with distinct silver spots, beneath purplish red becoming paler toward margins; inflor- escences short; flowers deep pink, partly hidder foliage. Originated in Californi ened base,- li an n Iso iy fee in the. upper leaves ; pink, males four-petaled, 34 of an no in ameter Our plant grown from seed collected bv Captain F. King- don Ward in 1936. (1820) This is the rect name of the ies described - B. ae in the Teel of the . March 1939, p. 63, and Hee on p. 61 Grace—a_ soft-pink-flowered variety of B. coccinea +*Gre ather—This is presumably eats - “Compta” and has been pierced to as the angular Compta. iffers from “Compta” in that the leaves narrower, the margins more undu ated, shallowly lobed, and in that the whitish. grey bands Begonia gigantea, a Himalayan plant grown from seed collected by Captain F. Kingdon Ward. At the left, its habit of growth is shown; above, an inflorescence with leaves about two- thirds natural size. At the extreme right is the grown as B. Faureana. the extreme left is At “Compta” and at its right is margins, can be distinguished in the picture. bordering the veins are broader and less sharply defined. Grey Feather of medium height and slabreas: stems erect with eg et ener with 6-inch-lo: one peduncles, the pure white, many ether in rather tight clusters, Wing—medium, smvoth ; stems leaves lai anceolate, escences ‘coping ; decorative a very florifero acleic: (B. heracleifolia x a “hydrcoryolia) is Ae - rect name . Tow oe .Y. BG March "1939, p hiemalis—Here ae varieties which sulted from crossing B. socotrana eir ie ont” —bears strong resem- blance to B. Scharffii bit is lower and ers five peta! As rather than each being dipetalous. Alugelli — (Brazil) medium, densely : on Honey | re ed and white- fee wit flowers smaller than the sina, oe pe etaled, ovary short. Re- . 855) Ilustrata — ten rhizomatous, hairy leaves crowded, ovate, rugose, not lobed, rgins toot ed, ciliate, leaden green, exceeding foliage: flowers drooping, greenish, usually suffused with a pink, hairy without, bracts caducous. soptera var. hirsuta—(E. Indies) dis- tinguished iron the type by its less robust habit, smaller leaves and hairy petioles. ady Waterlow — low, sparsely howd freely branching; stems slender; lea: ie: inches in diameter; pistillate flow inches in dia hve-petaled, pale pink, ovary white with one pink wing muc ae than the other two. A good winter-blooming variety received under this name from Ba in ural a not found the name in liter, —(B. heracle ils xB vate- eens ra green, beneat! and — brown-pubescent, toothed, ciliate, cle to 2 infloresce id. a usly at Liég elgium. Received 938. fea ae 1 Rea ees 0) low, rhizomat- pilose; leaves erect, orbicular in out- The they aly lobed, green blotched with silver, beneath tinged purplish ; scences scarcely ats ate flowers 1% suet with two (See "1939, p. 279.) pela sine) stems ee nal for December a Alta— (B. sl Wigerous hai k green, bene eep ple, rgins finely toothed and ciliat An excellent foliage varie a not loomed at 7 d Originated in Cali- fore about Begonia Manni belongs to the same group of begonias as B. Poggei, cover of this Journal for last March. Like coming from ethii Pink—A_ pink-flowered ine ahi except in color of flow sembles B. Dregei var. Macbethii. Orig, inated as a chance ne in California. Afanni—(Fernan Po) low o stems erect, branching ; ie ovate- e, pin- veined, ure ee ‘eee beneath paler and ed red, brown- ane inflorescences oS short, staminate and pistillate flowers on separate inflorescences, flowers watermel- Jon-pink, as pistllate aistinctive because of their four or eit ht spiral aod er and ae ek a neh es, cylindrical, green, wingless, finely ane tomentose. Received from Botanic Gard. en, Hamburg, Germany, 1939. (1862) on “inifolia oe this is ly Mar. one ae several begonias common mis- med Ricinifolia. As such it s de- scribed in this Jourt for i 39, p. 63, It differs from the true Ricinifolia in that the leaves are of stiff ture, are somewhat less deeply obed, ar smaller (to a foot long), and in that shown on the its relative, it is u native of tropical Africa, Fernando Po. each ae point of the imflorescence gives rise one long and one short branch so A t a pyramidal inflorescence results ew Hampshire — (B. semperflorens se YA dagnet variety often named B lepidota, but as this is a synepym of B. manicata it cannot be applied here. w Ham; re is a plant of ium height and’ “vigorous. “habe ngeembling a very strong B. Ss i inflor etree ™ pink, and two narrow obovate petals! the renee with ane aaa! of unequal size. A free bloom- attractive. Originated in New Hamuchir wnitida. var. Rosea—a very fine form of B. nitida. Var. Rosea is oth, to 3 or more feet high; stems erect, “few: pranched, the branches weaker than the main stems; leaves heart-shaped, convex above, to 7 incl by 4% inches wide, petioles to 3 inches drooping on atu leaves; eSCENCES showy, the cym He imeasiring 8g inches “through, duncles to 8 inches long; stam to 1% i 3 5 hi ing a conspicuous central oe istillnte. an ers less numerous, smaller, with five ao ce vel a trade source as sgdorata: 1 Tos “odor alba”—The corre of the ‘lent ‘commonly grown in ae “United States under this snot gro distinct from either and separate species. It differs nitida in being oye and much eely branched, in having stems and edie. sparsely furnished with con- spicuous hairs, in havi ve glossier, fatter l E id havi istillate flowers 2 ers and form the attractive portion of the inflorescence (the staminate flowers ually drop without ee I owers © spicuous, persistent el at the base o the ovary. Flowers white or tinged pink. Pearcei—( Bolivia) low, tuberous, fine- ly pubescent ; stems branched: Ieaves long-petiolate, broad-ovate-attenuate, ir- regularly toothed, dark green with silver- green veins, bencath whitish or flushed pink; inflorescences exceeding foliage, each of one male and two female Howers. flowers yellow or greenish-yellow. (1866) icta — (Nepal) nall, tube: pubescent; stems suc count, ae heart-shaped. arcely oblique ba: eae along venis: nd is jage, two- 3 {oar flow eral “flowers. clear pink. (1804) Popenoei—( Honduras) ats Hl hispid and d and ciliate. Has not bloomed Received from Botanic Garden, Germany, 1939. (1930) ambur; rg. Prunifolia Pink — white-! hairy j ; medium, bushy, larger (to 8 less concave. Orig ginated in Cal ria Ricinifolia—(B. heracleifolia x B. pep- onifolia) medium, rhizomatous, hairy; leaves large, rotund, lobed t me-third diameter, bronzy aioe inflores- heir cences tall, the “forking bra > af ae 1939, p. 63, as Rin icifo lia. The e Rinicifolia which is Groby the oldest ybrid, has much lar ine and softer jee than Marian Originated in England. (1847) — (Java) medium, es pube- aoe as stout, fleshy; lea reen, broad-ovate, to 1 ‘fo ot lone by 8 inches wide, shallowly lobed, es ciliate, cordate, petioles to 1 long; inflorescences not exceeding fees flow- amy nit ae Se from ae re- ee ee vanean mii is com- only nicnained: 3. robusta, 2 alayas ) anaes am fra- ary green w! with four eshy wings. ( : es jie rhizo- ms erect, oily pointed ovate, a with bri shallowly. ayas) low short, owered ; star with ae = ite i sue outer petals wl ged pi pistillate flowers greenish “ie or tinged pink, five-petaled, Our plants lack the s cone | hi outer petals depicted in Mag. tab. 4689. Received as B. Die (1853) Scharffiana — (Brazil) low, compact, densely _soft-pubescent; stems red, J aa 10 hed; leaves ovate with basal lobes & Ga e pais with red hairs. (1888) is - on name of arffii—This Regel of ay a different "vant does not invalidate Hooker r’s ar ff it. Drostii a distinct from Kew, in 1935 as have aes Scharffit var . Drost I trace the ea name Medium height, bushy h atin white- pubescent h Pi w bistiiate flowers to 134 inches across pet nae pale pink, ovary pink with a na—(Socotra) Low, bulbous succulent ; socotra fi < Parent of the hiemalis and cheimantha begonias. (1880) Suncana—(B. incana x Sunderbruckii) low, rhizomatous, pubescent; leaves pel- orbicular-ovate, shallow hie med Originated at Rockville” Mund (Recent origin) ie tch’s ales — — ae ae x B. coccinea). wa jiated by Veitch es pore in 1895. ae Bare as B. carminata, but as this had been previously applied to a begonia (Floral Mag. tab. ae ae invalid for the Veitch plan a s medium height, chore aera ovate- acute lobes, toothed, ri many, tt carmine, the pistillate decorative and long et Queen—(B. decora x B. Bow- A hybrid eee by - ciety Bengal; LX? No. p. 68) it is idee hybrid plant a new Velvet Queen oars in seme appear- but is to 9 give the 01 texture; stems semi-succulent. tect, red b oming br She ; leaves ovate, te inch: long by 4 inches wi upper surface olive- margin, sely covered with pink veins pale gre der surface deep red, pink- pubescent, margins finely dentate and ciliate, petioles nearly as long as leaf-blades, terete, succulent and 1 ink-hairy; inflorescences with long drooping slender peduncles which bear five nine yellowish pink flowers; stam- inate flowers four-petaled, the two outer petals ovate, to :7@ inch 1 by $4 inch wide and hairy without, the two inner rae elliptic and crinkled, 3 inch long by inch wide, stamens yell. hoi a linc iri 1 : istillate flowers 34 inch in diameter with five or si tals. qual e, stign How, branches muc wisted, ovary 14 inch long, pink- pare with three sonare: pointed wings. Re- cei Kew Wa ie i st Indies) small, bushy, glandular- hairy; stems bran eaves small, ish ; white, pinkic sh or greenish. ae Ousivete in California. erna scedling) medium, erect, oo leaves cave ark green, sometimes sp ins crinkle opel short, drooping, showy, flow- ink, Originated in California. 11 In addition to the species, varieties and forms described above, and in this Journal for March 1939, begonias bearing the names listed below are cultivated at the Garden. Descriptions are iE given oe wae of pee : hie correct cleo of the names they bear or because hey hav t been sufficiently studied here. Man ee plants as yet Raine are also grown. The tuberhybrid sie are not listed. Names which a n the March 1939 listing and ai t accounted appeared i re for in this present eee have been discarded as cena. not belong- ing to the plants to which they were applied. ALBA PERFECTA FRUTICOS. MULT pee LAFAYETTE ALBA SCANDENS F AUTICOSA aaa NATALENSIS ALICE MANNING BERTINIL HYBRIDA COM- PACTA ZEUSCH’S nee eae GOR ] nouiviessis ‘SUPERBA LonATA Bs oat RED COMPTA BRONZE MARIET REICHENHEIMI CAPT. rE x0 MARTIA RICHA nl ROBINSON CLEMEN Gdiaa GRANDIFLORA RIGI Con eee FLORA ALBA MAYBELLE E. mounes CREN ie OBINSON’S FRUTICOSA cucu. Gane RUBRA PINK ae Seenene MRS. HARNE SATRAPIS DARK = MULTI EELORS “COPPERY SIKKIMENSIS DOLFU VAN-EX DUKE oF Sees MULTIFLORA “FIRE FLAME” VEDDERI FLORIB MULTIFLORA “GOETHE” WHITE CANE A an anne booklet of about 40 pages, containing articles n bego have appeared in this Journal since last arch, is to be it hed soon. The price will probably be 25 cents. If Id like to receive ai incement it is ready, send your name and address at once to The New York Bot: ial Garden , Bronx Park, Fordham Branch P. O. New Yor! Frederic §. LPee By Carol H. Woodward N the death on Dec. 14 of Frederic 5S. Lee at the age the ee £ 80, N aga ost one of the . fone AC ee its entire ee n 1923 through 1927 Dr. Lee was President 7 re w -o of 8 § = for the maintenance of the Botanical Cain and its expansion; but his work was cut short by the necessity of devoting more time to his career a Surgeons at Columbia ak ersity. He retired from all active connection wit affairs e nin n 5 years of botanical study aie mi cht tmake the work e Garden more useful nee to scientists and the _ public. He sivdesled ealie pee of soil of air pol about b on fee in the city. He also ‘#ecominended more extensive research on -O ion betwe otan: at Columbia University : ie solution of timely botan cal pro epics His . Lee’s first message 7 be Board of Managers, after his on in January 1923, was to ask that a larger endowment be raised in order to ate the staff, extend es sentiee research, and enlarge the sphere e Garden’s work. oe ating his demand nearly two years later, he declared: “New York’s Botanical Garden in Bronx Park is to be made the greatest of its kind 13 in the world through the expenditure of $7,000,000 to be obtained from personal beneficence.” The following year he was appointed chairman of the fund. At that time he said: “Further expansion of The New York Botanical Garden can not be undertaken without consideration of traffic condi ?. use of ile in th ies - : the Garden and ee traffic a . borders. Speaking of the of the then new Bronx River Parkway at ae Garden, Dr. Lee aid : “The Botanical Garden presents the largest, most varied, and most beautiful single feature of this route. The number of its visitors who om her this will con- 2 o 3 ° = Q 0 3 a Ss ec: . Kh fs) x o oa o a2 borg ° 7 o =} 5 4 oO £8 wo o a » 3 [on arse in considerable degree to the Gar But the continuous increase in ea frac pee the Garden has its ane ghoban sey The functions and ideals of a botanical garden are diffe rom the functions and ideals of a public park. ine w of the new plans adopted for the Gevibomee of the Garden, a thor eles study of the problem now presented by the automobile is Fe orneede dd.” This iced was issued in January 1926, at the time when the Board of Man voted to raise $4,160,000 of the $7,000,000 for which a need was * felt Today, a fence to surround the Garden is nearing completion, and Mee it is finished, parkway and city traffic will be rerouted outside of t Garden’s grounds, thus fulfilling Dr. Lee’s hope that the institution a . of he new d, to rd which Dr. Lee ne = re ee ork, were John D. Rockefeller, Jr., who contributed $500,000 and Edw ne S. Harkness, $300,000. Announcement of these n ne gifts, with yee cee 019,000 for the endowment, was made by Dr. Lee in February 1927. “The sail eaie has been going on quietly for months,” he oe adding that it would continue until the desired sum was raised. He ribed ee opening ee as the “first chapter” in an effort to nas the Garden’s eae But later that same year, Lee felt the pressure of his work at Columbia and his many other aie interests, and he tendered his resig- nation, to become effective Nov. 17. He had been the active force in the raising of more than a million dollars for the endowment, and he himself had contributed substantially to numerous funds for the benefit of t rden. the time of his retirement, newspapers pointed to the way he had devoted himself energetically and unselfishly to the development of the IN THE MAIN CONSERVAT AT THE BOTANICAL GARH ~ 3 ie) o Bh mh ° ° 28 is} ae] = 5 3 + a < =: = eo we oO a o a Ex a a a a a is} inn a = 5 P Several all-day field trips are planned. The course continue until June 8, meeting on nine Saturdays and comprising a total of 30 hours of work. Guitare ae been made for alertness eat to be granted to ae Bi City teacher Dr. W. H. Ca is in eee charge of the course, in which other ee “of the staff will assist and Mr. George a Hastings of Theodore Roosevelt High School Re will co-operate. Besides field trips, the work will cover ae studies and demonstrations, a will be based on the 19 check-list of plants used by New York teachers. The fee is ten dollars. with teachers being admitted at half this figure. Members of the Garden who have not already taken a course during the year may register for this course without char: arge. A second term will be given on nine Saturdays beginning next September. Winter Lectures at the Garden TER a three-weeks’ holiday at the end of the year, the series oi free Saturday ceaeue lectures was resumed at the Garden on Jan. 6 with an address by Ervin S. Ferry on “Principles of Floral Deco- ion.” Prof. Fey is the author of two articles on Japanese flower arrangement which appeared i in this Journal during 1939, The complete Jan. 6 Principles of Floral Decoration Ervin S. Ferry, Master of Ikebana Jan. 13 House Plants For Winter Windows Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs, Author and Lecturer Jan. 20 Bermuda: Its Scenery and Gardens Fred J. Seaver, Curator Jan. 27 Garden Books For Winter Reading Elizabeth C. Hall, Librarian Feb. 3 Arrow Poisons and Fish Poisons of The South American I A. C. Smith, Ateocit Curator Feb. 10 Begonias and Their Care—With a Tour of the ee Collecti: T. H. Everett, See Feb. 17 Native Shrubs For Garden Use Ben Blackburn, N. J. State College of Agriculture Feb, 24 Growing New Plants From Cuttings . E. Naylor, University of Missouri Mar. 2 The Folklore of Plant Names W. H. Camp, Assistant Curator Mar. 9 Chinese Food Plants in New York W. M. Porterfield, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Mar. 16 Native Ferns of the — States rida A. Wiley, American Museum of Natural History Mar. 23 Ancient Herbs in ie Industries Rosetta E. Clarkson, Editor of Herb Journal Mar. 30 Plant Hybrids A. B. Stout, Curator of Education and Laboratories 20 tor, * hatcong, late midseason, double, blush; Current Literature Passumpsic, late midseason, double blush; Seminole, early, double, w he At bed Glance and wanee, medium-early, — single, 3 whit Ao new types may be sag By Virgene Kavanagh trom erating nurseries. Chryeantemus, ULS.D.A. Circular ae Conservation. Australiay Wild Life 528, es the new journal of the Wild Life Preser- Crater Lake. The plants of Crater vation Socicty of Australia, deals with Lake National Park are described with conservation and contin description: s and key E, I. Applega He lists 570 illustrations of native Australian shrubs. — in 60 ego ee ests ho thes o the area—The For the Collector. Transparent mounts are frequently needed by private collectors Ss Ww ; - a museums mall speci mens may be prepared by placing them in a slot a card of suitable size bi tween two layers Scotch cellulose tape. Larger specimens can be faste to plastacele, or any other transparent ed in of approximately th ight of stock, with st ‘otch tape o lapping on th make a comple’ seal. While green plants keep their color well unless exposed to strong sunlight, the method is especially suited to small fungi on leav' FW. Haasis, Madrono, Vol. 5, No. 4,4 Fossil Pollen. A picture of the dis- fearon of cnet plants in a and space can be reconstructed from fossil pollen grains found in t beds. The grains can be eae Bae sha Pines tive numbers to dance of the species ance ae the ae Cain, Botanical Rewew, December Small-Flowered Chrysanthemums. For more than 20 years the United States icultu s b f A breeding small-flowered hardy t¢ of chrysanthemums. In 1937 twelve seed- lings re releas trade. Th were Algonquin, an early, double, yellow; moskeag, early, semi-double, ligh bronze; Parnegat, midseason, i yellow; Geronimo, early, double, light ironze; Manantico aah single, rosc-colored; Mus medium-early, semi-double, rose- ete oo Matawan, me- dium-early, single, rose- colored ; Otsego, medium-early, double, rose- -colored ; Po- * All publications mentioned here—and mi others—may he found Hi the Lihrary of The Rotanical Garden, in the Museum Building. y hav car Nanas Pe enber 1939, * * Research on haa ae of the Davey Be an been Bd Ge den since July, lett iat before the holi- oe to attend the A S. meetings n Columbus, oe then - return to her ost in Cincinnal Her summer work, aie was ee on a two-months’ schol- arship from the Garden, consisted Gichy of further research the enus Bazsania, in which she studied about 60 types and made plates and rewrote descriptions of ae In all she has named or corrected approximately 250 Garden is belonging in this group of hepati Fulford olar- Nees e group. cane recent stay in New York, her “ also consisted of determining hepanes in about for members of the st com- ‘ord presented a paper on her work . me A.A.A.S, meeting in Co- jumbus, Ohio. ae of The Mikado By A. B. Stout With the co-operation of rr Nursery ‘con mpany, which is Oied ee plants, a division . me Mikado daylily was, during t! ffered for made Mirectly Ww Massachusetts in the lo is the a of a distinctly new i r the “eyed” color pat- The face ai an open are branched and they rise to a height of at least three feet. The seedling which has been. propa- clone was obtained after peas enera- tions of selective breeding. r differ- ent species are, by hybridizations, in- wri and this Te te has been he New York Botanical Garden tats later publi cations, notably in ’ and for the cover me oe Club— 1935- ios eee) by the Federated Fieri of the Garden Club, Jacksonville, € various At nt there ar a of fater ‘Breda 7 the New York Hee Garden old om: near of the new t the New Ts It ped types tol Dailies. ee York Botani cal Garden canbe propa: gated to the ice ent oat distribution can also be made to member * * Mt. Britton Tower oe The Puerto Rican Sce which re Puerto Rico at a sts on the top of Mt. -\ tower Britton in height of 3,107 feet above sea level commands a ‘ommanding a view from more than 3,000" feet ee the ae Mt. nay Tower in Puerto Rico has bec favorit goal for “hikers enjoying the La Mina Sa tio’ vie Area in the Caribbean at tional For a view of San Juan, the entire northeast — and the Puertan ea mountain anges to the so and w cription of fe stan masonr: ory of es L itton, a nder and the firs irector of the N or Boe Gan has come to the Gar t edras through the cour- of Kenneth A. Bartlett, Aetines Divector of ihe ae Experiment Station at Mayague. The naming it Britton, which is one of the most prominent peaks in the Luquillo unit o ribbean National Forest, was described in this Journal for Jan. 19. is within the boundaries of the ina eational Area whi was developed by the Civilian Conser the mo uetto Rico which has ver many years by the Ray of Sciences, and for the con- At the peers of the foot trail lead- ._ this trailside oe ap of the area Thi o Dr. N. L. Britton, on the top of the mountain which was named is memorial t hon orps under the direction of the U. S. Forest Sie. ws OQ ° a aos x A = o 3 servation of natural scenery and re- sources which has been instituted in Puerto Ri ' lendid view from t! e most popular aS in the La Mina Recreational Are * niga lela Two visitors to the ome He: epaticac = ee ame Senus Baszania” and NE aylor “Regeneration in ie flowering plants.” 23 Reviews of Recent Books (All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) Pee pene Bias Into the Gar BIRDS IN THE GARDEN AND HOW TO ATTRACT THEM. Marg: cKenny, XVIII 349 pages. 16 pages in full color, 32 pages in half-tone, ages in line; tables, bibliography and_ index, oe Hitchcock, New York, 19. $5. ts gi us the m Miss McKenny Cc caplet ject that has | ee. appeared. and imaginative, it will become a peed ard source-volume on attracting binds to the den. Mi cKenn: well popular liter: i wn experience with ,» not only in the Far Wi hi he color plates are of common garden birds, chosen from the excellent series published by: of Min ta. current trend of gar growing need for a vade mecum of this Coming from the a rthwest, wee nature its grandes ue ne ss McKenny has acqui ired . poin' ew about song-birds mat is reineshingly intelligent and never trite or oversenti- mental; her discussions will hav eihe en- dorsement of every practical ecole. Rocer T. Perer National acai. of Audubon Societies. Up-to-Date Manual on Insects Of Economic Importance P, Flin indexed Ww. 981 pages, New McGraw-Hill, Cc. * edition. Berend York. 1939. $7.50 The second edition of this very useful book oh ane cai the a of the ae edition, e 60 pages ome topics have _been vey re- Se or enlar; iz example, the paragraph on t (such h An of you powder post beetle, SC aeac with that hom of the ee rmite by owners, is se up in this edition. 24 The chinch bugs are apn mainly ae as standpoint of the w far: A provements of the bool The much the See but the eae of the lines makes the book somewhat less easily read. he table showing the losses due to insects cs the year eae Ramen mela compared to a similar table s ing con! ve come into use, these are included under control measures. The chapters on “In- sects Attackin: Shade Trees and hrubs”, “In. Pe: of iced @ truck crops, are brough’ that they will continue to be among the most useful parts of the bo = . O. Dooce. Vegetation and the Civilization Of the Human Race S GREEN MANTLE. Syd- angham. 322 pages, photo- s, diagrams, index. Macmillan, New York, 1939. $3.50. Botanists will agree with ees Mangham that “the Goce study of m: kind is vegetation.” The green antl : the earth is a ving ae essential ali living ncluding man. Considering nee Sal rial belief that is the collection and we o human civilization o of alan 5. he ed chapter, which bears the same title as the bee introduces us to vege- tation in ral, ecologically ae ler ter on paleobotany (Old Clothes"), “then three mainly historical chapters with the Sian between oe ae human beings and the growth of the knowledge of plants. These technical i interesting comprise an morphology, ap Apes pathology ‘an Bae ics. Any ment of s rats is io “degenera te a t-book, ngham is wane precns ably the wood aki of Toresiey, veers off shar o Linnaeus and binomial nomenc iene, and comes to haven finally i i ern branches a botany. For e who like to bro in cur: ious facts compe- tently pee hrar ue is delightful; but the thread of the Pape aia follow. Errors are few and mino The au nithor seems curiously pce of the elements of Latin grammar. arkinson, for in- stance, did Hoe write a work entitled “Paradisi in sole.” The book copiously _ illustrated. The y of plants is figured in a series of beautiful nliotonieroerapis nd us photographs of plants, wild and cultivated, from all parts of the earth, c luable collection. 'y mpt at connected reading of the text. H. W. Rickert. Physiology For Advanced Botany Students PLANT PHYSIOLOGY. B. S. Meyer & D. B. Anderson. 696 pages, 151 figures, index. Van Nostrand, New » 1939, $ 50. divided into 38 ed clas: ant biyaclesy It is clearly written and well illustrated. The emphasis is distinctly on physics and chemistry, and one has the feeling at times that it is a book on Sua ie mples pters i and a large sod the processes plants, the true subject matter of p physi ace Sug: collateral readings and a selected Dibtography a the ae Pr each ch: d_ dis: nm questions at the a add to the book’s value. Ww. OBBINS., A asi = Southern poe OF wee ine Bein Gao cate Sy photo. graphs, index. Uaeee yr; North Carolina Press, Chapel ‘Hill, 19. $2.50. It is with pleasu ie ‘ome re welco volume covering thi Guthe oe to the ranks of photos apically” illustrated tree Since the gaa Aa books on es trees was so great, it was not to be e. pected that the, Fist of its kind ould all the requirements—nor does the present work, for the descriptions are sketchy and some of the illustrations of as trees are not quite typical in for ae appear be seri- In ie the: e ee the ous erro ZIV: rats perc anion, ig Gonean limit is sate ‘o be souther: t » it is come ticut 161 a photograph of northern re cake is cap- tioned south red oak, and on page 307 a photograph of black locust is cap- tioned honey locust. W these two are cases of transposition with the equivalent plates of the preceding species are too indistinc r recognition. ie book, however, is pleasantly writ- ten and readable and will find a place on the shelves of amateurs interested in southern trees. E, J. ALEXANDER. 25 Mrs. Buxton on Begonias . Bessie Raymond ae hotographs, draw. ie, Cush & Flint, eer The Beg which the work is dedicated. embers ° for window le, without a semblan matter, wil with, ae the umerous illustrations, most of them clea r, will be a helpful means of identi- fication of species. r chapters deal with reer ug! problems of irem: of cer no end of interesting hints are set oun for the benefit of the indoor garden J. G. Es acox Artistic Flower Arrangements lained aah Mead & Co, read through the book ‘ Lael Soucek Design’ I was stru y the conviction that the authors ha = vere t ok for the beauty in form an color which may be found in a rlkitude of plant materials, and that their ex- planation would serve arrangemen ats o great simplicity or extreme Sophistication Mrs. Roy M, L: Up to the Public VATION THE Ae Gustaf. - Gui. tha Ww. T. ami iton, 445 pares. "932 figures, rane ana” pergrerhy. Comstock Publishing Co., Ith N. ¥. 1939. $ Here is a non-technical presentation of Sean to students and interested readers for the purpose of developing a iiiustencis organized and he end of each chapter with a series of questions waecigned to Ur in the reader's mind the im- portant _ Points, _The introduction gives us the national vatio: From there, the reader is en ‘ogcaly over the ground: first, th and kinds of sal then the uses an ee va- tion of water, and finally all oe av. sete able qriponet or ion on soi - ela and erosion, pictorial and other Now begins the mene eed side of the plan: first, e general problem and meaning of soil conservation, and then all the phases - Pecan conserva- tion as it affec' rest resources; west- i pee es fish and _ fisheries ; game and oe fe; and finally, metal, has is 1S a a timely and informative text-book, with a Coes terse ee xe ie a punch which puts floods an trol up to the public as a national social problem in a most convincing n . M. PortTeRFIELD, U.S. Soil Conservation sear Gardening Simplified For the Beginner THE SMALL GARDEN: Planning and Planting for Permanence. Kath- photogr. aphs, one index. ee ick A. Stoke: Mr, and Mrs. Sto have writter thoroughly detightal ‘ook, Rise “and seful. The: building up eden were pee en the plenty ‘of ae ead material which ies have set down a and t abou Mr. Storm an aoe ae also designs wardens is ra : is the indoor gardener, as well as co helper; her chap’ iat derive porel from her own experience and they fresh and Saisie The book is decidedly encouraging to the. beginning gardener. The tendency 26 e turned out a M.L.A. other gardeners, and ha primer of real value. M ary N. Dixon, Soilless Gardening as oe On a Commercial Sca on eee IN NUTRI- ENT SOLUTIONS, or oa e Vicor Growth. New York, 1939, $3. This book is pied la ao directions for plying ally methods of one ae nts pene a6 cinders wet with nutrient Trinidad MARTINIQUE a Ca Altogether, ee regions furnish a marvelously eee landscape for the tourist and are botanically of the greatest interes AVY the collector, pecies whi mi mosses which tive ae only on the bark of the trees but in some n cling to their leaves. The special features of this vegetation are the ee ae the shrubby species of plants in the Aralia family, their 38 elegant leaves besprinkling the forest with light spots, te the ees and various shrubs, the herbaceous and epiphytic members of the Pep een (Piperaceae) and the terrestrial and peaches oe aae Am the species of Piperaceae whic y be found today in Piperaceae described by C. de Candolle and those recently a by Pro- ieee William S. Trelease from our collections may be se e saturation of the atmosphere and the very high rainfall (reaching a yearly average of about ten meters at the Soufri¢re), coupled with very a air Grodation and low light intensities, favor the abundant growth of ferns such as the genera Hymenophylluim and Trichomanes with their leaves only one cell thick. Of the orchids, a different species are represented, among which 11 are endemic. of the orchids inhabit the forest and belong n abenaria. e = y also find tiny species of the chiefly tropical Burmannia family ae three rare leafless area | eria hymenanthera, Gnas Germaini and G. which ke as saprophytes on rotting branc hes, or as re on the of oa Ni trees. The plant associations of Guadeloupe ae eneee y land, or xero- growth in the successively wet, rainy, ad mossy for One an finds the ae or mesophytic, forests of the basis Tae Morne, Gros Morne de Deshaies and Ste. Rose hills, vell as a stunted forest, a high savannah and a ephapnetunr a hee cae At however, disturbances provoked by man during the eau dinar of re areas and later enlarged by cyclones (notably s t 1896 and 1928) contribute more and more to the disappearance of the primitive features of forests, where once the wild pre-C lombian Caribees camped in their ajoupa made of branches and leaves. The sparkling Vauchelet — once like a aia in its setting of luxuriant verdure, is no more the botanist’s paradise whic e Duss spoke. Aud on the thick buns w hich once bore a the ae - the forest, the “acomats,” “bi ” (Sloaneca phone nd Ss. Massoni) resolus” Chinas cymosa var. genuina), lie nee they were violently thrown d Verdan hanane Suan now extend along the mountain ae ie beeen them, kept as screens from the wind, are remnants of the cleared for Characteristic species of nae windbreaks are “pois doux,” (Inga aes the West Indian “swe - ae arbores- ns), a shrubby = of the Potato Cie eee bleues” or “blue 39 seeds” (Symplocos Heelan and ‘“‘cafés-marrons,” “coffee-chestnuts Rudgea caribaea) ; n the = we can collect rare epiphytic orchids and ferns. This is parcels aes tru ar Galion and Ravine Chaude de Dugommier, at la Regrettée and VEnnieg (Trois Riviéres), at l’Espér- lence has been organized by M. Adrien Questel. The Grande-Terre presents a ee different landscape, with dry cal- careous hills called Erle .? and s ene and alluvial valleys which are more fertile, such as the “Gra ae onds” overhung by hills, the highest of which i ere only 120 ee high. There are also chi alan ay et of “ma: ce (Pisonia), also called “mampoo” ; “bois vin (Eryihroxylon), related to the plant producing cocaine; Bees ana. “poiriers (pear-trees) ce Antilles” (Tabebuia), a or tree related to the trumpet-vine, Bignonia; and “petites a and curiously known as “sage.” On these ie ae St. Francois and Ste. Anne, new species of Teas have bee: The stations most worthy of botanical ey are ee eee coral reefs and madreporic north cliffs : Portes d’Enfer, de V’Anse Bertrand, that of th ; reighonng de Pee of Guadeloupe are la Désirade, panes Gale and Les Saintes, while the more distant dependencies are Sain Martin and Ss i Barthélemy (St. Barts), toward a north of the aoe holies Archipeligo On these now densely populated pa the aboriginal red men disap- peared ae gi having been destroyed by the warring Caribees from the Orin hese vanished in tay upon the arrival of Eur eee more than fe Sonne years ago, a ae were decimated in a war, and only a few of them Faatibes on a reservation in Dominica. The last of them oS refuge in the peieits where the Lanaenle eae ane disappear The ent aay locally know: eoles rtly de: ene = ae pene t from Africa ty the i eee men. Much # nter- breeding took place after . abolition of slavery when Hindu laborers were introduced in the French Antilles at ro end of the last century. * The word * it is used here bears no relation to the meaning of the word in the United States, eine it aa applies to French-speaking white inhabitants of Louisiana of either French or Spanish descent—C.H.W. SCENES IN THE FRENCH «. ANTILLES Acacia-covered slopes in Left and right: ; Plantations of the atiog long-fibered cotton, Gossypium barbadense, 42 Many Indian types have thus been naturalized in these islands so far from a tries ae e they live as ged did in their country of origin ants here have for many years raised sugar- cane, wih banana cetneton Beau ed fe recently. ore first crops raised were indigo oo le and I. Anil); co Gos. spin ‘orb ense and G. Mar te) ; tobacco ‘(Nicotiana es and ai o (Bixa orel- lana), a te fe the dye which is used chiefly to ee Bae r and cheese. In the dry and moderately hamid regions of Mar ue and Guade- loupe, sugar-cane culture predominates. th rum ai r are pro- uced from it, and on s factories and distilleries run in a mod manner in both these coloni ister regions, both near the a coast and at high alt aatles: mixed crops, like bananas, coffee, cacao and vanilla, are cultivated but that practice tends to disappear in favor ot greater. Pineapple is eae at Ses St. Joseph, and Gros Mor on Martinique, at Ste. Rose, and in the Lam entin aoc of Gindeloige : a c aes in several species); malangas (Xanth. 1a, . peci a taro on-pea: emperate regions. These sh nel rus aurantium), grapefruit (Citrus grandis), papaw (Carica Papaya), mammee-apple (Mammea americana), litchi-nut Og Litchi), Otaheite-apple (Spondias), custard-apple (Annona), rose-apple or Surinam cherry (Eugenia), Barbados-cherry er aio, pases (Persea), coconut (Cocos), passion-fruit (Passiflora), (Diospyros), and especially the many varieties of pes ne indica) of whi : Bee most appreciated are Julie, Divine, Reine, Amelia, Sabot, and Man But my chief eae fies in 2 ae variety of plants which may be found rd the wilderness. The geological history of these islands gives them a flora which, while often en o beth North and South A ee still consists aa many ae species, most likely developed since the land anne eries of island Miocene aa Tertiary, at a time when a rich flora sees existed on nearby is ic e Rico), w suck seeds were able to migrate. The paleotropical and neotropical floras were A characteristic scene in the mountainous regions of the French eee where the walls of the narrow valleys are an entanglement of v lready enna haar = its nee pee is reason to suppo' that the Isthmus a did not figure as much as the archipelago i the Antilles in deere of errs ie ea families between the North and South American continents. Désirade, the first land that Columbus sighted on his second western voyage, is a narrow, long, dry island. Its vegetation is littoral, xerophytic 44 and ruderal—characteristic of waste places—on the calcareous “mornes” and ae like that of the volcanic hills of Deshaies toward le Grand Nord and’ Riviére. All along the Ravine Cybéle, one may find such of goldenrod known as i oa ssiana, one of the century ee a Ehren- bergit, a resinous shrub Hee known as dogwood ; — Dieielien an epiphytic ore ae and Tetramicra onatft, a ter ial orchid, all i oupe are ie senna tside of or sereno; Agave Désirade. Here hyperxerophytic see of Cactaceae cea its biological maxim ong the outstanding nae here are Echinocactus Had nd Cephaloc. cereus Urbanianus, found in the ae aie “Le ésert,” een the leper-hospital and the Maia lighthou alante, larger but flatter than Dé aan is geo- ma: rine sediments of the Miocene period. Its orig- t could thrive eithe d n full sun, but it is now mix plantations of eae and the local species of cotton ae aks AMarie-Galante). Som ae a ae occur in the uth, as between Grand-Bourg an a. ee the Hauts, and above ail in the mane pe apuatis of Ie ae near Saint-Louis, where he y-flowered e n tree, Tabebuia pallida, and the Guiana plum, eee ae. are a Several small basaltic a labradoritic islands, resembling sugar loaves, el — ri a n-Bas In e Chamea 12D ssn ns Saeee w vi suc on - se Croton Astroites ae ryifolius, also possesses them the pane Bane lsia fallax; Ardisia ne i orchid, Epidendrum ciliare ; the acanthus relative, Justicia androsaenufolia ; and an endemic pepper, Peperomia dolosa. i. -Martin aa Saint sone os ae are a nate cae whose flor uch lik the with s ation speci plants, ene as i ne aa ve te Myrtle family; the leguminous pceices oie Erythroxylon ovatuni var. fo ee and a new piper species recently collected in Saint caaaeel at Grands Fo o i. Questel, which we ee named in his But to enumerate the me species of the rich flora of these ae of the Antilles is not e One must see them; one must traver sha cactus-filled deserts eee over cae verdant hills, venture ce their jungles, and stand on the tops of their mist-washed peaks to ee the richness of the fens there. 45 The Arrowhead -As a Food Among The Chinese By W. M. Porterfield (No. 8 of a@ series on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York) pee small me of two species of arrowhead (Sagittaria) are found the Chinese food shops of New York. The one that is native in China (S. ae) 1 is in greater demand and is more nel found ae ae ee - ease — the Chinese have come to know only een in Am ee yey ve Gunes species resembles a small onion so bd inches in diameter and a little more than an inch in height.2 The graph shows a shoot projecting from the center and two ing ae leav Tubers of the North Sousa an a latifolia), whic are found in the Chinese market in November seasonal vegetable, have been eaten in this country since ae ise “The Lewis & Clark expedition in 1804 found the Chinook Indians of Oregon using it as a food mainsta and in 1852 Perry noted this gum in the diet of ae Chippewas.?_ It grows commonly throughout the country in stagnant pools and standing water. Its distinctive aves sarea 2 lateral tc a ‘elo ngated sprout that projects from one end, and two to four leaf-base scars that show the position of the buds and eee ae uber he leaves, which are arrow- -shaped, as the gener ic name signifies, have The tubers of S. sinensis germinate without pata as can be judged by the leaf habit shown in the ase tograph ae a ioe nina submerged pot kept in the a Sear ho From experience S. latifolia ie not grow as readily. Its leaves are ee a ath aay petioles and no a oc fe) 8.5 uel 4 ° =] ° c 3 2 o & 8 M< a7 <2 @ * ited @ =] Sas a no obes. The arrowhead, called T’zu-Ku by the Chinese, is well described in the Pen-tsao. Mo : rn botanists have identified it under a number of different names, among them S. trifolia®, S. eeepisila and S. sagittifolia. ilson 4 ne its cultivation for tubers in the provinces of Szechuan and Yunnan. The arrowhead is cooked and eaten in the same way as the 1 Sims, J. Bot. Mag. pl. 1632. 1814. For convenience in this article, the Chinese arrowhead, which seems to be a broad-leaved form of the European species, is referred peiraaams i Tt might é 4 2 Blasdale, W. C. description of some Chinese vegetable food materials. ee is O.E.S. Bull. 68:8. 1899. 3 Bretschneider, E. rae story of European botanical discoveries in China, pp. 102 and 341. 1898, 4 Wilson, E. H. A naturalist in Western China I¥:59. 1913. Young plants of the Chinese arrowhead, their tubers below at the right. Above, tubers of the American epecies of Sagittaric , Colocasia. At Foochow ®, where it is sometimes called arrow- grass, o is eral like the taro, in the spring and the tubers are ce fs October. Each plant gives four to six tubers. The tender stalk i occasionally used for food. In the pes ead is also ene raw eas a the awed. which exudes a aoe juice and ie a ato-like ce and consist ency, serves urce of starch. Wes boiled, mt "becomes sweet and acquires a ae en taste. A ie titative analysis of the basic composition of the North American and Asiatic species gives the followin percentages of the principal constituents : S. latifolia S. sinensis fo 61.5% g _— Water Protein Starch 19.6 229 ‘at 1.0 10 Albuminoids 7 5 ame W. Notes on the cia botany and zoology of China. Jour. N. Chin. As. Soc. 51:139. 1920. ee y “Uses niaiite of Japan, pp. 26 and 27, 1895. 7 See note 2 abov 47 are (1) a soluble casein-like albuminoid, e nitrogenous elements PC 3 a small amount of an f oe ee le albuminoid, and (4) varying one of non-albu- minoids of which oe is an important constitu The s a eed are round- oH is Bacoeauiie ey ae — seldom exceed 30 microns in diameter. c, show striations clearly, and exhibit a slight play of es see ee light and a eee plate. The arrowhead tuber has many therapeutic uses. Bruised nine are peas to eae sores, snake and insect bites, and as a powder to itching diseases. The of raw tubers is said to be Se are ng fe and ane and inducing premature bint intere n regard to the leaf- shape a the arrowhead, which W. Wachter ®, who correl root growth to leaf expansion. The first leaves ar natrow ovate-lanceolate and each cee oader until sagittate lobes are developed and the leaf reaches its mature dim eeping the roots trimmed back when the plant is young checks leaf nee so that the leaves do not become sagittate. Trim- ming the roots after the plant has started to produce sagittate leaves, ae ever, has no effect; in other words, sagittate leaves continue to be duced, only they are smaller. The seed of Sagittaria sinensis has not been described. The flowers are borne in whorls clustered about a scape that comes up directly from the rootstock. The flowers are pa a is ae advanced. Monoecious and dioecious forms occu Double- ed forms, which make an attractive display, have been describe oe ee as S. japonica Hort. and as S. japonica flore-pleno Hor ee . 2 ppd sed to have pe in ae botanical gardens in Madrid and from there was distributed by Haage and Schmidt, who eae them a the trade. It is a double eee of S. sagittifolia but is not winter-hardy. Propagation is - tubers and is so prolific that compact masses of these plants will spread over wide swampy areas unless ais Bienes The projecting sprout piers a terminal bud from which r and leaves emerge to form an agate plant. This in ee deve ae runners at the ends of which new plants appear. The axillary buds on the old tuber may produce new ee that will alias a new plant system or may decay, leaving its offspring independen 8 Stuart, G. A. Chinese material medica. p. 389. 1928. 9 Wachter, W. Beitrage zur Kenntnis einiger Wasserpflanzen. Sagittaria chinensis Sims, Flora 83:377. 189'7. 0 Gardener’s Chronicle III. 30:170-171. fig. 54. 1901. i The Garden 74:67. 12 Schneider, C. K. ‘Wasserpflanzen. Die Gartenmelt HI:620-621. 1899. 48 Reviews of Recent Books (All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) A Leading Botanical Text In a New Edition BOTANY—A TEXT BOOK FOR COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY STU- TS. : old W. Rickett. Third edition. 658 pages, illustrated and indexed. Van Nostrand, New York, 1939. $3.75. one compares the text books in use 25 years ago, one imp d not only with their increase in number b by the high quality of so many of them. The reason why t no more st dents in college courses in bo s not tan: of ack of adequate and eae tive presentation of the subje A the ill of ae American i w 2) aon ars pears in its third edition. This not radically peat ce the ec oie an will chapter to plant wth, thus emph ing the chiet TSE ae at the plant. The more ae d aspects of growth, ite the ent discoveries win ie tr reat: constitutes the second section of the book, is much a wi een feaaueed and considerably in- sed. The first portion discusses gametophytes, fora) homologies, and the type! ans in these: higher Ranales : a Orchideles, hes bee een cut from 38 pages to 17. Discussion of plant evolution is so a revised but mention is made of the ora of imitive vascular plants, the discovery of whic! Eke such an im- portant influence on ern ideas of phylogeny. There are iy new and ex- oo illustrations scattered through the EpM we SINNO Pro se v of Bae ny, Column University. Herbs—Their ea Lore ris Modern Cultu MAGIC GARDENS. Rosetta Clarkson. a eae a ge Ma millan, New If you would re: ge. all you must do is to eat sage in Ma Alkanet, in the olden day was the ymbol of falsehood peered “Hey made lipstick from its roots, and of course no respectable ies would lie about the color of her tides warded off husband oe by sprigs of rose: might glee spiderwort cause it has always represented : ransient love, All this i : oo an a per izer to the m physical feast of heb hee to be an ia Mrs. Gates recently published Magic Gardens, 49 A cha apter of singular interest discusses “Simples,” that doctrine a ag an early people that God His rcy stamped upo in seat ee ery atoning us tions of earl, walks and maze: of ay to a very Peel and modern treat- ent of the subjec: . oie a incorp' in cot ool be ok is ted Magic Gardens, with several Gecines from the Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, besides several score of modern recipes requiring herbs, for the excellence Aa some of which this reviewer can person- ally vouc 's book is a valu: Clarkson able dition: to « our ae aereacing library If the reader lacks interest in ad- uide for frequent reference as he p and oe pee his herb garden. So s this grower is concerned he has ever “failed to find the answer in something Mrs. Cla ae has written. Ene. . McGrecor, Wheeling, W. Va. An PH Gaeeeien Guide To Propag PROPAGATION OF Eaease epete TURAL PEANTS «. Guy W. Adri and Fred R. Bri 314 pages, illus. trated with photographs, indexed. Mc- Graw-Hill, New York, 1939. $3. Here is a good practical guide to those interested in ae Laer es k of oo ble e to the student of agricultur The sable gies ee all the well known methods of propagation of plants. Chapters are present ned on seeds and seed- ines, bulbs, eee grafting, budding, nother book on practical Bie pronation is the fact that the more recent modifications of included from the vernal for inse lescril valu- ated as P help to the practical man. Study questions at the close of each ent induc rooting . cuttin, and: pedal flee t pests are di ibed and e chapter and a short bibliography help to make the book of value as a text. The illustrations are numerous and well done. E. E. Nay tor, University of Missouri. The Mechanism of Reproduction pages, jllustrated and indexed. millan, New York, 19. oe ae ic Systems, production and the underlying mecha- which influence heredity pinaee ation There ar the following topics: etics; The Substance of ual Reproduction; Meiosis: Crossing-over; Meiosis: ortm ha: e 21 chapters which deal with Premises of Gen- Heredity; Sex- Pairin ion; The Atom of Geneti tics 5 oe some Aechanics ; enotypic ntrol ; he Mechanism of Grae ne cuer ; The Biol- zy of Recombination; The Pursuit of Hybridi he Permanent Hybrid; The volution of Sex; Sterility: The Contra- iction; Apomixis : The Escape; The In- septation of of the Cell; and The Evolution er aut! thon has attempted to separate the facts eocernine the cytology of re- production fro fie theories, which per- ~ the stude ae enetics and cytology © grasp quite readily a general iy of te mechanical processes involved in re- production. CLypE CHANDLER. Chemical Dictionary STANDARD CHEMICAL TECHNICAL DICTIONARY. AND particular value of the book lies in the pene of chemical a technical and trade names used in industry. The nection: on Nomenclature ot Organic Chemistry, Pr ate oe Organic Radicals, Chemical and 2 Words ‘vill be tod set by all who read organic a oe DERICK a KavanacH. Current Literature* At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh Nucleic Acids. Plants and animals, as we see them every - look so different we seldom sto; at th few years ame "hoot they had f between plants and oni in the. ee re oO their nucleic ea These acids occur in the nucleus of each cell of every plant and every animal and are apparently asso- ciated with the genes, the factors in In 1937 a 38 biochem nucleic acid from wheat which was like that from animals. This might mean then that green pl and animals m from yeasts; in the nucleus is like that of the animals ont the uc ifferent from an a Forest Preducts. Most of us forest products are essential to us, but w oes stop - realize in just how m: One recent survey listed 4,500 u: car sil dic nt Reta ie pte Once he form These forms are still used as building materials, railroad ties, telephone and telegraph poles, fence-posts, river and lock pilings, mine timbers, and fuels. Now, it is told in a bat ge epi of merican rests,” issue t August by the Forest Products eae ory is the Forest Service, veneers, ply- woods, pressed eee wood pulp, wood flour, and wood compound solutions are ae in hee onstruction: furniture, in- Il publications mentioned e—and many A ul her others—may be found in the Library of “The Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. terior oe paper, rayon, linoleum, and plastics. In the ule Mary m than a mi niflion square fee at least Pe different jands. of wood were d. Resins, turpentine i and vinegar come from abroad sugar and stock feeds are bene made from wood. The Christmas tree in the United States, which is dependent on forests, amounts to several million dollars a year. s. The January number of wee mm n esearch, ig vat by the Agri- cultural Exp Station at Geneva, Y. pe nee fou new varieties of cherries tested in ad York a tate— Seneca, Lyons, Em Franc and Vict orhave given good Paty oe seh: factory fru The Geneie Delicata squash is described in this issue as mosaic-resistant and as being well liked by the people who have Seeds may be co-operated in testing it obtained either from certain commercial dealers or, for 25 ei this year, from the Experiment Sta Delphinum Culture. Hf your delphin- iums do not se as well as you think e to you. rib alot soil for the elphiaiuns, Seeds planted in the spring give better results in the United States than do the vegeta- perennial plants may e summer or tensplanted then if they were sown in the spring. e perennial species, ost varieties Delphinium oO D oO o i] 7 aes red men were discovered and named the Col One who are related . ‘the ancient Chibchas of Co- joni ia, have ace — ma: i they believe it alw see to dye their bodies red. The cane = the. dye takes some time to apply. The capsules of the ae mptied on a banana leaf ae creme are rae into the a pears ated upon, ie ubbed for a while until the hand is ae rua Aa the down to the The Co lor: of the ae ie the Le ie stiff. It cs combed and then cut with scissors so that this coiffure looks con eae like the old-time “bowl-trim,” with the exception that the hair hangs down in front of the ale necessitating the Indian’s leaning eee in order to see forward. r the brilliant red they er paint baa ee lines from the j fe of the fruit of the p (Genipa americana), e fruit that yields a harmless black dye ( core commodity for ve es com- merce is searching). i woman of the tribe does not color herself com- She uses the achiote for other pur- pplie ver withouw thi one sees the entire compass of oe of the American indian exemplified Why do they color Leese and why do they oe uae ise — this purpose? In pri asoning, to be full of blood means to alive; to be without i means to be dead; to them blood posse a Gal being apart from the body and is thus magical and mystical. To the Indian to be of the same ‘blood is to possess the same Gal spirit that makes them all of the same single living unit. To them this is what blood relationships really consist of. s who are at enmity with one nothe contains a blood-drinking ceremony w wh blood of another. In Australia, where a aati bush does not exist, the 86 natives smear their bodies with ew haa for ce ae of red ochre—which has the same effec s the e has on the Colorado Indian. It is not only a pase eee . i Colorados it aed now mean only this), bat is a means oe against unseen ces, ma. overcome witchcraft and the re evil forces ie animate the whole organic and inorganic rld. By smearing on blood or the symbol of h; s he ; vidual, but as : whole tribe. Since achiote is the a symbol of “blood, and the symbols of Indians are realistic in the achiote is not only the sy ae of blood—it 1s blood ; and thus the Cian go through their lives fe and night clad in a fiery mantle of red to ward off the principles of evil. It became nee ee to my wife to see ie men pee ak mg selves with the mposity as modern wome the of ment when she, like themselves, decorated her face. On one occasion, she applied rouge to her lips and cheeks in front of them. While the men gaped in eer fe little es ee scarlet-red like the men, came forward and a . “Why t you put the red all over your body as we do, why a - ‘only he it on your “ips?” Ground-(Covers For Difficult Places By Mabel Choate OME years ago, when I took over “Naumkeag”’ in Berkshire County, Mass., there were just two kinds of ground-cover on the place, pachy- sandra and vinca. The pachysandra was planted where the growing and mowing o of grass had proved impossible, and the vinca under tall shrubs in places inaccessible to anything but ee The idea of having ground- covers in order to gain effects of space, distance, design, or contrast of color had never occurred to anyone; nor had the idea penetrated that their , after ten years, almost all the difficult places are filled with some- thing elie: than grass, and the variety of plants used is a constant source of delight to myself and of surprise and interest to visitors. 8&7 Where the trees are thick there is a dense planting of natural woodlands undergrowth. Mai ide nh air and other ferns of various kinds, jack-in-the- c there; and among these we have planted Lilium auratum, which had dis- dained the garden, and the pink L. Pa and they have grown magnifi- cently. Where there is some sun we have the native yew, Taxus canadensis. Nearby on a gentle shady slope the large stretch of pachysandra which had become Bees has been broken up by broad-leaved funkia (Hosta) at eight-foot intervals, with the result that a green polka-dotted carpet seems = have i spread beneath a tall ae Cutting into this come three coves planted with three different varieties of Ajuga reptans, and as these coves are edged with narrow brick paths they stand out in strong relief, one ou green, one = green, a the third bronze. Looked down upon from the windows of the house they make a charming pattern, and their economi ee is enormous. jug nothin sparsely, the first year it takes hold and begins to spread. The second “ mes t done, and the whole space evenly covered, the third year will find it a ie solid mass of ajuga. Then, no more weeding, and the only thing left to be done is to run the lawn-mower over it once during the summer to remove the tall, spike-like, and unsightly seed stalks. me, the most important variety of this useful plant is Ajuga ane ae which is so very light in oa that it is almost white. fess steep bank has runs down from the house terrace, it starts strips fifteen feet wide. These soon ae and flow together in = a in a broad ae river until it reaches the orchard a one of hundred feet below This effect of a white river is heightened by the fact that it is bordered by a broad aoa He mah { deep green germander which grows in a does die d i thick low 1 Teucrium (germander) es wn somewhat in winter i it comes ] re: ly again in the spring, and although it require e weeding, as its gr is not ol he ajuga, and i oe must have its tall mauve flowers cut off, it is a pretty good ae for boxwood in such a planting as this Beyond this band of teucrium is a nibs curved high bank that is hard to cover, both because we are anxious not to disguise its shape, and also because it is so difficult of access that we want to avoid any growth of weeds. The first experiment was rather a failure: a thick planting of r which sounded perfect—foliage green and shiny, flowers beautiful, oe growth thick enough to discourage weeds. However, what happened was 88 that the roses enjoyed themselves so thoroughly that they went completely aigh haywire. Thick canes stood str t up in the air, hidi ely curve of t nk; or where they did decide to li wn, they reached out for ten or twenty feet, and yet were so far apart that weeds gre between them like magic. No one who has not tried to weed such a bed can ede the torture of walking among the thorns. e have taken out most of the roses, oe leaving the flattest- rowing ae such as the Evergreen Gem, and those at pra: aa intervals to admit of convenient weeding ne pruning. To thes we have added numbers of clematis, and this, with vinca at the top = bottom of the bank, we hope may be a success. ne @ most curious things about gardening is the extraordinary effect made on plants by the difference of environment. In my woods is a thick i d p up, a that is where we now have the white ajuga. At the bottom of the hill, under a group of evergreen trees, is a bed shadow and gives more width and distance hae a small ba leading into the woods. This is a cna delicate looking p “ heart-shaped indented leaves, creeping, hardy, and shade-loving ee oe ae but stead- ily. A rather fairy-like growth, very different aa other ground-covers. A a Bt ha ane a between the _erarous the nae foidea always bee eyesore, and now at last it is almost overed with a delightful ae vine of rapid gr ae Buin ian or ae strawberry. If small plants, started in the greenhouse, are put out in the spring, by late summer t orm a thick cover, hal re is no room for weeds and they fall down the bank in fine oven Duchesnia has the aces too, of having pretty yellow star-like flowers and later bright scarlet ber paee bank, rier so high nor - ae but also aie of treatment and quite long, is covered with blocks of alternating gre ay. oO a block of gray-leaved sun-rose (Helianthemuim) and next to that again 89 ee same plant, but with a foliage. Their lovely rose-like flowers are a great asset too, and even when ce — fall they may lie there un- disturbed, looking like a light fall o evergreen ground-covers there are many, and perhaps in our northern climate they are more grateful to garden-lovers than the deciduous plants. a the house a thick carpet of - dera Helix baltica seems to give a e of stability, and its dark green color is very becoming to the cies of the house. Charles McKim. the famous architect, once aid to me: “We have too much architecture in this country.” And the more T know of plants and gardens, here and abroad, the more I see what he meant. Imost the most ie of evergreen ground-covers is .tsarwin europacum, or Eur n wild ginger. Very different from our native plant, its leaves are « intense ay very ats apie quite lar. a ae if Having tried it in various low shady places without much success, we have now moved all of it to a well drained slope in semi-shade, between broad-leaved evergreen shrubs, and I hope this environment will suit i better A ping evergreen with tiny leaves, very slightly variegated, is ie bewensis. With me it has had a rather ragged growth; but am no ou Tf habitat, it will be very charming, and also fill a long felt want. The heathers make delightful ground-covers, and Calluna de is (both alba and rubra) have been most successful. Variety nana is the most beautiful as Rie me it is badly winter-damaged, and takes most of the summer to r n ai sempervivums have been a great institution and they spread quickly. It is never too hot or dry for them, and they are very hardy; their great veiees) and funny tall grotesque flowers make them a constant source of amusement. , too, is a eta substitute for lawn in the deep shade of a tree, and there a are — kinds, a it is hard to start in some places and needs east t reful weedings during ae summer This year, ee a appeared a fine wth of moss on a broad expanse of gravel in front of the one Toe and on inquiry as to 90 how this delightful effect could possibly have been attained, the gardener disclosed the fact that he had spread about ue killer a then poured on molasses. The result was that a slight scum had been formed, which proved irresistible to the moss. Whether this will continue a second year w Pp was nearly forced to leave home, on account of the immediate influx of horseflies, wasps and other objectionable creatures. These are the ground-covers that so far we have found most useful, rt ed; such a aria, w S SO we tones ; the sedums and the saxifrages, and many native herbs that are close ing ; and some of these have the advar { being aromatic as well like aad ee put it on a wall for the contrast of its light yellow-green, and a at once it became the same color as the grass, and grew over eae in sight. Also there are many different aon of Soha: some very beautiful, and many, perhaps all of them, fra: One variety, which has become as at the first sign of frost it dies a speedy death and all that is left is a great black splotch. Then there is a whole world of plants that may be used as ground-covers, although they are generally treated as individual plants ds, there is an ee triangle twenty all wh July, with not a weed in sight; and to my certain knowledge they have not been touched, except to be thinned out, for at least thirty een n India, the much despised canna is used in the same way, and the ne masses of red, yellow and pink flowers are © brilliant and ae in that hot dry land. ae succe essful effect that we have had is the planting of red 0 bushes ; and they are not only a lovely combination when seen through the foliage of the shrubs, but they do well, and their delicious fragrance is wafted to the nearby terrace on every summer breeze. 91 At one time we had honeysuckle planted there, but even when killed ce 0 out it had to come, and the petunias and nicotiana are a grand substitute. Lilies-of-the-valley are good, and all the ferns and pene as well as Veronica incana, Iberis sempervirens ; and many o the fun is in trying something new; though it generally takes two or three years to prove whether a are is going to be a success or a failure It must not be forgotten that in canes earenage and under certain condi- tions there are other materials than plants which can be used as ground- formal designs, a good background can often be made of different pe sizes of pebbles; ks pees brick; of eee marble which colors; and e oal. Any of these are most faethe ne ne practical: They have ie added es — being easy to chan the dark r i covering material, fading out into ae . s poi This makes a shar contrast with the green, which is very fine, eee oe delightfully the spiral design. WwW at was my surprise on going down the hill the little 3 gardens at close view to find that the flat surface between the hedges of low-clipped box was filled with nothing but different ‘kinds of pebbles, stones, and bits of brick and coal—e ding ip points with nce. y are pene to strangers who have not previously seen some pe aa of plant, or have not seen it used in just that wa es aa ae 2 a as a great feeling of triumph to the struggling arden HARDY FERNS FOR SHADED GARDENS Widely distributed throughout the h A. Asplenium viri 2. Dryopteris ragrans 3. Woodsia alpina 4, Athyrium Goeringianum pictum Two Serious Diseases Of Shade Trees By B. O. Dodge London Plane Tree Blight A S early as 1935 reports came in from Delaware County, Pennsylvania, of : bars of the oriental plane tree which was killing trees at . rather rapid rate. More recently, ae have referred to the tree as the London plane, whieh : said to be $ between the an plane (Plata orientalis) and our American eee (P. occidentalis). This hybrid is now be Be alled evifolt urther reports from t a U.S. eect ae of Agriculture now indicate more than 1,000 trees in the vicinity of Baltimore have been killed by ae dlsease yee more than 7,000 ae Philadelphia and in iby sections of New Jers rst ae ill be found on the trunks or large limbs, where eee or shrunken areas appear on the old bark and brown streak: w ca nd for into the trunk. — a e disease progresses its effects are noticeable by ue tamer of the n through loss of ae foliage. Pir of w Jersey has ere ae ie disease may spread through root “eal es one after another of t ees in a row ea to ee to t di Ban Trees that are ee : within two or three he A predisposing factor of ane - as sae ge ae ae he cracking of the bark and the woundin: in p: . In certain pee s 50 per cent of Hee ri a ee A ee ae w ae Lae uts. The disease has appa arently ons transmitted by This ee blight has been ies ed as far sou ee Ne ah Crone, Virginia, and Mississ ae (Vick ea here the ae attacked have been identified as the anes ee or. occidentalis, ay proving the disease is not confin ae © London plane. So far it has not bee found in the grounds of t aie Bota nical Carden The fungus causing this ste has ee identhied as a eee of Ceratos- tomella, Some have suggested that the species is similar to C. fimbriata, which causes a serious black-rot disease of sweet potato. C. limi is the species causing the destructive Dutch- ee disease. The plane-tree disease is being studied by eee of the U. S. Department of Agricul- ture and sf the de Jaan of plant see in ae agricultural aged ment stations in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. Until more is known about the life history of the “tse aie the methods of its eer those 1 New Jersey Nursery Disease Notes 11: 21-24. 1938. 94 persons in oS of city shade trees can naturally lessen the spread of the disease by using care in pruning and by applying protective tree paints over wounds. Bleeding Canker of Maples During the last year or two a great number of trees of the Nor maple (Acer platanoides) and other species of maple in Spee Ia Massachusetts and New Jersey have been reported as dying fro new eee se. Additional reports indicate that the same pnee may = et n Long Island where a considerable number of trees are known to be ees from some trunk disease which presents similar symptoms. Caroselli and Howard, in 7 article in the Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories Bul- letin (3: 44-48, 1939), described the symptoms as showing cankers in the bark of the trunk and large branches. The cankers extend vertically more ae laterally. The disease oe invelves the sap- oe tissues. Young s with smooth bark show the disease as sunken s which give the ae a furrowed appearance. eo ough fissures whi ich develop in the bark of cankered areas, sap o - out and ree up to become ee color of dried blood. The greater thee of advance of ne parasite, the greater is this flow of sap. It is for | reason He “this disease has been called ungus causing bleeding canker of maple has been identified a Phytophthora cacto orum. Pirone of New eee reports” daa infection of rhododendrons with this fungus. There are two well known diseases of rhododendrons caused by this and another are e _Photophtors P. cactorum is known to cause a bli ae of r buds wigs which ex- tends dow ar into the main ste B: ane ogea causes root and basal trunk rot resulting in a wilt ae eae dying of the plants. The parasite “causing bleeding canker of maple appears to work more like that which c this basal rot of rhododendron. No one ane yet suggested methods for control of this new maple disease. nyone finding a maple tree during the coming summer that appears to be suffering from a disease which might suggest this bleedin canker of maple should report it to the New York Botanical Garden any other ei interes pane in the study and control of plant een in order that steps may be taken to prevent the further spread of the trouble. 2 Phytopathology 30: 19. 1940, A portion of the garden arrangement of Holland bulbs, which attracted Mt iy crowds to the Floral Display House in the Main Conservatories the latter half of March A Greeting from Holland The address ae the Garden March 17 by J. ae Consul- General of the Ve rlands. t be more than 300 y ag the first tulips and liyacinths — H Nea been ieroduced _ a ‘ From -. uaa ing the growing of bulbs aaa cae one of Hol- land’s pear a Twenty-thre and of land are now un nice aii ton on of tulips we have more than 2,006 varieties. e is a id nd weather conditions are per- t for aa oe ulbs. ore he hae ae of centuries see cumulated con- each eres is the result aaeabe ‘skill. In the bulb of careful experimentation. country there is a special laboratory de- fe to research work. corps of Government inspectors con- ‘ols the quality and health of the bulbs oth in the field and for export. ipment eye the country with- outa » certiicate stating that the bulbs are and free from disease. and hyacinths by 50% for the ea 1940. There will be an ample supply Ameri- can consumption. And th here will be left enough for domestic requirements. Bulb Sunday in Holland bulbs immensely popular in Holland its elt DuHag a certain part of especially the latter half of g our flo nd old will go out, conveyance, into the b the marvelous ae crowded with ¢ with flowers. are veritable gardens. “Bulb Sunday” our great spring festival when everyone is gay and happy. In the field of Solan ae I see great similarities and great differences between our two cou ia. Both in the United States and in 1 land re is an army of scientific men, pas in Holland and in America there oe estates, sible parks, and nat- Gel monuments. ut there also are gr oo differences. vi ard to ae magnificent Denil: "aura en 2 ae ew York. But you in America do not have any- ae a the syed “of plant enthusiasts in Holland, ave, in private hands, ki y of plants we have in ee free as we are to impor from everyw Wi a almost from how 124 et a 2 g Oo a a ° 5 a 3 iE a a fa e of the joy which e ghee ee is plant conscious. And in New York Now may say that this is just matter a envionment and that it cannot be done in New York. It cax be done in New York. am doing it now. vi ork for a wilderness, some grassy meadows, some barns, a rock ga a aden greenhouses and a library of botany Then su legram came : “Transferred to Ne or! And ae went by “the board. oe s lost, except the en- thusias: erke now m: ce in Rockefeller Center, I again raising plants from seed, grow ae succulents a growing bulbs eee the last few weeks I have flower cies of bulbs of or six spe the Bor anise kind. And everyone who comes into my office 96 says, “How lov these windows look!” The dryness aL the atmosphere, and a few other drawbacks, are easy to over- come, If you are the kind of man or woman who he green fingers, who will forego t, or food, to take care of his is no reason on earth should not grow plants in your iomes or offices. ee js no reason on 1 we why e k City shoul to grow indoors, One Gardener t en that great and mighty brotherhood ‘of dee which exists all er the world. ome of us are noblemen, others are workmen, Some are wealthy, others are poor ut we all understand each other in- stinctively. ea ommon ground— sense of Peay, which eee ii differences of race or creed, color or class Wi ife may come oe this world, but gardening will 7 ae S aa a Savane will find friends And so it is in If any of you, dee rs of America, should come to Holland, we bike ae there, a hundred thousand strong, e you into our yards, into our ia. into our homes and families and into our hearts Holland Bulbs Bring Crowds To Botanical Garden AY of more than 8,000 cal Garden on March The day had 97 INTERBOROUGH RAPID TRANSIT COMPANY Z Beginning March 17 — East Side Els ¢o Bronx or Subway to 149% St. Bry change Me El Preu,Nee York in the windows of all their subway "The poster provided by the Interboro Rapid Transit Company in ows and elevated trains, FRED cose ER New York and pos there by influencing m thowands of persons to visit ae fae display in the Main Conservatories. been designated as the Garden’s Festival of Spring Flowering Bulbs. It was in di Palm Sunday ai i In y of Haarlem, Hollan A fe had already been brought into bloom in he balance—about the conservatories. 000—will be seen Sane between the hird week in April ai e third ue in May, Sonne in the een court, thers bordering the path ae or from the Elevated station, and some the south = of the Thompson Monee Rock Gar In reco; ae s gift from Holland and in uae of toe the Garden presented a pro the Museum i March 17 for e than 700 people ae the . After a a a oaiaee . William J. Robbins, Director. ich he compared the spring festivals z the nbeae with those a today, Miss Margaret Herbst of the Holland Page In- dustry gave a prospectus of Hol dieslye. ee be seen in America a J. 2 ws his audience both as a diplomat and a owers. There followe moti pictur’ technicolor, with a musical background, showing the garden of M ohn herwood of Baltimore. In pid pano: rama 80,000 tulips were shown, with addi tional thousands of azaleas, flowering dog. woods, and otl flowers of spring, and views of one of the country’s finest col- lections of boxwood. T rden_ has been planned for an abundan f bloom 0 in May and is open to the public through- out that month. The motion picture was provided for the Botanical Garden’s pro- gram through the personal courtesy of Mr. Sherwood. Part of the Garden’s naturalistic arrangement of hardy ferns in 142 species and varieties, which won u gold medal and a special prize at the International Flower Show. the second i the program of head gardener for the Marshall Field cue at Huntington, Long Island, gave a lecture on the culti- vation of Hollan bs. The Main Con- k ieee. crowds continued to tions the aaa three or four thousand people iting there daily, On Easter Sunday} which was one of the coldest days of t f the year, waiting crowds made it neces- sary to open lo. at 20 minutes of and tead of visitors filed through the display houses until 6 o'clock More n 9,000 entered the door of the Floral Display House alone, so it is esti- ae Pras around 14,000 persons saw the r display. More than 1,400 auto- one cue red — main these oS not display s dam gate. With all e flower in the entire ned. Ice Storm Takes Heavy Toll a storm of March 4 and 5, ch Tor two days kept every branch Bot; thar eee in ne 1938 ‘acca: Tt was, in fact, the most devastating storm in the history sae Garden. the hemlock forest and other Oo eS ey , the trees necessitates their remo than 700 o mee bass oe ae qcuned that they require and many of them ines ‘white ihindeeds of smaller es must be staked and wired if they e to be save "Poplar rs, willows, elms, lindens, maples, ne i = throw om new a will be ne first to oO resume normal Gidkeee ‘and horsechestnuts with- lama d trees vesding to the Museum Building also escaped serious breakin, Nearly all the large von of birch were badly damaged, and m will be one-sided or have jee openings in their crowns. Among the oaks, one specimen each of Quercus lyrata, Q. Robur con- cordia, Q. Ro. lenbergii, two o' Q. Robur were da maged. In the mag- nolia collection the most serious injury was suffered by three specimens of sf of M. Seulangeana a and M. acur eit ne @ specimen of Catalpa ovata may recover, and one o oe mee lost half its Ascending branches of Sophora roken ir i many places Pinus Thunbergti facing the isory Council border; two of eae Bungeana whose leaders were are several white pines (P. Siro pay ‘hich lost branches on the north side from the weight of the ice. Spruces and firs suf- fered little damage, but 14 arborvitaes and Outside of the actual loss of the trees, ae damage from the ice storm may ie cur, when insect pests and fungou 99 eae enter the trees by way of the op uunds where branches have been hee Tee rompt pruning and d painting 2 Garden's i being done—to sea this double ihe to the remaining tre Gold Medal and Special Prize Awarded for Fern Exhibit e "THE COLLECTION of 142 varieties of hardy ferns which the Ne Botanical e the International Flower Sh Yor! arded a gold medal and a res erns were displayed in a natural- with a Mepcrcte back- Pp the moisture- ‘onibe species. placed high above the Sb described the cultivation of ferns and explained fe Soe the hartstongue fern. grown from material provided by T —one of the outstanding ferns in LA. the Garden's display at the Flower Show. 100 heir life history briefly. Indiv ee labels gave the uae name and or! table ne the re ent me oe of propagation ere demonstrated.* of fossil 340,000,000 Ss Also shown is believed to be about old. Notes, > and Comment ott, Pro- Yale. Dr. d W. Sin fessor of Bot: L Cilenbn, will go to uly as S ‘ale Unive sets fon July as Sterlin Professor of Bot: Chairman of the Dee Botany, po as ae i cal Garden. He was one or the Scientific Dir enon from 1930 to 1933. onferences. Dr. William J. Bonisteel, ae Pha Bel in Certain Species of cemiuns ” Thomas Laskaris, fellowship stude Me 0 ws American Delphinium Socie a progress report on his aie "ete wit rots and virus diseases of Delphanturn On February 16, Prof. K. C. Ham ner of the University of Chicago spoke on “The Interaction of Light and Darkness toperiodic R culture of ot-tips, under the diet on of bbin At the Jan wary conference, members of the staff’ who attended the December meetings of the A.A.A.S. gave reports. Sigma Xi. Clyde Chandler, Frederick W. svanagh, | ae T. Butler were elected set to eas ship in Sigma Xi, hoi scientific fraternity, by the Columbia. Ulead ae Il have been preparing for their Ph.D. de- * An outline of these methods will be given in a fortheorning number of this Journal. he New York Botanical Garden, of the grees at ae first ine serving as members taff. Leon Grodsinsky of Buenos of the staff of the Divi- the Federal Argentina. Aires, a member sion of Phytopathology o See = Agriculture, is nths York e New , in Dr. Robbins’ “aborator familiarize himself with ~ stal in relation to pl Mrs. George B. de Long. The Cor- poration of the Garden lost a member in the death on Feb. 28 of Mrs. George B. le Long. She had ea elected Hs es Corporation in January 1938, arden Boo eek, dcaing that fee appea months are Bene emphasized in past 12 the library display for. Garden Book Week April 1-6. The display will be continued throughout the month on the circular table in the library in the Mu- seum Building. Elizabeth C. Hall has been Macmillan April 1 writers in the field & ra ieee Cou Dr. William J. Robbins ha Hea “appointed Honorary Counselor of the le Spring Garden Show in oups. eee the student visitors to the New York pee Garden in recent r if ortic m0 White "Dis studied ie exhibits of local ora and cryptogams in the useum idne ae also visited the Main Con- serv. Meetings the Hiking Club of New ive ie ne Ra day lecture at the ae on pn 3. T following afternoon the Local Flora Co ae as of the Pohiae ‘Botanical Club me: the museum buildi y Depa rtment at Columbia University March H. Camp recently gave two lectures on his explorations in southern Mexico, one before the Worcester Hostcul tural So- efore the Riverdale- . Edmund W. “Some Problems of Plant Development.” In addition, Cleveland Garden ter heard an illustrated lecture on oo gonias by T. H. Everett Feb. 20. On Feb. 15 Mr ell Behavior in dred subjects in a lecture entitled “Plant Portraits.” On Feb e ad ressed the Stamford Garden Club on “The Princi- ples and Practices of Good Gardening.” “The Gardener’s Library” was the sub- j izabeth C. Hall before the he spoke ee Day at the Botanical Sa before the Women’s Cl Broa ae Tabecnaele Church be ft, “pialonet and edi jsitors. Frans Verdoori tor of Chronica Botanica and other adm waited Aas as de ee! Garden Feb. other: o have registered in oe reed cane the ae of the year are eae He Sum the Car apeale Mus Pitt! california Tosti , Ex- Met C tralia; snd M.A. Chrysler, New 8 runs- wick, N. March, visitors at the Nee ia ; r See Cairn of the Daera ent of Botan Ohio State University and President ot the Botanical Society of Am Student ae Ronald Townsend, who was graduated a year ago from the 101 Science Course for Professional Garden- ers, left the Seay coer Apt 1 to den tat become superintende he ate of dgar B. Stern in Nee rleans. r. Stern is a newly elected member of the Corporation of the New York Botanical Philip Spear was appointed an assis tant to °Or. Dodge in disease and pest control, besinning his new duties March 1. former nt ener. Donald J. Moss, a gradua Scien then employed at the Concord, N. Supervisor ‘the Concord Resident Center of be National Youth Adminis- tration. Authors. Victor Wolfgang von Hagen, who Ser ao ct the Blood Tree” in this issu a Middle Westerner who, with his homes wife, has traveled far into previously peau oes regions of the Americas. He is the author of sev- eral books of exploration, including “Off With Their, Heads” (Macmillan), “Quet- Brace), and riences - covers for grass on her country estate in Sr easenaries is a New York woman who has been associated with the New York Botanical Garden ie a number of years. She Ne carat to the Corpora- tion of the Garden in 1933 Passion-Flower. The passion-flower vine, which has climbed to the top of the 60-foot dome and part way down again in the Tropical Power Garden, came into full bloom oe the Easter season. One of Be flow shown on the cover this mo i fresh fone: placed each day water near the vine caused is of persons to give the eae ther SHenuion The early Italian and Spanish ae it ae Sou be folie of the pein of Christ. Hence its 102 botanical name. The ten petals and ments or frin emblemati crown beset with 72 thorns stamens are suggestive oe e three, Sie —the stigmas—shown . The ee cain tendrils of the vine fee a o “The pas- ne seaaen read: wild sion- a nec (Passiflora caer oon isa flower of the So American forests, and it is said that the Spaniards, when a a y first saw the Ic ovely bloom of vine g) the Indians should Ch coy, as they saw in its several parts the emblems of the Passion of our Lord.” 3 Conference. Dr. B. O. Dodge to part in the educational progr. of the 1940 Turf Contre ce and Equip- ent Show in New ae - bruary 8 uring ties symposium “Fairway Reno. vation 2 ay Saar ence, Febru 6-9, sponsored by the Gicenkeesind Sian tendents Association. (All publications reviewed here Reviews of Recent Books may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) Handbook hte Foresters And Ecolog APPLIED SILVICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. R. H. Westveld, 567 pages, 99 figures. bibliographies, index. John Wiley & Sons. New York and London. 1939. ee al fades ok for th valuable as a each of which treats of a forest region f the United Sta e lacy 0} the coverage of silvicultural problems m: be indicate me: of the organiza- tion of the chapters. The principal topic: in the chapter on the Northeast uce- Hardwood Region are: description (loca- tion land ownersh: raphic features, climatic features) ; hist (di ea. of lumbering, effect of pa northern hard- uce-fir types, above, e fin foll ae one topics: cutting and eae (ecological base economic basis, application of methods); slash disposal (slash in relation to es logical effects of h, economic siderations, methods); disease and ee problems Ae basis, control) ; con- trol of animal and logg ging damage. Under topic of “the ecological basis cutting and planting” we find the follow- ing topics: composition and ‘acter 0 he forest; stand regeneration and velopment (general principles, effect of competition, respon to se, red spruce yellow birch-red spruce, and red e-sugar maple-beech types) ; windfall. Each forest region is treated with t same detail as that described for chacter one. It is obvious that or West- veld has don tremendous amount of organizing ai ondensing to bring this ork wit! € sco 7 pages. His and other students of yee Ria on. y A. CaIn, The Cea, of eae et Forestry in the Southeast A GUIDE TO FORESTRY ACTIVI S in Hort Carolina. South Caro- Appalachian Sectiou, RE rican Foresters, January, 1939, The contents of tl his book are ample proof of the extensiveness of forestry activities, and particularly of the rapid eee of such activities during the ast few years in the three states covered ty the guide. The volume was compiled descriptions of forest try e ea for publication in olan mpila ae covers the work of Bur Agricultural Economics Tan Utlization Bis ion), Bureau of Ento- mology an lant rere BN of Plant Disease Control), a as Indu i Service an extension and the oe a discussion of these maps their availability. selected 21- -page bibliography lists publications and articles dealin ing with for- sts f i rth Carolina, > nessee. rve as xcellent guidebook, not only to fee. but to interested in forestry ae who may be os a visit to any of fe three stat st J. Sc R, Northeastern ae eee Station, New Haven, Conn. ica with Woody Plants REES AND SHRUBS FOR LAND- CTS. Marion Conger . Ae index Ser: r 1940, Tt is a ee experience nowadays to pick up another garden book and, hav- 103 ing read but a little way, to prick up ca ears and sense the manner of mas- and then to go on, enjoying so sali a presentation as this, of all ma: er of woody plants and their adie uses. a This job is ably compacted within a volume of modest eee restricted to pertinent matter—yet pleasant and is done in the easy manner of one hooey familiar with and prac- ticed in ie The pe i oie as smooth ock. Her original and able em wig the slightest or of rehas —useful and delightfu the e viewpoint of the professional planta the following critical remarks ae offer apie Ae few amateurs will, but plants- may, oe a little shocked = note that species ae es ore of in this book sions Pike “the inion Ce. Syringa vulgaris” and the variety Se s Bungeanus” (pp. 37 and 80) ar Coach passed over in books are this. he reviewer, living in the Hudson - Vale, could have wished for a little of lesser quality . 2) he plant t robably not 7. brevifolia, ie een aoa. a T. cus- 104 pidata nana, the dwarf Japanese yew. In fact, the nomenclature, throughout, might n broug more nearly ee of Rehder's Manual. i hese 6 not materially Aackaa ete the inspirational value of the book to the amateur gardener. But they do, frankly, uae a quality from the plantsman's viewpoi vAN MELLE, A Botanical Text for Future Teachers AN INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. J. WH. Priestley and Lorna I. Scott. 615 pages, 170 text figures, index. jonemane, eo & Co., New York and London. 1938. $6. This is a whi ch is rather different o fay ie) a and too eee for Edie gee age stu- dent in our co olleg Priestley’s text Paes ry fea- tures to tome it. ae is ey writ- ten in good English and illustrated with ings and photographs which are The tet of subject preliminary train and o} the ation of the ad vegetative shoot. After several other apters on her Ss plants, ‘oody . This is one text that gives the student important facts nee the proper use of the micro- scope and the reasons to explain how it orks. oe ch significance is attached to devel- ment in interpreting features of form ay structure, and mos ar interpretations are made “a special Heelies - the flower- ing plant. The lower for are very briefly see nte The portion devoted to physiology i not so ce anes oe as “that aa a S22 85 s cla well A ge is ee bat no bibliography | is to und. Ernst NAYLor, University ve Missouri. Three paeiaey Text. ERAL SCIENCE. i C. Platt, Peas Jones, W. C. Frid and J. H. H son. 167 pages, Teed ed and Chemucal at blishing Co. iene S ee experi riments illus- nace acies than neediil ¢ even in so ele- mentary a worl BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUE, J. Bronte Gatenby. 130 pages. Index. Chemical Pub- ue Co., New York, $3, Dir formulae ne fix ing, Gare nee smear preparations, ee The book should be Se Ae ZO me ts. ‘ood The most se rious Bit discussion of micro con. BIOLOGICAL DRAWINGS _ with notes. chase edition, Maud Jepson. 60 pages illustrations, indexed. ceaanical Publi ishing Co., New York, 39. $2. Labe ted ce keys, and notes, in- tended to obviate drawing, etc., by stu- dents. Aside f fase the questionable peda- gogy involved, the book abounds in errors. H. W. Rickert. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1941: E. C. Aucun Frecp, Mrs. ELon Feelin! Hooxer, Joun L, Merritt "Dicepresdet, Coe Rozert H. Montcomery, H. Hoparr Porter, and A, Yy SAUN Until 1942: ArtHur M. eee Ler recuse rv), Pierre Jay, Cra WIS, ERRILL, HENRY DE LA Montacne iSeeetans and Assistant Trescien: and WILLIAM J. roa Until 1943: Henry pe Forest BaLpwIN ee president), Cuttps FRick, Autyn R. heer nae Teceaage Jr, D. T. MacDoucat, Mrs. Haroip I. Pratt, and Jos R. Swan (Pre esiden zt). II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS FroreLLo H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Ropert Moses, Park Commission ner. JAMES MarsHal, President of the Board of Education. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS H. A. Cen ee by the ees Sages ae. R Farrer, TRELEASE, EpM . SINNOTT, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed - Mumba Universit a ee STAFF WiuiaM J. Ropsins, Ries D., Sc. Directo H. A. Greason, Pu. Assistant Director and Head Curator HENRY DE LA eo Assistant Director A. B. Stout, Pu Curator of Education and Labo parores Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D, Bernarp O. Dopce, Pu. D. Plant Pancae Joun Henptey Barnuart, A. M,, M.D, oo... eee eee eee Bibliographer W. Ricxetr, Pu. D. Assistant Bibliographer ane C. Smiru, Pu. D. Associate Curat Harotp N. Moupenxe, Pu. Dees eee haa ELIZABETH . ae A, B., B. Librarian H. H. Ruspy, M. D. ......... poe Curator of the Economic Collections FLEDA eg Artist and Photo, grapher Percy WILson Rereareh Associate Rozert S. oo arch Associate in coe NDER...... Assistant Curator and Cau of the Te al Herbar W.H. Ghat mp, Px. D. Assistant Curator CLYDE CHANDLER, A.M. a Fechnical Assistant Rosatiz WEIKERT Technical Assistant Freverick KavanacH, M.A, Technical Assistant Caro: H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant omas H, Everett, N. D. Hort. Horticulturist L. Wirrrocx, A. M Custodian of the Herbarium Otto DrcEeneEr, a S: ollaborator in ear Botany Rozert Hacetst norary Curator of Myxomycetes Ere. Anson S. geen . Honorary tie Tris and Narcissus rani eatey to J. Sees Superintendent of Peleus and Grounds A.C. sistant Superintendent To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Blvd., the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park ig from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River Pkwy MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN Established as a privately endowed Hae aided partially 1 City appro- priations, The New York Botanical Garden is dependent for its progress largely upon benefactions and mem ene Throug ihese means, though he ung as botani- cal gardens go, it has bec hird largest ee of its kind, its library, herbarium, and poeuculceeal wae ranking the finest and most complete in country. mbership in The New York Botanical Garden, therefore, means promotion of scientific research in botany and the a : Scientifically, the Garden is able to serve as a clearing-house of information for students and botanists all over the world; horticulturally, it often serves as a link etween plan ede the gardening public. ips and ions, provisi is made at the Botanical a a gardens, a Tectures,« courses, and free information in botany and gardening of the Journal every Boneh Die of Addisonia on year, each number illustrated with eight Eee Site of unusual eee accompanied by complete descrip- tions and other pertinent informati (3) A share of ues plant sate of interesting or new varieties whenever it is distribut nouncements of special floral displays at the Garden from season to season. (5) Credit, to the extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses study offered. by the Garden A limited number of Garden clubs are é neces as Affliates. The privileges of affiliation are one lecture a year by a member of the staff, a share in the distribution of plants when ey, are available, a subscription to the Journal an cr isonia, and announcements of special activities at the Botanical Garden. In addition, any r of an amliated club may enroll in the Garden’s study courses for one-half membe the regular fee. ellowships or scholarships for practical student-training in horticulture or for botanical research may be esta lished by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a definite perio @ The classes of membership fr, types of benefaction are as follows: Annual Member an pal iss $ 10 Sustaining Member an 25 Garden Club Affiliation cra fe for club 25 Fellowship Member annu 100 Member for Life anele’ Lae ibaa on 250 Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 Patron single contribution 5,000 Benefactor single contribution 25,000 Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The ee is a legally approved re of bequest: hereby bequeath to The York pone Garden incorporated under the Die of ee York, ental ae of 1891, the of. —$————— Conditional bequests may be de ae income payable to donor or any designated Benetay Guat his or ‘hee lifetime. All requests for further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Ganden , Bronx Park, New York, LIBR, JOURNAL sre B TAN] Ginneee OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 41 M A iY In Two Sections N _ SECTION ONE No. 485 1940 Paces 105—128 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor May 1940 Section One Tut Fretps Near Haar_em, Hor Cover Photograph By Courtesy of ae y Nethetance nies TuLies IN THE NETHERLANDS YESTERDAY AND Top. Forcinc Ferns For DIsPLay WESTERN FERNS FOR EASTERN GROWERS (Photographs by Fleda Griffith) 111 T THE GARDEN Margaret Herbst 105 T. H. Everett 114 B. O. Dodge 116 EST: AME PROPOSED FoR “GARGANICA” GROUP OF CAMPANULAS P. J. van Melle 118 120 Two VoLUMEs ON CarRicEAE APPEAR THIS MONTH W.P.A. ExHIsit a 20-25 in MuszuM BUILDING 122 MaGazINe Propu » Garon APPEARS AT FoRUM DINNER 122 REVIEWS 0 ene Bo OOK CurRENT LITERATURE AT A Guan Virgene Kavanagh 124 oTEs, News, D COMME 126 PRocRAM AT THE NEW Your BoTanicaAL GARDEN May 9 128 : Section Two : ANNUAL REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR FoR 1939 William J. Robbins 1 PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF, 193 vs 18 List oF STAFF MEMBERS, 1896 To 23 New Yorx Botanica, GARDEN ee 28 een "FLOWER The program being given at the New York Botanical Garden May 9 to honor the memory of Elizabeth G. Britton cma pee da the early Seige of the Botan- ical Garden: the culture and protection of native American wild flowers and the dissemination of information pate i m. hen the G: was in its infancy fee in the century, the movement for the preservation of wild flowers was also just beginning, and Mrs. Britton took an ctive part in this new organization. Eventually, the work that she did with such conscientiousness was taken over by the Wild ae a arats Society, with national pee in Washington D. C., and the New York Botanical Garden continued its phase of the work ‘fro a different oan Articles on ase plants appear in the ae from time to time. hundreds of people every sprin e. Du breeches, violets, hepaticas, and bloodroots. Non y. pic these Gone. but all may seek and enjoy them there. Boy and Girl Sue. jpiking oe eae from grade and high schools, and members of courses oe ‘by the - cal Garden study the native plants in these areas and learn about their protectio: years ago, ae Botanical Garden carted a ie, Wild Flower Garden i resen bg Garden to anne with rene wed enti aa the work begun so long ago by the i firs their eee n. The Journal_is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second- class matter, Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 10 cents. Free to members of the Garden. #IBRAI NEW yo BOTAN?, JOURNAL ail f THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 41 May 1940 No. 485 Tulips In The Netherlands Yesterday And Today By Margaret Herbst Holland Bulb Industry of Haarlem, Holland T is perhaps inconceivable that the peaceful-looking tulip should have had a turbulent past, yet its development has made girlies Adee 8 In 1554, the firs eee were sent or brought from Asia Min a gift to friends in Vienna by Busbe ce the Austr Ambassador i Taey He had glimpsed Ge beauty in a garden r Constantinople and had paid a very high price for them. We find eee of their oriental origin in the praes name ene a word traceable to Turkish and Persian, meaning “turban tone d because of ae resemblance of the inverted tulip tocar to that type we oriental headdre Jt did not take long for oS gardens to a the fashion in central Europe, but in the early days of the mid-sixteenth c entury, these stately flo tu eal merchants. It is said that the Duke of Cleve had men-at-arms stationed around his grounds at flowering time. The bot tanist Clusius, ee engaged in propagation on a large scale, charged such extravagant prices that en- vious ae stole fo finest varieties from the garden ahh he main- tained in Leyden rom i time on (about 1590), trading increased rapidly pe it ceased to be alareai a craze for gambling in tulip bulbs swept Europe like a stockmarket mi One aie re bulb of Admiral Liefken Son less than a grin w was san . 4,400 florins ( oat te Me 50), while Viceroy of the same weight sold for 3,000 flor The highest ga ever paid for a ce bulb an Cranes Augustus ee about $2,000, p a coach and four white horses complete with harnesses. There ae 105 106 only two bulbs of = variety in Holland at that time, one in Amsterdam and one in Haarl Alexander ae in fis book called “La nes es told ae people flocked to see the beds and storehouses of g s they w mu. ; how the t ip was oe worshipped pce oe period a given special preference in the garden. e tulip mania, or era of reckless Seen in tulip sae lasted from 1634 to 1637, and it involved many no merchants and soldiers. aed the Government of Holland pee a gee een ae g an end o these are but not before spencer of people had lost their entire ae the fluctuations of the Despite all this frenzy, tulip fancies . none of their enthusiasm, so that wher nie we ae gular trade developing in tulip bulbs for use in gar are: is Si, ines ie other bulbs were aes to the an ‘of i oe one bulb-merchan one sees pictures of the first t tulips, most of which were striped ee ie Rembrandt class), it is hard to believe that gradually from these, through long and difficult hybridizing, the present forms have originated, offering to the public a choice of thousands of varieties, in endless color variations. 2 @ oO & al > = Twenty Thousand Acres of Bulbs Bulb planting is no small matter in Holland, and the country devotes about 20,000 acres of her land to the production of flowering bulbs. New varieties of tulips can be very San and a bed of some rare type may well cost a thousand florins. It is a form of sober investment, however, varieties remain ~ that mad time, but ever since then Haarlem has en the center the bulb fields, which extend for 18 miles south- n. War eople will still look forward e spring to the blaze of a Eee es a Ho ee ulbs in Tate every corner of the bulbs in Holl are a d by hand in the fall in long care- e a r w which are The same type of oil occurs to a de ae of hundreds of feet and no sign of rocl ei is ever found anywhe nals along the fields provide a constant water ee ie a ae ae planted bulbs and 107 this water level can be es throughout the year, regardless of an especially dry or rainy sea: After planting, all bulb fel a are covered with a thick layer of straw or reeds for winter protection, to be taken off again in the spring prepara- tory to flowering time. very season, a special day called Tulip ree is set gis and the bulb fields then are visited by thousands of people of them bicycles, all decorated with garlands of flow = strun ae ie in Hany colors. This event usually takes place on the second Sunday in i or if ee on Easter Sunday. The fields are chriling to beho ald ¢ then, resem- bling a huge carpet with geometrical patterns in brilliant colors extending a m iles. Within a short time these fields are all deprived of wn Aa eee for Ae millions of blossoms must be cut soon after flow The are left, the blossoms being s ge ait su ie to a ce : that all sr te may go in the bulbs at the t they None of the flowers are sold. They are all eines as athi is cy ay way = avoid unfair competition with the dealers who have ta a = bulbs in the pre- vious fall for the uae of mgt eir legs lat Digging and h sting are done in Jun eae ay e bulbs are a to er ae ed sheds snd “storchouses, oe “with up-to- date heating systems, where they are dri After the We so been oie fron fields, he land has to rest as three year befor other crop of the same kind can be grown on the il gto ed cere tulips, and narcissi or crocuses in rotation, a differ. t er ne n be obtained from the same soil each year. ee it is ee . trench the a Ib land from two to five feet deep, in order to get fresh soil on top agai Insuring Perfect Bulbs The laboratory work in connection with the bulb industry aaa a continual warfare against insect pests and bulb diseases, and is a featu of the industry of which the whole Dutch nation is justly proud ible is done sound, Ithy, and well ripened. has, of course, ideal climatic d soil conditions for the production of good b Z d wh ad to et a mae hat has resulted from years of patient enterprise and research, underst: Pie it is that a Holland bulbs have tse ‘hei aauble reput Afte: y have been forsee treated to insure the best flowering results a pane for export, they are sometimes placed in cold s storage, where the lower temperature will develop a Seta i evn flowering, necessary for advanced forcing in the greenhou As early as Ch es time the first flowers thus will bring the ever- ieee eS of sprin Bas we an Wea a Ph hb be MY. graph by McKenny Ebony spleenwort growing in its favorite spot—crevices and soil pockets in rocks. 109 Forcing Ferns For Display HE selection ~ planting of a collection of ferns outdoors in a eae hed or exhibition pur, ae quite another story, complicated by numerous Physiologica ctors as we t ary difficulties peculiar t: peeahous use crops. time element also is an uncertainty whenever material is being grown for Jenibition on a certain date, M ey, o is Greenhouse Foreman at the New Botanical Garden, tells here how the Garden's 142 ee tes of ferns were forced for display at the International Flower Show in New York City in March. By Joseph W. Tansey ae that are hardy within the vicinity of eae ae go eae rmant or semi-dormant period during the win This is natural to some species which, as summer nears its end and fall ners pre- pare themselves for the rigors of w: Other kinds are more ae mined, continuin, a a en ne ne are struck dov et cold tem- peratures. The evergreen species, although impeded by old weather, reas their oo throughout the winter or at me oa Shake ted w. It is Hake dormant period that plays such an important role in the Tonia of fer: The ferns used ty the New York Botanical Garden in its a at the Te aiioasl Flower Show in March 1940 were for the t part received during the fall of 1939. Of these a le m were caller a by ourselves and the rema ee were aun in by collec ors or as contin = private growers fro ercial dealers fer any aa eee ice eae oe seen ee ae ine pene so long. When we ourselves collected some of sts ferns for the display, w took pains to bari only the largest and most vigorous clumps ae It was evident that without exception these produced the best plants, pro- ducing more ona a attaining a greater size. Potting the Plants The question of potting ce was seuthes pe pares them according to the type of soil required. It w o duplicate their natural soil conditions so far as reasonably Bes "First we segregated the lime-loving ferns. To their soil mixture, though it was basically leafy, ed d this was e di ‘o the species, ranging from a heavy coarse leafy mixture for the larger types to a more finely screened buy ty pe for the sae ferns. Broken crock and charcoal were added to the mixtures wher it was deemed necessary to keep the mixture ee and open thoueh a in reaction. 110 No fertilizer was used or warranted as very few new roots were made and the ferns in no way showed signs of insufficient nutrients. The operation of potting varied according to the nature of the ferns. plan i e at jorit ch f Dryopteris, Paystehi Pht, and others which consist of distinct clumps, were treated in Those with eae cre nite perons cks, such the om poe Onn punctilobula), to be twisted around in - t to get i any as ible so as to m 1 sho maller ferns, s s Dryopteris fragrans, Asplenium viride, and ee were quite successfull To uped together in pans me in a naturalistic fashion but miniature scale, using stones and plants might expect t i © that the tips of the fronds might be on the soil and give rise to new plants as they would in their natural habitat. Though extra care was necessary in watering these, it was on the whole quite a satisfactory method as the plants grew luxuriantly and produced a number of young plants from the apex of the fronds. The Problem of Storing The theory of treati ing ferns in as naturalistic a fashion as practical again presented itself in the methods of storing until time of forcing. Three methods were considered: (1) to store them all in a cool damp greenhouse in the hope they would de velop roots and, in the case of the evergreen ferns, maintain ter fronds in good conto; (2) to store them all outdoors in a frame and allow them to go their dormancy in much their nate fashion; or (3) to combine ee two methods by a all outdoors except the evergreen types. Of the three ise second was chosen and all the ferns were plunged outdoors in a a fra aa ey were shaded and watered as required until frozen in and w had definitely taken its hold. At this time a ain coveri iid of ice was thrown in to protect them from the sun, and sash was applied to- ‘prevent further freezing. It is believed this additional protection is justified inas- much as the ferns being unestablished might have been killed by repeated severe - reezings. pe n’t until the turn of ae te that the matter _ forcing the ferns more serious a spec ing the first week of January all 2 e ee a the three species . eae were brow int : a 45° ho’ and allowed to remain while the forcing house was made This, ae say the least, was an arduous task as the whole te - ee house was WESTERN FERNS FOR EASTERN GROWERS Here are three choice species from pan fornia and. Oregon worthy of a tria in gardens away from their native habitat. 1, Pellaea andromedaefolia 2. Pellaea mucronata 3. Pityrogramma triangularis 112 washed with kerosene and soap. The soil beneath the benches as well the cinders on the benches was thoroughly disinfected to kill all posite astati juries that can be caused by slugs and roaches that ee inhabit tropical house! In the Forcing House By the close of the second week the great majority of the ferns were placed in the forcing house with the exception of the Osmundas, which in forcing house the following week and carried along at a night temperature of 55 degrees. Early development was slow and, needless to say, pene By the first of February only a few had shown any signs of growth. These were led by the Woodsias, which had already made an appreciable 3 ng. By this time it was evident that higher temperatures wo ould be ssary. Consequently ne ane temperature was raised to 65° and was i to run on bright days up to as high as 90° or 95°. At these temperatures nearly all commenced growing cael) except for the great majority of placed beneath the bench where the heat from the pipes could reach pt air ectly. i eir resistance was broken, and growth commenced and pi ae as normal. Attention Indoors Once in the forcing house the care of im ferns was guided by our beoaledce obtained from forcing other plants of a similar nature, so that departure from the theory of treating a as naturally as possible was able trong Watering a syringing an special ee Sin had no facilities for heating our tap water, ral large barrels were filed and allowed to warm up to any se tempera ure ion using. The syr: inging of plants is in itself an art, and not a paten to be recommended t teurs in the growing of ferns, a r not only may it spread disease if incorrectly done but it is likely to cause oe ae types to dampen off if applied too heavily 113 Though it was our aim to — the ferns as fully developed as possible, there are many species that are equally attractive in their unfurling stage. The cinnamon fern (Osmunda ae is especially desirable for this treatment as its crosier-like ae are large, “igor and readily forced. For showing in the middle of March, 10 days to 2 weeks in strong heat will bring them well up. Earlier neces will kk Te- spondingly longer. It is a recognized fact that all hardy material force more es and quickly the nearer it approaches its natural growing season Fo r display hardy ferns have a t seus worthy subjects. Besides te fact that they require only a very short season for growth, ) their relative ease of culture and long iene ee even under adverse conditions are additional reasons to warrant their use. Spring Lectures At The Garden The spring series of free Saturday afternoon ane at the New York Botanical Garden, which began on April 6, will continue two weeks phat than usual this year, closing on June 15. The sae is as follow Apr. 6 A Botanist Looks at a Garden H. W. Rickett, Assistant Bibliographer Apr. 13 Foed and Beverage Plants of the Indians G. L. Wittrock, Custodian of the Herbarium Apr. 20 Planting the House-Front P, J. van Melle, Nurseryman Apr. 27 How the U.S. Keeps Our Foods and Drugs Pure William J. Bonisteel, Fordham University May 4 Photography in the Garden Fleda Griffith, Artist and Photographer May 11 New York’s Native Wild Flowers E. J. Alexander, Assistant Curator May 18 Better Iris for Our Gardens Harriette R. Halloway, Amateur Horticulturist May 25 Fiji and Its People A. C. Smith, Associate Curator June 1 Sanctuaries and Nature Trails Mrs. Luis J. Francke, Garden Club of America June 8 Plants of the Bible H. N. Moldenke, Associate Curator June 15 The Art and Science of Growing Roses P. J. McKenna, Foreman Gardener, and B. O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist 114 Raising Ferns From Spores By T. H. Everett Te gardening practice the siren of plants from spores is etaee! restricted to ferns, and more particularly to those kinds which are not readily increased by division. Fresh spores give the be t results. Fr ‘onds should be gathered when the sporangia are dry and are beginning to burst. They are placed in tight eee or mura of an white paper until the pore are released as a fine brown dust. Usually ferns breed true but if spores from more coe one iced are sown together hybrids may esult. eka factors essential for growing plants from spores t growing are the s lant: ms with the added need in the cas a s or a constantly saturated atmosphere, in order that the prothalli will b ll times moist. Sterile era are also very a important, for liverworts and other low forms of plant life revel in con- ditions favorable to the germination of spores Ae es crowd out or destroy the prothalli. Sowing in Soil Pots or pans are the most convenient ei in which to raise plants from spores. Like the soil and the glas sed for covering they should be es sed sowing seeds in soil. The surface should be made very fine and absolutely el. Because of the minuteness of the spores, oe sane Aes attempted only in a place where the air is quite still. The scattered gies ae rather thinly over the prepare ed surface, b . are oe pr a vered with soil. After so se the receptacles are co aes cae ‘and paper ai and are put a humid propagating c Ea : pan is stood in a saucer and ie is " glled with water (first boiled and cooled to approximately air temperature) at Aone! frequent intervals to make sure that the surface soil never becomes dry. When the e prot! thalli ale or if they begin to die off, transplanting must receive earl attent Sowing on Pots or Brick a cae ae be asa a pies on the moist surface ie a flow T pot o ugh brick. A pot 2% or 3 inches in diameter is of c ete, size ee it should be fied a with sphagnum moss and pie 115 Ferns being raised from spor Abov own on inverted flower-pots filled with sphaeti and kept beneath a bela ae a ae Left: The first aie leaves wising. Right: Young ferns growing from spores sown in a pan of sterilized soil and covered with a pane of glass bottom side up in a saucer. If brick is used select a soft, ale eee rather than one which is hard or vitrified. Break each brick i and stand each half in a saucer or, as an alternative, ree = brick ae pees about the size of walnuts and fill a saucer wit nee To pre tamination, pots, br: cue saucers and sphag are ce oe use by baking, steaming or boiling, as also are “the t bell-jars used for covering purposes. Now thoroughly wet the en of the pot or brick with water (which has first been ane a d pour sufficient of this into the saucer to cover its bottom. In a still stosphere ee the spores over the brick or over the outer surfaces of the flow and ie ae saucer and its contents in a propagating case oe a ee so other shaded part of the greenhouse and c with a bell-jar. eet treatment is the same as ae a sowing a ye on soil. Fern Diseases And Pests Fa ants, ian fun: ngi first emerge fro reach ma ts also infest ferns both i tio the mi heir micro measures for their control. 2 3 S ee 2 a" 5 Bas 335 La s 0 ° 1 -colored, pote and condition may be due to cnet among them species en be carried i in be comes from lakes or ponds. Spores sh net e@ sown in col: that has not been steri- lized, especially if the disease has pre- viously been present. Another disease which attacks ferns in their early stages is that caused by the fungus Completoria complens. oO ina . It is recom- mended to sift out these fragments be- oe cou the spores. Catan other species of fone ee the fronds of ferns, c: reddish syringing rovided where this disease is apt to eau Taphrina le an pot is characterized by definite yellow eae on both sides of ue leaflets of the Christmas fern. The pore sacs ar suctace of the leaf. This disease is re- ported occasionally from vane to North Carolina. To control it the garden, ferns are much less subject to are than ma: are prone to attack om scopic spo turity with their full- Le wn leaves, or fro 116 By B. O. Dodge oy ny flowering m from the time they res as ares aa oy eae nds. outdoo: greenhouse and A ‘br ief the ors. most oa fern diseases and pests is given below, spray with Bordeaux mixture, which will also serve i oe tip blight and other a on Blac. Molds ” Speci ies of Fumago and Tei oan are frequently Dane ae the fronds hari ae insects ar and shed “honeydew”. Where the nol gathers in ee black mats it ae off the air and light from the leaves and also renders them uns nk Controlling the scale reece or others that shed honey- a usually prevents the development of ao sooty eke oa we cies of greenhou. es re "abject ‘o attack ee the it eelworms ‘odes disease a e “this pe is eaty recognized on certain ferns by the red- 2 ie of ferns the spots are more gular. In the bird’s-nest fern (ashen nae, the base of the leaves comes infected first, then the brown plants if badl fest Do not them on the compost heap, since th ‘or live g time in such debris includes material Bird’s-nest ferns can sometimes be freed from tode t 1 Among them are Cylindrocladium pteridis, Phyllosticta pteridis and Alternaria polypodit. o ste Pinan iia ih) Evidence of eelworm infestation on a bird’s-nest fern (left) and on a leaf of the Cretan brake. r (43° C, 110° F.) for 10 or 15 Fae eu Propagating, use only worm- free plan Thrip “Tr mo! decnhouce Sy aie ee ees rhoidalis), a second s ae Leucothrips nigripennis, is known infest ferns » heavily. Badly infested ee should be at since the control of thrips on such plants is rather impracticable. Spraying with c ontact insecticides, such a ul, however, if repeated fre ently and one doe no Scale Insects. There are three or four nae of acaie ieee which infest ( ferns lat, an 0 over long periods. The (Hemichionaspis aspidistrae) is often su ficiently numerous to render ferns un- sightly and worthless. The males are ie Nand fae area "while the females are ochre-b: color. Mealy fo which be Tong hs th ie ee insect group are also serious pests of certain as 7 allowed to become numerous. Ant: hou ae by the methods used to protect other plants in the greenhouse. New Name Proposed for the “Garganica” s of Campanu By P. J. van Melle ONG campanulas seen in rock dens, aie are more Gite planted ae the range of garden hybrids known garganica, These are also, though Te: €Ss commonly, known as Aas perelaia: C. istriaca and C. Barbe’ All of these are go ear ecific names. representing distinct species, and are most inappropriately applied to these hybrids. The name most commonly used, C. gar- genica, was published in 1 827 by Tee under this name several other circum- Adriatic kinds. In 1890, Henri Feer, a Swiss student of Campanula, in a tech- 118 ture, redefined C. soe cance of Tenor separatin: m. and describing the other three kinds pe shove His type Boissier, through the courtesy of the Botanical Garden, I was enabled es obtain their use for study. It appears that Feer’s species have been poorly understood, and are unreliably treated in literature; while accounts of C. garganica, prior to 890, are of little use today, poe te include mostly all of these Ta my study of ti I hav found no indication ta C. garganica of Tenore has been at all in cultivation in this tr ab! @ wi fe} & col same limited locality, which is, fades: very distinct, and ae Feer separated as C. Barbeyi. Nor e I found recogniz- able ingeaton at Bibra with C. gar- ganica in discussion. we ale in the B torium, from Edinburgh, #400 named A group of Adria hybrids in the garden of the late Clarence Lown. 119 €; ahd var. D. H. Paine I am prepared t . is C. Bar- t hirsuta eG country and in Gr en: hybrid material—not garganica var. Jursuta of Tenore (which is an invalid name The name C. garganica has no relation at all to the med material cultivated under that name. Campan same rock gar Of the three Feer species, I have found no recognizable material in cultivation of Hata, I thered a large es extent a me h ce As a Edin- ula hae Clarence Lown. Note the erratically varying number of corolla lobes, Baa of this clone and reaching nine at times burgh, #268, in the Bailey Hortorium, labeled Cc. istriaca, os true. While ound, among American garden materials, forms approaching more or less to true C. i: m: that prac- tically no file inatetial of it is about, ieee its influence is recognizable in the hybrids. oe den material grown in this country ee if of garden origin. The conclusion seems The original clump in the ee therefore, that practically none of Feer’s species are in cultivation to an xtent. y investiga of len material leads me to conclude that this so-called “ anica” group re cle predominates. From endency to hairlessness, lee stout stems, crenate a eee and a violet-blue (not the best) shade of ly very oa very sig extent one fds, ae. some influence of C. Elati tines. Inasmuch as CC. ‘gant fenestrellata and istriaca are of potential garden value, and likely, sooner or later, to become availa oe 3n true form, it is unfortunate that names should be so improperly sould to and Pag etre for this hybrid group; and tl nfusion should continue to be piled — fee these ee garden literature, B y of — from this i mpas I pro to growers and dealers aaa erie alae for. the freer they abandon in relation to this so-called “garganica” group, the names garganica, fenestrellata, Barbeyi and istriaca, and place no reliance on horticultural accounts, date, of tl species; and that for this the plant grown a C. garganica hirsuta, which come C. XAdria hirsuta. Here belongs also the clone ay described at one time as Clarence Low If and as Pentine materials ae the four ed cked competently against Fe study and type specimens. e shail never come to know these species intelligibly until we first get their names out of the way in relation to the nondescript hybrids now widely known under these four names. Two Volumes on Cariceae Appear This Month Mackenzie's enera dra y C. ie monograph rts rae P yolumnes 1034 b 1314 inches. It is indexed. The eaiion, 120 which is limited to 500 copies, is bein: ing sold at cost price: $17.50 bound in library buckram, or $15.50 unbound. oe of this took many ars of Mr. ackenzie’s life, and he personaly supervised. Mr. Creutzburg’s drawin, Upon his death in 1934, at the a 357, New York Botanical of the rk Bot: arden received all his herbarium Aa aa = collection of some 40,000 sheets) and he also bequeat thed all of the draw- nes a plants made for oe and the sum o: publication with hi im f r. plays a rare ombination of both artistic and scientific perfection n addition to the complete plant from root to flower-cluster, he has shown vegetative portions and flower parts in microscopic detail oe work ackenzie, who was ‘orpora- ion ae as also the country’s fore- most authority on is studies e€ of the of Managers or. nearly 12 yea The Garden’s announcement of the publication of this joint labor says mM cs this authoritative work, the New York Botanical ae presents the first ome atlas illustrations a oo Nor . mercan sedges. The Cae a few smal co related genera, Se no less ee species Nort merica, i pecies of in ne area, which eng Pais Cen- t Indies on form an indispensable reference book foe persons concerned with conservation and protection of wild life.’ Certain oa. of sedge rank among the important foods of wild oe espe. cially ne migration, ell grou — a io the fee of aint impor- ihe that these be known and protected. 122 . P. A. Exhibit May 20-25 In Museum Building the Work Projects us rk and Service Division of the the period will be known as athe Wor Pays Your Community” week. Between 9 and p.m. on opening night, there will be a broadcast from Wash- ington oS a bei hook- rae Pre- ceding this W.P.A. workers from the Bouncy Gander will meet for dinner and “home talent” entertainment. luring ek, guid ibe be pro- ded from th e Nain’ forces to conduct d on the seco posters “depicting activities of the ‘ the B ical Garden, On the mez- ill demonstration of of methods employed in combating the Japanese beetle — t i nt nhase: of the hea of me = ae Garden from th es “will greet sigitars anal DAEs the work being don Magazine Produced by Gardeners Appears at Forum Dinner E fifth annual dinner of the Gar. ie F sat which took place at the Beekman Tow Hotel April 13, was e of an initial fF eeneten of the was t McG a reh a ‘Nicholas Peer, Toke. Moss, ia Philip Chandle: ae David Melrose also spoke briefly, presentative of ee student gardeners “ot pee y, and Josep mith, who ha: weeds which, 45 years ago, occupied the site where he now works eres house in Range 1. Robert Simpson was given a set of Britton & “Brown's Illustrated | Flora. as e collection pas ing the past year. The Doe was made by Dr. William Robbin. More than 90 persons, in- cluding eee from the scientific staff, attended the din: Reviews of Recent Books (All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) 1,000 Shrubs eek For Botanist and Garden el, The hor of “the popular “TIustrated ie snual of Pacific Coast Trees” (now in its third edition) has brought forth a other fin a t of wae pread interest, the native shrubs of Cal- ifornia. ook is \f growing in the native California shrub clleton oot Doe wiles Plas he i mber lifori er euportunity to study these plants ae conditions of cultivat ton. Approximately 800 species and 200 dante: are included ta this manual. The easlgaae ao notes for the layman n the ae and naming of plants, are prepared after years of practical “clascoom applica and are easy to The descriptions of species an a iN and - i eee inclugs data on and u is profusely value to Pepraductione a the finest we have seen on this subjec e closing cae deals with the use paves as ane H. Schumacher, Landscape "Architect rE the United States Forest Service, and includes lists of plants together with valuable in- formation relative to their possible utiliza- tion in the la hs ss This boo unique t twofold See ae th ms th e i of the Letra hae st will not be complete without a copy eal in additio it sho d ‘ove to be of equal iipontene’ to the horticulturist es lener. fessor Herbert L. Mason of the University of California expre: is point ve the ga eds of the practising botanist and the interests and questions o the amateur plant student and garden Mav ZL VAN SELAER, Director, Saas. Derbi Bolas Coen. 123 Life Among the Headhunters OFF WITH THEIR HEADS. Vic! Wolfgang aon Hagen. we pages, he cay glos Macmillan, New York, 1937 Si. Into his account of eight months spent ig the Jivaro Indians e the upper the et io of life. Doubtless the oe inclined reader will wish for an a od se: Dr. von Hagen’s, is ray ntial to among the headhun A. C. Smiru. Key to the Mucorales CORINEES. N. A. pages, 83 figures, Paut umi i translated from sition by S. Buchet and. I. Mo r bound, 100 fra: uraviev. The Mola is divided into four parts. ‘art a ten discussion of the order Mucorales. P; othe genera. Part ITI, the her to the specs of the book. Part IV is an alphabetical list e the po their synonyms and nomina regicienda, There is a bibliogra- hy and a list of the Mucorales in which sexual reproduction has been observed. poe 400 species o Mucorales are given e key; of these 108 are known to ee zygotes, 59 are in nown to be hetero- thallic, and 33 promothallic. The classification according to Haina of Zygha oS Saba published the this book w: (1934) sien in an appendix. Freperick W. KavaNnaGH. Explorers of the Past Lead the Wa THE GREAT NATURALISTS EX- PLORE SOUTH AMERICA Paul Russell Cutright. 340 pages, “illustra tions, bibliography, index. Macmillan, New York, 1940. $3.50. This is a book which every reader, re- este of the direction of ae interests, if he is curious about that least of these As an introduction to the work iewer knows no better travelers, the reviewe: concise treatment. -But this introduction is not the last w hear, in Dr. Pe eae oe the great vo ; orifte oc betwee hoatzin and a fer-de-lan . C. Smirx. 124 Notes on Recent Publications Books on Nature A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NATURE. STUDY. Eva L. Coraeas Reprinted from Anna _ Bot: Comstock’s Handbook of nate Sindy, 2ith _ tion. Pages ae ee Com: ook aa i It Pa a7} ed A useful list of books for both childre and adults, classifi as to subject, wih a comment on each one and a notation giving ie appro Guiniate age for the volume is most suitable. Out of ie 17th Century LIGHTES FOR ADIES. Sir ~ 1627. Collated and He by Violet and Hal W. Tro- illion. O pages, illustrated with decorations from the edition of 1609; index and glossary. Trovillion Private Press, satis 2 1939. $2., Recipes for cal ves, meats, fish, drinks, and ties, in the words of an Elizabethan wr' Whence? OUR GARDEN. Charles Fitch Barber. 136 _ pages, eae Binsford & Mort, FPortlan Ore. 939 1.50. A fam elphinium breeder credits the spirit Oyen for the creation of some of his finest hybrids. Current Literature* At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh “The Fuchsia Annual hae society. It contains of five outstanding fuchsia: seven other plates, and nine articles on fuchsia culture and kinds. This is the second year of issue. It is obtainable for five shulines from W. . Whiteman, Sec- retary, eebats Lodge, | Sandhurst, ” Glou- cester, England. Wild Flowers. The March Bulletin of the School Nature League is on “Early Spring Wild Flowers” and has figures All publications mentioned here—and mi shen iay be found in the Library of othe Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 125 and photographs as well as descriptions is Dr. John W. Liverwort. Perhaps the least well known of thie green plants are the liver- of So common p. etanies ary and also dir d by the Cranbrook Institute of Scene, Bioomfield Hills, Michigan, for 50 c South Africa. A beautiful new mint of the genus Pycnostachys and another labiate, [boza riparia, which a grown un- 7 glas a i k Pate ee den, are show the January er of The Flocering Plants of South Aten: This Journal i he few which still supply hand- slored aes of each species described. same number has plates of four species of Aloe, a Nemesia, a Gladiolus, and several other plant G. W. Martin has re- isouedt his ‘Oatlige of ae Fungi” with Consisting a key, a brief a bret | bibioganhy, it has es eh University of Iowa Studies, Volume 18, No. 1, 1940. Price 20 cents. ‘ety. Christmas trees may be prac- trunks i oe ape tions of ammonium sulfate leiw le. Complete diestions are a en in U. S. D. Lea! Heracles aa directions for 93. irene ota other substances are given in U.S. D. A. Farmers’ Bulletin No. 1786. Tree Story. “Southern Pines Pay” is a picture story ot some reforested areas in southern states, told in U. S. D. A. Miscellaneous Publications No. 357. Some of the pictures are on private farms, some on railroad lands and some in nai ion: nal forests. The aiount of growth the pines made in ten to eighteen years is almost unbelievable Easy Identification. “Keys to the Woody Plants of Iowa in Vegetative Condition” by Harold D. rrington consists of a grag list of nativ oody plants, ey the genera of woody plants pe ie in Iowa, a key the genera of woody plants native to Iowa, and a key o the species. The keys seem relatively simple and should be help to anyone wishing to learn to recognize plants when they are not in flower. “Un niversity of Towa aoe Vol. 17, No. 9, Iowa City, Zin Growers of zinnias will be ‘irereatcd | in the field trials of 194 samples of seeds from four of t ariable ; ihe ohne of the California giant type at saree constant than the le gi The details fe the expe: anit are given in a 12-page table. Soybeans. So many uses have been de- veloped for the serviceable s f=} Mg a B oie 1 to be This bulletin gives something ae Sicie history and distribution as well as the varieties grown in the United States and methods of culture. School Gardens. A complete program for the, fete of gardening in schools is outlined in a paper- pie illustrated volume of 134 pages ued by the President of the history of the movement is given, the purposes are explained, and suggestions are offered for year-around projects and lessons in paced and outdoor gardening and nature tudy. 126 Notes, News, and Comment Tulips. About 35,000 of the gift of Bulb than 47,000 bulbs from the Holland ering P iio: Foland: while a dozen varieties of Danae occupy the conservatory court. nal Academ William emy of Sciences at its annual meeting in April in Washington, D. C. coals those who aoe the Sa re Dr. ie O. Dodge, Dr. Edm W. Sinno .R ie Harper. Dr. Sinnott ene tele a paper wie Rober Bloch of Columbia entitled “The Division of Plant Cells Induced by Wounding The annual spring tea of the ard of anagers and the Advisory boat of the New York ee a a will tak - y 24. 2 be accompanied fae al entrees a the pere ecnil border of the Bovey Coane and of the Thomp- son Memorial Rock Garden On the same day the one will be host to the Woman's National Farm and Garden As- sociation, whi ae is i meeting in that time. The group will | joni ‘with iemben. of the New York Botanical Garden for tea. Rock Garden Week. With Friday and Saturday, May 24 and 25, designated as members’ days, Rock Ga rden Week will the public at the n on Shee May 26, and continue through June 1. a Re of vegetables, andscapes i Con- is Weinberg, Professor of Art and Sub-chairman of the Art Depart- ment in the School of pin and Civic al scencs on the estate we Cae Bennett e the artist calls a “glorification of the cabbage.” Corn and other So vege- tables also will be shown in oils. ectures. Dr, William J. Robbins ad- dressed the Journal Club at Bryn Mawr College April 10 on ee as Cont Para for Plan On April 9, Stout oe ‘before Bilgy es ‘of Broo! klyn Colleg Vel rds in Flowering Bi, be he lectured on “Lilies for Ni den before the ie Village Historical Society April 9. On_ April i P. = McKenna spoke on “Flowers for Mbitew” at he Mt. Vernon Garden Gob and on “Lawns” before the Men’ paces Club in New York on April H. Rickett addressed "he baad Botanical Club March 29 on “The Eee of Missouri.” “Our Native Ferns” the subject of Dr. A. C. Smith ‘April 17 before the Morristown Ladies’ Club. Dr. H. N. Moldenke spoke on “Treasures of the Watchungs” on pater unday as part of the Sunday science series at the Newark Museum. Types of fungous diseases of plants isnued the topic of ae B. O. Dodge April 2 for students medical mycology at the College of Pin cians and Surgeons. Student Gardeners. Edward Brennan ham hhey ee graduate from t cience Course for Professional Garde ers in 1937 and ate elses ruler el both f the orked of Mrs. Gee Ne ck, under George McGregor, was eradant ted from the Science Course a year ago, became greenhouse assistant to Mr. Esson on April 1. ° em. Roswell Eldsdee ot aoe G. Ess Conference. r. F. J. Seaver spoke at the monthly cote of the scientific staff and Hs students of the Gar den Apr rit “CE in Lecanidion aoe” 127 Directo Dr. H Moldenke has been re-elected for a thre ee-year term to the board of directors of the John Burroughs Memorial Association. Gro Members of the rey Bo- tanical P Club visited the eee of William J. Robbins the morning of al 13. After hearing a brief discussion on the Conservatories. Camp Fire Girls v at the museum, ere they inspected hiefly the fossil tients and the section of Seadee gigantea On March 27 a s score of students fro a Library peed visited the Botanical Garden, Everett oe briefly to them in the libra ary on the ri sponsibility of librarians and reviewers © kee y literature out of the field of ave a demonstration Thomas Laskaris ex delphini um rot ani nd other cultures showing sexuality in the fungi. Dr. H. A. oieree conducted he ai oup through the Main Conservato: ae Larchmont Pees Club visited all of the greenhouses the Botanical Garden March 21. Visitors. During the past two months, among the visitors who have registered n the library are George Slate, Geneva, N. Y.; John A. Il, New Brunswick, N. J.; Eleanor A. Friend, s Falls, N. Y.; F. R. Fosberg, Wash- on, D. C.; Elizabeth Mackay, La. ae oe Frank E. E; Syracuse R. lausen, Ithaca, N. Y.; " Cas A s, Carta; 0, a Rica; jam Bomhard, Washington, D. C.; Leon roizat, Hav R Heldridee, "Re Piedee, Hostesses. The Advisory Council of the New . Bea bese will provide two a day at Gardens on Parade - the “World's Par between May 16 and 31. They ou register guests at the Thatched Corlag eighth ae papers. Dr. 1 speak on “Vitamins as Growth Substances for Plants; Dr. A. S: on “Ve oe Zones of the Northern Andes ” r. . Camp “Continental Displacement and the Onn of the American Floras.” Dr. O. Dodge’s ge paper will be entitled “Genetic Interpreta- tions of Cultural Work in the Fungi.” The Garden's fifth delegate will be Dr, H. A. Pere eu “this month by descriptions s, cultural notes, and pi which is “The Life Stor a of the Fern” will be am Bran booklet i immediately, Hardy Ferns And Their Culture e booklet on HARDY FERNS, ceuaar ae eae is thse the New York Bot den. will c ictures fro now out of print), ane also: fen pat and the current number included. New York City, will bring you a copy of this new ical Gar ntain he Journal oe Ma fen 1940 ork Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, 128 PROGRAM At The New York Botanical Garden May 9, 1940 The New York Bird And Tree Club Co-operating 10 A.M. MUSEUM BUILDING Methods and Aims in Protecting Wild Flowers 30 min. Dr. P. L. Rick: United States Department t of Aariculiure: President, The Wild | Flower Preservation — Inc. Preservation of Wild Flowers by Education 30m Pa Professor of ara Education, eal three Editor, Cornell Rural School Leaflets. How to Raise Wild Flowers from Seed 30 min. Mr. Rozert S, Lemmon Editor, Real Gardening Magazine. Protection of Wild Flowers by Legislation 15 m Mrs. ALF ELKER ae the Orr Committe The Garden Club of America. 2 P.M. MUSEUM BUILDING Wild Flowers—Today and Tomorrow 30 min. Mr. HerMan Forster Assistant Commissioner, Department of Water Supply, New York City. Elizabeth G. Britton ne the Movement for the Preservation mal Native felig eas Wild Flowers 15m R. C. STUART GAGER Director, Brookivn Boaaie Ces Elizabeth Gertrude Knight Britton as a Scientist 15 m een Henney Barnu Bibliographer, The Nes York Botanical Gada Presentation of the Elizabeth Gertrude Knight Britton Fund Dr. CiypE FISHER Curator-in-Charge, Hayden Planetarium ; President ae the New York Bird and Tree Club. Acceptance of the Fund for the New York Botanical cue eee pe Forest BALDWIN. Vice-president, The New York Botanical Garden. IN THE WILD FLOWER GARDEN Dedication of Bronze Plaque to Mrs. Britton Unveiling by Miss DorotHy Oak Tea Served by the New York Bird and Tree Club PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord Britton a Addison Brown. ree volumes, giving foram and illustra: ea ae ,666 species. Second edition, reprinted. $13.50 a of t he Prairies ~ Plains of Central North Wigston by P. A. Rydberg. 969 ihe and fi 1932, Price, $5.50 postpaid. Plants of the Vicinity of New York, by H. A eleaswkk 284 pages, ee A handbook especially compiled for the beginner in plant identification. 1935. $1. Flora of Bermuda, by irra ae Britton and others. 585 pages with ee text tier ena the fungi, mosses, ferns, and flowering plants. ae - 50. xt-Book of General Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 16 Aen 1897. $2.50. ort. rican Cariceae, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex and "related oo ts ty Harry C. in eutzburg, with a description a each d $17.50; un species. Indexed. Two volumes, 1034 x 1344 inches: boun bound $15.50, eriodicals Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular See i flowering cia ne ke in each number, thirty-two in each volume. Now its twenty-first vous Subscription price, $10 a volume four Bite). Now ore mn exeba ange. Free “to ea s of the Garden. Journal of The w Yo Botanical Garden, containing news, book reviews, and non- ‘echnical a on botany and aoe SSE: $la year; single copies 10 c Fre members of the Garden. Now s 41st volume Mycologia, bimo: ie ne in color and otherwise; es ted to fungi, dagludine lichens, containing technical ea ad news and notes of general in- terest. $7 a year; ane copie $1.25 each. Now in its thirty-second volume. Twenty- cou von Index e $3. Brittonia. A series 7 Reese papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. Now in its third volume. merican Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, meee Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. oo to be com pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more parts; 89 parts now iad. n ¢@ . se t : Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $ volume. In the fourteenth volume. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. A collection oe ao papers. Prices to Peabo of the Garden: Vols. 1-6, $1.50 each: to ers, $3. T é " ol. 5, Norm. , Flora of Vici: at New York, Vol. 6, Twentieth Anniversary of The ha York Botanical Garden Vol. 7, L. GarDNER, New fe a valaig from Porto Rico: A. B. Stout, The Flower co of Avocados H. Russy, Plants Collected in the Amazon Valley; ArtHurR Ho tick, The Flora a the an a Silts. Backt all orders to The New me Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, Fordham nch P.O., New York City. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS : Bee ee MANAGERS Until 1941: E. C. AucH Fietp, Mrs. Eton HunrtTINGTON Hooker, Joun L. es "Dice president), Cou. Rosert H. MoNnTGOMERY, H. Hoparr Porter, and A. RCY SAUNDER Until 1942: ArtHuR M. Noe RSON (Tiseeee PierRE JAY, CLARENCE EWIS, D. Merritt, Henry p—E LA MontaGNne (Secretary and Assistant Treasurer), and WitiAM iB RogsBins. Until 1943; Henry pe Forest BALDWIN ace Sees nen, CHILDS Hee LLYN R. Jennincs, Henry Locxuart, Jr., D. T. MacDoucat, Mrs. Har I. Pratt, and JosepH R. Swan (Presiden t). II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS TORO H. LAGUARDIA, Mayor et the City of New York. ; oBERT Moses, Park Commission ‘ Weis ene President of ye Board of Education. : III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS y H. A. Gree ON. idle by the Torrey Boing Club. R. A. Harper, SAM RELEASE, EDMU . Stnnott, and Marston T. BocErt, appointed by Columbia University. GARDEN STAFF 4 WiLL1aM J. Ropelne s leisy, ID Bisye5 1D), A H. A. Gieason, Po Assistant Director and Head rahe HENRY DE LA Reece Assistant Director A. B. Stout, Px. D. Curator of Education and faboiaree Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator BERNARD O. Dopce, Pu. D. Plant, Pathologist doen ENE BARNHART, A. M., M. D. Bibliographer H. W. Rickett, Pu. D. sisters Bibhege anhey ALBERT C, Simian Pu. D. Associate Cura Harotp N. Movpenke, Pu. Dea Associate Curator EvizasetH C. Hatt, A. B., B. Librarian A Lely ISAs IMIS IDE Go db aban bls ele Curator of the: conan Collections LEDA GRIFFITH t and Photographer Percy WILson Research Associate Ropert S. WILLIAMS esearch Associate in Bryology E. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and cae of the Local Herbarium W. H. Camp, Pu. D. ssistant Curator CLYDE CHANDLER, Bo IMs 56006 Technical Assistant RosALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant Frederick KavanaGH, M.A. Technical Assistant AROL ARD, A. B. Edit | Assistant Tuomas H. Everett, N. D. Hort 0 lturist . L. Wirrrocx, A. M Custodian of the Herbarium Orto Drcener, M. S. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany Ropert Wee ae Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Eruet Anson S. PECKHAM. Ua On ora eae Iris and Narcissus Collections ArtHuR J. CorBETT perintendent er PRS and Grounds A. C. PFANDER nt Dute erint. tegaen) To ach ey ee Pees ies the. ighth ae Subiee to Bedford Park Blvd., the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park station, or the Ne i coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River bisa JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor June, 1940 Hysriw Tea Rose “Star oF Persia” Cover Photograph by Fleda as Mars. Brirtron Honorep In DEDICATION OF PLaquE BY NEW YorK Birp TreE CLus IN WILD pa GaRDEN EvizaseTH G. Britton ~ MOVEMENT FOR THE PRESERVATION OF NATIVE Aenea Wip FLOWERS C. Stuart Gager 137 ELIZABETH GERTRUDE KNIGHT BritTon As A SCIENTIST John Hendley Barnhart Florence Hedleston Crane 144 i 147 129 BotanicaL Lore From Korea 15,000 Diatoms Depositep on Loan Dr. SmirH NaMeED ees AT ARNOLD ARBORETUM 147 Reviews oF Recent Book 148 Notes, News AanpD ce T 150 LA Virgene Kavanagh 151 SHERMAN Hoyt pat IN peed CONSERVATION LEAGUE 152 PRACTICAL GARDENING e New York Botanical Garden a new type of instruction in practical gar- ree hi s been inaugurated in which ip emia is eens taught first-hand instead of by observation or by means of words a bool While the idea of having stu dents in a course requiring skill perform every t task to be group explained and onstrated to the class, but it is performed by each individual f the instructor, who approves the technique before the student is permitted to p: Following two terms of eco this year by members of the gardening staff, sixty me meeting one ace a week 2 spending two hours outdoors with pe le, ot 2, pee other impleme wor such fundamental gardening aL as double-digging, ae ae planting, sowing seed, eae staking, disbu — pinching back, pruning, and other jo which, without experience, are apt to the amateur gardener’s skill. "s Two-year ae in Practical Gardening, organ d eas a yaa for greater ee knowledge, is seals a definite need among home gardeners for a type of instruction that com- is thorugh lectures in ee ear with the opportunity to work under critical super’ Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New ork, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office A New ors N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual anc iption $1.00. Single copies 10 c Free to members of the Garden. JOURNAL THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vot, 41 June 1940 No. 486 Mrs. Britton Honored in Dedication of Plaque By New York Bird and Tree Club In Wild Flower Garden Ceremony and Presentation of Fund for Wild Flower Preservation Work Follow Program of Addresses HE memory of Elizabeth Gertrude Knight Britton was honored on at the New York Botanical Garden in an all-day pr sauen eae to the subject of wild flower preservation. In the afternoon the a and Tree Club pete a plaque to Mrs, Britton in the n Vitd Flower Garden, following presentation of 2 fund of $1,800 to be ae as ie “Elizabeth ao eS Fund.” he wife of Dr. N. ritton, ie was the pe aoa -in- pee the New York Laney eee a pioneer—one might will be aided by the i pues from the fund which bears her name, the York Bot: ae ee hopes to arouse new interest in the plants of the region and t in the people a desire to respect and protect them. icon labele in the garden, it is believed, will further ‘this par he Wild Flower Garden, located in the woods ago by the eee ata , but a : ly one for the blooming of many native wild flo e late cool season held back all but a few Dutchman’s breeches, Jacke in- i oa somubbiaes trilliums, and anemone : for the installation and maintenance ofa e ervation in such other ways as may seem advisable.”—From a motion of the New York Bird and Tree Club. 129 130 The Bronze Plaque “Let those who find pleasure in this as remember Elizabeth Ger- trude Knight Britton, lover of wild flowers and ardent advocate of their protection” is the wording of the bronze ae , which was the gift of Mrs. David E. Oak, sister of Mrs. Britton, and her daughter, Miss Dorothy Oak, who unveiled the plaque. The design in the two lower corners represents the ree holly, a plant for whose protection Mrs. Britton worked with s ardor The sae is peas . a ten- ton rock which was moved from the hill wide, this bulky specimen of pence’ nae was given a three-day trip on wooden rails, assisted by a w of five with a tractor, along the “Snake Road” through the meee (so le oes of the way it winds) nd into its new position, where it fits as though it has stood there for centuries Practical Note in Program In the addresses special stress was laid on the importance of using com- mon sense instead of sentiment 2 idee for the peas of the native wild flowers of sa rica. The tendency, as Dr. E. L. Palmer pointed out, is to continue to recite poems ee the neae chestnut tree long after the chestnut a practically passed out of eae Dr. Ricker ana Sa ae ein mood when “Entirely too much stress has been and still is a ar ced by most wild flower conservation on the purely sentimental and esthetic values of wild flowers, rather ng serious consideration to any practical n givi means of preventing ce ear ion.’ How the Greatest Destruction Occurs “So strongly have these ideas taken root,” Dr. s cker eee 3 it has ae sos impos ssible to induce ae interested g: wild flow eservation work other than educating s ae children nee & general oe pone eet — and digging up the plants or passing laws for that purp They stly overlook a re fact in nearly every state es if a icp ds, of acres of land, with attrac- tive wild flowers, are being burned, grazed, or ae every year oe agri- cultural, manufacturing, residential, recreational, and highwa el anes destroying many times the number of flowers that are peed tb wild flower ae roadside and market dealers, gardeners, ae a drug collectors. Laws can not prevent the destruction of native plants by these Laws can not prevent an owner or lessee of ae fron ne ging, picking or otherwise destroying native p!ants or from delegating a right The plage which was dedicated at the New York Botanical Garden by the New York Bird and Tree Club May 9, honoring Mrs. N. L. Britton for her pioneer work in the wild flower preservation moveme to another, any more than laws can prevent picking and digging of culti- ated flowers or veget tables. All such laws have to make these exemptions to be constitutional.” Recommendations from P. L. Ricker “Surveys should be started in every county, of areas aac and suitable for wild flower or general wild life ee before most of the worthwhile areas are cleared for agricultural, commer cal recreational, and pores purposes. mations of eee to) rchas i one or m e best areas should be obtained. In this probably a ae cae through the co- prec of seer foal Tea organizations. “Tf neither the donation of land nor money for purchase can be obtained in sufficient quantity, application should be made to the nearest publicly 132 owned park or ane ae ee es aside of at least 25 or 50 acres for a at reserve. ‘Civilization the or attempts to improve on nature, should not be ane as ae oe done in some places ants of horti- cultural interest should be introduced or plants not nati t ion unles. n a special, restricted area. Efforts should, however, be made to transplant to the area other rare or attractive = of the region that are likely to be destroyed by t the clearing of] land In co ion D i tional work carried on in schools has value in cre at in conservation in the rising genera fn ‘it is imperative that all interested groups devote the major part of thei er conserva- ion activities at once to the more practical lin <, as suggested 1 lines of work, not, few of the younger generation who are bein taught a love of nature will be able to find areas in which to see and study native plant and animal life. Where Educators Have Failed . E. Laurence Palmer of Cornell oe Editor of the Cornell mee Sioa Leaflets, spoke of the probler education - confront the leaders in the movement for the ee, of wild flowe: He particularly emphasized some of the opportunities which he felt had oe overlooked by wild flower preservationists. The ten-ton rock on its three-day trip to the Wild Flower oe where it became the base for the plaque to Mrs. Brit 133 Off-hand in speaking of education one is ae to a pee of school programs,” he said, “We have plenty of pro school weaknesses largely due to i lack of oe of 2 ose guiding the imme- diate activities of the children. We have accepted as a substitute for bi teliigent treatment of plants oF recitation ee: poems about plants have let nee supplant a aa and have spoken of the Dlasksnih under the chestnut tree long after both have become pr: ractically with problems of ae and with ener tee as ee often do. What we want to know i i tion i j y n en wild flowers, phates to enjoy ee and pass their ais on,-increased or undiminished, to those who will live where we now live. The ‘Thou shalt not’ philosophy “of nee is eee ie ther we ® should develop an understanding of what can be done with pla Dr. Palmer suggested some general ae he if followed, would normally lead to a wise handling of the plants. A Lesson from Dr. Palmer “T have asked my students,” he explained, * ‘to study plants to determine ing the Faas twigs of trees and shrubs. It makes it possible for us to ick the rs but not the leaves of adder’s-tongues, Dutchman’s-breeches, trilliums, henties: It saves spring beauty from exploitation and puts the yellow lady-slipper and some of its relatives where it can well survive. “Another practice which I have recommended is that of asking people never to pick any flower unless ae e five calle healthy plants within a radius of five feet. If this nee were followed universally, complete extinction of plants of the rarer sorts would be impossible and yet some collections oa be made. The Naturalist’s Important Role The “old-fashioned srk ee was lauded oe Dr. ioe in opposit ion to the college es who knows his pla only the herbarium sheet. Botanists are far behind soot ie me in is their sub- ject interesting to i follower 134 Plant students generally,” he pointed out, “have overlooked the value of presenting the biographies of early workers in their field to the extent this has been done by the capa Ask ane Hee what Audubon’s specialty was and they know of him as a bird n Ask anyone, particu larly outside of Philadelphia, v as a Bartrams were or about the Michaux family or about oe or Gray and you oe no r n n spite of this these men had a: resting careers bon or Wilson or ng as did Audu Vi r the better known a ee ee the a early eee t glorified in our schools is Johnny Appleseed, whose professional standing as a botanist certainly does not compare with many less praised men. Even when we history of botany or of ene we have provision for ue eee 7 natu c they cae a wale fe fee materials in their field of specialty, they do not wish to be embarrassed by being unable to name some weed in their front lawn.’ Dr. Palmer further pointed out the need ] pe wild flowers popu- lar in such a way that the public would w enjoy them where they grow; and he stressed again the need for tes Ae of correct in- formation about plants. Wild Flowers From Seed eee instructions Lee the sees = wild flowers from seed were given by Robert S. Ler of New Canaan, Conn., Editor of Real Gardening magesne and a eine of long a successful experience with native pla Much of the information ies h he gave is eae in “Plants en ‘Planting Methods for the Native Garden,” which he e for this Naa in August 1939, as well as in a series of ree in his own magazi Laws and How They Work t address of the morning session was given by fred Roelker 7 Bedford ee ae emai . Conservation Com- mittee of the Garden of Am of the s of laws in the various states aa ie effectiveness i in ae ns i e rarer native plants. The Garden Club of America, she said, recommended that a wild flower sanctuary, to be aaa protected, should have a fence with a locked gate, or a resident wa Mrs. Roelker fe that a file of state laws regarding wild flower 135 preservation had been assembled for presentation to the New York Botani- cal Garden. This will be kept in the library for public reference. A Flower Lover Speaks fter: n program was opened by Herman Forster, Assistant to Connie in se geleutae : Water Supply in New York City, poke as of wild flow a lov s an individual who wants ne a and. respected and saved or ie benefit of his children and others of their generation who, learning to know them now, will gain an increas- ing appreciation ee them as they grow older. “Wild Flowers—Today and Tomo ” was the cae his tal k, which was filled with his. own The addresses given by Dr. C. Stuart Gager, who at one time was on the staff of the New York Botanical via and by Dr. John Hendley Barn- hart are printed elsewhere in this iss' Fund From New York Bird and Tree Club pe a her, Curator-in-Charge of the Hayden Planetarium and Presi den of the New York Bird and Tree Club, presented the —— oo ae Britton ae aN the New York Botanical Garden a brief address to which M nry de Forest Baldwin, Vice- See of the New York Botanical eee responded in accepting the fund. At 3:30 the audience, which numbered pane 150 persons during the ee cao to the Wild Flower Garden for o Mrs. Bri Tea was Yo rk Bird ‘nd "Tree Club, with the following persons on the Reception Comm Mr. & Mrs. William F. gs Mrs, Bella C. Landauer Dr. & Mrs. Arthur E. Besto Mr. Mr. & Mrs, Edward K. Cherrill Mr. & Mrs. Newcomb Cleveland Mr. & Mrs. Warren i Capt. & Mrs, Henr Mr. ae ont GEERT oS a : & Mrs, Walter J. Greacen .& Mrs. John H. ermene rs. Edwin D. Kyle, Jr. hy ‘Oae Miss ee Pagerstechee Mrs. n W. Paris Dr. & Me. T: pales Pearson ae George B. Pegra: Mrs. George W. Perkins ins Mrs. Benjamin Prince Admiral & Mrs Pry rs. Abi the program and in the aienee Here: were persons who had known and worked with Mrs. Britton for many years—some as much as 40 years ago. Drs. P. L. Ricker, C. Stuart Gager, Clyde Fisher, and J. H. 136 Barnhart all gave their recollections of Mrs. Britton and her absorbing interest in the wild flower movement. pe times, — to ne Ricker, she was “almost the only constantly a r the se.” Yet she always labored with perad ae india schools, clubs, magazines, newspapers, motion picture houses, and lawmakers, to ae that today there are groups of people the country over striving to ce s of the Wild Flower Preservation Soci The conservation commi ee of the garden clubs of today are an ee outgrowth of her relentless campaigning. One of the most active of these, he Conservation Committee of the Garden Club of America, was represented on the program. ong those in the audience whose memories went back to the days of Mrs. Britton’s ae ant were Mrs, Ad- dison Brown, widow of Dr. appe: on the rolls in 1900; the Misses Julia T. and Hel- itus Emerson, niece of Ralph Waldo Emerson; life to the painting of flowers in watercolor for publication ; MOCCASIN. FLOWER Mrs. David is re Mrs. This design, representing one of the native ee most in need of protec Bae ae made fo 7 the Britton’s sist 5 George cover of the program of M. ee ugh Wheeler of rues aed Mrs. co-operation of the W WP 137 visas of the Bronx, both of whom used to work with Mrs. Britton; and Mrs. Harry A. Day of New York City, a former student of hana Britton’s when, before her marriage, she was a teacher at Hunter Col mong them were the men and women of a younger generation, those who today are determined to save the best of the native flora from destruction at the hands of peer and real estate developers, road builders, short-sighted ee who dig from the wild rather than to raise plants from seeds, and f senate ated — who have not yet been trained in the proper ara toward plan The co-operation of these pe ee al reinforce the New York Botanical Garden's program for wild flower preservation Elizabeth G. Britton And The Movement For The Preservation Of Native American Wild Flowers: y C. Stuart Gager Director, oa Botanic Garden ISITORS to the plantations of the New York Botanical Garden dur- the first few years of its history became familiar with the figure ing with a rapid, somewhat nervous step ivi t e del Thi usually the case, for the woman was Elizabe th Gee Knig ‘ht Bitton ife of Dr a . cea Briton the first an -in- Chie of the Garden, and the destination she was hastening to reach was the s spo here some citizen, ee with ne popes that this i isa “free country,” i idea it is also a land of law and order, was helping himself to uch flow: even entire plants and branches of flowering trees, as he saw eee in ae Garden and loved so well that he decided he would take a few of them home with him. ritton usually reached her destination in time, and the pias dr oon Mrs. Br zeal and her ene i ae wecbaliry. (I should add, oF See ete 1 Given y 9, 1940, the New York Botanical Garden on the occasion of the dedication aa a bronze chae honoring Mrs. Elizabeth Britton for her interest and work in the rvation of native American wild flow 138 that she was always a lady in her manner and language at such times, and this, I believe, made what she said all the more effective. say she was more than justified; for the amount of the vandalism in Sunday, in early spring, when I was in charge of the grounds, I saw more than a oe full of stolen flowers and branches taken from visitors who and that was condition at other entrances. These experiences made one almost despair of the possibility of ever being able to maintain a botanic garden a " the public cs have been man ye changes since the year 1900; changes in dress, bits, in words, and in standards of behavior. The stealing of flowers a ee one of the minor vandalisms in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and I imagine the same thing is true at this Garden. Vandals nowadays manifest their appreciation of living in a free country not so much by the stealing of flowers, but by the smashing of park Beaches and fountains and statuary, and other more manly—or at least more muscular—types of declaration of independence he York Botanical Garden was founded in the years when automobiles were as scarce as horse-drawn vehicles are now. But the private property. Even self-respecting and law-abiding people from o cities have quite generally felt free to go into woods and fields and help themselves to fruits and fewer The automobile took more people to greater distances into the country Ik ervi beauty and esthetic natural resources, such as wild flowers, oa the early lumbermen had (or should I a have?) of forest conservatio Wild Flowers Disappearing The situation became so bad that numerous species of wild flowers dis- appeared almost entirely in suburban localities where they were formerly ei The leading article in the January 1902 number of the Jou ie e New York Botanical Garden, by Dr. Britton, stated as follow: “The thoughtless and indiscriminate picking of flo ~ rs and bre g of twigs or branches from wild plants is an offense per ace rated by many a a ought to know better. Every effort to wae people to realize that plants which are bes picked or broken cannot be enjoyed by others who follow them, is a distinct aid i 139 uoegn selfishness ise in uve pine the more healthy taste oe preserve natural objects rather than to def x destroy them. In the vicinity of many of our cities and ae wild flowers, once common, have become rare by a vandalis, so that the healthful pleasure and interest of woodland walks have beco uch less enjoyable.” . Britton then announced that on August 29, 1901, te vee ae ia and Caroline Phelps Stokes had presented to the New York Botanical Garden the sum of $3000, “on condition the ee this ‘fon should always be used for the investigation and preservation of n plants, or for bringing the need for such ein oe the public” The Stokes Fund and Its Effect ift was formally accepted at a meeting of the Board of Managers held October 23, 1901, and was officially designated as “The Olivia and i i It was eee se ae - ae income from the eee Ae at ie were econ to the of prizes for essays upon the pre of wild pla eae a i. eo ae and the piston aa abies: of such essays.” There were three prizes of $50, $30, and $20. On the first announcement of these prizes se were twenty essays Pre in competition, and the three cue ae to Dr. F. H. Knowl- ton, Miss Cora A. Clarke, and Dr. Abel J. Grout. The firs sete essay, of Dr. Knowlton, had a final circulation of en thousands copie: I have spoken of these essays in so much detail for it was ee dly Mrs. Britton who conceived the idea and who interested the Stokes sisters to establish the fund for the prizes Dr. Britton is authority for des statement that it was the distribution of Dr. Knowlton’s essay that led to the ils cals of the Wild pees haan ee of America. (Jour. New York Bot. Gard. 3:180. ae raivs d so we may credit Mrs. Britton with being the prime mover (or one of ee if there can be more than one “prime mover”) in ae establishment of this society. Early Wild Flower Societies T can ascertain, the first wild flower preservation society was ee in England in 1884, when a Mrs. Ewing founded the Parkin- nm Soc named a the famous author of Paradisus Terrestris, the i i t thus mad in i: modern conception of conserv ae On the de ath of . Ewing she was succeeded by Prof. Daniel Oliver. This society has since es dissolved 140 The organization meeting of the Wild Flower Preservation Society of America was held in New York on April 23, 1902—almost ay 38 years ago. Dr. Frederick V. Coville, of Washington oe C., was the aa si , and Mrs. Britton was elecied one oe the B < of Man nagers. reorganize the enone Society,” a was decided to adopt e Wild ? =P L. gi respondence on the subject, talking about it whenever opportunity offered, and making Gas ity w when it was not offered e §' “preach; laws were passed in various states, additional chapters of th Id Flo Pres tion let ere established ies and conservation scho Some ie have thought that the eis : the preservation of native wild flowers have been over zealous. Most crusaders seem over zealous to i who are not participants in ue crusade. The need o w! n “a law passed,” was never better illustrated tens in the case of wild flower preservation. esac Amendment Proposed d in my hand a c of a bill introduced as recently as March 20, rae in the Stat ones mn Albany, N. Y., by Senator Rae L. Egbert, of Tompkinsville, Siar Island. This bill (No. 2510. Int. 1995), is “entitled : ey to amend the penal law, in relation to injury, destruction or removal of ™ The fae to be oe is Section 1, Subdivision two of Section fourtecn hundred and twenty-five of the penal law, which prohibits the cutting down, injury, or ior: “of fruit, shade or or: tnamental trees standing on ne Gee of — and Lea a poe for a who ‘ pa p:cks, re: or ina manner to kill o> cause to die, or eve arrie: MOV! cea any ane nae. ne ‘or Ge or any wild or ae trail’ ne arbutu:,” ete. 141 There follows an enumeration some dozen or more wild flowers and ae specifically protected by act. The Sonus a by Senator Egbert pr ede i aaa exceptions to the “A person shall be permitted to take for his own use for study or teaching purposes, but not for sale or commercial use, specimens a ae nt life, rocks, minerals and Such t fossils found on any public lands, highway or stre specimens shall not be d ‘ks or handise vehicles ept - written permission of the con- servati missior h such specimens are part of the landscaping and notices of non-removal are posted @ conservation, department may autho he re 1 land, highway or landscaping and that such specimens are to be used for study and educational purposes and not for sale or commercia use, “2. This act shall take effect immediately. If this proposed amendment became law, it would be lawful for any teacher, or even for any boy or girl in our public schools, — schools, and colleges, to de ee ae to any plants, flowers, shrubs, tree r bot r vines, growing i gardens, parks, streets, parkways, or a other public land. “He nigh | soe the material away in “trucks or phat ee vehicles n permission of the conservation ex ” but he vould : at oS - fill several passenger automobiles if a ne red to do As Aa of : on and telegrams sent to Albany in as to this Act, the bill was not allowed to be reported out of Comn But the mere fact that such a bill could. get ee ea ie early forty years of organized campai gning for the protecti ar wild flowers and our parks, emphasizes ene ee of eternal tance and of a program of unceasing public education. °o Ph Example of Diligence In ea matter of seed education Mrs. Britton never tired. She herself uthor was the of fourteen articles on the subject, “Wild Plants Needing Pee which a ee ed in the Journal of the New York Botanical Garden, with silacestene by Miss Mary E. Eaton. While Chairman of the Conservation Commits of 2 foe Gard ibs w York S Christmas green, and she also “promot the propagation of holly e extensive bibliograph: . Britton’s published pn com- piled by Dr. John Hendley Ses te the Bulletin of the y Botani al Club, January 1935, contains no less than thirty-two cae se to the conservation of our native wild flowers, ae extending over a perio of twenty-nine years, from 1901 to 1929, inclusiv cf one of Mrs, Britton’s articles on Christmas green; are available for 2 Copies Getibanon at the Botanical Garden, and will be sent as a memento to any person requesting one—C, H. W. 142 To Britton belongs the credit of having first conceived and ex- as ie idea of the establishment of the New York Botanical Garden, (Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 35:101-102. May 1934.) So far as available records indicate, we may also say that to Mrs. aie pa ae hice of having initiated the movement for the preservati wild flowers, and giving it the momentum which lied in ae heer pees on on a national scale. ee st was ever more willingly or more fittingly erected the bron oe we dedicate this afternoon to the memory of ae Gone Britton. Elizabeth Gertrude Knight Britton cAs A Scientist* By John Hendley Barnhart E are sae to honor ine memory of Mrs. Britton’s valiant work in the field when, from ai 1926, she was most active along these lines, she did not entirely abandon the a. to which she had devoted her leisure for so pe dig ile she was teaching at the institution now known as al College pe Elizabeth Knight became actively interested in botan science, and especially in the — of mosses. She joined the Torr ey Botanical Club in oe and wa ted Cura a the mae peeniee in and ee ate . When the last of these paper vats a Mia more than e hundred ai seventy. Cee were only brief ag but cai were ingore cer tions to the advancement of scie And th eesti i above tw hundred if we include her signed reviews of oe ork a i feologel contemporaries; these reviews were always aie and often pungent. she became the wife i. Dr. Britton. They were no doubt attracted to each other by their mutual interest - in botanical study. No longer a teacher, she was aoe to devote more time to her favorite science.. an the years 1886, 1887, and 1888 she was editor of the Bulletin of the * Presented at the New York Botanical Garden, May 9, 1940, at the program honoring Mrs. El‘zabeth C. Britton. 143 Torrey Botanical Club, to which she contributed many of her most im- portant papers in later decades. In April, 1888, the Torrey Club estab- lished a standing committee on the Cryptogamia of the local flora; she was one of the three original members of this committee, and was re- appointed annually until her death. In 1898, largely through efforts, a society was formed devoted ex- clusively to the study of mosses; its organization was completed at the beginning of the following ae Known at first as the Sullivant Moss Chapter, its name was changed ten years later to the present one, th to present he Sullivant Moss Society. She was of course one of the original members, and she always maintained her keen interest in its affairs. She was presi- dent of this society for the four years 1916 t She is credited with the first suggestion, prompted by a visit with her den ought to have a great botanical garden, and to the efforts of Dr. and Mrs. Britton, more than of any other two persons, is due the establishment and oe . the present New York Botanical Garden. From t nee that the Garden collections were installed in the Museum Building, ab moss herbarium. Through her influence many collections were acquired, the most important one being that of the famous ase Brace ‘illiam Mitten, which was oe by the Gar for thousand dollars, in 1906, shortly after his death. This was one of ae richest of private moss herbaria in existence, and its incorporation with the Garden herbarium occupied all of Mrs. Britton’s spare time for years She accompanied her husband on nearly all of his numerous botanical exploring expeditions to various tropical aede islands, in this wa visiting and ee eee eee mi in Bermuda, the Bahamas, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, Cuba, and es and as a south as Trinidad. She ae Sees eee by her personal observations and field studies to the knowledge of the mosses of the Antillean region In 1912 the im portance to the Garden of her voluntary services was given formal recognition by her appointment as Honorary Curator of Mosses, and thereafter she continued with this title the same work that she had done without it. Her published annual reports for the years 1914 to 1929, though brief, give a clear account of her scientific activities during this period hat has been said it may readily be seen how fitti the action of the Board of Managers of the New York aoe the entire moss collection of the Garden, designating it as the Elizabeth Gertrude Britton Moss Herbarium. 144 Botanical Pore From Korea By Florence Hedleston Crane F you will go with me over the sea and far away to Southern Korea to you, our Korean friends = = [jan fy = as me a a 3 fay a card ian th ‘8 3 R oe 5 fc} eee n n c range of the older generation can explain ae matter easily. The lore of Old Korea has a worthy giant aie rivals Atlas in his of this adventure, he set these t great dragons as well! Now the dragon who lived and ruled beneath this lovely valley of rice fie'ds objected to this additional burden on his back, so he rose up and bit the top out of the hindermost peak! * * * * The Koreans have always been a very clever people, making the most of their limited resources. Their colorful costumes ru k of B the ap of rayon, oe not ae hats their own silk- . Before pea worms, gathering Caines of carefully mulberry-leaves necessary satisfy th i This, of course, is a w : yards of materials from native Lika lar; Gardenia jasminoides makes a very charmi a yellow d, as wi in Korea, when a lady wears a pee yellow dress, ee must have used ia dye’*, e numerous tints of azaleas (Rhododendron ae R. obtusum, z Schlippenbachii. etc.) found over the hills are the exact shades a Korean bride loves best for her ae ar hanense, e range green ee the barley field in May is perfect for a little Mas seau. boy's we The women’s facility with vegetable dyes has served the Korean nation in good ste; “* See “Flowers and Folk-lore from Far Korea’, Florence Hedleston Crane. (This book, peri is handled by Macmillan in this country, may be consulted in the ins of the New York Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building.) 145 In the sixteenth century, the great Japanese General, Hideoshi, ‘Land of the cae Calm,” and built forts along the southern coast of Korea. One of the best iat of these forts is located in an ne d bay, just a few miles from the somewhat eae town of Soonchun. The ee under Admiral Ei, built their r sous rtress up a mountain side, but found them- modernly a equip ed and tne men, not machinery ! y were, how: always rich in wit. Ad i i divided his men into companies and sent for their wives, with their ever ready dye-pot Thus it was that company after company of soldiers appeared a ‘the mountains—men in coats of bright yellow seemed to fill the hillsides; a few hours later, hordes of orange-colored uniformed Right: Azaleas, or rhododen- drons, which furnish some of Korean maiden. Below: The garden balsam, which with Ko- rean girls ie their fingernails, according a custom centu- ries old. There pictures are ras om the watercolor note- ae of Florence Hedleston Crane, the wife o ev. Cra Botanical Garden in 1938. 146 soldiers appeared, followed, a little later, by companies in green, then b: a battalion in blue; ede came, an nally royal Re uniforms illuminated the landscape! Little did their enemies suspect how this ingenious ate apparently aie. and re-inforced itself so rapidly! ightened, the invaders took to their boats, A to be ‘aa by an Seradiia of h hundreds of boats de: — upon them, apparently equipped with thousands of well-armed men, carrying flaming torches ou shooting guns that exploded with a most ering noise! It was night — an . of course they had no way of knowing that these horrible guns were the hands of dummy men, and that the guns themselves furnished a noise and flame, as their bamboo stock burned until each successive joint hy 7 exploded ! As the aga fleet ane heey they forgot the dragon who ae ed the narrow straits, whose peace was disturbed by these unusual ises and frightful ee Mr. Dra agon rose up in his wrath, upset the ae and thus peaceful Korea was saved by no more dangerous a weapon than the bamboo one is known as Sasa ee. which also pro- tects almost every village of Southern Korea from the biting of winter winds! * * * * A favorite Korean riddle is: “What is it that wears a green ee hie young and a red one when grown? (This reverses the custom styles for women.) Of course the answer is the pepper ee annuwit). ig 7 7 : Chinese say that Koreans are most “old-fashioned” as they wear styles that are three aie ees uaa ut the Koreans can say the West, as thi: e balsam, or a ns -me-not Te ‘also, gives a bright t : Korean yards. It ue Saeed ace see walls which arte the homes, and around the { brown pottery where the bean sauce and ae are ow ye y i a “Kim chi”), This mony ! If the Honorable Father is alive, the ange feaeiae tints her thumbs; for her mother, she tints her index finge: e Honorable Elder Brother, if still living, claims the middle finger ; eee ring finger” is called the oe Bact , and so, until one is engaged, this fourth finger must not be If she has younger brothers or sisters the little finger tells the a "Mark well, therefore, our sub-deb’s hands, for there you i find her family secrets ! 147 15,000 Diatoms Deposited On Loan J. F. Burke Named Honorary Curator T HE GARDEN’S collection of diatoms has recently ee ou by the loan of 15,000 slides from Robert Hagelstein. The collection is methodically arrange and catalogu ed by species and localities, and about half of the slides oo cates i ci om has bee a? Building, adjacent to the Mycological De- partment, so that students may consult the ibe eadily, h 0 has been working ing and cata- Honorary Curator of the Dia have charge of the combined collections. Mr. Burke is a trustee and a member of the executive and publication committees of the Staten Island Museum, and is also rary Curator of he board of al ast president of the New Yorke Mecca anak Characterized as “capable student of B the Diatomaceae, “Mr urke alee uch of his time in taxo dies the group. The gd eollecon a which he will have charge i s the private gas ee the late D. B. Ward ae the lat “Les tomées du “Mo nde Entie a "by Terre @ Pees: the “Diatomacearum Spec Typicae” by H. L. Smith; slides. repared by Mr, Hagelstein for his - ae are port on the Diatomaceae of and the Virgin ge ublighed oe year by the New York ao lemy of Sciences ; and thousands of slides by other eminent students. There is also a wealt of such material as notes, photographs, negatives, lantern slides, and cleaned and uncleaned specimens @ same special room the Garden's rch: 0 specimens made by D CG Sturgis. With the many specimens collected in the field by Mr. Hagelstein and his associates and the material obtained by oh hange with other students, the entire collection as now grown to near! irl 12,000 spec fateral distributed as exsiccatae hy J. B. a M. Brandza, O. Jaap, and C. Tor- end, “Wi th these, the New York Botanical oe eee has the palcb collec- of Myx try. The institetion access group which oe Peay fir stitutions in Ameri The Garden’s reine literature re- ps es ore and the Diatom p in the room with these hes cclieenors for the convenience of students he le oe = this st ong in- Dr. Smith Named Curator At Arnold Arboretum = SMITH, Associate Cu- s leaving the New York Bo- joer Carde en Sept. e0 to become Curator i the He tbarium, fa the Arnold Arbore- um, Jamaica Plain, Mass. He is taking the post to ‘be lef t vacant by ae retire- ment of Dr. Alfred Rehder July A graduate of C 1926, was appointed Associate Curator three years later. Since the Desinnins of his career Dr. mith has bee Pome in plant ex- ploration in tronic! regions. Immediately after his graduation he accompanied E. P. an expedition into Colo Killip of the Smithsonian Tpeutition on mbia, gai three them f: Lima, Peru, across a Andes and down the Amazon to ta uth for the special purpose of stu ee plants used by ie South American aiiane as 148 In 1931 pei an ng rch Sou i American. vollecdon: in the ae herbaria of Europe. He again v ited Europe as a delegate to the Thith ite national Botanical Congress in Amsterdam n 1935. and ee ae Smith spent six on his are fish poison This Reon has had e is the author of about sixty botani- fi a grat connie as well as scientie con cal papers, most qapocaet of which are Dr. Smith spent nearly a year in Fiji his doctorate thesis on the Thibaudeae of in 1933-34 on a fellowship from the ae Myristi nd a 1a pee perils of the Myristicaceae similar work, now ate P. Biso ide ar ae nearing completion, wl cover the Hip- iar peered ae m plants col. Pocrateaceae of North and South America, lected on Seroucl unex, toed islands. 2 family that has ‘persistently been His het e 1In Rehder’s new Manual (1940) R. Hillieri is given as a synonym of R. Phones. This and the other foot-otes have been inserted by authorities at the New York Betanical Garden. 157 een - only aes among American species, ree two dis- tine one — the last to flower among the species, and is the grand- father of a a e new race of hardy climbers, developed by M. HL. Naik R. clinopylla sae — as R. Lyel oa is a very rampant climber se pos flowers in tru with musk fragran rata gigantea a mentioned I think as it has had more pb ind discussion than any other amen rose in the last few years, veral well-known hybridizers a g spent years of effort with more or i satisfactory results. The foliage is beautiful, glossy, and almost evergreen. However, ave ha lant o i i ay since 1928; it has attained a height of ten feet, yet we have never had single blossom, as it freezes down to the ground, no matter how mild the winter. Glossy Foliage Among the species of roses having ee joligee, the most attractive are R. cerasocarpa, R. glomerata, R. lucens crecta? and R. blanda; however, the best known is R. Wichuraiana. American Species Last I come to the wild roses of our own continent. Not bein sel! I will attempt no taxonomical ae of their various differ- Those interested would do well to read Dr. Erlanson’s scientific yet eee article Ase Wild Rei in the 1933 Annual. She lists aie species Acai on this continent of which we ae twenty-four arden. Among the most interesting is R. nitida, or the “shining colors oe usly Sees suital r edging or r ae es but the flowers of one are ‘ight + ink while on the other they are dark pink. R. Montezumac, from Catal Mexico, has the most southerly faust between the tenth and twentieth degrees of eS It is entirely hardy, and is covered with flowers and foliage similar to R. canina. R. arkansana, a vigorous shrub, reaching a height of four feet, has the most fragrant pink flowers of any American species kwith’s catalog and Miss Willmott’s “Genus Rosa” both mention R. clinophylla and R. Lyellit as separate species, but they are considered as_on e by Rehder in ue 1934 and ee or of his Manual. Rehder ade vere (sobably not hardy ;” statement not bor: t by Mr. McGinnes’ exper: Tn R haere new ao (1940) R. lucens is pes as a synonym of R. longi icuspis, oe it is not known whether “FR. lucens erecta” mentioned here is referable to this species not. 158 R. Schuettcana and R. oe are hard to separate; the stipules of both have bright red midri R. blanda has bright red and ees as fall foliage. R. stellata and its variety mirifica from New Mexico are the most distinctive re any American species or ae varieties, with their minute lia d dark red cuppe wers produced freely until mid-sumr 0 the most useful and interesting ones in our collection. I feel it should be the privilege and duty of members of any horticultural organization to help to make them as well known as they deserve to be. The Strange (ase Of (oles vs. (-ulpeper By Albert E. Lownes N the annals of science, neither Nicholas Culpeper nor William Coles occupies a conspicuous place, but in the middle of the seventeenth century they were reckoned among the leading Eng! lish herborizers and, Culpeper was the older. He was born in 1616 and about 1640 he set eee oe as an astrologer and atari! in Spitalfields. A few years later he ted the unpardonable sin of publishing an unauthorized English cern of the Pharmacopoeia, so that any good dame could go out into the woods and fields to gather herbs and compound her own Dear — to say, his name was anathema to the orthodox medical men me, but Culpeper had a ready tongue and he missed few 00 day. toa proach is in popularity, but Culpeper did not live to enjoy his fame. He died in 1654, only five years after the publication of his first book. Cu ae Lea the herbs and the diseases that they were supposed to cure influenced by the heavenly bodies. This is a very ancient belief, a it eaeuel new “ive in the ona century from the writings of Paracelsus and Giambattista della Por Unlike Culpeper, Coles (or Cole, as Ne name was spelled by those who wrote about him in the seventeenth century) was an educated man. Born 159 ZECELLZELLE ZS SSSSVSESTITES ZESESELIEZALLE ERRATA Ag. 2.1.18. for Mr. Reber pe Bobert Gardiner, for Pa r ms 16.1.6. for Agrimonies, r. e oud e all p-39-1.6 ; AN NTR ODUCTION TOTHE Knowledge of Plants. pas , Robert, 1. Bebart. p. 48,1. 4, for are, r. a P aul for polisigue, 1. prolifique. p.141 : CHAP. fe : aie a paselas bfs Simpl ing, its Dante Y, Dig: for 3 r. 4 for vanity, t. wa= tuig, Oi ter bean ‘ila the Reader isde- fired to mend with his pen FPETSTTIIIIIS a spore , and Ufefalneffe Impling is Art which eer the knowledge of all eA x f heir Divifiuns, Deftortions, Places, iferences, pee ’ Names, Time be oF a rn The first page of the Coles book of 1656, with the list of errata which was printed on the back of the preceding page, but which was omitted, with the four-page signature containing the dedication, in the issue of the following year. n 1626, he had degrees in arts oe divinity from Oxford. In 1656 h published a tiny Gander cimo, “The Art of Simp ey . which was followed in 1657 by a folio, “Adam in Eden.” vi died in To Coles, Culpeper’s astrological beliefs were oa nonsense. He ported the doctrine of signatures. Many plants, according to Coles, ay signs that indicate a use. Plants -— hear oe leaves cure diseases of that organ. Plants with jointed p are sovereign against scorpions. Flowers a like eee will oe their stings. Of course, many other plants of undoubted virtue had no signatures, but 160 Coles explained that it was not ae $ purpose to make things too easy for the herborizer—He merely pointed the way. It is interesting to note that the doctrine of signatures was introduc ed by Paracelsus and neue to its highest: ae ae della Por ta. nd .astrology -as.complem but-by the sniddle nf t h had enthusiastic fees Today ces are as dead as their proponen oles’ books enjoyed no such popularity as Culpeper’ g tio of each suffi orks are sc: The Art of Simpling is so rare that copy exists in any important American library. is is un- fortunate indeed, for it is one of the most interesting and readable of the Id herbals. Coles tes no time describ: la H it for ranted that the nae is pace Lane: or that he has a book that eae them n lar pes n Eden, “is wel is ee and colloquial. He is one of — first to use a ae English”, soon to be advocated by the budding Royal Socie and his book is so filled with pithy sayings, folklore, and proverbs it is eS to resist a temptation to quote at length. A single sentence must suffice: “Come into the field then, and as you come along the streets, cast your eyes upon the weeds, as you call them, that grow by the walls and under One of our mo could Compare it with the opening words of a contemporary ca also by an voiding the Prolixity and tediousnesse of Proerniall Discourse (Brevity being here intended) thou m mayest first consider the Quid fit of rarely uses an Anglo-Saxon word if he can find a Greek or Latin poly- syllable. We pick up Coles’ little aie once more a distinct feeling of relief. The 123 pages that he devo mpling are packed with information Much of it is evidently ae hand, but he ee a chapter, “Of Plants used in, and against Witchcraft,” and one on “Other Traditions “1 The y have exacted from all their member: close, naked, natural way of speak- ing; ae expressions ; — senses a fiative ere bringing all things as near the Mathematical plainness as they and preferring the language of Artizans, Countrymen, and Merchants beiore dat of Wits or Scholars.—Sprat. History of the Royal Society. p. 113. 2 Robert Lovell’s Pambotanologia, Oxford, 1659. the opposite aed "Four pages ferietas 1656 edition of “The Art of Simpling,” showing Coles’ opinion before he met with ae illustrious Elias Ashmole. CHAP. XXV. Direttions for the gathering efiry' Plants, and keeping of thers af. ie ser they ave gathered, have done with i & g 3 r Se, ay g Ps 2 z= a = -— ” m profeiicd Aftrology, have noted Sympathy between the Sunne, Moor, theknewledge of Plants. = 77 bs chio f gather Herbes) that a man might cure hienfelfe for three pence ae , P h make 8 jour. Plants, and f y fome Hetbes Solar, and eno Altrology, as if he and fome other Figuic- A ra tq fome Lunar, io | the Houle of their Enemics , c onnotwell fay ell the apply to E3 them, ‘An Introduction to pply toa Planet of the low to proces ireCtions. nd fit, Though I admit not of Matter (ulpepers Aftcologicall way of every Planets Dominion over Plants, are f she knowledge ef Plants: 99 very young or very old) are quetti- onleffe the beft, but at fuch times, or when they are not at all to bz had, we isd co make vfe of che dryed d 4 in the Sua. fie eer ee ones,wh y ; or in jthe Shade, fo they be neither over nor under drycd, it fignifinh very litele. 2, Thofe whieh you gather for your nfein Winter, gather a little before ch Seed, for cheat MH. 3. L 7 be molt effeétas! a ‘ou, that you can goe to them uponalloccafions ; troubls not your felfe to dry, bur if you chance co E 4 bring , chev are Leaves newly PF The Arcof_ SIMPLIN G | INTRODUCTION LK N hee . 3 DGE AND dabering of Plant. nitions, Divifions,Places, Defcriptions, Differences, Ufes, Temperatures, saad and Gai areere of Plants, ai methodicall ly fai : down. Abieeen Pi the ser weld By W.Coxrgs. Printed by “£6. for for Naths Brook at the Angell ia Cornhill, 1656. The title pages of the two issues of Coles . At the left is e a from the earlier he oe ae He aie of 1656 a owned wnes, while at a Rosetta > gris the contents of whic printing. [— TheArof | SIMPLIN G. INTRODUCTION Kyo ve L Ms DGE Gabering of Plawts,- Wherein the Defini- _ nitions, Divifions,Places, | Delriptions,Differences, oS vou imes of flou ering, Us Tempesti Sg natures: nd Appropriations Plants, are oat laid dow: reuncois adde a, A Difiovwry of the Ne World, ai W.Cors s&s ‘the Angell in ‘Conti 1657. Printed by} }. C. ‘athe Brook at at}. rare work “The Art of Simpling,” ek db ie h show a reversal of view from the earlier concerning Plants.” His chapter “Of the ee and pleasant use ” of a Garden” is a candid admission, “I hav ewe little ay and qui d some Opeavatons of r own, never te —— us by his before published: Most af which 1 am confident are ee oa if there be any that are not — yet they are pleasant.” low so charming a fel How can one help loving 163 Today the solid psi of Coles’ books is almost forgotten. Anthony Wood, in his Athenae Oxoniensis, 1692, calls Coles “the most famous Simpler or Hears of his time, given and it is not borne out either by ary notice or later repute. Coles is eater today chiefly ee his ue attacks on Culpeper and the astrologers. Ordinarily, Coles seems to have been a gentle and unassuming man, but WwW burst. If the two men ever met, we have no record of it. Coles gives no reasons for his choler and Culpeper could not reply. He died two years arlie Master Culpeper (a man now dead, and therefore I shall speak of him as wove as I can, for were he alive, I should be more plain with him) Artists in Astrology, as if he and some other Figure-flingers his com- nee , had been the onely sires in England, whereas for ought I ti eather, ae by his Books, or learne from the report of others, he was a man very ignorant in the forme ee Simples.”” Thus Coles in “The Art of Simpling,” 1656. les’ whole reputation as the chief opponent of astrology rests on a few sentences of like seane but the wee were scarcely off the press a fore he changed his d—or had it changed for him. In his “Adam Eden, slated in 1657, I ve noticed no disparspement of aan per se. He mentions Culpeper frequently and not always in complimentary terms, but his pen is belie restrained. In 1938 Mrs. Rosetta E. Clarkson reprinted “The Art of Simpling” for the Herb Lovers Book Club, using a copy which she owns, dated 1657. It was her belief that this was merely a re- fae of the book of 1656, but when I compared my copy of the work with the reprint, I was interested to find textual differences. Mrs. Clarkson very kindly lent her copy of the original to me so that I could study the two side by side. This proved that ther e two issues of “The Art of Simpling” and that Cea differ in cee seme ulars. The copy that Mrs. Clarkson used for reprint oa a second issue, unknown to Biniceephes and pase: unique. In this issue, five leaves (Al, Bl, E2, E3, and E4) are replaced by cancels and signature @ (four — is omitted entirely. Four leaves of advertisements, eaceey in my copy, are omitted in Mrs. Clarkson’s. The catchword on the verso of F6 has oe corrected from “hr” to “her”, but minor errors of ‘this kin were often — on the press and do not necessarily have bibliogra hical significa: Leaf Al, the t ney is cae ee for the date. It seems to 164 be from the same setting of type as the first issue, which would suggest no lapse of time a tween the two. Even the egregious error, “Defini nitions”, is carrie er. h of the rian cancelled leaves, however, carries an attack on Cul- peper and his astrological beliefs. In the second issue, these are ead s backs wing oO e Clarkson wondered how Coles received his reputation as a baiter of a he omitted signature a oo ides a clue. This a eae euee a detiction and a leaf of errata. When Coles wrote his book, he had n dedicatee in mind. In his as he “hopes that this Er ce 0 will fall into the o of some worthy persons a hie a it, though I kriew not any to whose protection I might end it.” Then he must have learned ta Elias a a pie up ce ve . plants. Ashmole (1617-1693) was no man to do things by halves. Typical was his anes of taking up the study te oh his diary he wrote, “1648. Jun the first time I went a simpling.” If Coles could put his book under protection, it would stand a great chance of success. In the eee say, from the Council of Learned Societies. The dedicatee was expecte to “patronize” the book in a very tangible wa Unfortunately, Coles did not know a man. ahs hmole, to be , had decided to become a “simpler”, but he also a oe eae and an ardent Royalist, and Coles had gone o1 ee of his way to stress the fact that he was ‘“‘a good Common-wealths-man” and to express his distaste for astrologers. Unless there is some information — fe ees papers, we shall anaes at ara exactly what happened next, but we can imagine that Ashm ead Coles’ ifort ee epistle with isi a Ashmole’s ar Ashmole was n st His diary is not a day-by-day account, but a rambling record of trifling a Often he does not touch it for months and he confides no secrets to it. At any rate, the signature containing the offending dedication was re ee from the book. “Bi Journal of N. Y. Botanical Garden, Jan. 1939, p. 24. On the opposite p Part of the ae of the original version of “The Art of Simpling,” in which Coles apparently made the mistake of ee a Bhlesonh opposed to that of the man who, he ona ould become his benefac a bka S822Rseeeee SELECT ESTITS 0 the moft- Exquifite- : Lover of Plants, Euias Asumore Efy. | CHAP. XXXIL ; Of she Speculasive and pleafant af . of aGarde 114 HAP. XXXII. of the Pratticall and profitable ufe |. of 6 Garden, 119 . Honoured Sir, PB Cumatar Lo An eminent for countenancing all Rhofe that bend their endeavours to advance any kinde of learning. lAnd though I did mt te = ee tee oy i 7 fonage Motions; as Mr. C phper hath are Tobe si rihy y perfor Jately done, telling ‘ many yet fince | thy No onfenficall for enerall repute of your excel} 80 what; in this kind and the height thofe chat knew him, or are of perfection attained in shi rie ata Scud} I doe here prefent you with w’ odupon, An have expreffed in the Epiftle eg Which addes to his fallacious af- the Rede. The Reale of mang Scrtions, is,thar he hath obtcuded things ai the Country years experience , Tha imployed for the benefic of mpbeople perfwading them chat Count whole ignorance i hey would be much for their be- the forms of fimplesis v ry muck its taken fal oP, we? oy 3 >. £5 ‘Tay afide their felf-conceitednefs and diligently follow what is hen refcribed. IT goe not about td deceive them with a few emp too coo much deceived,as experi- ence may plainly thew. the Rocks at which he willing! tumbled, | thall carefully te and plainly demonttrate to the! fenies the reloaded ple deceive them with a few Presi 166 Someone decided, too, that it was safer to rewrite the passages eal astrology. Perhaps it was the printer or the publisher. It may have bee Coles. Possibly Ashmole cence the change. By 1657 the Cae wealth was on the down-grade ae Ashmole ane a good deal of influence i and to make place of the cae that seemed likely to make trouble and, in its new and innocuous form, “The Art of Simpling” was placed on the ae ies it? I sometimes wonder. If the book was sold, why is it so book has great merit, yet it was never reprint ted and very editions and hundreds of copies exist shmole was a powerful man and a vindictive one. I cannot escape the feéling me he may have bee dissatisfied with the revised volume and that he may have succeeded in suppressing the book. This was not aes openly, perhaps, but Ashmole iti - William Cole. But as he, so some others (that have dedicated Bookes me) were indeed strangers to me, and I have never heard of them after. eee the stationer is dead, and there I am at a loss also. But I will not rest here, but beare it in mind.” Perhaps he did! African Violets For The Window Garden A Note on Their Culture ae Propagation y E. E. Naylor FRICAN violets are not difficult to grow. By following a few simple ctions it is possible not only to grow beautiful plants, but also to ant Cultivation of the African violet, or peas as it is known scien- ee requires very little sunlight, not too much heat, and a considerable of mois oe of our ae pee heated apartments are ae hot and dry to encourage luxuriant growth of this plant, but with very ittle conte ee conditions can be altered somewhat. An 167 African ae being propagated from leaf Fae At the left, young plants growing from the base of a petiole 10 weeks after th Rae was taken. eet 15 weeks a a cutting was made from oa tip of a leaf w plants arise fam the region of t midrib, but their sels is slower east window, with exposure to an hour or so of morning sunshine, will ae all the light that is necessary. Even a north window with no direct or pr with ee aes By placing pots of plants in a shallow tray containing et gravel or sand, the moisture content of the air will be increased in the immediate von, or the humidity of the ts room ma, y be increased n w! ; The root system of the African violet is rather fragile and not very extensive, so that small pots are ordinarily used. A light soil an of garden loam, a little sand, a considerab'e amount of leafmold, and a 168 The easiest and quickest method of propagation is by division of the old plants. This is easily accomplished by taking the plant out of its pot two-inch pots, watered well and kept in a cool shady place for several days. Divisions may be made whenever the plants appear to be much crowded. A slower but much more interesting way to propagate the African violet is i leaf cuttings. Several of the outermost healthy leaves may be removed with a clean sharp knife, making the cut close to the ae of the leaf blade. A small pot, or any box o Pc aa boo a used as a Soe for the sand which nae one ie the most satisfactory rooting materials. ae entire ae petiole ues be inserted in and, which has oaked with water t, a glass may be inv cuttings—otherwise conditions should be ere to those required for fo illustration shows the development of plants from the petiole after 10 weeks when the leaf was kept on moist ee. sia in a covered glass dish. As soon as the young plants are an inch or more high ne may be re- moved from the parent leaf and jae ce same as seedlin A similar type of propagation can be accomplished by vee the leaf blade without the petiole. When this is done the lower portion of the blade is inserted in the sand to a fone of about an inch. The new plants may appear on both sides of the leaf but will always be found near the larger veins. The time required for the formation of new plants from the leaf blade will probaly be oe than that required when the petiole is included in the cutting. The second illustration shows how the new plants appear on a leaf- blade pee hd has been in a moist dish for 15 weeks. This method of growing additional plants from leaf cuttings is the one bleed by florists although seeds may also e ia Gloxi ini, , Achi- 2 hesitate to spa gro w Afri bee fe enjoy the eat of ex- : : ; a window gar 169 (Certificates Given To Students In Two-Year Practical Gardening (Course HE first class to eae the New York Botanical Garden’s Two- tion exercises which ns place the evening of Ju i e Museum Building chling, New Yo: st, and a man 52 years been associated with hortic ulture, was th oe speaker. The training in gardening offered at the Botanical Cae Mr. Schling spoke of the 2 ae meaning of gardening and of 1 ence ae ae lives of those who gee a e spok ing of the influence of older people in his younger days whenever he communicated to them his ea; ideas. And he expresse for the organized training that today is made available to gardeners, in contrast with the eae of “learning by stealing er arts” which was preva- Eva Sehling himself studied with the t Duval at Versailles, after having endied to become a sculpt tor in Vienna ) Influence of oe d to members of the class, “will Pie love of a partizulae patch of ground, and iheaiah that it will bring a sentiment, and love of your fellow-m It will ce something you ean ‘not get in way, and will make a better ee of you. “In learning the fine feeling of arth “Gardening,” en, human beings. . . Knowledge ai flowers makes nations understand each other. er. “Our profession is something sacred.” Gardeners who le er mo ae a pies so only temporarily, he aden! return, for “they bee to feel the in their faces, the warmth of the ein on thelr backs, and feel the wind blowing about them in the field. They nt to ae ia In closing he addressed the members of the as directly, ne “Feel with feeling of the earth will help you. Dr. Robbins’ Address In his introductory address Dr. Robbins described the two courses for gardenee as Botanical Garden. “The firs the Two-year Sci. ence Course for nor fccional Caden has been in existence eight years,” he be- t ve There the value and have had a ieenieadons influence upon The New ae Bot eT cons den’s ae heme of train- ing of professional ed = modeled ater that of the Roy: otanic Ga m two to four years. oO meet Sot rdinary living costs. required to work forty-cight id to perform all the @ position of gardener. urses of instruction in system = botany, in vane morphology, physiol ; bre ne pat Hae ogy as wel logy, soils, and fertil- obligatory. O; pletion of this two-year course a certificate is awar Dr. Robbins oad the arrangements made for exchan hee en the new Course in Practical Teaches: ied which 18 cor tacate: were being awarded that evenin “This represents the first attempt, so far s T am aware,” he remarked, “to make aeaileble the information accumulated by best experien ofessional ga the be i ¢ ning tl rt of gardenir includes both classroom work and tice and it is our hone that dener, , to increase gardening and disseminate the best that i: known in garden practice.” The eens About 21 ended the exercises, which took ee in i lecture hall. Refresh- ments were afterward served in the main rotunda. Those who received certificates for com Hen and William ’ Ohnemus of Noviivort: Tong Istand; Toseph Die- trich of St. James; Mrs. Marion C. Ern of oo eee Miss Elsa rs McMaster of Ustiou Branch 170 man Salsky and Frank McCormick of Brooklyn ; *Tilian Mevienh of White Pl te Gove B. peo Katonah, N.Y. re es tz Ridgefield, Conn. ; * Michae Batre. o New ark ; and Dorothea ‘terse, Bertha Green, nd Car . Woodw of New York ity. Instructors in the Cou work, which ne all been under the direction of T. H. Everett, i con- sisted of 12 sessions each in th of Cultivation of Trees ey} en: cee T. 7 Everett) ; and Outdoor Flower Garden- i : che) ee ah 5e€s- sions n Indoor and ar dening ee the: ine a ander the instruction of Mr. Tansey, latter with Joh ner on the H, E. f Mrs. Burden a ‘Goa: Gites. Head Gar dener of the Marshall Field estate, as in- str of study will start next fall, those who enter then will be eligible we certificates, i of the ore a ples those who ge and credit ie) the exercise sented to Herber of Bayside L. 1, for omer the Two-Year Sci- ence Course for Professional Gardeners. pees Pamphlet Issued ted edition of a 12- pee leah ical garden and of the ce on in parca came a he first of this month and i being dawned to a selected ait ot nee A copy will be sent to any Journal subse be - ee one, or to any per whos y be ee by sibee riber, The narmobiet briefly outlines the ac- tivities of the Garden, tells about the services tha the privileges and advant: tages membership in the New York ees ot di 171 Reviews of Recent Books (All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) Gardening for pacoees HOUSE & GARDEN’S BOOK OF GARDENING. Gtichardson w right Editor). 125 pages, illustrated an indexed. Condé Nast Publications, pee New York and Greenwich, 1940. $2. and Garden’s Book of Garden with the production oid the ornamentals at ae ae a up- thi & Bp Bo oF oO & 4a ° = “ B i) 3 5 3 4, 3 5 = 8 = 8 3 EY can ous localities e illustrations | in the book are ery wi gardens ani ae alee in color, many p aie and pen and ink sketches a iliue, trate each s Many ‘om and ink sketch habits of woody one ah they have no value for varietal identification. The li isting of tools is by no means complete. The professional gardener would be lost bates many of his old ee rye the narrow steel rake, which a mitted. Rose culture is well pr sented: wever, the oa use discovered” = gradually spoil a garden on the heavier types of soil. It is no easy of for the amateur to use color scheme i perennial border. The bee Saat given this subject oe of the principles, but doe: simplify the problem. Garden i frames is an incr oe important Obie - the amateur ae is given oo aoe text. The Pale pou s rmation on rock ane his sub: ject is so broad that the brief a are y a of any special d with the subject. A of the subject will faa eous attem hat has done a good job Louis VaN pe Bor. Far-Reaching Outlook In Soilless Culture Remarks on Three New Books THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO SOIL- S GARDENING. William Gericke. 5 pages, illustrated with photographs, indexed. Prentice-Hall, New York, 1940. $2.75. Views of a Pio This exposition - soilless gardening is of pari interest because the author was largely responsible for first bri of the g is en pare dev bted to trast to many other books wi of tomatoes, potatoes, ro vegetables, annual flowers, bulbs rms, tubers, rhizom and various specific plants. It is primarily concerned with water but there is some discussion on sand culture. As might be anticipated the ae is an ee of ae culture and a strong re applications. He s lta ni boundaries, the reasons (or seizing the rolling wheat — of their netenpots might be swept awa Whether experi- ence will bear out such an intriguing and far- oe atee jon remains as seen. In any event a book by he an chiefly pone for the popular aiereet in soilless gardening is well worth re: ead- ing. Wii1aM J. Rogpins. Results in Europe tARDENING WITHOUT SOIL. A. Phillips. 137 pages, meee, Chemie al Publishing Co., New York, $2. is a first of the books | on this Nut S less Cultire 7 in Practice and Soilless Cul. ture on the Far: Although the author recognizes some vot the misappreh an exaggerations which hav. from irrespons sible publicity on soilless garden ning, inclines toward optimism aes than ultra- conservatism, Witr1am J. Ros Ohio ee nt. OTLL URE SIMPLI- Al . 201 pages, il- lustrated and indexed. McGraw-Hill Co., New York, 1940. $2.50, This is oe . the better books on the e public pee The tex the r’s own extensive experiments at the y of aoe The first five occupy! more than half the concerned with basic mater of n soil, weet arene for 1AM ee een 172 West Coast Garden Guide GARDENING FOR FUN IN CALI- FORNIA. Jean Marie Consigny with Charles Pal: 49 pages, figure met plans, “diagrams, charts. George Palmer utnam, Inc, , Ho Mywood, 1940. $2.50. ie slender literature for ginner espe- cially, for its combination of sound orienta- tion in the conditions of gardening and ie wily nea peas to garden- as pleasure. dear i the who, lik Tr, garden for , not in California but all over America. The subjects selected for feeding of plants, ge and the problems of certain types ening ‘comin m t acific east these aving to do secondary place and cee should not eet to fi ae about them that he doesn’t ees MiIrTcHELL, President, robe * Horticultur al Society. sais ced Point of View ASIC COURSE IN BOTAN ee ond J. Pool. 654 pages. Tes trated and eee Ginn & Co., ton, 1940. The of tl ok is to “emphas the esseiitials a science, ces the broad, biological point of view, more consciously than is done in anew orks. The phenomena associated with cine: are presented as features of the dynamic cos- mos as a whole.” After reading this one is somewhat dis- appointed to find a treatment similar in an an cS. titled “T! rather naively on pene difficult eae of epistemology d the psychology of learning. This is followed by a chapter which presents in ten pages “the a facts of protoplasm, matter, and ene The following chapters contain a quite conventional and competent account of vey pe and morphology. In con- ast to the ten pages given to the struc- Hie of baa stems, shotosynthesis aah only cae and its relation with animal raph. The othe: life one short para; ta wo pag e. norgan: Cc onu- and growth half a page. In Ione ‘ eae noticed ; Nee ns te horm are briefly mentioned in on sent eee A third of the book is devoted to a ey aperacin account of the plant orld. The mic uses of many plants, such se eaer are well handled; the but it is oinewhat surprising to find human values of nosperms dis missed in seven w e distinctive contribution which mi may make this bock valuable to some teachers is a soph ae ughou work and in oan esl chapters (60 pages). The last ae apter tre of variation, heredity, and evolu- in pages; aspects of ce which, ee evidently. like growth and respiration, not features of the dynamic cosmos. The book is attractively bound and printed. Many of the 541 figures are well executed and ee t the student as well as is i A pleasing feature is the cause 348 reads: “Turf formed ee ote Selaginalla densa. One wo 1d neearcel recognize this as a dense covering ns.” One would not. t e€ searc nly for novelty in the treatment of the bie we find it in rations. he spi almiest days of Hea obinson be nignant s properly hooked up wit! electric cables, smiles over all—smiles same deity appears in a dia: pho ple - nthesis he smile re is actu alle y Coy. as classroom finally eee vinvaded mic aoe >? One eat pos. ssibilities in aphic rep: pee cataton of, say, the life. eyeles of plants by the technique used the adventures of Popeye the Sa ee H. W. RickeEtt. 4 Children’s Introduction io Conseruanion WORKING WITH NATURE. Eleanor King and wv ellmer Pessels, 181 pages, illustrations, Hat per & Bros., New York, 1939. $1. ugh written for children, insects and er animals will claim the interest of many adults ho ‘owse through the pages of this k. A large portion of the book is devoted to the insects, and the balance covers some of the phases wildlife conservation, in- owls, ducks, peas: 5, penne a pas chapter t nimal newer, ca ol ole cot ew a comervation is given in a ee which i a € se to at the ieaianine of cach Homson, Jr., The School Nature League. Trees of the Rockies ROCKY MOUNTAIN TREES. Rich- ard J. Preston, Jr. Ixxxi+285_pages. Ihustrations, ney, Wibioeepy Aa lowa State College Press, Ames, 1540. $2. contrast 8 the situation a few rket me is the first Montana and Idaho south to the Mexican boundary. This attractively bound es sues in general, little but praise. phology in the ee peal is ae strictly accurate and t ion of the “par is far from complete but, i inaccuracies utility of the 00 of the written portions are too el to catch the ee a the public, but the drawings and m may well offset this, Foresters, students, and the many people who ‘would like to know the trees re the Rockies will wel- come Ve book a : it usable. O e 252 species ae th: half a illustrated on veal plates. The accompanying Bee maps a handy, and ig ‘obably curat xist. Corkbar occu: the Tunitcha Mountains on the New boundary, farther no umbing through seem oan xtra “sj the oak errors in Douglasti, as only o ote: he author is to be commended for so capably filling in another EORGE a GoopMAN, Lowa State College. Tibetan River SALWEEN. Ron: . ald Kaulback. 331 pages, illustrated with photographs and a map, indexed. Harcourt, Brace & Co., New York, 1939. $3.75. he Sa ss one of the greatest rivers in the wee offers a perpetual cae to the exp ar no one has yet found its oes though at least one ex- pedition has set out with this purpose in min Thi is is the expedition of Ronald Kaul- d Ward oo a far as - waddy divide; his main geographical in- forest on that trip was the source of the Irrawaddy. back determined to return, and in the acura of 1935 beg: an a new expedi- tion in company with ohn Hanbury- Tracy. After eighteen months in Tibet 174 pair returned to civilization the the source of the great Black Rive: r, the Sal- e Kaulback received rant of the Royal Geographic ook gives an almost daily account e trek from B views of overpowering coed renee! ae reveal the ae of the na- tives with whom the explorers had to deal and live during et of their jour- neying. A brief ae Me nee collections is included in the endix, Carot H. Woopwarp. A Plant Hunter’s Favorites S “Indexed, E. P. Dutton & Co., ‘w York, $3. This interesting book has been ably written by a British plant hunter. He i with distinction. and humor ef our own gardens. The African Bane and fierce wonders from South merica, strang acti, insectivorous plants and others of great beauty from far away places. of the most vigorous bi writi cur in a chapter called “Fly pollinated plants.” He dis- cusses furtl ore both usual and un- ommon f i ould ai a en of the “challenge: etl unworthy of English gardeners, and i dead contrary to their practice.” The work is enhanced by very fine illustra- tions. HarrieT K. Morse. 175 A Textbook in peated Useful to Home Owner: NTING DESIGN. Florence Bell Robinson. 215 pages, halftone and line illustrations, Nee _problems; index. Whittlesey House, York. This is a concise, yet comprehensive, fiteoduction to the selection and use ieee > age materials of |: ts in o be pr well express n these quotations: “What plants are used Le not at all, provided that the choice aie oe of good design, How thes sed matters very greatly. - Se ond not ae of materials is the important thing.” and taste demand suited in form and s he use or purpose Sea ve they Shall be adapted to the ioohee under which they must grow, that t shall be able to maintain themselves ee under these sieges ae ve their use shall be a of n propia vot design reference to thie location, their use, their surroundings, oor oo the latter n line 2 nd oo in texture, and in color.” Ms text for stu aan of landscape eter (for whom it was originally panel the book should be appraised by e of them, or by a member of that pro- en This reviewer considers it rather fe) velopment of the Secu 2 one par- poles prey or, - a very few. Beca such a rea ove wed or discour: seed ry the cal traterial first encountered in its logical ach, we have an idea that he, or she, ee out of it by reading it— —in reverse ord er. as 7 a c i tree 3 3 ° Fn = pr an admirable eects of environmental ee a ne ural and man-made, upon plan owe and the selection of plant fateeiale A or Saat purposes; and ane pe oo g five chapters which de uel fake considerat joas as the theor y eee of color and of texture, ae attributes of mass, grouping and arrangement, etc. Having reached the end of Part One by will be well qualified and equipped to read the rest of the book over again with increase terest, understanding, and ben- efit; and also to continue with a study of the references to many other works ‘coupe: th of each chapter. ha k of this sort is offered to more generally unde and used in ree with homes and home communitie: L. D. Sey Horticultural Editor, The American Home. Notes, News, and Comment Lectures. At the semi-annual dinner 4 the Phi Sigma aes at yaaa! Col- New York, 7, W. Ze, aren spoke on “Light and the e Growth of Plants.” T. H. Everett spoke on “The h son Memori ck Garden” be- fore New Rochelle Garden Club, e Hall spoke on “The teetare of Gardening” before the Canaa Garden C June 12. Tho Laskaris addre eric: Delphinium work he is doi ’s scholar- ship for the atid of delphinium root-rot. Garden Clubs. Groups which hav visited the New York Botanical (Cae during the past month include the Mamaroneck Garden Club, the Laurelton Garden Club, which was brie y addressed y Dr. Dodg eon “Garden Pests”, and the Staten Tiana arden Club, which i erome . n frembers of ne Suffolk County Gardeners As. i Range - ane Rock arden, arden, and the closing session of one of ‘the Practical Gardening classes June 18. 176 As soon as the first of the 3 numerous to the. dents m James Monroe high school, New Yor br. G. H. Shuh’s botan: class from Princeton visited the Garden May 1 r. J. Haro! lark’s senior students t bree t the Ne Jersey State College of Agriculture, May 13; ar yman R. creens studen from ew University, Madison, N. a i young women stu udying €) enna unted alga at the ducted around the Garden by members of the One hundred more person: were numbered in the ne pe a ott Tr anizations which cia from White 5, and th alachian Mountain Club was here on 18 Visitors Among those regis- tered in the pie a ‘Tate April are Ry Jorgils, Palestine; azemicrz Strzmienski, Poughkeepsie ; Henry Me‘er, State College of lage a Syre cuse; Bernice G. Schubert, Gra barium; Wyman R. Green, De Trew sity: J. ie Clark, New Branewick, N. J.; George H. Shull, Princeton Uni- versity ; H. St. John, New Haven, Conn., and Roland M. Harper, University of Alabam Summer Studies. Scholarships were eared at the Re ee Botanical arden S t E. Li James ichigan, . Robbins in plant physiology. Merry will go to Dennison Uni- vers ity in Ohio upon the conclusion of his work at the New York Botanical — oe r. Mar. ret Fulford of the University of Ginna has returned to the Garden for another summer of study on the liver- worts, chiefly the genus Bassania. June Visitors. pe following botanists were het those who registered in the librar the "New ork Garden during June: Frank E. N. Y. State Lou 3. John T, Univeriy: of California; ae Record, Yale an = aoe 5 Smit He Gray Herbar axine eae, St. Mo.; R. Kent Bone Bureau of Piant “Tadustry and D. R. Hoagland, Berkeley, Calif. Radio. The New York Botanical Garden was mepretied by Dr. W. Robbins on a radio program over stat: ion " une 22, vith an interview by Age Brunn on the “Know Your New York” program, which is encores by the transportation systems of the City of New York. Dr. W. H. Camp ee sented the Garden on the Martha Dea hour, June 27, Antilles, F The library has recently re- ceived - nn Professor He: eae Stehlé extra refe e copies of Volume 1—“Les Orchidales” "of his “Flore Becrptve ae Antilles ae ais also Volum his “Flo de tin, The orchid book is illustrated by ieawites the other be oe and both contain maps THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I, ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1941: E. C. Aucut MarsHatt Fierp, Mrs, Eton abide Hooxer, JoHN L. MERRILL Vie feeideni). Cor, Rosert H. Mow MERY, H. Hopart Pontes and A, Percy SAUNDERS. Until 1942: Artuur M. ANDERSON oo PrerrE Jay, CLARE Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry = ONTAGNE (Secretary and Assistant Treasurer), and Wittam J. Ross: be til eee HEnry bE Forest eae ge -president), Henry F. pu Pont, LYN R, Jennincs, Henry Locxuart, Jr., D. T. MacDoucat, Mrs. Haroip I. pres “and JoserH R, Swan (Penden. II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Hioeete H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rogert Moses, Park Commissioner. JAME = ip eran President of the Board of Education. Ill, APPOINTIVE MANAGERS H, A. Gieason, lee by ie foe eee Club, RA Harper, SAM F, TreELEASE, a p W. Sinnott, and Marston T. BocerT, appointed i UCalumbea aver GARDEN STAFF a J. Regt g Pu, D., Sc. D Director H, A. Ge. Pu. D. Assistant Director and Head Sahih Henry DE me Montene Assistant Direc. A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Curator of Education and Heater Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D , oc. D, Curator Bernarp OQ. Dooce, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist ee HENDLEY Banwaant, Av Ms. Me Dewi cncvsaces eta nces ts aaa eoe H. W. Rickert, Pu. D, Assistant Bibliographe: inert C. SMITH, aoe b sociate Caion Harotp N. Movpenxe, Pu. ae pie ciate Curator Exizazetu C. ,_ A.B, B Librarian H. Ruspy, M. D. ......... pope Curator of the Economic Collections Artist oe aaa pated Associate M rch yer te in Bryology 7 ALEXANDER... ..- Assistant Curator and Cae of the Local Herbarium .D. H. Camp, Pu Assistant Curator DE CHANDLER, A. M - Technical Assistant RosaLig WEIKERT Technical Assistant Freperick KavaNnaGH, ae Technical Assistant ‘AROL H. Woopwarp, A. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H, EVERETT, Ni Bb Hort. orticulturist G. L. Wirrrocx, A. Custodian a the Herbarium TT0 DEGENER, M.S. Collaborator in Hawatian Botany Rozert HaGELsTEIn ry Curate mu Myxomycetes JosepH F. Burke to Eruet Anson S. a ilonorary, Curator, tris and Narcissus Collections ArtHur J. Corser rintendent of Buildings and Grounds A. C. PrANDER stant Superintendent To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway oe ae re poe the oo Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park e New Central to the Botan: Ga s coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN Established as a privately endowed insargen, aided partially by City appro- priations, The New York Botanical saree s dependent for its progress largely upon benefactions and memberships. Through these means, though young as botani- cal gardens go, it has become the t ea largest institution of its kind, its library, herbarium, ang horticultural collections ranking among the finest and most complete a) ae in The New York Hotapieal Gaiden: therefore, means promotion of jehuihe research in botany and the ad nent of horticultural interests. Scientifically, the Garden is able to serve 2 alee g-house of information for tudents 24 botee ists all over the world; foricltraly, it often serves as a link ere ween herp nt explorer or breeder and the gard g public. emberships and benefactions, tte is made at the Botanical for the training of young scientists and student gardeners; a eds of ne books are added annually to the library, which is open daily to the publi re- h and ding; f xhibits are maintained in th eum, the greenhouses, and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free information in botany and gardening are given to the public. Each individual member of the Garden receives: (1) Ac a of the Journal every month. (2) A copy y Addisonia once a year, each number illustrated with eight colored ee of unusual plants, accompanied by complete descrip- tions er pile ame information. are of surplus plant material of interesting or new varieties ~ BS uncements an special floral displays at the Garden from season to seaso DI , to ime extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study Aas by the Garde ed number of Gates uae are Eeeented as Affliates. The privileges of affiliation are one lecture a year by ember of the staff, a share in the distribution of plants n they are available, abiiciption to the al a o Addisonia, and announcements of special activities at the Botanical Garden. I ition, any ember of an affiliated club may enroll in one of the Garden’s study courses each year for one-half the regular fee. wships or Bae for practical student-training in horticulture or for Socrates research may be established by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a ee nite perio The classes of membership a types of benefaction are as follows: ual Member annual fee $ 10 ae On Member annual fee D5; Garden Club Witeseon annual fee for club Fellowship Member annual fee 100 mber for Life single contribution 250 Feo for Life single contribution 1,000 single contributio 5,000 Benctactse single contribution 25,000 Contributions to the Garden may a pected from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved form of beq I hereby Beaucaes to The New York aid Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of peer the sum of ———————_., Condi er pedusss may be with income payable to donor or any designated beneficiary during his or Hiss ‘lifetime! All requests fae further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN AUGUST 19 4 0 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor August, 1940 Ecyptian Lotus in ConseRvATORY CourT Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith Sucar William J. Robbin: Some Horricutturau Portraits Eleanor C. Tees 181 -SEEDS OF THE GINKGO W.M. Porterfield 185 Tue Devit-FLOwER oF THE Monsoon Forest oF MALAY H. W. Rickett 189 Reviews oF Recent Booxs CurRRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Virgene Kavanagh 197 B. A. Kruxorr NaMep Honorary CURATOR 9 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 199 FREE TO THE PUBLIC For New Yorkers who have been spending the summer in the city, the New iA Botanical Garden has been providing a refuge from th , the noise, the dus atmosphere of its broad expanses of lawn, flower gardens, trees, cool breezes, and woodland walks that make the city seem miles away. The automobiles from practically every state in the union which have come i ay a through the main gate d day show that the Garden is one of the places also a by visitors on their vacation trips to the metropolis. These people are carrying home with them a pleasanter een ‘of the city because of the York “Botanieal Garden. To New Yorkers and others alike, the gates of the Garden are open daily from 8 a.m. to half an hour after sunset, and entrance at all times is free. The doors the Main Conservatories and tl eum Buildi d th the Garden itself, on problems in gardening, botany, and a host of related subjects— information which members of the staff through long and specialized training are especially equipped to give. All these and other services of the Botanical Garden are given free. But some- body has to pay for them. Who? The New York Botanicst Garden is partially artly the City, and partly by voluntary membership fees and gifts. From those far- sighted individuals who find in the services of the — a worthy contribution to the life of the City and the country—even the world-—at large, the Botanical Garden seeks a sign of appreciation in the form oe a membershi, who are closely associated with the institution believe aut a membership oe as many benefits to the contributor as to the institution itself. e Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New vee N.Y, on tered at the Post Office i in New York, N. Y., as second- che matter. Annual subscription $1, Single copies 10 cents. Free to members of the Gar LIBRARY EW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JOURNAL of THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vou. 41 Aucust 1940 No. 488 Sugar— A Comment on the Sweetest Age in History Adapted From a Lecture Before the Barnard Botanical Club By William J. Robbins HE consumption of sugar per person in id United pe: amounts to between 100 and 120 pounds on annum. In fact, nearly 1/5 of our food pe ebaleee measured in energy units, come a sugar, and the sugar consumption per person a a United Sit: during the past In biblical finics honey was the sweetness and the prosperous land was a land flowing with milk and honey. Sugar was almost ee to the western ede in on bee years of the ee era ae en first introduced was costly and was considered to be a medicine. cae the Elder in the pany century 4 it a kind of foe collected from bamboos. 1322 and pe pas oe pounds of ginger, 3 eta of almonds, 6 pounds of p and 20 pounds of sugar in 4 loa Sugar in those days was me io re oe foun with sth ae anise, ginger, hellebore, gum tragacanth, and other drugs or spic It is not possible to say exactly when sugar came 6 be regarded as a ae rather ae asa flavoring or a drug. Certainly, general use of sugar n the western world is a product of the 19th century. George Washing- “*Part of the basic material in this article was obtained for the author by Miss Edna Kobs during a summer scholarship at the Garden, 177 178 ton in his ledger for 1759 records loaning to George Fairfax 5 loaves of double refined sugar, weight 48 pounds valued at 2 Bani a pound, and 55 pounds of single ieee sugar. Just as we sometimes refer to the stone, bronze, or the iron age, we might well ee tk present as the sweetest time in history and refer to it as the sugar age. hen we speak of “sugar” we mean ordinarily the white or brown crystalline substance obtained from cane or beets with which we fill our sugar bowls. But to ee scien ia that term is misleading; for he knows su actions, sources, derivations, isolation, and commercial production is a very large job indeed. The Purest Food Available The process of manufacture developed through long years of exper Orleans molasses which our grandparents used in sweetening were more seas et items than the purer more beautiful white sugar whic The sources of all the millions of tons of sugar we buy and use mee are the sugar cane and the sugar beet, but smaller ae ° on are secured from oer plants—sorghum, the maple tree, palm, and the watermelon. ish that I had space here to detail the romantic. story of the eran of sugar cane into the West and its r high Po the airplane, the p apie: oe enetics, a view of social and political pee as al . many a science would be drawn into such ory. Manufactured By Plants All green plants make sugar from carbon dioxide and water in a proce: called ie which is probably the most important chemical process from our standpoint which occurs outside our own bodies: im- 179 ae not only eee ka the sugar we eat results from it, but also for mber of other ° The exact eas process aia in pola isa is ee yet under- in many other similar instan e kno chiefly by its ste As cle ene for aa ee we can — it by a formula as oll O, + 6H,O0 = C,H,.0, 60,. (carbon (water) (sugar) anak dioxide From this sugar all the other materials made in ae nage are polar The oil of peanuts, soybeans, castor beans, corn gra: uts is formed from the sugar made in photosynthesis. The ce einige, es pectic may be traced back to sugar, and as all our food comes directly o directly from ie our very ae are built from it or its dace We may say a sugar, as the product of photosynthesis, is the point upon which rests an inverted pyramid of all the thousands of organic compounds found in living bodies. The Energy in Sugar we have seen from the chemical equation, oxygen is liberated as a ee es - photosynthesis, and this is essential for the maintenance pe ere however, a very important aspect of sugar other oe its significance as a basic substance from which other substances a Sugar contains stored energy and when it is burned or che ely vee up this energy is set free as heat which may be transformed into other forms of energy, such as light or electricity, and made to do work. The gy which the sugar contains comes from the sun, and in the process in: int i gar. 373,000 gram- pete of heat and when the sugar is burned that much Fakes is set free. When cell walls or oils or proteins are constructed from sugar sere or all of oe stored energy is aaa in the wood, tains our body t goa comes from the food we eat, and it is set a from our food in respiration. For sugar we represent the process thus: G Hy, Og + 6 O. = 6 H,O + 6 CO, + 673,000 gm. cal. 180 this represents only the beginning and end of (igees _ meee involves stages producing various acids and o compounds until it finally ene the stage of carbon dioxide and sae The well known insulin as well as Vitamin B, or thiamin play a part in this — A wonderfully “complicated . fe emely important process is the dec position of sugar in the body—a aa sometimes referred to as nee mediary metabolism of carbohydrat It is important, as I have a oe because it is the way in which the energy from the sun stored in sugar through photosynthesis 1s set dy. The work I do i iti i free in the b o in writing this comes f he energy set free from the food I ate. The energy in that food comes from the sun so I might say that th words are in a sense celestial in character n is unique in one respect, not Saye uses the stored energy of food for vital processes, but he uses stored energy in other ways also— for heating houses, for light, for ce for manufacturing. all living creatures man ne does this. The bear, the butterfly, the tree are limited to a oe ecured in respiration from food in bodies r There was a time when all th ergy man oe and used was that which he himself secured ae the food he or from brute animals. The e pyra cai were built by this energy. Then man developed water-wheels, windm and finally machines run by the energy derived from coal or petro Sia um. ‘in fact, our present civilization depends upon the pean ea of large quantities of energy cea ages past by photo- nthesis in sugar transformed into wood, coal and oil. Plants make this sugar in organized bodies in oe ells of the leaves, called chloroplasts, and the chloroplastid pigments are essential for the process of photosynthesis, Sugar to Supply Man’s Needs The average a of sugar by a leaf is about 1 gram of glucose per square meter per hour, or 10 grams in a 10-hour day, which may be taken as the ao day length ae the growing season. A mani re- ahi between 3,000 and 4,000 Sey a cen per day and this amount of energy is contained in 800 to 1,000 grams of glucose. Since a square es of leaf makes only 10 ae of eco is day, it would require pee square ey of leaf s to supply a man with w gr the Bul che total area of the human body is not more than 2 e 181 meters, and if we were as efficient in making sugar from CO, and H,O as the green leaf is, Rie should need to expose from 80 to 100 square meters to the light. ae clear Hes to attain this ideal, igen on: r body 2 a g the osure of a greater area would be 7 or 8 yards in diameter or our lips extruded into a semicircle 10 or 12 yards in diameter, which we could stick up into the air and orient suitably to catch the light, or have fingers 30 feet long and webbed with thin -. tissue. Such thin extended surfaces would require support of some sort, say ribs of cartilage, and would eesh various coniplications ‘The greater loss of water from such extended a would require us to drink more. windy days, even though the breeze was mild, would be a source of con- udev ble difficulty because of the sail-like character of - fe exposed. By breaking the tissue - into small units a few inches square and having each hinged upon a support, wind resistance could be reduced. We would need between 16,000 and 20,000 such units say 3 ae square, which would add to the icone sotiae though even under such circum- stances some kind of anchorage would be necessary if we were not to be blown over every aa aes Anchorage means that movements would . circumscribed ; w have to stay i e , to avoi the oe in oT — it would be necessary : es our Lane synthet: the winter and hibernate. In fac man to develop “Giosspsil and make his own food, he Bae ne to oe at Some Horticultural Portraits By Eleanor C. ee N the fifteenth century there seems to have arisen a fashion which la three hundred years or more of representing botanists and Recent haps er they were most h forms fle frontispiece of Gerarde's Herbal, and shows the author in : America, where s first discovered, as reportet eth Clusius, since which time I have Bn peed hereof from Virginia, otherwise called Norem- bega, which grow and er in my sien as in their own native ae print of the Italian ein Fabio Colonna, engraved in 1606, him holding a columbine, and Parkinson’s portrait, holding some 182 kind of composite, appears in the a aan frontispiece of his nettes here depictin; ng a es a - n Be and the meaty which sic such excite t it ight m ve time: assist, in the conversion of the heathen among 1 om it gro ee uring ce Capone in England, when the craze for tulips, had ed over : of cards was published, showing on the eight hearts a port the Parliamentarian general, Lord Lambert, one of fe greatest tu ulip fanciers of th . In his right hand he holds a tulip and beneath is written: “Lambert Kt. of ye Golden eae ng antedating these, howe e m ted portraits, show Lo e ver, a u UL ing the artists’ models to have been interested in Pee different flow not, howe r, as he says, “until the beginning of the six- of the carnation into num th in producing sae re mching a veritable craze for this flower, oe rable in a small way t - famous ‘ alipomania’ = the next century. 1597 Gerarde wro oe o describe each new variety of carnation were to roll nee stone or ree the sands.” No wonder, then, that we find many portraits of both men and women holding a specimen of the 1M. F. Baker. Florida Wild auras 146. 2 Joan Evans. Pattern—-A Study of Oraament 3 in Western Europe from 1180 to rd, 3 See Bartholamaeus Bruyn, “Lady Hol Ids Pink, sels, Bea Arts: Hans Holbein the younger, “Portrait of Sit sae dea ae a Pink, > Prankfurt-am- Main, anaes Kunzt Institut; Memling “Man with a Pink,” New ork, Morgan Library ; etc id Hate of a man with a large hat, holding pink in his right hand. Flemish school. Portrait of a young man by the “Maitre de Moulins,” holding a primitive form of cockscomb, of a ma yy Ambrosius Benson. Man with the Pinks, ascribed to Jan van Ree are depot ede by courtesy a oe Eek, but believed to be the work of a later thn G. Johnson Collection in Philadelphia. artist. Berlin. 184 latest Monel of this flower. In the Kaiser Friedrich Museum in Berlin is the portrait of a man holding pinks which has, in the past, been at- tributed i a van Eye , and has been ee to have been painted about 5. Modern critics doubt this attribution and incline rather t date it at the end of the century. As the pinks the subject of the igeliies in color, such a nce they serve as important witnesses to prove that the picture is not by Jan van Eyck! In the Johnson Collection in Philadelphia is the portrait of int n olding a primitive type of red 3 or cockscomb. this flower seems no figure in classical litera- : have any symbolic or ie ba? ee and no recognized peicnal properties, it would a o be n this portrait for its ae ae af Tai ne the Far East, it was ae introduced into Europe at elatively late date. Johnson’s Gar deners’ Dictionary says three varieties of this plant were introduced into England in ea as would seem to imply oe the original type must have bee n for time previous to oe date on the continent The other horticultural ee in the Johnson Collection is by Flemish anal A i in black, which I have ie unable to identify, and in his left a rather unrealistic rose-bud. arge, not the bud of a single flower, and shows some- what exaggeratedly sauiuee sepals, and the petals are a iron etna n the pigments during the four centuries sin Rosa gallica or Rosa c ontifolia, d « ra N Real _o et an oO — hh on ie} in 9 B. w OR the young man’s head is the date, ote whim of the painter, as to a suggest some botanical or horticultural interest on the part of the men a women portrayed. 185 Seeds of the Ginkgo By W. M. Porterfield (No. 9 of a series on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York) N one of the most interesting and informative of recent articles on the pe tree! reference was made to the uses of the seeds. I should like Ginkgo seeds as sold in es shops in Chinatown, New York. The Chinese character “Pak-ko" meaning “white fruit.’ the Chinese. The description of the seed contained in Mr. wiler’s article is clear and need not be repeated. One or two eae ae though in point of age the ginkgo is the only living survivor of av made uropeans only in comparatively recent times. Kaempfer fae "1600 4 it in Japan? and described it in his ~ Detwiler, S. B. The Ginkgo. Soil Conservation 4: 122-124. 1938. Rat echer, Andreas. Le Gingko biloba. Institute of Botany, University of Geneva, p. 7 186 Amoenitatum Exoticarum published in 7 12. Dr. Clarke Abel? naturalist Vienna, then A. P. de Candolle discovered one at Bourdigny near es The aa illustrations* of the seed and its parts were made in 1826 by Ric — was a specialist in conifers. The tree es which ae were dra nly aly Bae tree in Europe at that time. It had oad pee a 1790 a s from this tree were grafted on stami- nate trees in many pfeaais a time, heard it being used. ans “silver fruit”. was ac- cepted and used in Japan but the spelling was changed from “Gin-ko” to “Ginkgo” inese name Pak-ko means “white fruit”, referring of . Ch e course to the seeds, and is the accepted common name of the ginkgo there. mature and ripen ee the first frost comes. After oo of the pistil- late trees many of the fruits abort ca fall off. Thos ich do survive mature and the oe are viable. When the ripe fant Raa ‘o drop, in whatever public spot in New York tree happens to be, one will in- evitably come across a Chinese or two with a basket gathering the fruits offensive odor, e people object to the tree for orna- mental en a pees to remove the fleshy part, the fruit may be w fatty acids from formic caprylic and including acetic, butyric and others.® Besides a resinous ani the fruits are bitter to the taste and are adie in effect The smooth roundish te almond-like seeds have two longitudinal ridges, conti ae: three. The Chinese say? that the three-angled seeds produce staminate trees = the two-angled ones pistillate trees. The seeds ie eaten raw are toxic to some people and on rare occasions have even 8Bretschneider, E. History of European Botanical Discoveries in China. p. 709. 1898. 4Sprecher, Andreas, cit, p. 5. 5Graf von Schwerin, Fritz * ‘Uber die Schreibweise der “Ginkgo”, Mitt. Deutsch. Dend. Gesellsch, 32: 93. Rea Paar © Be Pflanzenstoff 911. 7Stuart, C. A. Chinese Materia cic. a 390-391. 1911. 187 A short leafy branch of Ginkgo biloba with young fruit split open to show the seed, 188 proven fatal. A sort of dermatitis may result, or as Mr. Detwiler Be out, ie aa gonna to Chinese medical lore ginkgo seeds w! e ; is mi t w will destroy cancer.’ This t be worth investigating. = order . - eaten safely they must be cooked or roasted. Europeans an Americans do no ginkgo nuts but both Japanese and Chinese eat t fancy them as an appetizer, as a tasty ingredient with certain dishes, or after the meal to aid digestion. Sprecher® states that the kernel of the ginkgo seed contains only starch whereas that of most of the other Se contains oil, This : further supported by analyses of the seed le by Blasdale (1899), Suzuki (1902), Langley (1907), and Read id on (1927).8 The fs kernels a Ris hae to = aa ie 2 eae the ed instance of its kind oil t Hae a fa of detergent cosmetic. This is because of the fatty” princi pres The seeds are a and will germinate when planted, but in my experi- y slowly. Suckers from the base of an old tree are much more vigorous. While the tree is known to be immune to insect injury to a high degree, Sprecher says that the seeds once planted may become aa by a worm of the genus Oxyuris!? which finds in the seeds su: ood. fine spears of a ginkgo tree may be seen on page 198 of the Journal of the New York Botanical Garden for September 1938. ” 8Sprecher, Andreas, in loc, cit 177. ®Blasdale, W. C. A Description Of S ome oun Vegetable Food Materials. U. S. S. Bull. 68:45, 1899, eal hi The Composition of the Nuts of Ginkgo biloba. Bull. oe Agric. Tokyo Imp. Univ, Japan 4:357-358, 1902. Longley, The Composition of oo eu Seeds from China. Journ. Am. Chem. Soc. ae 1513- a 5 ae Read, B. E. a u. J, C. Plantae Medicinalis Sinensie. Flo ora a Ae Sin nen u/On e Occurrence of Cane pea in the Seeds of Ginkgo biloba and Ge tetera. oi Agric. Tokyo Imp v. Japan 4: 349-350. 1902. 11S turte E. L. Notes on oe ona P. 290. 1919, ‘Sprecher, arenes in loc. cit, p. 122, 189 The Devil-flower Of The Monsoon Forest Of Malay By H. W. Rickett eee the oddities of the plant world we may place Tacca Chantrieri, finds a place in conservatories not a its graceful form or its ie oe but a quite opposite qualitie Its large glossy leaves suggest one of the soi, and like them it flou ishes in the warm moist air of tropical forest: - Amon ng t - News leat ipped by one x brownish-purple Among the flowers grow long hair- ae are aie h hang like eee from a face. The result rather sug- gests a small dark ae ik of oriental aspect; the English gardener calls ie as the Devil-flow In of its unwholesome aspect the plant has nothing poisonous in out iv orshi om malignant of T. Chan a abe respon msible for its _Tepu an error. The largest a a ee are in ite center, whereas an these being the first of the pendent “whiskers.” In thei s grow flowers which bear more whiskers, and so on. A char: eee pe had 12 flowers and 14 hair-like bracts; the last few toe sending up no flowers xils. The apparent umbel of Tacca is really a pair of ver. SO i p. Tacca ha j to Aristolochia, even to the orchids. At present it is placed in a family of its own, Taccaceae, near the amaryllids. 190 Tacca Chantrieri, the Malayan “devil-flower.”” Below is a view of the bracts from the rear. Roots which form above ihe eee are shown here piercing the base of the leaves nm Tacca Chantrieri. The flowers themselves are unique in structure. The perianth is of 3 outer and 3 inner segments, all of the same dingy color. The 6 stamens have the form of large hoods; these are the filaments, and within them the o the hooded pee nts en under the sty le and up their ana : bot: us ain” of the plant, even aa that re na pendent bracts serve as means - which insec to t i The inferior ovary has a 3-branched single cavity, on the 3 ridges of which develop numerous kidney-shaped seeds. The whole inflorescence finally a and from it hangs a singularly unattractive cluster of dirty-black fru ie stem is partly underground. The upper part is enveloped by the 192 overlapping leaf-bases, through which. break numerous roots. These finger-like fleshy roots, formed above-ground, make a tangled growth characteristic oF many plants of tropical forests. The edible tubers of : — are branches of the stem which similarly grow downward into ne Abo S peas of Tacca are known, from various parts of the tr Topics ava, Sumatr: e i, Ceylon, Madagascar, and central Africa. Only three or (oa oa seem to be known in American conservatories. Reviews of Recent Books (All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) Up-to-date Reference fora Among the minor ere that can be a ist with a Microsc corrected in a future edition we note anist w & the consistent mis- eelne of Feulgen PLANT MICROTECHNIQUE. (pp. 69, 94, 495). With the aelegi ts Donald A. Johansen. 523 pages. Illus for plant material discussed on 105- nee yon, neg ae w-Hill Co. 106 those devised by Scully should cer- $ ay be incha aes The influence of the Recent books on microtechnique have fixing agent staining is clearly been written and edited mostly by zoolo- Geccrbed one ould wish for at least eae the parts of interest to botanists brief mention of the oo ae ce ing condensed into a short chapter or staining of protoplasm and r m of two. Older works by botanists are lon: the medium. out of date. There has been no text- The second part treats systematically book for the ia of acon micro- the methods appropriate to the different technique, no nce useful to “phyla” of plants, Several questions are the botanist with microtechnical arebledis: raised by this part. - Some of the bulk oi These wants are well filled by Dr. ne boo! : due ¢ ‘o the inclusion here of Johansen’s ag otes on aes morphology and The first section deals with general pone ‘distribu ion, Are we to look methods; successive chapters take up in a work technique to learn that Apparatus, Reagents, Killing and Fixa- tN Cguece phan: is a larger plant in all tion, Stains, Staining Procedures, and respects than Marchantia and is fre- various special methods. The (reument quently to be found where the latter is detailed hae not encyclopedic. Man does not grow” (p. 367)? And while proposed ethods and reagents ses it is true that “the ferns are a large, omitted ieee it was concluded after diverse, and extremely interesting group” Torueh i that they had not demon- (p. 381), it may distress some botanists ted thei upedonty over accepted to find the lycopods under that head. . ae res ii Directions are In short, this part of the book might, in simply ae deny written, The author the opinion of this reviewer, be substan- succeeds admirably in anticipating the tially reduced and be no whit less useful small troubles ey plague the budding to the technician or the student; in fact, onicen ey in sharing with him the even more useful. fruits of long and wide experience. Palaeobotanical methods and photo- 193 bject and for the boo In binding, typography, a eneral ap pearance the k conforms to the high standards t Graw-Hill publica-~ tions in bi is is a val le con- tribution to the sexta of botany ie deserves a place o of most botanists. . W. RicketTr. Personality in Weeds JUST WEEDS. Edwin Rollin Spen- cer, ate, Pages, to iu are Scribner’s, New $2. “Dedica' oes as he announces, a i works and other Taek “and bulletin e dorie this, aa st Weeds will interest both the lay- man and an peal the book eee information one or the cm Further eon’ over tl t they are ae merely one has é. a wea pesiferus ae wi says, em a pee out of place in the eye of m the nice eye of nature it is oe shih. 7 lace” Control and eradicauon measure fo: considered x the most Saki onc eeds, and one is reminded irequently that a redeeming feature of most weeds : ae e as g manure under- und. ab-grass is ae to ane Cral slitist beneficent in this respect. pone in destroying poeta weeds which have spreading and deeply trenched underground stems is well r Man- ponies (Ipomoea, ae and Can: Thistle—a simple cee the most d they do this with ditorial system and Fernald’s seventh oo of Asa Gray’s New Manual of B iss Ennis Borgdcit’s sketches for $ we may call wee eds eats one every one cone reprodu touch of this yy are the crown- book. are eae BLA Rutgers ae " cay With Their Feet in the Water NUAL OF QUATIC PLAN TS. Norman C, Fassett. 382 pages, illustrated and indexed. Mc- Graw-Hill, New York. $4, Dr. Fassett’s Manua - pe atic Plants is a aor ban but it is thee an illustrated key than a true manual, 194 as it contains very little descriptive matter. The book covers only the true aquatics, but also many swamp, bog, 50 marsh, and wet-groun < 3 is} > number trees 2 the fact that the ae : ti hat bog rae as exclu e protects him- self, ever, in his introduction by say- ing ae the subject matter is a moot question. d 2 having the figure num- ra) plead to confusion, espe- cially 1 the amateur. Perhaps the book is intended only for professional use. Botanically, one que. st of form i perhaps that has been done for the aia E. 1. "ALEXANDER. King of the Bone Hunters MARSH, Pioneer in Paleo Charles Schuchert Clar, . 541 pages, illustrated, ar mae et aphy: ita He Pre: : With evident loving care, the authors have sifted through the life and records of this, the most eminent of the American vertebrate greased and have not only given an count of the man and his wo: re as pen pre sented it in a get and interesting ng ie! ploration, it i | interest to follow the role SS ‘layed in the ex- pansion of biological t Although the ee is Sante concerned with the growth and development of vertebrate paleontology, Chapter [X— arsh’s aera to the Evolution Theory—will be of particular interest to the general reader, Hee is an engross- ing account of the interplay of Fic the mutual nee moulding corres er- Asa Gray (representing the botanists y Thomas Huxley, Herbert Spencer, and others; a group after Truth, vee eusue ce to an often antagonistic orld. For the reader interested in the dean ent Of biological thought in merica—and the scientific world in gen- oa chapter is particularly recom- W. H. Came. Yearbooks from the Societies tor Amaryllis and Delphinium important plant is e oc and “Wd lentification of the plants oncerned, Amaryllis Deena 1939. Edited by Hamil- F. Traub, 258 eae eres Punericat Amaryllis Societ Orlando, Fla. 1939. $3.25. In the 1939 pees of Herber' a, pub- ae by the Am F] few of the previously would i willingly junked by a criminati: gardener.” who at ne time of Cae was the chair- man ae ie Hemerocallis aaa has ned and Elmer A. Claa a Witmete, TL, ie been appointed to An oe Sheth aad pont of Dr. Sto this one Une rbert ich is dedicated to Africa, contains, bes ee f piece Hania and horticultural ete relating to ids th ection of culture, egional activities, ee of the society’s ork, reviews, and a buyer’s guide. There 195 are Ss, some being photographs, ee eae and ten rata figures. “Newly Named Daylilies” oe title an article written by Dr. Sto inson system, by Dr. Hamilton P. Traub. Delphinium DELPHINIUM. Leon Leonian. 1939. Edited by iH. 109 pages, tr ated, cee Pele hinium Soci Ridgefield, Con $3. Pear i ae promi- Dr, "tas ety, Delphinium Soci ye, 1 he is the society’s president as well as one of the country’s leading delphinium hybridizers. The cover is fr f his own color phot graphs, and an article on “Delphinium Experiences, 1939” ae his signature. volume, whic! dicated to Charles F. Barber of Hoolases Oregon, se oa the white delphinium American gardens, is beautifully ilstated with phoroeraoks and contains artic! ac from delphinium growers the cou over. The k being done by Thomas Laskaris, to whom the society awarded : ws for study of del- experiments on ‘ungus are now being carried out. Caro H. Woopwarp. Tree Study for Grade Schools AND TREES. eph Gaer. eae and Pindexed. and Co., New York, To me, thi is book has opened an original plas for itself in the field of conservation of info pasted acai bree sented in simple, readable English. Her in one little book, we have ceauhe cae tice, human disregard for forests, no thought for the future on the part of the itizen, early attemp tions, ae an out dine: of many industri I Pecoriie e book new fore for the Teachers d, given the opportunity to review this boo! RVIN M. Ks, Directo Nature seeie ond oars Ss ae, of Education. Community Gardening GARDEN: York, ay aed book to be used or those who are directing ardens (useful id most si atisfy- ing use of leisure time. ae project i eonaee fiah Sari hildren’s gardens is a new e for the pisocianion: but one in which ae is enter- ing whole- heartedly, providing a full- time field worker to visit communities in order to nee in developin; i Aas a ° are planning gar- leveloped by organizations, schools or communities. Caro. H. Woonwanrp. Fresh From the Tre OW YOUR OWN FRUIT. M. G, gee ins. 434 eee ee and. in- lexed. Seri Yor! 40, 3.50. Here is a comprehensive work on the culture o eae oe Its title ade or the h or any fruit grow place on the shelf of anyone B etigaged in this occupation. 196 ae Mr. Kains not enjoy the reputation e does in the hort bd Id uld c d ihc tical Tiewiedee ot the panes on sO he writes. Not only does the author give implicit instructions as to the ailuite ana care of the various fruits But: devotes chapters to the related operations, such as selection of soil, crack. aaeble nae ms on storage, etc, The instruction ing, so vitally important to the be tree, pruning, grafting and budding, always an intriguing subject to the ama- very clea: T i a embellishment to the book, but to demo: strat fuse operations and impor- tant of the book is a Par eee directory of fruits for all sec- tions - the Apar structive angle of this work ® ‘contains a definite appeal to th rop— w ery real meaning and they are ar ‘ilasions the result of a youthful healthy Kains lists many varieties fruits noted for o “Grow your own Sad seek ont tes outstanding varieties. They are worth it. N BECKETT, ae, for Mrs. Herbert rad raus, Middletown Farm, Red Bank, N. J. Garden Chatter BOU: TS AND BITTERS. Julian R. Meade. piitnstnated by John_O* Hara Cosgrave, Longmans, Green & Co., New ek $2.75. Julian Meade* has written an entertain- ing gardener’s medley. It is light, gay and chatty. H s us garden-visiting Florida, into New Orleans, es folk there, and exchange on garden matters. Meade has a lace of his o where he gardens as he pleases, and probably very well, for he has horticultural knowledge and discrimination. Interspersed among ne May and the Ree are com- nm flowers old and new and much that i is interesting about her re Th e fumes illustrations in black, wile and blue are effective and well dra RIET K, Morse. Some Brief Notes on New Books and Booklets NIGMA OF THE ORIGIN OF MONSTROSITY _ AND CRIS TATION IN SUCCULENT PLANTS. Ap Verbeek Woithuys. 73 pages. Tustrated, | oe yn Rie ae k Book Service, N York. 1940 $1. Crested Si agantt HE The author ae s and devaluates the various theories that have been offered on the subject, showing wherein hey are unsatisfactory. He ends up by uggesting that the the 1 . Raa that heredity is a majo s the ee crane but es ‘that the a affair is, as his title states, an oe Flowers for the Tab. AMERICAN FL ARRAN! MENT. Opal M. Scarborough. 64 pages, illustrated. George Palmer ese Co., Hollywood, Cal., 1940. unusual little book with Sere on table arrangements and notes for special holidays and seasons. *The untimely death of Mr, Meade has occurred since this review was written. 197 Dream — True WANT GARDEN Corinne Tomson, 38 epases illustrated. Howe of Field, Inc., New York, 1940. $1. A New York and Baltimore woman ae - velops the sin = her dens out of a Connecticut pas For — oases Young REN’S GARD 64 pages, Publications, DENS. Edwin_L. Hower. illustrated. The Studio New York, 1940. $1. Written supposedly for the children themselves and telling them how to create a dozen different ki f ant i > » v5 fay es a 8 arden. a cn of garden se suggeste Just That TREE NEIGHBORS. Russell Double- « 103 pages, illustrated. Double- oran & Co. New York, 1940. -two familiar trees pictorially eae nd and photographed (most of the pictures slightly out of focus) with an imprint . the leaf or a. ae of a branch of each to head the Classroom Guide HO TO KNOW TREES. E. Jaques. 152 pages, Ftoned “and indexed. Published by author, Mt, Pleasant, Towa. 1940, (spiral binding), $1.80 (cloth bindin e). A booklet prepared for use are rae asses: containing eealck sketches of the principal ee eas of the Rocky Mor h v for class-work purposes. of illustrated key. Current Literature* d A useful type Directory. Officers, directors, com- mittee and zone chairmen, and club presidents are listed in the July number of oe Ee of The Garden Club ae Sey explorers in Pee found a tree with re which gave a fiery red dye, braza, to a dye then imported from tl the Portuguese South wood similar the East to Cruz, later known as and finally Brazil. Tree that Changed a Country’s Name” told in American Forest. une Fishers Island. ia) Pe ee - catalo of 267 species Washington Crossing Park, Pa, B: there are 70 fern species ‘listed Ecgar T. Wherry. Lumber, A survey of ae produc- 7 in the northeastern : erage period of 14 yea > ae some figures going back imposing report. U.S.D. t ee makes an It ss A. as Sater Bulens No. fth w and is the fi of six which are planned o cover the i ates, inds o: ood, quantities, prices, nd some of the ses are given, also comparative tables chewing the excess of consumption over production. Bridge-Grafting. A major job ] he results ot the opera- tion, which | was ey carried out by imexperienced m s giving the nam are valuable to 1 oe clover, sweet-clover, and white Plan The July number of Beko s ee is devoted to — as which is threatening the syca or ea ree. The authors ar Walter, P. V. Mook the Riven of P. This fungous disease is pr revalent about Philadelphia and Halimore but has been eae from Virginia, Kentucky, ie sippi, and several other states. It has Keilled. Coal thousand trees. The first bark’ symptoms are dark $ elongated in line with the underlying grain—. is inch ] an t more thai inches wide the frst year. The Gute ers s spread and kill the tree in from 3 to 5 The ves a show injury for several pees not ae the cambium is dead about the trunk; then the leaves the ye efore the tree is dead. The ets None spores which may be windborne bu t can te transmitted more certainly during pruning. All infected 199 trees should be removed and burned. an infection is suspected, a fect 8 Whippany oad, Morr Kansas. Frank C. Gates has prepared : 266- ene einer List of the des Kansas: erns and low Plants” with maps show ‘ie the distribus tion of species. It is obtainable bron Hae mig College of Agriculture, Man hattan, Kan e Stories. Plants ee in the ul im ographed . HN. ned from the author for 25 cents B. A. Krukoff Named H wu Curator KOFF, who has ioe been ated with the Botanical roe den while wordne on He vast collections ants, s_ been n. The appointment was t mete of the Board of Managers on June 20. M . Krukoff, who was educated at the Imperial University of Kazan, Russia and later received a ie e New York State Col e Syracuse nie ity (eae then eat as ax months (May to ber 1930) as in various colonies on the w of Africa. October Se ees where re- F eos in 1931 he ‘k to Sumatra m 1933 year and h chiefly on Erytiina f doin ing research New York Botanical Garden Fro to December 1939 he ex- lord re chasing of the Bopi and oe rivers in Bolivia, since which tim has worked at the Garden he principal items exploration and studies were rican pene ye various tropical Brazilian seeds yielding oil, high-yielding rubber trees, rotenone- yielding plants (Lonchocarpus spp.), plants used in preparation of “curare” (arrow-poison), pe and miscel- laneous toxic and drug_ pl During these trips Re 11,000 field n ae rs and more than 100,000 speci- ium Species is in the Bri Her ium of the New York Botanical Garden, mith- Papers ieee by Mr. Krukoff in- clude bat follow American spi of Er Brittenia 3: 308. 337, 1939, Preliminary notes on Asiatic. olynesian e585 of ety inna; Jour, Arbor. tudies er an Menispermaceae, an special perce to species used in ‘ythrina. preparation of w-poisons. Brittonia 3: 1-74, 1938 “dn collaboration with H. N, Moldenke) pois: row-poisons. (In collabora- tion with A. C, Smith and H. N. haunt Mr. Kru is a member of Phi Kappa Phi ee Alpha Xi Sigma. Notes, News, and Comment oe. Mr. Charles O, Dexte Life of San drons, azaleas, close to $3,000. Board Member. Mr. Henry [ 280 Park Avenue, New and kalmias of a value y F, du Pont York, was elected on June 20 to the Board of Man- agers of the Botanical Garden in the class of 1943. ae ecting. Dr. H,. A. Gleason re- med to the Garden Au ug. 10 pe ‘a enone collecting trip in the t- id middle western states, Bande back a large number of specimens for the to the - and north ‘o Minnesota and the Great Lakes r region, Jap eiles have fea ihe a repeatedly one the trom feeding on gera This toxicity is confirmed by the fact that thousands o beetles have been found dead on_ the flowers, leaves ae in the vicinity of ue ting of gera ums near the low fountain in ia of the nee Building nt Tumors. Prof. - Riker of University o isconsin, who is on a committee of scientists dealing with can- cer problems and overgrowths in_ plants, ¢ to the Garden 13 with D mbers of Dr. R obbins’ faboratory es on further activities of the committe Fellowship. Thomas Laskaris, who has been working during the past year on diseases of cn we um, ‘will continue his studies at tl another year thr oe a second: Scholarship ae by the American Delphinium Society. Mr. Taster. began his ore at te Garden last July under the direction of Dr. B. O. Dodge. Groups. The Men’s Somer oe while having its annual ntion New York City, visited the “Nev York E otani- 1 Garden July 19. There were 83 i group, and staff members duc them around the rock garden, the annual and perennial borders, the main con- servatories, an he display experi mental gardens of daylilies. A class fro Fordham and a group from Cold ae u the leadership of Blakeslee also visited the Garden during Ju r. Shade Tree Conference. Detroit will be the seane for the Sixteenth National Shade Tree Conference, which will take place Aug. 27-30, Headquarters will be e Book-Cadillac Hotel. Among the on ee As P. Pirone; “Rais Standards of Tree ee perts” by _ Hanbury; “Wound Dressage by D ‘aul E. Tilford; and ee for A Arborists” by Homer L. Jacobs and Dr. Forrest C A plant clinic under ike direc of the countr ee leading scientists and tree workers 1 be a feature of the convention, hens turned. arly a year spent the Beraicr. Ge den in research on ine propagation, Dr. E. Naylor returned July 10 to the University of Missouri N. Moldenke re- of the Torrey to ee ake State- Park, N. art the series of trips eoadcced” in conjncton with the New Jersey State Parks oe the purpose of m: making a Field Trips. Dr. H. cently led a field trip Botanical Clu : the Torrey it Watciune. e Club to Dock Wate Hollow and Chie Rock, N. J. Golf Gre Dr. O. Dodge spoke before the “Westchester Green Superin- ndents’ Association New Rochelle y 8 on factors involved in breeding grasses immune to dis a Ha touch aiianion oe hy badicaion new races are col ee be ing evolved among many parasitic fun: Visitors. Among the Uy, visitors at the New oe rk Botanical Garden were is of the Citrus Experiment ent Station, Tinenan 1 University, Hong Kong, China; Julian Anna, Agric Itural Ex- periment Station, Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba: Ne! Cc. Horner, Missouri Botani cal Charl hom, U.S.D.A, Garden Washington, D.C.; Edward K. Balls, Kenilworth, Engla aa Cariceae. K. K. Mackenzie’s “North American Cariceae’ came off the press July 3, 1940. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS ECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1941: E. C. es MarsHatt Fietp, Mrs. Eton HuntincTon Hooxer, Joun L. Me ae “Bie e-president), Cou. Rozsert H. Montcomery, H. Hosart Porter, and A. Percy SAUNDERS. Until 1942: ArtHur M. ANpeRson (Preacurer), PrerrE Jay, CLARENCE Lewis, E. D. Merritt, HENRY DE i. NTA (Secretary and Assistant Treasurer), and Wiiam J. Rossin Until 1943: Henry ve Forest Baowit Nas aay Henry F. pu Pont, A.ttyn R, Jennincs, Henry Lock#art, ie Doucat, Mrs. Haroip I, Prat, and JosepH R. Swan (Presiden II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor ot the City of New York. Ropert Moses, Park Commissio James MarsHALL, President of the Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS A, GLEASON, ieee by the Torrey oe Club. . Harper, Sam TRELEASE, Epmu p W. Sinnott, and Marston T. eae appointed by Columbia Universi ty. GARDEN STAFF args J. Ropsins, oo D., Se. D. Director H. A. Gieason, Px Assistant Director and Head Curator Henry DE oF Mon ac Assistant Director A. B. Stour, Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J. ie Pu. D., aa D, Curator Bernarp O. Doncz, Pu. Plant Pathologist ee HENDLEY ere Ay Mg Me De o.sacerouseeiecss4 ti fogvapher H. W. Rickert, Pu. D. Assistant Bibhographer Lbert C, StH, Pu. D. A te Cul Harotp N. Movpenxe, Pu. Dee Associate Curator ELIZABETH a Hatt, A. B., B. Librarian H. H, Russy, M. D. .... see Honoiey Curator of -_ Economic Collections Fiepa Gane rtist ane Photographer Percy Witson Research plied Ropert S, WILLIAMS Research Associate in Bryology . J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of ne Local Herbatinns H. Camp, Pu. D. sistant Curator eh ee M. se eehneal Assistant OSALIE WEI Technical Assistant FREDERICK Kean M.A. Technical Assistant Caro. H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant THOMA Everett, N. D. Horr. orticulturist G Wittrock, A. ustodian of the Herbarium Orro DrecEner, M. S rator in Hawaiian Botany Ropert HaczLstTE1n ary Curator of Myxomycetes Joszpn F, Burke ae onorary ediolid of the poe eaid B. A. Kruxkorr ary Curator of Economic Botany Erne, Anson S. PECKHAM. “loads Geuer Tris and Narcissus "Collections ArTHUR J. CorBETT Superintendent ot Buildings and Grounds A. C. PFanver nt Superintendent To reach the Botanical Garden, ie the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Blvd., the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park or dive up the Grand Concourse ao tage on Mosholu Pkwy., or, conling from Westchester, turn west at end of Bronx River Pkwy PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books An Illustrated Flora of the Novelen, United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord Britton oe Addison Boxe ree volumes, giving Rlescnntions and illustra- tions of 4,666 species. Second edition, epiinte ed. Flora of t He herslice cna lains of Centr eee Vee, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and 601 figu 19325 reas $5. ors aid. of the Vic ‘of Neto k, by H. n Ge 284 pages, Weer A tee Ree eee for ites ees in Biase ieenuneaee 1935. $1.6 Flora of Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and pipers, 585 pages with io text eee covering the algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, and flowering plants. Le 50. yi xt-Book of General Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 snes 1897. ee 50. rth A n Cariceae, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex and “related ples, ee Harry C. pega, with a description om es species. In dee ed. 940. Two volumes, 1034 x 13% inches; bound $17.50; un- bound $15.50. Periodicals Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flowering plants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in in i $1 each volum Now in its twenty-first volume. sep be ipion price, $10 a volume e. (four years). Not offered in exchange. Free t ma of the Garden. nl of The New York Botanical Caan nati basse ue news, book i any an ure. ubscri 4 ; dane, year; vGnele copies 10 ce ree to members of the Garden. Now in its 41st volume. Mycologia, bimeceity illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fun including lichens, containing technical articles and news and notes of general Ee terest. $7 a year; single copies $1.25 each. Now in its thirty-second volume. ndex volume $3. Brittonia. A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. ee in its third volume. rth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild oe of North America, wae Greenland, the pet Indies, and & ne al America. Planned to be com- pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of fou more EF bee 89 parts now issued. Not offered in ange cs of the sep arate parts on request. Contributions from e New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or fiembers of the staff, and reprinted from journals other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a volum In the fourteenth volume Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Prices to members of the Garden: Vols. 1-6, $1.50 each; to others, $3. ay NO) Woll, 4s to members; to others, $5 ontents sil, R 5 An Annotated Catalog f the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park. Vol. 2, D. T. MacDoueat, ape a of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development. Vol. 3, ARTHUR HOLLICK and E. C. Jere Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischervile N.Y. Vol. C. Stuart Gacer, Effects of the Rays of ‘Radium on Plan Vol. 5, NoRMAN Tviee Flora of the Vicinity of New or k. . 6, Tw aaa ‘Anniversary of ats New York Botanical Garden. 1. NER, New M veophy ces’ fro o Rico; B. Stout, The Rilonvar babanior ot Avg ocados; H. H. Russy, Pine Galleced inthe Amazon Valley; ArtTHuR Ho tick, The Flora of the a pee e Silt: Direct all orders to The New xr ae Garden, Bronx Park, Fordham Branch P.O., New York City. LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN He. JOURNAL THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PAGES SEPTEMBER Vor. 41 No. 489 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. beeee Editor September, 1 Harpy Asters IN SEPTEMBER AT THE BOTANICAL GARDEN ; Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith BizarrE TREES AND OTHER STRANGE PLANTS FROM LOWER CALIFORNIA Tra L. Wiggins 201 GrowInc ALPINES IN SPHAGNUM WITH NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS ; C. Coleman Berwick 208 A House Prant THat Propacates ITSELF E. J. Alexander 213 eae. Day SHort Course IN PRACTICAL aes ANNOUNCED N New EpITION oF EDUCATIONAL PROGRA 217 AuTUMN LEcTURES AT THE GARDEN 218 Reviews oF Recent Books 219 Print CaTaLoc CoMPLETED 223 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 223 INNOVATIONS IN EDUCATION One a the characteristics of a public institution like the New York Botanical ee is the eee oe that it maintains—such as the pase edie for the of Sener specialized reference library; and the extensive collections of ina plants, some ae s ari the majority for public display. To e these unique facilities available t ults who are genuinely and in gardening and in plant life, courses of study are offered which are designed to meet educational needs for which a Botanical Garden is particularly equipp his attempt on the part of the New York Botanical Garden has reculied in the organization a courses of a nature : be found in few other institutions. In fact, practically every course announced in the new Educational Program has been orig- Garden Appreciation, which will be repeated in 1941; Rock Garden ee offered this past summer; the Literature of Ga: sree to be aa this fall far as is known, these subjects are now being taught nowhere else The Science Course for Professional Gardeners was an innovation in America when it was started in as Since that time De form of training has been adopted in Pe other plac After experimenting number of years, the Botanical Garden 38 presnized its Two- year Course in Braces Gardening, in which not only are ie given, but the aan is ee to perform i the essential tasks in garden-making, under the eye of a critical professional garden course in Field Benuy Ge given on [aa was organized at the special uae of tl ig New York Association of Biology Teachers, and thus is meeting ti While “short co: of m types have taken place at other institutions, esp cially in connection ath ie Aereilearal Experiment. Stations, ae Botanical ane does not know of another in os Me cae entals of actual garden ing practice Pens taught by professional garden hree-day course built on this plan will be 2 ot a ance at courses already begun proves that they are meeting the public's desire for specialized instruction concerning plants, their Ale identification, struc ture and functioning, and their history, with an appreciation of their place in the scheme of life. The Jeumnal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Entered at the Post Othe in New York, N. Y., - second-class matter. Annual ercien $1.00. Single copies 10 cents. Free to members of the Garden LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 41 SEPTEMBER 1940 No. 489 Bizarre Trees And Other Strange Plants From Lower California By . Wiggin ae ee Stanford University Some notes from a botanist’s excursions into a mountainous desert area where the flora is unique. A‘ Y of Nelson's paper on ase sara resources of Lower California, which ia into Dr. Wiggins’ hands in 1928, «a all that was needed to make this botanist, who calls himself a firm S e r tte uti ane auctions raised by descriptions of the vegetation, At the time he w tudyin i flora of San County, a ee a a favorable springboard from which oO dive ie the uncertainties of geographical distribution and specific limits in the ne of Lower California. The ge — ae a support of Afr. sha ae) of Exeter, Calif., and of Mr. H. C. Dudley of Duluth, Minn., made possible a short trip in September 1929. Bees oe saa tei have followed Pie is past ten years. 5S has already contributed one article to this Journal resulting from these trips ‘into the evinala—"Fo Rlore and Fact o Medicinal aie an Rural Mexico” in August In this issu es describes some of the us ae which con- tribute to i eet of much of the desert landscape. In hs number he wall discuss some pines and other cee, and shorter notes will appear an time to tine. —C. H.W. y OR more than half a century—from the time he made his first trip at a age of 22 until his last in 1910, a year before his death—Edward Palmer was one of the most indefatigable of scientific explorers in oO tnow ni arts of North America, traveling constantly through the south- art of the continent, ever across new frontiers, sas beeen ie collections of plants and animals never before known to science. hi ese some ie were approp priately named in his hon ich he discovered in 1887 was a ete Brodiaea with a One initial oe growth consisting of an almost thread-like prostrate leat 201 Desert vegetation near Punta Prieta. Gigantic trees Bek Idria columnaris and of Pachy- cereus ae may be seen near the center. The major vegetative cover is form 2 by Lophocereus Schottii, Opuntia molesta, Machaero cess gummosus, Pedila Ls macro: ane , Yucca valida, Jatropha cimerea, and Franseria chenopodifoli —an inconspicuous start in life for a ese plant that develops a showy flower. ] was CO ollecting plants at that time in Baja California, spending some time at Mulegé and Los Angeles Bay cae . atson report rted on these co ee and described, amon: ig numerous other new species, this curious plant which he named Brodiaea Palm It grows chiefly in sandy soil aa pete numerous bulblets, both around the base of the older bulb and as aa the ends of fila- i icf nin 0 wth, during which the bulb increases consi erably in i the puny appearance of the one or two leaves peasy Le es way to a cluster of fleshy es, each of which may be a: s 3 cent es wide and ten to fifteen times as long. At this — Hee plant resembles a small leek, but lacks the alliaceous odor. Somewhat sa ter the spurt in vegetative growth begins, a stout scape bearing an umbel of buds within a papery sheath ee from the central ae Each plant normally produces but one which may attain a height of nearly a meter and bears from 20 a more than 100 _ 1 Watson, Sereno, Upon a Collection of Plants made by Dr, E. Palmer in 1887, = Proc, Am, Acad, 24:36-82. 1889. 203 uds. The flowers are bright blue, funnel-shaped, about an inch long and opened oa expanded flowers, dried blossoms and immature fruit all at the same time. The large u umbels of bright blue flowers suggest a small col ye In striking contrast to the comparative abundance of Brodiaea oak in ve ee sandy desert, is the apparent absence of the genus Lili in wet oo and boggy canyon sides in the Sierra San Pedro Martir ie Sierra Tua No ee of this a was SS in any of the numerous favorable Ppa nabeoie ed i anges during the field trip made in 1938. It s possible ne iw He by cattle and sheep has ae ay ae eee in the region. At least three species of Liliui e growin the Palomar, Cuyamaca, and Laguna Mountains of San Diego a nd it seems unlike that nae ie should have stopped short of the mountains just a few miles so Trees of Peninsular Desert Perhaps the bizarre appearance of [dria columnaris, “El Cirio” of the natives, i prompted writers on Baja California to exaggerate its im- 1 A‘ bp of Yucca valida north of Punta Prieta. Opun foreground; Jatropha cinerea behind it, and Fouquieria pec iures at atts ee margin. \ ‘ N > ~ t SEA ane ‘ See aes \ sowarra Pas Rim 3 a =D, = 3 Fan # Ee wanwoe a ne Ag vecnee Poly .* sai “agarauiier mraniva oan a | Map of Baja California Miles 0 ===, 205 portance as a dominant ies a the flora. It is of the more striking of the desert species, howe the emphasis is excusable. For some time it has been known ene rom the vicinity of Rosario and the employ of the Boleo Company at Santa Rosalia showed us pictures of Idria growing on the northern slopes of Tres Aisa a series of three volcanic cones a few miles north of Santa Ros Another weirdly proportioned tree of ne aes is Pachycormus ky discolor, the El tre ark is from 14 3 inches thick, chal t white ee and contains aes Raa a : a thick Aes awe me trees, ilky w ae ce a its blood-like appearance tends to increase ihe illusion that e i eartl i these trees are sluggish, ear nd r als oO n? accompanied his interesting account of this monotypic genus with two fine photographs of exceptionall ollen and twisted n ills northeast of El Marmol most of the Pachycormus trees are quite erect, . i trunk often attaining a height of 10 to 15 and the branches are les swollen. Masses of light pink flowers cover the tips of the naked oo in the spring, the blossoms appearing well before the leaves. A Botanist’s Field Trips South of the International Boundary Expeditions which have been made into Lower California by Dr. Ira L. Wiggins are shown on the accompanying map. His initial trip took him into the northern part of the peninsula in September 1929, With the late Dr. John W. Gillespie he began collecting vamediately after crossing the International ee at Tia Juana. “ traveled down the coast to Ensen: ada,” he wale “swung inland to Ojos Negros, across the Sierra Juarez abo ut twenty miles north of Lagun: are anson, and re-entered the United States at Mexical “The following ft pety and ae a second beso took me about three hun- oo ee cer e bor to ncherita named Catavifia, and westward from n Augustin to lene San - Ca i A hi oe trip in September 1930 netted a bee a new species from the atl. part of the Stra San Pedro Martir.* An- other took Professor a I. es a me ag length of the pee ae th - ing of 1931. ry, 193. th trin took fi n o Ontehes 1938 ae Epak M. Vollmer of San Francisco generously invited me to accompany him pack trip that took us into the southern Sierra San Pedro artir, northward alone the high meadows of the range, across the Valle de la Trinidad, and into the Sierra Juarez as far as E! Ceradero, a sawmill about ten miles south of Laguna Hanson. eCollections were made and field observations recorded during all of these field trips. Some of re collections have already fay er to various herbaria in the United States and Europe; others are still being studied.” 2 Goldman, iver A. Plant Records of an Expedition to Lower California. Contr, U. S. . Herb. 16 :309-371. 1916. * Wiggins, a L. New Plants from Baja California. Contr. Dudley Herb, 1: 161-178. pl. "11-17, 1933. 206 Idria columnaris showing how the branching varies. The specimen on the right was photographed near Cataviiid. A Parasitic Plant A remarkable pee of Rees i. Veatchii, is associated with Pachycormus throughout its The seeds of the parasite remain in the capsules em abe in ae of dry eae from ie previous year’s growth, and germinate while thus suspended on the host tree. ae minute Cuscuia seedlings must enter the tissue of the host immediately or die. T the i cular bun frequently on the blade. In the latter case the haustoria attack any of th photosynthetic cells and do not seem to go as directly to the vascular’) @ 207 bundles. Brandegee, in a yah following sa description of Cuscuta Veatchti, shrewdly guessed that the seeds germinated on the host tree and i e no und, recording his nee in the ae words: “As parasite was often eet from the ground, with no intermediate growth t nd not seem that it had germinated in the usual way on the .3 The ner in which the germlings emerge from the capsule and immediately ee the host was investigated in the field near Los Angeles Bay in the spring of 1935 Sonoran Associates Fouquieria se is abundant from the Colorado Desert and adjacent peninsula of Lower California, About five miles north of Punta Prieta it begins to disappear and F. peninsularis takes its place. There is an over- “3 Brandegee, Townshend Stith. Plants from Baja California. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2. 2:189, 1889. A heavy stand of Pachycormus Veatchit on a erg eee north of Punta Prieta. Machaerocereus gummosus is jt eer the A sh i ater foreground; Pachy- the right margin. 208 lap of the ranges of the two species for a distance of 10 or 15 miles, but the northern spe cles oa rare south of Punta Prieta. At about this same i atr Pachycereus Pringlei occur, and Yucca valida forms one of the most ex- tensive and heavy stands of this species on the peninsula. Fragrance in the Desert Thr ore plants call for mention. Most plants that attract one’s Siccam in the desert . so aes oe as = a But these three often lead one 50 to 75 yards, pot a nseen, by their fragrance alone. ee Cee ie an aie eee are Cuidifers: The former is a sprawling, scrambling perennial that grows entangled sert i i i m racemes of showy white ee alee less fragrant than those of i io is the Sand Ve but in ae a spring following a light shower its delightful perfume i e : e oO give some idea plant geographer entering a southw: n des ow that the term “desert” need not signify miles of ee ee and to ane at the variety of plant life occupying habitats from sea level to altitude of about 10, any feet at the summit of La Providéncia in ne Sierra San Pedro Mart Growing Alpines In Sphagnum With Nutrient Solutions By C. Coleman Berwick O YOU Secon when you found that lovely little alpine plant wing wild in its native state, and how you were ees to resist the temptation to bring it on e for your rock a ee Perhaps you were struck with the character a the soil in ae it was oe and wondered how it could find nourishment en sustain itself in such poor soil, Alpines are tr ee as cree erie snd a win extra ee food their soil goes a long w Naturally, one wants alpines to be as nature eae them eal Sas happy Hittle ae of the sunny 3 209 mountain tops. Asa rule, the only vegetable matter in the soil of these a over the mountain top. Somehow these little plants seem to find food a to live happily in a soil which would not ue many other types of p One realizes that from this poor-looking stuff must come all the Seni an necessary for the plant to rare its normal physio- logical func idea to grow alpines in sphagnum and many people scription of our method of growing alpines in sphagnum is offered in the hope that other venturesome souls will have the pleasure of growing these i 4 trus ur small effort will prove ae to these kindred ar who delight in ae gems of the garden The Plants to Choose The first essential is of ae ts ae ae we strongly advise against starting with adult specimens. e gro ould try to get young plants, for these seem better able to ae Roosatves to this for m of culture than Pla eee nt of - alp ines he intends ork with. Therefore let us iment. In the first place, we found the hydrogen ion concentration of sphagnum i ken into to be San ‘his must be ti consideration when the plants are selected to be grown in spha: . It is almost aes to try to establish a plant demanding an alkaline soil in sphagnum with its at- tending acid reaction, although it is really surprising the large ee of plants that seem to get along very satisfactorily with their roots in a soil with relatively high ye This group of facultative acid tolerant plants “ANitr trazene Indicator (so h ie ea eaere is available in either liquid form or as i ee paper strips. “Co lor changes can be ply compared with a color chart. The ae test kit is inexpensive and quite Shea 210 is a great deal larger sae is generally supposed, and additional trials will o doubt show that the g oup is larger still, However, a certain amount fairly high degree of soil acidity, and o standing eee were met with in those plants that were dchaiely diene -loving type Starting From Seed The plants we desired were raised from seed in the usual manner and transplanted into pots in a soil mixture which contained a bit more than had a definite acid reaction (pH 5.4—5.6). When these plants were about half-grown in the middle of October, they were tipped out of as pots and ail of the soil was carefully re moved by gently washing the roots in a asin of water. Under no cir pe avanete should the root system - allowed to dry off; furthermore, when washing the soil from the roots, we found it was wise to select a day when the atmospheric humidity was high and the air was still. This caused less shock and disturbance to the plant. Extra care taken at this stage of the experiment amply compensated us in lack of aes and less set-back. Our plants were next carefully potted in sphagnum, attention being given to a. the sphagnum gently between ae around the delicate roots, using a pair of forceps to handle the sphagnum fibres. This sphagnum had a soaked over night eed and just before using it, all excess water was squeezed out, leaving the fibre soft and spongy ut damp. The ) e screw driver for the purpose. When the potting job was complete the sphagnum was wedged in so wae as to permit the whole pot to = lifted es picked up by the top of the plant. Pots and Potting Methods The pot itself must be given Bae consideration. If an orchid pot h: ing several drainage holes is available it should be used, otherwise . " necessary to provide extra pene facilities. It has been our practice to break out the drainage hole of the pot with a small hammer ae an open- ing is formed to include about half of the diameter of the t bottom. with bits of sherd for one-third its depth. One can use a much smaller pot 211 for the plants than the usual size because of the different type of root development resulting from the feeding with nutrient solutions. bead aes each plant is oon ae pee in apa and a few days to give the ‘0 get e quickly ae in ae sphagnum. They are eee cane out eee the light as they become better accustomed to their new living conditions. Two in its new envir ent. Water should be iia as winter approaches a | plant’s more or less dormant period a One can easily mga that there is not a a deal of fertilizer in sphagnum and plants growing in it must struggle for their very existence. A certain amount - . sphagnum does break down and become available to the plant but this amount is not grea Chemical Solutions It occurred to us to add to the sphagnum in which alpines were planted a more or less complete fertilizer. This was done, not for the purpose of making “bigger and better” plants, but to try to supply as much as pos- sible those chemicals so necessary to the plant omy. riow stances were tried as manera but eee ded because of some deecleag able feature. Finally we tried Hoagland’s solution of salts? as a routine ies! oo the ane - ‘hea The use of these ee has now und a modifica of ‘the formu ne as pale ed by Hoagland and atnen to suit our ae very well. This solution is made up as follow Calcium Aaa Ca(NO;):-4H.O 1.18 gm. Potassium Nitra! ee 50 gm. Magnesium Sulpt gSO,-7 H:0 49 gm. Potassium Dia Phosphate aa POs 13 gm. Distilled Water to make 1000.00 cc. ‘o this solution, which is a stock solution and which may be made up in larger quantities, we add to each 1000 cc. before using, the following: Ferric Chloride FeCl: (0.5% sol.) Boric Acid H:BOs (sat. oh 00 Mapeanese Sulphate MnSO,-4 HO (0.25% sol.) 0.25 ce. Zinc Sulphate ZnSO, -7 H:O (0.25% sol.) 10 drops Copper Sulphate CuSO,-5 H:O (0.25% sol.) 5 drops ~ 2Deser! ibed by R. Hoagland and D. I. Arnon in the Water Culture Met Growing Ping: wou Soil. Univ. of Cait College of Acrauluire Crease 3a ec. 1938, 212 Various systems may be lee in ove a ig iaier nea to ette rains away is not used again, but Reel to escape. It is not advisable to try to economize and use ne ese solutions again—there are certain losses in the eee after soaking the pot in the solution and the ee balance is upset, rendering it nee to the plant. Needles these solutions are = up very cheaply and one can easily et 6 i generous with the: When to Water It is rather difficult to set down any ees aie or frequency for feeding with nutrient gen there any factors involved. Humidity, light, temperature, and wind wal ee the growing co ions plants er any stereotyped rule one tries to set tinued until the flowers begin to As flowering ae we gradually lengthen the interval between ie After flowering is over, the modified Hoagland’s solution is entirely ieee and ie ie is allowed a rae to settle down the winter dormant or resting period. If it is necessary to water the plants ae of the ae out of the common sense must enter oe the management of the ese Asa a € T, to under-water than to ca too often, Plants kept on the dry side look more like those growing in their native state. Results Using Solutions Plants established in sphagnum and nourished on Hoagland’s solution ook happier, and they duplicate more closely their natural appearance ed when planted in soil mixtures, even though the s oil has been specially p: rs a ‘ulture. We soon learned that there was a Soa aa for thee plants to set seed ieee those growing in s It has not been our oe to have these plants grow beyond their usual size ee of the feeding if, when the feeding is done, one bears 213 in mind that the horticulturist is trying to simulate natural native processes, using a very delicately balanced medium for the purpose. He must re- member that ‘the artificial conditions controlling or limiting his handling . the plants must be counter-affected by conditions more favorable than the plant is normally accustomed to enjoy. e plants seem to fill out more aa to branch more frequently, both of a factors are desirable and are encouraged. An occasional pinching ea lo : impart a better color to the foliage of the plants . gi ving them a healthier nce and, what is more importa when a under ordinary cultural methods. They withstand the nus niopped soon enough to pot-grown plants ae “We used our aul Hoa oielnd: solution an the bie as tee potted plants as a liquid manure for the alpine garden outdoo se plants seem a trifle more happy than they formerly did but the eae was not sufficient to warrant the effort in supplying this extra erage tas a regular procedure. There certainly is a definite place, ace, , howe ve , for this particular practice in oe aes if one is horticulturist is raising pot plants and maintaining them as such, althou h ein them in a sand or gravel bed, the whole routine is definitely worth eee writer would be very glad to learn the experience of others who dare to be different and try this interesting method of culture for alpine plants. AA House-Plant Which Propagates Itself By E. J. Alexander 661) ICKABACK” the New York florists call it, and‘indeed the new plants do ride “piggy-back” on the old leaves of Tolmica Menszicsii, ay nothing of dust and other air impurities, asking only to be well-watered bad 214 kept out of strong sunlight. That these would be its requirements is not surprising, for it is $ native along mountain streams and in shady woods of the Pacific region from norther: se ie to southern Alaska, one of the ae Santa areas of North eric Tolmiea was ie its See name to honor Dr. William Fraser Tolmie, ee ‘office the Hudson’s Bay Co. at Fort Vancouver, Puget Sound, in 1832 and Dr. Tolmnie was ae a ae collector, and one whose name is aay associated with the flora of the northwest coast of North America. Tolmiea receives its specific name Menziesti : honor of the man who ae cre it, Dr. Archibald Menzies, physicia: n, surgeon, and one of the most botanists of his da ay, who accompanied Ca aptain Vancouver on i veg of the “Discovery” in the 1790’s. Dr. nzies first collected the plant on Banks I sland, off the coast of British ie mbia. It was first called Tiarella Menziesti, then the name was changed to Heuchera es enziesii, then to Leptaxis M. ensiesii, and finally to Tolmica Afensiesii. Since it represents a distinct genus, the name Leptaxis An easy-to- grow, self-propagating house plant, Tolmiea Menziesti, otherwise know “ee i 25 plant below was photographed through the ale ep ee St. lanes + Shop on Bedford aids Boulevard, near the Botanical ispla: e it is on dis (This and the two accompanying photographs were made by Charles Weiss, through the co-operation of the Works Projects Administration.) A portion of the right-hand side of the plant illustrated on the preceding page, sowing several mature leaves with young plants aris Ne from the juncture of th blad e with the petiole. 2160 A young plant potted up, with the parent leaf still attached. Its own roots are not formed until after the new plant is set in soil. is its ae i rightful Seba name, but e “powers” vee a the International Rules of Botany have ery a its youn: me of Tolmica ear be its legal name, a not altogether unpraisewor rthy decision as it associates the name of Tolmie with a plant from the region where e is best associated. One of the most peer: things about the plant is its method of vegeta- tive propagation adventitious bud is present at the junction of the leaf- stem and the leaf- cae and from this bud a new plant grows even while the develops into a plant until the leaf has decayed or become separated from the parent plant. The plant, bea hayes and sets seed freely in the wild, but under cultivated oo it rarely flowers and so the eis buds develop into plants while e leaves are “till attached. Ap t in normal These young plan owever, will n m roots unless the leaf on whi they are present is ani hed and laced on ice oil under moist conditions. The flowers are borne in a raceme upon the terminal portion of a leafy- bracted stem eighteen inches to fe feet tall. They are tubular in shape, nodding, purplish and green in color, and most unattractive. In the wild young plants also arise from the axils of the leaves on the flower-stem. 217 Three-Day Short Course In Practical Gardening Announced In New Edition Of Educational Program die HE —o edition of the Educational Program, which is being issued an. uel is to 2 ae at ‘the New York Botanical Garden next spring. It is to be a Three-day Short Course in Practical en w ae ae ae strations, and practice under the supervision of six rofessional gardeners. It will ne place May 5, — ° 7, the ae ee from 10 a.m. to noon and ae 1:30 to 4:45 p in vi Boyce Thompson se Gestee H. Gillies, Head Gardener on the for Mrs. Mark S. Matthews at Rye, } : i Little, Superintendent for Col. Robert H. ee at ie Cob, Conn.; Robert Scott, Head Gardener on a estate of Mrs sane Burden - Mt. Kisco; and John Watts, Head ae on the ue nville estate at Pleasantville Ga. The description of the three ae ee concentrat ae tudy and gardening see as it appears in the Educational Program he course will deal with the fundamental principles of garden and each student will rhe required to work a on pate Sardenine eae ei atl “familiarity he the method is a Sune r, during ee be ipeaee part of the , prev effective outdoor work, ee ae “will be permitted to remain os an ae day t receive et acon from members of the g: euca ing s stall at the New York Botanical Garden. Subjects covered in the three days of work include such practical aspects of outdoor gardening as Soil Preparation, Pruning, Vegetative Propagation, Seed-sowing, Lawn-making, and Planting and Transplanting. Enrollment strictly limited to 50 students. oe must fhe made by April 15. The fee for the course will be $15. Annual members a the Botanical Garden if they are taking no other courses during the same year, will re- ceive a credit of $10, the amount of their membership fee, in ents for this co In courses to be given at the Garden this fall, the following subjects will be offere Field Botany, opening Saturday, Sept. 14, at 1 p.m. in the Museum Saad Dr. W. H. Camp in charge of course. A spring term will start in ebruar Galas ion of Trees and Shrubs, opening Thursday, Sept. 26, at 7:45 p.m. in the aes ee Mr. P. J. van ee oe This is one of the six subjects wo-year Course in Practical Gardening, for which a ane is seed Cultivation of ae Plants under Mr. Joseph W. Tansey will be given for the winter term. 218 Plant Pests and Diseases, starting Monday evening, Oct. 7, in the Museum een Dr. B. O. Dodge, instructor. Soils and basis the same evening, Dr. Frederick W. Kavanagh, Peers These two subjects will comprise a current autumn term of Two-year de winter, instruction will be given in a nt ne ane under D Dr. A. B. Stout in Ec desiring to register for any s subject i in ae Science Course m ust meet certain qualifications, meee will be passed on by a committee Saas at 7 p.m. on the opening night. The first class a t 7:45 p.m.; the second at 8:50. Beginning Mar. 31, Dr. H. W. Rickett’s course in Garden Appreciation we be repeat i te inf, he courses is contained in the en ee copies of which will - a free to inquirers upon req Autumn Lectures At The Garden OX. Sept. 14 the autumn series of free Saturday afternoon lectures will be opened at the New York Botanical Garden and will continue hi to illustrate most of the talks, the subjects of which are as follows Sept. 14 Flowers and Fruits of Autumn E. J. Alexander, Assistant Curator ‘Sept. 21 Success with Azaleas and Rhododendrons P.M. Koster, Nurseryman Sept. 28 Lighting for Flower Production John M. Arthur, Boyce Thompson Institute Oct. 5 Autumn Planting for Spring Bloom Ethel oe . Peckham, Honorary Curator, Iris & Narcissus Oct. 12 Some Seaweeds and Companions . Beaman Douglass, MD., Lecturer Oct. 19 Designing the Small Garden Nelson M. Wells, President, City Gardens Club Oct. 26 Gardens of Antiquity AT, W. Rickett, Assistant Bibliographer Nov. 2 Marvels in Plant Adaptation HN. Moldenke, Associate Curator B. O. Dodge, Plant Pathologist Nov. 9 How Garden Pests Spend the Winter Nov. 16 A Tour of the Conservatories T. H, Everett, Horticulturist Nov. 23 Grapes and Their Hine B. Stout, Curator of Education and Laboratories Nov. 30 Spring in the Asia Minos Islands Prof. & Mrs. Clarence H, Young Dec. 7 Garden Books for Christmas Gifts Elizabeth C. Hall, Librarian Dec. 14 Plants and the Course of Civilization W. H, Camp, Assistant Curator 219 Reviews of Recent Books (All publications reviewed here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) By Airplane to a Stone Age Island INEA EXPEDITION. chbold and A. L. Rand. illustrated and_ indexed. ae Bride & Co., New York, Ur Are 206 pages, Robert M. pant $3.5 lv different is this tale of explo others. In the ir ing in the almost unknown Fly River country of southern New inea, melo drama is so absent from the writing that one is almost persuaded that nothing exciting happened the if he books remains eminently readab’ s a straightforward, almos by- y account of the party’s doings that . The ae being zoolog fis is, perhaps, to be expected, uh the cee se . ile expedition are of tremendous import Treat at as a aaah never as melodrama, is the continual contact be- dern tween one of the most mo and highly equipped of all ae pl transportation and parachute landings, and the Stone Age Papuans, some of whom had never before seen a whit man. All relations between the party and he natives will be to the everlasting credit of the expedition. The climax of the trip, the news of the loss of the airplane, would in most such books have been the occasion for at least a chapter on the emotions of the party. In thi — two short parag: ae eee the consequences and saat! i nt. In a third, ies = are being made ee the rive rafts xcel oe maps scattered through the @ reader oriented in us — u raphy " addict increases. Pane familiarity with the face of the earth. Much of the human and scenic interest of onfi materially the book see in a sone sae ie ost of the good; o1 Tete it : a pity tee the t (oud ing-up seems to have been done ee a newspaper engraver. The book _is fea and ne print is large. It i ae be hope ed that the authors will eae us a story of their third expedition in a like manner. Bureau of Plan es United States Department of -lyriculture. But Where Are the Best of the Shrubs? THE. HOME BOOK OF TREES AND SHRUBS. J. Levison, 424 pages, illustrated and index sea Simon & Schuster, New York. $5. One evening toward t ts ae iL picked up this new ce eae “The wrote ush C2 eorhotaa) in various species display- ing graceful racemes of large white owers; shrubs like the Asiatic Sweet- pl leaf (Symplocos paniculata) and _ its wreaths of white blossom that a promise of bright blue fruits in the fall, nd s r for arrangements; or shrubs lik e American Witch Alder Urovheraila) stat paeeae ene = he But it these, indeed many fine genera he Barberry ‘for i Stance, 1s represented y only two of its al species— beatae and verruculosa, In B. some UE er pisces I believe the former now ban: 220 only in Hae sees in description ¢ bo ok disappointing, and some of oe errors, At page 77 we fi in a chapter dealing with the best trees and shrubs: “Japane 4 Glob flower (Kerria japonica)—double yellow owers ; ium shrub. his shrub also has varieties with single flowers in yellow or white.” ccording to all oth who have written textbook During August the entire collection of daylilies in the experimental plots and display beds at the New York Botanical Garden was treate with the tartar emetic spray that is considered useful in ae control of ion of derris or cubé in dust or in a spray may prove to be effective in reducing infestation. 246 Current Literature* At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh Indian Agriculture. In Sotl Conserva- tion ioe co st 1940, E. A. wa The rainfall on varies one to 15 inches the H ing the same waters for mi many years, are able to grow beans, melons, aes sweet corn, peppers and onions with great ae whey, bee 2 use no system of c sami poricn of the inherited land ee fanted o the same crop r, oe onal ceremon of pe nt cing min with sound Caan practic e Book. e Members’ Handboo! a he ene tee Saciety for ToD: 41 has a publines As usual it in- cludes menclature and reg- een pans er exhibitions oad wa, that a be visited in ihe United Poles New England. Mrs. Ethel Anson S. Peckham has “A Jaunt through New England” in the July number of the Bul- letin of the American Iris Society. Wild Roses. Among the many interest- ing articles in the September aad of Real G e one by Fra E. Give the Wild oe . J. Zevitas on ie ee Repair Worl mon, the ee a “Growing Native Plants From See Oldest Club. How the Garden Club of Georgia is pone four gardens as a memorial to the Ladies’ Garden Club of Athens, Goons probably the oldest ae club in the ety States, is told in Horticulture, Sept. 1, 1940. rn Bi iaghas Plants recently ir esate: baa are described in ae 1940 ar pe of the New Orleans Garden Scew, All publications mentioned here—and m eae be found in the Library ne nthe Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin: Sensitive Plant Demonstrated During October EMONST RATIONS of how the hice day, aie the time the main eg servatories open at 10 a.m. until 4 p one of the gardeners shows the abhi the effect of a stimulus on the leaves of Mimosa pudica. This is one oe ue few plants that ecb visible moti oe actual 1 a of the cae plant loubly compound affair, with four slender sal or vides radiating from th jeaves and their tion. arts in a normal posi- But if a gust of air comes along, or heat on the flame of a match, . if tl encil, some of e liquid these cushions is r ed, the cushions becomé artly deflated, a e SSI of the Ms a sharp blow dro sere themselves ceil. cit the upper urfaces of those on sen side of the together. nol position, If is stimulated too oe it will va to react. If it is exposed to ther it will appear t oe nscious, stimu- sadaisical air and may or The leaves are sluggish also at low temperatures. The sensitive plant grows wild nd Brazil, | are the stories wil th more ated. response than a person poor health. SENSITIVE PLANT PERFORMS FOR VISITORS Abov tudent Garden M. Ce demonstrating, te ree Pp action of Mim udica. Center left, aden's current display of sensitive plants. Center right, les ding right, the entire seaf. except for the petiole, showing the effect Of having been lightly touches with the finger. (Photographs by Charles Weiss, through the co-operation of the W.P.A.) 248 (All publications reviewed here Reviews of Recent Books may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) Rehder’s Long Awaited Revised Manual MANUAL OF CULTIVATED TREES AND SHRUBS. Second edi- tion, revised and enlarged. Alfred ehder: 996 pages, indered” om n Co., New York, 1940. $10.5 This justly famous book ha: ap- peared i its long ested mee edi- tion and meh who is raey in 001 ants cas ach for it with pleas- Certainly oe ‘is hard to estimate the ne ~ Bie yee a tion, The arged; t 996 pages inst ar of the 930 of the first edition, Thi genera, 335 species, 220 varieties and 33 hybrids have been a on . id. single addition of species, by bee in os cee ‘Rhatodenron, BB. o noe s ao e€ work of fume has me a that. Descriptions fave een seo ae clarified, Fees information has n added, and the estimations of hardi- — have none revised based on observa- tions made during the last 12 years, Keys hi been reshuffled to remove weak- nesses which they formerly contained and in epts of probable ENoe th America TV in ‘the new manual so far anpear to be hardy at the Montreal Botanical Garden. However, I admit that the ay of observation has been too eee t to dra definite conclusions and besides I inow that Professor Rehder hee etna his indications of hardiness only helpful estimate. ne unfortunate feature of the new tional les of menclat necessitate the at majorit H changes. But surely as a still be in ot ude, at su hi . - well established names as Pin a be- coming ifithi; Sequoia giaantes, a mula; Stewartia Keer Ss. Ariat Bioko V~. angst folt laeviflor ee even more i plorable are some where the same name applied in the ecies is now trans- Per cases w old edition to one sp ferred to another. Cato: amee rotundifolia Wall. of the old edition is n nged to C. disticha, while Cotoneaster renee Baker of the old edition is now C. rotund, ce ae unfortunate! Vitis nm is now apparently was a case of mistaken tity, but how sad! Some consolation . found in the study of these changes nizing in cer- tain of the new names old friends which T fir: an learned to pronounce when I was a good deal younger. Prof e sanuly retained to these names ag: in Ae cases because of a recent dane in he rules of nomenclature. Some of hese names, by the way, remained in use 249 among practical fortis ansts during the whole period while hapa ere supposed to be conerecded pre nm :9 me of the Tilia americana ete T. glabra of the old ; Camellia for Thea; Aronia Lindera for Ben ni of the old e b al to Q. falcata Decuce nfusion on by Zs fact that Quetcis borealis uc. x known under its old nam , rubra, Let us hope that sometime in the future we shall ok some sort of stability in ee nomenclatur: of names will be reduced to an absolute Professor Rehder, who, o t : oA on! Hi . ork which he has don bound to a great deal a ingratitude and etiticem because he had t ngth of his convicti Hew: Bieter of Tec a ca ontreal Botanical Garden, English Life and Gardens GARDENS OF CHARACTER. Marion Cran. 284 pages, illustrated and indexed, Macmillan Co., New York. 1940. $3. s Gardens of Character is ra es and one prays t! “Coggers” has been spared, The book ri the lif behind the hedges and the whole phil osophy and rm 0 e ce _ Living of memories and suggesti pete enjo the horticultural part, plea hearing of the vernal kening in February (it always seems a miracle to us). The book tells of species unfamiliar to Americans, also of plants we know a like, such as yuccas. S us ha see blooming in California eae yons with Sedum acre as a ground cover; they are unforgettable. Mrs, Cran is kindly too—she writes a our Concord grapes iat never mention: how sour they are. Is she also ieoohche when asks, “With all the she Ss, goodly Empire to settle in, why = do ids pees ee: will and if ey do hep will appreciate _ te more—horticultur- ie and others HELEN | enti vE GERSDORFF. New Crops for the Far South L FRUITS FOR THEIR, USES. pages, indexed. Ari aH aw V4 Atki rol ae phere of Harvard oan versity, ica Plain, Mass. 19 $1.50. The author of this interesting book has hee connected for several years with on and _propa- fruits both in Florida the fi st pages he points out the possibility . eer nae in uy rida and the fut hat may be de- an_idea of the fecha ue to follow. portant ones the plant, its in ntro ee different __localitie’ analysis from diferent countries where the plant is cultivated. . PL Carasia, bet cedar Volum BS_IN THE enn AND THEIR LEGENDS. Vernon Quinn, 308 pages, indexed. Illustrated by Marie A. Lawson. Fred A. Stokes & Co., New York. 19 very friendly, pleasant book Vernon Quinn's latest. It con aie tok it of t gary sectmentahty that used to spoil oe: about flowers, but 01. plenty of information that seems sient feally trustworthy is ane in little stories or most surprising a charming quota- tions from the old heriaick and early 250 botanists. It is a book to pick up for a few minutes also a worthy Seer ti volumes by aie on Quinn on seeds, leaves, and ri Jutta T. Emerson. An English Text in Biology INTERMEDIATE BIOLOGY. W. F. Wheeler, 530 pages, illustrated on in- dexed. Chemical Publishing Co, ew York. 1940, $6. he elementary biology taught our ao is ee comparative eee of anim: a heritage from the a it allows plants more space and describes them more competently than is usual, and ake: distin roach to a mor modern, physiological point of view This is almost the first elementary text seen y this reviewer which recognizes tha plants as well as animals use hormones and vitamins. That physiology still has to sneak i the back door, however, is seen in the rather confused arrange- ment: ety growth substances are in- troduced a Bs ead a Pea ie and titled “Horm ” The cl er on evolution deals mainly with a ls, as might be expected. The i volutionary development than ne Thallophyta,” and that woe has pn “a gradual transition It from Bryophyta to Angiospermae.’ is characteristic of nr: ern teaching that, acne too lovingly to an evolutionary fra: ork, it dae to keep evolution up to date. As many English textbooks, sug- gestions. for laboratory eae are in- cluded. Som f ce, fig. 211 selec cea works in vA erica, Certainly its terminology is too atundanG its discus- sions too condensed for most American undergraduates. It aa however 1, serve as a useful reference work, particularly for teachers. H. W. Rickert. Japanese Gardens Portrayed By One Who Understands Them THE T OF _JAPANESE GAR- NS. Loraine E. Huck Saas Pages: 67 illustrations. John Co., New York, 1940. $5. is: refreshing to read a book on Japanese eh which - not based upon i ane given in the group of joneaece gardeners manuals aublicher at about Ba of the eight- eenth century and to ioriren: i pes the collective name ay a d Oral Transmissions.” In 1893 for. Beets together with an interesting account of ke Parnes of pot the designer and the or whom each garden was con- atraeed! In dition to the great land- scape and stroll gardens of the nobility contemplation, the niin as well as the impressionistic and the back-yard gardens o city ve a a is endowed with a high deere o ae ean the power trayal and a flair for a = < a 2 S Ei ht and living, on the development Ervin S. Ferry. Pacific Coast rahe: SUNSET’S COMPLETE GARDEN BOOK. ree ee illustrated and indexed. Sunset Magazine, San Fran- cisco, 1940. $1. The western gardener is fortunate in having uate such a Re ient hand- i ok, Mos ar garden Pooks arden a have beer prepared tama or * The garden of the Tenryuji temple near Kyoto. 251 temperate parts of the United States and those regions where little winter garden- ing is possible. ir per ane they are of little value in Pacific West where gardening oie are so diff ae t, And even in the Pacific West conditions vary, a fact recognized by the oF of this garden book, who have further separated the region into an : Northwest, Paci- fic Central and Pacific Southwest. The ae contains discu: os of garden plans and care, the growing of annuals, perennial cad shrubs, and special ae bulbs, tuberous-rooted plan and rock Ee rdens. e is a chapter on how to make terest an y month charts of ‘ to do” in garden and the growing encyclopedia, The latter an alphabetical index of the native and tic plants mos’ ly in the exotic pla commonly used region with brief gong and notes on e Of c volumi it ° tripler and Eriogonum, the California laurel (Um- bellularia), and Calycanthus occidentalis. atiecine and Table than thie a tics i MatTHias, Berkeley, Calif. This hated Knows How OUR OWN GARDENER. BE int Patterson. 340 Hees. illus- trated and indexed. Har & Brothers, New York. 1940. $2 0. The writer took up this book with a little of the wearied feeling: eerie bab: — ook wa doo ection in September ee pes Ane salads foot the following spring, or they may ie ander along to tell of the author’s nia als, oe ergreens, pools and ro i ork garden equipment presented clea rly and with much that is wise and us ful. r, Patte: oo. Bare en he is talk- s bo tomers and very intriguing.” Also: “If ou wish your early n to b qiecne. ive, may I suggest closer study of those back pages of bulb catalogs, usually headed ‘Miscellaneous Bulbs’? wer kes n wer crocuses along with re camassias and chionodoxas and trout lilies,” ete.—an inspiring list. — e following strikes a bales a metimes wonder why anyone s, Standard ever y' oi args ae Cian In truth, I not like have foregone the a ee eae ae eee any of them. Each gave me something of lasting value—in eaigue adventure, in areca viewpoint, in etter understandin RAH V. Coomss. Notes, News, and Comment Registration. Sixty professional gar- deners are registered this term in the Two-year Science offered Monday evenin, i den, the includes employees of the York Cit: epartment, pro- fessional! eine ers who were registered last year in the Carden’s practical course, and se eta Al = mployees of as florists and nurserymen, well oO gardeners 252 estates in and around New York. Some of the pane come more than 60 miles oO ae oe ass — Au eek, r Course in Practical Gardening which eee every Thursday e c evening, th i registratio: los to 90. These students include a numbe of men and women aiming to develop their own home gro and te: law sional gardeners wyers, lecturers, executives, and other eae people for whom gardening is a hobby. Art. Six hundred New York high school students, members of Gis ao Art League, came to the York Botanical Garden the dae af Oct. , to hear a lecture by Harold von chmitt, President of th ociety Illustrators. Dr. liam J. Robbins ad- mn to art, second v the Cag is planned for Oct. 19, when the group is to sketch scenes and flowers. Visitors. Dr. M. M. Rhoades, who is mbia versity, visited the New York Botanical pene with Dr. Th. Doe, of the partment of zoology at Columbia, Oc ” Among the visitors during September M were D. A, cLarty of pe pee lege, Eva Lieberg a Wes ool in Pennsylvania; Carlos Mutor Pegool iago, Chile; erbert Sterns, McGill University and the Botanical en 1 Montreal; Frank E. Egler, State School of Forestry, Syracuse; Fred M. Uber, University of Missouri; John J. Matter, Cleveland Garden Center; E. H. Walker, Sonn Instit tution aaa y, University Pennsylvania Philip o Ghandice. of with Mrs. C. Asmous, Arn Vernon Watson, Royal Botanic G: aan and rass, American of Na tural History. Student. Father Adam rag del 2 ne more, a in. Columbia, has come Botanical Garden to work doctorate in taxonomy. graduate student 1 oO f e ow toward his Sabbatical. Dr. rothy Day, Profes sor of Botany at mone College, will spend her ebeitical year at the New York Botanical iadipate fa research in Dr. Robbins’ laborat Curator. Dr. A, C. Smith left the New York Botanical Garden late - eee 2 a his new pos Curator of the Herbarium at the Ural Arboretum, ene Plain, Mas: Erysimum. George B. Seon of Stanford Gavi a a weel ne ie oe in Se ets nm the rae MU, Delegate. Dr. A. Sto sa dele- gate fon the Doane ee to the Conicrence on etary Philosophy, and Religion in Relation to the oe Way of Life, which was held in York City Sept. 9-11. Groups. Among the students who have been pone on ee of the Garden ecent wi group of 22 Ga: School, with thei U1; ept. 4 nea ce on “Native ee for Natural Soils” before the Bedford Garden Club. Diatom Gift. Samples of 43 diatoms found in the eg peat bas ae e the tanical n wanes rida State Geologist. These oe ent portions of the 42 numbered s: ples provided by the Florida State Cox: logical Survey, aa any as ee ne of a paper writte r. G. Hanna of the Chia eee 1 urvey’s f sample was later added to Retired. Ludwig J. Manz, who had in the Main Conserva- the collection. Island. 1882, when he beg: nm apprentice in the former arch ied “Potanical Garden in Salem, Baden, Ger Later he worked in comme: rial aectablishments, then came to this country in 1892, THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I rs VE MANAGERS Until 1941: E. C. Aucute ARSHALL Fietp, Mrs, Eton Voeeab tassel Hooxer, Joun L. Merrine ( Vice. president), Cor. Rosert H. Mow MERY, H. Hoparr Pouren and A, Percy SAUNDERS Until 1942: ARTHUR ‘ ANDERSON (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry pe La MontaGne (Secretary and Assistant Treasurer), and WiLtiaM J. Rossrns, Until 1943: Henry ve Forest Batpwin (Vice-president), Henry F. pu Pont, Attyn R, Jennincs, Henry Lockuarrt, Jr, D. T. MacDoucat, Mrs. HaRoip I. Pratt, and JoserH R. Swan (Presiden #), Il, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Picseee H. oe arpia, Mayor of the City of New York. T Moses, Park Commissioner. ES Manat aee President of the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS H. A. GLeason, Giggs by the Torrey oe Club. ARPER, SAM TRELEASE, EpMuUND W. SINNotTT, and Marston T. BocERr, appointed by “Columba Universit ty. GARDEN STAFF ae Pg Pu. D,, Sc. D. Director H. A, Gizason, Pu. D. Assistant Director ps Head Ga HENRY DE ok MonTAGNE Assistant Director A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J, Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. uraior Brernarp O. Donce, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist Joun HeNDLEY BARNHART, Ay Mi Me De ws sss chee eea ie ena Berane re we Rickert, Px. D. aie Bibliogra; BERT C, SMITH, Pu. D. ssoctate Ce eth N. MOLDENKE, Pu. Pat Associate Cater LIZABETH C, Hatt, A. B., B. rari 1. H. fay M. 'B. diteeeake oes Curator of the Economic itd LEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer ERCY WiLson Research Associate OBERT S. WILLIAMS Research Associate in Bryology J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium H Pu. D. Assistant Curator NDLER, A. M bs Technical Assistant OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant FrepericK KavanaGcH, M.A. Technical Assistant ‘AROL H. Woopwaro, A. B, Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. ae we D. Hort. Horticulturist . L. Wirrrocx, A. Custodian of the Herbarium TTO DECENEE M. a Collaborator in Hawatian Botany OBERT HAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes JoserH F, Pu K Pre morary Curator of the Diatomace. . A, Kruko: onorary Curator of Economic Botany THEL con S. PECKHAM. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections a J. Pena TT ‘uperintendent ae Buildings and Grounds eo Assistant Superintendent To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Blvd., the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park Ne . iv e Grand Conco coming from Westchester turn west at the end of Brons River Pkwy MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN Established as a privately endowed insheutien, aided partially by City appro- priations, The New Mo rk Botanical Garden is dependent for its progress eel upon benefactions and m cube ships. Through 4 ese means, though young as botan: al gardens go, it has become the third largest ee of its kind, its ibe epee and hortewieural Meolleeeone ranking the finest and most complete any country. caret ship in The New York Botanical Garden, therefore, means promotion of scien She research in botany and the advancement of horticultural interests. Soenute lly, the Garden is able to serve as a clearing-house of information for me are botanists all over the wos fortcueuely, sci serves as a link g pu Ee tween the plant explorer or breeder and the garden memberships and eee provision is made at the Botanical Garden for the training of young scientists and student gardeners; nundeee of ne books are ade nually ie the library, whi _op dail he public for re- n and Belenes) eal ectures, courses, and free information in botany and gardening are given to oe pu lic. Each i month. (2) 2 of Addisonia once a year, each number illustrated with sight Glored plates of unusual bea accompanied by complete descrip- and other pertinent infor: 3) A share of erp lve are aig of interesting or new varieties whenever it is distribut nacuncrmens of special floral displays at the Garden from season to seaso 5) Grd to the extent of the membership fee paid, toward courses tudy offered by the Garden. A limited number of Garden clubs are accepted as Affiliates. The privileges of affiliation are one lecture a year by a member of the staff, a share in the distribution of plants when they are available, a subscription to the Journal aad to Addisonia, and announcements of special aceite: at the Botanical Garden. In addition, any member of an stiletee club may enroll in one of the Garden’s ae courses each Fellowships or eee for practical student-training in horticulture or for botanical research may be ea re shed by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a definite The Bree of neater at types of benefaction are as follows: al mber 1 $ 10 Sustaining Memb: nual Garden Club Afhliation annual fee for club 25 Fellowship Mem nual fee 00 Member for Life si ntri 5 Fellow for single contribution 1,000 atron single contribution 5,000 Benefactor single contribution 25,000 Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved nae of bequest: I hereby bequeae to The York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, ae ter ee of 1891, the of ——————_. Pb es bequ be de Mee income payable to donor or any designated beneficiary Suan ae or hee lifetime All requests for further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, “2 a | OM IRGINAL, peer OF GARDEN Vor. 41 NOVEMBER PAGES No. 491 1 9 4 0 253—276 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editor ember, 1940 NoveMBER SCENE IN THE FLoraL DispLay HousE Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith AUTUMN IN THE Pine BARRENS Eleanor C. Marquand 253 Mempers GRANTED Free LOAN OF LANTERN SLIDES 256 Growinc Ferns FROM Spores ON STERILE NUTRIENT Mepia Clara S. Hires 257 First Motion Picture or Garpen, Atso New Memsers’ Room, Make IniTiAL APPEARANCES 266 Inpoor Fiorat Display OPENS FOR THE SEASON 266 gece ae eke oe ConiIFERS OBSERVED IN R CALIF Tra L. Wiggins 267 a OF ane pe 270 Nores, News, AND COMMENT 275 RDENS IN WINTER The opening of the Indoor Floral Display for the season in the Main Conserva- h : tories brings a new throng of visitors to the Garden every bias nd to aes ae thousands of flowering plants and ferns that = bane shown under glas majority of these may be seen i year around, but the Tadaor Floral” Dinnay is is opened anew each November and tan “then until the end of May e Tropical Flower Garden ae “also supplied with new material after being partly denuded during the ow, just a year after it was originally opened, it presents a picture arc enacally as in its luxurianc These two well designed gardens represent the current trend in presenting Gurley: ic j one b ng for the public’s enjoyment. In years , people visiting a rvatory filed past shelves and benc on whic ed plan ere set in rows a t the Botanical Garden they stroll through a pleasant garden on winding walks giving vistas down er-bordered Ss. re is no other place in New ork where a continuous flower show may be seen the year around, and at times on Sundays and holidays the conservatories are not large enough to hold the crowds. But cones weekdays many people are able to enjoy the garden scene from ch. In neither the Floral Display House nor the Tropical Flower Garden is there a suggestion of potted plants be nee for the Poe are all pluses! in a : give the illusion of a permanent outdoor garden. Yet nearly 400 pots of plants in ful ul loom were transported from “Rang e 2, where they were aah. to Range 1 the Main Conservatories, prior to se opening of the Indoor Floral Deply. “And 350 additional pots of pa as were awaiting their turn to appear as soon as their buds were mae ened. w of trained gardeners is kept busy growing new plants from eon cotinge or © balks to be displayed in the conservatories. Every few s they are able to produce an ntl. new effect wit oa plants that they loom. isitor have recently brought into bl The visitor who comes once has by no means se I. any come week after week, and find new sights i their delight on every visit. The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second- glass matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 10 cents. Free to members’ of the Gar LIBRARY JOURNAL an f THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vow. 41 Novemser, 1940 No. 491 Autumn In The Pine Barrens ' By Eleanor C. Marquand N the early autumn, after a few frosty nights, those who love the woods : s tab- lished there have disappeared for one reason or another, so that this vast tract of some million and a quarter acres is today la nee as it was when first discovered—a great expanse of pine and ol forests growing in oil. There are four state forests in the a Barrens—Lebanon, Penn, Bass aang and Green ae through which wind many m miles of fine gravel On Bear Sw serene in the Penn ree is a lookout with a view ort a going many m ies ee. In Bass River forest are eaage ex- a Ror ieree - Espen iar Douglas-fir, Norway spruce and five kinds of pin Those who go to t e Pine eae at this season”, will find the leaves of the southern vee maples in the swamps as vivid a red as were their blossoms in April. The fa aise too, ‘vill be turning by the watercourses, “1 This article ios originally es for a broadcast on the Radio Garden Club program over Station WOR and other stations 7 the Mutual Broadcasting System It was to have io ven on Bane 7, but was canceled because . the broadaasit ing see the World Series, a is Dene. published hee a permission of the Agricultural fice ity. 2 Th se who wish to pienie or ee in the Pine Barrens may eat by the vas in Lebanon forest, At the Dat i pee vie on Route S40, three-quarters of ile east of Four Mile Circle, obtain, for a nominal sum, a permit for fire in a picnic shelter or for’ serine ae a aay at a camp site wiich: is eudonel with the necessities. Deep Hollow Pond is recommended as a camping site. 253 254 and the cranberry vines changing to dark . as ee I eae ree Sur glowing crimson. machs, poisonous or rwis all beautiful in their autumn i T pe painf pane uae wi af ene sumac! or its near relative, poison ivy, gi ide berth to shrubs ic ear small white fruits among their brilliant leaves. Blackberries and creeping dewberries, blueberries and huckleberries are over, a berries are go t look at and t Indians taught our fe ers to eat blueberries and cranberries, and latter soon feeae red to be a sovereign remedy for vy. Eagerly they e sought i on rshy places, but it was not until 1835 that one Benjamin Thomas, living near Burr’s Mills in aise mane had the ingenious idea of making a cranberry bog of his own. The important cranberry aisles in South Jersey and oo Cape Cod are the result of this experimen Bearberry, ae very hie creeping evergreen plant which carpets many miles of the dwarf for ests, is thick with rather dull red berries by Octo €, can occasionally be discovered even in May, apparently unchanged by the rigors of winter. Clambering over Pinieets will be the fox grape, its black-fruited, and deciduous winterberry, whose scarlet fruits are so widely used in Christmas decorations as to threaten this shrub with ae arena Ano ee ay with tein is mistletoe, which one occa- Peni finds owing on tupelos in swampy places. American holly, in covered with scarlet fruit as ar ae with their gray-white fruits from which our ancestors — candle: On the island dunes the grasses are em ith ne and wild rose- d hip e ine ted by the New rid! Beach plums have prac- ene bush may still eee some of its juicy load. One may still have e surprise, too, of find h-long, purple- Ss fruits low of the prickly-pear cactus ie shores of Barnegat Bay, ndsel wi covered with silky white seed-clusters—at a little distance decept ely like blossoms. These are almost the only woody-stemmed Composites in this whole region, and they sometimes grow as much as 10 feet tall. 255 the Pine Barrens once more, sharp s will cae oe The Pine Barren gentian, one of the loveliest of late autumn flowers in the sandy southern coastal region of New Jersey. (Photograph by courtesy of John Gill) 256 rosy-flowered gerardias. There will be an abundance of goldenrod, goldén- asters, lavender asters o: n slender, wand-like occasionally the narrow- see perennial sunflow ast, but ¢ stems, i. ae ages with ertainly not least, are two flowers o peep reas chart ro gygnel, a branching m annual with minute white y flow which e it an exquisite, lace- qui like quality, and the ae “Barce ie to me He loveliest of all the lovely flo owers ot s one reluctantly a homeward once more, it is worth while to Rockefeller kway ap- pone planted mainly with native plant material, as a memorial to John D. , or. day I ho in oe Pine Barrens to include the see a national park eee near the state parks dwarf forests, b the unspoiled bit of sea-island which is stil ie canes) park like streams and no other, jogs, an which will preserve a unique section of the United ce in its original ty. Members Granted Free Loan Of Lantern Slides Garden’s Large Collection Made Available As ITH the completion of the catalog of photographic prints arid rec- Hi of lantern slides in the enn files, as announced in the September ue of the Journal, sere ‘of the New York Botanical eae a be per- mitted to borrow slides to in lectures. This arrangement gives jaembers a privi- lege which they have not enjoyed before, d i i dition ir sub: bership fee paid, use of the new embers room in the Museum Building, and other advantages. Only Ahose slides which are not being eae used by ae ene ne lec- s will be ut Ww: he Gar- ound a wide range of for which aang iineeations for a lec- ture can A provided. Sets of slides on a given topic, such Additional pieces of Membership g flowers, will be made ao a shioped doo request so far as the supply permits oie more than 50 slides may ig with- are for peek dide eine loner, will be made, Slides that d beyond piece if plain. glasses are re broken they will be Goad for at 20 cents each. Only members 0 of the Garden sl be itted to bor lides Special. slides can be prepared only a personal pe in the etl aie Mr. G. L. Wittrock has charge of all the loans, with thee buen ee ae on Saturdays. 257 Growing Ferns From Spores On Sterile INutrient Media By Clara S. Hires HE spores of ferns are only about one-thousandth of an inch in length, yet u inder a hh se each one of these has the potentiality of becoming a mature fern plant. Ideal ae ee er, are not easy to provide. The very complex 1 organisms, pie mosses, and liverworts. Fungi and insect pests which prevail or unfavorable conditions of moisture or light may destroy these ae plants. A healthy crop of prothallia or of young sporophytes may be ea a palate ss by disease or an unfavorable situation. Ak su thod of fern cultu eginner, however, always expec a to reach his goal immediately. The experienced grower knows that only years of study combined with trial and error will bring ultimate success, Even in the best nurseries I had mies heavy losses in the produc- tion of ferns from spor So, hav pao worked at Cornell University with the pure ee method a appli ed to orchids, during i I be technique on fer. "GE adually it became apparent that this method would be valuable for eae of botany, for growers desiring a large and — oe of — and for con adidas es to repopulate s fro the rarer ferns are bei nated, tk arene a ae to use for toe I ae to ea not only of the aaa nutrient oe ike has become our problem of major portan During the past ten years I have become increasingly Serer that the intelligent pee s “inability to pane and measure light accu- rately has not only been a major obstacle to the explanation of his success, but also - too often been a factor in his pane losses. The essence of the pure culture method is that the plant be grown in the ue ee of all other organisms. This is a ae artificial Pe eS ae Se ot wae Rann Young sporophyte of Pol-t-2eer vtec dencte nt fame oo elongated prothalliu ; Ore ee ee Spores of Polypodium aureum germinating. If the light is Ce the cells “divide quickly and a broad ae is forme method which permits complete control of all factors of nutrition and environment. It permits or fai quate cular oe and technique alone; a proper environment is sae impor he plants are grown in glass containers (tubes or flasks) on a apes solution composed of all the essential elements and mixed v The best laboratory technique should be used in cleaning this ee before the steam- nce eee is into it h those used i enough to permit one to sow spores on the surface of the culture coe to support the plants when they begin to grow, and to remain rigid dur ing shipment by express or mail. 260 heating he large flasks of Sues ae mixed with agar and sterilizing them with steam, a large laundry boiler is practical. When the agar is dissol ved a measured amount oe a heated culture medium is poured ae ae ee segs ee bee or flasks. The amount depends the size and p ner. ries this, th r 4 Ciaran fs eas Under side of a prothallium of Polypodium aureum. The darker cells under the met or among the rhizoids of such ae eliaeed pro- ja usually indicate reproductive or (Magnified 30 diameters) micro-organisms if the cotton is ee a nies the tubes and aie have been provided with the cottor rs, they are sterilized by steam to kill all organisms in the culture oe and cotton, The time of sali: tion depends on the pressure of steam, on the number and size of the s or flasks to be ilized, a: the materials used in the nutrient solution. When the tubes have been ree = re placed t Habra h a position that the surface will s is is essentially th Th method used in bacteriology, and a ae of bacteriological ae is necessary for success. reventing ice aaa is a matter of care with every detail. Solu- tion allowed to boil up on the stopper, or water dropped on the outside, will permit ct ere to pee through the oe The vapor is harmless on the stoppers, if allowed to dry quickly. There are innumer- The laboratory greenhouse at Millburn, N. J., where the author is growing ferns and other plant materials on sterile nutrient media under highly controlled conditions. Mature antheridia, one of then detached from a portion of a prothallium of Lygodium palmatum. (Magnified 212 diameters) able little details that would need to be mentioned if the worker does not It should be obvious that if the culture medium ae container must be sterilized, the spores must also be free of micro-organ This not be done by heat; since the spores ae would be killed, To fe - spores of micro organisms they are placed in a small test tube to whi added a solution of chloride of hae as described by J. K. Wilson in the American Journal of Botany for 1915 (pages 420-427). The tube is then closed with a cork and the tube is shaken, usually by hand, until each spore becomes thoroughly wetted. The time for treatment depends in part on the ainount of foreign cole mixed with the spores. Usuall: a thirty-minute treatment is sufficient for clean spores. By adapting a massage vibrator to the purpose, ae with a can be automatically shaken for the entire period. The degree of agitation is controlled by a rheostat. Constant ea providing better oe seems to improve germination, as well as sterilization. Too long sterilizing decreases or destroys the vitality of the spores. 263 In Suen the Serr a looped platinum wire is used such as is com- monly employed in bacteriology. The spores avers rise to the surface, and the desired sere may be picked up by e. They are then spread over the surface of the agar. In ae cotton stopper to permit sowing of the spores and in all other ope erations involved, care must be observed to prevent the entrance of micro-organisms into the aa The work cu be done as quickly as possible, with the opening held near a flam: te ei fern spores wi i not germinate in darkness. Usually I use light intensity of from 10 to 50 foot candle power, dependi ing on cs species uy ss germinated. The te temperature is controlled for F. As soon as a green growth appears on the surface, the light intensity, which is measured with a ene cells and a recording ce meter, is then increased to 50—75 foot candle power. From this point it is gradually increased to about 150 co ue until the reprq- fee organs are formed. Ferns vary markedly in relation to light in- ae oe , or ec on The same picture shown on the preceding page, enlarged 400 diameters to a the ee discharged from the mature antheridium that has broken loo. The protonema-like growth of the prothallia of Cibotium heidii caused by insufficient light. Magnified 86 diameters) ensity. eat ee 2 example, may rely in age lik referred to here are under oe ae oie eee is cut down or made indirect by paint, cheesecloth or muslin. The development of sex organs in ferns is aa d by the intensity of light. But i oisele can not occur unless the male gamete reac ches nsure fertilization a small a of water is siphoned essel from a large flask under sterile conditions. fod a So irs} oa a g are egg cell the sporophyte is produced. Sporophytes may be observed within ar ter adding t ater. In certain ferns, such as Pteris, develop- out sexual ne ion. In ith Po Iypodiun aureu as eae sees and ha appens occasionally w still fae studied. - roblem of light in relation to development is 2 normal light or some daylight fl of fine heart- on ed ae oe al | glass, s out infra-red as well as ultra-violet, seems to show When the sporophytes are produced the light intensity may be caerened New w prothallia to Aes 250—400 foot candle power, but at no time can the tube or flask exposed to direct light. Even though faint, ie sunlight results in an increased temperature within the tube, and death of the plant may r ermination of fern spores in pure cultures is practically 100 per cent. Thus G All prothallia survive and may even ae vegeta es from a a i= Re, oO Ks) ° a 5 a g 5 2° Land 8 2. as oO fo] im B. aa wn 08 oO : 3 I obtained many thousands of prothallia. When the nose are a eee they may Veget proliferation n ing into prothal- lium-like struc- tures 266 be removed without endangering the prothallia which are still pre aa sporophytes i nay be transplanted to the esired potting tera he ae a larger the sporophyte the better, of course, the chance of - surviy 2 viene value for growers, these pure cultures of ferns Besides have particular advant The student may the prothallia com letely free o suitable for microscopic obser ation The grower, whether he aa. will find the ates f s in the teaching of courses in eet readily the entire development of the fer { foreign matter. s ferns for a oe method, when used with care, a botany or biology. mm and They are especially hobby, for profit, or for reliable source for healthy ferns in large quantities. First Motion Picture of Garden, Also New Members’ Room, Make Initial Appearances ee first motion picture in color taken Fleda Griffith with the Garden’s new motion picture camera had its cer e Boa the Sark at Range 2 in pee for ex- hibits, and of ‘such op spraying, lawn- raking, and Santine shrubs Much more will be added to the fi lm as time a it is more he Advisory Council has pro- vided the furnishings for the room, melee has been ee ned for members 't for confer $, meetings, teas, or reading room white hey are ey ih the librar | be open the same hours as rest oe the building: from U1 p.m, beginning Nov. and until Sp m. beginning March 1. Indoor Floral Display Opens For The Season HRYSANTHEMUMS are the fea- 5 Vv. onservatories, This date marked the beginning of an ever- changing flower Show, which will be con- tinued through eee As new plants come into bloom ee after week in the Garden’s oe they will be added to the display. Every few weeks a com- plete new scene tiie be created, This w design has been car- ied out a or garden phe the winter fotal display is staged. bark paths separate the sa ie of ilo and a fountain plays at one end of the main path. The great ee a which has been called the world's finest speci- 1 under forms a focal 1 follow. enches are provided both here and in me Tropical panes Garden for the com- fort of visitors. 267 Yellow Pines And Other Conifers Observed In Lower California By Tra L. Wiggins Dudley Herbarium Stanford University N the September Journal an oni was given of the expeditions in Lower Cali- fornia undertaken by Dr, Ira Wiggins of Stanford University, and a itumber of the strange plants encountered es were described. In the accompanying article Dr, Wiggins Pion about some of o ce of the peninsula and of a botanical roblem among the pines which he solve —C.H.W. HE a in the ee part of Lower California is practically the adjacent part of the rue Sree mainly in ter Tistic species of the and an equally as one travels Pe ar r Ca lifornias one of s that in rt the yellow pine known to grow in the Sierra San ro Martir. In the Sierra eer of ‘California there are two economically important yellow pines, Pinus ponderosa and Pinus Jeffrey, Ae on nie hee gated to varietal ran nk under the i In this oy a P. id nsition zon P. Teffrevi wows derosa occurs mainly in the Ar [ eis t 2 gher altitudes in i uppe and in the Canadian zone. In some Californi ine pee in appearance, P aa eyi ee more bluish cast of the needles, glau e, wh ermost parts . the Arid Transi- jan are ee two are S 5 9g is in) ia} =] ic wu Bo rously growing young shoots, and a penne “del the inner bark. In other northern regions the two intergrade to such an extent that it is extremely difficult to distinguish bet them t Sierra Nevada the aes pine usually grows above 6,000 feet, with P. ponderosa occurring as low as 3) nes and from there upward to the zone en ntact henge itand P. Jeffrey cessively more southern But a ate pines are examined suc ea one finds that there is a decided tendency for the Jeffrey pine to grow lower and lower on soe mountain slopes and to replace P. pon- ay even at the lower eleva In San Diego County there seems to be about an equal number of ae ners rees commonly considered P. Jeffreyi, and the smaller-coned P ponderosa with non- aoe bark on the yo a branches. Then, as one aan the yellow pines in the Sierra Juarez and t Sierra San Pedro Martir, the nur eee i small- ene light- pales wees diminishes ree to ce eee vestern flanks the “TE For a map of these expeditions see page 204 of this Journal for September 1940 268 Sierra San Pedro ore i dee colonies and isolated specimens of 00! ae ine appear at an eleva of about 3,000 feet above sea level and gradually increase in ae venti extensive wand cover thousands of ac elevations of from 6,0 ,0 Practically every es a asl eg in this region, be it among the isolated ae duals at low alti- tudes or in the forests higher up, shows the characters of the Sierra Packing out from La Encantada in the Sierra San Pedro Martir. Pinus Jeffreyi is the conifer forming the background of the scene. Nevadan Jeffrey pine. The cones of most of the Lower Caltfornian specimens are 6 to 7 inches high, have the same orange-brown color an the sharply Se prickles at the ends of the cone-scales as those shown {P y the cones o Jeffreyi from more peas localities. The bark of the young growth is glaucous-orange, the needle oo ae and the bruised bark has the delicate vanilla-like eta On the basis of field observations, nea of herbarium specimens, and : Laer slides it seems clear to me that the yellow pine of Baja California is Pinus leffreyi. Aq é y of s f this pine eileea in Sep r, 193: has been turned over the Institute of rest Genetics at Placerville, i that trees raised fr this seed may, during the course of a lefinitely vi the taxonomic and genetic status ears, d of the on Canon yellow Pinus quadrifolia is abundant ee the Sierra Pinal (a gently sloping range lying east of and parallel to the Sierra Juarez) and below 269 the Jeffrey pine belt along the northwestern and western slopes of the Sierra San Pedro Martir. Pinus monophylla, another of the pifion pines, i { uir-leaved pine, b i idad. eeds ot secs are gathered for ne by the Mexicans and Indians of the region, certain quantity of these seeds reaching the markets in Ensenada, rennet and Tia Juana on years of good seed production Libocedrus decurrens grows in most of the Pike where running water occurs, occasionally descending below 3,000 fee r examp le, it is ee resent in small numbers along the banks of El Rio o Doming Antonio, at an altitude of about 2,100 feet. A nur ee of fie o rees ie in the canyon about a quarter of a mile above the ruins of the Mission of San Pedro Martir, at an altitude of 4,860 feet. This is probably the most southerly station for the incense cedar on the peninsula. Juniperus californica is common on arid plateaus and dry ridges in the Upper Sonoran zone o e interior regions in southern California and into alifornia endi giv! me decided oe all ‘of the br a interior mountain valleys at moderate elevations in the Sierra Juarez. South of Valle de la Trinidad, in the foothills of the see oe Pedro Martir, ferns ee successiv Mas less numerous, and h the juniper usually gro element among as ees species. This straggling of an ee found in the Upp Sonoran zone, into the desert, and the gradual transition from the eee ig Sonoran to the Lower Sonoran zone has been admirably described by columnaris, gave Nelsonii, Agave serrulata, Pachycereus Pringlei, Acacia Greggii, Laraca iadenats and Fouguicria sple endens, desert dwellers all. 2 Shr reve, Forrest. The Transition from Desert to Chaparral in Baja California. Madrofio 3: 257-264, 1936. 3 For illustrations of some of these plants, see the September Journal. 270 (All publications reviewed her Reviews of Recent Books e may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden.) A ee se ie for Students in Garden ae TEXTBOOK OF GE AL HORTI- CULTURE. Tulisn yy ER icttee and Harry W._ Riche 367 pages, oa: trated, indexed. McGraw-Hill Co. New York. 1940. The need xtbook of general fjoriculture s an introduction to the 0 a ‘od n field of horticulture has long been evident. Messrs. Cae Rich: a high-power microscope, pick ou ome of the endless details which, when e he complete picture of ure, mtent covers a wide range of practices and, proceeding logically from horticulture as one broad group in agriculture, develops the concept of horticulture a a a sci- ence an eals with asic divisi the trade and | in ena relations g this substanti: rt fo) (ae etiterprises in production ad the utilization of the products by the indi- vidual family. The second fart of the book concerns with nections and temperature, moisture, light and soil he information covering ‘ these fundamental facts is basic and pre- pares the way for the chapters which ollow. Here sa eae for performing horticultural practice aoe pee and supported by rethiods in ey Application wn the nines ve nsid- erent in relation to pio ation, soil management, training of plants, pruning, and pest con- ee Harvestin and Storing of products a a hace oe the book, oT he fortified with comes hart table es, pictures, a of illustrative material, At Oke od seer are num erous review auesuons problems and suggested ee eral readings—on the whole a stimulat help. pite the authors’ a in the face, many specialists in plant science, soil technology, botany, Mande gar- dening, and others, will point out short- comings. In order th little knowl- edge does not become the ultimate to the loe te adent and, therefore, more a_ eae han a help and incentive, it will be well for all teachers to put pane ee Res the wise counsel of Messrs. Schilletter and Riche This text used properly will give as a potential inter The book should serve its ne rpose 7 Wen State fa of Applied onan armingdale, Long Island, Handbook of Hepaties A MANUAL OF THE LIVER. VIRGINIA. 164 p indexed. me, Indias Nelle Am with, 26 ‘plates; Press, Notre Da $1.75. The study of liverw North renee ee at times ae iccouaal ing i: si professional as well as the amateur, use of a lack ef are strated, comprehensive manual mmons’ ork remedies this auen het only for West Vee but much of apne i BE ay y 1940, North America, ieancch as Vir- eile has an ae ve rae fo (112 species) bec of mountainous eee ough Seana structures af¢ ignored, emphasis laced on the pein eercen a aiciares in both keys and descriptions. Diagnosis is made 271 y by 26 plates of line drawings. All see are TMlustrated habit sk caches are made - ee same (3X) nagnification and diagnost parts are denies ed at higher diame The Caciheaton follows that proposed by Evans (1939) and the nomenclature agrees with the recent dhecklist by Buch, Evans and Verdoorn meee Other features of inter e the ex- planation of scientific tame. ete gloss- ary and an cate bibliography, The anual should popular with both students and am ee in the field and aporaloy. Tt i hoped that it is a prelude to an eauvalent work by Dr. Ammons on the sses of Wes eve rginia A. J. Su HARP, University of Tennessee, The Art of Bonsai DWARF TREES. Shinobu eos 74 pages text, 5 full-page plates, 2 appendixes. Distributed in America by ois E. Stechert Co., New York, 1940, 4,50. So many books have been written lately that the Japanese possess in training ie aaaiee eve ae ae which w often adm: In of ike the dwarted type of coniferous and tre educa 4 Dwarf Trees (“Bonsai”) is a book of gr ape non ty and a distinguished addition . e@ few volumes published on the sub- “The one hundred and seventeen plates picture “Bonsai” from 8 to 40 inches in height in suitable containers on orna- mental stands. The plant material be- longs mostly to the Rose, eather, and Pine Fa mee 7 eo Pine, Japanese Cedar and Jun re the most fashionable Bonsai”. A splendid example of the art is “Old Goyo Matsu” which has the rugged pay 2 an old ea ain tree and is eta ‘o be 400 years old. Culture, training etn are toroue nly discussed es author, who claims that there is no cret involved in keeping these lovely sane creations in growing condition. ding to Nozaki, there are about dealers in Tokio, which Accor 300 “Bonsai” speaks for the popularity of dwarf t in Japan. aaa the years of vie some of ihe pecimens are highly prized a in ada by collectors. i ought by the mabe. to decorate the. house for New Year (an old Japanese custom) or given as gifts f Trees will give many a reader inspiration to try the art of “Bonsai”. A " B ernardsville, Nv J Hormones, alse and Other Genetic Problem PRINCIPLES OF GENETICS. E&. Grace White. 352 ae illustrated and indexed. C. V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, Mo. $2.50. This is a text designed for the average student a po The 352 pages of oO twenty- such as in influence Chromosome Maps, Hor Inheritance and Eugenics. A. B, Stour. Color esas oie eee Principles of A nt FLOWER ARRANGE IN COL ie F. F. Rockwell eh ‘Esther C. Grayson, 237 pages, 61 natural color photographs. ONge H. Wis Co., New York. 19 $2.95. This will prove a useful ei ey for ie novice, for the color oe show up the balance and ac Dae arrangements. But like all digg made from direct color photography, they are not absolutely accurate, especially in e blues and greens. i that many of th res v ] ioe e pic a clearly the relations of line and mass the designs. The book, eee a small one cover- only a par of all flower nese lea fo: el w. ment on page 4 that, “The turing point between the old-time, more or less hap: hazard bouquet and what is now co noted by the term ‘arrangement’ an be set just after John Taylor A asked to idee cata at the Inter- ee Flower Show several years ago. eee can eas the hackgrod < done by Professor E. Whi Comiell ane cae other dev wo Ne a writers, and lecturers is athe er startling, especially as Mr. Arms himself lectured on Design in Flower Arrangement a ars. ower heal ma n a is easy to understand Erne: Anson S, PeckHAM. Some Arguments On Carpel Theories LOGY. Volume 132 pages. I . Chemical ork, 1937, . 50, OLOGY. 609 pages. xed, W. Heffer & Ltd., Cambridge, Eng. 1939. a Distributed in Niaeriea by the Chemical Publishing Co., N. Y. $4.25. ae title of this es is misleading it a eo treatment of floral urpose is ve summarize votes e en to such data as y dis e s Sau s 2, 3, an oo of elect d types in many bo families. Volume II, yee complet the work after a lapse of tw cement $s Saunt a a considerable e cem visti eneral, while ue se offer ogical pussies. el ‘het ie mi eh ie: he aver- age botanist to swallow. Moreover Miss aunders has ards from first only an explanation of a type of pistil i panacea is now a for all the ills of morphol Th tomical nas adduced in Miss Saunders’ many papers are not in them- selves new; the over of her doctrine derives rather from the axioms on which her concept of moroholo ev is based, One of these is that “the fundamental ane Bs a - ascular scheme is the fio ral member and that these from the stele as separate traci value of the principle as a guide to sp he structure is questionable. or’ of bundles is nowher red or men: tioned, and those which are usually in ‘ice bundles” Valve carpels are said veins anh branch pinnately from 273 midrib. Solid carpels may have no midrib air of “laterals” (sometimes ar- ially ). i Miss Saunders’ methods ee termine the limits of in- dividual c main a myster: siete Laie fetes ce to the doctrine is that a floral part cannot receive bundles from opposite sides of the stele. theory was its claim to explain the o trouble of the commissural stigma. But since the hitherto inoffensive stigma of Actaca and other genera now is to be made of the tip of one carpel united with half-portions of 2 oe the old difficulties secm preferable. es has oO b cia the fa e ity et ms postulate which lies this morphological chao: aie ground ee is ere ae mere fundamental than the floral olan and to demonstrate more clearly general tendency pee aed departures d by re being rem rhythm in intr duced. Superposition ‘t rls is due the parts of successive who: “condensation” of the vascu res this in turn being effected through strin he reasoning at ‘o de pee into teleology. ae purely dogmatic statement t this structure is composed ee ne e aR ara ‘bees of the floral p & a investigation into carpe not yet. “The aoe he mershology | is offered a: of the Cruciferae currently alternative to Saunders’ solid carpels is not much mi a ny that in to} careful reasoning, scientific investigation should ee tte aa ee ae somewhat stical theories of floral structure, H. 7 RICKETT. Insect ir loa Show GLASS FLOWERS from the Ware Collection in the Botanical Museum at Harvard University. series with 16 color plates Kredel erreur Brac ek Co., N York. $1. $0. mall ae t important section of the contribution of the Bohemian family of laschka in maki the famous glass models of flowers now at Harvard and the American benefactors, liza- Ma collection a gift to the universit: rep- Ba in a slender book which denice: color 16 models showing insect pol- lination of flowers. The story of the Blaschkas is first pee a. insigne, oe og isco ra caerulea, Lopesia ae, Pri a offi- cinalts, aaveuhes gle rae ‘a, 2, Pinguieua culgaris, and Succis ae Car : H. Woopwano. Introduction for the Experienced 391 pages, illustrations. index. Bat nnders Company, Philadel- . 1939. $3.25. While a mene is aimed to serve as an Pee to oo oe it is in ense a eee for The somal Inheritance. The further eeeres inkage are on clearly written and well illustrated, t For those who have ais “4 and sign e wild type is somewhat confusing, especially as these symbols (+ and —) had long ago been used in checkerboard apes those soigine sex reactions in the f to in- Or or n i gs, however, should not stand in ogrt n g inheritance in ingi will be ed to fall into fee with pract: i aa the iar It would certainly onfusing if e should con ace nue eae g +/— denote sex reaction types and at ithe ee time ove oy ay nd — for wild type and x chro Considerable. spa ce is given etics of ee ts, includi ing a eae . sion of inheritance in certain the beginner Chapter 23, eVistorical a i especially interesting. This is one of the most helpful of recent books discussing ‘the principles of genetics, to the gen- B. O. Dopeg. Drawings With Text For Beginners THE GARDEN CLINIC. Laurence Blair. 146 pages, illustrated with drawings by the author; indexed. Mac- millan Co., New York. 1940. $2. e proper appraisal of ai rk on the art of gardening hae be funda- mentally concerned with three main fea- tures: the correctness 2 us eae nm it ‘onan’ sp tion, and the pracy of its applica: tion at the hands of those who may use it as a guide. yar Sas against ae said that, i : ae practice, be- Whistrations; o to the ae e are in te tural instructions given are not s The title, however, isa inomee “The term clinic is associated with diseases cul 274 and pests and since the book deals Bees aay only Ssupericially, ae ould have been more appropria The author 108 has departed fom the style of standard work by not making a clean “divi annuals and perennial id discussed and there are oilier instances also where Beainners will be confused. As an vast poe pint Bs a asters of he anda asters (Caste has Pe are mentioned together Me but slight reference to their difference: botanical. other grievous fault is way has apnsendy the to ait alify names . pluralizin meets such terms as Dig: gs. italises, Dianthuses, ets a Salpiglosiss, Such liberty i rd be commended. oe the. faults x illustrations it shou Id be a useful addi- tion to the beginner’s garden ne eae P. J. McKenna. Garden Poetry MY NEIGHBOR'S GARDEN—AND MINE. Nancy Richey eat 47 pages. The Kaleidograph Press, Dallas, Texas. 1939. 50 cents. THERE WAS GARDEN. _ Dais: Lemon Coldiron. 68 pases. oe Kaleidograph Press, Dallas, 1940. 50. Here are two small books of verse, me from Texas, one from Oklahoma, A sane from each will best depict their Fro: we tyle m My Neighbor’s Garden ote LUE FLAX Its roots caress the friendly earth; From There Was a Garden we select: IRI. If there is one flower more than another That ought to be sage to Oklahoma As the lotus to th Surely, that flowe: a is The iris. Fla, We them as we set them there d on a fireguards Which comited the yards around our sod hou: : Bowe outs a shack: Both books reflect’ the authors’ feeling for flowers. Carot H. Woopwarp. 275 Notes, News, and Comment nal Academ _ ne m_ J. Robbing” gave a taper on Grow a Ex- cised Roots and Pocus in “romato before the feelin of the National Acad- iences a Pate aie tie 28- 30. ae — - haps of Columbia Univers of the Ce den’s Sa of eee adiressed the group n “Physiological Pavers of As- ee in Response to Selenium.” Dr. B, O. Dodge of Ane Gua also attended. Members A bronze mew for Feleraed eseacn Clubs of New York Oey iy Mrs. Coombs was yy years chairman of horticulture 2 Abe “National Council of Federated Garden Clubs, chling was honored at scribed on the Ml of on the merican gaat n recognition of his contribution American horticulture. The names selected Bue ie panels whi 7 surround the Com: all of forei born citizens or ve Ane ais Negroes or Indians hes have made oot sing con- tributions to American cultur a courses in lan se archi- Hotel. rst was on e Designing and Building of Gardens and the second on Plant Material and How to Use It. Radio. Speaking in the gee Elec- tric Science Forum, Dr. A. B, Stout gave an address Sept. 26 on “Autumn Colora- tion” from Schenectady over stations WGEA and WGEO, and later the same ane ae affiliated stations of Broadcasting System. Her subject was “Gardening Indoors: Bulbs.” Grapes and Poplars. Dr. A. B. Stout returned in early October from a trip dur! which he sp 10 day: he State “Aszealural ‘Experiment Sena at com eee ie his research on har eedles reports 17 new sae ela: | bined in breeding, ma the total of such eedlings now 3 e Atte er a visit to the Montreal Botanical Garden he spent sev- eral days along the Winooski River in Vermont with Dr. E. Schreiner, in- specting the plantings of pe poe oe river-bank erosion control. Dr. Sto co-operating with the 3 orest Service in the breeding of "poplars for uch work. He also spent a day at the i Ghlans Memorial oo Forest near Williamstown, Mas: Student Gardeners. Joh went to Yale University ae Propagator in the Bureau of Planting, has been transferred to the School of t Working u ss, who ear as green- which is to be constructed this Albert E. McKay, a former oa cane the responebiaty of ne enterprise og continue the breeding work initiated r. Barber, hs ig retiring because | his age | and heal service as burgh was cut short Europ war, has recently been eken into the RAF. as a radio operator. He writes from his ete rock serene estab- lishment, Plash, at Stevenage, En ngland : “Gardening as a whole is alm an a aod: bt over here now except for “the ER Ee 2S a 2s g ® 4 we are by , growing medici- to about a fiftl alpin es is practically managing to just tick over nal Laer Our staff is reduc of the mal,”* Har ai Davidson, a student gardener ee last March, left last month to join oe 1 corps of the United States air for Cac A sturdy six-foot specimen of Gites bone the suhuaro a SE desert, is among 4 and other culent plants presented Tas a to oe Garden by Mrs. alee of canal N. : mbel has had the specimen under culti- eae in her greenhouse for eight aval an pede long time for a suhuaro to thri tside of its native periee Another noevery plant in the collec- tion is a specimen of Opuntia brastonss, one of the South American prickly-pears, standing more than eight feet igh and oe a trunk 3 inches or mo diame in wo oe ee field trip was by f their tructor, Howard Sebold. uring the morning a yas materials observed some Garden’s choice shrubs a the Pecers cea $s perennial border. In the after the group studied ‘perennials, Sie and aquatics in the vicinity of the Main Con- servatories At the second autumn gathering of the ee Art ponte at the Botanical Gar- den, Saturday morning, Oct. 19, William qin painter, cided the re they ad- etching. biology class of 19 students with teacher from Manasquan High rden Club of Armonk, Dr. Roberta Ma, who a Un niversi ity i a pla ology, will aad a year doing Penn in Dr, Robbins’ laboratory at the New 276 York Botanical Garden. Dr. Ma hee ate of the University of Texas, and s also awarded her doctorate ther Vis Among Oc visitors who Rares in fe nae ee ie aes logical herbarium at the Gar Wanda with ontreal Botanical Garden, sisted nee Oct. 4. Flow Stone and windowed plants o Pe South Afica desert were exhibited by the New York Botanical t Glen terrarium 30 feet long and 3 feet wide. ae Moldenke spoke e Watchung His" lub and on Oct before the Short iil Garden Club. On Oct, 15 he spoke “A Naturalist in Florida” before the Na tural istory Department of the Brook vi Tastiute of Arts and Sciences, Dr. Fred J. Seaver addressed the Matine- cock Garden Club ee len Cove Sept. 13 on “Scenes and Gardens in Bermuda.” Dr. W. H. Camp spoke “ eget ass., the evening of Oct. 5 “Winter in the Salen oe Club and neighboring organizatio Rctaarde Tour. Thomas Laskaris was mong those who ps d the beeary Carn nation Tour on Long Island t. 11. me Jey Bickerton of ae Univesity d been doing at the tions, the control of the Luan diseases which carnations are subje THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I gerne ee Until 1941: E. C. Aucuter, N HUNTINGTON Hooker, Joun L. Merritt ‘Dicepresident), rons ees a MontTGcOMERY, H, Hopart Paces and A, UND! ooo 1942: salted M. pie ae er), Pierre Jay, CLARE ILL, Henry DE LA Montacne (Secretary and Aout restr), and Wi J. Rossins. Unt ace Henry ve Forest Batpwin (Vice-president), Henry F. pu Pon Pees R, Jenninos, Henry Locxuart, Jr., D. T. MacDoucat, Mrs. Ha see I, Pratt, “and JoserH R. Swan (President). II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. bap rage Mayor of the City of New York. Ropert Moses, Park Com maenoiee James MarsHatt, President of the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS H. A, Greason, ae Kel the Torrey Botanical Club. R. A. Harpgr, LEASE, Marcus M. Ruoanes, and Marston T. Bocerr, appointed a a Unwer rsity. GARDEN STAFF ILLIAM J. Ropsins, Pu. D., Sc, D Director H, A. Gieason, Pu. D. Assistant Director and Head Curator Henry vE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director A. B. Stour, Pu. D. Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Px. D., Sc. D. Curator Bernard Q, Doncz, Px. D. Plant Pathologis Joun Henpiey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. ......... ee eee eee eee Biblisavapher H. W. Rickert, Pu. D. Assistant Pts hah LBERT C. SmiTH, Pu. me As. te Cur TaroLp N. Carpe as De Asionate Goa LIZABETHL . Hatt, B. B. Librarian 1, H. Russy, M. Devices Pee Curator of ite Paces eae LEDA Giese and Photographer 'ERCY Woe Research Moog OBERT S., WILLIAMS search Associate in Bryology . J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and pee of the Local Herbarium , PH. D. ssistant Curator LYDE CHANDLER, A. M 7 Technical Assistant OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant FREDERI KavanacH, Technic ssistant AROL H. Woopwarp, A. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H, Everett, » N. D. Horr. Horticulturist . L. Wirtrocx, A. M. Custodian of the Herbarium ITO Decener, M. S, Collaborator in Hawatian jes oes ate IN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes JOSE! BurKE Honorary Curator of the Diatomaceae we ge Honorary Curator of Economic Botany THEL AN Nson S, PecKHAM. anaes Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections oo J. gala uperintendent oo es and Grounds . C. Pranoe istant Superintendent To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford ee Bn the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Pack station, or w York Central to the Botanical Garden station; or drive . ee Grand Concourse then east on Mosholu Pkwy., or, coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River Pkwy. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lord Britton ae Addison Brown. Three volumes, giving descriptions and illustra tions of 4,666 species. Second edition, reprinted. $ Flora or the Pace and Plains oh pea Were America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 ae and 601 ee 19325 ne mS DEDOMD. aid. of the of New pens Isl, re Ge, 4 pages, Toes A pee feces panied for ge ih eee in one odes a 1935. $0. Flora of Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 pats aa8 ai text figures, eoneene the algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, and flowering plants. 8. $3.50. A Text-Book of General Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 76 wen 1897. 5 82: 50. 4 e, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates orth A n Car of ee and “related splens, ae Harry C Creuebines with a description of each species. Indexed. 940. Two volumes, 1034 x 13%4 inches; bound $17.50; un bound $15.50. Periodicals Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored’ plates accompanied by popular descriptions of flower: ing plants; eight plates in each number, He i -two in each volume. Now in its twenty-first volume, Subse ee price, volume (four years). Not offered in ee eee to members of the ciate rnal of The New York Botanical Garden, Leet containing news, book: n y : Mycologia, bimon thly, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, including pene containing technical ae Be news and notes of general in’ terest. $ year; single copies $1.25 each. Now in its thirty-second volume. Twenty-four aye r Index volume $3. Brittonia. aA series a botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. orth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North America, including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. pone to be com- pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more parts; 8 a now issued. No ng ices t ques: Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden he ries of techni papers written by students or members of the staff, and eonnted from oe other than the above. Price, 25 cents each, $5 a volume. In the fourteenth volume. s of The New York Botanical Garden. A collection of scientaiay Memoir. papers. Prices to members of the Garden: Vols. 1-6, $1.50 each; to others, $3. 25 Development. Vol. 3, ARTHUR Ho.tick and E. C. eae Bandi’ of Cretaceous Coniferous Remains from Kreischerville, N. Y. Vol. 4, C. Stuart Gacer, Effects ay’ n s . 5, Nor of New York. Vol. 6, Twentieth Anniversary of es news York Botanical Garden. Wools 7/5 Ns Le GARDNER ie t Myxopbyeeae fro ico; A. B. Stout, The Flower Behavior of Avoc: H. Russy, Benes Galleced ‘im the Amazon Valley; ARTHUR HOLLIcK, The iba a the oe age e Silt Direct all orders to The New wae eae Garden, Bronx Park, Fordham Branch P.O., New York City. t z . JOURNAL THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN DECEMBER eee et. | 0 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. Woopwaro, Editor December, 1940 ARRANGED DIATOMS (ARACHNOIDISCUS AND eM) Cov Se ee Philip O. Gravelle Stupy Room For Diatoms AND MyxomycETES TO BE FoRM OPENED JAN. 11, 1941 277 Tue Diatom CoLLectTIons aT THE NEw York BOTANICAL GARDEN Joseph F. Burke 278 GRAVELLE Dosen tes A GIFT TO THE GARDEN Carol H. Res 281 DIATOMS AND THE MIc F. Burke He FRuitING ForMs AND Vanncuons IN THE WINTERCREEPER eee Graves 2: Livinc AND Fossit Diatoms oF Php nie Sean by Philip O. Gravelle 288-289 INTER LECTURES AT THE GARDEN 290 Reviews oF Recent Booxs 291 Current LITERATURE AT A se Virgene Kavanagh 293 Notes, News, AND C 294 InpDEx To VoLuME 41 296 WHY A BOTANICAL GARDEN? Plants are as fundamental to life as the air we breathe. They preceded man he earliest seentit “observations made were directed at plants, prob- ably in recognition of their vital ners but also because of their appeal. to the senses. S$ he earliest fo of art depicted plants: the gourd, the fig, the vine, and the ear of maize als bye and food; papyrus and others for ut Nae of famous gardens an oar He eners have been handed down from the classical period. Later, heh plantings extended beyond - walls of the monas- teries, where during the dark ages tradition and technique had been preserved, gardening became an accepted household occupation. From a collection of herbs £ thing of beauty, and what began as a chore became a profession and t Man early learned to distinguish the ul Dee that he i any centuries before he discovered that there are ot inds, microscopic ones, which cau mmo iseases and als pon tee Th n be conquered only with a thorough knowledge of them, to acquire which means man ears of stu special scientific equipm y and sc pment. need for botanical fone ae has been realized and met for 2,300 years— o ci esthetic plea: s centuries ensue ane will continue to serve in many ways, not the least a nel lies in providing the sort of beauty, the feeling of comfort and agit that only plants can give. these reasons private fortunes and public funds, as we'l as the combined donauone of many individuals, have been advantageously used for maintaining botanical gardens. Seed world needs beauty and knowledge far more than a world enjoying peace of mind. In times of een society can least afford to sacrifice sources of permanent human satisfaction e Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New vane N.Y. Entered at the Post Office tn New York, N. Y., as ae class matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 10 cents. Free to memhers of the Garden LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN JOURNAL f THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 41 Decemzer 1940 No, 492 T is with a sense of great loss that the New York Botanical aaa records the death of Henry Hurd Rusby, Honorary Cur: f the Economic Collections. Among Dr. Rusby’s many activities was the cr and development of the Garden’s coll of more , specimens of economic plants in - g years of the Garden and held the post of honorary curator from 1898. A biography of Dr. ets will appear in a forthcoming number of the Journal. He was 85 years old at the time of his death on Nov. 18. Study Room For Diatoms and Dlyxomycetes To Be Formally Opened Jan. Il, 1941 HE SPECIAL ROOM the Dr. Fred J. Seaver, and the hon- Bu h ing, will be formally opened with a At 3 p.m., after having been shown program to oe oe ace the afternoon some of the outstanding specimens of Sat turday, 1. in the collections, those present will The occasion will coincide with a have the opportunity of hearing Mr. Id tri the Torrey Botanical Burke speak on diatoms at the Club, scheduled on that day for the regular Saturday afternoon lecture. inspection of the new room and it The new room, which is in the facilities. The club, with members Cryptogamic H i house the Ga , of New York the rden’s large collections of Microscopical Society, and others my: ycetes and diatoms, an interested in se two for f literature pertaining to them, and is plant life, will meet at 1:30 p.m. in : r wit 1 nd a micro- the Members’ Room for a program for the use of research @ in which Dr. William J. Robbins, pee of these groups. 277 278 The Diatom (Collections At The New York Botanical Garden By Joseph F. Burke ITH the addition to the Diatom Collections of the loan-deposit by Robert Hagelstein}, announced in this Journal for last June, the i i o offer f ‘ew York students an ae ae of diatom material ee in its size and compre- n to be formally a on afternoon of January 11, 1941. In this are a n tein. The room, on the third floor of the Museum Building, in th Cryptogamic Herbarium, is a monument to Mr. oe activities in a field in which he is not eee er pois but to which he has dev oted a considerable part of his time. The deposit ee not only of scientific workers, both professional and non-professional, over a long period of years. Throughout his business career in New York City, where he was born in 1870, Mr. Hagelstein always found time to pursue his scientific interests. While a resident of ee he became an active member of the Depart- ment of Micro copy of the aa ee ye Arts ee mene An int minera ned t ator y S. anaes close al agra especially with Dr. eee Mann of Wash- ie d Charles S. Boyer of Philadelphia. ugh the latter he ‘ame pert: a Breen of the noted ane, hia group of dia- se orga Frank J. Keeley, T. Chalkley ae and Dr. Thomas S. He c ae with Prof. C. J. Elmore, authority on Sie ce ad wit . G. Dallas Hanna of California, specialist in the fossil forms In Washington he met Alvey A. a former Second Assistant Secre of Sta ho was noted for -_ eautiful diatom pee se of we Mr. Hagelstein has a lar A change of residence from Brooklyn to Mineola facilitated his study collection represents Mr. Hagelstein’s lifetime accumulation, including 1,000 es Diatomées du Monde Entie er,” 2nd edition, by Tempére and Peragallo. Di . Smith, whi Garden collections; J, D. Méller, 400-type slides, numbered 26 and 32, of 1868 tee her with other type slides by the same mounter; the type slides from the . B. Ward collection, and other slides of a similar nature. 279 of the diatoms of Long Island, and an extensive series of slides and un- mounted material represents this period in his collection. Many of the important Satie Rane are recorded in the “Synopsis of North American Diat e” b After the decline I the ei of Microscopy in Brooklyn, Mr. Hagelstein, with many of his associates, became active in the New York Microscopical Society, which from 1916 onward reassumed the position it had held in the eighties ae nineties. Needless to say his active interest in diatoms communicated itself to others, and Philip O. Gravelle, P, Ti i Z Depew were among his fellow worker: ntacts were also ere with Seabees ae 7 aoe _ generation cae Charles F. Cox myn Hitchcoe! oth. His increasing list of Larrea in- cluded ae ver Sete a of Providence, R. I., and Dr. Vida A. Latham of Chicago. When the extensive collection of Dr. David B. Ward of Poughkeepsie was placed on the market, Mr. ae ae the specialized library and the ae lot a “slides. vane ek mounted from the cleaned diatom Lae ee sed by H. L. Smith in his Diatomaccarum Species Typicae. 1893 ne material had been an to Dr. Edward a au dges of Indian- = olis, and two years later it had been acquired by D ey The series of slides issued by Prof. Smith had included both ies oa dry mounts. permanent medium er —— index than balsam. The value of this can be loan fee . all diatom taxonomists, for the Smith colton included much type material. Though Mr. Hagelstein did not Smith's material from | Ww ard ae the ori imal _hand- Poyser collectio The he ere of the latter ae ae rles S. Boyer in Philadelphia was et the utmost importance in ae ing of the mounted species. It led to the mounting of a number of n a es which Boyer named. When the slides were acquired, the pee were included. These were turned over to Mr. Boyer by Mr. Hagelstein and are now at the Academy - Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in the Boyer Collection. al Cees d uring period there was much experimenting with mounting media that would enhance the diatom image. George H. Needham and W. Faitoute Munn, both interested in 280 diatoms, produced such media—Mr. Munn turning out an American styrax specially refined. Nathaniel Lord Britton, a aioe of the Society since pee invited Mr. Hagelstein to prepare a report on the Diatomaceae of Puer Rico and the Virgin Islands, to be eaaded in the Scientific Survey . the New York Academy of Sciences had undertaken to publish. This gave fresh incentive to Mr. Hagelstein’s diatom studies, though by now o S busi rmitte is devoted fully to scientific pursuits. An initial trip to Puerto Rico in 1926 was followed by other trips in 1928 and 1929. The report was published in 1939, The completion of this task has enabled Mr. Hagelstein to ue on the investigations he had conducted simultaneously for a number years in the myxomycetes, though he has continued to semen oF other diatomists, including 1 ger of ington; James Barthol f arlow Herbarium in Cambridge, and Robinson in Bar s. His ever-willing readiness to teach others has served to interest many in this study, especially his associates in the New York nana ae oe Joseph F. : urke, Dr. William H. Wiegmann, Richard F. and J. L. Clou The ener cee aa complete ee and the original material of the Puerto Rico undertaking comprise the last important unit of the Robert Hagelstein Colle Some 2,000 aide acquired from the family of the late Cornelius Van Brunt formed the basis for the Garden’s diatom collection. In 1939 these were gone r and arranged by Rosalie Weikert, Technical Assistant at nearly 1,000 slides, ee the Clarence Jerome Elmore Collection through the generous gift t of his daughter, Mary Elmore Sauer. Miss Weikert is now arra Sone this collection, which, as it formed the basis of Prof, Elmore’s work on the Nebraska diatoms, will be of special value to students working on the diatoms of that region. Important additions to the collections include the Gravelle Photomicrographs described in this issue ae complete series of the eee samples of material used by Dr. G. D pe en : his study of the Florida Peat Diatoms, mentioned in the eae Journ: Since then the gift has been augmented b by por- tions of the two sre samples which served as a basis for most a the illustrations used by Dr. Hanna. Ban oe come from Herman Gunter, Florida State Geologist, and Dr. Han Another i accession is the series of slides prepared by Dr. Ruth Patrick of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia from the Rabenhorst ie ae ‘of European algae, and from other specimens in the Garden herbarium. 281 Gravelle Photomicrographs A Gift To the Garden By Carol H. Woodward OR a week before aa after the formal opening of the special room 1 t i for diatoms and myxomycetes—Jan. 4—18—there will be o floor an exhibit of eS Se of diatoms, made by Philip O se photographs, which represent k of one of th outstanding photomicrographers of the nes a ie been presented o the Garden by Mr. Gra es and will be anen tly hung in the r A aidiow oe Mr. Gravelle ern photographed in two planes, — a diameters. specimen of Auliscus speciosus from Temescal Canyon, Calif. of the Journal, and more will appear in a forthcoming number, for which Dr. = ae has aie aes a comprehensive artic n the life story e diatom. Others in the collection show single specimens, living and a sane eee erangerents of diatoms, all photographed by Mr. Gravelle in his Aen pene at South Orange, a Mr. Gravelle is one of that small group of amateurs who, through what was originally a Hobby. have m. ae nese to scienc me not concerned himself with the scien tific study iatoms, a has, through as his desire to make perfect reproductions i ae the camera can record 282 through the microscope, aided eaaeaae in seen research. For ex sl his photographs of a diatom valve in -section under extrem ely graphic Society—the first time that the medal had ever been presented outside of the British Isles. He has ee been elected a Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society on the basis of work which he te io this t rr G i i type of photography which had engaged him for years, he se with making photographs through a microscope that a friend had t porarily left in his care. ave ha ee to t he has not been a a battery of microscopes and s 1 cam eee ee because of hee availabilty, seemed the logical Sate to use in perfecting his micr roscopical technique; and to a man who been a Lae ner all hi his | their beauty and symmetry gave them a ai acne Rows he say hen as never fe d one that could be used for a pattern oth - than a ‘polka -dot.) So he began nears lenses on these aoe one-celled pants, with the result that he has made some of the eve : seen, t focus, coupled with two or more exposures, he has been able to show in one picture details of diatom structure that usually require several uae photographs. As his skill developed, Mr. Gravelle was given the opportunity to do commercial photography with many subjects, but his interest in the scientific side is wor i i through Ricco study of their structure as recorded te photography. Diatoms And The Microscope By Joseph F, Burke V ITHOUT the he assistance of the microscope we can not know the diatoms. It is possible to see the largest of them with the unaided eye, even to cc oint of discerning their external shape, but beyond this we can not go. 283 h some diatoms undoubtedly came under observation with me introduction of the compound microscope in the seventeenth century, was ee toward the end of the eighteenth that they entered into eae literatu In ae este lee aes . aes oe Re the achromatic micro- scope was developed. Unt: n few diatoms had been described. Pre vious efforts in an ae had cee devoted to improving the magnifying power of instrument, a! agnification alone would not the sues instrument, the pri rinciple of increasing the ability of the microscope to render detail was recognized and there follo owed a period Lae Oe An eat of resolution through the microscope in the minute markings of Surirella a, magnified 3,600 diameters, and photographed by Herman Adler. s unfortunate for the diatom systematist that so much work was its io} aes created a ean for better cama. An active demand bring: rogress, and so it did with the microscope. The early diatomists, and thereat them the instrument-makers, found in the diatoms an excellent test of ae performance of the instrument. Hee was a demand upon the ability of the micr alae to render detail that caused the purchasers . instruments to become more and more critical. This active collaboratio: of diatomist and inst pair aoe is well illustrated in the reibeaiip between “Charles A. Spencer, the first maker of microscopes in this coun- 284 try, ue Jacob Whitman Bailey, Prore s at ee Point, the Am a a diatom that Bailey had considered a test, Bailey ould find a oes diatom that the — _ not resolve. Spencer co then set to a to produce a better len The middle of ie he eer century was a period of constant improve- ment of the microscope and of considerable progress in the study of the ion of tl dt tives improved every conc aes method of eet their per- formance by see up the instrument was resorted to. e “battle of ae lenses” was not aie ees area ae : mon; but the chagrin of defeat was alw o be tempered by t partes of the latest improved aa of hee lens maker With all this activity, science was eventually applied to len ns manufac- ture and about the end of the thi 7 quarter of the nineteenth century lenses were eat made according to optical aire Through the efforts of Abbe new glasses were produced and in 1886 as kee his new and seas objectives of the ap oe These with minor improvements are the best lenses in use t ere along a ae improved achromatic lenses made possible by the new glasses mee a om on oa now had eae so numerous that many had been nam and over again. During the last quarter of the century greatly see See ee were nee ed and important monographs of genera and larger groups a red. Sets of mounted slides of named species were issued by canoe. Diatom study reached its greatest By now the mi ad be had become also an educational ey in the schools and colleges. ‘oday microscopes are generally distinguished as medical or research stands. But the Has is passing to the industrial eaten and ‘onstant m 1 change s adapt it to di e€ 1 the desire of the enthusiast to resolve the structure of diatoms. And still more difficult diatoms are awaiting improved optical pon 285 Fruiting Forms And Variegations In The Wintercreeper By George Graves Massachusetts Houta Society fee WIN’ r the numerous vari- imea- pig for thos e growers on the basis of “now see it and now y ae but it all becomes clear to anyone who lives with the plants long enough. The differing a are bold; no microscope is needed to eemeuch them. And w e realizes what a diversity of dy, and decorative ati ee Sere page one under- stands why several varieties of wintercreeper have become as well known none products as Japanese barberry, Bowles’ eae and Japanese "Some of the variants are of the sort known to botanists as “varieties i tricts. Others a technically as “forms,” the epithet “form” ae which appear in san iduals a ng in the Some such for nay represent genetic ne or recombinations, usually eae - as “br ae . up,” or they may a arise from sudden cell changes called mutations or sports. a the wintercreeper, mutations appear usually as stems which bear riegated leaves, and such variegated plants may grow up to be green or, - ee to display green shoots. The explanation of such reverting would be the occurrence of a second mutation, ae again to green. another less subtle sort of variation in the wintercreeper. Like the English ivy, it bears its flowers and seeds on specialized branches and its fruiting wood differs from the sterile nes growth in having noticeably larger leaves and a more shr ed ect. The formation of these fruiting i ae oe place only after the climbing growth s itself. .\lso, as . rooted from vee ‘siting branches and established as independent specimens, thot ugh they are not complete plants; when set in the open, they usually remain shrubby. If suitable support is available, these fruiting plants do, at times, give rise to climbing shoots, and this second climbing growth (like that of Tae is 286 ivy) is sometimes distinct from the first in appearance. Thus, by selective ropagation, a single seedling may be made into three plants of differmg aspect, a if variegated shoots are present, it is possible to make more than thre Some ot these variants are found in nature, others are known only in gardens; most of them h been recorded in the manuals of cultivated plants. t i i botanists have also been giving it a It nly two years ago that Prof. Alfred Render published ne ae eee ot i series of studies of ae ae and in the light of the new information which he gives we now revise our ideas of the relationships of the winter- creepers. Alone with changes in classification have also come name changes. Here is the story of what has happened. t all goes back to a specimen which Robert Fortune collected in ; : 1 China by E. H. Wilson in 1907 and named by Rehder. Therefore, E. radicaus acuta becomes E, Fortunei by reason of priority. The rules demand the change. s process of untangling has resulted in — sharp-leaf wintercreeper age type which is wild over much of China—becoming the subject head under which are now indexed the other pene sions of the species. This Chinese type is a somewhat thin-stemmed ground- cover having relatively long, narrow, pointed leaves. In the open, it is a free-spreading, mat- foraing plant which roots down as it reaches out for more soil to blanket, and under such culture, it is less apt than ie can leaved eae to display the humps marking the original = When tree trunks or other elas are ee ntered it can oe a oe In gardens, however, it does not show the same easy disposition to climb as does the ieee type, E. eee radicans, Differing little aie oe type is E.F. pee which is becoming the of more popular the n gardens. This form, which is distinguished by its reddish-purple ae color, 1s known in the wi All plants have come from a seedling which appeared among the progeny of a see Sanaa made in Shensi, i N. Meyer in ike the type, is shade-tolerant oe under ceed ee it cannot be expec to color up as well as when fully ex The smaller-leaved a variety, ELF. oe was introduced to ae about 1865—twenty years after Fortune's collection—and 287 until now, it has been looked upon as ie the type of the spectes. re Although its name is familiar, it has popularity to other mo “gardenesque’’ varieties and forms. ree ong these last is the fruiting variety E.F. vegeta, known as the bigleaf aaa roan in 1876. Although it can become a root-climber, it sually seen as a bby g cover, as the foundation of Leer he ne ° independent plants facing off groupings of larger shr Its bittersweet- like fruits give it much decorative interest. relatively large, round leaves make it an effective eee leaved evergre Another fruiting form, of evident ee from the Japanese type, is E.F. Carrierei, the pee wintercreeper, introduced to gardens in the is is the more permanent e ardens, it fruits much less profusely than does the ut for a wall or pendent plants. The clone Silver Queen is doubtless of such origin. Other variegated forms of the Japanese type are Pena together under two headings. E.F. reticulata takes care of those with white variegation along the veins of the leaves. Those with ie yellow or pink leaf margins are tumbled into E.F, gra acilis, Thus are two groups of incon- A still finer-branched, smaller-le aved, less vigorous seedling form is E.F, minima, - baby ea introduced, apparently, by a French nurseryman 1912. Ver ike it is the yet tinier-leaved E.P. kewensis an is reputed e en reached Kew from Japan through Professor C. S. Sargent in 1893. Pets of nee little plants nee much inclination to climb, and as a result they are restricted in covering ground in small areas, or as Eee on plants. They are ae as being anne oe ee rger of them has fruited in this country. How- ever, like type, it changed its appearance in fruiti ting and the flowers a a ctice, pie ir elimination is not accomplished so simply.* Cutting back on complete renewal of infested growth has * Professor Bile aay has recently suggested an early spring spray of dormant oll eae th. ma: nd ee during ‘the hatching crane in eae For these June sprays, the recom- endatiot 1% summer oil combined h 40% nicotine sulphate, 1 to 800, In “ ee Kittonia elaborata (x 200), a fossil: diatom from Oamaru, New Zealand. Licmophora flabellata, (x 70), a marine diatom which grcws attached to a long gelatinous stalk. Triceratium (x 160) in different forms; from Odmaru. A fossil Triceratium (x 145) from Sendai, Japan, 2 Actinoptychus heliopelta (x 260), a Sd beatin SRE re st x at hates Sa ipidiscus (x 260), named from. the spider web which it resembles, Rhabdonema adriaticum (x 400),'4 filamentous marine diatom: 2 Navicula maculata (x 400), a living form from brackish ux f- LIVING AND FOSSIL DIATOMS OF THE WORLD illustrations reveal not only the varied in time. ata: ained in Licmophota and Meridion. The other illustra- tions show the diatoms prepared for scientific study, Photomicrographs by Philip “O. Gravelle. In the corner circles: (Left) Meridion circulare (x 440), the filaments ai which grow in a spi ; spiral. (Right) Terpsinoé musica (x 165), collected by Robert | sic hc naneeee ie accede a fae TEED nnllorend bs 290 ne resorted to when sprays have failed. One important precaution is ae uy no plants which show infestation. side from the scale problem, the wintercreepers offer no cultural Pe All of them root very easily from cuttings; being fine-rooted, ound is open. severe winters their young is may freeze back or their foliage may get b ae but runing or the unfol f takes care of su ubles in spring. All factors considered, it is little commodity. : Winter ead At The aoe Jan. 4 Autumn Color in Flowers and Tre With Rane Motion ie tur Cly isher, Gio Charge, Hayden Planetarium Jan. 11 The Beauty of the Diatom World eph F. Burke, Honorary Curator of Diatomaceae Jan. 18 House Plants for Winter Windows Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs, Author and Lecturer Jan. 25 Scenery and Gardens in Bermuda Fred J. Seaver, Curator Feb. 1 Color in Our Winter Woods and Fields Rutherford Platt, Plant Explorer-Photographer Feb. 8 Flowers the Year a Motion ees of Sie oe Garden Feb. 15 Getting poner With L John W. T diac i Director of Staff, School Nature League Feb. 22 Yeast—A Billion-dollar Microscopic nt 4 cians tion Picture and Lecture George Kirby, Research Chemist, Fleischmann Laboratories Mar. 1 Perennials in the Garden Henry Downer, Vassar College Mar. 8 A Botanist Looks at the West ; Stanley A. Cain, Fellow, Guggenheim Foundation Mar. 15 Plants of the Bible ' H. N. Moldenke, Associate Curator mixing, it should be remembered that the same water figures in the dilution of the two differen : _chemica _ at the eiuaa ould stated. a similarly spaced applica- sh tt eV a be the comfort of a a later fatchiog: All spraying must a done with extremely hig! pressure equipme 291 Reviews of Recent Books may be consulted in the Library of (All publications reviewed her e€ The New York Botanical Garden .) A Widening Field in Plant pene INSE TRA Nee eer pas OF planer DISEASES, j.G ach. 615 pages. illustrations, es glossed, index, McGraw-Hill, New York. 1940. $6. increasing a nt of evidente of ie eee of qaseets as agents in the dissemination and development of plant ization and o -ordination of a heretofore aoe only widely scattered publications. Dr. Teich has successfully undertaken this difficult task and made an impor ae contribution ‘o the sciences on plant pathology and - entomology. n the past, plant pathologists have n inclined to avoid a study of insects O avol lem ht involve a mycological or Geos cie udy. T attitude has been instru- ing for many ee the rtant facts of insect- The nneneeeh chapter, which em- phasizes the need for a fae in this field, is fo chapters on 1 inter-relationshins of of “plant and in- and ae rt diseases oxico; insects oad. acter di fungous diseases, insects and virus dis- hapters), nda and aoe oe enic rs as vectors of Saat diseases, chapters, the author has chosen to discuss only those diseases which have been most oe. investigated or which seem to be best suited f f the or illustration of the ‘ious ae les of insect transmission involved. I iscussion onl: ose mation eral plant patislonieal: on entomologca interest has been purposely omitted. ie with mation an ‘has included several of plan ing habits of insects in re ‘o the transmission of plant diseases. An interesting realise Pare insect mal and plant diseases. final cl ae with methods use- ful to the study. book is well indexed and has a et caarae of an A hapter de ac Ss . us’ tions are Maia and well distributed ae text. The senate = end o ten chapter are ae candi to make "the boo cnvaluable from this standpoint a MAS LasKarIs. (oa Text On Eco ae ee OGY. Frederick E. Clem- ents and Victor E. Shelford. 425 _ figures, index, John Wales: » New York and London, This cok is the product of collabora- tion between two leaders in the field of a ecology forty years o: imental and field ex- perience and commenced their pre- eC er and outlook, it can truly be said hee they approach the problems of bio-eco- 292 logy as biologists, not as a botanist: and a zoologist. me oe. alm ost universal t ncy of hey ¢: r see from one discipline to another or understand their fellow-work ee efforts. cology as a science, eae ends so { bolosy as has logical eae of America has led him ni Yy an spection of the journals publishing ae logical rape TS. of all the biological fiel “lds, colog mountly one whic demands Ren “broad — owledge, and basic eens pri The gen ral_ plan eae ol Sa ee of the senior eatin 6 had most of the rae ite organized on inder Some ous Ble tae jane biome It is here duno the : f£ dynamic pa that the i and really a science. o be beprcticd that space an ins ficioat knowledge animal relations) prevented the in- clusion of similar treatment for other biomes such as the iduous forest of the eastern states. ne feels safe i e in anticipating, a,more rapid conversion to log the reo based on thé dynamic point of v creases in amo Pele Ecology thought-provoking k. Too, it isa Cee book—which contrasts strongly with the usual _ he ee should ae fruitful of prc eld rese tis for years to c It i book W ach no ecologist, for ow e and for sake of the futur he science, which is the more impo: consideration, a afford to ignore. honest ty tog ae with af oe for fo) th ae i getation sk 7 is © approach a ht eo i mi only ace tific SS wor ay of the na Professor Shelfor rd contributed eri the ography. He also Dave a large pa the grassland chapter. ’ N . Cain, Fe John Stmon Guggenheim Mem Founda Two Books About we TREES. Samuel Ste 201 pages, ifstrateds arCeel Bau Co., Dallas. bee $3. The autho: ering, has com| of s of which is difficult to ext bi ith ge, Why Grade Lumber, Sign Used in Lumbering (illustrated sketches), Good Lumber and Goo struction a Safe Investment in Com Species Contributing Most to } mfort, Famous Tri istory, forestation, Forest Fires, Soil Erc nd O an Concerning Trees. al bark-like binding and the grained papers are decorative: es the rough 4 er used inside serves bet for the than for the offset prot ographs now TO DRAW TREES. Gr Brown. 32 pages of text, 31 1 Studio Publications, New York. $1. s is a small book, illustrated mcil sketches giving general tree : d Looe is designed rather a beginni oH ent in drawing; for the Hoanicll last! tor. Carot H. Woon 293 The Story of oaks belle F. Story. Star 286 page villstgated, indexes nfo: 5. d Universi Pre This is an ae) lent account of the his tory ae Neliowstone Da se 1 Park, write ten by who t nine years there, cae i = laid out and con- structed about 400 s of the tain roads which now constitute the park’s highway system. It tells of the disco of the region, the ly explorers, e grown up around these characte: d the n of th place names in and around the park a: in ar ea. It is to be regretted that the sections on the “fauna,” “forests,” and “flora” of the park are not more detailed and accurate H. N. Mo.penke. A Condensed Encyclopedia on Weeds — Their Seeds AND WEED SEEDS, Com- wee oxious, and Poisonous, with Commonly Used Crop Seeds. 74 pages, eee 164 Hoe aie ed. Seed World, Chi- The amount | information in this thin ions on Nox Poisonous Plants, Cro) and Weed Seeds. The 41 full- ae iacwations for the first three sec- tions, prepared b: W. at University in) plant with its root system as well a tails of inflorescences, individual flowers ae eS, ae its, seeds, and significant stages wth. Descriptions were provided : the THlinois Department of Agriculture. Fifteen plates, each containing 24 ta show the seeds of 360 weed. ants, both enlarged an edit pa a eae ae fllowed be secti bigs s, n Weeds, Pla S. De Seaiene nt a Ag eealtire: The index to illustrations gives both common and botanical names. ie cept oe Ay would be impossible rail ve e to mention all of the ae wanted p the book leaves this re- nila a a » feeling of satisfaction sins job of compiling as been well done. Caro: H. ae Current Literature* At a Glance By Virgene Kavanagh Probler ms such as the develop- nts fhe ‘Ohio. Reeeularal ‘Experiment Sta~ tion at Wooster, Bulletin 6 Ivies. After a lapse ¢ six yea Alfred Pe ae Ts reves is series o articles he Illus y” The I in National Fioriediural Magazine for Oct. 1940. He has inclu aoe potted plants as well a: the dons which he deeeribes mnias. State flower of Indiana, ie can be grown unde a variety of conditions. E, Hon cywel on usses varieties, eee ond pes' n Circular 263 of the Purdue Givers re tTicultural Experiment Sta La- fare ‘arks. ree more bulletins of the Ree Park series—— oe dia”, andoah”, and “Great Smoky Mountains” have been Sint by the U. S. Department of the Int Ins pee cting Shade Trees from Insec t SDaneee es ‘s the title of a Hg Circul 09 a to control these insects Peat. ete 1866 or earlier New Jersey bogs have ee peat which has been rely as a soil ferti fe} 3 ca i=] cr = 3 ne 2B >? tings and growing some types of plants. All publications mentioned here—and many sthees = ay be found in wie euibtary of a Botanical Garden. he im Buildin, 294 Elm Disease. Even though latest reports give encouragement to those who are concerned with battle to save the American el: r the Dutch elm disease, the fight cannot be won unless the work contin conscientiously. Cornell’s Bulletin 437 is therefore most welcome, tells the la: much that he needs to know about the symp toms, ee and means of control of the disease. sete News, and Comment nter Courses. The new term in the ee Course for Professional Garden- opens M ers open: onday evening, Je), with r. A. B, Stout teaching Plant Breeding at 7:45 p.m. and G. L. ittrock teaching Econom) tany at onday evening for 12 wel Fess for these two ice are $5 each who cai as prof gar rdeners may enr rolt i either or both of these Bale he alae pone. Rae register ot course, On oe evening, Jan. 9, eet Caltvation of ‘Gre itois Plants in the o-year Course in iene Garden- class will meet weekly at Zs $ t spring term of Indoor Gardening Practice, they must hans nol satisfactorily the work in Cultivation of Greenhouse Plants. Menbee of ihe one are permitted to take courses for which ney are ee up to the amount of their mem - i sum applied to membership, in return for which they receive all the privileges of members without any additional payment for we ae A he complete Educational Boe Be the Garden will be sent free upon request. Life Member. Henry Hicks, of West- New York Botanical Garden by the Board of Managers Nov. 7, because of his generous coaribuaons of plant material during the past year. appa. Dr. J. H. Barnhart Phi Beta Ka; was elected last month t a esleyan University, Middletown, Conn., fro hich he was graduated 1892. Initiation will take place next year. Dr. i was granted a Master’s degree there in ie a ‘ by Columbia hive cee lat Frost. Dahlias at the Garden succumbed to an ‘early st re year, the week-end of a _chrysanthemums, howe eve ane aw ust coming into flow ee Unonehed ane they filled out ae autumn season with magnificent bloom, $ this year, in addition to a collection of 65 varieties . hardy asters which formed an outstanding border of bloom during ember. Conference. Dr. H. A. Gleason and de hn D. Dwyer reported on their field trip of the past summer through be ntral and eastern states at the cor ference of the staff and registered oe dents at the ead Nov. 15. members of the staff Now “ore Botanical ceetas were guests a ing ae the close of the day Explorer. ae oleate von sonatas who had j returned fro ar! year of eaieeae in the Poin fr Chiral Province, Panama, addressed an aud ae at the Botanical Garden the afternoon of Nov. 2 immediately after the reaular Seay lecture, His Sub Ta < — his own kodachro: as the title of is book ‘which hed oe pablishes the week before: “Jungle in the Clou Diatoms. Joseph Ree Photomicrographs” New York Microscopical Society Nov. 1. The following day, under the auspices of ne Society, he veoh work with a Satur- day group for the study of diatoms and photoniers graphy, with the assistance of . Cloud. J.L. F. Burke spoke on before the ces 295 tary. Mrs. William E. Weber dition Bostock ) ended her fifteen years of service with the New York Botanical Garden Noy, 15. ie 3 succeeded in her lees of "Geeret H t by Miss Lilian Meyferth, a graduate ot the T ar Course in Practical Gardening, Affiliat Lectures given during the past cnt to ga ge clu oS which are Affiliates of the rk Botanical oo include “Lilies foe Gardens” by A. B. Stout before the South Orange Carden Club Nov. 4 and “The Literature of Gardening” by Elizabeth C. Hall, Garden Club of Mamaroneck, Nov. 25. Vitamin By. At the Autumn General Meeting of the pee Philosophical 22-23, Dr. Society in Philadelphia Nov ree J. Robbins spoke on “Vitamin and Growth of Excised Tomato Seo: The a pound of a eas “held the anr birthday of thor founder, alive in the ae oe at the Botanical Oct. 27, Afterward, the irls resent visited the nee Giened last ear at the Garden in memory of Miss L At the third assembly of the 0 League at the Lotanical Garden, Oct. 26, 192 students heard a ure by George Stonehill, mural Stu s. Classes Pint MateHials f in Horticulture and rom the Department of olumbi ie i Bae of Hov n Nov. 16, 117 s i Dentin ment eee and ties Se tour o the Main Conservatories. Pupils from P. S, 39 e Bronx visited the conse Woes aa 8. Visitors. Among the visitors to Diatom oe ke re n B. Com making a study of the diatoms of (ae Michigan Orchidist. t 9 a acost, T the fine hybrids that he Se Fat A poli ae cypress ne roast rom - cross-section ree w legs are mi Bae from a a hee y tires: forked branch of live oak from Flor de a. gift was presented by Waldo E. in the name of the Driftwood Hotel a McKee J 2h aicsae in fine bay trees from = the mezzanine in the Neiceure Build- ing. ota Dr. Theodor Philipp Haas, who was Sone = charge of the Bo- Nymphenburg, _ tanical Muse Botanical mae reached America by way of Siberia and the Pacific Ocean, and is now doing in. dependent research at the New York B tanical Garden Traveler. red J. Seaver has been making a Sy techie combination vaca- tion ac collecting trip in Bermuda, from where he is expected to return around Christmas- time. e will on “Scenery and ‘Gardens in Bermuda” at da the Pas Saninday afternoon lecture Jan. Mos: A. J. Grout, who ha cently pre “his ad address from Vermont to ” Florida, ent ime at the nee ee month Tice relay wo the s family a veaarcste wl eu rhe will monograph North Ailehiean Flor last are toward a books on pple which he is He Guggenl Memoria al oundation, 296 INDEX TO VOLUME 41 Recurring features, such as Notes, News, and Comment and Current Literature at Glance, will be found in the Table of Contents (page ti) but not in the index belo fe hh Such items as staff conferences, of visitors, and lectures by staff members, appea a, arly every month, are not included. 00. eviewed are listed er the author wanes Ul @ separate index beginning on pa ge 3 in the general index, the abbreviatu “(row)” before a page number indicates ook 1etWU, te abbrevnation “S” refers Section Tw he May Journal, which contains ‘the Dire “s Annual Report, a hist « paged scparately from the r se the volume, The abbreviation “MS” refers to the Mar Supplement, which consists the ucational Program of the Ga rden, also page separaicly. An asterisk duaicales an illustrated article or the page on which an illustratic occurs, duthors’ uames are given in parentheses after the title of an article. Am. Science Congress Ol 150 Barnard Botanical avis 77 m. fenies of Plant Taxon- Barnes, Mrs. Jam AAAS. 27, 52 Barnhart, See 128, 14 Abronia gracilis 208 Rirciehepnals titanum S10 294; S1, $15, S18 Acaci 39, 41* Anderson, Arthur M. 51 Biigabeth aan Knig G gil 269 Annona 42 a Scientist Acer nigrum 243 Antilles* 36-44 a 42- ae inoides 94 Appalachia 197 rtholomew, James R. 280 rubrum 243 Applegate, E. R. 20 Bateson, aie el 170 saccharinum 243 Apteria hymenanthera 38 saccharum 243 : Aquatic house May cover Sec. 2* iy 7. ae re Achillea tomentosa var. King Arachnoidiscus 289*; Dec. covery Beckett, Edwin MS5, MS8; Edward S10 heli 152 (rvw) 196 Achimenes 168 Arb ’ News 152, 198 Begonias* 1-11; S10 Achiote, the Blood Tree ‘Apdiela “pudshpens 44 Berge, Edward $7 ne ctor Wolfgang von asa Armacost, W.L, 295 oe Sains of) 126 Arrowhe: i He a Food Among the Ber » C. Coleman 224 Aenits arborescens 38 Chinese* QV. M. Porterfield) aa Alpines in Sphagn um 10 45-48 wil trient Solu ons” Aatnotches heliopelta 288* Art of Simpling* ee 166 ” 208-2 Addis eee Arthur, John M. Bible ( ie of) 199 dee, “Ale 278 Tpus communis 42 Bickerton, Jack 276 Adiantum ne and varie- Asarum europaeum 88 Bignonia 39 ties) 76 Ash, William B, 170 Biol en Photographic Assoc pedatum 60, 68, 70* ‘Ashmole, Elias 164-166 tion Adler, Herma 283 Asplenium (species and varie- ae "and ae Club (New Yor Advisory Council 28, 126, 127, ties) 76 151, 256 Adiantum-nigrum 68 ie cnn 42, 82", 83 Aegopodium Podagraria variegata Nidus 1 Bizarre Trees and Other Stran 88 platyneuron 60 Plants from Lower Californ arcs Evia for the Window resiliens 67 (Ira L. Wiggins) 201-208 Garden* (E. E. ee 166-168 Trichomanes 60, 108* (incor- Blackburn, Ben 19, (rvw) 193 gave Duss rectly labeled cae Blakeslee, A. F. 28, 200 Nelsonii 269 ee which would Blechnum spicant oe 76 serr lata e A.platyneuron) vuleanicum 65, Ajuga reptans 87 Aster Ga 294; Sept. cover” Bleeding canker - maples 94 Alexander, E. J. 113, 2185 $13, Astero aul a Bloch, Robert 126 14, $18; et s) 25, 194 Athens (Garden Club) 2 Board . anagers 126, 199, 2 A House-Plant which Propa- gyi ee and ee Bo bbink, L. gates Tiself* 213-216 aie Robert Alpine plants (in nutrient solu- ee 60 Bonisteel, W aie J. 100, 11 tions) ae Filix-femina 63, 65, a Alternaria 11 : Goeringianum see a 92* Boo y A. 279 American ee tion for Ad- ee 66 Seen Bee S16 vancement of Science 27, 52 speciosus 281* Bostock, Lillian 295 Am, ee Paes S6, 200 Sustain baat Life 20 Sh Soin ba: Am ade pa in the Pine Barrens (course) $15 oe Pos rior mor C. Marquand) 253-256 Botanical Gazette 51 Am. ae wie $15 i : : ee Am, Iris Society eae 246 Botanical Lore from Kor 62 B (Florence Hedleston Crane) Am, Journal of Hee y 51, 2 Am. Naturalist 2! Bailey, ee Whitman 283 144-146 aia ts Saas 295 Baldwin, Henry de Forest 51 Botanical Review 2 Am. Rose Society 128, 35 Botanical beens i America anry de Lorest 31, anty fe Wares ae Ratanieal ne Am Botrychium 64; varieties) 77 aoe ee 65, 66 virginian Botrytis 116 Bo (species and wmans Hill Wild Flower Pre- serve 198 cae Sol S. 278, 279 ady, eF. 170 Brennan, Edward Ve 126 Bridge, Samuel 15 on, K Britton, Nathaniel ah 22, 129, 138, 13 ea ronx River Brooklyn Init ne Arts and Sciences 2 Brooks, peeled in M. (rvw) 195 ro Brown, Mrs. Acai nm 136 . $2 uke, a sep F. 147, 272, 277, “Dintme and the Microscope -284 the Ditom ee at the danieal Gar- den -2 Butler, Se . ie 126, $13 Cc Cactaceae 44 a (gift) 276 Cain, pale > 201, 290, 295; (ryws) 102, ‘ajanus oe Calathea lutea Jan. cover* Calluna vulgaris 89 Calyptranthe Bolster Camp, , 19, 27, 120, 127, 151, 218; $13, ‘S15, $18, pees ae ere ae MS8; Compal ‘toni 118-120 Ba a g Ps en vests 118-120 garganica 118- istriaca fee Camptosorus ae 60, 62". 77, 110 Capsicum oo 146 ae J. 224; (rvw) 249 Care: 120; nog $15. Carica Papaya Cariceae a American) 120, Carnegiea gigantea 276 Catalpa ovata 99 : Cephalocereus Urbanianus 40*, 44 297 eat tines fimbriata 93 mare Given to Students in Two-Year Prac Gardening Course 169-17! Ceterach ee ee Chi andl r, Clyde 51, ce (rvw) a ndler, Philip 122 Chase, Agnes $14 Cheilanthes (species and varie- ties) 77 Feei 67 Chimarrhis cymosa var. genuina Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York* 45-47; 185-188 Choate, Mabel 101 Ground-Covers for Difficult Places 86-91 Christmas trees 125 Chronica Botanica 80 Chrysanthemum (displays) 294; $38*; (hi types) 20; (Kor- -231 inchona 1 Citrus aurantium 42 ‘andis 42 Clarke, Cora A. pant Eeetia 4 19, 162, 163 Clemati Clethra Chenin tg $13 oud, . L. 280, 294 ae ‘0S Coccolol He uvifera 40* Coffea arabica 42 ica 42 of Sie jas Grown at the New York Bot oa Gar- des H. Ever ett) 1 Coloe: Colquhi I. 2 ‘columbia University MS7 pete a Conger, Conifers ( . ae Calif.) 267-269 Conservatory Court $9, S17*; Aug. cover* Coombs, Mrs. Jerome W. V.) 19, 275, 290; (rvw) 2 Corbett, A. J. S6é Cornell Extension Bulletins pe Courses of aes udy 204, 217, 251, 294; MS1-8; $15 Coville, Prederck ‘ 140 sie ae rles F. Cranbrook ee of Science oo oe Ss Bers Hedleston Botanical dione from Korea* a 141 144-140 Crater Lake National Park 20 Crehan, Martin 122 Crested Gor omen Ferns (T. A. Weston) 6! ee faa C. 120; S15 Cc s 44 mma (species and varie- ties) 77 Culpeper, Bree 158-166 Cui ex 225-231 Cuscuta is ii 206 pteri fragilis 63, 67 D Dahlia (display) 294 Daphne Cneorum 89 phne ori Davidson, Harold 275 ay, Dorothy ae Day, Mrs. Har: Daylilies ee i tags 244-245 Daylily Mikado 21 Degener, Otto $5, $13 Mrs. Carl A. (Helen (rvw) 249 : ee 10 Delphintum 100; (culture) 50 Denns' ee celeb 63, 65, al ce n 279 rt eerie League (In- eration 152 aup flower the Monsoon For- ne oe y* (CH. W. Rickett) teen exter, "Chase 0. 199 : Dianthus Diatom cal i at ‘thi ae otanical Garden (Joseph Burke) 27 oe 147, 252, 277-284, 288 289*, 29 Diatoms and the Microscope* (Joseph F. aus) ie 284 ‘etrich, Josep Dioscorea Diospyros 42 Diseases (Dutch elm) (ferns)* 116 (garde eee 117; (maple) 94; 98; (turf) 200 Paine (see ae ea _ (planetree) .o a ar a Biles Pili Asso- Chrysa 8 Conservatory 95*. 2 $7; Feb. and Nov. covers Easter 96-97* International Flower Show 76, 98*. 99 Outdoor $9 World’s Fair Distribution of plants 21; $10 Dithyrea californ: 208 Dixon, Mary N. 2 Dobshansky, Th. 2 Docentr: 1 Dodge, B. O. a ee ig Me 200, 218 ae $5, a a (im) on n Diseases and Pests* “ae 117 ae at tious Diseases of aha 93- ] eee ree Donors S10 Douglas, Mrs. Walter 151 Douglass, H. Beaman 218 ywner, Dryopteris 110, 112; (species and varieties) 69, 77 tet aemula Clintoniana 60 crenata cristata 6 Filix-mas on 61, 66, 70* fragrans 65, 66, 67, 92", 110 Goldiana 61 hexagonoptera 60, 70* Linnaeana 60 Linnaeana plumosum 66 marginalis 61, 71* noveboracensis 63 oreopteris 65 patens 65 rigida 66, spinul ae Thel: is mubescen 65 Drypetes serrata Duches dica 7 Dudley, Ernest and H. C. 201 lu Pont, Henry F. Dutch Elm Disease 294 wyer, D. 27, 100, 200, 292; Eaton, Mary E. 136, Echinocactus intortus 4 Educationa gram ar MS1-8 code ae Brit- (J. H. Bar e Preserva- tion me Native American Wild Flower: (C. Stuart Gager) 137-142 Elliott, JeJ: ae S18 42. cts Elizabeth G. Britton and the Mo Elwes, Mary $16 298 on, Helena Titus 1 T. 136; ae 250 rms Erythrina 199 ‘ythroxylon 39 ovatum var, angustifolium 44 Esson, James G. MS5, MS8; (rvws) 25, 22 Eugenia 42 sont Fortunei 285-290 ke Kautshove 286 radic: var, ae os eye T. H. 12, 218; MS4, Me. aon a re 515, S18 The Collection of Begonias To at the N.Y.B.G.* 1-11 mer Ferns from Spores* 14-115 exit pad also Displays) Art Fern eee 79 Bote te Glen 276 International Flower Show 76, Photographs 224 Stone and wi indowed plants 276 Wor id's Fair $27 Exploration 200 F Farm Res Federated oe Clubs of New York State 141 Fellowship 20 Fern Diseases ae Pests* (B. O. a the Student (Elizabeth C. nm 127 m of* 59- r Show diy, a 99 led g: forcing 79, is ie from spores 79, 114-115", 257- 266 hardy species 59-73 esate 69-73 rile nutrient media* and varieties* Ferns Exhibited at Internation: Flower Show 76 Ferns for the Woodland Garden 70-71 Ferns of Antiquity (Harold 3 Motdenke) 75 Ferry, Ervin S. 19; (rvw) 250 Field Botany (course) MS6 Fife, Mrs. Robert H. 51 Fisher, Clyde 128, 135, i Fisher, Mrs. Henry J. Fishers rape (flora) a Flanders, Annette Hoyt 275 Flora co ible 199 Fishers Island 197 Hawaii $13 Towa 125 conte 99 ower aria ee Montan: er Pine Barvens 2 Saat on orig Park 19 Wyo ae “Dips House Feb. 201-208". an Franseria chenopodifolia 202* Frederick S, aa (Carol H Woo oy ard) 12- Frost 2 fae oon and Aas ae in the Wintercreeper (Geor 285-290 8 fae umbellata ford, Mar; dene He 22, 176 Paine Edm H. Syrup and ‘Sugar from Maples 332. Pye Fulling, Marguerite (rvw) 79 Fumago Fungi (Martin’s outline) 125 G Gager, C. Stuart 128, 135 Elizabeth G. Britton and t Movement for the sat of Native i ica Wild Flowers 137-142 alactia nummularia 4 arden Appr ceiniion (course) tion 415, MdO WeNe Garden Book contest oh Garden nine week 1 Garden Club of ee 136, 197; s ners’ Chronicle (index) S16 122 85 Garden* (Vir- ginia Wilson Vandivert) 29-35 9 95; 510-11 jay trees 295 jooks 176 ti 276 lematis material 80 iatoms 252 ems 76 lerida planis ‘und for wid, ‘Powe Preser- “vation 9, ofland hae A 95*, 126 pa ana 281 o Mrs. Britton 129 a 2 122, , John 255 Gillies, ee H, 98, 217; MS5, MS: ph eS a fruits 187* ain ‘Scouts 295; S17 . A. 27, 51, ie MS7, MS8; 127, 200, ; 55, $12, $19 Gleditsia triacanthos 99 Gloxinia 168 Gomi Natalie and Carol H. Korean Chrysanthemums” 225-231 nt George J. 176; Woodward, (rvw) oe alan 40", 42 Marie-Galant t, Joseph W oe Gravelle, Philip O. 280, 281 Gravelle Phot romicoerapts A Gift to the Garden* (Carol H. Woodward) 281-282 é Graves, Georg: i picks “Foon and Var & i the Win a 170 a 113, 224, 256; S12 Fa Grode ac Leon ee Ground-Covers for Places Panes Guonte) oe 91 Grout, A. J. 1 Growing pets in Siena ee Franklin F. 299 with Nutrient Solutions (C. Fe 5 bw A g ae 3 Be s 8 a5 % a rom Spores ce Media* (Clara Hir 257-26) Id of the An- 52, 280 Gymnosiphon Germaini 38 sphaerocarpus 38 Haas, Theodor Philipp 295 Habenaria 38 Hagelstein Robert 147, 277-280 Hall, Elizabeth C. 19, 100, 122, 218; MS6, MS8; $14, S19 ‘ern Lite erature for the Stu- and Gardener a - latioway Harr riette R. r, Hanns Q Sane _ 278, ardy Ferns and Their 127 is of Exotic and Horti- * (Stuart Long- 280 Culture apres Hardy Fern: a ural ie in wir) 6 Hardy i for Shaded Gar- Hedera Helix var. baltica 89 Helianthemun 88 uae citrina 245 Iva ful ika Bo $10 multiflora 245* Hennessey, Roger i epatics (research) 2' Herbarium lealtiva rater a $10; (cryptogamic) 277; (moss) 143 pete rgare Tul the Netherlands Yes- terday Y and Today* 105-107 Heuchera 88 Menziesii Hibiscus ee 39 Hicks, enry 2 Hiking Trips Buresn 198 ee As Hires, a sie feet rom Spores on Sterile Nutrient Media* 257-266 itchcock, A. S. Hitchcock, Romyn Hodges, Edward Holland (Greeting from) 95 Holland Bulbs 95*, 96, 97 ‘ eee oducing plants 19: ker, Mrs. Elon Huntington 51 $1 Horticulture 246 Hosta 87 eens Ee which Propagates self* (E. J. Alexander) 213- re Howe, Marshall A. 140 Hymenophyllaceae 7 Hymenophyllum Iberis sempervirens 91 Ice storm 98 Idria columnaris 202, 203*, 269 Illnois Experiment Station Cir- 206, cular 293 fae eee 145*, 146 Indian agricul 246 Indigofera nts tinetoria Indoor coe displays 266, 294; 87, S8* Inga lai a 38 Injury to Daylilies by Thrips (A Stout) 244-245 € s) International Flower Show 76, 98*, 99; S10 Iowa (woody eae of) 125 Ipomoea Batatas Ivy 293 k, J. G. 227, 228 ee Janes B, 122 Jack, s S. 217 Japanese ® beet les 200 Jatropha cinerea 202”, 203, 208 51 Justicia androsaemifolia 44 K Kansas pee 199 Kaplan, Meyer 170 Karling, J. iS 52 Kavanagh, F. W. 27, 100, 218; (rvws) 24 49, 12 Kavanagh, Vir rgen eet Literatur at a Glance 20, 124, 151, 197, 246, Keeley, Frank J. 2 Kellogg, Mrs. re Veonad 51 Kelsey, Harlan 227 Kelsey, Seth a Kendall, Oliver, Jr. 279 Killip, ae P. 51; S19 King, Mrs. Francis 151 Kirby, George 290 Kittonia carat a Knowlton, F. H, Kojan, aaa Korean Chrysanthemums* (Carol H ‘oodward and Natalie Gomez) ae ee PLM, ae B. A. on 51, 199; $20, Racal: H. R., Jr. 51 Labels S10 Ladies oe Club of Athens, ve Lant: nee anes aes Ale 256 Laraea_ ee ta ee Thomas ae 100, 200, 86, 12; — ws) 79, 291 ee, Vida A A, 279 . waetz, Eric 170 s 197, 293 Lawrence e, Richard F. 280 ecanidion atratum 126 $15 Claren mee McK. 5], 122; $16 Libocedrus decurr pees Habe ae Life ee ae Fern* (H. W. Rickett} a Li, ein Gan to trees) 50 iia on auratum candidum S15 Lois as Lincoln, Mrs. M. (rvw) 25 Literature of Eee (course) ee Little, T! note 217 Liver 25 Living oa Fool Diatoms of the rld* 288. Livistona nae 52 cochinchinensis 52 Local Flora (course) S1 Lockwood, Mrs. William A. 51 of Exotic and Hort cult val Origin*® 64-69 Lophosee Schottii 202* California, (flora of) 201- _ 267- ee Lownes, Albe: The Soe Cis of Coles vs. Culpeper* 8-166 300 mber production 198 Lape George 126 ee - J. Grvw) 7 Lygodium palmatum on: 262*, 263* Lyrocarpa Coulteri 208 M , Roberta 276 ee ania gummosus 202”. a, Jackaness, Frank G. (rvw) 78 es nzie, Kenneth K, 120, 200; S15 Madrofio 20 Magnolia (species damaged) 99 pe i Mam mericana 42 Mangifera indica 42 Manihot ety 42 Mann, Albert Manz, Li Ludwie os 252 Maple sugar and syrup* 232-243 Mariscus jamai icensis | 39 ee Eleanor Aut in the Pine Barrens* 2 53 Bee Some Horticultural 181-184 Mathias, austen foe 251 McCormick, Fra McF: nl, ane S Portraits“ McFad cGir 4 Pest-P Fo ol-Proof, — All- Purpose Roses 153-158 McGregor, Ed, R. (rvw) 49 nna, P. J. 113; (rvw) 274; 87, S19 McKenny, Margaret 62, 79, 108 McMaster, Duncan 170 edals S10; (for ferns) 99 Melrose, 122 David Members’ activities 79, 275 room 266 Membership (life) 199, 294 list $28 pamphlet 17 privileges 25: Menispermaceae 199 Men’ rden Club 200 Meri ircul: 88* Meyer, F. N. Moyer tee 170, Microscope Goan ce 282-284 peat ae a 170 Mi . Roswell, Sr. 51 199, 218, 290; MS3, MS7, MS8; S5, $13, S15, $19 (rows) 150, 293 f£ Antiquity 75 Monachina, Joseph S18 vt H. $2 Morse, Harriet K. (rvws) 174 9 1 Moss, Donald J. 1 Mass, Johi 2, 2 Motion picture of Garden 266 Mount Bri 21* mor ne in one w Yo: ort ‘useum a robin nen Pipe inj Te ie pee ogia , S14 Noell Seve ee America 2) ‘xOmM: Narcissi S9 Nash, G. V. $14 paca Academy of Sciences 275 Nal a ” Association of Gardeners 22 Natl. Horticultural Magazine 29. Natl. Parks 151, 293 Natl. Shade Tree Conference 50 201 ative plants 246 8 e Magazine 198 Navieula ana 89* Naylor, 9, a 28, 200 $20; he 5 rs African Violets Pe the Win dow Garden* oe 168 Needham, George H. Nelumbium Aug. cove: Roe AS fern ms)* 117 Ne racea variegata 88 42 24 Sesion an a. a ewer Bulle 197, 293 roposed for th ee "Grou up of Car as* (P, J. van Melle New Orleans ane Society 24 New os i academy of Science 28, 2. N.Y. oa and Tree Club 12% 129 New York Botanical Garden t of the Director for $1 ree visory sree ee Annual Mee! Arboretum $0 ee — $15 Board S6 Displays and Exhibits S10 Education S15 Finances $16 Gifts and _Exchanges $10 Gifts r received S10 Herbarium $12 Indoor Plantings $7 Library S14 Living Plant Collections and I 87 = = 5 5 an a 5 a mn he =~ , $18 ock Garden 126, 129, S9, 822* Rose Garden $3*, Special Events S1 Staff Membership S16, $28 Work Projects Administra- ion S16 N. Microscopical Society 279 N. Y. Zoological Park 294 Nicotiana takacum North American Flora $5, 813, S14, 205 N Cc lative Ferns* (Isaac tae pee 59-64 Notholaena Fendteri 77 pia reid $0 Ae ent solutions Se ee ; (for ferns) 257, Oo Oak, Mrs. David E. 130, 136 Oak, Dorothy 128, 130 Ochnaceae 27, 100 ee ee Station Bulle- MUS, Wi liam 170 Oncidi termedinm 44 Ophioglossum vulgatum 77 Opuntia brasiliensis 2 molesta 2 varieties) 7 cinnamomea* 57*, 63, 72* aa ‘ar. cover* Claytoniana 63 regalis. i 66, 72* Osmundaceae 75 Pachistima Canbyi 89 oe Pringlei 202*, 208, Pat cinemas cae 205 ‘i, ae 132, 133 y 278 caerulea 101; Apr. cover*™ ulea 101; Apr. cover* 301 301 Patrick, Ruth 280 293 Pe las 122 Pedilanthes macrocarpus 202* speci mucro' 65, 67, Pei pein State ae Bulle- ti in 125 Peo: 151 Peperomia dolosa 44 1 border 126 ue ersea : Pest- ee Fool-Proof, All-Pur- pose ss (C. R, McGinnes) ie are Pet ae T. (rvw) 23 laa = MSS, MS8; S6 Phi Beta Kappa 294 Photo; reid oe 100 Ear ce! Phylilitis ig colopendrium 61, 69-73, 77, * eel cactorum 94 el Pi aS it 2 Pine ce Con tian Pine Barrens ee ae 253-256 wo 89, $20; Pi Teffre 10; Pisonia 39 Pityrogramma triangularis 77* 111 Mm: 198 nt astro 21; S10 ication 129-137 Platanus acerifolia 93 ccide: a ake Plat See lis Plexigi ee oly podiaceae Polypodium as and varie- hes 77 ureum 258", 259*, 260*, 264, virgini im ulgare glomeratum 69 lystichu: oe ; (species and varieties) 69, 77 serenchoides 61, 71* aculea aculeatum 66 Arrowhead As a Food a ng the Chinese* rhe 48 See f the Ginkgo* 185-188 as Gv flowers)* 181-184 Poyser, W. 279 Practical Garde lening course 169, MS4-5 Propagation eines 166- 168 Ptelea act July co Pteretis (sp and varieties) 77 nodulos oa, _ suns a 69 ridium (species and varieties) linum 64 Purdue Tepcriniene Station Bulle- tin 293 Putnam, Mrs. Henry St. Clair 51 Pythium 116 Quercus (species damaged) 98 Questel, Adrien 39 Ragwe ed 197 Al 7, 286 Revue Générale de Botanique 50 Rha ed oe ticum 289* Rhizocton Rhoades, Rhododendron $32 es 151; ee Soaaane oukhans Scigensehi pee 45* eae 128, 130, 131, 136, aes H. W. 52, 113, 150, 218; MS3, © De i of the Mon- Forest of Malay* _ 192 The Life Story of a Fern* 53-59 ker, A. J. 200 Robbins, W. J. 27, 28, 51, S21, (rvws) 25, 26, Report of a ibe tor 1939* $1-S17 Sugar 177-181 Robinson, J. H. 280 Rock Garden Feasts udgea caribaea Rusby, Henry Hurd 277 Russell, Charles 51 S Sagittaria (species and varieties)* 45-47 ailer, » Antho ony E. (rvw) 2 69, 27 chmidt, Mary Amelia Bartley chneider, Bereta $21 cholarships 1 hoo! ue 252, 276, 295 dane gardens 125 hool Nature League 124, 197 chrcnen E, J. 275; (rvw) 103 chuurman, J. A. 9. chwarten, Mrs. L. chwarz, Mrs. Henry F. 5 cience sone for “Profesional 52, $14 Gardeners 170, 251, MS3-4; si 5 Science Obs Sas Piso ‘and Religion (confers on) 252 Scot ener ee 69 Scott. — obert 122, 217; MS5, M Se nee Mrs. Townsend $1 sees ae J. 19, 27, 126, 277, 3; MS7, MS8; S5, $12, a fe Sedum dasyphyllum 90 Seed exchange S10 ies of ie anes CW. OM (rvw) 271 impson, Robert 122 302 Sinnott, aera WV. 100, 126, 251, 275; em i. Sloanea ie Massoni Small, J. A. Small, (J. K.) S6, $21 all, Mrs, John K. 136 Smith, A. C. 19, 127, 147, 252; MS7, MS8; $5, $13, S14, $18, S21; (rvws) 24, 222 Smith, Guthrie 2 Smith, H. L. 9 Snuff Mill Ss Staff embers $16, 523-28 a Mrs. Stehle, ae we Gaee — Emerald of the Antil 36-44 Steinberger, Elsa C. 170 di tokes, Phelps Stout, A. ee 19, 218, 252, 275, 294; MS3, MS7, MS8; SS, > $15, $22, (rvw) 271 Injury to Daylilies by Thrips* 244-245 Distributions of the Mikado Daytily 21 Strange Case oF Coles vs. Cul- peper* (Albert E. Lownes) 158-166 Streptocarpus 1 Strong, Mrs. aoe G. 136 Student Gardeners 52, 101, 122, 126, 151, Study Course on FI) 18 Study Room for Diatoms and My. ycetes to be Formall. Opened Jan. 11, 1941 277 Sturgis, W. C. 147 Sugar (William J. Robbins) 177-181 Sullivant peas ee 143 Svenson, H. K. Swallen oa Swan, Joseph R. 51, 256 Swift, Howard W. S22; (rvw) 222 Symploces martinicensis Syrup and Sugar from es (Edmund H. Fulling) 232-243 Tabebuia pallida Tacca Chane 189-192 Forcing ems for Displa 1 te. 1 Taxus ee 87 caylee, L. S. eh oe 126, 15 Ae chospora 1 Termites 152 Terpsinoé mi oe Eran 44 87 Tenn Henry (rvw) 2 es, ; Bock ee 3 89, $22 je ae Ww. - 290; (rvw Three-Day tical Gardenin, Short Courses in Prac 217 Thrips (on dayl lies) 244-245; (0: ferns) 117; oe Hee $13 Thurston, Mr. Mrs. Edwar ee re Jr. 76 rella Menziesii 214 Ties, Charles P. 279 miea Menziesii* 213. i apse tn ‘anical on oe 31 101, 150 Balt oa 277 Torr eya 197, Totty, Charl in a Townsend, a a Trees damaged in ice storm 98-99 Cleveland census 152 rare 198 'rees and shrubs (care of) 151 Trelease, Sam F, 275 Triceratium 88*, 89*; Dec. cover 8 Trichomane: reniformis 65 rifolitum eae s Tropical Flower nee 101 Tulips 126; 35 Tulips in the ee ies day and Today* (Mar; Herbst) 105-107; May cove er" Two Serious Diseases of Shad Trees (B. O. Dodge) 93-94 Ulmus Sai Sil of ae a Pe a mum: < Utricularia obtusa 39 van Brunt, Cornelius 280 1 de Boe, Louis (rvw) 171 yan Melle, P. J. 113, MS8; (rvw) 104 New pie Pro ae for the of 122; MSS, “Garganica” Gro 118- a Maunsell (rvw) Campanu: he as yan Rensselaer, no Wils Geraniums in the Garden® 99. 35 $13 Voislawsky, Mrs. yon oe Christine st Hag ve WwW fae 101, 294; $1 re Achiote, The Blood Tree* 81-86 Walking Bue 198 ers* 1 Weston, T. A. 68, 76, 99 sted Hartstongue Ferns Cre: 69-73; heeler, Mrs, George 136 herry, Edgar T. 198 Whitcomb, W. D. 287 ‘iegmann, iam H Wiggins, Ira L. tw) 2 rees er and i Strange S from Lower California* 201-208 ines and Other Coni- pee bserved In Lower Cali- 267-269 ie ee Garden 1 Preservation Society oon 140 Program 128 Wild Flowers 124, 198 ~ Wiley, Farida A. 19 Willi: Isaac Langley 76 , Notes on the Cultivation of fae ative Ferns* G 64 . Nelson B. Wilson, Percy te Wister, 227, 2: Wittrock, G. L. 113, 256, 294; S4, > ae : 5 Woman’s nal Farm and Parcs Aaseition 126, 151 v S. 278 303 Woodsia (species and varieties) 7 alpina 92* ilvensis 63 oe ae Weward one H. 170; Sid. wy ws) 174, 195, 221, 73, 274, meen ts 2 ae eres S. Lee* 12. Gravelle Photonergrabs ‘a, Gift t e Garden* 281-282 Korean Chry -eantheiiina® 225-231 Woodwardia (species and varie- ties) 77 di Word's Fair ne 295; S25* Xanthosoma 42 Yellow peas and Other une Observed in Lower Califor . Wi pee 267- ae? Tot. rs. Clarence ath h-on-Aj ae valida ae 203, 208 Z Zajdel, nee aoe a Zimmer Zinnias ee Zundel, G. L. ee BOOK REVIEWS Abbott, Daisy T. The Indoor bel T. Harmony in Flower Design 25 Adriance, 7 W. and Brison, ‘red Eopaeseiea of Hertel Plants 49 mmons, Nelle. ale of the, Liverwaits 7 West inia 270 gin Matson D. B. (see Meyer) — re Flowers a Ano us. ABC 0 Grow ee coe So a . Avie pears and Rand, w Guinea Expedi- tion fe Baldwin, Ira Lawrence (see Fred) Barber, Charles Fitch. Our Garden 124 Beadle, G. W. (see Sturtevant) Bean, W. J. Wall Ae ubs and Hardy Climbers Bennett, H. eres Chemi- cal . d Technical Diction- The Garden Clinic 274 Buon: Fred R. (see eae, Brown, Gregory. How to rees 292 Burgess, R. (see Galloway) Ux! xton, od Raymond. Be- “Beatie Houghton. camel Evolution of Land e diram Martin. 222 chien ee Park one National Clasieon, os E. Garden: Clements, Sa E. and Shelford, Victor E. Bio- 291 Magic Coffin, Marion Cruger. Trees d Shrubs for Landscape ects, Coldiron, Daisy Lemon, There Was a Garden 274 ee A, Frederick. Garden- for Fun, Health and Cran, Marion. Gantens of er 24! Paul Russe! The i a xplore . D. The Evolu- f Ge netic peel tie 49 Art Flowers: Flowers: Narcissi ae rales pres Hyacinths, German- Dictionary Be Vries, Louis. eee Science me ie day, Russell, Tree N 97 Emmart, Emily Walcott. The i iS. i An The Legu- minous Plants of Wisconsin 27 erste oH Aquatic Federal "Weiter Oks: New Legudinoas Plants Frid, W. C. (see Platt) Gaer, Joseph. Men and Trees 195 Galloway, L. D. and Burgess, R. Applied Mycology and Bacteriology 78 Gatenby, J. Bronte bat on See ana Aztec Herbal 1552 48 Gathorne- oe ne a Mill 78 Gericke, Wiiliam F. The plete on to Soilless a dening 17 Gill, Peay C. White Water Three Acres r C. (see Rock- Green, oe Hilton. Trees of the South Guise, C. H. ee Gustafson) Gustafson, A. » Ries, H., Guise, C. H. er Ham ane Ww. L, Jr. Conservation } the Cate sae 25 Hamilton, W. I., Jr. (see Gus- tafson) Henry, Victor M. (see Furner) Holme, C. G. (see Mercer) Hopkinson, J” H. (see ee Howard, Edwin L. Childre lens 197 acks, G. V. and Whyte, R. O. Jaeger, Edmund C. esert Wild Flowers 221 Jaques, H. E. How to Kuow Trees 197 Jepson, aud. Biological Drawi ngs 104 Johansen, Donald A. Plant cag be 192 et I Want A Ga cden dees Feds “ce Platt} ae w Your Own oe auack Tod Salween 174 King, Eleanor and Pessels, Wellmer. Working With Nature 173 Kue . Loraine E. The Art of Simplified 172 Leonian, Leon Del Iphinium 39 195 ene, Clara Mae (see oe Book MacDougal, Daniel oa Tree Growth 78 304 Mangham, Sidney. Earth's Green Mantle 24 McKenny, Ma’ t. Birds in he Garden and How to At tract es Bouquets itters 196 Mercer, F. A. and Holme, C. G. sardens and Gardening 220 Metcalf, C. L. and Fiint, W. P. neat and Useful In- 23 Meyer, s. derson, Plant "Phoiley 24 ae Recrea Associa- tion. Gard i Se. fol Community a Home 195 Naumov, N, cl és Des Mucorinées Nozaki, Shin ee Dwarf Trees 221. The General Pallis, Marietta. A $ Vegetation in Europe 2 Palmer, Charles (see Consigny) Patterson, ee ~ Be Your Own Gar pete Walmer oa King) Phillips, A. Gardening Without Soil a Plat, ae Delightes for die: ar 1 a Te : fee Frid, on, J. H. = pe: ge! B: SYR: 83 Ps Botany, ae u Preston, char J Rocky. Mountain Trees 173 Priestley, i 7 . and Scott, An Introduction to otany 10: uick, Arthur Craig. ild Flowers of the ees States and Canada 150 Quinn, Vernon. Stories and Legends “of Garden Flowers 79 aati in le Garden and R Ranson, Nancy Richey. My Neighbor’s Garden — And Min Rehder, Manual of ', Alfred. Cultivated ‘Trees and ae 248 Richey, Harry W. letter) Hae H. W. (see Robbins) Ries, H. (see Gustafson) (see Schil- Robbins, William J. and Rick Rockwell, F. F. round the Year in the Gar 27 oo Grayson, Esther C. Flow Arrangement in 1 Color 27 Saunders, E. R. Floral Mor- phology (Volumes 1 and 2. 2) 272 Scarbo: rough, Opal Vene, Clara Mae. 0O..C. Marsh, aa in Palaeon- tol Seott, ee I. (see Priestley) Seed World. Weeds and Weed eeds 293 Shaffer, = se H. Carolina Gardens Sheldon, a ae Se Shelford, Victo: E ents) 291 Spencer, oo Rollin. Just Weed: Stevens, Pe ea Rawlins. Trees 292 Storm, Katherine oe Arthur. The Small ee den Sturrock, vid. ical Fruits for aaa pe and Cuba and oe Uses 249 Sturtevant, i H. d Beadle, An ae to Genetics 273 Sunset es Sunset’s Compl @ Garden Book 250 Synge, “Pa trick M. Plants With Personality 17: Herbertia ae Hamilton F. 939 194 Be {see Plat) Turner, Wayne I. and Henry, R, O. cies j. J. Vv Enigma of the Origin of the eee oe ih raed in Suce t Plan oo eee House and Garden's Book of Gar- dening 171 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1941: E. C. ae TER, MarsHALt Fietp, Mrs. Eton HuntincTon Eset Joun L. MeErriLi (Vice-president), Cor. Rozsrt H. Monto GOMERY, Hosarr Porter, and A‘ Percy SAUNDE Mal 1942: ArTuuR M. slate a (Treasurer), PrerrE Jay, CLARENCE Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henr ONTAGNE (Secretary and Assistant Treasurer), and WILLIAM J. Rous Unt nae Henry pe Forest Bauowon (Vice-president), Henry F. pu Pont, Attyn R, Jennines, Henry Locxuart, Jr, D. T. MacDoucat, Mrs. Harorp I, Pratt, “and JoszrH R. Swan (Prien). II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGER Fioretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. ceed Mosss, Park Commissioner. s MARSHALL, President of the Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGER . A. GLEASON, grrontes by the Torrey Botanical Club. ARPER, SAM TRELEASE, ee s M. Ruoanes, and Marston T. BocrrT, appointed by abn University. GARDEN STAFF Lean aa Pu. D., Sc. D. Director H. A. Gt. Pu. D. Assistant Director and Head Curator Henry DE 7 Mex ticne Assistant Director A. B. aaa ae ae Curator of Education and Laboratories FRED J. SEA Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator BERNARD Q, “Bowes a Dz Plan Headed) ist oun HENDLEY BARNHART, Ac Mio Mi. Divas inst ctetes ae cukeek iegvannes 1. W. Ricxett, Pu. D. isiro + Bilogrpher Tarotp N. MowwENKE, Pu. D. LIzABETH C,. Hatt, A, B, B.S LEDA GRIFFITH Artist oe Phot tagraphe ERCY WILSON she Associai OBERT S. Plcegas esearch Ass in Bryolo. oo ALE FER cece 5 Assistant Curator and aa of the. Trocal Sebastain: H Came, Pu. D. ‘ant Curator LYDE CHANDLER, A. M. sts the jonical Assistant OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant poo KavaNnacH, Me Technical Assistant Rot H. a A Editorial Assistant 7 eouas H. Eve a DB Hort. Horticulturist .L Wirteocn, | : Custodian of the Herbarium Tro DEcENER, M. a Collaborator in Hawaiian Botan OBERT HLAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Joszpu F, Burke Honorary Curator of the Diatomaceae . A, Kruxor norary Curator of Economic Botan ubliched § in advance.] Swift, Howard Wost Composing a Le of nels Jour. N. ot. 0: 68-71. [6] Mr 1930. Argemone platyceras rosea. Addisot one 0:49, 50. pl. 665. “10 F” [28 Mr] Tansey, Joseph Wil me a grandiflor 57, 58. pl. 669. Addisonia 10 ‘po (28 Mr] 1939. Woodward, Carol Helen (Editor : Jou Be of the New York Bo- tanica Bronx = ee ce n to public. World-Telegram 71(171) : 17. oi hi Sturdier, h healthier trees the aim of East- em Conference at Botanical Garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 40:5-8. [23] Ja Thousands o nae plants on exhibition Park. N. in Bron Y. World-Tele- gram 71 ele lust. 4 F ae onx display bec! owner of gi use. + OY, erald Tabu “08 (33740)°: 19. iWust. 2 Ap 1939. [Anonymous. What to see in N. Y. Her- Id Tribune 99(33817) : 18 Je 9 ; 99(33829):11. 30 Je 1939 Ge) 12. 4 Jl 1939; 99(33841): Ji 19 ionymous. 39. [Ano Waterlilies are on display at the Fair and B Gardens. N. Y. Times 88 (29744) D190 2 Ti 1939. e krubi, Franklin News 16*:3. il- ust. © 1939. [Anonymous.] Primulas, azaleas, aud irises are among the. ae that bloom at the edge of the i garden in the Thompson Memorial Rock Garden. 23 LIST OF STAFF MEMBERS NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 1896 TO 1939 aa Edward Johnston. wm Aid February 1926 to June 1926 ean Curator vay 0 are ae Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium ......... | Jat Barnhart, rae endley. Editorial Assistant January 1903 to September 1907 pee October 1907 to 7 ecember 1912 Biblio, raphe Laas 1913 to date Adoninstrativ ssist July 1932 i October 1937 Bastedo, Walter Arthur. ee professor of clinical medicine, Colunbia University. ‘urator 1897 to September 1897 C Benedict, Ralph Curtiss. Later professor, Brooklyn cohen Aid June 1906 to 1908 Boas, Helene ee Laboratory Assistant January 1914 to October 1918 Boynton, Kenneth Rowland. Si, ue visor of Gardening Instruction November 1919 to August 1921 ‘ardener September 1921 to May 1934 Brinley, John cee Landscape Eng January 1901 to December 1931 Britton, Elizabeth Cota Knight. Died 25 February ere Hon norary parks tor of Mosses y 1912 to February 1934 Britton, ae thaniel Lord. Died 25 June 1934. Dir ctor-in-Ch ief July 1896 to July 1929 Director Emeritus August 1929 to June 1934 Camp, Wendell Holmes. Assistant Curator 1935 to date Cannon, William Austin. Later research associate, Carnegic ae Laboratory Assistant January 1902 to June 1903 Chandler, Florence Clyde. Technical Assistant September 1927 to date — Mees Died 3 March 1925. Custodian r 1923 to March 1925 Cue Willard Nelson. Later director of the botenical aii Bae ae ity. Cura ovember 1897 to December 1899 Corbett, ie Joseph. Mechanic in Charge October 1900 to May 1909 uy sent Curodian June 1909 to December 1910 rintend January Bane to ot 1912 x ee of Buildings and Grounds y 1912 to dat Core, Earl Lemley. La ter professor of botany, Hest Virginia ee rsity, Research Assistan October 1931 to June 1932 Crawford, James ‘Alire : Associate Curator September 1921 to October 1923 Degener, ae Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany June 1935 to date Denslow, Herbert McKenzie. Honorary oe a Local Herbarium January 1922 to April 1932 Dodge, Bernard Ogilvi thologist y 1928 to date lant Pat Earle, Be Sumner. Later director, Estacién Central ae de Cuba. Die Dela) 1929. ssista i Gua October 1901 to May 1904 Fates ek E Art July 1911 to January 1932 Everett, Thomas Henry. Horticulturist August ee to April rd ee and Head Gardene: 1934 to Gager, oe s Stuart. Later director. Brooklyn ain Gar a. ie a Assistant ept ae “i904 to January 1905 Diveaior of the Laboratories January 1906 to August 1908 Gies, William John. Consulting Chemist January 1902 to December 1921 Gle a hae Allan. Assistant o December 1919 Digan Director ae 1820 ie November 1923 Curator December 1923 t oe ae el Cura tae 1932 0 dat Deputy Director October 1935 to Cache 1937 Assistant Director Novembe er 1937 to date Griffith, Fleda. Artist and eas ee 1932 to date Groesbeck, Walte: Clerk and secant January 1899 to April 1937 Hagelstein, Ro Honorary “Curator os Myvromycetes April 1930 to date Hall, Elizabeth Cor: tbrarian November 1937 to date ey Sarah Havens. Librarian Librarian Emeritus January ie se October 1937 Oct Henshaw, Samuel. Died 22 July 1907. x 1937 to date Head Gardener January 1897 to December 1900 Hochreutiner, Bénéd: e Georges. Later at Conservatoire oe Cae. "Saleen: Europea ‘presentative December 1905 to 1909 Hollick, Bean Arthur. Died 11 March 1933. Assistant Curate y 1901 to December 1905 Cur es 1906 to December 1913 Hovorar Curator of Fossil Plants January 1914 to June 1921 Paleobotanist uly 1921 to May 1932 Reo Associate in Paleobotany June 1932 to March 1933 Howe, Marshall Avery. Died 24 December 1936. Assistant Curator April 1901 to December 1905 Curator January 1906 to November 1923 pecedhe Director December 1923 to September 1935 Directo October 1935 to December 1936 Kavanagh, Frederick Walker: Technical Assist February 1938 to date Kittredge, Elsie Assistant Curator December 1917 to July 1919 Knox, Alice Adelaide. Later principal of private schools. Laboratory Assistant nuary 1906 to April 1907 MacDougal, Daniel Trembly. Later director of the Pe aniest of plant physiology, Carnegie «institution: i ee of the Laboratory July Add to December 1905 ssistant July 1899 to June 1904 Aa Director July 1904 to December 1905 McLean, Forman Ta Ae Supervisor of Public Education July 1928 to November 1937 Mariolle, Auguste Francois Théodore Victor. Artist 1901 to June 1911 Maas, Mildred Esther. Later research associate, Cicer oF California search Associate 2 to October 1935 ian William Ralph. Later curator, United States Wationl onan Herbarium Assistant ptember 1898 to June 1899 In Gardens on Parade at the New and other aquatics were sre ea by the New York Botanical Garden. Merrill, eel Drew. Later administrator of the botanical collections, vard University. January 1930 to September Dir Mitchel, Pain de Chateaudun Clarke. erbar um Assistant October 1921 to October November 1923 to February September 1933 to June July 1937 to June 1932 to July 1935 to September 1904 to December irst Assistant Assistant Director January 1919 to July Curator of Public Instruction e fe Died 15 July 1921. rator a the Dino April 1896 to December Head Gardener Head Curator and Curator of the Plantations Parsons, Henry Griscom. epics Jani y 1920 to July Sipser, of Gardening Instruction March 1917 to October k World's Fair, three pools filled with waterlilies 1935 1923 1933 1937 date date date 1905 1907 19 1924 wo 1899 1900 1919 1921 191% 26 Peel as ne Anson Steel. ‘y Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections June 1927 to date Pennell, pomes Whittier . Later curator Academy of Natural Sciences of ae tladel phia wlssociat, Curator October 1914 to August 1921 Binder August Charles. Assistant Sigerinenden May 1934 to date Rickett, Harold William. Assistant Bibliographer July 1939 to date Rebbins, William Jacob. Director October 1937 to date Robinson, aps Budd. Died 5 December 1913. Museun 1904 to October 1905 Dae tant Curator january 1906 to December 1907 stan a tor January 1912 to September 1912 Robinson Winieed Jospin Later dean of women’s calege, University of Delaware. 1 Assista July 1907 to September 1908 Rusby, ae Hurd. oases Curator of the Economic Collectio January 1898 to date Rusk, Hester Mary. Later instructor, Brooklyn Data: Garden. Technical Assistant July 1920 to August 1926 Rydberg, Per Axel. Died 25 July 1931. Abdi Curator June 1899 to December 1905 Curato January 1906 to July 1931 Schilling, Fonce Alexander. d 4 November 1923. Superintendent of “Buildings o ear Grounds esd 1900 to December 1910 Museum “Custodia January 1911 to November 1923 Schneider, Richard Conad. Museum Aid jay 1903 to June ee Garden Aid 1907 to December Cugodion a the Plantations January 1909 to December a Seaver, es Director Ae the Laboratories September 1908 to September 1911 C ee ‘or October 1911 to date Shafer, John Adolph, Died 1 February 1918. uscum as ian November 1903 to May 1909 Shreve, Forrest. er im change of Desert Laboratory (Tucson), Carnegie Insti Honorary Assistant (cen Station) July 1905 to June 1906 Slosson, Margare Museum Aid 911 to 1914 Assistant Cura 1914 to None 1917 rs oe Ku bog "Died 20 January 1938. January 1898 t aoa 1905 Hes 1 Cour gts ‘to 106 to May 1932 Chief Rear Associate and Curator. ..... 0.0.0. ee 1932 to January 1938 Smith, Albert Charles. Assistant Curator July 1928 to June 1932 Associate Curator July 1932 to date Southwick, Edmund Bronk. 18 December 1938. Custodian a the Aiton Meade January 1924 to May 1934 Stout, Arlow Burdette. Director Y the Laboratories October aie? to December 1937 Curator of Education and Laboratories January 1938 to date Later director of Aomori Horticultural Experiment Station (Ruroishi), Technical A 1926 to August 1927 Swift, Mai lone Elizabeth, Later at Rockefeller Feo Ha eae Research rinceton, Assistant Pathologist May 1929 to August 1932 otantcAl, ao” NEW yor B neste EXPLORATION "| mere Nowe wont ats Praia Me In the City Building at the New J Vork World’s Fair there was an activated, ve -St2e mo cue of the krubi, largest “aon” in the world, which bloomed for ie nS me in the Western Hemisphere at the New York Botanical Gard Taylor, Norman. Later curator of plants, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Museum Aid March 1904 to eae 1908 ee of ae eo February 1908 to December 1908 Assistant Curat January 1909 1 ive May 1911 Pee a tae director of technical services, Nee! otra! Garden. Dendrologist March 1933 to April 1936 Tyler, ae Augustus. Later professor of biology, James Millibin University. ne 31 March 1922, February 1897 to May 1897 Cur Vail, ree Murray. Librarian January 1900 to September 1907 Van ae Comelvg Died 1 October 1903. Alor ‘yy Floral Photographer April 1900 to October 1903 Weikert, “Rosalie Museum Ai a January 1913 to December 1929 Technical Assistant January 1930 to date ma et Nowe Ener Died 4 February 1924. rch AS. November 1914 to April 1915 Srna enon ners Museum Aid December 1899 to gens 1905 Assistant Curator January 1906 to June 1910 Administrative Assistant Jul y 1910 - ey He Research Associate in Bryology © 1932 t Wilson, Percy. Afuscum “tia January 1899 to July 1903 Administrative Assistant Administrative Assistant Docent Assistant Curator ociate Curator February fois to December nt uary 1939 t. dss Research Associate Wittrock, Gustave Docent Ludwig. February 1930 to date Woodward, Carol Helen. Editorial Assistant February 1931 to date NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN MEMBERSHIP *Edward D. Adam *Mrs. Fanny Beata *N. L. Britton *Addison Brown *Andrew Carn Columbia Gaivereity *Charles P. Daly Oak ee — Anderson *Mrs. Alexander Arnold Constable & Co. ge F. Baker *Mrs. Loui *James M. Constal M Baya *Robert w. de Forest *Mary A. Dill J. E. Aldred *John De oe *H - *George N. pee Elizabeth Billings *George S. Bowdoin * — Deceased. P. Anderson BENEFACTORS *James B. Ford “Dari ee rry Guggenheim pes te S. Harkness re John Innes Kane . O. Mills *J. Pierpont Morgan, Sr. TRONS eae Ey pete *Lewis R. Mor: FELLOWS FOR LIFE 5. Guggenheim Wilian Hall Jr. *Mrs. John Stewart Kennedy J. P. Morgan *John D. Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller. Jr. *Mrs. Russell Sage *Francis Lynde Stetson *Cornelius Vanderbilt *Oswald Ottendorfer wit “Mrs es Eno Wood *E dV. Z. Lane “aco Teas *Seth Low ohn R. paoaeed “James Mec “William j. Mathes “Ogden Mill Mrs. Le R. Morris Elizabeth E. Morse *Francis Griscom Parsons *George Perkins Mrs. G e W. Perkins *M. F. Pl Mrs. ae H. ne *William D. Slo elix Adler 4. G. Agnew mes Herman Aldrich n ere ee 88 = a . Ey Pe a > Id Mrs. Hugh D. Auchincloss *Samuel P. Avery *Samuel P. Avery, Jr. 7 ee D. Babcock ‘ e V. N. Baldw Henry de Forest Baldwin * . Barnes Tonn Hesic, betes . Bar G. . Robert Woods ces *Mrs. William T. Blodge + ae Blos: mie Bena . C. Bobbin! eorge C. oat It . F. Bonner obert S. Brewster ee oe + « cc) > ES oF = “a 3. & eorge C. Clark *Banyer Clarkson * — Deceased 29 arles G. Thompson *Samuel Thorne LIFE MEMBERS FELLOWS FOR LIFE (Continued) *Percy R. Pyn “Caroline Phelps Stokes ffany E. A. Richard *Olivia E. Phelps Stokes *Louis C. Ti Mrs. John A. Roebling Mrs. y O. Taylor d oe *Mrs. John T. Terry Mrs. ce H. Woodin *James B. Clem “De oe Floyd-Jones *William F. Cochran Eugene G. Foster . R. Coe Mrs. "Tb French *William Colgate *Henry C. Frick Georgette T. A. Collier rs. Will Cor *Mrs. Theodore Kane oe *M iam *w. ‘onn Mrs. William P. Gilm: *Mrs A. Constabl *James J. Goodwin *William L. Conyngham *J. B. M. Grosvenor *Theodore Cooper oom nard G. Gunther S. Wilbur Corman Franklin L. Gunther ites J Cr Robert Hagelstein rane Fi Frederic R. Halsey Be, Pranterd Charles J. Harral *D. Louis Haupt aunties *H. O. Havemeyer Mrs. Jol a Delafield R. Somers Hayes oe Dela i Mrs, eorge . Helm oie mee te Deleneld *James J. Higginson Rev. M. Denslow “Anton G. Hoden *Anthony Dey E aa Jame: . pee *George B. Hopkins eas rs. A. Sherman Hoyt verte wey Samuel N ue Ethel DuBois dw: 7 - Hughes Katharine DuBoi: * ai Frank D. H *William A. Du James H. H. Me eorge E. Dunscombe 2 Mrs. William K. duPont oe Iselin *Mrs. John Dwight . Columbus O'D. Iselin Thomas Dwyer *Theodore F, Jackson *Newbold Edgar *Walter B. Jam *George Ehret *E Janeway *David L. Einstein Annie B. Jennings Ambrose — *Walte: T. ee E ite *Mrs. ey Kane roman Irs. David J. Kelley ie Hy, ard J. Farrell "Eugene Ke ae Nathaniel T. liam C. Ferguson genes William poe Marshall ae rae M H. J. WwW. B. Kunha: rdt TS. " Harry HatGics Ss H. R. Kunhardt *Mrs. Harry nied eisai tia Lanier *Andrew Fletcher NG ara tsi Charles R. Flint nee H. Lehm: Clarence Lewis Henr. * ate Loi fe *Dav' . Roswell arias Jr. A. oe Mills Mrs. William | F. aon a *John G. Moore New Ms eh Levi P. Mor! Sigmund Newstadt *A. Lanfear Norrie *Gordon Norri *George M. Ole Mrs. Charles Tyler Olmsted Mrs. John F. Archbold ee Baker Lawrence P. Bayne Biba Billing 3 Mrs. rold Brown ceased, 30 LIFE MEMBERS (Continued) William Church Osborn *Henry Parish *George Foster Peabody *William Hal ML - nfold Florence E. Quinlan *George W. Quintard w ae Be +P. August Schermerhorn *Jacoh H. Sch . *Grant B. Schl *Mrs. I. Bee ‘Scribner *Isaac N. Seligman George Sherman SUSTAINING MEMBERS Mrs. Robert Hewitt Mrs. ce R . Holm Mrs. Elon Huntington “Hooker a rs. Clee as s Hun Mrs. Blake Lawr Mrs. Charles F. MacLean Mrs. Allan Marquand George Grant Ma: es liam ae ell Willan horn ee . FL A. Par Mrs. Stanley Resor Elvine Richard *James Shewan *Nelson Smith James Speyer *Anson Phelps Stokes *Ell Ston Albert *Paul G. oak aud Robert M. Thompson ae a Thorne *William ne *Susan Travers Oswald W. Uhl ae pened Vail F. T. Van Beuren *Mrs. C. Vanderbilt mry Freeman Walker “Join I. aie y A. . es ae W. Seward Webb *George Pesta Wee pane Whit Jol Vins ‘Mee: ‘Anna Woerishoffer *Charles T. Yerkes *Jeremiah L. Zabriskie Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. ‘ohn M. Schiff Grace Scoville Mrs. Arthur H. oo Finley J. Shepar Mrs. William Be joa Mrs. Charles H. Stout Arthur Hays Sulzberger Swaine Walker 1s. al Fish Webster Alain Whi Mrs. William H. Woodin Mamaroneck "Garden Club Francis J. Arend Mrs. Charles F. “Aye Maria Babcock Mrs. Francis McN. Bacon Mrs. Robert Bacon J. Stewart Baker Boris A, Bakhmet Geor, N. Idwin, Jr. Henry deForest Baldwin Mrs. Roger S. Jdwin Runyon ae i Sherman Baldw: Edward L. ” Ballard Louis Pamberce . F. W. Bancroft vo Bard Mrs. B. G. Barnard Mrs. Saraatite D. none enziger arles F. Berger = * — Deceased. 31 EN CLUB AFFILIATES Club i Rochelle Garden Club No rth Country Garden Club ANNUAL MEMBERS > is M Hugo Blumentha’ oe oo Edw: Sania ‘Boardman Miss R. C. Boardman eS. Theodore Boer Boge: Boerner F icha: rd H. Britton Plainfield Garden Club eo Garden Club ale-o: udson Garden ei ub South Orange Garden Club Mrs. Richard ide Wolfe Brixey r tats Bruchman P. F. Brund ane is G, Brus: . Susanna ae Bryant Bryce Buckne: Davi AEN "Bulkley Jonathan Bulkley . Burke Mrs. F, A. Burlingame Mrs. Wendell T. Bush . Ina Campbell en Candee a m C. Cannon 0 B. C ary C. Cas Lae ais Irs. - Chadwick a Li Ime: arles Merrill Chapin . W. Chil rank Chlumsky . A, O. Choate joate it) *John Claflin . Ambrose Clark ae George seus fa j. wale a Clarl Saree Clar’ Rhododendrons in bloom outside of the Alain Conservatories. a Clayburgh s. Newcomb Cleveland ae aes paca Mrs. y S. Col Mrs. cae Henry Cohen Mrs. Rufus Cole Charles B. Colebrook Mrs. Russell Colgate *Barron G. Collier Mrs. Crystal Mrs. Joseph M. “Cuiahy Edward G. Curt *~— Deceased. ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) ison Delai rs. George Bowen ‘De Long Mr: Donald D. Dodge ane oe Ruger Mrs. Charles Doscher Mrs. George Doubleday nee Douglas . John W. Dra: Mrs William P. Deapat S. F. Dribben Mrs. Chichester du Pont H. F. du Pont Mrs. Donald Durant Mrs. Winthrop Dwight rs. P. W. Dye Joseph N. Earl Mrs. Lucius R. man Mrs. Frederick n ae Mrs. fea oe h r J. . E: August Ei Mrs. Roswell Eldridge Mrs. H. Elias hn H. Emanuel Julia T. bri ohn C. Emi Cc. Temple Emin Mrs. a B. ‘Emmons How: Mrs. A. oe Eri Mrs, Justine B. ie Mrs. Thomas Ewing *Harris Fahnestock S. Fairchild in T. i ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) 33 one Clay Frick E. Fu Mrs. Fi ond Goldan Ars. L. Goldstone hilip L. Goodwin alter L, Goodwin Mrs, Edwin Gould *Jam Gowa: a W. oe Duncan Gra alts William, ‘Beedle Gray, Jr. Eleanor M. Greacen ling E. V. Gabriel Arthur Mary M. oo *Benjami Fairchild Ww. Gregory Mrs. Moses Faitoute Victor Greiff Bertrand H. Fa Susan D. Griff Mrs. J. A. Fa Mrs. E. Pela Grinnell Mrs. J. Fennelly Mrs. William E. S. Griswold Louis Ferguson J. Gea ans *Mansfield Ferry illiam C. Gruner Irs. A, Fiel Mrs. L. E. Guild Mrs. R. Fif A. A. Gulick liver Filley Mrs. M. Gunnison Frederick T. Fisher . J. Fitzgerald dith Haas rs. . Fleischmann rnest K. Halbach The Flushing Garden Club ohn H. Hall Herbert Fordham Irs. Charles W. Halsey Irs. M. J. Fox obert J. Hamershlag Robert L. Foxler, Jr. L. Gordon Hamersley Mrs. Leopold Frevic Irs. Morgan Hamilton Irs. Mary E. i eeborn *Jerome J. Hanauer Mrs. Childs George F. Han * — Deceased. Ferdinand etiea Vivian Harcourt Irs. Henry Ea al gh palate Mrs. J. Norman Henry Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Mrs. Robert W. Hersey Andrew H. Hersh S. y B. S. oe Vv. Hicko Ox ry Hi Hill Till . Hi Jr. . Hochschild Mrs. Jer: Frederick Housman 34 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Iter B. Ho ierre J: Mrs, A. E. Howell Charles Jenkins Maxwell D. Howell P. Jenks ieee ad . Jennings Mrs. Huber tae ae Jeplison Francis eWole: Hunnewell Mrs. J. L. Johnston Jeremiah Hunter a -Robeliff V. Jones Mrs. Joel Hunter ney W. a Mrs. Edward » Hutchins coe Cc. Juhri: utchi: Mrs. Otto H. Kah Mr dney R. Frank E. Kareleen, Jr. Mrs. George H. Inga M Lewis B. Kaufman Mrs. Colin M. Ingersoll Mrs. Charles Kaye tthur Iselin s. Fra Georgine Iselin . H. Kehoe Mrs. John H. Iselin — F. Keil cael Mrs. W. W. Kelchner ard elle: Frederick W. Jackson Nicholas Kelley Harry Jacobs F. Kellogg Mrs. Robert Jaffray Mrs. F. R. Kellogg rs. Regina J; ’. Kerchof Mrs. Bayard James Mrs. pies Kern: Mrs. Art eee Perbenas and geraniums ur L. Van ay Kilpatrick Rufus Kin; Morris Kinney Wi n Kinney Mr: ulo: Cha rles ao ieee Kna oe Koapp os P. Knapp iia A. eta Edward R. ae a5 ydia is ch ie Lancey anes 3 a Arthur F. Francis G. Mrs. E. V. around the lower fountain in front of the Museum Building. ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Lederle ane Lab. Mrs. Geo: mund Lemmon ae Bispham Levey George Levi Mrs. E. J. Frank aa fl "Cites Charles C. Lieb k si “Line on rthur H. Lippincott tee N. Littauer ge Livermore Livingston Alfred B. Maclay — Deceased. 35 ate ton Macy ae = Perea Rob Based: “Maina, Jr. aa ris rs. Bawara Manville Bae W. Marb Francis H. Me ‘ohn B. aay : George O. Mrs, T. M. oe Meikleham Mrs. Morton H. Meinhard Mrs. William R. Mere Mrs. Van S. Merle-Smith Mrs. Cyrus W. 31 Elmer D. Merrill Mrs. F. Hamilton Merrill John L. Merrill Mrs. Terese Mertin Elsie Merz I ank Sie caen Miller Hey Miller Dr. Joseph A. Miller W. Miller Ww. ile: M. Millikan Mrs. G. Milliken Mrs. Gilbert H. Montague bert gome: ~ Moore 4 ulian s. “Myrick Harold Nathan National Assn. Board of Pharmacy oe Elsie M. B. Naumberg . S. Neustadt x Fanny Norris Dorothy Oak John B. O’Reilly Ss. oo ie Paddock oe Anna L. Perkins . F. Price ae Prince ‘The NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. Bronx Park, New York City OFFERING Flower displays, outdoors and i Sit Gn S$ in the conservatories, all the e€ar aroun Natural woodland areas bor- dering the Bronx River. trees and shrubs from parts of the world. Plantings of hardy ornamental many M hibits, library, her- barium, lectures, courses, and sg : P ing botany and horticulture. Open to the public without charge every day in the year Telephone: SEdgwick 3-3200 ies and displays, and, it is felt, has been influential in bringing many thousands of new visitors to the New York Botanical Garden. This pamphict, issued in the spring, contains information about the Garden’s principal acheili any ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) Princeton eee bo Mrs. Robert C. Mrs. Henry St. cae Putnam rs. Perey R. Rabinowitz . Robinson . John D. Rockefeller, 3d . Nelson A. Rockefeller i ‘ocker ell Mrs. William F Russell Georgina W. Sar; Herbert L. Satter Mrs. Herbert L. Satter Mrs. pues E. “Sater hard Schuste: Cc * — Deceased. 37 rs. George H. omen . Alfred Set Shaw 3. Rei frs. Zalman G. Simmons Si = a i“) Es £ &.B 5 2 8 8 3 del Cr: enor Smith ae B. Sm I *rederick ae e nley Charles A. Stanwick ward W. Sta: h R. Sw: Mes “Thoma W. Swan Sw: J. Henr Moses A See Mrs. Frederick M. P. Taylor *Mrs. Henry O. Taylor Mrs. Myron Taylor oo G. Tenney * en a | Hector we "Thomas coward ae Thomas Dorothy Thom: x . Henry M. Tilford Louis B. Tim Mrs. Eliz. Drew Tomlinson R Tomlinson Pp c & Harr rrison Twi *Samuel Untermyer aba R. Vail Vanderbilt ene Marea Verses 2nd William Von Mrs. Wadsw = a ‘Austin sane Stuart Walker Mrs. W. K. ene Will I. ee Mrs. Felix M. Warburg Wilbur Ward 39 Mrs. Donald J. Warner Mrs. Frank Griswold Wild Mrs. Willis D. Wood G. C. Watson Ira S. Wile George C. Woolf ue rs. Thomas J, Watson J. Macy Willets Mrs. Park M. Woolley . Samuel a Watts Mrs. Clark Williams Worcester Co. Hort. Soc. Rohe rt Waymi Mrs. arrison Williams Mrs. Ral Wright Mrs. V. ebb John S. Williams Richardson Wri: George H. Weber Mrs. Langbourne Airc rs. Irene S. Wyle Jules Weber Mrs. Nelson B. ee Orlando F.. Weber Mrs. Perey H. Mrs. A. Murray Young Mrs. Orland Weber Mrs. Alfred Walter Mrs. C. H. Young Mrs, Arthur C. Weil Margaret B. Wils Mrs. Henry Young les Weinberg Orme Wilson, a fe} D Mrs. R. A. Wetzel Bronson Winthrop r heeler Grenville L. Winthrop George A. Zab: illiam H. Wheelock in C. Wiste t Zerbey Caroline White Joseph Wittma: William Ziegler, J. Ts, WI . R. P. Wodehouse ugust Zinsser Mrs. George Whi Robert Wolfert t Zinsser Mrs. Arnold Whitridee M. Wolff Louise Wicke Mrs. Martha S. Wood i; On the opposite page: A few of the 75 different kinds of hardy chrysanthemums to be found in bloom ei October and well into November in long borders djacent to the Main Conservatories. 40 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. aren MANAGERS Until 1941: L Prev Eron Huntincton Hooker, Joun L. Menie Wie See Co Roser: . Meeeue H. Hopart Porter, and A. Percy Sau Until “1942: en M. Anverson (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, Crarence Lewis, ILL, HENRY DE LA Menace (Secretary and eee Treasurer), and BINS. Until 1943: Henry pe Forest BaLpwin (Vice-president), Cuitps Frick, ALLYN R. Jenninecs, Henry Locxuart, Jr, D. T. MacDoucaL, Mrs. Haroip I. Pratt, and JoserpH R. Swan (President). Il, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H,. LaGua A rv of the City of New York. Rosert Mose ES, ee Bean ee JAMES MARSHALL, President of the Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS - - eae pe by the oe ae Club. R, SAM F, TRELEAS SE, EpM Nnott, and Marston T. Bocert, acne! i "Columbia University. GARDEN STAFF WiiiaM J. Rospins, Pu. D., Sc. D or H. A. Greason, Px. D. Assistant Director sae Head pee HENRY DE LA MONTAGNE stant Director A. B. Stout, Pu. D. Curator of dcanion oe Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator Bernarp ©. Donce, Px. D. Plant Pathologist oHN Henoitey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. Bibliographer ICKETT, PH Assistant Bibiographer AvBert C. Smiru, PH A tate Cura Harotp N. Movpenxe, Pu. D. Associ Curator ELIzaBETH — oO A. B. B.S. Libra H. H. Rus Honorary Curator of the aS Galleon FLEDA es Artist and Photogra, eee Percy WILSON esearch Associa RoBERT = wus Associate in Bryolog J. Assistant Curator and ee . the oe al He Ate W.#H. Cae Ba. Dz Assistant Curator on CHANDLER, A.M. Technical Assistant RosaLigz ee : Technical Assistant FreDeRICK Kava M. Technical Assistant Caro. H. Woon sno, A. B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Eve Wri D. Hort. Horticulturist TR aes i Custodian o: erbarium Otto DecENneER, M. 5. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany Rogert HaAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of ne yromaycetes Erne: Anson S. PECKHAM........ Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections eae J. Corsetr iperintendent of Buildings eee Grounds A, C, PFANDER Assistant Superintendent JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CAROL H. WOODWARD EDITOR VOLUME 42 1941 Published monthly by the New York Botanical Garden BRONX PARK, NEW YORK CITY TABLE OF CONTENTS JANUARY oe 493) abits and Life History of the Diatom Lois C, Lillick 1 Introductions of Daylilies in 1941 A.B. Stout 10 Boece and Plant Lore of Mediaeval Europe 18 Herbarium Receives Two Milienth Specimen. 19 Histor of the Garden ee um John Hendley Barnhart 20 unday Morning Tours of Conservatories 22 Current aa at a Glar 22 Reviews of Recent Books 23 Notes. News, adi Guak 23 EBRUARY (No. 494) Stier ae at the oe Garden 25 Desert Cacti of the Americ: J. Alexander 26 Significance of a Herbari Waltian J. Robbins 34 Tartan Collection ns in the Herbarium H.N. M sees 38 Color Patterns in Daylilies al. B. Stout 40 Henry Hurd Rusby—Explorer, Professor, Reformer, Botanist Carol H. Woodward 43 Current Literature at a Glance 46 Notes, News, and Comment 47 Marcu.* (No. 495) iblical Plants at Flower Show 49 Plants of the Holy Scriptures Eleanor King 50 Rare Blue ‘Amarvllis Blooms 65 Check-List of Plants ee a Mentioned in the Bible 67 Relation of the ay o Horticultural Progress E. J. Alexander 75 Reviews of Recent Bo ks. 76 ay Fiteratore ata ane 79 otes, News, and Comi 80 Arrit (No. 496) Hybrid Peonies al. P. Saunders 81 New Methods of Propagating Hyacinths E. E. Naylor 86 Botanical Science Helps to Develop a New Relief for Human Suffering Claud L. pee 88 Botrytis Core-Rot of Gladiolus B. O. Dodge & Thomas Laskaris 92 pring Lectures at the Garden 95 Pollen hy Air Mail Reviews of Recent Books 97 Notes, News, and Carnet 99 a ane a See 100 ce Her n Scientific Rese; IW. AH. Camp 101 Geld Medal tor "Plants of the ‘rite 10 Current Literature at a Gian May (No. 497) The Flora of the Unicorn iS . J. Alexander & ule . oe vard 105 Ferns of the Desert Wiggins 123 The Dogy ae Curious Floral Bracts Theodor Philipp Haas 124 Reviews of Recent Books 126 Present and Future Control of the Japanese Beetle R, O. Dodge 130 Current Literature at a Glance ~~ 130 Notes, News, and Comment " June (No, 498) Fruits for the Home Garden Edwin Beckett 133 Check-List of the Plants in ve Vane Tapes J. Ale penis ‘eC Ciel a Vi ed 141 Important Publications from i Ga: oe Her! H. A. Gleason 148 Buy Your Bau Books Through the Garden 150 Dr 2 Ji ut ee Honorary Can of Mosses 150 den’s Baneas e Cut for Bronx Childre 150 Cloisters Lectures 151 Plant Distribution 151 Reviews of Recent Books 152 Notes, News, and Comment 154 urrent Literature at a Glan 156 (No. 499) Succulent Plants of the reas Deserts E, J. Alexander 157 Gardens of ae and Castle— H.W. Rickett 170 rs. Carl A. de Gersdorff 176 Reviews of Recent 177 irrent Literature at a Glance 179 otes, News, and Comment 179 Avucust (No. 500) The Soybean WwW, 7 Porterfield 181 Gardens, of Cloister and Castle—II UW’. Rickett 189 Six New Courses of Study Offered in Garden’s Edu elec Program 199 All-America Selections = Beis Tested i in Sete Border at Garden 201 Graduates aa Tw el Courses Hear Address by E. Balls, Explor 202 Reviews of Re Hooks: 203 Notes, News, and Comment 204 SerTeMBER (No. 501) Plant Life and the Law of Man I—Growth Rings in the Determination of Age of Trees E. H. Fulling 205 Espalier Dwarf Fruit ie John Watts 210 Australian Flower Pai s Hung in Museum Building 214 Plantings for Control of Phe: Bank Erosion in Vermont Reuben R, Zile 215 Orchid Collection a Gift to the Garden 220 Cactus Exhibit from Mexico Presenied to Garden 221 Bertha Pickering 221 Notices and Reviews of Recent Books 222 Autumn Lectures on the Garden 226 ete 1 and New York Botanical Gardens Exchange lent Garden: 226 Noten "News and Conment 227 Current Literature at a Glance 228 Octoser (No. 502) Winter Protection of Shrubs J. H. Beale 229 Gigantic Stapelia Blooms in Member’s Greenhouse 233 The Flora of Martinique rea Stehié 235 On Your Knees! . E. Naylor 245 Ba Herbarium Given to Botanical Garden 247 Tapestry cape une i 247 Notes, News, and 248 249 Notices ad Raieas oe cen Books Current Literature at a Glance Novemser (No. 503) Plants Need Vitamins Too ae , Posed 253 Stone-Min rey and Windowed Plants pane 257 To Build a Boulder Garden - 7 a Pfander 268 Hybrid ce from the Forster Collection on, Display Photograph by Fleda Griffith 270 Notices and Reviews of nae Books 271 ca de Literature at a a 274 , News, and Comm , 275 aie (No. 504)” The Banckes Herbal as it anh acate to the es Century Reader pe Clyde Fisher to Open Lecture Series Jan. 3 Lotus Plants for Or nament, Food, and Medicine | W. M. Porterfield 300 Ornamental Deciduous Shrub: P. J, van Melle 287 New Courses Beginning Next Month : 296 Notices ce Reviews of Recent Books 297 Notes, News, and Comment 298 Index to Volume 42 : 300 COVER ILLUSTRATIONS 1941 Aladdin Daylit Fleda Griffith January View in the Gai House in the ain ee eons es Fleda Griffith February Cedar on Mount Lebanon From “Trees and a os Great Britain’) March Daffodils at Kew in Englan ie n M. Woodward April vee oo A Detai e Unicorn Pace eee Meronolien Museum of Art) Lae eye = the Rose Garden Fleda Griffith Jun Pedilanthus, the Slipper Flower Fleda Griffith ily Path to the Flowering Meadow Fleda Crfith August Leaf Pattern with Coleus Samuel Seigel September The ne Haw, Viburnum prunifolium, the Leaves and Fruits Turn Color in October Fleda Griffith October Pleiospilos Bolusii, One of the Stone- Le aE oun Growing at the Bota Fleda Griffith November The Catskill ne a ‘Variant Form of Abies balsamea Fleda Griffith December EDITORIALS 1941 The Amateur in Botan: January a ses Botanists February Tw tions in Gardening L. H, Batley March An etal of Life April A Contribution to Art May the Rose Garden June Appreciation from an Amateur 1 sage from England Arthur W. Hill Gifts for the Garden September Educational Program October from Singapore F, Kingdon Ward — December JOURNAL OF THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN JANUARY Ii): a a JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor Januar’ y 1941 Avappin DayLiLy Cover Pies 2 Fleda Grifhth Hasits and Lirz History OF THE ae a ee ck 1 INTRODUCTIONS OF DAYLILIES I “A t 10 EIGHT EN YLILIES rated INTRODUCED ue YEAR “GARDENS ANT LORE McpisEvat E Hersarium Receives Two MILLIONTH SPECIMEN 19 History oF THE GARDEN HERBARIUM John Hendley Barnhart 20 Sunpay Morninc Tours oF CONSERVATORIES 22 CurRENT LITERATURE AT A 22 Reviews oF Rectnt Booxs 23 loTES, NEws AND COMMENT 23 E AMATEUR IN BOT. Two recent programs at the New York Botanicai - ae have brought out the importance of the work of the amateur botanist—or, as one speaker expressed it, .” Were it not ce the work of two such men—Robert Ha gel- stein and Joseph F. Burke, both now on the staff as honorary pe Garden’s collections of myxom ne and ee would be nowhere near their it complete nucleus of the Garden's ollecina bs a is the herbarium of J. B. Ellis, ho was known in his day as the greatest mycologist in America, yet who worked b tas Many thousands of finely mounted spec of flowering plants from a vicinity of New York were Zotlects d during thes catty part of the century and sented to the New York Botanical Garden by P. Bicknell, an amateur botanist who during business hours was a banker in New York. The K. K. Mackenzie fo} 50 i i“ ut issouri a small-town postmaster, Benjamin LE. Bush, who died just a few years. ago, was one of the gon fe investiga the flora of the Ozarks, and the Botanical Garden now contains, ho hi. pla: es 2 & R 2 ck a 2 g @ 2. 3 8 2 ah g¢ p E) < ortance mi ittle eallier in Ti inois, te lived a farmer, Elihu Hall, ne was an ani imens now in hen botanists, fom any tetioe. ‘of ‘the world, including South America, wish o study the plants of Bolivia and Peru, they find at the New York Botanical Garden the world’s largest assemblage of materi 21 from these two countries. Aiding the work of the professionals in collecting it have been a number of amateurs, among them Miguel Bang; Otto Buchtien, a physician; Guillermo Klug, a mining engineer: Martin Cardenas, an educator, and, the greatest of all, H. H. Rusby, w. ist WwW a is ‘ e 65,000 dni in the 1 yay herbarium at the Garden, it is estimated that more than t have been contributed by amateurs. Of the more Hae x ne 000 specimend. in ee entire herbariu, Say 20 percent, or about 400,000, e been gathered by non-professional bot Fortunate is the man who has fou “heb which not only occupies his interest but contributes to the knowledge of mankind. Many amateurs have played import les i sf ent - science of Le any, a . Darwin and Gregor Mendel among them; and m s been si have to build up the New York Botanical Garden Eliz abe . Gertrude Britton her ae was an amateur. There is room today for still more men and women whose enthusiasm for plants will help to increase the world’s understanding of botany. he Journal is published monthly ie New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New vars N.Y. pares at the Post ites in in New York, N. Y., as second- class matter. Annual subscription’ $1. Single copies 10 cents, Free to members of the Garden JOURNAL of THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 42 January 1941 No. 493 Habits And Life History Of The Diatoms By Lois C. Lillick TOMS—aninute, one-celled, brownish-green plants—comprise a -group of that large and relatively simple ae ion of the € an important group cells barely visible under the best of seal 1 aid (thi about microns long, or 4/25,000 of an eel forms visible to te pe eye (from poe es to 2,000 micr ee ong). The diatom, whose internal nee re is little different from that of a a cell of a higher at except in the nature of its pigments and food e products, is sed in a hard, transparent, box-like shell, ae presen of which Gene diatoms from all other plants. This ase consists of t fitted eee — give the whole a structure Tike an old- pee pillbox. It nade up of silica, which is acted by the cell from the series water. On this glassy shell are ee which may take many forms, but are always in a characteristic Site for ne species, Each type of marking a a technical name, but it suffice here to mention only that the large, deeply cut, generally medion | ine cae es raphe. The presence or one of this line is a major diagnostic character . or certain large groups, ae the raphe is capable of assuming niany forms i many — Of other markings some seem to be merely lig aa scratched on the surfac ae others are deeply etched lines r pits whi ch may ait penetrate ay shell. This is tr iatoms wish ae i notility, and it is believed that the movement is brought about by the flow of cytoplasm es oe openings along t! Cae outer sur ioe of the “hel Ar into others, t ae ow pian: ng ne cell forward. In many, $, tuberance i ‘a S oO 5 fan perfect geometric designs. Often these are obscured by the internal 1 2 pigments! of the cell, and for this reason diatoms are frequently treated to destroy the organic matter before being examined. Because of its pillbox form one-half of the dato a or one valve, is bigger than the other, the larger half fitting over the smaller, cael ae overlapping area is known as the “girdie” Thus, ae a dia viewed with this side yaaa it is said to le n girdle view ; eee ae full face of the valve is uppermost, it is said to be in valve view, there ana o two possible valve ‘iews which may be slike or not, and an indefinite of girdle views, dee nding on the shape of the cell. In the ccainne literature ek are described from these two views. How They Increase in Number uring cell division the two valves push apart at the Sie and the cytoplasm divides so that some goes with each half. \ new siliceous valve is then formed - each half, ieee new aes yes eek being the smaller, their n ie forming the inside of the girdle. s the two daughter cells are ¢ seh one being the same oe as a eee the oe somewhat sia. alle The item has little or no capacity to stretch the hard valve; nalts in time, though there seed remain some ae of the same size as the original parent, the m cell dimension of the population mass edly decreases. Potentially ee aud continue a the diatoms we mall to wales further, and at var this undoubtedly happens. Cersinly every r has seen cells of all sizes belonging to one spec How a ae ong the line sees the protoplasm of a cal cell, Ga of dividing further, rounds oe part a its fluid, — a wall of its own and escapes from the old Tell wall as a spore. Further “rejuvenation” processes take place within the spore, ate eventually the ae escapes to form around itself a new shell of the maximum dimensions. In this way the size of a species is maintai oe ng a marine cones ms sie siliceous ee is ae . firm nor or ing sp e”, Isi many cases, a resistant type whose ae ction apparently is to carry the species through adverse environmental conditions. Characters of the Grou Because cell shap ee arrangement and the valve markings have been found to be cee aie features of the diatoms, the classification of this large group of plants has been constructed upon the ese aban At various times scientists in distant parts of the world have given this assembla, age several different scientific names: Senco * Bacillar tae, Bacillario- ontain chlorophyll which serves the same as any other green ae Pee in “Addition they have certain orange ba Tyellow pigments which give them a characteristic brown appearance. 3 ier renin and others. There is still no unity of opinion. Basic- ly the diatoms seem to fall into two main groups oe in enue dis- oe In of hem there is a definite media to which the cell shape a wall markings ane a bilate i “symmeey. this order being called the Pennales or Pennatae. To the second order. : Drawings by 7, L rs af SOME COMMON MARINE DIATOMS OF LONG ISLAND Upper left: Cell-division after auxospore-formation in Melosira moniliformis. Upper right: Lithodesmium undulatum with variant forms. low: ta, showing the bordered depression in which the valve of the adjoining frustule, or cell, rested, and (at the bottom) the ends of two frustules, after cell-division. Photomicrograph by Philip 0. ree Plankton diatoms lon the sea of Java. Every object shown here is a marine diatom a broken piece of one, magnified 194 diameters. Centralcs, are assigned species which show radial symmetry or irregular variations of this. The majority of fresh-water diatoms under the first o , the marine species under the second. Un aed ach order are many ae families and thousands of genera and spect Where Diatoms Live, and H. Diatoms are ubiquitous, i. occur almost if not entirely in moist environs; practically any c aes on of water cause vill include some of these iat Ste They occur regularly e plar sa aka ets life), of which they are ce main nie ee both in fresh a’ waters. Because one of their metabolic products is oil aa because ne secrete a mucou ame they are usually slim , and commonly grow in ny av a fact of whi re Qa wn o = people have become “forcibly aware while attempting to walk on the stones of a creek. - ak tly great masses of them pie detached and float freely. Man ecies have stalks whereby they are attached in slippery a . ae mud, plants, peered nc or almost any conceivable The great eee of diatoms exist as isolated cells, their relationship to each other being casual when two or more of them are found together. However, there are large groups of Suede en in w ee the ee elated and constantly occur in associati wo mo The most mmon arrangement is that of a chain, fore ae by i attachment ot fa see protuberance of one cell to the hook of ues or by g of the long ee of one cell abost those a another. These couplings together are not a ma of chance, for within one species oh thod of ee is inaibly the sa nie. In other cases cells ae oe strung along like beads with a pro suas chain between each ee in still other instances ct cae appes o be formed. Disk-like species may stack themselves like poker chips Rod- tke forms may arran themselves in the pe - wheel a. or may lie parallel to each ce in bundles of one lanes. The s types of oo too numerous to nal but perhaps a a interesting is tha Bacillaria paradox rine species in which a cee of plank ‘tke cells are basically taid ade by side in the form of a raft, but the cells are Bisa eel by Philip 0. Grav elle A diatom in cementstein, magnified 300 diameters. Coscinodiscus is shown here in two views, one parallel and one perpendicular to the valvar plane. x 500. 2The name Bacillari ta bears no relation to the name Bacillus, which is a totally different type of organism. Photomicrograph by Philip O. Gravel A thin section of cementstein, which is a hard diatomaceous earth from the island of Mors, Jutland, Denmark. x 500. n constant motion, sliding back and forth upon each other. Each a sides the full length of the cell above it, and when the whole group i ended as far as possible ] ae “alls sip slowly back oe in the eta direction. (See page 8.) Ther numerous interesting problems connected with the world- d et tstibaton of diatoms. t ogy marine species ones, a flor: ee definite re masses being fou cycle of sec pa ke year, Contrary thriv water, the most luxuriant growth being found in arctic and a. ey ee and in temperate regions during the colder h sa s a sudden outburst of intensive oie lasting for a few weeks only. For the rest of the spring and summer diatoms are very scarce, but / - re = there is a second peak of production, ee less intense and x duration than that of the spring. Thi ond rise is im- a erle Pee by a arte of plant life which persis wait the fol- lowing spring. Toward the equator there is a tendenc ward more and more even 1 but relatively poorer production at all a a the year. Sexual Reproduction The asrehed of diatoms - already been discussed in brief. .\l- though the ordinary means of multiplication is by cell division, in recent years it has ee established ae doubt that a reproduction also takes place in a fairly large number of diatom species. All authenticated cases of this have Is ha ases of been members of the Pennales. Tw e Il appe alike, come to lie el to other; within each cell nuclear cate s take place, the exact mechan hich is not a oe understood. The next step in the process varies according to pecies; in some cases all or part he the protoplasm of one cell slips out betwen its two valves and migrates into ae other cell, where fusion takes pla In other cases the ae contents of both members leave A portion of the same diatom is shown here as appears in the upper ee -hand corner on the opposite page. The pill Ae heuer ee clearly shown the region of girdle. Photomicrograph by Philip O. Gravelle os | The “low staircase with broad steps” form by Bacillente paradoxa (also known ie nes schia paxillifer), as described on page Be ho’ 0 i ay ta 184 diameters hotomicrograph by Philip O. Gravelle like diatoms, one upon another. gnifie ed Pp their respective shells and unite in a ball between the two. Variations of both ty ccur, Further changes take place in the cytoplasm of the zygote (fusion cell), and eventually a new cell similar to the parents me ich may go immediately ae a state of cell divisi At the Centrales tl have b a few scattered reports of a type of sexual reproduction, in which the eee of one cell break up into a number of tiny motile cells or “sperms”, which escape to swarm meager another cell w ee protoplasm has not divided up retically of the small cells etrates the lar, d from the resultin ae on a spore arises \ a urther course of ieee outside th parent body leads to the emergence of a diatom in all respects similar to the original parent. This whole process has not been established beyond question, and certainly the Meese needs much further study. St aly speaking, this sexual process is a means of cell rejuvenation rather than of multiplication. The Age of Diatoms In the scale of geologic time the aah: date back to the cretaceous period. The hard siliceous shell i eee preserved, and in various parts of the pane no ee our own West, there are thick deposits of these shells Seen kn s diatomaceous arth 3 chalk-like soft rock consisting of tight a Panes ms. In places these deposits are several hundred feet fares a must have taken ete of years to accumulate, certain p: the ocean floor wh mditions are oe for the said tion o ee Raia algae, there are thick oily rs of “diatom ooze”, a orthy example of this being discovered by the recent scieti epecition into the Antarctic, in regions where the cold water layers, rich i a meet the warmer currents, causing the diatoms to baa ea to the bottom, Other fossil or preserved diatom deposits are found in rock . in bog lakes, and in certain fresh- water ee The diatoms have in the course of their ee ae ae most of the ces rr stages common to the major grow Igae, as we now understand these, from the single cell As ae Aaa. but beyond that, evolutionarily speaking, they ar r the oe never led to any type of higher plant of which there is a record, i at” Photom'crograph by Philip O. Gravelte Coscinodiscus ie ee 2060 diameters to show the structure of the walls of the eolae, or markings on the surface of the shell. modern or fossil. In years to come new fossil discoveries may change these ideas. t is difficult to estimate the commercial value of any group of organ- ms, but certainly the diatoms rank high in importance among the algae. The ‘shells serve as a mild abrasive, and diatomaceous earth has long been used as the major conan nt of silver polishes. It is interesting to pick is i shel n some 0 of the ES Bras a microscope. The “earth” has also bee ela in certain adsorbent cleansers, and it was formerly here in ate ae ay ee ‘ ie its principal uses are as a filter-aid, for pee and other building purposes, and in the sugar-refining industry n the economy of water bodies, diatoms, as well as some other groups of algae, rank as the basic link of the food chain, serving as food for the sinall plankton animals, which are in turn eaten by the larger ones, and so on up the line; but many kinds of fish feed directly upon the diatoms, and, oddly enough, so do certain whales and seals. 10 Collecting Diatoms r those who are interested, the collection of diatoms is sey simple ; em mica or to p o 2 to 10 p keep i an ae nee a eventually break down. Most co seg prefer to keep permanent slides of spe cimens. a is Te necessar’ at least wise to clean them and mount them in a suitable medium. There are oo elaborate methods of cleaning oe = the simplest is to place a few ak ne ba pene on a small cover a and heat this with a hot flam hal t the end of which time all the organic matter will ee i pees jew only the clear shells. These can then be mounted in a drop of mounting fluid, hes being one of the best because it gives the best refractive index for viewing diatom mark- ae under the ee ae While these methods, ee nately, have not d satisfactory for the majority of marine diatoms, at the present time there in the country a number of collections of. sli pre- r ome such fashion, which are 50 ye: d, and w ea as good now as the day they were made. It is on collections such a ‘ood n he da that much of the critical scientific taxonomic work of the nee oF depend. Introductions Of Daylilies In 1941 By A. B. Stout WENTY CLONES of daylilies which have been developed a New York Botanical oe en are Se given horticultural names and described in print for the first tim All of these are seedlings a ybrid ae and many have a complex ancestry that includes several species and also several generations of selective breeding after the Patras In the descriptions of the coloring, references are made to “Color Standards and Color Nomencla- ture” by Ridgeway, to the first pee of the ‘Horticultural Color Chart” eal, published = the Royal Horticultural Society, and to the plate of colors in the “Garden Dictionary” edited by — Ee and pub- lished by Hou, ughton Mifflin and Co. Some refer here made to color patterns ; it is planned : present in a later issue a the Journal a survey of the principal classes of color patterns in flowers of daylilies. It has already been reported to the readers of this Journal (February 1931, e 32) that the Ne York Botanical Garde ae not propagate the dayliies | either for sale or general distribution. This is done by the Farr Nur Co, All of the clones here described oe been under sd a and critical evaluation during several years of propa: gation in the nursery of this company, whose records on evaluations, on vigor and 11 hardiness, and on other ae characteristics of these selections have been considered in deciding on introductions and in formulating the descriptions here presente In connection with the research on the genus eis at the New York B pric Garden, which began in 1912, a about 70,000 pedigreed oes have been grown. eae 500 hi have a ec S. Beginning 1 sent public: ent new carne ae and one ae (Hemerocals maior) ie been distributed to rade, The of introductio ds several rather eae new ae In ze et one rat. a import pee : ee feature, each of these clones is different from any other introduction. In the daylilies, ears oat following hybridization has_ bee especially offectiv ve in ing distinc Ee new clones in which aces sy ale are much mo . even new in expression. As a tule, feel in the fee, generation hybrids of species crosses hee is some degree of dominance and recessiveness or there is an intermediate expression for each pair of the eters characters of the parents. But differences in the behavior of several different contrasted i r n either of This condition becomes more complex when there are mulple-hybri citerence and especially when three or more species volved in a: cestr t in these daylilies there are numerous cases of rather distinctly new ee or modifications of character, and of these several classes are ized :-— to be recogni 1. The modification may be an expression that is intermediate for the contrasted characters of the two parents. When this ee the interaction of a feriedlat pair of hereditary eee ee in ee condition the next generation show: simple segregati cha doe eS not breed true.” ry cases es ae neces are to developmental interferences in expres- sion. For example, the ‘ ‘sted Da schaficter appears somewhat different with a narrow petal than with a bro tal. Slee more eed cases ae hereditary factors carried by two or more non- ous chromosomes are involved in complementary and modif: eactions. Sele ee breeding after hybridization is especially ¢ fective in stich cases. It provides Ha increased complexity in the ray eae of pad aur: it develops greater ZY ZO = gq ¢. city when this increa: intensity of expression; it ee ae ieavell genes that oe mutate a it continues new associations oe nes that ma: sult “fro om cross-ove other rearrangements within chromosot mple of this is ie anenheaon of red pigments which gave ti ie oe t plan wi flower. that are dark mahogany-red. First there were hybridizations which in- volved yellow-flowered species and species that had fulvou: y 1 generation a had pale fulvous flowers and not the F. that were obt: had flowers that were Kg h ore fulvous plant. Then plants that showed the greates' degrees of antho in pigmentation were used as parents in further breeding and ba ceo ne I e ae generation seedlings were obtained whose flowers had degrees of dark red p ntation not seen hitherto in any daylily, The various complementary ease ehich interact in these daylilies to intensify anthocyanin Ba = fd Port, an outstanding small den oe with ee orange thro Brine the frat chocolate-coloved da ily named at the Ge den Mignon,’ the smallest of all, with pale’ yellow flowers, ~ : Monarch, a distinctive flower of lem yellow with sepals trasting . in their sha Triumph, another of individual form, with tich orange coloring. and petals con- ape. EIL.. PENT INTRODUCED. 5 BEING INTRODUCED THIS YEAR 1. Sachem, of a deep red-approaching garnet-brown 2. Dominion, rich ‘red in:thrze contrasting tones. 3: Buckeye, 4 June-blooming bicolored type: Photographs by Fleda Griffith Flowers shown at exactly half natural size. GROWTH HABITS OF THREE OF THE NEW DAYLILIES 9 (Left above): Hiawatha. 10 (Right above): Bicolor. Il (Right below): Buckeye. two upper plants The both stand about 40 inches high; ie about 30 inches mentation in the flow were ee cara by hybridization and nen preeding into relations whid ich ape roduced a typ ower that had hitherto not bee existence, = veral of the more deeply ey oe clones of the present introductions have a similar origin and for others there has been selective breeding for other shades in red. In the daylilies any individual of unusual character or special merit for Soe oles is propagated or multiplied oe iene ae to ae ac all members of which are merely branches of t e original ara Tn nearly all cases the clones of hybrid anes i oo brea true i on seeds Afterglow Daylily. The flowers of this cayily oe . medium-large size and they unusual coloring for day tine “The pane tone is ae fogs ne yellow: a sort of pale bu: tel ade extends he into the throat, or pink tint which is slightly more ie nounced along vein of the petals. The scapes rise to a hei zht if 44 inches, and there are as man 5 flowers in the two or three fl Dene that form a Ae seein “The period of flowering — extended from early July until August 12, Aladdin Daylily. (Cover photograph) Jn the ce w which ha ave a spread 0 f about the tal and er half ach pet : “the out shi t clustered. sty in late June, green Ha suffers mewh ae loom is mos The plant is nearly e ee slightly from n Prince Daylily. ee light Gellow in winter flow cutter) nd of medium-small size. The season of flowering is in late summer and autumn (from early August on into earl rai oa ne scapes are stiffly erect, tall (to nches), and much branched. The ee is fully dormant in winter when the buds are submerged. Baronet Daylily. A concentric and sharply contrasted pa two-to ee ae n marks this fl there is ge throat outside of which both ‘the ene and petals are a sprightly fulvous red the shade near Brazil red (Ridgeway) The petals are wide, semi-rounded, and recurving and the fl full. The much branched scapes rise to a height of 28 inches and bas ‘scarcely be er than ne foliage. The of flowering is Jun Bertrand Farr Deyli The flow are of medium size full with all petals and sepals gracefully recurved. The throat of th ower is orange out side of which the coloring is near grena- pink (Ridgeway) or salmon red 15 (between numbers 13-2 and 13-3 of the R.H.S. charts) but with darker red coloring in the veins. le scay are well branched but only about 30 inches tall. In well grown plants the flowers n ewhat massed at ni that firm an y variou * This se elie is one of numer- indi viduals obtained me cross-| saan the Patricia with the Charmain visi tors: ous ing aylily. Bicoler Daylily. eo ig. 10) Two colors with radial distribution enter into the : di > g a petal are yello ulvous red ti wi with ose. The Ne is full. vie si stew ha cup- shaped with deeper rounded petals, The scapes rise about 40 inches and are well branch cd. The season of bloom has been chiefly in July and August. runette Daylily. (Fig. 5) Of the lections named at the Ne ow York Botanical Garden this is t whi has a d aa and on al yes late shade A arded gan to) dis of our ce selections, which e Daylily, after- wards named Browni - hat o am widely e inch ase “and usually from 24 not more than is) T. is a complex hybrid with an paced that includes H. flava, H. fulva clone E. H. A. Mi ‘Also nit seedlings ae of which are are sections, for early flowering, semi- dwarf stature, and da af flower coloring. Buckeye Daylily, (Figs. 3 and 11) The ous _medium- he flowers (31% inches in color pattern in the flowers of this day- pe ead), of the brane! ing eee lily is boldly banded with a broad mid- capes are carl nie to a height of abo ul zone in the petals of garnet-brown which 20 inches. Their color is ae uni- is in sharp contrast to the clear cadmium- formly a oe orange, of a shade be- yellow (which is a shade of orange) of | tween and cadmium-yellow both the throat and the outer part of the (Ridgeway) 4 anil Telos se t langerine-orange open flower. Also the color of the throat (R.H.S At the Nen ew ae sae cae extends or radiates rather prominently Garden the climax in flow ae i along the midvein of each petal. There ane has been es ie’ “ater halt is only slight banded coloring in the of July. The habit of growth is much sepals. The flowers are clustered in a like that of pie and the group manner that brings the flowers of the f tl mmer Multiflora Hybrids, but oO Ne Ou, ei different scapes into a somewhat com- this plant is taller and the flowers are pact group at nearly the same level. The somewhat larger, and the period of scapes reach a height of 30 inches. In Doom is earlier than for H. multi- winter the foliage is ae dormant. Te flor ants flower chiefly in cd Miz n Daylily. (Fig. 6) This a ower coloring one “that of ae is rated. the best of the present s tions for small yellow os ina i re ng m rowth 18 of rather tall can and period different, Te othe acca polieree st of flowering. The precise Shade of ols this plant there are H. flava, H. pee ing is very nearly len chrome clone Europa, H. aurantiaca, and (Ridgeway) a slight Spanee toward Middendorffit, green in the base of the throat. There ominion Daylily. (Fig. 2) This is is some brownish red on the flower buds an outstanding daylily for ete -large which persists on the sepals of tf full flowers wit! h red coloring in a opened flowers. Many of the flowers concentric three-toned pattern. Outsid have a spread of only o 1% inches, or a t tl i fo nge thi a oe Re sured 2 mules nd petals are garnet-brown with te spreading, darker Lee hat approaches ah eee pen fared | and con- maroon in the pet he foliage is tinue widely open and in good condition semi-evergreen, The scapes rise to 40 througton the following day until sunset mches. The main season of flowering after dark, depending on the tended from June 21 until the w Pathe. n Panay Pee h two middle . Jul tut oe has been a sets of flowers open for a time in the second period of less profuse and rathe evening. The scapes are much branched irregular “blooih which as eo ced from and slender, but stiffly unstanding to a id-August until freezing height of 40 inches. The period of temperatures in Navenber bloom io well di d plants at the Harlequin Daylily. The blades of the New Yo otanical arden. as con- petals are rather uniformly red, of a tinued from mid-June until in August. shade near 7 plies and to English red In the group a ramets of this clone in of Ridge nd to the vermilion of — the propagatio at the Farr Nursery the the Garden Dictionary, The throat and flowering ie continued — throughout sepals are golden yellow except f August and on into early September. The red streaks in ihe sepals. Thus the foliage is dormant in winter and pattern is a bicolor in two tones that lant is fully hardy. are concentric in the petals. The flowers Monarch Daylily. (Fig e flowers .7) T wv are medium-large (to about 6 inches in of this daylily have individual pe eiee full spread) with petals rather long and = and special charm in their form. They recurving. The scapes are nearly 4 feet are : e: 1. Comp: ith the Bicolor Daylily the + only 5 reading and the red coloring is dar ne and the shape noticeably incurved near their tips. e of the flower is quite different. The general coloring is close to light cadmium plant has robust stature (about 40 inches) (Ridgeway) or the lemon yellow 4 of yellow and the flowering is mostly in July, but a R.H.S. chart, and there is a faint may extend into August halo of fulvous in the region of the Hiawatha Daylily, (Fiz. 9) The numer- ae zone. The scapes are stiffly upright 17 to a height of 3 feet and are much ete The plants of this clone flower dur: soe ly. t (Fig. 4+) This is prea red-flowe ylily with Dube much Pe ae os TO not mo: tall. The flowers are median small Ga aul 3 inches nd full, E the flow: admired by Mrs. J. } n Hen sues “that it be Hamed. "Port Daylily m er youngest son, Freder a __ The vomipant mid-zon Several $s A acicals ar class oo evaluation This he first of flava, H. aurantiaca, lone Europa, and three dif- fH. fulva including the Rosalind Sachem ee ae has tall (40 inches), peapes ase flower This plant Sar reddish 1) Such NES ar bro’ open flow of size ca 4% inches ee fad), fu the color in the face outsi throat is neatly a . shade between the dark red of t-brown and colo throughout min toe wweathef; and they close after the sun sets. The period of bloom is chiefly in July. Symphony Daylily. The foliage of this plant is fully dormant during the winter and ds ne i. s excellent ¢ i following « day he od of flow i s from “the ‘middle oF Tne until, ‘the middle of July. The general character of the flower "Coloting 1s similar to that of the Linda Daylily; but the coloring is more delicate, a ae the es are baa and the on of flowering is arlie h Daylily. (Fig. 8) The form of the ers of this daylily is somewhat special dnd individual. ‘he petals are liroad, strongly recurved, and often some- wh. fole re (“pinched”), but the sepals stand semi- erect. TI wer is medium-la: (5 inches in spread), and the a in the io the flowers are = widely open and i in good con- dition throughout the da ae me t the promptly at “dusk. The c 40 i 1o ches ane oo well. brane hed. The season of blo s July. Yeldri: Daylily. The flowers are rather Sail ai ae may A sprea on 2 about inches ; the face is very milena yellowish ora, close to he empire yellow of ‘ dge' the buds and backs of the as noticeably ‘brow - The scapes are much branched and rise to a height of 40 ne hes. The season of bloom has been n late July until mid-August, ‘ouave Da nae nee its, otanical Gar aylily ie in ae eee Te ae a second period of considerable eae in pei de: The about te wichies fulvous re midzone; the sepals ha hence the ener coor-pattern somewhat bicolor. The are colo is much branched and they rise ae - ‘hei eight of 40 inches, B 3B darker 18 “Gardens And Plant ore Of Mediaeval Europe” Lecture Series To Be Given In Spring For Me ae of Botanical rales etropolitan Mus IVE weekly lectures for members of the New York Botanical Garde n and of the Metropolitan Museum o . Art ie . given at the Cloisters in Fort Tryon Park, Manhattan, and at the New York Botanical Garde in Bronx Park, in the spring through re epee of the tw a tutions. The program, which has been built upon a recent study ot the flora of the Unicorn Tapestries at the Cloisters, made by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Woodward, is to be entitled “Gardens and Plant Lore of Medieval Europe.” Tea will served after a ik Tickets for each of the five lectures will be issued by the ene Museum and by the Garden for their me nee who are asked to apply to the Secretary of their own institution for the tickets, fediatin ng dates for which they wish to make reservations. A special announcement of the series will April. The ees which will all be given on Thursdays at 3 p.m., will be as follow April 24. Plants a ae Unicorn Tapestries E. J. ALEXANDER, .dssistant Curator, e Cloisters New ade Botanical Garden May 1 Herbs ie the Memaeia! Feast MARGARET Tustructor, At the Cloister oa Mugen of Art May 8 mene Herbs and Mediaeval Herbals HELEN Noyes WEBSTER the Botanical Garden May 15 Medinet oe re RacHEeL Mi.tter Hunt e Cloisters May 22 Carte * Cloisters and Castle H. W. Ricxetr, Assistant Bibliographer, e Botanical Garden New York Botanical Garden Mrs. Hollis Webster, of Lexington, area who will speak on May 8 at the Garden, has lectured extensively on herbs and is the author of er oO w Them and How e Them,” published in 1939 . Hale, Cushman & Flint. This < was enlar, a pamphlet Pp. riginally written by Mrs. Webster and published by the Massachusetts eoleel Society, Roy Arthur Hunt soo home i is in Pittsburgh, possesses one o if ae private collec f gardening books and old herbals in _ the country. She is editor ne the Prec ans called “Garden Literatu in the Bulletin of the Garden Club of America, and has written many eee on early herbalists and garden writers for the Bulletin. 19 Herbarium Receives 2,000,000th Specimen At Ceremony Following Addresses HE two pee eae was formally eae into the herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden at a remony in the Museum Buildi ae W ednesday aes ae 11. Ate a program in hich Dr. William J. Robbin r. J. H. nhart, and members of the taxonomic staff took part, ve a hR ae P ey oe the Board f Managers, placed a sheet of heavy white paper beari a icolor s er folder i guests assembled then had tea in the Members’ Room. The story of this specimen, as told in the invitation to the program, is as follows: For forty-five years the herbarium of the New York Botanic fl Garden has Ae growing at un average rate of more a arly thousand specimens a@ wear. When its progress for 1939 was sununarised. tt was obvious that the fos 0- e-million ae z dae be. peeeY efore the end of 1940. In the autumn if % 1 from the ring th 4OUS SH 4 rium 0 ‘0. the specimen which proved to be the two millionth was a plant of a little known wild clematis, Clematis versicolor, collected at Russellville, Kentucky, dune 26, In addition to the purely accidental honor of being No. 2,000, aeons is otherwise noteworthy, for it represents a copa rare cies, first introduced to science in 1901 by i iate Dr. John Small, ‘ 7 i rhe ‘Sola Curator, who for forty years was on the sta the New York nical Garden, Since that time itt has been known only from the Osark region of Missouri and Arkansas, and this ea blaut ts apparenily the first record of ils existence east on the Mississippt River. The program took the place ee the ie monthly conference of the staff and registered students of the Gar Since ae 2,000, ee he put in : ts mi noe a 19,000 more specimens added he herbarium, kee it place as the largest her as pees one ted in the United oe. wi hile the hous States National Herbarium contains a few more specimens of flowering plants, the ene at the New York Botanical Garden < i intry in certain regions; for example, the southeastern states, the West Tndies and Bolivia, and in the flora of Asia. 1 sta rst in mosses and in myxomycetes, and ranks among the first in n noss' nd its site ns of algae and fungi. e herbarium now contains 1.383.833 specimens of flowering ae law erns; approximately 177,000 mosses ; 61.400 liverworts : 87.500 algae ; a nearly 305,000 fungi, including lichens, making a total of 2,019,000 specimens, Th e program of addresses, given in the lecture hall, was opened, after 20 a brief putas by Dr. Robbins, by Dr. J. H. Barnhart, who spoke He on the “History of the Garden Herbarium.” was followed by Dr. H. N. Moldenke on oe ces ns in the Garden Herbarium.” E. J. Alexander spo! oke nm ‘Relat of the Herbarium to eae Progress” and Dr. "Cat P, ie ress because : his illness wa read by Dr. H. W. sett, on “The H rium in Scientifi Reeeh’ Dr. H. A. Gleason's subjec seer Pilon from the Gar- den Herbarium,” a his ae y remarks Dr. William J. Robbins, speaking on “Significance a Herbarium, " mentioned the special research being done by each member iy the taxonomic sta These addresses will be given in full in this and subsequent numbers of the Journal. Attending the a in addition to members of the Garden and of the Torrey ‘Botanical Club . were representat ives of e of the botanical ach ceaea and ie college and university ae of botany in New York and its vicinity. History Of The Garden Herbarium* I Je per 1896, an agreement between Garden and Co lumbia included a podc on that ee herbarium ae aera should Ie deposited with the Garder Although Bios Park had ile en beet selected as the site of the future botanical we nd builid- ot take place until several years later. the 2ccnmlaton of materials for en ean m1 s begun dur- ing ‘the same ye; 9. ‘and vane eded with astonishir ing 1 a pidity, It was planne: d from the hewinnine 1o juchis ‘le al groups of ere the Columbia eerie being flow slants, of was the Tunes ¢ collec a consisting: ven eighty-five “thowsand specimens, e late J. B. Ellis ; and later many iter quired, first, par- Ses ; second, mills: third, ee : and jast but thy no means least, the in- By John Hendley Barnhart corporation 1 of specimens brought ee ck by collectors and expeditions sent o roe or subsidized by it. ues there were 10.00 e Ga nica Tal reached 225,000, of which more than half had been mount this prelim iod the inaintained offices, nd it was he specimens were es The first office wa Durin Garden had in these that and ae of the 49th Street near Ma this was “temolshet ‘ stalled in a house a fe locks west of a es ie in aaliat was aes called edford k Village. It be Hoe _ o note young men employed to work on Garden herbarium in those earliest days are still living. n i years ago, a popular botanical periodical ge * This the opening address at the pro. gram in celebra tion of the ingorporation of “the two millionth specimen. a hag herbarium at the New York Botanical Gar 1 Willard N. Clute, 21 that he still Another? has been for National Herbarium, of which he is now in charge. e thir fterward studied both pharmacy an nedici and is today, in his chosen fields, e of the most f us citizen: rh, It 1 e Museutr became ble to commence oe pelen oe € co in thei nanent ho By the of the year aie build- ing contained all “at the Garden ew and most of ive Columbia her! bar att if the ned a ea ‘than the arden colle tion: ami h were critically studied, annotat ated, and ba of publ ished papers, no! Torrey but by uaa Its history. eginnir as orrey’s personal” pene, ium, now covers much more than a hundred y we bi d the algae were given space in the room at the west end of the second floor. The flowering plants overflowed into the hall, and cre jong one side of it to the west end, eventually partly filling the room that was originally planne with its tiled floor, as a physiological labor tory. Dur- ing the directorship i ‘Merl, and because of his in in the east r At first the Columbia and Garden her- baria were kept distinct ; this was because the Garden shee r . new Cc of both ted “collections: ? William R. Maxon. * Walter A. Bastedo. with the exception of the Oriental Her- barium, in a ats age Pete desir to of utes decided the worker i ae Id be no ttle ede nov 1o Saeae the two herbaria, but it could be done unerringly, for cach t bears indication of its ownership. iring the pTesel r location of the com- ponent parts of the herbarium has been completely changed. e ‘yptogamic collectio iow Occup: ¢ cast end of the top floor, while nearly all the second floor is dev to the oe plants. ert act i im mportant mi: gate astel but they constitute erbari a@ serious oo equ: a_ beginning been made foward ‘providing steel cases for the main herbar of the herbarium hay me of the Garden staff. The first to be mored was Professor M. Underwood, who died ar later the entire fer 7. Aye ec: tion was officially ead a “Under- wood Fern i bro tablet was oe installed “recording ihe fact. In 1934, Mrs. Bri ork was the moss ‘os jowing year the gen neral herba arium Nee designated the ee ie rbarium” of our firs: t Dir bad anit tye Tmullios spear other her! now contain is is plants in fungi, three larger eeu in this country, a the other hand, i e fields, as the OSSES, *t is elieve “that there is no (oles on as large anywhere in the world. 22 Sunday Morning Tours of Conservatories To Be Inaugurated Next Month NNING Feb. 9, there will be a of bi-weekly tours - the Mo ‘Conservatories at the New York Botanical Garden under ti guide e of Howard Swift of the horticultural staff. On trip a specia’ up of plant: will be subjected to ol tion, as t their forms, colors, and habits of growth, their geographical Pees uses, and cca y ie culture, with the idea of creatir ing uisith veness about The tours will start a ve central dome at 11 ve i — cr avoid ne Sunday crowds t beg ate rtly afte noon. _While they" ail be ie ney wi be limited to a be necessary i ance heeds f nission, which - a be issued by Horticulturist in order re- cae The subject of ue oe tours now scheduled will be as fol ha are us Z lt oe in- 0 will be Ma Plants of the desert regions. The thied tour will introduce groups of lanis and interesting individual speci- mens which inhabit ie arid regions of both the Old and wv es . These v include the ca of mericas, stone plants and windowed ‘plasits of outh Afr des e aloes of e ar eee with forms, the and ° echeverias. te-like Mar. 23. Plants in relation to thei environment. Exhibits in the oat Flower Garden, the Aquatic House, al Rain Forest, Palm House, and lent Ceci will be tou Tropic: the three Succu studied during this t K cS Current Literature* At a Glance onor. Dr, George H. Shull, Pro- was er accorded him of hybrid ¢ ad Shull conceived the idea - pone outstanding inbreds and, then crossing them ex- c corn-growing industry has been revolu- tionized ease the ae of Dr. Shull’s methods, it was said. Greenhouse cane The forcing of Easter ee with we attention to ile t temperature requi nts, is treated n Bullet 376 from the: Moscchucts Hane ral 7 apes nt races i Bulleti biological con ee it is S told how. the ee ladybir etle has been effectively used in USES. rus Inu W. C. Price of the ee ler pane contributes “Ac- sae immun nity from lant Virus ases” to the September number of Tis Co Review of Biolog 99, To o> e from his part of summar. os ely a cquired immunity from plant virus diseases has been satisfactorily demonstrat ntrast, passively re the carrier type. Ps Toss sana, - - Lares a virus development in a plan celi already infected with a Gaeely "ated either of the carr ae w ast ‘be chronic-disease type.” * All publicatians mentioned here—-and_m others—may be ound. in the Lib Botanical Garden. in the Museum Beldeg. vie 23 Reviews of Recent Books (All pene Has la here may be consulted in the Library of ie New York Botanical Garden.) A New Volume Hailed With Repri An Ol ILLUSTRATED FLORA OF THE PACIFIC STATES. LeRoy Abrams. Revised edition of V gue 1, Fer to Birthworts. 538 pages, illustrated with 1,299 fgures, indexed, The - anford Gaia sity Press, California. $7. - considera rEnune that of the reprin cs D pr: off. set. ae been corrected and re been brought int ith the present edition of the Int ional Rules. Family names ave gether Af though the will be r and e columns within a Hae Honthe 3 and 4a pre: Volumes HLN, ration. MOoLDENKE. Pesky Pests INTRODUCING INSECT: James G. Needham, 129 pages, siustrated and indexed. The oer oe Lancaster, Pa. 1940. A famous authority on insect life has prepared a conv ee Nandbook of the pesky creatures that make our lives miseral ble by destroying our best woolen s before we ° them, s book not only gives us interesting life-t history Pee about butterflies, grass- weevils a is i aie in order to smi the young mind, because from young col- lectors grow fainous ratiiraligts i in "later years. This book is useful as an introduction to we ects for both youngsters and oldsters; it wi ke a valuable addition ooner or ii must cope with the pests “described he: ELEanor KING. Notes, News, and Comment AAAS. At the Philadelphia meetings f the American Association for the Ad- Science at the close of the year, the New York Botanical Garden wa: ented ee a ees staff members nine “othe at present asso- ciated with the “nstittion, They were Villiam J. Rol ae a , A. “es ey. H. “Nolen, W. F, J. Seaver, A. B. H. _ jRickett a es Camp, F. W. Kav T. ‘obe Burke, John Thomas Laskaris, gus,” wyer ‘A Prelin ninary R Dwyer gay the coe ‘Ouratea | in Tropical oe Dr. Seaver reported on Afycologia, of 24 which he is Editor, to the Mycological Society of America. Library. Sunday afternoons from 1 4:30 the ee of the Ee ee Garden whe be es pee nets eading. The tilatio ent Het the first of thes ear a fenben ot the library staff will be in charge each week, ees. Doctor of Philosophy degrees n_ awarded to Miss Cly ae han- Butler. f of ne orrey Botanical Club. : thesis, odie in the Patel- lariaceae, apnearel in_ the November- December issue of 11 ies ie Firman E. Bear, Head ot th for "Soils and_ Crops at the. ae See College of Agri- culture, adresse the ae a afternoon lecture ce Dec. s and the Cou Civili ee r. Camp, Aho s scheduled to give ‘this lecture, was inrevented from appearing because of illness Visitors. The nearness of the winter Period of the A.A.A.S. in Philadelphia brought a large number of visitors to the New York cen on ied i 3 daring the who re; S- ra ty ut in A athe ae a cent ae Jate November at ae r of Rutgers Uni- fe < L “Eel ‘Gyr racuse ; tepeee Tbr ati Ya es J. Cla ae Aer alter | Experiment Sta, Rowley Pri 5, Uni iter Missouri; Geo University of Pittsburgh: University of Colorado; Jo- F. Wheeler, seph Ewan, u of Plant weet nner, Pasaden: Ov erlipits: oes College, Pa, . Poulter, Ii City; J. Richard Carpenter, Black Mountain College, N. C.; Ada n, Iowa State College; Marion A son, New Bru ick, N. ee Williaa J. Gilbert, University of Michigan ; ershoy, University of ermont, and . Anderson, Juneau, Alaska, rmuda Lecture. The lecture on oo and Gardens in Bermuda” to e given by ed Seaver, will take place on Jan. 23, p.m. in the Lecture Hall, as announ n page 290 of the December Journal ; not on Jan, 18, s was stated on Dr. Seaver, who returned m Bermuda just before Christmas, will aioe 100 ee es slides which he took while Vield Botany. The spring term of the course in Field Botany By by the Garden under the oe of Dr. W. H. Camp ‘wi bes mae He be oe class will me ae p.m. for pees Ndcncnaeitone sierra stud- es, and field t tips to Sa iurdays r opening da registration ened ei hae the oa 25. The fee a $10, with New Yo rk City teachers, who may re- ceive “a alertness” credit, admitted at half ice. Advisory Council. Mrs. R re fe was nina (Chairman of a the annual ecting ng chairm: Mrs. ker, ean First Carl de Gersdorff a in her as Vice-chairman ; F. Leotard” eles as Treasurer; Mra Nelson B. Williar ane, ae ding Sec- and Mrs. end Scudder, Executive BS Ss = whe The 11S rrangements The meetir ng was at the hom Richard de Wolfe Brixey. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I ECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1942: ArtHur M. ANpbeRson (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE Lewis, E. D. oe Hen DE LA a aie (Secretary and Assistant Treasurer), Francis E. Power, Jr, and W a J. Ropsins. Until 1943: Hee ay DE For site BALDWIN Wie: president), Henry F. pu Pont Atiyn R. Jennincs, Henry Locxuart, Jr, D. T. MacDoucat, Mrs. Taser I, Pratt, and Joseru i" Swan (President). Until 1944: E, C. Aucuter, MarsHatt Fievp, Mrs. ey een nL. vee RRILL Ul bketa a Cor. Rorert H. Montcomery, H. Hopart Pore, and A. Percy Sauw . EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuarpta, Mayor of the City of New York. Rosert Mosgs, Park Commissioner. MES MarSHALL, President of the Board of Education. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS GLEASON, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. R. A. ARPER, SAM F. TRELEASE, Marcus M. Ruoapes, and Marston T. Bocert, appomted by Columbia University. GARDEN STAFF M J. Ropsins, Pu. D., Se. Directo H. "AL (GiEAsen. PHO De sie ian nee Assistant Director and Head Curator Henry ve La MonracNe Assistant Director A Be STOUT, PHe De mosh vai tiecsaiele eres Curator of Education and Laboratories ‘RED J, Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. urator BERNARD O. Dovce, Pu Plant Pathologist DLEY BARNHART, Ay My My Dena usek 25 fades oY Bibliographer . W. Rickert, D. aaa es t Bibliog rapher AROLD N. TCenreS Pu. Jurator LIZABETH C. HALt, JA, B., s NS) "Librari ‘ian LEDA GRIFFITH Artist one Photographer ERCY WILSON rch Associate OBERT S. WILLIAMS oe in Bryology . J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Gian a the Local Herbarium . H. Camp, Pu. D. Assistant Curator LYDE Cu sian Px.D. Technical Assistant SALIE WEL Technical Assistant eee Kavanace, M.A. Technical Assistani oc H, Woopwarp, A, B. Editorial Assistant Tuomas H. Ev , N. D. Horr. Horticulturist L. Witrrock, A. Custodian of the Herbarium tro DrceNeR, M. S. ilaborator in Hawatian Botany orneRT HAGELSTEIN torary Curator Myxomycetes Joserx F, BuRKE oraes Curator a Krukorr rary of Economic Botany STHEL Anson S, PeckHaM..Honorary ae Ieis ee Narcissus Viable ave J Aaa RBET" Superintendent of Building s and Grounds ps Gy ssistant Superintendent To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Blvd. the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park ing from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN Established as a privately endowed institution, aided partially by City appropriations, Botanical Garden is dependent for its progress largely upon ange ae Seber ipe! Threceh these means, though young as botanical gardens go, it become the third largest institution of its kind, its library, eer ee and horteceeal collections ranking among the finest and most complete in any cou Membership in The Nev ork Botanical Garden, therefor eans promotion scientific research in botany aod the advancement of horicultral Yi acctel sclesetbcall, the Garden is able t rve as a clearing-house of information for students and botanists all over the world; hectic olenealg. it often serves as EEE between the plant explorer or breeder and the gardening p ublic. ugh memberships and benefactions, provision is made at the Botanical Garden for the t its 6 of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new books are added aus to the library, which is open daily to the public for research and reading; free xhibits are m intained in the museum, the greenhouses, and gardens, and lectures, courses, — and free information in botany and gardening are given to the public Bach individual member of the Garden receives: A copy of the Journal every month. é ) A copy isonia once a year, each peas ivetaies with eight. colored Be of unusual plants, aceon ied by des 3 share of surplus plant material of pie or new varieties when- ever it is See ed. (4) Announcements of special floral displays, programs, lectures, and other events at the Garden. redit to the amount of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study offered by the Garden (6) The oe of iho rrowing lantern slides from the Garden’s collection. (7) Use of the Members’ Room in the Museum Building. A limited number of aS clubs are accepted a! eae The priv ae ci Ra are one lege aoe by a member of the staff, a shoe in ‘he Gist buEea of plants when they a ailal subscription to che Meee and to Addisonia, and announ Pee of | bec actities ce hie Botanical Gard In addition, any member of an affiliated club~ may ¢ oe e of the Garden's Bue courses each Ba for one- alf the regular fee. An aflia ies Sisk Club may borrow lantern slides fro e Garden’s extensive collection, such, cee cere ‘subject to the regu legions fer the use. ere ree slides individual members. Likewise, an affiliate club may engage embers’ Room at the Garden for its meetings. "The € ae asses of membership are as ae An oul Member annual fee $ 10 Aa Sustaining Mes nber annual DS { oe Garten Club Aen annual ee for club 2p : Cae Fellowship Membe annual fee 100 ember for Life single contribution 250 F Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 Patron sin ze contribution 5,000 Benefactor single contribution 25,000 Fellowships or scholarships for practical student-training in horticulture or for botani research may be established by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for definite period. [ Contributions to the Caen ine be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved form of beq I hereb yibequeath to iy v York Berienae) Garden incorporated under the Laws of ew New iy Cha apter 285 of 1891, the sum o ———, x itera be equests may ue) made on income payable to donor or any designated benef! bes during his or her lifet All requests for ae eden should be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. ve) JOURNAL OF ; THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 42 FEBRUARY Nae ener ee JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro. H. blscatiio Editor Febru 1941 ViEW IN THE Cactus Housz IN THE MAIN CONSERVATORIES : Cover Photograph by Fleda cae SuCCULENT PLaNTs at THE Botanical GARDEN Desert Cacti OF THE AMERICAS . i apueae 26 Spine PaTTERNS AND Cactus ce Pt pl ifith 28 Opps AND Enps ONG THE CacTl aphs 31 SIGNIFICANCE OF A HERBARIUM illiam J. Robbi 4 Actus F D Flowers From Rocxy Desert Lanps Photographs 36-37 IMPORTANT COLLECTIONS IN THE HERBARIUM Moldenke 38 LOR PATTERNS IN DayLiL: 0 LIES Henry Hurp Ruspy—ExPLorer, PROFESSOR, REFORMER, BoTANIst Carol H. Woodward 43 46 Current LITERATURE AT A GLANCE Notes, News, aNnD CoMMENT FOR FUTURE BOTANISTS For 42 years, Henry Hurd Rusby was a professor and = directing studies in pharmacognosy and materia medica, but for 75 of his 85 years he was also essen- ti tanist—a child-botanist in his early years, but very soon of mature enough with ¢ mi ‘oughout his life, plants comprised the constellation aie he followed. Ex- ie and collecting helped him to earn much of his way through school. His bot i of those plants to ore a And after he retired, he turned again to plants as one of his most satisfying pastimes. All this came from a healthy boyish curiosity about what made them grow and bloom. When he was a lad there was no such place as a lar a botanical garden to which he could turn for inspiration and knowledge. A sym athe tic eee nd a copy of o helpe its herbarium with Lae of plants he had yet e New Botanical i with its leat facilities ie herbarium, tbr, Ae abratoi, stands ready to be the guiding hand for you : ‘0 follow Rusby’s footsteps a become useful ee one as a pro- ante or avocation The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Lost rie a — a N. Y., as a rey matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single cop’ to members of the JOURNAL f THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 42 Fepruary 1941 Succulent Plants At The Botanical Garden ACTI and other types of succtlent plants have ali ee led an unportant par 0 x Botanical Garden, ue for their ae interest and thei tentific value, yee one Shee much ae the research for “The Cactaceae,” four-volume work by N. L. Brittou a Je SC, Z an CHES During the past few years the collections of sucenlent plants ae beaks steadily and more of the plants have come into bloom each year—some recorded for the first tune ae cultivation. Of the 1,600 different spec ies represented, about 600 are of the desert types a 3 = 8 cs a act a) 8 ty > i~w = a. 5 8 3 = iy 9 8 8 aS S 29 & xy 3 se 8, plants of the New World, such as the century plants yuccas, echeverias, and their relatives, sae on the other side, in House d the succulent plants of the Old World, chicfly from the South African a ser: . ts, the aloes, cuphorbias, stapelias, al a > o ae a ot - — ges g BAS =3 2. mesembryanthennuns, and many other fantiliar : tis planned to treat cach of these three groups in this Journal during 1941. opening article, dealing with the desert-dwelling members of the Cactus family, presented here. Those who wisit the cactus collection ph ae besides is a grouping ti z po bed, a number of specimens still being grown ots on the side do A e f cacti and er types “succulent plants from seed, where every stage in the growth of the nen may . seen, from the tiniest eee to the size at which they are ready for separate potting. 25 26 Desert Cacti Of The Americas By E. J. Alexander ACTI are one of America’s aes gifts to aes horticultural world. Startlingly different in both form and flower from any other Fame they form a uniq d distinct na ie lant ao With a 7 ure regions where they occur in quantity, and a bizarre element where they occur as occasional units. They have solved the proble m of life in a hostile environment in a manner that renders them a prime example of nature’s ili xtren iti t ul f an spine arrangement, at ee paula becomes finally the key to ea igenienae with them e who is ns will soon learn that each species has its own peculiarities of structure. Co) a es of the regions where pe are ae the fruits of many species are an important article of food. Thei ood, after the ho t Il as fo itu many small tools. The long strai e from ie colina ar types are especially valuable for these latter purposes, and a o be expected from the skeletal structure of such huge plants, the w a is strong aad = rd. n the hee of cacti it is of first and greatest importance to become acquainted v pe ‘xshion oe See an ee se which the spines are ne tered, for it is possessed by i alone. The areole has two centers or points of gow the central c ower one pricing the spines and new Rede: c ptesing only flow While most persons are sree Ww a e kind . ects or another, there is considerable popular ae as os just v should be called a cactus. The word does not ly | is any oe plant with ee spines, ae leaves, or fieshy ems. To be a cactus, a plant must first is all have the ieee pions au ove. Then, its flowers must follow a certain pattern. Tha the flower parts of a true cactus are always ae on top of the ony or futing portion; the sepals and petals are numerous rather thar a defini scree and they grade one into the other without a mark a fcr between them. The stamens are also numerous (in certain of the Cereus tribe iy are said to number as many as 2,000, but he Rae is not eee and the style, or column which rises in the ce: in s has several branches at its tip. The fruit of a cactus is pre a on aed d ae containing numerous seeds. It sometimes is dry, sometimes large and fleshy—much larger, in fact, than one expects a berry to become 27 cacti are divided into ee main groups, the PeResKra tribe, Reton tribe, and Cereus tribe.* Members of the aes tribe, which contains only the one genus, Pereskia, are the { f similar to ae plants SS of their true nee stalked es oe ae nder almost woody st and branches like hose of an ordinary shrub. a edible hee of Per oobi aculeata are In five of the genera of the Opuntia jameg aus Nopalea, Tacinga, Grusonia, and Opuntia (the other four are so rare as to be almost aes in — fon) —the flowe ering ¢ a fs ook pro- uce 0 $ b ents of the stem. and Nopalea may always be recognized by their loosely jointed stem ees In News (the pogpnietiat and in one ie ing out, 0 ct, another group of Opuntia the s ee are cylindrical, bie a without ribs. Pereskiopsis is cons sidesed ted to Opuntia but i bles dities aes ee pnts which a eee Onis esl have true leaves ung growth, a the ey are cylindrical o wl- spe, ae all yer aan lived, although in a A eg ey are kets ng and p ersist from six months a yee s the largest genus in the Grace, nel . the o nly genus spread pee nat the Americas. One of its species reaches the farthest north of any member of the family in | North America and another the e United * Maine e Hampsh They are so remarkably similar in general appearance ery difficult of classification, and a few of them in any living ie are sufficient to Ae cas genus. They may be divided into three sections the flat-padded group or Pratyopuntia, the cylindrical- ee group or CYLINDROPUNTIA, al the oe called TEpHRocacti, with ellipsoid, ovoid, or globular stem-segme The flat padded group ae the greatest number of species. They * The classification none here is not strictly in accordance with Britton & Rose and other authorities on the Cactaceae, but it has been somewhat simplified for the benefit of the arciear - ho is not yet familiar with all the structural details found in the family. ‘SPINE PATTERNS AND CACTUS FLOWERS Echinopsis sie ae 10-inch is show flower of whic on another ia 29 from one another in pad size, in having dry or fleshy fruits, and in ease of detachability oe oe ome but principally in the pelea 7 he of the spines. Som more outstanding ones are a reed r (Opuntia rine), . oe a ae untia basilaris) w a silken pink flowers, the cow’s-ton: e (Opuntia ingot beautiful blue-blade (Opeits santa-rita yt the Indian-fig (Opuntia Ficus. Indica), and the deceptively velvety-appearing oe - (Opuntia microdasys). In the rere stemmed group are many kinds of cholla (dens hoya), most wickedly armed of the family, all of them with easily de- tachable joints. These are shrubs of tree- es growth and ee unusual features of the landscape in which they g: They are the one group of cacti ii in 7 pa before man, nha e defied him. They thrive on abuse and if to h disturbed, break into many pieces, each of which starts a new a mu a to the chagrin of ae would-be destr : ier are the most dangerous of all, painful and difficult to remove. They e the eee of the desert—animals sometimes become enta aie their branches and die; others such as mare lizards and birds din them a safe refuge. Best known of them are the buckhorn Shu acanthocarpa); the tree chollas (Opuntia ue O. versic oO spinosior and QO. tunicata), all with silvery or yellowish, ae ed spines; the golden-spined teddy-bear, a beautifu 1 plant, but t too dang: erous o e jw j m detached from a mere touch and a the passerby; the cane cholla, Opuntia leptocaulis, with slender ean a ae ere and that most , the devi olla Stanlyi), a haven of safety for small animals, but otherwise an object of fear to man and beast. (O. Stan/yi is one of a group with club-shaped joints, ae as transitional between the Cylindropuntias and the Tephrocacti.) oe yen have been introduced into the Mediterranean regio South ne and Australia. Th ha ce forbidden i the two latter regions, and government botanists are seeking fungus diseases and aan oS oe de ah oes The Opuntia is the usual type of cactus whic otographs made in the Holy Lar ie The presence e ae fe ee now has led many ise to place them in Biblical a and drawings. They are, howeve recent introduction, since cacti were unknown in the Old orld on after the discovery of America, a hence could not have been prese: in Eibtical times. eaiveat all of which are native to western South America, are a a o keep in cultivation unless grafted upon some more easily grown oa “They are rather compact plants with short stem-segments 30 fae form large clustering ee ths. cee known are the oolly table-sheep of the Andes ae ve and the paper- oe oe eee: with spines flattened on ae but firm, paper- aoa structu Members of ie cies tribe may always be known es their vee ems of continuous growth, columnar, meloue shaped, rel-shaped o: ee their areoles never Nee glochids, and their joint sity detached. They subdivided into numerous genera, each reco; eae by some peculiarity of floral, fruit, or vegetative structure. These ae as placed in | eae groups. If the io and spines arise from the same areoles we have either the CerEar or the EcHINOCACTAE When the Ge are ied jo sued a columnar we = e the CEREAE; when short-jointed and melon- or barrel-shaped we have the een eae If the flowers and spines arise from different oe we have the Cac If the areoles are aes or aaa so, we have the epiphytic or ae group, best called Eprpnyt The Epi iilae do not Sait the desert but generally grow on trees, aes in dense for Some of them ao the eae oe some of the largest ae ce fragrant flowers the family. not teste further here as we are concerned re the ee ae pee : It is not considered necessary for present purposes to go fully into the ee eer of these major groups, but some of the more charac- teristic, well oe and popular ones are here presented with typical examples of e The Cereae are the most massive and spectacular growth-forms in as ae ee ne 2 which is the giant sahuaro (Carnegie gigantea) the Ari Son coca ts, a branching — gro wing 50 feet tall a cote oS Within e group are also the organ- pipe s (Pachy- cereus marginatus, Lenuireoceres Thurberi, a others) w hich branch mostly from or near the base into great clusters of fluted columns. Here are — uaa types (Pac oe cercus, Lemaireocercus, Ce phalocereus, Cere contria, \yrtillocactus and others) which branch from iy oo we find ‘the oe “ad man” (Com 0 ong coarse white “hair” instead of spines, and the “old men of the mountains” (Oreoccreus) with thinner white hair intermingled with ; - RR & = = Na 24 as > s oO famous eae nears Rie of Lower Californi like a gigantic, spiny caterpillar, which always heads toward the sea; the : ea brid duced so many beautifully colored blossoms; the torch-cacti (Tricho ODDS AND ENDS AMONG THE CACTI tees ever bloom early eae Pereskia aculeata, whose fruits are nown as Barbados goosebert ing-rock, The liv Roseocactus" fissuratus. red flower Hiei andalgalen: Echinopsis Johnsonii, sometimes called the .Easter-lily cactus. | cerise-purple flowers. 32 ereus) oO uth ae with blooms like snowy white chalices; the ee Peis own as ae poles (Cereus and Lophocereus), freakish aaa! of ee differ none ; lastly, most popular a bee the serpent-cereus (Nycio cereus serpents) of Meee, one of the most widely eer of all cacti e flowers are aa to bloom ae on the same Ga night no matter ne a part of the world they are grow: roots and densely scaly or hairy flower tubes are so the other re blooming cerei (Hylocercus and Selenicereus), any a whi ch may be called Queen-of-the-night. Their flowers, up to inches long, are the largest in the Cactus family and are deliciously rie ant. As age a ee blooming flowers, most of them are white, but t Seemingly out of place in this group are the aie ‘ail on ‘Cpa, natives of oe with long, flexible, whip-like, bristly stems and p or purplish flov The Tebinocieee contain two groups markedly different in the place- ment of the flowers, which in one group are Paar: on the plant body and in the other las lateral or basal. The lateral-flowering group has ne - a ds some of the most beautiful rovers in the family. Here He the hedgsog a hee of > North American desert They any er, rom the rainbow-cactus (Echinocereus “idesinas) with lored rng a spines, so difficult to atiny and s silky textures, makes them when in flower one of the most a. sights in the plant world. They are scarce in cultivation, but the uture bids os to ae their pop pularity, though they are difficult to under hat similar in form and flowering mee are the noe stily ie oe with white or pink flowers eight to t inches long. They are easily flowered in cultivation, ee as a result, justly popular. The crown-cacti (Rebutia) are the tiniest of this group, and the e only o ones with nipples instead of ribs; their flowers are borne ina circle around or near the base of the plant and are surprisingly numerous for so aa a plant-body. Those in the terminal-flowering group are more spectacular as to plan form and spine arrangement. Here belong the great water-barrels (Fero- cactus) of the American desert, the beautiful golden barrel of Mexico Echinocactus Grusonii), the golden a hid balls (Notocactus) of southern South America, the interesting brain-cacti (Stenocactus) Mexico, and the terrible manco caballo or ane -crippler (Homalocephala 33 texensis) of Texas = its arene ae ae frilled sein ers — color ree defian of strawberry ice-cream, set s wicked a e. Also within the bounds is r mship are s ee ra ance as well as the least cactus-like members of the family, and the most difficult subjects to gr cultivati Here are the - n nae tien and Roscocactus) o xas and Mexico, the bar: (Oroya oe Matucana) of the Andes, the sea-urchin (Ast ropa asters) and t bishop’s-cap (Astrophytuin myriostigma), the pineappl d pine-cones Ariocr ps Roscocactus, Encephalocar pus aa Obr aa of Mexico the agave-cactus Cas aha the little astiee: E pithel- antha eer a the c cactus aes ant Ritteri), which resembles a ties of i os re oe lastly eae or peyote (Lophophora Tl’ itiamsii), the only oe asco of the family, the use of which is forbidden by federal law because of its narcotic of ct. The last group, the Cactae, the most typically cactus-like, and the a . ee vee fa nee Han es : name, has few genera, but many s Ther div s here, based o: iti spec two m flower position. The ae gr up, i M MILLARIA, ne e flowers arising from between or upon the young nipple-like protuberances upon which the spine- a are borne. In the genus Cor aoe ne the nipples are groove upper side and from these grooves their young state the owe! ers are borne. These flowers are mostly ae € eee the colors rather in- clined to ne aleness, but still beautiful by reason of their silky texture. The genus Thelocactus is very similar to Coryphantha The flowers are larger ier more beautifully colored and the ovary is scaly, whereas in : oryphantha Jee ovary is naked. The pe aaa ¥ second largest f 0 No ly, is, except for one species, ¢ ed t bes ae nerica, and aan 1 exico. About half of the s ae cies oe this have milky juice, the only cacti so constituted. Their flowers are ae r > en. th nipples, which in this genus ot grooved e plants are all small and aren . Thi hg kinds are easily grown in a small space. Their popularity is atteste to the common names of some of the various kinds or groups such as ae Bn fish-hook, dumpling, biscuit, thimble, lady-finger, — puff, cotton ball, and old lady, each of which is justly in favor for faiieual sort of beauty or vila Last in the family are the , the two genera J/elocactus and Discocactus, the most highly ae of all. Their flowering areoles are condensed into a terminal head-like mass called a cephalium, out of which the flowers arise. In Discocactus, the flowers are nocturnal, large and many-petaled; in the genus |fclocactus, they are small and few-petaled. These are the Turk’s-cap and melon cacti of the West Indies and South 7 The photograph of a Mammillaria on page 37 i jl. Hanae: according to Britton & Rose in “The Cactaceae,” where it Hana appeared. 34 America. They are not common in Gos ation, a eee aoley at all. but they alw: ways attract attention by re cephalium, ee as hee it had been a onto turban which is the the plan rocky wast ue eats else is evid rity as ho Se subjects. for their cltivation glass, a ieagetae 1 skill y all reward Ate with a message the be ah of silken and satin flowers, en! cen vith the ee my cal sy : them, become acquainted with their wants be Grow There will symmetry and solidity and learn ee names, survive, as satished with those t enced by ee great True, w ane ae y in northern climates, a ae of the red or brown fez or Such are the cacti, unique ies of the desert hes seul the ort Americ Ss r home. That ues adapt and i ae aad small be of them are o have the facilities ite patience and but a clothed in the under ee vessary to make ia more difficult ones feel at home, g' from the dese i n of geometric some w i not is felt, go anak ments, for t will, and if the need fe ire the patience, skill and oe that has built up the large Significance Of -4 Herbarium * ee ARIUM, as has been empha- d by other speakers on this pro- gra: a 5 ececatial for the knowledge of nants and their use, because without authentic information as to the kind of plant wih - We we deal our k ledge is of little Xcel Printed descrip m manuals, Rees illustrated loras and similar publications, ar a 1 substi ut the oo ntihed and an- ra specimens ithe herbarivm, This € a herbarium, * which is of the size and “quality of that of The New York Gar Botanical ‘den van pie aan s the flora of the pri Beane hecause it is a lec ie of kro ledge ti in much the same w: pat ‘ibrar. ay However, the vali c Gar not consist merely in having million specimens which are there They are of litile value if they are wll used, and their use Vepends upor * Sce footnote on page 39. By William J. Robbins the herbarium being suitably arrange Se and cared for, This d duty is the responsibility of the Cicodion ee rbarium, Mr, G. L. Wittrock, sistants, A world oct such as that ee the New York Botanical — den, i ally growing. Fort or more are added a year, must be properly mounted or boxed labeled. oe is a duty of Miss Mar. Whe o has charg dire of a and his ie cry; yptogamic herbarium. y how well arranged or how caret mould the herbarium material may be, its va alue is determined largely ae how it is used. Gleason as cn Curator of tl eet ane pe aver, whose mair concern is vpt Seine herbari hear the ee not on r the preservation and extension We barium, but for its use. Thousands of rium. ough, ee are many fareblens stl unanswered in the naming, clas sification, an f plants; th sev- eral species are grown in our green- houses. _Deplicates 2 Melastomes col- cled sent here for identification, and we “have ie firlest representation of this family in America. aa eaver is known for his work on oa ful and nes group of the cele: efune gi. He “has published a monog doph in this subject and Hi is cont inuing his researches and oth na revision of ep: rt 10 industn in hi me ne Ericales, se species which exist now, but the il forms as well. r, Moldenke is oe ized as a world . He is a gaged in Tionoetaphine the vervain and black-mangrove families for North 35 American Flora, and he is also co-oper- te in the airy of a Flora of Par a Flor oF Surinam, Flora of Texas a Flor ucatan, and Flor: ra: ssilica. Ta Oricon he is con- niin work on monograph of the Verbenaceae of the wo: aE ope, Asia, Africa, Australia, d America. This family has 80 gener. 1 3,000 or more species on eet ma luable medi inal, economi nd horticultural plants Dr. Mol ide sake, is co-op os with Krukoff on the South Am n arro’ poison plants which have sed prone an jets. ie special reference to the living collections at the New York Botanical Gat cc: Mr Krukoff, Honorary Curator oles his research time to the study a various plants important in medicine. He has published recently on the genus Erythrina, 11 plants which yields eral rT of importance in medi- cine, and is nc king on plants which yield strychn’ an agels os and Mr. Burke, Honor- ‘y Curator: tated in the study of ese ee ee groups of beautiful mi- eae plants. the slime-molds and the dia Mr ly, although employed as an rtist, is making studies oe ae — : ones arabia, of is ga year at the Garden’ ona ca genhcnn ae ship, preparing material lora of a ba. Sas radua tudent, is wri- € fhesie on we American Ochnaceae. mi several mo ths which are available here. Whe sider therefore the Th tl ig impor tant researches in the field of taxono! my, I think that we can say that it is one of the most important and valuable possessions of the New York Botanical Garden, CACTUS FORMS AND FLOWERS. FROM ROCKY DESERT : s Echinocereus subinermis. Top of the 3-foot stem of = aly} Astrophytum Asterias, the sea-urchin. Gymnocalycium Quehhanum, easy to flower in Cephalocereus euphorbioides. alee Itivation. The Turk's-cap, Melocactus intortus, : = a aoe giana Lae Ba Te Pelecyphora aselliformis, a rare and unique species. ete Notocactus mammulosus, flowers readily. 38 Important (Collections In The Herbarium RECENT SURVEY reveals that our her! pean oe over 2,800 m valuable collections tha of Professor C ei Png of Ba: zerland, Chay sai an of Aaah ie Florida, ” The Chapman herbarium contains the basic engin on which his important work on the flora of the Southea: - m United ee was eee A few rs later the many tics and Hehene accumulated by Mr i ers: as! added con- tnwousy by secure 5 collections fort all par he globe and by special collect- ee ay DS a various £ rth and South America, in icing some 6,000 specimens collected by the late Dr. H. . Ru in the Andes of Bolivia and oe at it ce f the la rgest in ee ce ot the ¢ descriptio: our stay By H. N. Moldenke significanc Of at Oo Kuntze Nerba arium, containing Pu 32,000 specimens, presented to us by M Andrew Carnegie. Dr. Kuntze was world traveler and a prodigious writer on the plants of every part of th orl the original material on which his writings are based is incorporated 3 in this herbarium, cal Ga New York rden iene arium has without ae the largest and finest collection of est Indian plants extant. We have el here of Imost all the important West Indian collectors, right, Riera) Combs, ad : ilspaugh, Ekman, Valeur, aneous n, Puerto Rican, aud oth West Indian collectors, and many others. Dr ‘on, on his repeated trips to s with ious asso- ciates, himself added over 138,000 speci- mei gion. Through the generosity 9 of Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt red es s 7,800 specimens from o Ric her region for hares our collec- Chapm man bere ene whicl his “Flora of the Southern United | States” s bas h arle ciel ate os come 10,00 specimens, inelu dies thousand fungi and nearly ce representation ne h jabama Survey ; and the 3, specimens collected by S. M. Tracy. which form the most im- portant collection ever made in is- adjacent territories. mi Kklahoma ; ts said t most important collectio ae that state. To athe nall on his repeated ex- loraiory tips “throngh the South added 39 over am specimens of his own col- lectin; a e forgotten is the region of the Roc ae Mountains od of the plains and prairies in central North America. Fr ea the late P. fe Rydberg himself added some 35,000 5; eae ba including 15, “00 rom Montana and the silowstone region hese, added to such basic col- lections as those of Hitchcock from Kansas ; Sandberg, McDougal, and ae from Idaho; Wooton from New ae ae Lloyd “trom ae Nor thwest: weedy nas and the ey aa historic United State: ees t and railroad exploring expeditions and — houndary urveys, make our herbarium of outstand- sheets sente yr. Andrew Carnegie. This is very rich in rare Mexican speci- mens, includi ,500 of the collections of chaffner, and in plants of northern and central Europe, including a valuable seri of seaweeds, lichens id fungi this wilding are now the R. S. Willams ‘ukon, said to be the first Peru, includ- species never before e, most important collec- r he rbarinm is that of Dr. scl . oe of his collections— yal = tanic Gardens at Kew our ee is now eS the " famous Ronis of eas oe ee by D Te “Allen, Son che Bae ves are = ihe ee “he finest semblage of these plants ever made. The edd address, also the one beginning on Garden The o, ante ae h appea in future number. Here also are some 8,000 . Lae Macoun’s famous Canaan Arc This tireless collector is ed m of Can: p eno w before. In our herbarium a 2,000 plants of Nova — and “Nes found- lan - aoe ted by cn eae initio S$ Cal Si ur: American _ma- ‘eral geri in thel herbaria. ere, besides the ey ae collections of Rusby, Williams, and Morong, are the olivian collections of Bang, Cardenas, ite, and Buchtien; Argentine plants of Kurz, Cabrera, Descole, Schulz, Parodi, and Kuntze; Patagonian plants f More and onini; Paraguayan lants of Autran, Fiebrig, and Hassler; Chilean plants Gay, rmann, oho ae and I ; Peruvia Guianan plants ruz; Venezuelan collections of Pittier, Williams, Rusby, and Squires; Colombian collections ok "Pennell, Killin, Haz nee, Lehmann, and H. H. Smith: nd. Biazilia lants from a host f coll In t years the expedi- tions of off to Brazilian azoni d Bolivia dig enriched our herbarium by thou of valuable specimens, From ea ch or ‘his trips to this rea Mr. Kruk ae eS with hosts of lants never be science, ‘0 of them of " dots medicinal and economic value few years ago we ecured from Cambridge University a splendid set of South American collec- of the famous Richar ruce, al us ee ove and botanist in many re- Ws parts of the continent. Here also the famous collections from Mo unt Daida la, in Venezuela, site of “The Lost World.” nd so I could continue in an almost aaa gee e the important aoe lection incorporated = in herbarium, “but fine foes n 1 think mnrene will por serve to illustrate the 34, was given at the Botanical page 1 when the 2,000,000th specimen was incorporated into the nie red in last month's Journal. The remainder will be print 40 Color Patterns In Daylilies By 4. B. Stout HAE Dene f the distinctive pigments, their quality or nature, and their oe in the face of the open flower are the mai aon significa in defining the classes of color patterns in the flowers of daylilies. There are two eee classes of pigments in ns tissues of the flowers of daylilies: (1) the plastid pigments which giv an green, the e yellow h d t effect in of of t we two kinds of ay or the cone effec of one over the other colored pigment there is also much diversity in shade and intensity. or the oe outline of color patterns there has been consideration of the species of Hemerocallis, the large number of named horticultural clones, and the numerous ei rid seedlings that have been grown at the Nev anical Gard When there ae more than one distinct shade of pigmentation ae tendency s for the distribution to be either concentric or radial. of these stration may dominate in a pattern but both may be coe: in evidence in the same flower. ie. present time - writer does not wish to apply single names to each and every one of the patterns noted in the following scheme. Here as ola ee apply to a pattern are the several names for the main class, the sub-divisions, the individual pattern and the ve For example, an ae ae of Fig. 7 is concentric, two-toned. banded, ne radiate. ourse, intergradations between various the 15 patterns ae eo and illustrat ed. SELF-PATTERN, The entire face of A. Semi two-toned. The Sara fie: flower is of one color. hae one eas or the oe - ? such there One-toned; Fig. 1. The one-toned p. ae ‘bat ae ae concoiine tern is usually some shade of yellow _ chan ge in the intensity of one dominant orange and hence the pigments are plastid — cojor in origin. Frequently the extreme throat ig. 2. In this the shade of Cer nitric; Fi Z coloring is most intense in the extreme jow or orange in the outer part of the {Feat of the flower. Certain seedlings ig perianth the pattern becomes concentric. by the sap pigments. This particular at IL Co ONCENTRIC PATTERNS may be tern is new and unusual for Her ranged in into four groups and these farther callis, divi ided in fo at least 9 different patterr Distal; Fig. 3. In this pattern the — types or individual patterns. of color becomes more intense towar¢ Jee Hee le G a | ? LO fe He Me Se Diagram by Eteanor Clarke, through the co-operation of the W.P.A. Illustration showing the distribution of color and the principal patterns in flowers of Hemerocallis. 42 the periphery of sae open flower. Several selections among seedlings of hybrid origin have this 3. Two-toned a throat of one both sepals eater As more eable the portion. oe “the lower, Pei Shei ae = e€ ton aia which fails to appea vhe which radiate; Fig. 5 f re and usually this is a sap color, with ‘the rest of the flower, both the throat and the outer part, of nearly the same coloring. ee and radiate; Fig. t The pat- jast noted becomes radiate when ne ae of the throat extends through the pond | in Se of ee sepals and petals. C; glee paiterns. Ba ae Ge Tn the fulvous and ae saat ed fee ies there is frequently toat of plastid pigment outside of Ww ie there is the sap pigment which has great sity i Several unusual ar of color have appeared w: ee Ean distinctive patterns ap. ea aise ition in sma’ of r of the pet cue mid-z eae a is show: are hybrids of San which had flowers. If the still separated, a ene spotted patte n var. ious seedlings the red sais in the ae of rregular areas to the horticultural anes of the iia ay all spot: a - os may be. f s fi igure. progenies have this sheet a it is of interest to n ad no red coloration in the fac ts of such a pattern should become much oe but Radiate; Fig. 9, Frequently in the two- ne and thn ree-toned concentric pat- terns the throat color extends outward along ae midrib. When this becomes a coencu the pattern appears shown in Fig. 9. os ne r-toned paiterits have one zone of disticn ve tone than ve ae toned are ig. ly the $ green, inediately out- extreme side a “which there is ellow orange, then is a mid-z of Gk red and a co oe Siehe tone. The pattern may be Concentric, here de- t Conceni as scribed, or it amay also have a Radiate n Il. "Ranta PATIERNS s to the coloring of the eis oS Distal, ie ie ea aed Figs. 13 and 1 and Rad IV Cos ATION Par TTER centric an Pike radiate distri ihutia as oi color may both be present and conspicu- ous in flowers, examples of which are seen in Figs, 5, 7, 9, 10, and 15, hich suggest that y besides those here me mane ed mm would result. ioe is much a flecked p: eral of the seedlings al He obtained there is a ene narrow ae noticeable band ‘or border r colo ge flower: he Saturn Daylily has the marginal banded feature to some degree. In certain seedlings the darker coloring in the ou f the fac the flower tends to igs into ieee ties that suggest a picoté pattern. Jn other bas ts fas noticeably broken into streaks. s these and other new [ p they will no doubt b e noted and rer epee cially when they occur in ei named horticultural clones, 43 Henry Hurd Rusby—€xplorer, Professor, Reformer, Botanist By Carol H. Woodward HEN he was still an obstreperous but eager schoolboy in Franklin (now Nutley}, New Jersey, Henry Hurd Rusby began his first serious studies of plants at the age o 10. It was pai this interest, which absorbed him from such an early age, that made him finally content as when fevers attacked him in the jungle, but mostly with wit and ds in a series of struggles to aa standardize the quality of products used for medicine and food and to raise an standards as well of those who were studying to oe oe to the public. It took three years to get a state law passed requiring one year of high school education for pharmacy ers and 25 years more to make high Sel graduation a requirement. ese continuous battles were carried on outside of his career as Pro- ha: he found ample time to organize, oe arrange for display, label, and catalog the exhibit of more than 7,000 specimens of economic plant prod- ucts which comprise the Museum of Economic Botany at the New York Botanical Garden. Dr. Rusby was am long t the first of the men to work for the establish- ment of the Garden in the 1800s and before. He was listed as one o the Incorporators, and was appointed aeneaes Curator of Economic Botany when the staff of the Garden was organized in 1898. He was directly interested, he said in his first report to the Director-in- Chief, Dr. N. L. Britton, in Ebi ishing a depart ent “on a more dis- tinctly and systematically educational basis than is ea ary in institu- tions of this kind’ ae fest ae k to the collection, as he planned it, would be “in the nature of a compendi economic ahaa was just that, when it was published i i 921. In addition to a description of each of the 7,069 specimens and their uses, the plant products shown were classified under such headings as fibers, dyes, tanning materials, flavoring agents, waxes, beverages, fixed oils, volatile oils, fodders, woods, insecti- cides—the same headings eae which they were gr ouped in the cases. Later, after his retirement from Columbia eleven years ago, he carried his work at the Garden ae by placing on herbarium sheets cross- paca nes re From a sei nate in 1929 9 by Boris Luban Underwood & Under references to the specimens in the Economic ee This vast collec- bui other institutions, is not one to & completeness gives j it ca value for the student, pene in phar- macy and economic bo The further as of Dr. Rusby with the Garden was well ex- pressed by Dr. J. H. Barnhart in an address given Jan. 21 at a memorial — foi the a fie at the ree of eins of Columbia Uni- versity. Dr. Bar said: “But Rusby’s nection with the Garden was by no means 2 ia to his post as an ee all of the activities of . institution were superv vised by the D ae adv veoh ig approval of a Board of Scientific ue tors. 9. oe this ele was abolished, Rusby w: mbers, ad he ee chairman for ten years, from 1908 es 1917. The Scientific Dir as were responsible to the Board of Managers, and of this govern- ing body they were ex-officio membe ae of Dr. Rusby’s numerous plant-hunting expeditions are 45 They might almost be said to have started in Essex County, collections there won him a medal at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876. He was a 21 years old and had alread studi ed at the Massachusetts State Normal School, at ee for a year in a College of mbia e taught school for several yea mike ee staff at ‘Black well’s Island, a r plants in New Mexico and Arizona as an while he was studying in the he was ae ated in 1884. of Detro well known, New Jersey, for his early plant c das ee es for nuke a he hunted os t of the Lae Institu tion. Meanv Medical College of New York a Ww fee n early a oa s& lished in 1933 by Whittlesey House, resulted [ os i 000 species, being baie as back, 20 per of whic i bout 6,000 of these were je in the ae ‘Of ihe Botanical ce The year after his return (1888) he was made Professor of Botan and Mate ria Medica in the New York College of Pharmacy, which Le cen of Pharmacy at Columbia University. In 1905 of the Faculty, and upon his retirement in 1933 Dea ‘ae itus. whil ile he had also taught materia medica in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College ; had been a member of the committee for the 7th and 8th ia in 1893 and 1903; had served as W. Wiley, chief exponent of the act, with whom Dr. Rusby h had a we Sate closely from the beginnin, i 303 Venezuela i in 1896; Mexi- Pure Foods ihe ogee for aie act, first for its establishment, then for the ti He xplo Orinoco valley in 1 can rubber forests, 1908-1910; Colombia, in search of cinchona for war use, I 7; other South American ee in search of caapi, the “fear” drug, in 1919 w! e was 64 year: ie He had been elected a correspon din areas ee oe Society of Great Britain, an honorary ae tuto are the New York eas ae "Allien and ican graphical Society; and he had serv a as an American Medical Congress for the study of American medical fl as vice-president and president of ey Bota Club, and as president of the American Pharmaceutical Asso- o 4 2 46 In 1923 he was awarded the degree of Master of ee es the Philadelphia Colleg: e ie Pharmacy, and in 1930 Doctor of Science by Columbia. The Daniel Hanbury medal of the par cae Soci a of Great Britain was presented to him in 1929 for his origi see research in the natural history of chemistry in drugs, a mee in 1937 t e Flick inger medal of : _ ine Apothecary Association in ae of his 65 of dev to the sciences of medicine, pharmacy, and botany. He was aay respon ible for the introduction into American medical practice of a number of plant products, among them cocaine, pichi, cocillana, and cascara sagrada. Originally he had made an agreement with Parke, Davis & Co. for roya se from certain of his introductions, but with characteristic forth- rightness he ended the agreement, believing that drugs made eS heenits for the ae o ne should be of teaear to ail and not for profit of any Throu a es aoe of teaching, exploring, battling for reform, instituting standards which have affected the practice of pharmacy through- t America, Dr. Rusby found time to work in close association with rden “From what has ee said,” Dr. Barnhart told his audience in con- cluding his address at the Rusby prole meeting, “it appears that Rusby was intimately een ee ith the scientific work of the Garden for 42 years and with the details of its manageren mt for 34 years. For several years past the state of his he h p ted verv few visits to the ne and there have been so many ee in the staff by retire- t, by resignation, fe by death, ro few of those now active in the ae of the Garden remember him clearly. He has already taken his place as an we ie figure, but his long years of activity with the conduct of the New York Botanical Garden during its formative period assure him a secure place in its annals : % Rose Cuttings. Naas ults of using root- Current Literature inducing eae nces in the propagation of roses from eis is reported by Henry Ata Glance Kirkpatrick, Jr., in the dmerican Nursery- Toma e Comelins H. Muller has #4" for Nov. 15, a reprint of which - written an the Genus 7ecently been received from the Boy Lycopersicon” which is fected as Mis- ae Tastitute. cellaneous Fable No. 382 of | the Winter Weeds. E. Laurence Palmer ULS.D.A. 2B pages 11 contains of Cornell ne written on “Weeds Above ie rion six Bharat am ju several the Snow” for the January number of the forms, Meee in 10 pi School Nature League Bulletin in New Yo a Photographs are shown of pte * All blicati t 1 here—and many others hung “be found ii the Library of the familiar ae as they appear in thei i Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin, winter setting 47 This ing back into cult! are little-known Arial rinasut, accord E, J. Alexander in the ao Me mber number of the Ancona: ‘Orchid ciety Bulletin. This orchid, whic! = Browing the New York Botanical Garden, a smalt plant with ite “rose: ~purple flowe ers, the lip white with rose-purple spots. was firs oe in oe B54, but was sub- Sent lost to cultivation. ro paget John V. Watkins of the un ersity vot Florida, we con a ara ted to the J. New Yo ical mE awe aoe on Plants” for the Agricultural Experiment Station. tina. The Botanical Garden has gn 14 J veuee 18 of he Review of rgentina atural Sciences. aling with a Sciences Mendoza in Apr e five ae deal chiefly with bolas, with one devoted exclusively to botan’ eran oy Notes, News, and Comment Expedition, Otto Degener, whose head- quarters are in Honolulu, wrote from Suva, Fiji, carly in Decembe ae he had been botanizing for about eek at Nadarivatu, while awaiting the trival of other members of the Archbold Scientific Expedition. Prof. John Coulter of the University of Hawaii was already there, as was Mr, Degener’s assistant, Emilio Ordonez. One set of the plants collected in Fij to be sent t —_ ae ork Botanical Garden. Upon the eee at Suva of Mrs. iene Are hhbold, gan, Tucker Abbo tt, and il ee! R. John Swingle, the pa bo to sanmed a sa’ in Mrs. Archbold’s yacht Cher lice Islands ae sihes cific, Mr. eg hi worki king o1 flora of Fiji, with B. ze Parham, local botanist, as collaborato Sigma E, rothy Day, Ass oe Prot any at len, was electc:l National President of Sigma Delta Epsilon, ee ‘ omen’s c man las pplic he first iellows ship will received up to March 15 Y the national secretary, Dr. Nina E. Gray of Illinois State Normal University. Annual Meeting. Three members o the Board of prompt a had oe elected during the past year were made members of the Cotporation: of the New the York Botanical Garden at annual meeting held Jan. 16 in the offic Presi. dent Joseph wan. They were Henry F. d oe - of. ba Rhoades, and Powell, Jr., becled to the Boar a at the Noven ae m All officers of the Garden were Hecleeted, and the seven managers terms were expiring were re-elected to the class f 1944, An executive committee to con- t of Henry de Forest Baldwin, Henry du Pont, Pierre Jay, Clarence McK. Lewis, Prof, Rhoades, and William obbins appointed as the single member oO City Relations Committee. who wa: ‘Auxil, Deaths. Robert Bacon, a charter mee of ihe Women's iary of the w Yor ni tea va the the Cor- Crane, a member of the soe noration for the past three years, died o 15. Sept. Memorial. Dr, J H. sented the New York Jan. 21 ata Dr, on art repre- ( anical Garden memorial meeting honoring of Phar- wi HL A. bee at the a macy of Columbia Uni Dr, Rusby w: ae Dean fon Barnhart spoke on me with the Botanical Ga: rs ers were the present Dean, Char Ballard ; rles President Nicholas nes A Dr. ras the College of Phatmace Dia rogram. More than 100 per- sons attended al Program on mark the Diator orld,” there were 325 in tendance. Dr. John A. Small, Chairman of Fi Pri the Torrey Botanical n t ciety joined members of t shy Philp am- Bridge- v York, aad oodward of eee of Nev nc Dunning of Dou the Garden | cated c loating een collected r. Dunning off the coast of Cali- The separations were made by oR _Bartholemew of the Farlow Her- s W. Le of Riverside. is ete in athe training of o the os Angeles interested obi rily in ihe cores ‘ice in the cultivation of excised roots in the laboratory. Among others who registered juring January were ee W. Sharsmith, Universi of inne: Edgar T. herry, . of Beene E. Proebsting, U. of oe Charles i Chamberlain, U. of Chi J. Esper, tae de la Galers on beans bits : re D. ete Arnold Arbor Willia Van _ Dersal, Washington, 2 G., oad e Seth Pope, Cor- nell Univer: ora. J. P. Anderson, who spent three ks at the Garden the ‘first oe he peas doing research satiate oe laska, on ¢ Harvard and hin; ne to return to cee early in ttlie song. Confer Members of the staff who attended the “Philadelphia gees of the A, .S. after ristmas gave brief t the January conferen ce of the cane cae and registered students of the Garden. Sanna Mrs. Clyde Fisher, who is “Koachrom es taken Dr Fi iron the “country Sdne. ‘the past sho’ Lec “Plants Used by the North ioe Indians” was the subject of G. L. Wittrock Dec, 3 before the Laurel Cor Garden Cluh of East Hartfor rd, mn, an aint of the Botanical Garden. Dr. Stout spoke on “Lilies for Gar- ao before the Sa th Orange Garden oe oe affiliate, Nov. 4. Recent lectu en hy i. NY. oo richie ‘Blants a te ee at LAR Guild nd “A Natu alist in “Florid ” 2 re a ae of Westfield, N. J., clubs on Jan. 7 ae in Novem: at the annual dinner of e Club. Student neers. Charles Pecora, apprentice ee ‘left the po ene at the end of the y year to bec ardener on the estate ber e Watchung Nature wstant 2 lener M. Tilford at Tuxedo Park. He is eding Martin Crehan, former student garden ner, who has taken a new position in Philadelphia. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1942; ArtrHur M. ANDERSON ee Jay, Cia Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry pe LA NE (Secretary and “Assistant Treasurer), Francis E, Powe t, Jr., re Wine J. Ropsins. Until 1943: Henry pe Forest heer aaa ae bela F. pu Pont, used R. Jennincs, Henry Locxuarrt, Jr. . Mac , Mrs. Harorp I. tT. and Josern R. Swan (President). oer 1944: E, C. Aucur ER, SHALL Fietp, Mrs. Eron Hu Hooxer, JoHn L. Merritt Dice president), Cot. Rozert H. MONTGOMERY, H. Hosart Porter, and A, Percy SAUNDER! Il. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGuarpia, Maver of the City of New York. Ronert Moses, Park Commissioner. James MarsuHatt, President of the Board of Education. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS H. A. Gieason, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. R, A. Harper, SamM_F. Trevease, Marcus M. Ruoaves, and Marston T. Bocerr, appointed by Columbia University. GARDEN STAFF WittiAM J. Ropsins, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director H. A. Gueason, Pu. D. ....... ee eae Assistant Director and_ Hea id Curator HENRY DE LA MonrTaGne ssistant Director ASB. STOUT; PH: Dace ites caved Curator of Education ae Laboratories . D., Sc. bD. Curator . Douce, Px. D. Plant Pathologist oHN Henorey Barnuant, A. M., M. D. ..........2.00. 0000 ibhographer 4 Assistant nt Bibliogn aphe AROLD N Moibenke, Pu. bz. e Cur ALL, A. B., B. S. "i ibra: Artist and Bictognapher oe search ASS ociate in Bry ‘log = Assistant Curator and eee A oe Tocal ‘Herbathon Assistant Curator Assist Technical Assistant Technical Assistant REDERICK KavanacH, M.A. Technical Assistant AROL ARD, A. B. Editorial As. nf THomas H. E) , N. D. Horr. orticulturist L. Wrrtrocx, A Custodian of the Herbarium TTo Decener, M. S. ollaborator in Hazeaiian Botany OBERT HaAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Josepu F, Honorary Curator of ine alomacae . A, Sate Bi Stout, PH Dy ¢ 5.444 aesdesas. Curator of Education a Laboratories RED J, Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curat tor ERNARD OQ, Dovce, Pu. D. t Patholog oHN Henotey Barnuart, A. M., M.D. ... ieee eee ee eee ees i hearernee . W. Rickert, Pu, D. Assistant i Bibliog ra, ps tp N. Mo.penke, Pu. D. Ais LIZABETH C. HALL, B, B.S LEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Patogrpher ERCY WILSON Research can OBERT S. WILLIAMS tate 4 yolog i . ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and ates a ae Loca ya pdeet , Pa. D. ssistant Curator LYDE CHANDLER, Pu.D. aie Assistant OSALIE WELKERT Technical Assistant 'REDERI Kavan. , M. Technical Assist Ri pwarRD, A. B. di i Assistant Tuomas H. Eve , N. D. Horr. orticu ITTROCK, ‘ustodian of t. erbarium TTo DE rR, M tor in Hawaiian Botany OBERT HaGELSTEIN ary Curator of Myxomycetes JoseEr: KE orary Curator of the Diatomacea . A, Kruxorr onorary Curator of Economic Botany rite ANSON > Liguinnae “Honorary Curator, Ir: ie and Narcissus eee ae ‘ oe perintendent of Buildings and Groun “c Assistant ‘Superintendent To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Blvd., the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park station, or th 2a Y Cc the Botanical G o1 ‘an coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Brom River THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN he New York Botanical Garden was incorporated by a special act of the Legislature of the State of New York in 1891. The Act of Incorporation provides, among other things, for a self-perpetuating body of incorporators, Gis meet annually to elect members ot the Board of agers. They also elect new members of their own body, the present roster of mihi is The Advisory Council consists of 12 or more women who are elected by the Board. By custom, t aney ate zal jelected to the Cofporation Officers are: Mi Robert H. Fife, Gham Mrs. Elon Huntin First Vice-chairman; Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff, Second Vice- chairman; Mrs. Nelson 8. "Williams, Recording Secretary; Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Corresponding Secretary; ind Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg, Treas Arthur M. Anderson Childs Frick Mrs. James R. Parsons Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Mrs. Carl A. de Gersdorff Rufus L. Patterson George Arents, Jr. Dr. H. A. Gleason Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Mrs. George W. Perkins Vincent Ast Mrs. George McM. Godley Howard Phipps EG chter Prof. R. A. Harper James R. Pitcher Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Prof. Tracy E. Hazen Rutherford Platt H. Bailey ckscl H. Hobart Porter Stephen Baker Mrs. William F. Hencken Francis E. Powell, Jr Henry de Forest Baldwin Mrs. A. Barton Hepburn Mrs. Harold I. Pratt Sherman Baldwin Capt. Henry B. Heylman Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam Mrs. James Barnes Mrs. Christian R. Holmes Stanley G. Ranger Mrs. William Felton Barrett Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Johnston L. Redmond Prof. Charles P. Berkey Mrs. Clement Houghton Ogden Mills Reid George Blumenthal Archer M. Huntington Prof. Marcus M. Rhoades Prof. Marston T. Bogert Pierre Jay Dr. W pre Robbins Prof. William J. Bonisteel Allyn R. Jennings Prof. A. y Saunders George P. Brett Mrs. Walter Jennings John M. Schiff Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz Mrs. Jonathan Bulkley Mrs. Warren Kinney Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott Dr. Nicholas M. Butler Kunhardt, Jr Mrs. Arthur Scribner Prof. G Ikin Clarence M is Mrs. Townsend Scudd rs. Andrew Carnegie Henry Lockhart, Jr. Mrs. Samuel Sea Miss Mab Mrs. William A. Lockwood Prof. Edmund W. Sinnott Miss E. Mabel Clark Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. Samuel Sloan W.R. Coe Mrs. David Ives Mackie James Speyer Richard C. Colt Mrs. H. Edward Manville Edgar B. Stern Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Parker McCollester Mrs. Charles H. Stout Alfred J. Crane Louis cFad Nathan Straus, J Mrs. C. I. DeBevoise Mrs. John R. McGinley Mrs. Theron G. Stron, Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise Dr. E. D. Merrill Mrs. Arthur H. ae Edward C. Delafield John L. Merrill Joseph R Rev. Dr. H. M. Denslow Roswell Miller, Jr. Dr. William §. Thomas Julian Detmer Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr Prof. Sam F. Trelease Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Mrs. Roswell Miller, Sr. Mrs. Harold McL. Turner Mrs. John George M. Moffett Mrs. Antonie P. Voislawsky Henry F. du Pont H. de la Montagne Allen Wardwell Mrs. Moses W. Faitoute Mrs. Gilbert Montague Nelson M. Wells Marshall Field Col. Robert H. Montgomery Mca Neon Beil William B. O. Field Bartineron Moors Bronson Winthro Mrs. William H. Moore r bert H. Fife J. Pierpont Morgan Grenville L acu Mrs. Henry J. Fisher obert T. Morris John C. Wister Harry Harkness Flagler B. Y. Morrison Mrs. William H. Woodin Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Richardson Wright | JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ‘aye ‘ it he! alin) raat sobakt ee be aig es 3 a ey sey Pir hy bam at » Mahe git? 2 Po ysaien “en te 4. @ wv i Rid a xl . hid In Two Sections SECTION ONE Paces 81—104 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor April 1941 DaFFopi_s aT Kew IN ENGLAND Cover Photograph by ee M. Woodward . P. Sau nders 81 yBRID PEO New Metuops oF PropacaTING HYacINTHS E. E. Naylor 86 BoranicaL ScleNCE Hetps To DEVELOP A New RELIEF FOR HumaAN SUFFERING Claud L. Ho Botrytis Core-Rot oF GLADIOLUS B. O. Dodge & Thomas Laskaris 92 9 Sprinc LECTURES AT THE GARDEN 5 Potten By Arr MaIL 96 Reviews OF RECENT Booxs 97 TES, News, AND CoMMENT 99 100 THE Husaniia IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH W. H. Camp 101 Gop MEDAL For PLANTS OF THE BIBLE Current LireraATuRE AT A GLANCE AN ESSENTIAL OF LIFE Daffodils are flowering at Kew again this spring as gaily as though there were ar. A recent report from the Royal Botanic “Although the glass has suffered appreciable damage as a lt of enemy tion : harm has been do: t collections.” So undoubtedly, over the holiday a ¢ | always, enjoying the ding greater noticed that in times a stress oie otic ‘ople adjacent woodlands, and such plantings as are found in a botanical garden. To contemplate growing pl in a pleasing, well ordered setting fulfills an emotional ol eases the troubled mind, calms the It app augments the joy of the contente . The plantings at a ae indispensable means for providing pea of mind, pleasure, and relief from tension. They renew our faith in the permanent satisfactions and encourage us to regard present conditions as but temporary derange- of life. ts in a better and more useful way o pe Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New N.Y. Ente ie at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual nts, F. eee $1.00. nele copies 10 cei ‘ree to members of the Garden JOURNAL of THE NEW YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 42 Aprit 1941 Xo. 496 Hybrid Peonies By A. P. Saunders Dr. Saunders, who was retired two years ago from a post as Profess of Chemistry at Hamilton Colege Chnton, N. ¥., is one the country's leading breeders of 6 eonies. He tells here a a oe ane sions of peony breeding in the Westen itomispher bringing the story 1 reports on some of his own most recent hybrids. On May 31, Dr, aye ae Doe the sprig series of ee lechures at the ie anttcal on en by oe ing on “Hybrid Peonie. He has been a member of the Garden's Board of Managers since N apuibe r 1939 NTIL about twenty-five years ago very little had been done toward the production of inter-specific hybrids in the genus Paconia. Some few on Hiei had, it is true, been made, oe not many. A cross between one of the Chinese peonies (our ordinary garden penis) and a _ fern Se caer P tenuifolia, was made about 1840. was into commerce under the name ce in reas a handso one as vari he flowers are sing gle, of a bright crimson color, ey able fragrance. a — 2 h ata named, the present writer some years ago repeated i ‘ou h to BOS ie a is} a r Boo Es Pie) qo ae n 3° fa} ise) — s ay “ = B = FQ fas = ® a [6 can be no te a that our plants of Smouthi are truly ‘the hybrid between P albiflora (the Chinese Lie a and P. tenuifolia. Unfortunately, while the pla nt has remained the same ee A progress of the years it has in the se got itself re-named, for it is now usually offered as P. anomala or . oo Smouthi, though it ie no connection whatever with the species P anomala. ere is some similarity in leat character between ce Ne but in many other respects they are quite different. The true P. anomala is Lee cally not on the market, while Smouthi is carried by many of the peony gr owers ; des anyone who buys plants under the name P anonat w wil be almost certai to receive Smouthi. And he will be the gainer thereby, for he isa much finer garden plant than the true oe 81 82 Even earlier ae 1840 certain peonies aia into commerce mo ae ane refer to a number . forms which are sold as varie es of either P. a zalis or P. parado. Thes two fueoen bee are ¢ ee eee to each other and if pissed ae together eee would easily inter-cross and the progeny would show variations from the parent plants. ere are about fifty ees ene in poled offer a as forms of one or the other of these two species, and I think it likely that some at least are accidental Seeds be en them. ] omething similar ed perhaps be true of the varieties offered under the species P. decora and P. arietina, Lemoine dase n 1905 and the succeeding years a few crosses be- tween the Chin eer and the species P [Vittmanniana, These bear the names Le pate s, Mai Fleuri, Avant Garde, Messagére. They . svi plants for their intrinsic beauty as well as for their very ae alse worked on a much more epee cross—that aa the then newly-discovered species P. /utca and the Chinese tree peonies. This was the beginning of an sstonshing new race ae hay nee in Mee sa is . conspicuous note. e firs them LD’Esp Trance, roduced to commerce : 1909, an 7 “trom ten ut now Taditi tions nae “seal bee made to the list; never very ma time, however, for the aad asy one, and propagation — pe must g, which i his account of the older neat is not quite Seas for there have been a few others produced, but nothing of major interest up to about 1920. Then a — thing happened. Unknown to eh other, half a dozen peony s in America ie n to work on the crossing of the he inalis oe with the Chinese peonies. This cross I am sure had r been made before, and none of those who began to work on it could eee Gone ed what was to come out of their labors. The earliest results began to make their appearance about the years 1928 to 1930, and from ae on there has been a bewildering succession of new ar ae startling hy ee ‘ro yee the public; oy we are still only at uk ae Of many for of P. officinalis available, each s ee character ‘< ne offspring. "The ones most used so ne ae 2 Rubra Plena, Rosea Plena, Lobata (Sunbeam }, Sabini, Otto Froebel, n on. This las at i and an unnamed single deep crimson. last gave rise to what is no Hed the Challenger strain. These are tall pl h very heavy stems, lies oe foliage, enormous ae as = blooms in shades of crimson, many of the ery brilliant. Perhaps the most astonishing grou —— is made - - those hich were father d ny ne variety Lo baie which bears flowers of a clear vermilion color etka range in color from very light salmon Pik ee ar ue flesh and coral to deep crimson, the flowers being single, semi- nee or 83 ae race in eee is capable of nse aes a new stocks are available in sufficient quan- d nae way into gardens in some fully double. era in peony growing, for aed kee of these eee ee will fin vies ae who have mar particularly active in this field of work I should mention Mr. Lyman D, Glasscock, of Elwood, Ill.; Mr. Edward Auten, Jr., of Princeville, iL d r. H. S. ares of Pittsburg h, Pa.; n, I and Dr. Earle B. White, of W. ashington , D. C., besides the present writer. Mr. Glasscock has been very s successful in produciae fine hybrids, many f which have received recognition at the yearly exhibitions of the An can Peony Society. The present writer has gone farther eae ae any of the others men- tioned and has now in cultivation a large number of strains of hybrids mostly less striking perhaps than those deriv a pas the forms of officinalis but still of sufficient merit to warrant their mention here An extremely early race came from the crossing of the Chinese peonies with P. macro aan an early-bloomin, species from the Caucasus region. Another species of the same geographical origin is the beautiful P. A{/loko- se witschi, the only yellow herbaceous laos did not take much ie dee to suggest that a race of yellow peonies might be obtained ne ing this species with the Chinese a a for a long time all ne o effect te cross were failures; only atte years of effort and coun sige vain attempts did Dr. White succeed in preci ng what appears to be a true hybrid. It has only come to blooming age during the past bias or two, but it has, I unders ee already ae few flowers of a yellow color. Let us hope that this is the forerunner of a race of sain bade which may come out of Dr. White's efforts. I also worked on this cross for several a with no success, and no — Dr. White’s force of character as it and turned to ma nae a flank attack on the same problem but using a differ ent pers as follows: P. AZ, Sul ain crosses with s macrophylla and gives a race f hybrids which are fertile. (One mas constant difficult ties in the r’s path is oo sterility of most of his aes of hybrids.) Pollen from these fertile hybrids was used on some of the Chinese peonies. The resulting ae are triple hybrids; that is, they ee the blood of three different spec e most forward plants of this new strain ne been coming to ae ise ing age during the past year or two of them bear yellow flowers. (Whether they will have garden ae iti is still too soon to say. I aa that this was a rather aetna way Hi bringing about the union of P. Mlokosewitschi w rith the Chin e0 My metho: a the alent quality of Dr. Whi i to be hoped that either Dr. White's plants or mine may set some ee 8+ from which second eseags plants may be ne and no less to be hoped that such second generation plants may be fertile. have said nae ‘at many strains . hybrid sites are sterile. It appears, however. none of them are completely and permanently sterile. "When the are have grown tea ough to make strong clumps Ae seems plete: o come the ability to set an occasional seed. ee these seeds he result of self- oe ae or whether they a eres of a ae ollen it is impossible y, and would be a to determine; but the fact is that fertile ae . fonned! and that they a a peony of the new Challenger strain, characterized by heavy foliage, tall ong stems, and single cup-shaped flowers of glowing crimson 85 give second aera plants. What is more than a little interesting is that these second generation plants are in many cases highly fertile. The hynnde between the Chinese peonies and P. macrophylla were among the earliest of my crosses. These ee plants cae no seed for a year or two after they had begun to bloom; but he years went ee began to produce occasional seeds, ie from Gee seeds there obtained a group of second eager sii all or sees all of which ied e strong pollen and are abundan etters. Since it takes six or even years to bring a peony from a ee to a plant of Beanie age it is evident that one cannot hope to develop many succeeding generations from the mace hybrid. I have hada a plants of the third generation that ve attain ed blooming age, but not many as yet, nor ied oe seem to be t The ot but all wld coe s much too far, Some of them are of interest and some will have value for the garden. iy oan oo by SS the Chinese P. coriac flowers which are alw: ways lavender in foe the i of ae are very attractive and the color is new in the peony world; for it is not a dead mauvish pink as in so many of the older peonies, but a good clear lavender. e ies -C ies—anomala, V eitchi W ood: i, Beresowskyi—all rather closely alike and all probably refer- able to P anomala curious r rossed h Chinese peonies. I first generation hybrids the terminal buds often nd may have from fifty t n tive carpels; the lateral buds tend to be more normal and occasionally produce seed i it is unpromising set-up. These s are fertile and have given second generation plants, but none of these en yet come to pute age. Emodi : e petal vel effec Some cytological work has been done on the ee nn 7 ‘hybrid plants that now exists in my garden ae a a Ledyard Stebbins, a Anyone especially interested may find reporting his work Genetics for January 1938, and i : aie Sablchel by the Un coe of California Press under the title “Notes on some a Relation- ships in the Genus Paeonia”’ oo Much might still be done on the cytology 7 these plants, and much must be done on ae propagation in order that the new types ee be made available to the gardening public; for a increase the peony season to about two months instead of one, and they add many beautiful aie hitherto unknown in peonies. 86 New Tlethods Of Propagating Hyacinths By E. E. Naylor ae en ee can be propagated from the green leaves and the ering stalks as ae e ae ae sen . the old bulb. The ne method, four examples of whic ea the photograph, has been nes to the Dutch bulb pile for ee but the use of the foliage wering Leaf cuttings may consist of whole leaves removed from near the top of the old bulb, or fractions of one-half or one- nd of the leaves. (See after sie if the leav eee not ee - ao llow. A single plant may furnish as man a dozen or two dozen cuttings. The leaves toward the outside are more “desirable than those near the center because they are usually greener and thicker. Cuttings should be placed in clean sand in a vertical a with the lower end of the leaf about 3 fags. ie the surface. They may be allowed to stand very close to each other so that little ae is necessary Hyacinth bulb scales with new ee ees on roots formed after one in moist s: sand must be firmly settled around each cutting so that air pockets are not incl drainage is necessary a small amount of bottom heat will hasten bulb fo Th ings end of the leaf, as shown in the photograph, These ees are ee distributed not only eon bain Voenen rane ‘ along the basal edge, but also on Apramiie f heya fh base of a both sides of the leaf a short ae ee oe a era ee a propagating frame. tance oe from the origin: re nal ¢ surface. They are o often eae in great profusion and vary in size fr rom ] :Y - diameter. These n new bulblets grow rapi idly and increase in size at the expense the water and food reserves in the old leaf. Roots do not usually ene until the bulblets have attained some size. Bulblets m: then be removed and placed in the nursery in fairly rich soil where they will develop into flowering size in two or three years. lowering stalks of hyacinths will also give rise to new bulbs if they are separat ted from the so nt before they become too old. They appear to give best results if removed pean after the flowers are full opened. Ent off all the Rowers a insert the naked oe 2 to 3 inches deep in rae sand. The r has cane new bulbs t the base and hods of propagation have been found successful in several different feeds including H: tase oriental, var. Gertru dicans, H. corymbosus, and H. Pou, The methods have eraved satisfactory with Scilla lingulata, amate hole and L. tricolor. periments with several varieties of tulips have given negative results. 88 Botanical Science Helps To Develop cA New Relief For Human Suffering By Claud L. Horn} HE freshly cut iy of the Barbados aloe, Aloe vulgaris Lam.?, been known for a Gas time by the country people of Puerto s. Rece burns that would not respond to any other treatment. plant and some related species are also the source of a purgative, Barbade aloe of e i ich i om the dire cut leaf to a depth of abou oe Whe 2 - eaves are crushed o skin is otherwise brok se ae off an ing odor This plant is a aie ‘of the te fo, ae and, because of its vitality, has become naturalized in many of the warm parts of the wo orld. he sout part of Puerto Rico, where, under e of ZABILA, it grows in groups such as that shown in the ie “Alo vulgaris also occurs on other islands a a West Indies, a fe the keys of southern Florida, where it is know “bamboo.” It (11)8 had the name of Bamboo Key, off ne a of oe ve the fact that Aloe vulgaris is so eens on that key. with many aie the gine aloe is quite ia anna its pr a inflorescence, yellow to burnt orange in color, bei eing borne on stalk about twice as high as re leaves. In Puerto Rico, it is Shien ee as a pot ae in dooryards. Much has been written about the medicinal values of Barbados aloe. Grosourdy, in his lengthy aaa ape ae in Paris in 1864 (8) stated th: . Lemaire found that when rude, crushed leaves were applied to common burns the severe pain eer stopped and the usual lesions t develop. The earliest mention of its use in medicine that Asenjo (2) found was in the fourth century B.C. Asenjo briefly summarized the value of the “Mr. Horn . tena Horticulturist, Puerto Rico Experiment Station, United States Departm of Agriculture, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. 2 Aloe culgavis. on is the Sih name for the aloe referred to in the literature, ar ao and popular, as Aloe vera L. gures in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of the article. Barbados aloe in bloom at the New York Botamcal Garden. plant in the treatment of disease the chest, wounds, is ate ae! and as a purgative. in addin to its use in South America the treatment of common burns. to ‘the core of the c 7 Mummified ec corm, show- A Another surface view showing fused lesions. The core of a gladiolus corm entirely - as = oo rot and the diseased tissue dried up or dropped, ; This “thumber.” . V 7 A found on such corms, This fungus has been he retofore mistaken fora Urocystis smut. History of the Disease Moore describes three forms of disease mn dry corms: (1}, where a round Moore of England? has given us an lesions develop, straw-colored with excellent short discussion of a Botrytis rown margin, with small black lecoun disease of gladiolus under the title sometimes pr on th face; _ “Botrytis rot (? Botrytis gladiol: Kleb.)" } he form of corm rot is re states under (a) where he discusse ongy he infected corms become is he growing plant, that the so n tl is a general infection in the healthy plant takes place decay which spreads from the center of early in growth but the symptoms are not into the flesh; in this, Botrytis evident il the flowering period is at ores di nm the sclerotia and on the hi e foliage turns yellow and later infected parts; (3), where real core-rot, brown before the plant dies. The Botryt: mi familiar form of tt isease, aes then develops on the decaying parts. takes place; here the core is completely e de en occasionally begins higher up ted and drops out, leaving a hol i ° oe ants, easily pushed out by the thumb. “2 Diseases of Bulbs, Bull, 117, Min. Agr. Whether, as Moore implies, there may Fish. 1939. not be two or three different diseases perhaps caused by as many distinct spe- cies of trytis, is stion whic ever, that they en more of co! rot from lots that were dug when grow vas wet or when the weather was rainy. When the “glads” are gro where there i good run-off of wa so that the ground Ss up kly, there seems to be less loss during the growi eason and lik less core- ae hi corms in storage. is 18 ne ut by a letter which ha nity. ¥ received e have re yv 2 Bi Ls Dravt ton of the Experi- mental Farms, Ottawa, Canada. He has for a nur ae ° io- to method: rol. “T have just rea ie t great interes’ your article in Science for January 31, on the core-rot see of gladiclus corms, Jt a a time wh he eae Brough hom pate forel bly. A ig gla con a town just west of a ate. eae So oe me two weeks ago and re- ported a loss of 250,000 corms from a stock of 3 million “Inoculation of cured corms with this Botrytis done several years ago, gave no infection at any cd corms that were ed... . 1 coneluderl iz corms hee done efficiently and in the presence fungus in containers from mild ibe tions a set for decay a and r D oun vhen dug an he large corms were affected more than the small ones and the cormels € not at all diseased All the growers in that vicinity suffered heavy losses, several varieties being sus- ceptible. Inoculations and oe rayton’s experiments in inoculating cured corms agree ie our preliminary 94 experiments where old healthy Sues were inoculated with Botrytis which w solated from a number of a diseased did sometimes Bi mycelium Spreng our < healthy from diseased o rage, We have made en see the diseased issue: oe to avoid taking old disorganized tissu is dishes show. a rotia. The lated range from 12.5 t Foe x 83 to = sone nd a Tage 18 Sirements co cl with those given a Moore? for the oe aesociated with the core-rot dis- n England. ie from Drayton’s letter again: “One more point of interest. In the summer hi: per: alu: Botrytis with single a: Site to see whether it was S. (Se Ter utiniay convolute. I found that this was the same new IT had not S. con- alway’ isolated and was peat voluta. He planned to rie *and nat but no doubt The has had i “arn to other work since ir war started, and has had to post- pone it Michigan Nelson? of Michigan has core- Gssase - gla diol Afte rathe iv cluded that the disea: ee due pe- cies of Fusarium i s pho a Show corms with the cores entirely aa stted so that a hole a half inch in diameter ex- 8 “Ss Mich. Agr. Experiments in tudied stu a lus in his oe udy hg on- Exp. Sta. Bull, 149: 43-46, 1937. 99 Farm Management AMERICAN HUSBANDRY. Harry J. Carman. 582 pages, indexed. Co- lumbia University Press, ew York 1939. $5. Most students of agriculture are in- clined to believe that farm management is a new science. That such is not ihe case is revealed by a glance at “America Husbandry. a he author develops his theme remark- ably well and in a manner that is read- 5 SC typ conservation, cr tions, and crop adaptations are unusually accurate as judged by the twentieth cen- tury standar “American Husbandry" by everyone in nite te a i agriculture in or a better ap- preciation of the: hese ‘background of modern agricultural practice should be read in the field of Long Island Tesi of Applied Agriculture. New Edition of Haupt’s Biology FUNDAMENTALS OF OGY. Arthur W. Haupt. Third “alin 443° pages, itstrated, quiexed: a Graw-Hill, New York, $3, The greater of T. work is a ompetent, nicely ates ted, and entirely conventional description of selected types The a which si rcely h more “thoughtful if an ae go redeem the insufficiency of the H. W. Ricxetr. Notes, News and Comment Travelers. . A. Krukoff left March 14 for ucts of veget: i did not contemplate making any extensive botanical collections. W. H. Camp spent the latter half of and making fleas tions to further his wo taxonomic N.AG. H. Everett was chosen to be guest of | honor ue year at the annual he Nat luncheon of t mal Association e Gardeners in New York March 18, i ecognition of his work in the training f youn, rdeners, work which nee been carried on at the New York Bot: cal Garden. He has been made a Tie ctive Member of the N.A.G, William ae ue was also a guest 7 the lune Dr. A. H. Reginald Bull er, aes Emeritus at the Manitoba in Winnipeg, spent several days ve the Garden early in arch, On rch 7 he addressed the staff on “The Mechanics of Fertilization oad the Life ude of the Systemic Canada Thistle Rite se a ee College. who is ao c~ tion taxonomic a ch ast of Februa the yee “Rhyachospora, did some at the Garden the Cro pay We show, which con: tained see 700 of Primui lac ug! and ele vate a the atendatice until Bey with people. The following day, March 23, there were over 2,5 100 automobiles, and a corresponding increase aus the total number of visitors. Between es cor The saber d by Howard Swift. En- was “Plants in Relation to their vironment. e spoke on Cisco ae a } Conference. Dr. B. O. Di “The | m Disease of Thom pe Dise: ° of the of the “scientific staff a Pea cteied stu- dents March 14. Among the staff members meee eye) pas ee and alk: eeks are Dr. ord, 10; Carol ot den nnual baa nquet of Uni nion Coun ty Hiking “Chub, Feb. 23, on “Our National stormiest day of the Scouts, and is sts ‘trom “the School € Libra ry Service at Columbia Univer- sit Y. Garden Club Visitors, Under _ the Hee ae eiateae meres ot the Advisory Council, ber arden ubs a ate being. ‘bro eit to the N Ww :Vork Botanical Gard meetings at which they are being e den’s mo- tion picture, tak tol f t other special plant- Mrs. under To wwhiséad Scudder April 8 Arn Among the men who have been called” in the selective service draft are Sonne Colgulo, who ea his post the Garden March 15, and Robert B. uden Oct March 27, abn “Bergen, an aoprentc since ie April, was called at the end o Jan: a a nt Garden Lawrence Con- nolly, a student eardeney ya Septem- er 1938 and the son of Patrick F. Con- superintend NeClelly lan Co., Colma, Calif. T. H, Everett went to Florida of March with Mr. Pachna Eri member of the Garden. end the Show of the American ‘Amaovtie a city at ae Park, where both men served as judge: Judges. a ee Office: oe a H. Camp is secretary of the Econ on systematic botany of the Botanical Society of America for 1941. Mrs. John K. Small E widow John K. Small, Elizabeth Whecler Small, died at her home in the Bronx March 19 after an extended illness. Mrs. Small, one of whose eae is wh as te ade ther was one oe of active workers in the suffra, ment, in parent-teacher Staanizatons, “the Li le of , and the Bro eagu n Vo ters Women’s Club, which she founder, The ‘American Red TOSS, and other organi- zations. similarly camel her anne ae ides the two sisters, s sur. nh ohn Kathryn Garber r sister, Mrs, Gertrude Carroll. 101 The Herbarium In Scientific Research ° MERGING from a primitive condi- Aa and constantly pec more awal f his environmen arly qui dited vie habit of an sical tion—t elaine of as os ects which entered his _consciousne: into three main cate- Bored the ‘sel if the harmful, and those which s man’s conscio oth by curiosity ani aes came that body of organ- ized ee sagt Science, 7 therefor a new in- of his series of deft ns boundin ese classificatory units, these kinds or ‘ies lants, i his tiabl curiosity which drove him to determine he modulus of variation permissible ithin otanists so ‘Ov ed Lae ere not a completely was in all aye better, rds, n matter how they are used, are often in adequate to exp se differences whi ates ar = ni barium practice o Tepresentative specimen oie plant. on ach kind of is is one of the addresses given at the Garden Dec. 11, 1940, when the * Thi was incorporated into the herbarium. By W.H. Camp But there soon came a time when this curiosity led the Aen ae a series of difficulties gan to find his for- drawn distinct was then that he fully realized the ne of having a availa le ata es a wide assort- t of specimens—r cords of the plants ee re found in nature—for only thus can he arriv easonable con- clus: as to whe w the lines indicative dare of eariat ion be- gross, a dissector of biologica cs thus, out o ae f econicei¥’ aa the building of a tnd better taxonomic Pea In the past the taxonomist, the namer plants, was a immediately baat with the "mechan Lately st to 1 ° oo or _dealing s threads in the tangled and often knotted K of evo nderstan: skein evolution, and to understand them is to understand evolution itsel ence the need the taxonomist f many examp these variations as pos ne herbarium specimens representative he sum total of ue difereniations a Hee on a he hope to each any clits m as oS the aaa ‘hich ev olution has taken i under consideration. Knov 2,000,000th specimen 102 ing this, he then can draw the lines be- tween his units of classification—his gen- era and species—in a reasonably satisfac- tory manner. As this is read, there are in this her- one 1,999,999 specimens of plants. eacl Looked at as they are, h specimen pee cordi Es its spe jes, eacl species to its en each genus to its family, this mass o Fepeciiene al only a dry and oe monur ae: to passion for classifical not ft to some use. But it is viously, not each specimen, and ever hout having this Feniository’ of botanical variations, this storehot £ information, ° which has not and, by \ Te, cannot be recorded in books, In this place no outline will be of the red work by the member of the staff ed sixte h a year from me petbariam to worker: other institutio Neither ca e than briefly men- tion a few o the other uses to which the herbarium is put. A physician = a cg ee - the pollen of a plant and i : What are its eon S patient can arrange ae whi bits on he go, pref- place where the air sree this “pollen? ‘A Hosa the atte a ve in ecal of w nufac turer vat Baterale based 0 on a certain Hoe table products sudden ly finds himse off from his source : supply: \ here 1 ree whie h lable blight, seeks immi form Ah which it may be hybridized and pie take of its hardiness. Long ence has taught him that nature, with her innumerable variations, has already pro- duced such a form and, being wise, he i e ely to find such a form, and with a minimum of effort. To layman, these queries which come ey an herbaria may seem romantic but to the taxonomist they are a daily routine, a part of the job. If he succeeds in answering t it i tse nm ig i: uestion s_beca oe A is backed by sufficient informa- ti f he fails, it is eau he does not have enough record specimens at his mand, inti imated igs tree the necessar on: e€ back of it a more fundamental thing: the dim but owing re; ion in the mind of man that, if he i succeed, if he is to con- tinue his exis e must t master his enviro: ; before he can mas- divergent v: join f th ologist, the morphol , the ecologist, and the ysiologist brought together, integrated, rationali: an ganized a e cept of discrete nomenclatural units— things Thus, rT name for things, thr , man is better culture the hungry may be fed and i le ; ite orestr: s a multitude 2 oug! ic ht into his life; , if for no h : the knowledge of so important a part of his environment—may continue to exist. A portion of the Garden’s exhibit of Plants of the Bible at the International Flow er Show. One of the Biblical “‘roses,”’ (the oleander) may be seen near the right. Some of the vegetables mentioned in the Scriptures occupied the foreground of the patio. Gold Medal For Plants Of The Bible HE Horticultural Society of New York presented a gold medal to the New York den f otanical Garden for its educational exhibit of Plants of the Bibl the Inter- 7 ee SB i ons any plants o y hen th was translated; another told of plants with religi which are not actually mentioned in the Bible. A W.P.A. project was responsible for the signs The exhibit won the reputation of being the most popular one at the entire Flow er out 1,500 copies of the March — containing an y to keep t © people ne and save the exhibit a being invaded by the crush of onlooker 104 Current Literature* At a Glance Vacations. Nearly 200 national forests are tabulated and described with ty - il sketches in illustrated b t oy iss ed t United States e ice. These forests are in 37 states, Paetto Rico, and Alaska. e woodlet on and to produce a finer of trees told aed Roy M. ater | in 1 Circilar "305 of ti era Service of the College of ie colle ure at the University of ‘ons Ari Cael Paintings and photo- graphs it in f eslor hotagranhs in halt- tone, nal m and detail drawings i sed published last year as Bio- logical Seen nee es No. 5 by the Unive: of zona uy eg Sevent speci Ae five treated. “There is an in ntvoductory | section on ucture and identification ies chapter on culture and care, Lyman Benson prepared the book, Be consultation with J. are by A. Ni Lucretia B. Hamilton. It is obtainable for one dolla Mos The Bryaceae are concluded and ie he “Magee rare by A. LeRoy ndrews in Part 4 of Vol. 2 of A. Grout’s oss Hora le ane America, which wa: sued mber. The volum Hes eluded Part 5, which index to the entive Tohitie. Detail draw- ings e photograph illustrate the speci California, Willis pine Jepson’s Flora of California proceeds from the Len- noaceae through the Cénie olvulaceae in ‘ ext, which is pub- lished by the Associated St ee ae niversity of California, at Ber All publications mentioned here—and many sey be found in the Library o the Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin Brittonia. No. 3, which concludes Vol. 3 pg contains “The American of Hippoc before D eft New York to a the * Garden’ Puerto Rico. featured areas. are devoted to wildlife protection and to the forest’s development under the CCC, ure. Ju st peor to the annual Horticult i which took co than 400 daees is chiefly concerned with the culture of fru d Gardens of Montana Western, “Wi i is the title of the He iy Keni January: (4940) poor of Wild Flower, published - the Wild Flower Preserva- tion Society. Gardenia: Culture of gardenias northern eine and oe on dens is outlined in Lea 199 of the U.S. Denartment of antes A paragraph is al to culture in the home, but it s: =a “Tt is an w romising ol: Ae h win e we ‘ot y beet of its need for car refully regulated tenperarire and hu midity me for the additional reason that it is susceptible oe several diseases ca insect nests which are difficult to contro in the ho ee Rambow ce id by Nare i oh id Wilkie are among the rth- while art rticles in the 1940 year book of the American Rock Garden Society, “Plant Pues to H THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I, ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1942: ArtHuR M. ee LOU: PrerrE Jay, CLARENCE Me - nae a (Secretary and Assistant Treasurer), FRANCIS E. Poweu tye, ee Wi mM J. Ropsins. Until 1943: Henry ve Forest awn Vice-president) Sue F. pu Pont, Attyn R, JENNINGS, HENRY OCK HART, ue a AL, Mrs. Harotp I. Pratt, and JosepH R, Swan (Presiden Until 1944; E. C, Aucuter, Neri Fietp, Mrs. Eton HvuntincTon Hooxer, Joun L. Merrie (vice: Lefer Cou. Rogert H. Montcomery, H. Hovaar Porter, and A. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York. ay RoperT Moses, Park C. Guiniconey. JAMES MARSHALL, President of the Board of Education. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS an a LEASON, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. ey 'ARPER, SAM F, TRELEASE, Marcus M. Ruoaves, and Marston T. Tones eine by Columbia University. GARDEN STAFF ILLIAM J. Rogsins, Pu. D., Sc. D H. A. Gieason, Pu. D, wo... cece eee Assistant Director yd Head ras HENRY DE LA MontTaGNe Assistant Director A.B. Stout, PH.D. ba cieci ii ei eccan Curator of Education and Lab oratories RED J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator ERNARD O. Donce, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist aca apeas eal tney a neyes aay el ibliographer Assistant Bibliographer Associate, Curat " oN Aleisen, “Pa. D. DeARe ae . B., B.S. rarian LEDA GRIFFI Artist and Pian ERC Wan. Research Associate OBERT S. WILLIAMS Research Associate in Bryology . J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the. Local Herbarium p, Po. D ssistant Curat LYDE CHANDLER, Pu.D. Technical Assistant OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant REDERICK KavANAGH, M.A. Technical Assistant DWARD, A. B. Edit. Assistant HOMAS Everett, N. D. Hort. orticulturist fe Aba A.M Custodian of the Herbarium , M.S. clacton in Hawaiian Botany cau Haas STEIN Honorary Curator of Mvxomycetes Josery F, Bu Honorary Curator of the Diatomace B, A. Krv vorary Curator of Economic Botany An Affiliate Garden Club may borrow lantern slides from the Garden’s extensive collection, such loan g subject ( s the e n to the regulations for the use of dantern slides by individual members. Likewise, an affiliate ay a e witho et club may e ithout fee the Members’ Room at the Garden for its meetings. classes e member are as follows: Annual Member annual fee $ 10 Sutaaine Wea annual fee 25 Garden Club Affiliation annual fee for club 25 Fellowship Member annual fee 100 Member for Life single contribution 250 Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 Patron single contribution , Benefactor single contribution 25,000 Fellowships or scholarships for practical student-training in horticulture or for botanical resea ei may be established by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for a definite perio Cont ributions te the ee: cay be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved form of I hereby gue to The. New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Cl 285 of 1 the sum Oricon ie uests Pe "ie Hale ie income mewyallle to donor or any designated laters eunne his or her lifetime. | ests for fu stl “ information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bron Park, New York, N. Y. \ JOURNAL i of Tue New York BOTANICAL GARDEN ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1940 In Two Secrions SEcTION- Two THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN William J. Robbins, Director ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1940 BUILDINGS AND GROUNDS Lrvine PLANT CoLLEcTIONS AND Toes GIFTS AND EXCHANGES Outpoor GARDENS . InDoor PLANTINGS . THE HERBARIUM PHOTOGRAPHY MEMBERSHIP . LIBrary . PLANT DISEASES EDUCATION BIBLIOGRAPHY . FINANCES PUBLICATIONS . Screntiric Work . REPORT OF THE TREASURER PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF . SPECIAL EVENTS AT THE GARDEN Dante 1940 New York Botanicat GARDEN MEMBERSHIP JOURNAL of THE NEw YorK BOTANICAL GARDEN Aprit 1941 Monae Section Two No. 496 Annual Report of the Director for 1940 William J. Robbins HE MOST notable event ass the Siti during the past year etion of the y fen oO! the comple lary f and the elimination of through traffic, thus giving the aes for the Se time in its history well defined limits and a distinct entity. Although changes will probably be made in the exact loca cture of the ck link e on the east side of the Garden when ae Brome RNG Eaewey is pended as planned, it is now possible to | unit. This development will be determined by the t joa of the Gar the eats buildings and see u ee atrendances by funds for pane which the Garden was esas, egoing conditions seem to dictate the general plan for the future vcossen of the 280 acres now occupied by the Garden. The various essential service functions will be concentrated in an area of 8 or 10 acres located in ae ome portion = the region east of the Bronx River. These include the propagating and growing houses; work- ing quarters for the carpenter, Sactee and painters; reserve supply o manure and other materials used in the Garden; experimental gardens for the pathologist and plant breeder; nurseries, root cellar, and so on. The lay plantings of annuals and perennials will be a in the general region occupied by the Seale Museum Buildin ng, Rock Garden s will appear later in this r has already been made in the direction of this — plan. Although ; an enormous amount 1 2 Bc 2 still remains to be accomplished, the natural topography of the Garden i such that we can eventually have the finest garden of its kind in existence. From ii already at hand I know that in working toward this ideal T have sympathetic assistance of the members of a Board of Managers and o ee especially the Department of Par! f In planning for the development of the grounds a plantings of arden others of its activities must not be neglected. Its service functio including the answerin inquiries a lants and the distributio and its scientific work, must not be sacrificed in the effort to improve ihe ds. that | one of the most important functions of the Board of Mana ers, int m ties of the Garden. are such that any all of our resources, a situation which would be fatal to the existence of the institution as a Botanical Garden. With these preliminary remarks I shall now review the year’s activities Buildings and Grounds Und he supervision of the Superin- floor, ane that portion of the phanero- tendent os Buildings and Grounds, Mr. A. amic sane located 2 the third , and the Assistant ee floor, ae ved to the second floor, ent of Buildings and Grounds, lever ofces il Pfander, notable improvements have been third floors to give ia eran made during the past year. The electric members o : e staff. A room on the wiring of the basement and of the first and third floor was vacated and prepar: d as second floors of the Museum gz was members’ room Stout’s labora- completed at a cost of ee and for the tory, which formerly occupied one portion rst time in our history we have all of of a library stack r , was moved to an the Museum Bu iiding illuminated by elec- adjacent room which ‘was equipped for tricity. his sled Extensive changes were made in = The n pipe ms running along the arrangement of the tee The c outside ce the useum Building Vie re- togamic herbarium, which w: Jocated Le newed; 48 feet of 334 inch, 3 inch, 2 inch, the si secon nd floor, was eed” to the third and 1 inch pipe were used in this ‘replace- The Museum Building, the interior of w with the ce i flowering plants brought together which has seen many changes during ae year, on ithe second floo é cryptogamic herbarium moved upstai ment. Snow guards on the upper dome of the Conservatory Range 1 were in- a bes t of $1,399, The I s ig) entire water “of "Conserv ator ry Range 1 was removed | and renewed because of the corrosion of old pipes. This required 190 feet of 3 inch galvanized iron pipe, 860 feet of 2 inch, ae a Ne ae ae aul feet when the extension of the parkway occupies “the land on which it now stands. 4 Through the assistance of the Work Rubblestone Bridge and in the vicinity of Projects Administration the steam system Range 2; these rae oe all 10 feet in in Propagating House No. 2 was c widt in In addition, ork Projects pletely overhauled, and the size of two of Administration built a “total of 2,500 feet the boilers was increased. In addition, two of new roads 16 feet in width. One of waterlily tanks were built in this range, these 1 ‘oads furnishes part of the interior and the installation of the electric and driveway of the Garden connecting the t is hope ith the saul riv: ater systems was completed. It i d Rubblestone Bridge th i . 1 ¥e that we will be able to occupy these propa- way an eh . service entr. gating houses next year, thus concentrat- har n Parkw: The ing af this, road in| ing our work of this character. A concrete req’ tired the | Sstension of hes en root-cellar 30 x 45 x 10 feet was built on Bridge for 125 feet. One was the east side of these h and eigh erec of 7,500 t ide of the ouses, ted and a total 1 ee 7 rub- concrete coldframes 45 f long, 6 on blest was used to complete this work 9 Hoes fee and 4 feet 6 inches ae merous minor improvements were m: s ot 6 i om May to November two police Pe were fae ne; aye "Wi th a assis “a ficers in ‘civilian clothes were assigned to ance of the Work Projects Administration the oe during | a afternoon and eve- the elect also aera ted offi ric wiring of the Snuff Mill al: nine ho cer an was complete e old ‘k Department Polnied | were re) during the ti ae agree is on ed as a service build- In addition, the grounds have been anics, beng ‘Tecoustiich ed by the Wo: rk Pro ‘ojects wl yy meri he Administration ; its reconstruction is about fabor Sade eaten ae Through the 80 per cent complete oS manure pit 48 x efforts of the police officers assigned to 0 feet, started last in the vicinity the Garden approximately 100 persons of the proposed service “building has been were served with sum r placed c leted and is now being used by the under arrest for a of park ordi- arden. nance The v: igilan of these men and Paths totaling 3,000 linear feet were care own vandalism and built on the east and west sides of the nuisances at a minimum. Living Plant Collections and Displays Under the eae of our horticultur- material, the most noteworthy of which ist, Mr. T. H. Everett, and with the close are listed below, played an important part. play: (Pt co-operation of his assistants, the 1 greenhouse and outdoor flower displays Gifts and Exchanges and flower show exhibits were maintained at a high standing; in addition, much was Of the large number of plants received accomplished in moving and establishing during the year by gift or exchange, be new plantings of hardy woody ile follo eye sacauleliiols are worthy of spe- oe hate has been undertaken in part cial nol eC: of the changes Shecescitated’ by the Ba gatelle Nurse Huntington Station, Long establishment of the new boundary fence Tsland 7 ‘shrubs. Bao) and in part because of the ‘desire to extend ne Bey au Site atten, N. ueuba japonica, the plantings of trees, shrubs, and ground Bobbink & Atkins Nursery, East Rutherford, covers to provide a better furnished Gar- Ih 062 roses. den. It should be emphasized that an enor- Brows Bulb Ranch, Capitola, Calif—s0_ tu- mous amount of labor and material will Dees hReMaS. ulb Co., Los Angeles be needed to comp ae a (progam Jinvoly- Calif.—250 hybrid ete , ing Ned extensio collections of Mr ‘ _ alee oF ps aud ale Mass.— naterial and ‘tinlest: generous funds Bae eee ons and eaulas He A, . J—S50 re provided for the employment of labor Stobenalias® pee tgs pene and for the purchase of plants and other Mr. sy Henry y F. du ra inter supplies, progress must necessarily be large specimens of Taxus. slow. During the past year gifts of plant Mes. William Ms K. du mt, Wilmington. Del. Mr. Howard Eric, Stamford, Conn.—é6 or- chids, z pas Mr. Sam ner, New York City.—11 suc- cul Jents. Mr. Marshall Field, Huntington, Long Island —180 hippeastrums and 95 calanthes. ee Sea Raut Pibery s Fae, » Flushing, ie Isl and shrubs, 13 green- Bent h B. Gable, Stewartstown, Penn.— mS. c., Westbury. rs nts, including 1 star magnolias, 69 azaleas and 10 hollies. P. J. Howard’s oi a Flowerland, Angeles, Calif.— lbs. William M. Hunt a a New York City — 183 bulbs. Los Roman J. Trwin Co., New York City — 50 fuchsias. Mr. H. R. Kundhardt, New York City — 56 orchids. Mr. Ernest K. Danielson, Conn. — 15 Seconds: and 13 begonias. Mr. T. MacDougall, New York City. — 71 Mexican plants” McHutchinson & Co., New York City — 50 caladiums. ntgomery, Cos Cob, —27 palin, 18 everereens, Sterlington. Mrs. Pa Ethel S. Peckham, Te "Rt. Rey puinset W. Plummer, New York City—1 leroy on Mr. ‘Stanley G. Ran; York City— faa aria palate trees and “tubs, ane Peet Tent tue uurman, Holland House, New Yor! —7 succulents. Mr. Richard Stiles, South Sudbury, Mass.— 10 velargoniums, Stumpp r Co., New York City — 50 ilies. R. C. Van Name, New Haven, Conn.— 50 succulent plants. After listing these gifts I should like to refer to another. This is the gift of $5,000 from Mrs. Elon Huntington 1 ook- er, which is to be used by the I 0 ie toa site and hi cult ural explora- tion, or for the pe of suitable cases for the better protection of the herbarium. Outdoor Gardens No extensive expansion was made he Gutdoor gardens in 1940 but estab lish ed features were maintained at a high standard of cultivation. early 1,500 oe and biennials bite raised from seed and used in the Perennial Border of the eae Council during the year, and in the falf 4,000 narcissi ae planted on the grass bank facing the Tulips provided the main feature of the May 36,500 be: isplay were saved for planting for next spring. ee es dding involved the use thai 000 ound in 186 species ie warietie S. a this tl more than ree oe were Aca in ae n addition to he e used in our sum dis- aye ge3" & ry = a = < So. g a a cinity of oe horseshoe” “containing the larger for thus s concentrating the dahl- ias in one ares a we haye et following eee et the Garden r the inclusion with the policy of co ee cultivated areas, ved a which contrasts favorably with the 3695 lants which were set out in the spring ‘An in ventory of the cultivated plants ir the Rock Garden, Wild Garden and Mea. dow Garden, made wi id of Work Projects Administration ers, shows he total number of species and varieties be 2,735. Distur' world conditions have clo: any es supply for seeds of rock eat plants and it is very te maintain our collections by propagation More than 44,000 tulip bulbs were contributed by the Holland Bulb Industries of Haarlem, Holland, for the New a ay en 1940 spring show. While some were the or flower displays in used in ace ee ihe Main Conservatories, where they ae ands of visitors during thei blo and careful oe Considerable im- provements w made during ne past ar in the rado low 7 Garden and the Wi Id arden, Nearly 2,000 bulbs and oe ir i 35 species and varieties were planted in the Wild earn and 400 in the Meadow Gar- den dur: e year. The if ro el and hardy waterlilies were maintained ow utdoors as usual at the Bo- ica in c areas, This policy is a continuation “ote tte estab- Hed a The following comparative fig show cts: 1 38, new species led to our perinanent collections. In 1938, no arch, the majority w cied ae eir season of round-cover plants were set out; in 1939, 70,600 were set out, and in 1946, 26,460. pecially noteworthy among the newly acquired woody plants were the additions of rhododendrons. Nearly 350 specimens were added to the fence planting near the jain entrance, and 450 to the nursery beds established ¢ he Museum Buildin; Most of the latter were speci Fortunei hybrids contributed Mr. arles O. Dexter. These should form the basis a a notable rhododendron display in due ‘wo arenes of Taxus cuspidata nana oe 14 feet in diameter, the gift of Mr. y F. du Pont, were planted on t the oa near the main entrance of Conservatory Range 1. An shee ice storm on ch a as Bae . Ren clusive ted areas, — (ees without apparent injury. Indoor Plantings During 1940 the begonia collection was m use 5 to House 14, where move , informal walls of brick were constructed to contain the soil in the ter bed ir ic] plants wi et out. Si Es was ete a atet while more than 1,400 atone were Con tory € and i Prop: rt House have been operated durin; as our main production units hese LISES, i needed each year for flo beds and bo ders, the display conse , the eries, garden, and ground-cover plantings are propagated and gro It should be emphasized that the figures giv- en from time e in describing th ctual number of plants used in the bi rs and other displays are as a rule mate- jally le! n the acti number grown in the propagating S. a floral display to the general public. There is likewise little general apprecia- One of the outstanding gifts of the year was a pair of yews of enormous dimensions, one of which is shown here being set out in the conservatory court. tion of the large amount of labor involved the number of kinds of hardy woody plants in making poise recording accessions, in cultivation at the Garden has nearly i di a. id and keep ‘ords 0 we plantings. For ouble , an urea of iy have been exal raple, during 1940, show labels added in the last three year: ll perma- were printed for the ie gardens and nent plant ier set out is “recorded on 1,718 for the Main Conservatories. In planting plans which are filed for perma- addition, 95 large informative labels were het record. prepared for the economic plants. The During 1940 the Garden distributed to blem of labels i i extent of the problem of labels is indi- its members hardy chrysanthemums and cated by nae number of accessioned species specimens ae Achillea ies fn . Kin and varieties of plants in cultivation at Edward, and Veroni » rosea, S jon al eronica spica the Ga rden. Daring 1940 a complete in- In tf! ise reg ipulae ae 7 5,000 ventory of an Sees edge both in plants were sent to 307 members. In addi- the greenhou and outdoors, has been tion, nearl 10,000 Siniiets were distributed ade and is i ul iished. “AS of No- ividuals, to public schools, and other vember 31 1 spe- institu . More than 9 tions re- ies and v: avery cultivation at the New ceived plant material from the New York or tanical Garden was 11,9 his Botanical Garde during | 1940. oe figure does. ot include the collections of ts of decorative oer such as roses, caliees sent to 237 a and to "35 “individ- irises, peonies, asters, chrysanthemu uals, and we received in exchange 1,450 waterlilies, anni al "i or g house Tan e packets fs i The 1941 eed list in- wn fi 1 display. The approxi- cludes approximately items. mate nen of these is 2,800, making the The exhibit of aquatic p lant ts : tant a Se nu r of species and varieties of n Parade and the ex! hibit illustratin, ants res in 1940 at the New York krubi plant (ne iapialiee satan Botanical a 14,734. ee are very were antaiied at the World’s Fair as few es in the world where as many in 1939. kinds of lanits can be found fogethee as At the International Flower Show held at the New York Bo tanical Garden. There at the Grand Centr. ‘al Palace in March, e ro ies 7 varieties re this ex. mentioned above, about 3,100 are hardy hibit. In November, a collect ori of more trees and shrubs. This is only about one- than 50 kinds of ie and windowed half of the total number which are hardy plants was shown at ee Cove, Long or probably hardy here. Yet, since 1919 Island, Fall Flower She The Herbarium A drastic revision of the herbarium ar- the herbarium. The een content of the rangements was begun in January and herbarium is as follow as ed has been essentially completed. It involv General Herbarium he val all flowerless plants from Oriental Herbarium the second floor to the third, the transfer Local Herbarium : E of the local her sg rom on ene floor Cultivated Herbarium seen 22,575 to the second floor, and the assembling of Total Flowering Plants all ua! plea on Mg cond ares and Ferns ...........0.sseeeee 1,388,833 As sult of this revisio the hei seu arranged, and th - staff are located si ovthey, an nore efficientl uring th year 30 half-sized steel herbarium cases we r- h and 3,000 paper boxes. t he ear the content of the herbarium reached the two-million mark, and tl il- lionth specimen was formally inserted by The usual loans of herbarium material ing an appropriate program. During the were contirined dating 1940. The Sne past year 56,311 specimens were added to sent out totaled 8,897, and 9,298 sh inst i a o & o & = = oro President Swan is placing the 2,000.000th specimen in the herbarium after a program and ceremony Bae ‘ sa place Dec ee At we ae and right are ason and D: . Robbin were borrowed from other institutions for to serve its greatest usefulness. A her the | use, of the staff and student ts. barium resembles a library; its growth f must not cease lest it become incomplete be over- emphasi zed. It i ‘orms the ieee - and out of date. Although we have prob- dation upon on much of the horticul- ably the richest American collection of tural and botanical work of the Garden old specimens from North and South must res’ is is particularly true at the merica, we are steadily slipping behind resent time when of the collections in recently discovered species. Th th in other p: of the world are unavailable It of ited ropriations for the and in danger of destruction, and every purchase of specimens from regions of effort should be made to preserve articular interest when such are avail- irreplaceable material emphasi: ble, and the lack of funds for exploration he need of replacing the 7,000 p in regions which are ly known bo- boxes, in which a large proportion of our tanically. Durin years of the herbarium is now ted, permanent w York Botanical Garden from 10 to teel cases. T! barium is also dis- 12 expeditions were conducted annually tinctly Sauer? and additions to the under the auspices of the institution. Dur- taft i m the near future. ing the 1. m1 ations Limitation of “ty nds has also made it im- have averaged one per year. Every effor possible Mecti which should be m: ae to increase the support we should be securing, if the herbarium is for the he: ‘bar Photography During the past year with the assistance Alms made 3,922 prints; 141 enl of a Work Projects cosa work- nts; 537 slides and 188 eee side. er, Miss Fleda Griffith made and devel- In addition, a motion pictur koda- oped 12,069 Sr developed 131 chrome was taken in the Gard 10 Membership pleased to repor ae ae increased during y 50 new members. the membership of the sult of the co-operation s of the Board of Managers nd the Corporation rt that the member- ing the The total membership of the Garden is 1,119 classified as follows: 950 50 104 15 Library e total number of bound volumes in ie tein is 48,549, poe the past year * 069 vee a and added TARE cataloged ela A par ticularly interesting gift duri e pas’ year to the librar rom . Am Sping: id consisted of the card “file of ra) of matis, and the horticultural correspond- ence of the late Col. . Spingarn. A entry cities of books” signed by Dr. avid Hosack in 1791 was ipreseated to the library Mr. Clarence Lewis. Mr. T acDougall gave a privately bound vol- ume of miscellaneous ae mate- rial. A print catalogue in 20 volumes con- taming 13,349 sbi and 15,741 references to our negative and slide collection pre- ny the PA under the super- vision of Mr. Wittr: ha. ie n filed in the library. During the periods wha eve- ning in the Museum ee the foray fas been oj pened Monday and Thursday 155 a requests for infor: mation were answered ; in 1940, 266. Plant Diseases Dr. Dodge and his assistants have given ir usual reflective attention to the prac- t di i teas the ast vear “and 3 ate reported by Dr. Dodge - Low: Europea: w-borer. This insect is ap- parently becoming one Me the most trouble- ° some pests dahlias in the East, if we are to accept reports that come into the office during the growing season ond broo September. ‘Until the last year or two, however, bed at the Botanical Garden. The insects lay their eggs on the leaves and as the grubs hatch ou ey antest he growing ends and young s, later boring into the stalks. WwW nd tl spray consisting maint ur per cent rotenone Ponce ; applied once a week during the summ effective, as we had no trouble whatever this year from these insects. of the season we During the early part o alternated with a nicotine sulphate solu- tion to c and other suc contributes largely to the prevention of sp’ of virus diseases which are carried ee iolus thrips. W e had an opportun- ity to try o1 e tartar emetic — sugar spray against giao ee during ‘the mer. The stion that the net must begii coniolet 1 of ce ‘nse in ith a treatment of the corms wi er curic bichloride 1:1000 as a dip 2 17 ours if the scales not oes iy two or three hours if scales a the dip to be given just befor ore "planting. Then with two ee or thre ra = $s the id sugar durin rin, mer, good rol can b obtained, With: out the ati and a delay of applying the spray until the 2 flow ar stalks aia e started to emerge, neh nine applications were made at inte ervals of about five days, infested plants can be brought into good flower only with great difficulty. There will always be sects pe under a leaf ‘rolds, and t once the: the flow r primordia they ai bey: id ae ‘ol. wh bugs. Chinch bugs have in in the past given us some trouble in our lawns, causing pom patches which may be mis- anese pee necessary to apply ay ground tobacco dust as occasionally heretofor nese beetles. may be some plot, espe cially the area en- old one a like ai a tl arse- nating the “meadows” south of the Rock Garden. ve been assured by Dr. Hadley os as soon as the method of b € four different t biologic control that have been worke a only artially successful and can n relied w A oPber new to the Garden. For 2 : s cause 7 eafhopper w . ssh This sear. we made a still Gore thorough study as to the distribution of s z the insect and found that it was appearing a fo) on a number of additional hosts, such a: mountain-ash, maple, wisteria, etc. As it has done very little damage. The s: toms consist rown blotching of a portion of a ordered by a pa yellow margin. Most of the damage ap- pears to be Fone in early summer. be controlled by two or three applications es leafhopper was identi fied by D: Felt as Phlepsius ishidae - ieee: ce-bugs in azalea and plantings The azalea ee h career. thododendroiis “seman i that this insect be given special a see ie Gar- pa ae Black-spot a ee 1 the few varie! ee esp a were planted for ihe ‘frst time i den showed not a le black-. “pot eae n the ee ingus over-winter: e i expect some “trouble ce of ‘how carefu’ 7 the sulphur dusts are applied. slugs or naked snails. As a rule th iiss spotted garden slug, Limax maximus, has done little damage in our plantings. This year, ever, On a num- ber of occasions the snails were found infesting some of our perennials and other low growing ple ge the borders and rock g: ry ne especially designed a: slugs and cut- orms has also been found to be very ffective. It is kno as a metaldehyde e have wu: is ii nhouses a’ ands that be cee and the ae “about the plants well cultivated. Where this is not done it SOME PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN PLANT PATHOLOGY WORK IN 1940 (For explanation : = MI DIANT PATHOT OGY WORK TN 1040 ai 13 will be necessary to combat them vigor- ously with poison baits. Ring-spot of dahlia. In past years we have had little trouble with the virus dis- fair control of leafl ers, SO spread of this virus must have been check- ed. Whe ossible roots from diseased vol of greenhouse inseci continuing to receive excellent co-opera- tion in this control rk. ith the pur: chase of -gallon power sprayer, we are now able to take e of palms and other high plants in the greenhouses, bec: with thi rayer, which develops a pressure of from thre ae — pee junds, we are able eacl s of plants not possible io pa ca * the smaller sprayers ich have been for- merly u: in th enhouses. Because of the ulsiae to the opening of doors in the greenhouses in winter, it has = eta possible to do spraying large power sprayer during these 1 tnonth and it is very tatereet to other recahouse operators. Naturally, in tropical houses or rain forest houses, “wher ethe hpelatanels and humid- ity a tine ee e or ei sprays because under such conditions spray burn aes We found that wher have plant e forced nae the jeaves 5 bee come ender and subject spray injur: whe ere ear they can - sprayed wih impunity with nicotine sulphate solution: ‘ot water treatment. Because ne for giving the hot water treatment to lants and bulbs infested with troublesome nsects are inadequate in the greenhouses, e hav tempted to suppl; is defi- ciency on a number of occasions by doing — done on a larger scale where Dogwoo ~ bleeding canker. Among the autre connected Een ious with our the Garden mentioned our a disease which has been noted by others during the past two or three years. It is said to cause the death of many trees of flowering dogwood in oe ast. The dis- ase has been proved to aused by the fungus as nye finer cacti a fungus which ually ted * a blights r wilts of Sich at lants as te) tulip or snapdragon, oe cee ol blight o' e coze breaking through the of can red areas, which can be recognized by heir shrunken appeara: = asts and other fungi, as well a: ibs and larvae of insects, have been “Found in this SOME PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN PLANT PATHOLOGY WORK IN 1940 ‘op: Gall on rhododendron, caused by a fungus which more frequently attacks only azaleas. LEFT: Injury caused by a nicotine sulphale spray on the leaves of lilies which have been forced in the nder conditions of high temperature and humidity. The spots resemble Botrytis disease. Cenver: Millipedes found in the, ts of primulas in the greenhouse. CEN 1cHT: Intumescences. hysiological condition known as oedema, cau dee over walering lack of ventilation. Epidermal tissue develops galls which b en turn rusty as though attacked by rust Botrom: Surface view a tatrf that has died because of th aie done by grubs of the Japanese beetle, shown at the r were found just beneath the surface of the right as they sou. When 50 or more grubs are € found in uw square foot, the tur, ‘f is usually destroyed. slime, there is no question as to the cause Core-rot of pheeeiea Recently we hav of this disease. The parasite sppereatly ae ee make a study of a core roe may enter the dogwood through wounds gladiol ic ‘sence which has been which are sometimes made in transplant- engl in ‘Eng for a few ing the trees or through injury by ani- but which seer Tr new in thi s. It not seem to attack the roots. country. The disease is said to b sed Another species of Phytophthora attacks by a species of Botrytis. It is speci the r nd crown of maple, causing interest to us becai found in con- wilt. is disease of len ons nection with it the so-called smut disease ter understoo Y of gl. lus, the $ others interested in ornamental “shade referred to a species of t, Urocystis e end that badly diseased trees gladtoli. We have found what is apparent. destioved. i il ly the same fungus on many diseased transplanting should be a ubt gladiolus corms. We believe it appear aa fungus enter also through succu- only in a secondary capacity along with lent side shoots and adventitious buds. Penicitien and other fungi. This fungus, which we believe has passed as a smut, London plane-tree sease. Another js clea fy not a smut but the asexual stage, shade tree disease we have observed and Papulaspora, of some ascomycetous fun- have been associated with in a minor ca- pacity wi ederal workers is that of the Oedema. This physiological disease may London plane. This is a very serious dis- ae in greenhouses where the venti- ease In so states, notably Maryland lation is poor, thus making the tempera- and Pennsylvania. Symptoms of this di: ure and humidity high. It is often mis ease appeared in a number of trees on taken for a rust disease. It first shows as Staten Island this spring and ere th pimply Saris on the leaves. Later these first to isolate the organism (Ceretosto- blisters break the inner tissues expan mella sp.) and urge the Park Department and upon eeposure to the air oxidize to authorities to get in touch with Curtis give the appearance of being rusted. The May, who this disease under investi- iC a _b ntrolled if one gation. So far 461 know. thie tisease, regulates the conditions under which the while re in Central Parka illing plants are growing so as to limit the several = is not yet present elsewh ¢ amount of moisture and heat. in Manhattan or in the Bronx. We sus- Mr. Thomas aes under the direc- pect that carelessness in allowing dogs to tion of Dr. Dodge, has continued his work run in the vicinity of yo sycamores, ona fellowship eaited ae the American such as may be found in large numbers i eee Soi e has studied two front of the American Museum of Natu- I iseases which are relatively ral History, results in basal cankers. little ae own is a Fusarium stem-rot Cankers develop at the base of young ae wilt disease, ‘and “the second a disease trees which cause considerable baal sed by a species of Pythit tm. Mr. Las- and may be mistaken for the planet karis ee ds to publi at disease. Older trees, with thick bai rhe are of his work in the Year i of un apparently not damaged by the dog Kiaiericart Delphinium ioe ety. Education The educational program of the Garden, dening Practice was given in three sepa- conducted under supervision of Dr. rate cla lasses, the aes oan Mr. Stout and Mr. eee with oe of Robert Scott, Mr. George H. Gillies, and Miss Woodward and other members of Mr. John Waits. The 19 40 fall eosin the staff, has developed in a very gratily- began on September 26, the subject being ing fashion. The Two-year Course in the Cultivation of Trees and Shrubs Practical Gardening continued to be well taught by Mr. P. an Melle. The Two- nded. During 1940 a total of 239 regis- yea’ Cou r Professional Gardeners tratior re recei for these classes. had an enrollment of 271 as ared to In 1939, there were 188 registrations. 245 in 1 A se of 12 afternoon lec- Mr. cKenna taught the spring tures in Garden en ge taugh session, ; the subject being Outdoor Flower by Dr. Rickett, assisted by M: verett, Gardening. The subject in Outdoor Gar- beginning in April, and Mr. A. C. Pfander } 15 tau ught a class meeting for 12 successive periods in Rock eepiats ay eos 12 . A course on to 22 students June 27; Mr. Max Se! ade the prin- cipal address of the evening. Representa- tives of 1 as fri of ¢ ee ie attended, although the at- lec tures fluctuates great- ly, ending upon weather and subject. Thirty-eight lectures were given to a total s felt that ‘the “interest dis- played by the general public. in this series ly justifies its contin s comp vleted, the require- re oO art ly: Butler, working under the supervisioi D Seaver, Miss Clyde Chandler, working with Dr. Stout, and Mr. Frederick Kav- anagh, with Dr. Robbins. liam J. Bonisteel of rd University also completed the work for his Ph. degree t the Garden. In addition, Mr. nm D. Dwye supervision of Dr. Gleason and Father John Watts ere one of the classes in Outdoo: tograph by Willia Adam of Columbia University began ad- vanced work under Dr. Camp. ive wee mer See in 1940 t f Towa She. Calteges “Artie Hil llegas and Robert E. f Col mbia Gee Ee ae niversity of Michigan Koja er of eae - hav Col ie who is spem nce at the J. Grout o ewfane, Vermont. Dr. Stanley A , Profes: Botan the University of Tennessee, is working at tl arden on book on ecology under Ip. In discussing the educational activities of the Garden reference should be made the increasing nu imber of volunteer pie ity for ssociating themselves sled the Garden for practi 1 training. Thes aes high school stu ae ts, LN. ee boy and a number J ing. ‘Du ring the past year 56 groups com- prising more than 4,000 individuals vis- ited the Garden under the guidance of members of the staff. In addition more than 100 lectures a tadio addresses were given by member the staff. r Gardening Practice. m C. Eckenberg, reproduced by courtesy of the New York Ti Bibliography The Bibliographer, Dr. J. H. Barnhart, tions. In addition, they have answered and the eae Bibliographer, Dr. H. numer questions dealing with bibli- W. Rickett, have been occupied with edi- ger, phy | sie hy, and nomenclature as orial work in connection with North well as + fields. related to botany and American Flora, ackenzie’s North ee American Cariceae, and similar publica- Finances ‘oO years ago our budget year was ending June 30, 1940. No particular com- 31 to b cha: rom one ending December ent need be made on this report except one ending June 30. TI was point hat by strict limitation of our to agree with the budget peri activities the Garden has lived within its City of New York. — this reason the udget. The complete financial report is present financial report covers a period of printed on pages 18-25. 18 months, beginning Si 1, 1939, and Publications During the past year Mackenzie's mono- might be believed from its size and limited graph on the Cariceae in two volumes was ee For example, in September, publish ith more than 500 dra rticle by Mr. Alexander on This authoritative work will be consulted Tolmiea Mens it, - y ne interested in this group of s by ting young plants on the plants, and more than 300 sets have been lat ves was publish in th sold in this country. One number of North Journal. This article gave rise to a a American Flora, part 15 of volume 7, on ee ant in House and Garden in ovember, 1940, and in Life: also t ‘onia, comple: Volu 3, : articles in the New York Times, Herald- ne Addisonia were published. It is Tribune, and several other spapers, unfortunate that are unable to publish ° as well as i ‘h horticultural magazines ore numbers of Addisonia annually as 45 Ree 1 Gardening and the Flower Grow- this represent: mi agazine devoted — p, ty January of this year an enterprising to colored illustrations of horticultural Ney k florist published dvcpines plants in this country. Tw TS ment on the cover of the Flor T- of the Journal and six of Mycologia also change to the effect that 20 million people a would be extremely desirab! had 1 t “piggy-back from all standpoints to enlarge the Journal plants”, then listed the publications in the New k 1 Garden, and articles on this plant had believe that it might be pl a self- is shows in d: ic fashion the influ supporting basis, if the change could be ce which the Journal : financed for a few years. Three years ago Two special booklets, one on Begonias the Journal had almost no subscribers, its and one on Hardy ns, were issued dur- distribution being limited almost entirely ing the year and in addition a special to the me i rden. A ight-page booklet describing the a- hange in editorial poli esulted in an tional program at the len ai com- increase of subscriptions to over 500 in oe ive membership booklet were pub- 1940. It has a far greater ace than — lishe 17 Scientific Work All members of the scientific staff have lower plants, the diatoms and the slime been as active in scientific work as thei molds. time permitte Dr. Stout, with the assistance of Mis Dr. Dodge i in addition to participating Chandler, has continued research on as a peaker Hemerocallis and has studied particularly interspecifi ids, flowering behavior, inte ic hy! has been panes in co-operation en Dr. types of growth and of dormancy. Twenty Rickett in coe preparation of a compre: selections of Hemerocallis are to be intro- hensive text the Diseases of Orn; duced in 1941 as new horticultural clones. mental Plants. In co-operation with the State Experiment Dr. a4 pre on has been occupied with Station at Geneva Dr. Stout has continued work on ee and on an his work on hardy seedless grapes; 225 intensive a of the Flora of the North- have been prea ae e date, some of eastern United States. In connection with which have distin ercial possibili- ne ae he made a 2 months’ colleetitig ties. He has also collaborates with the 0 the Middle West. United States Forest Service on hybrid has patna his studies of poplars - and other tree-breeding work. in industry in the United States Other mem- sterility and breeding with Petunia, Lo- b i i te) ia, nd Liliun ers of thi: , the Ericales, have als belia, a ilium. engaged his attention, and he has recently obbins and f initiated a very interesting “study of the tinned investigations on the ean of beeches vitamins to plant g rowth. it. Moldenke has been occupied Dr. Rickett edi fed and saw through the monographi ing the Verbenaceae and ‘Avie press Mackenzie’s monograph on the Cari- cenniaceae and in co-operation with Mr. ceae. rukoff has continued research on the The accomplishment in scientific work arrow-poison plants of rou America: is recorded in the appended list of publi- Mr. Gilly is et edges, cations. Mr. Krukoff a ontinued ‘his investigs Space does not permit a detailed presen- tions of variou: plan ts important in medi- tation of the scientific work of the staff. cine. It probably represents, however, the most Dr. Seaver has edited AZycoloyia, con- enduring and permanent work of the New tinued his pearchee on the cup- fungi, York eal ra len and in the lon and ma made a short collecting trip to Ber- view it is pro of the greate est value muda. to the general “public, though it receives Mr. Burke and Mr. Hagelstein have the least popular acclaim and the least been concerned with two special groups of | momentary attention n closing this report I wish to express my he assistance received from the Board of ee and in particular oo Joseph R. members of the Department of Parks of the City of ft New York ee have shown their sympathetic interest in the Garden in wish o acknowledge the willing co-operation of the sen a ie ao without whose intelligent aid little could be accomplished. mS ca) For a list of special events at the Garden during 1940, see pages 33 and 34. 18 REPORT OF THE TREASURER OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ARTHUR M. ANDERSON, Treasurer EXHIBIT I BALANCE SHEET ASSETS Permanent Fund Ass Investments at Be or appraisal at time of _, acquisition (Exhibit TD) aacataemangie das $2,495,909.74 95,983.47 —-— $2,591 893.21 Current and Working Assets: For general purposes ...........0.000000e $20,526.21 For special purpose 29,872.89 —$ 50,399.10 Accounts receivable: City ee Se dane saoncit tien he ete el a $37,303.28 Employee: 27.92 ———— 37,331.20 Interest and dividend ivable (Exhibit I1I) 23,186.96 P: idi premiums, etc............ 1,759.99 112,677.25 $2,704,570.46 To THE BoaRD oF MANAGERS OF aad York Botanical GARDEN: - de an examination of the balance Sheet of The New York Botanical werden as June 30, 1940, and of tt g June 30, 1939 and for the fiscal year ending June | 30, 1940. In connection there- with, we reviewed the system of internal control and the accounting procedures of the Garden and, without making a detailed audit of the transactions, have examined or 19 EXHIBIT I BALANCE SHEET June 30, 1940 LIABILITIES Permanent Funds {Exhibit IV): $ 257,892.30 ae endowments, including beeen ‘di de by 1 of MT nent f 2,312,842.09 Special t with | i i f “of income therefrom 21,158.82 —————$2, 591,893.21 Curren Liabilities and Special Funds: Cur ent - ap Bae $ 7,265.55 Special ‘fands “exhibit V): i 7,028.41 Unexpended contributions set eee He the Board of Managers for specific purposes. Caen ce ——— 29,872.89 Deferred income credit: idinadvance............. 104.00 Working fund: $64,997.65 Add—Excess of Raine income over expenditures— ix months ending June 30, 1939 hibit II-A 10,426.95 Year “ending June 30, 1940 (Exhibit II-B 10.21 75,434.81 112,677.25 $2,704,570.46 tested eons records of the aes and other supporting evidence, by methods and to the exten e dee med appro In our ee Exhibit I) (Exhibits II-V, inclusi fai Ha the position « of f The New ore Botanical Garden at June 30, 1940, and tt It of i on that date. : PrIcE, WATERHOUSE & Co. 56 Pine Street, New York, August 31, 1940. THE NEW oe aaa GARDEN Statement of Operations for ie oe : oe Months Ending June 30, 1939 Income: Income from investment of per- manent + funds Contributions estricte and special Unre- Total funds stricted $ 52,853.44 $ 4,881.62 $ 47,971.82 128,114.36 128,114.36 Ot ther siti yeivia ied aden daa tenet 13,000.00 12,400.00 600.00 Membership dues: Annual 6,240.00 6: 240.00 J den club 1,300.00 1,300.00 Sundry sale: 1,529.52 110.00 1,419.52 Subsriptions ond: fie of publi- 6,820.57 4,100.36 720.21 Total income $209,857.89 $ 21,491.98 $188,365.91 Expenses: Horticulture alaries $ 32,971.41 lants, seeds, supplies, etc 3,728.95 ————— $ 36,700.36 $ 414.29 $ 36,286.07 Science and curating: Salaries: 40.9540. winavi $ 23,512.20 Specimens, supplies, research, ete 3,006.94 ————— 26,519.14 2,948.22 23,570.92 Library: Salarie: $ 4,269.96 New books, periodicals, etc 1,526.54 SSS 5,796.50 1,609.61 4,186.89 too dari $ 2,749.98 ee lectures, etc...... 1,232.65 — 3,982.63 2,046.45 1,936.18 Publications... ........0.....0. 5,548.79 3,177.38 2,371.41 Administration: Salaries $ 12,014.88 Stationery, telephone, postage, etc 5,953.39 ———_— 17,968.27 17,968.27 d up-keep—grounds: Salaries $ 28,898.49 Wages 12,365.11 Supplies 294.16 = 43,557.76 95.68 43,462.08 dq + bHuildi p—buildings Salar: $ 25,669.74 Fuel, material supplies, etc..... 17,589.81 ———— 43,259.55 43,259.55 Improvement and equipment pur- chase: 1,467.69 1,467.69 S 1 att 3,429.90 3,429.90 Totals: Salaries $133,516.56 Wages 12,365.11 Other expenses... ............. 42,348.92 al expenses Excess ee income over expenses for the period of six months ending June 30, 193! Restricted—carried to statement . icted funds (Exhibit V) Unrestricted—carried to working fund (Exhibit I) $188,230.59 $ 10,291.63 $177,938.95 % 21,627.30 $ 11,200.35 $ 10,426.95 21 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Statement of Operations for the Year Ending June 30, 1940 Restricted and special Unre- Total funds poocied Income: . perma- nent: fundsis okie casita $103,076.51 $ 9,249.23 $ 93,827.28 Contributions: i i 245,001.22 245,001.22 Other 4,829.92 8,735.82 1,094.10 Membership dues: 7,685.00 ,685.00 den club i 1,475.00 1475.00 Sundry sales, fees. 8,757.21 331.00 3,426.21 Subscriptions and ee of publica- 8,787.01 4,785.04 4,001.97 Total income $374,611.87 $ 18,101.09 $356,510.78 Expen Horticltare: $115,056.72 wa 24,126.80 Plants seeds, supplies, etc...... 9,294.55 ————— $148,478.07 $ 1,748.62 $146,729.45 Pouce science; Salar: $ 32,630.82 Specimens. supplies, research, publications, etc 12,525.96 ————— 465,156.78 9,054.32 36,102.46 Public service in education, in- struction and information: alaries $ 34,485.18 Instructions: lectures, publica- QE Ce assert ce vi ccee cape 10,345.89 ———— 44,831.07 1,964.26 42,866.81 Administration: Salaries 3 22,204.86 Stationery, telephone, postage, amet een tee GRRE at ety 7,702.61 ———— 29,907.47 29,907.47 Repairs and maintenance—build- ings: Salarie: $% 61,293.24 Wage: 2,806.23 Fuel, material, supplies, ete 672.34 90,771.81 90,771.81 I ' chase 7 : 3,262.78 3,262.78 Special N 6,859.79 6,859.79 Totals: Salarie $272,530.61 ages 26,933.03 Other expenses............... 804.13 $369,267. 178 $ 12, 767.20 $356,500. 57 Excess of 2 income over expenses for the year ending Jone 30, 1940. . $ 5,344.10 Restricted—carried statement of r $ 5,333.89 Unrestricted—ca: Testricted ina “Exhibit ms fund (Exhibit ca 10.21 22 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN EXHIBIT III Summary of Investments, June 30, 1940 Average yield for ee on Par value Book value, Accrued basis of (no O par val lue | Approximate thee es “smear Quot- 2 stock ae Le quoted value praisal at date | June 30, ed cok of acquisition 1940 value | value % | % General funds: Bonds....... $ 506,500.00 | $ 526,300.01 | $ 519,728.70 | $ 4,267.93 | 3.74 | 3.79 Stocks Preferred. . 99,505.00 111,943.75 103,637.50 1,162.50 | 4.67 | 5.04 Common. . 26,103.80 8,594.13 27,573.63 90.00 | 5.24 | 1.63 $ 632,108.80 | $ 646,927.89 | $ 650,939.83 | $ 5,520.43 | 3.92 | 3.90 a er ha re $ 514,000.00 | $ 485,865.63 | $ 486,589.69 | $ 6,039.26 | 3.75 | 3.75 . Preferred 178,730.34 207,190.63 183,587.85 1,106.25 | 4.60 | 5.19 75,140.00 146,277.50 107,058.04 1/885.00 5.25 | 7.17 $ 767,870.34 | $ 839,333.76 | $ 777,235.58 | $ 9,030.51 | 4.22 | 4.56 Special endow- ment fund: Bo: a sect he $ 363,000.00 | $ 374,378.77 | $ 372,721.33 | $ 3,393.31 | 3.01 | 3.02 Sto Prerenied: : 126,437.50 173,765.63 147,454.88 1,137.50 | 4.40 | 5.19 Common. . 10,000.00 26,900.00 36,345.16 300.00 | 4.46 | 3.31 $ 499,437.50 | $ 575,044.40 | $ 556,521.37 | $ 4,830.81 | 3.50 | 3.61 John D. Rocke- feller, Jr., fund: dS -4 ehgs $ 288,000.00 | $ 324,640.63 | $ 294,585.25 | $ 2,644.80 | 3.15 | 3.47 Stocks—pre- ferred. .... 167,068.75 244,806.25 200,256.26 1,160.41 [| 4.45 | 5.44 $ 455,068.75 | $ 569,446.88 |$ 494,841.51 | $ 3,805.21 | 3.71 | 4.27 epee trust Stock—com- one $ 16,871.45|/$ 2,035.50/8 16,371.45 $2,370,856.84 | $2,632,788.43 | $2,495,909.74 | $23,186.96 | 3.88 | 4.09 Recapitulation by types of sec ities: onds .......{ $1,671,500.00 | $1,711,275.04 | $1,673,624.97 | $16,345.30 | 3.47 | 3.55 Ocks: Preferred. . 571,741.59 737,706.26 634,936.49 4,566.66 | 4.51 | 5.24 Common. . 127,615.25 183,807.13 187,348.28 2,275.00 | 5.07 | 4.98 $2,370,856.84 | $2,632,788.43 | $2,495,909.74 | $23,186.56 | 3.88 | 4.09 23 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN EXHIBIT IV Statement of Permanent ian Showing Changes During the Period of Eighteen ‘onths Ending June 30, 1940 Balance Additions Balance January 1, ant June 30, 1989 deductions* 1940 Restricted endowments: : ded ..|$ 89,115.49 | $ $ 89,115.49 Addison Brown Pund seein ta eam Rea anh 21,149.31 21,149.31 35,347.6: 35,347.63 Maria De Witt Jesup ond Liles aol hes 25,000.00 25,000.00 livia E kes Fund 5,030.63 5,030.63 harles Budd Robi 755.04 755.04 The H. H. Memorial F 5,000.00 5,000.00 Alexander i ‘Anderson’ aa Lydia Ander- son Research and Fellowship Fund. . 10,000.00 10,000.00 Students’ Research Fund 10,724.50 | $ 612.50 11,337.00 Endows ent for the publication of ‘'My- cologia” 6,000.00 1,000.00 7,000.00 Nathaniel Lord Britton and Elizabeth Ge rtr ude Britton | Fu ee 46,357.20 46,357.20 1,800.00 1,800.00 $ 254,479.80; % 3,412.50) % 257,892.30 Unrestricted endowments: ndo wment Ft and. $ 251,747.26 |$ 1,812.50*) $ 250,434.76 i 34,337.86 34,337.86 William R. San 10,000.00 10,000.00 arius Ogden ate ae 48,099.17 48,099.17 ay Iden Fund 10,000.00 10,000.00 nny Bri ridgham Fund 30,000.00 30,000.00 25,000.00 25,000.00 ussell Sage and rei Olivia Sage Memorial Fund 791,274.89 13,264.89 804,539.78 Frances Griscom Pars ons | Fund 2304. 67 2,304.67 Special End 552,392.29 9,761.50 562,153.79 The John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Fund....... 497,228.72 160.00* 497,068.72 The Charles Patri ick Daly and Maria Lydig aly Fund 19,636.34 19,636.34 The James A. Scrymser and Mary C. Scrymser Fund 12,750.00 12,750.00 The George N. Best Fund 3,000.00 3,000.00 The Mary S SI k Fund. ....... 3,517.00 3,517.00 $2,291,288.20 |$ 21,553.89 | $2,312,842.09 Special endowment: Special Trust Fund $ 21,158.82 $ 21,158.82 $2,566,926.82 1$ 24,966.39 | $2,591,893.21 24 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN SPECIAL FUNDS Funds Designated for Spe cific beled see ia ie ne EXHIBIT V Statement of Application of Income from Resiri cted Permanent Funds and Special tod of Eighteen Months Balance Expendi- Balance January 1, | Additions | tures and / June 30, 1939 transfers 1940 Endowment for science a educa- tion: Public lectures and instruction, research and sundry publica- tions $ 3,457.01 | $ 4,928.27 | $ 5,166.55 | $ 3,218.73 Addison Brown Fund: Publication of ‘Addisonia’”’...... 1,792.82 1,542.82 250.00 John Innes Kane Fund: Purchase io living plants and re- lated e 63.32 1,954.46 1,782.55 235.23 Maria De Witt Jesup Fu Botanical collections........... 1,382.10 1,382.10 Olivia E. and Caroline Phelps Stokes Fund: | native pla 277.93 277.93 tie Budd Robinson Fund: xploration 28.51 41.46 69.97 The H. H. Memorial Fund: Develop jel gard 276.04 276.04 Alexander P. Anderson and Lydia EE Research and Fellow-! ship Fun Research: ia yung hie a ey 553.50 553.50 Students’ Research Fund: Scholarships and prizes......... 114.88 606.02 350.00 370.90 Mycologia Fund: Publication of ‘“Mycologi 420.96 8,261.51 aeec 1,868.94 Transfer to M cei ‘Fund (Exhibit IV a ile ate ae ha 1,000.00) Nathaniel Lord Bri and_ Eliz: saaae Gertrude Britton Fund: rch, eeu publica: pecimen etc 2,574.64 1,560.00 1,014.64 $ 4,084.68 |§ 22,648.75 | $19,705.02 7,028.41 25 EXHIBIT V—Concluded Balance Expendi- Balance January 1, | Additions | tures and June 30, 1939 transfers 1940 Special funds designated for specific purposes: hool d $ 1,574.06 | S$ 441.00 | $ 739.28 | $ 1,275.78 Bequest of K. K. Mackenzie: Completion and publication of scientific drawings........... 8,426,95 217.52 8,209.43 Contribution towards fund for ecific improvements and de velopments..............0-- 12,500.00 12,500.00 Contribution from the American Delphinium Society Investigation o! rot disease 1,200.00 1,116.67 83.33 Others vcs seea eee eb here iol oihe aes 252.96 2,803.32 2, 280.34 775.94 $10,253.97 | $16,944.32 | $ 4,353.81 | $22,844.48 $14,338.65 | $39,593.07 | $24,058.83 | $29,872.89 Reconciliation with income and ex- penses during period under re- view: Six months ending June 30, 1939 (Exhibit II-A).......0...000.. $21,491.98 | $10,291.63 Year ending June 30, 1940 (Exhibit TTSB) etic saree ats inva titeia sete 18,101.09 | 12,767.20 Transfer to principal of Mycologia Fund (Exhibit IV). .....0....... 1,000.00 $39,593.07 | $24,058.83 26 PUBLICATIONS OF THE STAFF NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN 1940* Alexander, Edward Johnston Seretee curator; curator of the local erbar: um. { Editor: Addi Aechmea fulgens discolor. Addisonia 21: 17, 18. pl. 681. “6” [26] Au 1940. Sanchezia parvibracteat Addisonia 21: 21, 22. pl. 683. “6” [26] Au 1940. Penstemon dissectus. ddisonia 21: 23, 24. pl. 684. “6” [26] 1940. Solanum sisymbrifolium. Addisonia 21 27, 28. pl. 686. “6” [26] Au 1940. Rondeletia eye poaacone 21: 31. pl. 688. “6” [26] A A aa -plant which Fe rats gates itself. Bot. Gard. 41:213-216. lt, (241 S 1940, Rep ined : Real Gard. 3°: 63-65. [5] A new Dae of Graptopetalum. Cactus & Succ. Jour. 12:161-163. illust. O Wren cyllium trinasutum refound. Am. vod Soc. Bull. 9:144. 1 N 1940. Southern plant notes. Castanea 5:91, 92. N . 1940, Barnhart, John Hendley Bibliographer, (Co-editor: North American Flora.) Bibliography: volume 9. N. Am. Flora : 1047-1108. 14 Je 19: lizabeth Gertrude Knight Britton as a scientist. ur. Y. Bot. Gard. 41: 142, 143. [18] Je 1 te) North ‘Ainerican ‘Cates. Jil Lentibulariaceae jot Panama}. Ann. Mis- souri Bot. Gard. 27: 341. 25 S 1940, Bonisteel, William Joh Graduate "student (to THe: investigator (from June The sterilly of Sparks aconite. Tor: rey Club 67: 93-116. pi. independent Bull. 9-12. fl 4 9 Polyploidy in relation to Baier analy- oe our. Am. Pharm. Assoc. Sci. Ed. : 404-408. 0. The clone in Phere Jour. Pharm. Assoc. Sci. Ed. 29: 453, vy 01 Revision of the official definitions in the *A few publications of 1939, omitted included. nographs on aconite and other plants Circ. U. S. Pharm conf. Bot. 24:55, 56. 1940. drug acop. Pre- Burke, Jos Honor: eph Francis ary curator of the une Diatomaceae fro The diatom collections at the New York Botanical Garden. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 41: 278-280. [30 ae Bot. Gard. 417282 284 iilust. M3) D 1940 Butler, Ellys Theodora Graduate student (to June) ; independent investigator (from une). Ascus dehiscence in Lecanidion atratum and its aie eee aoe 31: 612- 2. Steves in ae peas Mycologia 32: 791-823. f. 1-10. 1 D 19490. Camp, Wendel. olmes rarneee cur: ae : ‘nsteactor ‘axonomic Vacciniaceae [and Bricateae of Panama]. “ a i Bot. Gard. 26: 297, 298. 30° NI eo soe in he status and no- menclature of certai of Vac: new ‘variety of Triphora. ee 42: 55, 56. 6 F 1940. r changing generic concepts. Bull. : 381-389. 4 My 1940. Ann. 2 Ss 1940, Ericaceae “Tot Pa nama]. Bot. Gard. 27: 327-329. (With ALBert ‘CHar RLES Ericaceae fof extra-tr was South Amer- ica]. Lilloa 5: 366. 3 D 1940. On the recent proposal for a taxonomic journa: Chron. Bot. 6:128 16 D 1940 a, José Giger ibe “Ciro Augu eo liaceas de Cuba. eMem. Soc. oo “Poe 14: 329-347. 31 D 1940. from the list for that year, are here pe ai, &S fer re x eo : Azaleas and primulas lining a path in the Flower Display House in spring. Chandler, ee Clyde esis ce iploid and diploid plants af Hemerocallis Fulva. Bull. Tor- rey Club 67: 649-672. f. 1-61 [f. 2-22 = pl. 13, 41. 1 N 1940. dson, Ha rahe ansete gree to October). y use manures? Gard. Chron. Am. 44:46, 64. [1] F 1940 Degener, Otto Col llaborator in Hawaiian bot F is. 41 Grube es pages. 3 Mr-30 Je t, 4 » Je.) iS se 14 Je 1940. 15 Ja; 8 pi . 4+ alas { Strauss sessilis, a new species from Ha- Bull. Torrey Club 67: 301. (With Epwarp Yataro Ho- Dodds, Donald Gardener. Propagating ferns by spores. Gard. Chron. Am. 44: 144, 163, 164. My 1940. ge, Bernard - ie eee pathologis' t Two serious diseases Ot Minds trees. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 41:93, 94. [16] Ap Jour, N. Y. Bot. illust, [18] My 1940. Fern diseases and pests. Gard. 41:116, 117. 1940. Reprinted in: Woopwarp, Carot HEL. Nn. Hardy ferns and ‘their roalture: 37, 48. y Second- division segregation and crossing- er in the fungi. are Torrey Club 476. e 2, e 1940. eniarks made at the aed meeting of the Torrey Club. Torreya 40:88, 89. 5 Je 1940. t, John ne ee student Opes ‘fom oat Roraima]. rey : 291-293. 6 Ap re ne "a HARLES B Bull. 1940, ww th SMITH. Everett, Thoma: as He: oe ort os ota. Mandl 4: 360, 361, 364. illust. of beg Ss grown a ork Botanical "Garden, Gard. 41: 1-11. at the Jour. N. illust. [25] a 1940. The oe of begonias grown at the Ra ne Botanical Garden. In: Begor ‘onias, Y. Bot. Woo CaroL 1-28. “alist. F 1940. cee irom Jour, N. Y. Bot. Gard. a 3-67, Mr 1939; 41:1-ll. Ja Gardeners are urged to resist the im- pulse to plant ic soon. N. Y. Tim 89(29982): D9. 25 F mae Annuals in their place. Y. Times 89(29906)": 8. illest. 0s Mir nee Raising ferns from spores. Jour. N. Y. Has Gard. 41:114, 115. ilust. [18] Reprinted in: Woopwarp, Caro. HeEt- ardy ferns and their culture, 36. My ae ue Introduction. L AN- SON Coe eee ins "check list. [1939]. 1 Jl 1940. English wal reat are used for charm- cts. ae Y. Times 89 Tradescantia Warszewicziana, Addisonia 219, 20. pl. 682. “6” [26] Au ee hee obconica. ae ja 21:25, 2 a 685. “6” [26] A 940. Glycosmis citrifolia. pl. 687. “6” [26] Au 1940. ha plants and windowed. plants. Fall Fl. Show Glen Cove 1940 :89. 2 .N 1940. Sh ca indoors: ferns. 14. 8 N 1940, operative extension work in agri- me economics, State of adio digest; mimeo- Pa * Addison 21:29, ( Anonymous. ) r 34335)": 18. “17 -N 1940. (Anonymou: A fountain surrounded by glowing chrysanthemums marked the bean, of the flower display in the Main Conservatories in Novemb Fulling, Edmund Henry jad pene Jnvestis alot. (Editor: Botanical Fy Aa Syrup. ‘and suee ma: Jour. rao Y. eeu eed M: aay illust. 24] O Gilly, Charles Louis Speier artist. es ey tnem British Guiana]. Lloy- 169, 170. “S” [14 O] 1939. ne ate Everardia. Bull. Torrey Club 68:20-31, f. 2-3. 31D 1940. Gleason, Henry AL Assistant director ; tor. (Co-editor : Paces, Co-editor: North American Flora. Associate Editor: ub. Jan head curator ; instruc- m. Midl. Nat. 21: 92-110. asso 20 F 19. Melastomataceae [from British Guiana] Bull. Torrey Club 67: 294. 6 Ap 1940. The Melastomaceae of the Yucatan penin- sula. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Publ. 323-373. (Botany of the Maya Area: Miscellaneous Papers XX.) 20 Je 1940. Ann. Mis- Melastomaceae [of Panama]. 30 N souri Bot. Gard. 26: 295, 296. 1939. Melastomaceae [of extra-tropical South Am erica]. Lilloa 5: 363. 3 D 1940. ernonia [of extra-tropical South Amer- ca}. Lilloa 5: 439, 440. 3 D 1940. Griffith, Fleda Artist and photographer. Photo; ea we we see. Jour. Biol. Phot . Assoc. 14 f. 11. [22] s 194 e agelstein, Rober Honorary curator “e Myxomyce' The Diatomaceae of Porto Reo and the Virgin Islands. Sci. Su ur P. Ri 313-450. pl. 3-9. 19 Ja 1939. mi Torreya 40: 25-27. 31 a 1940, Correction [to an article in Mycologia 31: 728, 729]. Mycologia 32:264. 1 Ap Notes « on the Mycetozoa—IV. Mycologia 32: 376-387. 1 Je 1940. Hall, Elizabeth Cornelia Librarian; instruct Bae iterature for ‘the oe and gar- Jou a . Gard. 41:73, Woo , CaRoL HEL Hardy fens andi ‘their culture. 34, y Full crop of bo Y. Times 89 (29996)"": S a7 ust. 10 Mr 1940. as den bool f the past twelve ments: ane Jou 2229-235. illust. 15 M: B ok new volumes. Y. Te Cea D9. 31 Mr 194 Gardening books for 1940. Bull. Nat. Counc. State Gard. Clubs 11:2. [22] O 1940. Announcement ew garden books. Flow FGrower 2: cae 504. “N” [24 QO} 1940. (A us.) My favorite garden books, Gard, Digest 12": 40-42. [22] N 1940 a Perea! ee ey additions, of: M ite recreational readinig. one Grower 2 6: 495. “N” [31 0) 1939.) Kavanagh, Frederick Walker ee tunica assistant. esponse to certain vitamins 7 four. LEGAS and ANNA ELiza JENKINS) [Ab stract.] Krukoff, Boris Alex Independent as tee “Cte June) ; hon- orary curator of economic botany ‘(from Preliminary notes on Asiatic- Polynesian species of Erythrina Jour. Arnold Arb, 20; 225-233. 28 1939, Notes on the botanical components of curare—II. Bull. Torrey Club 66: 305- a My 1939. (With ALBErt Cu $ SMITH.) The American species of ee Brit- tonia he 337. 27 O 1939. A new na for Cocculus toxicoferus Wedd. Brittonia = 27 O 1939. (With Harow N MOLDENKE.) Fabaceae [of Argentina]. Lilloa 5: 362. 3D 1940. kar: ear bea of the American Del- phinium Society. ew Phoma disease of perennial del- phiniuin: Eh es eey 30:15. Ja 1940, [Abst Report of the Danis crown ro vestigation eee Am. ae Soc. Yearb. 1939: 102-108. lust. [Ap McKenna, Patrick Jos ae ioe sae it to the Ce ividiee in- qiee ae affect plant hardiness? Gard. Chron. Am. 44:9, 15. [2] Ja 1940. Reprinted, ee ‘iges slightly condensed: Gard. st 1417. (3) Mr 1940. Some ne’ or lesser known annuals. Bull, Gard Club Am. VII. 7: 107-109, Ja 1940. Courses for gardeners. ternat. Fi. Show ae Progr. 27th In- 144,145. [11] Mr =o Petters RozssBtns, WILLIAM Jacos.] The ‘botanical alas its contribution to La e (Montreal). 14 Mr i940" ome fundamentals of good rose growing. Real Gard. 3°: 16-19. ne (26 My] 40. Fundamen- t. r. N.Y. “list Je 1939.) Water- lilies, culturally speaking. Gard Chron. Am. 44:175, 176, lust. (1] e 1940. Iniroving, ae hasraer border. Gard. Chron : 234, 239. [1] Au 1940. PR uate ae roses for fall planting. Arts & Decor. (Spur) 52°: 14, 44, 45. “S” [Au] 1940. ae peers ial border. Gard, Chron. Am. 270. illust. [3] S 1940. Pe and planting now is a prelude to spring success. N. Y. Times 89 (30178): D12. 8 S 1940. Mackenzie, Kenneth Kent Independent investigator (died 2. North American Cariceae 1: i-v, ce rae ay pl. 1-269. 2 ae rates a ra ae Ea 539, (Illustra HLARLI CREUTZBERG; e Hee Ha o Wit. LIA ei Melrose, David Fleming Student gardener. Hardy fern exhibit at Flower Show. Forum Annual 1:3. [13 Ap] 1940. The New York Botanical Garden offers sanctuary fa wild life. Every year ducks come to nest on the grounds - they swim ithin Moldenke, Harold Norman ssociate - instructor. (Co-editor: Phytologia.) [Field trips of the Torrey Botanical Club.} Trips of Aug eae ser Bue Bhar chung Mount aie 25, Jal a additional pote on Teesdalia. Castanea 15 F 1940. An lev iG to ats ition 3 . . Moldenke’s The ob: mon and ver- r members of the Verbenaceae and Avicenniaceae. 1- : - F 1940. [Mimeographed; 200 Fems ‘of oe Jour, N. Y. Bot. Gard. 75, 76. [9] Mr nae Pee in: Woopv Caro. HEL. N. Hardy ferns ‘and "their folie: My A. preliminary alp habetic list of invalid ae incorrect scientific names proposed the Verbenaceae and Avicenniaceae ; ip and down the Bronx River the park. including variations in spelling and ac- cretion 1-57. 17 Mr 1940. [Mimeo- ; 300 copies] nts of the Bible. 1-135. 4 Je 1940. Mee cera: 400 copies. } A naturalist in Flo: yon 2, orreys 40: 100. 5 Je 1940. [Abstrac he ceae, and I . (Botany of the Maya ee Miscellaneous Papers XVII.) 20 Je 1940. A ichecrs sp In: Purie, Aveust Apri- Flora of ener 4: 257-321. ir Avicenniaceae. In: Putte, Avcust Apri- Nn. Flora of ‘Suriname # + 322-325. ie 1940. Marine He oe Torreya 40: 120-124. 31 Jl1 ome new ae a ie Apocynaceae and ornaceae and in various American groups. Revista dam. il 178. Au 1940. Additional notes —VI. 1940. on the genus Aegiphila Phytologia 1: 372400. 6S Pee [of Panama]. ri Bot. Ann. Mis- Gard. 27: 268, 269. 25 S Mis- 1940. Meo Ge Panama]. Ann. i Bot. 25 8 ard. 27: 335, 336. in the Avicenniaceae and Ver- Phytologia 1: 409-432. 2 0 a trips of the Torrey Botanical Club.} f April 21 < ae Ba: ss an = i poe Laborat Tor: e) eae rey Botanical Club.] ip of May 5 i "Plainfield and Wat- oo. N. 7, Torreya 40:177. 3 O 1940. Se we of the Torrey Botanical Club.] f June 9 to Dock we — a u ollow oe Chimney Ro Tor: 199, 180. 3 O 1940. Additior nal Verbe aceous novelties. Phy- d by ‘Union Pa ission. ] Nocane. among the American Verbena- any Phytologia 1:453-480. 25 N 1 New species — a of Vitex from Fra a eric: . Woods 64: 29- 40. 194 0. [Eveld ae of the Torrey Botanical Club.] tober 13 to Branchville, of Oc onn. Torreya 40: 217,218. 2D 1940 Additional notes on the “Menisperma- eae.” I. loa 5: 231-255. 3 D 1940 Contributions to the flora of extra-tropi- cal South America. I. Lilloa 5: 353- 440. 3 D 1940. Taxonomy and floristics the Ameri- cas (July to December, 1939). Chron. Bot. 6: 129-131. 16 D 1940: II. Chron. Bot. 6: 154-156. 30 D 1940. Rabat se novelties. Am. Midl. Nat. ama 30 D 1940. New ew or noteworthy South American Eriocadlaceae, Torrey Club 68: Bull. 67-70. 31 D 1940. Peckham, Ethel Anson (Steel) Honorary curator of [ris and Narcissus collections The new check list. 77:50. Ap 1940. A jaunt through New England. Bull. Am. Iris Soc. 78: 41-47. Jl 1940. Bull. Am. Iris Soc. 32 1-582, Alphabetical iris check list [1939]. 1940. (American Iris So- ulust. Jl ciety.) Rickett, Harold Willia: Assistant bibliographer ink (Editor: Torrey Botanical ‘hs : Achievements in elementary role, School and Society 51: 284-288. 2 Mr 1940. The life story of a fern. Gard, 41: 53-59. Mast 91 ie “oie Re in: Woopwarp, Caro, HE1- Zs ed of the monsoon forest of : Tour N.Y. ee Gard. 41: 189- illust. [28] Au 1940. Robbins, ee Director ; ins' sociate Editor, "Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.) Nutrit he See in plant growth and re- produc: Growth 3: 317. er 1939. 192. is Bot. 26:772-778. 4 Ja 1940 Effect of potato waa on growth of Phycomyces. 101 : 912-927, f. 13, 25 Je 1940. (with Kart CLEM- ENS HAMNER. Response of excised tomato, roots to BC 4 yit PL. Physiol. fe ea A He 1 1940. Effect of extracts of Phycomyces upon its development. Am. Jour. Bot. 27: 559- 564. f. 1-6. 30 Jl 1940. Sugar—a comment on the sweetest age in history. yout. | an Bot. Gard. 41: 177-181. [28] A Growth absences i in a ee corn and its parents. . Torrey Club 67 : 565- 574. IH. O 1940. Light and the growth of excised roots of atura. Bull. Torrey Club 67:762- 764. f. 1. 3D 1940. Schneider, Hildegard Klara (Kessinger) Gardener. ies oe species native to the Amer ae Woopwarp, CaRoL He a 40-44. illust. F 1940 _LReprinted from a Y, Bot. Gard. 40: 274-278. D 1939.) | Seaver, Fred Jay Curator; instructor. (Editor : Mycologia. Co-editor: North America n Flora. : Heterothallism in Ascobolus geophilus. Mycologia 32: 264. 1 Ap 1940. 33 Other poisonings with Clitocybe illudens. Mycologia 32: 267, 268. 1 Ap 1940. se ibu ue ms to the ora of Ber- nuida—. Mycologia 32: 388-407. f. o i Je 1940. (With JoHn Mac- Laren WATERSTON. Photostaphs “and descriptions of cu fungi—X XX A new ae of Pa. tella. Mycologia 32: 567-569. f. 1. 1 Av 19 A new powdery mildew. Mycologia 32: 649-651. f. 1 10 1940. Smith, Albert Char! Ass curator - September) ; in- ‘inuctar. A collection of flowering plants from s Am i Porresia oe Allem.). Trop. Woods 62: 28-31. “1 Je” [9 My] 1940. Bot. Gard. 27 : 324-327 — S ce Ericaceae [of Panama]. Missouri Bot. Gard. 27: SF 20. 28 5S 1940. ae WENDELL Hotmes Camp.) he American species of Perera “Beton 3:341-555. f. 1-12. 1N 940. Stout, Arlow Burdette ator Curat of education and laboratories ; instructor An autobiography. Herbertia 6: 30-40. portr. Ja 1940. Distr Sa of the Mikado daylily. Jour. t. Gard. 41:21. [25] Ja 1940. Progress in ene for seedless grapes. Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 37; 627-629. My “1940. The nomenclature of cultivated plants. Am. Jour. Bot. 27:339-347, 12 Je Injury to daylilies by thrips. Jour. N. Y. illust. [24] O Bot. Gard, 41: 244, 245. 1940, Tansey, Joseph Willia: ucto: Jou N.Y. : 109, 110, 112, 113. [18] Reprinted in: Woopwarp, Caro. HEt- N. etek oe and their culture. 2831. illust. My 1940. oodward, Carol Helen Panera aa (Ed: itor: Journal of the New York Bo- tanical Garden. Meas S. Lee. Jour. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2, 13, 16-18. portr. [25] np 1940. fevoni ‘A series of illustrated articles reprinted from the Journal of the New York Botanical Garden. 1-44 1 (Caro, H. Woonwaro, ed.} Educational program, New York Botani- cal Garden, 1940-1942. Jour. N. Y. Bot. ard. 41 1 [9] r 1940. (Anonymous. ee Liles and other plants on display Bro Park. Y. World-Tele- eae 72(225) 11. 23 Mr 1940. Bron: ark display : Y. World- Telegram 72(249):—. 20 Ap 1940. ardy ferns and their culture. ompr: ing a group of articles and illustrations on ferns which appeared in the Journal the New York Botanical Garden. a Pcl 1940. (Caro. H. Woop- WA “Garden aorecaton” ticulture 18 : 258. Bri being taught. Hor- 1 Je 1940. . Gard. 41: 129-137. 940. Anonymous. Korean chrysanthemum: [18] Je a chapter in N. Y. Bot. acon O 1940. [Bo chi yemthenains Fl. Exch. 95:13. 9 N 1940. Gravelle photomicrographs a gift to th Garden. Jour. Bot. Gard. 41: 281, 282. “illust. 130] D 1940, SPECIAL EVENTS AT THE GARDEN DURING 1940 Mar. 11-16. hibit of 142 kinds of hardy ferns at oe International Flower shee for whic! gold medal and a special prize wei svar ar. 17, Festival of Spring Flowering Bulbs, celebrating the plooming of eas shan a god ¢ 47,000 bulbs which wer the Garden by the Holland Bulb Industries of Fhsarlem, aoe Mote then. ae nee site e in color, showing a Maryland garden in spring, and to hear addresses by Mr. J. A. Schuur- The path man, Consul-General of the Netherlands, and by, ro George H. Gillies on the culture of bs. Mar. 16 and A 13. Members of the Torrey Botanical Club visited the various labora- tories at the Garden Mar. 23. May 9. Wild Flower Rec was unveiled Opening of the Easter Piepiay, Pro to “elizabeth Gertrude used for fae pre- ie wat anaes outdoors by the York Bird an eClub. 24. Annual tea of the Advisory Council and the Hoard ne Ma anagers, with 200 mem- bers en’s National Farm and Grace Association as guests during their nual n New Yor! May 24—-June 1. Rock Garden Week, the first ive days being designated as Members’ jays. May Graduating exercises in_ the lecture all “of the Museum Building for 18 mem- hers of the Two-year Course ‘m1 ee June 2 Re- the Schling. | vaddress was by Max to 200 afte: fresh ents were’ served Bs June-Octo Dis; autie “plants in “Gardens e World's Fai play of waterlilies and other on Parade” xt to the Wild Flower Garden, which on May 9 was the scene of a special ceremony with dedication of a plaque to Elizabeth Gertrude Knight Britton. July 19. Men’s Garden Club made a special oe ae ime Aretaty during a eanuer con- w York. About 80 present. Aug. Nat: Assi of Gardene: ‘made a National trip to “the ne “curing their annual convention. pre: Aug. 22. Children’s pageant staged by W.P.A. 300 children present. Sept. 12-14. jotographs from Garden exhibit- ed ou Suiual, convention wi Biological Pho- tographic Association in Milwaukee. Oct. First showing of motion picture of Botan Garden before the Board of Man- Oct. 27, Bronx Committee of Girl Scouts, an- nual ene in honor of their founder. 650 Oct. 31. | Members’ Room {opened on third floor of Museum Building a t meeting of Advisory sonnel at which the new motion picture as n before this group for the first tim Oct. 30-Nov. 0 kinds of stone plants and windowed Panes exhibited at Fall Flower Show at Glen Cove, L. I. Nov. 1. Opening of Chrysanthemum Display. Dec. 11. Incorpor n of 2,000,000th specimen in the Rerparin a program and ceremony, follow: the Members’ Room. Ad snerabets of the stai taking part, and al Dec. 23. Opening of Christmas Display. 35 NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN MEMBERSHIP *Edward D. Adams “N. rittol * Addison *Andrew Car Columbia University *Charles P. Daly ake: S Alexan P. Ander: irs. der Andee Co. rs. " Louisa Coml +e ee eR + 7 2 ae S a ee ek . E. Aldred *John me ees oe a * ath wie eorge S. Bowdoin Bri a ek + kt wae af a? : s a a fa) P. Huntington *Felix peas *A. G. Agne *Mrs. James ‘Henna Aldrich ‘Richard H. Allen mar men: * — Deceased. d BENEFACTORS . Ford “Daniel ee i 1 ri a *Murry Gugg dward S ohn Irs. Jol enheim FELLOWS FOR LIFE id B. Ts. :. ‘wale “Tame K. Jes rs. "Morris x. ete Kane hn Paes _ mene’ ard V. Innes ach wane ao rs. a R. _Metiney. . Lewis R. ‘izabeth E. Mor: ‘rancis oon Parsons orge W. Pe: rerkins rs. pe e W. Perkins a tant y R. Pyne LIFE MEMBERS “Constant A. “J. *Wm 2 Andrews Sherlock Andrews A. Anthon: T. Dmctrone: ard W. C. Arnold J. P. Morgan *John D. Rockefeller Ea D. oe Jr. . Russell S; “Francis Lynde “Stetson *Cornelius Vanderbilt oe aes ae A. Serym: . James A. eeedaee a ae ’ Shepard *Samuel 5. *F. K. Stu: *Mrs. Frederic F. ete *W. ae n Thom “Ww. "Va nderbilt *Mrs. ee Eno Wood ae ard ee = ‘A Roebling SS re ee 2 S 2) ioe gene 2 4 a 3 2 tt ek a) We . William H. Woodin Irs. Hugh D. Auchincloss ee P. Aver. *Samuel P. Avery, Jr. *Samuel D. Babcock 36 LIFE MEMBERS (Continued) *George V. N. Baldwin *Isaac W. Drummond rg B. James Henry de Forest Baldwin Ethel DuBois . G. Janeway *Cora F. Barnes *Katharine DuBois nie B. Jennings John Hendley Barnhart *William A. DuBois ae R. T. Jones eorge D. Barron George E. Dunscombe Aurel Batonyi Mrs. William K. duPont *Mrs. Delancey Kane ustay Baumann *Mrs. John Dwight Mrs. David J. Kelley Henry Rogers Benjamin Thomas Dwyer *Eugene Kelly, Jr, illiam G. Bibb *Nathaniel T, Kidder Mrs. Robert Woods Bliss Newbold Edgar *William M. Kingsland *Mrs. ee T. Blodgett “Gera Ehret *W. B. Kunhardt *J. 0. d L. Einstein “H.R. Kunhardt eorge scan hater K. Ely . C. Bobbink *Amos F. Eno *Charles Lanier *George C. Bet John F. Erdmann W. V. Lawrence * Bonne *Meyer H. Lehman *Robert S. Brewster rrell Clarence Lewis *Frederic Bronson “William C. Ferguson *Mrs. G Lewis rs. Addison Brown Mrs. H. J. ae *W. H. Lewis, Jr. *J. Hull Browning Harry Harknes ry eae Jr. Hen *Mrs. Harry arnes Picice re * > 5 a & g 2 a3 33° Hugh N. ie Lancey ne Jones *C, W. Ipin Thomas M. Carnegie Eugene G. Foster *Guy R. McLan Jarion Roby Case Mrs. John French *Emerson McMillan *Frank R. Chambers *Henry C. Frick * Hee fe Macy, Jr. *Hugh J. Chishol * m H. Macy, Jr. dugh J. Chisholm, Jr _ ‘odore Kane Gibbs + te ‘Maitland *E, Dwight Chure Mrs. William P. Gilmour *Francis H. Markee *Mrs. Alfred C. Clark “James J. Goodw *Louis Marshall eorge C. Clar J. B. M. Grosvenor *Edgar L. Marston * anes Clarkson Bernard (G: Gunther *Bradley Mar! beer nC Cisne ne *Franklin L, Gunther ee Meer ih ‘ochra *George N. Mil Coe Robert Hagelstein Mrs. Roswell mee Jr. a Col, ‘rederic R Halsey *A. C. Mills corgete T. s Collier abate “irs. William F. Milton William Fe a i _ oa *Roland G. Hitt ei aes Ces oe arrington M. F. A. Constable Sree Hayes *John G. Moore. illiam L. Conynghai : ewbold Morris *Theodore Cooper tec George. Ac. Helme *Levi P. Morton *S. Wilbur Corman Henry Hicks aut e “James J. Higginson aaa nas Crane Bee Hodenpy! “A. Lanfear Norrie Irs. R. N. Cranford Gxuerman ae *Gordon N eorge B, Hopkins *Melville C. Day ee ee ee *George M. Olcott Mrs. John Ross pases : ete Ta ae oye Mrs. Charles Tyler Olmsted “Julia L. Delafi 2 d William Church Osborn *Maturin L. Pee nS cu ane 2 Hughes ev. H. M. Denslow rank 3 a *Henry Parish harles O. Dexter ames "Hyde "George Foste *Anthony Dey *Adrian Iselin “William Hall Penfold » B. Dickerman *Mrs. Columbus O’D. Iselin . Perkin “James Douglass Curt C. Pfeiffer fosephine W. Drexel *Theodore F. Jackson cae A. Pfeiffer * — Deceased. COTTON Gossyrium (vaRious SPECIES) ALLOW FAMILY «FROM THE ARABIC WORD "QUT" Wa: CONVERTED INTO AR’ REATMENT YIELDS Quncor “TON UBED IN MANY“HIG H IVES, AL6O COLLODION, CELLULOID ANO CELLOPHANE , . oe A typical label provided by the Garden for the plants of economic importance shown in the conservatories. LIFE MEMBERS (Continued) . Herbert i eas ee — nry C. Potter *Jacob Monroe Rich Mrs. A. J. Purdy *John J. Riker penn H. S “Same Tolman oe Laurance S.. Rockefeller *Edward C. Schaefer ‘aylor Pyn * . Rogers *F. August Schermerhorn John Rogers Jacob H. ae isis E. Quinlan J. C. Rogers *Grant B. Schley e W. Quintard *Jacob pane “Mrs. I. Blair Sertme *Thomas F. Ryan *Isaac N. Selig George Sherman Stanley G. Ranger * — Deceased, “Jam hewan es Maron Smith Nelson Smith Tam mes Spe; *Anson Preis Stokes J. Sto: *Ellen Albert “Paul ee The ‘bau mae M. pson aanice Thor: Baker s. Lawrence P. Bayne lizabeth Billings s. Harold Brown aul D. on Si Irs. Cant * & Geredor ertrude Di eae H. Dodge farie Girard Hu rs. E. Bronxv. rs. Robert Hewitt ile Women's Club Connecticut Hort. Society Flu Club ishing Garden Home Garden Club Laurel Garden Club Mamaroneck Garden Club Irs, T. J. Abbott ouis J. Abrams E. Adams . Winthrop W. Aldrich ir + Dovgla Aten der Valt TA is ir s, O. P. Amend rs. Arthur M ee rthur M, oe Mrs. A. * — Deceased. *Mrs. Mrs. Charles come Andrews 38 E MEMBERS ori Oswald W. Uhl Anna Murray Vail F. T. Van Beuren C. Vanderbilt “Henry Freeman Walker *John I. Waterbury SUSTAINING MEMBERS Irs. Christian R ae aay 2G CLUB AFFILIATES GA preeatreaile Garden Clul . Vernon Garden Club Ca New Rochel ub North Country Garden Club ANNUAL MEMBERS Arland . Auchincloss rs. ita Averett poe rig oe 5 Aye a . Holmes Mrs. eee pears Hooker ir: ow A. Watson ohn D. Wing *Mrs. ‘Anna Woerishoffer *Charles T. Yerkes *Jeremiah L. Zabriskie Grace Scoville Mrs, William Sloane Edgar B. sate Mrs. Charles H. Sto Arthur nee Bali es Robert T. Swaine rs. William C. Terry Samuel Thorne ae al B BF a ° « Sta ma: Miriam Dwight Walke Mrs. cc Fish Webster Alain i Mrs. William H. Woodin Plainfield Garden Club Haan Sctein Clu Rive n-Hudson Garden Chub South Orange Garden Club aria Babcock . J. Bachand Mrs. Francis McN. Bacon Mrs. Earle Bailie . Stewart Baker int A 5 : eaeaie eV. Baldwin, Jr. ienry deFoe “al in rs. ee win lexander pater Mrs. B. G. Bar ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) bad ‘rs. Courtland oe Barnes . James Barne: 3. C. M. Ba: ie ary F. ae th . A. Barret! s. ray Palas Barrett r uth M. rs, Martha pe hn D. Beals, Jr. rs. Louis Bell illiam B 1 A. Beller lexander Benecke (r. & Mrs. E. W. Benjamin ernard Benn ernard Benson Irs. C. E. Benson ru r e le fe Georgina | Diddle . Wim. uel H, Bijur . Blo ydn ney ect re lun os oe dman eae 39 rs, Wendell T. Bush . Ina Campbell in Candee sire. *\Villiam on Cannon d h aa Irs. aa Merrill oe Ww. cs “0. ome faa hose - Ch Frank Cioffredi cvcom ae ary T. Coe! rs. Henry S. coe rs. Julius Henry Cohen . Cohn rs. Rufus Cole arles B. Colebrook rs. Russell Colgate rs. Richard C. Colt Conbo: Si artin Conl A. Conneli ita Connoll shar Cook . Jerome W. Coombs ‘ornell George Costello rs. Frank A. E. Cott = a a Py ogg BB AS gus fo) a a 3 Ea W. Cutler Frank earns Frederic A. loseph N. s. Sidney Gilder de Kay orge T, Delacorte, Jr. Edward Delafield Lyman no illiam Adams Delano dwin Denby Jarry J. gel enora Julia B. De Saint ‘h C. Desm: 1 Detme: cl erbert L. Dillon Irs. Alfred P. Dix ary Di: erm: ining c. ews 8 at a ® wa Pont id D rs. bas eit S. we efi N. Earl: Mrs, Ernest F, Eidlitz Aug Eimer Mrs, Roswell Eldridge Mrs. Henry jas John C. Emison C. Temple Emmet 40 ANNUAL Pana oo Mrs. Exp. Stn. Hawaiien Sugar Pltrs, Assn. Franklin Fad Arthur = Frith tes Me s W. Faitoute ctiand . Farr Mrs. Max Farrand Mrs. J. A. Fayne Mrs. J. Felto irs. J. oe Mrs. Augu: ae ie Robert liver Filley me Fischer rederick T. Fis! J. Fitegeral hn J. dengue ric] rs. Annet sae Flanders Martin F. TI layter M. cea obert L. Fowler, Jr. Mrs. Leopold Frederick Mrs. antl E. G. Freeborn aul Fre ouise Freadener ON. ern! He PY eyland Mfrs. Childs Frick Helen Clay Fr ie Mrs. Isadore Fri sae ope ne W. "Frio Mrs. V. Gabriel Irs er Gage y J. Gaisman i Ha . Waldron Gillespi William Ginsberg Mrs. M. "Galdsione nae - ae Good in ve gee Goxte Joseph W. ee uncan Gra Ts. William St Gray, Jr. ona eS &&X< Q 4 @ 3 aille rehibald A. Gulick Mrs. R. M. Gunnison dith Hi: oe i alae q 7) ES > if 2 3 e & 2 S Ts. Edward . Harkness i kne: irs. Clarence L. Hay Photographs by William C. Eckenberg, reproduced by courtesy of the New York Times. LEARNING HOW TO GARDEN IN THE TWO-YEAR PRACTICAL COURSE Upper Lert: Propagating. Upper Rich Planting bulbs. Lowsr LEFT: Pruning. Lower RIGHT: Seed-sowing. e C. Hay: eke. ae Forest Haynes Henry le, Jr. Jaco cae Mrs, F, Hencken or Mrs. A. Barton Hepburi irs. Robert W. Hersey Andrew H. Hershey Arthur M. Hes: Alvina He: ‘arl T. Heye rs. Hen: Heylman Mrs. Charles les Hickox rT: eorge E. e, Jr. darold K. pee schild (rs. Frederick a atm Ars. Joseph M. Hodso: Irs. Bernard Fotinan Mary oe ue ie ttilia rs. witian wW. Hoffman Mrs. Holton r. J. Gardner Hopkins rs. George B. Hopkins orace Mann Elem. School . Huggins Mrs. _ Hunte ter S. W. Hutchins i. D Ht ins mma Arthur Tein sel Mrs, John i Iselin 42 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) A. C. Israel » Flor ence te ese odney n George Joseph John C ig Mrs. L. Junkin Mrs, oe Kahn aye Rufus King rnold Knapp oseph P. "Kapp illiam A. Knight Edward R. Koch drs. Ruth E. Koechling Lr: le neey Kountze Hildegarde T. Krastin rs. Lee Samuel S: . John L. Kus er Te. Arthur F, pee Francis G, Mrs. Mrs, Act hur 5 eae Jice D. Laughlin Irs. Stephen Lawrence ederle Antitoxi ab. Mrs. Georg ee Charles C. E. kK oa ‘oln Arthur H. Lippincott Lucius ittauer Mrs. Henry M. Lyons e McCanliss charles E. F. MeCann . eraenue a A. MclIihenn: . Susan Deine McKelvey ioe McKen rs. Irving heen heya McKinney Irs, Scott peng ames B. Ma Mrs. David ne ie lfred B. Macl Hoyt ae ine n Cc. ore H. Myers ulian S. Myrick Harold Nathan National Assn. Board of A crthue D. Norcross ANN Mrs. 43 UAL MEMBERS eae Flora L. Nordlinger rothy ohn B. O'Rei My Homer W. Orv: Anthony J. Gaskosiy le: Pennington Irs. T. Pen: omtesse de Perigny eorge W. Perkins udolph rsson Mrs. Car] S. Petrasch rs. William C. Peyton ar] orzheimer rs. R. Burnside Potte ir. Florence Powdermaker firs. George D. Pratt (rs. John T. Pratt Irs. Clarence Price (rs. E. F. amuel Pris Mrs. Julius Prince Princeton a Club Mrs. Henry St. ao Putnam " Perey R. a Riv eee ie Ss beatae R. Robi s. John D. Rockette, = Rockefel Mrs. Hubert E. Ro Mrs. Rainey Rogers James Rorimer rs. Max Parte Marie L. Russell Martha M. Russell Mrs. William F. Russell eae W. Sargent M ‘hom s E. ‘Sstertai Mrs. J. Louis J. W. Schaefer Anton Schefer Robert Schey William Schit Kenneth B. Schl Max Schling, Inc. rs. Samuel Seabury Max Selkowitz Sarah Seltzer Mrs. ie ni Semken (In im) rs. Alfred Seton dgar N. ohn R rs. Paul Sturtevant obert S. Sturtevant dwin S. S. Sunderland rs. vid A. Sutherland Da ‘oseph R. Swan Mrs. Thomas W. Swan 44 ANNUAL MEMBERS (Continued) F. J. Swanson e Nathan ae lames Tannahill eon Tannenwald {rs. Frederick M. P. Taylor (ir: Taylor ani ‘enney Irs. rected a 0 Mrs. William Reed rues a rs, Landon K. Irs. Oal as Thor: r €, Thorne aimaaiel oe n Thursby 2D. Thurston, Jr. rd D. Thurston, Jr. rs. Me es Vanderbilt enner rs. Antonie P. Voislawsky hul illiam von P| Mrs. Dudley Wadsworth Mrs. W. Austin Wadsworth Wilbur Ward ald J. Warner eorge Warsh haw drs, Thomas J. Watson rt yman {rs. ate Whi ouise Mrs. Ta Griswold Wild Wi Alret Wear rs ste arg Wilso: rme ie 7. 4. E. Winstand ronso! inthrop renville L. Winthrop n C. Wister ‘oseph Wittman P. Wodehouse 5 Rea, oseph at Wolf TS. i eorge ere r k M. Ile Vorcester Co. Hort. Soc. r alph G., ight Richardson Wrigh' Mrs. Irene S. Wyle Mrs. M Mrs. C. H. You M penny THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until wees Arraur M. Anverson (Treasurer), Prerre Jay, CLarence Lewis, D. Merritt, Henry DE LA MONTAGNE Geran ‘ary ai Sssistant Treasurer), FRAN- cis E. meee Jr. and Wit1am J. Ross ee 1943: Henry DE Forest eee See ee Henry F. pu Pont, yn R. Gy Henry Locxuart, Jr. D. T. MacDoucatt, Mrs. Harop T Part and es ea (Presiden = Until 1944: EC ee R, MARSHALL Fretp, Mrs. Eton Huntincton Hooker, Joun L. MERRILL (Vice-president, wee ieiae H, Montcomery, H. Hopart Porter, and A. Percy SAUNDER! Il. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGuarnia, pote a the City of New York. aed Mosss, Park Comm James MarsHALL, President caf “ihe ‘Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS H. A. Gieason, peneinee by the Torrey Botanical Club. R. A. Harper, Sam F. TRE LEASE, Marcus M. Ruoapes, and Marston T. rhaten Eins by Columbia Universit y. GARDEN STAFF Wurm J. Rossins, Px. D., Sc. D H. A. Gueason, Px. D Assistant Director ys es gee Henry DE LA MonTAGNE nt Director A. B. Stout, Px. D Curator of Education od Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D Bernarp O. Doncz, Px. D Plant Peas Joun HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D Bibliographer H. W. Rickert, Pa. D A Some BHI adhe Haroxp N. MouDENKE, Pu. D sf ssociat: ELIzaBETH C, aon A.B. B.S Frepa GriFFIt Artist wee Bictagropher Percy Witson rch Associate Rosert S, WILLIAMS Research pene in Bryology E, J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the ae Herbarium W..H. Camp, Pu. D Assistant Curator Ciype CHANDLER, Px. D Technical Assistant RosaLie WEIKERT Technical Assistant FREDERICK Ne Sate M. 2 Technical Assistant CaroL oopwarp, A Editorial Assistant THOMAS iH EVERETT, N. ae Hort > Hot esd ors G. L. Wrrrrock, A. M Custodian of the Her Orto DEGENER, M.S Collaborator in Hawaiian ei Rosert HacELSTEIN onorary Curator of Myxomycetes Josrra F, Burke pionarayy Curator of th Dini eee A. Kruxorr orary Curator of Economic Botany ETHEL ANSON ot a a SUEae Curator, ris and iNneaecie C ollections ATH th J: 2 oe erintendent of Buildings and Grounds Assistant Superintendent To reach tl Blvd., ae Third eo Elevated to the Bronx ek station, or the New York Central to ie oauical Garden station; or drive ae e Grand Concourse then east JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 42 No. 497 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carot H. Woopwarp, Editor May, 194 VIOLA ODORATA A DETAIL FROM ONE OF THE UNICORN TAPESTRIES AT THE CLOISTERS Cover Photograph by courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art Tue Flora OF THE UNICORN TAPEST! a . Alexander and Carol H. Woodward 105 TREES OF THE UNICORN TAPESTRIES i ee ) 118-119 FERNS OF THE DESERT a L. Wiggins 123 Tut Docwoop’s Curious FLorat BRAcTS ae ees Haas 124 REVIEWS OF RECENT Booxs 126 PRESENT AND FUTURE CONTROL OF THE JAPANESE BEETLE B. O. Dodge 130 CurRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE 130 Notes, News, aND COMMENT 131 A CONTRIBUTION TO ART ach science and every art is dependent o or more others for its aaa ofte understanding. Botany, for example, fre wey turns to geology, and a’ calls upon one of the sciences for an interpretatio is number the Journal, the first of two to contain special material on the Unicorn Tapestries at The Cloisters, is the result of the New Yo tk Botanical ae 4 : : : v but crudely in comparison with those unknown pee who labored on the ee Acquaintance with the flora in “The Hi of the icorn” increases our admira- tion for these artisans of long ago and adds to rae impressiveness of the tapestries themselves. Science, which is the search i Me has in this instance contributed toward the appreciation of a masterpiece of a: SPECIAL abe ean eae aunts Journal is published monthly by w York Botanical Gar Bronx Park, New Var N.Y. Entered at the Post ae i in ee York. N. Y,, as ead nelags mater Annual subscription $1.00. Free to members of the Garden. This 28-page issue 15 cen‘ JOURNAL f THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vow. 42 May 1941 “No. 497 The Flora Of The Unicorn Tapestries By E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Woodward With photographs by courtesy of the Metropolitan Muscum of Art T THE CLOISTERS in Fort Tryon Park, New York City, hangs one of the most remarkable sets of mediaeval tapestries in existence anywhere in the world today. Although because of their subject the seven hangings have been com sae with ie famous Unicorn tapestries in the i i ign f h Cluny Museum of Paris, they are unique, distinct in design from their aris contemporaries, . more ae in treatment. They are virtually comparable 1 Tr grand design, in the quali e weaving, the subtlety an ety of ee coloring, and the an of their dyes day despite the etude have encountered t e centuries. They are noteworthy also for ne accuracy of a an animals Mies rm a dominant pa tting of e form tt of the setti ach piece. Except for repairs six of the tapestries are intact. Two a are all that remain of a seventh tapestry in the On these woven panels, on of ‘which covers sina aed 150 square ae ie ey and symbolic tale of the Hunt of the Unicorn is "OF the ae history of these tapestries, only a few scattered facts are known. Research into their origin h has revealed little beyond speculation as to their source, it is probable that they we oven French or Flemish artisans toward the end of the fifteenth c y and into the sixteenth. R w that from the eighteenth century on they be longed to the Rochefoucauld family, ey ave been ven for them in the first place. It is believed that they were made to celebrate a wedding and that the now tarnished golden initials e and * For a historical description of these tapestries see the handbook of The Cloisters, written ee James J. Rorimer, Curator, ae gee for 50 cents; also the Picture Book of the Unicorn Tapestrie: eae cen bot h available at The Cloisters or at the Meroralice Museum of Art, New ae “City 105 106 probably E, which appear entwined with a rose- -colored cord in each significance. So far, no historical character has been identified. Even the and lady to whom the slain unicorn is presented are personages either imagin. ary or unknown. The unicorn itself is a lege sures ee Cn hase: of ie er symbolism ascribed to the story— of a wedding and of the Incarnation of Christ—are Stes though no one acquainted with the mediaeval mind will deny the presence of the symbolism nae ee all these uncertainties, i animals and the Bee depicted sta forth as exquisite realities ae of them oe almost easiest in the life- manner in whic hey are portrayed. Ther approxi ee ac different are of plants represented in he six ie tapestries and the fragments. About 85 percent of these are identi Se rema a whole, complete mysteries. tifiable. The in, on ttempt is made a to poin nt out s e of the Seeccet plants and to ome He which the tapestries came or to have been cultivated at that early date in western eure The = tanical pee will often conflict with the sym- olical, which has been so ably set ae by Mrs. "Atlan Marquand.* But even with a fre le divergent o ook, Mrs. Ma nee a success : giving names to 46 of the plants ha nea an inspiration to) ui in the present work, althouch this st we has been made a independent of hers. While some ae her names have provided clues, others have bee oca The accuracy of He deans of the majority of the plants has induced the use of ea her than symbolism as a guide where our ideas have differed from hers Even upon casual examination of the tapestries, one is fips ica ees with the striking difference in design and execution of t d last of the series as contrasted with the others. In these two tl i are scattered over the entire background in a milleflcurs pattern, Pile * Plant Symbolism in the Unicorn Tapestries by Eleanor C. Marquand, Parnassus Magazine, Oc: - ber 1938, ee by the College Art Association, 137 East 57th Street, New York City s.) THE START OF THE HUNT—FIRST OF THE SEVEN UNICORN TAPESTRIES The background trees oF ad Two or three seedling Among the 35 or 40 one fhe of this hang in g, the na English bluebell (Scilla) stand out prominently. peek pena plum, aspen, and walnut vid conspicuous toward the coun ithe f planes which appear in th lefleurs “background issus, vinca, English daisy, a elet. sauberiy.- a asily as rowan tree, her conclusion _presumably b o doubt had f des from the earliest t 108 in the others they appear to eh Fe aire manner, creat: ing the eas of a scene at with forest trees in ee the edge oods, , flowers of field and open ee at ae front, and sm all t and chs si tween. In t e representations are on the ne accurate and less stylized, though more than 50 60 plants in the first a seventh tapestries are recognizable. However, one is led to th conclusion that the designer o e first and seventh was not always familiar with the plants as ey grew, and that he depended on ory or h : heir form. Or, he h been less of a naturalistic artist than a cer of patter ns, hence he oc the plants into the style of semi- “formal design that was his for n initiating a study of the flora of ned — we had hoped t s to where the eno idea a to be iscarded early, frst becau e plants which he knew rather than those that were growing in the region of the weavers. st and ee hoes have by far the greatest number of plants in them, and in v of their similarity of design and floral content they are best discussed ce the middle group is considered. unicorn in the seventh, the sie focus. It s the eye in the seventh tapestry, wth ee rosettes of ay he a th ends of the bode nd a bi red-orange fruit set in the center : resembles no tree on earth, ut the fruit is a perfect oo . of ing an excellent example of a designer tried to cope with — seen, for they were brought in by eastern a s consider d by Mrs. Marqua and as the sed as much on the symbolism n ae small red fruits and the e have conseq a y been y as well as another so-called to its right, but the rowan, or European ae ash, like ours, as terminal clusters containing many berries, whereas the cherry bears s fruits either singly or in small clusters on old wood somewhat back 109 from the tips of the branches, exactly as they are shown in the tapestry. Because the pomegranate in No. i was stylized she has thought that this was too, but the argu s too, b ment does not hold, because the artist had obviously never seen a pomegranate tree, w while both cherry and rowan would have been well known to him on it on not seem, in view of other accuracies, signer r would ‘hav e gone so far out of his way as to stylize a that any des familiar tree out of all see : fe natural habit. ver at the edge of the forest in No. 1 is the other tree which has been called a rowan. It is similar to the on but has larger fruits which appear white but at close range are seen to be pale blue. This we ere. that the fruits have been made larger than the cherries and are shown without stems, thus still further suggesting blue plums aad ack of the spear-point of the foremost huntsiman is a small misty yellowish tree which by most francophiles is thought to be a mimosa ia 1 0) lov ffect. Th trees are recognized clearly as oak, linden, aspen, and walnu i of t At first glance, they seem to be ferns, es one soon ae that there are no ferns of this type in Europe. They are apparently voung date palms, small oo ried indoors from the co of dates that had been shipped in from the Eas Of the oo eae which occur only in the first tapestry there are but two. One white thistle, the other a hawkweed of unde- termined species. if - event tapestry, however, ae are a number of flowers which appear there alone. Among them two exquisitely woven carnations (Dianthus Caryophyllus), tl a cating leaves an ga ne aoe the meee me ranche 5 he ex a t from the center do: ae of the other a —vV . as our Easter lily. Less eable but of certain determination once it is found in the bistort (eek Bistorta) ; also - common cuckoo-pint a maciwatum), a plant which takes the place of our jack-in-the- pulpit in woodlands of England and the served The spurred blue 111 lowers of columbine (Agquilegia vulgaris) are at the bottom near the center and at the left near the top. A wild orchid, possibly Orchis mascula, appears immediat tely ir n front of the unicorn, its stalk of flowers barely body. A unique flower (or ~ in the seventh tapestry has proved annoy- ingly eee ng. is a plant of rosette growth w iy stalks bearing peculiarly drooping structures, each like a saucer held on edge — ie ttle. mented borders, the “saucer” attached in one case near the in another near the top. This same thing a in ee entary oS ‘but a different color in the first, but a completely unidentifiable. It is one of severa al all plants to vain clue can be found. Two especially ee flow ee in the first and seventh tapestries oon being shown ae anv of the others. A yellow daisy-like flower with smaller i ads S an nd more numerous ee than the other daisies dens. ppearing as an original in the seventh and on ee restoration in the first is the milk or holy thistle, Silvis eae ee: acer ed the nd the of t light veining on its leaves a eafy the bas wer- head. Although native of the Nedte ene one - has ae es spread over Europe as a weed, At the low ight edge of Tapestry No. 7 is one of the most per- fectly ee eatfally de nicked ae ers in the entire series, even though only plant is represented. It is the common dandelion, Tararacum offici Many of the flowers in these two tapestries are easily recognized, Some of them occur in slightly different form throughout the series. To speak of the nonscripta) is one of the most frequently repeated, occurring in blue, pink, yellow, and white, sometimes in flower, often as not in fruit - equally varying color. The English daisy (Bellis perennis) is almost as fre- quently shown, in white, pink, and yellow, but always in nn ‘di istinctly characteristic ae oa flower and leaf as to indicate that the color was varied cata for Two types of arsine are panes with colors corresponding to those of the sc cla. It seems reasonable to believe that all of those with rounded leaves are intended, despite their ao for the sweet violet, Viola odorata. THE UNICORN IN CAPTIVITY—A PORTION OF THE SEVENTH TAPESTRY ‘ominent against the enclosure are a carnation, a purple iris, and a stock, while against the unicorn’s body are an oe and a scilla. ie above he animal's right foreleg on lonally fine Ped violet shows at the ak Among. the owes which the ‘close observer in vinea, sy, campion and ie St. “Mary's thistle 112 ee with ae an toothed 1 in various fashions and with tay borne eafy ster thus plainly intended to represent the y (Viola oe a ven in he wild oo te occurs in numerous pete nations of color and with considerable variance both in the width and toothing of the leaves Strawberries, ps both flowers and fruits, are beautifully dra The issi are equally eee always in yel and unmis- eo Their fr no ey observed in gardens, are ee in light blue, perhaps to represent the glaucous aes whi ch covers the pods. ieee Hage have the characteristic pear shape, but some, even on the uriously elongate. This may iets ae e for the oe - filling small spaces to better advantage of balan The primroses represented in the first and en Saar are all shown with yellow or orange flowers, while some of those in the other four large panels a e of pink or red. Since the ae with reddish tones are all high Bonin species, and only lo ees a plants seem to be depicted in i: tapestries, one must again allow for artist's Nica or assume that t or esigner was a ae man nee dite here colors that he had seen in other regions. The as Mai ee is easily identifiable as it appears only in the a normal colors of white and hae a with opposite leaves, and in and 7 (not elsewhere) with a pair of terminal tendril coils. These eae do not belong on the ee a it must be supposed that they were placed ne Te to pat that the vinca grows like a vine—though it is more a operly a cre yhite campion due alba), whose untoothed opposite leaves and whic a vers make it easily distinguished, is ‘recognized in several of the aid There are a ee of plants of the Mustard family igh Saad represented in all of the hangings. Some of them in Tapestries 2, 3, 4 and mal i ers—can not b fami e more d As stocks (Mathiola pee be wallflowers (Cheiran- ths Cheri) they are among tI con of flowers in all th ser he weaving they ie ae alike, ca ihe stocks have slightly ae pene in "white » pink, and pinkish red, nd leaves more blunt- oO shown with toothed leaves, are more clearly distinguishable. The dame rocket or dame’s violet fae ahs matrovali) has taller stems, narrower, a ae is hon on spikes bresiee leaves. In nature, ae are er in a ed of blue WO OF THE MYSTERIES IN THE FLORA OF THE UNICORN TAPESTRIES 7 curious flower (or fruit) at the appears twice in Has and white ae oa seventh. The pendulous spikes are found in the first near u tree trunk at the extreme right. A study of the background of the four hangings which follow the first one on the long wall in the tapestry hall ae one a glimpse of the edge of a typical ba in western Europe, for here are the oak, the elm, the holly, another tree which is probably a ae oe in front of these, smaller trees and ee ubs. il4. he holly is easily recognized by its red berries and spiny leaves; the a by the characteristic shape ce its leaves, some of which are spotted with reddish galls. In the elm the foliage - indistinct, but the shape of the tree is RES e for, a the branches are more stiff, they have an upward sweep not unlike that of the American ¢ elm. The fourth tree has es hav eae confin ed to t this oe alone. Out of € man a natural eee aong oaks and ne in a forest, ee we were guided somewhat by weavers implication of smooth bar In th fourth tapestry one o pele trees has just been cut down, ae to be fashioned into a staff. of the tapestries abe the second and sixth have a tree as the canta feature, and in each a different kind is shown. In the Ge it is oak (Quercus Robur, as undoubtedly are the rest), and to its left appears the first new tree in the forest scene. The large blue- nie fruits indicate that it is the bul plum, Prunus institia In Tap _ 7 a central tree is unmistakably an orange, easily recognized h n the lower right corner . No. 2, by its winged etioles dee aL i pes the presence of flow and fruits on the branches at the same time. To the rig of the te orange is a walnut tree well laden with large brown nuts. Beside it, noire small red fruits, is a tree that has been a problem, for it ie not fit into any forest scheme of the cor d. We are therefore faci ed to accept Mrs. Marquand’s suggestion it is a strawberry (Arbutus Unedo). While extremely rare in the wild on the European continent, i en cultivated si centuries that the designers could easily ne ia aaa it nea enough to be included among the forest trees. right-hand corner of this same tapestry is a tree with richly pet a ae is probably an apricot. One of the two fragments of the fifth tapestry, which hang above the door, contains the only apple tree shown in the series. This was the central feature of the original tapestry and was identified b farquand as a but a ith the Marq as a pomegranate, comparison with pomegranates in the two other tapestries (3 and 7) reveals a eee ae structure of the fruit. T it se fr: gments is m ae light ich is thrown against the figures, and in the et ne brig! ‘was rought out in the apple by the aoe en t — hie re : nda highlights. The ned v lo range that the true form of the aoe with a prominent marked see end, can be distinguished. Several oaks, a holly, ae of beech, and a few small leaves of walnut are the only other trees he the a Most prominent is a row of red and white roses pie about the en- 115 closure wherein the unicorn has been captured by the virgin. The only flower shown is a bit of periwinkle. The sixth tapestry in the series the fth in the ne of hanging) again shows the forest trees to be oak, holly, beech, and e The shrubs or forest undergrowth forming the middle eound and the dominant notes at he ae corners are, Tike the trees, quite similar DETAIL FROM THE LOWER LEFT CORNER OF TAPESTRY No. One of the most gracefully woven plants in the Unicorn series is the blackberry wh is shown climbing over the branches of a hazel, At its right is u well drawn bearded iv 116 FLOWER DETAILS FROM THREE OF THE TAPESTRIES At the left is the common yellow iris which is growing beside the stream in Tapestry No. 3. Immediately below are shown e left. 117 the former bearing the typical acorns of the English oak. There are also plums, aed hazelnuts, and a beautiful blackberry climbing over the branches of one of the tte a notew gas tree is mediar Reis leas hose ruit almost Americ ugh in fete as 7. i cre to the ak ae ee by a realy “enlarged ages end. Most notable of all is the ingle pomegranate tree n e lower left corner of the third tapestry. Here, in contrast to the ean hanging, the tree is correctl Keon tling us ema that the designer must have been familiar with it a , not wi s fruits alone. only occurrence of the peach tree is at the me er nist of peat No. 4+, where the ie grooved fruits are easily re zed. In front of the fountain in the second tapestry and below the ae of the unicorn in the fourth is an old- “fash ioned cabbage rose of the type once mies iu vated in Europe and America, but now displaced by newer-bred for: Flowers—that is, peeeaars Lares oe only in the foreground of these ioe principal scenes of t unt. Here we have some of the most interesting, most chon ant some . Ae most ae in the entire series to identify. Cer € pres n all four of the scenes, fore- m ing a pot navel “cals ae “ofa, correctly = un- ae ly drawn, Also n Tapestries 2, 3, + and 6 is the winter- cherry or Chinese ee ae (Physalis a kengi conspicuous ie the bight red husks which cover its fruits. ee nt, while native from = easter Pee to Japan, had oe cultivated for so many cen- tre in Europe that it would have been as famitiar a plant in that ae it is to us ee in aoe f the pl show: eal an acuteness of a that is ay A e confused. There is not the differentiation that would be pe in de- Picting these familiar flowers of the field and oo woods. However, it is quite apparent tha ey uae to show the third tapestry, for xample, the ox-eye or common field daisy (Chr ysanthemum Leucanthe- mum), the corn- marigold (Chrysanthemum se gehan), and a groundsel (Senecio paludosus). The daisy is tay prominent in the fourth. is tapestry, in which the unic is shown def edie eo con- tains a larger number of puzzling ants than any other. Several of them ee only leaves, but even they are quite different in form oe m thos een anywhere else. Two with flowers are, fa at conceal. 1. The cherry which forms the central feature of Tapestry No. 1. 2, The blue plum at the edge of the forest to the right. 3, The holly and pomegranate from the lowe? left corner of No. 3. Wi a me pars TREES OF THE UNICORN TAPESTRIES A selection of six of the seventeen that appear. 4, A portion of one of the medlars, from Tapestry No, 2. 5. The head of the orange tree, in flower and fruit, in the lower right corner of No. 2. 6. The peach tree which occupies the lower right corner of the fourth tapestry. 120 weve the leaves of one indicate that it may an a thistle in bud. The other has rather b unindented . eaves and at the tip _ cal branch a blob of purplish color that might be either a flower or a fru In all of the hangings only three ee of the Mint aan appear, the field mint (Afentha arvensis) rather inconspicuously | placed in the first tapestry, the common ae (Salvia officinalis) prominently set against the oe the second, and clary (Salvia Sclarea) centrally located near the bas: the oak | in the third. ter’s ene near the lower right of the third is the yellow flag 's Pseudacorus). This same iris in an orange tone appears also in davlilies ( Hemerocallis) efle P rect petals used elsewhere for an nae oe = 0 aie used here, while lily-like flowers have been shown in thei e for the one Madonna lily. Moreover, bee it is very at that pee were een in western Europe at that period. Under the right-hand ae in the third tapestry is an unfamiliar- looking blue flower with cut leaves. This is probably Nigella arvensis, which lacks the feathery oie so familiar in our garden plant called love-i in-a-mis . ( Nigella damasccn ees nigella leaves are eae cut of coar: ae es sO that ey will . Cone the fourth ae Ga eae ore sofa ae design appear both v ae yellow and with red flowers, in one instance on the same plant. These we assume are meant for the pheasant’s-eye (Adonis aestivalis), whose flowers occur in both these colors. Below ae a oe ‘A” in the third tapestry is the only forget-me- not in the serie ae sides esa ae bearde d iris, standing erect in the foreground, and ual groun ae errie $, pinks, primulas, pansies, violets, and campions, y i ene: from which the berry-like fruits have evidently fallen. If our assumption ¢ . 0 The restorations, which are best discounted i e final analysis of plants ee ed, ‘nevertheless, ie acta ps large areas woven in across the bottom of the firs aa seventh contain only plants depicted elsewhere in the e two tapes A careful survey will locate the original of the pene for each aa though the newer work is inferior and the colors are less brilliant. 121 ae ee BORDER THE STREAM IN oe No. 4 Left t eme fore the broad-leaved pink, an uniden- tified He ae roinded purplish "rowers © or fruits, the ox-eye re english bluebell, a stock, primula, English daisy, y “Canada” thistle, and narcissus. On the far side of the Bek are the ae " Ghough an invisual specimen of it), feverfew, plantain, several small plants, then the gro a oe violet, and another pansy. Farther Haan nm the picture may be seen es s, strawberries, and a rose, with e pium, hawthorn, and medlar showing in ad "ha ckground toward the left. 122 The cluster of iris, for example, in the new work on No. 1 is a com- plete copy of the original in No. 7, even to the Mae on a left-hand spray of two unnatural flowers. In Saaieon, a butte ve on one of the iris flowers in restored ages is a rly a copy of o n the carna- tion beside the iris in No. The calendula which ens ae on the piece across ne bottom of a 1 nay once on No. 7 seems to have no exact original, but near the lower right-hand letter, and again several on No. 7, appear two cage that are obviously the same plant less conventionalized. These are probably the designer’s source for the restoration. The other Plants i in these restorations are too easily identified to call for discussion in de . a : : wise. The ing of t rden pea and th epp interesting, owever, as this is the only appearance of vegetables in the series, and T ly i patch of much later date than the original. The musk- mallow also is shown here but nowhere else. A ft edge of the patch, below the lady's robe, the presence of Ha t the left edg safflower, beautifully aon d out but partially obliterated, makes wish for the remainder of the original part of this corner. That lo ea, however, must remain forever ungratifi The more one gazes at the original work in these superb tapestries, the more familiar flowers one discovers—and the more one marvels that a designer who could conceive the grandeur of the pia of the unicorn hunt for the weavers to heir could at the same time suggest the details of more than 100 kinds | of flowers— al of eek were reproduc ed be the envy of an artist or an artisan today. Perhaps e greater wonder is that a band of weavers could carry out to such perfection the flower petals, veins of leaves, thorns and other such fine details, with a precision of line and color vier in most of the plants is unassailable. The Unicorn tapestries at The Cloisters in New York stand alone for their magnificence, their perfection. To those of us who have closely studied the plants depicted in them, that perfection reaches its height in the flowers, shrubs, and trees. Plant illustration as oe in books of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries was crude, In the accura presentation of plant life, the weavers’ skill in these tapestries ae the highest art form of the period. a forthcoming eed of the Journal there will be a a oe ee ago ki se of plant depicted in the Unicorn tapestries reference list of names so far as these plants can be dew ti 123 Ferns Of The Desert By Ira L. Wiggi ns Dudley Herbarium Stanford University SUN- ni ene LAND like ve nents of Lower California would 3 and fern relatives, but a slightly n, Cheilanthes Brande, described jon anne ies from Cedros Island* was discovered in ‘gro ane in comparative abundance nine miles east of Punta Prieta, in ae central part of Lower California. The colony was oe on the north slopes i hill, the fragile fronds standing out in bold green contr. somber reddish brown of the basalt. A few days later it was found again amon. i t the ) i id n, miles southwest of Punta Prieta was also collected ear Calmalli in the spring of s 5 y re me ling. These thre collections were the first to be made inland o ae and extend the known northern limit of | it oe about sixty miles. Cheilanthes Brandegci has small fronds that, in our specimens, ney exceed five inches in height. A scattering of coarse, though fragile, hairs yu occurs on the lower surface o a reniform to ovate segments of the cris e stipes are extremely brittle, having transverse z weakness near their bases. These weak zones behave like the abscission grooves, from one to eight developing in the basal part of the stipe. It is th ly k Ss of Cheilanthes in the Sonoran Desert that The interested in f 1 good rainfall. Here specimens of J/arsilea Fournier’ bearing numero’ i 1 n in 1935. Some of the plants grew within three feet of the base of Pachycereus Pringlei, one of the giant cacti called “cardén” by the Mexicans. * Eaton gee it as coming from Magdalena and San Benito Islands. Eaton, D. C. A New Fern. Bull. Torrey Club 17: 215. 1890. x previous articles written by Dr. Wiggins on the flora of Lower California, see i Journal for Sepiember and November 1940, also August 1939. 124 The Dogwood’s Curious Floral Bracts By Theodor Philipp Haas HE latter half of April and the early part of May the parks and throughout the East are ablaze with the flowers of dogwood iest trees. We sa, true flowers are inconspicuously ea in the center of the four large bracts which give the tree its whole effec FLOWERING DOGWOOD SHOWN IN THREE STAGES OF | At the left, with seal scales just beginning to separate. Center, ew growth at the base of the scales eee none as greenish bracts. Rig ee ibe iid white and fully expanded—the dogwood in full fl 125 These ee bracts are actually leaves; that is, considerably modified leaves with a unique structure and veining. In a normal leaf we can distinguish three parts: (a) the base by which the leaf is attached to the twig; (b) the petiole or stalk by wc the oe — be oriented into a ards th function of which 1 a ie light in the manu water = stare ech that is used in the growth ne development a the whole These modified leaves of the flowering dogwood : er in four major They y! m plant’s green leaves. (1) They not have the 3 sections characteristic of a nor: (2) They are no n, hence ) oncerned with the usual function of starch produ Their ef SS to be to attract the ins ich are essential for the pollination of the flowers. (3) They grow in different manner, a normal expanding at the outer edges, but this particular one growin: bad m the base. (4) The green leaves of dogwood have a mid-rib w appears to be an extension of the petiole, with de veins run ae into : : feather fashion, but the floral bracts are lacking the mid-v and instead of a feathered system, they have more or less parallel veins anna: from the tip to the base, the outer ones following the side margins. The tip of each bract is a structure of peculiar interest, for it is much more than a decorative oe I mimer, whi . buds are being formed for the following year any wood fan hey are peesel covered with scales which tect them during the ter ca. om drying up. These scales erie are modified leaves, and in the ring dogwood, where they occur in pairs, they are brownish in color, thick. skinned, and the outer o the two pairs is quite woody, the inner slightly so. They are thought to be overdeveloped leaf-bases, the petioles a blades es atrop! April tl ae part of each of — Sarre leaves begins At grow, ee ee scale isin t the new ee formed is light green, then as the leav noe Ree oie out to their oa magnificence, they gradually turn w white through the reflection of light m the air contained between the cells. The original base which formed te tu scales during the winter desiccates and forms the characteristic wo ssion at the tip of each of the two opposite pairs oe th ne bracts fulfill two special cacti s: in winter, as scales, serving for the protection of the flower-buds; spring forming the spectacular pa of the inflorescence that is ie Gace to pollination. 126 (All publications reviewed here The New York Reviews of Recent Books may be consulted in the Library of Botanical Garde n.) Valuable Source Book THE MERCK X. Fifth edi- tion. campiied phe the echnical staff of Merck & Company. 1060 pages. k & Company, Rahway, Haaceetytie $3. 3 Index has, long been known to can ae s§ this ees com- pound do? his drug contain in th useful products? In the new edition °F Merck’s Index there are $,900 cece puons of individual sub- stances, This jaforiation is col : av ing the name of the substance, its source, chemical for re a os ic the struc- tural formul: i oiling pou melting point, "solubility, uses, and i many cases the references to the litefa- ture are noted. Nearly 600 pages are given to this part o ite volume. The second part of the book deals with 4,500 chemical, clinico-chemical reactions, tests and pialine by the ai : media, fxati ives ar ining ions; useful tables; antidotes for poisons; eae referen nees and other valuable in ne as ee possible to offer this un- at source book to the public at a low price because it has been established on a nonprofit i “WitiaM J. Bonistee Fordham Uniz ane Problems of the Negro Farmer PLOWING THROUGH, The Story Edwin Hu pages, illus- ‘vila sorrow and Co., ork, 1940, $1. This y brief account deal prinarily with ‘the social problems of the Negro farmer, profusely and excellently eee with photographs taken by the United States Department of Agriculture. author is an experienced journalist 1 and neither an agriculturist nor an gronomist and - is pee concerned with problems that and nomic he deals not but with the plight a ather than sgricltural with farming N f the Negro farmer. is treatment of the subject is fair and sympathetic throughout but h Is t emphasize fact that the problems of e lem ona Paticilny timely is his exposition of the aid now being received by the Negro farmer pees governmental agencies, SPINGARN, President, National Hssociation for the ddvance- of Colored People. The American aie In -tn Hariver Day AUDUBON'S AMERICA. The Nar- pte: and Experiences of John James Audubon, Edited by Donald Culross Peattie, 329 nd 17 facsimiles of Auaubon's Sorints _ pa sintings. ugh Mifflin Co. ae we Nev Aud 1bo on's colorful and vigorous enue of Me America of - early 1800s been m ctiv first ne the | cream of writings and a: a single bon's ew of the individual bird and mam. r aphies, a great eee of the de- Tineations “Ot Ami and me brief j ory comments group of quotations, a Nery effective: oe hesion is obtained. These introductory remarks and the biographical chapters mate knowledge not only of Atudubon’s life but the period of American history i which he lived, and furnish a setting for the quotations which greatly add their interest and readability The illustrations, y inches in size, include birds, mals, a land a self portrait. In qualit of reproduction they are rior to others which have appeared recently. cHARD H. PoucH National Audubon Society. Notes on Some of the Books Of the Past 18 Months limitations necessitate the brief- on the great ma- sible on with plant 7 Ba oe felon “notes, which are grouped b atten a has been made on give cise repor: the contents and scope of eich boo Books for Gardeners DO YOU KNOW YOUR GARDEN? Gladys M. Goshorn: eon pages, ine dexed. Oxford University Pre York, $2. A question-and-answer = on phases Or gardening, ge history aad garden lore, which has the same sort of appeal as the informational radio pro- ee al VISUAL GARDEN MAN- Elsa Uppman. 149 pages, indexed. Lane Publish- n Francisco, 1941. $1. iustratea: ing Co., San Black and white sketches, six to a page, metas sant ae raising many kin of plants and per if numerous gar- den ‘asks follow wing insti tions given by fae director of California School of Gar. GARDEN GUIDE Gardeners a ndbook ended a T. Jare and staff. 559 Sa eee Missiratea aaa Prinaren De La Mare, New York, 1940. $2. The seventh ae ts an a stand-by for the American garden THE wos GARDENING ENCY- CLOPEDIA. Walter Brett. 448 pag pa Tiatvatea Chemical Pub- lishing Co., New York, 2nd edition, 1940. $2.50. A small encyclopedia suitable only for the English climate. ANT PROPAGATION. alfred C. Ho tes, - pages, Muatiated | and inde La Mare, New n ond “oaition, 1940. $2. A concise and useful manual in a new edition. GARDEN 307 quarto pages. J. G. MAGIC, EB. Biles. iustrated re ine Tw and nine ounces of infor. mai ation’ toe oe s, in 27 varied chap- ters chiefly ‘illustrated by drawings and charts, but See ee eight daz zlin g fu ll-pag oe role THE G: CALIFORN 213 pages, Times-Mirr $1.75. A guide for the home gardener on the western coast. A PLANT HANDBOOK. Harriet B. Creighton and Priscilla Pasco. 47 ages. The Connecticut Arboretum a Connecticut College, don, mn., 1940. 60c. ant of Seaside Con PLANT DOCTOR. Cynthia . 297 pages, illustrated and Frederick A. Stokes, New red 1940. $2. How e garden in good health retold mh “the sion of the experience of the t fou Of Interest to Botanists THE FERNS AND FERN OF WISCONSIN. ALLIES Botany, Madison, *Denatunient of of Wisconsin, May, 1940. $1. Thi ual combines scientific accu Uc and 1 thorolighness with aie treat There are extensiv nae genera, and Species, and detailed descriptions, ees by cellent ho ing miscellany of clubmosées, and horsetails d, is include 128 TOWARD A E F REGON With Notes on the Bot- i he tere Kath- i ghes. pages, mimeographed. Oregon state ten tem of alas Education, Eugen A feel reference work ar- sees ee by cues to works of Ore Ww of : th iences in Canada. section on yy is done by Frére Marie- Victor: TREES OF SANTA BARBARA. Maunsell Van Rensselner. 142 pages, illustrated and indexed, Santa Bar- bara Botanic Garden, Santa Bar- 1940. 85e. Reproductions of photographs of ex- centonal auality oo drawings and de- ipti mn 550 specic SOME FOSSIL PLANT TYPES OF ILLINOIS. Raymond E. Janssen. 124 pages, iNustrated and indexed. Ilinois State Museum. Springfield, 1940, $1.25, The first of a series of scientific pub- ication: ae eing issued by the Iilinois State Museu Be present one offering records, phot hs, descriptions, discussions, and caus res; garding nearly 60 fossil species of plan TEXTBOOK OF PALEOBOTANY. mC, Darrah, 441 pages, illus- indexed. D. Appleton- New York, 1939. $6. biological bee: e by Dr. Darrah o The 23 chapters ei | seem to ‘explain’ the fossil record as tands.” For Nature oe LISTS’ DIRECTORY. . 292 pages, indexed. The Naturalists’ Dir gciors. Salem, Mass. 32nd edition, 1940. | $3. A familia: s book for, by of atu ralists, with the addition of a fist of periodicals ete museums concerned with natural his BARN THE E TREES FROM LEAF RINTS. vid S. Marx. 38 folio pages, Tiustra tions without text. In- . The Bota: ani Publishing Co., ati. Fifth pri $2. Full oe ae pri a o trees in wee “Wetails of ae stand out clear- Fi s show: ing fal tips o. brane hes of conifers, and o plate show- ing the nee ni les of pines have been added since the book was first published in 1938. RICAN BOOK OF d 8. accompanying descrip- Botanic Publishing 1940. $2. criptions from pat tions, indexed: , Cincinnati, Leaf Reta and brief des the point of view of usefulness of more than 250 plants to be found i in the woods of central United States. ABOUT SPIDERS. chr Bla ans. 183 oe sees! ‘iilustratea and fnaewed: Dut- ton, New York, 1940. $2.59. A book for the novice in entomology which makes the spider fascinating in- stead of frightening a ducing TO OUR ae yes T. Rorimer. ages, ite istrated and aeeeas Cleveland Museum of Natural His- tory, $1.50. A pocke ie with thumbnail- size col- ored ees ons. OHN KIERAN’S NATURE NOTES. John Kievan, 112 pages, illustrated by Fritz Kredd. Doubletay, Doran, A oe D Pad ipod Ss. en 1941. s 50. A star of “Information, Please” writes some enanre random paragraphs about a few of the plants and animals he knows. SCIENTIST IN Stephen nosirated. ae THE LAYMAN PHILADELPHIA. Thomas. 44 pages, erican Philosophical Philadelphia, 1940, 15c. pared especially for that is given in that city to the pul blic services: offered by sci- entific institutions and organizations. sash on American Plants E TRAVELS oe 1 eee BAR- aM Edited b: Doren. a pages, thuetea or cauile Li- brite Barnes & Noble, New York, $2.75. of the eighteenth palar and influentia writers, a man w whose career, with that of is father’s, is even eases tivaling in attention that of some of the twentieth century’s explore An edition of a century's most popt AS CURATIVES bot hey ril 88 Botanical: atuseurn ersity, Cambridge, A survey ~ot tl native medicinal plants of southeastern United States with a re- ble cl medica! the majority remedies ised by ‘the ladians. Books for Children MR. BAXTER’S DANDELION G DEN. Jeannette c oun 0 Raxes, illustrat Du ovk, 1940. $1. A. children’s ae delightfully illus- trated % the author. and pictures ople of his age in su ining way. \MERICAN WILD Zoy ERS. Ce- A of alates “that are * aot for his Wild Flo w somewhai g See books listed For Nulare Students Purely for Pleasure THE OK OF HERB COORPRY: Irene Botsford Hoffmann. ti es, indexed, Riverside icago, 1940, 2,50. 7 The answer to that insistent question, But haven’t you a Nec that tells you how to use these herbs? 129 ARRANGING FLOWERS. garet ts ages, Miustrated. The dj blications, Ine., New York Ov) m, 1941. $1. 50, a A handful s, followed by 26 photographs of eee with, a para- graph on the $ that in each A co ee containing ‘prose ani verse Renu with drawings by one of the t popular of the New Yorker's ca foonis ee IN guRe Bdwara Howard Griggs. iiustrated and indexed. Merrill, New York, 1940. mall oer book by a popular AND AKT. a2 peace nee As radio lectur STONES FOR MY POCKET. Marion Lee. 74 ieee ‘iustrated. Kalei- dograph Press, Dallas, Texas, 1940. 1.50, A small book of verse, partly about flowers. HERB s FOR URBANS AND sv B- pes are ‘excelle nit—more excel- a botanist woud believe when he re tha i doe s that about 4 Las nical names of herbs have been misspelled. 0 percent of tl that are used Life Job YOUR CAREER IN AGRICULTURE Anderson. 285 pages. illustrated invexed. on, ew York, 1940. §2.— Am tly long experience both with Farming pe with bo ys empha- sizes the value of study and the applica- nee to insur advantages income that they 4 are Vikelv “to provide: For Trade EED TRAD ad eead tatty GUIDE & DIRECTO YY. 10 pages. iWastrates and indexed AR Seon World, Chic: $1. An able eee for dealers whio wish: 2 shy oie plants, oe many 2 fferent kinds of equipment for garden- ng, farming and allied activities. Present and Future Control if the Japanese Beetle y B. O. Dodge HE importance of combating the Japanese beetle with every means that has be yy Federal State authorities on its control. In ct i ihe the — is presen! serious mena the insect have; through many years, de- veloped efficient control, It foun in America that ulb fly. veral year: o in making a survey presence of the grubs of Japanese and Asiatic eetles, and ti ae UI ing o1 grubs. They were not sull- ciently. a nu is. however, to be of an import: es a - more promising biologi cal control en ee 2 ao 4 bac- terial. “organism which ause: milky “This Eaeaue ther: tore, Bus a lo ti por ae bic iibs rmilley anpearance of the blood, nvliich is normally colorles = the larvae. e-former and, eee can live over = in i“ oe in fe he New Ik De ena rtinent of Agriculture, orlaa through the U. S. A,, has distributed in ¢ in localities heavily infested witl a s, colonies f the Tiphi y ast contain ing a spores c bacterium, While mith is too early to really. ‘actermine ihe atte eee Gt these two nts of control, they are both promising “The Gitestion no doubt arises s to the ultimate value of biological ¢ se of the Ja at Although it is not anticipated that this pest will be exterminated by insect para- . . . 1, . . sites and bacterial disease, it is believed the combined action using repellents a ie aie from attacking our fav orite orn; Current Literature* At a Glance otanical Garden. An eight-page illus- ee reprint from the March number of ae & ae Sar the New ork Botanical Garden atlable. Giant Tre The largest specimens i pens of eighty different kinds of fees are listed in the April number of fmeri- T rontispiece a q ingt gar e in aus Na tional Fi Calif fornia. Further reports on big trees ] America are requested by the magazi i ‘one of ates rticles entitled “Diagnosis of Tree Disorders” Trees magazine for March & April. The opening number deals with leaf ouble: ¢ s of trees s are be- mt Lists. Sources ing name for the Bulletin of Popular Infor- mation of the Arnold ore of Har- vard University. In No. 4 of Volume 1 a sup entarv list for Buxus, Coton- aster, iscus, I] Magnolia, Phila- dlelphus, Picea, Rhododendron, Azalea, ee and Syringa is printed. Disease. Further information on ie Tabi and habitats of the beetle which carries the Dutch disease is con- tained in Bulletin 740 of the cabs Epona Station at Cornell Uni 1 publications mentioned here—and many there nay be sone in the Library at the Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin, 131 Inveterate campers as well App ately helpful ilustratons to make a season living outdoors simple and safe. Jap e Beetles. Instructions for the use of tap against the Japanese bea are contained _in cules lar 594 of the ted States Dep: ent of A) Soe Marsh Life. Plants and animals Soeur are featured in Nature Maga- zune fir The educat io oe for the is b E Laurence Palm of Corel Grn ersity and deals | wit he ands and their a oe have been m Volume 7 of ea he one g i environ: the opening omin. Data s a Me. she aiding: of pollen in are to be dates of the unfolding o the first opening of the petals, ite ‘eight of re and the end of the flowering Seed TW¥orld and the watt tiondl nee a been combined into one semi- greed etna pig be ae under_ the Seed World a en He Ieecen. many years had been editor of Seed [orld, is retir shan Henri Stehlé has contrib- uted “Les Pipérales des Antilles Fran- gaises” to the Sept.-Dec. number of the Bulletin ee 2 the Agricultural Service of Mart Picnic Grounds. The New York State College of Forestry has issue red a 69-page quarts booklet on the design and de’ selon: nt of picnic grounds, Five pamphiets on the red- wood herate of California have been issued by t Save s League, of these le s, four which are ob- tainable at 10 cents each, are: “Trees, Shrubs, and ers of the lwood Region” by Willis L. Jepson; “The Story Told by a Fallen Redwood” by Emanuel iia “A Liv ae Lin! cin fees by John C. Mern “Redwoods the Past” a Ralph. Ww. Chaney ad oe ing the oods,” a free pamphlet. Wild Flowers. contribution o the litera tut plants appears a | ae as Circular 530 of the University of New Hampshire's Extension Service Touch Not! Leaves of lady-slippers nd of the common parsnip, when wet, are likely faa se an eruption on the skin of a who touches them, penscher: points out in a sma all leaflet’ on poisonoils plants recently pub- lished by Cornell. Notes, News, and Comment Lec Among members of the staff who hee “appeared on the lecture plat- ly are Dr. William J. Rob- York A Miss aS th of a of five class ent pil < o spoke on “Families , Garden Plants” before the Garden Chab Pert: Vernon April 21; and M Wit trock, who lectured on “Plants ce by the American Indians” to two groups of 40 graduate nurses each at Motrisania Hospital April 14 and 15. ncheo: Mrs, Elon Huntington ooker sia eaared for her seven years of service as President of the Advis i a buffet lunc! i the grounds which the new propagating Houses. the * cwaft Mill, the group was William J. Robbins ? Gleason, also Messrs. Monucne Corbett and Pfander, who acted as guides, o S Meeting. The American Rock Garden Saciey met at the New York Botanical eae len April 23 and visited the Thomp- n Memorial Rock Garden and the col Jections of iors sere ssi and ma: nolias under the direction of Mr. Pfander. Dr. William 7. Robbins ad- dressed the grou aia N.A.G. The Greater New York City branch of the National ee of Gardeners met at the Botanical Garden the evening of April 9. Addresses were mi Dr, W. essrs. made by J. Robbins, and M Je ie ee P. J. Mc Kenna, and T. H. Eve rence. Dr. Stanley A. Cain spoke on “ Significance o Foray in ites son fer- of the scientific staf anda ts of the Garden April i istered oe Scientists on a insti- e Garden daring the ane few weeks eae Rich- ard rvard ne iversi ity, Cc of Syracuse, plan Florida Grout, algae; David Stmstine, Cameuie Museum, Pitts! og ne she fungi: George John anical Garden, an avis, Sones ersey es Statio on, cryptogams; and Sister: Angela and Mary Deiphine, St. Fraicis Convent, Ringwood, genetics of the strawberry. Among other ecent weeks Forest Se Tvice ; r Bevan, Tropical Forest Experiment “Station, Rio Piedras, Haake Rico; Dr. Mrs. E Dussert e University ot Chile at Santiago: Mrs. H New “College at Hav mn, Coa the Agricultural Uppsala, weden. clubs, Girl Scouts, ent weeks inc the ‘Garden Danan ‘of ines Bronxville lub, who Vi ted the Rock d aa servatories, bri Mr. T. H en then ser Girl S Room. couts plants Both ¢ TOU the Main onservatories. Troop 150 from the ronx also came to t den. Fifty kindergarten a st grade children and eir mothers visited the Main oneet a tories April 15. On two da avs are Applied Art did sketching in Ran are on March 29 members ae the New York Hikin ng Club visited ther aching. Dr, Ellys T. a n Teaching during ‘t ae ae ee ne Seoville a Ss ae position in 1 the Botany Dep: Columbia. The Department of Botany and the Libraries a Eraser eas si sented Dr. S . Cai Li same time there wa exhibit of ae “Walcot prints of North American wild flov B. Stout attended ily Com- cultural Society 5 in New York March THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I, ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1942: ArtHur M. AnpErson (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE Lewis, E. D. Merritt, Henry pe ra MontTacne (Secretary and Assistant Treasurer), Francis E, Powe t, Jr., and Wittiam J. pages ‘ntil 1943: E, Henry F. pu Pon ae R, Jennines, Henry i Bree Jr, D. T. nc DoueaL: “Nes. Hanoi . N nt Until 1944: s C. Avcun MARSHALL Frecp, Mrs. Eon yeas Hooxer, Joun L. Merritt % Vice-preiden, Cou. Rosert H. Mon H. Hosart Porter, and A. Percy Saun Il, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of New York. Rowert Moses, Park Commissioner. JAMES Mars Hatt, President of the Board of Education. Ill APPOINTIVE MANAGERS R. A. Har Bocert, appointed by Columbia Una. neta STAFF LLIAM J. Ropains, Pu. D., 5 Director H, A. Greason, Pu. "D. Assistant Director and Head Curator HENRY ee LA MONTAGNE. Assistant Director A.B. Srout, Po. D. ...... cece eee eee Curator of Education and Laboratories RED J. SEAvex Pu. D., Sc. D. Cn rator ERNARD OQ. Doncge, PH. D. Plant Pathologist oHN HENDLEY BARNIART, AL OMG MG De oc eo aie cas ibliographer . W. Rickert, Pu. D. Assistant Bibliographer TaRoLD N. Moxpenxe, Pu. D. Associate ribald LIZABETH C, Hai, A. B., B. S Libraria: LEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer ERCY WILSON Be search Ass OBERT S, WILLIAM Research A wate in Bry net J oe layed Assistant Curator and Curator of ao Local Herbarium mp, Pu. D. Assistant Curat LYDE Craninan, H, Technical Assistant OSALIE Technical 'REDERIC Kayan H, A; Technical Assistant RO! pwaRD, A. B, Editorial Assistant Tuomas H, Eve . N. D. Horr. ut aculturist 7 aces . Custodian of t. erbarium TTO Drce M. S. Collaborator in Vitus Botany OBERT Hagensres Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Josern F, , Honorary Curator of the Diatomaceae . A, Kruxor rary Cura tor of Economic Botany “THEL ANSON S PECKHAM. “Honorary ee: Iris and Narcissus Collections ARTHUR J. corer uperintendent ot Buildings and Grounds 4. C. PFANDER stant Superintendent ach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to goatee Park Bie ue Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park station, or the New & Central to the Botanical Garden station; or drive up the jail ty Concourse then east on Mosholu Pkwy., or, coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River Pkwy. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Be An Illustrated fier of ies Norton United States and Can Neher Lord Britton and Addison Brow Three volumes, giving ‘ee one illus’ tions of 4066 species. oe ond Paes reprinted. Flora of the eek is? and Plains eh Gone North America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and 601 1 figu . 1932. Price, $5.50 postpaid. Plants of the Vic of New Yor. oe H. A ited 5 24 Baers ears i handbook epi eee ee oe the eT in plant identification. $1. oe ae la, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 585 me ea re Ree cover Balen’ ae mosses, ferns, flowering we 1918. $3.50 Gen ] Text Book of ral Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. 2.50. _ North American Cariceae, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of Carex and related plants by Harry C. Creutzburg, with a description a ran species. Indexed. 1940. Two volumes, 1034x 13% inches; bound $17.50; un- ‘ ie ne North ae Clase Snegcs ae kee by K. K. Mackenzie. From . Vol. ie epee , of North American Flor Hardy pane and Their Gulati mance a Ciel H. Woodward. 40 pages, illustrated; bound in paper. 25 cents. Plants of the Holy Scriptures by Eleanor King, illustra and accompanied by a list of Plants of the Bible st muceront in the March si eee 15 cents. The Flora of the Unicorn Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wood- ward, illustrated, in the May 1941 Journal. 15 cents Periodicals Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates accompanied by pen idesencee ns of Receaneus lants; eight plates in each number, thirty-two in each volume. Now in its twenty-first volume. Subscription price, $10 a volume (four Breas Not offered in exchange. Free to members of the Garden. ae e a ow in Y 5 logia, pony: ‘lieeeaced in eal and otherwise; devoted to fungi, Uae lichens, containing techn ical eee sa news and notes of general in: terest. tA year; ee cones $1. ch. Now in its thirty-third volume. Twenty- ot Year Index volume $3. Brittonia. A series af botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. Now ‘in ie fourth volume. h Ane ieee Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants ou North Ameo Fae Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. nned to be pleted in 34 ae a each to consist of four or more parts; oer ae now ‘easel e exchange. s e S uest. Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of techn en by studer r bers of the staff. i ) / p e Flora of Mo d th : Wolt acDouaaL, The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development. a a 3, ArtHUR Ho_tick and E. C. ee Studies of Cretaceous Jonif . STUART GAGER Vol, NI, Ib, Ganowen, New Myxophijcese from cPoita Rice. AME mcrateaiait Flower Behavior of Avo lol, USBY, Plant Gasilecret in mae Amazon Valley; Artuur Ho ttick, The Flom of the Saint Eugene Silts JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 42 No. 498 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor June 1941 ENTRANCE TO THE Rosz GARDEN Cover Photograph es Fleda Epes Fruits FoR THE Home GaRDEN Edwin Beckett 1 Cuecx-List OF THE PLANTS IN THE ee TAPESTRIES E. J. Alexander ae Carol H. Panis 141 H. ImporTANT PUBLICATIONS FROM THE GARDEN HERBAI on 148 Buy Your New Booxs THROUGH THE RDEN! 150 Dr. A. J. Grout NamMep Honorary CuraTor OF Mosses 150 Nn’s BANANAS ARE CUT FOR Bronx CHILDREN 150 Cuoisters Lectures 151 LANT DistRIBUTION 151 REVIE Recent Booxs 152 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 154 Current Literature AT A GLANCE 156 THE ROSE GARDEN A new one-way road for motorists starting near the of the Museum Buildin; going over the Boulder Bridge (which hae been tended 125 feet). gn e hil through the woods, and past part of the plantings of deciduous trees, leads directly to the Rose Garden. ae tae. for the first time since the fence was erected aut For pedestrians there is a well marked path which starts at the triangle east of the Main Conservatories, where the Snake Road also begins to wind through the woods. ye and the fra the: loom at one time, the com polesee of te ealleciog. its arrangement in systematic groups and the Ibelng of each variety make this garden an important field of study for horticultur. This fact, as well as a beauty of the place and the good culture that is evidenced in the health and vigor of the plants, is recognized by the man who, more than a) other, is responsible for the fine display that the Garden i is able to offer each yea Mr. . Bobbink, in writing to the Garden recently, sai “Yesterday I visited the Rose Garden, and I must say ‘that it looks even better than last year, when it was very fine. The growth, foliage, and general appearance of the plants is far reeks to roses in any other garden I know of.” While other gardens are larger, he continued, and more spectacular, an one, largely because of the interesting collectio re varieties, is of particular value for study. Raed this extensive planting, which comprises some 6,000 plants of more n 600 varieties and many natural species, the Botanical Garden carries out part of growing and displaying as ma: arietie: of its horticultural function—thai owing and d ny varieties as pr: le in an arrangement useful to the student and the amateur but at the 8a. attractive to the general public incerested: primarily in the loveliness of The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y¥. ee at the Post gues in py York, N, Y., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 10 ¢ ee to members of the Garden JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 42 June 1941 No. 498 Fruits For The Home Garden By Edwin Beckett HE object of this short article is to attempt to a _ means f review which are the kinds of fruits best suited t in the home he term “hom den” in this instanc i terp: garden of modest size, tended by the owner or his ly with occasional help, and able to accommodate some fruit-bearing plants, either e or ee . the situation justifies. It should be noted, however, that this is not an attempt to describe in detail the various methods of culture of these ae with the many theories of pruning, schedules of praying, selection of varieties as to locality and the necessary detail im- perative in the pr ion of first-class frui mpete in the market, to r a a to discuss in a general way those best suited for the purpose ind. Choice of kinds must of necessity rest with the owner, as iriure of area, locality, and personal likes and dislikes for certain fruits govern this The Tree Fruits oup, the tree fruits—apples, cherries, Pears, peaches, plums, mall they need comparatively large areas to develop and they also present a y oa a ble ay m in the matter of control of insect and fungus pests, much more so t an do the small fruit ts. This, however, need not deter the ie : : fruit growing, however, it is cons sided ea t the ae of young stock is the right way to commence operations and to plant where cultivation of the ground can be carried out at will. 133 134 Assuming ee ee are to be considered in the list of fruits nae that h young trees are to be planted, the grower must not lose sig t of the fact that a number a years must elapse ae re a crop of any size will is a by ore type trees. Generally the earlier ae commence bearing ard r somewhat sooner than the late varieties, but unless early apples are aan some Pa ular purpose they are of ae Rauidlias and seit ai be: Yellow Transparent, Duchess of Oldenburg, Graven- stein, McIntosh, Delicious, ies st ae a livin Three only would be: hes. iden bur, Duchess of O1 rg, Ment One only: Baldwin. As Ces before, choice dep: oo on Sosy taste. - oil be noted that some apples are more or ie self-sterile and in order to produce a full crop need pollen from other varieties to effect fertilization. McIntosh i a notable example and should not be planted solely. This characteristic is also found in other fruits, Rea plums and apricots. ears, while not requiring so much ae as apples, are not as popular generally, as the fruit is not cere in such a diverse number of ways, consequently it is in less demand. Again too, fire-blight, in some localities so prevalent a disease as to make pear growing a sisal t impossible, is a controlling factor. Clapp’ penne: is a good quality, fee ripeni ng pear Bartlett is excellent ce both require picking ahead of ripening, and finishing in a cool dark place. sone the late pears igi of the listed varieties are of es quality. Beurré Bose is a good nae variety and Winter Nelis, Glou "Mor reeau and Doyenné du first-rate winter pears. ae né du Comice is so ou one: in Ene as to merit rene mention. It is grown eet in cae ae quantities of it are sold i ie a markets, I know it will gro the East, however, as I - e grown it. The reason for its absence hes trade lists do not underst a Lae ne it is possible to obtain stock of it no should hesitate to try ould be my “one only” choice in the pears. efore leaving the oe ne pear question, serious consideration should be given to the type of trees to be planted, particularly if limited room is available, those on dwarfing eh being admirably ee Hae he home ° 3 Oo t young and continue to incre in productivity as 1 1Ze, s the orc ee ype requires a number ore bearing commences. These dwarf trees may be obtaine ish form, as in a trained. There is nothing mysterious or difficult in the pruning required to maintain aes feats t great deal of the difficulty experienced by ma: have planted them has been due to the unsuitability of the fe used in their working. Co Photograph by Edwin Beckett An old apple tree from an orchard forms part of the landscape in this springtime scene. rable experimentation has been carried on by the various State eee Experiment Stations to produce suitable stocks for this ood de i can i hi an in this direction, with no doubt the names of firms that are producing trees on stocks that are acesiiels dwarfing in character. , without doubt, are well worth the effo rt needed to produce c good fruit from . home garden. The difference between ane picked firm e arketed, perhaps a week bef being fi t, and that ripened on the tree is consi Bares and needs to be experienced to be appreciated. Peaches come into bearing relatively young but their fruiting life is short, compared v a that of apples and pears. Their uses are many and in my See they are definitely on the “yes” list. Good varieties for home growing are: Ca armen, Early Crawford, Rochester, Belle of Georgia, and Elbert € are numerous types of plums which in a limited way should be used. Varieties are many. Some of the Japanese are heavy croppers and 136 generally earlier to ripen than those of European origin. They are excel- lent for ne and definitely worth He For quality fruit Coe’s Golden Drop and the Green Gage plums, such as Imperial Gage and Reine Claude a Bavay should be planted. “These ripen later in the season. The prune plums are also good. A word about that plus oe er one pest, the Japanese beetle. My Paeiche has been that plums, along with sassafras and lindens, are their first dietary choice, ees the early-ripening plums Baa at a i h e ar i i hat wi ms ata time when the - ee is on the wane, wou the o ae a plant. Small trees may of e be screened “vith sie but this procedure is not altogether a seal or picturesque method of aaa plums. Aprico the East are not too reliable a crop. The trees are particularly meetin in bloom, however, and might al 2 considered from an orna- mental standpoint. Early flowering, the blooms are apt to be injured by Photograph by Edwin en Pears grown in espalier fashion, either against a wall or as a pergola, give an abundance of fruit in little space. 137 late frosts, and if fruit appears it is attractive to the curculio, which is one e pests most likely to be of serious concern. Moorpark is an excel- ciou the fruits that can be planted to advantage with the view in mind of utility and aa effect is the sweet cherry, not aan: of course its ultimate size. There are several excellent varieties both i the light and dark sorts. 7 sour cherries also have fav Paes ates and are more like ely to succeed un nder adverse conditions than coe X nning, and th making o andi | tee It is possible, believe, ws be this variety ee trained and i in this form it is particularly suited as a subject for a north wall, a position not easily utilized by other fruit trees. Grapes In The Garden Grapes are first-rate for the home garden a and one of the most accom- modating of subjects. They may be planted in various ways, in a pe or what is perhaps more adaptable to the small planting, grown on a fen employed as a dividing line between plots or used in an ornamental se for an arbor or pergola. V as covering la. atever the for a minimum amount of trouble a reliable return may be expected. While it is neces- sure a cr bunches of good s re accepted styles of pruning or adaptation of it, sensible thinning an restriction of the growths aoe planted as name feature will usu: upply family needs. Caco, Moore’s Early, Concord and Niagara od varieties in the various colors e the Vitis group € The berries though seem to possess less attraction and as a rule little damage is done to the fruits themselves Berries and Other Small Fruits Possibly the most aaa: and attractive ane of fruit from the home grower’s standpoin ¢ the berries and similar fruits which grow b year or two of planting, whereas the tree-grown fruits, with one or two exceptions, EY Strawberries ask for no intricate cultural ae and never wane in daennlle I prefer spring oe nting to late summer, and for home us he plants should be maintained as separate identities the runners always 138 being removed except when needed for replanting to produce new beds, which should be done every alternate spring. By following this method a i top-size ies Wi € iced. and Premier for s v fru The so-called ieee type is well worth ai asa Be «rating oe Mastodon ‘ood. Raspberries by all r Lat. a main crop variety and the late “tog nae of un ae kinds warrant their inclusion in the list. St. Regis and La France follow one another in their site of ae both the first and last crop, and extend the season ver a considerable period. Photograph by First choice among the small ae high- “bush Diebeny. ee is as ornamental in flower as it is delicious in frui 139 The blackcap ene while not grown as extensively as the red varieties, seem o be deserving ot more recognition. Cumberland is a standard of this a delicious ber personal preference decided the or a of rotation, me first on this , shoul 1 ery home garden. Of course, the ideal way to it, to obtain the best out of the bushes, is as a cultivated crop, as an ornamental , th eldo: 1 h, the blue- berry is one of the handsomest. By judicious selection of varieties, which possible, its se xtends over a | iod, the plants are established the subsequent care is practically nil, making it one of the least troublesome of all fruits to handle. Its main demand is an acid soil, well supplied with humus. Since the introduction hybrids and selected wild forms, coupled with the scientific vegetative production methods that have made th e plants available in ne the blueberry has jumped into popula a and rig’ htly so, as the improvement over the eee Neeeat is remarkable. The prices asked for young plants of the impro types are perhaps a deterrent to some people planting them but tthey are well worth the investme: planting my own garden, blackbervies would be one of the last ere € the liking for them; they add variety, and mention of them should not be omitte The eee likewise have a more or pi uncertain following and are usually not in great demand. The reds are an excellent source of jelly. however, and are sometimes called o m to peers the raspberries when short, these two fruits melding exceptionally well in pies or preserves. The black currants, on the bl. lade list patholo gically in some sections, also have their adherents, making an excellent jelly. Figs Fresh From the Tree A fruit of first-rate laren very much appreciated by some oes ae one of those for which it is necessary with some to cultivate a taste, s the fig. The fruits are eer termed “green” figs to differentiate be- ae the o ¥ ones and the well known dried figs, which are the same fruits proce for marketing. In the vicinity of New York the tree is not ey hardy, needing protection in winter, and this no doubt is against its more universal cultivation in this section. It is one of thos fruits that must be eaten ripe from the tree, if o joy it at i es) o comparison between figs so obtained and which find their way into the markets as “green” figs. e usual methods of handling are either, to grow as a tubbed shrub, plunging or planting out during the summer and removing to a cool cellar or place where protection Photograph by Edwin Beckett as branch of a Brown Turkey fig. The fruit at the right is in prime condition for ating. It would be uae to ans fruit for the market in this condition as the skin eakable at the slightest touch. from hard Sie: can be given during the winter, or to plant ee and box or cover the tree where it stands. If the latter method is adopted it is advise = cut back some of the main has periodically induce es 1 grow y so doing a more ubby character is maintained wit ood th a is more supple than if ne oO grow aie ed. This makes for ease in coy oes ee gr pi hee brought to the ground, boxed and covered with sand o Figs are easily handled, are seldom attacked by insects or ee eS eet a ainaun of care, are reliable croppers coming into bearing when two or three years old. Moreover, they are easily propagated ae cutt: tings. Brown one is the outstanding variety and best suited for growing in the Eas Advice to He Fruit Grower It is well, before attempting to plant fruits of the various kinds, to exercise care in the selection of stocks in order that plants true to name, of goo ine o much time 1 years of abl varieties best suited, soil conditions, and atv ae peculiarities per- taining to certain areas. Much valuable time and effort may be saved, to say nothing of expense, by ee 141 (heck-List Of Plants In The Unicorn Tapestries By E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Woodward Te. CONCLUDE the present study of the flora of tries presented i in the Ma plants is given here with one or more ee of each its relative ge in the design. The number The drawings were mai Gia. throug! f the Work Pro Metropolitan Mus of Changes in the Hocufiction of a few of the subjects article was written, and discovery o. several duplications the original num- s f the which 16 still re- ain complete mys- teries. Of the re- maining 85, the ma- jority are unques- tionable their identit Even thoug! lant, for ple, which capture ed ie the an about the identit ce one of the Virgin : bandmates are of a plant, a ques eas one without, the ais within, tion-mark is used. the rose: es ae the Unico ay number of this Journal, a check-list of the e for aaa to the rm Tapes- subject shown in list. e co-operation ade by a a eas from photographs ae by the since the original As can be seen 0 receding article, color hi Oye ar] a ‘wall. seventh ble i in me ‘next § which they occur, & ) 10 W a0 ie APY Kang ous GS SANG ay NAT, NRA BAN l “h Ae das EON ag “Oana ¥. iy, SA cp, 's we, ANA 6 JENN ERE Ie “iN ai 7 én VS ¥ Ce 5 a RS De an SZ ag z 8876.4 ey 8 AO ay. 28 EON Ais ofS iy wens VA TAPESTRY No. 1 The Start of the Hunt Tapestry No. 1 11. Prunus domestica (?) (BLUE PLUM) 1. Scilla nonscripta (ENGLISH BLUEBELL) ia oe tremula (ASPEN) z > a Juglans regia (WALNUT) 3: ? : ene pert 4. Lunaria biennis or L. rediwiva 1 agU Ore. Ser aaa . Sagiit HONESTY ) 16. Mentha arvensis (ML 5. Hieracium or Crepis (HAWKWEED) 17, Carex muricata (SEDGE) 6. Narcissus (fruit) (DAFFODIL) 18, Cirsium or Carduus (WHITE THISTLE) 7. Prunus avium or P. Cerasus (CHERRY) 19, Dianthus Seguiert (BROAD-LEAVED 8. Fragaria vesca (STRAWBERRY ) PINK) 9. Ulmus procera (ELM 20. Hyacinthus or Scilla (HYACINTH or 10. Tilia ewropaca (LINDEN) SQUILL) 21. Inula salicina (A relative of ELECAM- PANE 2. Cheiranthus Cheiri: (WALLFLOWER) 5 Alchenuilla vulgaris (LADY'S MANTLE) 25. Viola odorata (cites VIOLET) 26. Hesperis matrona: fis (DAME’S ROCKET 27. ? 28. Vinca major or V. minor (PERI- WINKLE) 29. ? 30. Trifolium aiden (ALSATIAN KE) 32. Centaurea Bow (CORNFLOWER ; Per ee BU’ ey eeee 3. Rumex Acetosa (GAl SORREL ) 34. Phoenix he Ge PALM) 35. Ruseus aculeatus (BUTCHER'S BROOM) HH DAI . Calendula officinalis (PoT-MA = Lasl Bellis perennis (ENGLIS: sy) RIGOLD) Dianthus superbus (FRINGED PINK) > Tapestry No. 2 Fagus sylvatica (BEECH) Prunus domestica ae PLUM) Mespilus € Viola tricolor (PANSY Lychnis alba ara CAMPION) ie oficinas (sace) Anag wuensis (PIMPERNEL) ? Physalis Alkekengi OS JAPANESE LANTERN-PLANT) . Citrus sinensis (ORANGE EYE DAISY; . Primula (PRIMROSE 6. fris Pseudacorus (YELLOW FLAG) i satiny Seg a TAPESTRY No. 3 The Unicorn Attacked Tapestry No. 3 Prunus domestica var. Institia DAMSON ; BULLACE PLUM) llex Aquifolium (HOLLY) Corylus Avellana (HAZELNUT; FILBERT ) Phyteuma (RAMPION) Adonis aestivalis (PHEASANT’S-EYE) ? > Cratacgus Oxyacantha (HAWTHORN) Punica Granatum (POMEGRANATE) i i . Senecio paludosus (GROUNDSEL; RAG- WORT . Chrysanthemun segetun (CORN- MARIGOLD . Salvia Sclarca (CLARY) . Chrysanthemum Leucanthemmun (ox- COMMON FIELD DAISY) ) 4 TAPESTRY No. 4 The Unicorn Defending Himself . Plantago Cornutt (PLANTAIN) . Nigella arvensis (Relative of Love- ) Arbutus Unedo (STRAWBERRY-TREE) Prunus Armeniaca (APRICOT . Quercus Robur (ENGLISH OAK) 2 > Chrysanthemum Parthenium (FEVER- FEW Stratiotes aloides (WATER-SOLDIER) Typha latifolia (CAT-TAIL . Myosotis scorpioides (FORGET-ME-NOT) : Cirsium arvense (“CANADA” THISTLE) Prunus Persica (PEACH) 145 i Seeks LARS nats ES a : f 6 aN 4 Kt 3 , A Se ee TAPESTRY No. 6 (The fifth in the order of hanging) The Unicorn Killed and Brought to the Castle Tapestry No. 6 90. Senecio Doronicum (LEOPARD’S-BANE) 81. ? 91. Mathiola incaua (stock 82, Rubus fruticosus (BLACKBERRY ) 92. Polygonum Bistorta (BIsToRT) 83. Iris germanica (BEARDED IRIS) 93. Orchis mascula (MAL Ci ceuyer . as (marr’s- 94. Dianthus Caryophyllus (CARNATION) TONGUE FERN 95. Arvin maculatumn (CUCKOO-PINT; 86. Carthamus tinctorius (SAFFLOWER) LORDS AND LADIES) 96. ? Papestry Ne:.9 97. Primula elatior (ox.IP) 87. Malus pumila (arpte) 98. Silybum Marianum (HOLY, MILK, or Tapestry No. 7 ST, MARY'S THISTLE 88 2 99. Aquilegia culgaris (COLUMBINE) 89. Scilla nonscripta (fruit) (ENGLISH 100. Lilinn candidum (MADONNA LILY) BLUEBELL ) 101. Taraxacum officinale (DANDELION) 146 WES WZ aN YES (= NN 101 ¥ wauwn TAPESTRY No. 7 The Unicorn in Captivity 147 et 148 Important Publications From The Garden Herbarium HE value of an herbarium rah solely in the use which is made of it, No matter how large it may be, or ee well icone and stored, or how wide its ope, or how accurately the plants arc named, an herbarium is otherwise merely ion. Its use, mor T, must no yy its contribu: hae of plants. Dr, mart ‘old y iow this herbarium is ‘tually sites hati the es occupies, 0 han ich er tl yeaa’ on. these ds, pio: pose to tell its active use began with its ver tion and has continued with- to show you some of the important con- tributions . knowledge which have eman- ated from i ba our Fhe rba: ee was ae occupy: y quarters in the rooms of Cotumii. Celle, Dr Britton beaan to the ud; Or any. about a bo ss d, as be interested persons. tion of the herbarium. Among the first appointments to the scientific staff of the New York Botani- was one of the papers given at the | By H. A. Gleason cal Garden were botanists lope to use nd their colleagues an TS 3 have continued 7 ee ae Tr. aia ton, and this ns. tal number eed a a: The joy the respect of the ‘bone public, They are used far and wide as sta ndard about viously impossible to dis- cuss a few of them, selecting a that Ae "noteworthy both for ‘ontent, and omi ast s et mi floras of vari- ous regio Il these are alike in giving names of Lah growing naturally n the re; red by the boo ith a aes huge ce ald Eve: or hen tee ‘ane “botanical Veta: every one has ee oe bot cal work and has led to still greate: ant if Indies, we have a Rritton’s Flora of Bens da, de- one about 500 species in this litt tle island group, ee in aire hae first and still the only flora region. Next is the Bah He Floss, | ey Britto nd Mill gh, published in 1920 an pia of Cuba, soe cert not pub- lishe c bead use of lack of funds, com- 0, in observance of * This the poration of -_ two millionth specimen in the ea “The Mather addresses have been Be sliched for Jan in the Journal nuary, February, March, and April, 1941, 149 piled by Britton and Wilson, including ee t 7,000 kinds of plants, ‘and essen- tally ready for ae es at the time of Dr. Bri ss pass: he paeatear ea had a written by Chapman a ae aon eighty years ago. Thi bec woefully t i as poe ed i in 1903 by Small’s great Flora of the South- asi , for man s the stand- ard reference book for all student our diversified southern flora. cause of the Teal ar 5 A o ta) OQ ~ Au > a homa, Loui ae ane "Texas: orts are being made to com be an publish i Ry the Prairies and berg’s Fl Plains was Eieiehed in 1932, a year after the author’s death. It covers the SO states of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, the Dakotas, Nebraska and Kansas. Rydberg also published a Flora of the Rocky Mountains in 1917, covering the moun tain ae from Colorado northward. This is also a book of the highest value ie Botanical students, but is unfort unately out of ae Thes floras of Small and Rydberg, toasther with, the Illustrated ae of Britton and B stricted field of bot ith a more limited region, the first to be mentioned are the popular books o _ Mu 7 on Soa and their relatives though th t of thin was published i in 1915, they ce never lost thei ity or their usefulness a ides study of these fungi. e al s Seaver’s th th i 2 as ee Dr st heck several species This book seas Mr, of ‘the lovely South American alstroe- known Grow Them Indoors and continues the meri en ey are so little know good work of inducing amate a in this coun sO Ww HW others to grow something beside the eruvi: 1 ( is eas i i i ‘ a tb Ca ned calathina, generally called Ismene cala- ese faithful ones should not be scorne thina), icl entions, after their lon industrious careers, ing with bulbs crowded in a pot, will but surely it is time to try some of the give om both summer a inter. Its newer plants which come to us in lavish White fragrant flowers always attract at- variety from all over the world. tention. Most of the butterfly moreas ‘he Sein garde a Ha 7 are easy to grow and giv long ease $ more or less di - of bloom, d th veltheimias, de- jects and there may be some failures but, ite their u: ith no popular “Not failure but im is crime,” and one, delight one with their drooping tubu- many of the attempts may bring glorious jg; pink bloss. The golden chinks ee ee Cee retin a rd 2 easies arm ae range- well worth while, whatever the result. yellow flowers last for five or s: ecks. unlight is important, air dryness ay 4 ié- Worth while 40. follows 4 < 1 see toad aie ee di bow, wa lures one with the a tions and give these exotic plants colors of the flowers named in this book, combination of materials that they need. and in growing them one often finds the 1 at 1 1 if that ig Pot,of gold or diamonds oe oes ol tended to. Mr, ead giv reful rubies at the end of the at 8 attention to that subject, One may ques- Sar. aa Coomes. 153 . The development of pharmacy from th iograph : P ¥ trom the Biography plains of Babylon and aoe ria oe a JOHN AND WILLIAM Liciaiaee ein modern professional pharmacy of t ee a yivania Press ig an enthralling story, and. on e. closely Philadelphia, 1940, linked with plant life throughout ‘the ages, Muc imeeaue nd éf American The authors of this History of Phar- aia i oe h the lives of the macy devote one-third of the volume to Bartrams, father and son. A worthy the early backgrounds, particularly an- addition to the series of “Pennsylvania cient Egyptian medicine and pharmacy Lives” being prepared by the University and the rise of professional pharmacy in aly, Germany and France. They have f Pennsylvania Press. s not overlooked the important role that the abs left upon healing art and its influence upon the Middle Ages. But the Early Herbal major portion of the work ts concerned MICALI. CONCLU- ph: in Americ: arly SONS. cONCE ING THE ART colonial days to the present time, with OF NSHIL LATION. Sir Hugh Plat. ph our struggles through the Broduced for the Herb 7 pare: Book Various , the increased use of nativ Club, Milford, Con 1. products in the early cultivation of herb : 1d rdens, largely religious sects, — i aa , an tretig o! e small-scale manufacture of chemicals volume, produc r the overs’ which later developed into lern Book Club by Mie eae tava chemical ts of Re present time. t lecessor of Plat’s “Delightes for Pe ee sites from rs. ‘ tkson’s 4:64, © Hass igi! SA ra 4 Y ishment of the literature of t cog Bacal en hel isa of pe and its economic structure are well work- ee oes ee ey out. he part played by the ae ee a ‘h a ae as factoring pharmacist is very scanty and irections leserves much more attention. Briliant paid of oil ae such Theres aS sage, research has been and is being carried out ay laven Tosel ane yr an ee : the many manufacturing Giants vo this d antes occur on “ ‘o make sun ry a — aaa dainty "batter Nets a e bibliography is good. The tal arate both in tast and propertie, unto ned “chronology and glossary give each the spiri wine.” “How t Dissolue pertinen cise in ve fo or oe ae — } and p arle”’ and “How to and researd n worker Ye y fac of nes msons, chert peareplums real importance to ph: rma ae "have. ee gooseberni ‘es, ete, i sirop without the addition of rosewater.” A Cavalcade of Pharmaceutical Facts ARMACY. Baward U 446 lossary, Philadel raphy, J. B. Lippincott 1940. $4.50. phia, Tt is estimated that the a 000 pharma- cies of this country fill m ne n ae 000,000 prescriptions a sear, * The scriptions are written by approxim: imately 135,000 physicians. The magnitude of such an industry had its oo before the dawn of written histor’ theor1 are important, out ee oe oe we hee pharmacy. Yet, in all, de ertain oe s, tne gen k is the hee vet published. Wititam J. BoNnisTzEL, Fordham University. — News, ~ Comment oe md. At the meeting he 2 Natio rial pera of Sciences in Wonca ae ee of April, a ional Science Fund ‘y such a body to encourage and ae financial support of scientific Exer for students ave tonipleied the ‘Science ioaata Professional Garden hi -year Course in i) x g, lay, June nts will receive rife: for hav- Stude ing successfully com peter one of the two-year Mr Yr. K. Balls, famous See lait nee who is n in the Thompson a bun bers ene! e been ex- Journals Wanted. There has steady demand for several back which April 19. March and “November in: February an April ie Aut Edwin Becket an a contrib- utes its for Pi arden” to fe issue of the Journal: ny eg of on ddletown Farm, Red eu : man ite he are nts for the table, and other Hed ee have long looked to him for advice on shee © grow in this line and how to grow i 154 Bromeliads. M. B. Foster of Orlando, Fla., was a visitor at the Garden the last f May. Through his collections of the grounds in Florida he has more than 400 specie: s in cultivatior Anthracnose. Major James O. Andes of the Chemical Warfare See of the U.S. Army came - the Garden early in oratories and ‘roost anbject” with of te eee of ¢ Corporation for more rry N. Whitford. The first man to cba a ae in plant ecology under Henr: les of Chi 1]: er pre roduction, On in Bronx fore . In 1916 he be- cai Assistant Professor of Tropical Forestry in the Yale School of Forestry. He many trips to the forests of tropical America during that period, and later into Malaya and the surrounding regions. A number of years ago he lec- tured on the production of rubber at the ae an nd contributed material for an article e Journal of August 1932. Dr. William J. Robbins was jer 6h May 1 to bean in the American Philosophical Soe: Centenary. In Apr: e Royal Botani Gardens at Kew, a celebrated the centenary of thes existence Government institution. In a le tee to 155 Dr, Robbins, Sir Arthur W. Hill, tor, wrote: “I much hope it may not be jong before we are able to resume our proper one with ve botanical col- leagues throughout the world.” Direc- Deli F, J. ‘ aver has been Perit ihe. delegate of Morningside lege, fro ich the he received degree of 902 and Sc.D. in 1931, at the eae Celebration of Ford! thar aad to take place Sept. 15-17, m. The sixth annual dinner of toastmast Among the gardeners from estates around New Yor! who e guests were many Dowton, ‘Anthony. Sailer, and et h Hadland. About 80 persons atten Degrees. Thomas oe who has just been pis ile wship for the third successi ar for tudy of diseases of Delphi tinder lodge the New Yo ~ Botanical “Garden, mpletel his ae e de- Ph.D. h ie two preceding grants e American Delphinium ye Bs8 & ‘Dw wyer, atl student ai yn has been working un ason at the Botanical Garden, passed his eee, for the degree of Ph.D, at Fordham Ma ay 23. ohn d- ham, der Dr. H. Gra ce William J. Bonisteel of Fordham University, a a apecial ma tor at the Garden and a member of ee has been awarded a gr an ma by the Wellcome Foundation for a cytogenetic study of Digitalis in the gas of his nds of poUpeny’ in relat chemical analysis ieee ae ee white the Three- urse in Practical Garden- im progress have been added to he rr icture of scenes and ac- tivities at the Garden, The entire ree’ was shown to members of all the recent gardening classe evening of May ot e538 s and their friends the 28. Conference. J. P. Carabia spoke on “The Origin of the Cuban Flora” and Dr. W. H. Camp on “The Genetic Struc- ture of the Blueberries of Eastern North merica” at the conference of the scien tific staff and registered students of the Garden May 16. Lect Staff members who have ad- aa vecientific groups, garden clubs, ar other organizations in recent weeks include: Dr, Pate lia: J. ecuneressory Grow: before the We ore Plant Growth,” Research Club of Rahway, N. J., May 6; Dr. Fred J. Sea “Bermuda,” Microscopical Society of New York, May 16; ir. G. L, Wittrock, “Plants in the Vicinity of Yor! see by the van Counel Indians,” f New Explorer Scouts in the Museum Building, Apr. 27; Mr. “Sha Gardens,” Douglaston, “Garden Club, ay 0: “Rock Gardens,” Riverside Garden ‘ub of Greenaie, May 26; g,"" Hill Garden Everett, ee 3; uh of Morristown, May 22. Moldenke led the week-end of May Vatchune Mountains and Seeley’s Je during | nich 444 wild plants were iden: tified. On 20, Miss Elizabeth C. Hall served as a i of the judges in the contest pe 20 gardens staged by the Forest Hills eats ns Taxpayers’ Association and Woman’s Califor Dr. ROU ke J Robbins was named one of t ‘ary counsel- lors of the 12th Ree California Spring Garden Snow a ich er place in Oak- land Apri and pee ae scouts, t oi perenne: shrubs, Ly! pata and museum building, h under direction of their own instruc- or or of a member of the staff. Among last of April have ge the w York School of Fine and udents Art, nis from the Department of Landscape Architecture at Columbia University; School “Hicksville, L. 1; Jersey College -_ Ag vee ast “Hasbrouck Heights High School; Valhalla Garden cit, New New World Club, the school group of the Larchmont ane the high Club, 156 Current Literature* At a Glance National Academy. Among the papers presented at the meeting of the National cademy o i i ae J. and “The Use o o Separate the Components of isa ea Races of panda by B, O. Dodge Her Ext of the Pai ‘ leaflet, “Chrono 16 ical Revi eview 0 “OE pie alee Writings Which Contribute to Knowledge war H ur Medicinal Herbs Used i th € Middle ee distributed by Mrs. Hollis Webster en she lectured at the New York Botanical Garden on m. es re such early works 6 be found in the library. Mediaeval. Twenty gardens which have been illustrated in early prints are shown in the ae ie icture book of the Metro- i of Art, available for on ore” G lan an “this spring by the two erate any. Among recent botanic: ical paper us Compositae from Northwestern Alabama” by Earl Edwar herff, Field ‘useum, icago; “The Genus Myriangiwmn in North America” b ul Hi; iller, reprinted from Mycologia; “A Monographic Study of the Genus Thyronectria’? and “Two Diseases of Gileditsia Cau an a Species of Thyronectria” by Edga: Seeler, Jr., reprin nted from the Yournal of the Arnold Arboretum; and the “Presiden- * All publications mentioned her others—-may be found in “ihe Library. ca ‘the Botanical Garden, in the Museum Buildin tial Addre on Specimens, Species and Mycological Society. Mason speaks o the ane ie mould as ts study of plants as they do not o ae Po ra. ‘aa report of the arbara Bot tanic Garden speaks Seay of the project to stu as Ceanothus in culti d the wild flower fie greatest attractions for Formerly called the BEE Botanic Garden, the Santa Barbara institutio me in atural History on land purchased bs presented i Mrs. Ae aa a Blis. o her nry, Blakslo ey. “lis 30 2 ae are fie ed to native California trees, York are “represented in Wotkine ee d by William ee 556 Fair- klyn, N. Y. The comprehen- YG owth Substances ven by Pa erican Institute o k Executives, is published in ebruary issue of ‘arks an ecreation, Mimeogr: ite copies of it are available from the ‘ine, Bo , Tulsa, la. elw The iy mens in ener of Wek visa mab ils, strange d plant of southw Africa, are in cultivation at the Monee Botanical Garden, where they have been started from seeds obtained from Portu- 1. Henr u ‘ech- this oddity in Gardens section of Parks and Recreation for a The third Fuchsia Annual published aby the cae Society (Eng- ca das a 43-pag has been i issue: e illus- b opening aoe a plea “. . . to re our gardens alive .. [an ceep our Society going.” THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1942: faa M. Anperson (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE Lewis, D. Merritt, Henry pe La MOoNTAGNE (Secretary and Assistant Treasurer), eae E. Powe tt, Jz, ay WILLIAM ae’ nue diosa heh a BALow m (Vice presen ee F. pu Pont, canst: Ja Se DoucaL, Mrs. Harotp ‘s “PRarr, oa qa R. AN (President). Until 1944: E. C. Aucuter, ALL Fretp, Mrs. Eton HuntincTon MarsHAL Hooker, Joun L. Merriiy (Vice-president), Cor. Ropert H. Montcomery, H. Hopart Porter, and A, Percy SAUNDE Il. EX-OFFICIO MANAGE Froretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of York. Rogert Moses, Park Commissioner. JAME: 5 MARSHALL, President of the Board of Education. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS H. A. Greason, appointed by the see Chee Club. R. ARPER, SAM F, TRELEASE, a Ss M. Ruoapes, and Marston T. BocERT, appointed by Caluntie Univers: GARDEN STAFF Wuuiam J. pea Pu. D., Sc. D. H. A. Greason, Pu. D, 00.0... eee eee Assistant Director and Head Cae HENRY DE Oe ONTAGNE Assistant Director B; Stout; PH... Dias cscic dei dacews Curator of Education and Laberatories pj. SEAVER, Pu. D., Sc. D, Curator eae agp O. Dongs, Pu. D. Plant Pathologist as ney BRN HART, AL Mis Me Dicceas saecaiep ened soled oe Bibliographer H.W. Ricxert, Px. D. Assistant Bibliographer Harotp N. Movpenxe, Px. D. ociat ator ExizazeTH C. Hau, A. B., B.S ibrarian Artist jane Photographer Research Pea e ROBERT S. ‘Waiaiis Research Associate in Bryology E, J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium Ciybe ee Pub. Rosai FREDERICK KAVANAGH: MA. Carot H. Woop va A. itorial Ass t Tews Evere’ aN D. Hort. Horticulturist Wr : wstodian of the Herbari Orto DeceneR, M ce Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany A. J. Grout, Px.D. Honorary Curator of SS BERT HAGELSTEIN onorary Curator of Myxomycetes JosepH F, Burke Honorary Curator of the Diatomaceae KRUKOFF Honorary vee, of Economie Botany Ere: Anson S. ace Honorary Curator, I nd Narcissus Collections Rioe: Le CORBETT L. Wrrrrock, A. ustodian of the Herbarium ITO Drcenen, ne Collaborator in Hawatian Rot A. J. Grou .D. onorary Curaior of Mo. OBERT Hacenster F ' Curator of Mvyxomycetes JoserH F, Bur y Curator of t cea KruKOFF vary Curator of Economic Botany Erte, Baer a. oe . Honorary es Iris and Narcissus Coil nS RI. Ra Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds Assistant Superintendent ach the Botanical Garde ie Eighth Avenue Subway to Thediond Park Blvd. the Third oo Tents to the Bronx Park station, or the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station ; fe) drive up the Gra and Concourse then east on Mosholu Pkwy., or, coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River Pkwy. MEMBERSHIP IN THE GARDEN Established as a privately endowed institution, aided partially by City appropriations, The New York Bone Pade is deper pe nt ee its “progres largely upon benefactions and memberships. Through these means. s botanical gardens go, i become the th: d largest megane of its ae te brats me herbacium, t has and _ horticultural collections ra aking among the finest and most complete in any co e = otanica arden, eee means promotion of scientific research in botany a - the advancement of horticultural interests. ‘Scientifically, the Garden is able serve clearing-house of information students and botanist: all over the world; horacutyaly, it often serves as a link between the Plane explorer or breeder and oe garden public. Through Saas a benefactions, provision is made at the Botanical Garden for the training of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new books are added annually to the library, which is open daily to the public for research and reading; fre exhibits are maintained in the museum, the greenhouses, and gardens, and lectures, courses, and free eee in botany and gardening are given to the public. Each individual member of the Garden receives: (1) Ac o f the eee ell month. (2) Aw “at Addisonia once a year, each number ie with eight colored pats ae unusu seers accompanied ibe description hare of surplus plant material of interesting or new varieties when- ever it is Gc ed. 4) Announcements of special floral displays, programs, lectures, and other events at the Garder (5) Credit to ‘he amount of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study offered by the Garden. (6) The privilege of Ee Jantern slides from the Garden’s collection. bi (7) Use of the Members’ Roo the Museum Building. A limited number of garden clubs are eats eda = Adiliae The privileges of affiliation are one lecture a year by a member of the staff, a sha in Be distribution of plants when they are available, a subscription to the Journal to Addisonia, and announcements of special activities at the ical Garden. In addition, any member of an affliated club may enroll for one subject each year ir tudy course for one-half the regular fee ginning Jan 2, this regulation rea ny ber of an afhliate receive f e current year of membership a reduction of $5 in the fees paid for instruction is does course ofessional g ners.” n liate Garden Club lantern slides from the Garden’s extensive collection, such loan being subject to the regulations for the use of lantern slides by individual members. Likewi Be an affiliate club may ee without fee the Members’ Room at the Garden for its meeti The classes of men bots are as follow: ACS Mem ee fee $ 10 Sustaining Mem oer annual f 25) Garden Club ea annual fee for club D5) Fellowship Memb annua 100 Member for Life. single contribution 250 Fellow for Life single contribution 1,000 ‘atr single cone uioe 5,000 a single contributio Fellowships or a saree ips for practical studenttraining in hengauleure or for botanic research may be established by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity or for definite perio Gone ributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved fo bequest: hereby bequeath to The New York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of New York, Chapter 285 of 1891, the sum of ———— Be 3 itional bequests may be made with aoe payable to donor or any designated themsteteray during his or her lifetime All requests for further information should be addressed to The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 42 A U G U S T PAGES No. 500 1 9 4 1 181-204 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CaroL H. Woopwarp, Editor August 1941 PaTH TO THE FLOWERING MEapow Cover Photograph by Fleda Griffith THE SOYBEAN W.M. Porterfield 181 GARDENS OF CLOISTER AND CasTLE—II H. W. Rickett 189 Six New Courses or Stupy OFFERED IN GARDEN’s EDUCATIONAL ProcRAM 199 ALL-AMERICA SELECTIONS BEING TESTED IN SPECIAL BORDER AT GARDEN 201 GraDUATES FROM Two-Year Courses Hear ADDRESS BY E. K. Batis, Explorer 202 Reviews OF RecENT Books 203 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 204 A MESSAGE FROM ENGLAND 79 AN was lost and found in a garden!” In a garden may be found both rest and refreshment to soul and body and also inspiration with opportunities for reflection and researc This applies to the humbles t plot as well as to the botanic garden, and much may be learnt from a careful study of the development of the coe re rden fan that is pleasa d g In the botanic g. where * tree that i Pl is poe = n for food” may be grown, as well e of service t ource of ‘dna ugs, spices, bevera fibres, timbers a suchlike, the educational pene and open- ages, ings for research are far great e seal sige plants yielding drugs and spices led to the foundation of botanic gardens; fori the monastic gardens of the middle ages—the for rerunners of the botanic gardens attached to the universities—the cultivation of “simples” was one the chief concerns of the community. Inter 8 survivals of these early physic gardens may still be seen in the Botanic Garden at Padua, and the Apothecaries’ en at ea—t. e. = for spic ee sed m vel far and wide over the surfac estroye: ed aopolizs in ae oo in economic produces derived front ne “Gove, nutmegs, cinnamon, etc.), and has led to the establishment of gardens for waa ao and exploitation. In this way many of the tropical botanic ey ave come into being, and through their one new markets have been opened for the Paes spices, and other economic products, native to one particular locality and under the control of one nation. Botanic gardens, wher they ype oe should be the Mecca to which we ie for correct identificati tion 4 at pla economic value. ey should also be a source of supply, both of economic aa decor ative plants, to othet cate or counties for the general good of mankind. Would that in these anxious days we uld find and distribute that tree “whose leaves were for the healing of the Nations" Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew The Journal is published monthly by The New Dee eee Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered a ae ae ales in New York, wy aS Saar Pais matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Sin; s 10 cents. Free to eee of thi JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 42 Aucust 1941 No. 500 The Soybean By W. M. Porterfield (No. 10 of a series of articles on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York.) i more ways than one the roots of antiquity are buried deep within our nid even here in = vais city of New York. Besides ee ah tree of which we have spoke an = ae boo whose shoo thes columns have passed ae review, we the soybean w se name, ae eee on the honor roll of fe acest Chinese classics. as an historical relic ee in Sas aura of past glories, - filling ae ce role it always n Chinatown as in far-away China— namely, t that of feeding hungry ee ae appearing in the same guise in which it was sold on the ancient streets of old Pek 4,900 Years in Cultivation " The soy bean, Reel Max* has been a familiar Chinese ae plant since the nty-ninth century B. C. and is suppose ome na Saas ‘ . ee ae ee oo sa gro ‘ld i in n Asi n New Yor soy bean is sold in the One: e aon bere in te eae as ne be an nae a ie an curd. Soy sauce and soy bean oil can also 2 obtained. While the seed, pe sprouts, and the bean ae (a kind of cheese) are eaten in various forms as food, soy sauce is a heavy dark fluid which is used as a condiment to supply the * Call i a by various authorities Glycine Soja, G. hispida, and Soja Max. The com- mon n: ‘ of soy bean, soy-bean, or soybean, also has its variants, according to differ- ent eutionties The practice of the United States De epartmen t of Agriculture is to ni ‘Oo Ww i i : " b: s | opening paragraph, but the style o © separ: ate words, which had been set in ie pe some 87 times in the eight pages of ae article, has not been changed. — 1 Morse, W. I, sqnoubeans: Culture and varieties. U.S.D.A.. Farmer’s Bulletin No. 1520. pl. ° = a vy et 2 o ry 3 far 2 a 181 182 ae that brings out flavor, and soy bean oil is used in cooking z oil or butter, and also for lighting wee In the Chinese shops bea: a or Tou-fou, is kept in empty kerosene tins under water. In these, its usual forms, we meet a bean but they by no means complete t all the Pees the soy bean is the most useful plant and has been so since the dawn of w g i following pages I shall present a few of the interesting facts about soy beans which will show both the versatility of the beans themselves and the far-reaching importance of thei Itivati It is not the purpose of this paper to present a systematic description of the soy bean plant and its varieties or to furnish detailed instructions on its cultivation. These are readily available in Gon vernment pu ublications, a journals, and books devoted to the The is rather ted subject. aim o describe in brief the history, chemi and aan content, and s of this remarkable plant produc Legend and Literature The name Shu? occurs in the Shi-king, or Book of Odes, written before third century B K a writt yy Chang-yi in the Tsi Dynasty, 265-420 A. D., determined the identity of “Shu” wi a-to (great bean n-ts’ao-king-mu, the celebrated materia medic Li Shi-chen, completed near the close of the ce Aes oe three kinds of Ta- a black, a white and a Ace ancient ritual,? at us (el equinox the ey ae Obienae: ie sol and sowing of the five kinds of grain were performed by the Emperor assisted by the members of the boards. One of the five “grains” was supposed to have been the soy bean. Since those ee people sae continued to exploit the soy bean. Not ar has it bee the Chinese “the poor man’s meat and the poor man’s ording an me inese proverb, but it has also bee rary upon aa dished up in more than 400 tasty ways by Chinese housewives. As its fame spread gr. — ute as world it developed he greater demand for n this country has boosted cultivation until, according to a recent fees our Federal Government predicts a record crop of 110,000,000 bushels of soy beans this y Ka mapiee 3. writing in 1712, is supposed to have been the first European to ee desceed the soy bean plant. Henry* comments on it as a staple retschneider, E. On the study and value of Chinese botanical works, with notes on oe history of plants ae ee botany from Chinese sources. pp. 7, 9. 0. 3 Blasdale, W. C. description of some Chinese vegetable food materials. U.S. O.ELS., Bul. 68, p. 32. 1899, Also: ean ider, a in loc. cit. p. 9, footnote. 1870. + Henry, A. es on economic botany of China. pp. 13-14. 1893. 183 otograph by Fleda Griffith Huang-tou, the yellow soy bean, ae ve see the black, two i the leading kinds t. of Newchwang trade and informs us that five a varieties were recog- nized in Japan—white, green, sae brown ae otted. ies that there were sixteen sub-varieties according to diifer A foe e and color. In Peiping, China, the chief Kinds “alte were ae ye diew. and the « In A 5 the first ref e in the literature was grow investigation by the ae s Agricultural Experiment Statio The Soybean Market ad to 1908 - oS in ma beans was confined to eines ees d Japan. From that because of the Russo-Jap: cae began to be peers . "Fngland?. In 1908, 2,000 Rae were eee to England; in 1928, ne tons were handled in the London market alone and their import into many amounted to nearly 850,000 tons. Imports into the United ae for 19287 were: for beans, 4,255,734 pounds at a value of $154,579; for soy bean cake, 96,810,135 pounds value 21; b 3,619. From 1929 to 1938 acreage is in the United States put out in res e, W. J. pp. 3, 5-6. 1939, Du Toit, F. uM. we eee in the Union. Dept. of Agric. Bul. 107. 16. 1932. sions, W. J. Soybean utilization, U.S.D.A., Farmer’s Bulletin No. i617. p. ll. 184 soy bean crops has steadily increased: 2,736,000 acres in 1929 7,789,000 acres in 1938, when 57,665,000 bushels of seed were prof about 85 per cent of it in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, and Ohi the ean plant is sensitive to frost, it exhibits much ei Pee incon Bak time maturing, which makes it possible for the grower to select varieties for different eae in differe where corn wil ns wil ; in fact, in the United ae and ee soy beans are - ae with corn with profitable results. Oo gro orghum and millet. Siar, they Hee ied tie 4 ae ee at besa and found 7 table use as a green manure for cotton as in the Belgian Cong The n for this is that the roots of the bean produce aie caused . hones which trap the nitogen from the air and fix it in a form useful to other plants. Upon dec tied time in a region, the epecae bacteria must i stfially ee into the soil. According : Burrill and Han the bac which produce nodules on the roots of lucerne or peaine, are not $ Hook for soy bean plants. It is the prope ee ce nitrogen-fixation that makes this plant useful as a green manure crop and causes other plants like corn to grow better when associated on with i What the Beans Contain One analysis of soy beans gives the die: results : ag 8.88% 5.20% Protei 42.2 Carbohydrate 26.13 True ‘proteids 7 4.23 pie ae es small quantities cording to another eter ty!! the proximate ees percentages of pees making up the composition of soy bea isture 8.0% iber 3.5% sh 46 ons 44 Fat 18.0 : 4 Protein 40.0 Rae like substances The former analysis is that of the Ogemaw soy bean aa with the ae bacteria and tested at the Michigan fecal Experiment ~ 8 Robyns Walter. Plantes congolaises pour engrais verts et pour couverture. Bul. Agricole du Congo Belge. 1929. ® Burrill, T, J. and Hansen, R. Is symbiosis possible between legume bacteria and non- legume ay Tl. Agric, oc Sta. Bul. 202. 1917. °Du Toi in loc. cit, ‘ W ene a Soy be ae food Galue! Bureau of Chemistry and Soils, U.S.D.A,, MC- %, p. 1. April 1938, 185 Station. In the seeds from a plant not inoculated the protein content of : I 8 e contained 113.5 pounds of nitrogen to the acre as conga h 75.98 pounds from that without nodules. Additional nitrogen sent also in the leaves and stems of pe prov’ ied with ues Nees to the a of ae Sie School of Agriculture ( Annual ou for 1922). rogen conten Hees is with nodules is 2.78 percent, that ve aa scree ne only 1.77 percent. This fact is important when conside ne soy beans for ee or for. oo Soy bean mee has a higher total of digestible nutrients!? than lucerne ala), clover, or oaten hay; 53.6 percent over 51.6, 50.9, and oe. espe ively. It contains 11.7 percent Seas crude protein over 106 p t for lucerne hay and less for the Aen it is hae t that the humble Chinese soy ae is very useful from a food standpoint because of its high oe conte uF Not onl - ee eeds pr nue good food, but the germinated seeds, know ene ies as bean sprouts, prov ba a most ana vegeatle ee oe and served as a side-dish at din These have beco ees A oe are now canned and sold in pee grocery pie The g bea (Phaseolus Mungo) is also a favorite source of bean oe OE - two the soy bean is much larger and thus the tetie may be distinguished In the form of bean cheese, or curd, (Tou-fou), the soy bean:is also eaten and can be bought in Chinatown at almost every food shop. To make it!® soy — are soaked in water three hours, reduced to a paste, then cooked. + being strained through a coarse cloth, the milky white ate, rich in protei i ate ith ¢c It gnesium chl ) proteid material is precipitated and the coagulated mass is pressed and a i all s. Th es may be for few moments saline solution of curcuma. A filtrate from cooked soy igi ae milk and is s known as soy bean milk. W ated, a aki in as forms on milk rises to the surface. For many purposes it can be Sey ce tee cow’s milk. An analysis of four food products of soy bean is herewith given: Carbo- _- Undeter- Protein Fat hydrates mined Bean cheese (Tou-fou) 76159 13.15% 7.09% 140% _ Soy bean ou 93.10 3.13 1.89 0.51 _ Bean oil (Tao yu) 57.17 7.49 _— 18.76 _— Soy ce tie jung) 62.85 12.67 1.21 671 2.77% 12 Wenholz, H. Sov Beans—A New Farm Crop. The Agric. Gaz. of New South Wales. 37 (12): 915-920. Dec. 1, 1926, 13 Blasdale, W. C. A description of some Chinese vegetable food materials. US.D.A., OLE.S. Bul. 68 p. 32. 1899. 186 The Hance merits of the soy bean are made evident in some figures found in e study of several important food plants'* The bio- oti n an, p t, and s ea The yellow soy bean when analyzed for ance content! showed 0.49 percent ee as aluminum oxide, about the same of iron as iron oxide, 7.45 percent calcium as calcium — and 7.34 percent magnesium calculated as ‘magnesium oxide. Soy bean sprouts, germinated in Peking hydrant water, showed 0.43 percent, Hs 96 percent, and 8.63 percent for the same minerals respectively. U.S.D.A A field of soy beans, part of America's $45,000,000 annual crop. 14 Pian, Juna Hsueh-Chin. Biological value of the proteins of mung bean, peanut and bean curd. a Journ. Physiol. 4 (4): 431-436. Nov. 1930. 15 Sherman, H. E. and Wang, T. C. Calcium, iron and magnesium content of sixteen Chinese foods. Philipp. Journ. Sci, 38 q): 81-82. Jan. 1929. 187 According to Jones!® the mineral composition of air-dried soy beans is: sh 5.06% Magnesium 0.22% Potassium 1.91 Phosphorus 0.59 Sodium 0.34 auiphe 0.41 Calcium 0.21 Chlorine 0.02 Tron 0.0074 Mariganese 0.0028 pper 0.0012 Zinc 0.0018 sts made with Chinese mice?” have shown both yellow ne green soy s of Vitamin B. In tests with Bee Te bean sprouts to be plentiful source : rats soy bea: as was also found to ae ge Vitamin ir tests!8 soy bean curd proved to ) pos 3 ot oO 9 Ee = 5 source of this vitamin. oy be a good source of Vitamin B, a Vitamin G ean oil contains little Vitamin A or Vita The fuel value of soy beans per pound is 1,985 a iy amount of n D. Fertilizer, Food and Fabrics After the oil has been expressed from soy ane seeds to be used for for fertilizer, sed in China food. To pare the fertilizer ny disk-like cake is cares up and thrown into a vat tench arising therefrout is terrible. of water and allowed to ferment. Crude soy bean ail has another important use. According to Horvath?* the soap industry of the United States is * = largest cate consumer of crude soy bean oil.’ It is said to give to soap the property of lathering even in a 3.5 percent concentration of on soy bean oil because it leaves no film on the foreigners use it along the in the sea water. an OL up to linseed oil, and in the manufactur oap hrrogenated soy bean oil is recommended as the best ee s be tallow o loc. cit. p. 2, 1938. lative alae of water-soluble Vitamin B in thirty oriental 1): 9-36. Jan. 1929. t of four oriental foods. Philipp. 16 Jones, D. 7 Sherman, H. Re foods, Philipp, jovi, Sci. 3: 18 She Relative Vitamin A content an. 1929. 20 Jones, D. in loc, cit. 1; 1938. 21 Horvath, A, "A. Soy bean oll for soap making. Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind. 55 (36): 691-693. Sept. 4, 1936. 188 Other uses of soy beans in form of flour and meal have been cited. Soy bean flour contains four tim he protein content from 6 t percent. Thi 18 sal ‘ood fe ciabet A comparison of cost also demonstrates the og that - me of the cheapest sources . oe prot ass ie oi ae peneaairde of the flou $ product, lecithin. Egg usual source, - Raa more expensive. Lecithin is Cee portant as a fat rich in poe and very useful in thé preparation of certain foods and ae wae meal has figured as the basis of two very pee develop- t was odes 1920 that es - egan to discover the industrial petals of the soy bean and n s the most important vegetable rial in indust fee the gatoaobile A largely e warmer ie re n their sha i ontrast to that of animal protein fiber, or plastics soy bean a has the required properties. Haase aaa oy it seems to exhibit with the moisture content as low cent??, For this reason heed c does not fracture Spontaneously 0 drying, [ ies its en wel ad is s almost ete The div ad i ither soy bean oe or ‘oy bean copic. Fur ee ae is tion moldal ie resinous plastics produced by xpected i e direc- water resistant asters hi uld increase thermo-plasticity and at he same time render .28 a pressure o inds per squa re inch for fe moisture is reduced to 5 Le by drying in an oven. gs the moi wn to 1 percent. Organic solvent dehydration treatment gives the same results. Soy bean plastic 22Du Toit, F. M. in loc. cit. p, 18, 1932. 23 Beck A, GC: Brother, ¢ a and McKinney, L. L. Protein plastics from soy bean aes Relation of water to plastic properties, Ind. and Eng, Chem. 30 (4): 436-440. ri] 1938. 189 isa ae material since it is light, durable, waterproof, fireproof, and does not rot. Many automobile parts, ee oe ee ee handles a all sorts of miscellaneous articles are made of i There is neither time nor space to detail a He uses | he various g a exten i product has been exploited and put to use. In monetary values the crop of soy beans and the by-products derived therefrom in the United States represent an annual total income of $45,000,000. Gardens Of (loister And (Castle As Presented in the Closing reas of the Series on Gardens and Plant Lore of Mediaeval Europe Given hrough the Collaboration er the Botanical Garden and Metropolitan Museum of Art IL By H.W. Rickett i Ges GARDENS of ae ane times are lost in even greater ob- security than those of n Gardens there doubtless were, but probably of a rather ae a eee as racter. Agriculture was scarcely in a flourishing state much before 1000 A. D., a the houses even of the chieftains were rather rough affairs surrounde d by mounds and stockades for elvan The gardens found in the oldest pictures are e small enclosures, a few trees, a bit of turf in which wild flowers flouri 2 and perhaps a well or ene the fence was usually of wattle. In many crude sketci an enclos of wattle stood for a garden, and mp was made to represent the plants that grew in it. The horti and hortuli so frequently menti in mesda: 0 u ave beer this kind ey might be attached to all sorts of dwellings, from the castle of the noble to the cottage of the serf. They were called akon not because they were devoted to fruit trees, but because they wi ed cau enc places with plants in them (orchard, ort-yard, means plant- ae Piper, C. V. and Morse, W. J. The soy bean. McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1923. In addition see: ee W. J. Soy bean utilization, U.S.D.A. Farmer’s Bulletin, No. 1617. March 1932, 190 With the i ee in power and in pride of the siege er and the states over which they ri ape ag dwellings became castles, strong- holds able to cos ‘i assault and s ge. They were Frequently bu on the i hi from the mo monasteries. The earliest of the great stone castles, such as those ie the Normans, consisted of a central ee or tower, around which w. space protected by a fortified w: Outside this was usually a ae rae and still another ring of fort Hie aee with moat, drawbridge, and all the rest of the necessary apparatus for keeping visitors at a distance. The a me (=) 8 a p3 @ +o “o gv o f=) = 4 c wo m oo a Qa > = fas = i 8 a=) is] a 4 Poa d rooms ne strew: Z C ae oe in ne massive walls. Life in a modern aa would mpariso: Pa spac arias walls and k — - ae es, ae chi cke ecessar yt the ae hold. There was an space for a gar es hee 1 or nes Yet if the castle was to fulfill its eae the wails, which at times might shelter most of the oun those within might have herbs for food and medicine. Accordingly the gardens were taken into the castles, or attached to them by protecting e process the ey Doane considerably compressed. or aeoages than those in which useful herbs predominate. Of such pleasau we have za geabeee examples in illuminated manu- — cats carvings, and tapestries. stle garden or pleasaunce in its esi es pea form was a small ee containing turf and perhaps and a well or fountain. Around the wall often ran a seat, eo a ‘prick (or occasion- m the seat wa are represented in the Unicorn Tapestries. The flowery mede of the most pleasant fenires of mediaeval aera grateful to ee senses. “Ful gay was al the ground and oF nit, And poudred, as men ‘had it peyn' With many a fresh and sondry ee That casten up ful oe savour,”7 The flowers must have suffered when seat was used for sitting, as it undoubtedly was. Apparently the tur f a in seats and in lawns, was replaced rather frequently, rather than maintained by the methods we use today. In some pictures of the period the lord and lady sit on the 7 Rohde, Eleanour Sinclair. The Story of The Garden, p. 48. 191 Romance in a mediaeval garden which is adorned by an ornamental fountain, a pot of carnations, a fancifully clipped tree, and a turf- tpped brick seat. From the Roman de Montauban, in Paris. (Repro te — ue rom Sir as Crisp, Mediaeval Gardens, CCCL lawn in front of the seat; but this is done also in modern gardens. Trellises were often placed against the walls, and over them vines and roses were trained. Arbors eee were a favorite means of increasing the pleasure to be gained from a space. ing th take holiday from their ess duties, and in which they often received important guests and envoys, are abundai a ieee in mediaeval romances. The fabulous garden of the Romauut of the Rose reflects cur- tent ideals of gardening. n exact picture of the gardener’s ideals and methods is obtained from Opus Ruralium Commodorum of Petrus Crescentius (first printed in 1471 but probably written in the preceding century). Book VIII treats of 192 “gardens and pleasant things to be made by art with Trees, Herbs, and Fruit thereof. In the foregoing books trees and herbs were treated oo to their existing uses to the human body. Now they will be spoken of according to the pleasures ee! afford to the mind, consequently preserving the he: re of the bod, the state of the body affects the ind.” In the first chapter, entitled “of small ae of herbs,” d: “Certaii in gardens may be made of herbs, some with trees, and yet others of both, when consisting only of herbs they require a poor and solid soil, so that they may produce fine plants a greatly please the sight. It is therefore needful that the place ae ae a garden is to be made should first be freed from noxious plants T i scaldin; ‘ ee ec compressed by wooden mallets and the grass "trodden under foot 1 hardly anything appears, then they will break out little by little and form a green 0 nor t which air will damage health. . Further, the trees are not to be noxious, a as. a losin and some others, but sweet in flower and pleasant in shade, such a: apples, pomegranates, and the like. Behind the turf plot let there be a pe diversi of medicinal and aromatic herbs, which not only please by the odour of thei: i ight... i ut by their variety of flowers refresh the si If possible, a clear reir should issue in the middle, because its purity produces much plea: S: chapter on the m garden, and finally one on garden $ of “kings and other illustrious and rich s.” The e extensive, and contain parks h wild creatures, a palace “i e king or es may resort when they wish to escape from grave thoughts and to refresh themselves by these joys solaces;”’ “hares, stags, roebucks, rabbits and a like harmless beasts ;” fish-ponds, shelt £ Vv boughs or pheasants, partridges, and nightingales and all manner of singing eG and bowers of green trees. The garden eae is to be made of woo: od, and may be covered with growing vin Much was made of planting trees so that their interlaced boughs nie be fashioned ine a liv arbor, Further. ry del sil hts may be secured by inserting ieee on ts on diverse trees, which ‘the silgen gardener may easily discover from aid further in this boo uch a garden not a will the ee ne. delight himself, but some- times oot ease ne mecessary cares by glorifying God high, who is the Author and cause of all good pleasure,”8 This implies the existence of garde ns of a ve ry different ge royal parks like those of Oriental despots in which armies could _ riewed. 1500 men in his ark and Charlemagne is reported to have received in hi en, there are similar vague records of other great gar a s of Fra: kish tae Henry I of gare built a Tey at Woodstock and made a park 14 miles around, in which he aid to have kept , leopards, porcu- pines, camels, “and eee pene thes sts.” ee in ee royal parks 8 Crisp, Sir Frank. Mediaeval Gardens, Vol. I: 15-18, 1924, A mediaeval peas as depicted on a Flemish tapestry at the end of the 16th century. Reproduced by courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art were doubtless enclosed gardens. a bower and labyrinth connected with the story of Fair Rosamond were at Woodstock. In 1250 Henry III d ave orders to ae the queen’ tenes surrounded by two walls “well built and high with a good he: bay in which the same Queen m ble to disport herself; and a m the herbary next the chapel of gat Edward our a into or ener carla! ® The herbary was probably an aor (he ae ane grown in mediaeval gardens are set forth in several well naccounts. The earliest and best known is the famous erate de Vv ils vel Curtis pe ahatea issued in 812. This listed all the well known mediaeval herbs ‘w plants grown for their ia also fruit weet apples, Z nae , medlar, chestnut, hazelnut, almond, mulberry, w n Ne find a list . eee for gardens, but since he included oranges, lemons, 9 Rohde, Eleanour Sinclair. The Story of The Garden. p. 39. 194 pomegranates, etc., it is evident that he was cata! from classical sources rather than giv ing the results of his e. His flowers include roses, lilies, peonies, violets, poppies, fi: the herbs are parsley, fennel, southernwood, coriander, sa sage, mint, rue, dittany, etc.; pot herbs are beet, orach, sorrel, WS; era medlars, quinces, ars. Bart maeus Anglicus wrote t work en 0- prietatibus Rerum, ich had gone through at 1 fourteen editions before 15 was translated into several languages. It was a sort of mediaeval encyclopedia of natural hist t contains descriptions of ne “The lily is an herb with a white flower. And though the leaves of the flower be white yet within ee ‘the likeness gold.” “The rose of gardens is planted and set and tilthed as a vine The tame rose hath many leaves set nigh together, and be all red; chee almost white an wonder good sme nd the more they be bruised and bro ken, the vertuouser they be and the better smelling... . The rose arrayeth her thorn with fair aan and goo: oe mell ... and when they be full grown they spread themselves against un risin ~ Among all flowers of the world the flower of the rose is pe a hesrcik fe prize. And by cause of vertues and sweet smell and savour. For by fairness they feed the sight; and pleaseth the smell, io oc, the touch of soft handling. “Violet is a little herbe in substance and i fresh and new than when it is old. And the flower thereof smelleth most e more oe ous the Se thereof is the more it bende! th the head thereof Agnes rd. Also flowers of springing time i Sie thereof in substance i is nobly rewarded in greatness of savour and of a “The apple trees maketh shadow with thick boughs and branches, and nd fi i cing: with goo an 01 oO S| : noble. And is gracious i inn sight and in taste and vertuous in medicine . some beareth sourish vert and. hard and some right sour and some right sweet with a good savour and merry.” A mediaeval Sete poem has the following, which testifies to the universal preference among their few flowers: ye rose yt spryngeth on spray veri k th it at ae Pa first ia wo ork on ae, eee? which obviously comes from ual exper n ga aes es Fea te of Gardening of Jon Gardener pert eh aa. Sa poem in 196 lines, treating of setting out and grafting trees ce vi he sowing seeds, setting out plants, and so forth. an contains the names Be nearly 100 plants, of which only half a dozen are woody plants, and o1 the usual roses, lilies, iris, and violets are — Inclu are an names = | ies ee would be d growing in the gra uch a: sho n the Unico Tapes medals ReaD Aca ae es pe and other must ‘not be forgotten, of course, that even the roses and lilies had icinal uses and their presence in lea is not wholly excused by Gee esthetic or A herbal of 1578 s 10 Rohde, E. S. 2 a a. 44.5, 11 Rohde, E. S. . 46, 195 . Roses, especially of Roses that are reddest, or the infusion or decoc- - purgeth downewarde it i “The juyce tion of them, is of the kinde i soft and gentle medicines, .. . cholerique humours and op a stoppinges of the liu gainst hoate feuers and sea e Jaunders. It is also ood to be vsed against of the hart, for it driueth forth and. ec Le atcheth of the hart. he roote a the shaking, beating, and ahaa ° e oe d about the v veynes 0 with Hony, joyneth togither sinewes nen are cut cor of ne white Lillie . poun consumeth or scoureth away the vicers of the head Sona achores, and oo all manner of naughtie scuruinesse as well likewise of the head bea: rd a nd f: hecker-board ee of 1470, we Sea big arranged in The figure illustrates several Sir Frank Crisp, 8.) A castle mediaeval taiden operations. Mediaeval Gardens, Vol. 1, Fig The same hea in vineger causeth the Cornes which be in the feete to fall off if it be kepte u m the said Cornes as a Habel yy the space of three dayes without removing. . . "ithe decoction of violets is good against hoate feu inflamma tion of thi The syrupe ot "Vole is good a inst the inflammation of the lunges oe breast “and against the Pleurisie, ands ugh, . The same Syrupe cureth all inflammation and roughnesse of the throte.”’ 12 Crisp, Sir Frank. Mediaeval Gardens, pp. 46-7. 196 Gardening is a conservative art; the detailed cultural ae ls and a fai the representations of garden tools of mediaeval times hav irly modern semblan rakes, hoes, pruning-knives, and the Tike looked much th hey ’s fo Pp pushed in the en as t do now. One set one’s foot on a spade and way with which we are all familiar. Exact ditections for planting, water- “First, be it - that whatsoever you should plant gra weather and at ee or early morn, before the heat Ae the sun, and in Hee ane ot the moon, and you should water the stem and the earth and not ve fea item, you should not water in the heat of the sun, but at eve or in the “Note, that if the cou eat your cabbages, do you ed ae a the cabbages when it rains and the caterpillars will die.’ “If you wo have - i pips, tak then plant the stock and manure it with good manure, and fill up the hole with arth above the joi hi <” “If you would graft a cherry or a plum upon a vine stock, prune the vine, then n March cut it Dea fingers breadia from the oe and draw out the pith from each e and ther it within the ae se bind with thread the stock cone as is aforesaid.” “Ttem, you can graft ten or twelve trees upon the tr or stump “Violets and gilliflowers in March or plante: Remy’s day. Item, both of these, when the frosts draw near, you should replant in pots, at a season when moon waneth, in order to set them under cover from the cold in a cellar, and by hem in the air or in the sun and water them at such time that water may be drunken up and the earth dry before you set them under cover, for never fares you put them away wet in the evening.”13 rou pu he ev In his there is much good sense, the fruit of much careful and skillful 2 There is the usual mixture of superstitions, which also are still with us. It is still possible to find susrotts ues a a feeling that it is unwise : plant in the wrong pha the moon. And is fa Beds h an ens 's were of much the same shape ar arrangement in the fifteenth century as in the ninth. Flower-beds might be raised, the soil retained by facings of stone wood. Potted plants were n the beds, and tree-like arrangemen’ r were constructed in eau sea plants might be set or ov ich vines uae be trained so € artificial trees. Th were commonl e arranged in a checkerboard a the part devoted to flowers enclosed in a fence of palings or latt Many old pictures ioe witness to the varied uses of gardens. Tables were set out, often under a canopy of roses, and meals were served. The central basin or pool was oa used for bathing. The frequent 13 Menagier de Paris, 1393. 197 representations of Bath-Sheba or Susannah bathing her feet in a castle garden must reflect established mediaeval customs. en we consider the sanitary facilities of the castles, such a custom seems highly laudable. s Conclusus in the City a God. The details are symbolic ‘ ioe "isos and sacrifice, of p and of coetasg life. (From e Grimani Breviary; repro odiced fie a ank Crisp, Mediaeval Gardens, Vol. 1, Fig. 68.) From earliest times gardens had religious aspects, even outside o monasteries, and the flowers grown in them were associated with divine persons and concepts. This is expressed in many paintings by the old 198 masters, who showed gardens peopled by companies of saints or by the Holy Family; who, in fact, when they represented the persons of ns i i oun them wi = a ie} zz ee e 4 8.5 ° Land ct > o 5 =} < wa M< 3 g. 4 ® us) 4 oO wn o a 5 & ie =] wv is) Ph 8 4 ian o =} w a fo) evi Q o =) 77 a = > o So Q ° a ° ae o al “ 4 wn a w oq S ® r if ounted the dove of the holy spirit. "One lowers had ae definite nena The vin he rod of Jess m to wh ediae of Jesus, a concept very important to those who ruled by divine right; it would be Geib for a mediaeval prince to worship a commoner. Lilies- of-the-valley sto od for humility, daisies for innocence, and straw- Child. Cnebne tales to the gifts of the Holy Spirit. In man gardens apples are conspicuous, the symbols of a sorrows of the earth; In the works of the great painters of the Renaissance we see clearly the passing of ceineval times and the development of modernity in gardens as in other a: Houses ee still be walled to keep out thieves by night and see fe day, but were not planned to stand a siege. Commoners acquired wealth and power, and reer ts built gardens in cities. Even the Goodman of Paris ey had a considerable garden, though illustrations of early mediaeval towns commonly show us a huddle of houses with scarcely room for an occasional tree. In the 16th century elabo gardens laid out in the country, aroune ae residences. 0 sh n set like a e themselves is still mediaeval, and many wars were yet to desolate the fie e of Flanders, But the intervals of peace were longer, long enough i a i ° uty o to meine coe had escaped from the cramped enclosures of cloisters an 199 Six New Courses Of Study Offered In Garden’s Educational Program X new courses of study in sag miettie ee and a series of con ducted greenhouse tours are annou new edition of the Educational oe m of the New York Botanical a which is being issued this month. dition, Garden Construction will be substituted for the former course in Rock Garden Construction. It will include demonstrations and practice in the is of dry walls, flagged ne driveways, pools, curbs and terraces, as well as rock aan = ae be given in the spring of 1942, under ie a of Mr. ander iterature of Gardening ci . fe ed a: soviet this fall, Monday e afternoons at 2:30 instead ie evenings. Miss Elizabeth C. Hall will be the instructor, and tea will be served by t the Garden at the close a ae session Three-day Sleek ae in Practical Gardening, in which 75 in- dividuals enrolled for the two sessions offered fe ee will be repeated in the spring of 1942 Hen the same six instru The new courses, details of which are given ie are a Two-day Short Cour: rse in Disease a Pest Control, a fen taught by Drs. E. P. Felt, C. C on, P. yntl tt ta. under John Watts; Planting the He Grounds, with P. J. Van Melle as Plant M a der arden Management, an autumn ne a spring o be given by T. Everett; and Flower Arrangement, a ee er ee na sessions to be ‘aught by Max Schling, each meeting of the class to 2 followed by tea. 's of Latin America will be pee in the four conducted green- nae cel to be led by Hov sie Swift, who caieed the Garden’s first Sunday eee tours last winte Copies of the new Educational | Progen will be sent free upon request. Details of the new courses follov 84 TWO-DAY SHORT COURSE IN DISEASE AND PEST CONTROL The course te deal with the fundamentals of disease and pest control and will consist of lectures, demonstrations, and labor: oratory an nd field p factice oe the super- vision of specialig s, The subjects covered it in emonstrations aoe e two days t i : In ies, € Cau: Disease, Sanitation in the Garden, and Soil Pests and oe Control. Enrollment limited to 50 students. Registration must be received by May 19, 1942, The class a meet for 4 sessions on Tuesday and Wednesday, June 2 and 3, 1942 10 a.m, to 12 noon and 1:30 to 4:45 p.m. daily. $10. 1 E. P. Fert, C. C. Hamirton, P, P. Prrone, aed: Cea: WEsTcoTT o 200 9A VEGETABLE GARDENING The principles and practices of a table gardening with special reference to home Sroducioa are taught in twelve lectures. The instruction covers Choice of Site, Garden Layout, Soil Preparation, Man Ss and Fertilizing, Selection of Varieties, Planting for Succession, Care through the Growing Season, and the Harvesting and Storing of Crops. The use of hotbeds and Sea air Ft "covered and the cultural require~ Class meets Mondays, 7:45 to 8:45 p.m., Jani 9 to April 20, 1942, but excluding February 23 and Flower Show ‘Week. Minimum getty 20. $10. Instructor—Mr. JoHN Watts 10A PLANTING THE HOME GROUNDS This course ia practical guidance for the development of small properties. In e lectures a review is given of the practical elements in the development of the satan home canons Topics include: Logical Division ae oe Plot, eens and Soil Con ing. Lawn Making, and the Selection and Planting of Perman Materi “Sleds B oundaries, Hedges, Ground-covers and ae special Tbe Class meets Mondays, 7:45 to 8:45 p.m., Sept. 29 to Dec. 15, 1941. Minimum registration 20. $10. Instructor—Mr. P. J. van MELLE 1A CHOICE PLANT MATERIAL (Advanced Course) ubject is designed to meet the needs of those who are familiar with eae len practices al ave an int ctory knowledge lant materials. elementary. In twelve lectures, a selection of the art I; is eee and their panto merits are discussed. The discussion includes their ey ae = ci re our thei opag: and cu , tanical informa- tion whic nisi nce or t ie gar he choice of materials includes Trees, Shrubs, aaa Ground-covers, Roses, Herbaceous order Plants, Rock Garden Plants, ou tar ae and Greenhouse Plants. Class meets Mondays, 7:45 to 8:4 ., Jan, Sel 19, 1943, _ excluding February 22 and Flower Show Week. hese eee 20. Instructor—Mk, J. G. Be GARDEN MANAGEMENT Opportunity is given the student to become familiar with garden operation and management. Each week the bone is taken to those places in the Botanical Garden where work of significance is being done, the reasons for and the methods of doing t tl of the results of work previously done are included at each session, The operations and practices which are discussed and oe oe those appropriate to the eason and important to the efficient mainten of the garden. Autumn Term—Class meets for eight sessions, Tuesdays, 2 :30 p.m, to 4:30 p.m. euaiee 23 to November 11, 1941. Enrollment limited to 25. $10. 12B Spring Term—Class meets for eight sessions, Tuesdays, 2:30 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. April 21 to June 9, 1942, Enrollment limited to 25. ha Instructor—Mr. T. H. with gee 201 13A FLOWER ARRANGEMEN The arrangement of flowers for home decoration and for personal use. This course is not designed for commercial florists. Six sessions of approximately one and one-half hours each to be given in the Members’ Room on Monday afternoons at 2:30. @ course will Consist of lett ures and demonstrations. It will cover such topics as table decorations, vase arrangements, color combinations, flowers for personal use, the proper care of flowers, their lasting ities, and flowers hibitions, 2 = 2 3 a e th ° 5 ‘ea will be age 2 the Garden at the conclusion of each sessi Jan. 12—Feb. 16, ape ie Max Sef All-America Selections Being Tested In Special Border At Garden ORTY-SEVEN new varieties re familiar garden flowers are being grown this summer in a ial border a es New York Botanical plants. f be ork Botanical Garden to view the border and draw its own con- ieti ered. he plants being tested i year in- where Dr. E. I. Wilde, Professor of clude five sweet peas, ten marigolds, seven Floriculture; will serve as a member of petunias, two ver fee ue zinnias, two _ the council and asa judge. T. t cosmos, two snapdr: and one each will oe ent the New York Botanical of morning-glory, gourd. spider-flower, Garden on the council for All-America ageratum, phlox, calendula, nasturtium, Selections, an thus, at oe end of the , California poppy, stock, s eason, will help to select the prize-win- coneflower, cock: b, larkspur, nierem- nie plant: Ha the pues ext year, bergia, and cynoglossum. seeds of all these new varieties ue : Some of the winners of previous years introduced through the nursery are being shown beside them for com where they will be labeled All- merce parison, Selections Since All-America Selections were While the Garden is donating bee for started in 1932 at the instigation of Mr. the plants and giving them the e they W. Ray Hastings, who has been execu- require through the summer, the peie S tive secretary organization sin . 2 a here ar He pone by tk that time, this is the first year that the lorists’ Clu trial grounds have been at the New York La Mare Publis oe ee “the follow. Botanical Garden. They are locaicd ina ing oe = —- 12-foot border 150 feet long beside the Am ue ‘Co, Burnett path which leads from the Main Conser- Brother: irnett ee Inc., vatories to the Museum Building. Fight er a Fred C. ae ckner Simultaneously, in elev & Co. Inc, Peter ee 0., tions in other parts of the country, the st man ain ax same 47 ki £ ts bei sted. Schling, Scie Frank G ealey Co., Ss to New York is the new trial Inc., S. S. Skidelsky & Co, Sturn & und at Pennsylvania State College, Walter Co., 7 Van ghan’s Seed Sto: 202 Graduates From Two-Year Courses Hear Address By &. K. Balls, ad HIRTY-FOUR apa were pre- sented to members of the Deals sol ni our: Gardening —at Aaa ae con- din t une n M1pSo} gave the paneipal "ad on exploration and the part it Ape oe aan development of horti- culture. “Horticulture,” he said, regal entertainment; now it is S within “the reach of arta ‘and flowers from all orld a by side over the are grown side in gardens.” Some rst of the foreign plants that ea i Ss wer other travelers wh into distan lands with the main obje: Andi ‘00% plants, First they brought in dried speci- mens of ee o interest in these induced ather seeds on later Mae and ees when thes could: to collect arry back living pla oe ueen Victoria's ee England, he si! machin ott ee tions sent oiit ney to gather plants for eral hortieu n ts, taken in saeaptine “heir “oration n from a Five hundred kinds may co ele expedition, he said, ai vnd if ro! to 5 percent these are still in cultiva- tion after 25 years, then : pedition has been ess, To Sane ee to go plant-exploring he aden not to looking for special plan t rather *o choose a district for a certain type of vegetation and ct ow ee os oe colle Re collecting lost plants, a bliss eae a tie spoke of tlie satisfac tion of s and cts ig se of th gems that been los culti. vation. The routine of collecting, he warned, a tedious one, for complete records wnatet i kept of all that is io pine a example, must be accompanying dried ‘spetiniene re Siar an ee falls on the gar- at boa new material, for ‘o him te gee th he labels straight. No aly, be ie as la ee are lost in five ears— me, for ay them many fee ds bean ean eles: Atenongh he is looking forward to the wher tim editions can be resumed, the ‘speaker Feminded the graduating gar- t an me aig s llectors wa: vall. can collect enough material vylone ie Keep three or ae hundred gardeners busy for several oe ter Mr. Balls’ address, Mr. Francis ea Jr, Lagan member of the s Bo nagers, presented the Cnete to tse who had success- heed fest tas tw s of study in the vel ay me pp 2. B oO a Sp g3 a i § 19 5 g a rs ; den originally established its Science Course f : mal Gardeners, was represented 7 Kenneth Hadland, resident, a Mrs, Do rothy oe attended the beertises: outer bead refreshments were served by One : ee was ee from both courses at once. The Botanical Garden's own n nek Gilbert Guile s Rudolf Per: Scully, and Philip 1 Weber. adu in the Two-year Course in Practical Gardening include, from New York City, Bernard A. Benn, Francis William E oO & = 203 Tiani, Belle Weisberg, Robert Wolfert; Breen, Theodore Cernik, Zita Connolly, from Long Island, Ruth M. Barron, Mary Oscar Lensman, William naa a Rudolf $sonl, ae Sarov Gt ixon, eresa Morganweck, Johnson ettie C. West; from the Bro Shipman, Norman Smiths from Staten Fischer, Elizabeth °C. Hall, Frank Me. sland, Margaret Spollen fr lillo, Nathan Tankenbaum, Alexander Bronxville, Eleanor Whitake Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the ian E. ially for Garden HERBERTIA 1940 (Vol. 7). Edited specially for G crs. by Hamilton P. Traub. 242 pages, BETTER LAWN Howard B. illustrated with 13 plates and 41 Sprague. 205 pages, imstrated and figures. The America: one en indexed, Whittlesey House, McGra Society, Orlando lori Ma: HIM Co. w York, 1940. $2. 1941. $3.25 ; lozen we ell organized chapters deal- This year’s volume, dedicated to Latin ae ith ee soil, ‘fertilizers, Chas: igh in several articles brings atten- of grass, planting, renovating, weeds tion to lue amaryllis from Brazil i pete written a a scientific man with Fnpeetran proceri, called there a practical outloo lis) ich the New Yor! Pare DIOLUS, ai 97 pages, dijustretees in- ed. ipittionsy House, MeGraw- aul New York, 1941. $2. A nual of gladiolus history and alte: “vith a chapter on recommended varieties. Written by a man who for se years has worked with aaa a n looked upon as a leader gladiolus enthusiasts. I LIKE GARDENING. Jean Hersey. Hale, Cush- 1941. $2. a apter, 254 pages, illustrated. man Flin ts title i the arden: ig for Fun,” sets the a of this. book, which deals with herbs, rare vegetables, for the and p the dase deais eaily and in wit FLOWER FAMILY ALBUM. Hreten foenas ee and Gretchen schber; pages, illustrated i SDublened by ne Iowa, and . Shenandoah, aie 1 for gardeners who Espe ecia ily helpfu when they understand the structure of the Ss ay oe a nines family relationships. drawings are aie a d ae the book with pages c is ct mber the Am s fam! presented description, Chsscation, - ee propa, a or little, lee s and, in addition, biogra: tributes: 2 some of the leaders in amaryl- lid ¢ Flowers of Japan SAKURA — ESE CH RY, Manabu Miyos a oat Tinears No, 3. 74 van pews ted, er Rorac GA ‘NS. Prof. Matu- uke Tatui. Tourist sumrary. No. . 111 pages, illu Third edition. FLORAL ane Or JAPAN, peso Nisikawa. Library No. 106 pages, iaeeratea tiated CALENDAR OF JAP. T. Makino ane rie he rene ist ee ary No, 20. 82 es, illus- trated. P. D. & Ione Perkins, South Pasa- dena, Calif. 35 cents each. These four little paper-covered books of about 100 pages oo pee the Tourist Library of twenty o1 ore volumes is- kyo and now mi ailal attractive pictur gardens of Japan and their sign: ifican nce, They are all pleasingly illustrated, partly 204 in color, and they contain convenient guides to the pronunciation of Japanese names Pocket Size BOOK OF ROSES. J. Ramsbot- m. 30 pages, 16 plates. The King ooks, Ha: Fmendsw or ths ngland; Penguin Books, New Yor! 9, 500. Sixtee’ iniatures in color taken from Redouté’ 5 faritous work Seceded by text and descriptions and a pleasing sketch of the THE GARDENER'S CALENDAR, d ages. Chatto & Windus “Tanions Transatlantic Press, Forest Hills, New York, 1939. 0c, for every day in the year with rando: suggestions for the practic Se 7 the back are botanical of than 500 garden pla ised alphabetically by th heir common Worlans With Young People UTH IN MUSEUMS. Eleanor Moore. 115 pages, Sata and d rs ylvania book oe ‘arg of quotat jons s dir from persor ing such work. NATURE GAMES BOOK Elm Stevenson. 208 pages, indexed ‘and illustrated. Greenberg, Yorks, 1941, $2.50. Methods of interesting the very young in oe observation of nature by means of ary Notes, News, and Comment Three radio eas ne Radio. with the nena len’s services to vee : have been ently given over the broecani const d i ee Beatty. Carol H. Woodward interviewed over the air aie i on the ‘New York Botanical Garden as a_vacati pot; verett gave advice in response to questions the morning of July 17, and Dr. B. O. Dodge told of some of the eee ee in disease and pest control Augu: Vitamin Conference. On July J. Robbins presented a pape: ee ith the water vitamins in rela- tion to plant i Res e at Gibson Islan oups. Dari _ the week of Ty . 16, f $ er Scho oth groups ae ed to special ointe of interest by members of t taff, Student Gardeners. Four ae gar- e apprentice iene recently he New Yorl i- A. Clark, Flushing, Long “i. a oe R. E. Holttum, Director of ile anic Gardens at Singapore, spent te 36 and 27 at the New York Botanical Garden. Dr. H. S. . ou the Univ ersity of Toronto was he day rt. T. H. Goods peed) OL Unters cee nia. the numerous nists, horticulturists, studer its, “and amatens, wh b working in the library rba visiting members of the sta tafe diving the pa: a two months have been oe Stal Schultes, Forestry: cy de F Na zpatrick, jorie J. Camp. U.S.D.A., Washington, io Enz, Rosario, Argentina; Rf Clausen, Cornell University; Brother bert Gerard Horn, Man- hatt: souls ‘ohn B. Woodward, Bridge- port, Sister Florence Marie, Seton Hill College, "Greensbnrg, Pa.; Mary K. Donovan, 5 s.; Alice Mary Russell, Phila- Pa.; Walter H. Belda, Milwaukee; Adria: ylink, Babylon, L, 1.; Mrs. Sydney Lawrence "Andi horage Alaska; Mrs. Stephen F. Strong, ‘Beverley “His, ane Velva E. Rudd, U.S.D.A., Washing D. C.;_ Elmer A. Claar, Wiimette ‘aga T. Wherry, Oo Iida McVeigh, Yale Univer THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS ECTIVE MANAGE Until 1942: Pilate ‘a yi Ga RE JAY, CLARENCE Lewis, E. - oo ey DE LA MONTAGNE as and Assistant Treasurer 7), Fi s E. Powe, Jr., and Wrt1am J. Rosi Piety 1943: Hany DE rane ‘Biase ee saa ad Ne Henry F. pu Pont, wR, JENNIN ae? i NRY LockuHanrt, Jr. , Mrs. Harorp r ge and JosEP R Swan (Pr ient) Until 1944: E,. c. UCHTEI ARS HAL! Mrs. Eron Huntincton OOKER, JoHN L. MERRILL i ercinrrerg ‘Con. Rozert H. Montcomery, H. Hoparr Ponce and A, Percy SAUNDERS. II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuarnia, Mayor gf the City of New York. poe ooo Park Commissione: James MarsHA_t, President of the Board of Education. APPOINTIVE MANAGERS A. GLEASON, Ghee by the ha larga Club. R A. ARPER, SAM TRELEASE, es s M. Ruoaves, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by Cee Univer, GARDEN STAFF ILLIAM J. eis ae D., Sc. D. Director 1, A. Greason, PH.D. 20.0... cee eee Assistant Directer and Head Curator HENRY DE ve ee Assistant Director 2 Bs STOUT, “Pus De ics. cece sca sided Curator of Education and Laboratories RED J. SEAVER, Pu. D., Sc. D. Curator ERNARD QO. Donce, Pu D. Plant Pathologist OHN oe BARNHART, Ae Ms MeDe sca coe ee tei ee oiierieties Ardea . W. Ric: Pu, D. eau Bibliogr raphe: ROLD N. MonbaNne Pu. D. ssociate Cur ator LizaBeTa C, Hatt, A. B., B. S. a ibrar 'LEDA wae Artist and Pho tographer Win Research Associate OBERT S, Wrntiai MS rch Associate in Bryology . J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Ga of the Focal tiki Cam "PE. D. mt Curator LYDE CHANDLE HD. pe al Assistant LU ‘EIKERT Technical Assistant REDERICK KavaNaGH, M.A. Technical Assist oHN H. cE, M.A. Technical Assistant AROL H. Woopwarp, A. B. Editorial Assistant Homas H, lage 7 D. Hort. ticulturist x L. Wirtr A. Custodian of the Herbarium TTO DeEe ML 3 Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany A. J. Grout, Pu.D. Honorary Curator of Moss OBERT HAGELSTEIN orary Curator of Myxomycetes Joseru F, Burke y oe bak of the Diatomaceae B. KRUKOFF rary C vr of Economic ee ETHEL ANSON es ore . Honorary es Tris a Narcissus fea ea J ees Superiniendent mt 7 uildings and uns CC. sistant Superintendent anical Gar take the Eighth Avenue Subw: 4 Boor Pak it the Third "Aventie leans to the Bronx Park sation a the New York Central to the Botanical Garden nee ao rive the Grand Concourse then east on Mosholu PI r, can efron Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River Pkwy PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Books, Booklets, and Special Numbers of the Journal n Illustrated Flora of the Norahen United States and Canada, by Nathaniel Lond Britton and Addison Bro ree volumes, giving descriptions and illustra tions of 4,666 species. Second Bacon reprinted. $1 ee of the Mir here ha Plains of Central oe America, by P. A. Rydberg. 969 ees and 601 figu 932. Price, $5.50 p ae Plan i ii ne York, by H. ik “Clea 4 pages, illustrated. ts of the Viei ae A handbook especially compiled for the beer ines in plan tener 1935. $1.65. ra of Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others eed pages with 494 figures, covering algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, flowering plants, lt, 63455) A eS ch ce neral ae by Albert Sabnatice 230 pages. 76 ciate pen orth Am oe riceae, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates Carex and elated oe) by Harry C. Ceepee with a description et veach species. Pie ed. Two volumes, 1034 x 13% inches; bound $17. un ee a to Bis North American Species of Carex by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. mee “ae t 1, of North American Flora. $1.25. Ferns and Their Culture. Edited by Carol H. Woodward. 40 pages, ants of the Holy Scriptures by Eleanor King, een ay accompanigy by a list of Plants of the Bible with quotations, in the March 1941 Journal. 15 c The Flora of the Unicorn Tapestries by E. J. ‘alesse and Carel H Wood ward, illustrated, in the May 1941 Journal. 15 ¢ Periodicals onia, annually, devoted exc clusiv ely to colored plates accep by Ey A $1 each vol ern i s twenty-first vol Subscription price, me (four years). Not offered in exchange. to membe he Garden. Journal of The New York Botanical Garden nthly, containing news, book reviews, and non-technical articles on botany and Ries Subscription, $1 a ae ieee copies 10 s. Free to members of t arden its logia, bimonthly, illustrated in color sa otherwise; devoted to fungi, including lichens, containing techincal ae and news a notes of general ne er $7 a year; single copies $1. each. Now in its thirty-third volum Teen tom Year Index oars ittonia. A series of Botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. Now in its fourth volume. rth American Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of North Amen including Greenland, the West Indies, and Central America. Pes to be pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more parts; 90 parts now issued. Not offered i hange. Prices of the separate p on requ ed in exc : s arts es Contributions from The New York Botanical Garden. A series of technical papers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals rice, 4 volume. he h v other than the above 25 ts each, $5 a volu In the 14th volume. Memoirs of The Nese York Botanical Garden. A collection of scientific papers. Prices to members of ne Garden: Vols. 1-6, $1.50 each; to others, $3. Vol. 7, $2.50 to m uae to others, $5. Contents: Vol. 1, PER AxEL RYDBERG, An Annotated Catalogue of the Flora of Montana and the Yellowstone Park p Dp 1D) MacmoueKe The Influence of Light and Darkness upon Growt evelopme ol. 3, 1uR Ho.tick and E. C. Jerrrey, Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous ir eischerville, N. Y. Vo! TUART GaceR, Effect of the Rays of Radium on Plants 5, NorMAN Taytor, Flora of the Vicinity of N York 1. 6, Twentieth Anniversary of Th Ne oe Bota ie coe e Vol. 7, N. L. Garpner, New Myxophyceae from Por! i) Flower Behavior of ie Russy, et Gace in ae Anes Vallee Its Val, Tal, ArtuHur Ho tick, The Flora of the Saint Eugene Si JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN SEPTEMBER ae ee. ea JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor September 1941 Lear Pattern With CoLzus PLantT Lire AND THE Law 0 I—Growrtu RINGs IN THE eee OF AGE OF TREES E. H. Fulling 205 John Watts 210 214 Cover Photograph by Samuel Seigel* Espatizr DwarrF Fruit TREES AUSTRALIAN FLoweR Parntincs Hunc in Museum BuILpInc PLANTINGS FOR CONTROL OF River-BANK EROSION IN VERMONT Reuben R. Zile 21% ORcHID ceca A GIFT To THE GaR A Cactus Exnisir FROM Mexico erent tO GARDEN 221 BERTHA cece 221 Notices anD Reviews oF RECENT Booxs 222 AutuMN LEcTURES AT THE GARDE 226 pan AND New York eee GarDENS EXCHANGE Stu tT GARDENERS 226 Notes, en AND COMMENT 227 Current LITERATURE AT A GLANCE 228 “Through the co-operation of the W.P.A. GIFTS FOR THE GARDEN In this issue of the Journal are announced recent ee to the New York Botanical arden of « value totaling many thousands of dolla: re is a dual gift of flower paintings and chairs of native wood presented by et ralian Government; other a collection of living cacti from the Government a Mae. and a a. 9,572 orchid plants from an individua’ 0, li e ernment jan realized that a responsible public institution was the most suitable place for such tre: a 8 eo. a Luc lo} a 5 It is by usable gifts—sometimes of objects and specimens, sometimes of m n bequests and other donations have partly made possible, there can be no question but that ns like these are well placed for the greatest benefit of the greatest number. The Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York, N. Y. Entered at the Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second- ae matter. Annual subscription $1.00. Single copies 10 cents. Free to members of the Gar JOURNAL of THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN VoL. 42 SEPTEMBER 1941 No. 501 Plant Life And The Law Of Tan I—Growth Rings In The Determination Of Age Of Trees By E. H. Fulling D URING the past two years the writcr has been engaged more or less regularly in examining hundreds of court records with the purpose of assembling material ich may some day merit publication as a volume bearing the title of this artic It ts planned that ecount shall be a study of legal relations among men a result of their dependence upon and general association with mts. Strictly legal pects of itigation overlooked as much as ible; emphasis is to laced upon the roles which plants have played in litigation and upon the attitudes of courts toward our alleged understanding of plant 1 mpletion of this study is so much a matter of the future, however, that it appears desirable to publish from time to tine particularly interesting cases as they come to the attention & the author, and herewith is presented the first of these Soa the early days of colonization in America, when land grants were states were otherwise Lema the boundaries of such ee very freq ue ntly were determined by the locations of particular t : : : al or blazes, with an axe upon their tr sn piel later the oo of such over them. It would then become necessary when seer boundary lines sure r d distances in prescribed directions fro: ified points, but this labor was usually avoided so long as the trees could still b I he ane betwe hese s identity of a bow tree in a particular instance oundary h dir eae to the reco ae of the High Court of Chaieeey of Sete e than a century ago, in 1829.1 1 Patterson v. McCausland, 3 Bland (Md.) 54. 205 206 It a ae ae in 1788 a aay tract of land, was laid out in Regs is now part of the State of Maryland, and that this tract was know! as Long Fought and Le eee a title which spurs one’s imagination tae cting the history of the area and the de a ia o Sis ase Three years later a neighboring tract, Jolly’s First Atte seen out, and once re we are alee he names in Ree were more than mere ere was a resurvey of these two tracts of adj ae va a ae then the trouble began as original aie ee s First eee was recorded as having a cee. oak a oak at another, and a second white oak at a third ae i ee the area ns surveyor 3 his lines to trees cee he regarded as being those thus specified, and in designating what he considered the se black oak, the land was brought so close to the other tract that oe of them bor aie on one another a to some extent interlocked. The result was that a third parcel of rae access to which had always been cane the other a previous to the résurvey, was deprived of that access. The owner of this third parcel Danes the resurvey was ieee in thus blocking his property and he brought the matter into cour In court he ee that his property had been een by saad one of as bou a aie to the black oak found by the veyor, that tree was e black oak mentioned in the oneal aes He Mai severa si ne similarly interested in the matter 2 ania ie t ae resurvey be made by measurements from various points ly by drawing the lines to certain trees then eee in ie belied a nie were the original tre Their “principal ia in ae to prove oe of the black oak rested upon a block of wood which they introduced into court. They had in some way cut A out of the tree and claimed that i : oe the whole of the only aes ane on the tree. Witnesses in behalf of the an testified that the tree was the original one to which the line had been ae wn in 1791 a that ake chop mark had been made at aan time. This a not be so, the plaintiffs protested, because there were only eee layers of Het outside the mark, which had healed over, vein a scar, whereas if it h en sae ee nal tree and mark there should been at | oe 7 aa lay ayers. There was not any other tree Ren claimed to bi correct and ie ques son as to whether it was was not a ce ak never entered the case; the true bonne ry tree, b implication, had disa ela and all they sought to establish was that the tree then cece was not the original. This argument was A ded in court upon the contention there that oa to the regular and uniform course of Nature, there is in all rees one such concentric layer of wood always formed every year.” 207 This, of course, is generally true of all woody Suet dicotyledonous plants in the Temperate Zones, and the exceptions to ould habe te the general statement only under part sees a, ances, usually only to a certain degree and not entirely. Therefore, oo of the block of wood and of the accor ae argument was a perfectly reasonable bit of evidence on the part of the agi to support their a lea. But the High Court of ene cast doubt upon the of the contention, and the justice who w e final a indulged in a most extensive botanical di ton He m . have been a versati ile. scholar, much given to extra-curricular study, or ha pable assistants, for pages of the devoted to the longevit: d th physiolo: gro f{ citation the j e founded this pro ae perches ‘Open ichaux’s “North American Sylva.” Roget’s “Animal and Vegetable Physiology ao lon’s Ag boretum et Fruticetum oe ne win’s ‘‘Phytologia,” Rees’ “Cyclopaedia,” Eaton's “Botanical Grammar and Dict eet ad several other Rone meter e early sas century. After this lengthy and very verbose essay, the just ice finally turned to the case in hand ee eae upon f n this case the block here produced, has been cut out so deep from the trunk of this ae ok as to include, with the bark and all the newly formed layers of others which had de. Judgi 1 wood, eig! hich had formed wh he chop mark was ma dging from the pie arance of the block, and ment of the circle formed by it: outside, I should suppose that the tree ie n i nd was at present a Pla al Bie st vegetation, e block distinctly exhibits the i every ee fectly te. over the whole of t in er the chop rath “Teeny over os chop mark “there is much horny wood in i cal lay sible ; but side of the h mber transverse section of the trunk of 5 Bite "forest tree, of a foot or more in Cs had been fo 4 rrespond with the v as oth s fe) ‘oof, mals there can be no clear and cure fondo tbe The te ito that ae cinnber es such concentrical layers does denote the age of trees, or the progress of growth. 208 But even if this notion were shewn to be well aap it would call for oe destnictive of that by which it was given. roduc! evidence of i th a living boundary by s' be essary to des The Iygethess “however, fein as ot yer red ioxenier en Rs Ds conjec ioe judicial ly regarded as affording evidence worthy of any dee ay tev! So the ae of aan witnesses to the effect that the tree um consideration was th of ann i It was ordered, aes 7 the boundary line to the tree shoul: € d stand; the two tracts were bro together, and the owner of the third parcel is uw there was between i er and by co rse and distance, as the defeated had s 1 approximately, but that is one of the aspects of the case which the records do not re oe reve w correct was the judge in ge such doubt on the fas oa of ar rings a eee of age? The general question of their de- pendability ae have frequently arisen, for in 1897 the United _ Department of Agriculture Lasaa a eu pha to this very subject,’ entit tled “Age of Trees and Time of ai g Determined by Annual Rin was B. Ay Fer: os Chie the Division of F Forestry, ne i author's comments oe ose of tree rings reads as follow tee by nm sa ad it is clear that for an apne nr ie years ae gel ; fora v over, i accurate to within are six en, or wi hin 3to5 per cent, 7 the ane is Saitly ona “but may be ae ae as many as bate years and m more, if stunted at a e this aes se for severe discrepancy under unfavorable conditions, A r goes on to say tha aed. of a annual ri measure of age or time, that i: its eal “character as piles head ae often a been - Subject of a in a few words of om: this country, vidence in favo: monly alae Pp yr pro p e “Phe orrectness 0 v1 = as record for fundamental tenet in the science of fores s practiced abroad, and h: in the last half century been verified t fo or Enrope and its species. But there are also in the same countries, peer France and Germany, thousands of similar 209 records for American species, fle pine, red oak, nae which in all cases bear out exactly the same results. addition, we have in our own country many hundred oe on record a thousands mor ot permanently recorded, Concerning ae to the contrary, he wrote: “The most striking contradictions ever printed were due to the mistaking of well-known features of wood structure, as for instance, the wavy markings on ; s Finally, ve respect t to the as mar rk or tase self Fee now hone ght “It is evident fro at has bee , that the = ip covering the blaz © itself loes not “farish information as to what time 4 a blaze wa s made ina ceiver tree, since ase t necessarily re ed. To id ago the made nt is necessary to have TI It was well recognized at the time this was written that ring counts are influenced by pate i are by the particular radius along which counts are m wade by elevation above the ground of such radius, and by a number of o «factors, so that the general recognition given the rings as naicarne ae is arcely any less just tastes today than fifty years ago. One is inclined to oa th ae in view of this testimony and of the fact that there was so grea a discrepancy as 24 years ie a period of 36 years, that greater ae ould have been placed on the block at t ffs s gm eign eee for the eas gat remarks in the authorities which ted. Ther: pet bly y 12 annual ae outside the blaze, a ae count nay a have ee ae measure of the lapse of time since the blaze was made, he writer is inclined to pel that if the count was to be dis an it plgee have been done on evidence that the count was inaccurate and 1 ae generation that annual rings were unreliable. inally, we a a in vain for any evidence in the i that the blaze under discussion really was a surveyor s chop mark, and no merely some other wound inflic cs ae the t os t will be interesting to note, as additional cases are studied, ay change of attitude on ie ee of courts toward this sna if there be any. This can not be done at once because the various legal indices se t direct one to matters of litigation interest. ing to the "botanist. It is only by diges. hag oe varied cases as they are discovered that a complete story of any one topic can be assembled. 210 Espalier Dwarf Fruit Trees By John Watts iG you wish to add a pata note to your garden, whether it be in the flower or vegetable plot, then by all means plant some espalier dwarf fruit trees. Their economic value in the production of fine fruit as well as their beauty when they are well cared for will repay the grower for the little trouble they give. They are especially effective if plan fe ee far apart to make each tree’s outline distinguishabl e at a dist Apples and pears are the most adaptable fruit trees, ae peor and some of the plums may also be used tf the form of the espali ier is au simple. Peaches are likewise suitable subjects but require a differe: Photograph by Fieda Griffith Apple and pear trees trained . dwarf espaliers a an attractive boundary between wo sections of a treatment from the others in the matter of pruning. There is a place in every garden for at least one e ee uit tree, cies many pleasing effects ie obtained by using the s patte arf espaliers are not a: he peas a ae are commonly thought to a Centuries ago, horticulturists found ie by grafting fruit tree cions on certain root stock, they could obtain trees — while in a young one would produce fruit and could be eee ged. The next step orward was to net the dwarf tree into some ee ol pte so that it 211 could be placed ane any suitable background, and it is from this that ed the numerous forms that are grown today—shapes that will fit as any pic The s ngle onion. fe is the simplest form, is an erect vertical stem, and is de by ee or in combination with ot! the er shapes to ae let aa along a or trellis. The horizontal two-arn to edge the walks vegetable or fruit gardens. four inches high, but can be grown to almost any There are shapes an desires, such a pen or ned ¢ is It is ie ae twenty- height to suit one’s need. forms grown today to fe ee any location one s between window walls or simple cted ill he leade 2 winds and storms will serve i ui 2 dsc: : are realizing the a vantage of for the ans of space that erwise be wasted, or as an attractive hedge between the flower ae ee arden o spray for different insect _and diseases. i or he circulation of air around the trees. This will prevent the ae ‘rom aa stunted and will give the wood a better chance to develop Like all ches oa trees, espaliers require a well-drained site and fertile soil whic b mixed with some thoroughly rotted farm manure. Where the a es is not adequate, artificial drainage should be prepared as follow pth of about two oe below ise seer of the n ae continued i slo a point ial care must = eee . ae the pee ad so that the surplus water will ve a chance to run e has proved that to produce an abundanc ae a the roots of the trees must . confined to a must not be allowed to travel too far away. Flat stones or slabs J oe. each tree for an area of several feet will prevent the main ‘or ent s from penetrating below, and will make them grow outward, thus palietag root-pruning. e of es ruit small area a of slate 212 A tree which has been planted correctly should in a few years be to have its roots shortened, an operation which should then be eo every two years. To root-prune, dig a trench around the tree about three feet away from the trunk, down to the flat stones upon which the tree was aca to pale small ae roots to form, cut away all roots which have grown that far. This confining curtails the growth of the tree to a point whi a with proper oa ming, lends itself to fruit-bud formation rather than to that of wood buds, which occur when growth is rank. Espalier fruit trees require pruning in winter or early spring, and twice uring the winter when the trees are in a restin ee instead of the usual thinning out, as for orchard or standard a ees, all growths excepting the ie branches must be pruned back : i eyes; these ne should be shortened annually only a third of the way until the desired height has been reached. Sometimes several thin branches will aes on one shoot, and since the object of pruning espalier trees is the Photograph by Fleda Griffith Flowers are abundant in springtime on a tree, such as an espalier, that is regularly: pruned. Photograph by Fleda Griffith The form of the cordon, a four-armed type, is shown in the two trees above. production of nue cone than of excessive wood, these should be cut away completely.* As one becomes familiar with fruit trees, fruit buds pea easily eae from those which only cause woody growth e. the trees age, they will no doubt make more spurs than is necessary for their good; therefore, the gardener may cut out some entirely, and * Peaches need different treatment in the matter of pruning, especially summer pruning. The new growths which ae iran ae ee re of the leaves of the ith of strongest previous year’s wood should be removed, w : the gest ones, These should be tied several times during the ee season to keep them straight, i crooked and spoi e 0 : i This form of growing peach trees is perhaps best adapted for greenhouse culture 1 ruit out of i re inbringing takes considerable 214 iat back ie always bearing in mind that the shorter the spurs, the ner the appea: an of the ine is lost oh ue should be removed, but he een eee tree. Espa alie v fruit trees are benefit during oe and winter nce, for once the spurs protrude from the main stem, the Of course, the gro wer must t be his t not be st afra that is done, he ae expect a ae crop of fruit or an ed by a re of rotted cow manure nter, removing what is left n the spring. A fe eding go enmerial fertilizer after the fan set in t gis also aaa ae e grower has to supply the nourishment that the ree has n deriv ed of by the severing of the roots. Since oS roots are conned to a small area, ample water should be given if the is a dry o: nee e the fruit will be small and knotty. With 2 a tittle practice He good commion sense the gardener will soon become a good grower of dwarf espalier fruit trees. Australian Flower Paintings Hung In Museum Building With Chairs of Native Wood They A Gi So IX large and cigs oil paintings of Australian flow a gift from the Australian Government to the New York Botanical Garden, have been framed and hung in the Museum Building during the past mon They are the work of Margaret Preston, , leading painter of the ora of the isla ‘continent. ne About eighty diferent kinds of flowers are Sane in the mixed bouquets which form the them eof ach painting. Beside eich one is dase n with a key which gives the mame of each flower showr Many, suc’ - Fe the bottlebrush (Cal- listemon), desert- or glory-pea (Chants), ses and Chorisema pla h have become familiar Among ne unique and ornamental Mowers shown the oa are one called larigaroo. paws (Anigosanthos), Christ mas bells ( pacheoney nd waratah B (Telopea), which Somewhat. resembles a huge red chrysanthemum, The paintings were presented to the Botanical Garden in the name of the ey Are Gift From Island’s Government Australian Government by Mr. L. R. MacGr Tegor, Australian Trade Commis- sioner in ork, wood, wert ey comm Iso part of the World’s Fair exhibit, these are both a practical and a valuable ats ee ae to the Botanica! arden's ns representing the eal De ot ie ey e name of the ‘ood i printed on each chair. Those that re @ used are the black bean, walnut, silky oak, white oak, silver oak, ¢ ott bla d, beech, torega, yello t, maple, water gum, butt putts, sillewood, pigeon wood, butt maple and Leichhardt pine. 215 Plantings For Control Of River-Bank Erosion In Vermont oe fae Nees pres the pe pa ae eae nee the New York Botanical a in northern Vermont. The story of how the farm lands along a section of the Winooski River are being saved fr cy gee d and damage through the-assistance of the Soil needy pile ice of the S. Department of Agriculture is told below by the Project Mar By Reuben R. Zile HILE erosion problems of all types are eae in Vermont, the question of river-bank erosion is the that is most acute at the present time. The land-owners along the ae eams in Vermont are losing valuable farm land because of the cutting action a ice, frost and water. t the request of farmers along the lower Winooski River, _the Soil co: erosion. After many conferences was decided that the methods to be used must be not only effective ones ithin the economic reach of the land-owners. One of ie methods decided upon was the use of vegetation since it was noticed what a fine job nature did in various places along the river with willow, poplar, box-elder and soft or red maple. However, on eroded banks some means was found to be necessary to stabilize the banks until such time as the vegetation i be established. Various hods of mechanical control were tried. The method finally developed al for the use of materials most of which can be found Then w. 1 nd br the willow as a next to the a is laid between the stakes ten to fifteen inches deep. Number nine wir then wound criss-cross between the stakes nF the stakes are * For a report of the extent of this project see “Results of a project in hybridizing poplars” by A. B. Stout and E. J. Schreiner, in Journal of Heredity 24: 216-229, June 1933. U.S. Before the flood of 1936 the Winooski river bank reached as far as the line on a photograph shown above. pounded down until the tops are oS with ie brush, a tightening | wire and holding the brush down. This brush mat protects the bank w He he are eas ed can become da established buke a oe will pe au Ine approximately three to four years. poe ings ee species are ae ae just eee the mat is laid and le bank is sloped or after the brush matting hi s been complete € e stolonifcra), alder hay box-elder (Acer Negundo), ed. ape (Acer rubrum), silver maple (Acer oe and others. To estab- lishment of this vegetation, a va of materials has oe ce ae ings and seed. In addition, approximately fifty clones = ies a teas by Dr. A. . | have been tried on the banks of the oski Riv When antings are made before a e brush mat is laid, a cuttings ee can be used. These are planted aaa ie one One sa later, willows that have been planted may already be seen growing on the bank, ‘ch has been protected from further damage by a matting of brushwood held in place by wives stretched between stakes. In 1938 another flood occurred, but the bank remained firm. The basket willows seen here have been growing for two years since the ice scoured the first year's growth. The hybrid poplars here ave one year old from cuttings. A esncade of trees and stone-filled log cribbing was used in places along the Winooski River oe he ue od of 1937. Instead of flowing over the farmland along the river then followed the main channel, while silt d gr ravel accumulated behind the tree barricade. and one-half feet apart. In some cases seeds of alder and box-elder are ten pine the brush matting. The cuttings and seedlings are ior cut flus h the ground so that no injury will occur to them fs ee is “hid When the plantings are made after the brush mat is in place, poplar and willow aes are used. A oe iron dibble is employed to make the ole in the ground through the mat and the cutting is finns ed into the hole ae it is tightly pa acked, “cating are slanted downstream so that the t be lifted out by d debris coming oe de ring high waters. He ae ings are “approximately twenty-four inches long with eighteen es undergro ntings are re either in fall or spring, depending on the work of a engineers which must at all times Pe eee with the ete The vegetation in ae cases sh er be kept small, over two to thr inches in diameter, so that it will be pliable and will a under the aaa of the ice and ee Thus, the live vegetation will act as a living brush 219 t and protect the bank from the erosive action of the water and i i: addi tion, the bank will remain frozen longer under this oe nd thus again lessen the erosive action of the high waters in the spring. The spread of the roots of the living brush mat will give sade ee und. Another type of river erosion is channeling, the formation of new channels or chutes. These ere are controlled as a rule by the use of barricades. These are made of entire trees, usually poplars and elms, piled one on top of the other eit they make a stack ten feet in diameter. This pile is cabled ated by one- ee ak cable and attached to three- or four-ton concrete anchors. In back of this a eee: rooted cuttings and edie. are planted ae a ates usually, of t undred feet. The whole structure is permeable and tends to gy aa water so that deposition takes place ‘beh ae : ths see the bank. t the present time pene pres of river bank have been protected by the work of the Soi oe Ser in co-operation with the land-owners. About one oe of repair a has had to be done on the v o dat These methods ive bank poesion m et ae some use on other streams, Vegetation quickly pene up, with the annual floods prevented. a photograph shows € same spot as appears on the preceding pag 220 Orchid (ollection A Gift To Garden Hybrid Cattleyas from the Garden's EARLY 10,000 orchid plants ap- They range from s flasks to fully matured “and “ooming The orch ids on pub- lic display, but as the | ¢ shown in the Seca n Conservato’ ae W. Moses making it pos- 1 Gatien to acquire orchids came late John A. Tes a A. For eenhouse of the Forster i n Hac ensack, New gift from Mrs. John ty. i ew Botanical Garden had a collection of some 3,000 mes plants of 700 species and varieties, nee true blue orchid of Burma and Pins pure white orchid from newly acquired collection of orchids. uth America, The ae is increas- teadily, because it is likel: that species in the collection will soon be unobtainable f the countries it hich they grow. sive collecting of plants in the wild has reduced the nu of ecimens and has cau many countries put restrictions on orchid plants for exportation. The newly acquired orchids give the Botanical Garden one of the out- standing public collections in the country. “With such a wealth of plants in our greenhouses, there is a remarkable op- aa for students to undertake spe- ial studies of orchids,” Dr. Robbins said comr nti ig on the gift. “Anyone,” he continued, “interested in orchids and able o fina a f hip for one or more students whose research work a ba ein oe ae facto arable to collec the donor of othe 221 (actus Exhibit From Mexico Presented To Garden Ast collection of cactus plants, i ae of Mexico to the United Sta as brought to the New York Botanical Garden Sept. 1, after a two onths’ display at Rock efell er Center, to he made a permanent part of the Garden’s already e gift | was officially accepted - Be William J. Robbins, Director of the New York Botanical’ Garden m, at Rockefeller Center uly 1. Thanking the Mexican government in behalf of nie Garden, Dr. Robbins an- nounced tha ddi itton, first Dir tor "of ie Gries, made an ex- havstive study of this _group of plants published an hefh in collabo ration with Dr 1 Garden was partic- e refrigerator car Her Cen- r, A.M. Director stin Gomez y ity. ptance Dr. Robbins ch Roc n know: _ Garden, ee k Botan said Dr pode Hossck cou w Yo: now, woul: as inter- in porarily a part his old ast o nding buildings which Stand on of it. In the name of the New York aca Garden and in the name of the many visitors who will come to Bronx Park to see these plants in the years to come, I say to the Mexican Gov- ernment ‘and to the people of Mexico, Gracias! cat Bd Bertha Pickering UST before the close of the day's work on Thursday, Aug. 28, Miss Bertha Pickering | covlapse te her desk in aid could a only shen old and had "been at the Garden 1928. etary to rie late Dr “Miss Pickeri 01 E © familiar wih her wor oO prety Mrs. ‘ From the establishment of the Tax onomic Eek arly in 1938, Miss Picker- ng was respon nsible for the vast job of typing ond mnimeogranbing required for this publication That same year she was placed in ae of the switchboard and informa- i sl brother, with whom she lived in the ‘onx. 222 Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the Library.) Ae aie in panei Cultur: HE SUN- Taylor WINTER FLOWERS IN HEATED ee Gus oe an 294 ses, iinet with? "photographs, in- exed. cane Scribner’s Sons, New yok 194 $3.50. title of this es indicates, its $0 woe aT: winter and spring flowering, in it with the sun as the sole of the authors was the pioneer in her Noeality for this system of plant cul- ture and describes in a very inter mated way the genesis of her sche They devote a most Aaya chapter to the igi velopment of the green- are described some par- tures, erro sed to crock “convex side down, large Se to cover the ho This should read “concave.” ‘or the person who is seeking spare- See nt a -oted to it entirely, and th at the “Le; ano Greenhouse’ should have been Vol Enwin BEcKETT. Coal and Coal Deposits GEOLOGY OF COAL. Ott Translated and revised by ‘Adolph c 61 pages, illustrated and in- “oniversi y of Chicago Press, Chie 1940. $5. the time ee his death Professor Noé had early cor Bae his alate and of the itio: 3) of sexed, dened in Ne The text, as indicated cx the title, is Sali wh olly w coal coal de ee paleobotanis ts oh any discussion of the plants ich occur in association with coal deposits. While botanists will find some interesting in- formation in the chapters on the Origin f Coal (IV) and on the Origin of Coal ds (VI), the botan as s of coal are not at any tir din detail. It a volume of i : aac and of major importance t ose engaged in the economic phases oF Ae science. OKES, American Museum of Natural History alle ee MANU. PLANTS OF OREGON. Peck. 866 pages, indexell. & Mort, Portland, 1941, $5. AL OF THE HIGHER Morton E. Binfords Botanica] manuals, see ba: se on eues tae cuts right across ee phy iseceeraphic areas. oe its artificial limits, Professor Petts ork will undoubtedly be of great value to the student and to the botanical tourist. 223 It includes a brief essay on the “plant areas” of the state, clear descriptions and e s- abundant key: 203 species, an illu trated glossary, and an index. The worl is based mainly eck’s o very ex- tensive collections, and is a neat job o concise presentati In size, shape, and approximates the familiar 7th edition of Gray’s Manual. H.W. Ric eae Eeeeme and Others T GROWERS HANDBOOK, Carroll 2 ush. 18 ges, illus- trated with Wnotozrabbe indexed. re Judd Publishing Co. New York, 1941. $1.75 From a practical yet elementary view- poin ne author covers the numerous roblems that mit ae rowers g throughout he eouiitry. Crop after crop rage cated Sarune with the chest, 1SE, d tinuing al- nuts, black walnuts, Japanese heartnuts butternuts, pecans, hickories, hicans, almonds, pistachios, pine nuts, acorns and chinquapt e auth gets to the kernel of each nut crop, mentioning its origin, commercial aspects, and _culti tiva: tion, including panting: pests, pollination, pruning, » and ¢ mcludes with a sectior nm marketin: Rare PInkus Arboretum Foreman. ata Of Recent Scientific Advances In Horticulture iieeretions : pane pen and index. Fo exord hy FLW. ant: dont 4: Sioa Pearce, New - $2. The fae chon of this hook, which was written in einer have under- y and worthy task—the ex- Vv ocked ae to- Hee himse u and sult is a book wel nm with which any should er with mater perspective w which the scientist: ae refreshing as well as useful. na Py orma te find Among the principal topics covered a: ae with a good pail chapter as their preparation, the of £ han e more ¢ iniportant points statements may be open to an Cater discussion, interesting information he same time may Ie often and and a ul. Hexry T. SKinner, Curator, Morris: “Apbirctin, Philadelphia A Science Popularized TRE ADV. als E OF THE FUNGI, B.C. Large 488 puses, illu uted with diagrams and photog aphs: bibliography —— Henry Hult & Co. 19f0. $4. The Adva of ihe Fingi is an at- tempt to papulariz ze a science of which ae layman, for the most part, knows ttle. Much like the work of de Kruif Ht ie aa medicine, this book tre: of 1 atho its from ee eas in ne t ts import! t position in 1939, discusses the con- flicts between early botanists, and tells of the misery caused by fungal ruination of food crops upon w hich depended human life. Large a careful and —— For the most ae the style obvious Ss al abseures his purpose by circumlocution: an ional explanations oF Solitical issues, eis 1 terms, and personalities that are extraneous. the professional ven pathologist the book is of little value. However, for general consump tion by the public it serves a Pua in focusing attention on a science whose song has not too often been eine RutH Aww Bosrov. Books For oe Botanists A as Cae OUR PLANT FRIENDS AND FOES. therton DePuy a pages, indexed. ohn C. Win i “Toso. 80c. ig bo ae especially Soe telling ae some of our otherwise useful plants, oa ives. It conta pu e, Sl referring to ce ertain bacteria as saeec*. but on the whole it gives the facts as e€ Kains, 280 pages, Greenberg, PLE, illustrated, New York. ook for vanth ful gardeners written who has been a gardener since five RYS NATIONAL Cc 8. umes, 244 photographs Bobbs-Merril], Indianapolis. 1941 $2 each. T aid ve volumes especially pre- ared for g people who, through such books, can enjoy learning about the beauty spots of their country aa h have been set aside as national par' B epee Robert 66 pages, illustrated vith photographs and indexed. Bo; of Amer- ica, New York. A pamphlet giving Boy Scouts the in- formation required for obtaining a merit badge in bot: On Plants Of Commercial Importance EXT FIBERS AND THEIR ES. Katharine rodeerks Bree 530 pages, illustrated with graphs, indexed. J. B. Tippines te Co., Chicago. Third edition, 1od1. $8. Synthetic fibers make plants of even greater Seana than focnerly as pro- ducers of the materials for cl be in thre revised, a finish, design ; a vith textile tht ae et: kind—wool, sill, cotton, line: nthetics ; third, with nd giving direc- an tess aa ahe consumer, a the selection of materials and " ihe care. THE DISEA PALM. cee ES OF THE COCONUT _ Briton. Jones, eee by Erni isle Chee pages, iltustracea with cuutagraphe nie s & Wilkins, Balti- : 30, he ee e of oconut palm as comtiiercial prodct rakes a study of its diseases and pi of pita ee im. portance. Thirty. ae photographs, in- cluding a frontispiece in color, “illustrate the book. There is a bibliography of 250 RK AND THE Geet ith CORK STRY. pe L. ubel, 5 e Cork Institute of a ctioa, New York. Revised edition, 1941. 1.5 A fasci inating story of the cork oak and its uses, with an abundance of good photographs. cor TONSEED AND ITS PROD- vcr: 7 pases. ae Cotton- seed as ts Ass'n., Memphis, Tenn. 1941. A paper- rata booklet designed to encourage the ater use of products made non cottons e EAN GRAPE GROWING. . Ritt! 93 hares ifust per eess Publi shi Co., Minneapolis, 1941 oe Gro of the. Uni - States an Coates should a ake 3 oO w a Tiption of mush rie 2 th incading dise: and pests and thei Phases Of Ane uae FARM OWNERSHI AND LAND USE IN CouMeNTES. A Nebra ska community taken an example. for a stu ad a land ewnershi in a typical western far The wee re sponsor ad by Fellowship This is a ning community. ‘the a e University of Chi ae “which cannot be fae ca 225 over lightly by anyone who feels concern for pes and economic trends in Ameri FORESTRY IN FARM MANAGE- MENT. R. H. Westveld and Ralph H. Peck. 339 pages, illustrated oH ed. John Wil Sons, New York. 1941. $3, A subject of increasing importance in these days of conservation and the trend toward “going back the farm.” Ad- practical points of making profit Ls, MANAGE- NENT AND FERTILIZATION. Ea- und Worth: ES tral indexed, ons, New York, Third $2.75. Results of recent investigations with soils, ala on large a by algun agenci included in the this ‘volume, giving rite ger ciniet a scientific basis for some new practices in the handling < of soil. Bicentennial CONSERVATION OF RENEWABLE NATURAL RESOURCES, Raphael Zon and oth 200 pages; illus- trated with diagrams, University of Pennsytvania Press, Philadelphia, 1941 0 Twelve speal at the Bicentennial Conference ai yes e University Be Pennsyl- vania tell their versions of how the nat- ural resources of the country can be kept rom disappearing. CYTOLOGY, GENETICS AND EVO- LUTION, M. Demeree and othe 16 van: A dozen papers from Bicentennial Conference: of the Univer. and bibli ogra- phies. authors are Deme: tZ, Schrader, “Blakeslee, Dobzhansky, Mc- lung, Jen iller, rm, Churney, Daren, and Henshaw. New Editions LANT GROWTH SVBS' Hugh Nicol. 148 Ladner with photographs and 8 edition. al Bul font Co., Brooklyn, 1941. A editi : a_ book originally published by Leon mard Hill in London, dealing with the chemicals that in induce TANCES, eee xed more active growth in plants and how been rearranged iginally fie i this Journal in October 1938. OMMERCIAL FERTIL Gi beart Collings. 480 s, inlus- trated with tographs and dexed, The Blakiston Co. Philadel- phia. Third edition, 1941. $4.50. Colored sIlustrations showing the of chemical deficiency in plant rmitrients have been added to this edition o r, Collings’ work. The second edition was reviewed in this Journal in August 1939. COMMERCIAL FLOWER FORCING, Alex Laurie and G, H. Poesch, 545 pages, illustrated with photographs and indexed. ea Pane ia Philadelphia. dition, 50. books Cultur re of orecnho ase crops in aravel vith chemical solutions is one of several subjects which have been added to the third edition of this standard work r florist: The original edition was prenared in 193 ay La, = hadwick, both of Ohio State Uni versit. uot Pa BACTERIOLOGY. a es Anes < . Thir nth edition, Been ning an years before Van Leeu- wenhoek with Fracastorius’ “c ium ivum” as a cause of disease, the 13th dition of A ext b carries investi in recent Public Health Re- Scientific A dv eniu 34 pages, notographs and several diagrams, University of California Press, Ber- keley. 1941. 50c. ientist looks at It lom tha scie scientific work as the adventure that Dr ett inl ° a ca o wa w 0 w = ood as a cletec a4 td at io] i facts of plant 226 Autumn Lectures At The Garden HE Botanical Garden’s own motion picture, double its former length, will be used this year to ae the autumn series of awl, afternoon ane It will be ae the Mus eae Iding at 3 p.m. Sept. 20. The complete schedule for te season follow Sept. 20 The Botanical Garden from Spring to Spring A Motion Picture in Color Sept. 27 Autumn Colors—Why and Where They Appear A. B. Stout, Curator of Education and Laboratories Oct. 4 Flower Photography in Color Paul Ritienhouse, Amateur Photographer Oct. 11 Wild Fruits and Flowers of Autumn &. J. Alexander, Assistant Curator Oct. 18 Plants and the Course of Civilization W. H. Camp, Assistant Curator Oct. 25 Soils and Composts for the Garden T. H. Everett, Horticulturist Nov. 1 Dye Plants of the American Indians G. L. Wittrock, Custodian of the Herbarium Nov. 8 Plants—The Struggle to Survive H. Beaman Douglass, M.D. Nov. 15 Floral Adventures in the Pine Barrens a hee Introduced by Ars. Allan Marquand Nov. 22 Winter eee for the Gard J. H. Bea » Siinecitilendent of The Arboretum, Boyce Thompson Institute Nov. 29 ee. Wanderings vof. and Mrs. Clarence H. Young Dec. 6 Nature Study in Winter, with Bird Son. William C. a aide Trailside Museum, Poundridge, N. Y. Dec. 13. Flower Arrangement for the Beginner F. F, Rockwell and Fredrick W. Cassebeer TMontreal And New York Botanical Gardens Exchange Student Gardeners HE FI we it eee to come Montreal ina ed ony last month. Ba Pe 7 otal He Garden Traveling expenses of both of the stu- fro: ele Ae that has dents are beng. “paid by ae National roaie nee effected ih the Montreal Association of Gardeners. 5 Botanical Garden arrived August 15. He The excha rrangements with Kew is Paul Gagnon, who has been employe Gardens in England, established in 1936, Eee oncencrcue ter aire ine ee 8. and with the R yal Botanic Garden in at the New York Botanical Garden, Edinburgh, beg in April 1939, veal tending classes in the ae haus se fo both temporarily discontinued the fa jelin of 1939, because of the international situa- Professional Gardeners lai a New York Botanical Garden as an ap- offer prentice since February 1941, went to are since the beginning of the 227 Notes, News, and Comment Art Exhibit. More than fifty water- colors of the ean teopiesl flowers that ed in an n exhibit th: ill continue to be show in the Muse uilding til t. 12. Wilhelmina oe Greene o inter Park, Fla., is the artist. Colored repro- ductions oF ‘about 20 of her paintings, d on folders oe cae ied by envelones, are on sale jn aforiviation desk for the pence io “Bundles for Britain Research. Dr. E. E. Naylor, Assistant Professor a Bot tany the University of Missouri at the Gar rden ae propagation for his one ing book, “Regeneration in Plan Fellowship. Dr, Thomas Laskaris, has beer mn fi , who he ae on, N. f., L. O. Kunkel, beginning September 1 Summer Studen Miss was ihe: recipie Ethel Wel nit ae a summer scholarship at the B ranical Garden and_ha workir or a h with Dr. tout in research wih, “Hemerocallis. ummer are Goo man, ihe has been worliie 0 on a thee eee of oe pig- daylilies ; M ments of ; Miss Anita G. Appell, doing re: rea works in Hemer aoile. ith Dr. Stou a Miss Ruth A. Bobrov and iss Grace Antika ofa, ae research in pathology an i and also Dr. James Merry of Bemsson University in Ohio, who has bee pending several weeks i obbins’ laboratory Other volunteer workers include Miss Lillian mire, a student from a college, urlington, Vt. in the library a iss Nirvana Alichania, a Hunter “College student, who has been working in the editorial department. Student Gardeners. Vincent Walsh, student gardener, has been assigned to the Plant Fakes department to work with Dr. O. Dodge in the culture of SE eee fo: ease and pest control. David Melrose, student 4 mer at ; Se, nl le a the Botanical Garden, left August 13 as a volunteer in the United States Army. Honor. Mr. E. J. Alexander has been made an honorary pated of a ae can Rock Garden Society. x its other honorary a are Lord Aber- conway ae Pee Wal Sir Frederick and Lady Moore of the, Trish Free ee and the voces Byng of Esse England. Visitors. A number of botanists, hor- pe students, and travelers took advantage of the end of the summer bana period oe stop a New York Botanical Gar at the ae oe tesson of the Naturhistoriska Rils museum of Stockholm, Sweden, came ‘during As ee - study pares on ke way home after in South Ameri tany at is work- . called arious mem: er nd t rium, r. Pady formerly worked - the, "hacen a a ‘ouncil Fellowship under Bee _Researe h Dod: K. Parris of the Departmen he Hawaii Agheultural at the md G. of Blane Pa holog been working on con islands, Dr. C. M. Tu scker™ in the fall a the Universit: of Missouri to continue wo: Mrs. Parris, the former ‘Margaret t Almstedt, graduate in botany from the University Missouri. M. Piedras, Puerto Ric dj. pP ides, ns of Ann aber. Mich a visited the: sooieen Ave. 22. gan turn ning fi na year Michi, gan on an Pee . profes: shi Si. Oike? August visitors included Roger Gauthier of the University of Montreal; Florence Rhudy, eta side, Calif.; an. vane Chosen; J. Poel sity of Missouri; Dr. Ma . Professor of Nat Hist a oe High School in Havana; C. Tse e University of Michigan, who is ‘studying eee Dr. pence nite at Harvard University, and Wan. Sen of China, a nday, Aug 17, Hast- anges Executive Seeretary Bis a SA ‘America Selections, Be H. Joy of the Ferry Seed Company, Detrcit, aa Mr. Fred Hertst of Herbst Bros., New York, eid ae nbeasy and inspected the trial border annwi Professor Marie~ aces. Dir Montreal Botanical Garden, was at ‘the Garden in late July, 228 ectures and Field Trips. Summer rances with the ion picture, a tee below. Miss Elizabeth C. Hall as n “Summer Reading for Gardeners” at the Flushing Garden 3. nh aint was leader 0 y wn uly 1 poke on hor: ticultural’ practices before the ‘Westrort Garden ° addressed the Club, and on August 8 he a group, discussing propag: gation Dr. H. N. M ed pie on “Plants of Bible” Au Nathan Hale Gar- den Club at aan talk was His illustrated with water- aie pic tures made by the .P.A. at the Garden, and also with twelve photographs, most_of which first appeared in ihe nal, Field trips that have bee Moldenke’s direction include a Torrey ieee trip to the Nathan Straus es tate, at Vale halla, N. ¥. June_29, besides an earlier trip o orld Club for the benefit of Eur Ss. . 24 Mr. E. J. Alexander conducted Torrey Club trip, “around Montauk Point; William J. pone led a trip into the Caiskills in late a Robert Haseletein conducted a Long Island June Ellys T. Butler was guide on ane ey to northern Vermont the firs 29; and Dr. ones jour n Mov The motion vous of the Botanica 1 Garden Bedford Farmers’ Club an Mr. T. H. Everett vous abe National Association of Garden whose meeting was held Rit Mrs. Mark = Matthews estate at R: vie was Room where “Mr. E, } ided at its showing befor th Garden Chapter ‘omen’s Club of Forest Hills, of whi arl S. a $ an. club spent the day at the Gar den anne mainly the out- door ai and the Museum oh under the guidance = members of 2. = Current Literature* At a Glance ioe 1941 2 Addi- oe ibute at nembers of ‘the ae carly | in the SEE con- tains colored plates and descriptions of publications mentioned here—and m. there aay be found in. the Library of ‘the Botanical Garden @ Museum Building. eee pes a red- haired spiderwort Ussit w. vel Brodiaea capitata, the “BI Dicks” of the est; Cyrtanthus Mackenii var. Cooperi, yellow ifafa li rom South Africa; Crataegus Hi ni, fae Ten: sage Dendrobium chrysotoxum, a Bur orchid; rdoquia ae: scarlet ‘calamint from the Gulf Coast; ae Strepto LS HU, eriad m South ‘A rica. E. xander, . Everett, Joseph Tansey, a G. Te nd Ess on are the authors of the descriptions Better Lawns. “Control of Lawn Weeds and re Reno: ation of Lawns’ = “the title 3 ‘ peri Wooster. Photographs cae the 85 pages of tex! Colorado Weeds. Each plant is illus- trated with a drawing in the 125-page ooklet, “Weeds olorado,” issued as Bulletin 466 of the Experiment Station t Fort Collins, Col, Old Roses. Forty “favorite varieties’ hi boretum, which has a planting of more than 284 varieties on its grounds at Lisle, Til ee iw ae Year Book. Ruth Mosher etroit is the 1940 editor of the book of tt Donan, merican Delphinium Gee This wire-bound volume of pages contains, besides ews 0 eas sections entitled In the Hardy foo a idizers and Breeders Spe d the est, Lan scape Pousibilities. ‘Daphne ms in Arrangement, and Cul and Method, which racludes: a reat qe port by Thomas Laskaris on the Bis he has done at th w York Botanical Garden on crown rot and other Gea affecting Delphinium species. Fungicides for Orchids. A. repo: rt on cre fungicides for orchids is given the May 1 number of the Ame Orchid Societ: Kevorkian experiment on disease control ere con- lucted by the U.S.D.A. at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS L ECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1942; ARTHUR 7c a ERSON (Treasurer), Pierre Jay, CLARENCE Lewis, E. D. sae ae HEw: = DE LA heal Cilia and Assistant Treasurer), Francis E, Powet, Jr., and Wie Until a Hewey DE Forrest Baan (ice presided): ene F, pu Pont, Autyn R, Jennincs, Henry Locxuanrrt, Jr, D. T. MacDoueat, Mrs. Haroip I. Pratt, and es R. Swan (Preside ee Pains C. AucHter, MarsHatt Fievp, Mrs. Exon Ae, OOKER, yaa t MERRILL Vice-president, Cov. Rozert H. Montcom ERY, H ters ART Porter, and A, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuarpta, Mayor of the City of New York. Rozert Moses, Park Commissioner, James MarsHatt, President of the Board of Education. III. APPOINTIVE MANAGE re LEASON, appointed by the Torrey Botanical a E A RPER, SAM F, Trevease, Marcus M. Rwoanes, and Marston T. Bocert, rane by Columbia University. GARDEN STAFF eee J. Ropsins, Pu. D., Sc. D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu. D. ..........0. 0005 Assistant Director and Head Curator Henry DE LA MONTAGNE Assistant Director A: Be-STout:: PH: Dr .2aaccienoei cas Curator of Education and L bc Frep J. Szaver, Pu. D., Sc. D urator Bernarp O. Donce, Pu Plant Pothol ogist Joun Henptey Barnuart, A. M., M. D. ........00+ 0 eee eee eee fY lhographer H. W. Rickert, Pa. D Assistant _Bibliogra: sae Harotp N. Movpenxg, Pu. D. Associate Cura Exizasetu C, Hatt, A. B., B.S. ibrar Fiepa GrirritH Artist and Ph stogrother Percy Witso pneu os soc! Ropert S. WILL are. tate in J. ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and es a Ge ‘Local lobar W. H.C. H. Assistant Curator CiypE CHANDLER, Px.D. Technical Assistant RosaLig WEIKERT Technical Assistant FREDERICK KavanaGH, M.A Technical Assistant oun H. Pierce, M.A Technical Assistant =P oc H. Woopwarp, Tuomas H, Everett, N. D. Horr. orticult G Wirrrock, A. ‘ustodian of the Herbarium Orto Drecener, M. S Collaborator in Hawaiian Botan: U aon or ‘any Erget Anson S. PeckHAM. Carey, Curator, Tris cad Noretisns "Collections ArtHur J, CorBett Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds A. C. PFANDER istant Superintendent reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Tredtord Park Blvd., the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN abe) New York Botanical Garden was incorporat sea jay 6 spec iol act sof the Legislature of the State of New York in 1891. The Act of Incor, tion pro am. other things, for a fell “perpetuating ody of ADCOLDOrS Ores awyhe meet aaaualls to piece hea Bere i the Board of Man They also elect members of their own body, the present roster of which is given ela The Advisory Council consists of 12 more women who are elected by the Board. By custom, they are also elected to the Corperaicn! a Obicers Bee Mrs. Robert H. Fife, Chairman; Mrs, Elon Huntington Hooker, First Vice-chairman; . Carl A, de Gersdorff, Second Vice-chairman; Mrs. Nelso ne A Recording Becretay Ty; Me rs. Townsend Sc der , Corresponding Secretary; and Mrs. F. ard Kellogg, Treasu Arthur M. Anderson Childs Frick Mrs. James R. Parsons Mrs. Arthur M. Anderson Dr. H. A. Gleason Rufus L. Patterson Mrs. George Arents, Jr. Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Mrs. Wheeler H. Peckham George Arents, Jr. Mrs McM. Godley Mrs. George W. Perkins Vincent Astor Prof. R. A. Harper Howard Phipps hter Prof. Tracy E. Hazen ames R. Pitcher Dr. Raymond F. Bacon Mrs. William F. Hencken Rutherford Platt Prof. L.H rs. rton Hepburn art Porter Stephen Baker Capt. Henry B. Heylman Francis E. Powell, Jr. Henry de Forest Baldwin Mrs. Christian R. Holmes Mrs. Harold I. Pratt Sherman Baldwin Mrs. Elon H. Hooker Mrs. Henry St. C. Putnam Mrs. James Bar! Mrs. Clement Houghton Stanley G. Ranger Mrs. William Felton Barrett Archer M. Huntington Johnston L. Redmond Prof. Charles P. Berkey Pierre Jay Ogden Mills Reid Prof. Mar. jogert Allyn R. Jennings Prof. Marcus M. Rhoades Prof. William a ene Mrs. Walter Jennings Dr. William J. Robbins George P. B Mrs. F. Leonard Kellogg Prof. A. Percy Sa. nders Mrs. Richard de Wolfe Brixey Mrs. Warren Kinney John M. Schiff Mrs, Jonathan Bulkley H. R. Kunhardt, Jr. Mrs. Henry F. Schwarz Dr. Nicholas M. Butle Clarence Lewis Mrs. Arthur Hoyt Scott Prof. Gary N. Calkins Henry Lockhart, Jr Mrs. Arthur H. Scribner Andrew Carnegie Mrs. William A. Lockwood rs. Townsend Scudde Miss Mabel Choate Dougal Mrs. Samuel Seabur; iss E. Mabel Clark Mrs wid Macki f. Edmund W. Sinnott w Mrs. H. Edward Manville Mrs. Samuel Sloa Richard C. Colt Parker McCollester James Speyer rs. Jerome W. Coombs Louis E. McFadden gar B. Stern Mrs DeBevoise Mrs. John R. McGinley Mrs. Charles H. Stout Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise r D errill Nathan Straus Edward C. Delafield John L. Merrill Mrs. Theron G. Stro _H. M. Denslow Roswell Miller, Jr. Mrs. Arthur H. sieee ie Detm Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr Joseph R. Swan Mrs. Charles D. Dickey Mrs. Roswell Miller, Sr. Dr. William S. Thomas Mrs. John W. Draper George M. Moffett shel Seen 9h Widleave HearB durant H. de la Montagne Mrs. Harold McL. Turner Nie Moree RWH Paitonte Mrs. Gilbert Montagu rs. futons P. Voislawsky Marshall Field Col. Robert H. eee ae Mw at mB. O. Field Barrington Moor Nelson M. Wells Mrs. William H. Moore Mrs. Nelson B. Williams Mrs. Robert H. Fife fecpontiNorgan Bronson Winthrop M enry J. Fishe DriRobertbeNorris Grenville L. Winthrop Harry Harkness Flagler B. Y. Morrison John C. Wister Mrs. Mortimer J. Fox Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Richardson Wright JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 42 OCTOBER Paces No. 502 1 9 4 1 229-252 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Carot H. Woopwarn, Editor OctToBER 1941 THe Brack Haw, Neto PRUNIFOLIUM, AS THE LEAVES AND FRuITs TuRN CoLor in Oct Cover photograph by ee naee WINTER Sauer OF SHRUBS j. H 229 GicanTic STAPELIA BLooMs IN MEMBER'S GREENHOUSE THE FLorA OF MARTINIQUE Henri Stehlé 235 E. E. Naylor 245 247 On Your Knzzs! BANKER HERBARIUM GivEN TO BOTANICAL GARDEN 4 Tapestry BooxLtet PUBLISHED 247 Notes, News, AND CoM 248 eee AND Reviews oF Recent Booxs 249 251 URRENT LITERATURE AT A GLANCE EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM With around two hundred students registered in the courses of study which hav me since September 23, the New Yo ational institution is s clearly recognized by th fitt educ especially the herb: erbarium, museum, and s ed library, well as scientific training of members of th ff, the Garden holds osition of first rank. The courses being offered have been de d to meet the specific desires and needs of former and h 0: Fundamentals of Gar ng, Sane serves as one the six terms of study in the Two-year Course in Practical Gardening. ore than a quarter of them, including the Garden's own student gardeners, are o subjects offered in botany as part of the Two-year Science Co x Professional Gardeners. Garden Manage- ment, a new afternoon course f e deners, Planting the Home Grounds, an evening course that was also introduced this fall, and Field Botany, a Saturday course in the identification ants that grow wild in the beans sie New ork, are attracting aro a score of students each, ma find in these courses at t ww York Botanical Garden Re eee a ce study that they had bee. ee nd courses are scheduled to start in the months to come, further Other old and new mo sia the public’s demand and helping to fulfill one of the original _ ea e Garden—to afford instruction in botanical science and kindred subjec Yon fournal is published monthly by The New Ycrk Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New N. ¥. Entered at the Post vache in nad York, N. Y., as second- a matter. Annual at cuon $1.00. Single copies 10 ce ee to members of the Gar JOURNAL of THE NEW YorRK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 42 Octosper 1941 No. 502 Winter Protection Of Shrubs By J. H. Beale* ANY beiree a ee problem is the adequate ey of evergre deciduous shrubs that ee susceptible to winter ae ury, To attempt 2 tee whi ae rubs are to ene ok tender 1 rac- tical, for quite frequently some that ae ee ctio e gar i come through, winter after winter, without such care in eee garden at no great distan f previous experience of conditions to be ex; a a a region is lacking, many factors must be taken into consideratio These include Xposure, oe os of soil and its water- eae capacity, ae natural protection or the lack of it. Many gar r parts of them at 8! ol ts manage to survi w ople who still fail to realize that air asin oe is alm t as i equally to aie for “borderline” A great deal of re injury is caused exposures. Common hemlock, for ee y oe ed and is sometimes killed when ee eee - andromeda may abundan flower-buds when wnt ae in, but all of them aS ie (one re ne in ee spring if it does not have some slight protection from the ful power of the sun. " is also probable that the ily. of all plants is need following a mild, wet period in late autumn v when their tissues fail to ri Severe insect infestation during the previous growing season pen. has sone results f the oe at ae Boyce Thompson Institute s had the of many thousands of fine trees and Beale is a ° re is also on the teaching staff of the New York 0 Yonkers rs, re s Hi Be in Practical oe for the second time a April. On Nov. 22 he will lecture at the New York Botanical Garden on “Winter Protection for the Garden,” in ee er lan: talk including cold-weather care of ie perennials as well as v ody: pla 229 230 hrewd observer has remarked that there is no suc . thing a: ee winter, and experienced gardeners will agre h this ae at the same time taking precautions against what they analy hope will be nothing worse than the average winter of their imagination. Winters of uch severity as those of 1916-17 and 1933-34 are always likely to upset e rare. Much more nt he best laid plans, but fortunately they I freque are longer or shorter ods of high, cold wind, or of severe frost in late winter as the limbs higher and mes increasingly powerful each y, and it is at this time that the greatest ar of wi injury o though it may not bvious until som eks later. e spring of 1941 brought many complaints of injuries to Rigs dendrons and, more surpris- ingly, to many of the commoner forms of American arborvitae among other conifers. There can little att these were . ue to the con- tinued high winds of March at a time when the ground was frozen and win the plants were therefore aoe to replace through their as ce moisture lost by excessive transpiration from their lea A mpossible to foretell how severe a winter will be it is wisdom to pr ae a eee of some nas at least so far as a favored plants of doubtful hardiness are ned. The three needs to be par- ticularly met are protection from “cold ands bright ae ond rapid fluctuations of soil temperature. With these Labrie made, a period of steady cold is least to be feared. A good c of snow is finest form of protection, but i is region it is too fickle in its appearances and disappearance: be depended upon, adde it does not supply ed protection for the tops of such plants as stand above it mull directly over the area occupied by the plant’s roots is undoubtedly one of most important aids, its elie a : event deep freezing as well th t f as alternate freezing and thawing of the A mulch which loses exces- moisture rapidly provides better ae against changes of soil Seen than one which retains moisture. A further oe is : influence in preventing early oe growth that might be injured by lat frosts, ‘for the soil below it does not thaw until Sette mild ae indicates that ae worst of the ae passed. The Best Kinds of Mulch A number of materials are used for meray! among them salt-hay, straw, Nene peat-moss, cranberry stems, pine needles, and glass-wool. Barnyard manure is frequently ae and when i it co: ntains a a amount of straw is reasonably satisfactory for Socata ee but at best it tends to retain too much moisture, particularly when i decayed. ecopee ete ane be — ie - it ies: quantities of grass and eed seeds into the gar bey that oak leaves mat down less than ae eens leaves of ef cnn must a regarded as one of the least a a pp = a 3 S OQ > bi ia" 231 desirable mulching materials. Pine needles are much to be preferred as they remain porous, a quality that is shared by cranberry stems. Glass- wool has proved to be one of fe best materials, ha its cost rather vie its use. The coarser materials enumerated should be used to a depth o four inches, except that half this pe of barnyard manure or oe moss usually suffices, and glass-wool may be used in a single layer. Th me at whic upon ooenee elevation, and exposure, but as soon as the ground may be expected to remain frozen, yet sufficiently in advance of the time whe severe woe may be anticipated, is generally early enough. For a large are a i northeastern states this may be just before or soon after Christm Overcoats for Favored Plants A h over the roots and a single thickness . closely woven burlap over the top and sides is sufficient for many plan antes = uld not be Tappe ed around evergreen | plants for those parts that in contact e t : : top this should be reinforced with several stout cross-pieces placed about a foot apart, otherwise a pete: nowfall may cause the top to cave in with serious result ts to the plan oa it is sufficient to erect a screen of eae Fal to a north and northwest of shrubs for protection from t an Green burlap is less conspicuous than the undyed material i ae be used fr in years if oo ully dried + stored in a dry fie at the end of the season. Board screens can be bui in sections that m: vie handled by a 0 persons and the mee set Ab to end to pro ar a eae of any desired length. ee etic less frequently, it is necessary to provide seas only from the » par- ticularly for recently planted evergreens or for those in ae eds naturally screened from wind. more effective te on is obtained “_ = Bh of framework described is covered with evergreen branches such as pine, cedar, or hem. lock. Spruce quickly drops its needles so is sore i ‘this purpose. These evergreen coverings permit free passage of air, do not retain heat, and give better protection against both wind and sun than burlap. When these materials are to be used, horizontal lines of stout string or wire, 12—18 inche r the inni the bottom line, the evergreen branches are tied to them. The branches ends of the branches point downward. Straw may be used in the same 232 manner 7 it should be pee . sae oe as aes straw is badly broken and difficult to handle. A fev of stri a around the outside a ie coverings will Sivet eee ce Branches and Leaves for Protection Deciduous shrubs may have the branches drawn together as though in preparation for gates a em up, and evergreen branches or straw may be ups upright agains and a d. For taller the layer of covering should overlap ike a ae . When smaller plants re- quire ae partial eee and this principally from the sun, a few crow: bar holes may be made around eac He a branch as into each hole and oe wrapped a a times around the bundle so formed. Another method s to enclose the plant in wire netting, with the circle extending some inches aa the branches. The netting is supported by stakes and filled with dry leaves. As the leaves are put in they should be pressed down to obviate later settling and the expos ure: of the top of the plant. The top — ie will an He of the leaves by rain or melting snow. absorb heai cold very slowly and driving rain will not ee a em for - ronidenible distance if they have a waterproof coveri n open-topped barrel or box a with noe ae eae with burlap is the least desirable form of protection for it g before the leaves are water-soaked. Decay of some of the ee is oe Te ne that can be ex- pected from repeated freezing and thawing of the m ve contact with the stems. However, if He becomes necessary to cover a plant with a box or barrel, the top should be waterproof and a number of holes should be bored in the sides to admit some air, the holes to be covered a ai © wn 77) ° oh 28 a o a eS wn a i=} with quarter-inch netting or wire scr to keep out mice. The most serious objection to such tight cov erings is the Lesagaaeen that the plants will be forced ae t fore it is safe to vi A method of protection that must be regarded as still in the experiment- al stage is the f liquid preparations . applied with a n spraying machine, a wate - terial has evaporated a thin film of the substance is left on leaves an ste resent, reports of users show differences of opinion as to their protective e value, but on account of their ease of application they are worth trying on a limited scale. Winter Homes for Rodents Most methods of plant protection also afford protection for mice, a na that may not be realized until some prized shrub has been ruined by thi The soil beneath a mulch that is spread before the ground is frozen one 233 be riddled we tunnels in which pass the winter feeding on the roots and collar e plant; packed, dry leaves afford most desirable quarters - ae . The mouse population seems to be very little reduced by trapping The mos cfiective control is obtained using poisoned mor ins may be placed 1 inch drain tile, or in a metal food container that has had holes an inch in diameter punched in bottor d li m of cone is pla ear ie ster nd below the mul e uncovered 1 t ces- he h, but when the plan spri is sary to gather and destroy all grains ae are left, for if ear a aside they will soon poison the birds. Gigantic Stapelia Blooms In Member's Greenhouse WO plants of Stapelia eine the ae . which rank ae oN largest in the world, cam 0 bloo: e September and e ae in the private ae ne ieee | at Neponsit, and. age Greiff, who cultivates unusual plants as a hobby, is a member of the oe York Botanical Garden. About two years ago he ree one plant of this stapelia from a pies of succulents. During the first year he kept it on an enclosed porch, then when he built ite se he transferred it there. He has kept it growing in a ver rich porous soil with several other succulents dra The first flower appeared on a new plant arising from a runner which had crept over the side of the pan of ae itself in the wet sand of the bench. Thus it showed its appreciation for an ample supply of mois- ture at blooming time, Mr. Greiff pointed out. This new plant, which had developed a tremendous root eee and had become plump and vigorous from the es ture and s received, has now nee. peeren ted u i cae “During the development of the buds,’ Mr. Greiff explained, “the greens was c ine f all material except the cacti and other succulents, mperature was en o go up to 110 in the au and kept at 5 or above at n The ree were allowed full sun and, while they were well eed ce were not too thoroughly ae. in order to conserve humidity.” Early in October, when the outdoor ieee became rape ane oS he wrote: “Several buds are in developme: nm both the old a plants, penicalaly on the young growth a oe ‘old one, though some eof 234 them have aborted. The others are opening daily, but those that come out in a lower temperature are much smaller and the corolla lobes become sont revolute and reflexed. As the heat increases the flowers again become larger As soon as ; the mae ature ene above 90 degrees, the odor becomes very strong and ¢ n flies come in sm numbers from outside to lay their eggs within the Bey Petey flow The color of Mr. Greiff's stapelia, the first flower of w ae S brought to the New York Botanical Garden to verify its identity, ; charac- teristically pale greenish yellow with irregular but conce ae st: oare of brownish purple. It measured 19 inches in diameter. While it can scarcely be co ane with eae of the cee jungle, single flow of which are frequently 3 feet across, it is on ar with Aristolochia grandiflora of a with Victoria regia as it 7 known in fe) uth Ar ae a “ ne ig of southeastern all of bre: The reas ‘Clnorphaptles en ae which the Ga’ den has two specimens ferent class, for what is commonly called the flower is really an in- florescence consisting of many separate flowers. Except for Rafflesia, few plants known in the world v ey an lower larg N TH NAL of The New York Botanical Garden for January of this year daylily with bicolored pattern was described he name “Harle- uin.” It bas been learned that this name had previously been applied to her day: Hence the name f he par- ticular daylily described in the Journal of January 1941 has been changed to Caballero, and persons who have already obtained divisions of it from the Farr two different horticuttural clones leads : o confusion and is certainly to be of Mr. Greiff's stapelias, showing avoided whenever possible. eae buds as ree as a medium-sized A. B. Srour. flower. 235 The Flora Of Martinique By Henri Stehlé This is the second article by M. Stehlé, who is a Collaborator of the New York Botant ‘arden, on the plant life to be found in the French Antilles. The first, @ treating specifically of the flora of Guadelou neighboring islands, appeared in the Journal for February 0. M. Stehlé is stationed at the tural Experi mental Station at Tivoli, Martinique. His article has been translated from the French Adrian Van Muffling. AY LTHOUGH the Island of Martinique is not much larger than most of its Helgnpors in t ae Ca pee ArciMpe lage) its vegetation is divided g f which as each oe The Sou th, once very fertile, is now arid and ‘des The central portion has the luxuriance of most low-altitude oad eee while the high northern section, ravaged by volcanoes and = ricanes, shows distinc- tive Gag cians influenced by these phenomen. The for tropical forests of — southern r a were adapted to a a ate ie as is nee y the sparse remnants which have managed are clusters of Antillean “pears” (Tabebuia) ; large sikexton ee (Crit onion); ; ae ey trees like Eugenia; iron- (Krug on) ; dos, ; tries” (Malpighia) fue ee a - nee or eae nown here as mMaBis (Colubrina) ; Caribbean torches cee ocar pus), one of the group of plants which provides the drug jABoRANDI; bonnace (or burn-nose trees) called MAHOTS-PIMENTS (Daphnopsis), a red-barked gum (Elaphrium Simaruba). The spi ny growths of ecilaeree -wood (Hacmatoxylon eg saenoug) and acacias, which have taken the place of the original ot) themselves limited by - savannas. The latter are inhabite ie aren just as they would in a more temperate region. eir stems, which con- tain colored saps and gums, are covered with oe hairs or spines, and the bark of their trunks is rough gray or bro In the extreme South intensive dryness and hres = ave caused an inroad i i acti ther oly ated: an o’clock brooms” ae e they open at that hour. There e can observe plants seen 18 in the Eee such as the giant milkweed, 236 or silk-tree (Calotropis), A Je Man to sea and cee that have been carried ee oe ca ee: ae ds a (Capparis) called Bots MABOUYAS; t ia Bor reria) of the Borage family ; the. acacia- like ‘beevood Cort suc) polar or camara bushes (Lantana); the spiny, w-flow' : mimosas and their iat with their fae : ae oes cr as AMOU: or love-flowers for Pithecolobium; “licorice-seeds” h RETTES ce poisonous crab’s-eye vine or weather-plant (Abrus precatorius), with its long- lasting coral-colored seeds; and “‘stop-bull” for a ae mimosa itself There is the narcotic Ichthyomethia piscipula, used to stupefy and c fish; Jatropha of the Eu phorbia family, much used in AM local pharma- ae hee cherries” abe ) ; bloodwood or logwood, also called Cam ood ( oe Gee and the cat’s-claw mid (Cia inguis). Tog these characterize the flora es this dry section. Food plants are rare found only seat habitations. Denser Growth in the Central Region leaves southern Martinique for the wetter regions of “Li t the character of both wild and cultivated — changes progressively. Vines, ferns, mosses, and arb 1 hids become more requent ; trees are larger and lose their leaves less frequently ; thickets are denser and higher and th comes mois heavily fields of sugar cane are here and there replaced by mixed plantations of banana, coffee, orange, lemon, and chocolate trees. e “Creole garden” appears, containing various native and introduced plants for food and other ir oo the road and the cultivated land the paths disappear, and man oe small among the dense vegetation under th wering trees. The huge trunks of the local erat aa ); of necklace-trees ELIN M rH wep 3 or m the cursed fig (Ficus asic lady-laurel or cedar-wood (Ocotea and ne tae a dra) ; mirobalan or jack-in-the-box (Hernandia) ; panes or (Sterculta caribaea), and peas (Talawna), a magnolia ee ve, oe ae teres out of the soil, many of them supported by odd- aed buttre esses. Their fo a mass is barrel-shaped or hori- zontally spread and they all a, a height of around 100 feet. The swale trees are cylindrical or ‘ache such 2 the West Indian currant cré (Aficonia), the local “basswood” of the per family es the so-called “cherries” ( Enge ee and mountain guavas (Myrcia). bean forest The high always close to saturation the abundant ene from 6 to eh as great as in the flatter and more deforested scctions of the south, ne ‘finally the almost constant tempera- ture are fa Sig: in maintaining a hecnoil vegetation, typical of the ‘o by Kervégan nt Cacti and acacias are often found together on arid soil where they are re regent swept by brush fires, in the extreme south of Martiniq’ Caribbean region, with mosses and ferns ae in oS numbers. Of the latter there are almost 300 species in Martinique ergrowth is abundant, shrubs and a ao plats dominating ce plants 1 protect the sphagnums and Hae that cover a soil and a tree trunks. Branches are hidden under a mass of small vegetation and mosses or are covered with een solidly attached oy myriads of aerial rootlets. At every level vines occur, notably the magnificent hunter-vine (Solandra eas eae with its oe yellow trumpet-shaped flowers. Frequently also appear the sha py ned catgut-vine Cae solantfolia) ; the eee a kind o eso (Dalbergia Monctaria), well known by odcutters; coco-vine (HH terys platyptera), an ab-vi (Clematis dioica). Real p a like dendron and Psittacanthus, e rare ir est Indian forests, which on the othe aboun epiphytes, especially the butterfly-orchid Sie ia ean wood es Hanah with beautiful smooth leav metimes several yards uch aroids as Philodendron and ene Han, the maple and ses eee of which harbor growths of mosses and 1 238 Vegetation of the Mountain Slopes In this vegetation pure colonies are rare except for ae cannon-wood o trumpet-tree (Cecropia peltata), the boiaas sides of whose leaves shine li ce silver in the sun; Ag bamboos along the rivers, perriene in the slightest wind; and tree-ferns with flisweed foe and golden s eo An entirely different a is presented on the slopes of the volcano Pelée and the peaks of Carbet. Here the ee nen with and is adapted to the oui rane One finds mountain-thyme (Tibouchina ued and terrestrial orchids (Epidendrum iene ee to the violent winds that bow their handso clusters ers; a s (Or ae Dussit Ber Didymopanax Sine Picea ten mangroves (Clusia Plukenettti) with entangled aerial roots; the of the heights (Brysonima martinicensis), mountain peas (Inga an mile ee (HF einmannia pinnata) and the useful ee palm of the islands (Euterp sa).* All these pl ramets in colonies and have had to adapt themselves to e con- which include terrific wind storms, a rainfall of 23 i. 30 feet a me a ee temperature, and often eas eee ee volcanic vents. pe species of this region are endemic to the islar Thus are presented. rapidly sketched, the zones of vi on in ae Ene: ned by the natural sue s of inate ni ae on which i is superimposed the intensive work of n Plants Used by the Earliest Settlers beginning, w nes man we came to pee he awe re From the and shelter from the forest. .\ great deal of clearing was dor ially w ith cutlass and fire, i the re was put under repented civaion. \ the arriors to ¢ The s ontaneous bi oes on Shae the Orne Sid ve Beatie: as : he s at Holts. castor- voi ets ee Pane ee Nanthosoma) which the .\rrouacs called yauTia, and the manioc, known as KiERE, brought by the Caribs from Ga were rapidly eran ter, tropical America contributed other species which were ae ed for cultivation on Martinique: the avocado (Persea gratissiina) in end of the 18th century, from Mexico; the arrow-root (Aaranta ar oe &s * This is aps the cabbage-palm cultivated in Florida, which is Oreodora, or Roy- stonea, olerac 239 0 by Ernoult A portion of the dense humid forest in northern ee a a formidable volcano of Mt. Pelée in the distan acea); many decorative palms; the Spanish “lime” eee bijuga), a beautiful tree with a pleasant tasting small fruit; the papaya (Carica Papaya), native of Mexico and already under culti vation in ee finiad ue in 1657; the passion-vine known as BARBADINE (Pa ssifiora saad as well as vanilla and tobacco. Pineapples ed in Brazil and w imported by the Caribs around 1640. SCENES. FROM THE TROPICAL FOREST OF MARTINIQUE (Photographs by Ernoult) Supplementary roots of a fig tree on the dry south- ern coast. which covers the ledges. A leaf of Anthurium, found in the higher. moist altitudes of Par- masse. ie wth Bambusa ‘vulgaris at an feet néar Par- as ini 8 sometimes to a height of 120 feet. > ¢ homogeneous oS of tree-ferns the slopes of Mt. 'Pelée The tropical: forest is here recapturing a ancient plantation, with the help of ae + wrigi Plantation of coco-palms on the : sandy land. shore of the is! 242 Cultivated Crops of the White Men ree oe of European colonization on Martinique was in 1624, n P. Gournay le : Le Havre with the intent of pe a eeocaue = a CO, which w ae en called LA PLANT: LANTE A PETUN or nicot. The early eee ae who followed him soon “xablned eras tions also of the native cotton and indigo which they found ther sugar cane was Ae grown, and the cae methods ‘of clearing th y uch to oy the so’ iginal vegetation. As time went on, more and more of the beautiful primitive forest disappeared, but this destruction was largely compensated for by th oduction of useful e intr tion Lae from all over the known world. Gradually the aspect of the land- scape changed. In oe Father Dutertre wrote: “When my book was first published (165; coco-palm was not yet ae in ae French Antilles, therefore I ae a ment ion ne Now it is very common!” It was first brought by e Ver there from ie original home is lost in antiqu Then mango (Mang Gee indica), native in dae af, Burma, was taken by the Pe in bring his go of Tahitian breadfruit (Artocarpus communis) to the West Ini i in 1793. He also introduced the rose-apple es Janes) from Indo- China ; the Tahitia an apple, (Eugenia javanica) w i n nee ide: : a e Otaheite E (Spondias cytherea). The delicious tamarind Pangea hres isa eres tree which was cultivated in India whence (according to de Candolle) it was brought to Martinique in 1819. The jujube oe aa ne the rare and royal ee (Garcinia Mar mgostana) ¢ ya; the tropical almond (Term: nalia Catappa) dette ‘in ye i. ee (Citrus mavina), ae gives us the delicious flavor of curacao and its Aowe er perfume known as neroli, was brought to us from Indo-China. Lemons were introduced to Europe in the 13th century by the Arabs and to the West Indies by the early Spanil h. From India came material w oe in the 17th century was already co wiae products such a: s ging yams, and sesame, as well as the eee pea ae Tas), so fee ran t as a food for workers in the fields. Mor ently India sent the “wild cherry” (Eugenia), eggplant (Solanum Melnaie. and many varieties of hibiscus and other colorful ornamental 243 hoto by the Agricultural Service Lane of palm trees in the botanical garden at Tivoli, Martinique. The Experiment Station of the clone is Oe and a School of Agriculture has ly been established. ee most of which a see the Coromandel and Malabar coasts, mong them the show. stasia coromandeliana (of the Ac ie family) and Abutilon ine “The beautiful strands of bamboo along ou ive believed to have been intr ae d from Asia by ce Mahé de la Bo urdonnnaye in 1747. Leechee nuts (Nepheliiun Litchi) were introduced as late as 1816. ommerc Co ial or ae trading boats were responsible for the Pea of many more ales uch as the Portuguese and yellow yams (Diosco ea nes and cayen mens), the sn fake: plant t (Sa usevieria), cassia, re (Cairn, oe fro. Serres the tamarind and the spectacu- MBOYANT or joni ae (Delonix ri — Sn ee were introduced in a roundabou way. the originally Polynesian tro (Colocasia ra was a impor ane and cultivated in Mala: aya ; later the English took it to Egypt, and an there it was in time carried to Martinique. rom Polynesia also came the breadfruit (Artocarpus eae of which both the seeded re the seedless forms are grown, the nutmeg 244 (Myristica fragrans) from Molucca, and many other spices and orna- —— E cold “Siberia has sent us a contribution, for the well known hence | herb Leonurus sibiricus has become perfectly acclimatized and flourishes in our gar rdens old Eu urope, in spite of a climate two and a half times of o poly vines of Martinique are descent, for the King’s Vineyards of su All these imports have as t about. a curious exoticism in our vegeta- tive world. In this propitious a one can see African, Asiatic, Mad gascan, European, elas and Polynes: sian plants growing ey together. However, a distinctly West Indian “air” has been acquired by most of them, due to easy adaptation to local influences. We still find in the Marti cal littoral many a tea a ge ino the cee plant, the Surinam ap ee glabra), apple (\ammea americana), ne co-plum eee see ‘the guava (Psidium Gnane), pole e-vine, also called water- oe of the ee panei ai a we aie BOUIS (Chrysophyllum g ee or ar eee abundant in the lower forest: The Primitive Scene s the SS forest of the Antilles like? The few ee that remain in Guadeloupe near Riviére St. Louis and the forests of Varv ee between Ceron and Grand Rivitre Se us to ae w ve may have been He original appearance. It was a forest of i ge trees from 90 to 150 feet tall, the bases of which might reach from 20 to 30 feet in diameter. They were widely spaced and aay del ne was joined, oe a canopy ahick allowed a sifted diffused light to penetrate. Among t = m were tall p oes plants such a Dick martinicensis, a genus known only in the Antilles nd a remnant of an archaic flora that = ee nes disappeared. These, with the tree-ferns, the po — il native “chestnuts”, and the the for: ird a i ri he underbrush was con e but ene was an abundant in-between vegeta- tion, consisting of large vines, orchids, mosses and delicate ae mem- branous in structure a almost transparent: plants which a slight modifi- cation - oe nae would be apt to destroy. The n forest must have been very beautiful even to the Carib warriors es in A gone by shot their arrows through its shadowed aisles. bo 4 ta On Your Knees! But It Does Not Pay If You Are After Dandelions y E. E. Naylor F nothing else will a a man to his knees, the dandelion will. Some try chemical eradica and some hope the grass will look out for itself; but ean se man, sooner or later, if he has anything that a lawn, comes ae a painful Augie over it on hands and nts one by o: And the worst feature of ere are mi than Nor is this a figment of a morbid imagination. al sid : of ee andl — that sottng off its head only stimulates it, like Hy ral n An explanation ib or oe ana oe arance 7 dandelion plants i in some recent studies made 2 the New York Botanical Garden delions xperiment 1 on nas n from root cuttings. e-year-old dandelion plant consists largely of a thick, fleshy tap- root ene may extend into the ground a foot or more. The root some- what resembles a a carrot in shape and is richly supplied with a milky latex. y rt, making up the crown of the plant— that centralized pee usually just at the surface of the soil; from here the leaves and flowers originate. : emoved with a hoe or sharp knife, only top of a the stump of the fleshy root remains. This part is sometimes left exposed to the air and light, or er rtly covered with soil and humus. i pid regeneration takes place. A thin ring of a the sgue as callus be: egins to de evelop near the center e continues to increase im size, until within ith minute lumps that have becor me green. The characteristic — toothed the seventh or b of the cut Hee This five or six days it is ce with The ese lumps are eee leaves. ft ing leaves are easily recognized o hloem, or soft rin: the cent inder. sometimes fou the outermost cells at the cut surface; other times it is confined to ‘he "cells several layers below. Such leaf formation may continue for several weeks, i if the first leaves are cut away, new ones va develop me ae ae eir place. New stems are organized at the base of e leaves, and n ee within the parent r Nei h a of the ae nor ae position of the cut on the root appears to have Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. *Naylor, E., The Proliferation of Dandelions from Roots. 68: 351-358. 1941. 246 HOW A DANDELION Uppz The ring of callus tissue and young leaf primordia developing on the cut i“ Oh a fdandeie ion ae root 5 days after ae a Pde RIGHT: The way the first leaf looks under the eon at te Low: T: The margins of the pone leaves nae visible 2 days ae he phot toch ae Center: Three days WER RIGHT: The growth made from a root ‘ing in 12 day 247 a influence upon the development of new in the ae ar ae those placed in the ent except for their failure een Cl olorin: careful use of chemical sprays to ¢ plants. Root cuttings placed i experiments make it doubtful that ein can cedure where there the death of the entire plant without injuring the grass in the lawn Banker Herbarium Given To Botanical Garden NNOUNCEMENT of the presenta- tion 1o the New York Botanical Garden of the entire herbarium of the late Howard J. Banker is made in a bi raphy Bank i out her yee request. The herbarium eee) aes Spe cimens, and while the rity represent the aad plants, ee oii aoe ar e than 2,000 te of ig fisher. jbate many of reful and artistic meant. Banker was an authority on the Hydiiaceae, At the time of his death on 9: November 13, 1940, he was working on group of higher fungi for Nor American ae He was 74 years old. his Master’: deg rom r 1901 cand beet = “struct in mathe- anke an enthusiastic ly of os place. niversity, ia in 1906 le his intensive After leaving study of the fungi. DePauw he worked until his retirement on aristogenic ia heredity for the Carnegie “Instit years "Dr. Bar For nker was an Bee "editor of J er rey Bo- merica. Most p ana i the eee Pi he fungi e pub- lished in Mycologia and the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. * * * Tapestry Booklet Published A BOOKLET of 28 pages containing the flora of the Uni- corn Tapestries at The Cloisters in New York City, written by Alexander d Carol H. Woodward and first pub- lished in the Journals ee and Tune of this year, is now Published by the New ‘of t ress. York el 25 a copy. handled by the Metropolitan Museum of 248 Art at the information desk at The Cloiste ers. In addition to the two original articles, photographs with a ou captions in- cluded in the booklet. x oe kK Ok Ok Notes, News, and Comment Patron. Mrs. John A. Forster, donor of the gift of nearly 10,000 orchids, announced in the September number of e¢ Journal, was elected a Patron of the New York Botani cal Garden at a oe of the Board of Managers Sept. dicati ie John Dea s Lab- ory for plant pathology, ed for the oe Canadian m yeologist, was dedicated Mo ntreal ‘Botanical Garden es Be ee es resent t the ceremony s t Hagelstein, ho was returning from the a of th Mycological Soci of America held at facDonal lege, _ the three days previou Prof, e-Victorin, Y. Botanical Garden, spoke earness as a pioneer of mycolog oO: 1 da. in Rais : ‘tn he reply, Yr earness abou he early day: mycology. Evie I ae teaching. in the pre steric days,” he pes “bacteriology taught in one or ssons. he ae develop- ie aie h the science of microbes under- went he 1: fifty years, another science, virusology, will witness in the ears to come.” Dr, Em ie phytopatholo: ogist in cha of labor: ratory, for which Me. Hiagletein is Be ens a study collection of myxomy- Fordham Centenary. Board and staff members of the New York Botanical th entenary Celebration of ‘ordham University Sept. 15-17 nde Mr. President, William Robbins, Director, who Be tended on behalf of the Dr. Dodge representing the "Torrey Botanical Club; Mr. Robert Hagelstein, the Microscopical Society of New York; and Dr. F. J. S oO ee 3 5 fe} =] wn = banquet at the Waldo! rf-Astoria the evening of Sept. 17. Rag: Early last month, Borough President ae j. Lyons urged intro- duction of a bill in the City Council to compel property owners in the Bronx to eliminat gweed fro nds aid August 10 each year, for the relief hay-fever sufferers that season. Pind ie ill is a campaign which was ged ast summer by the River- roperty owners aad “fitensilied ae which resulted during the past summer in Ws removal of vast quantities of ri ed from the Bronx phe Tw undred flowering bulbs of “the “autumn * a ” Colchicum el and were shown as examples of pene that will bloom without soil or 3 oe oldenke led eld T Dr. H. N. a fad trip £ r the Torrey ot Club pa ia’ a ae e-on-Hudson Garden Club met at thet Garden Sept. 27, making a tour of the Museum Building and seeing a Garden’s motion picture in the mbers’ Room with G. L. a eas oe speaker. ub, Oueee nen nes were Ret "Bent 11 by 25 member: Men’s Garden Club of New Voik under the i idance of P, J. McKenn: Fire. he roof of the manure shed bee Sew es Botanical Garden burned venin ept. 1, aes in a loss a epprominately Pat £00. The cause of the fire was not determin 249 Editor. Robert S. Lemmon, a member Stapeliae, who showed colored slides of of the Garden, — a speaker on gente succulent plants of the southwestern den as ined = de’ a em| ; 2 o > o Q ® 5 2 5 fo og 4 2 3 aa z a a ay B + 2 2g ‘o > a is] 5 Vet ° ey a Fy = ic] et a $ n e staff of ie oe Home ae Father aos H. O'Neill, graduate which plans to give more attention student at Fordham, who is preparing 0 ortcultural faecal Mr. Lemmon’s himself ee a teaching post in biology Real Gardening, was in- in the Philippines; Paul J. Allen of the Sie Ju yy. with the Gardeners’ University of Pittsburgh; Alton i Chrovie le af America. Gustafson, Williamstown, ss., David _ Sumstine of the Carnegie ae Visitors. Among the Garden’s visitors Pittsburgh ; toute during September tea Dr. William C. Orange, N , atl aE. Boon M. Steere and Dr. Robert J. Lowry, both ¢, Miller, and G. C. Ridland, diatomnists from the University of Michigan, who from the Johns-Mansville Co. spent a week working on mosses; David Sturrock of the Atkins Institution in National Academy. | Dr. ee j Cuba, reading on the mango; Dr. S. P. Robbins and Dr. B. dge were ton; Sefiorita Zoraida Tides ot tahe cia a aes at the ie of the vie ge in Caracas, Besse demy of Sci eo in Madi- is : een spendin ing we on, Wisc., Oct. ; 13, rT. Dodge on eee gne: Heterocaryotic Vigor Es crea Ch ase ie “Washington. Alain Whe ‘of in Neurospora” and Dr. Robbins Litchfield, Conn., authority on “Vitamin Defictencies of Caitetomellat Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of T. York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the pins Preserving Nature’s Balance om the joan but the proper use America’s “renewable natural re- WILDLIFE ee TION, Soiree "2 N. Gabrielso: Mea hee iusiratea and incexed. acmilla blishing Mrs. Cuartes Doscuer. Co., New York. 1941. $3 ae Her a book that makes one wish Becteriology—-Two New Editions that it were possible to place it in the Bue ads Oe aueiee ae ares hands of every adult American, for it is ages. 226 illustrations, index. W. B. . Sadat Saunders Co., Philade Iphia, Second a wordt of conservation admirably edition. 1940. S present A relatively up-to- oe and aad In clear and concise foneee the _ iteresting Aas with a medical slant. ee Sean: the close relationship that includes several good sections on tech- exists between forest, water, soil, grass- oe EI JEMENTARY BACTERIOLOGY lands and the wildlife that lives only nh EH. Greaves. 587 gages. 164 A itions inustatione index. W. B. Sau mde ers the environment ani condition eee eemn Seoane necessary for their existence are kept in 1940. $3.50. . ae t emphasizing the applications of standable the chapters on the plans for tacterclogy to eeey eS especially ra of w in fields of per: and public health. vital pore to themselves of no’ VIRGENE KAVANAGH. 250 Birds And peels TH DUBON GUIDE TO AT- TRAGTING apiece aes by mene ite wit oubletay, The National Audubon Society presents c Aaa which is designed, by means - eading, to encourage people bring ore “birds i shr ubbery and to give them a more in- oe interest in protecting and aiding d: RUTTERFLIES, Ralph W. Macy and Harokl H. Shepard, 247 pages, illustrated in color, indexed. Uni- versity of Minnesota Press, Minne- olis, 19 $3.50. Keys ad criptions with several col- ored. plat butterflies, preceded by a long ex peuaier chapter merely entitled “About Butterflies.” Scale Insects ATLAS OF THE SCALE INSECTS. Gordon Floyd Ferris. Serial Nos. 69-384. Stanford University Press, Galifornia, A The third serie: 0 Rerris's highly specialized eat ee ale ned wit magnified drawings of each spec Nitrogen-Fixing Bac THE BIOCHEMISTRY a SYMBI- ICN EES Arion, Perry BW iles) naarn ba es, illustrated with phot tape and dingrams, in- dexed. University - ‘Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1940. $3. Chemistry and Biology ontne in an explanation of the action of the bacteria whic ; capture nitrogen and make it avail- able to plants in the soil, Two Pamphlets For Horticulturists THE PLANTING, FERTILIZATION AND CARE OF NUT TREES. Russel J. Smith, 14 pages. Sunny, Ridge Nursery, Sw Pa. : mall et der A “booiet ae grower rot ae poe re vICS— Len WITILOUT BOIL enol Hilyer ae pages, illustrated, Penguin mondsworth, Elen’: 7 rH fs tributed in New Yor A paper-covered booklet preted on ida er stock, a diary descri al of iow growing plants wwithont soil can be made « easy for the amateur. Wonders And Mysteries MAGIC IN A TTLE, Milton Sil- verman. 332 ee indexed. Mac- illan, New York, $2.50. rsation put in Con: to the mouths agate and their co- cree ae to lead drama to the oe aes their eis of important and powerful dru THE MARVELS AND MYSTERIES OF SCIENCE. Edited by a group of scientists. 818 pages, illustrated with He es hee indexed. Wm. H. Wise & 1941, $2.95. _“Everyt thing you could possibly way to now in five great fields of science” is publisher's GanGineeient for i Mie - - the tee: i that help to keep much of the rest of the world alive Community Landscaping N TECTURE IN Tae P MODERN WORLD. Karl B. ages, a tra en in- ee Gore s, Cham- 41. $2, 30. Brief ae chiefly on the type paras which affects the community, uch as outdoor theaters, parkways, air- t! cemeteries golf courses, and schools. Pictures Plus FLOWERS: THEIR ARRANGE- MENT. Gregory J. ates pages, more lustrations, 130 pages of text. Alfred York, 1940. $2.50. Knopf, ‘New The author of Flowers: East-Wes = prepared a hands much of ‘which ho taphs the process wer arrangement in the Japanese style. WHO'S ZO THE GARDEN Jean-Marie IN . Putman and Charles cteteatet and Press, New Mostly silly verses and sketches with comments on some common plants. 251 122 Years of Farm Journalism THE avERIC, aera TETCRAL RESS, a 19-1 Lowther Demare 430" aoe ee hotseea phe, inde Columbia Uni- ‘s bi bllography. Pres: ew York, 1941. $4. e bibl oe nite this of 38: pes aus to 15 pages. That. ‘fa ct alone to the vast amount of labor ni ee that have contributed to making. eginning with “the pioneer and ee n farm sae ee te. 9 in the city who have never and the Ae - - eated are well treated. A vy me ce book. a N MourrLina, Systematics for the Young eee me BIOLOGY. J.C. Cro es, 331 illustra- tions, elecary ana. index, C. Mosby Company, St. Louis, 1941. 31. When introducing peley to a child, it is reasonable to insis pon one rule, and av i. is that the iniredicuds must captivate the interest and attention. From a on experience wih variety of syllabi, biology teachers find that the most interesting approach to r sub- ject is a functional one and the least int 18 systematic approach which attempts to classify all the living things in the child’ This bo devotes 1 of 500 pages io systematics, presentin; only the vari hy: animals and plants but in most ins or and families a - remaining pages which ould mapas oe be devoted to te ae tions functions as merely Fees anatomy of the various systems of the body. ealing largely with the flora and ara of eu ou oe been ritten the southern tes. If, as the author states, “the primary ee pela in doing this but rather of ists ass of eer — which sod “trighten away any firs! studen: No seems to have been made ee: to set ae ee Se . ae ae to work. Such top nm” completely omitted { Son RIEDLAND, Andrew Fackion Nigh School. Current Literature* At a Glance Cornell. A Saou Dea book- let of 16 large pages describes gi new ornell Arboretum oF ises Y. istory, objectives, accor cee 1 jlantin Wells, < cal cape Consultant in See "ak whe. etboretim’s plans. Copies of the = are obtainable or charge fro She Provost of Cort ers Cycad. Garden Life, which is published by the St. Louis Horticultural Society, ‘ontains in the September number a note regardin York otanical o s the oie one nas been derived from ‘isi n of the fi ich i ‘S$ ago—an ar t Saal plants in David Fairchild at Co cont Grove, e helpful hints for P ecpecially close-up graphy. Phot Sor plant lore raphy, All publications mentioned her bine nee be found in the Library. oP ‘the Botanical Garden, in the Museum Building. 252 work and magnification, are given by E. B. Mains of the Univer. sity of Michi- the September number of Fovrval Ae the Biological Photographic Shade The Proceedings of t Scene Natonal poo Tree Cor Tee ence, which took place ir it spring, contains a te account of the conference, with papers on the care shade tree the cost eping them healthy, tree diseases and how to control them, technique of tree-repair work, and the question of standards fo: tree e> guay. Cotton is raised in Paraguay for its fiber, for its oil from the seeds, nd for th arene te i made fror the seeds a for hor: d Kilog grams of cotton d bee: ea : eee 1; 500, ood kilograms ra been cae ce nd ‘otton-seed oil 1,150,000 tons. House Plant Wart well as encouragement on. ioe caltore “of plants ‘liv by J. B. the ng- Vingert in s len Pid (ne series) of the Agricultural Exper t Station of owa = mes. ie es of general culture and ¢ llowed "ag Tr fol by a discussion of "0 “portant house nae and a tabulated list of m . 50 1 The bulletin is well eee with shot graphs. e Profit from Trees How privately owned commercial timberlands may be made to pay their owners is told in booklet of Tiusteadons (Miscellaneous Panes No. 381) issued eu ae MW by U.S. Department of sultur tke nocd results of Se ceuting and evention are graphica shown. ag India. Plants which are cultiv si in the Lloyd peat Garden at eel- ing, India, are listed aphasia with i 5, Vol. 5, of family desi nations, in No. 5, f the is of th ta wrvey India, published in Calcutta. More ‘than 1,500. pl , hall f i cg to the Himalayas, are this 40- acre garden An_ exhaustive Jeaf-curl_ and ne of ven by Leon K. Jones in Geranium Troubles. cave of i of co oY for these two virus diseases e wiv ve mthemums. In the Bulletin of de Gh Santhernam oe of America for third q Alex Laurie and more complete report of t pears as Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. * él, 1940. . For Soils. Treatment for the preven- Uni proved fertilivers “for New York cn ‘Ops are tabulated. mie and Swans. Conservation-minded per: oe ain recent leaflets on ie trimipeter: oi the present situatio: with — ducks. from the Bineteeacy a ae ation Committee, 734 Lexington * New York City, This committee is 0: vation of native plant as well as animal e Nutrition. The effect of deficiencies in the oe ou i. by plants is shown in color illustrated booklet, “If They Could ‘Speak 3 "is hed by the Chilean Nitrate Ass Sphagnu Often maligned and fre- quently praised, sphagnum is worth a good argu any day among gardeners. Vernon om a Sane Hope, and Albe: los iminary report with hav and ‘asteations Shawne how sphagnu ation in- hibits dampin neo tos es on n unsterilized soil. Their article spear i ae April National Pariewucd Magasi ate Reaction of newly trans- lanted oak trees to soil that ae been clectrically heated over winter scribed ir he pe ated published y the pert Co., Jan. imilar size 41, Nine. “apeciifiens of simi were selected for the experiment, and records of the behavior of the trees, in- c e that were used as checks, are given over a period of several years. THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS I. ELECTIVE MANAGER 1942: ArrHuR M. ANvERSON (Treasurer), RRE JAY, CLARENC Lew: D. Mere vari , Henry pE LA Montagne (Secrets and “Assistont Tae). Francis E. Powe, Jr, and Witt1am J. Rossins. Pecks 1943: a pe Forest Lee een Henry F. pu co YN NNINGS, HenR eg T, JR. MacDovuaat, Mrs. Har t SEidte cod Jeera RS w (Presi int). Until 1944; E, C, veut MarsHA.Lt Fieip, Mrs. Eton HuwnrincTon Hooxer, Joun L. Merritt (Fice-president), Con Rogert H. Montcomery, H. Hosart Porter, and A, Percy SAUNDERS. II. EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Froretto H. LaGuaroia, Mayor of the City of New York. ome Moses, Park Commissioner James MarsHAtt, President of the Board of Education. POINTIVE MANAGERS H. A. pee sone ‘ the Torrey eee Club. R, SAM TreLEASE, Marcus M. Rwoapes, and Marston T. Bocert, appointed by pees Univers ‘sity, GARDEN STAFF WuttiaM J. Rogsins, Pu. D., Sc. D. Directo ea) se caiajeisia asin aleiasar assistant Director ond Head Curator Henry pe LA MonTAGNE stant Director A. B. Srout, Pu. D. ...............2- Curator of Heres ond Laboratories C Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D, ‘urator Bernarp O. Donce, Pa. D. a: athologi. Joun Henpie’ y BARNHART, Ay Ma Mi De oid cciewee. esate ibliographer W. Ricker Pu, mare a Pore cus Hal 7 ExvizaseTH C. Hatt, A. B., iBOS Fi FFITH Artist Sips Phatogropher Resear. h aa mp, Pu. D. Ciype CHaNbLER, Pu.D Technical As. iain Rosalie WEIKER Technical Assistant FrepericK KavanaGH, M.A Assistant oun H. Prerce, M.A Technical Assistant Caro. H. Woopwarp, Editorial Assist Tuomas H, Evererr, N. D. Horr orticulturs, Wr K, A. ustodian of the Herbarium Otto Drcener, M. S. Collaborator in Hawaiian Botany A ROUT, Px.D morary Curator of es Ropert HaAGELSTEIN onorary Curator of Myxomycetes JoserH F, Burxe orary Curator of the Tiatema: RUKO wy Curator of Econor otan: K Pech or r y ETHEL ANSON S PECKHAM. pena: Curaios, Tris and Narcissus "Collections Re J. i = TT Superintendent of Buildings and ores: A.C. istant Superintendent reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway - Bediord Park Blvd. the Third Avenue eats to the Bronx Park the New Yo i hi coming from Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River Pkwy. plement cad IN THE GARD stablished as a privately endowed institution, aided par e w York Botanical Gord is y by City appropri one d memberships. T. dependent for its Bare she ely upon benefac as bota ical gardens go, i s kind, its Hora pera and ene complete in o He and hercegel embership in The New yaa Botanical Garden ane a means promotion of ecepune ie eae in botany and the advancement of horticultural cate Scientifically, h able to clearing-house of information for students and botanists all over ae world; eae ahi it often serves as a link between the plant explorer or breeder and the garde public ae: Ricebenaees and beactaeone provision is made at the Botanical Garden for the training of young scientists and student gardeners; hundreds of new book added a ich is o bli individual member a the Garden ee ( (2) AN of Addiso on each number Sane with eight colored Slaten ee unusual ae accompanied By description ) A share jet surplus plant material of interesting or new varieties when’ ever it is distribut Announcers of special floral displays, programs, lectures, and other events a the Gar (5) Credit to sue amount of the membership fee paid, toward courses of study offered by the Garden 6) The privilege of hoses lantern slides from the Garden’s collection. (7) Use of the Members’ Room in the Museum i ng. A limited number of garden clubs are accepted as Afilia privileges of ee are on ee a year by a member of the staff, a share in ie ean of plants when they are available, a subscription to the Journal a ddisoni d ann e s of special activities at the Botanical Garden. In addition, any m f an afhliated club may enrc ne Hopes eac ar i study course for one-half the regul. ginning January 1, 1942, this regulation will the fees paid for instruction his does not apply to the course for professional gardeners.” An liate Garden Club may borrow lantern slides fr the Garden’s extensive collection, such loan being subject to the regulations for the use of lantern slides by indie members. Likewise, an affiliate club may engage without fee the Members’ Room at the Garden for its meetings. he classes of membership are as follow Annual Member an fee $ 10 cus rn Member ann 25 Garden Club Afhliation annual fee for club 25 Fellowship Member annual fee 100 Member f single contributi 250 Fellow for Li single contribution 1,000 atron single contribution a 00 fac single contributi 40 training in Rorueulta or for botanical or Fellowships or scholarships for practical student-t established by bequest or other benefaction either in perpetuity research may be or for definite perio Contributions to the Garden may be deducted from taxable incomes. The following is a legally approved form of bequ I hereby bequeath to The ay York Botanical Garden incorporated under the Laws of e with income payable to donor or any designated beneficiary eusing his or her “Tifetiing! | Il requests for further inl oon son should be addressed to The New York Botanical Ys Garden, Bronx : Park, New Yor JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vo. 42 NOVEMBER PAGES No. 503 ] Q 4 | JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Caro, H. Woopwarp, Editor THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ANNOUNCES the publication, about December 1, of BANCKES’ HERBAL (1525) IN MODERN ENGLISH, WITH A FACSIMILE OF THE ORIGINAL This was the first herbal to be ae in the English language, and it remains one of the most eins Yet for many years, copies of it have been unobtainable. Through the new eee this once priceless work 4. now procurable at only $3.50 a co embers of ie Garden may obtain eee at the Spec price of $2.50. description of this rare volume in its modern dress will appear in the next number of the Journal. Contents—November 1941 Gower Bovust, ONE OF THE STONE-MIMICRY PLANTs GRo’ # BoTaNicaL Gar Cover Photon . Fleda ge nee pats VITAMINS a m J. Robbins 2 StToNE-Mimicry AND WINDOWED PLANTS E. - Alexander a Winpows in Tuer Leaves Photographs 262 FLowERING STONES FROM THE Deserts OF SoUTH AFRICA sae 264-265 To Burtp a BouLper GarDEN A. C. Pfander 268 Hysrip CatTLeyas FROM THE Forster CoLLEcTION oN Dis Photograph = Fleda Griffith 270 Notices anp Revizws oF Recent Books 271 CurrENT LITERATURE AT A GLAN 274 Notes, News, AND COMMENT 275 ane Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New ork, N.Y, eaterd i ve Post Office in New York, N. Y., as second-class matter. Annual sabes geen $1.0 Single copies 10 cents. e to members of the Garden. JOURNAL f THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN No. 503 VoL. 42 NovEMBER 1941 Plants Need Vitamins Too* By William J. Robbins OR many years, it was believed, vitamins were essential only to animals; but research in the past fe ew years has shown that the ey are needed by plants. In fact, it appears Ne these substances in infinitesimal amounts perform the same vital role in the normal ae th and SS nt of plants as they do in animals. To make this clearer let us go arte to 1911 when the name “vitamin(e)” was ait applied by Casimir pak specific organic penne assumed to be pr ood and e ani in ae amounts for ontinued : § soon rent vitamins—in fact, the list is ae t an insufficiency of t nes from the nourishment oe man i, scurvy, rickets, dermatitis, and pellagra occurred, growth and pee met with interference, and certain nervous dis- orders appeared. Then those ubiquitous ae into the mys steries of t i e of the vitamins in pure chemical form, and in some instances even in ee vitamins in their laboratories. As investigations proceeded on the number and kinds of vitamins, on their chemistry, =~ on their effect upon animals, it gradually came to are plants make thei own vitamins—or, as the aceatst i a uld not do a he plan were made by plants mals, a fortunate ci ircumstance _ or the animals and a sort of philanthropic activity on the part of the plan * Adapted from a radio interview given from Schenectady, N. Y., Nov. 5, 1940, over WGY and other stations for the General ‘Bleewic Science Forum. 253 254 However, as the result of see ‘nade within the last five years, we Tlow know that plants are not so m the philanthropists we thought. Ir an an st e their vitamins nly a few of them, and these chiefly the lower ae suffer from vitamin deficiencies ; that is, nae tie develop unless the material upon which ee grow setae he missing vitamins—which, o course, must e from some oe — a plant or from an animal that has obt wae hen fon a ae Certain fea and molds, also some strains of yeast, need to be supplied with vitamin Very few, if any, of the veg ie and flaw ers ae ae green ae ee need to have vitamins supplied to them. To the best of our knowledge they make all they — es this mean, it i be asked, co despite the oe an of publicity on ie subject, lying green plants with vitamin B, t beneficial ? This is ane . answer categorical because the ies of oe applica- tion i reen is still in an experimental stage. Some investigators ae reported good Brie on some kinds of plants and not on others. Many have obtained negative results, ade a few have found the application - ae B, to be panier Either the conditions under which vitamin B, is beneficial to green plants are poorly known, or its ertai itami ° =m s 2 p 5 . a 8 " So, pe 5 B w a S hey fortunate situation from which we Bee ioe ane extra B, that plant makes is the eee source of our su 3 You ted to know that, as seen through the microscope, vitamin Bei is a white crystalline organic compound which contains carbon, hydro a , oxygen, sulphur, and nitrogen. It is now synthesized by the “ im oO -% a oO 4 om Ww a chemist and can be ae by the gram or pound from recognized chemical company. an expensive substance, one ee costing some- n the fat of $800. However, for plants that need this vitamins are effective on plan nts—and on animals too—in extremely small amounts. Biotin, which is also c alled Gants H, produces a measurable effect on a certain mold in amounts as small as one trillionth of a gram, a it takes 480 grams to make a pound.* * Seventy- five gamma of Vitamin H can be purchased for $10, which is at the rate of “eo 400,000 per pound. 255 Photograph by Fleda Griffith A MOLD (Ceratostomella ips) WHICH MUST BE SUPPLIED WITH THREE VITAMINS BEFORE IT WILL GROW. These tubes all contain a jelly-like material (agar) with minerals, sugar and a so of nitrogen, and all have had a small bit of the mold Pree on ie jelly. The art i vt ms as the sone vitamin H was added. third, vitamin By: to 4, vitamin Bi; t in H a to 6, vitamin Bs ee to 7, vitamin H and By and to 8, ‘a ee vitamins "8, and H, Note that the “fue grew only when all three vitamins ere. eat to the jelly med While we have mentioned here only vitamin and one or two ene no one can say how many may be concerned in the metabolism of a as There are perhaps a dozen vitamins or vitamin- ie substances wh now known to play a role in the lives of plants, and there are seat any more which ieee to be discovered. Tt has been found in the fee = the New York Botanical ae py vitamin B, is neces- sary for pla scientists there are factor, called o convenience ‘Factor Z,” which - eens a new ce n performing the same wae in plants as they do in animals, vita- mins act as coenzymes. That is, they are ea parts of enzyme sys- tems, ithout cae an ey system cannot function. Without r ges place. For ex senate, sugar undergoes a series of chemical changes in the . Several enzymes make these changes possible, and one of them is called aoe Wiawoin B, is necessary for the activity of carboxylase and when this vitamin is wanes the use o sugar by the body meets with interference. The food a man eats—that is, fat, sugar and proteins—cai do him no good unless ae are Seo to enable him to use it. Th sam as exists in plants. Their food also is used through the agency of vitamins. 256 The question may be asked that if the use of vitamin B, in horticulture is still experimental, and if most plants make all the vitamins they need, why is ae a of the relation of vitamins to plant growth of any importan There 2 are many reasons. Even though vitamin B, seems to be pre sufficient amounts in green plants aioe these t to pe ae torily aie ut feeding them more of it, there are many other vitamins, some as yet unidentified, and we know oat a little of their ae to the growth 2 green ais If we search further we may perhaps find a Siemens not made by g green plants in large enough quantity for their i which w no us could be accomplished with vitamin B,. Furthermore, it is quite necessary for us to understand the nutrition of bacteria, yeasts, and molds, especially those which suffer from vitamin ae ciencies, because eee lower plants are most important to us in g disease and dec well as bringing benefit through their relation . rae ntation, pie tiline and many other similar processes we want to control these lower naa ae a oe activi- ties and encourage their beneficial prope understand how they live. As eae one ¢ ample, bs edible nee is one oor hes most deli- cious of ee ne re to mushroom we buy in the markets. Yet no one has succeeded in clvtng it. Why? Perhaps it suffers fror am faence: which ha ever been properly satisfied by the materials upon which as been oie ted ut even if further research should sow en the use of vitamins in practical horticulture is of no significance, the study of the relation of these substances to plants is of importance because of the light it may sc d chickens and one of human beings. Biotin, or vitamin H, likewise first discovered in yeast research, has also re found to be important for man Entirely aside from the practical importance of usi 1 increase ne e de the humble yea s in the growth of man, and ane ie ay per- form the same ee in both organisms 257 Stone-Mimicry And Windowed Plants By E. J. Alexander A miniature desert scene aa miniature plants that ae the ae ee = sh lands in South Africa is laid out in House 6 in th in Conservat at m Garden, 5 i and windowed plants of the South African deserts. The pho ph nage are oS ae ee and by Fleda Griffith, the Garden's staff photographer. E are all familiar with eee ele in the animal and insect orlds. e have read and seen how Ahi living creatures i such tian markings or form rey hed not in motion, they are indis- aimee ae he iia eae: s and are ce pe from their of protective Aegina and fon ists also in the eo aie re among the fleshy plants on are natives of arid regions, where their very succulence, a means of which they survive on slight rainfall, would render the icy morsels to the cae that er them ju wo them, were they prominently green. What appears to be an environmental r response in these plants makes them simulate. the rocks e 1x ec 0 arid and ad pe of South es ae lly os Age ike southern and western coastal areas and t mn dryer of t interior, where the earth must often go ae a a Trop oe oe a ee to ten en oa a iy period of twenty months has been known to occur. Now plants that to survive under such conditions must become adapted to bee oy water and protection Bee excessive ice of mois- ture a evaporatio: The problem ae water storage is met by development of special tissues Mee Bene in fleshy stems or leaves or large tubers being formed. Pro- ecti T hich But often the leaves are reduced either to a minimum in number or size, or are dispensed with completely. When this occurs the stem often be- comes green and succulent and: then ee over the functions of the leaves. The umbrella-like elie of Conophytum Vanzijlii are pink; the roughened, rounded plant-bod e scarcely distinguishable from the surrounding stones. The particular plants with which we are here acne are a group that have carried ae Cee and also mimicry to the highest state i the plant world. They have ad themselves to one or two pairs a ie ch are so thick — a as to be ares ct wat servoirs. In form many of them are nearly round, thus contain the greatest possible volume and present in least acl c ae a ‘0 the su effects of air and sunlight. Their protective imitation is so remarkably developed that those which grow among the loose stones membranes often have colors and markings ae make an resem! either the stones around them or the color of the soil. The first are called STONE-MIMICRY PLANTS, the second, winDOWE ae window) PLANTS. By far the greatest majority of these ee are in the group horticul- turally called Mesembryanthema, for they were once included in the genus oo mun ithin the last twenty years, much research has een done in this group, resulting in the breaking up of the old genus into ie 150 different genera, about a score of which are either “stone” or > 8 as 5 a 258 259 windowed plants. The distinctions isipaeee these many genera are based eet on se fruits, but they a mces in flower st rT are ee intricate in their construction and they are a copic—that is, the valves open only when the fruit i is wet, so that the sed may be liberated when conditions are most favorable for Race as i periods of rain or heavy dew. The are -mimicry as ants belong to the genera Lithops, Conophytunt, Pleiospilos, Gibbaeum, Rimaria, Odphyt um, Didymaotus, Dactylopsis, pala Lapidaria, Dinteranthus, Muiria, Argeta, Argyr oderma, Aloin- anthus, Aistocaulon, Titanopsis, and some others that have not divctoned by t the story of a ath which at one place 8 oe e, gravel-strewn a! ne day he noticed that some of the ese supposed stones he borne ae flowers, and the number of flowering stones increased daily until there were hundreds in bloom on this oe area t concerned was Lithops Leslici, For this story and other details see “Mesembryanthema 1 ” by Brown, Tischer, Karsten and Labarre Two fruits, from one of which the seeds have been dispersed, are shown 0 on a Plant of as Bolusii. The valves, which are seen in the mature psule at the ope only when there is moisture enough in the' air to abl 2 the seeds to germinate. 260 one of many similar eats It is rather striking that ies eee ae of the rounded leaves in species of this a alw. Mle the color of the soil or sur sete ston Those with = y or Frown gray tops occur among quartz, granite, fon or yellowish sand and hence are usually not noticeable when out of flower. Those with or reddish-brown tops grow in gravel of these colors. The pair of flat-topped leaves, separated by a cleft, comprises the entire plant-body in the genus Lithops. When gr owing under natural conditions i i e soil or gravel. I op numerous strap-shaped petals are separated from each other nearly to the base. In the species of Conophytion, the plant-body is also Rae of t fleshy leaves, but these are completely a with only a short slit in the upper sur face, and they are not buried, but o ihe: Javisibility” to their resemblance to plain grayish, vei ined, or palais ebbles. Their flowers una er sca i Go © oOo wy ine = oO fare = oO w, ae ap ee iby c io oO i oO ce =e o a iy fp oO _p* g 3g purple—and the petals ar stands up like a little uae. The pee are of three different forms—rounded, top-shaped with a Hee see surface, or flat-sided with a bilobed top. The pebble-like a eerie is ae ee a pattern formed of dark lines made by the confluence of many small d nP ae we have a slightly different form of ee The plants ordinarily have one ne of dist ae separate leaves (two pairs are usual in cltivaton), about size of a duck egg, brownish gray wi with a touch of green, and covered wit raised dots of a darker hue, giving a roughened nee tike the weathered stones among which they grow, half-buried. It therefore os res a keen eye to detect them ordinarily, but the large yellow flower i turn orange as they age make the plants quite showy in blooming seaso Probal bly the ee nee case es ibe ots in the group is that of the single species of Didymaotus. It und only on a restricted area of the Karroo where the Arties are quite oe except for a covering of two kinds of stones, rust-colored and slate-colored shales more or less angular in mn certain sections these fragments form a surface as level as though they had been passed over by a steam-roller. On these precise sec- tions and only on t! them is this rare plant found. It usually has two pairs of leaves, the old pair of the previous year larger and more angular and rusty brown in color, a young pair smaller and more rounded and slate- colored. Thus on one plant the leaves mimic both kinds of the stones around it. The white flowers are produced, not from between the leaves as are others of this group, but from the outer sides of the plant-body. Several genera have members that grow in white quartz soil, where their white, grayish or bluish coloring renders them well-nigh invisible. The 261 species of Gibbaewm owe their whiteness to a close covering of mic The shriveling of the old leaves as the new growth appears is shown in these three plants of Argyroderma The ores of merase are marked i an oo eas smooth skin of a white or bluish color. Since they sete ee with a deep cleft eevee, ney eee ete token art which they gro pene outstanding rarity - me one species of J/uivia. Here the plant- body is perfectly round, the two leaves having See sniae united, so that when the flower appears, it ae out of one si e plant-bo dy. This plant, of course, is another of the pebble eae appearing, with its covering of fine gray hairs, merely - if it were another one of the small stones around it A peculiarity known only from its occurrence in these plants is the man- ner in which the new leaves, which comprise the plant- ~body, develop inside of = old. What oF appens ‘is that while the new growth is developing, it drains the nourishment out of the old growth, so that this takes on a areced: parchment-like appearance. As the fleshy new leaves increase e* Fenestraria WINDOWS IN THEIR LEAVES Translucent membranes over the tops.of the leaves of these —— — aie the aa to the. green tissues ben Lithops optica Conophytum. pellucidum Ophthalmophyllum: 263 in size, they ev ewe break through a Aes ee of the old growth, and ae eae is then shed like a discarded ince the fruits are formed within the plant-body, it is only when a old shin i is cast off that the seed- pods becom aie There remains but one other different type of mimicry in this group. The a of Titanopsis grow with numerous leaves in a dense rosette. The exposed surfaces are covered with irregular whitish excrescences that match exactly ae weathered incrustations on the fragments of lime tufa between Sahicint In an entirely cere ‘family, the Crassulaceae, are a few similar cases of mimicry. Several small species of Crassula, especially C. deltoidea, C. columnaris, and C. corallina, are in this category. C. columnaris in its es period, at which time it is in a semi-dried condi- tion, is yellowish brown in color in imitation of the rusty gravel where it is found, not only in shape and color, but even in the rough surface-texture. The other species, however, are mimickers of the granite pebbles and frag- ments which mark their natural h But now we must look at an eee different type of protection, that ot the removal of the breathing pores and chlorophyll cells to portions of the plant not ead capa by the sun’s rays. is occurs in the windowed plants, much less in number than the mimics, but even more unusual in ee Buried in sand or gravel with only the upper — sane these cae manage Neuen through their sides and r the sun’s rays through windows at the ae which filter the cae . the a tissues pire below. These windows consist of a es epidermal tissue which is translucent or even ae ransparent in some species. The cells of the windows contain a few scattered crystals ae calcium Bor te in their outer walls, and in some species a ope red pigment grains which also help to of ae i a, tl f whic are |. but while the panes of Fenestraria appear almost clear, of Frithia Took see frosted glass. The flowers of Frithia are ae urple. The most clearly Des of the genus Conophytum is a pellucidum, wherein the windowed tops are divided by furrows into ral irrecular but lens-like bubbles. vee a ers are freely borne on cote tiny, incon- spicuous, dull g and brown mottled plants. In the genus *Ophtiatne pan we ae a group of plants similar to the bilobed species of Conophytum, but with micr et velvet pubescence and translucent ae eee pes tops. The white or pink flowers are FLOWERING $T DESERTS OF SOUTH AFRICA rent pets mimic ae oh they LZ Ps) ads are Lithops turbiniformis ae’ Lithops Leshet So tat ee Lithops terricolor Conophytum truncatellum. 2 7 po aos 266 very similar to those of Lithops. The exceedingly rare ee genus Imitaria is similar in appearance, but different in floral structure. ile ithops cea a y known as stone ee , all of those ae eee top: also windowed plants; and certain others, such a optica and ti, are sp ae oe of this group, the windows being quite ete rs color! the Lily family we wo gener: te ve windowed structures on or toward the ee The See cane has some ten or more species in ne sas are windowed spots and streaks on the of the lea These spots are Chapa because of the sststion of Nie er- oe chlorophyll, but ther a few streaks of green coloring matter parallel with the veins. In the it aa and H. retusa, oo the lea have windowed tops. The members of Fencstraria, similar is one species of Bulbine, with egg-shaped sed. Very ie avin flat, windowed to One las of these pans must ns mentioned. In the Portulacaceae, the genus yee ros has species which should be classed as having windows, though of a See sort. The numerous short stems, It is only when Conophytum ornatum blooms that it becomes noticeable among the smooth stones of its native habitat. The sa a ae ow with dark red stigmas protruding from the ce 257 Portulaca family, papery bracts which closely c shielding the pa minute ae leaves beneath them from the strong rays of un. The flowers are of a translucent white. pseros Alstonii, a member of the has “window shade. rig Fee the light. The over the stems are which comprise these plants, have a Deeg papery appearance. s caused b completely conceal h te iain leaves which they overlay like shingles. The sunligh t reac poate a e tiny leaves must be filtered through these sc e like window-shades than windows. Most of these plants ee ie pale yellowish flowers, a one species, A, Alst has shi ite oms an inch and half a As to the why of these window lants must assume ee i matter of reducing moisture evaporat ion to a minimum which has caused their peculiar structure. The sun’s rays in passing through the as water tissue are r oe ae in their intensity so that their effect is less dry sa veil ae also help a in ish pigment grains act a and ultra-violet portions of the sun’s actinic he ants, however, is not so clearly see ht by some to be hs result of excessive d use them as food. The lime crystals ai aes ae ee viet 1 the stone aa a one-. Sik ne ing is thou others protection from animals that w insolation, Ts t seems ae likely ae it may be a development co pigmentation adapted for fil actinic rays h green coloring matter cannot do. . This search has been done on the group Many of these plants are in danger of extermination in their native striches, baboons, monkeys, goats and other br ee mae who often find them in spite of their a Selbnie They al 268 eaten by children, who call them “toontjes” (little toes), fle ae the Hotten- tots who seem to like their fresh acid, sometimes salt 1 isphere, the main cone To us in the northern hemis ; ern is ae e have here one of the most remarkable groups of plants known to hor ee many , It is true, difficult to grow, but most of them respondi ‘on- trolled moisture and allowance for a normal resti Their attrac- tive flowers and curious shapes will always make them oF major interest in any display of succulents EG To Build A Boulder Garden By A. C. Pfander P rely te one of the most difficult types of rock garden to make (and therefore . pee unsight a in most places) is the boulder garden. But Be localiti no other rock to offer, an people desiring rock gardens are not vay able to ae more suitable ocks and have them shipped, as the cxpense often runs into rather prohibitive figures. So where one must have boulders the problem becomes one of arrangement. Among the designs that gardeners have ee to carry out, few have met with any degree of artistic success. Personally 1 can think of only one logical pattern—the moraine a, By this I do not mean to say that a moraine pattern s should be held to stone, gravel and sand only, but r: ae toa compromise between moraine and rock garden, keeping the character of the moraine in prominence. In a real moraine locality one will nee ays find large and small boulders—and right here the rst and most frequent mistake is made in the construction of the boulder rock garden. Many people go to considerable pains to get boulders as nearly even = size and shape a as possible and bury them at regular distances all the me depth in the soil, sometimes bordering walks. or simply ies an a . more or less even rows ae planting spaces bet In other gardens may be seen irregular heaps that a t first ne ‘look re . Bould n piles or patterns spaced at equal distances. Ston re ie into position by . ae ; thei nature in a y. terminating abruptly together; others will have rolled further, forming smaller or larger groups of their own; but there is never a group where the sizes are alike. In planning the boulder garden some few larger groups (or one larg group, depending on the size of the garden) may make the background a 269 the top of a low slope, one large boulder (preferably with one flat side) ae be implanted half way down the slope, where it holds a few smaller stones from rolling further, while the bottom of the slide should be a een hollow where the slide terminates with an irregular arrangement of large and pH boulders, some nearly buried, some half out, and others on top of the soil. t is very po tant to place these boulders with extreme care, as any attempt at regularity would hopelessly spoil the natural character of the ees one contrives to have a few tongues of sand and gravel with some oe rocks arranged to look like Saree slides on the slope with their broad bases extending into the hollow, the result will be something very artistic which needs no apologies in the best of gardens. Pioneer Bryologist NOBLE FE > LEIA STARLING SULLI Andrew D. Rodgers III. Aovenais by RB. areham. 61 pages, viitusteated, indexe utnam York This is the Pa of one of Amer- ica’s early scientists, written by his great-gr ds6n: Because of the author's ability to obtain his infor nm fir. nd, he gives a most accurate, instruc- ive and interesting pict he Hi of the first Ameri bryologis' Sullivant, of ssity, pione a abroai 5 ints esquereux, the first ank an e from a wilderne: nae settled Veen ion. the boo! ce an appeal to the general reader - well as the scientist, The appe ae with its list of ‘ — Titles and Authors Referred to in Tex 273 and the list of “New Species of Mosses and Liverworts Described by William S. Sullivant and se Describe: by William S. Sullivant and Leo Lesquereu as prepared by am makes he book a ecessity fo e 1 every bryolo; Inez M. Harinc, Gentleman Farmer Tivo ats GHS AND POLITICKS. ony af Charles Rend and his wa BIBIiGERADAS. Rutgers Uni- y Press, New Brunswick, N. J.. "ss. This bo le owes its inception to a clever and fascinating piece of hterary detective work. It is based on . well kno’ aleeeay written by id Charles Read was a subject just waiting for a biogra apher, IS investigation is an ainueine and in- alf of i d i Sige animal hu sbandry, fisheries t and farm machinery; all treated with emin ‘ommon sense Read was an empi and jotted down the last iota the behavior and cost of each experiment, both his his farmer neigh he book is a must for economic students of the p B ApRIAN VAN MUuFFLING. Plena? of the Holy ree se ued Into a Boo P GARD NS. leanor Anthony King. 203 pages, illustrated, indexe Macmillan, New York, 1941. $2. This delightful and informative book was written by Miss King as a “follow- up” of ett 941 International Flower show: and i in the related botanical researches of Dr. H. N. Molden! hundred plants ac- anaes ely described as ied e Holy L: is oe He ed and today. "or all tha this country there are simple ood ore: able ate for their planting and in outdoor ga dt pro arr fariged artfully as church or a able decorations, as parts us, church bazaar and as fas- for young people’s ects, he author makes th see feel how much this luxuriant plant growth meant in the Sangre appearance of early Pales- tine and i: magery and poetry of yw muc Of it they ih recapture for themselves by planting Biblic: : al gardens Auma L. Ericson, vander Childs High School. Plans for ihe Amateur La Mare, $2.75. ndy little book which Sata Pa: the ae of developing his hom nds. cularly concise are the direction and iustrations in the chapters Architectural Features, ks ch n sen ited in a logical order. The pool is stocked with fish before the lawn is even 274 ete graded. In the Tiare and lists lant materials, the narrow-leaved h usua heless, this is a ee aa Hoole x the amateur landscaj arden . — VAN MELLE. Current Literature* At a Glance Nutrition for agricultural crops eings in an whi hs was subjected to Dr, Auchter mem~ the ork Botanical Garden Flower Show. Thornhill Farm, estate of the lat te Joy Morton, adjoining Morton Arboretum in Illinois, will be the nee of the Chicago Flower Show next May, the first time Ae this great annual show has been outdoors The place is ey in the ” Sept tember number o 1 Glories, magazine of the Garde Club Sof Hinois, Inc., or. ena en s are s the show each year. Mrs, Jos udahy, who estate her the Flower Show. is executive committee and also a member of the New York Botanical Garden. Tilinois. ey 195,000 seta * All publications mentioned here—and many others—may be found. _ the Library of The Botanical Garden. useum Building. sperms, of which 155,000 are ape and 40,000 monocotyledons ; and a mately 640 species o ae eyinnospeniis. “Te also sel figures for the lower orders Since diseased or dying elm . Results of several years ork are reported in Circular oe wi issued by the U.S.D.A. last Jun nd other foliage and small shrubs, ite flower. of 605, Hou: amet. . Ferns a plants, sels S, Vi and such mes ing the United oy culture. Fiv from the Superinte ndent of Documents in Washington, D, C. Netherlands Indies. A handsomely illustrated book entitled c plain o eh-Pangrango some arabs pitcher- alae at the Mandor rese: Gladioli. Several insect pests and a lozen Sapte that cause trouble. do: wit th gladioli are the subject of Farmers’ Bul- Tetin o, 1860 recently issued by the U.S.D.A Useful Forest Lands. What the Gov- ernment is doing to preserve t de nation’s and to make a set ee orests for industry and recreation ermanent commu re and a a come nation”—is told in “New Forest Fron- tiers,” which is Miscellaneous Publica- tion No. 414 of the U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Lan oblem. The strip of ground that tie between _ cleared for culiva tion and t! inal woods is ofte: problem. ee fet 188 of the A. tells how to hai t to preven ndle i wood- land encroachment on the fold to im- 275 prove drainage, to serve as a turning row for oo Soa and to ss food nd c « for birds and small animals. nse icture Sheets issued by th spac available from the Superintend nt of Docu: nts cents apiece, consist of colored illustra tions of common pests of crop plants wit! their life history printed o1 ck. Two recent ones eee at the ep cal Garden of the harlequin bug a the tomat worm. Synthetic Coal. Corn, seaweed, grass, leaves, and wood have been used in combination to produce coal ‘o hours’ time. The experiments of Dr. Ern Berl of the Carnegie Institut Tech- nology, by wl e Observer for June 3 iodical. Lawn and Garden Pernt is the name of a new periodical for gardeners d by Fawcett ions Publicati or 50 cents. It contains more th articles on planning, plant- ing a for grounds, lawns, shrubs, trees, roses, rock gardens, and vines, and also considers pest control and garden structures, irds. Gardeners who wish to attract bint to ines grounds may be apa tiaa in the bulletin on birdhouses, of whic! third e ‘ition has jus been issued ie 20c by the Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Sweet Peas. Experiments to determine the mineral nutrient needs of sweet peas th soi n been Cornell University, and re- one ublised as ee a of the Agricultural Exp t Sta Gin: imely nights at fol i to ay gone: “From aa ture of American ginseng fae! ce rhea ae ontal meee Farmer's Bul- letin N of t USDA. venti titled ‘Ginsone Came Forest ry Lessons. Boys and saan can Nt tion, and mainte e the oe booklet “Forestry for 4-H Clubs,” issued as Miscellaneous Publica- tion No. “305 of the U.S.D.A. Colchicine. Reproduction of mutations by use of colchicine in age culture is discussed by W. E. Bot a booklet call led Plants and Gaile obtainable r 25c from the author at Lakewood, Ohi Eastern growers who their property can learn ety thee sltral aa from Farmer’s Bulletin 1855 of the U.S.D.A Orn tal T. Midw n home owners $ will find ‘nseful inform e ees - r Gai i map and planting plan of hie garden in the Bonnefont rt Tryon e Metropolitan Museum of ae a list of 134 aa kinds of ssf plants ah were grow athered from the fl eld i in “tie. wade “Ages. Copies of the planting plan and list are available for ten cents. ne News, = ‘Comment rs. eneral Ute an O. of Banoo, Java, Com of the Air Force 2 a Netherlands Tindies was a guest A. an, ” Consul urm a & the Netherlands i in New York, ina tour of the Main Conservatories and ou Mr. Se tdoor plantings Oct. 24. huur- man, who addresse it i ante 1 Gar and Mrs. Bu ah 2. Livingston # Reeve, a alah gues and Mrs. is century he acDougal in t the New vo rk Botanical Gar ie f Dr. W. Cal er of ti 2 “University of orth C ina spent a day at the Gar- m la etober working o: e genus Hydnum. James R. Bartholomew of the Fa: Herbarium at Ca George A. Hathaway of New York City an to study diatoms; A, Ax mateur botanist from Providence e, o investigate specimens of Rhode Istand sis an plants; Mrs. W. D. Diddell of eee ville, Fla, has been spendin weeks on the Amaryllid. eee visitors in October hala Dr. é oe berg, Bureau of Plant Industry; Gladys E. Baker, Vassar College; ; Dr. 0 Ae hrysler, TS Baad r, P, Strai ne | Leon H. Leonian, West le here Dr. L. Copley, iversity of Kansas; Marjorie Swit Rockefeller Institute at ase an ne ne th Hitchman, Librar- and Clarence E. Lewis, Instructor, fon the State nate of Ap plied Agri- culture at Farmingdal cutee ane classes tember. Students ‘trom * iidleigh High School Siaed the crypt eae herbarium Oct e Dr. F. J. Sea ts Two classes fro epartment of ere Architecture ae Columb ae rsity have been makin rock garden: and a © adjacent slantngs shrubs. Jos. di Gem fled “SAR before 425 , both of the of Man nagers, were speak- ers at lie diner for judges given at the Glen oe Flower Show on Long Island Nov. N. . G. Donald Dodds, Assistant Greenhouse Foreman at the Garde len, was elected chairman, and Josep! Tans sey, Greenhouse Foreman, was chosen aoe vice-chairman of the Greater New Yor 276 City branch of the National Association of Gardeners at a meeting Oct. 8. ener. Mrs. pie Schneider, had immediate care of the rock 8 resigned er t r time t m garden and he began ng nine years ° ie fe Vv pees a: e 23 received a rtificat TICE Course for Peto Gone in April 1936, and ao8 ae a oie ner the following chee after of outside mae Sem a ae J. Bonisteel spoke a “Some Aspects of Cytogenetics” ry and its Role one ed- ing’ ie pineteeutt annual Plant Sci ence oe of the Cranbrook Institute na a Bloomfield Hills, Mich., ug. he Garden’s motion picture Elizabeth C. Hall at er. Cc unter Coilege students a: of their ch ie T x Artists’ Guild is ectea ts ae ‘exhibition in the Mu- — Building at the Botanical Garden . 16 to Dec. 7. Lec ong lectures recently given by eee members are a talk by Hal “Th Gardener's of Harold N. Moldenke to'a “0 of We: ae oa oa a on Treasures of the Wat [ Bcvnceia of her former w York, a Florida woman e New Yo y saw in your that she | will Tike your Tounat for her birthda: The Bot: unique and appropriate THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS L ECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1942: ArTHUR bg eee RSON ahd }, P. Jay, CLA Lewis, E. D, Merritt, Henry pe oe MONTAGNE (Secretary and Assistont Treasurer), Francis E, Powe, Jr., and WituiaM J. Until 1943: Henry pe Forest BALDWin (Vice-president) HENRY F. pu Pont, ALLyN R, Jennincs, Henry pears MacDoucat, Mrs. Harorp [. Pratt, oe oe R. Sw. nas esiden Until 1 C.. ec ARSH ae Mrs. Eron Huntincton on Hooker, ae a MERRILL Dice president, Cot. Rorert H. Montcomery, H. Hozart Porter, and A. Per EX-OFFICIO MANAGE Froretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor of the City of — York. Rosert Moszs, Park Commissioner. James MarsHatt, President of the Board of Education. Ill. APPOINTIVE MANAGE A. GLEASON, iene by the Torrey Botanical Club. RA. ARPER, SAM F, TRELEASE, Marcu s M. Ruoanes, and Marston T,. Bocert, appointed by Columbia Umvers suly GARDEN STAFF Wu11aM J. Rossins, Px. D,, sc. D. Director H. A. Greason, Pu. D. ...........0.05- Assistant Director and _ d Curator Assistant Director Curator of Education no ‘Laboratories D., Cural Pu. Plant Pathologist JOHN Hesauey ee AsoMG Me De. cine ere isadsa Bibliographer H. W. Ricxert, Px, D, Assistant anid (pened L tne artist one Phot cant ILSO. esearch Assoctate : AMS oe in Bryology EXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Locat Herbarium W. H. Came, Pu. D. ssisi Curator Ciype CHANDLER, Pu.D. Technical Assistant OSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant FrepeRICK KavanaGu, M.A. Technical Assistant Joun H. Pierce, M.A. h 1 Assistant CAROL Woopwarp, A. B. ditortal Assistant THOMAS VEI , N. D. Horr. Horticulturist » L K, ‘ustodian of the Herbariu Orro Decener, M. S. Collaborator in Hawatian Botan: A. J. Grout, Pa.D. onorary Curator of Mosses Ropert HAGELSTEIN iy » Curator Mvyxomycetes Joseru F. Burke Peek i Curator of the Diatomaceae B. A. Kruxorr orary Curator of Economic Bota y Ere. ANSON 2 ae » Honorary. ae Tris and Narcissus Collection. ArtHur J. Cor perintendent ot Buildings cd ‘Grounds A.C. Peawoen. ie a teh ht : : ssistant Superintendent To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to Bedford Park Blvd., the Third Avenue Elevated to the Bronx Park ee ae the New York Central to the Botanical Garden station ; or = p the Grand Concourse then east on Mosholu Pkwy., or, com trom Westchester, turn west at the end of Bronx River Pkwy. PUBLICATIONS OF THE NEW YORK Se a GARDEN ooks, Booklets, and Special Numbers o nal n Illustrated Flora of eet Nowe United States and Cai ca by Nathaniel Lord Bacon and Addison Bro ree volumes, giving descriptions and illustra- tions of 4,666 species. Second edition, reprinted. $13.50. Flora of the Prairies and Pla ef Central oe ee by P. A. Rydberg. 969 pages and gures. 1932. Price, bi 50 postpaid. lants of the Vicinity of New York, A. Gieson 284 pages, vote A handbook especially compiled for the Melee in plant identification. 19 ‘lora Bermuda, by Nathaniel Lord Britton and others. 4585 pages eee os figures, covering algae, ee mosses, ferns, flowering plants. 1918. A Text-Book of General Lichenology, by Albert Schneider. 230 pages. orth American Cariceae, by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, containing 539 plates of nes and related plants by Harry C. Cre NEED UTE with a description of each 50; un- species. Indexed. 1940. Two Shia 10% x 1314 Rakes bound $17. bound oe) Keys to the ott American Species of eat by K. K. Mackenzie. From Vol. 1, epee fe ils North American Flora. ete and cha es aes - ‘Goa 1 H. Woodward. 40 pages, illustré oak po Q in paper. Plants o Holy ae ur SEP r King, illustrated, and accompanied by a list of Sie of the Bible act Ge in the ivevian 1941 ae 15 cents. The Flor nicorn Tapestries by E. J. Alexander and Carol H. Wood- ward. 28 pages, illustrated with photographs and drawings; bound with paper. 1941. 25 cents 1 Herbal. epublisnce by Richard Banckes ip London. 1525. Eee ang tr bs enbe into cones English with an introduction by Sanford V. Larke and Thomas Pyles. 200 pages, including facsimile vot oupinal pe ie Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints. 1941. Price to members of the Garden, $2.50; to others, $3. e: cals Addisonia, annually, devoted exclusively to colored plates eae by ip ; a ) 510 BoE a t (four years). ot o a in exchan re. Free to members of the Ga r t book reviews, and non echnical art ele es on bot and horticulture. Su bse ription, $1 a opie ce arden. Now in Vv ; logia, hime ntl, illustrated in color and otherwise; devoted to fungi, ns, terest. a year; Becle copie . Now in its thirty-third volum EMC Ine Year Index volume AY B A series of botanical papers. Subscription price, $5 a volume. Now in its four s volume. North A nm Flora. Descriptions of the wild plants of Nor ee ay including Geena the West Indies, and Central America. iterate com pleted in 34 volumes, each to consist of four or more parts; 90 parts now Teaeal Not offered in ang’ rices 0 ibutions from The New York Botanical Garden. A iberies of technical n S pers written by students or members of the staff, and reprinted from journals oth han th V Pri 25 cents each, $5 a volun In the 14th volum emoirs Be h York Botanical Gard Ilection of scientific papers. Pri f the Garden: 1 $1.50 each s, $3 Vol. 7, $2.50 a "members to others, $5. Contents PER it, DBERG, An JSS nCtEA iy ee: f the Flora of Montana and the iowstone Park Vol he Influence of Light a arkness upon Growth and fies en wo ae LICK andyEan© y, Studies of Cretaceous Coniferous Remain reischerville, N. Y. Vol. 4, TUART GAGER, Effects of the Rays of Radium on Plants ol. 5, Norman Tay_or, Flora the Vicinity of New York 1. 6, Twentieth Anniversary of ener New York Botanical Garde ol. GarDN Ww ceae fro ‘0 Rico; A. TOUT, The Flower Behavior of Avocados; H. USBY, Bienes Cateced in the Amazon Valley; ArtHur Hovtick The Flora of the Saint Eugene Silt JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 42 DECEMBER PAGES No. 504 1 9 4 il 277—308 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN ‘AROL H. Woopwarp, Editor MESSAGE FROM SINGAPORE "THERE was a time not so long ago when gardeners in temperate lands bowed to asons, and were fain to acknowle in winter ga: asleep, and colourless. Then came the cult of the berried shrubs—berried treasure indeed, a crock of more than gold—and the temperate garden was fi : a tropical garden the flood tide of colour is sustained by calling on the whol ree world to cooperate; an ps no region has responded more generously than has tropical meri ith its wealth of resplendent trees ater, that wonderful reserve of prehistoric plants, many of them living fossils, China, began to enrich our gardens from its inexha’ sae store. Thus tl ‘ul of that ancient land which in coe past has done so much to redeem Asia from barbarism put ce nd America in her debt, n gees as in the magic of Spring. But colour ebbs with the ning year, to B is om 2 5 ag ° < 8 3 fe) a oe : need never 1 ck the pleasant stimulus of colour And we can give as generously as we have received. + at ties, js om) Captain Ward's expeditions have carried him for many ae into remote regions of Asia, chiefly for the enrichment of gardens in temperate zones be an) Contents—December 1941 Tue CaTsKILy Fir, A VaRIANT ForM OF Aples BALSAM Cover Sane ae Fleda Griffith Tue Bancxes Herpat As IT Appears TO THE 20TH CENTURY REAI Crype FisHeR TO Open Lecture Series JAN. 3 Lotus Plants FoR ORNAMENT, Foop, AND MEDICINE W.M. Porterfield 280 ORNAMENTAL Decipuous SHRUBS P. J. van Melle 287 New Courses BecInninc Next NT. Noricrs AND Revizws oF RECENT Booxs 297 Nores, News, AND Com 298 InvEx TO VOLUME 300 e Journal is published monthly by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New cae N.Y. Hotere ca oe ties naa in New York, N. Y., as oe oe matter. Annual subscription $1.0! Free to members of the Gar JOURNAL of THE NEW YoRK BOTANICAL GARDEN Vor. 42 DecemBer 1941 No. 504 The Banckes Herbal -As It Appears To The 20th Century Reader Reprint of Rare Volume of 1525 Now Available HE HERBAL of 1525 which the New York Botanical Garden is . To others The work of transcribing the original, “which is known as the Banckes Herbal because it was first published by Richard anes Banckes in i ke Li Pyles, Assistant Professor of English at the University of Maryland. a ne oduction of 18 ee by these two editors precedes the facsimile he modern English t a me an edition - 500 copies is i published by Scholars’ Facsimiles and Reprints for members of this organization, which h: sponsored the work of the transcription. Only two original copies of this herbal are known in the world today— H one in th i i Franci and one in the British Museum in London, from e facsimile has been taken. The popularity of ae aes in the sixteenth century is brought out by the editors when they describe the many editions that appeared under different titles for several Pdecdes after 1525. They open ee 5 Th their scholarly area with a few lines which reveal the style of the book: 277 278 This book, which for convenience’ sake, we shall refer to as Banckes’s Herbal, is a quarto volume in black letter which, Pasa to its colophon, came from the press of Richard Banckes, a “dwelling in London, a little from the Stor in the Poultry,” a arch es Its matter should be of interest to the amateur of flow well as to the herbalist, the botanist, the Satiquavian: and the medical “historian its Snanner, quaint, old- fashio: ned, ie et racy and vigorous, should g ntee it even wider appeal. The book’s importance today is enone by ae of the greatest living ae on the alee of herbs—-Agnes Arber and Eleanour Sinclair Rohde—as follow Iti ain! nis quite a different work from The Grete Herball, printed in the ae year, and, although there are no figures, it is in some ways a bette: kk. stinctly — space, in proportion, is devoted to the 1 ene of plants, and, on the whole, more botanical information is given. (Agn Arber in “Herbals.” ”) * * * Certainly when one reads this anonymous work known as Banckes’s Herbal one is struck not only by its nd to the late ore mous Grete Herball, but also by its greater charm. It gives the impression of being a col ym various s, the hor having lection r pleased hiz the older English manuscript herbals. It seems to abo translation. It is almost certain that the writer made use of one of the numerous manuscript versions of Macer’s Herbal, which in parts Banckes’s Herbal pani! very closely. (E. S. Rohde in “The Old English Herbals.”) This “grea charm” of which Miss Rohde SPE eaks is seen in such passages as ae one devoted to one of the thistles: Camelon This herb is called a wolvish thistle or a wild thistle. It hath white leaves great and broad and a red flower. It groweth y the ways. The virtue of this herb i: Sa If thou take this herb when the sun is in Capricorn, and the moon = ww, the while thou bearest it about fe there shall no mischief fall. or the one below concerning Euphrasia : Eufrasia This is called euphrasy. It is good for eyes. And it hath a little ragged leaf. That the botanical information is something not to be ignored is seen in the descriptions of comfrey, shepherd’s purse, and the common dog- fennel or mayweed, an early name for which was maythe or maytheweed. Consolida This is named confery. It hath, ives tke to horse-heal, but they be not so white. There be two species thereof. One with a white flower, ne oe with a a Its virtue is, if a man be bruised or broken within, roots of this herb and roast them in ashes, and let the sick eat thereat, “fetng dice a he shall be whole. Also, it ‘elpeth to gather broken bones. It hot and moist. And it beareth black seed, Bur This herb BURSA PASTORIS i is et rai cohere s-purse, This herb hath a small stalk and full of ee and ragged leaves and a white ower. The cods thereof be like a pur 279 mari This herb is called dog-fennel or ae This herb is much like to camomile, for it hath a white flower as camomile, but it oo The virtue of this herb is, it is good to drink the juice thereof for to heal the canker and the pipes of the emerods. And there be two ae thereof. The otie hath a White flower, and the other hath a yellow flower, and it ton in corn. The nical Garden's edition of the ene oe is being bound in green sth cs lettering, and covered with a jacket in two shades f gr pages measure 6 by 9 inc e facsimile is done b: TOV referen o the pre-Linnaea: names that are used for the herbs in the original, as well as to the common names t! e text, with their modern equivalents in a number of i s. Because the system of nomenclature used to for plants not inv by Linna or more two centuries after the appearance of this herbal, noe familiar plants have unfamiliar names, but others correspond closely - names in use today—such as Altea for Althea (hollyhock or ealee w), cia Crocus, Allium for garlic, Cepe for onion (Alliwnt Cope), aid naca (parsnip), Plantago (plantain), and Quinquefolio for cinque Ex Clyde Fisher To Open panel Series Jan. 3 winter series oT free Saturday afternoon lectures in the ane Building will begin Jan. 3 at 3 p.m. with a motion aaa a color, accompanied by kodachrome illustrations, by Dr. Ciyde 1 Fisher, recently re d Curator-i in- Chiet of the Hayden Planetarium - the oe penne of Nae History. He will cover territory from Mai o Arizona. The complete schedule for the winter season follows: Jan. 3 oe wali’ Rambles With Kodachrome and Motion Pictures in Color Clyde Fisher Jan. 10 Flower Families in the Garden H.W. Rickett, New York Botanical Garden Jan. 17 Plants for the Hom George Gillies, Head Gardener, Marshall Field Estate Jan. 24 Working and Playing in America’s Forest ts N. Wheeler, Forest Service, U.S.D.A. Jan. 31 Color Miracles of the Winter Woods Rutherford Platt Feb. 7 Acadia in Color The Beauties of Mt. Desert Island J. H. Pierce, New York Botanical Garden Feb. 14 Gardens to Live With Hugh Findlay, Columbia University Feb. 21. Glimpses of Inca Land A Color Film of Peru and Chi E. H. Pullin Editor, Botanical Review Feb. 28 Green Growing Things for the City Harriet K. Jforse, Author and Lecturer Mar. 7 Plant Collecting in Kashi R. Stewart, Gordon College, Rawalpindi, India Mar.14 Food and Drug Plants of ae ‘American Indians G. L. Wittrock, New York Botanical Garden 280 Lotus Plants For Ornament, Food, And TMedicine By W. M. Porterfield (No, 11 in a series of articles on Chinese Vegetable Foods in New York) A CHINESE FRIEND of mine once told me the following legend about the lotus: In the west of China there is a river sane ae hundred lotus flowers.” di a year later she gave birth to a daughter. s the oO oe up she ‘Riles him sympathy and kindness. A few days later, the monk again i i i nt do n i s wash. to ue river and did so naling) As — dipped the robe inte the water a longer she held hai , the mo 'S appeared: returned home to look for the monk but found he had disappeared. Henceforth the river has alwars ae filled with lotus, which the Buddhist regards as sacred food. This lotus is the flower upon which Buddha is pictured as sitting when in contemplative mood. Kwan Yin, the Goddess of pve is also repre- sented seated in the center of a ane flower. So ae is the flower considered that eta ae to its symbolism occur through out the litera- ture of the ancients. so ofl is the plant he in the Rh-ya, the ancient Chinese ons of ter which had its beginnings as fa coe the me century B. C., names for all parts a the lotus plant are The eason for this is that in addition to the food value of the fleshy root- Bere nd the seeds, all parts of the aa are ee for medicine. Centuries later, w! the -ts’ao was written, these Ss were repeated and the eng virtues of the stem, ae i soue fruit ai nd seed were dis ese ( ae lotus is one of the most aerate of Asiatic flowering plants cultivated, as well as one of the most useful. The hug ite and ros flower: e large rounded ae make : Ree isplay i er gardens w enough space is available. I een it blooming on West Lake at Hangchow in Chi o more ae sight ever met th In in-China, the lotus is cultivated in great vases placed beside the doors of the house. The cut flowers are 1 Stuart, G. A. Chinese Materia Medica. 278-280. 1 Photograph by courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art A Chinese statuette, probably from the T’ang Dynasty (618-906) showing a bodhis a fae aoe ple of Buddha, standing on a lotus-flower pedestal a ne a small lotus flower in his hand. This is one of 4 oe examples in art which show the association of this dower with Buddhism 282 also used and will stand shipping if the buds are picked one or two days before opening. A lacie example of the decorative acne — cut lotus flowers and leaves is in an illustration of a bouquet? which was given to Queen Mary : ia This basket of flowers pie six and a half feet high and aeate five feet across. The largest saat was e inches in diameter. larly? at her marriage in 1203 + e Duke York, among the flor: “ oe a in the royal chapel a fine ae of oe lotus constituted “the greatest rarity of the whole display The ges of East India and China, as it grows in one era the wutdoor pools at the New York Botanical Garden Their Seared ea is attested by the fact that we flowers and leaves have found their way into Indian, Chinese and Japanese art. Botanically known as "Ne ae oun N. speci or aia nucifera, the Chinese lotus has been mistakenly offered many times the horticultural ee as an Egypt tian lotus, which is oe a oe of 2 Gard. Chron, Ser. JIT, 52 :118, 119. Fig. 52. 1912. 8 Gard. Chron. Ser. ITI, 14:41. Fig. 12, 1893. 283 Nymphaea. lates the sacred white lotus has long been prions in China; it does not come iginally from the Nile country. I rica wered species, Nauntion pentapetalum (N. ee h has been as a to the American Indian as its oriental relative a a to the Because the ae 1s an emblem of purity in China, its different parts are given to the sick to purify the vil body of noxious poisons and e In two of them Lien tzu is the Chinese name for these dried lotus seeds. may be seen the dark green plumule, which must be lone before the seed is eaten because of its extreme bitter Both seeds and rootstocks are con ences in many forms for amens and _ etals sed in medicaments and tly = wer oral ae for a number conditions. the of ailments. Dried, they are also ee as W in The seeds,* about the size of a marble, are white after the coverings are sive ne reserved for removed they are an expen the ri on special occasions the poor man may en andied lotus seeds, BAK-PAO FAN, a kind of pudding with oe sone ingredients of which one is lotus seeds. Eaten raw, ied, roasted, boiled or ground into flour, they are considered nourishing and oe neficial in pre culation and health and strengt , in promoting cir . Tt is said, “The more you eat, the more Hs want ” But plumule tea s green must be removed from the ry bitter. There is a saying in Chinese, “As fe ie as the plumule of the lotus seed. and, according to one authority, * The viability of lotus seeds is well known, compares favorably with that of seeds in the Leguminosae, In experiments with lotus seeds discovered buried deep in the soil of a certain district in Sonth Man- churia, he says, it was shown that these seeds had been buried at least 120 years and ey during that period they had retained their vitality. / 35 seeds used by t uthor germinated without exception, r filing the seed coat the first signs of gentinaon appeared in about four days. (Ohga, Ichiro. On the Longevity of Seeds of Neluinbo itera: Bot. Mag. Tokyo. 37: 87-95. 1923.) 284 The sausage-like fresh rhizome of the lotus is shown above, with a cross-section revealing the ie white flesh which surrounds the air channels. Below, slices of the dried rhizome ar as they are sold in Chinese shops. The character for LiEN ou, the Chinese name for the lotus rhizome, appears with both illustrations. The rootstock, which looks like links of a large sausage, is bought raw in bulk, boiled and sold in slices, or preserved in a dry state for future Iso quieting the spirits, re is ee to be of great value in treatment of diarrhoea and dysentery. It is also given for nes of the chest and 285 as an ee in a pfooP repared for infants who cannot be nursed. Ovu- nade by crushing a root, pees ne starch out with water, and es it to ae until the water can be red off. he stamens from the center of the flower are said to purify the heart, permeate the kidneys, strengthen virility, blacken hair, and make a joyful countenance. The flowe hem re said to have a e t th Ives a cosmetic value as well as a medici me. In difficult 1 w llows etal upon which her husband has written, and the labor thereby is made easier, The leaves when the water but bove the water en mature, eir 5 es t re when dried make them useful to groce Medicinally they re who tuffs with them inal are re- pen - be antifebrile 7 ae -hemorrhagic, useful to promote labor in childbirth, oe to poisonous fungi, and applied in the curing of skin dise A al analysist shows that the fresh Peal contains 84.2 per cent water. The water-free residue contains 9.9 per cent protein, 5.7 per cent ae enai 7 1 per cent fat, 48.9 per cent starch, 2.1 per cent cane sugar, 4.8 per cent eer ber, 4.8 per cent ash, and 14.2 per cent un- ine stances. n a mucilaginous gum. eir fibrous nature and failure to soften after prolon par bo a ee ae roots from being a satisfactory food from view Ther ees eeiieiie research on the vitamin ae content of lotus roots an a ca seeds. From anes s made on ea pigs with the juice of lotus root, 10 cc. daily was fo oS to give ace vitamin C to keep the guia healthy.5 By ees cal tests confirmation of t ee oe ntent was ese not only for lotus root but for ae eeds. 4Blasdale, W. C. A description of some Chinese vegetable food materials. U. ee a o. E. S. Bull 68:17. 1899. 5 She: E. Relative water-soluble oe C content of nine oriental fruits and veges. Philipp. ae a 38 (1) :3 929. 6 Yueh and Read, The Sane content of Chinese foods and drugs. on Tour “Physil,@ ) 85, A 1935. By Hi ethod of using a eal titration in mg. per grams o ie als, “Tote eat ce ins ae scorbic acid and by iodine titration, nye seed, 0. rris’ meth by iodine qs Supp these ane ine titration edee: “Cha and B. The tsi ent of ear fruits a anid vegetabl = * Chin, i iS yol 10 (3) :4 936. In February ives root by the former method hig ae d to c ioe 0.20 mg. ascorbic acid per m of fresh lotus root, while by the latter 0.31 w. ound. In May it contained “respectively oie and 0.19, thus tote certain Bbysilogcal changes taking p s the season progresses. Finally fresh lotus seeds red with lotus : surch by sods titration showed 0.3332 mg. o ee orbi ae - g o aterial ver against 0.0440, while titration by a ve, method gave 0.1260 and 0.0670 respectively. (These methods iven in T. J. and Read, B. E. The vitamin C content of Chinese Foods: Part IT. Chin. ae Physiol. 15 (3): 251, 254. 1938.) Seed capsules and seeds of Nelumbium Nelumbo, the Chinese, or East Indian, lotus. Sometimes the lotus seed has been called the “sacred bean.’ These e the “beans” that Pythagoras forebade his disciples to eat. Their symbolical relation to fertility arises from their manner of propagation. When mature the large capsule or head of seeds will often ben off and fall on the water, where it will float until it lodges in some quiet spot. By this time the seeds have germinated and the head has become a nursery of young plants as eventually 8 Et fix their roots wherever circumstances perm f the ea see reports of the lotus from China was that by the Jest nee Martini (1655 ) who spoke of roots and seeds as Hoel angsi province. Fortune in 1844 and again in 1855, referred to the onren i in the lake on the eae af Poo-to (near Ningpo) in front of the Buddhist temples. also reported its ealisade as a aed crop in terraces along on sides of the Canton River near Whamp In th arly European attempts to cultivate the lotus, one experience by the head ot the royal ur ns at Monza, Italy,$ showed that seeds planted in Febru: Mar ae rt April in a Se pees rium aang poor plan nts, on vhile seeds planted in water in May o the open air grew into vigorous healthy plants. Active es of te lotus for its roots and seeds is ender en in China and Japan on a large scale by planting i in terraced paddies in the same manner that rice is Gileivated. When in bloom these fields ean a beautiful picture. 8 Scalarandis, A. Culture des Nelumbium en plein air, Rév. Hort. 72 :242-244, Figs. 114—116. 1900. 287 Ornamental Deciduous Shrubs A gpa alee Of Hardy and Useful Kinds mended for Use Within a Radius "OF Sixty Miles of New York City By P. J. van Melle he material presented below has Sie adapted iS sae . . series of te on “The ie of T 0- YEA Course In PracticaL GARDE ee tthe New a a Garde in the autumn of 1940. It vill a eer in later bare of the Journal. eee EVALUATION of deciduous shrubs is presented mainly to assist intended as advanced instruction or as an exhaustive ireatment of the ubject, but it ise ee pies in the main to good species and a few toc! ea seri The f n No t hi ee varieties and hybrids like those of lilac and mock-orange. these one had better con ie catalogs. he tallest-growing plants in the present ieee fo upon a Fat of still larger mecca pte uch things as vee flowering dogwoods, and oe de S. No precise line can be dra between that and the tegor The heights speed in ceri Sy the larger “ aianraae kinds sidera here pees ill vary con Bae ending upon soils e, and other fac The variation has pes indie in eG ae and on ae “heights represent, ae less t maximum developm ent ach kind in its native haunt. They ee - understood as approxi ae not as precise statements. Within the region being consi idered here—60 miles in any direc from New York—the milder part 1 a nearest the coast, ay a Jersey, while the colder portions are those that lie inlan e terms tbo es on” and “in the open” are employ ved here to mee te ex] It should be noted aoe autumn color and other foliage Gate wil is ee out best in such p 288 his list is not intended to be a gene aa to a a available to the public, e used w he area indicated. the basis rs thei botanical aes vided at the SWEET GALE FAMILY Myrica pensylvanica es Firemen te An aromatic shrub to ft. i St: poor, light soils and useful m: naturalistic plantings, especially near the shore, oe forming ie oer shrubs for ‘e domestic well. Deep, dull-; ee. oblong i. iance-shaped aS cl ‘t serve as a eanation material ieee ‘broad. leaved evergreen d deciduous shrubs, M. cerifera. Wax-Myrtle. A larg aie oe small tree with panied jeaves the above. Native farther south, in ie ere, Semi-evergr een ardy sheltered situations. Com, asplenifolia. A pes “native roadside shru h delightfully Sweet-Fern. b to 4 ft. no long hard-w restive, of bee Lae irable ae is * dif- availa ple oon somewhere befor lace Mc perineal Not suitable to use aS mee specimens, but only for spreading patches. BUTTERCUP FAMILY suffruticosa.— Pa Long-lived plants, they should be left undisturbed, once they become established. ral treatise on shrubs; rather it is a with notes on pegs they can aa erials hav n arranged o} The mat An alphabetical oe will be nie: BARBERRY EAvIEe BERBERIS, Barber An important genus of thorny shrubs, mostly sharply spiny, pene sing habit, sf § bh Ro a5 attra ae mn color. ing, also for their decorates owen and fruits. Most of the — kinds have a diffused effect. Not exacting as to soil. NOT Barberries hybridize freely, ae ae . the handsomest of seedlings s be found in nurseries, often combining the febteeies . several ae the drooping fruit clusters ae inks it-C se mi-evergreen ee a Wi of ilsonae. brids may also be found between the evergreen and deciduous barb te nbergii. oe st col only used as a he a aie s attractive to birds, remaining into win! is. ae B. An old- 5 naturalized in the U. An o 9 ft, oe with dull-green ees er most py ations ive in bro: ze-tinted oe ings ciropurbarco, in which B. vulgaris wor ae e freely, except where an is Sipe cag since it harbor wheat r isea: a. se fi B. fe ect shrub dictyophytla, a o B The: e show of the auitu umn céloring of the ie and the ultimately red, late-ripen- 289 ing fruits. The white stems are even more marked in the var. albicautis. An occasional single plant of this kind suf- fices in the smaller landscape B. Wilsonae is a low spreading Chinese species, beatin ng salmon-pink fruit in drooping denen we 7 fbes aly hardy in the colder parts of o1 Grandmother ). A bold, ae and heavy: ward; prized mainly for dd, choco- late-colored aromatic in earl immer. Moderately useful in the shrub border in op di i Be and not too dry soil. Un may at times obtain C. fertilis, a “related species with flowers One of the barberry hybrids is shown here in a jar with the snowberry, Symphoricarpos albus. Vernae, from China, is a loo: ie used, graceful, rather transparent eens with ‘drooping ‘clusters of red fruit; of great decorative value. CALYCANTHUS FAMILY Calycanthus floridi Carolina Allspice or Sweet-Shrub (Strawberry: Shrub to LAUREL FAMILY indera Benzoin (Benzoin yee. spin es nee shrub, : 12 it., gs wers on v . Small, scarlet bens s late summer, and yellow autumn leave Whitish branches and white undersides hole leaves are the features of Berberis dictyo a Chinese shrub which also has attrac’ tive pes foliage and late red berries SAXIFRAGE FAMILY PHILADELPHUS. Mock-Orange or Syringa. Except for the so-called Lemoine hybrids, which are derivatives of P. microphyllus, the cultivated mock- oranges have no other it than that of thei fragrant ivory-white flowers, borne in June. The coronaPuis kinds ‘have coarse, uninteresting foliage and are without attractive habit or am They therefore best used in the back- Tr bes of borders. They etidute shade. Most valuable are the Lemoine hybrids ; mostly low shrubs to about 4 ft. with rather attractive narrow leaves. Nume: ous ee kinds are available, such as Bouquet Blanc, Manteau d’Hermine, Mt. lanes” popular hybrid much plante in lat — one ie al. It has arming, fragrant flowers: Ngee comet Continuously in summer, but erhaps the least at- the group as tractive ond bon of all to foliage and h: abit. ohare gs of Caucasian origin, o 9 ft. or engl Its so-called if a differen oe too, the larg ae eve little other alu hie that hite scentles: s, borne and serve best, if they ae at all serve, in the background of bor D. scabri oriental s: S, vided most of the pare nat There are single and d white and area varietie: taller Te aa a de well, and grow 10 A i on D. rosea, D. Sie and ‘pe purpurea. all lower, peer arlier-flowering kinds, are more valuable. These are mostly not over 4 ft. hig cultivation, and make rounded sir, ful for foreground of border: HYDRANGEA. A s of coarse Tae howy and hates hly o ata flowering s east sia No anche “They will vee an rt! in a Sire soil, but do not like dry situatio! H. Bie originally from Japan, is ee owe in seed form with dal, er cluster at the ends z fe] a ae i] @ 4 a : bulging clusters of w. se-tinted wers. It is a coarse sab en no other value than that of the flowers in late summer and aui rborescens, a native shrub, is rep- resented 3 in gardens by its variety grandi- 0 I flor called lIs-of-Snow. In July it bears large round clusters o: hit flowers at the ends of the current seas- on’s wth. is usually to the ground each spring, and S row - i 4 ft. more in height. A coarse, H, macrophylla (H. eee: from wer in May or early June, and should be saFined back when tnished blooming, so that new growth may de- oe ig the summer for next year’s flov cane "Bes t in open situations. rcifolia, Oak-leaved H., 7 daca are native American shri p for the effect of their large, decorative leaves, which take on purplish oo lors, more than for their flower: oth e bold, conspicuous shiribe ‘hot easily placed in the average small border. They endure shade pretty well, a overhead shade is ae by Fothergilla major, one of our native American shrubs which flowers in early spring. 292 WITCH HAZEL FAMILY Fothergilla major. Dwarf-Alder. hardy, ect, ramid . broad foliage suggestive of alder, turning oral utumn, and grown chiefly for its showy, short broad spikes of petalless white flowers appearing with the young foliage in May. rives in a Corylops is pauciflor ret, on Asia, is the hardicst species in this g cho’ ice, b: road shrub to 8 ft. h high or uc less in this region, beari ng prett. yellow, racted, er spikes Ne ue pear, York City, best used _ in sheltered, dampish situations in the foreground of the shrub border. HAMAMELIS, Witch Haz The chief attraction of these cl ‘Ys pot ae branches, Pe endure the shade ight overhead foliage. is, ase native of the South, bat preads from ce rt: H. mollis, Chinese W., while often eons into a small tree farther south, uaa remains low and shrubby well of New pee City. It is wthé choicest kind, with roun ae tiered leaves, grayish- “woolly, un and bearing golden-yellow fewers, Sule at their base, in late winter or early spring. ROSE FAMILY Stephanandra incisa, from Jap: Korea, yout a a ‘har ‘dy abov New York City, and likely to have the tips of ae a nc hes ani jt ir branches winter-killed, aluable such as one like e ds, at n small white flowers fave Tittle decoame an The shrub grows to 6 ft. high or less. S. Tanakee is much like the preceding, ieee pores turning orange-scarlet in autu Ne ne sinensis. Ss Chinese shrub approaches Stephanandre in foliage effect d d f hardiness, In are of sli a more Ree shrub than Stephan- andra, 4 to 6 ft. high. PHYSOCARPUS. Ninebark. Thes large-leaved, shade-enduring shrubs ae heedees rse to merit use in the average P. opulifolius (Spiraea opulifolia), a native species, oe offered by nurserymen, grows to about 10 ft. high and has broad loves to - inches long and la flower cl nm May uster: to early June. Its vari ‘ey aires or luteus is still more objectionable because of its conspicuous yellow lea P. monogynus, from — Middle West, about 3 ft. nal, Bee sehr picnearecs for the border for und, thoug' lacks distinction and be Neviusia alaba Snow Wreath. Somewhat sieeeane om Phisscaebas in foliage effect, but nd with an ower clusters along the stems in |; ay or earl: €, border shrub to 6 ft. high, of diffus habit, for or ligh de, not quite reliably hardy in the colder parts of our region, t rth planti even if oc- casionally injured. It be pruned after flowering time. our purposes we SPIRAEA For recognize here three groups. GROUP I: Those with white katy in clusters along the g grow! wth: hs of the ceding June. after the as S. Vani cellent, pogeiar oab es rae Totiage effect, snow-white flowers abou June 1. S. hoca from and a Pee a ce Ravel) m Chin: and Japan are of similar hal bit ana foli- age effect, the latter being the least hardy of the three. Spiraea prunifolia makes an attractive border shrub when it flowers in May. S. prunifolia plena, Bridal Wreath, is a slender, thin shrub to 6 ft. or more, with very ie wreath-like flowering and handsome foliage tints hunbergii from Japan is a low, valerie small-! leaved, shrub to 3 ft. S. Ti loosely trans- parent or a and oo $' bloom anne mild, late-autumn weather. i “hobrid 8 arguta, is merely a larger of it, UP If: Those with flattish eae walle or rose~ ee bats ee ap ea im June or lat continuously through the ‘summer. These tly low, round-t ped shrubs, 5. jap a (S. callosa) derivatives be- long i se in 4 ft. high, with le- or deep-r There is a : white flowers hybrid, S. cas to ft. ‘high, in sl i Kk. GRO ue ie on e-red io» Anthony Waterer, to 3 a. igh, flower- ing continuously from hee. on GROUP III: Those with flowers ar- like cat-tails, terminating the es, . Douglasii, a western U. S. native, and Ss. Billiardii, one of its hybrids, are erect shrubs to about . - high lilac-rose flowers. They s are the least rtd As for use in the average small bor SORBARIA. ee rge, loose, suckering shrul hrubs, of decorative appearance, with innate leaves, attract: in large, natur- alistic land. ate ing well in moist soils, water courses. Most instal for ie in small bord- ers, they ry m 6 to 9 feet high. They t tirive | in ore shade and may e used in woodland plantings The best pened are, in the order of their flow- - iis June; S. assurgens, Jul S. Aitchinsonii, ese pu large, showy, terminal, plumelike of white flowers which become bad “ansigtly when finished and are best removed. EXOCHORDA, Pearl-Bush. Hardy, pretty, May- or June-flowered shrubs of Ys 294 rather erect, graceful and slender habit, bearing terminal panicles of pure white flowers. Giraldii var. Wilsonii, from China, is i probably the oe of a to 8 ft. or h flow ‘o 2 in. wide, COTONEAST ER. One of the most im~- portant groups of ornamental aa con- in, f widel: ied habit taining plants of wi va nd uses; some of them low, pee ding, i-everg: kinds, valued inly f their glossy foliage; others grow! i for their decorative, mostly red fruit, Ol their autumn coloring. All the refer light, sandy, well- ned loam; and their best foliage tints are developed in ope: nny places. Som . si o fireblight, which should be cut out n discovered, We review ea some of the more important, repre- ative species, all Asiatics. Blac! iruited kinds are omitted as they are pais as the red. hor talis. A i-evergreen, aid Sale lossy-' y-leaved, ‘Wide -spreading ft. Best used iT e led into places where it mus thes ontiriaally kept pruned. Its var. persia ae leaved, is not better than ¢ This : N not sufficiently serious to forego its us » with ome autumn coloring and larger red berries, makes a ey re lome-shaped specimen plant, seful ‘asion: one accents. Its beauty Ci is at when it is massed. Deciduous or semi- evergreen, - piculata, red-fruited and decidu- s a less formal plant, suitable for a jow ‘aioand: -cover, less than 15 inches high. C. microphylla, eae is evergreen, with small, glossy leaves, is not hardy in the open in the colder Ae act of our region. It is of informal, ading habit; red- fruited. Its variety. ” hymacfolia is ‘till a ed; bronze-tinted from late summer C. divaricata, to 6 ft, high, of broad spreading habit, ‘ deuncited ainong th d the larger kinds by its flat sprays of branchilets, a suggestive of fHé branching manner of C. horisontalis. Cc. of the best; to 9 ft, with eht cp rose “Rowers, Cc. Taater ia var. 5 o racemiflora i ft. hi suggestive af Spiraea, followed by large red fruits, C, Dielsiana, a loose, transparent shrub to 6 ft. or less, adaptable for eaeees planting, and used sometimes as ver shrub for pheasants. beli var. mineata is showiest of all in it, with conspicuous, clustered orange-red fruit. It mak flat-topped, reading shrub less than 6 ft. high wit somewhat grayish-green edn autumn coloring in the folia, amy a) 62 ‘A. kebe: Sui soils and shaded, a con. dons most effective in naturalistic a butifolia var. brilliantissima is of éanstandine merit. Upward of 6 ft. ie gh, with handsome, brilliant red istered berries persisting through the Photinia ke ae from China and Japan. ug) Chaenomeles lagenaria. Japanese Quince. An old favorite, to 6 ft. or more in height, with dark, glossy-green foliage persisting 5 and red or white © grown in nurseries. These are "among ie loveliest of early spring flowering shrubs. 295 japonica (Cydonia Maulei) is a about 3 ft. high, and of spreading habi ar. alpina still 1 ; n suckering, and a very useful aul ‘ound- co r foreground shruble a ja, ponica, in its typical, ee Prile form, is a graceful, loose, ai shrub to . ft. high, with eighteen twigs, along which are borne charming yellow flowers suggestive of wild roses ign, Snow-white flowers appear in little rou in early June. foliage is light, bright- use There is flow ered variety which lacks the charm of the single. ee pos kerrioides, Jetbead, re- sembles Rerria oo in foliage ef- ae srOws - a oF a high, and bears cha May, followed fruit, persisting in winter. flowers in v en ae jet-black Suitable for cae conditions. From Japan and Chin Potentilla fruticosa. foil. Our native of this ey dis- tributed species is low, rather erect hrub to 3 ft. ne ‘vith pinnate, sone: lea and _ bright-yellow Shrubby Cinque- ry, an dr tions. It serves oceasionally Tor nat fatal: nded clusters on Spiraea Van Houttei istic effects on rather poor dry soils, but is ana sie Sore quality for use in the rub border. Several vari ties oe it a superior a rance, including some white-flowered ones, are offered. Not all of these are hardy about New York City. Var. dahurica, from Siberia, and var. Veitchit, both white- flowered, may be found hardy. ROSA. Without going into garden hybrids the following fig are among those suitable for as decorative shrubs 296 R. rugosa, the Hedge Rose,* is an old- useful an a contrast in the shrub border, fashioned shrub with densely set spies Red-flowered, to 6 ft. and broad, typic: bright-green leaflets; iy ie “flow cdl . There are’ sev veral PRUNUS Of the many species of varietie ite and rose, single and this fruit-producing genus, two are men- double- flowered, as useful as the type for ses here are re particularly worthy informal hedge: nall flower: shrubs. eglanteria, te Sweet Briar, and its P. triloba. Flow ing Plum. Of t numerous named hybrids are all very pretty Chinese species only "the do ae charming shrubby roses, mostly upward red form is commonly planted; of 6 ft. high, with single flowers in ™ satly budded on short stems. It forms per scuee eo el gant ate c Sal ae ig ean irae cote inle iced polrable: Fors Uses uth cue een i thickly along the shrub border, a finely fragrant, lit . Hugo m_ Chi ceful, coat accent aan in flower gardens. rming Hee swith Spee “olinge The foliage is peepee ye and of little and small lesuy It bets ively oe value in compositio abundan its yellow flowers in : jones arching oe in May feaily P. glandulosa. ee Almond. Of ne. Its drooping branches may well be as attractive little Japanese shrubs plea dae - drapes over len walls, 0” - ie eee love: red ee ale This is one of the prettiest ef all; attrac. Usually plante ley: Come: an: Shades -0 tive enought in leaf, apar rom the Hane an aa Pane wee They ara uudded close to the groi an ake flower display, which is of short duration. small shrubs of upright habit, to about R. Ecae, an Asiatic species, is another 4 ft. high; like the preceding, thickly set charming rose, to 6 au high, with pale- with showy blossoms in the spring. They yellow to white flow serve well ae the foreground of the R. rubrijfolia, rae a has pur- border, in sunny situations, but have plish-tinted, though not obtrusive foliage, es “value than that of their garden Soke a eanaes. in some of the earlier (To be continued) New Courses Beginning Next TMonth First Sunday Morning Tours Also Scheduled for January courses of study that have not Vegetable Gardening, which will meet nie c heretofore been taught at the Garden for an hour’s lecture on Monday even- will begin in January: Flower Arrange- ings at 7:45 beginning Jan. 19. The cul- ment and Vegetable Gardening. ture of each different vegetable crop for ax Schling, who for forty years has the home grower will be discussed in de- bee the leading florists in New tail, and struction will also cover York, will conduct the six sessions in the ch for a vegetable garden, + Arrangement to be given on Mon- the |: aration, fertilizing, day aftern at 2:3 inning Jan. 12. use of hotbeds and coldframes, selection Tea will be served by the Garden at the of vegetable warictics, care of the garden, close of each session, The lectures and iow and when and what to plant for a demonstrations will include the use of succession of a0 and the harvesting flowers for table decorations, exhibitions, and storing of crops. There will be 12 vase arrangements, and personal use, with sessions for a fee of $10. instructio! combinations and the i pe ut flowers. The fee is $15. Two-year Courses Contin ed John Watts, who will be teaching part The winter term Two-year of the Three- day Course in Practical Course in Practical Coen will be- Gardening for the second time next gin ie Thursday evening, Jan. 8, with the spring, will also conduct the class in first of 12 lectures on Outdoor Flower 297 Gardening to be given by P. J. as This term of cea is a prere the spring term Outdoor pace Prac New st tiiderits a be accepted for registration i in oe win oe with- out having been enrolled f e previous lass ae Sey ‘$10, In jence Profes: a ot the fi erm’s tinued with a ter a Sysi Botany Laboratory, under es denke, to begin on Monday eens Jan n. 5. Dr, H. W. Rickett “high wa the Mahe am subjects were. oot, “designated * plant taught by Dr. Morphology, taug! Rickett, and Plant Pi logy, by Dr. an This year, t! - two subjects were combined : to Gen tany and II, ral Bo the term being devoted to degra ee he and physiology of the A ged parts of ‘o these phases New of plant ‘gro owth and r reprecuciion. lee may enroll for the winter term n General Botany, eee _ consist . ce wee ekly lectures beg g Jan. 5 al 8:50 p.m. The tuition ‘s "8S Latin American as Studies innii val be a ie Also beg: ary series of Tou ‘conducted tou th Main ervatories on Sun ay Giomnings for the purpose ning greater famil- ea th the plants of Lati rica, Sw aa who inaugurated the Gar- dan ‘fr st conducted tours la: Ae shel will have thatee of these. Regi must be made by Dec. 30. The Gigs oil take place on Jan 4, Jan. 18, Feb, 1, and to 12:30, with a fee of cs) being charwed for the series. Notices and Reviews of Recent Books (All publications mentioned here may be consulted in the Library of The New York Botanical Garden or may be purchased on order through the Library.) Making Green pa Grow n An Urban Atmosphere UR GARDEN IN THE CITY. alie Gomez. 247 pages, illus- , mdexed. Oxford University 1941, $3, den- ay dis- ardener may mliehtenine book. m endure the rigors of city ite sl paiaiee in the clean freedom of 3 Gom z has foreseen the pitfalls which: are Tikely to be Sa eg oe be city dweller and has handled t phases of her subject with ee ere are chapters on design, construc- jects. The second - af ork tre: of the actual plant: ich are most toler. ant of city conditions—trees, shrubs, herbaceous perennials, annuals—even veg- etables. ity Mas will save himself would not do nearly a Tr a ould the Japanese yew ertain wil- lows and Rus: oe are reasonably content in big tu nm a breezy penthouse 0 In attractive format, this book is illus- many “before and after” photographs, showing that, despite ae ousefronts, thriving garden: and do, exist in the : K. Morse. 298 Impractical Aspects of Botany PLANTS AND MAN. » Clarence lander and Oral Stanley, sis ate ton oe oa tnd “indexed. The Blakiston Co., Philadelphia, 1941. $3. mong the many possible approaches as a sect ao ae stu- ti aman e basi and certainly inter g as the Gore formal and ex vermeil Easels of i scienc surveys the morphology, physiology, and evolution of plants—a textbook of botany b i nles will support the verdict just given, On p. a thallus is defined as a “plant characterized by onl a few different tissues co-ordinated i primit ion.” n p. 13, “Plants need air and must breathe.” On p. 34, tl a t develop vi ascular tissues ere and tl e heir, Flatives the hor orse- tails ant cuabnioes ses.” On p. 64, “Seeds are always the product of sain repro- duction, ae the refore develop from fer- tilized eg: On p. 67, the pollen at in ats its way through the tissues of the female prothallus.” On p. 86, plants are classified in a curious phyla,” the algae s enlit into e Ses all seed-bearing 0 3 pla Phophalls is “five to six feet in diam: Errors in spelling and in grammar are ‘plentifu al, maining five parts are ae ants as “foods and bever- ces i avoad an parts are seal Bena ae Loreal general text may Me eeu But noieh has been said make it een no ee face oud use On mature an ent "is eel with a cortex, p. 306 dogwoods have a “one- ~soded commonly red, fleshy berry.” A ees from the glossary catch the 01 ses of absorbing food” (but 255 illustrates a haustorium of dodder Tt is a thankless task to enumerat ther’s errors, and an unwelcome expe- rience to discover that ook should not have been published. It would be better very way if publ $s would secure such criticisms before the cepted for publication. work is ac- . W. Rickert. Ten Excellent Monographs ENZYMOLOGY. HA. science Pople hers, Inc., New York, 1941. $5.5 This book is a ones tion of ten inde- £ _Droteinases. gy, cae ical nature of photosynth Btn cocered ‘the entire field of photo- synthesis without ee eee nathonatic C. B. Van Niel wrote the 1 raph and an bacterial photosynt! fe a vubjest ee w hich : has contributed muct It o be hoped that the ae rs con- tintie ae good ee rk they ive te and that they can maintain their quality. FLW. VANAGH Notes, News, and Comment Advisory Council. Mrs. Will - Lockwood was appointed ‘Second Vices chairman of the Advisory Council of oe N ew York Botanical Garden rs. Carl A. d ae “Montague, who die ead at the m eeting. Mrs . Montag ie had 299 beer member of the Advisory Council mee ce March 10, 1938. fa oo in New Yor! se in Seal Hari a mbers were ce to ine Adv: eee “Counc by the Board of Man agers of the Garden at a meeti hauncey, N. a the mecti ing of the Advisory cil Noy in the Members’ Room, the. Broun visited the laboratory of Dr. A Robbins, where he addressed them on Vitamins’ and Pla nt Growth.” Stu Botany classes from Con- nectint "Women's ae renal the di- e S. Ave a 13. continued. 6 stud y th he collections ‘OF cont: rden fers at the Ga: Chrysanthemum. Upon her return in November ae a ae mente , oe = laska, which 1 deep pink shading to crimson at the center. It was cremated by Prof. R. E. Wildon of Michigan, ary. Files oe Cann maga- geography, Fi Also ooks for "lelsurely reading rather than teteeate so that the casi eval visitor may more ed ae ma- and holi Sir eal icp Hill, The ee ne _ Surrey on Nov. 3. He ten een r th hee oe nearly 20 y Sir ree “contrib ed the editorial on the inside cover page of the New York Botanical Garde n’s Journal last June. a1 Ber, former apprentice ardener at “the New York Botanical Garden, John Bergen, was accidentally killed at camp near tertown, N. in October, He left his work at the Gar- oe len last February to enlist in the Na- mal Guard. oe Christian R. Ho oe es. A member the Corporation o a New York Boise ical Garden since - n. 8, 1934, Mrs. ee us Holmes ced oe 29. Her 1 New York City. James Speyer. The New York Botani- eo lost’ one of its early members he Cor poration in the death of James oo on "Oe t. 28. He had been asso- jated with the arden continuously since January 1905. Gardeners Forum. Joseph W. Tansey was named hams of tthe ardeners Forum at the New York Botanical Gar- den at the October meeting. P. J. Mc- Cenna, former chairman, was elected ice-chairman a: 1 Hal ae ae retary- lreasurer. monthly to shee napers on Terie tural subjec Radio ventur the weekly Las steeds Of Sdien tice "Service, had Dr. William 3. Fund, of which he In, the general ees below appearing in “Current Literature AAAS. 23 Abbott, R. Tucker 47 i balsamea Dec. cover; ree recede 236 Abutilon indicum 243 ae fae Seyal 73; tortilis 73 ene spinosus 72; syriacus 64, 72 Acer Negundo 216; rubrum 216; saccharinum 216 Achillea King tomentosa var. Edward Adonis eyanue ioe 121*, 144* Adviso: Cou 24, Ri7, 132, 176, 208 Agave 15 (species) 158, 159%, 160%, 162*, 163* Agrostemma Githage 68 la vulgaris 143* E. J. 18, 20, 35, 80, 95, R26, 226, 227, 247 Desert Cacti of the Americas* 26-37 Relation of the Herbarium to Horticultural Progress 75- e-Mimicry and Windowed es it the dial Das ee 169 H. Woodward eee of Bae in the Unicorn Tapestries* 141- —k ala H. Woodward Flora of the sues Tapes- tries® 105-122 Alichania, Nirvana 227 All-America elections LAmeri Being Tested 20 Allen, T. F. 39 Allium ascalonicum 69; Cepa 72; odorum 152; Porrum 70; sativum 69; tuberosum 152 Alnus 216 Aloe aes 67; vera 88; vul- oe Amaryllis, Blue 65 300 INDEX TO VOLUME 42 the abbreviation “R” vefers tag! American Society 154 American Rock Garden Society 132, 180, 227 Amorphophallus titanum R8, 234 Ampelopsis orientalis 74 Amygdalus 67 Anacampseros Pes tonii ate nagallis arven: = statica ante 71*, saeacee is roM. 47 Report the ee of the G. R18-25 Philosophical 266 72 Anderson, J. P. 48 ae ‘Tame es ee emor O. 154 omaticus 68 e coronaria 62, 70, 71* eolens 67 ee the Director ee J. Robbins) a 7 nthe! mis palestina 70 ples ee ie ha 67 Aguilegia hagas aris 111 ber, Agnes 278 A Horeeain ‘Re Arbutus ee 114, 145* Archbold, Anne 47 Argeta 259 Ar errodera 259, 261* 7 misia peated 74; judaica 74 Artocatpus communis 242, 2 Arum maculatum 109, 110*, ie Arimdo Donax 72 m Ruta-muraria $7; Tri- 74; Tra- Astrobyton: fspecies) 33 Asterias 3 cramanson 243 ies 2 28 icon e a3 flower paintings 214; Chairs of cane wood 214 Aztekium Ritte to the Annual Report, which was fowrnal ; and mm S, pei eriodicals, and persons ata Glance” are kept for Bia in the editor’s office. aay ee 5, 8* Me Malan eS _aetyatiaa Henry de Yor 47 ie 67 ae usa “res 241* Bananas* -151 S Hebel a as it Appears to “Dot th Century Reader 277- ang. Miguel Jan. ed. Herl Barron, Ruth M. 203 Bastedo, Walter A. 21, 48 Bauer, Arthur 204 Beale, J. H. Winter Erotechon of Shrubs 229-23 Bear, Firman — Besuearaes 161, Be ckett, a 15 co on Fruits for the e Garden’ 133. 140 Bellis perernis 107*, 111, 116*, Benzoi Biblical ‘Plants at ate Show 49 Bibliography R16 Bicknell, E. P. Blakeslee, A. F. ume! v, Ruth A. a 7 vw) 223 Bonisteel, William ue hee 155, 276; (rvws) 126, Borreria Boswellia ee 69; serrata 69; thurifera 69 Botanical Science Helps to De- he New Relief ue Hu- Suffering* (Claud L. Botrytis as ae of Gladiolus* B. ae e & Thomas Las- arvensis 64, 72; nigra Brassica 54, 71 Breen, Francis 2 Briggs, fee eee 202, 204 Britton, Elizabeth Gertrude Jan. ed., 21 ee Nathaniel Lord 21, 38, 300 4 suaveolen rysonima muartinicensis 238 ‘an. ed. Buxus longifolia 67 Caballero Daylily 234 Cacti* 26-37 (in conservatory) Feb. cover* Cactus gift 221 Cajanus indicus Cain, Stanley A Catenduta ofits ie 143* Calibanus Calotropi: Cailitvis quadrivalvis 74 Soe fertilis 289; floridus Peer hes 236 Camire, Lillian 227 W, H. 20, 23, 24, 35, 99, Camp, W 100, R17, R26, 155, 180, 226, 297 The Herbarium in Scientific esearch 101-102 apparis 236 sicula 68; ee 57, 68 Capsicum Carabia, J. P. 23, 35, 96-97, R26, 155 Cardenas, Martin Jan. ed. Carduus 142* Carex mmricata 142* Carlson, ae id E. ae 97 Carnegie, Andrew a arnegiea gigantea Carthamus cae a 0, 146* Cassebeer, Fredrick W. 226 Bees Bernard J. Cattleya hybrids 220*, 270* saeniaae peltata 238, 240* is libanotica March cover* 68 cata autillana 235 ‘aurea calcitrapa 74; Cyanus *; verutum 7. Cephalocereus enphorbicides 36*; senilis 30 Ceratonia Siliqua 70 Ceratostomella 249 Cercis rate 70 Cereus 30-32 fee annianus 3 Cernik, Theo 203 Chaenomeles japonica 295; lagenaria 294 Chandler, Clyde 23, 24, R17, R28 Chapman, A. W. 38 heck-Lis! = . Check-List of Plants In the icorn Tapestries* (E. Alexander & Carol H. Wood. ward) 141-147 a as = ist of Plants of the Bible a 7 bia Brandegei aan mend He nae Cheney, 95 Chine: - ae Foods* car cae) 281-286 (soybean) 181-189 Choate, Mabel 299 Choice Plant Material (course) 99, 200 1 Chorize: Chrysanthem 299 hrysobalanus wee 244 Chrysophyllum 236 te Cainito 24s orium ‘Endivia 67; Intybus inramenum Cassia 68; zey- lanicum 68 Cistus iadan 71, 72; salvi- folius 71; ae 71 Citrullus ueen: 69; vul- garis Citrus oe ee 56, 242: maxima 242; medica 56; sinensi m. 143* Clarke, Cloister and cor Gardens* 170- 176; 18 Cloisters a ie 247 (lectures) 151, 170 Cloud, J. L. 3 Clusia Plukenettii 238 Clute, Willard N. 20 Clusia Plukenetti Cocos 241* Coker, W. C. 275 Sheer autumnale 248 Coleus* Sept. cover Colca pba um 243 or Patter: — Stor na 0-42 Colguhoun, ere ld 100 Colubrina Cor Eau a ana 67; Kataf 71; Myrrha 71; opobalsamum a “ ptonia asplenifolia 288 alee - nae Aa 155 Con enc 265*; truncatellum 365" i 258*; Bieta 264" val displays R27*, Tours 2 i Co: mairaciiee R2-4 — olvulus floridus 67; scopari- s 67 Coombs, Sarah Me 299; (rvw) 152 J. cativum * 424. ee stoloni- era 21 Corylopsis pauciflora 292 Corylus ~ rellana 115*, 144* Coult t . 47 urses of ae 80, 154, 199- 201, 296-29! rane, Alfre a jJ. 47 Crassula columnaris ee coral- EE 263; deltoidea 2 Crat: are ee oe 144* re ie J. 38 Mrs, WilHam Redmond 299 Cueubalus baccifer 120, 146* Cucumis Chate 68; Melo 70; sativus 68 Cumi Cymi lonia Mautei ae onions 56 oo coc Cyperus Papy D Re a affodils w* April cover Daler eee oe andelions (regeneration)* mere 245- Davidson, Harold R28 Day, Dorothy 23, 47 Daylilies 234 (Aladdin)* Jan. (1941 in todtins)* o. 17 Dearness, John 2 Degener, Otto o R28 de Ger: sdorff, Mrs. Carl A. 24, 176, 298 Delafield, Mrs. John Ross 299 Delonix regia 243 155 Cacti of the Americas* 26-37 . RG eae thus Cary pahyilas 109, 110*, Seguieri tee ae pa ‘i ee ) 4 2. ae Didymoparax atteniatum 238 Digitalis 15 Dinteranthus 259 Dioscorea cayennensis undata 243 Bane one 68; oxylon Diseeacas 33-34 Disease and Pest Control (course) a TDiseases ee ee gladi a 243; ro- Melan- (dogwood) R13; » R14; (Lon. don plane “RUG (oedema) Displays (conservatory) 99, R7-8; (outdoor) Re (tulip) zo Dixon, Mary 203; (rvw) 9. Ne aes paar 28, 276 dee, 100, R10, R17, Ba 7 49 Presen Future Control of the Japanese Beetle 130 --& Thomas Laskaris Botrytis Core-Rot of Gladi- olus* 92-95 Dogwood’s Curious Floral Bracts* (Theodor Philipp Haas) 124- 125 Doscher, Charles Mrs. (rvw) 249 eee an petal 299 es am. 95, 226; ow mele Toh ae, Dace Dudleya 1 . Dunning, F. W. 48 du Pont, Henry F. 47, R6 Dussia martinicensis 244 Dwyer, John 23, 35, R28, 155 Dyckia 164 Echeveria 166, 167*, 168-169" ee) ee Echinocac sonii Sine a inn 2 enneacanthus 302 pee rigidissimus 37*, subin- mis 36* chinoss eae 28%; a Educational Johnsonii 28*, Program 14-15. Oct. ed. Elaphrium Si: ba 235 Ellis, J. B. Jan. ed., 20, 38 Em n, Julia T. July ed. Encephalocarpus 3 strobiliformis 37* Epidendrum elianum 238 Epi poate micromerig 33 Eric, d 65, 100, 248 Bricgoi ve a L. (rvw) 273 0: Espalier uit Trees* (John wats) ae 214 Esson, James 80, 199, 200 Eugenia pees , 242 Ja j 242; jav 242 gntisiphilitica 164; oaxacana 164; pteroneura 164; 1, - T. H. 80, 95, 132, 199, a oe 2 Exchange a Gardeners 226 s R4-5 Giraldii Beplération (Fiji) 4 Faba vulgaris 67 Fagus 2. Ferns of ‘he bee ie L. Wig- ins) eee Ferocactu: Fe rula satan 69 Carica 52%, 74 Finances R16 Findlay, Hugh 279 ane an her, ae ay vie; Fisher, Mrs. Cine C > 48 Fisher, Mrs. nry Fisher, Robert = 100, Flora of Ma vied Stehlé) 235-244 Flora of Unicorn Tapestries* (E. J. Alexander & Carol H. haga 105-122, 141-147 Flow: ment (course) i sa 296 Flower Show 49, 1 a Flowering Stones the Deserts of South a 264- ‘ordham Centenary Porte, Mrs, as mn on 248 M. hae r 291%, 292 Fouquieria splendens 164 Fox, Mrs. Mortimer J. 1 80 Fragaria vesca 107*, 110*, 121*, 142 Freeman, Margaret B. 18 Friedland, fdas ion = 80, 955 Pena bes rithia a oS Tesi 210-214 Fruits for the Home Garden* (Edwin Rate 133-140 ng, R28, Fullir , 279; (r a re Life and the Law of mn 205-209 Prey Tengaeva 158 Fusarium 94-95, R14 Gabrielson, Ira N, 180 Gagnon, Paul 226 Gale, Shirley 99 Gannon, Robert 4 arcinia Mangostana 242 ard Appreciation (course) 80 Garden Construction (course) 199 arden eo (course} 199, ae TS ee n 155, Gardens of Cloister ae ae (CH. W. Rickett) 170-176, 189- 198 ardens and Plant Lore of Mediaeval Europe 18 Gibbaeum 259, 261 ifts R5, R10, Sept. ed, 214, 220, 221, 247 Gill, John 226 Gillies, a 2. Gilly, Charles 35, R17, R Gladiolus ‘core: rot)* 92-95 leas 20, 23, 34-35, tie — Important ee ete Herbar: coe Gleason, M. (rvw) 78 Giycine tsi ion: "Max 181, 3F, Soj. 181; us- suriel et Glomerella ee Godley, Mrs. George ue 24 omez, Augustin 221 Goodman, Bernard 227 Gossypium (label) R37* herbaceum 68 Graduation exercises 154, 202-203 Graham, Walter 141 ranek, Irvin; Cee Saas 167* Gravelle, Philip O. 4-9, 48 Greene, Wilhelmina apie 227 Greiff, Mae 233-2 Grevillea Griffith, “Fle R9, R28, Grout, , (named ae ae Growth Rae in The Determina- e of Tree 209 Gaie. pate rt Gymnocalycium enn 36* Haas, Theodor Philipp Dogwood’s Curious Floral Bracts* 124-125 Habits and Life History of the Diatoms* (Lois C. Lillick) 1-10 Hadland, Kenneth Haematoxylon Siete 235, 236 Hagelstein, Robert Jan. ed., 23, 35, 48, R17, ie) ae ee Elihu Jan » Elizabeth c sis 199, 203 one amelis mollis 292; vernalis 292 Hamilton, C. Hansell, Sees aa 202 Haring, poet Me 179; (rvw) 273 Harper, R. M. Hastings, oe ie 20. Haworthia Magan 266; re tusa 266; truncata 266 Hechtia tld 164 Hedera Helix 70 Helianthus ons flore-pleno 152 Helioc i 4s 1 (color eben 40-42 (varieties) 15-17 Hemitelia grandifolia 240* ao (Augustine) 39 'y Hurd Rushy — Explorer, Professor, Reformer, Poe t* (Ca rol H. Woodward) 4: Herbar 8- ] Cis ift) 247; (history) 21; (important Sebo 38-39; (publications from} 148-149; (relation to horticultural progress) 75-76; (scientific re- search) 101-102; (significance) Herbarium paale 2,000,000th Specimen Hernandia 6 . Hi eer 161 peris matronalis, 110*, 112, ee Heteropterys platyptera 237 Hieracium 116*, 142* 3u3 soe Arthur W. 155, Aug. ed., roe astrum procerum History of ae Foe etaram ee - Bar Bae m1 ae ae 72 Hol Holi ee 300 Holmes, Mrs. meee R. 299 Holttu, R. EL Homalocephala texensis 32 Hooker, ae Elon Huntington 24, Hopper, Pra F. 47 Hordeum ichon 67 Horn, aa L. Botanical Science Helps to Develop a Ni Relief for Human Suffering* 88-92 osack, David 221 Hunt, Mrs. Roy Arthur (Rachel Miller) 18 Hyacinthus 14 bien’ 86-87; (spe- cies) 87 sale Cattleyas from the Fors! + Collection on Display* 270 Hybrid eonies* (A. P. Saunders) 81-85 Hydnum 275 Hydrangea (species) 291 sein 32 yssopus officinalis 58 Ichthyomethia eo 236 Tdria columna Tlex Afton ie 144* Imitaria ae Po ietiens in erbarium (H. N. Mol a 8-39 Tmportant eee from ve Garden erbari (H. Gleason) 7 1 Indoor plantings R7-8 Inga coruscans 238; laurina 244 Tnternational Flower Show R8 Tntrodu Daylilies in 1941* ¢ RB. ut) 10-17 Tnula salicifolia 7 143” Tris ay 110*, 115*, 146%; palaestina 70; Pseudacorus 116*, 120, 121*, 144* Tete H. oe ae Em Jaane ie ‘cantsal of) 130 Jasmi ereus galapagensis 30 Tate ay Jay, Pi 47 John Desthess etinses 248 Juglans regia 72, 142* Juncus effusi ee ; phoenicia 68; Sa ina 69 W. 23, R30; ws) “es 98, 298 anagh, Virgene 23; (rvw) Kerria japonica 29. Kew Gardens April cover*, 154 King, Bleanor (rvw) 23 Plants of the Holy Scriptures* SoG Slin, Kline, Leonard 226 Klug, Guillermo Jan. ed. Krugiodendron 235 Krukoff, B. A. 35, 39, 99, R17, Kuntze, Otto 38 L renal luteola 87; tricolor eae agai ria Larkey, a rd V. saat ees . cae R14, 227; (rvw) 78 _ oo oa Botrytis Core-Rot of Gladi- olus* 92-95 Latin American Plants (course) 297 Laurus nobilis Laws and Plant on 205-209 eins inermis 68, 69* eras affinis 60, 70; esculenta Latur: 95, 279 emaireocereus 5 tha 30 bert S. Lem: Lemmon, Robert ens esculenta : Lensman, Oscar Leonurus sibiricus 244 Lesley, James ucaena glauc: Leuchtenbergia principis 33 Lewis, ence McK, 47 Libra , R10, 180, 299 (book sales} 150 . candidum 61", 62, 109, so eee 62, 70 are Loi: oo aaa Lite History of the 9 im 69 cant of Gard dening (course) Hee Lithodesmium undulatum 3* aie 259, 260 pas 262*, 266; Lesliei 259, ptica 262%, 266; ter- a 265*; — turbiniformis 264* Living Plant Collections and Dis- plays" R4-8 Livingston, Dr. & Mrs. Burton E. 275 Lobiv aes nsis Lockwood, Mrs. aia A. 24, 29: Lolium temulentum 74 Lets Ne Ane 112, , James J. 150-151 143* Ma, Roberta 23 Machaerocereus ertca ges nzie, K. K. Jan. an R26, ane acoun, John Magno eae 234 ia 235, 236 Mammillaria Heyderi 7*; phymatothele ifera indica 242 a en 238 neve oe nd, Mrs, ‘alan “Eleane C.) 106, 108, 114, arsilea Fournieri a Martinique tise) a att Mathiola — incan: 12, na 33 axon, William R. McKenna, P. J. re rie: 296, Ree rue w) 98 Peaks 95 C.J. 3 eisn ee: ank 0; Melocsea ess 239 panne intor! oe Mslosiea * snoniliformis 3* David F. R30, 227 ed. 120, 142*; Bern 70 258 ee germanica 117, 118*. 1*, 143* eas lita mn Museum of Art 18, 106, “151, 189, 247 Microscopical Society, New York 80 304 ke, H. N. 23, 35, 49, 64, R31, 297; (rvws) 23, M Mont nage, te Gilbert 24, 298 Montreal Botanical Garden 226, anweck, Teresa 203 Moron ng, Thomas 38 Morris, Robert T. Mo! 80 orse, Harriet K. 279; (rvws) 297 us Moses, pane a M ae Picture ve oun 276 259, 261 Mycologia 23, Ae scorpioides 145* cia 236 ne caroliniensis 288; ceri- fera 288; pens ivanic 288 Myristica fragran: ee 30. yrtus communis 71 Nananthus 259 Narcissus 107*, 142* Pseudo-narcissus 121*, 142%; ‘azetta 72 Nardostachys ee National Academy of Gane 154, 249 National Association of Garden- ers 99, 132, 276 National eee Furd 154, 299 Naylor, E. 227 New ee hods ing Hyacinths* Your Knees!" a of pas Ae a8 a goes 292 ‘ourses Beginning 296-29 New abet of Propagating Hyacinths* (E. E, Naylor) 86-87 New York oe oo (an- nual report)* R1- Nielsen, J. E. 179 igella arvensis 120, 145* sati Nopalea Nort s 37% Nyctocereus serpentinus 32 Nymphaea 283 ay 62, 74; caerulea 74; s 62, 74 Obregonia 33 Ocotea 236 a and Ends Among the Cacti* en Theodore 2' Olea ee ae On You ees |* ae = Naylor) 245 Onciinm ae Oph, Ophtha pate um Eos icneni ee 262 Opuntia 27, roe 29-30 Fives Indi Orchid git a rchis mascula 110*, 111, 146* Ore! rdonez, Emilio 47 Ore 30 Oona Dussi: sadness panerany 57, 70 osia 236 Decidu Shrubs* (P. J. van Melle) 287-296 Ornithogatum umbellatum 68 Oroy: Gurstes Outdoor nee R5-6 P Pachycereus marginatus 30; Pringlei 123 Pachycormus ined 166 beatae vifolium ee . Stua: 22 Paconia (eoei) 8 ~85 lutea 288; oe 288 an ba M. ‘Paliurus Spina-~ ee 65, 74 Panicum miliaceum 7. Hahei <— fn k Dep a ) R17 Pari Sy Dr re oe 227 Paschke, William ie 20. nen a a quad- rangularis Me ere Peattie, Das na alos, ah ed, Peckham, Ei Pecora, ee ra Pedilanthus July cover*, 164 Pelecy; i i 37" 5 aselliformis 31* ersea gratissima 238 Persson, Rudolf 202, 203 ests of Plants Bits (chinch bugs) R11; (Eur, corn: oo R10; (gla adious thins) 0; (greenhouse insects) R Japanese beetles) R11; one) Pa (slugs, der, 95, R2, 180, 9 ‘o Build a Boulder Garden 268-269 Philadelphus coronarius 290; microphyllus 290 lodendron 237 dactylifera 72, 107*, Pete raden Pit ae Di P ‘aph, hotog y Ro Phragt ie maximu Phyllitis Scolopendrium 146* Physalis Alkekengi 117, 121*, 143* Physocarpus monogynus 292; opulifolius 292 Phyteuma 144* Pickering, Bertha 221 Pierce, sa : 180, 279 Pilocarpus — ani (ryws) 178, 223 us halepensis 68, 72; Pinea Pirone, 199 Pistacia Tee 69; Terebin- thus 74; vera 72 Pithecolobium Plant diseases’ 10-14 Plant distribution R8, 151 Plant Life and the Law of Man (E. H. Futling) 205-209 Plant Material (course) 199, 200 lantago Cornuti 117, 121*, 145* lanting the Groun: (course) 199, 200 Plantings for Control of River- Bani rosion in Vermont* (Rew R. Zile) 215-219 Plants of t ible old medal)* 103; of Latin America (course 199; of Martinique* 2 44 lants Need Vitamins Too* (William J. Robbins) 253-256 Pleiospilos 259, 260 Bolusii olusii. Nov. cover*, 259%; nobilis Ae Podocarpus Pollen by ree Mail* 96-97 Polygonum Bistorta 109, 110%, 146* Populus 216 alba 72; euphratica 70, 74; tremula 70, 107*, 142* Porter, H Plants for Ornament, Food, and Medicine* 281- rd 305 Potentilla fruticosa an Pough, iy 80, Pough, ard . cw) 6 . Jr. well, Tee , 202, 276 Practical Gardening (course) 199 ‘ lie nate Harold I. and Future ee of pre Te Beetle (B. O. 30 Primula 121*, 144", (species on display) 99; elatior 146* runus (species) 296 Armeniaca *, 56, » 145; avium 107*, 108, 118", 142*; erasus > communis 67; domestica 107*. 118*. 121%. 2", 143*; domestica Institia 114, 144*; Persica 119%, 145* ium Guajava 235, 244 Psittacanthus 237 Pterocarpus santalinus 67 Publications R16 of the Staff (1940) R26-33 Punica Granatum 55*, 72, 118%, 144 Putnam, Mrs. Henry St. Clair 24 Wyles, Thomas 277 Pyrus Malus 56 Pythium R14 Quercus aegilops 72; coccifera 72, 73; Ilex 72; Isitanen 72; ian at Robur 107". 114, Radio 204, 299 Rafflesia 234 agweed campaign 248 bares! alamosensis 37* 32 0 pase um to SS Relatio he aan ed (E. J. Alexande: os Retama Raet: He, Rhamous paldectina 65, 74 Rhizosolenia alata ae hoades, M. Rhododendron Cantige R6 hodotypos kerri Rhynchospor: Ricinus ny 69 Rickett, H. 20, 95, a pe nse ae i. 99, as Cloister and stle* ae 176, 189-198 Rimaria 259 Rittenhouse, Paw pean Robbins, William J. 47, 48, 80, 99, RO*. ma ‘2, 132, 154, 155, 202, 221, 248, Annual Report R1-44 Plants Need Vitamins Too* 253-256 Significance of a Herbarium Rockefeller, John D. Jr. 106 Rockwell, F. F. 226 de, Eleanour Sinclair 278 oes 295, 29 121*, 143; © ieee ose, J. tose’ Garde" Toe cover Roseocactus fissuratus i Hf Royal Rotanic Gardens (cen- = < re 15. fruticosus us ~ 67; cee a os 143"; Acetosella H. sae _ Feb, ed., ae 44" Ruseus aculeatus ae Ruta graveolens 72 Rydherg, P. he s im officinarum 74 Saccharui Sagittaria sagittifolia 142* Salicornia fruticosa 73 Salix alby 4; cinerea 74; fragilis 74; fsaf 74 i 73 Salvia judaica 73; officinalis 120, 143*; " 1 116", 121 oY 243 San caine Rolf 227 Sarovec, Anton J Saussurea Lappa 68 S 0 Bartley 47 276, ie 24 Science Course for einer Gardeners 297; (graduation) 202.203 Scientific Work R17 Scilla lingulata 87; 107". 110*, 111, * 3} nonscripta 116", 121*. irpus lacustris 72 Sciereiais pee ita 94 Scudder, Mrs. Townsend 24 eee oon 202 Seaver, J. 23, 35, 48, R17, Re, an 180, 248 Sedum (species) 166 Seigel, Samuel 151, Sept. cover Seaectintaa pee 61* Sel. Stneeio.. prcnicak 146*; palu: dosus 117, 144* Shipman, Johnson 203 hort Courses 199 Shrubs* 287-296 Shull, George H. igma Delta Epsilon 4 Significance 0 a arium (Wiliam J. Robbins) 34-35 Silybum Marianum 64, 74, 110*, 111, 146* Simpson, Robert 180, 202 Skinner, Henry T. (rvw) 223 Sloanea 236 Small, John A. 48 Small, John K. 38 Small, Mrs. John K. 100 Smilax solanifolia 23 Smith, A. C. R33; (rvw) 77 Smith, Edward H. 13 Smith, Norman 203 Soil Conservation Service 215- 219 Soja Max Solandr: ike Sol aoe incanum 68: ieee 242; sanctum 67; sodomoeum 67 nae a 8) 293 South A in Stone and Window fa 287 268 Soybean* (W. M. Porterfield) 181-1 Spear, Philip 2 Special Events at the Garden during 1940 Speyer, James 299 Spine Patterns and Cactus Flowers* fe Spingarn, Arth B. (rvw) 126 Spiraea species a Sa 295* Spoehr, Herman Spollen, Mar, He oA Spondias ie 242 Spo et us indicus 235 Stan, eriopus* 96-97; para- dos. 96 Stapelia gigantea* 233-2. Staten Island Institute . Arts and Sciences 300 Stehlé, Henri The Flora of Martinique* 235- 244 Stenoc. Ste shenandrs incisa 292; Tana- Paar caribaea 236 Stewart, R. R. 179, 279 signe: tinier and Windowed Plant: (E. J. Alexander) 257-2 Stout, A. R17, R33, 132, 180, A ae ” 226, 234 Col: Falter rns in Daylilies* Od Iirletion of Daylilies in 10-17 306 Stratiotes aloides 145* Student eens 100, 180, 154, xchat 204, 3 Ce nge) 226 Styr. pee 2; officinalis 74 Succulent Plants 5-34, - 169, 257-268 aay ee of” the s* (E. J. pean Sunday Morning Ns of Con- Servatories 22, Swan, Joseph R. 19, e R8, R9, oe 288 ward fe 100, 199, 297 ce Johe ee Be y S es aa Tacei Talawmn a ze Tamarix articulata 74; manni- fera pentandra 74; a 7 Tannin, nie 203 ey, Joseph W. R33, 132, ° 6, 29 Tapestry booklet 247 Taraxacum officinale 67, 111, 146* Taxus cuspidata nana R6, R7* Telopea 214 Terminalia Cat: 242 Tetraclinis arigulata 7 Thelocactus Three-day Short 4 Course in Prac- 199 tical Gardening 80, iani, Alexander 203 Tibouchina chamaecistus 238 Tilia europaea 107*, 142 Titanopsis, 259, 63 To Build A Boulder Garden (A C. Pfander) 268-269 Tolmiea Menziesii R16 Torrey Bota ere Club 48 Torrey, Tracy Tradescanti as 152 reasurer’s Report (Arthur Anders on R18-25 Trees of the Unicorn Tapestries* eis Trichocereus 28*, 31* Trichoderma Trifolium hybrid 143 Trigonella Foenum-Graecum 70 Triticum aestivum 51*, 68, 74; aestivum Spelta 72 Tulipa montana 72; sharonensis 72 Tweedy, Fran Two- Bee es Come in Disease and Pest Control 199 Euan ‘ourse in Practical Gardeni. S* ee ae 296; (graduation) 202- Two-year Science Course ae Pree fessional Gardeners 297 U Ulmus procera ae Underwood, M. L. Unicorn auras ie 122*, 141- 147* Urocyst tis Uri ies iia 64, 72; pilulifera Vv van den Hoek, A. M. van Ses P. J. 199, O08 ee oe 7 H. Vande Cori 38 ae Vargas Ce, — (course) R8; spicata 74 (rvw) 222 olunteer bee 227 w wae Baa 227 ard, F. Kingdon Dec. Wats, it 199, 200, 296 lier Dwarf Fruit Trees* ee Weber, Philip J. 202 Webster, Mrs. Hollis Noyes) 18, 15 (Helen Weisbe Belle Eh Whitaker, Eleanor 203 hitford, mony N, 15 Wiggins, L. Ferns of the Desert 123 Wild Flower Garden R34* Williams, ape Nelson B, 24 Williams, R. S, 39 Windowed ae 257-268 Windows in their om 262 Winooski River 2 Winter Pro in of eee prien G. 3 + (vw) i we Robert Saati Irs, Win H. 154 Woodward, Carol H. 18, 80, R33, —& E. J. Alexander ee ae of Plants in a Unicorn Tapestries i: —k J. Pa ee ie “nico Tapes- 105-12. 3 Woodward, Helen M. Apvil cover World's Fair R& x Xanthosoma 238 Y Young, Prof. & Mrs, Clarence Ht. 226 Yneca 163" brevifolia 161; Whipplei 161 Z mia monticola 97 Zasshi 235 euben eae for ‘Co ntrol of River- Bank Erosion in Vermont* 215- 219 Zizyphus Jujuba 242; Spina- Christi 65, 74; ae 74 Zostera marina BOOK REVIEWS Abrams, LeRoy. Illustrated ae ora OF The Pacific States roe S, . Eco ic Annu: als Ne Honan Cater 77 Anderson, H 1, Your Career In Aviat 129 Bailey, L. H. ae Zoe Bailey. Hortus eee 71 Baker, John H. (editor). ts Audubon Guide To Attract- ing mee 250 Bates, H. E. The Seasons And The oe 129 ae Roy E. Garden Magic nie oe eric: Re- vised H. ee For ee " 7 Braunton, Nerae st. The Gar aerate: In California 1 rett, ‘alter. The os urdening Encyclopedia oe 307 Briton- Jet Kk. & Ernest Entwisle ees The Diseases of the Coconut Cam: re Girls, Inc, Book Of The Camp Fire Girls 177 Carman, Harry J. American Husbandry 99 Cassino, E, W. A Naturalists’ Dire Chadwick, Selection of Narrow-Leaved Coniferous Evergreens Cheesman, Ernest Entwisle (sce Briton-Jones) etta FE. Green 77 Collings, ae Commercial izers 225 . Flowers: heir nian 250 I, The Gardener's ret Bo & Priscilla Pasco. A Plant x te - ard Osborn. The ea And His Food 9: Cutting, cui The Fire Ox and Other "years 271 Darrah, William C. Textbook Of Paleobotany 128 Daugherty, Lyman H. The Upper Triassic Flora Of Arizona ae DeLaMai (editor). Gardai “cst ua Demerec, nee cones a ce Denar, gee Lowther. The an Agricultural Press 25 fe es, Louis. French- gees Science Dictionary 178 Diller, Robert. ship, ‘Tenancy: a te Use in a Nebraska Community 29, Divine, Floyd W. (see Rettew) DuPuy, William Atherton. Our Plant Friends and Foes 224 Earnest, nes! John and William bom 153 Emans, Elaine V. About Spiders 128 soa Arthur L. Cork and the merican Cork Industry 224 Faweett, Howard S. Adven- eae in ica Plant-Disease Wo Felt, nhae Porte: m+ ing Trees and Sirs a iy Al Fervis, Gordon Floyd. tlas Of The Scale Inse 50 Fisher, sedis And Its Uses Fisher, ae: ai & era Harschberger. see Flow Gomez, Natalie. Your Garden in the City 2! Goshorn, Gla I. Di ou Know Your Garden? 127 Greaves, Joseph lemen- tary Bacteriolo; 249 bse a —_ Ta; dot) Gri; Beats = oe And Art roup of Scientists. Marvels a Mysteries a ni dge, ae and other: Hunger Signs In Crops 178 Harschberger, Gretchen. (see Fi Haupt, Arthur W. Funda- mentals . Rioogs 99 ersey, Jea Like Garden- ing 203 Hess, Katharine Paddock, Tex- se Fibers and Their Uses een Isabel C. Hydroponics— a = ir Soil 250 Fruit Pectins Hoffmann, Jrene Botsford. The Book Of Herb poi eis Hottes, Alfred Pla Es Whipple. Cor oward A Bibliography Of Oregon a Hylander, Se jy. & Oran anley. Plants and an 297 Inn, Chinese Houses Henry. and Gardens ae inois 1. li Johnson, Loyal ‘ow To Landscape vee pia 273 Som Fossil Plant. oe Of TL 28 evi Edith Farrington . Margaret McKenny. Book Of ae eae i a Edwin ro Testook ee a teiiblog 225 ins, M. G. Gardening for Young People 224 Kieran, John. John Kieran's Nature Bua 28 King, Eleanor Anthony. ee Plants For American Gardens 27 Kremers, Edward & George eae ae of Phar- mac Lane, “note F. Bota 224 Large, E. C. The Advaiice of the ae an Laurie, .\lex H. esch, Commerciat a nat Pe Lee ee, , Marion. Stones For My Pocket 129 Logan, H. Britton & Jean- Marie Putnam, Science in the saan 2 Lohmann, Kar Landscape Architecture a “The Modern vorld 250 ican Book Of The Woods 1 ers, McFarland, J. eee ade Roses II 98 McKenny, Margaret. (see Johnston; MeKinney, Laurence, Garden Clubs And Spades 129 M » Forman T. he 203 Melho, Irving R. Our Cow ’s National Parks A ferck & Company. The Merck Zs dex 126 Miyoshi, Manabu. Japanese ea 03 Moore, eo x M. Youth In Museu “aad Muenchen, WwW. C. The foe Of Whatcom Count: National Cottonseed "Prods Ass'n, Cott eed and Sakura— ducts Needham, James = Intro- 308 ie Adolph C. (see Stutzer) ra, FL PF. & C, A Werkman sditors), Advance Vol Aa a Whitaker. Our Natural Re sources scant Their Con: tion ee “Priscilla (see Creigh- ton) Peattic, Donald Culross (Edi- tor). eee s Americ 126 Peck, Mo E. Manual of the mi igher Tene Oregon 222 Peck, Ralph H. (see West- id) Plat, Hugh. Diuers Chimicall Conclusions Concerning the Art Of i stillation 153 Poesch, H. G. (see Laurie) Polunin, Ni olas. Botany 7 ee padian Eastern Arc- ‘art - 178 pains un, ae ede & oe Palm s Zoo In The Garde 2 a Putnam, Jean-Marie (see Logan) Ramsbottom, J. A Book Of Roses 20. Richey. Texas 8 y 5 E. Gahn, & Floyd W. Divine. The Manual of Mushroom Culture 22 Rittich, Virgil « Eugen European Grape Wereetes ss Rodgers, Andrew D, HII. Noble Fellow — Pes n Starling Sullivan i ae rene A Field ae o Our oa Birds s, John E. Ele Of seer alieisteckalaue 76 eed World. Sced Trade ers Guide & Directory 29 Shepard, Harold WH. (see Macy) Shirk, jae Cc. Mr. Baxter's Dandelion Garden 129 mae iat Pa Magic In Swit Ros oe The Planting, zation And Care Of te Lee Sprague, Howard B. Better La 203 Stanley, Oran B, (see Hy- lander Stevens, Henry P. & W. H. Rubber Latex 78 Stevenson, Elmo. Nature Games Bo oF 204 Stutzer, Geology of ‘oal a Taylor, Kathryn S, & Edith W. Gregg. Winter Flowers in 4 the Sun- es ted Pit 222 Taylor, Ly Averill, Plants Used As ak s By Cer- tain S ntheasten “Tribes 129 Tatui, Matunosuke. Japanese Gardens 203 Thomas, ear Patterson. Old Kentucky Homes and Gardens 28 Thomas, W. Stephe: The Layman Scientist ih Phila- delphia 128 Timmermans, Jean, Chemical Species 98 Tory, H. M. A. History of Science In Canada 128 Traub, Hamilton P. Seta Herbertia 1940 (Vol. 203 Tryon, R. M. and others, The Ferns And Fern Allies of Wi sin 12 Uppman, Elsa. mee Visual Be arden Manual 127 Herbs Ft Suburbans 12 Van pane Mark (editor). The Travels Of William Bartram 0 Van enss Maunsell. Trees a ae Barbara 128 Yon Hagen, Victor Wolfgang. Jungle In The Clou Watson, rgar Arranging Flowers Wells, Harringto oes OF nie ae 1 The Biological Sciences ah C. H. (see Nord} cott, oe The Plant Re Westveld, H, & i H. Peck, in LR. (see Sie Wi ee i y. The chemistry of Symbiotic a 50 tr Fixation 2 Wood, Allen H. Jr. Try These Indoors 15: Woodward, Carl ond. Ploughs and Politicks 273 Worthen, Edmund. Farm Soils, Their Management and Fertilization tural Resources 225 THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS . ELECTIVE MANAGERS Until 1942: ArrHuR M. ANDERSON we) Pierre Jay, CLA Lewis, E. D. ene epee DE LA MoNTAGNE aiid and Ausioat asurer), Fi s E. L, JR. an di Wituiam J. Rosi mee 1943: Penne DE res ‘Banat es meee) Howe F, pu Pont, LLYN R. JENNINGS, HENRY ites T, JR, Doucat, Mrs. Harotp : Pratt, and Josepu R. Sw. ® Pr res dent). Until 1944: E. C. hecam: Fiero, Mrs. Eton Fanaa Hooxer, Joun L, Merritt ‘Dice presiden', Cov. Rosert H. Mow’ H. Hozart PoeTen: and A, y SAUNDERS. II, EX-OFFICIO MANAGERS Fioretto H. LaGuarpia, Mayor pe the City of New York. Rogert Moses, Park Commission. James MarsHatl, President of the Board of Education. HI, APPOINTIVE MANAGERS A. GLEASON, appointed by the Torrey Botanical Club. R . Harper, Sam F, Tretease, Marcus M. Ruoapes, and Marston T. Bocert,, appointed by Columbia University GARDEN STAFF WitiiaMm J, Rossins, Pu. D., Sc. D. rector “AL Gna Pu. ’D, Waeba tures a Assistant Director and Head Ce Henry pe LA MonTAGNE Assistant Director A: B: Stout; Pa. Dy eiecccsca cet ecss Curator of Education and Laboratories Frep J. Seaver, Pu. D., Sc. D Bernarp O. Doncsz, Pu. D. Plant ‘Paiholog Joun HENDLEY Beery AL Mey Mie De acai gine aeiewen 4 aie H.W. ae Assistant Bibliographer Haroip N. Mou Coen: "Pa. D Associate C1 EvizaB ae C. oe A. B., B.S Librar Fiepa GRriFFIT Artist ee Piacane Percy WiLson search Assoctate Rogert S. WILLIAMS Research ae in Bryology E, J, ALEXANDER...... Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium W. H. Camp, Pu. D. ssistant Curator DE CHANDLER, Ps.D. Technical Assista RosaLig WEIK Technical Assistant Freperick KavaNnaGH, M.A cal Assistant N M.A. Technical Assistan Car oopwarp, A. Editorial Assist OMAS Everett, N. D. Hort. orticulturtst L. Wittrock, todian of the Herbarium Et S. Collaborator in Hawatian Bota J. Pu.D. Honorary Cur of Mos. Ropert HaAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes Jose! UR onorary seal el the 2 A. Krux wator Economic Botany ETHEL AecN S. PeckHaM..Honorary Aas Iris and Narcisons Collections ArtHur J. CoRBETT ............006- Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds A. C. Pranner nt Superintendent To reach the Botanical Garden, take the Eighth Avenue Subway to eras rg cal the Te “Avenue sian to the Bronx Park station, ie New York Cen the Botanical Garden station; or drive. of ie Gra a Se niets Ga on Mosholu Pkwy., or, coming from Westchester, turn west at the ¢ en nd of Bronx River Pkwy THE CORPORATION OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Th gE, New Y: the State of New a self- meretiating body of incorporators, who meet annually fa wheat members of the Board They also elect new members of their own body, whi Managers. given below “The Advi sO 18 they Elon srlontiveton Hooker, Mrs y Council. consists of 2 cu Als elected to the Cor First Vice- cReeaiee orated by The Act of Incorporation a special act the present roster of of the Legislature of vides, among other things, for Bi of ch is elected by the Board. By ore women who are "Offic cers are: Mrs. Robert H. Fife, Chairman; Mis! ‘Mrs. W. illiam A. Loc kwood, Second Vice-chairma’ - Nelso: BE leas heeoaey Secretary: Mrs. Townsend Scudder, Corresponding Stacery, “Mrs E, ard Kellog, Arthur M. Ande Henry de Forest Baldwin Sherman Baldwin James Barnes Mrs. William Felton Barrett Prof. Charles P. Berkey Prof. Marston T. Boger Prof. William J. Bonisteel e P. Brett Mrs. ai chard de Wolfe Brixey athan Bulkle ES = ° 3 Miss Mabel Choate Richard C. Colt Mrs. Jerome W. Coombs Mrs. William Redmond Cross DeBevoise Mrs. C. I Mrs. Thomas M. Debevoise Edward C. Dela Mrs. John Ross , slafield M. Denslow ily Pont | Mrs. Moses W. Faitoute ‘) Marshall Field ‘ William B. O. Fi Mre. Robert H. Fife Mrs. Henry J. Fisher Harry Harkness Flagler rs. Mortimer J. Fox Childs Frick r. H. A. Gleason Mrs. Frederick A. Godley Mrs. Clement Houghton her M. Huntington_ Pierre Jay Allyn R. Jennings Mrs. Walter rare Mrs. Alfred G. Kay Mrs. William A. Lockwood Dr. D. T. MacDougal Mrs. David Ives Mackie Mrs. H. Edward Manville Parker McColleste: Louis E. McF: Mrs. John R tM John L. Merrill Roswell Miller, Jr. Mrs. Roswell Miller, Jr. Mrs. Roswell Miller, Sr. Y. Morrison Mrs. Augustus G. Paine Mrs. G: Howard Bia, J P. oe M. Schiff aus Mrs. Theron G. Strong eee R. Swen Richardson Wright J wi hte ae